A 
UNIVERSAL 
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 
CONTAINING 
THE LIVES OF THE MOST CELEBRATED CHARACTERS OF 
3Etoevi> mth 
SMBBACINQ WARRIORS, HEROES, POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, HISTORIANS, POLITICIANS, STATESMEN, 
LAWYERS, PHYSICIANS, DIVINES, DISCOVERERS, INVENTORS, AND GENERALLY, ALL SUCH 
INDIVIDUALS, AS FROM THE EARLIEST PERIODS OF HISTORY TO THE PRESENT 
TIME HAVE BEEN DISTINGUISHED AMONG MANKIND; 
TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
A DICTIONARY 
OF THE 
PRINCIPAL DIVINITIES AND HEROES 
OF 
Grecian and Roman Mythology, 
AND 
A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 
OF 
EMINENT LIVING CHARACTERS. 
NEW EDITION. 
HARTFORD: 
S. ANDRUS AND SON. 
1852. ADVERTISEMENT. 
This work embraces every article in Lempriere, generally in an abncged 
form; it also contains many of the articles found in the Biographical works 
of Jones, Watkins, Allen, &c. not included in Lempriere; besides a few 
original notices, prepared for this work, and to be found in no other. The 
number of articles are, therefore, believed to be greater than in any other 
Biographical Dictionary, and though in most instances they are necessarily 
very concise, yet it has been the aim of the compilers to give ample details 
when the characters are particularly conspicuous, and m other cases, to 
embrace in few words the leading points of interest. 
It is acknowledged with pleasure, that great assistance has been derived, 
in the compilation, from Mr. E. Lord’s correct and enlarged edition of Lem- 
priere, lately published in New-York—a work which has laid the public un- 
der many obligations; particularly for the new matter which it brings for- 
ward. The excellent work of Allen has also been of great vse in forming 
the oresent i I'idgment. A 
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
' AA 
A A, Peter Vander, a bookseller of Leyden, whoj 
published a work in 66 vols. folio, entitled 
Galerie du Monde, &c. was living in 1729. 
AAGARD, Nicholas and Christian, brothers, 
born at Wiburg, in Denmark, the eldest, distin- 
guished for the acuteness of his philosophical 
writings, died 1657; the other known for liis! 
poetical talents, died 1664. 
AALAM, an astrologer of the ninth century, 
at the court of Adado Daula. 
AALST, Everard, a dutch painter, whose 
fieces were highly valued, was born at Delft, 
602, and died in 1658. 
AARON, elder brother of Moses, of the tribe 
of Levi, born A. M. 2434; he was the friend and! 
the assistant of Moses, was happily gifted with 
the powers of eloquence, and became the first 
high-priest among the Hebrews. He died in his 
123d year. 
AARON, Raschid, a caliph of the Abassides, 
distinguished by his conquests and the eccentri- 
city of his character, died A. D. 809, in the 23d 
year of Ins reign. 
AARON, Schascou, a rabbi ot Thessalonica, 
celebrated for his writings. 
A A RON, a British saint, put to death with his 
brother Julius, during Dioclescian’s persecution 
of the Christians. 
AARON, a presbyter and physician of Alex- 
andria, in the eighth century ; he wrote 30 books 
on medicine in the Syriac language, and is the 
first author who makes mention of the small pox 
and meazles, diseases which were introduced 
into Egypt from Arabia, about 640. 
AARON, Hariscon, a Caraite rabbi who was 
known as physician at Constantinople in 1294; 
and wrote a learned commentary on the penta- 
teticli, Hebrew grammar, &c. 
AARON, Hacharon or Posterior, another 
learned Rabbi, born in 1346; he wrote on the 
law of Moses, the customs of his nation, and a 
treatise entitled the Garden of Eden. 
AARON, Isaac, an interpreter of languages 
at Constantinople under the Coineni. 
AARON, Ben Chaim, the chief of the Jewish 
Synagogue, at Fez and Morocco, in the begin- 
ning of the 17th century; he wrote commenta- 
ries on Joshua, the Law, the Prophets, &c. 
AARON, Ben-aser, a learned rabbi in the 5th 
century, to whom the invention of the Hebrew 
points and accents is attributed; he wrote a 
Hebrew grammar, printed 1515. 
AARON, a Levite of Barcelona, wrote 613 
precepts on Moses, printed at Venice, 1523; he 
died 1292. 
A A RSENS, Francis, lord of Someldyck and 
Spyck, one of the greatest ministers for negotia- 
tion that the United Provinces of Holland have 
at any time possessed. He was the first person 
ever recognised as Dutch ambassador by the 
French court' the first of three extraordinary 
ambassadors sent to England in 1620; and the 
second in 11541, who were to treat about the mar- 
riage of prince William, son to the prince of 
Orange. Aarseiu died at an advanced age; he 
AB __ 
left behind him very accurate and judicious me- 
moirs of all the embassies in which he was em- 
ployed. 
A ARSENS, or AERSENS, Peter, called by 
the Italians Pietro Longo, from his tallness, a 
celebrated painter, born at Amsterdam in 1519 
He excelled very particularly in painting a 
kitchen; but an altarpiece of his, viz. a crucifix, 
representing an executioner breaking with an 
iron bar the legs of the thieves, &c. was prodi- 
giously admired. This noble piece was destroyed 
by the rabble in the time of the insurrection, 
1566. He afterwards complained of this to the 
populace in terms of such severity, that more 
than once they were going to murder him. He 
died in 1585. 
AARTGEN, or AERTGEN, a painter of 
merit, born at Leyden in 1498. It was a custom 
with this painter never to work on Mondays, 
but to devote that day with his disciples to the 
bottle. He used to stroll about the streets in the 
night, playing on the German flute ; and in one 
of these frolics was drowned in 1564. 
ABA, brother-in-law to Stephen, the first 
Christian king of Hungary; disgraced himself 
by his cruelties; was conquered in battle by the 
Emperor Henry III.; and was sacriliced to the 
resentment of his offended subjects. 1044. 
ABAFFI, Michael, sonof a magistrate of Her- 
manstad, rose by his abilities and intrigues, to 
the sovereignty of Transylvania, in 1661. 
ABACA,"or AB AK A, a king of Tartarv, con 
quered Persia, and proved a powerful and formi- 
dable neighbour to the Christians at Jerusalem, 
died 1282. 
ABANO, vid. Apono. 
ABARIS, a Scythian philosopher, the history 
of whose adventures, mentioned bvllerodoius 
and others, appears more fabulous than au- 
thentic. 
ABAS, Schah, seventh king of Persia, was 
brave and active ; he took conjointly with the 
English forces, 1622, the Island of Ormus, which 
had been in the possession of the Portuguese 122 
years ; he died 1629 in the 44th year of his reign. 
ABAS, Schah, the great grandson of the pre- 
ceding, succeeded his father in 1642, in his Kith 
year; he patronised the Christians, and was dis- 
tinguished for his benevolence and liberality; In: 
died Sept. 25,1666. 
ABASSA, an officer who revolted against 
Mustapha I. emperor of the Turks, and after- 
wards was employed against the Poles, 1694, at 
the head of 60,000 men. The cowardice of his 
troops robbed him of i. victory, and he was 
strangled by order of the Sultan. 
ABASSA, a sister of Aaron Rascliid, whose 
hand was bestowed by her brother on Giafer; 
her husband was sacrificed by the tyrant, and 
she was reduced to poverty. 
ABASSON, an impostor, who, under the 
character of the grandson of Abas the great, ob- 
tained the patronage of the court of France and 
of the grand seignior, by whose order he was at 
last beheaded. 
3 ' All 
AH ATS, Andrew, a painter of fruit and still 
life, born at Naples, was employed by the king 
of Spain, and died in 1732. 
ABAUZ1T, Firniin, born at Uzes, 11th Nov. 
1079, fled from the persecution which attended 
his parents on account of their profession of 
Protestantism, and retired to Geneva, became 
distinguished for his superior progress in every 
branch of polite learning, but particularly 
mathematics and natural history; was flattered 
by Voltaire, and complimented by Rousseau; 
he died March 20, 1767. 
ABBAIilE, James, an eminent Protestant di- 
vine, and dean of Rilaloe, born atNay, in Berne, 
i> the year 1054 (or, according to some accounts, 
ii. 1658,) died in the parish of Mary-la-bonne, 
in London, 1727. The chief of this author’s 
works was, “ Traite de la Verite de la Religion 
Ohretienne; Rotterdam, 1084.” This has gone 
through several editions, and is perhaps the best 
book ever published on that subject. 
ABAS, Malli, a physician, and one of the 
Persian magi, who followed the doctrines of 
Zoroaster; he wrote A. 11.980, a book called 
a royal work, which was translated into Latin 
by Stephen of Antioch, 1127, and is now extant. 
ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomet, opposed the 
ambitious views of the impostor; but when de- 
feated in the battle of Bedr, w'as reconciled to 
Jiis nephew, embraced his religion, and thanked 
heaven for the prosperity and the grace he en- 
joyed as a mussulman. He died in the 32d year 
of the hegira. 
ABBASSA, vid. Abassn. 
ABBATEGIO, Marian d’, an ecclesiastic of 
the 14th century, who rose by his abilities to be 
governor of Aquila. 
ABBATISSA, Paul, a famous Sicilian poet, 
born at Messina, 1570. He translated into Italian 
verse Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and Ovid’s 
Metamorphoses. 
AllBIATI, Philip, a historical painter, born 
at Milan 1640, died 1715. 
ABBON, a monk of St. Germain des Prfis, 
who was present at the siege of Paris by the 
Normans, at the close of the 9th century; he 
wrote an account of this event in 1200 verses, 
in execrable Latin, which was edited by Du- 
plessis, 1753. 
ABBON, de Fleury, an ecclesiastic of Or- 
leans, who became abbot of Fleury, supported 
the rights of the monastic order against the in- 
trusions of the bishops. He was killed in a 
quarrel between the French and Gascons, 1004. 
ABBOT, Hull, a respectable minister of 
Charlestown, Massachusetts, published several 
sermons, died 1782, aged 80. 
ABBOT,. George, archbishop of Canterbury, 
born 1562, at Guildford, in Surry. In 1604 that 
translation of the Bible nowin use was begun by 
the direction of king James, and Dr. Abbot was 
the second of eight divines of Oxford, to whom 
the rare of translating the whole New Testa- 
ment (excepting the Epistles) was committed. 
Or April 5, 1619, Sir Nicholas Kempe laid the 
first stone of the hospital at Guildford. The 
archbishop, who was present, afterwards en- 
dowed it with lands to the value of 3001. per 
amt. The archbishop, being in a declining state 
of health, used in the summer to go to Hamp- 
shire for the sake of recreation ; and being in- 
vited by lord Zouch to hunt in his park at Bran- 
zill, he met there with the greatest misfortune 
that ever befell him ; for he accidentally killed 
b>.< lordship’s keeper, by an arrow from a cross- 
bow, which he shot at a deer This accident 
All 
threw him into a deep melancholy ; lie over af- 
terwards kept a monthly fast on Tuesday, the 
day on which this fatal mischance happened! 
and settled an annuity of 201. on the widow. 
Worn out, however, with cares and infirmities, 
lie died at Croydon, Aug. 5,1633. 
ABBOT, Maurice, youngest brother of the 
archbishop, acquired consequence in commer- 
cial affairs, was employed in 1624 in establish- 
ing the settlement of Virginia, and was the first 
person on whom Charles I. conferred the ho- 
nour of knighthood. He was elected represen- 
tative for London, and in 1638 was raised to the 
mayoralty of the city, and died Jan. 10th, 1640. 
ABBOT, Robert, D. D. eldest brother of the 
two preceding ; he was born at Guildford, was 
educated at Baliol college, and elected mastei 
thereof, 1609. His eloquence as a preacher re- 
commended him to further patronage ; he was 
appointed chaplain to the king, and regius pro- 
fessor of divinity at Oxford. He was conse- 
crated bishop of Salisbury, 1615, and died Mar. 
2, 1617, in his 58th year. His writings were 
principally controvrsial. 
ABBT, Thomas, the German translator of 
Sallust, and the admired author of a treatise 
“ On merit,” and of another, “ Of dying for on* 's 
country,” was born at Elm, and died at Bucke- 
herg, 1766, aged 28. 
ABDALCADER, a Persian who was greatly 
revered by the mussulmans for his learning, his 
piety, and the sanctity of his manners. 
ABDALLAH, father of Mahomet, was a 
slave, and a driver of camels. 
ABDALLAH, son of Zobair, was proclaimed 
caliph of Mecca and Medina, after the expulsion 
of Yesid. After enjoying the sovereignty for 
four years, he was besieged in Mecca, by the 
successor of Yesid in Syria, and sacrificed to 
the ambition of his rival, 733. 
ABDALLAH, son of Yesid, celebrated as a 
tnussulman lawyer in the 7th century. 
ABDALLAH, son of Abbas, endeavoured 
to raise his family on the ruins of the Ommiades; 
be was defeated by his rivals, who, afterwards, 
uretetiding to be reconciled, perfidiously mur- 
dered him, 754. 
ABDALMAI/EK, son of Marvan, was 5th 
caliph of the Ommiades, and began to reign, 685. 
He was called Abulzebab, because bis breath 
was so offensive that it killed the very flies that 
settled on his lips; he reigned 21 years, and was 
succeeded by Valid, the eldest of his 16 sons. 
ABDALMALEK, the last of the caliphs of 
the race of the Samanides, was dethroned and 
murdered by Mahmoud, 999. 
ABDALRAHMAN, or ABDERAMES, vid 
Abderames. 
ABDAS, a bishop in Persia, who, by incon 
siderately abolishing a Pagan temple of the 
sun, excited the public indignation against him- 
self and his religion. 
ABDEMELEK, king of Fez and Morocco, was 
dethroned by his nephew, Mahomet; but by the 
assistance of troops, sent him by the sultan 
Selim, defeated Sebastian, king of Portugal, 
who had landed in Africa to support the usurper. 
The two African monarchs and Sebastian tell 
on the field, 1578. 
ABDERAMES, a caliph of the race of Om- 
miades, was invited into Spain by the Saracens 
He assumed the title of king of Corduba, and 
the surname of just; he died, 790, after reigning 
32 years. 
ABDERAMES, a Saracen general of the ca- 
liph Heschain, who, after conquering Spaia 
4  AB 
penetrated into Aquitain and Poitou,and was at| 
last defeated by Charles Martel, near Poitiers, 
732. 
ABDER AMES, a petty prince, in the kingdom 
of Morocco, lie murdered Amadin, his prede- 
cessor and nephew, and was himself assassi- 
nated by a chieftain, 1505. 
ABD1AS, a native of Babylon, who pretend- 
ed to be one of the 72 disciples of our Saviour, 
wrote a legendary treatise, called Historia certa- 
nienis Apostolici, which was edited aud trans- 
lated into Latin, by Wolfgang Lazius, Basil, 
1571. 
ABDISSI, a patriarch of Assyria, who paid 
homage to Pope Pius IV. 1562, and extended the 
power of the Romish church in tiie East. 
ABDOLONYMUS, a Sidonian of the royal 
family, placed on the throne by Alexander the 
Great. 
ABDON, a Persian, who suffered martyrdom 
under the persecution of Decius, 250. 
ABDULMUMEN, a man of obscure origin, 
seized the crown of Morocco, his death put a 
stop to his meditated invasion of Spain, 1156. 
ABEILLE, Gaspard, a native of Riez, in 
Provence, born 1648, died at Paris, 1718. 
ABEILLE, Scipio, brother of the preceding, 
surgeon in the regiment of Picardy, died 1697. 
ABEL, second son of Adam, was cruelly 
murdered by his brother Cain. 
ABEL, king of Denmark, son of Valdimar, 
11. usurped the throne 1250, and was killed in 
battle two years after. 
ABEL, Frederick Gottfried, a native of Hal- 
berstadt, abandoned divinity for the pursuit of 
medicine ; he died 1794, aged 80. 
ABEL, Charles Frederic, whose great musical 
ability, both as composer and performer, was 
an honour to the age in which he lived. His 
instrumental performance, particularly on the 
Viol di Gamba, was much distinguished for its 
elegance and fine feeling. He died, at London, 
after three days’ sleep, on the 20th of June, 1787. 
ABELA, John Francis, a commander of the 
order of Malta, known by an excellent work 
called “ Malta illustrata,” in fob 1647. 
ABELARD, Peter, one of the most celebrated 
doctors of the 12th century, was born in the vil- 
lage of Palais, in Brittany. That he might enjoy 
all the sweets of life, he thought it necessary to 
have a mistress, and accordingly fixed his affec- 
tions on Heloise, a niece of a canon at Paris. 
He boarded in this canon’s house, whose name 
was Fulbert; where, pretending to teach the 
young lady the sciences, he soon made love to 
his scholar. Abelard now performed his public 
functions very coldly, and wrote nothing but 
amorous verses. Heioise, at length, being likely 
to become a mother, Abelard sent her to a sister 
of his in Brittany, where she was delivered of a 
son. To soften the canon’s anger, he offered to 
marry Heloise privately; Fulbert, however, was 
better pleased with this proposal than his niece, 
who, from a strange singularity in her passion, 
chose rather to be the mistress than the wife of 
Abelard. At length, however, she consented to 
a private marriage; but, even after this, would 
on some occasions affirm with an oath, that she 
was still unmarried. Her husband thereupon 
sent her to the monastery of Argentetiil; where, 
at his desire, she put on a religious habit, but not 
the veil. Hcloise’s relations, looking upon this as 
a second piece of treachery in Abelard, were 
transported to such a degree of resentment, that 
they hired ruffians, who fording into his cham- 
ber by night., deprived him of his manhood. This 
AB 
[infamous treatment forced Abelard to a cloister, 
to conceal his confusion, and he put on the habit 
jin the abbey of St. Denis. lie afterwards re- 
tired to a solitude in the diocese of Troyes, and 
[there built an oratory, which he named the 
Paraclete, where great numbers of pupils re- 
sorted to him. Here again his success excited 
that envy by which he had through life been 
persecuted; and having been several times in 
danger of his life, by poison and other artifices, 
he was at length received byPeterthe Venerable 
into his abbey of Clugtii, in which sanctuary 
Abelard was treated with the utmost humanity 
and tenderness. At length, having become infirm 
from the prevalence of the scurvy and other 
disorders, he was removed to the priory of St. 
Marcellus, on the Saon, near Chalons, where 
he died, April 21, 1142, in the 63d year of his 
age. His corpse was sent to Heloise, who de- 
posited it in the Paraclete. 
ABELL, John, an English musician in the 
chapel royal of Charles II. celebrated for a fine 
counter-tenor voice, and for his skill on the lute. 
He continued in the chapel till the Revolu- 
tion, when he was discharged as being a Papist. 
Upon this he went abroad, and at Warsaw met 
with a very extraordinary adventure. He was 
sent for to court; but evading to go by some 
slight excuse, was commanded to attend. At 
the palace, he was seated in a chair in the mid- 
dle of a spacious hall, and suddenly drawn up to 
a great height, when the king, with his attend- 
ants, appeared in a gallery opposite to him. At 
the same instant a number of wild bears were 
turned in, when the king bid him choose, 
whether he would sing, or be let down among 
the bears. Abell chose the former, and declared 
afterwards, that he never sung so well in his life 
ABELLA, a female writer born at Salerne, in 
the reign of Charles of Anjou. 
ABELLI, Lewis, a native of Voxin Francois, 
who was made Bishop of Rhodes, died at Paris 
1691, in his 88th year. 
ABENDANA, Jacob, a Spanish Jew, who 
died 1685, prefect of the Synagogue in London. 
ABENEZRA, Abraham, a Spanish rabbi, sur- 
named the wise, great, and admirable, died 1174, 
aged about 75. His commentaries are highly 
valued. 
A15ENGNEFIL, an Arabian physician, of 
the 12th century. 
ABENMELEK, a learned rabbi, who wrote, 
in Hebrew, a commentary on the Bible ; it was 
published at Amsterdam, 1661, in folio. 
ABERCROMBIE, James, a major general in 
the British army in Canada, in 1756 : he display- 
ed a want of talents, and was superseded by 
general Amherst. 
ABERCROMBIE, John, a horticultural writer 
of much note. His first work was published un- 
der the title of “ Mawe’s Gardener’s Calendar 
the flattering reception of which led him to 
pursue his literary labours on professional sub- 
jects, to which he prefixed his own name. He 
died at Somers’ Town, in 1806, in the 80th year 
of his age. 
ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, a brave British 
general, born in Scotland 1743, received his 
death-wound (like Wolfe) in the moment of a 
great victory over the French, within tour miles 
of Alexandria, in Egypt, March 21, 1801, and 
died on the 28t.h of the s.'me month. 
ABERCROMBV, Thon.as, M. P. a native of 
Forfar, became physician to James II. by re- 
nouncing the protestant religion; he died 1720, 
aged 70. AB ~ 
ABERNETHY, John, an eminent dissenting t 
minister, born at Coleraine, in Ireland, 1680; 
died at Dublin 1740. His best esteemed works j 
are a set of sermons on the “ Divine and Moral 
Attributes.” 
ABGARUS, a king of Edessa, famous for the 
letter which he is said to have sent to our 
Saviour, and for the answer he received. 
ABGILLUS, son of the king of the Frisii, 
surnamed l’rester John, was in the Holy land 
with Charlemagne. 
ABIATHAR, son of Abimelech, was the high 
priest of the Jew's, and the friend and fellow 
sufferer of David. 
ABIGAIL, wife of Nabal, married to David 
after Nabal’s death, 1057, B. C. 
ABIJ AH, son of Rehoboam, was king of Ju- 
dah after his father, 958, B. C. 
ABIOSI, John, an Italian physician and as- 
tronomer, in the beginning of the 16th century. 
ABLANCOURT, vid. Perrot. 
ABLE, or ABF.L, Thomas, a chaplain at the 
courtof Henry VIII., was executed July 30,1540. 
ABNER, son of Ner, was Saul’s uncle, and 
his faithful general, and was perfidiously slain 
bv Joab, 1048. B. C. 
' ABOUBEKER, vid. Abubeker. 
ABOUGEHEL, one of the enemies of Ma- 
homet and his religion. 
ABOUHANIFAH, surnamed Alnooman, a 
celebrated doctor among the mussulmans, born 
in the 80th year of the hegira. 
ABOU-JOSEPII, a learned mussulman, ap- 
pointed supreme judge of Bagdat by the caliphs 
lladi and Aaron Raschid. 
ABOUI.AINA, a mussulman doctor, cele- 
brated for his wit. 
ABOU-LOLA, an Arabian poet, born at Ma- 
ora in 973, became a brahmin, and died 1057. 
ABOU-NAVAS, an Arabian poet, whose 
merit was protected and encouraged at the court 
of Aaron Raschid. 
A BOU-RIHAN, a geographer and astronomer, 
who employed 40 years of his life in travelling 
through India. 
ABRABANEL, Isaac, a Jew' of Lisbon, em- 
ployed in offices of importance, by Aphonso V. 
of Portugal, fled into Spain, and from thence 
to Naples, then to Corfu, and at last to Venice, 
where he died, 1508, in his 71st year. 
ABIIAHAM, the patriarch, was born at Ur, 
in Chaldea, A. M. 2o04; he died in his 175th 
year. 
ABRAHAM, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit in 
Lorraine, W'as 17 years divinity professor at Pont 
a Mousson, where he died, Sept. 7, 1655, in his 
66ih vear. 
ABRAHAM, Ben-choila, a Spanish rabbi, 
skilled in astrology, prophesied that the coming 
of the Messiah would be in 1358. Died, 1303. 
ABRAHAM, Usque, a Jew of Portugal. He 
undertook, with Tobias Athias, to translate the 
bible into Spanish, in the 16th century. 
ABRAHAM, an emperor of the Moors of Afri- 
ca, in the 12th century, was dethroned by his 
subjects,amt hiscrown usurped by Abdulmumen. 
A BROS!, John, an Italian physician. He 
wrote a dialogueon astrology, 4to. Venice, 1494. 
ABRUZZO, Balthasar, a Sicilian, known for 
his abilities as a philosopher and a civilian, 
died, 1665. aged 64. 
ABRUZZO, Peter, a Neapolitan architect in 
the 17th century. 
ABSALOM, son of king David, distinguished 
foi his personal acquirements, his popularity, 
and his vices, murdered his brother, headed a re- 
AC 
hellion against his f ather, and was slain by Joab 
;abont 1030, B. C. 
ABSALOM, archbishop of Lunden, in Dcn- 
niark, minister and friend of Waldcniir, dis- 
played his abilities in the cabinet, in the iie.d, 
land in the fleet, was humane and benevolent; 
he died universally regretted, 1202. 
ABSTEMIOUS, Laurentius, an Italian wri- 
ter, born at Macerata, in La Marca de Ancona, 
who devoted himself early to the study of po- 
lite literature. He published, under the pontifi- 
cate of Alexander VI. a treatise, entitled Ile- 
catoinythium,” from its containing 100 .aides, 
which have been often printed with those of 
Aisop, I’hadrus, Gabrius, Avicnus, &c. 
ABUBEKER, father-in-law of Mahomet, was 
elected his successor. After a reign of 2 years 
and 0 months, he expired in the 63d year of his 
age. 
ABUCAKA, Theodore, the metropolitan of 
Caria, obtained a seat in the synod held at Con- 
stantinople, 869 ; he wrote treatises against the 
Jews and Mahometans, which have been pub- 
lished. 
ABUDHAHER, the father of the Carmatians, 
in Arabia, opposed the religion of Mahomet, 
plundered the temple of Mecca, and died in pos- 
session of his extensive dominions, 953. 
ABULFARAGIUS, Gregory, son of Aaron, 
a physician, born in 1226, in the city of Malatia, 
near the source of the Euphrates in Armenia, 
lie wrote in Arabic, a history which does ho- 
nour to his memory; itis divided into dynasties 
consists of ten parts, and is an epitome of uni 
versal history, from the creation of the world to 
his own time. 
ABIJEFEDA, Ismael, prince of Hamah, in 
Syria, but better knowrn as author of Tables 
of Geography of the regions beyond the rivei 
Oxus. He began his reign in the 743d year of 
the hegira, and ended it three years afterw aids, 
aged 72. 
ABULGASI-BAYATUR, khan of the Tar- 
tars, reigned 20 years, respected at home and 
abroad, resigned the sovereignty to his son, 
wrote the only Tartar history known in Europe; 
he died 1663. 
ABULOLA, vid. Aboulola. 
ABU-MESLEM, a mussulman governor of 
Khorasan, who, in 746, transferred the dignity 
of caliph from the family of the Ommiades to 
that of the Abbassides, by which he occasioned 
the death of 600,000 men. He was thrown into 
the Tigris, 754. 
ABUNDIUS; a bishop of Come, in Italy, who 
assisted at the council of Constantinople, as the 
representative of Leo, and died, 469. 
ABUNOWA8, an Arabian poet, deservedly 
patronized by Aaron Raschid, died 810. 
ABU-OBE1DAH, a friend and associate of 
Mahomet, extended his conquests over Palestine 
and Syria, and died 639. 
ABU-SATD-EBN-ALJAPTU, a sultan, th« 
:ast of the family of Zingis-khan, died 1335. 
ABUSAID-MiRZA, a man of enterprise,who 
placed himself at the head of an army, and de- 
clared himself independent; he was killed in an 
ambush, 1468, aged 42 
ABUTEMAN, a poet in high repute among 
the Arabians, born a Yasem, between Damas- 
cus and Tiberias, about 846. 
ABYDENE, wrote a history of Chaldea and 
Assyria, of which valuable composition only a 
few fragments have been preserved by Eusebius. 
ACACIUS, surnamed Lusctts, founder of the 
sect of the Acaciani, died, 365. 
6 ' AC 
ACACIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, es- 
tablished the superiority of his see over the east- 
ern bishops, was opposed by Felix, and died 498. 
ACACIUS, a bishop of Berea, in Syria, per- 
secuted Chrysostom and Cyril,of Alexandria; he 
died 432. . 
ACACIUS, a bishop of Amida, on the Tigris, 
sold the sacred vessels of his churches to ran- 
som 7000 Persian slaves ; he lived in the reign 
of Theodosius the younger. 
ACCA-LAURENTIA, wife of Faustulus, 
and nurse of Romulus and Remus. 
ACCA, bishop of Hexham, author of treatises 
on the sufferings of the saints, died 1740. 
ACCARISI, James, a professor of rhetoric at 
Mantua, died 1654. 
ACCETTO, Reginald, author of a thesarus 
of the Italian tongue, died 1560. 
ACCIAIOLI, Donatus, of Florence, distin- 
guished by his learning and political services to 
his country, died 1478. 
ACCIAIOLI, Renatus, a Florentine, conquer- 
ed Athens, Corinth, and Boeotia, in the begin- 
ning of the 11th century. 
ACCIAIOLI, Zenobio, a learned ecclesiastic 
of Florence, and librarian to Leo X., died 1537. 
ACCIAIOLI, or ACCIAUOLI, Angelo, a 
learned cardinal, archbishop of Florence, who 
wrote in favour of Urban VI., died 1407. 
ACCIAIOLI, Magdalen, a Florentine, cele- 
brated for her beauty, but more for the powers 
of her mind, died 1610. 
ACCIUS, Lucius, a Latin tragic poet, the son 
of a freedman, was born in the year of Rome 
583; he did not, however, confine himself to 
dramatic writing; for he left other productions; 
particularly his “ Annals,” mentioned by Ma- 
crobius, Priscian, Festus, and Nonius Marcellus. 
Accius was so much esteemed by the public, 
that a comedian was punished for only men- 
tioning his name on the stage. 
ACCIUS, Zuchus, an Italian poet of the 16th 
century, paraphrased some of the fables of 
ASsop. 
ACCOLTI, Benedict, a lawyer of Florence, 
secretary to the republic, died 1466. 
ACCOLTI, Francis, brother to Benedict, re 
puted for his judgment, eloquence and know- 
ledge of jurisprudence, sometimes called Aretin, 
lied, 1470 ; vid. Aretin. 
ACCOLTI, Peter, son of Benedict, raised to 
.he dignity of cardinal; died at Florence 1549. 
His brother Benedict, duke of Nepi, distinguished 
.limsel f as a poet. 
ACCOLTI, Benedict, conspired with five 
others to murder Pius IV., and suffered capital 
punishment, 1504. 
ACCORDS, Stephen Tabourot, Seigneurdes, 
advocate in the parliament of Dijon, died 1561. 
ACCTJRSE, Francis, a native of Florence, 
and professor of law at Bologna, died 1229. His 
-on also distinguished himself as a lawyer at 
'oulouse. 
ACCURSE, Marius Angelo, a native of A- 
guila, in the 16th century, eminent for his critical 
and literary abilities. 
ACERBO, Francis, a native of Nocera, pub- 
lished some poems at Naples, 1666. 
ACESIUS, Bishop of Constantinople, in the 
age of Constantine, maintained, that those who 
committed any sin after being baptised, ought 
■not to be again admitted into the church, though 
tliev might repent. 
ACHALEN, a British sovereign in the 6th 
«rntury, was driven from his dominions, and 
took refuge in Wales. 
AC 
ACHARD, Claude Francis, a physician was 
secretary to the academy, and librarian of the 
city of Marseilles; he died 1809. 
ACIIARDS, Eleazer Francis des, distinguish- 
ed by his learning, piety, and humanity, was 
nominated bishop of Halicarnassus, and after- 
wards sent apostolic vicar to China; h died at 
Cochin, 1741. 
ACHERY, Dom Luc d’, a native of St. Quin- 
tin in Picardy, displayed his learning as an ec 
clesiastic and antiquary by several publications; 
he died at Paris, 1685. 
ACHILLINI, Alexander, a Bolognese physi- 
cian, known by his publications, and distin 
guished himself as the follower of Averroes, 
died 1512. 
ACHILLINI, Philotheus, wrote a poem to 
honour the memory of Italian genius and re- 
commend morality; he died 1538. 
ACHILLINI, Claude, distinghished for his 
knowledge of medicine, theology and jurispru- 
dence, died, at Bologna, 1640. 
ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son and 
successor of Mahomet HI., made war against 
the Hungaries, died 1617. 
ACHMET II. succeeded his brother Solyman 
III. on the throne of Constantinople; he was un- 
fortunate in his wars against the Venetians and 
Austrians, and died 1695. 
ACHMET III,, son of Mahomet IV., was 
crowned bv a faction who deposed his brother 
Mustapha II.; he granted an asylum to Charles 
XII., made war against the Russians and Per- 
sians, and was hurled from his throne by an in 
surrection ; he died 1736. 
ACHMET GEDUC, or ACOMET, a celebrated 
general, he assisted Bajazet II. in obtaining tlio 
throne, 1432, and was afterwards inhumanly as- 
sassinated. 
ACHMET Bacha, a general ■ f Solyman, 
revolted from his sovereign, 1524, and was soon 
after defeated and beheaded. 
ACHMET, an Arabian who wrote on the in 
terpretation of dreams ; the work was published 
in Greek and Latin, by Rigault, 1603. 
ACII-VAN, or ACHEN, John, a historical 
painter, born at Cologne, died 1621. 
ACIDALIUS, Valens, a native of Wistock 
in Brandebourg, distinguished by his extensive 
erudition, died 1595. 
ACKERMAN, John Christian, Gottlieb, pro- 
fessor of medicine at Altdorf, in Franconia, 
died 1801. 
ACOLUTHUS, Andrew, a learned professor 
of languages at Breslaw, published a Latin 
translation of the Armenian version of Obadiah, 
at Leipsic, died 1704. 
ACONTIUS, James, a famous philosopher, 
civilian, and divine, born at Trent, in the 16th 
century. He embraced the protestant religion ; 
and, going over to England in the reign of Eli- 
zabeth, met with a very friendly reception from 
that princess, as he himself has testified in a 
work dedicated to her. This work is his cele- 
brated “ Collection of the Stratagems of Satan,” 
which has been often translated, and gone 
through many different impressions. 
ACOSTA, Gabriel, professor of divinity at Co- 
imbra, wrote a Latin commentary on the Old 
Testament, he died 1616. 
ACOSTA. Joseph, a provincial of the Jesuits, 
in Peru, was born at Medina del Campo, and 
died at Salamanca, 1600. 
ACOSTA, Uriel, a native of Oporto, educated 
in the Romish religion; he fled to Judaism, and 
shot Ijimself 1640  AD 
ACQUAVIVA, vid. AQUAV1VA. 
ACRON, a physician of Sicily, who relieved 
Athens during a plague, by burning perfumes; 
lived about 440 B. C. 
ACRONIUS, John, a Mathematician of Fries- 
land, who wrote on the motion of the earth, 
died at Basle, 1563. 
ACRONIUS, John, a Dutch writer of the 17th 
century, who wrote against the Romish religion. 
ACROPOLITA, George, one of the writers 
of the Byzantine history, born at Constantino- 
ple, 1220. In his 21st year, he maintained a 
learned dispute with Nicholas, the physician, 
concerning the eclipse of the sun, before the em- 
peror John. Gregory Cyprian, a patriarch of 
Constantinople, in his encomium upon him, pre- 
fixed to Acropolita’s history, is perhaps some- 
what extravagant in his praise, when he says, 
that he was equal to Aristotle in philosophy, 
and to Plato in the knowledge of divine things 
and Attic eloquence. 
ACTIUS, or AZZO, Visconti, sovereign of 
Milan, distinguished by his valour, and the in- 
tegrity of his government, died 1355 
ACTUARIUS, a Jew physician, practised at 
Constantinople in the 13th century. 
ACUNA, Christopher, Jesuit of Burgos, em- 
ployed as missionary in America, published an 
account of the Amazon river, at Madrid, 1641. 
ADAIR, James, an English lawyer of emi- 
nence, member of parliament, died 1798. 
ADAIR, James, author of some law tracts, 
and some time recorder of London, died July 
21,1798. 
ADAIR, James Mackitbriek, a physician and 
presiding judge of the courts of the island of 
Antigua, W. I., died 1082. 
ADALARD,or ADELARD,son of count Ber- 
nard, and grandson of Charles Martel, was 
made prime minister of Pepin, king of Italy, 
and died Jan. 2, 826. 
ADALBERON, archbishop of Rheirns, and 
chancellor of France, an ecclesiastic and min- 
ister of Lothaire, died 988. 
ADALBERON, Ascelin, bishop of Leon: 
published a satirical poem, in 430 verses, and 
died 1030. 
ADALBERT,archbishop of Prague, preached 
the gospel among the Bohemians, and after- 
wards to the Poles, by whom he was murdered, 
April 29, 997. 
ADALGISE, sen of Didier, king of Lombar- 
dy, opposed the power of Charlemagne, was 
put to death 788. 
ADALOALD, a king of Lombardy, was de- 
posed by his subjects, and succeeded by Ario- 
vald ; he died 629, in a private station. 
ADAM, the father of the human race, lived 
930 years after Iris expulsion from paradise. 
ADAM, Lambert Sigisbert, an ingenious 
aculptor, born atNanci, died 1759, aged 59. 
ADAM, Nicholas, brother of Lambert, imita 
ted and equalled him ; he executed the Mau 
solemn of the queen of Poland, and died 778. 
ADAM. Francis Gaspard, younger brother of 
the two preceding,excelled also as an artist; he 
died at Paris, 1757, aged 49. 
ADAM, Thomas, an English divine, born at 
Leeds,obtained the living of Wintringham, Lin- 
colnshire ; he died 1784, aged 83. 
ADAM, Billaut, a joiner of Nevers, better 
known by the name of Master Adam, wrote po 
etry while employed at his tools; he died 1662 
ADAM, Alexander, L.L.D.,an eminent school- 
master, and a useful writer, in Scotland, born 
at Coats of Burgie, county of Moray, June, 
AD 
1741. His principal works are, “ Roman Anti 
quities,” “ Classical Biography,” and “ Lexi 
con Lingua! Latina;.” He died or apoplexy 
Dec. 18,1809. * v y' 
ADAM, Melchior, rector of a college at Heid- 
elberg, where he published “ Lives of Illustri- 
ous Men,” in four vols., and died about 1635. 
ADAM, Robert, architect, was born in 1728, 
at Kirkcaldy, in Fifeshire, and received his edu 
cation at the university of Edinburgh. Alter 
bis return from a visit to Italy, Mr. Adam v a 
appointed architect to his majesty in the yea 
1702, arid produced a total change in the archi 
tecture of that country. His fertile genius 
elegant ornament was not confined to the deco 
ration of buildings, but has been diffused int 
almost every branch of manufacture. At the 
time of his death, March 3, 1792, the new uni- 
versity of Edinburgh, and other great public 
works, both in that city and in Glasgow, were 
erecting from his designs, and under his direc- 
tion. His death was occasioned by the breaking 
of a blood-vessel in the stomach, and his remains 
were interred in the south side of Westminster 
Abbey. 
ADAM, James, architect, brother to the fore- 
going, died Oct. 20, 1794. The Adelphi build- 
ings and Portland-place are monuments of his 
taste and abilities in his profession. 
ADAM, a canon of Bremen, in the 17tli cen 
tury, published an ecclesiastical history of Bre- 
men and Hamburgh, edited, 1670. 
ADAM, St. Victor, an ecclesiastic at Paris 
died 1177. 
ADAM, Scotus, a monkish writer, born in 
Scotland, and taught divinity at Paris, died 1180. 
ADAM, John, a Jesuit of Bordeaux, wrote 
several treatises against the disciples of Austin 
died 1684. 
ADAM, d’Orleton, of Hereford, became bi- 
shop of Winchester; he was intriguing and tur- 
bulent. 
ADAM, John, a Jesuit of Limosin, professor 
of philosophy, died at Bordeaux, 1684- 
ADAMS, Sir Thomas, a native of Wem, in 
Shropshire, became a draper in London, and 
rose to the high honour of Lord Mayor of Lon- 
don, 1045; he died 1607. 
ADAMS, Thomas, distinguished for his learn- 
ing, and tutor to persons of rank, in the time of 
Cromwell; he died Dec. 11, 1070. 
ADAMS, Richard, minister of St. Mildred, 
is ejected, 166 ; he assisted in the completion of 
Poole’s Annotations, and died 1098. 
ADAMS,William, D. D., master of Pembroke 
College, Oxford, the friend of Dr. Johnson, dis- 
tinguished for his urbanity, &c., died 1789. 
ADAMS, Joseph, a physician of London, au 
thor of several medical works, died 1818. 
ADAMS, Andrew, L. L. D., chief justice o. 
Connecticut, was born at Stratford, Ct., edu 
cated at Yale College, afterwards elected 
member of the council, and a representative 
congress; he died 1799. 
ADAMS, John, a clergyman and poet, bor 
in Nova Scotia, and settled at Newport, R. I. 
he died 1740, much lamented, aged 36. 
ADAMS, Eliphalet, an eminent minister of 
New London, Ct., died 1753, aged 77. He pub- 
lished several occasional discourses. 
ADAMS, Amos, minister of Roxbury, Mass., 
distinguished for his learning and piety; died 
at Dorchester, 1775, aged 48. 
ADAMS, Joseph, a minister, settled at New- 
ington, N. il.; he died 1783, aged 93. 
ADAMS, Zabdiel, minister of Lunenburgh  AD 
now Quincy, At a.".;., eminent us a preacher ol 
the gospel ; (lied 18ul, aged 62. 
ADAMS, Samuel, governor of Massachusetts, 
distinguished as a writer and a patriot, and for 
his influence in forwarding the American revo- 
lution ; of stern integrity, dignified manners, 
and great suavity of temper; died 1803, aged 82. 
ADAMSON, Patrick, Archbishop of St. An- 
drew’s, born at Perth, 1543. In the year 1506, 
he set out for Paris, as tutor to a young gen- 
tleman, where he stayed some months, and 
then retired to Bourges. He was in this city 
during the massacre at Paris; and lived con- 
cealed, for seven months, at a public house, the 
master of which, upwards of 70 years of age, 
was thrown from the top thereof, and had his 
brains dashed out, for his charity to heritics. In 
1573, he relumed to Scotland. The earl of More- 
ton, then regent, on the death of bishop Doug- 
las, promoted him to the archiepiscopal see of 
St. Andrew’s. He died 1591. 
ADANSON, Michael, a French naturalist of 
so much distinction, that he received invitations 
from different sovereigns of Europe to reside in 
their states; he died 1806. 
ADDISON, Lancelot,D.D. son of a clergyman 
of the same name;he was born at Maulds Mead 
burne in Westmoreland.was preferred to the liv- 
ing of Milston, &c. 1683, and died April 20,1703. 
ADDISON, Joseph, born May 1, 1672, at 
Milston, near Ambrosbury, Wiltshire, of which 
place his father was rector. He received the 
first rudiments of his education there under the 
reverend Mr. Nash; but was removed to Salis- 
bury, under the care of Mr. Taylor; and soon 
after to the Charter-house, where he studied un- 
der Dr. Ellis, and contracted that intimacy with 
sir Richard Steele, which their joint labours 
have so effectually recorded. In 1687 he was 
entered of Queen’s College, Oxford, where, in 
1680, the accidental perusal of some Latin ver- 
ses, gained him the patronage of Dr. Lancas- 
ter, by whose recommendation he was elected 
into Magdalen College as Demy. Here he took 
the degree of M. A. Feb. 14, 1693, continued to 
cultivate poetry and criticism, and grew first 
eminent by his Latin compositions, which are 
entitled to particular praise. In 1695 he wrote 
npoem to king William, with a kind of rhyming 
introduction addressed to lord Somers. In 1697 
he wrote his poem on the peace of Ryswick, 
which he dedicated to Mr. Montague, (then 
chancellor of the exchequer) and which was 
called by Smith “ the best Latin poem since the 
/Eneid.” Having yet no public employment, 
he obtained, in 1699, a pension of 300f. a year, 
that he might be enabled to travel. While he 
was travelling at leisure in Italy, he was far 
from being idle; for he not only collected his 
observations on the country, but found time to 
write his Dialogues on Medals. Here, also, he 
wrote the letter to Lord Halifax, which is justly 
considered as the most elegant, if not the most 
sublime, of his poetical productions. At his re- 
turn he published his Travels, with a dedica- 
tion to Lord Somers. This book, though a 
while neglected, is said in time to have become 
so much the favourite of the public, that be- 
fore it was reprinted it rose to five times in price. 
The victory at Blenheim in 1704,spread triumph 
and confidence over the nation: and lord Go- 
dolphin, lamenting to lord Halifax that it had 
not be -n celebrated in a manner equal to the 
subject, desired him to propose it to some better 
poet. Halifax named Addison; who, having 
undertaken the work, communicated it to the 
AD 
I treasurer, while it was yet advanced no farther 
j than the simile of the Angel, and was rewarded 
with the place of commissioner of appeals. In 
{the following year he was at Hanover with lord 
j Halifax; and the year after was made under- 
secretary of state. When the Marquis of 
i Wharton was appointed lord-lieutenant of Irc- 
i land, Addison attended him as his secretary, and 
was made keeper of the records in Birming- 
I ham’s Tower, with a salary of 3001. a year. 
| When he was in office, he made a law to him- 
j self, as Swift has recorded, never to remit his 
| regular fees in civility to his friends, “ I may 
(said he) have a hundred friends, and if my fee 
! be two guineas, I shall, by relinquishing my 
right, lose 200 guineas, and no friend gain mot# 
than two." He was in Ireland when Steele, 
without any communication of his design, be- 
gan the publication of the Tattler ; but he was 
not long concealed ; by inserting a remark on 
•Virgil, w hich Addison had given him, he dis- 
covered himself. Steele’s first Tattler was pub- 
lished April 22,1709, and Addison’s contribution 
appeared May 2G. To the Tattler, in about two 
months, succeeded the Spectator, a series of es- 
says of the same kind, but written with lees 
levity, upon a more regular plan, and published 
daily. The next year 1713, in which Cato came 
upon the stage, was the grand climacteric of 
Addison’s reputation. The whole nation was 
at that time on fire with faction. The Whigs 
applauded every line in which liberty was men- 
tioned, as a satire on the Tories ; and the Tories 
echoed every clap, to show that the satire was 
unfelt. While Cato was upon the stage, another 
daily paper, called the Guardian, was published 
by Steele, to which Addison gave great assist- 
ance. The papers of Addison are marked in 
the Spectator by one of the letters in the name 
of Clio, and in the Guardian by a hand. It was 
not known that Addison had tried a comedy for 
the stage, till Steele, after his death, declared 
him the author of “ The Drummer.” This play 
Steele carried to the theatre, and afterwards to 
the press, and sold the copy for fifty guineas. In 
the midst of these agreeable employments Mr. 
Addisoji was not an indifferent spectator of pub- 
lic affairs. He wrote, as different exigencies 
required, in 1707, “ The present state of the 
War,” &c.; “ The Whig Examinerand the 
“ Trial of Count Tariff;” all which tracts, be 
ing on temporary topics, expired with the sub- 
jects which gave them birth. When the house 
of Hanover took possession of the throne, it was 
reasonable to expect that the zeal of Addison 
1 would be suitably rewarded. Before the arrival 
|of king George, he was made secretary to the 
{regency, and was required by his office to send 
notice to Hanover that the queen was dead, and 
the throne was vacant. To do this would not 
have been difficult to any man but Addison,who 
was so overwhelmed wi111 the greatness of the 
event, and so distracted by choice of expres- 
sions, that the lords, who could not wait for the 
niceties of criticism, called Mr. Southwell, a 
clerk in the house, and ordered him to despatch 
the message. Southwell readily told what was 
necessary, in the common style of business, and 
valued himself upon having done what was too 
hard for Addison. He was better qualified for 
the Freeholder, a paper which he published 
twice a week, from Dec. 23, 1715, to the middle 
of the next year. This was undertaken in de- 
fence of the established government, sometimes 
with argument, sometimes with mirth. In ar- 
gument he had many equals, but his humour 
9  AD 
was singular and matchless. On the 2d of j 
August, 1710, he married the countess Dowa- 
ger of Warwick, whom he is said to have first 
known by becoming tutor to her son. This mar- 
riage, however, made no addition to his happi- 
ness ; it neither found them nor made them 
equal. She always remembered her own rank, 
and thought herself entitled to treat with very 
little ceremony the tutor of her son. The year 
after, 1717, he rose to his highest elevation, be- 
ing made secretary of state; but it is univer- 
sally confessed that he was unequal to the du- 
ties of his place. In the house of commons he 
could not speak, and therefore was useless to 
the defence of the government. In the office 
he could not issue an order without losing his 
time in quest of fine expressions. What he 
gained in rank he lost in credit; and, finding by 
experience his own inability, was forced to so- 
licit his dismission, with a pension of 15001. a 
year. His friends palliated this relinquishment, 
of which both friends and enemies knew the 
true reason, with an account of declining health, 
and the necessity of recess and quiet. He now 
engaged in a laudable and excellent work, viz. 
a defence of the Christian Religion; of which, 
part was published after his death. Addison 
had for some time been oppressed by shortness 
of breath, which was now aggravated by a drop- 
sy ; and, finding his danger pressing, he prepared 
to die conformably to his own precepts and 
professions. Lord Warwick was a young man 
of very irregular life, and perhaps of loose opin- 
ions. Addison, for whom he did not want re- 
spect, had very diligently endeavoured to re- 
claim him ; but his arguments and expostula- 
tions had no effect; one experiment, however, 
remained to be tried. When he found his life 
near its end, he directed the young lord to be 
called, and, when he desired with great tender- 
ness to hear his last injunctions, told him, “ I 
have sent for you to see how a Christian can 
die.” What effect thisawful scene had on the 
earl’s behaviour is not known: he died himself 
in a short time. Having given directions to Mr. 
Tickell for the publication of his works, and 
dedicated them, on his death bed, to hi$, friend 
Mr. Craggs, Addison died June 17,1719, at Hol- 
land House, leaving no child but a daughter, 
who died at Rilton, in Warwickshire, Feb. 1797. 
ADELAIDE, daughter of Rodolphus, king of 
Burgundy, married Lotharius II., king of Italy, 
and after his death the emperor Otho I.; she 
died 999, aged 69. 
ADEL A IDE, wife of Frederic, prince of Saxo- 
ny, conspired with Lewis against her husband’s 
life, and married the murderer, 1055. 
ADELAIDE, daughter of Humbert, count of 
Mauricnne, was queen of Lewis VI. of France; 
■he died 1154. 
ADELAIDEV wife of Lewis II. of France, 
was mother owCharles III., surnamed the sim- 
ple, who was king 898. 
ADELARD, an English monk, who, in the 
12th century, visited Egypt and Arabia, and 
translated in Latin Euclid’s Elements. 
ADELROLD, bishop of Utrecht, and author 
of the life of the emperor Henry II., died 1207. 
ADELER, Curtins, a native of Norway, 
served in the Dutch navy, was raised to the 
rank of admiral, spent the latter part of his life 
at Copenhagen, where he died 1675, aged 53. | 
ADELGREIFF, John Albretcht, natural son; 
of a priest nearElbing, pretended to be the vice-; 
gerent of Godon earth, was condemned to death 
at Ivonigshergh for blasphemy, 1636. I 
AD 
ADELMAN, a bishop of Bresci in the 1 itil 
century, wrote a letter on the Eucharist to Be- 
renger, printed at Louvainc, 1501. Me died 1602. 
ADELl’HUS, a pliilosopher of the third cen- 
tury, who mingled tiie doctrines of Plato with 
the tenets of the Gnostics. 
ADELUNG, John Christopher, a German 
professor at Erfurt, and author of a grammati- 
cal and critical dictionary of the German lan- 
guage, and other works ; he died 1806. 
ADEODATUS, or Godsgift, a Roman priest 
elevated to the pupal throne 072, died four years 
afterwards. 
ADER, William, a learned physician of Tou- 
louse in the 17th century. 
AD M AB-EDDOUL AT, an emperor of Persia, 
after his uncle Amad-Eddoulat, was warlike, 
humane, and a patron of letters; he died 982, 
aged 47. 
ADHELME, William, nephew to Ina, king 
of the West Saxons, first bishop of Sherborne, 
and said to be the first Englishman who wrote 
Latin, died 709. 
ADIIEMAR, William, a native of Provence, 
wrote a book on illustrious ladies, died about 
1190. 
ADIMANTUS, a Manichtpan sectary at the 
close of the 13th century, denied the authenti- 
city of the Old Testament. 
ADIMARI, Raphael, an Italian historian, 
born at Rimini in the 16th century. 
ADIMARI, Alexander, a Florentine, admired 
for his poetical genius ; died 1649. 
ADLERFELDT, Gustavus, a learned Swede, 
historian of the battles of Charles XII., killed, 
1709. 
ADLZREITTER, John, chancellor of Ba- 
varia, in the 17th century, wrote annals of his 
country. 
ADO, vid. ADON. 
ADOLPHUS, count of Nassau, crowned king 
and emperor of the Romans, died 1238. 
ADOLPHUS, count of Cleves, instituted an 
order of chivalry, 1380, since abolished. 
ADOLPHUS, bishop of Mersburg, opposed, 
and afterwards favoured the doctrines of Lu- 
ther, died 1526. 
ADOLPHUS, Frederic II., king of Sweden, 
founded the academy of inscriptions and belles 
letters at Torneo, and died 1771. 
ADOLPHUS, duke of Sleswick, refused the 
crown of Denmark, after the death of Christo- 
pher III., and crowned Christiernl. he died 1459. 
ADON, archbishop of Vienne, in Dauphine, 
who wrote a useful chronicle, died 875. 
ADORNE, Francis, a Jesuit of a Genoese 
family, who wrote on ecclesiastical discipline, 
died 1576. 
ADORNE, Antony, a Genoese, raised to the 
dignity of Doge, 1383. 
ADORNE, Gabriel, a Genoese, became Doge, 
1336; he was afterwards driven from power by 
a more successful rival. 
ADORNE, Prosper, a Genoese, made Doge 
1460, and died 1486. 
ADORNE, Jerome, a Genoese, opposed the 
party of the Fregoses, in the age of Charles V. 
ADORNI, Catharine Fieschi, a Genoese lady, 
after the death of her husband, devoted herself 
to acts of piety, and benevolence; she died 1510. 
ADRETS, Francis Beaumont des, descen- 
dant of an ancient family in Dauphine, em- 
braced the cause of the Huguenots; he died 1587. 
ADRIA, John James, a physician in the ser- 
vice of Charles V., died 1560. 
ADRIAN,or HADRIAN, Publius AiHus, tlte 
10 _ a: 
Roman empe ror, born at Romo, Jan 24, in the 
year of Christ 7ti. He was a renowned general 
and a great traveller; and in a visit to Britain, 
built a famous wall, or rampart, extending from 
the mouth of the Tyne to the Solway Frith, SO 
miles in length, to prevent the incursions of the 
Caledonians into the northern counties of Eng- 
land, then under the Roman government. Adri- 
an reigned 21 years, and died at Bake, in the 03d 
vear of his age. 
ADRIAN, a Greek author, in the 5th century, 
wrote an introduction to the Scriptures. 
ADRIAN, a learned Carthusian, author of a 
treatise called “ de remediis utriusque fortunae.” 
ADRIAN I. a Roman patrician, raised to the 
pontificate in 1772, died 795. 
ADRIAN II., raised to the popedom in 867, 
he was artful and intriguing, and died 872. 
ADRIAN III., elected pope, 884, and died, 885. 
ADRIAN IV., Pope, the only Englishman that 
ever had the honour of sitting in the papal chair. 
His name was Nicolas Brekespere ; he was born 
at Langley, near St. Albans, in Hertfordshire, 
and, after many vicissitudes of fortune, suc- 
ceeded to the popedom in 1154. He died Sept. 
1, 1159, leaving some letters and homilies which 
are still extant. 
ADRIAN V., a native of Genoa, made pope 
1276, and died 38 days after. 
ADRIAN VI., a native of Utrecht, was pre- 
ceptor to emperor Charles V., elected pope 1522, 
and died 1523. 
ADRIAN DE CASTELLO, bora at Cornetto 
in Tuscany, employed as paj al legate in Scot- 
land and England, and made bishop of Here- 
ford, then of Bath and Wells, and, conspiring 
against Pope Leo X., was stript of his ecclesias- 
tical honours, 1518. 
ADRIANI, Joanni Batista, bora of a patrician 
family, at Florence, in 1511. He wrote a History 
of his own Times, in continuation of Guicciar- 
dini, beginning at the year 1536, (a work exe- 
cuted with great judgment, candour, and accu- 
racy,) and died at Florence 1579. 
ADRIANI, Marcellus, a native of Florence, 
left a written translation of Plutarch, &c.; he 
died 1604. 
ADRICHOMIA, Cornelia, a nun in Holland 
of the Augustine order, published a poetical ver- 
sion of the Psalms in the 16th century. 
ADllICHOMIUS, Christian, a native of Delft, 
director of the nuns of Barbara, died at Cologne 
1585. 
ADSON, an abbot of Luxeuil in 960, author 
of the miracles of St. Vandalbert. 
A5DESIUS succeeded Jamblichus, as teacher 
of Platonic philosophy in Cappadocia, in the 4th 
century. 
A5GEATES, John, a priest of the Nestorian 
sect, who flourished 483, and wrote a treatise 
against the council of Chalcedon. 
A5GIDIUS, Peter Albiensis, a writer sent by 
Francis I. to give an account of the celebrated 
places of Asia, Greece, and Africa, died 1555. 
yEGIDlUS, Atheniensis,a Grecian physician 
in the 8th century, became a Benedictine monk, 
and published several treatises. 
gEGlDUlS de Colonna, professor of divinity at 
Paris, general of the Augustines, died 1316. 
iEGINETA, Paulus, a native of the island 
A3gina, whence he has his name. According 
to Abulfaragius, he flourished in the 7th cen- 
tury. His surgical works are deservedly fa- 
mous, and his knowledge of surgery was very 
great. In short, the surgery of Paulus has been 
the subject matter of most of the treatises of 
A3 
1 jihat art down to this time. His book treats pro- 
i ,'essedlv of disorders incident to women. 
AiGlNHARD, a German,secretary toCharle- 
i maguc, died 840. 
I ALFRED, or ALFRED, the Great, youngest 
: son of Aithdwolf, king of the West Saxons, was 
liorn in the year 849, at Wannating, or Wana- 
ling, which is supposed to he Wantage, in 
Berkshire. A31fred succeeded to the crown on 
the death of his brother Axthelred, in the year 
871; but iiad scarcely time to attend the funeral 
of his brother, before lie was obliged to fight for 
the crown he had so lately received. A con- 
siderable army of Danes, having landed in Dor- 
setshire, marched as far as Wareham; here 
Ailfred met them with all the forces he could 
raise ; but, not finding himself strong enough to 
engage them, he concluded a peace, and tile 
Danes swore never again to invade his domi- 
nions. In 877, however, having obtained new 
aids, they came in such numbers into Wiltshire, 
that the Saxons, giving themselves up to de- 
spair, would not make head against them; 
many fled out of the kingdom, not a few sub- 
mitted, and the rest retired, every man to the 
place where he could be best concealed. In this 
distress, Alfred, conceiving himself no longer 
a king, laid aside all marks of royalty, and took 
shelter in the house of one who kept his cattle, 
fie retired afterwards to the isle of ASthelingey, 
in Somersetshire, where he built a fort for the 
security of himself, his family, and the few 
faithful servants who repaired thither to him. 
When he had been about a year in this retreat, 
having been informed that some of his subjects 
had routed a great army of the Danes, killed 
their chiefs, and taken their magical standard, 
he issued his letters, giving notice were he was, 
and inviting bis nobility to come and consult 
with him. Before they came to a final deter- 
mination, A3lfrad, putting on the habit of a 
harper, went into the enemy’s camp; where, 
without suspicion, he was every where ad- 
mitted, and had the honour to play before their 
princes. Having thus acquired an exact know- 
ledge of their situation, he returned in great 
secrecy to his nobility, whom he ordered to their 
respective homes, there to draw together each 
man as great a force as he could ; and upon a 
day appointed there was to be a general rendez- 
vous at the great wood called Selwood, in Wilt- 
shire. This affair was transacted so secretly 
and expeditiously, that in a little time the king, 
at the head of an army, approached the Danes 
before they had the least intelligence of his de 
sign. A! If red, taking advantage of the surprise 
and terror they were in, fell upon them, and to- 
tally defeated them at .Ethcndune, now Edding- 
ton, in Wiltshire. ASlfred enjoyed a profound 
peace during the last three years of his reign, 
which he chiefly employed in establishing and 
regulating his government for the security of 
himseff and his successors, as well as for the 
ease and benefit of his subjects in general. Al- 
though there remain but few laws which can be 
positively ascribed to A31fred, yet to him we owe 
many of those advantages which render our 
constitution so dear and valuable; particularly 
the institution of the trial by jury. He is said by 
some to have founded the university of Oxford ; 
thus much, however, is certain, that AElfred re- 
stored and settled that university, endowed if 
with revenues, and placed there the most famous 
professors. When ASIfred came to the crown, 
learning was at a very low ebb in this kingdom ; 
but, by hi* example and encouragement, he used 
11  A> 
his utmost endeavours to excite a love for letters 
among his subjects. He himself w’as a scholar; 
and had he not been illustrious as a king, would 
have been famous as an author When we 
consider the qualifications of this prince, and 
the many virtues he possessed, wre need not 
wonder that he died universally lamented, after 
a reign of above 28 years, on the 28th of Octo- 
ber. A. D. 900. He was buried in the cathedral 
of Winchester. 
A2LIAN, Claudius, born at Praneste, in Italy. 
He taught rhetoric at Rome, under the emperor 
Alexander Severus, and w’as surnamed Honey- 
moulli on account of the sweetness of his style. 
His most celebrated works are, his “Various 
History,” and that “Of Animals.” 
A3LIANLS, Meccius, a physician before Ga- 
len, first used treacle against tile plague. 
A3LST, a Dutch painter, vid. AALST. 
A3MILIANI, Jerome, a Venetian, one of the 
regular clerks of St. Maicul, in the 16tli century. 
A3MILIANUS, C. Julius, a Moor, from the 
lowest station, rose to the imperial dignity, and 
was succeeded by Valerian. 
A2MILIUS, Paulus, a Roman general, cele- 
brated for his victory over Perseus, king of Ma- 
cedonia, died B. C. 164. 
AIMILIUS, Paulus, a native of Verona, who 
w rote (or rather began to write) a Latin history 
of the kings of France; but though he spent 
many years at it, he was not able to finish the 
tenth book, which W’as to include the beginning 
of the reign of Charles VIII. He died 1529, and 
xvas buried in the cathedral at Paris. 
A3NEAS, a Trojan prince, memorable for his 
grateful care of his aged father Anchises, whom 
he bore through the flames of Troy upon his 
shoulders at the hazard of his own life, and that 
of his son, a child, who was obliged to cling to 
his garments to escape with them. He died 
1197 B. C. Virgil lias immortalized his name. 
A2NEAS, Gazeus, or A'.NEAS of Gaza, a 
sophist by profession, was originally a Platonic 
philosopher, but afterwards became a Christian, 
and flourished about the year 487. He wrote a 
dialogue, entitled “ Theophrastus,” concerning 
the immortality of the soul, and the resurrection 
of the body. 
A-1NEAS, Sylvius, or Pius II., born 14C5, at 
Corsigny, in Sienna, where his father lived in 
exile. This pope was famous for his wise and 
witty sayings, some of which are as follow’: 
That common men should esteem learning as 
silver, noblemen prize it as gold, and princes as 
jewels: A citizen should look upon his family 
as subject to the city, the city to his country, the 
country to the world, and the world to God: 
That the chief place with kings was slippery; 
That the tongue of a sycophant was a king’s 
greatest plague: That a prince who would trust 
nobody wras good for nothing; and he who be- 
lieved every body, no better : That those who 
went to law were the birds, the court the field, 
the judge the net, and the lawyers the fowlers : 
That men ought tube presented to dignities, not 
dignities to men: That a covetous man never 
pleases any body but by his death : That it W’as 
a slavish vice to tell lies. That lust sullies and 
stains every age of man, but quite extinguishes 
old ace. 
AiiVEAS, Tactieus, author of a Greek treatise 
on the art of war, flourished 336 11. C. 
iEPINITS, Francis Marie Ulric Theodore, a 
German physician, distinguished by his electri 
cal experiments and observations on natural 
philosophv. died 1802. 
*E 
sERTZEN, vul. AU6lh\Sa. _ 
AiRIUS, a presbyter of Sebastia, who is sup 
posed by some to be tile founder of the presby- 
terians, flourished about 385. 
AiSCHINES, a Socratic philosopher, the son 
of Charinus, a sausage-maker. Phrynicus, in 
Photius, ranks him among the best orators, and 
mentions his orations as the standard of the 
pure Attic style. 
A2SCHINES, a celebrated orator, cotempo- 
rary with Demosthenes, and but just his infe- 
rior. Ueing overcome by Demosthenes, lie 
went to Rhodes, and opened a school there, and 
afterwards removed to Samos, where he died 
at the age of 75. There are only three of Ids 
orations extant; which, however, are so very 
beautiful, that Fabricius compares them to the 
three Graces. 
ASSCHYLUS, a tragic poet, born at Athens 
in the 63d Olympiad. He was the son of Eu 
pborion, and brother to Cynegirus and Aminias, 
who distinguished themselves in the battle of 
Marathon, and the seafight of Salamin, at 
which engagement Atscliylus was likewise pre- 
sent. To Aminias our poet was, upon a par- 
ticular occasion, obliged for saving his life: 
Ailinii relates, that A'.schylus, being charged by 
the Athenians with certain blasphemous ex- 
pre sions in some of his pieces, was accused of 
impiety, and condemned to be stoned to death ; 
they were just going to put the sentence in exe- 
cution, when Aminias, with a happy presence 
of mind, throwing aside his cloak, showed hi* 
arm without a hand, which he had lost at the 
battle of Salamin, in defence of his country. 
This sight made such an impression on the. 
judges, that, touched with the remembrance of 
his valour, and the friendship he showed for hit 
brother, they pardoned Aeschylus. He wrote » 
great number of tragedies, of which there arc 
but seven remaining; and, notwithstanding th* 
sharp censures of some critics, he must be al 
lowed to have been the father of the tragic art 
The names of his pieces now’ extant are, Pro- 
metheus Bound ; Seven Chiefs against Thebes; 
The Persians; Agamemnon; the Infernal re- 
gions; the Furies; and the Suppliants. After 
having lived some years at Gela, we are told 
that lie died of a fracture of his skull, caused by 
an eagle’s letting fall a tortoise on his head, in 
the 69t h year of Ids age 
A2SOP, the Phrygian, lived in the time of So- 
lon, about the 50th Olympiad, under the reign 
of Croesus, the last king of Lydia. St. Jerome, 
speaking of him, says, he w-as unfortunate in 
his birth, condition, and death ; hinting thereby 
at his deformity, servile state, and tragical end. 
His great genius, however, enabled him to sup- 
port his misfortunes; and, in order to alleviate 
ihe hardships of servitude, he composed those 
entertaining and instructive fables which have 
acquired him so much reputation ; and he s 
generally supposed to have been the inventor of 
that kind of writing. Having had several mas- 
ters, for he wras born a slave, A'.sop at length 
came under a philosopher named Xantlnis; anc 
it was in his service that lie first displayed 
his genius for fabling and moralizing. lie w as 
afterwards sold to Idmon, or Iadmon, the phi- 
losopher, who enfranchised him. After lie had 
received his liberty, he soon acquired a great 
reputation among the Greeks; sotliat, according 
to Meziriack, the report of his wisdom having 
reached Croesus, this king sent to inquire afler 
him, and engaged him in his service. He tra- 
velled through Greece, according to the same 
12 AG 
author; but whether for his own pleasure, or 
upon the affairs of Cries us, is uncertain. Pass- 
ing by Athens soon after Pisistratus had usurped 
the sovereign power, and finding that the Athe- 
nians bore the yoke very impatiently, he told 
them the fable of the frogs who petitioned Jupi- 
ter for a king. Some relate, that, in order to 
show that the life of man is full of miseries, 
Ai.sop used to say, that when Prometheus took 
the clay to form man, he tempered it with tears, 
Aisop was put to death at Delphos. Plutarch 
tells us, that he came there with a great quantity 
of gold and silver, being ordered by Croesus to 
offer a sacrifice to Apollo, and to give a con- 
siderable sum to each inhabitant; but a quarrel 
arising between him and the Delphians, he sent 
back the sacrifice and the money to Croesus; 
for he thought that those for whom the prince 
designed it had rendered themselves unworthy 
of it. The inhabitants of Delphos contrived an 
accusation of sacrilege against him, and, pre- 
tending that they had convicted him, threw him 
headlong from a rock. They afterwards en- 
deavoured to make an atonement by raising a 
pyramid to his honour. 
rESOP, Clodius, a celebrated actor, who 
flourished about the 670th year of Rome. He 
and Roscius were cotemporaries, and the best 
performers that ever appeared upon the Roman 
stage ; the former excelling in tragedy, the latter 
in comedy. Cicero put himself under their di- 
rection to perfect his action. jEsop lived in a 
most expensive manner; and at one entertain- 
ment is said to have had a dish which cost above 
800/. This dish, we are told, was filled with 
singing and speaking birds ; some of which cost 
near 50/. Esop’s son was no less luxurious 
than his father, for he dissolved pearls for his 
guests to swallow.—Notwithstanding his ex- 
penses, however, this actor is said to have died 
worth above 160,000/. 
rETHRIUS, an architect in the 6th century, 
raised to the confidence of Anastasius I. 
VETION, a Grecian painter of celebrity. 
ETIUS, an able general under Valentinian 
III., killed 454. 
rETHJS, a Syrian servant, made bishop by 
Eudoxus, the patriarch of Constantinople, and 
founder of the sect of .Etians, flourished 336. 
ETIUS, an ancient physician, and the first 
Christian medical writer, born at Amida, a 
town of Mesopotamia, about 455. His “Tetra- 
biblos,” as it is called, is a collection from the 
writings of those physicians who went before 
him, chiefly from Galen ; but contains, never- 
theless, some new things, for which we are en- 
tirely indebted to this author. 
AFER, Domitius, an ora or, born at Nismes, 
afterwards raised to the consulship; died 59. 
AFFLITTO, Matthew, an able civilian, born 
at Naples, died 1553. 
AFRANIUS, a Roman comic poet, flourished < 
100 B.C. 
AFRICANUS, Julius, wrote a chronicle, be- 
sides a letter to Origen, &c. 
AGAPETIUS I. was made pope 535, and died I 
at Constantinople 536. The second of that name 
was elected pope 946, and died 965. : 
AGAPETIJS, a deacon of Constantinople, i 
who wrote a valuable letter to the emperor Jus- ; 
tinian, on the duties of a Christian prince. 
AGAP1US, a Greek monk of Mount Athos, i 
in the 17th century, wrote a treatise in favour t 
of transuhstantiation, called the salvation of 
sinner? 
AGARD, Arthur,alearned English antiquary, i 
AG 
' born at Toston, in Derbyshire, 1540, anil died -Id 
August, Kilo. 
I AGATHARCIDAS, a Cnidian, 180 R. C., au- 
thor of a Greek History of Alexander’s wars. 
AGATHARCUS, a Samian, engaged by rlls- 
chylus as a stage painter. 
1 AGATHEMIR, Orthonis, wrote a Greek con. 
pendiurn of Geography, edited 1703. 
AGATHIAS, a Greek historian, who lived in 
the 6th century, and wrote a history of Jus- 
tinian’s reign, in five books. 
AGATHOCLES, a Sicilian, rose from .he ob- 
scurity of a potter to the sovereign power of all 
Sicily, died 289 B. C. 
AGATHON, a tragic poet, crowned at the 
Olympic games 419 B. C. 
AGATHON, a native of Palermo, elected to 
the papal chair 679, died 682. 
AGELIAS, Anthony, bishop of Acerno, in 
Italy, published commentaries on the Psalms, 
Sec., died 1608. 
AGELNOTH, archbishop of Canterbury, re- 
fused to crown Harold king, died 1038. 
AGESILAUS, king of Sparta, celebrated for 
his victories against the Persians, died 362 B. C. 
AGGAS, Robert, called Augus, a landscape 
painter, died in London, 1679. 
AGILA, king of the Visigoths in Spain, mur- 
dered in the 5th year of his reign, 554. 
AGILULF, duke of Turin, appointed king on 
the death of Antharic, king of Lombardy, died 
616 ; he was succeeded by his son Adalnald. 
AGIS, the name of some Spartan kings. The 
most famous is the second of that name, en- 
gaged in the Peloponnesian war, and died 427 
B. C.; and the fourth, in conseqence of his at- 
tempts to restore Lacedtemon to her ancient dis- 
cipline and independence, put to death 24! B. C. 
AGLIONBY, John, D. D., a native of Cum- 
berland, known for his great learning, was chap- 
lain to James I., and died 1610. His son, of the 
same name, was dean of Canterbury, died 1643. 
AGNELLUS, an abbot of Ravenna in the 9th 
century, often confounded with a bishop of the 
same name in the 6th century. 
AGNESI, Maria Gaetana, a learned Italian 
lady, born at Milan, made, on account of her 
great merit, mathematical professor in the uni- 
versity of Bologna, died 1770. 
AGOBARD, archbishop of Lyons, supported 
the revolt of Lothaire against Lewis the de- 
bonnaire; he died 840. 
AGOSTINO, Paolo, a musical composer, 
master of the Papal chapel at Rome, died 1629. 
AGOULT, Guillaume d’, a poet ot Provence 
in 1193. 
AGREDA, Maryd’, superior of a convent at 
Agreda, in Spain, wrote a life of the Virgin 
Mary; he died 1665. 
AGRESTI, Licio, a historical painter, em- 
ployed by Gregory XIII. in adorning the Vati- 
can, died 1580. 
AGRESTIS, Julius, a Roman general under 
Vespasian, destroyed himself. 
AGRICOLA, a celebrated Roman general, 
born 37, died 93. 
AGRICOLA, Rodolphus, a native of Gronin 
gen, travelled into France and Italy; he first 
introduced the study of the Greek in Germany, 
and died 1485. 
AGRICOLA, George, a physician of Glaucen, 
in Misnia, known for his learning, and wi rks 
on minerals, died 1555. 
AGRICOLA, Michael, a minister of Abo, in 
Finland, first translated ttie New '• -s ament 
into the language of the country  AI 
AGRICOLA, a learned bishop of Chalonssur- 
Saone, died 530. 
AGRICOLA, John, a German divine, born at 
Isleb, was the friend and disciple of Luther, 
and afterwards opposed him ; he died 1500. 
AGRIPPA, Menenius, a Roman patrician, 
known for appeasing a sedition by the fable of 
the belly and t he limbs, died 492 li. C. 
AGRIPPA, Marcus Vipsanius, a Roman gene- 
ral, celebrated for his exploits and his intimacy 
with Augustus, died 12 B. C. 
AGRIPPA, Herod, grandson of Herod the 
Great, king of all Judea, mentioned in Scrip- 
ture, died 44. 
AGRIPPA II., son of the above, and his suc- 
cessor, was the monarch before whom Paul was 
arraigned, died 94. 
AGRIPPA, Henry Cornelius, a man of con- 
siderable learning, and a great magician, ac- 
cording to report, in the 10th century, was born 
at Cologne, I486, of a noble family. He was a 
man of an extensive genius, well skilled in many 
parts of knowledge and a variety of languages. 
AGRIPPINA, the virtuous wife of Germani- 
cus C.-esar, banished by Tiberius, died 33. 
AGRIPPINA, daughter of the preceding, mar- 
ried the emperor Claudius, and poisoned him to 
raise her son Nero to the throne, who afterwards 
caused her to be killed. 
AGUESSEAU, Henry Francis d’, born at 
Limoges, was first advocate-general of Paris, 
then procurer-general, and afterwards chancel- 
lor ; died 1751. 
AGUI, king of Bantane in Java, at the end 
of the 17th century, extended his power by 
means of the Dutch. 
AGUILLON, Francis, a mathematician of 
Brussels, published a treatise on optics, and 
died 1017. 
AGUIRRE, Joseph, a benedictine of Spain, 
was made cardinal by Innocent XL, wrote on 
theological subjects, and died 1G!)!). 
ARGYLAUS, Henry, a native of Boisle-Duc, 
made an inelegant translation of Monocanon, 
and died 1595. 
AHAB, son and successor of Omre, king of 
Israel, remarkable for his impieties, died 898. 
AHAZ, son and successor of Jotliam, king 
of Judah, became tributary to Tiglath-Pileser, 
king of Assyria. 
AHAZIAH succeeds his father, Aliab, king 
of Israel. Another Aha/.iah, son of Jehoram, 
was king of Judah, and killed by Jehu, 889. 
AI1LWARDT, Peter, a German, the son ol 
a shoemaker, became an eminent professor of 
logic and rf.ft.aphysics; he died 1791. 
AHMED KHAN, the first emperor of the 
Moguls who embraced mahomedanism, died 
1284. 
AJ ALA, Martin Perez d’, a Carthaginian, of 
obscure birth, but distinguished bv his abilities, 
served Charles V. at the council of Trent. 
AIDAN, a mild and benevolent prelate in 
Northumberland, who converted many of the 
northern heathens of Britain to Christianity, 
died 051. 
AIRMAN, William, an eminent Scottish 
painter, born at Cairnev, 1082. died 1731. The 
celebrated poets, Thompson Mallet, and Allan 
Ramsay, were his intimate friends, and wrote 
verses to his memory. 
AILHAUD, John, a French surgeon, acquired 
celebrity and fortune by selling a powder which 
he declared would cure till diseases; he died 
1750. 
A1LLY, Peter d’, of an obscure family, rose 
Ah 
by bis merit to the highest honours in the ser- 
vice of Charles VI. of France. 
AILREDjOr ETHELRED, author of a gene- 
alogy of English kings, &.C., flourished about the 
middle of the 12th century. 
AIMOIN, a benedictine of Aquitaine, author 
of an unmeritorious history of France, died 
about the beginning of the lltli century. 
AINSWORTH, Henry, known for his learn- 
ing and the commentaries which he wrote on 
the Scriptures, was poisoned in the beginning 
of the 17th century. 
AINSWORTH,'Robert, born at Wocdyale, 
four miles from Manchester, 1CC0, was the com- 
piler of a compendious English and Latin Dic- 
tionary, upon the plan of Faber’s Thesaurus, 
which he finished and published in 17110, in 4to., 
and died 17411. 
A1RAULT, Peter, an advocate of Paris, a 
man of firmness and integrity, died 1G01. 
AIRAY, Henry, a native of Westmoreland, 
a strict Calvinist, author of some theological 
pieces, died 1510. 
AIRAY, Christopher, vicar of Milford, author 
of a logical treatise, &c., died 1570. 
AISTULFE, a king of the Lombards, laid 
siege to Rome, but was defeated; he died 756. 
AITON, William, author of “Hortus Ktw 
ensis,” being a Catalogue of the Plants in the 
Royal Gardens at Kew, was born near Hamilton, 
in Lanarkshire, 1731, and died at Kew, Feb. 1, 
1793. 
AITZEMA, Leovan, representative of the 
Hansiatic towns at the Hague, author of a his- 
tory of the United Provinces, &c., died 1669. 
AKAKIA, Martin, professor of medicine at 
Paris, published translations of Galen’s works; 
he died 1551. His son of the same name was 
physician to Henry III. 
AKBAR, sultan of the Moguls, increased his 
dominions by the conquest of Bengal, &c. ; he 
died 1605. 
AKENSIDE, Mark, a physician, but far better 
known as a poet, was born at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, 1721, and died in the office of physician 
to the queen, June 23,1770. “ The Pleasures 
of Imagination,” his principal work, was first 
published in 1774; and a very extraordinary pio- 
duction it was, from a man who had not reached 
his 23d year. He had very uncommon parts 
and learning; a strong and enlarged tray of 
thinking; and was one of innumerable instan- 
ces to prove, that very sublime qualities may 
spring from very low7 situations in life ; for he 
had this in common with the most high and 
mighty cardinal Wolsey, that he was indeed 
the son of a butcher. 
AKIBA, a learned rabbi, who, at the age of 
forty, quitted the life of a shepherd and devoted 
himself to literature, died 135. 
ALABASTER, William, an English divine, 
born at Hadley, in Suffolk, and educated at 
Trinity College, Cambridge. Wood says, he 
was the rarest poet and Grecian that any one 
age or nation produced. His principal work 
was, “ Lexicon Pentaglotton, Hebraicum, < hal- 
daicutn, Syriacum,” &c. fol. 1(537. As a ['oet, 
he has been highly applauded. He wrote the 
Latin tragedy of “ Roxana,” 12mo. 1632, which 
was acted in Trinity College Hall, Cambridge 
Dr. Alabaster died, prebendary of St. Paul’s, 
and rector of Tharfield, Hertfordshire, April 
1640. 
ALAGON, Claude, a native of Proxence, at 
tempted to introduce Spaniards into Marseilles, 
for which he was put to death 1705.  AL 
ALAIN, De Lisle, a divine of Paris, sur- 
itamed the universal doctor, died 1294. 
ALAIN, John, a Dane, author of a treatise 
on the origin of the Cimbre, &c., died 1630. 
ALAIN, Cliartier, secretary to Charles VII. 
king of France, born in the year 1386. He was 
author of several works in prose and verse; but 
his most famous performance was his Chronicle 
of king Charles VII. 
ALAIN, Nicholas, son of a cobbler at the be- 
ginning of the 18th century, writer of some co- 
medies. 
ALALEONA, Joseph, a native of Macerata, 
professor of civil law in the university of Padua, 
died April, 1749, aged 79. 
ALAMANNI, Lewis, born at Florence, 1495, 
died at Amboise, in France, 1556, leaving many 
beautiful poems and other valuable performan- 
ces in the Italian language. 
ALAMOS, Balthazar,"a Spanish writer in the 
service of Anthony Perez, was imprisoned 11 
years, and published a translation of Tacitus, 
1614; he died in his 88th year. 
ALAMUNDIR, a king of the Saracens, 509 ; 
the bishops of his age vainly endeavoured to 
convert him to Christianity. 
ALAN, ALLEN, ALLYN, William, anative 
of Rossal, in Lancashire, was a defender of the 
Pope, and died at Rome, 1594. 
ALAN, of Lynn, in Norfolk, a divine, known 
as the author of useful indexes to the books he 
read, flourished in the 15th century. 
ALAND, Sir John Fortescue, an eminent 
English judge, born 1670, died 1746. 
ALANKAVA, daughterof Geoubirc, married 
her cousin Doujoun, king of the Monguels, in 
tile north of Asia. 
ALARD, a priest of Amsterdam, author of 
sonic learned works published at Paris, 1543 ; 
he died at Louvaine, 1531. 
ALARIC I., a famous king of the Visigoths, 
and conqueror of Italy, 409, died at Cosenza, 
411. 
ALARIC II. made king of the Visigoths 484, 
was slain in battle by the hand of Clovis, king 
of France, 509. 
ALASCO, John, a Roman Catholic bishop, 
uncle to the king of Poland, became a convert 
to the protestant principles, and died 1560. 
ALAVA, Diego Esquivel, a learned bishop, 
born at Vittoria in Biscay; he was at the council 
of Trent, and published a work on councils ; 
he died March 17, 1562. 
ALAVIN, a chief of the Goths, who settled 
on the banks of the Danube, afterwards rose 
against the imperial troops and defeated them 
near Adrianople, 378. 
ALBAN, St., said to have been the first per- 
son who suffered martyrdom for Christianity in 
Britain, and therefore usually styled the proto- 
martyr of this island, was born at Verulam, and 
flourished toward the end of the 3d century. 
The town of St. Alban’s, in Hertfordshire, takes 
its name from our protomartvr. 
ALBANI, Francis, a celebrated painter, born 
at Bologna, 1578, studied under Guido Rheni, 
and was at length no mean rival in fame to that 
great artist. He died 1660. 
ALBANI, John Jerome, a learned civilian, 
made a cardinal, 1570; wrote a treatise on ec- 
clesiastical affairs, and died 1591. 
ALB ANI, Alexander,a Roman cardinal,was a 
man of great merit; he died Dec. 2,1779, aged 79. 
ALBANI, John Francis, nephew of the above, 
obtained the rank of cardinal, and other prefer- 
ments ; he was distinguished as an enlightened 
AL 
'prelate, aud for his encouragement of men of 
letters; lie died 1803. 
ALBANY, John, duke of, a Scotch nobleman, 
in the service of Francis I., king of France, in- 
trusted with an army of 10,000 men, to attack 
Naples; he died 1536. 
ALBATEGNIUS, an Arabian astronomer, 
who died 929; he wrote a treatise on the know- 
ledge and obliquity of the zodiac of stars, pub- 
lished 1537. 
ALBEMARLE, Monk, duke of, vid. MONK. 
ALBEMARLE, Anne Clarges, dutehees of, 
daughter of a blacksmith, and brought up as a 
milliner; she retained the vulgarity of her 
manners in her highest elevation. 
ALBEMARLE, Keppel, lord, a native of Gad- 
ders, one of the favourites of William III., 
commander of the Dutch forces in the last of 
queen Anne’s wars, defeated 1712, died 6 years 
after. 
ALBERGATl,Capacelli, marquis, a native of 
Bologna; he spent his early life in dissipation, 
and began to reform at 34; he became distin- 
guished as an author and actor at 40; and was 
honoured with the appellation of the Garrick 
of Italy ; he died 1802. 
ALBERGOTTI, Francis, an ancient civilian, 
born at Arezzo, he removed to Florence, where 
he was raised to the honour of nobility, and 
died 1376. 
ALBERIC, or ALBERT, a canon of Aix, in 
Provence, wrote an account of the first crusa 
ders, from 1095 to 1120; published 1584. 
ALBERIC, a French monk, legate in England, 
Scotland, France, &c., died 1147. 
ALBERIC, a learned lawyer of Bergamo, in 
the 14th century. 
ALBERIC, a monk in the abbey of Troisfon- 
taines, wrote a chronicle edited by Leibnitz 
and died about 1241. 
ALBERINI, Rodiana, a lady of Padua, dis- 
tinguished for her poetical works in Latin and 
Italian, about 1530. 
ALBERONI, Julius, cardinal, was born May 
31, 1664, the son of a gardener, in the suburbs 
of Placentia. From this low original, by good 
fortune, address, and abilities, he rose to be first 
minister of state to the king of Spain. He died 
at Placentia, June 26, 1752. 
ALBERT I., son of the emperor Rodolphus, 
chosen emperor of Germany after the defeat of 
Adolphus of Nassau, died 1308. 
ALBERT II., emperor of Germany, a mild 
and popular prince, died 1439. 
ALBERT, archduke of Austria, son of the 
emperor Maximilian ; cardinal and archbishop 
of Toledo, made governor of Portugal, 1583. 
ALBERT I., son of Otho, prince of Anhalt, 
made elector of Brandenbury, 1550; he converted 
vast forests into cultivated lands. 
ALBERT V., duke of Bavaria, surnamed the 
magnanimous, a pattern of every amiable vir- 
tue, died 1579. 
ALBERT Vr., duke of Bavaria, known for 
his learning, died 1666. 
ALBERT, Charles d’, duke of Luynes, of a 
noble family in Florence, settled in France, 
where he became the favourite and counsellor 
of Lewis XIII. 
ALBERT, Joseph d’, of Luynes, ambassador 
from the emperor Charles VII. in France, aman 
of letters. 
ALBERT, Honore d’, duke of Chaulnes, in- 
debted for his greatness to his elder brother and 
the partiality of Richelieu, died 1649. 
ALBERT, king of Sweden succeeded Magnus  AL 
II., who was deposed by his nobles, and taken 
prisonerby MargaretqueenofNorway,died 1412. 
ALBERT, margrave of Brandenburg, sur 
named the Alcibiades of Germany, was deprived 
of his possessions by the diet of the empire ; 
be died 1553. 
ALBERT, margrave of Brandenburg, first 
duke of Prussia, which he held as a fief of Po- 
land, died 1568. 
ALBERT, Erasmus, a native of Frankfort, 
assisted Luther in the reformation. 
ALBERT KRANTZ, author of the history 
of Saxony and the Vandals, &c.,died 1517. 
ALBERT of Stade, author of a chronicle 
from the creation to 1286, a benedictiue of the 
13th century. 
ALBERT of Strasburg, author of a chronicle 
from 1270, to 1376, about the middle of the 14th 
century. 
ALBERT, archbishop of Mentz, revolted 
against the emperor Henry V. 
ALBERT, called the great, born in Swabia, 
appointed archbishop of Ratisbon, and became 
very learned ; he died 1280. 
ALBERT, Jane d’, daughter of Margaret of 
Navarre, married at the age of 11 to the duke of 
Cleves, and died 1572. 
ALBERT, Pierre Antonie, was rector of the 
French protestant episcopal church, in New- 
York ; much distinguished as a scholar and di- 
vine ; lie died 1806, aged 41. 
ALBERTET, a mathematician and poet, of 
the 13th century. 
ALBERTI, Cherubino, a historical painter 
and engraver, of Italy, born 1552, died 1615. 
ALB ERTI,Giovanni,brother of the above,ex- 
celled in the perspective and historical painting. 
He was born near Florence, 1558, and died 1601. 
ALBERTI, Dominico, a native of Venice, 
celebrated as a musical performer, particularly 
on the harpsichord, about 1737. 
ALBERTI, Andrew, author rf an admired 
treatise on perspective, published at Nuremberg, 
1670. 
ALBERTI, John, a German lawyer, sur- 
named Widntan Stadius, abridged the alcoran, 
&c. 
ALBERTI,Leander,a Dominican of Bologna, 
wrote some interesting works, died 1552. 
ALBESTI, Leon Baptiste, a Florentine, au- 
thor of a valuable work on architecture, died 
1485. 
. ALBERTI ARISTOTILE, called also Ri- 
dolfe Foiravente, a celebrated mechanic of Bo- 
logna, in the 16th century. 
ALBERTINI, Francis, a Calabrian Jesuit, 
author of some theological works, died 1619. 
ALBERTINO, Edmund, wrote a treatise on 
the eucharist, and died 1652. 
ALBERTINO, Francis, a Florentine, author 
of a book on the wonders of ancient and modern 
Rome, &c., at the beginning of the Kith century. 
ALBERTINUS, Nussatus, an Italian, author 
of a history of the emperor Henry VII., &c. 
ALBERTUS, archbishop of Mentz, formed a 
conspiracy against the emperor Henry V.; the 
populace restored him to liberty after he was 
imprisoned. 
ALBERTUS, Magnus, a learned Dominican 
friar, born in Swabia, 1205. He was a man of a 
most curious and inquisitive turn of mind, 
which gave rise to an accusation brought against 
him, that he laboured to find out the philoso- 
pher’s stone, that he was a magician, and that 
he made a machine in the shapeof a man, which 
was an oracle to him, and explained all the dif 
al" 
faculties lie proposed. He had, indeed, great 
knowledge in the mathematics, and hy his skill 
in that science might propably liave formed a 
head with springs capahleof articulating sounds. 
Albert died at Cologne, Nov. 15, 1820, having 
written such a number of books, that they make 
21 vols. in folio. 
AL11I, Henry, author of an uninteresting his- 
tory of illustrious cardinals, &c., died 1659. 
ALBICUS, archbishop of Prague; he wrote 
three treatises on medicine, which were printed 
at Leipsic, 1484. 
ALBINOVANUS, a Latin poet of the age of 
Ovid ; only two of his elegies are extant. 
ALBINUS, Dec. Clodius, a Roman who as- 
sumed the imperial purple in opposition to 
Severus. He was slain in battle, 197. 
ALBINUS, A. Posthum., a Roman, author of 
a history of hisowncountry, in Greek, nourished 
about 150 B. C. 
ALBINUS, Bernard, a celebrated physician, 
born at Dessau, in Anhalt, was professor at 
Frankfort, and subsequently at Leyden; he died 
1721, in his 69th year. 
ALBINUS, Bernard Sigfred,one of the great- 
est anatomists that ever existed, was born at 
Leyden, in 1683, and died 1771. His anatomi- 
cal plates form 3 vols. folio. 
ALBINUS, Eleazer, author of a natural his- 
tory of birds, of which a French translation ap- 
peared in 1750. 
ALBINUS, Peter, a historian and poet of the 
16th century, and professor at Wittenberg. 
ALBIS, Thomas, or White, a catholic priest, 
and eminent philosopher of Esse?:, died 1670. 
ALBIZI, Bartholomew, a native of Rivano, 
in Tuscany, distinguished by his preaching and 
the productions of his pen, died at Pisa, 1401. 
ALBOIN, or ALBOVINUS, king of Lom- 
bardy, caused himself to be proclaimed king in 
570 ; he was assassinated by order of his wife. 
ALBON, James d’, a famous French general, 
known as marshal St. Andre; he was shot at the 
battle ot Dreux, 1562. 
ALBON, Camille, a descendant of the pre- 
ceding, was born at Lyons, and died at Paris, 
1778 ; he wrote various works. 
ALBORNOS, Giles Alvarez Carillo, arch- 
bishop of Toledo, and afterwards Cardinal. 
He resigned his cardinal’s hat, and took up 
arms to reduce Italy to the obedience of the 
church. This truly great man founded the col- 
lege of Barcelona. He died 1367. 
ALBORNOS, Diego Philip, an ecclesiastic 
of Carthagena, patronised by the court in con- 
sequence of his writings. 
ALBRET, a noble family in France, which 
has given to the kingdom, generals and states- 
men. 
ALBRICUS, a learned philosopher and phy- 
sician, born in London, studied at Oxford, and 
died 1217. 
ALBUCASA, or ALBUCASSIS, an Arabian 
physician of the 11th century. He wrote some 
valuable tracts. 
ALBUM AZAR, an Arabian physician of the 
9th century, known as an astrologer. His works 
were published at Venice in 1526. 
ALBUCAUERCIUE, Alphonso, a famous Por- 
tuguese warrior, and the founder of the power 
of that nation in India, died alGoa, 1515. 
ALBUGUERQUE, Blaise, son of the above, 
born in 1500. He was raised to the first honours 
of the state, and published an account of his 
father’s victories, at Lisbon, in 1576. 
ALBUTIUS, Cains Silus, a Roman orator in  AL 
the age of Augustus, who starved himself to 
death. 
ALBUTIUS, Titus, a Roman philosopher, 
banished for corruption. 
ALCiEUS, a famous lyric poet, born at Mity- 
Iene, in the island of Lesbos. Horace seems to 
think that he was the first author of lyric poetry. 
He flourished in the 44th Olympiad. 
ALCASAR, Louis d’, a Jesuit of Seville, 
who wrote on the apocalypse ; died in 1613. 
ALCENDI, James, an Arabian physician, 
who made himself famous by his writings, as a 
peripatetic philosopher, about 1145. 
ALCHAB1T1US, an Arabian astrologer, au- 
thor of many works on astronomy and optics, 
printed at Venice, 1491. 
ALCHINDUS, an Arabian physician and as- 
trologer of genius and learning before the 12th 
century. Ilis works are often quoted. 
ALCIAT, Andrew, a native of Milan, cele- 
brated for his knowledge of the law, and ad- 
vanced to the professor’s chair at Avignon. 
Francis I. knew his merit and prevailed on him 
to remove to Bourges, where his law lectures 
were much admired. The duke of Milan in- 
vited him back to his native town, and bestowed 
many honours on him. Philip, king of Spain, 
gave him a gold chain as a mark of ilia favour. 
He died 1550. 
ALCIBIADES, a celebrated Athenian gene- 
ral, slain 404 B. C. 
A LCIDAMAS, a Greek rhetorician about 420 
B. C. 
ALCIMUS, called also Jachim, was made 
high-priest of Judea, and died about 165 B. C. 
ALCIMUS, Alethius, a historian and poet of 
Agin, in the 4th century. Most of his works 
are lost. 
ALCINOUS, a Platonic philosopher, who 
flourished about the 2d century. 
ALCIPHROX, a Greek philosopher in the 
age of Alexander the Great. 
ALCM.EON, a disciple of Pythagoras, who 
dwelt at Crotona. 
ALCMAN, a lyric poet, who flourished in 
the 27th Olympiad, at Sar„ls, in Lydia. He is 
accounted the father of love verses, is said to 
have first introduced the custom of singing them 
in public, and to have died a very singular death; 
viz. to have been eaten up with lice. 
ALCOCK, John, bishop of Ely, and lord chan- 
cellor of England, under Henry VIE, founded 
Jesus College, in Cambridge, for a master, six 
fellows, and as many scholars, and died Octo- 
ber 1, 1500. 
ALCUINUS, or ALBINUS, Flaccus, abbot of 
Canterbury, a famous English orator, philoso- 
pher, and divine, of the 8th century. 
ALCYONIUS, Peter, an Italian, author of 
some learned publications. During the insur- 
rection at Rome, in 1527, he joined the pope, and 
abandoned him again when the siege was raised. 
He had many accomplishments, but was fickle, 
self-conceited, and inconstant. 
ALDANA, Bernard, a Spaniard, governor of 
Lippa, which place, in a fit of panic, he set on 
fire in 1552. 
ALDEBERT, an impostor in France, who, 
by bribes and pretended visions, raised himself 
to a bishopric. His opinions being condemned 
bv the councils in 744 and 746, he died in prison. 
ALDEGRAFF, Albert, a painter and en- 
graver, was born in Westphalia, in 1502. 
ALDEN, John, magistrate of Plymouth colo- 
ny ; one of the first settlers in New-England ; 
ne died 1687, aged about 89 years. 
AL 
|| ALDEKETTE, Bernard and Joseph, Jesuits 
jof Malaga, at the beginning of the 17th century. 
I They were authors of “ Antiquities of Spain.” 
and a book on the Castilian language. 
ALDEROTI, Thaddeus, a Florentine phy- 
sician of great skill. Princes and prelates only 
were admitted as his patients; he died 1295. 
ALDHELM, or ADELM, (St.) an English di- 
vine and historian, and bishop of Shireburn, in 
the time of the Saxon heptarchy. He is said 
to have been the first Englishman who ever 
wrote in Latin, and who introduced poetry into 
England. William of Malmesbury tells us, that 
the people in Aldhelm’s time were half barba- 
rians, and little attentive to religious discourses; 
wherefore the holy man, placing himself upon 
a bridge, used often to stop them, and sing bal- 
lads of his own composition: he thereby gained 
the favour and attention of the populace; and 
insensibly mixing grave and religious things with 
those of a jocular kind, he by this means suc- 
ceeded better than he could have done by aus- 
tere gravity. Aldhelm lived in great esteem till 
his death, which happened May 25, 709. 
ALDHUN, a famous bishop, who built the 
cathedral at Durham : died 1018. 
ALDINI, Tobias, author of a botanical work 
printed at Rome, 1525. 
ALDOBR ANDIN, Sylvester, professor of law’ 
at Pisa ; died at Rome, 1558. 
ALDRED, bishop of Worcester, crowned 
Harold king, and was raised to the see of York ; 
he died 1008. 
ALDRICH, St., bishop of Mans, distinguished 
for his learning, enjoyed the favour of the no- 
bles ; he died 856. 
ALDRICH, Robert, Master of Eton, and bi- 
shop of Carlisle. He wrote epigrams, &c.; and 
died at Horneeastle, 1555. 
ALDRICH, Henry, an eminent scholar, di- 
vine, architect, and musician, born at West- 
minster, 1647. The three sides of the quad- 
rangle of Christ Church, Oxford, called Peck 
water square, were designed by him ; as was 
also the elegant chapel of Trinity College, and 
the church of All-saints in the High-street- His 
abilities also as a musician have caused him to 
be ranked among the greatest masters of the 
science: he composed many services for the 
church, which are well known, as are two 
catches of his; the one, “ Hark the bonny Christ 
Church bells,” the other entitled “A Smoking 
catch ;” for he himself was, it seems, a great 
smoker. He died at Christ Church, 1710. 
ALDRINGER, a native of Luxembourg, was 
raised by Ferdinand II. from a common soldier 
to a general; he died 1634. 
ALDROVANDUS, Ulysses, professor of phy- 
sic at Bologna, and a most voluminous writer 
on natural history, died blind, in a hospital, at 
Bologna, 1603. 
ALDRUDE, countess of Bertinoro, celebrated 
for her courage and her eloquence. She headed 
an army, and was victorious ; she died about 
1200, in Italy. 
ALDUS. See MANUT1US 
ALE ANDER, Jerome, archbishop under Pope 
Leo X., and celebrated for his attack on the 
doctrines of Luther, died at Rome, 1542. 
ALEANDER, Jerome, great nephew to the 
above, distinguished as a poet, antiquarian, and 
law’vnr, died at Rome, 1631. 
ALEGAMBE, Philip, a native of Brussels, 
professor of divinity, and a favouriteof princes. 
He wrote several esteemed works, and died at 
Rome, 1652. . _  AL 
ALDGRE, Yves d’, an able officer in the ser- 
vice of France, killed at Kasenna, 1512. 
ALEGRINUS, John, cardinal and patriarch 
of Constantinople, died 1240. 
ALEMAN. Lewis Augustine, a lawyer of 
Grenoble, author of several works, was born in 
1G53. 
ALEMAN, Lewis, archbishop of Atles, and 
cardinal, was born 1390. He died in 1450, and 
was canonized. 
ALEMAN, Maeto, a Spaniard. He wrote 
the History of Guzman, a romance, which went 
through 30 editions in Spain. 
ALEMBERT, John Le Rond d’, secretary to 
the French academy, &c., and one of the ablest 
mathematicians of the age, died October 27, 
1783. He was one of the principal editors of the 
“Encyclopedia;” and besides his numerous 
mathematical works, produced seven volumes 
of “Melanges Literaires,” containing various 
tracts on different topics. 
ALEN, John Van, a Dutch painter of land- 
scapes, birds, and still life, born at Amsterdam 
1651, and died 1698. 
ALENIO, Julius, a Jesuit, who went as a 
missionary to China, where he preached 36 
years, and built several churches; he died 1698. 
ALEOTT1, John Baptist, an Italian, who, 
from the occupation of carrying bricks and mor- 
tar, became a celebrated mathematician; he 
died 1630. 
ALES,or HALES, Alexander d’, a native of 
England who became a celebrated teacher of 
divinity and philosophy at Paris, died 1245. 
ALES, Alexander, of Edinburgh, first op- 
posed, and then embraced the tenets of Luther. 
He suffered much persecution, and having re- 
tired to Germany, was appointed professor at 
Frankfort. lie died 1565. 
ALESIO, Matthew' Perez d’, a native of 
Rome, and a skilful painter and engraver. His 
rreatest piece is the Colossial St. Christopher at 
Seville. He died 1600. 
ALESSI, Galeas, an architect wito decorated 
nany towns in Spain, France and Germany, 
lied 1572. 
ALF.TINO, Benedetto, professor at Naples. 
Re undertook to refute the Cartesian philosophy, 
mil to establish that of Aristotle. He died in 
1719. 
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, son of Philip, 
Kins of Macedon, was born at Pella, the first 
rear of the 106th Olympiad, and the 365th before 
the birth of Christ, and at 15 years of age was 
delivered to the tuition of Aristotle. He dis- 
covered very early a mighty spirit, and symp- 
toms of that vast and immoderate ambition 
which was afterwards to make him the scourge 
of mankind and the pest of the world. At 20 
years of age he succeeded his father as king of 
Macedon; he was also chosen, in the room of 
his father, generalissimo in the projected expe- 
dition against the Persians; but the Greeks, 
agreeably to their usual fickleness, deserted from 
him, taking advantage of his absence in Thrace 
and Illyricum, where he began his military en- 
terprises. He hastened immediately to Greece, 
when the Athenians and other states returned 
.to him at once; but, the Thebans standing out, 
he directed his arms against them, slew a pro- 
digious number of them, and destroyed their 
city, sparing nothing but the house and the de- 
scendants of Pindar, out of respect tothememo- 
ty of that poet. This happened in the second 
year of the 3d Olympiad. Having settled the 
alia its of Greece, and left Antipater as his vice-1 
AL ' 
roy in Macedonia, lie passed the Hellespont, in 
the third year of his reign, with an army of no 
more than 30,000 foot, and 4,500 horse; and 
with these forces, brave and veteran it is true, 
he overturned the Persian empire. Ilis first 
battle was at the Granicus, a river of Phrygia, 
in which the Persians were routed. His second 
was at Issus, a city of Cilicia, where he was 
also victorious in an eminent degree; for the 
camp of Darius, with his mother, wife, ar.d chil- 
dren, fell into his hands ; and the humane and 
generous treatment which he showed them is 
justly reckoned the noblest and most amiable 
passage of his life. While he was in this coun- 
try, he caught a violent fever by bathing, when 
hot, in the cold waters of the river Cydnus; and 
this fever was made more violent from his im- 
patience at being detained by it. The army was 
under the utmost consternation, and no physi- 
cian durst undertake the cure. At length, one 
Philip of Acarnania desired time to prepare a po- 
tion which he was sure would cure him; and 
while this potion wras preparing, Alexander re- 
ceived a letter from his most intimate confidant, 
Parmenio, informing him that this Acarnanian 
was a traitor, and employed by Darius to poison 
him, at the price of one thousand talents and his 
sister in marriage. What a situation for a sick 
prince! The same greatness of soul, however, 
which accompanied him upon all occasions, did 
not forsake him here. He did not seem to his 
physician under any apprehensions; but after 
receiving the cup into his hands, delivered the 
letter to Philip, and, with his eyes fixed upon 
him drank it off. The medicine at first acted so 
powerfully as to deprive him of his senses, and 
then, without doubt, all concluded him poisoned: 
however, he soon came round, and, by a cure 
so speedy that it might almost be deemed mi- 
raculous, was restored to his army safe and 
sound. From Cilicia he marched forwards to 
Phoenicia, which all surrendered to him except 
Tyre ; and it cost him a siege of seven months 
to reduce that city. The vexation of Alexander, 
at being unseasonably detained by thisobstinacy 
of the Tyrians, occasioned a mighty destruction 
and carnage; and the cruelty he exercised here 
is quite inexcusable. After besieging and taking 
Gaza, he went to Jerusalem, where he was re- 
ceived by the high-priest, and, making many 
presents to the Jews, sacrificed in their temple. 
He told Jaddus (for that was the priest’s name,) 
that he had seen in Macedonia a god, in appear- 
ance exactly resembling him, who had exhorted 
him to this expedition against the Persians, and 
given him the firmest assurance of success. Af- 
terwards entering Egypt, he went to the oracle 
of Jupiter Ammon ; and upon his return, built 
the city of Alexandria. It was now that he took 
it into his head to assume divinity, and to pre- 
tend himself the son of the said Jupiter Ammon. 
Policy, however, was at the bottom of this : it 
was impossible that any such belief should be 
really rooted in his breast; but he found by ex- 
perience, that this opinion inclined the barba- 
rous nations to submit to him ; and therefore he 
was content to pass for a god, and to admit, as 
lie did, of divine adoration. His object now was 
'to overtake and attack Darius in another battle; 
jand this battle was fought at Arbela; when vic- 
tory, granting every thing to Alexander t*it an 
lend to the Persian empire. Darius liar' _cd 
jltis daughter in marriage, and part of J._ 
ilions to Alexander; and Parmenio advised him 
;to accept the terms, saying, “ 1 would if I were 
lAlexander.” “And so would I, (replied the 
18  AL 
the conqueror,! if 1 were Parmenio.” The same 
Parmenio counselling the prince to take advan- 
tage of the night in attacking Darius, “ No, (said 
Alexander,) l would not. steal a victory.” Da- 
rius owed his escape from Arbela to the swift- 
ness of his horse; and, while he was collecting 
forces to renew the war, was insidiously slain 
by Bessus, governor of the Bactrians. Alexan- 
der wept at the fate of Darius, and, afterwards 
procuring Bessus to be given up to him, punished 
the inhuman wretch according to his deserts. 
From Arbela, Alexander pursued his conquests 
eastward ; and every thing fell into his hands, 
even to the Indies. Having ranged over all the 
east, he returned to Babylon, where he died in 
the 33d year of his age, some say by poison, 
otiters bv intoxication. 
ALEXANDER, Bala, an impostor who pre- 
tended to be the sou of Antiochus Epiphanes. 
He was slain 146 B. C. 
ALEXANDER, Severus, a Roman emperor, 
distinguished for hisvirtuesjhewas murdered 235. 
ALEXANDER, Jannaeus, king of l he Jews. 
He was cruel and oppressive, and died 79 B. C. 
ALEXANDER It., son of Aristobulus, was 
carried prisoner to Rome by Pompey, and put to 
death 49 B. C. 
ALEXANDER, bishop of Hierapolis in the 
5tli century who maintained that t here were two 
natures in Christ. He died an exile. 
ALEXANDER, bishop of Alexandria, op- 
posed the tenets of Arius; a man of virtue and 
piety, and died 325. 
ALEXANDER, a bishop of Jerusalem, known 
for his many virtues, lie founded a library 
there, and died 251. 
ALEXANDER, of Lycopolis, opposed to the 
Manicharan system, in a work published at Paris 
in 1672. 
ALEXANDER, Trallianus, a philosopher and 
physician of the 6th century. His works were 
edited at Paris, in 1543. 
ALEXANDER, Poivhistor, a Latin historian 
who flourished about 80 B.C. His works are lost. 
ALEXANDER, Aphrodisoeus, a peripatetic 
philosopher. His work “ De Facto,” appeared 
in London, 1688. 
ALEXANDER, of iEgea, preceptor to Nero. 
ALEXANDER, the Paphlagonian, an impos- 
tor, who was invited to Rome by Marcus Au- 
relius, on account of his celebrity, in 174. 
ALEXANDER, an abbot of Sicily in the 12th 
century, author of a history of Roger, king of 
Siciiv, which was edited in 1578, at Saragossa. 
ALEXANDER, an English abbot, who sup- 
ported the rights of Henry II., for which he was 
excommunicated in 1217. 
ALEXANDER, king of Poland, succeeded 
his brother, John Albert, in 1501. He was a 
prince of pi-tv and virtue. 
ALEXANDER I., kingof Scotland, came to 
the throne in 1107. He was a severe and tyran- 
nical king. „ , 
A LEXANDERII., king of Scotland, 1214, son 
o'- William the Lion. He invaded England. 
ALEXANDER III., king of Scotland, defeated 
the Norwegians, and assisted his father-in-law, 
Henry III. against the encroachments of his ba- 
rons. He was killed while hunting, 1285. 
ALEXANDERI., bishopof Rome, 109. He 
was called a saint, and martyr, and, according 
to Platina, was the first who introduced the use 
of holv water into the church. 
ALEXANDER II., pope, succeeded in 1061. 
He protected the Jews from murder and rapine, 
and died 1073. 
AL 
ALEXANDER III., pope, a native of Sienna, 
was raised to tlie papal chair in 1159. He died 
at Rome, much beloved by his subjects, and re- 
spected by the world. 
ALEXANDER IV., bishopof Ostia, was made 
pope in 1254. lie bestowed the crown of Sicily 
on Edmund, son of the King of England ; and 
tried to unite the Greek and Latin churches. 
ALEXANDER V., pope, was originally a beg- 
gar, but found means to cultivate his mind, so 
that he was distinguished both at Oxford and 
Paris. He was elected pope in 1409, but soon 
died by poison. 
ALEXANDER VI., pope, was a native of Va- 
lencia. He was infamous for his debaucherie 
and cruelties, and died by the poison his sonin 
tended for some innocent persons, 1503. 
ALEXANDER VII., pope, embellished Rome 
with several magnificent edifices, and died 1607. 
ALEXANDER VIII., pope, was a native of 
Venice and succeeded to the papal chair on the 
death of Innocent XI.; died 1691. 
ALEXANDER, ab Alexandro, a man of great 
talents as a lawyer, at Naples ; he died 1000. 
ALEXANDER, Neckam, an Englishman of 
great learning who gave public lectures at Paris. 
His lectures remain in the public libraries in 
manuscript: he died 1227. 
ALEXANDER, Noel, or Natalis, an eminent 
writer, born at Rouen, in Normandy. He pub- 
lished an ecclesiastical history in 24vols. He 
died 1724. 
ALEXANDER (William, Earl of Stirling,) 
a dramatic poet and statesman in the reigns of 
James and Charles I. was born 1580. “ Ilis po- 
etry (says Mr. Grainger,) for purity and ele- 
gance is far beyond the generality of the pro- 
ductions of the age in which he lived.” His 
“ Recreation of the Muses” was printed in folio, 
1637, to which is prefixed his portrait by Mar- 
shall, esteemed the best of that artist’s works 
He died 1640. 
ALEXANDER, de Medicis, first duke of Flo- 
rence in 1530, was a man of dissolute and cruel 
manners, who owed his elevation to intrigue. 
He was murdered bv a relation. 
ALEXANDER, Farnese, duke of Parma, 
distinguished himself in the 16th century by his 
military valour. 
ALEXANDER, Farnese, uncle to the pre- 
ceding, favourite of Pope Clement VII., died 
1589. 
ALEXANDER, a Norman, in the reign of 
Henry I. He raised the castles of Banbury, 
Sleaford and Newark for his defence. By the 
interest of his uncle he became bishop of Lin- 
coln, and died in 1147. 
ALEXANDER, a native of Asia Minor, was 
the founder of a sect called non-sleepers, be- 
cause some of them always kept awake to sing; 
he died 430. 
ALEXANDER, St. Elpide. archbishop of A- 
malfi, author of a treatise on papal power, in the 
beginning of the 14th century. 
ALEXANDER, Dorn. James, a benedictine 
of St. Maur, author of a treatise on elementary 
clocks, died 1734. 
ALEXANDER, a poet of Paris, in the 12th 
century, who wrote a poem on Alexander the 
Great, in verses of 12 syllables, which have 
since been called “ Alexandrines.” 
ALEXANDER, Nicholas, a benedictine of 
St. Maur, wrote “ Physic and Surgery for the 
Poor,” and 11 A Botanical and Pharmaceutical 
Dictionary, ’ both esteemed works. He was 
born at Pat is, and died 1728. 
19  AL 
ALEXANDER, Neuskoi, grand duke of 
Russia, born 1218, signalized by a victory he 
obtained over the northern powers, on the banks 
of the Neva. He was sainted, and an order of 
knighthood instituted in his honour. 
ALEXANDER, James, a Scotchman, secre- 
tary of the province of New-York, and for ma- 
ny years one of the council; came to this coun- 
try 1715 ; died 1750. 
ALEXANDER, William, commonly called 
Lord Stirling, from his supposed title to a Scotch 
earldom, a major general in the American ar- 
my ; was in the battle of Long Island, and was 
wounded; lie was a brave officer, and died 1783, 
ged 57. 
ALEXANDER, Nathaniel, a member ofCon- 
gress from (and governor of) the state of North 
Carolina ; he died 1808. 
ALEXANDRINI, Julius de Newstain, a na- 
tive of Trent, physician and favourite of Maxi- 
milian II., died 1590. 
ALEXIS, William, a benedictine monk of 
Lyra, and author of poems of some merit, lived 
in 1500 
ALEXTS, a Piedmontese, who applied him- 
self to study, with a resolution not to reveal his 
discoveries. He however published some me- 
dical tracts, called “ the Secrets,” at Basil, in 
1536. 
ALEXIUS, Michaelovitch, czar of Russia, 
and father to Peter the Great. He was distin- 
guished for his wars, his munificence, and his 
improvements in the state ; he died 16//. 
ALEXIUS, Petrovitch, only son to Peter the 
Great, born 1690, an unfortunate and intempe- 
rate man. He was tried and condemned, by- 
secret judges, in 1719. 
ALEXIUS, or ALEXIS I., Commenus, usurp- 
ed the throne of Turkey in 1081, and distin- 
guished himself by his wars against the Turks. 
ALEXIUS II., Commenus, succeeded to the 
throne of Constantinople 1180; he was murdered 
by Androuicus. 
ALEXIUS III., Angelus, dethroned his bro- 
ther, 1195, and put out his eyes. He was him- 
self dethroned in turn, and his life sacrificed to 
the fury of the populace 
ALEXIUS IV., son of the king deposed by 
Alexius 111.; he restored his father to the throne 
and reigned with him. 
ALEXIUS V., usurped the throne of Con- 
stantinople, and was killed by the crusaders, af- 
ter a reign of 3 months, in 1264. 
ALEXIUS, an impostor, who nearly succeed- 
ed in placing himself on the throne of Constan- 
tinople, but was killed by a priest, in 1200. 
ALEYN, Charles, an English poet, who pub- 
lished in 1631, two poems on the battles of 
Cressy and Poictiers. 
AL-FARABIA, a mussulman philosopher of 
the 10th century. His works are in the Leyden 
library ; he was murdered in Syria, in 954. 
ALFARGAN, Ahmed Ebn Cothair, an Ara- 
bian astronomer, of tin: 9th century. 
A LFENUS VARUS PUBLIUS, a native of 
Cremona, who rose from the occupation of cob- 
bler, to be counsel. 
ALFES, an eminent rabbi, who epitomised 
tlie Talmud, died ,103. 
ALFIERI, Vittorio, an Italian dramatic poet, 
born at Asti, in Piedmont, 1749. Within less 
than seven years he produced foumc*! dramas, 
besides various other works in prose a- 1 verse, 
including a translation of Sallust, and a treatise 
on tyranny. His lady was the princess of Schom- j 
oerg, widow of Charles-Edward, the last prince I 
AL 
of tlie house of Stuart. He died at Florence, in 
1303; and his remains were interred in the 
church of St. Croix, where his widow erected 
a monument to his memory, which was exe- 
cuted by Canova. He wrote his own life, which 
has been printed in two volumes. 
ALFONSO, vid. ALPHONSUS. 
ALFOKD, Michael, author of Brittania illus- 
trala,” and other works, was born in London, 
but educated in Spain and Rome, and became a 
Jesuit; he died 1652. 
ALFRED,or ALFRED, son of Ethelred, tried 
to expel Harold from the tiirone, but was mur- 
dered, 1037. 
ALFRED, bishop of Exeter, wrote several 
learned works, as “ Adelnius,” “History of 
Malmesbury Abbey,” &c.; 10th century. 
ALFRED, vid. ALFRED. 
ALFRED, an Englishman, surnamed philo 
sopher, left four books on the meteors of Aristo- 
tle, one on vegetables, and live on other subjects. 
He died 1270. 
ALFRIDE, or Elfrid, natural son of Osery. 
king of Northumberland, came to the throne in 
680. 
ALGARDI, Alexander, an architect and 
sculptor of Bologna, died 1654. 
ALGAROTTi, Francis, count, an Italian, 
eminent as a connoisseur and critic in every 
branch of the belles-lettres, and an author of 
repute, born at Venice 1712, died 1764. 
ALGAZALI, an Arabian author, who died 
in the 504th year of the liegira. 
ALGER, a monk of Liege, author of a book 
on the sacraments, died 1131. 
ALGI11SI, Thomas, an eminent surgeon and 
lithotomist of Florence, author of Litliotomiia, 
4 to. 1708. 
ALG1ERI, Peter, a Venetian, who decorated 
the opera at Paris, died 1760. 
ALHAZEN, an Arabian, who wrote on optics 
about 1100. 
ALI. cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet, 
and caliph of Egypt and Arabia. He was as- 
sassinated in 660. His memory is still held in 
veneration by the Persians. 
ALI-BASSA, a distinguished general of the 
Ottoman empire, died 1663. 
ALI BEG, a Pole, who was educated in the 
Mahometan faith, butemployed himself in trans- 
lating the bible into Turkish. lie also wrote on 
the religion of Mahomet, and died in 1675. 
ALI BEG, son of a Greek priest, but sold 
while young by some robbers to the Janissaries. 
His military talents gained him the supreme 
power of Egypt. He was humane, possessed 
an elevated mind, and died about 1775. 
ALI BERG, a learned Turk in the 17th cen- 
tury, acquainted with seventeen languages. He 
translated the bible into the Turkish. 
ALICE, daughter of Theobald IV., married 
Lewis VII., king of France. For a time, she 
was appointed queen regent, and reigned with 
great prudence and justice. She died 1206. 
ALIGRE, Etienne, who rose by his merit to 
be chancellor of France, died 1635. 
ALIMENTUS, Cneius, a Roman historian, 
150. II. C. 
ALIPIUS, a bishop of Tagaste in A frica, 394 
He was baptised by St. Ambrose at Milan. 
ALIPIIS, a geographer of Antioch, commis 
sioned by Julian to rebuild the temple of Jeru 
salem. 
ALKMAAR, Henry d’, a German, author of 
the fable of Reynard, a poem, which lashes the 
vices and foibles of mankind. He died 1503. 
20  AL 
ALLA1NVAL, Leonor Jean Christine S<*ulas 
d’, a native of Chartres, and author of several 
comedies of merit. He died 1753. 
ALLA IS, Denvs Vairasse d’, a native of Lan- 
guedoc, who served in the Duke of York’s fleet 
in 1665. He wrote several books, not much es- 
teemed. 
ALLAM, Andrew, a learned classical scholar, 
born in Oxfordshire, died 1685. 
ALLARD, Guy, author of several histori- 
cal works, and a romance called Zizim, died 
1715. 
ALLATIUS, Leo, a native of Scio, who stu- 
died physic at Rome, but distinguished himself 
chiefly as a teacher in the Greek College, died 
1669. 
ALLECTUS, prefect of Britain, murdered 
Carausius 294, and made himself emperor. 
ALLEGRAIN, Christopher Gabriel, a French 
sculptor, who executed some masterly figures, 
died 1795. 
ALLEGRI, Antonio, an il’ustrious painter, 
better known by the name of Corregio, from the 
place where he was born. He lived at Parma, 
where, without any instruction, he executed 
some of the most perfect pictures in the world. 
His Virgin and Child, and Mary Magdalen, are 
his finest pictures. He died poor in 1534. 
ALLEGRI, GregoriA, an eminent musical 
composer, born at Rome. His '■outpositions, 
the chief of which is the “ Misereie,” are still 
performed in the pontifical chapel. lie died 
1640. 
ALLEIN, Richard, born in Somersetshire, a 
puritan of great learning. His writings are 
mostly on theology. He died 1681. 
ALLEIN, William, son of the above. His 
“ Millenium,” among his other theological tracts, 
was much admired. He died 1677. 
ALLEIN, Joseph, a puritan of great learn- 
ing and piety. His “ Alarm” to sinners has 
been often published. He died at Taunton, 
Eng., 1668. 
ALLEN, John, archbishop of Dublin, and 
chancellor of Ireland, was murdered in 1586. 
ALLEN, Thomas, minister of Charlestown, 
Mass., author of a work entitled “ an Invitation 
to Sinners to come to Christ,” and a “ Scripture 
Chronology.” This last is a learned work, and 
is preserved in the Ncw-Eagland Library. 
ALLEN, James, minister in Boston, came to 
this country 1662, and was the occasion of 
much difficulty in the colony of Mass. He died 
1710, aged 78. 
ALLEN, James, first minister, of Brookline, 
Mass., was born in Roxbury; settled 1718. He 
died aged 56. He was a pious and judicious 
divine; he published several sermons. 
ALLEN, James, member of the house of 
representatives and counsellor in Mass., died 
1755, aged 58. He was expelled for reflections 
igainst the governor, was re-elected, but refus- 
ed a seat till the following year. 
ALLEN, William, chief justice of Penn, be- 
fore the revolution, the friend and patron of Sir 
Benjamin West, the painter. He published the 
American crisis, London, 1774, in which he 
suggests a plan for restoring the dependence of 
America. 
ALLEN, Moses, minister of Midnay, Georgia, 
and a distinguished friend to his country. He 
was born in Northampton. Mass., was taken 
prisoner when Savannah was reduced, and put 
on board a prison-ship, whence, in attempting 
to escape, was drowned, aged 31. 
ALLEN, Henry, prcachet in Nova Scotia, 
AL 
; author of several strange and absurd religious 
doctrines. He died in 1783. His followers were 
few. He published a volume of hymns, and se- 
veral sermons. 
ALI.EN, Ethan, a brigadier general in the 
war of the revolution. He captured Ticonde- 
roga and Crown Point, was taken prisoner near 
Montreal, sent to England, and after having ex- 
perienced much cruelty, was exchanged, 1778. 
He died in Vermont, 1789. He sustained the 
character of an infidel, and in his writings ridi- 
culed the Scriptures. 
ALLEN, Samuel, proprietor oy purchase, and 
governor of New-Hampshire, died 1765. 
ALLEN, William, chief justice of Pennsyl- 
vania before the revolution. 
ALLEN, Ira, a brother of Ethan, removed 
■early in life to Vermont, where he held various 
jeflicey, and possessed the confidence of the peo- 
ple. He wrote the “Natural and Political His- 
tory of Vermont.” He died 1814. 
ALLEN, Sir Thomas, illustrious as an Eng- 
lish admiral, made tha first attack on the Dutch 
in 1665. 
ALLEN, Thomas, a learned divine, who 
wrote observations on St. Chrysostom’s book on 
Isaiah, died 1638. 
ALLEN, Thomas, a native of Staffordshire, 
illustrious for his knowledge of mathematics 
and philosophy. He published among other 
works, the second and third books of Ptolemy 
on the judgment of the stars ; he died 1632. 
ALLEN, John, first minister of Dedham, 
Mass., author of some controversial writings. 
He died 1671, aged 75. 
ALLESTRY, or ALLESTREE, Richard, 
born in Shropshire, in 1619, joined the royal par- 
ty, and on the restoration of Charles, was made 
king’s chaplain. He published 40 sermons, and 
other works. 
ALLESTRY, Jacob, an English poet, nephew 
to the above. Some of his pastorals were much 
admired ; he died 1686. 
ALLETZ, Pons Augustin, native of France, 
who published some works of celebrity, died at 
Paris, 1785. 
ALLEY, William, an English writer, author 
of “ the poor man’s library,” and a translation 
of the Pentateuch, died 1570. 
ALLEYN, Edward, an actor of great reputa- 
tion in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and 
founder of Dulwich college in 1619, which he 
named “ the college of God’s gift.” An idle tra- 
dition hath assigned the following as his motive 
for endowing it: that once, personating the devil, 
he was so terrified at seeing a real devil (as he 
imagined) upon the stage, that lie soon after to- 
tally quitted his profession, and devoted the re- 
mainder of his life to religious exercises. He 
founded this college for a master and warden, 
who are always to be of the name of Alleyn or 
Allen, with 4 fellows (3 of whom are to be di- 
vines, and the fourth an organist;) and for six 
poor men, as many poor women, and twelve 
poorboys, to be educated in the college. He was 
born in London 1566, and died in 1626, and was 
buried in the chapel of the college. 
ALLTOSI, N., a civil officer of eminence in 
the service of Stanislaus, king of Poland, died 
1779. 
ALLISON, Francis, D. D., a distinguished 
minister and teacher, native of Ireland, came to 
this country in 1755, was settled in Philadelphia, 
and became vice-provost of the college in that 
city; he died 1777, much respected for his talents 
and learning.  AL 
ALLISON, Patrick, I). L)., a native of Penn- 
sylvania, and a distinguished preacher, settled 
at Baltimore ; he died 1602. 
ALL1X, Peter, a French protestant, of eminent 
learning and piety, who lived in England, where 
he was greatly esteemed, and honoured with the 
title of I). D. He wrote “ retlections on the 
Scriptures,” &c., and died 1717. 
ALLOiSI, Balthazar, an able historical pain- 
ter, born at Bologna; he died 1638. 
ALLORY, Alexander, a painter of Florence, 
famous for his skill in the representation of na- 
Ked figures. His figures are preserved at Rome 
and Florence ; he died 1607. 
ALMAGRO, Diego, one of the conquerors of 
Peru, who accompanied Pizarro in 1525; he 
was infamous for his cruelties. 
ALMA1N, James, a famous logician and di- 
vine, whodefended Lewis XII. against pope Ju- 
lius II. He died at Paris, 1515. 
ALMAMON, or ABDALLAH III., a caliph, 
who had the Greek writers translated into Ara- 
bic, and was famous for his protection of learn- 
ing, died 833. 
ALMANSOR, or ALMANZOR, king of Cor- 
dova, in Spain, 976. He rendered himself very 
formidable to the Christians. 
ALMANZOR, the victorious; he rose to the 
sovereignty in 753, and then murdered the gene- 
ral to whom he was indebted for his power. 
ALMANZOR, Joseph, king of Morocco, de- 
feated by the Spaniards, 1158. 
ALMANZOR, Jacob, son of Joseph, obtained 
a celebrated victory over the Spaniards in Cas- 
tile, about 1200. 
ALMARUS, Elmerus, abbot of St. Augus- 
tin’s monastery, in Canterbury, 1011. His me- 
mory was held in the highest veneration. 
A LMEIDA, Francis, a Portuguese, who was 
distinguished in the wars of Grenada, and was 
sent out by Emanuel, in 1505, as viceroy of 
India. 
ALMEIDA, Lawrence, son of the above, a 
desperate warrior, who visited Ceylon, and 
made it tributary to Portugal; he was killed in 
battle. 
ALMEIDA, Apollinarius d’, a Portuguese 
bishop, of the Jesuit order, who went as mis- 
sionary to Ethiopia, and was murdered by the 
natives, 1568. 
ALMEIDA, Manuel d’, a Portuguese Jesuit, 
who, after a residence of forty years as a mis- 
sionary in India, died at Goa, 164b. He published 
historical observations on Ethiopia. 
ALMEIDA, or ALMEYDA, Theodore d’, a 
celebrated Portuguese priest and philosophical 
writer, born 1722. His original works amount 
to 40 volumes; and he published, besides, five 
volumes of translations. He died at Lisbon, 
May, 1805. 
A LMELOVEEN, Thomas Jansen d’, a Dutch 
physician, who wrote a description of the Ma- 
labar plants, published 1678, in 13 vols. folio. 
ALMELOVEEN, Theodore Jansen d’, pro- 
fessor at Hardwick, in Holland, died 1742. 
ALMTCI, Peter Camillus, an ecclesiastic in 
Italy, who published critical reflections on Feb- 
ronius, died 1779 
ALMON, John, a bookseller, author, and edi- 
tor, born at Liverpool, about 1738. In 1763 he 
commenced bookseller in Piccadilly, and pub 
lished a great number of political pamphlets. 
His best known works, however, are “ anecdotes 
of the life of the earl of Chatham,” 2 vols. 4to 
3 vols. 8vo., and “ biographical, literary, and 
■solitical anecdotes of several of Ute most emi- 
AL 
uent poisons of the present age; never before 
printed,” 3vols. 8vo. 1797. lie died in Hertford- 
shire, Dec. 12, 1085. 
ALOMUYA11AD, Ismael, an Arabian histo 
rian, who gave a chronological account of the 
Saracen alfairs in Sicily from 842 to 904. 
ALOAD1N, a Mahometan; prince of the as- 
sassins. He lived in a castle between Damas- 
cus and Antioch, where lie promised future hap- 
piness to young men who would stab his ene- 
mies. The word assassin is derived from this 
circumstance. 
ALONZO, John, an eminent architect of 
Spain. 
ALPAGO, Andrew, an Italian physician who 
resided some time at Damascus. He translated 
Avicenna, Averroes, &.C., and was made pro- 
fessor at V enice in 1555. 
ALI’AIDE, the beautiful wife of Pepin, and 
mother of Charles Martel; she died in a con- 
vent. 
ALP-ARSLAN, second sultan of the race of 
Seljuk in 1063. 
ALPHANUS, Benedict., archbishop of Paler- 
mo, known as a physician and poet, and author 
of the lives of some saints, died 1086. 
ALPHERY, Mekepper, Nicephorus, a native 
of Russia, descended from the imperial family. 
He became a parish priest in England, 1618, and 
preferred his place to the throne of Russia. 
ALPHESIUS, a rabbi who abridged the Tal- 
mud, died 1103. 
ALPHIUS, Avitus, a Roman poet of the 3d 
century. 
A LPHON SO, or ALPHONSUS, king of Astu- 
rias, took 30 towns from the Moors, and died 
757. 
ALPHONSO II., surnamed the Chaste, king 
of Asturias, signalized himself against the Moors 
in Spain ; lie died, 842. 
ALPHONSO III., or THE GREAT, king of 
Asturias in 866. 
ALPHONSO VI., king of Leon and Castile, 
made war against the Moors; he died, 1109. 
ALPHONSO VIII., king of Leon and Castile, 
surnamed the Noble, came to the throne 1158. 
ALPHONSO X., king of Leon and Castile, 
surnamed the Wise, succeeded his father, Fer- 
dinand HI. in 1252, and died of a broken heart 
in 1284. 
ALPHONSO II., king of Leon and Castile in 
1312. He killed in battle 200,000 Moors. 
ALPHONSO V., king of Arragon. surnamed 
the Magnanimous. He made himself master of 
Naples and Sicilv, and died 1458. 
ALPHONSO L, king of Portugal. He de- 
feated five Moorish kings at the battle of Ouri- 
que, 1139. 
ALPHONSO II., king of Portugal: be also 
engaged in war with the Moors, died 1223. 
ALPHONSO III.,king of Portugal; his reign 
was disturbed by dissensions with the pope and 
clergy: he died 1279. 
ALPHONSO IV., king of Portugal, succeeded 
to the throne 1325. He was an able prince, and 
much beloved. 
ALPHONSO V., king of Portugal, surnamed 
the African, came to the throne 1438. He took 
many places from the Moors. lie was a patron 
of learning. 
ALPHONSO VI., king of Portugal. His con- 
duct displayed the tyrant and the madman ; he 
abdicated the throne, and died 1683. 
ALPHONSO, duke of Ferrara, and Modena, 
died 1534. 
ALPHONSUS, Feter, a Jewish writer of AL 
Spain, who was converted to Christianity in 
1103 
ALPHOXSUS. See CASTILE. 
ALPINI, Prospero, a famous Venetian phy- 
sician and botanist, born 1553, died 1617. 
ALREDUS, ALFREDUS, or ALUltEDUS, 
an ancient English historian, born at Beverly, 
Yorkshire. He wrote, in Latin, Annals of the 
British history, from Brutu3 to Henry I. ; he 
iied 1129. 
ALSAHARAVIUS, an Arabian physician, 
author of a treatise on medical practice, in 32 
books ; lived in 1404. 
ALSOP, Anthony, an English clergyman of 
learning, who in 1717 was sued by Mrs. Astrey 
for breach of promise, and condemned to pay 
2000Z. He wrote poetry. 
ALSOP, Vincent, a presbyterian clergyman, 
who attacked Dr. Sherlock, with great wit, and 
some seriousness; he died 1703. 
ALSOP, Richard, a native of Middletown, 
Conn. ; he possessed fine talents, and is gene- 
rally known as a poet and as a translator ; he 
died 1815. 
ALSTEDIUS, John Henry, a protestant pro- 
fessor of divinity, at Nassau ; known as the au- 
thor of an Encyclopedia ; he died 1638. 
ALSTON, Charles, an eminent physician, 
and medical and botanical writer, born in Scot- 
land, 1683, died 1760. 
ALSTON, Joseph, governor of the state of 
South Carolina, died 1816. His wife, the daugh- 
ter of Aaron Burr, late vice president of the U. 
S., was lost on her passage from Charleston to 
New-York, 1812. 
ALTER, Francis Charles, a German critic, 
'if the society of Jesuits, was ateacherof Greek 
t * Vienna ; he is said to have written and pub- 
lished 250 volumes or dissertations; he died 1804 
ALTHAMNER, Andrew, a Lutheran min- 
ister at. Nuremburg, author of notes on Taci- 
tus, first published 1529. 
ALTHUSIUS, John, a German lawyer of the 
17th century, who inveighed against kingly 
power. 
ATT1LIUS, Gabriel, a Neapolitan poet, a fa- 
vourite with the court, and bishop of Policas- 
tro in 1471. 
ALTING, Menson, author of the best descrip- 
tion of the Low Countries now extant, died 
1713. 
ALTING, Henry, born at Embden, in 1583. 
He filled the theological chair at Groningen for 
ma.iy years. His works on religious subjects 
are numerous. 
ALTING, James, son of the preceding, went 
to England and became bishop of Worcester, 
and afterwards professor of Hebrew at Gronin- 
gen. His works were printed in five volumes 
folio, at Amsterdam 1687. 
ALTON, Richard Count d\ an Austrian ge- 
neral who had command of the Low Countries 
in 1787. 
ALTOVITI, Marseilled’, a Florentine lady 
who wrote Italian poetry, died 1609. 
ALVA, Peter d’, a Spaniard, author of a cu- 
rious life of St. Francis, died 1667. 
ALVA, Ferdinand Alvrez, duke of, a famous 
general of Spain, but detested for his cruelties 
as a civil magistrate; he died 1552. " 
ALV ARES, Francis, a Portuguese priest, sent 
to David, King of Abyssinia, as ambassador : 
he published an account of that country, and 
died 1540. 
ALVARES DE LUNA, or ALVARO, a fa- 
vouriteof John II., king of Castile, famous 
AM 
for the prodigious ascendancy which lie gained 
over that prince, and for tiie punishment which 
at length overtook him. Of the 45 years he 
spent at court, lie enjoyed for 30 of them so ab- 
solute a power over the king, that nothing could 
be done without his express orders; nay, it is 
related by Mariana, that the king could not 
change an officer or servant, or eveu his clothes 
or diet, without the approbation of Alvares. At 
length lie was seized, tried, and condemned to 
lose his head, on a charge of having inadly in- 
vaded the rights of kingly majesty, reduced the 
whole court into his power, and made himself 
master of the state in general, &c. &c. He was 
executed the 4th of June, 1453. 
ALVAREZ, Emanuel, a Portuguese Jesuit, 
who was distinguished as a grammarian he 
died 1582. 
ALVAREZ DE PAZ, James, a Jesuit, born 
at Toledo, author of some divinity tracts, died 
1620. 
ALVAREZ, Diego, a Spanish Dominican, 
and a bishop in Italy. He wrote much polemi- 
cal divinity, and died 1635. 
ALURED. SeeALREDUS. 
ALVAROTTO, James, a learned law pro- 
fessor at Padua, whose authority is frequently 
quoted, died 1452. 
ALVIANO, Bartholomew, an illustrious ge- 
neral in the Venetian service, who died 3515. 
ALYATTES, aking of Lydia, who died 562 
B. C. 
ALYPIUS, a Platonic philosopher in the 5th 
century. 
ALYPIUS, a geographer, who was employed 
at Jerusalem and in Britian, by the emperor Ju- 
lian. 
AMADEDDULAT, son of a fisherman, be- 
came king of Persia, and died 949. 
AMADEUS V., count of Savoy, surnamed 
the Great, bravely defended Rhodes against the 
Turks. It is said, he besieged and took thirty- 
two towns ; he died 1323. 
AMADEUS VI., count of Savoy, in 1343; by 
his merits he became the arbiter of affairsiiiltaly 
AMADEUS VIII., count of Savoy, instituted 
in 1434, the order of the secular knights of the 
Annunciation. He was elected pope, by the 
council of Basil. 
AMADEUS IX., duke of Savoy, a brave and 
charitable prince, whose subjects surnamed him 
the Blessed ; he died 1472. 
AMADEUS, a Franciscan monk in Portugal, 
who pretended to some mystical revelations at 
Rome, died 1482. 
AMADEUS, bishop of Lausanne, died 1158. 
AMAJA, Francis, a Spanish professor of civil 
law, whose commentaries are highly valued, 
died 1640. 
AMAK, a much admired Persian poet of the 
5th century. 
AMALARIC, or AMAURY, king of the Vi- 
sigoths, killed by one of his soldiers, 531. 
AMALARIUS, Fortunatus, ambassador 
Charlemagne to Constantinople. He died 814, 
and left a treatise on baptism. 
AMALARIUS,jSyir.phosius, apriestof Mentz, 
and author of a book on the antiquities of the 
church, died 837. 
AMALASONTHA, daughter of Theodoric, 
king of the Ostrogoths, a woman of virtue for 
the times. She was cruelly murdered by her 
husband, 534. 
AMALEK, son of Eliphaz, was the founder 
of a nation which settled Idumea, and made war 
against Saul and David.  AM 
AMALRIC, Augeri, author of a history of 
the popes, flourished in the 14th century. 
AMALRIC, Arnold, archbishop of Narbonne, 
who animated the princes of Spain against the 
Moors, and wrote an account of a battle which 
he witnessed, died 1225. 
AMALTHAIA, the name of the Sybil of Cu- 
mte, who sold her books to Tarquin. 
AMALTHEUS, Jerome, John Baptiste, and 
Cornelius, three brothers, born at Oderzo, in 
Italy, equally celebrated for their poetry. They 
all three died in 1574. 
AMAMA, Sixtinus, a Hebrew professor of 
great learning and piety in Germany, who began 
a work called “ Antibarbarus Biblicus,” butdied 
before it was finished, in 1629. 
AMAND, Mark Anthony Gerard Sieur de St., 
norn in Normandy, a comic poet of some fame: 
he died 1661. 
AMAND, St., a bishop of Bordeaux, 404. 
AMARAL, Andrew d’, a Portuguese of the 
order of Malta, who betrayed Rhodes to Soly- 
man. He was put to death 1522. 
AMASEUS, Romulus, professor at Bologna, 
and author of a translation of Pausanias, died 
1855. 
AMASIS, a king of Egypt, who died about 
525 B. C. 
AMATUS, de Portugal, a physician, who 
wrote Commentaries on Disoscorides, Avicen- 
na, &c., about 1550. 
AMAURI, de Chartres, professor of philoso- 
phy, born at Bonne, in the 13th century. He 
formed a new system of religion on the meta- 
physics of Aristotle. 
AMAURI, king of Jerusalem in 1162; he died 
1173. 
AMAURI II., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem 
in 1164. 
AMAZIAH, son of Joash, king of Judah, was 
put to death by his subjects, 810 B. C. 
AMBOISE, Francois d’, son of the surgeon 
to Charles IX., of France, rose to the rank of 
counsellor of state by his learning and industry. 
He died 1600. 
A MBOISE, George d\ born in 1460, and be- 
came archbisltop of Narbonne, and afterwards 
prime minister to Lewis XII., of France. lie 
was famed for his firmness and energy. 
AMBOISE, Michael d’, author of several epis- 
tles, ballads, &c., flourished in the 16th century. 
AMBOISE, Aimery d’, was famous for the 
naval victory he obtained over the Sultan of 
Egypt, 1510. 
AMBOISE, Frances d’, wife of Peter II., 
duke of Britanny. She was famed for the im- 
provement she introduced in the manners of the 
Bretons. She died 1485. 
AMBROGI, Antony Marie, professor of elo- 
quence at Rome, published various works, and 
died 1788. 
AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, an eminent 
father of the church, born in Gaul, 333. The 
birth of Ambrose is said to have been followed 
by a remarkable presage of his future eloquence, 
for we are told, that a swarm of bees came and 
settled upon his mouth as he lay in his cradle. 
He died at Milan 397, and was buried in the great 
church there. The most considerable of his nu- 
merous works is that “ De Ofliriis.” Ambrose 
carried the esteem of the virginity and celibacy 
so far, that he seemed to regard matrimony as 
an indecent t Irina. 
AMBROSE, deacon of Alexandria, was the 
patron of Origen, by whose eloquence he was 
converted to Christianity. He died 250. 
AM 
AMBROSE, born at Portico, in Romania, wat 
distinguished by iiis fluency in the Greek tongue 
at the councils Basil, Ferrara, &.e. He died 1439 
AMBROSE, de Lombez Pere, a capuchin, 
author of a tract on inward peace, died 1778. 
AMBROSE, Isaac, a descendant from the Am 
brose family in Lincolnshire, who, during ill 
civil wars, became a presbyterian. He pub 
lished several tracts, which were much es 
teemed. 
AMBROSINI, Bartholomew, professor of nte 
dicine at Bologna. He published several learn 
ed books on medicine, and died 1G57. 
AMBROSINI, Hyacinth, brother and succes 
sor of the preceding, wrote a treatise on the 
plants discovered in the 17th century. 
AMBROSIUS, Aurelianus, a prince of Ar- 
morica, went to Britain 457, to assist the Britons 
in the expulsion of the Saxons. 
AMBROSIUS, Catharinus l’olitus, archbishop 
of Compsa, Naples. He wrote some religious 
works, and died 1552. 
AMEDEUS, see AMADEUS. 
AMELIUS, Gentilianus, a Platonic philoso- 
pher of the third century, disciple to Plotinus. 
AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, Abraham 
Nicholas, a native of Orleans 1054, sent as se- 
cretary to the French ambassador at Venice. 
He wrote much, but was sent to the Bastile lor 
his sentiments. 
AMELOT, Denis, a French writer, author of 
a translation of the New Testament, and other 
works. He died 1678. 
AMERBACH, John, a native of Swabia, 
eminent for his learning, died 1515. His son, 
John, was professor cf law at Basil, and the 
friend of Erasmus. He died 1562. 
AMERBACH, Vitus, a Bavarian, professoi 
of philosophy at Ingoldstadt, and a writer of 
eminence, died 1550. 
AMERICUS, Vesputius, a Florentine, a dis- 
coverer in the continent called, after him, Ame- 
rica, died 1526. See COLUMBUS. 
AMES, Fisher, a distinguished statesman and 
eloquent orator, born in Dedham, Mass., author 
of a celebrated speech in Congress on the British 
treaty in 1776. He possessed a mind of a greut 
and extraordinary character, and died in 1808. 
AMES, William, of Norfolk, Eng., a learned 
divine, professor of the university of Franeker, 
Holland, died at Rotterdam, on his way to New- 
England, 1633. 
AMES, Joseph, a celebrated typographical 
historian, and secretary to the society of Anti- 
quaries, was originally a ship-chandler at Wap- 
ping. Late in life he took to the study of anti- 
quities ; and, besides his great work on “ Typo- 
graphical Antiquities,” containing accounts of 
our earliest printers and their works, he publish- 
ed a list, in 8vo., of English heads, engraved 
and mezzotinto, and drew up the “ Parentalia,” 
from Mr. Wren’s papers. He was born at Great 
Yarmouth, 1689, and died Oct. 7, 1759. 
AMHERST, Jeffrey, lord, commander-in-chief 
of the British army at the conquest of Canada, 
1760; born in England 1717; captured Lonisburg 
1758; succeeded Abercrombie in the command 
of the army of North America : returned to 
England, where he xvas created field marshal, 
and died 1798, aged 80. 
AMHURST, Nicholas, born at Marder in 
Kent, but in what year is uncertain. He receiv- 
ed his grammatical education at Merchant Tay 
lors’ School, in London, and thence was remov 
ed to St. John’s College, Oxford, but expelled 
for irregularity of conduct. Soon after Mr 
24 AM 
Amhurst quitted Oxford, he seems to have set- 
tled in London as a writer by profession. He 
published a volume of miscellanies; but the 
principal literary undertaking of Mr. Amhurst 
was, “ The Craftsman,” which was carried on 
for a number of years with great spirit and suc- 
cess, and was more i ead and attended to than 
any production of tiie kind that had hitherto 
b - ‘u published m England. Ten or twelve 
thousand were sold in a day; and the effect 
wliich it had in raising the indignation of the 
people, and in controlling the power of admi- 
nistration, was very considerable. He died at 
Twickenham, April 27; 1742, of a broken heart, 
and was buried at the charge of his printer, 
Richard Franklin. 
AMJCONI, Giacomo, a Venitian, was a suc- 
cessful portrait and historical painter in Eng- 
land, and afterwards painter to the king of 
Spain. He died 1752. 
AMICUS, Antony, an ecclesiastic of Palermo, 
and historiographer royal to Philip IV. of Spain, 
lit- died lull. 
AMIN-BE.V-HAROUN, son of Aaron Ras- 
chid, was the sixth caliph of the house of Abas- 
sides, a cruel and imprudent prince, who was 
put to death after a reigu of 5 years, 822. 
AMIIIAL, Henry, a native of France, noto- 
rious for his attempt to assassinate Collot d’ 
Herboisand Robespierre, and rid France of her 
tyrants, was executed 1792. 
AMMAN, Paul, of Breslau, professor at Leip- 
sic, died 1503. 
AMMAN, John Conrad, a Swiss physician, 
who succeeded in teaching the deaf to speak in 
France, died about 1730. 
AMMANATL Bartholomew, an eminent 
sculptor and architect of Florence, died 1586. 
AMMANATI, Laura Battiferri, wife of Bar- 
tholomew, celebrated for her genius and learn- 
ing. Her poems are highly esteemed by the 
Italians. She died 1589. 
AMMIANUS, Marcellinus, a Latin historian, 
died about 390. 
AMMIRATO, or AMM1RATI, Scipio, born 
in Naples in 1531, wrote a history of Florence 
in two vols. folio, and many other works of less 
importance, and died at Florence, 1600. 
AMMON, the son of Lot, and progenitor of 
the Ammonites, lived about 1900 B. C. 
AMMONIUS, a peripatetic philosopher, pre- 
ceptor to Plutarch. 
AMMONIUS, Saccus, a philosopher of the 
3d century, and founder of the Eclectic sect, 
died 243. ' 
AMMONIUS, a surgeon of Alexandria, who 
first adopted the present operation of lithotomy. 
AMMONIUS, Andiew, a learned native or 
Lucca, who came and settled in England. He 
lived some time in Sir Thomas More’s house, 
and afterwards in St. Thomas’ College, for he 
was not in circumstances sufficient to hire a 
house of his own. There subsisted a strong 
friendship and close correspondence between 
him and Erasmus. The advice which Eras- 
mus gives him, in regard to pushing his fortune, 
has a good deal of humour in it, and was cer- 
tainly intended as a satire on the artful methods 
generally practised by the selfish and ambitious; 
part of mankind. “ In the first place (says he) I 
throw off all sense of shame; thrust yourself 
into every one’s business, and elbow out whom- 
soever you can ; neither love nor hate any one; 
measure everything bv your own advantage; :j 
let this be the scope and drift of ail your actions. 
Give nothing but what is to be returned with] 
AM 
usury, and be complaisant to every body. 
Have always tvvo strings to your bow. Feign 
i that you are solicited by many from abroad, and 
; get every thing ready for your departure. Show 
, letters inviting you elsewhere, with great pro- 
mises.” Fortune, at length, began to smile 
upon Ammonias, for he was appointed secre- 
' tary to Henry VIII., and honoured by Pope Leo 
X. with a public character at the court of that 
prince ; and, in all appearance, he would have 
soon risen higher, had not death carried him off 
when he was but of a middle age. He died of 
the sweating sickness in 1517. Ammonius wrote 
several Latin poetical pieces. 
AMMONIUS, Livinus, a Carthusian Monk, 
esteemed by Erasmus for his learning and piety, 
died 1556. 
AMONTONS, William, was born in Nor- 
mandy, the last day of August, 1663. He was in 
the 3d form of the Latin school at Paris, when, 
after a dangerous illness, he contracted such a 
deafness as obliged him to renounce almost all 
conversation with mankind. In this situation, 
he began to think of employing himself in the 
invention of machines. He applied, therefore, 
i to the study of geometry ; and it is said that he 
would not try any remedy to cure his deafness, 
either because he thought it incurable, or be- 
cause it increased his attention. He studied 
■ with great care the nature of barometers and 
thermometers; ar.d, in 1687, presented a new 
hygroscope to the Royal Academy of Sciences, 
which was very much approved. Amontons 
found out a method to acquaint people at a great 
distance, in a very little time, with whatever 
one pleased. This method was as follows: Let 
there be people placed in several stations, at such 
a distance from one another, that, by the help 
of a telescope, a man in one station may see a 
signal made by the next before him; he must 
immediately make the same signal, that it may 
be seen by persons in the station next after him, 
who are to communicate it to those in the fol- 
lowing station, and so on. [Hence certainly 
originated the modern Telegraph.] When the 
Royal Academy was newly regulated in 1699, 
Amontons was admitted a member of it, and 
read there his “ New Theory of Friction,” in 
which he happily cleared up a very important 
part of mechanics. He died the II th of October, 
1705. 
AMORT, Eusebius, a Bavarian ecclesiastic,, 
and writer on theological subjects, died 1775. 
AMOKY, Dr. Thomas, a dissenting minister 
of considerable note, born at Taunton, Jan. 28, 
1701, died in London, June 24, 1774. His ser- 
mons chiefly tended to illustrate the perfections 
and providence of God ; the evidences of a fu- 
ture state ; the truth and excellency of the Gos- 
pel ; the great duties of a Christian life, fee. 
AMORY, Thomas, esq., an intense student, 
and a writer of some merit, of Westminster, 
died 1789. 
AMOS, a prophet in the reign of Jehoram, 
king of Israel, and Uzziah, king of Judah, died 
785 B. C. 
AMOUR, William de St., a doctor of the 
Sorbonne, canon of Bouvais, author of several 
works, died 1272. 
AMOUR, Louis Govin de St., a doctor of the 
Sorbonne, from which he was expelled, died 
1687. 
AMOUREUX, N. L’, an eminent sculptor of 
Lyons, was drowned in the Soane, in the be- 
ginning of the 19th century, 
j AMPHIBILUS. a Briton, was said to hav*  AN 
been bishop of Anglesea, and to have suffered 
martyrdom about 291. 
AMPHILOCHUS, bishop of Iconium, the 
friend of Basil, and opposer of the Arians, died 
394. 
AMP FIINOMUS and ANAPIUS, were two 
brothers, who heroically saved their aged pa- 
tents on their shoulders during an eruption of 
/Etna. 
AMPSINGIUS, John Assuer, professor of 
physic, at Rostock, in the beginning of the 17th 
century. 
AMRU EBN-AL-AS, a Mussulman, was first 
the enemy, and afterwards the friend of Maho- 
met ; he died governor of Egypt, 663. 
AMSDORF, Nicholas, a follower of Luther, 
and bishop of Nuremburgh, died 1541. 
AMURATH I., an Ottoman emperor, and a 
successful warrior, notorious for his cruelty, 
died 1389. 
AMURATH II., successor to Mahomet as 
Ottoman emperor; he was the first Turk who 
used cannon in battle ; he resigned his crown 
to his son, but afterwards resumed it, and died 
1451. 
AMURATH III. succeeded Selim II., and im- 
mediately murdered his five brothers; he was a 
valiant and successful warrior, and died 1595. 
AMURATH I.,successor to Mustapha, a cruel 
prince, who put 30,000 inhabitants of Bagdad to 
the sword, died 1040. 
AMY, N., an advocate of the parliament of 
Aix, and a writer on natural science, died 1760. 
AMYRUTZES, a philosopher of Trebizond, 
who renounced Christianity for Mahometanism, 
and became a favourite of Mahomet II. 
AMYOT,Jatnes, bishop of Auxerre, and grand 
almoner of France under Henry III., and Charles 
IX., and a writer on several subjects; but chief- 
ly known as the translator of “ Plutarch’s Lives 
and Morals.” He was born at Melun, 1514, and 
died 1593. 
AMYRAULT, Moses, an eminent French 
divine, born I59S, at Borgueil, a small town of 
Touraine. He was a man of such charity and 
compassion, that, during the last ten years of 
his life, he bestowed his whole salary on the 
poor, without distinction of Catholic or Protes- 
tant, and died 1664. 
ANACHARSIS, an illustrious Scythian phi- 
losopher. He travelled to Athens in the time of 
Solon, with whom he contracted an intimate 
friendship ; and Solon not only instructed him, 
but sought all opportunities of doing him ho 
nour. He had a quick and lively genius, a strong 
and masterly eloquence-; and there was some- 
thing so determined and resolute in his manner, 
that those who imitated him were said to speak 
in the Scvtliian style. He was extremely fond 
of poetry, and wrote upon certain laws of the 
Scythians and Greeks. Croesus invited him to 
Sardis, and offered him money; but the phi- 
losopher answered, “ that be was come to 
Creece to learn the laws and manners of that 
country; that he had no occasion for gold or 
stiver; and that it would suffice for him to re- 
turn to Scythia a wiser and more intelligent man 
than he came from thence.” After staying long 
in Greece, he prepared to return home ; and 
passing through Cyzicum, he found that city 
celebrating very solemnly the feasts of Cybele, 
and vowed to do the same if he should get home 
in safety. Upon his arrival in Scythia, he at 
tempted to change the ancient customs of his 
country, and to establish those of Greece; which 
yroved extremely disagreeable to the Scythians, 
AN 
iand at length destructive to himself. For en 
tering one day a thick wood, to perform his vow 
:o Cybele as secretly as might be, he was dis- 
covered in the midst of the solemnity, and shot 
dead with an arrow by the king himself. There 
are many beautiful apothegms of this philosopher 
preserved by Leertius,Plutarch,and other writers 
ANACLETUS, bishop of Rome, sullered mar 
tyrdom 92. 
ANACLETUS claimed the papacy in oppo- 
sition to Innocent II., but not succeeding, died 
in obscurity, 113d. 
ANACOANA, queen of Xiragua, in the island 
of St. Domingo, was cruelly put to death by 
Ovando. 
ANACREON, a Greek poet, born at Teos, a 
seaport of Ionia, flourished about the 02d Olym- 
piad. This poet had a most delicate wit, but 
|was certainly too fond of pleasure; for love and 
wine had the disposal of all his hours. The 
manner of Ills death, which happened at Abdera, 
is said to have been very extraordinary; for 
they tell ns, be was choked with a grape-stone. 
which he swallowed as he was regaling on some 
new wine. A small part only of Anacreon's 
works remain; ana these consist chiefly of Bac- 
chanalian songs, and love sonnets. The odes 
of Anacreon,'' says Rapin, “are flowers, beau- 
ties, and perpetual graces.” 
ANAGNOSTA, John, a Byzantine histo 
rian. 
ANASTASIUS I., the silentiary, who, from 
obscure birth, became emperor of the east, by 
marrying the widow of tiie emperor Zeno, died 
518. 
AN AST ASIUS II. was raised from a private 
station to the throne of Constantinople by the 
voice of the people. He abdicated the throne 
for a religious habit, and afterwards, in attempt- 
ing to regain it, was put to death, 719. 
ANASTASIUS I., pope of Rome, succeeded 
Siricius ; lie reconciled the eastern and westerr 
churches, and died much respected for his sane 
tity and virtue, 402. 
ANASTASIUS II., pope after Gelaslus, died 
496. 
ANASTASIUS III., pope after Sergius III., 
eminent for his wisdom, died two years after his 
election, 913. 
ANASTASIUS IV., pope, a charitable and 
humane man ; he died 1154. 
ANASTASIUS, contested the papacy with 
Benedict III., and not succeeding, he died inob 
scurity. 
ANASTASTUS, Bibliothecarius, a learned 
jGreek of the 9th century, librarian of the church 
of Rome, and abbot of St. Mary beyond the 
Tyber. 
ANASTASIUS, Sinaite, a monk of Mount 
• Sinai, in the 7th century. 
i ANASTASIUS, Tlieopolitanus, bishop of 
Antioch: he was banished from his see, and 
i restored 593 ; he died 6 years after. 
ANATOLIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, 
• died 458. 
ANATOLIUS, bishop of Laodicea, about 
i 259; eminent for his knowledge of arithmetic 
r and geometry. 
I ANAXAGOR AS, one of the most celebrated 
philosophers of antiquity, born at Clazomena-. 
, in Ionia, about 450 B. C. He placed the supreme 
■ good of human life in contemplation. 
ANAXANDRIDES, king of Sparta, about 
• 550 B. C., father to Cleomcnes and Leonidas. 
t ANAXANDRIDES, a comic noet of Rhodes 
, about 350 B. C. 
26  AN 
ANAXAttCHUS, a philosopher of Abdera, 
put to death by the king of Cyprus. 
ANAX1LAUS, a Pythagorean philosopher of 
the age of Augustus. 
ANAXIMANDER, a philosopher of Miletus, 
died 547 li. C. 
ANAXIMENES, the pupil and successor of 
Anaximander, lived 550 li. C. 
ANAXIMENES, a historian, who accompa- 
nied Alexander the Great in his expedition; 
he wrote a history of Greece. 
ANC11ARANO, Peter, a native of Bologna, 
author of books on the civil and canon law, 
died 1417. 
ANCHARANO, James, a writer of theology. 
ANCILLON, David, aprotestant divine, born 
at Metz, eminent for his learning, piety, and 
eloquence, died at Berlin, 1692. 
ANCILLON, Charles, son of David, inspec- 
tor of the French courts of justice in Berlin, 
and historiographer to the king, died 1751. 
ANCKVV1TZ, a native of Poland, ambassa- 
dor to Denmark, accused of betraying his coun- 
try to Russia, and executed 1794. 
ANCOURT, Florer.-Carton d’, an eminent 
French actor and dramatic writer, born at Fon- 
tainbleau, 1661; he died 1726, having written 
fifty-two plays. 
ANGUS MARTIES, fourth king of Rome, 
extended the boundaries of his kingdom, and 
built Ostia, died 646 B. C. 
ANDERSON, Alexander, professor of mathe- 
matics at Paris in the 16th century. 
ANDERSON, Andrew, a printer, who ob- 
tained from Charles II. the exclusive privilege 
of printing in Scotland for 41 years. 
ANDERSON, Adam, author of a valuable 
treatise on trade and commerce, died 1775. 
ANDERSON, James, D. D. minister of a 
Scotch Presbyterian church in London. 
ANDERSON, James, Esq. advocate and clerk 
of the Scotch parliament, and author of an able 
vindication of its independence, died 1712. 
ANDERSON, John, A. M. an able and popu- 
lar preacher, and minister of Dumbarton, died 
1720. 
ANDERSON, Sir Edmund, made lord chief 
justice of the common pleas in 1582. He was 
a very strict lawyer, and governed himself en- 
tirely by statutes ; for we have his express de- 
claration, that he neither expected precedents 
in all cases, nor would he he hound by them 
where he saw that they were not founded upon 
justice, but would act as if there were no such 
precedents. Of this we have a proof from the 
reports in his time, published by Mr. Goldesbo- 
rough: “ The case of Resceit was moved again; 
and Shuttleworth said, that he could not be re- 
ceived, because he was named in the writ; and 
added, that he had searched all the books, and 
there xvas not one case where he who is named 
in the writ may be received.’’-“What of that 1” 
said Judge Anderson ; “ shall we not give judg- 
ment because it is not adjudged in the books be- 
fore 1 we will give judgment according to rea- 
son ; and if there be no reason in the books, I 
will not regard them.”—He held his office to 
the time of his death, which happened August 
1, 1605. 
ANDERSON, John, a native of Hamburgh, 
and a' thorof a natural history of Iceland, &c. 
died 1743. 
ANDERSON, James, a celebrated British 
w riter on commerce, died 1764. 
ANDERSON, George, an English self-taught 
i»»thematician, born at Westou. -’u Bucking- 
~ AN 
ijhainshire, in 1760. His parents were peasants, 
| and lie was obliged to work as a day-iabourer. 
(Having at length attracted the attention of a 
(worthy clergyman, lie was by him sent to a 
grammar-school, and afterwatds to New Col- 
liege, Oxford, where he took the degree of 51. A. 
He also entered into deacon’s orders, but never 
qualified jis a priest, having obtained a clerk- 
ship at tiie board of control under Mr. Hundas. 
He tianslated, from the Greek of Archimedes, 
“ Arenarius, a treatise on measuring the sands,” 
and “ A general view of the vaiialions which 
have taken place in the affairs of the East In- 
dia Company since the conclusion of the war 
in India in 1784,” and died April 20, 1796. 
ANDERSON, Larz, a minister of Gustavus 
Vasa, a man of great abilities, and chancellor 
of Sweden; he introduced Lutheranism into 
(Sweden. 
| AN DERSON, Dr. James, an indefatigable and 
'able w riter on agriculture, political economy, 
(and other subjects of general interest; he was 
(born in 1739, at Hermiston, near Edinburgh, 
(and died at West Ham, in Essex, 1108. liis 
(literary productions are very numerous, and a 
(correct list of them will be found in the Gentle- 
man’s Magazine, Ixxviii. 1053; among which 
It he principal are, “ Essays relating to Agricul- 
Iture, and Rural Aff airs,” 3 vols. 8vo. “ The 
(Bee,” 18 vols. 8vo. “Recreations in Agricul- 
ture, 6 vols. 8vo. 1802. His style is copious, 
and sometimes prolix, but alw ays perspicuous 
land guarded. His manners were gentlemanly 
land unconstrained, and his conversation w as 
(pleasant, and well stored with anecdotes. 
AN DIE It DES ROCHERS, John, a French 
engraver of great merit and industry, born at 
Lyons, died 1741. 
ANDOCIDES, an Athenian orator, lived 460 
B.C. 
ANDRADA, DiegodePayvad’, aPortuguese, 
an eloquent preacher, and acute reasoner, much 
admired for his learning and judgment, lived 
about 1562. 
ANDRADA, Francis d’, brother to the above, 
historiographer to Philip III. of Spain. 
ANDRADA, Thomas d’, reformer of theAu- 
gustines; be was taken prisoner in Africa, where 
he chose to remain, to console Ins fellow’ slaves. 
ANDRADA, Anthony d’, a Portuguese Je- 
suit, who, when a missionary, discovered Thi- 
Ibet and Cathay; he died 1634. 
ANDRE, Nathaniel St., an English surgeon, 
the friend of Pope, died 1776. 
ANDRE, John, aid de camp to Sir Henry 
Clinton, an adjutant general of the British ar- 
my in America, in the war of the revolution : 
he w as taken as a spy, when negotiating with 
Arnold, about the surrender of West Point, and 
hung. He was distinguished for his talents and 
elegance of manners, and died much lamented, 
both by friend and foe, aged 29. 
ANDREAS, JameF, an eminent Lutheran di- 
vine, chancellor and rector of the university of 
Tubingen; his waitings were numerous and 
much esteemed ; he died 15S0. 
ANDREAS, John, a famous canonist of the 
14th century, born at Mugello, near Florence. 
We are told w’onderful things concerning the 
austerity of his life; as, that he macerated his 
body with prayer and fasting, and lay upon the 
bare ground for 20 years together, covered only 
with a bear skin ; and this is attested by very 
good authors.—Andreas had a beautiful daugh 
ter, named Novella, whom ho loved extremely • 
and he is said to have instructed her so wTell.»» 
27  AN 
all parts of learning, that when he was engaged? 
in any affair which hindered him from reading] 
lectures to his scholars, he sent his daughter in] 
his room : when, lest her beauty should prevent! 
the attention of the hearers, she had a little cur- 
tain drawn before her. To perpetuate the me-1 
mory of this daughter, he entitled his commen-j 
tary upon the Decretals of Gregory IX. “ The 
Novellas.” Andreas died of the plague at Bo- 
logna, in 1348, after he had been a professor 45 
years, and was buried in the church of the Do- 
minicans. 
ANDREAS, John Valentine, a German Pro- 
testant divine, died 1654. 
ANDREAS, John, was born a Mahometan, at 
Xativa, in the kingdom of Valencia, and suc- 
ceeded his father in the dignity of alfaqui of 
that city. Ho was enlightened with the know- 
ledge of the Christian religion by being present 
at a sermon in the great church of Valencia, on 
the day of the Assumption of the blessed Virgin, ! 
in 1417. Upon this he desired to be baptized; 
and in memory of the calling of St. John ami 
St. Andrew, he took the namesof John Andreas, i 
At the desire of Martin Garcia, bishop of Bar- ; 
celona, he composed his famous work of “ The | 
Confusion of the Sect of Mahomet.” It con- | 
tains 12 chapters, wherein he has collected the 
fabulous stories, impostures, forgeries, brutali- 
ties, follies, obscenities, absurdities, impossibili- 
ties, lies, and contradictions which Mahomet, in 
order to deceive the simple people, has dispersed 
in the writings of that sect, and especially in the 
Koran. This book, which was published at first1 
in Spanish, iias been translated into several lan- 
guages; and all those who write against the 
Mahometans quote it very much. 
ANDRE/E, John Gerhard Reinhard, an apo- 
thecary of Hanover, who travelled over differ- j 
ent countries to increase his knowledge of chy- 
inistry and botany, died 1793 
ANDREINI, Isabella, an actress of Padua, j 
and a poetess, eminent for her wit, beauty, and 
genius, died 1604. 
ANDRELINUS, Publius Faustus, a native of I 
Italy, professor of philosophy at Paris, and poet ] 
laureat to Lewis XII. and his queen, died 1518. 
ANDREW, St., a fisherman of Galilee, and 
disciple of John the Baptist; he preached the 
gospel in Scythia, and was there put to death 
on the cross. 
ANDREW, a native of Damascus, bishop of 
Aleria, in Crete, and author of commentaries , 
on the Scriptures, died 720. 
ANDREW, a sculptor, architect, painter, and j 
musician, of Pisa, died 1330. 
ANDREW, bishop of Samosata, in the 5th ] 
century. 
ANDREW, John, secretary to the vaticani, 
and bishop of Aleria, in Corsica, died 1493. 
ANDREW, of Ratisbon, author of a history 
of Bohemia, &c., in the 15th century. 
ANDREW, Tobias, defender of the Carte- 
sian philosophy, and professor of Greek and his- 
tory, at Groningen, died 1676. 
ANDREW DEL SARTO, a painter of Flo- 
rence, and favourite of Francis I. of France, 
distinguished as a copyist, died 1530. 
ANDREW, Valerius, of Brabant, professor 
of civil law at Louvain, was living 1652. 
ANDREW, Ives Mary, a professor of ma- 
thematics at Caen; a man of great learning, 
Whose poetry was much admired; he died 1764. 
ANDREW I., king of Hungary, compelled his! 
subjects to embrace Christianity ; he was killed 
in battle in 1053. ' 1 
AN 
[I ANDREW II., king of Hungary ; he was in 
;i the crusades, and displayed great valour in bat- 
: tie ; he attempted to meliorate the condition of 
| his subjects, aud died 1235. 
!j ANDREW III., king of Hungary, was op- 
jl posed in his claims to the throne, and involved 
| in a civil war during his reign ; he died 1305. 
ANDREW, king of Naples, son toCharober* 
king of Hungary, was assassinated with tin 
connivance of his queen, 1345. 
ANDREWS or ANDREWE, Eusebius, ai 
English barrister, and colonel in the army of 
Charles 1., was beheaded by Cromwell in 1G50 
ANDREWS, John, D. D., professor of moral 
philosophy in, and afterwards provost of, the 
uiiiversity of Pennsylvania, died 1813. 
ANDREWS, Henry, a self-taught mathema- 
tician, was born of poor parents at Frieston, 
near Grantham, 1774. He commenced life as a 
servant, afterwards kept a school at Royston, 
|and united to that the business of a bookseller. 
| For more than 40 years he was the computer 
|of the Nautical ephemeris, ami calculator of 
[Moore’s almanac. He died Jan. 26, 1820. 
J ANDREWS, James Petit, a miscellaneous 
writerof considerable learning and talents, was 
born near Newbury, Berks, in 1737; and died 
in London, Aug. 6, 1797. His first work was 
one of uncommon pleasantry and humour, enti- 
tled “Anecdotes, ancient and modern,with obser 
N ations,” 8vo., 1789, 1790. His best work, how- 
ever, was “ The history of Great Britain, con- 
nected with the chronology of Europe, with 
notes, &c., containing anecdotes of the times, 
lives of the learned, and specimens of their 
| works, from Catsar’s invasion to the accession 
iof Edward VI.” 2 vols. 4to., 1794, 1795. It is 
much to be regretted that he did not live to com- 
:plete this work. Sir. Andrews also published, 
in 1796, a continuation of “ Henry’s history of 
|Great Britain,” 1 vol. 4to. and 2 vols. 8vo. He 
was, in the latter part of his life, one of the 
magistrates of the police-office, Queen Square, 
j Westminster. 
| ANDREWS, Lancelot, bishop of Winches- 
| ter, in the reigns of Janies I. and Charles I., was 
born in London, in 1565. There is a pleasant 
j story related of him while he was bishop of 
Winchester, in the life of Waller the poet, who, 
:going to see the king at dinner, overheard a 
|very extraordinary conversation between his 
| majesty, the bishop of Winchester, and Neale, 
bishop of Durham. These two prelates, stand- 
ing behind the king’s chair, his majesty asked 
them; “ my lords,” said he, “ cannot I take my 
subjects’ money when I want it, without all this 
formality in parliament'!” The bishop of Dur- 
ham readily answered, “ God forbid, sir, but 
you should; you are the breath of our nostrils.” 
Whereupon the king turned, and said to the 
bishop of Winchester, “ well, my lord, what 
say you'?” “ Sir,” replied the bishop, “ I have 
no skill to judge of parliamentary cases.” The 
king answered, “ no put-offs, my lord; answer 
me presently.” “Then, sir,” said he, “ I think 
it lawful for you to take my brotherNeale’s mo- 
ney, for he offers it.” This great prelate died 
at Winchester-house, in Southwark, September 
27, 1626, having written many excellent reli- 
gious tracts, particularly “ A manual of private 
devotions and meditations for every day in the 
weekand “ A manual of directions for the 
visitation of the sick.” 
ANDREEVS, Miles Peter, a dramatic writer 
of some consideration in his day, and member 
in parliament for Bewdley, died, after a few 
28  AN 
days’ illness, July 18, 1814. By the death of tils] 
Drotlier he had succeeded to a share in the cele- 
brated manufactory of gunpowder at Dartford; 
and purchased the noble mansion built by Lord 
Grenville, facing the Green Park. His death 
was so unexpected, that lie had sent out above; 
200 cards of invitation to ladies to see the me- 
morable fireworks in the Green Park, from bis 
windows. He left property estimated at 110,000/. j 
ANDRISCUS, an impostor, who pretended! 
to be the sou of Perseus, king of Macedon; lie! 
reigned a short time, and was put to death by 
order of the senate, 147 B. C. 
ANDROMACHUS, a Cretan, physician to the 
emperor Nero. 
ANDRONICUS I. was seated on the throne! 
of Constantinople, as emperor, in 1183, and af-| 
terwards put to death for his cruelties. 
ANDRONICUS, Palaiologus If., succeeded 
his father, Michael VIII., and, after a feeble and 
turbulent reign, was banishud, and died in a 
monastery, in 1322. 
ANDRONICUS, Palteologus III., grandson! 
of the preceding, a bold, warlike, and enterpris- 
ing prince, died 1341. 
ANDRONICUS IV., was seated with his fa- 
ther on the throne of Constantinople, and died 
in exile. 
AN DRONICUS, founder of a sect of the same 
name; he maintained that the upper part of 
woman was the work of God; but the lower 
the work of the devil. 
ANDRONICUS, of Thessalonica, teacher of 
Greek at Paris, Rome, and Florence, died 1478.| 
ANDRONICUS, Livius, the oldest of the Ro- 
man dramatists. lived about 240 B. C. 
ANDRONICUS, Cyrestes, an Athenian, in-1 
ventor of weather-cocks, and architect of tliej 
famous octagon temple at Athens. 
AN DRONICUS, a Rhodian philosopher, lived; 
about 03 B. C. 
ANDROS8, Edmund, sir, governor of New- 
York in 1674, and of New England in 1080; he 
was odious and tyrannical in his administration, 
and was seized by the people and sent to Eng- 
land, but never tried; he came over as 
of Virginia, 1092, and died in London, 1714, at 
an advanced age. 
ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, James, a 
French architect of the 10th century. 
ANDRY, Nicholas, a native of Lyons, pro- 
fessor of philosophy, and dean of the faculty of 
medicine at Paris, died 1742. 
ANEAU, Bartholomew, principal of the col- 
lege at Lyons, murdered by the catholics in 1565. 
ANELLO, Thomas, vulgarly called Massani- 
ello, was a poor fisherman of Naples, born in 
1623. Having headed the malcontents in an in-j 
surrection at Naples, caused by the viceroy’s! 
laying a new tax on fruit, fish, &c., in 1647, he 
occasioned the most shocking disturbances in' 
that city, murdering a great many people, and! 
among the rest the duke of Caraffa. He ordered! 
many gibbets and wheels for torture to be set 
up, and was followed by ten or twelve hangmen 
to execute his orders. After this sedition had; 
continued, with all kinds of barbarity, for ten 
days, it was suppressed by four gentlemen 
Knocking the traitor on the head. His corpse! 
was dragged about the streets with all the scorn; 
and contempt imaginable. His head, being 
then cut off, was thrown into one ditch, and hi3! 
bod v into another. 
VNEfJRiN, an ancient Bririsli poet, died 
about 570, supposed by some to be the same as 
the venerable Hildas. 
AN 
ANGE DE ST. JOSEPH, le Pere, a Carme- 
lite, of Toulouse, and missionary in Persia, died 
1097. 
ANGE DE STE. ROSALIE, a learned An 
gustine, author of a history of the royal family 
of France, died 1728. 
ANGEL1, Bonaventure, a native of Ferrara, 
professor of law, and writer of a history of Par 
ma, died 1570. 
ANGELI, Baldus, an Italian physician of :t» 
16th century. 
ANGELI, Peter, a Latin poet of Tuscany, 
and professor at Pisa, died 1590. 
I ANGELIC, John, a celebrated painter, of 
Fiezola, died 1455. 
I ANGELIS, Dominico de, an eminent scholar, 
j of Lecce, in Otranto, who wrote on historical 
subjects, died 1719. 
ANGELO. See MICHAEL. 
ANGELO, Thomas de, an ecclesiastic, author 
of a history of Sicily for the lirst live centuries, 
I died 1720. 
' ANGELONI, Francis, author of an Augustan 
history, by medals, from J. Casar to Constantine, 
died 1052. 
ANGELUS, Christopher, a learned Greek, 
driven from home by the Turks, became a 
teacher of Greek in England, and died in 
1038. 
ANGIER, Samuel, a native of Dedham, au- 
thor of tracts on theological subjects, died 1677, 
ANGILBERT, St., the minister and favourite, 
and afterwards the son-in-law of Charlemagne; 
an elegant poet and able statesman, died 814. 
ANGIOLELLO, author of a history of Ma- 
homet I., in the Italian and Turkish tongue, 
after having been a slave, died after 1473. 
ANGLICUS, Gilbertus, physician to the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, died at the close of the 
13th century. 
ANGLICUS, Ricardus, an eminent English 
physician and author on medicine, died 1230. 
ANGLUS, Thomas, an English priest, emi- 
nent for his learning, and his attachment to the 
peripatetic philosophy, died after the reign of 
Charles I. 
ANGU1ER, Francis and Michael, two bro- 
thers, natives of Normandy, of great merit as 
sculptors, the former died 1099, the latter 1086 
ANGUILLARI, John Andre del’, an Italian 
poet of the 16th century. 
ANGUSCIOLA, Sophonisba, a native of Al- 
mona, in Italy, eminent for her historical and 
portrait paintings, died 1026. 
ANlCETUS, pope of Rome 157, suffered mar- 
tyrdom under Marcus Aurelius, 168. 
ANICH, Peter, born near Inspruek, an in- 
genious mechanic, much esteemed for his know- 
ledge of astronomy, died 1760 
ANICHINI, Lewis, a Venetian engraver of 
great celebrity. On seeing his pieces, Michae 
Angelo is said to have exclaimed, that the art 
of engraving had reached the summit of perfec- 
tion, time of his death not known. 
AN1ELLO, Thomas, vid. ANELLO. 
ANKERSTAOOM, John James, a Swedish 
officer who murdered Gustavus, king of Sweden, 
for which he was executed, 1792. 
ANNA, Comnena. See COMNENA. 
ANNA, Ivanovna, daughter of Ivan Alexio- 
vitch, emperor of Russia, married William 
duke of Courland, and Peter II. 1730 
She died 1740. 
ANN. VXD, William, A. M., a native of Edin 
!b irth, was made dean of Kaphoe, in Ireland, 
irni died 1710. " AN 
ANN AT, Francis, a native of Rouergue, of 
the order of the Jesuits, teacher of philosophy 
at Toulouse, died at Paris 1070. 
ANNE, of Austria, daughter of Philip II. of 
Spain, married Lewis XIII., and was the mo- 
ther of Lewis XIV.; she died 1006. 
ANNE, of Beaujcu, daughter of Lewis XII. 
of France, married the duke of Bourbon, and 
was regent during the minority of her brother, 
Charles VIII.; she died at Chantelle, 1522. 
ANNE, of Brittany, first married Maximilian 
of Austria, next Charles VIII. of France, and 
afterwards Lewis XII.; she died 1514. 
ANNE, of Cleves, daughter of John III., 
duke of Cleves, was married to Henry VIII., 
but was soon divorced, and returned to Cleves; 
she died 1557. 
ANNE, daughter of James II., succeeded 
William 111. as queen of England. Inl683,she 
married prince George of Denmark, and died 
1714. 
ANNE, dutchess of the Viennois, after the 
death of her brother John I., defended her rights 
against the claims of Robert, duke of Burgundy; 
she died 1296. 
ANNE, of Ferrara, daughter of Hercules II., 
duke of Ferrara, married Francis, duke of 
Guise. She was for some time imprisoned at 
Blois. 
ANNE, of Russia, married Henry I., king of 
France, and afterwards Raoul, a relation of her 
first husband. 
ANNE, of Cyprus, married Lewis, duke of 
Savoy; she showed herself able, active, and 
discriminating, at the head of public affairs, and 
died 1462. 
ANNE, of Hungary, married Ferdinand of 
Austria, and placed him on the throne of Bohe- 
mia ; she died 1547. 
ANNE, De Gonzague, wife of Edward, Count 
Palatine, died 1684, and was honoured with a 
eulogium by Bossuet. 
aN.NEBAUT, Claude d’, of an ancient fami- 
ly in Normandy, distinguished himself for his 
bravery and wisdom, and died 1552. 
ANNEIX DE SOUVENEL, Alexis Francis, 
a learned advocate of the parliament of Britta- 
ny, died 1758. 
ANNESLEY, Samuel, L. L. D., a native of 
Cumberland, died 1696. It is said John Wesley 
was his grandson by the mother’s side. 
ANNESLEY, Arthur, earl of Anglesey, and 
lord privy seal in the reign of king Charles II., 
born 1614, died 1686. At the sale of his books 
after his decease, a discovery was made of the 
earl’s famous memorandum, in the blank leaf 
of an Eikon Basilike ; according to which, it 
was not king Charles I., but bishop Gauden, 
who was the author of that performance, which 
produced a long controversy. 
ANNIUS, de Viterbo, a Dominican, whose 
real name was John Nauni, master of th sa- 
cred palace of Alexander VI.; he died 1502. 
ANQ.UETIL, Lewis Peter, a French historian 
of eminence, prior of an abbey in Anjou, and 
director of the college of Senlis. His writings 
are numerous ; he died in 1908. 
ANGUETIL DU PERRON, Abraham Hya 
cinth, a native of Paris, enlisted as a common 
soldier in an expedition fitting out for India, that 
he might there pursue his favourite study of 
Oriental literature; he published several works 
connected with that pursuit, and died 1805. 
ANSCHARII'S, a Frenchman, bishop of 
Hamburgh and Bremen, celebrated for 'he suc- 
cess of his preaching, died 865. 
AN 
ANSEGISUS, auhot of Lobbes, in the dio 
cess of Carnliray, a man of great learning and 
application, died &)3. 
ANSEGISUS, a learned priest of Rlieitns, 
made archbishop of Sens, died 883. 
ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury in the 
reigns of William Rufus and Henry 1., born 
1033, at Aost, in Savoy, died at Canterbury 1109. 
lie was the lirsi archbishop who restrained the 
English clergy from marrying, and was cano- 
nized in the reign of Henry VII. 
ANSELM, an Augustine monk, author of a 
chronological history of France, died 1094. 
ANSELM, Anthony, distinguished as a preach- 
er and a poet, died 1737. 
ANSER, a Latin poet, the friend of Antony, 
in the age of Horace and Virgil. 
ANSON, Peter Hubert, a French writer, mein 
ber of the national assembly, and farmer of the 
post, died 1810. 
ANTSON, George, lord, was the son of Wil- 
liam Anson, Esq., of Shutborough, a very an- 
cient and worthy family in Staffordshire, and 
was born in 1700. On the breaking out of the 
Spanish war he was appointed to command a 
fleet of five ships, destined to annoy the enemy 
in that dangerous and unfrequented sea which 
lies beyond America, and in that unexpected 
quarter to attack them with vigour. His depar- 
ture being unaccountably delayed some months 
beyond the proper season, he sailed about the 
middle of September, 1740; and about the ver- 
nal equinox, in the most tempestuous weather, 
arrivedin the latitude of Cape Horn. Redoubled 
that dangerous cape in the month of March, 
1741, after a bad passage of 40 days, in which 
he lost two ships, and by the scurvy, four or five 
men in a day. He arrived off Juan Fernandes 
in June, with only two ships, besides two at- 
tendants on the squadron, and 335 men. He left 
it in September, took some prizes, burnt Paita, 
and staid about the coast of America till May, 
1742. He then crossed the southern ocean, pro- 
ceeding with the Centurion only, the other ships 
having been destroyed in August. Having re- 
freshed his crew at Tinian, he sailed in October 
for China; staid there till the beginning of 
1743 ; waited for the galleon at the Philippine 
Islands, met her on the 20lh of June, and took 
her. Having sold the prize in China, he set sail 
for England, December 1743, and on the 15th of 
June, 1744, arrived at Spithead, having sailed 
in a fog through the midst of a French fleet then 
cruising in the channel. In lf47, being then on 
board the Prince George of 90 guns, in company 
with Admiral Warren and twelve ships more, 
he intercepted off Cape Finisterre a powerful 
fleet, bound from France to the East and West 
Indies; and by his valour and conduct again 
enriched himself and his officers, and strength- 
ened the British navy, by taking six men of war 
and four East Indiamen, not one of them escap- 
ing. The French admiral, M. Jonquiere, on 
presenting his sword to the conqueror, said, 
“ Monsieur, vous avez vaincu l’lnvincible, et la 
Gloire vous suit,” pointing to the two ships so 
named. King George II., for his signal services, 
rewarded him with a peerage, by the title of 
Lord Anson, baron of Sobarton, in Hants. He 
died suddenly at his seat at Moor Park, in Hert- 
fordshire, June 6,1702. His natural disposition 
was calm, cool, and steady: but it is reported, 
that this honest, undesigning seaman was fie 
quently a dupe at play; and it was wittily ob- 
served of him, that he had been round the world, 
but never in it. See ROBINS. AN 
ANSTEY, Christopher, a lively, but not vo- 
luminous poet, born at Trunipington, in Cam- 
bridgeshire, 1724, died at Hardenhuish, near 
Chippenham, Wilts, August 3, 1805, in his 81st 
year. Mr. Anstey was author of several short 
poems; but is principally known as the inventor 
of a new and diverting species of poetry, of 
which, however, he has left but one specimen 
of any length, which is, “The New Bath Guide,” 
or, “ Memoirs of the B[lunderheajd family. He 
was educated at King’s College, Cambridge, and 
intended for the church ; but inheriting, some- 
what unexpectedly, a moderate fortune, he re- 
signed all thoughts of a clerical life, and passed 
the greater part of his time at Bath. A monu- 
ment is erected to his memory in the Poet’s cor- 
ner of Westminster Abbey, by the filial affec- 
tion of liis son. 
ANST1S, John, an able herald and antiquary, 
and a very eminent writer, on heraldic subjects, 
born at St. Neot’s, in Cornwall, 1609, died 1744. 
ANTAGOltAS, a Rhodian poet, in the ser- 
vice of Antigonus of Macedon. 
ANTELMI, Joseph, a canon of Frejus, in 
Provence, author of some theological tracts, 
died 1097. 
ANTES, John, a native of America, educated 
ill Germany, a Moravian missionary to Abys- 
sinia, died 1811. 
ANTESIGNAN, Peter, a native of Rabas- 
tiens in the Kith century, author of a grammar, 
and editor of Terence. 
ANTHEMIUS, Procopius, was killed by his 
son-in-law Ricimur, 472. 
ANTHEMIUS, an architect of Lydia, in the 
6tli century. 
ANTHONY, St., the founder of monastic 
life, was born at Coma, in Egypt, 251. Two 
orders of chivalry have been instituted under 
liis nume. 
ANTHONY, Francis, was born in London. 
He was a famous empiric, and died 1623. 
ANTHON Y, John, son of the above, succeeded 
his father as proprietor of his medicine, and died 
1655. 
ANTHONY, king of Navarre, a weak and 
Irresolute prince, died 1562. 
ANTHONY, titular king of Portugal; he was 
obliged to fly from liis dominions, and died at 
Paris, 1595. 
ANTHONY, illegitimate son of Philip, duke 
of Burgundy, distinguished for liis valour, died 
1504. 
ANTHONY, a native of Andalusia. Vide 
ANTONIUS, called Nebrissensis. 
ANTHONY, Paul Gabriel, a learned Jesuit, 
born lit Luneville, died 1743. 
ANTHONY, a Sicilian, who set fire to the 
arsenal at Gallipoli. 
ANTHONY, N., an architect from Switzer- 
land, who settled in Paris, died 1801. 
ANTHONY, of Padua, a Franciscan monk, 
who taught in the Italian universities, died 1231. 
ANTHONY, of Pratovecchio, a lavvyer of 
Tuscanv, professor at Bologna, died 1464. 
ANTHONY, St., professor of divinity at Tou- 
louse, Montpelier, and Padua, died 1231. 
ANTHONY, a native of Palermo, a poet and 
writer, died 1471. 
ANTHONY, of Messina, called also Anto- 
nello, the first Italian wiio painted in oil, about 
143(1. 
ANTIGEN IDES, a Theban musician. 
ANTIGONUS 1., a Macedonian general, who 
was slain at the battle of losus, 301 B. C. 
ANTIGONUS, Gonatua, grandson of the 
AN 
above, remarkable for liis affection to his fa- 
ther ; lie died -243 B. C. 
ANTIGONUS, Doson, king of Macedonia, 
took Sparta, aud defeated the Illyrians; he died 
22] B. C. 
ANTIGONUS, Carvstius, a Greek philoso- 
pher, about 300 years B. C. 
ANTIGONUS, Sochteus, founder of the sect 
of the Sadducees, about 300 B C. 
ANTIGONUS, son of Aristobulus II., king 
of Judea, was led in triumph by Potnpey, and 
put to death 27 B. C. 
ANTIMACHO, Mark Anthony, a native of 
Mantua, author of some Latin poems, died 1552. 
ANTIMACHUS, a Greek poet, author of the 
Theliaid, or war of Thebes, 408 B. C. 
ANTINE, Maur Francois d', born at Gou- 
vieux, in Liege, he was celebrated for his 
piety, and died 1746. 
ANTIOGHUS I., succeeded his father Seleu- 
cus, on the throne of Antioch ; he died 261 B. C. 
ANTIOCHUS II., surnamed Theos, lost his 
dominions by the revoit of the Parthians; he 
died 264 B. C. 
ANTIOCHUS III., or Great, he was at first 
successful, but was finally conquered by the Sci 
pios, and died 187 B. C. 
ANTIOCHUS IV., son of the Great, succeeded 
after his brother Philopater, and died 165 B. C. 
ANTIOCHUS V. was slain by Demetrius, in 
the second year of his reign. 
ANTIOCHUS, Sidetes, obtained the crown 
of Syria, and was slain in battle, 130 B. C. 
ANTIOCHUS, Grypus, son of Sidetes, fell 
by the hand of one of his subjects, 97 B. C. 
ANTIOCHUS, a stoic philosopher of Aska- 
lon, 100 B. C. 
ANTIOCHUS, a monk of the 7th century, 
and author of homilies on the Scriptures. 
ANTIPATEK, one of Alexander’s generals, 
died 318 B. C. 
ANTIPATER, a stoic philosopher of Sidon. 
ANTIPATER,Ltelius Cad., a Latin historian. 
ANTIPATER, a Jew, minister to Hyrcamis, 
the brother of Aristobulus. 
ANTIPATER, a bishop of Bostra, in Arabia, 
in the 5th century. 
ANTIPHILUS, a painter of eminence, and 
the rival of Apelles. 
ANTIPHON, an Athenian orator, and the 
first who laid down rules for that art; he was 
put to death 411 B. C. 
ANT1STHENES, a philosopher of Athens, 
founder of the sect of the Cynics. 
ANTOINETTE, queen of France. vid. 
MARIE. 
ANTONI, de Sceaux, a famous rope dancer 
on the French stage, uied 1732. 
ANTONIA, daughter of Mark Antony, mar- 
ried Drusus, and died in the reign of her grand- 
son, Caligula. 
ANTONIANO, Silvio, a man of great learn- 
ing, who raised himself from a low condition 
by his merit; his parents being so far from able 
to support him in his studies, that they them- 
selves stood in need of charity. He was born 
at Rome, in 1540, and made a quick ami most 
surprising progress in liis studies; for when he 
was but 10 years old, he could make verses upon 
any subject proposed to him; and those so ex- 
cellent, though pronounced extempore, that even 
a man of genius could not compose the like 
without a good dea! of time and pains. There 
was a proof given thereof at the table of the 
cardinal of Pisa, when lie gave an entertain 
muni one day to several other cardinals. Ales- 
31  AN 
nmler Farnese, taking a nosegay, gave it to this 
vuuth, desiring liim to present it to him of the 
company whom he thought most likely to be 
pope; he presented it to the cardinal do Medicis, 
and made a euiogium upon him in verse This 
cardinal, who was pope some years afterwards 
under the name of Pius IV., brought him to 
Rome, and made him professor of belles-lettres 
in the college at Rome lie was afterwards 
chosen rector of the college, and died 1C03. 
ANTONIDES, Vander Goes, John, a poet, 
born at Goes, in Zealand ; he died 1684. 
ANTONINUS, Pius, a celebrated Roman em- 
peror, succeeded Adrian, 128, and died 161. 
ANTONINUS PHILOSOPIIOS, Marcus Au- 
teliits, the Roman emperor, born at Rome, the 
26th of April, in the 121st year of the Christian 
era, and died on an expedition against the Mar- 
comanni, in the 19th year of his reign. The 
whole empire regretted his loss as a most valua- 
ble prince, and paid the greatest regard to his 
memory; he was ranked among the gods, and 
almost every person had a statue of him in his 
house. His book of “ Meditations” has been 
much admired by the best judges. 
ANTONINUS, a geographer, whose age is 
unknown. 
ANTONIO, Nicolas, canon of Seville, and 
author of “ Bibliotheca Hispanica,” in four 
volumes folio, died 1C84. 
ANTONIUS, Marcus, one of the greatest 
orators ever known at Rome. It was owing to 
him, according to Cicero, that Rome might boast 
herself a rival even to Greece itself in the art 
of eloquence. He defended among many others, 
Marcus Aqttilius; and moved the judges in so 
sensible a manner, by the tears he shed, and the 
scars he showed on the breast of his client, that 
lie carried his cause. He was unfortunately 
killed, during the disturbances raised at Rome 
by Marius and Cinna, in the year of Rome 66T. 
ANTONIUS, Marcus, the triumvir, was son 
of Antonius Creticus, by Julia, a noble lady of 
such merit, that Plutarch affirms her to have 
been “ comparable to the wisest and most vir- 
tuous ladies of that age.” Mark Antony, losing 
his father when young, launched out at once 
into all the excess of riot and debauchery, and 
wasted his whole patrimony before he had put on 
the manly gown. He afterwards went abroad 
to learn the art of war under Gabinius, who 
gave him the command of his horse in Syria, 
where he signalized his courage in the restora- 
tion of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. From Egypt 
he went to Ctesar, in Gaul; and after some stay 
there, being furnished with money and credit 
by Ctesar, returned to Rome to sue for the qmes- 
torship. In this suit he succeeded, and after- 
wards attained the tribunate, in which office he 
was amazingly active for Ctesar, tvho, when he 
had made himself master of Rome, gave Antony 
the government of Italy, with the command 
over the legions there; in which post he gained 
the love of the soldiery. But what was more 
to bis honour, he assisted Ctesar so successfully 
on several occasions, that, twice particularly, 
when Ca-sar’s army had been put to flight, he 
rallied the scattered troops, and gained the vic- 
tory : this raised his reputation so, that he was 
reckoned the next best general to Ctesar. After 
the defeat of Pompey, at Pharsalia, Ctesar, as 
an acknowledgment of Antony’s great servi- 
ces. made him master of the horse : in which 
office he behaved with violence; and this be- 
haviour, together with his dissolute life, (for he 
was drunken and debauched tothe'ast degree) 
A N 
was the reason why Osar, the next yea:, did 
not admit him his colleague in the consulship: 
he did, however, admit him two years after.— 
Upon the deaih of Cesar, Antony was notch 
frightened, and hid himself dining the night, un- 
der the disguise of a stave; but hearing that the 
conspirators had retired to the capitot, he assem- 
bled the senate as consul, to deliberate uj >n the 
present situation of the commonwealth. Iiete 
Cicero moved for a decree of a general amnesty, 
or act of oblivion, for all that had passed : io 
which they unanimously agreed. Antony dis- 
sembled well, for it was nothing but dissimula- 
tion : he seemed to be all goodness; talked of 
nothing but healing measures ; and, as a proof 
of his sincerity, moved that the conspirators 
should be invited to take part in .heir delibera- 
tions, and sent his son as a hostage for their 
safety. Upon this they all came down from the 
capitol; and, to crown the j< y of the day, Bru- 
tus supped with Lepidus, as Cassius did with 
Antony. Antony is said to have aski d Cassius, 
during supper, “ whether he still wine a dag. er 
under his gown.” “ Yes,” replit <! (.'assies, 
“ and a very large one, in case you invade the 
I sovereign power.” This \vas what Antony all 
the while aimed at; and, as the event showed, 
he pursued his measures with the greatest ad- 
dress He artfully proposed a decree for the 
confirmation of Ctesar’s acts; and, getting Cel- 
lar's register into his power, he proposed as 
Cesar's acts whatever suited his purpose. He 
procured a public funeral for Cesar, and took 
[that opportunity of haranguing the soldiers and 
[populace in his favoui ; and he inflamed them 
so against the conspirators, tl at Brutus mid Cas- 
sius were forced to leave the city. He made a 
tour through Italy, to solicit the veteran sol- 
diers, having first secured Lepidus, w ho had the 
army, to his interests ; he seized the public trea- 
sure, and treated Octavius with superciliousness 
and contempt, though the adopted son and heir 
of Julius Cesar. The patriots, however, with 
Cicero at their head, espousing Octavius, in or- 
der to destroy Antony, the latter was forced to 
change his measures, and look a little abroad ; 
he endeavoured to extort the provinces of Ma- 
cedonia and Syria front Brutus ami Cassius ; 
but, not succeeding, resolved to possess himself 
'of Cisalpine Gaul, and besiege Deciinus Brutus 
jin Mutina. This siege is one of the most nie- 
jmorable things of the kind in history; and, in 
conducting it, Antony, though defeated, gained 
very great reputation; the consuls Hirtius and 
Pansa were both slain ; and nothing hut superior 
[forces could have left Octavius master of the 
[field. Antony fled in great confusion, wanting 
[even the necessaries of life ; and this very man, 
who had hitherto wallowed in luxury and in- 
temperance, was obliged to live some days upon 
roots ami water. He fled to the Alps, and was 
received by Lepidus: with whom and Octavius 
he formed (lie 5?d triumvirate, as it has usually 
been called. When these three conferred, they 
would easily bo persuaded that the patriois 
wanted only to destroy them all, which could 
not be done so effectually as hy clashing them 
against one another, they therefore combined, 
proscribed their respective enemies, and divided 
the empire among theinselxes. Cicero fell a 
sacrifice to the resentment of Antony, who, in- 
deed, was charged with most of the murder 
then committed: but they were rather to he 
charged to the account of his wife Fulvia, who 
being a woman of avarice, cruelly, and revenge, 
committed a thousand enormities, of which kei AP 
husband was ignorant. Upon the defeat of 
Brutus and Cassius by Octavius and Antony, 
at Philippi, which was owing chiefly to the mi- 
litary skill and bravery- of the latter, Antony 
obtained the sovereign dominion, and went into 
Ar ia, where he had the most splendid court that 
ever was seen. The kings and princes of Asia 
came to his court, and acknowledged no other 
sovereign in the East but him. Queens and 
princesses, knowing him, doubtless, to be a man 
of amour and gallantry, strove who should win 
his heart; and the famous Cleopatra of Egypt 
succeeded. See CLEOPATRA. 
ANTONIUS, Marcus Junius, debauched Ju- 
lia, the daughter of Augustus, and killed him- 
self when his disgrace was made public. 
ANTONIUS, Liberalis, a Greek author, of 
whom little is known. 
ANTONIUS, Ilonoratus, bishop of Constan- 
tine, in Africa. 
ANTONIUS, called Nebrissensis, or Laxibra, 
was for five years a professor at Salamanca, 
and died 1522. 
ANTONY. Vid. ANTHONY. 
AN V ARI, called king of Ithorassan, a poet, 
died 1200. 
ANVILLE, John Baptiste Bourguignon d', a 
most famous French writer on geography, born 
at Paris, 1702, and died there 1782, as much es- 
teemed for the gentleness and simplicity of his 
manners as for his extensive knowledge. He 
laboured at his maps 15 hours a day for fifty 
years. 
ANYTA, a Greek poetess. 
ANYTUS, a rhetorician of Athens, who 
caused the death of Socrates. 
APELLES, one of the most celebrated pain- 
ters of antiquity, was bora in the isle of Cos, 
and flourished in the time of Alexander the 
Great. He was in high favour with that prince, 
who made a law that no other person should 
draw his picture but Apelles: he accordingly 
drew him holding a thunderbolt in his hand : 
the piece was finished with so much skill and 
dexterity, that it used to be said, there were two 
Alexanders: one invincible, the son of Philip; 
the other inimitable, the production of Apelles. 
Alexander gave him likewise another remarka- 
ble proof of his regard; for when he employed 
Apelles to draw Cainpaspe, one of his mistress 
es, having found that he had conceived an affec- 
tion for her, he resigned her to him ; and it was 
from her that Apelles is said to have drawn his 
Venus Anadyoinene. One of Apelles’ chief 
excellencies was, the making his pictures so 
exactly resemble the persons represented, that 
the physiognomists were able to form a judg- 
ment as readily from his portraits, as if they 
had seen the originals. 
APELLES, a heretic of Syria in the 2d cen- 
tury. 
APELLICON, a peripatetic philosopher, who 
was the means of preserving the works of Aris- 
totle, about 90 B. C. 
APRIL Marcus, a Roman orator, died 85. 
APHTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Antioch, in 
the 9d century. 
AP1CIUS. There were three ancient Romans 
of this name; all very eminent, not for genius, 
for virtue, for great or good qualities, but for 
gluttony: or, if we may soften the term, in 
compliance with the growing taste of the times 
we write in, for the art of refining in the science 
of eating. The first lived under Sylla, the se- 
cond under Augustus and Tiberius, and the 
third under Trajan. The second, however, is 
AP 
the most illustrious personage of the tlm 
and he kept a kind of school of gluttony at Koine, 
he spent two millions and a half in entertain 
merits ; when, rinding himself very much in 
debt, he was forced at length to look into the 
state of his affairs- and seeing that he had but 
250,000 livres left, he poisoned himself from an 
apprehension of being starved with such a sum. 
This man wrote a treatise, “De Re Culinaria.” 
APIEN, Peter, a mathematician oflngolstadt, 
died 1552. 
APIEN, Philip, son of the preceding, a phy 
sician, died 1589. 
APION, a famous grammarian, born at Oasis, 
in Egypt was a professor at Rome in the reign of 
Tiberius. He was undeniably a man of learning, 
but a downright pedant; for ire used to boast, 
with the greatest assurance, that he gave in- 
mortality to those to whom he dedicated his 
works. How would his vanity be mortified, 
if he knew that none of these works remain, 
and that his name and person would long ago 
have I een buried in oblivion, if other writers 
had not made mention of them 1 One of his 
chief works was “ The Antiquities of Egypt.” 
APOCAUCHUS, a Greek of mean origin, be 
came the favourite of the emperor Androuicus; 
he died 1945 
APOLLINARIS, C. Sulpit, professor of gram- 
mar, at Rome, in the 2d century. 
APOLLINARIUS, a presbyter of Alexandria, 
in the 4th century. 
APPOLLODORUS, the Athenian, a famous 
grammarian, son of Asclepiades, and disciple 
of Aristarchus. He wrote several works 
which are not extant: his most famous pro- 
ductions are mentioned in Fabricius’ “ Biblio- 
theca Graeca.” 
APOLLODORUS, a famous architect under 
Trajan and Adrian, was born at Damascus, and 
had the direction of that most magnificent bridge 
which the former ordered to be built over the 
Danube, in the year 104. He, however, fell a 
victim to the envy of the emperor Adrian, who 
always valued himself highly upon his know- 
ledge of arts and sciences, and hated every one 
of whose eminence in his profession he had rea- 
son to be jealous. 
APOLLODORUS, a painter of Athens, the 
rival of Zeuxis, 408 B. C. 
APOLLONIA, St., a martyr of Alexandria, 
248. 
APOLLONIUS, a Greek poet and rhetorician, 
born at Alexandria, under the reign of Ptolemy 
Evergetes, king of Egypt, was a scholar of Cal- 
limachus; and wrote a poem upon the expedi- 
tion of the golden fleece: the work is styled 
“ Argonautica,” and consists of four books. 
APOLLONIUS of Perga, a city of Painphy 
lia, a famous geometrician, who also lived urr 
der the reign of Ptolemy Evergetes, and com- 
posed several valuable works ; of which only, 
his“ Conics” remain. 
APOLLONIUS, a Pythagorean philosophet, 
born at Tyana, in Cappadocia, about the begin- 
ning of the 1st century. At 16 years of age, he 
became a strict observer of the rules of Pytha- 
goras, renouncing wine, women, and all sorts 
of flesh ; not wearing shoes, letting his hair 
grow and wearing nothing but linen. He soor 
after let up for a reformer of mankind, ant 
elms*, his habitation in the temple of /T'scula 
pins, where he is said to have performed many 
miraculous cures. 
APPOLLONIUS, a grammarian of Alexan 
dria, in the 2d century 
33  AQ 
APOLLONIUS, a Roman senator, who suf- 
fered martyrdom in the 2d century. 
APOLLONIUS, a stoic philosopher, precep- 
tor to the emperor Marcus Aurelius. 
APOLLONIUS, a grammarian, author of a 
lexicon on Homer, in the age of Augustus. 
APOLLONIUS COLLATIUS,Peter, apriest 
of Navarre, also an indifferent poet. 
Al’OLLOS, a Jew of Alexandria; he became 
a convert to Christianity, and his powers of 
preaching were more admired than those of 
Paul. 
AI’ONO, Peter d’, bom near Padua, studied 
at Paris, took his degrees in medicine and phi- 
losophy, was accused of magic, but died before 
the prosecution was completed, 1316. 
APOSTOLIUS, Michael, a learned Greek 
author, in the 15th century. 
APPIAN, an eminent historian, who wtote 
the Roman history in the Greek language, and 
flourished under the reigns of the emperors 
Trajan and Adrian. 
APPIAN, Peter, a mathematician. Vid. A- 
PIEN. 
APPLETON, Nathaniel, D. D., a distinguish- 
ed divine and minister of Cambridge, Mass. ; 
born at Ipswich, 1692; was fellow of the uni- 
versity for 00 years; received the second degree 
of doctor of divinity which the Cambridge uni- 
versity ever conferred; the first having been 
conferred on Increase Mather, 80 years before. 
His occasional sermons published were very 
numerous. 
APPLETON, Jesse, D. D., a student of theo- 
logy, under Dr. Lathrop, of Springfield, and 
president of Bowdoin college, Maine, died 1819. 
APRIES, king of Egypt, 594 B. C.; supposed 
by some to be the Pharaoh Ilophra of the Scrip- 
tures. 
APROSIO, Angelico, an Augustine, born at 
Ventimigila, in the Genoese, which lie adorned 
by a valuable collection of books; he died 1682. 
APULEIUS, Lucius, a Platonic philosopher, 
lived in the 2d century, under the Antonines, 
and was born at Madaura, a Roman colony in 
Africa. He was a man of a curious and inqui- 
sitive disposition, especially in religiousmatlcis, 
which prompted him to take several journeys, 
and to enter into several societies of religion. 
He spent almost his whole fortune in travelling. 
He was indefatigable, however, in his studies, 
and composed several books in prose and verse ; 
but most of them are lost. His “ Golden Ass” 
is the best of his works now extant. 
AQUAVIVA, Octavio, cardinal, legate, and 
archbishop of Naples; he died 1612. 
AQUAVIVA, Andrew Matth. d’, duke of 
Atri, and prince of Teramo, a Neapolitan noble- 
m m, who patronized literature ; he died 1615. 
AQUAVIVA, Claude, son of Andrew, go- 
vernor of the Jesuits, died 1615. 
AQUILA, a mathematician of Pontus; he 
translated the Bible from Hebrew into Greek. 
AQUILANO, Serasino, a native of Aquila, 
known bv his sonnets and other poetical trifles; 
he died 1500. 
AQUILANUS, Sebastian, an Italian physi- 
cian, whose real name isunknown • he was pro- 
fessor at Padua, and died 1543. 
4QUINAS, St. Thomas, a celebrated teacher 
of the school divinity in the universities of Italy, 
and commonly called the angelical doctor, was 
born in the castle of Aquino, in the Terra di 
Lavora, in Italy, a.rout the year 1224. In 1274 
he was sent for to the second council of Lyons, 
by pope Gregory X., that he might read before 
A It 
them a book which he had written against the 
Greeks at the command of Urban IV.; but lie 
fell sick on his journey, at the monastery of 
Fossanova, near Terracina, w here he died on 
the 7th of March, aged 50 years. Aquinas left 
a vast number of works, which have been re- 
peatedly printed in 17 volumes folio. 
AQUINO, Philip, a Jew, of Carper.tras, pro- 
fessor of Hebrew at Paris, died 1606. 
ARABSCHAII, author of a history of Ta- 
merlane, a Mohamedan historian of Damascus; 
he died 1450. 
ARAGON, Jane d’, wife of Ascanius Colona, 
illustrious for her virtues and fortitude; she 
died 1577. 
ARAM, Eugene, an Englishman of mean 
birth, but remarkable for his extraordinary abi- 
lities, and the singular circumstances attending 
his unhappy fate; he was born in Yorkshire, 
1704. He acquired considerable know ledge in 
the mathematics, the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, 
and Celtic languages, and many parts of polite 
literature, entirely-by his own industry. But, 
while employed in those learned labours, he 
committed a crime not to be expected in a man 
of his studious turn; as the only inducement that 
led him to it is said to have been gain, though 
he afterwards assigned jealousy of bis wife as 
the motive. In 1744 he murdered Daniel Clarke, 
which crime was concealed 14 years, and was 
then discovered by the accidental finding of a 
skeleton supposed to be that of Clarke. This 
was a mistake but it led to a discovery. He 
was apprehended cm suspicion, tried at York, 
in 1759, and found guilty on sufficient evidence, 
corroborated by the testimony of his own wife. 
His defence was uncommonly curious, and at 
once an evidence of his taste and erudition. 
After conviction, he confessed the justice of his 
sentence, and endeavoured to destroy himself 
by opening an artery in his arm with a razor. 
He was, however, executed, and hung in chains, 
in Knaresborougb forest. 
ARANTIUS, Julius, an Italian physician 
and anatomist, born at Bologna, died 1581. 
ARATUS, a Greek poet ai d astronomer, who 
flourished about the 124th Olympiad. 
ARATUS, a native of Sicyon, the deliverer 
of his country and promoter of the Achaan 
league, died 216 B. C. 
ARBOGATES, a Roman general, destroyed 
himself 394. 
ARBRISSEL, Robert'd’, a native of Brittany, 
founded the monastery of Fontevrault, and died 
1117. 
ARBUCKLE, James, M. A., a native of Glas- 
gow, who possessed some merit as a poet, died 
1734. 
ARBUTITNOT, Alexander, eminent for his 
learning and piety, died at Aberdeen, 1538. 
ARBUTF-INOT, Dr. John, a celebrated wit 
and physician in queen Anne’s reign, was the 
son of an episcopal clergyman in Scotland, near- 
ly allied to the noble family of that name. On 
his coming to London, his extensive learning 
and facetious and agreeable conversation intro- 
duced him by degrees into practice, and he be- 
came eminent in his profession. Being at Ep- 
som when prince George of Denmark was sud- 
denly taken ill, he was called in to his assistance. 
His advice was successful, and his highness, re- 
covering, employed him always afterwards as 
his physician. In consequence of this, upon the 
indisposition of Dr. Hannes, he was appointed 
physician in ordinary to queen Anne, in 1709. 
His gentle manners, polite learning, and excel 
34 AR 
lent talents, entitled him to an intimate corres- 
pondence and friendship with the celebrated! 
wits of his time. Pope, Swift, Gay, and Parnell. 
In 1727, lie published “ Tables of ancient Coins, 
Weights, and Measures.” in 4to. in J732, his 
“ Essay concerning the nature of Aliments,” 
Ire., was printed ; whicli was followed the year 
after by the “ Etfectsof Airon Human Bodies.” 
His other works were humorous and satirical 
pieces on various subjects. He died in London, 
February, 1735. 
ARC, Joan of. See JOAN. 
ARCADIUS, succeeded his father, the great 
Theodosius, as emperor of the East, and died 
408. 
ARCADIUS, an African bishop, was put to 
death because he opposed the Arians, 437. 
ARCERE, Anthony, a native of Marseilles, 
who was priest of tire oratory, died 1699. 
ARCERE, Lewis Etienne, known as a poet 
and historian, died 1781. 
ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, suc- 
ceeded Crates in iiis school.# He was born 316 
B. C. 
ARCHDALE, John, governor of Carolina in 
1695; he was instrumental in quieting the tu- 
mults of the colony about that period, and in- 
trod,need the first rice ever cultivated in the 
country. He died in England. 
ARCIIELAUS, son of Herod the great, king 
of Judea, succeeded to Half the kingdom of his 
father, lie died A. I). 6. 
ARCHELAUS, king of Macedonia after Per- 
diccas II., died about 398 B. C. 
ARCHELAUS, a philosopher, successor to 
Anaxagoras, at Lampsacus. 
ARCHELAUS, a bishop of Mesopotamia, 278, 
opposed the Manichseans. 
ARCHELAUS, a geographer in the age of 
Alexander. 
ARCH1 AS, a native of Antioch. Cicero spoke 
in his defence. 
ARCFIIDAMUS, king of Sparta after Agesi- 
laus, his father, 561 B. C. 
ARCHIGENES, a Greek physician in the age 
of Trajan. 
ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek poet, born in the 
isle of Paros, was the son of Telesicles; and, 
according to Mr. Bayle, flourished in the 26th 
Olympiad, or 690 years before Christ. His 
poetry abounded with the most poignant satire. 
This poet excelled chiefly in iambic verses, and 
wa~ the inventor of them, as appears from a 
passage in Horace, Ep. xix. lib. i. verse 23, &c. 
ARCHIMEDES, a celebrated geometrician, 
born at Syracuse, in Sicily, and related to Hiero, 
king of Syracuse. He was remarkable for his 
extraordinary application to mathematical stu- 
dies, in which he used to be so much engaged, 
that his servants Were often obliged to take him 
from them by force. He had such a surprising 
nvention in mechanics, that he affirmed to 
Iliero, that if he had another earth whereon to 
plant his machines, he could move this which 
we inhabit. Archimedes became most famous 
by bis curious contrivances, whereby the city of < 
Syracuse was so long defended when besieged 
by Marcellus. Against the vessels which came 
up close to the walls he contrived a kind of 
crow, projected above the wall, with an iron 
grapple fastened to a strong chain. This was 
let down upon the prow of a ship, and, by means 
of the weight of a heavy counterpoise of lend, 
raised up the prow and set the vessel upright ■ 
upon her poop; then dropping it all of a sud- 
den, as if it had fallen from the walls, it sunk so 
Ali 
[Jfar into the sea, that it let in a great deal of 
water, even when it fell directly on its keel. 
However, notwithstanding all his art, Syracuse 
was at length taken by Marcellus, who com 
manded his soldiers to have a particular regard 
to the satiety of Archimedes; but this ingenious 
man was unfortunately slain by a soldier who 
did not know him. Archimedes is said to have 
been killed about 208 years before the birth of 
Christ. We have several of his works still ex- 
tant ; but the greater part of them are lost. 
ARCH1NTO, Octavius, known for his “An- 
tiquities,” lived in the 16th century. 
ARCHON, Lewis, chaplain of Lewis XIV., 
died 1717. 
ARCH YTAS, a Pythagorean philosopher and 
mathematician of. Tarentum, about 400 B. C 
ARCONS, Ca:sar de, a Gascon, advocate in 
the parliament of Bordeaux, died 1681. 
ARCG, Philip Auguste de St. Foid, an inge- 
nious Parisian, known by his writings, died 1774. 
ARCUDI, Alexander Thomas, a Dominican 
of Venice, author of some historical and bio- 
graphical works, died about 1720. 
ARCUDIUS, Peter, a Greek ecclesiastic of 
Corfu, employed in Russia by Clement VIII., 
died 1635. 
ARCULPHUS, a French divine, who wrote 
an account of the Holy Land, in the 7th cen 
tury. 
ARCY, Patrick d’, an Englishman. Vid. 
DARCY. 
ARDEN, Edward, anative of Warwickshire, 
lie was accused of being engaged in a conspi- 
racy against the queen’s lile, and though no 
evidence appeared against them, both he and 
his son-in-law, Somerville, were condemned 
and executed, 1583. 
ARDERN, John, an early medical writer, 
settled at Newark, afterwards at London, about 
1370. 
AREAGATHUS, a Greek physician at Rome, 
■269 II. C. 
ARENA, Anthony ue, judge of St. Remi, 
near Arles, died 1544. 
ARES I, Paul, bishop of Tortona, author of 
some theological works, died 1645. 
ARETJEUS, a physician of Cappadocia: but 
in what time he flourished authors are not 
agreed ; some placing him under Augustus Cie- 
sar, others under Trajan or Adrian. His works, 
however, are very valuable. The best edition 
was published by Dr. Wigan, in folio, at Ox- 
ford, 1723. 
ARETAPPIILA, a woman of Cyrene, who 
avenged the death of her husband, &c. 
ARETE, daughter of Aristippus, of Cyrene; 
she taught philosophy. 
ARETHAS, a bishop of Cappadocia, in the 
10th century, author of a commentary on Reve- 
lations. 
ARETIN, Guy, a Benedictine monk, who 
lived in the 11th century. lie rendered himself 
famous by discovering a new method of learning 
music; and was said to have been the inventor 
of the six notes in music, “ Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, 
La. 
ARETIN, Leonard, was one of the ablest men 
in eloquence and science of the 15th century ; 
and left several works, the catalogue of which 
may be seen in Gesner’s “ Bibliotheca.” He 
died about 1443, being then 74 years of age, at 
Florence; where there is a marble monument 
erected to him in the Church of the Holy Cross, 
with an inscription to the following purport:— 
“ Since the death of Leonard, history is Ut 
35 AR 
mourning ; eloquence is become mute ; the 
Greek and Latin muses cannot forbear shedding 
tears.” 
A RETIN, Francis, a man of great reading, 
and well acquainted with the Greek language. 
He studied at Sienna, about the year 1443 ; and 
afterwards taught law there with such a viva- 
city of genius, that they called him the prince 
of subtleties, and his wit became a proverb. He 
taught also in the university of Pisa, and in that 
of Ferrara. 
ARETIN, Peter, a native of Arezzo, who lived 
in the I6th century. He was famous for his sa- 
tirical writings, and was so bold as to carry bis 
invectives even against sovereigns; whence he 
got the title of the scourge of princes. He used 
to boast that his lampoons did more service to 
the world than sermons; and it was said of him, 
that he had subjected more princes by his pen, 
than the greatest warriors had ever done by tiieir 
arms. Aretin wrote also many irreligious and 
obscene pieces. Some say, that he afterwards 
changed itis loose, libertine principles; but, how- 
ever this may be, it is certain that he composed 
several pieces of devotion. He was author, like- 
wise, of some comedies, which were esteemed 
pretty good of their kind, and died in the year 
1556, being about 65 years old. 
ARETIN, John, an able writer of Berne, in 
the 15th century. 
ARETIN, Angelo, a learned professor of lawT 
at Bologna and Ferrara, died 1480. 
ARGALL, Samuel, an adventurer to this 
country in 1609, who destroyed a French settle- 
ment on Mt. Desert, subdued the Dutch on Hud- 
son’s river; he was appointed deputy governor 
of Virginia in 1617 ; but his administration prov- 
ing odious, he was obliged to fly the country. 
ARGALL, John, an eminent scholar, rector 
of Halesworth, Suffolk, died 1606. 
ARGELLATA, Peter, a physician of Bolog- 
na, died 1423. 
ARGELLATI, Philip,an indefatigable writer, 
born at Bologna, died 1755. 
ARGENS, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis 
d’, a French writer, famous rather for the num- 
ber than weight of bis productions, wras born at 
Aix, in Provence, 1704, and died there 1770. He 
was master of many languages; he painted very 
well, and w as a considerable proficient in ana- 
tomy and chymistry. Of his works, the princi- 
pal are, “ Lettres Juives,” “LettresChinoises,” 
“ Lettres Cabalistiques,” “ Philosophic du Bon 
Sens," &c. &e. There is learning, knowledge, 
and good sense, scattered through all these; but | 
they are strongly tinctured with libertinism, and 
the worst sort of free-thinking. 
AIIGENSOLA, Leonard, and Bartholomew, 
two Spanish poets of merit. 
ARGENSON, Mark Bene le Voyer, Marquis 
d\ introduced lettres de cachet during his ad- 
ministration of the police at Paris, died 1721. 
ARGENTAL, Charles Augustus count d’, a 
foreign minister at the French court, the friend 
of Le Kain, Voltaire, &c. died 1788. 
AUGEN'TIER, John, studied medicine, was 
called Censor Mcdicorum, because he censured 
Galen, died 1572. 
ARGENTINA, Thomas d’, a learned head 
of the Augtistines, 1345. 
ARGENTRE, Bertrand d’, a native of Vitre, 
eminent for his knowledge of history and juris- 
prudence, died 1590. 
ARGENTRE, Charles Dtiplessis d’, doctor of 
the Porbonne, almoner to the king, and bishop 
of Tulles, died 1740. 
AR ~ 
| ARGENVILLE, Anthon. Joseph Dczellier d’ 
ja Frencli writer, died 17(35. 
AUGOLI, Andrew, professor of mathemat- 
ics at I’adua, died 1657.. 
ARGOL1, John, son of the preceding, at 17 
years of age, produced his Endymion, in 12 can- 
tos ; he died 1660. 
ARGONNE, Dom. Bonaventure, a Car’hu- 
sian friar, historian, and theological writer, 
born at Paris, 1640, died 1704. 
ARGOU, Gabriel, an advocate of the parlia 
ment of Paris, died at the la ginning ot the lbih 
century. 
ARGUES, Gerard des, a geometrician inti 
mate with Descartes, died 1661. 
ARGYRE, Isaac, an eminent mathematician 
of the 14th century. 
ARGYROPYLUS, Joannes, a learned man 
who contributed to the revival of Greek litera 
ture in Europe, died about 1478. 
ARIADNE, daughter of Leo I., married Zcnt\ 
who succeeded as emperor, and died 515. 
ARIANS. SeaARIUS. 
ARIARATHES I., a king of Cappadocia, en- 
gaged in an expedition against 1 gypt with Da- 
rius Ochus. 
ARIARATIIESII., nepht w of the preceding, 
defeated by the Macedonians, 621 B. C. 
ARIARATHES ill., son of the 2d, recovered 
his kingdom by the conquest of the Macedon- 
ians. 
ARIARATHES IV., married the daughter of 
Antiochus ; he died 220 B. C. v 
ARIARATHES V., king of Cappadocia, died 
166 B. C. 
ARIARATHES VI., son of the preceding, 
perished in battle, 160 B. C. 
ARIARATHES VII., son of the 6th, was mur- 
dered by his brother-in-law, Milhridates. 
ARIARATHES, son of the 7th, was also 
murdered by Milhridates. 
ARIAS MONTANDS, Benedict, a native of 
Seville, eminent for ins literary acquirements, 
died 15G8. 
ARIAS. Francis, a learned Jesuit, died 1605 
AR1BERT, son ofClotaire II., king of France, 
caused himself to be crowned king at Toulouse, 
and died 1660. 
ARIEII, Jacob Juda, a learned rabbi of Am- 
sterdam, flourished in the 17th century. 
AIUOBARZAN'ES I., king of Cappadocia, 91 
B. C. 
ARIOBARZANFS II., king of Cappadocia, 
put to death bv ( assius. 
ARIOBARZAN’ES HI., brother of the pre- 
ceding, put to death by Antony. 
ARIOSTI, Audio, a musician, born at Bo- 
logna, published a book of cantatas, 1725. 
ARIOSTO, I.odovico, or Lewis, a celebrated 
Italian poet, descended of a good family, and 
born at the castle of Reggio, in Lombardy, in 
1474. He began his “ Orlando Furioso” when 
jhe was about 30 years of age. and it is the most 
celebrated of all ids works. But his attachment 
to poetry did not hinder him from engaging in 
public affairs, for he was employed in embassies 
and negotiations in different parts of Italy. 
Ariosto was crowned with the laurel by the 
emperor Charles V., in 1533, and died at Ferrara 
tite 8th of July, in the same year. 
ARIOSTI, Gabriel, brother to the port, was 
himself eminent as a Latin poet; lie died 1552 
ARIOV1STUS, king of Germany, assisted the 
Gaols against the Romans, and was defeated 
by Julius Ctesnr. 
i ARII’ERT, king of Lombardy, succeeded his 
36  AR 
father, Ragimbert, in 702; lie was drowned I 
637. 
ARISI, Francis, an able writer of Cremona, 
died 1743. 
A IUST/EN /ET ES, an ancient writer, to whom 
are ascribed certain Greek epistles on the subject 
of love and gallantry, died in 358. 
ARI8TANDER, a soothsayer in the army of 
Alexander the Great. 
ARISTARCHUS, a Grecian philosopher, born 
in Samos, is delivered down to us as the principal 
person, if not the first, who maintained the earth 
to turn upon its centre, and to describe a circle 
yearly round the sun; an opinion revived and 
established by Copernicus and Galileo, and now 
universally received. It is not certain when he 
lived ; but, from the mention made of him by 
Archimedes, he must have flourished before his 
death. None of his works remain, except a 
treatise “Upon the Greatness and Distance of 
the Sun and Moon,” inserted in the third volume 
of “ Mathematical Works,” printed at Oxford, 
1699. in folio. 
ARISTARCHUS, a celebrated grammarian, 
was born in Samothracia, but chose Alexandria 
to reside at. He applied himself particularly to 
criticism, and made a revisal of Homer’s poems 
with great exactness, but in a manner too ma- 
gisterial for those verses which lie did not like 
he treated as spurious. Cicero and Horace have 
used his name to express a very rigid critic, and 
it is used to this day for the same purpose, but 
not Without opprobrium, derived partly from 
himself, yet more from the manners of modern 
verbal critics. Growing dropsical, he found no 
other remedy than to starve himself to death. 
Suidas relates that lie died in Cyprus, aged 72. 
ARISTARCHUS, a Jew of Thessalonica, the 
companion of St. Paul. 
ARISTEAS, a Greek historian, 550 B. C. 
AR1STEAS, one of the 70 translators of the 
Septiiagint. 
ARISTEUS, a Greek mathematician, 350 
B.C. 
ARISTIDES, a philosopher of Athens, 125. 
ARISTIDES, /Eiius, a very famous sophist 
of antiquity, was born at Adriani, a town of 
Mysia, and flourished under Adrian and the two 
following emperors. He spent his life in tra- 
velling and declaiming; went all over Egypt 
four times, and penetrated even to Ethiopia. ; 
When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake 
in the year 178, he wrote so affecting a letter to 
Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered it to 
be rebuilt immediately; upon which the inhabit- : 
ants erected a statue to Aristides, as to the res- i 
toror of their city. He died about the age of 60. ] 
IDs works were published, with a Latin version 
and notes, by Dr. Samuel Jebb, at Oxford, 1723, 
In two volumes 4to. 
ARISTIDES, surnamed the Just, acelebrated 
Athenian general, flourished, about 480 years 
B. C. 
ARISTIDES, a painter of Thebes, 340 B. C. 
ARISTIDES, a iiistorian of Miletus, who 
wrote an account of Italy, &c. 
ARISTIPPUS, the founder of the Cyrenaic : 
sect of philosophy, flourished 392 B. O. He as- i 
sorted pleasure to be the ultimate end in which : 
ail happiness consists ; and liis manner of life 
was agreeable to his philosophy, for he indulged 
himself in all the luxuries of dress, wine, and 
women. 1 
ARISTO. a stoic philosopher, of Cos, 260 B.l 
C. He maintained that virtue is the supreme | 
good 
AR 
| AR1STO, a peripatetic philu.-opher, 250 11. C 
I ARISTO, Titus, a Roman lawyer of emineuca 
in the aye of Trajan. 
ARISTOBULI.'S l., high-priest and king of 
the Jews, died 101 B. C. 
ARISTOBULUS II., son of Alexander Jan- 
meus, deposed by Pompey, died 45 B. C. 
ARISTOBULUS, an Alexandrian Jew, who 
united the peripatetic philosophy with the laws 
of Moses. 
ARISTOBULUS, grandson of the preceding 
made high-priest, was put to death by Herod, 
36 B. C. 
ARISTOGITON, an Athenian, who, in con 
junction with Ilarmouius, subverted tile tyranny 
of the Pisistrathke, 516 B. C. 
AR1STOMENES, a Messenian, whose co ir 
age caused his countrymen to avenge the op 
pression of the Spartans, 635 B. U. 
ARISTOPHANES, a comic poet of Athens, 
cotemporary with Plato, Socrates, and Euripi 
des. Most of his plays were written during 
the Peloponnesian war. His imagination was 
warm and lively, and his genius particularly 
turned to raillery; he had also very great spirit 
and resolution, and was a declared enemy to 
slavery, and to all those who wanted to oppress 
their country. He described the affairs of the 
Athenians in so exact a manner, that his come- 
dies are a faithful history of that people. He 
wrote above 50 comedies, but there are only 11 
extant, which are perfect; these are, “ Plutus, 
The Clouds, The Frogs, Equites, The Aclmr- 
nenses, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, The 
Ecclesiazusse or Female Orators, The Thesmo- 
phoriazusie or Priestess of Ceres, and Lysis- 
trata.” “ The Clouds,” which he wrote in ri- 
dicule of Socrates, is the most celebrated of all 
his comedies. Madam Dacier telis us, she was 
so much charmed with this performance, that, 
after she had translated it, and read it over ‘200 
times, it did not become the least tedious to her. 
Aristophanes having conceived some aversion 
to the poet Euripides, satirizes him in several 
of his plays, particularly in his “Frogs,” and 
his “ Tiiermophoriazusa:.” He wrote the “ Li- 
sistrata,” when all Greece was involved in 
war, in which comedy the women are intro- 
duced debating upon the affairs of the common- 
wealth, when they come to a resolution not to 
go to bed with their husbands till peace should 
be concluded. He invented a peculiar kind of 
verse, which was called by his name, and is 
mentioned by Cicero in his “ Brutus ;” and 
Suidas says, that he also was the inventor of 
the tretrameter and octameter verse. /Aristo- 
phanes was greatly admired among the ancients 
especially for the true Attic elegance of his style; 
and there have been several editions and trans- 
lations of this poet. The time of his deatli is 
unknown. 
ARISTOTLE, the chief of the peripatetic 
philosophers, born at Stagyra, a small city it 
Macedon, in the 99th Olympiad, about 384 years 
before Christ, was the son of Michomachus, 
physician to Amyntas, the grandfather of Alex- 
ander the Great. By the advice of the Delphic 
oracle, he went to Athens when about 18, and 
studied under Plato till he was 37. Ho followed 
his studies with most extraordinary diligence, so 
that lie soon surpassed all in Plato’s school. He 
ate little, and slept less; and that lie might not 
oversleep himself, Diogenes Laertius tells us, 
that he lay always with one hand out of the 
bed, having a hall of brass in it, which, by its 
rnUu)g into a basin of Hie same metal awaked AR 
him. When he had studied about 15 years un- 
der Plato, he began to form dilFerent tenets from 
those of his master, who became highly piqued 
at his behaviour,. Upon the death of Plato, he 
quitted Athens, and retired to Atarnya, a little 
city of Mysia, where his old friend, Herinias, 
reigned. Here he married Pythias, the sister of 
that prince, whom he is said to have loved so 
passionately, that lie offered sacrifice to iter. 
Some time after, Hcrmias having been taken 
prisoner by Meranon, the king of Persia’s ge- 
neral, Aristotle went to Mytelene, the capital of 
Lesbos, where lie remained till Philip, king of 
Macedon, having heard of nis great reputation, 
sent for him to be tutor to his son Alexander, 
then about 14 years of age. Aristotle accepted 
the otter, and iit eight years taught him rhetoric, 
natural philosophy, ethics, politics, and a certain 
sort of philosophy, according to Plutarch, which 
he taught nobody else. Philip erected statues 
in honour of Aristotle, and for his sake rebuilt 
Stagyra, which had been almost ruined liy the 
wars. Aristotle having lost the favour of Alex- 
ander by adhering to Oalisthenes, his kinsman, 
who was accused of a conspiracy against Alex- 
ander’s life, removed to Athens, where he set up 
his new school. The magistrates received him 
' °rv kindlv. and gave him the Lycatum, so fa- 
mous afterwards for the concourse of his disci- 
ples, and lure it was, according to some authors, 
that lie composed his principal works. When 
A ristotle was accused of impiety by one Eury- 
niedon, a priest of Ceres, he wrote a large apo- 
logy for himself, addressed to the magistrates: 
but, knowing the Athenians to be extremely 
jealous about their religion, and remembering 
the fate of Socrates, lie was so much alarmed 
that he retired to Cbalcis, a city of Euboea, 
where he ended his days. Some say he poi- 
soned himself, to avoid falling into the'hands 
of his enemies; others affirm, that he threw 
himself into the Ettripus, because he could not 
comprehend the reason of its ebbing and flow- 
ing; and there are others who tell us that lie 
died of a cholic, in the (>3d year of his age, being 
the third of the 114th Olympiad, two years after 
Alexander. The Stagyrites carried away his 
body, and erected altars to his memory. 
ARISTOXENUS, a Grecian philosopher of 
Tarentum, about 324 15. C. 
ARIUS, a divine of the 4tb century, and the 
head and founder of the Arians, a sect which 
denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiali- 
tv of the Word. He was born in Libya, near 
Egypt. The Arian principles, according to 
Spanheim, were, that Christ was only called 
God by way of title ; that he was less than the 
Father, who only was eternal and without be- 
ginning ; that he was a creature, having a be- 
ginning of existence, created out of things, hav- 
ing no being before the beginning of all tilings: 
hence he was made God, and the son of God by 
adoption, not by nature ; and that the word was 
also subject to change; that the Father created 
all things by him as an instrument; and that he 
was the most excellent of all creatures ; that the 
essence of the Father was different from the es- 
sence of the Son ; neither was he co-eternal, co- 
equal, nor con-substantial with the Father; that 
the Holy Ghost was not God, but the creature 
of the Son, begot and created by him, inferior in 
dignity to the Father and Son, and co-worker in 
the creation. As to his death, it is said that 
Arius, being pressed by a natural necessity, re- 
tired to a house of convenience where he died! 
instantly on the spot, all his entrails bursting 
Ak 
out. with liis liver ami spleen. This happened 
in the year 386. 
AUKliL, Cornel. Van, a Dutch divine of 
Amsterdam, died 1724. 
ARKENHOLZ, John, a native of Helsing- 
fors, in Sweden, author of some treatises on po- 
litical subjects, &x., died 1777. 
ARKWRIGHT, Sir Richard, a man who, in 
one of the lowest stations of life, being literally 
a penny barber at Manchester, bv unrcniniop 
genius and persevering industry, invented and 
perfected a system of machinery for spinning 
cotton, that had in vain been attempted by many 
of the first mechanics of the 17th and 18th cen- 
turies; and which, by giving perpetual i mploy- 
ment to many thousand families, increased the 
population, and was productive of great coni 
mercial advantage to his country. The machine 
is called a “ Spinning Jenny.” Sir Richard died 
August 3, 17112, leaving property to the amount 
of nearly half a million sterling. 
ARLAUD, James Antony, a native of Gene- 
va, eminent as a painter, died 1743. 
ARLOTTA, a beautiful woman of Falaise, 
daughter of a tanner, and mistress of Robert, 
duke of Normandy. 
ARLOTTO, a native of Mtlgello, in Tuscany, 
whose right name Was Maiuardi. was dean of 
St. Cresei, in the diocese of Fiesole ; lie dies 
1483. 
ARMAGNAC, John d’, of an ancient family 
in France, raised to the highest dignity of the 
national church, died about 1408. 
ARMAGNAC, Bernard, count d’, brother of 
tlie preceding, placed at the head of the party of 
Orleans, was assassinated, 1418. 
ARMELLINO, Francis, a banker, made car- 
d.nal by Leo X., died 1527. 
ARMENON VILLE, Joseph John Baptist 
Fleurion d’, a French statesman, keeper of ike 
seals from 1722 to 1727, died 1728. 
ARMINIUS, a bravecliief of the Catti, called 
tlie deliverer of Germany ; he was assassinated 
A. D. 21. 
ARMINIUS, James, the founder of the sect 
of the Arminians, or Remonstrants, was born 
at Oude-water, in Holland, in 1500. “ The Ar 
minians bold (says Mr. Broughton) that Cod 
creates men free, and will deal with them ac- 
cording to the use they make of their liberty ; 
that, foreseeing how every one will use it, he 
does therefore decree all tilings that rorcent 
them in this life, together with their salvation 
or damnation in the next,” &c. See more in 
Broughton’s Religion of all Nations, p. 82. Ar- 
miniiis died October 19,1619. 
ARMSTRONG, Thomas, an active supporter 
cf the royal cause, during the civil wars, for 
which he was honoured with knighthood; lie 
was executed by his enemies, without a trial, 
1C84. 
ARMSTRONG, Dr. John, born in Castleton 
parish, Edinburghshire, where Ids father and 
brother were ministers. He completed his edu- 
cation in the university of Edinburgh, where lie 
took hisdegree in physic, February 4,1732. Like 
Akenside, another poet and physician, he never 
arrived at much practice. In 1735 he published 
a little humorous fugitive pamphlet in Svo. 
printed for J. Wilford, entitled “ An Fssny for 
abridging the Study of Physic; to which is 
added a Dialogue between Ilygeia, Mercury, and 
Pluto, relating to the practice of physic, as it is 
managed by a certain illustrious society: as also 
an epistle from Usbeck the Persian to Joshua 
Ward, Esq.” This piece contains much dioll AR 
ery; and in the dialogue, the author has caught 
the very spirit of Lucian. It was soon followed 
by the “ (.Economy of Love,” a poem which has 
much merit, but is too strongly tinctured with 
the licentiousness of Ovid. “The Art of pre- 
serving Health,” his best performance, was pub- 
lished in 1744, and will transmit his name to 
posterity as one of the first English writers. In 
Mr. Nichols’ “Anecdotes of Mr. Bowyer,” the 
reader will find some pleasing traits of the cha- 
racter of this ingenious writer. 
ARMSTRONG, John, a Scotch divine and 
poet, was born at Leith, 1771. At Edinburgh, 
where he took the degree of M. A., he published 
a volume of “Juvenile Poems,” which have 
considerable merit; and to this he appended 
“ An Essay on the Means of punishing and pre- 
venting Crimes;” for which, (in 1784,) he had 
been honoured with a gold medal given by the 
Edinburgh Pantheon Society. He came to Lon- 
don in 1790, commenced writer for the news- 
papers, and for some time before his death was 
editor of that old and most respectable paper, 
“ The General Evening Post.” He promised 
also to arrive at distinction as a preacher to dis- 
senting congregations; but was cut off by a de- 
cline, July 21. 1797, at the early age of 26. 
ARMSTRONG, John, a brigadier general in 
the army of the American revolution, assisted 
in the defence of fort Moultrie, and in the battle 
of Germantown, with the reputation of an able 
officer, afterwards a delegate to congress from 
Pennsylvania, died 1795. 
ARMYNE, Lady Mary, granddaughter of 
George, Earl of Shrewsbury, married Sir Wil- 
liam Armvne, and was distinguished by her 
piety and benevolence ; she died 1675. 
A’RNALD, Richard, B. D., rector of Thur- 
caston, in Leicestershire, published several ser- 
mons, &c.; he died 1756. 
ARNALL, William, became a political writer 
in the pav of Sir Robert Walpole ; he died 1741. 
ARNAUD DE MEYRVILLE, or MEREUIL, 
a poet of Provence, died 1220. 
ARNAUD DE VILLA NOVA, a physician, 
shipwrecked on the coast of Genoa, 1310 or 1313. 
ARNAUD, Anthony, bom at Paris, 1550, 
where he pursued his studies, and took his de- 
gree of Master of Arts in 1573. Some time after, 
he was admitted advocate of the parliament of 
Paris; in which capacity he acquired great re- 
putation bv his integrity and extraordinary elo- 
quence. Henry IV. had a great esteem for Ar- 
naud ; his majesty once carried the duke of Sa- 
voy on purpose to hear him plead in parliament, 
and he was appointed counsellor and attorney- 
general to queen Catharine of Medicis. One of 
the most famous causes which Arnaud pleaded, 
was that of the university against the Jesuits, 
in 1594. He died at about the age of 70. 
ARNAUD D’ANDILLI, Robert, eldest son 
of the preceding, borirat Paris in 1589. Though 
bred in a court and in offices of state, he passed 
the latter part of his days in a continual appli- 
cation 'o works of piety and devotion. His 
works have been printed in eight volumes folio. 
Mr. Arnaud died at Port Royal, 1674. 
ARNAUD, Anthony, doctor of the Sorbonne, 
and brother of the preceding, was born at Paris 
the 6th o‘ February, 1612. A catalogue of his 
works may be seen in Moreri: they consist of 
grammar, geometry, logic, metaphysics, and 
theology. He died AumistO, 1694. 
ARN AUD, Henrv, brother of Robert, made 
bishop of Toul, but his election was disputed, 
and he was not put in possession; he died 1692 
A I? 
ARNAUD, Angelique, sister of Henry, abbess 
of the Port Royal convent, died 1661. 
ARNAUD, Anthony, son of Robert, abbot of 
Cbaumes, author of some memoirs, died 1698. 
ARNAUD, de Brescie. See ARNOLD de 
Brescie. 
ARNAUD, Francis, abbot of Grand Champs, 
distinguished by his literary labours, died 1784. 
ARNAUD, Simon, marquis of Pompone, an 
able negotiator and ambassador, died 1669. 
ARNAUD, Henry Charles, son of Simon, dis- 
tinguished as an ecclesiastic and statesman, died 
1756. 
ARNAUD, Francis, Thomas Marie de Bacti- 
iard d’, a French writer of celebrity, was born 
at Paris in 1716, and died in 1805. 
ARNDT, John, a famous protestant divine of 
Germany, born at Bellenstad, in the dutchy of 
Anhalt, 155. At first he applied himself to phy- 
sic ; but, falling into a dangerous sickness, he 
made a vow to change that for divinity, if he 
should be restored to health. He wrote many 
relgious works; the most famous of which is, 
his, “Treatise of Free Christianity,” in High 
Dutch. This writer died at Zell, in 1621. 
ARNDT, Joshua, professor of logic at Ros- 
tock, died 1687 
ARNE, Dr. Thomas Augustine, was son of 
Mr. Arne, an upholsterer in Covent Garden, 
(whom Addison is supposed to have character- 
ized in No. 155, and No. 160 of “ The Tattler,”) 
and brother of Mrs. Cibber the player. He was 
early devoted to music, and soon became emi- 
nent in his profession. July 6,1759, he had the 
degree" of doctor of music conferred on him at 
Oxford. His compositions are universally ap- 
plauded, and he was particularly skilful in in- 
structing vocal performers. He died March 5, 
1778, having written the following pieces: “ Ar- 
taxerxes,” 1762; “The Guardian outwitted,” 
1764 ; “ The Rose,” 1778: all of them operas. 
ARNGRIM, Jonas, a learned ecclesiastic of 
Ireland ; he wrote a piece on the Runic letters, 
&c., and died 1649. 
ARNISvEUS, Kenningus, a German profes- 
sor of physic at Helmstadt, known for his poli- 
tical treatises ; he died 1635. 
ARNOBIUS, was professor of rhetoric at 
Sicca, in Numidia, toward the end of the 3d 
century. 
ARNOBIUS, a native of Gaul, author of a 
commentary on the psalms, &.C., in the 5th cen- 
tury. 
ARNOLD, a famous heretic of the 12th cen 
tury, born at Brescia, in Italy, whence he went 
to France, where he studied under the cele- 
brated Peter Abelard. Upon his return to Italy, 
he put on the habit of a monk, and began to 
preach several new and uncommon doctrines, 
particularly, that the pope ought not to enjoy 
any temporal estate; that those ecclesiastics 
who had any estates of their own, or held any 
lands, were entirely cut off from the least hope 
of salvation; that’the clergy ought to subsist 
upon the alms and voluntary contributions of 
Christians; and that all other revenues belong- 
ed to princes and states, in order to be disposer! 
of among the laity as they thought proper. He 
was hanged at Rome in the year 1155. 
ARNOLD, John, eminent for his improve- 
ments in the mechanism of time-keepers. He 
was the inventor of the Expansion Balance and 
the Detached Escapement; and was the first 
artist that ever applied the gold cylindrical 
spring to the balance of a time-piece. Died at 
Well-hall, near Eltham, in Kent, Aug. 25,1799. 
39 AR 
ARNOLD, Dr. Samuel, an excellentcomposer 
of music, whose works are too numerous to he 
here detailed, and so well known as not to 
require it. Of his various dramatic composi- 
tions, we may mention particularly The Maid 
of the Mili; The Castle of Andalusia; The 
Agreeable Surprise; The Son-in-Law; The 
Spanish Barber; Inkle and Yarico; The Sur- 
render of Calais; Tlie Battle of Hexham ; The 
Mountaineers; The Shipwreck; and Peeping 
Tom.” Inthe higherstyle of composition, also, 
his success was great. The Oratorio (by Dr. 
Brown) of the Cure of Saul, composed in 1767, 
was considered to be the best production since 
tin: time of Handel; and his Shunamite Wo- 
man, one of his latter pieces, possesses all thfe 
genius of his earlier compositions, with that 
additional science which study and experience 
had given him. He died Oct. 13, 1802, in his 
63d year, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, 
between the monuments of Croft and Purcell. 
ARNOLD, Nicholas, a protestant of Lesna, 
acquired reputation by his sermons and polemi- 
cal works; he died 1680. 
ARNOLD, JetFery, author of a history of mys- 
tical theology, &.C., died 1714. 
ARNOLD, of Hildeslieim, a historian of the 
13th century. 
ARNOLD, Christopher, a native of Nurem- 
berg ; he died professor at Altorf, 1G85, aged 58. 
ARNOLD, Benedict, a major general of the 
American army, and infamous for turning trai- 
tor to his country ; for attempting to surrender 
the fortress of West Point to the British; for 
committing ravages in Virginia after iiis deser- 
tion, and a wanton butchery of the garrison at 
Fort Griswold, Conn. He was made a brigadier 
genera] in tlie British army; retired to England; 
received 10,0001. sterling as the reward of bis 
villany, and died in London, 1801. 
ARNOLD, Benedict, succeeded Roger Wil- 
liams as president of the colony of Rhode-Island, 
and was afterwards repeatedly appointed go- 
vernor under its charter ; lie died 1678. 
ARNOLD, Thomas, a physician of Leicester, 
educated at Edinburgh, wras afterwards presi- 
dent of a lunatic asylum, which he established; 
he died 1816. 
ARNOUL, a bishop of Lisieux, author of 
some curious letters, containing an account of 
the manners of iiis time. 
ARNTZENIUS, John Henry, a learned Dutch- 
man, law professor at Utrecht.; lie died 1799. 
ARNU, Nicholas, a Dominican, professor of 
metaphysics at Padua, died 1692. 
ARNULPH, or ERNCLPII, bishop of Ro- 
chester, born 1940, died 1124. He wrote a work 
in Latin, concerning the foundation, endow- 
ment, charters, laws, and other things relating 
to the church of Rochester; which is generally 
known by the title of “Textus RofFensis,” anil 
is preserved in the archives of the cathedral 
church of that place. 
ARNULPH, natural son of Carloman, king 
of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, and 
crowned at Rome, 896. He died (supposed to be 
poisoned) 899. 
ARNULPHUS, an Egyptian, in the reign of 
M. Antoninus, famous for his skill in magic. 
ARN WAY, John, much attached to the royal 
cause in England in tlie time of Cromwell, died 
1653. 
ARON, Peter, a musical writer, bofn at Flo- 
rence, and patronized by Leo X. 
ARPINUS, or ARPINO, Joseph Ctpsar, a fa- 
mous Italian painter, born 1560 died 1640. 
A R 
ARRAGON, Jeanne d’, a celebrated Italian 
lady, mother of Mark Anthony Colonna, died 
1577. 
ARRAN, James Hamilton, earl of, a Scotch 
nobleman, who at one time aspired to the hand 
of queen Elizabeth, of England. He dad 1609 
ARR1A, tlie wife of Ra lus, celebrated for her 
heroism and conjugal fidelity. 
ARRIAGA, Roderic d’, a Spanish Jesuit, pro- 
fessor of theology at Salamanca and Prague, 
died 1067. 
ARRIAN, a famous historian and philoso- 
pher, who lived under the emperor Adrian and 
lire two Antoninus, was born at Nicomedia, in 
Bithynia. He was styled the second Xenophon, 
and raised to the most considerable dignities of 
Rome. He is, indeed, said to have been pre- 
ceptor to the famous philosopher and emperor 
Marcus Antoninus. The most celebrated of his 
works is his “ History (in Greek) of Alexander 
the Great,” in 7 books; a performance much 
esteemed by the best judges. Arrian is said to 
have written several other works. 
ARROWSMITH, John, theological professor 
at Cambridge, 1000, author of several celebrated 
Calvinistic works. 
ARSACES E, a Parthian, emancipated His 
country from the Macedonian yoke, ‘250 U C. 
ARSACES II., son of the preceding, made 
war against Anliochus the Great. 
ARSACES TIRANUS, king of Armenia, tak- 
en prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, 362 11. C. 
ARSENICS, bishop of Constantinople, was 
banished for his pertinacity, and died in the 13tli 
century. 
ARSENICS, a Roman deacon, appointed by 
pope Damascus preceptor to Arcadius, son of 
Theodosius. 
ARSENICS, archbishop of Malvasia, in the 
Morea, died 1435. 
ARSEZAN, Rader d’, a native of Toulouse, 
and author of two tragedies, died 1696. 
ARTABANCS, a king of Parthia, died A. 
D. 48. 
ARTABANCS, another king of Parthia, in 
whom that empire became extinct, 226. 
ARTALI, Joseph, a native of Mazara, in Si- 
cily, a famous duellist, &c., died IG7tl. 
ARTAUD, Peter Joseph, a native of Bonieux, 
esteemed for learning, piety, &c., died 17C0. 
ARTAUD, archbishop of Rheims, was once 
deprived of his diocese and afterwards restored 
to it, died 948. 
ARTAVASDESI., king of Armenia, behaved 
treacherously to Classes and Mark Antony. 
ARTAVASDES II., grandson of the above. 
ARTAXERXES I., king of Persia, the son of 
Xerxes, supposed to be the Ahasuerus of Scrip- 
ture, died 424 B. C. 
ARTAXERXES II., surnmned Mnemon, de- 
feated his brother Cyrus at Cunaxa, 401 B. C. 
ARTAXERXES 111., succeeded Artaxerxes 
II.; he slew all Ills brothers and the rest of his 
family, 338 B. C. 
ARTAXERXES BEBEGAN, son of a shep- 
herd, first king of Persia of the race of tlie Sas- 
sanides, died about 240. 
ARTAXIAS I., governor of Upper Armenia 
under Antioclius, made himself king of the 
country. 
ARTAXIAS II., king of Armenia after Ar 
tavasdes I., w as expelled by Anton}’, and res- 
tored by the Parthians. 
ARTAXIAS III., son of Polemo, made king 
by Germanic ts, and reigned 17 years. 
ARTEAG 4, Dan Steofiano, a Spanish jesuit, 
40  AS ~ 
amaor of a treatise on ideal beauty, &c , died; 
1800. 
ARTEDI, Peter, a physician of Sweden, and| 
intimate friend of Linnojus, was drowned at; 
Leyden, 1735. 
ARTEMAS, or ARTEMON, founded a sect 
in the 3d century, which maintained that Christ 
was but a man. 
ARTEM1DORUS, famous for his “ Treatise I 
upon Dreams,” was born at Ephesus, but took 
tiie surname of Daldianus in this hook, out of 
respect to the country of his mother; for he 
styled himself the Ephesian in his other per- 
formances. He lived under the emperor Anto- 
ninus Pius. 
ARTEM1DORUS, an Ephesian, author of a 
description of the earth, 100 B. C. 
ARTEMISIA I., queen of Caria, assisted 
Xerxes against the Greeks. 
ARTEMISIA II., queen of Caria, erected a 
mausoleum to the memory of her husband, 
Mausolus. 
AUTHINGTON, Henry, a native of York- 
shire, pretended that he was inspired as the 
means of effecting a revolution. 
ARTHUR, a British Prince, whose existence 
by some is regarded as fabulous, said to have 
died about 542: he established the order of 
knights of the round table. 
ARTHUR, duke of Brittany, grandson of 
Henry II., was confined in the castle of Rouen, 
where, it is supposed, he was murdered. 
ARTIGNI, Anthony Gachet it’, an ecclesias- 
tic, known by his writings; lie died 1768. 
ARTUSI, Guiamara, a celebrated musical 
writer. 
ARVIEUX, Laurent d’, a Dative of Mar- 
seilles, resided 12 years in Palestine, and was 
a useful negotiator for the French court. He 
is justly esteemed for his benevolence to Tu- 
nisian and Algerine captives. 
ARVIRAGUS, a king of Britain in the age 
of Domitian. 
ARUNDEL, Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas 
Arundel, known by her translations of the wise- 
sayings,&c. of Alexander Severus, &c.;she lived 
in the middle of the 16th century. 
ARUNDEL, Thomas, made bishop of Ely 
when 21 years of age ; afterwards translated to 
Canterbury ; he died 1414. 
ARUNDEL, Thomas Howard, earl of, dis- 
coverer of the Parian marbles which bear his 
name. 
ARUNDEL, Blanche, daughter of Lord Wor- 
cester, celebrated tor her brave defence of War- 
dour castle ; she died 1649. 
ARZACHEL, a Spanish astronomer, in the 
1 Hit century. 
ASA, son of Abijah, made king of Judah, 955 
B. C. 
ASAPH, St., a native of North Wales, eminent 
for liis sanctity. 
ASAPH, a musician of the tribe of Levi, in the 
age of David. 
"AS AR-H ADDON, king of Assyria, obtained 
the kingdom of Babylon ; lie died 667 B. C. 
ASCF.IJN, ari ecclesiastic of the 11th century, 
defended transubstantiation againt Berenger. 
ASCHAM, Roger, an eminent English writer, 
born at Kirkby Wiske, near Northallerton, in 
Yorkshire, about, the year 1515. He applied 
himself particularly to the Greek language; in 
which lie attained to an excellence peculiar toj 
himself, and read it, publicly in the university of j 
Cambridge with universal applause. In or-j 
Uer to relax his mind, after severer studies, he! 
AS 
•thought some diversion necessary ; and shooting 
I with the bow, was liis favourite amusement, as 
appears by his “ Treatise on Archery,” which 
I he dedicated to King Henry YJU., who settitd 
ja pension upon him, at the recommendation of 
jSIr William Paget. Mr. Ascham, being remark* 
{able for writing a fine hand, was employed to 
readi this art to Prince Edward, tiie Lady Eliza- 
beth, and the two brothers, Henry and Charles, 
dultes of Suffolk. In Feb. 1548, iie was sent loi 
to court, to instruct the Lady Elizabeth in the 
learned languages, and had the honour of assist- 
ing this lady in her studies for two years ; when 
he desireo leave to return to Cambridge, where 
he resumed his office of public oiator. He was 
afterwards Latin secretary to king Edward 
queen Mary, and queen Elizabeth. Being one 
day in company with persons of the first distinc- 
tion, there happened to be high disputes about 
the different methods of education ; tins gave 
rise to his treatise on that subject, entitled “The 
Schoolmaster,” which he undertook at tlie par- 
ticular request of Sir Richard Sackville. This 
work was in high esteem among the best judges, 
and is frequently quoted by Dr. Johnson in bis 
Dictionary. He died at London, Jan. 4, 1508, 
and Was buried in St. Sepulchre’s church. 
ASCHAM, Anthony, physician and ecclesias- 
tic, author of tracts on astrology, &c. 
ASCHAM, Anthony, a friend of Cromwell, 
and member of the long parliament. 
ASCHARI, a mussulman doctor, founder of a 
sect which bears his name ; he died 940. 
ASCLEPIADES, a Greek philosopher, 350 
B. C. 
ASCLEPIADES, a famous physician, born at 
Prusa, in Bithynia, flourished at Rome in the 
time of Pompey, and founded a new sect in 
physic. 
ASCOLI, Cecco di, or Francisco de Stabili, 
professsor of mathematics, at Bologna ; he 
wrote an Italian poem, &c., and died 1238. 
ASCOiVlUS, PED1AJVUS, a grammarian of 
Padua, in the age of Augustus. 
ASCOUGH, William, bishop of Sarum, mur- 
dered by Jack Cade and his followers, 1450. 
ASDRUBAL, brotlier-in-law of Annibal, the 
founder of New Carthage, in Spain. 
ASDRUBAL BARCA, brother of Annibal, 
killed at the battle of the Metauius. 
ASELLI, Gasper, a physician of Cremona, 
professor of anatomy at Paris, died 1626. 
ASFELD, Claude Francois Bidal marquis d’, 
an illustrious warrior at the battle of Almanza; 
he took Philipsburg, and died 1743. 
ASFELD, Jacques Vincent Bidal d’, an ec- 
clesiastic, died 1745. 
ASGILE, John, a lawyer of eminence, known 
for Ids wit and misfortunes, died 1738. 
ASGILL, Sir Charles, Bart. This gentleman 
was a strong instance of what may be effected 
even by moderate abilities, when united with 
strict integrity, industry, and irreproachable cha- 
racter, His first setting out in life was at a bank- 
ing-house in Lorn bard-street, as out-door collect- 
ing clerk. From this inferior situation he pro- 
gressively rose by his merit to the first depart- 
ment in the house ; and soon after, marrying ar 
amiable woman, with a fortune of 25,0001. im- 
mediately joined his name to the firm. In 1749 
he was chosen alderman of Camllewick ward, 
and served in the office of lord mayor in 1758. He 
died Sept. 15,1788, and is said to have left nearly 
200,000/. 
ASH, Dr. John, an English dissenting minis- 
ter, grammarian, and lexicographer horn 1721, _ AS 
died at Pershore, Worcestershire, March, 1779.1 
His Dictionary is a remarkably laborious and! 
conipiehensive work. 
AS! IE. Simeon, a nonconformist, chaplain to 
lord Warw ick, during the civil wars, died 1GG2. 
ASHE, Samuel, a judge of tile Supreme court 
of North Carolina, and afterwards governor of 
that slate, died 1813. 
ASHE, Joint Baptiste, a representative in 
Congress, from, and governor of, the state of N. 
Carolina, died 1602. 
ASHLEY, Jonathan, a distinguished ministei 
of Deerfield, Mass., died 1780, aged68. He pub- 
lished several sermons. 
ASHLEY, Robert, a lawyer, distinguished as 
an eminent writer, &c., died 1(>41. 
ASHMOLE, or ASMOLE, Elias, a celebrated 
English philosopher and antiquary, and founder 
of the Aslimoleati museum at Oxford, was born 
at Litchfield, in Staffordshire, the 23d of May, 
1G27. Besides filling several offices, civil and 
military, Mr. Ashtnole was adiligent and curious 
collector of manuscripts. In 1050 lie published 
a treatise written by Dr. Arthur Dee, relating to 
the philosopher's some ; together with another 
tract on the same subject, by an unknown au- 
thor. About the same time tie was busied in 
preparing lor the press a complete collection of 
the works of such English chytnists as had till 
then remained in manuscript: this undertaking 
cost him great labour and expense; and at length 
the work appeared toward the close of the year 
1652. The title of this w ork was, “ Theatrum j 
Chemicum Britannicum,” &c. Sec. He then ap- ! 
plied himself to the study of antiquity and re- 
cords. In 1058 he began to collect materials for 
his “ History of the Order of the Carter,’’ which 
he lived to finish, and thereby did no less hon- 
our to the order than to himself. In September 
following, he made a journey to Oxford ; where 
he set about a full and particular description 
of the coins given to the public library by arch- 
bishop Laud. Upon the restoration of Charles 
II., Mr. Ashtnole was introduced to his majesty, 
whe received him very graciously, and, on the 
18th of June, 1660, bestowed on hint the place 
of Windsor herald ; a few days after, lie ap- i 
pointed him to give a description of his medals, j 
which were delivered into lus possession ; and 
King Henry VHI.’s closet was assigned for iiis j 
use. On the 8:h of May, 1672, he presented his 
“ Institution, Laws, and Ceremonies, of the most j 
noble Order of the Garter” to the king, wdio re- j 
ceived if very graciously, and, as a mark of his i 
approbation, granted him a privy seal for 40(1/. j 
out of the customs of paper. On the 26th of j 
January, a fire broke out in the Middle Temple, 
in the next chamber to Mr. Ashmole’s, by which 
he lost a noble library, with a collection of 9000 
coins, ancient and modern, and a vast repository 
of seats, charters, and other antiquities and cu- 
riosities ; but his manuscripts, and his most val- 
uable gold medals, were luckily at his house, at 
South Lambeth. In 1683, the University of Ox- 
ford having finished a magnificent repository 
near the theatre, Mr. Ashtnole sent thither his 
curious collection of rarities; and this benefac- 
tion was considerably augmented by the nridi-i 
tion of his manuscripts and library, at his death, 
which happened at Smith Lambeth, May 18, ' 
1692.—He was interred in the church of Great 
Lambeth, in Surrey, on the 26th of May, 1692.' 
ASHMEN F.LI PEASE, a distinguished law-! I 
ver of Northampton, Mass.; he was a member! ; 
of the senate of that state, and afterwards a se-! ; 
rtator in Congress, diod 1810 ji 
_ ~ A* 
[j ASIITON, Charles, one of the most learned 
'critics of his ape, was elected master of Jcsm 
iCollege, Cambridge, July 5, 1101, and installed 
in a prebend of Ely, on the 14th of the same 
month. His great knowledge in ecclesiastical 
antiquities was excelled by none, and equalled 
by few: as his MS. remarks upon the Fathers, 
and corrections of the mistakes of translate! s, 
sufliccntly show. 
ASHTON, I)r. Thomas, rector of St. Hotel] h 
Bishopsgate, a ]io|)tilar preacher and excellent 
divine, born 171C, died 1775. 
ASIIWEI,L, George, his writings were on di- 
vinity, but rot in liigh esteem; he died 1693. 
ASHWOOD, Bartholomew, a minister of Ax- 
minster, in Devon, author of several tracts,&c. 
ASHWOKTIl, Caleb, patronized by Dr. 
Doddridge, and successor to him in his school, 
was created D. D. by a Scotch university; lie 
died 1774. 
ASKEW, Anthony, a native of Westmore- 
land, eminent as a physician, died 1784. 
ASKEW, Anne,an accomplished lady, daugh- 
ter of Sir William Askew, of Kclsay, in Lin- 
colnshire, was born in 1529. She received a 
learned education, and in early life shewed a 
I predilection for theological studies. I.y these 
she was led to favour the reformation : she was, 
|in conseqencc, arrested, and, having confessed 
jher religious principles, was committed to Ncw- 
igale. She was first racked with brutal citteliy 
jin the Tower, and afterwards burned alive in 
jSmiibfield, July JG, 154G; a punishment which 
jshe endured with amazing courage aid firmness, 
adhering to the last to the principles of her faith. 
I ASPASIA, a native of Miletus, celebrated for 
her wit and learning, though .her character was 
licentious. 
ASPASIA, a Grecian Indy, celebrated forhei 
excellence in philosophy and rhetoric, was born 
at Miletus, but settled at Athens; where, though 
she exercised the calling of a courtezan, het 
scholastic talents induced the virtuous Socrates 
and other of the greatest men of the age to visit 
jher house. She was afterwards married to Peri 
jcles, one of the greatest men that ever flourished 
iin Greece. 
A SPELT, Peter d’, studied medicine at Taris, 
!he died 1320. 
j ASSELIN, Giles Thomas, respectable for his 
piety and poetical talents, died 1567. 
ASSELYN, John, a historical and landscape 
j painter, died 1G50. 
ASSER, a Jewish rabbi of the 5th century 
jauthor of the Talmud of Babylon, &c. 
i ASSER, jf St. David’s, a learned author in 
the reign of Alfred. 
ASSHETON, Dr. William, born at Middleton, 
in Lancashire, 1041, was the projector of the 
scheme for providing a maintenance for clergy- 
men’s widows and others, bv a jointure payable 
by the Mercers* Company. Dr. Assheton wrote 
several pieces against the papists and dissenters, 
and some practical and devotional tracts, and 
died at his rectory of Beckenham, in Kent, 1711 
ASSOUCI, Charles Coypcau, Sieur d’, a poet, 
whose works contained more immorality than 
wit; he died 1G79. 
ASTELL, Mary, born at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, about the year 1688. Her unde, a clergy- 
man, observing marks of a promising genius, 
took her under his tuition, and taught her ma- 
thematics, logic, anti philosophy She left the 
place of her nativity when she was about CC 
years of age, and spent the remaining | art of 
her like at London and Cholsoa, ua writing; to#  AT 
the advancement of learning, religion, and vir- 
tue, and in the practice of those religious duties 
which she so zealously and pathetically recom- 
mended to others. She was remarkably abste- 
mious, and seemed to enjoy an uninterrupted 
state of health till a few days before her deaih ; 
when, having one of her breasts cut o!f, it so 
much impaired her constitution, that she died 
in 1731, in the 63d year of her age, and was 
buried at Chelsea. 
ASTERiUS, an Arian of Cappadocia in the 
4th century. 
ASTERiUS, bishop of Amasia, in Pontus, in 
the 4th century. 
ASTERIUS, Urbanus, a bishop of the 3d cen- 
tury, engaged in a controversy with the Monta- 
nistsof Ancyra, in Galatia. 
ASTLE, Thomas, an eminent English anti- 
quary, born at Yoxall, Staffordshire, December 
22, 1735, and originally bred to the law; the 
early pursuit of which profession led him to give 
particular application to the decyphering of an- 
cient records; in which he soon excelled all his 
cotemporaries, and qualified himself to he of 
inttuite advantage to historical literature. In 
1783, he was appointed keeper of the rolls and 
records in the tower of London; and in 1787 
elected a trustee of the British museum. The 
principal one among his numerous-works is, 
“On the Origin and Progress of Writing, as 
well Hieroglyphic as Elementary,” 4to., 1784; 
of which work a new edition was published just 
before his death, which happened at Battersea, 
December 1, 1803. 
ASTLE, John, a portrait painter, bom at 
Wlietn, in Shropshire. 
ASl'OLPH, king of Lombardy, attacked the 
pope’s dominions, and died 756. 
ASTON, Sir Arthur, a brave man in the ser- 
vice of Charles I. 
ASTON, Sir Thomas; in the civil wars he 
raised a troop of horse for the king, but was de- 
feated, and afterwards taken prisoner ; he died 
1642, in consequence of a blow received in at- 
tempting to make his escape. 
ASTORGAS, marchioness of, a lady in the 
reign of Charles II. of Spain; she killed her hus- 
band’s mistress. 
A8TRONOME L’, a historian of the 9th cen- 
tury. 
ASTRUC, John, a physician of France, born 
at Sauves, a town of Lower Languedoc, the 
19th of March, 1684; died at Paris, the 5th of 
May, 1786. He was the author of several use- 
ful arid curious works. 
ASTYAGES, a king of Media, 594 B. C., 
called by some, the Ahasuerus of the Scriptures. 
ATA, Abdal, a mussulmau dervise in the age 
of Tamerlane. 
ATABALIPA, or ATAHUALPA, the last 
k ing of Peru of the race of the Incas, barbarous- 
ly put to death by the Spaniards, 1533. 
’ ATHALIAH, wife of Jehorain, she obtained 
the sovereignty of Judah, which she held seven 
years. 
ATHANASIUS, St., was born at Alexandria, 
of heathen parents. He was noticed, when 
very young, by Alexander, bishop of that see, 
who took care to have him educated in all good 
learning - and when he was of age, ordained j 
him deacon. He took him in his company when; 
he attended the council of Nice, where Athana-j 
sins greatly distinguished himself as an able and 
zealous opposer of the Arian heresy. Soon! 
after the dissolution of the council, Alexander! 
died, and Atlianosius was appointed to succeed; 
AT ‘ 
him in the government of the church of Alex- 
andria. This was in 328, when Athanasius is 
supposed to have been about 28 years of age. It 
is controverted among learned men, whethei 
Athanasius composed the creed commonly re- 
ceived under his name; though the best and 
latest critics, who have examined the thing most 
exactly, make no question but that it is to be 
ascribed to a Latin author, Vigilius Tapsensis, 
an African bishop, who lived in the latter end of 
the 5th century, in the time of the Vandalic 
Arian persecution. 
ATHELING, Edgar, grandson of Edmund 
Ironside, king of England, made some unsuccess 
t'ul attempts to obtain the crown. 
ATHELSTAN, the natural son of Edmund 
the Elder, made king of England, 925. 
ATHENAGORAS, an Athenian philosopher 
who became a convert to Christianity. He lived 
in the 2d century. 
ATHENrEUS, a Greek grammarian, born a/ 
Mane rates, in Egypt, flourished in the 3d century 
ATHENA3US, a mathematician, 200 B. C 
ATIIEN.EUS, an orator of Rome in the ag« 
of Augustus. 
ATHENODORUS, a stoic philosopher, pre- 
ceptor to Augustus. 
ATHIAS, Isaac, author of an explication oi 
the law of Moses, a Jew of Spain. 
ATHIAS, Joseph, a learned printer of Am- 
sterdam, died 1700. 
ATKINS, James, D. D., a learned Scotchman 
of Kirkwall, in Orkney, died 1687. 
ATKINS, sir Robert, lord chief baron of thi* 
exchequer, born in Gloucestershire, in the yeat 
1621, died in the beginning of the year 1709. IK 
was a man of much probity, as well as of great 
skill in his profession, and a warm friend to tlm 
constitution. 
ATKINS, sir Robert, son of the foregoing, 
was born in 1646. He became very early a great 
proficient in the laws and antiquities of bis coun- 
try, which afterwards led him to xvrite “The 
Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire,” 
printed in folio, 1712. This great and valuable 
work he lived to perfect, but died the year before 
it was published. 
ATKINSON, Theodore, chief justice of New- 
Hampshire, and a delegate to the convention at 
Albany which formed the plan of union for the 
defence of the colonies, died 1779. 
ATKYNS, Richard, suffered during the civil 
wars for his attachment to the royal cause, and 
died 1677. 
ATLAS, king of Mauritania, a celebrated as- 
tronomer, said to have been cotemporary with 
Moses. From his making astronomical obser- 
vations on high mountains, it became a fable 
that he was turned into a mountain. He is 
likewise represented as an old man bearing the 
world upon his shoulders: and general descrip- 
tions of the whole globe, in sets of maps, are to 
this hour called Atlases. 
ATRATUS, Hugh, or Black, called the Phce- 
nix of his age, from his great powers of mind. 
ATT ALUS I., king of Pergamus, a great pa- 
tron of learning, died 198 B. C. 
ATTALUS II., son of the preceding, reigned 
21 years, and died 159 B. C. 
ATTALUS III., nephew of the second, died 
133 B. C. 
ATTALUS, a native of Pergamus, wa» 
burnt alive for professing the Christian reli- 
gion. 177. 
ATTENDULI, Margaret, a sister of Sforza, 
grand constable of Naples. 
43  AT 
ATTERBURY, Lewis; he took the degree of 
D. D. at Oxford, and was drowned 1693. 
ATTERBURY, Lewis, son of the preceding, 
one of the chaplains of the princess Anne, died 
1731. 
ATTERBUR Y, Francis, bishop of Rochester, 
was born March 6, 1662, at Middleton, or Milton 
Keynes, in Buckinghamshire. He had his edu- 
cation in grammar learning at Westminster 
school; and thence, in 1680, was elected a stu- 
dent of Christ-church College, Oxford, where he 
soon distinguished himself for the politeness of 
his wit and learning. In 1690 he look orders; in 
1691 he was elected lecturer of St. Bride’s Church 
in London, preached at Bridewell Chapel, and 
was soon afterwards appointedchaplainto king 
William and queen Mary. He was for some 
years after this engaged in a religious contro- 
versy with Dr. Bentley, Dr. Wake, and other 
learned divines. In 1713, the queen, at the re- 
commendation of lord chancellor Harcourt, ad- 
vanced him to the bishopric of Rochester, with 
the deanery of Westminster in commendam. 
At the beginning of the succeeding reign his 
tide of prosperity began to turn; and he re- 
ceived a sensible mortification presently after 
the coronation of king George 1., when, upon 
his offering to present his majesty (w'itl) a view, 
no doubt, of standing better in his favour) with 
the chair of state and royal canopy, his own 
perquisites as dean of Westminster, the offer 
was rejected, not without some evident marks 
of dislike to his person In 1722, on a suspicion 
of his being concerned in a plot in favour of the 
pretender, he was apprehended August 24, and 
committed prisoner to the Tower. A bill soon 
after passed in parliament, the tenor of which 
was, that he should be deprived of all his 
offices, dignities, benefices, &c., and suffer per- 
petual exile. He died at Paris, February 15, 
1731-2. 
ATTICUS, one of the most singular person- 
ages in ancient Rome. He understood the art of 
conducting himself so well, that, without de- 
parting from his neutrality, he preserved the 
esteem and affection of all parties. He reached 
the age of 77 years almost without knowing 
what sickness was, but at last fell sick. His 
illness, which was slight for three months, at 
length becoming painful, he sent for Agrippa, 
his son-in-law, and two other persons, and de- 
clared to them a resolution to put an end to his 
life by abstinence from food. Agrippa remon- 
strated with tears, but in vain. After two days 
abstinence the fever left him, and the disease 
abated; but Atticus persisted, and died three 
days after, in the year of Rome 721. 
ATTICUS, Herodes, a celebrated orator, born 
at Marathon, died in 76. 
ATTICUS, patriarch of Constantinople, died 
in 427. 
ATTILA, a famous general of the Huns, 
usually called “ The Scourge of God,” died 
453. 
ATWOOD, YVilliam, chief justice of the co- 
lony of New-York, and judge of admiralty for 
New-England, New-York, and New-Jersev, in 
1701. 
ATWOOD, George, of the parish St. Clement 
Danes, a tutor and fellow of Trinity College, 
Cambridge, and lecturer on experimental philo- 
sophy to the university. He was eminent as a 
profound mathematician arid financier, and for 
his skill in the theory and practice of music; 
and was the intimate friend of the prime minis- 
ter, Pitt. He died 1807. 
AU 
] AUBF.RT, Peter, a French lawyer, died 1733 
} AUBERT, William, an advocate at I aris 
'author of some works of meiit, died in 1661 
| AUBERT DU BAYET N., a French ofl.cer, 
engaged in the American war. 
AUBERTIN, F.dme, minister of the reformed 
church at Charenton, died 1L52. 
j AUBERY, or AUBRY, John, a physician ol 
IBourbonnois, a learned author. 
AUBERY, Anthony, a lawyer of Paris, and 
a remarkable student, died 1695. 
AUBERY, Louis,sieurdu Maurier, author o 
some valuable works, died 1687. 
AUBESP1NE, Claude de P, usefully employ 
ed in the service of Francis I., Henry II., an 
his two successors; he died in 1567. 
AUBESP1NE, Charles de, marquis of Cha- 
teau-neuf, chancellor of France, an able states- 
man, dh d 1653. 
AUBESP1NE, Gabriel de P, an ambassador 
in England, 1630. 
AUBESPINE, Magdelene de P, wife of Ni- 
colas de Neufville deVilleroi, celebrated for her 
wit and beauty at the court of Charles IX. 
AUBIGNE, Theodore Agrippa d’, a very il- 
lustrious Frenchman, and grandfather of the no 
less illustrious Madame de Maintenon, was horn 
about the year 1550. His parts were so uncom- 
mon, and his progress in letters so very rapid, 
that he is said to have translated the “ C'riio’ of 
Plato from the Greek into French w hen no more 
than eight years old. His principal work is 
“Ilistoire Univereclle, from 1550 to ICO], with 
a short Account of the Death of Henry IV.,” in 
three volumes, folio. Aubigne died at Geneva 
in 1630. 
AUBREY, John, an eminent English anti- 
quary, born at Easton Piers, Wiltshire, 1(26, 
died 1700, leaving many works behind him, par- 
ticularly a “ History of Surrey,” 5 vols. 8vo., a 
volume of “ Miscellanies,” and several MSS., 
which are in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 
He seems, however, to have been a credulous 
man, and to have been frequently imposed upon 
with marvellous tales and absurd hypotheses. 
AUBREY, John Baptist, a French Benedict- 
ine, prior of the house of Commercy, died 1600. 
His writings on theological and philosophical 
subjects are numerous. 
AUBRIOT, Hugo, builder of the Bastile, 13C9, 
died in 1382. 
aUBUSSON, Peter d’, grand master of the 
order of St. John of Jerusalem, a warrior and 
statesman, died in 1503. 
AUBUSSON, Francis d’, duke de la Feuil 
lade, distinguished himself in the wars of Flan- 
ders, died in 1681. 
AUCHMUTY, Samuel. D. D„ rector of Tri- 
nity church, New-York, died 1777. 
AUCHMUTY7, sir Samuel, knt., son of the 
above, was horn in New-York, and, taking side 
against his countrymen in the Revolution, he 
entered the British army, and rose to the high 
rank of lieutenant general, after holding ca- 
rious honourable and lucrative stations under 
the British government. He dieti at Dublin 
while coinmander-in-cliief of the forces in Ire- 
land, 1822. 
AUDEBERT, Germain, a counsellor of O' 
leans, and a poet, died 1598. 
AUDEBERT, John Baptist, a French na 
turalist, engraver, &c., died 1800. 
AUDTFRET. Jean Baptiste d’, a native oi 
Marseilles, author of a geography, died 1733. 
AUDIFRET, Hercules, of Carpentras, pro 
ceptor of Fiechier, died 1659. 
44 AU 
AUD1GU1ER, Vital d’, known for his adven- 
tures in quest of independence, ilied 1630. 
AUD1US, founder of a sect in the 4th cen- 
I tury. 
AUDREY, James, lord, distinguished for his 
I valour in the wars of France, &c., died in 1386. 
AIJDLEY, Edmund, was successively made 
I bishop of Rochester, Hereford, and Salisbury, 
and died in 1524. 
AUDREY, or AWDELEY, Thomas, appoint- 
ed chancellor in the room of sir Thomas More, 
died in 1544. 
AUDRAN, Girard, esteemed the most correct 
historic al engraver that ever lived, died in 1703. 
AUDRAN, Claude, brother to Girard, a his- 
torical painter, died in 1684. 
AUDRAN, John, nephew of Girard, an en- 
graver of Lyons, died in 1756. 
AUGER, Edmund, whose eloquence convert- 
ed 40,000 proleslants to the catholic faith, died 
1591. 
AUGURELL1. John Aurelius, a poet and 
philosopher of Rimini, died in 1524. 
AUGUSTIN, Antony, employed bv the pope 
is ambassador to England, died in 1587. 
AUGUSTINE. St., a father of the church, 
Blade bishop <>f Hippo, died ill 430. 
AUGUSTINE, Leonard, commonly called 
Agostini, an antiquarian of Sienna in the 17th 
century. 
AUGUSTIN, or AUSTIN, St., the first arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, was originally a monk in 
the convent of St. Andrew, at Rome, and edu- 
cated under St. Gregory, afterwards pope Gre- 
gory I., by whom he was despatched into Britain, 
with 40 other monks of the same order, about 
the year 596, to convert the English Saxons to 
Christianity, lie died tit Canterbury, 604. 
AUG-USTULUS, Romulus, the last emperor 
of Rome, spent the last part of his life in ob- 
scuritv. 
AUGUSTUS, Cains Julius Caisar Octavia- 
nus, the first Roman Emperor, a prince of great 
moderation and prudence, died A. 1). 14. 
AUIIADI-MARAGAII, a mussuhnan poet, 
about 1319. 
A ULUS GELLIUS. See GELLIUS. 
AU.MONT, John d’, count of Chateroux, 
marshal of France, &c., died 1595. 
AUMONT, Anthony d’, grandson of the pre- 
ceding, also marshal of France, &■c., died 1669. 
AUNGERVILLE, Richard, tutor to Edward 
HI. of England, died 1345. 
aUNOY, Marie Catherine Jumelle de Bern- 
ville, countess d’, known as the writer of nu- 
merous romances, died 1705. 
AU RE I, I AN, soil of a peasant, raised to the 
throne of Rome after Claudius II., died 275. 
AURELIUS VICTOR, Sextus, a Roman his- 
torian of the 4th century. 
AU BELLI, or ARELLI, John Mutio, a Latin 
poet, died 1520. 
AURENG-ZEB, the great mogul, a famous 
conqueror, but detestable parricide who poison- 
id his father to possess his throne, died 1707, 
aged near 100. 
AUREOLUS, Manias Acilius, from a shep- 
herd became a general; be died 267. 
AURIA, Vincent, a native of Palermo, dis- 
tini’iiished as a man of letters, died 1710. 
AUR1F1CUS, or ORIFICES BONEFILTUS, 
Nicholas, author of several religious works in 
the 16th century. 
AURIGNY, Hyacintba Robillard d’, regent 
of the college of Alencon, wrote some chrono- 
logical memoirs on history, &c. and died 1719. 
AU 
AURIGNY, Gilles d', an ingenious French 
poet of tile ititli century. 
AURILLON, Jean Baptiste Elie, a French- 
man, admired for his eloquence, &c., died 1729. 
AURIOL, Blaise d’, known by some poetical 
pieces and treatises on jurisprudence, died 1310. 
AURISPA, John, patronised by pope Ni 
eholas V. 
AUROGALLUS, Matthew, assisted Luther 
in translating the Bible into German, and died 
1543. 
AUROUX, Matthew, a lawyer, author of a 
curious commentary on the costume du Bour- 
bonnois, in the 18th century. 
AUSONLUS, Decimus Magnus, a Latin poet 
of the 4th century. 
AUSSUN, Pierre d’, a distinguished officer in 
the French service, died 15G3. 
AUSTIN, William, author of the “ Excellen- 
cy of Women,” &e. 
" AUTELS, Gillaumedes, an indifferent French 
poet, died 1570. 
AUTEROCHE, Jean Chappe d', a French- 
man, distinguished for his early and rapid pro- 
gress in learning; he went to Tobolsk to observe 
the transit of Venus over the sun's disk, June 
0, 1701. 
AUTHON, John d’, historiographer to Lewis 
XII., died 1532. 
AUTOMNE, Bernard, author of a commen- 
tary’ on the provincial law of Bordeaux, died 
1000. 
A1JTREAU, Jacques d’, a painter of Paris, 
who began to write for the stage at GO, with suc- 
cess ; he died 1745. 
AUVERGNE, Anthony d’, director of the 
opera at Paris, and an eminent composer, died 
1797. 
AUVIGNY, N. Castres d’, born in the Hai- 
naut, intimate with P abbe des Fontaines; he 
wrote much on historical subjects, and died 
1743. 
AUXF.NTIUS, a native of Cappadocia ; he 
was made bishop of Milan, but was afterwards 
excommunicated, and died 374. Another of 
the same name challenged St. Ambrose to a pub- 
lic disputation, which he rejected. 
AUZONT, Adrian, a native of Rouen, a ma- 
thematician, said to be the inventor of the mi- 
crometer; he suggested the idea of applying the 
. telescope to the astronomical quadrant, and died 
1691. 
AVALOS FERDINAND, Francis d\ mar- 
quis of Pescara, distinguished for his valour in 
the service of Charles V., died 1525. 
AVALOS, Alphonso d’, marquis del Vasto, 
assisted Charles V. in Italy, died 1546. 
AVANTIO, John Marion, a learned civilian, 
settled at Padua, died 1622. 
AVED, Jaques Andre Joseph, a painter of 
eminence, died at Paris, 1766. 
AVEIRO, Joseph, duke of, a Portuguese no 
bleman, conspired against king Joseph I., and 
was executed 1759. 
AVENPACA, a Spanish Moor, a peripatetic 
philosopher in the 12th century. 
AVELAR, a Portuguese painter. 
AVELLANEDA, Alphonsus Fernandes d’, 
a Spanish writer, native of Tordesiilas, was 
author of a Continuation, or Second Part, of 
“ Don Quixote,” 8vo., 1614. It has been twice 
translated into English ; and Pope, in his Essay 
on Criticism, has verified a tale from it. The 
time of his birth or death has not been ascer 
tained. 
AVENTIN, John, a celebrated scholar, and  AY 
author of the “Annals of Bavaria,” born 14CG, 
at Ahensperg, in the country just named. He 
died 15:>4. 
AVENZOAR, an Arabian physician of the 
12th century. 
AVERANIUS, Joseph, a native of Florence, 
possessed strong powers of mind; he died in 
1738. 
AVERANIUS, Benedict, brother of the, pre- 
ceding, early distinguished by advancement in 
literature, died in 1707. 
AVERDY, Clement Charles de P, minister 
and comptroller of the finances under Lewis 
XV., guillotined in 1794. 
AVEEROES, one of the most subtle Arabian 
philosophers, and a native of Corduba, flourish- 
ed in the 12th century. 
AVESBURY, Robert, an English historian. 
AVICENNA, a celebrated philosopher and 
physician among the Mahometans, was horn 
in the year 980, and died in 1030. The number 
of his books, including his smaller tracts, is 
computed at near 100, the majority of which are 
either lost or not known in Europe. 
AVIENUS, Rufus Festus, a Latin poet of the 
4th century. 
AVILA, Louis d’, a general of cavalry under 
Charles V. at the siege of Mentz, 1552. 
AVILA, Giles Gonzales d’, historiographer to 
the Spanish king, died 1658. 
AVILA, John d\ a learned and pious ecclesi- 
astic of Toledo, died 15G9. 
AVILA, Sancho d’, bishop of Murcia, &c., 
distinguished for his piety, died 1626. 
AVILER, Augustin Charles d’, wrote on ar- 
chitecture ; he died 1700. 
AVI RON, James le Bathelier, author of com- 
mentaries on the provincial law s of Normandy. 
AVISON, Charles, an eminent English mu- 
sician and composer, and author of a treatise 
on “Musical Expression,” died at Newcastle, 
May 10, 1770. 
A VITUS, Mark Maecilius, emperor of the 
West, on the death of Maximus, 455. 
AVOGARDI, Lucia Albani, a celebrated Ita- 
lian poetess. 
AXERETO, or ASSERETO, Blaise, a Ge- 
noese admiral, defeated and took prisoner Al- 
phonse V., king of Arragon, in a naval battle, 
1435. 
AXITHEA, a female philosopher, in tile age 
of Plato. 
AXTEL, Daniel, a colonel in the parlia- 
mentary army ; from a grocer he became a sol- 
dier, was one of the officers employed at the 
trial of the king, and for his concern in his exe- 
cution, he suffered death in 1660. 
AYESHA, most beloved of the wives of Ma- 
homet, died 677. 
AYLESBURY, Sir Thomas, a native of Lon- 
don, and a patron of literature, distinguished as 
a mathematician and man of science, died 1657. 
AYLESBURY, William, son of the preced- 
ing, and tutor to the young duke of Bucking- 
ham and his brother, died in Jamaica, 1657. 
AYLETT, Robert, a master in chancery of 
Trinity-hall, Cambridge, 1614. 
AYLIN, John, author of the history of Friuli, 
an Italian author of the 14th century. 
AYLMER, John, bishop of London, horn in 
Norfolk 1521. He preached frequently in his 
cathedral, and had an admirable talent at cap- 
tivating the attention of his hearers. lie died 
at Fulham, the 3d of June, 1594, aged 73. 
AYLOFFE, Sir Joseph, bait., V. P. A. S., 
and F. R. S., born 1708. died 1781. HU know- 
EA__ 
ledge of the national antiquities and municipal 
rights was very extensive. 
AYLON, Luke Vasques d’, a Spaniard cn 
gaged in the discovery and conquest of Ameri 
ca, 1520. 
AYMAR, James, a peasant of Dauphine, prc 
tended lo discover secreis, ice., by means of t 
saert-d wand ; he died 1708. 
AYMON, John, a Piedmontese, embrace* 
the tenets of Calvin, in Hollaiid, hut returned t« 
the Romish church ; lie purloined and publishes 
some books from the kingjs libraiy at Paris. 
AYHIES, John, an English penman of con 
siderabie eminence about 1694. 
AYRMIN, or AYERMIN, William, made 
chancellor of England by Edward 111.; he was 
also sent ambassador to Rome. 
AYSA, a Moorish female, taken prisoner by 
the Spaniards under Charles V., at the siege of 
Tunis. 
AYSCOUGH, George Edward, an English- 
man ; he was an officer in the foot guards, dis- 
tinguished for his literary acquirements, and 
died 1779. 
AYSCOUGH, Anne. See ASKEW. 
AYSCOUGH, Samuel, assistant librarian in 
the British Museum, but chiefly memorable fot 
his patient industry in that most useful, but too 
much despised province of literature, called in- 
dex making. He published, among other wot ks, 
a “ Catalogue of the MSS. in the British Mu- 
seum; and also a Catalogue of Ancient Char- 
ters in that matchless collection, amounting to 
about 10,000. lie was born at Nottingham, in 
1745, and died in the British Museum, October 
20, 1804. 
AYSCUE, Sir George, a gallant English ad- 
miral, from an ancient family in Lincolnshire • 
in 1666 he commanded the Royal Prince, the 
largest ship in the w orld ; it was captured by 
the Dutch. 
AZARIAII, or UZZJAFI, king of Judah, lived 
810 B. C., became an idolater, and died a leper. 
AZ ARIAS, a rabbi, author of several Hebrew 
works. 
AZEVEDO, Ignatius, a Portuguese Jesuit, a 
missionary to America, murdered bv pirates, 1570. 
AZAICUETA, Martin, a lawyer of Pampe- 
luna, distinguished as a professor in several uni- 
versities, died at Rome, in 1580. 
AZOEIUS, John, a native of Lucca, eminent 
among the Jesuits, as a professor at Alcala and 
at Rome, died 1003. 
AZZI HE EORTI, Faustina, writer of a vo- 
lume of Italian poems, died 1724. 
AZZO, Portius, professor of law- at Bologna, 
died 1220. 
AZZOGUIDO, Valerius Flaccus, a learned 
antiquarian of Bologna, died 1728. 
AZZOLINI, Lawrence, secretary to Pope 
Urban VIII., and bishop of Kami, died 1532. 
BA 
BAAHDTN, Mahomet Gebet Amali, a learned 
Persian, author of a summary of civil and canon 
law, which was enforced through Persia, by 
command of Abbas the Great. 
BAAN, John de, a Dutch painter of some emi- 
nence, patronised by Charles 11. of England, and 
the grand duke of Tuscany ; he died 1702. 
BA ARSDORP, Cornelius, w as physician and 
chamberlain to the Emperor Charles V. 
BAART, Peter, a Latin and Flemish poet 
and physician, author of ,nc Flemish Georgies 
and otiivr poctni. Year of his death unkt own ' BA ~ 
BABA, a Turkish impostor. He announced 
himself, in 1260, as the messenger of God ; was 
opposed and overpowered by the Turks, and his 
sect dispersed. 
BABEK, a Persian, who, in 823, rebelled 
against, and defeated the caliph Almamon. He 
was conquered and executed by the next caliph. 
BABACOUSCHI, a mufti of Oaft'a, in tile 
Taurida, author of several political treatises, 
died 78.1 of the hegira. 
BA BEUF, Francis Noel, a nath’eof St. Guin- 
tin, an attorney, afterwards publisher of a French 
revolutionary paper, who, for his vices, was 
deemed a fit successor to Robespierre. He was 
condemned to the guillotine, and executed 1797, 
aged 37. 
BABIN, Francis, a native of Angus, and pro- 
fessor of divinity, died 1734. 
BABINGTON, Hr. Gervase, bishop of Wor- 
cester, born iu Nottinghamshire, 1550, died 1810, 
leaving some esteemed theological works be- 
hind him, as “ Notes on the Pentateuch,” &c. 
BABINGTON, Anthony, a native of Derby- 
shire. He conspired, with other Catholics, to 
assassinate Gueen Elizabeth, and release Mary 
queen of Scots. He was detected and executed, 
1586. 
BABUR, grandson ot Tamerlane, died 1471. 
P. AB YEAS, a bishop of Antioch, puttodeath 
in the reign of the emperor Decius, 251. 
BACA I, Ibrahim Benoinar, died 885 of the 
hegira. 
BACAUANT, Abubecre, author of a book ex- 
planatory of the Koran. 
BACCALAR-Y-SANNA, Vincent, marquis 
of St. Philip, a man of influence under Charles 
II. and Philip V. of Spain, died 1726. 
BACCALI, a learned Mahometan, surnamed 
the ornament of the doctors, for his learning, 
died 562 of the hegira. 
BACCELL1, Jerome, a native of Florence; 
he translated the Odyssey into Italian, 1558. 
BACCHETTI, Eawrence, professor of medi- 
cine and jurisprudence at Padua, died 1708. 
BACCHINl, Benedict, a Benedictine monk, 
librarian and historiographer to the duke of 
Modena, and professor of Ecclesiastical history, 
died 1721. 
BACCHYLIDES, a lyric poet of Cos, who 
lived about 452 B. C. 
BACCHYLUS, bishop of Corinth in the 2d 
century. 
BACCIO, Andreas, a native of Ancona, pro- 
fessor of medicine at Romp, and physician to 
Pope Sixtus V., died about 1600. 
BACCIO, Francis Bartholomew, a historical 
and portrait painter of Florence, die(l 1517. 
BACH, John Sebastian, an eminent German 
Musician, who long stood unrivalled as a per- 
former on the organ, as well as a composer for 
that instrument. He was born at Eisenach in 
1685, and died at Leipzic, in 1754. 
BAC1IAUMON, Lewis Petit do, a native of 
Paris, known as the author of several literary 
works, died 1771. 
BACHELIER, Nicholas, an architect and 
sculptor of eminence, he was a pupil of Michael 
Angelo, and died after 1553. 
BACHINI, Bernardine, a Benedictine monk, 
iuthor of several Latin and Italian works, died 
1721. 
BACHOVIUS, Reinier, a native of Cologne, 
an eminent civilian and professor at Heidelberg, 
died 1614. 
BACICI, John Baptiste Gauli, a native of Ge- 
noa, mid eminent as a painter, died at Rome, 1709. 
BA ~ 
BACKER, James, an eminent Dutch portrait 
painter, died 15(X). 
BACKER, Jacob, a portrait painter, born at 
Henligen, died 1651. 
BACKHOUSE, William, an English alchy 
mist and astrologer, died 1602. 
BACKHUYSEN, Ludolph, a painter of Emh 
den, died 1701). 
BACKUS, Charles, D.D., an eminent minister; 
he settled in Somers, Conn., 1774, and died j803. 
BACKUS, Isaac, a distinguished baptist mi- 
nister of Massachusetts, whose publications are 
more numerous than any other baptist writer i» 
America; he died 1808. 
BACKUS, Aziel, D.D., was pastor of a church 
in Bethlehem, Conu., and afterwards first presi- 
dent of Hamilton College; he died 1816, aged 62. 
BACLAY, John, son of the preceding, a wri- 
ter of some celebrity, died 1621. 
BACON, Robert, an English friar, professor 
of divinity at Oxford, and treasurer of Salisbury 
cathedral, died 1248. 
BACON, Nathaniel, came to America, and 
caused an injurious rebellion in Governor B< rk 
ley’s time. 
BACON, Roger, a learned monk of the Fran- 
ciscan order, descended of an ancient family, 
born near Ilchester, in Somersetshire, 1214. His 
discoveries were little understood by the gene- 
rality of mankind ; and because, lr, the help of 
mathematical knowledge, he performed things 
above common understanding, he was suspected 
of magic. He was persecuted particularly by 
his own fraternity; they would not receive his 
works into their library, and at last had inter- 
est enough with the general of their order to get 
him imprisoned ; so tiiat, as he confesses him- 
self, he had reason to repent of his having taken 
such pains in the arts and sciences. At the 
particular desire of Pope Clement IV., Bacon 
collected together and enlarged his several 
pieces, and sent them to him, in 1287. This col- 
lection, which is the same that himself entitled 
“ Opus Majus,” or his Great Work, is stil . c- 
tant. When Bacon had been ten years in prison, 
Jerom d’Ascoli, general of his order, who hud 
condemned his doctrine, was chosen pope, and 
assumed the name of Nicholas IV. Toward 
the latter end of his reign, Bacon, by the inter- 
position of some noblemen, obtained his release, 
and returned to Oxford, where he spent the re 
inainder of his days in peace, and died in the 
college of his order, 11th June, 1294. Dr. Fremd 
ascribes the honour of introducing chymistry 
into Europe to Bacon, who, he observes, speaks 
in some part or other of his works, of almost 
every operation now used in chymistry. He was 
a miracle of the age that he lived in; and the 
greatest genius, perhaps, for mechanical know- 
ledge, that, ever appeared in the world since 
Archimedes. 
BACON, Sir Nicholas, lord keeper of the 
great seal in the reign of Gueen Elizabeth, was 
descended of an ancient family in Suffolk, born 
in the year 1510, and died, lamented by her ma- 
jesty and the nation, on the 20th of Feb., 1578-9. 
BACON, Anne, wife of Sir Nicholas, a lady 
eminent for learning, piety, and virtue, died 
about the beginning of the reign of James 1. 
BACON, Francis, viscount of St. Albans, lord 
high chancellor of England, and one of the great 
est and most universal geniuses that any age or 
country has produced, was son of S,r Nicholas 
Bacon, lord keeper of the great seal, and born at 
York House, in the Strand, on the 22d of Janu- 
ary, 1561. His extraordinary parts, even when BA 
a boy, were so conspi< nous, that before he was 
fitil 16, his father called hint from the university 
to attend into France the queen’s ambassador, 
Sir Annas Pawlet, whose esteem and confi- 
dence he gained to sucli a degree, that he was 
soon after charged by him with a commission to 
the queen, which he executed with great ap- 
probation, and returned again to France, to fin- 
ish his travels. During his stay in that king- 
dom his father died, without making that sepa- 
rate provision for him which he had intended: 
this obliging him to think of some profession 
for a subsistence, he applied himself, more 
through necessity than choice, to the study of 
the common law, and for that purpose seated 
himself in Gray’s Inn. At the age of 28 he was 
chosen by that honourable society for their 
Lent reader, and afterwards their double reader. 
On the 23d of July, 1G03, he received the honour 
of knighthood ; and on the 25th of August, 1604, 
was constituted by patent one of the king’s 
learned counsel. In 1613, he succeeded Sir 
Henry Hobart, advanced to the place of chief 
justice of the common pleas, as attorney gene- 
ral. June il, 1616, he was raised to the dignity 
of u privy-counsellor, while he was still in the 
office of attorney-general: and as lie had now 
more leisure from private causes, he was de- 
sirous to dedicate more time to public service; 
and therefore made an offer to the king of a new 
“ Digest of the Laws of England.” March 7, 
1617, upon the chancellor’s voluntary resigna- 
tion of the seals, they were given to Sir Francis 
Bacon, with the title of lord keeper. On the 
4th of January, 1618, he was constituted lord 
high chancellor of England, and on the 11th of 
July following, created baron of Verulam, in 
Hertfordshire. In 1620, amidst all the variety 
of weighty business in which his high office ne- 
cessarily involved him, he published the most 
finished' and important, though the least read, of 
all his philosophical tracts, the “ Novum Orga- 
nutn Scientiarum.” The next year he was ac- 
cused of bribery and corruption; and the house 
of peers, on the 3d of May, 1621, gave judgment 
against him, “that he should be fined 40,0001., 
and remain prisoner in the tower during the 
king's pleasure : that he should for ever be in- 
capable of any office, place, or employment in 
the state or commonwealth; and that he should 
never sit in parliament, or come within the 
verge of the court.” But he was soon restored 
to his liberty, and his fine remitted, and was sum- 
moned to the first parliament of King Charles. 
After this sentence, he retired from civil affairs, 
and for five years gave himself wholly up to 
writing. He died April 1), 1626, and lies buried 
in St. Michael’s church, at St. Alban’s, where a 
monument was erected for him by Sir Thomas 
Meautys, once his secretary, and afterwards 
clerk of the council. His works, collected into 
5 vols. 4to., were beautifully and accurately 
printed by Mr. Bowyer and Mr. Straban, in 1765. 
BACON, Anthony, brother to the chancellor, 
distinguished for his acquaintance with politics, 
died before Ills brother. 
BACON. Sir Nathaniel, knight of the bath, a 
painter of the Flemish school. 
B A CON, Phanucl, rector of Balden, in Oxford- 
shire, and vicar of Bramber, in Sussex, was a 
famous punster, and an ingenious poet. He 
published, in 1757, five dramatic pieces, called 
“ The Taxes,” “ The Insignificauts,” “ The 
Trial of the Tune-killers,” “The Moral Quack,” 
and “ The Oculist;” and died at Balden, Janu- 
ary 2, 1783. il 
PA 
BACON, John, a celebrated sculptor, bora ip 
London, November 24, 1740 ; was apprentice*: 
to a painter of porcelain cliina, a: Lambeth, 
but, observing the models of different sculptors 
which were sent to a neighbouring potter’s to 
be burnt, he conceived a strong inclination to 
pursue the art of sculpture, anu bis progress 
was as rapid, as the decision was sudden, lie 
sluditd at the Koyal Academy on its lirst insti- 
tution, in 1708, and in a few years afterw ards 
was elected royal academician. Of the numer- 
ous monuments erected by him, the most dis- 
tinguished are,those of Lord! hathnni, in West- 
minster Abbey, and of Nlr. Howard and Dr. 
Johnson, in St. Paul’s Cathedral, lie died Au- 
gust 7,1799. 
BACONTHORPE, John, a monk of Norfolk, 
died 1346. 
BACOUE, Leo, a protestant of Gascony, con- 
verted to popery, and made bishop of I’amiers, 
died 1694. 
BACC1UERRE, Benedict de, a physician and 
medical author. 
BACQUET, advocate to the king of France, 
died 1597. 
BACTISHUA, George Ebn, a Christian phy- 
sician of celebrity at the court of Almansor. 
BADAKSCHI, a Persian poet, under the ca- 
liph Moctafi. 
BADASCH, a commentator on the Arabic 
grammar, died 528 of the hegira. 
BADCOCK, 8amuel. an eminent critic and 
controversial writer, was born at South Moulton, 
in Devonshire, in the year 1747, and destined to 
the clerical character. We find him in very 
early life, at about the age of 19, at the head of 
a very considerable Presbyterian congregation 
at Barnstaple, in Devonshire. From this siiua- 
tion, however, he removed, and was elected 
minister of South Moulton, about 12 miles from 
his fir:4 situation ; and in this retirement his ac- 
tive mind turned its views to the more public 
departments of literature. During the progress 
of the London Review, he occasionally corn s- 
ponded wiili Dr. Kenrick, and contended wiiii 
that acute and intelligent sceptic on different 
points of Christianity. He occasionally, also, 
wrote some articles in his Review, which are 
yet distinguishable by their spirit and intelli- 
gence. He was, before this period, an occasional 
correspondent in the Westminster Magazine; 
and we afterwards find him more frequently 
corresponding with the Gentleman's Magazine, 
(he London Magazine, the General Evening 
Post, and the St. James’ Chronicle. But the 
great scene of bis public warfare was in the 
Monthly Review’. About three years before bis 
death, which happened on the 19th of May, 1788 
he conformed to the established church 
BAI1DELY, Robert, an excellent low come- 
dian, many years attached to Drury-lane thea 
tre, died November 20, 1794. By bis w ill he 
left to the theatrical fund his cottage at Hamp- 
ton, in trust, that they should elect to reside in 
it such four of the fund pensioners as might not 
object to living sociably under the same roof. 
In this bouse are two parlours for their joint in- 
dulg ence, and four separate bedchambers. This 
bequest is an instance of his benevolence, and 
of bis respect for his profession ; but the manner 
in which it was done is even more honourable 
to him than the donation itself. That the de 
caved actors who are to be chosen by the fund 
committee as tenants for this house, might not 
appear like dependants on charity, in the eyes 
of the neighbourhood, he left also a certain sum 
48 BA 
to be distributed by those tenants to the poor of 
the vicinity. Tne singularity of Mr. B.’smind 
is further observable, in his leaving 3 pounds 
annually for a twelfth-cake, to be distributed in 
the green-room. 
BADEN, James, professor of eloquence, Sec., 
in the university of Copenhagen, published a 
“ German and Danish Dictionary,” and atrans- 
lation of “Tacitus” into the Danish language, 
that is said to rival the original for precision, 
taste, and purity of diction. He died November, 
1804. 
BADENS, Francis, a historical and portrait 
painter of Antwerp, died 1603. 
BA DEW, Richard de, was chancellor of 
Cambridge, and laid the foundation of a college, 
now called Clare-hall, 1636. 
BA DILE, Anthony, an admired Italian paint- 
er, died 1560. 
BADUEL, Claude, a protestant divine and 
professor in Switzerland,died 1561. 
BA7RSIITS, or VEKENSTIL, Henry, a ma- 
thematician and painter, of Louvain, in the 16th 
century. 
BAERSTRAT, a Dutch painter, died 1687. 
BAFKARKAH, Abu Zohal, a commentator 
on Euclid. 
BAG DEDIN, Mahommed, an Arabian ma- 
thematician of the 10th century. 
BAGE, Robert, an English novelist of consi- 
derable merit, died 1801. 
BAG FORD, John, a celebrated antiquary, 
and collector of old English hooks, prints, Sec. 
He had been in his younger days a shoemaker, 
afterwards a bookseller; and lastly, for the 
many curiosities wherewith he enriched the li- 
brary of Dr. John Moore, hishop of Ely, his 
lordship got him admitted into the Charter- 
house. lie died on the 15th of May, 1716, aged 
65 years. 
BAGGER, John, a native of Lunden, and bi- 
shop of Copenhagen,died 1693. 
BAG I, Zadeii, a commentator on the Koran, 
died 1013 of the hegira. 
BAGLIONI, John Paul, a native of Perugia. 
He usurped the sovereignty of his country, and 
was dispossessed by Caisar Borgia, and after- 
wards beheaded by Leo X.,at Rome, 1520. 
BAGIilVI, George, professor of anatomy at 
Rome, died 1706. 
BAGNIOLI, Julius Ctesar, an Italian poet, 
died about 1600. 
BAGOAS, an Egyptian eunuch, put to death 
356. B .C. 
BAGOT, Lewis, L. L. D., canon and dean of 
Christ Church, Oxford, bishop of Bristol, of 
Norwich, and of St. Asaph ; he died 1802. 
BAGSIIAW, William, a native of Tidsweil, 
an eloquent and popular preacher, died 1703. 
BAGSHAW, Edward, M. A., a teacher at 
Westminster, under Busby; he was imprisoned 
for nonconformity, and died in Newgate, 1671. 
BAGURI, a Mahometan writer, died 679 of 
the hegira. 
BA1IA, a mussulman, surnained the orna- 
ment of justice and religion, and regarded as a 
saint, died 857 of the hegira. 
BAHALI, a Mahometan author, died 321 of 
the heirira. 
BAHAR-AL-TIEFAH, or the sea of memo- 
ry, an author, died 255 of the hegira. 
BAHIER, John, horn at Chatillon, a priest, 
and author of Latin verses, died 1707. 
BAHllAM, a general under Chosroes I. 
whom he deposed. He was afterwards put to 
death. _ i 
HA 
I BAHRDT, Charles Frederick, M. A., an un- 
principled and licentious deist, died 1792. 
BAIAN, or EAION, a native of Goa, who 
embraced Christianity, and was ordained priest 
at Rome. He translated the Aliienl into Greek. 
I5A1ER, John William, a divine of .Nurem- 
berg, and professor of divinity, at Haile, died 
1G94. 
BAIER, Jean Jaques, born a Lena, an emi 
nent physician, professor of physiology and pre- 
sident of a college of physicians at Altorf, died 
1735. 
BAIF, Lazarus, abbot of Charroux, and am- 
bassador from Francis I. to Venice, died 1545. 
BAIL, Lewis, a native of Abbeville, flour- 
ished as a writer in the 17th century. 
BAILEY, Nathan, the author of a well-known 
“ Dictionary of the English Language,” 2 vols. 
3vo., and editor of school editions and transla- 
tions of several of the ancient classic poets and 
historians. He resided principally at Stepney, 
and died June 27, 1742. 
BAILIES, William, a Prussian physician of 
great eminence, about 1757. 
BA1LLET, Adrian, a French divine, theolo- 
gical, historical, and biographical writer, born 
Hi49. He wrote “ A History of Holland from 
1609 to 1679,” 4 vols. 12mo. “ Lives of the 
Saints,” 3 vols. folio ; “ Jugemens des Savans,” 
9 vols. 12mo. &c. &c., and died 1700. 
BA1LLI, Roche Le, or Riviere, physician to 
Henry IV. of France, died 1605. 
BAILLIE, Robert, a native of Glasgow; an 
eminent clergyman, distinguished for his firm 
and consistent opposition to episcopacy; he died 
1662. 
BAILLON, William de, a French physician, 
celebrated for his charity as well as his profes- 
sional skill, died 1616. 
BAILLY, James, a French writer, born at 
Versailles, died 1768. 
BAILLY, John Sylvain, a celebrated French 
astronomer. He published several valuable trea- 
tises on that science ; afterwards, as mayor of 
Paris, he incurred the displeasure of Robespierre, 
and lost his head by the guillotine, 1793. 
BAILLY, David, a historical painter of cele- 
brity, born at Leyden, died 1630. 
BAILLY, James, a French painter, died 1679. 
BAIN BRIDGE, John, a physician and astro- 
nomer of Ashby de la Zonch, afterwards pro- 
fessor of astronomy at Oxford, where he had a 
high reputation ; he died 1643. 
BAITHOSUS, founder of a sect called saddu- 
cees, which denied a resurrection and future 
state. 
BAIUS, DE BAY, Michael, a native of Me- 
lin ; a man of talents and learning, and divinity 
professor of Louvain. He died 1589. 
BAJARD, Andrew, anltalian poetof Parma, 
in the 15th century. 
BAJAZET I., sultan of the Turks, a re- 
nowned warrior, but a tyrant. Being conquer- 
ed by Tamerlane, and exposed by him in an 
iron cage (the fate that he had destined for his 
adversary, if he had been the victor), he dash- 
ed his head against the bars of his prison and 
killed himself, in 1403. 
BAJAZET II. succeeded his father Mahome* 
II., 1481. He extended the boundaries of his 
kingdom, but, by the perfidy of his son, Selim, 
was dethroned and poisoned in 1512. 
BAKER, Sir Richard, author of the “ Chro 
nicle of the kings of England,” born at Sissing- 
hurst, in Kent, about 1568. He married a daugh- 
ter of Sir George Manwaring, of fghtfield, m 
49 ‘ BA 
Shropshire, knight; and having becomesurety 
forsome of that family’s debts, was thereby re- 
duced to poverty, and tbrown into the Fleet pri- 
son, where lie died, Feb. 18, 1644-5, and was 
buried in St. Bride’s church, Fleet-street. 
BAKER, David, an English Benedictine, who 
was converted from Atheism to Christianity 
died 1641. 
BAKER, Thomas, a native of Ilton, and vicat 
of Bishop’s Nyminet, Devonshire; he died 1690. 
BAKER, Thomas, a very ingenious and 
learned antiquary, was born at Crook, in the 
enmity of Durham, Sept. 14, 1656, and died in 
the office of commoner master of St. John’s col- 
lege Cambridge, July 2, 1740. The principal 
work that lie printed, was “ Reflections on learn- 
ing, showing the insufficiency thereof in its se- 
veral particulars, in order to evince the useful- 
ness and necessity of Revelation: London, 1709- 
10,” which went through eight editions; and 
Mr. Boswell, in his“ Method of Study,” ranks! 
it among the English classics for purity of style. 
BAKER, Henry, an ingenious and diligent 
naturalist, born in Fleet-street, London, either; 
near the end of the 17th, or in the beginning of j 
the 18th century. Being of a philosophical turn 
of mind, and having diligently attended to the 
methods which might be practicable and useful; 
in the cure of stammering, and especially in 
teaching deaf and dumb persons to speak, he 
made this the employment of his life. In 1774, 
Sir Godfrey Copley’s gold medal was bestowed 
upon him, for having, by his microscopical ex- 
periments on the crystalizations and configura- 
tions of saline particles, produced the most ex-, 
traordinary discovery during that year. Having' 
led a very useful atid honourable life, he died 
at his apartments in the Strand, on t lie 25th of: 
Nov. 1774, being then above 70 years of age.l 
His principal publications are “ The Microscope! 
made Easy,” and “ Employment for the Micro-! 
scope.” 
BAKER, William, a learned printer, in Fen-: 
church-street, born at Reading, 1744, was the 
son of an eminent schoolmaster in that tow'nv 
From his youth he was greatly addicted to study, 
and his friends favoured his inclinations by 
making him a printer. His modesty was equal 
to his learning, and was truly Gray’s “ flower! 
born to blush unseen.” His diffidence prevented 
his appearing much before the public as a writer; 
and bis only publications are “ Peregrinations 
of the Mind,” a series of essays in the manner 
of the Rambler; and “ThesesGrtecKct Latina' 
Selects.” He died in London, Sept. 29, 1785, in 
the 44lh year of his age; and an elegant Latin; 
epitaph to his memory is placed on the tomb of j 
his family, in the churchyard of St. Mary, 
Reading. 
BAKER, Sir George, norn 1722, was physi-! 
cian to king George III. and his queen, and pro-! 
sident of the college of physicians. He wrote! 
a number of excellent tracts and dissertations 
on medical subjects, and died June 15, 1809. 
BAKEWELL, Robert, the most successful 
experimental farmer and cattle-breeder ever 
known in England, was born 1726, at Dishley, 
in Leicestershire. Having remarked, that do- 
mestic animals in general produce others pos- 
sessing qualities nearly similar to their own, he] 
conceived that lie had only to select from all the 
most valuable breeds such as promised to return 
the greatest possible emolument to the breeder: 
and that he should then be able, by careful atten- j 
tton to progressive improvements, to produce a j 
race of sheep, horses, horned cattle, or oilier ! 
BA 
animals, possessing a maximum of advantage 
A selection on this principle from different part* 
of England, was the original stock from w Inch 
he afterwards propagated his own. About 17C0, 
Mr. Bakewellsold his sheep by private contract, 
at not more than two or three guineas each. 
Some time afterwards, he began to let some of 
his rams, and for a few seasons received only 
15s. or a guinea a piece for them; but as the 
fame of his breed extended itself, he advanced 
his prices, and by the year 1770 was enabled to 
let some of his rams for the season for 25 gui- 
neas. After that time, the prices and credit of 
his stock progressively increased ; and at last, 
single rams were let for the season for the enor- 
mous price of 400 guineas, and upwards. It is 
a fact that has no other example, that one ram, 
called the Two Pounder, produced, in one sea 
son, the sum of 800 guineas, independent of 
ewes of Mr. Bakewell's own stock ; which, at 
i the same rate, would have made a total, the 
produce of a single ram, of 1200 guineas. The 
race of Dishley sheep are known by the fineness 
of their bone and flesh, the lightness of the offal, 
their disposition to quietness, and consequently 
to mature and fatten with less food than oilier 
sheep of equal weight and value. Mr. Bakewell 
improved his black horses by an attention to the 
form which is best adapted to their use. His 
stallions have been let for the season for 110 
guineas, and upwards. Many anecdotes are re- 
lated of his humanity toward the various orders 
of animals. lie continually deprecated the atro- 
cious barbarities practised by the butchers and 
drovers; showing, by examples on his own farm, 
the most pleasing instances of docility in the 
animals under his care. This extraordinary 
man, more deserving, in our opinion, of the 
civic wreath than the warrior or the statesman, 
died Oct. 1,1795, on the spot where he first drew 
breath. 
BAKHTJISEN, Ludolph, a painter and en- 
graver of Embden, who, by the force of genius, 
raised himself to a high rank. He died 1709. 
BALAAM, son of Beor, a celebrated prophet 
of Pelhor, in Mesopotamia, killed with Balak, 
king of Moab, in battle, 1450 B. C. 
BALAMIO, Ferdinand, a native of Sicily, 
physician to pope Leo X., about 1555 ; eminent 
for his literary acquirements. 
BALA SSI, Mario, a painter at Florence, died 
1667. 
BA LATHI, Abulfedi Otliman Ben Issa, au- 
thor of a treatise on the characters of alphabets. 
BALBl, John, or Janua, a Genoese dominican, 
and an author of some celebrity. 
BALBIHUS, Decitnus Ctelius, emperor of 
Rome, murdered by his soldiers, 237. 
BALBO, Jerome, bishop of Goritz, died at 
Venice, 1535. 
BALBOA, Vasco Nuques de, an enterprising 
Castilian. He was among the earlv American 
adventurers, and built a town on the coast of 
Darien. He was afterwards falsely accused of 
felony by a Spanish governor, and exec ited 
1517. 
BALBUENA, Bernard de, a Spanish poet, 
born at Toledo. He settled in America, where 
he died, when bishop of Porto Rico, 1627. 
BALOANQUAL, Walter, chaplain to James 
L, master of toe Savoy,and Dean of Rochester 
and Durham, died 1645. 
BALOIIEN, John, a celebrated English nd- 
jmiral, shipwrecked on the coastof Scillv, in the 
Victory, a first rate, when upwards of 1100 per- 
isons perished with him, 1744.  BA 
BALDE, James, a German poet, surnamed 
the Horace of his country, died 1G08. 
BALDERIC, bisliop of iN'oyon in the 12th 
century. Another of the same name was bisliup 
of Dol. 
BALDI, Lazarro, a native of Tuscany, dis- 
tinguished as a painter, died 1703 
BALDINGER. Ernest Gottfried, a German 
physician and professor of medicine at ilarpurg, 
died 1804. 
BALD1NI, John Anthony, a nobleman of Pla 
centia, ambassador at various courts of Europe, 
and at the Congress of Utrecht, died 1735. 
BALDINUCCI, Philip, a Florentine, well ac- 
quainted with painting and sculpture, on which 
subjects he wrote several valuable treatises, died 
1600. 
BALDOCK, Robert de, an ecclesiastic and 
favourite of Edward II., died in Newgate. 
BALDOCK, Ralph de, bishop of London, and 
chancellor of the realm under Edward I., died 
1313. 
BALDUS, or BALDI, Bernard, a native of 
Urbino, and abbot of Guastalla, distinguished 
for his learning and his various publications, 
died 1617. 
BALDUS DE UBALDIS, a civilian of Pe- 
rugia, and writer on the canon law, died 1433. 
I5ALDWIN I., count of Flanders, a distin- 
guished leader of the Crusades, who, for his 
bravery and virtue, was made emperor of the 
East. He was afterwards taken prisoner by 
the Greeks and Bulgarians, confined for a long 
time, and put to deatli 1207. 
BALDWIN II., the last Latin emperor of 
Constantinople. After losing his capital, he 
fled to Negropont, to avoid falling into the hands 
of his enemy, and thence to Italy, where he died, 
1273. 
BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, succeeded 
his brother, Godfrey de Bouillon, on the throne, 
and after a victorious reign, died 1118, and was 
buried on Mount Calvary. 
BALDWIN II., king of Jerusalem, succeed- 
ed Baldwin I., was taken prisoner, and died 
1131. 
BALDWIN III., king of Jerusalem, son of 
Fulk, of Anjou, died 1163. 
BALDWIN IV., king of Jerusalem, succeed- 
ed his father, Ainaury, 1174 ; he died 1185. 
BALDWIN, Francis, a native of Anas, an 
eminent civilian and professor of law at Paris, 
Strasburg, &c., died 1573. 
BALDWIN, Martin, first bishop of Ipres, 
lived about 1570. 
BALDWIN, Frederick, a native of Dresden, 
died 1627. 
B ALDWIN, a native of Exeter, and primate 
of England. He attended Richard I. in his cru- 
sade, and died in the holy land, 1191. 
B \LDW1N, Ebenezer, a worthy minister of 
Danbury, Conn., who, at his death, 1770, be- 
queathed 3001. to his society. He was 31 years 
of age. 
BALDWIN, Abraham, president of the Uni- 
versity of Georgia, member of the convention 
which adopted the constitution, 1787, and se- 
nator, in all which offices he was distinguished ; 
he died 1807. 
BALE, Robert, a native of Norfolk, prior of 
tlie Carmelites of Norwich, where he died 1503. 
BALE, John, bishop of Ossory, in Ireland, 
born at Cove, a small village in Suffolk, was 
bied up in the Romish religion, but became af- 
terw nrds a protestant. His conversion, how- 
•ver, greatly exposed him tc the persecution of 
BA __ 
the Romish clergy, and he must have felt their 
resentment, had he not been protected by lord 
Cromwell; but, upon the death of this noble- 
man, lie was obliged to fly to Holland, where he 
remained six years, and during that time wrote 
several pieces in the English language. He was 
recalled into England by Edward VI., and pre- 
sented to the living of Bishop’s-stoke, in the 
county of Southampton. The 15th of August, 
1532, he was nominated to the see of Ossory, 
l| and, upon his arrival in Ireland, used his utmost 
endeavours to reform the manners of his dio-cse 
I to correct the vices of the priests, to abolish C 
mass, and to establish the use of the new boo 
of common prayer set forth in England ; but aR 
his schemes of this kind having proved abortive 
by the death of king Edward, and the accession 
of queen Mary, he became greatly exposed to 
the outrages of the papists in Ireland, and again 
fled to the continent. On the accession of queen 
Elizabeth, he returned from exile, but did not 
choose to go again to Ireland, being satisfied 
with a prebend of Canterbury, in which city he 
died, Nov., 1563, aged 67, and was buried in the 
cathedral of that place. This prelate has left a 
celebrated Latin work, containing the lives of 
the most eminent writers of great Britain. He 
was also one of the earliest of our dramatic 
writers. Twenty of his plays are recorded. 
BALECHON, Nicholas, an eminent engraver, 
born at Arles, died 1765. 
BALEN, Matthias, a native of Dordt, born 
1611. 
BALEN, Hendrick Van, an eminent painter 
of Antwerp, died 1632. 
BALES, Peter, a very extraordinary person 
in his way, and fit to be noticed in a work of 
this nature. He was a most famous master in 
the art of penmanship, or fair writing, and one 
of the first inventors (for there seems to have 
been more than one) of short-hand writing. He 
was born in 1547, and is recorded for his skill in 
micrography, or miniature-writing, in Holling- 
shed’s Chronicle, anno 1575. Mr. Evelyn also 
hascelebrated his wonderful skill in this delicate 
operation of the hand, informing us, that in the 
year 1575 he wrote the Lord’s prayer, the creed, 
decalogue, with two short prayers in Latin, his 
own name, motto, day of the month, year of 
the Lord, and reign of the queen, to whom he 
presented it, at Hampton Court, all within the 
circle of a single penny, inchased in a ring and 
borders of gold, and covered with a crystal, so 
accurately written as to be very plainly legible, 
to the great admiration of her majesty, the whole 
privy-council, and several ambassadors then at 
court. He was farther very dexterous in imitat- 
ing hand-writing, and, about 1586, was employ- 
ed by secretary Walsingham in certain political 
manoeuvres. He published in 1500 a work call- 
ed the “Writing School-master, in three parts; 
the 1st, teachingswift writing, the 2d, true writ- 
ing, the 3d, fair writing.” He died about 1610. 
BAI.ESTRA, Anthony, a historical painter 
of Verona, died 1720. 
BALEY, Walter, fellow of the New College, 
Oxford, and professor of physic there, after- 
wards physician to queen Elizabeth, died 1502. 
BALGUY, John, an eminent English divine, 
a theological, controversial, and metaphysical 
writer, born at Sheffield, 1686, died at Harrow- 
gate, 1748. He was the friend of Clarke and 
Hoadley, and was associated with them in 
maintaining the cause of rational religion and 
Christian liberty. 
BALGUY, Thomas, 11. IX son of the pre-  BA 
ceding, archdeacon of Winchester and prebend- 
ary of that cathedral, a powerful champion in 
the cause of morality and religion, and of the 
most disinterested zeal, having declined the bi- 
shopric of Gloucester, which was offered to him 
by the king in 1781. l)r. B. died Jan. 19, 1795. 
BALI, Meulte Bali, a mussulnian, who wrote 
on the jurisprudence ot his country, died 977 of 
the hegira. 
BALIOL, John de, founder of Baliol College, 
Oxford, which was begun by him in 1263, and 
afterwards perfected by his widow. During 
the contest between Henry III. and his barons 
lie firmly adhered to the king, and died in 1269. 
BALIOL, John de, king of Scotland. Being 
opposed in liis claims to the crown by Bruce, re- 
ference was made to Edward, king of England, 
who decided in his favour. Afterwards, in a 
war with Edward, he lost the battle of Dunbar, 
and retired to France, where he died 1314. 
BALKIN'1 YELALEDDIN, author of a book 
on Mahometan jurisprudence, &c. 
BALL, John, an English divine, minister and 
teacher of Whitmore, in Staffordshire, died 
1640. 
BALLENDEN, or BULLANDEN, sir John, 
an elegant Scottish writer of the 16th century. 
He translated into the Scots language Hector 
Boetius’s History, which was extremely well re- 
ceived both in Scotland and England, and died 
at Rome, 1550. 
BALLARD, George, born at Campden, in 
Gloucestershire, was one of those singular ge- 
niuses that shoot forth without culture, lie 
was Drought up to the profession of a habit- 
maker. Upon a discovery of his abilities, lord 
Chedworth and some other gentlemen offered 
him a pension of 100/. per annum,-but he would 
only accept 601. He published “Memoirs of 
British Ladies eminent for Learning or Abili- 
ties,” and died young, in 1755, supposed to be 
owing to too intense application. 
BALLERINI, Peter and Jerome, two bro- 
thers, ecclesiastics, who devoted themselves to 
literary pursuits and published several valuable 
works, were both liv ing, 1758. 
BALLEXFF.RD, a native of Geneva, author 
of several medical works, died 1774. 
BALLI, Joseph, of Palermo, canon of Bari, 
in the kingdom of Naples, died 1640. 
BALLIANI, John Baptist, a native and Se- 
nator of Genoa, author of a work on the mo- 
tion of bodies, died 1666. 
BALLIN, Claude, a goldsmith of Paris, an 
artist of great celebrity, died 1678. 
BALSAMON, Theodore, a Patriarch of An- 
tioch, died 1214. 
BALSHAM, Hugh de, bishop of Ely, died 
1286. 
BALTHASAR, Christopher, king’s advocate 
at Auxerre, and author of several protestant 
works, about 1059. 
BALTH AZARINI, sumamed Beaujoyeux, an 
Italian musician, who composed several ballads 
and pieces of music, in the reign of Henry III. 
BALTIJS, John Francis, a Jesuit of Metz, 
and librarian of Rheirns, died 1743. 
BALUE, John, of Poitou, bishop of Evreux 
and of Arras, cardinal and legate to the pope in 
France, died 1491. 
BALZUE, Stephen, a French writer, and au- 
thor of the “ Lives of the Popes of Avignon,” 
born 1631, died 1718. 
BALZAC, John Lewis Guez de,historiogra- 
pher of Franco, and counsellor of state, was 
born 1594, at Angouleine; acquired much es- 
BA 
teem as a writer (especially for liis Letter*, 
i which went through several editions'); and 
■ died 1 f >54. 
BAMBOCHE, a nickname given to Peter de 
i Laer, a painter, for his deformity, he died 1673 
BAMBR1DGE, Christopher, a nativeof West- 
: morel and; ambassador from Henry VIII to pope 
Julius II., a cardinal and archbishop of York 
died 1514 
BA MPFIELD, Francis, pretendary of Exeter 
and minister of Sherburne, died in Newgate 
1C84. 
BANCHI, Seraphin, a dominican of Flo- 
rence, who saved the life of Henry IV., of 
France, for which he was made bishop of An 
gouleme, died about lf08. 
BANCK, Lawrence, a Swede, professor of 
law at Norkoping, died 1662. 
j BANCROFT, Richard, chaplain to queen 
Elizabeth, bishop of London and Archbuhop 
of Canterbury, died 1610. 
I BANCROFT, John, bishop of Oxford, died 
11640. 
j B A N D A R R A, Gon zales, a Portuguese prophet 
jand versifier, died 1556. 
BANDELLO, Matthew, a celebrated Italian 
novelist, born at Castelnuovo, in the district of 
Tortona, died in France, about 1561. His no 
| vels, like those of Boccace, are more remarka- 
ble for the natural simplicity with which they are 
i related, than for the decency of their incidents. 
By Henry II. he was made bishop of Agen, in 
I France, 1550, but resigned the see in 1555. 
BANDINELLA, Baccio, a painter and sculp- 
| tor of Florence, died 1559. 
BAND1NI, Angelo Maria, an Italian antiqua- 
ry, eminent for his learning and his writings, 
| died 1800, leaving his fortune to literary and 
charitable uses. 
BANDURl, Anselm, a distinguished monk 
of Ragusa, died 1743. 
BANGUIS, Peter, a Swede, professor of the- 
ology at Abo, and bishop of Wyburg, died 1696. 
BANGUISI, Thomas, author of a Hebrew 
Lexicon, and professor of Hebrew, theology, 
and philosophy, at Copenhagen, died 1661. 
BANIER, Anthony, a celebrated anthologist 
of France, born 1673, died 1741. An English 
translation of his “ Mythology, and Fables of 
the Ancients,” was published in London, 1741, 
in 4 vols. Bvo. 
BANISTER, John, an Englishman, whocul- 
tivated the study of botany in Virginia, and was 
killed by falling from a rock, in one of his ex- 
cursions. 
BANISTER, John, a learned English phy- 
sician in the 16th century. 
BANISTER, Richard, the younger, a physi- 
cian of great skill, of Stamford, England. The 
time of his death unknown. 
BANKS, Sir John, an eminent English law- 
yer, chief justice of the King’s Bench, after- 
wards judge of common pleas, died 1664. 
; BANKS, John, from a weaver’s apprentice, 
became an author, and wrote a review of Crom- 
well's life, died 1751. 
BANKS, John, an English dramatic writer. 
His turn was entirely to tragedy, his merit in 
which is of a peculiar kind; for, at the same 
time that his language must be confessed to be 
extremely unpoetical, and his numbers uncouth 
and inharmonious, nay, even his characters 
very far from being strongly marked or distin- 
guished, and his episodes extremely irregular, 
yet it is impossible to avoid being deeply affected 
, at the representation, and even at the reading, BA 
of his tragic pieces, which are seven in number. 
Tiie time of his birtli and death are uncertain. 
BANKS, Right Hon. Sir Joseph, Bart., and 
Knight of the Bath, a most eminent patron of 
literary and philosophical writers, and many 
years president of the Royal Society, was born 
December 13, 1743, and educated at Eton and 
Oxford. In 1765, he visited the coasts of New- 
foundland and Labrador, for the purpose of 
making researches in Natural History. In 1763, 
he accompanied Capt. Cook in his first voyage 
round the world; shortly after his return from 
which, Sir Joseph, in company with his friend, 
Dr. Solander, visited Iceland; and a rich har- 
vest. of new knowledge, and of specimens, com- 
pensated for the toils and expense of this scien- 
tific adventure. Sir Joseph died at his house, in 
Soho-square, in his 80th year, June 19, 1830. 
BANKS, Thomas, a celebrated English sculp- 
tor, born at Lambeth, in Surrey, December 23, 
1738, and bred a wood-carver, to which lie 
served an apprenticeship of seven years. But 
when the Society for the Encouragement of 
Arts held out rewards for models and sculpture, 
he turned his mind to the study of that art; and 
having obtained several premiums from that so- 
ciety, and in 1770, the gold medal of the Royal 
Academy, he was, in 1772, sent to Rome for 
three years, at the Academy’s expense. The 
several admirable works which he afterwards 
executed, in Russia, as well as in his own coun- 
try, are too numerous to be here detailed. We 
shall only mention, therefore, the monument of 
Sir Eyre Coote, in Westminster Abbey, and the 
alto relievo for the front of the Shakspeare Gal- 
lery, in Ball Mall. Mr. B. died February 2, 1805. 
BANNES, Dominique, a Spanish ecclesiastic 
Rrul author, died 1604. 
BANNIER, John, a Swedish general under 
Gustavus Adolphus, died 1041. 
B ANQ.UO, or BANCHO, a Scotch general of 
royal birth. 
BA PTIST, John Monnoyer, a native of Lisle, 
and a celebrated painter of flowers, died 1690. 
BAPTfSTIN, John Baptiste Struk, a musi- 
cian of Florence, died 1740. 
BARACK, a judge of the Hebrews about 1240 
B. C. 
B ARAD ARTS, bishop of Edessa, founder of 
a sect called Jacobites, died 588. 
BARANZANO, Redemptus, a monk, born in 
Piedmont, professor of philosophy at Anneci, 
and a correspondent of the great Bacon,died 1022. 
BARAT1ER, John Philip, a prodigy of his] 
kind, was born at Schwoback, in Anspach, Ja- 
nuary 19, 1720-21. His father, who was pastor 
of tin! Calvinistic church at Schwoback, took 
upon himself the care of his son’s education, 
and taught him languages without study, and 
almost without it is perceiving that he was leani- 
ng them, by only introducing words of different 
anguages, as it were casually, into conversation 
with him. By these means, when he was but 
bur years old, he spoke every day French to his 
mother, Latin to his father, and High Dutch to 
lie tnaid, without the least perplexity to him- 
self, or the least confusion of one language with 
another. The other language, of which lie was 
naster, he learnt by a method yet more uncom- 
mon, which was, by only using the Bible in the 
anguage he then proposed to learn, aceom- 
lar.ied with a translation. Thus he understood 
Jreek at six, and Hebrew at eight years of age ; 
n lomuch that he could, upon the opening of 
he book, and without a moment’s hesitation, 
ranslate the Hebrew Bible into Latin or French. 
BA 
|He afterwards applied himself to the study of 
the fathers and the councils, of philosophy, ma- 
thematics, and, above all, of astronomy. This 
hoy, as he really was, formed schemes tor find- 
ing the longitude, which he sent, in January, 
17115, to the Royal Society at London ; and, 
though these schemes had been already tried, 
and found insufficient, yet they exhibited such 
a specimen of his capacity for mathematical 
learning, that the Royal Society of Berlin ad- 
mitted him, the same year, as one of their mem- 
bers. In 1735, he went with his father to Halle; 
at which university he was offered the degree 
of master of arts, or (as they call it) doctor in 
philosophy. Baratier drew up that night, 14 
theses in philosophy and the mathematics; these 
he sent immediately to the press, and defended 
the next day so very ably, that all who heard 
him were delighted and amazed ; he was then 
admitted to his degree. He died at his father’s, 
at Halle, the 5th of October, 1740, in the 20th 
year of his age. 
BARATIER, Bartholomew, author of a di- 
gest of feudal law, and professor of jurispru- 
dence at Pavia, in the 15th century. 
BARBA, Alvarez Alonzo, an author and cu- 
rate of St. Bernard de Potosi, died after 1620. 
BARBADILLO, Alphonsus Jerome de Salas, 
a writer of Spanish comedies, died about 1630. 
BARBADINO, a Portuguese writer of some 
merit. 
BARBARO, Francis, a noble and learned Ve- 
netian, governor of Brescia, died 1454. 
BARBARO, Ermolao, bishop of Trevisa, and 
afterwards of Verona, died 1470. 
BARBARO, or BARBARUS, ITermolaus, a 
learned Venetian, ambassador to the emperor 
Frederick, and to Pope Innocent VIII., and pa- 
triarch of Aquileia, died at Rome, 1493. 
BARBARO, Daniel, nephew to the patriarch, 
and ambassador from Venice to England, died 
in 1570. 
BARBAROSSA, Aruch, a notorious pirate, 
who made himself master of Algiers and Tunis, 
tjfter murdering the kings of both. He was af- 
terwards opposed by the governor of Oran, and 
killed, 1518. 
BARBAROSSA, Cheredin, admiral under Se- 
lim II., and successor to Aruch on the throne of 
Algiers, died 1547. 
BARBAROUX, Charles, deputy to the na- 
tional convention of France, and a bitter enemy 
to Louis XVI., executed in 1794. 
BARBATELLI, Bernardino, a painter, of 
Florence, died 1612. 
BARBAZAN, Stephen, a native of Auxcrre, 
a laborious student and author, died in 1770. 
BARBAZAN, A maud Guillaume de, a cour- 
tier of Charles VII. of France, and a distin- 
guished warrior, died 1432. 
BARBE, a Bohemian lady, wife to the empe- 
ror Sigismond. 
BARBE, surnanted Esther, for her piety, 
queen of Poland, died 1525. 
RARBE, another queen of Poland, died 1551 
BARBEAU DES BRUYERES, Jean Louis 
by his talents, emerged from obscurity, and be- 
came a distinguished French geographer; he 
died 1781 
B ARBERINI, Francis, a most excellent poet 
of Tuscany, in the 13th century. 
BARBF.U DE BOURG, James, a native of 
Mavenne, an eminent physician, died 1779. 
BARBF.Y, Marc le, a celebrated physician, 
and favourite of Henry VI. of France, died about 
the close of the 16th century.  BA 
BARBEYRAC, John, born 1074, at Bariers, 
a city of Lower I.,anguedoc, in France. He 
translated into French the two celebrated works 
of “ Puffendorf," his “ Law of Nature and Na- 
tions,” and his “Dutiesof a Man and Citizen;” 
wrote excellent notes to both these performan- 
ces, and to the former gave an introductory pre- 
face. He published also, in 1724, a translation 
into French of Grolius’ treatise “De Jure Belli 
ac Paris,” with ample and excellent notes, and 
died in 1729. 
BARBIER D’AUCOUR, John, a native of 
Langres, and a lawyer of some merit, died 1694. 
BARBIER, Mary Ann, a native of Orleans, 
and a writer of tragedies, died 1745. 
BARBIER, Lewis, a favourite of the Duke of 
Orleans, and bishop of Langres, died 1670. 
BARI31ER1, John Francis, a historical painter 
of some merit, died 1666. 
BARBOSA, Alius, one of the restorers of 
learning in Spain, and professor at Salamanca, 
died 1540. 
BARBOSA, Peter, a native of Portugal, pro- 
fessor at Coimbra, and chancellor of the king- 
dom, died 1596. 
BARBOSA, Emanuel, a Portuguese author, 
died 1638. 
BARBOU, Hugh, a celebrated printer at Ly- 
ons, about 1580. 
BARBOUR, John, a Scotch clergyman, am- 
bassador from Bruce to the court of England, 
died 1378. 
BARBUD, a celebrated musician at the court 
of Persia. 
BARCALI, a Mahomedan writer, died 9CC 
of the liegira. 
BARCHAM, John, a learned divine and an- 
tiquary, born at Exeter, about 1572. He assisted 
Speed in his History of England ; and was au- 
thor of a “ Display of Heraldrie,” folio, 1611 ; 
but having composed this in his youth, and 
thinking it too light a subject to acknowledge, 
he gave it to John Gwillim, a herald of his ac- 
quaintance, under whose name it has been re- 
peatedly printed. He died 1642. 
BARCHUSEN, or BARKHAUSEN, John 
Conrad, a German, eminent as a physician, and 
lecturer on chymistry, died 1717. 
BARCLAY, or BARKLAY, Alexander, a na- 
tive of Scotland, rector of a church in England, 
and an elegant writer of the 16th century. 
BARCLAY, William, a Scotchman, profes- 
sor of the university of Pontamousson, in 
France, died 1605. 
BARCLAY, John, son of the preceding, a 
writer of some celebrity, died 1621. 
BARCLAY, Henry, D. D. sometime mission- 
ary to the Mohawk Indians, afterwards rector 
of Trinity Church, New-York, died 1765. 
BARCLAY, Robert, an eminent writer, of 
the society of Clunkers, born at Edinburgh, 1648 
In 1676, his famous “ Apology for the Quakers” 
was published in Latin, at Amsterdam, 4to. 
He translated it, however, into English, and 
published it in 1678. This work is addressed to 
Charles II., and the manner in which he ex- 
presses himself to his majesty is very remarka- 
ble. Among many other extraordinary pas- 
sages, we meet with the. following: “ There is 
no king in the world who can so experimentally 
testify of God’s providence and goodness; nei- 
ther is there any who rules so many free people, 
so many true Christians; which thing renders 
thy government more honourable, thyself more 
considerable, than the accession of many na- 
tions, filled with slavish and superstitious souls.|j 
BA 
Thou hast tasted of prosperity and adversity; 
thou knowesl what it is to be banished thy na- 
tive country, to be overruled as well as to rule 
and sit upon the throne ; and, being oppressed, 
[thou hast reason to know how hateful the op- 
pressor is both to God and man : if, after all 
these warnings and advertisements, thou dost 
not turn unto the Lord with all thy heart, hut 
lorget hint who remembered thee in thy distress, 
and give up thyself to lollow low lust and \ ani- 
ty, surely great will be thy condemnation.”— 
He did great service to his sect over all Europe, 
by his waitings, and died 1690. 
BARCOCHEBAS,or BAKCOCHAB,an im- 
postor among the Jews ; his followers were nu- 
merous, but afterwards destroyed by Julius Se- 
verus. 
BARCOS, Martin de, a controversial writer, 
of Bayonne, died 1678. 
BARD, a Mahomedan writer. 
BARD, John, a learned Physician, in the city 
of New-York, several years, and elected presi- 
dent of the medical society of the same, died 
171)9. 
BARDAS,a chief at Constantinople, guard- 
ian to Michael III., was put to death 8C6. 
BARDAS, called Scelerus, a general raised to 
the purple by his soldiers; time of his death un- 
known. 
BARDESANE8, a Syrian author, and foun- 
der of a sect which bore his name, lived about 
172. 
BARDET, Peter, a French advocate and au- 
thor, died in 1685. 
BARDI1ADI, a Mahomedan writer. 
BARDIN, Peter, a native of Rouen, and au- 
thor, was drowned in 1037. 
BARDIN, John, a French historical painter, 
born at Monthar, in 1732, and died at Orleans, in 
1809. In 1704, he gained the prize for a picture 
of Tullia driving over the body of her father. 
BARDN'EY, Richard, a Benedictine, died in 
1504. 
BAREBONE, Praise-God, a bigoted zealot of 
Cromwell’s parliament, of such celebrity as a 
demagogue, that the parliament was ludicrously 
called after him. Ilis two brothers adopted as 
Scripture names, “ Christ came into the world 
to save, Barebone,” and “ if Christ had not 
died, tliou liadst been damned, Barebone,” called 
by the wits of the day, by the two last words. 
BARENT, Dietetic!), a Dutch painter, died 
1592. 
BARETTI, Joseph,born at Turin, about 1716. 
He came over to England in the year 1750, 
w'liere he resided (with a short interval) the re- 
mainder of his life. Baretti had the good for- 
tune to be introduced to Dr. Samuel Johnson, 
and between them a very long intimacy had 
place. From the time of his arrival in' Eng- 
land, he subsisted by teaching the Italian lan- 
guage, and by the sale of his writings. In 17C0 
he made a tour to Italy, through Portugal and 
Spain, and returned to England after an absence 
of six years. In 1769, her was tried at the Old 
Bailey for having stabbed a man who violently as 
saulted him in the Haymarket. He made a most 
admirable defence; which, added to the bad re- 
putation of his prosecutors, impressed the court 
much in his favour. He was acquitted of the 
murder, and of the manslaughter: the verdict 
was, self-defence. Afterthis unfortunate trans- 
action lie again sat down to his studies, and in 
1770 published his "Travels,” for which, it is 
said, he received 500/. On the establishment of 
|the Royal Academy, he was appointed foreign 
54  BA 
secretary, a post of more honour than profit. He 
died May 5,1789, without a struggle or sigh, the 
moment after taking a glass of wine; preserving 
his faculties to the last moment. 
RAREZI, a Mahomedan author, died 738 of 
the hegira. 
BARGRAVE, Isaac, Chaplain to James I. 
and Charles, died 1642. 
BARIDAII, a Mahomedan writer on Aris- 
totle. 
BARINI, a Mahomedan writer. 
BARKER, Robert, a painter, known as the 
Inventor of panoramic exhibitions, died 1806. 
BARKER, Thomas, son of the preceding, 
was a member of the royal society, and the au- 
thor of several theological and other pieces, he 
died in London, 1809. 
BARKHAM, John, a native of Exeter, and a 
divine of reputation for learning; time of his 
death unknown 
BARKI, a Mahomedan writer. 
BARKSDALE, Clement, master of Hereford 
school, and rector of Naunton, died in 1687. 
BARLAAM,a monk of Caiabria, made ab- 
bot of St. Salvador, by the emperor Andronicus, 
died in 1348. 
11A RL/E1JS, Gasparaus, a Latin poet, of 
Antwerp, sub-principal of the college at Leyden, 
and afterwards professor of philosophy at Am- 
sterdam, died 1648. 
BARLzEUS, Lambert, Greek professor at 
Leyden, died in 1655. 
BARLAND, Adrian, anativeof Zealand, and 
professor at Louvain, died in 1542. 
BARLETTA, Gabriel, a dominican, of some 
celebrity as a writer and preacher, born at Na- 
ples, about 1400. 
BARLOTTA, Joseph, a Sicilian poet of the 
18lh century. 
BARLOW, William, bishop of different dio- 
ceses, under Henry VIII., and Mary and Eliza- 
beth of England, died 1568. 
BARLOW, Francis, a native of Lincolnshire, 
a painter, died 1702. 
BARLOW, Joel, L L. D., author of the Co- 
lumbiad, was born at Reading, Conn., 1758, and 
educated at Yale College; he served in the 
American army as a volunteer, and as a chap- 
lain. At the close of the war, he wentto France, 
where he became conspicuous and popular as a 
zealous friend of the revolution. He was ap- 
pointed American consul at Algiers, and after- 
wards minister from the U. S. to Fiance, and 
died, on his way to Wilna to meet Napoleon, 
1812. 
BARLOWE, Thomas, successively fellow of 
Oxford, keppor of the Bodleian, professor of di- 
vinity, and bishop of Lincoln, died 1691. 
BARLOWE, William, remarkable for hav- 
ing been the first who wrote on the nature and 
properties of the loadstone, 20 years before Gil- 
bert published his book on that subject. It was 
he likewise who found out the difference be- 
tween iron and steel, and their tempers formag- 
netical uses He died in 1625. 
BARNABAS, St., a Levite, converted to 
Christianity, and a preacher of the gospel with: 
St Paul; he was stoned to death by the Jews, j 
BARNARD, John, minister, of Marblehead,' 
Mass. ; the father of the commercial enterprise! 
of that place, and long regarded as the father! 
of the churches in New-England. His publica-i 
tions are numerous and valuable; he died 1770. 
BARNARD, Edward, a worthy and dis-i 
Unnuished minister, of Haverhill, Mass, died 
.7.4 
BA 
BARNARD, Thomas, a highly respected mi- 
nister in Salem, Mass., died 1755. 
BARNARD, Theodore, a native of Amster- 
dam, and painter under Titian. 
BARNARD, John, prebendary of Lincoln, 
died in 1683. 
BARNARD, Sir John, was in the year 1722 
chosen one of the representatives in parliament 
for the city of London; a trust which he con- 
tinued to enjoy during the six succeeding parlia- 
ments, and which he always discharged with 
equal integrity and ability. In 1727, lie was 
chosen alderman of Dovvgate Ward. On the 
subject of the famous excise scheme, projected 
by Sir Robert Walpole, in 1733, Sir John made 
so strenuous an opposition, that, in conjunction 
with other members, he obliged the ministry 
entirely to lay it aside. In 1737, lie formed a 
scheme for reducing the interest on the national 
debt; a project which, though it did not at that 
time succeed, was, nevertheless, afterwards car- 
ried into execution, to the great emolument of 
the trading part of the nation. In 1738, he served 
in the high officeof lord-mayor of London; and 
in July, 1758, resigned his gown, and retired to 
Clapham ; where, after having attained to near 
the age of 80, he died August 29,1766. A statue 
is erected to nis memory in the Royal Exchange. 
BARNAVE, Anthony Peter Joseph Marie, a 
deputy to the national assembly of France, who 
lost his popularity for some expressions in favour 
of the king, and was guillotined, 1793. 
BARNES, Juliana, prioress of Sopewell nun- 
nery, eminent for her accomplishments and pie- 
ty, died after 1486. 
BARNES, Joshua, an eminent critic, and pro- 
fessor of the Greek language in the university 
of Cambridge, was born in London, 1654. He 
published editions of Euripides, Anacreon, and 
Homer; a life of Edward III., folio, 1688; and 
several poems, both in Latin and English ; and 
died in 1712. 
BARNES, Thomas, D. D., an English dissent- 
ing minister, of Manchester, and preceptor of an 
academy at the same place, died in 1810. 
BARNES, David Leonard, attorney of the 
United States, for the district of Rhode-lsland 
and judge of the same, died 1812. 
BARNES, Robert, D. D., employed by Henry 
VIII.; afterwards incurring his displeasure, he 
was burnt at the stake, 1540. 
B ARNEVELDT, John d’Olden, an able states 
man, of Holland, ambassador to England and 
France, condemned on faise ciiarges, and exe- 
cuted, 1619. 
BARO, or BARONI, Peter, a native of France, 
who retired to England as a protestanf, and re- 
sided with lord Burleigh ; afterwards professor 
of divinity at Cambridge, died after 1574. 
BAROCHE, Frederick, a painter, of Urbino, 
of great celebrity, died in 1612. 
BARON, Bonaventure, a native of Ireland 
and divinity professor at Rome, died 1696. 
BARON, Michael, the Roscius of the French 
theatre, born 1652, died 1729. The lather of 
Baron also was an actor, famous for his talent 
in declamation; and the manner of his death 
wa= singular : playing the part of Don Diego, 
in The Cid, his sword fell from his hand, as the 
piece requires; and kicking it from him with 
indignation, he unfortunately struck against the 
point of it, by which his little toe was pierced 
It turned to a gangrene; he refused to sutler 
amputation, and died 1655. 
BARON, Hyacinth Theodore, a learned phy 
sician of Paris, died in 1758.  BA 
BA RON I, Adrianne liasile, sister to Basile 
tiie poet; greatly admired for her beauty, wit, 
and accomplishments. 
BA ROM US, Casar, a Neapolitan Cardinal, 
librarian of tiie Vatican, and author of “ Eccle- 
siastical Annals, from A. D. 1, to 1198,” horn 
1538,died 1007. 
BAItOU DU SOBEIL,N., a distinguished law- 
yer at Lyons, put to death in 1792. 
BAROZZI, James, a skilful architect, of Mo- 
dena, who succeeded Michael Angelo, as the 
architect of St. Peters, died in 15/ /. 
BARRAL, Peter, an ecclesiastic of Grenoble, 
teacher at Paris, and author of a historical dic- 
tionary, died in 1772. / 
BAIIRE, Francois Pouillain de la, a native of 
France, professor at Geneva, died in 1723. 
BARRE, Lewis Frar.coise Jos. de la, a native 
of Tournay, author of some books on Antiqua- 
rian history, &c.; he died in 1738. 
BARRE, Michel de la, of Paris, an eminent 
player on the German flute, died 1744. 
BARRE, Joseph, canon of St. Genevieve, 
chancellor of the university of Paris, and au- 
thor of a history of Germany, died 1764. 
BARRE, Madame du, mistress of Lewis XV., 
of France, executed during the revolution in 
1793. 
BARREAUX, Jacques Vallee, a libertine of 
Paris ; lie was celebrated rather for iiis volup- 
tuous life, than for the productions of his pen; 
died 1673. 
BARRELIER, James, a dominican friar, 
eminent as a scientific botanist, died 1673. 
BARRERE, Peter, a physician of Perpignan, 
died 1755. 
BARRETT, George, an eminent self-taught 
painter, of Dublin, and a member of the Royal 
Academy, died 1784. 
BARRETT,William, a surgeon, of Bristol,and 
author of a history of that city, died 1789. 
BARR1ERE, Pierre, a soldier who attempted 
to assassinate Henry IV. of France, hut was de- 
tected and broken on the wheel, 1693. 
BARRINGTON, John Shute, lord viscount, 
a nobleman of considerable learning, and au- 
thor of several books on religious subjects, was 
born in 1678, and died in 1734. 
BARRINGTON, Daines, son of the above, 
a celebrated English lawyer, antiquary, and 
writer on subjects of law', politics, natural histo- 
ry, geography, and criticism, born 1727, died 
March 14, 1800. His waitings are very nume- 
rous, and many of them are in the Philosophi- 
cal Transactions and tiie Archatologia; but 
those which most distinguished him as an au- 
thor were, his “ Observations on the Statutes, 
chiefly the more ancient,” &c. of which, two 
4to edr' oils were published in one year, (1766.) 
BARRINGTON, Samuel, son of lord B., a 
distinguished admiral in the British navy, died 
1800. 
BARROS, or DE BARROS, John, a native 
of Viseo, preceptor to the princes of Portugal, 
afterwards governor of St. George, on the Afri- 
can coast, and treasurer of the Indies, under 
king Juan. He wrrote a history of tiie Indies, 
and died 1570. 
BARROW, Isaac, an eminent mathematician 
ami divine, born in London, 1630. When tiie 
Kin" advanced Dr. B. to the dignity of master 
of Trinity College, Cambridge, Iris majesty was 
pleased to say, “ he had given it to the best scho- 
lar in Englandand he did not speak from re- 
port, but from Ids own knowledge. The doctor 
being then his chaplain, he used often to con- 
DA 
verse with him, and, in his humorous way, to 
call him an “ unfair preacher,” because he ex- 
hausted every^ubject, and left nothing tor other* 
to say after him. In 1075, he was chosen vice- 
chancellor of the university. This great aid 
learned divine died of a lever the 4lh of May, 
10'7, and was buried in Westminster Abht y. 
HARROW, Isaac, a native of Spiney Abbey, 
bishop of Sodor, Man, and St. Asaplis, died 
1077. 
BARRY, Girald, a native of Pembrokeshire, 
a clergyman, and author of a history of the con- 
quest of lieiand ; he died after 11215. 
BARRY, James, art Irish lawyer; he was a 
baron of the exchequer, chief justice of the 
king’s bench, and afterwards lord Santry of the 
peerages ; he died 1673. 
BARRY, Ppranger, an eminent English actor, 
cotemporary with, and a powerful rival of, Mr. 
Garrick, born in Dublin, 1719, died in L< t den, 
Jan. 1774. His peculiar advantages were de- 
rived from a fine person, melodious voice, and 
pleasing address; and his performances in ama- 
tory characters were perltaps never excelled. 
See CRAWFORD. 
BARRY, James, an eminent painter, was 
born at Cork, in Ireland, 1742; and having early 
discovered great genius for the art, he was pa- 
tronized by Mr. Burke, and brought to London, 
where he became a pupil to Sir Joshua Rey- 
nolds. When Mr. Burke came into administra- 
tion with the marquis of Rockingham, he sent 
Mr. Barry to Italy, at his sole expense. After 
visiting all the celebrated schools of the conti- 
nent, in which he occupied three years, Mr. 
Barry returned to London ; and in 1775, pub- 
lished “ An Inquiry into the real and imaginary 
Obstructions to the Acquisition of the Arts in 
England.” About two years after this, lie w as 
elected a Royal Academician, and in 1786 made 
professor of painting to the Royal Academy; 
but in 1799, on an alleged addiction to den.o- 
cratical principles, was removed from that of- 
fice. He seems soon afterwards to have taken 
disgust at society, from which lie retired into a 
wretched obscurity, living unattended, and half 
starved, till some friends raised about 10002., 
witli which they purchased an annuity for him; 
but before the first quarter’s payment of it be- 
came due lie died, Mar. 22, 1806, and w as inter- 
red in St. Paul’s cathedral. His greatest effort 
of art is a series of allegorical pictures, which 
be painted gratuitously for the great room of the 
Society of Arts, in the Adeiphi. 
BARRY, George, D. D., an ominent Scotch 
divine, author of a history of the Orkneys, died 
1805. 
BARRY, John, first commodore in the Ameri- 
can navy ; he possessed great courage, was a 
patriot, and Christian, and died 1803. 
BARSl’MA, or BARSOMA, metropolitan 
author of several books in Syriac. 
BARTAS, Guillaume de Sallustedu. a French 
poet of Monfort, in Armagnac, died 1590. 
BARTH, John, a native of Dunkirk, whe, by 
his bravery and skill, rose to a high rank in the 
French navy; he died in 1702. 
BARTHE, Nicholas Thomas, a native of 
Marseilles; he was author of some dramatic 
pieces, and died 1785. 
BARTHELEMI, Nicholas, a Benedictine of 
tiie 15th century, and author of some devotional 
Latin poems. 
BARTHELEMI, the Nestor of French lite- 
rature, and author of tin “Travels of Anri- 
ch arsis in Greece,” died May 4, 1795. During BA 
the domination of Robespierre, like most other 
men of learning, he was imprisoned; when, 
notwithstanding his great age (upwards of 80) 
and infirmities, instead of sinking under the ri- 
gour with which he was treated, he exerted him- 
self in consoling his fellow-sufferers. Soon af- 
ter the fall of Robespierre, he was released, and 
allowed a pension. In the “ Memoirs of the 
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres,” 
are preserved many of his papers, illustrating 
Greek literature. 
BARTHELEMI DES MARTYRS, a domini- 
can, of Lisbon, archbishop of Braganza, died 
in 1590. 
BARTHES DE MARMORIONS, Paul Jo- 
seph, a French medical writer, and professor 
of medicine, and chancellor of that faculty, in 
the university at Montpelier; he died 1800. 
BARTIUUS, Gaspard. of Brandenburg, an 
elegant scholar, and perfect master of most for- 
eign languages, died 1658. 
BARTHOLIN, Gaspard, professor of Latin, 
of medicine, and afterwards of divinity, at Co- 
penhagen, died 1629. 
B ARTHOLIN, Thomas, son of Gaspard, pro- 
fessor of mathematics and of anatomy at Co- 
penhagen, afterwards librarian to the univer- 
sity, and physician to the king of Denmark ; he 
died 1680. ' 
BARTHOLIN, Thomas, son of the above, 
professor of law and history at Copenhagen, and 
counsellor to the king; he died in 1690. His 
three brothers were also professors of the uni- 
versity of Copenhagen, and their sister was an 
eminent Danish poetess. 
BARTHOLOMEW, St.,one of the apostles, 
who preached the gospel in Ethiopia, Lycaonia, 
and the Indies. 
B ARTHOLOMEW, the Martyr, a kind and 
benevolent Christian, and archbishop of Braga, 
died 1500. 
BART LET, John, minister of St. Thomas, 
near Exeter, and author of some divinity 
tracts. 
BARTLETT, Josiah, a physician in New- 
Hampshire; he was a member of the continen- 
tal congress from that state, and a signer of the 
declaration of independence, and was after- 
wards governor of the state ; he died 1795. 
BARTOLI, Cosimo, of Florence, resident oi 
duke Cosmo at Venice, in the 16th century. 
BARTOLI, Daniel, a Jesuit of Ferrara, set- 
tled at Rome, where he wrote several historical 
works in Italian ; he died in 1685. 
B YRTOLO, a lawyer of eminence, professor 
of law at Pisa, and counsellor to Charles IV., 
died 1359. 
BARTOLOCCI, Julius, a cistercian monk, of 
Naples, and Hebrew professor at Rome, died 
1687. 
BARTOLOZZI, Francesco, a very eminent 
engraver, born at Florence, in 1728. In 1764 he 
came to England and worked forthe printsellers, 
particularly Mr Bovdell. In 1769 he was cho- 
sen a member of the. Royal Academy. The 
new mode of stippling, or engraving in the red 
chalk manner, now becoming fashionable, gave 
Bartolozzi ample employment, and he executed 
in that wav many hundreds of prints. The finest 
of al'_ his works, perhaps, are the Marlborough 
Gems, and the prints for Boydell's Shak- 
speare. In 1802 he went to Lisbon, on an invi- 
tation from the prince regent of Portugal, who 
allowed him a pension; and there he died in 
March, 1815. 
BARTON, Benjamin S., M. D., an eminent 
BA 
physician, of Philadelphia. He was appointed 
professor of natural history and botany, and af- 
terwards of Materia Medica, in the univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, and succeeded Dr. Rush, 
on his death, as professor of the theory and 
practice of medicine; he died in 1815. 
BARTON, Elizabeth, commonly called “ The 
holy Maid of Kent,” was a religious impostor 
in the reign of Henry VIII., and executed at 
Tyburn, April 20, 1534. 
BARTRAM, John, a distinguished botanist, 
born in Pennsylvania ; he was elected Ameri- 
can botanist to George IIE, and died in 1777. 
Linnteus pronounced him “ the greatest natural 
botanist in the world.” 
BARUCH, the prophet, the friend of Jere- 
miah, he was author of a book not received as 
canonical, either by Christians or Jews. He 
went to Babylon with the Israelites in their cap 
tivity. 
BARWICK,>John, a native of Westmoreland, 
distinguished for his zeal in the royal cause ; 
and his attachment to Charles I. and II.; he 
was afterwards dean of Durham and St. Paul’s, 
and died 1604. 
BARVVICK, Peter, a brother of the dean, an 
eminent physician; he supported Hervey’s doc 
trine of the circulation of the blood, and died 
1705. 
BARZERINI, aMahomedan writer. 
BAS, Le, a French engraver of eminence, 
died 1705. 
BASCIII, Matthew, founder of a new order 
of Franciscan capuchins, died 1552. 
BASEDOW, John Bernard, professor of mo- 
ral philosophy, at Soroe, in Denmark, from 
which he was expelled for irreligion; he died 
1790. 
BASHUYSEN, Henry James Van, profes- 
sor of ecclesiastical history and the oriental 
languages at Hanau, and afterwards of divinity 
at Berlin, died 1758. 
BASIL, St., bishop of Ctesarea, persecuted 
by Valens, for refusing to embrace Arianism, 
died 370. 
BASIL, an Arian, bishop of Ancyra. 
BASIL I., a Macedonian. Being but a com- 
mon soldier, he was taken prisoner by the Bul- 
garians, from whom, however, he escaped, and 
solicited alms to support him on a journey to 
Constantinople, where he became emperor of 
the East. Dreaded by his enemies the Saracens, 
whom he frequently vanquished ; and beloved 
by his subjects for his justice and clemency ; he 
died in 880. 
BASIL II., emperor of Constantinople, a va- 
liant, but cruel and inhuman prince, died 1025. 
BASIL, an impostor, who disturbed Constan- 
tinople, by pretending to be Constantine Ducas, 
for which he was burned alive, after 934. 
BASIL, a physician, who became bead of a 
sect called Bogomiles, in Bulgaria, and was con- 
demned for his heresies. 
BASILIDES, a sectary of Alexandria, in the 
2d century, who enjoined five years silence on 
his followers. 
BASILICES, brother of Verina, the wife of 
LeoI., emperor of the East; he seized and re- 
tained the throne a short time, during which the 
valuable library of Constantinople, containing 
120,000 volumes was burnt; he died 478. 
BASILOW1TZ, Iwan, a hero, who laid the 
foundation of the Russian empire, and first as- 
sumed the name of Czar, died 1584. 
BASINE, wife of the king of Thuringia, who 
left her husband to espouse ChiiJeric I., o» 
57 BA 
France, as the bravest man of his day ; she was 
mother of Clovis the Great. 
BASINGSTOKE, or BASINGE, John, arch- 
deacon of Leicester, author of “ Sermons,” 
“ Latin Translations from the Greek,” &c.; 
he is supposed to have introduced the Greek 
numerical figures into England. He died 1252. 
BAS1RE, Isaac, D. D., archdeacon of 
Northumberland, and chaplain to Charles I.; 
afterwards prebendary of Durham ; he died 
1676. 
BASIRE, James, an eminent English engra- 
ver, born Oct 6, 1730, died Sept. 6, 1802 He 
was many years engraver to the Royal Society 
and to the Society of Antiquaries. 
BASKERVILLE, John, an ngenious English 
letter-founder and printer, famous for the beauty 
and elegance of his types and editions ; born at 
Wolverly, in Worcestershire, 1706, died 1775. 
BASKERVILLE, Sir Simon, knight, obtained 
by his skill as a physician, in London, distinc- 
tion, the honour of knighthood, and immense 
wealth ; he died 1641. 
BASNAGE, James, a French refugee in Hol- 
land, author of “ A History of the Jews,” died 
1721. 
BASNAGE, Henry, an advocate of the par- 
liament of Rouen, who, upon the proscription 
of the protestants, in France, fled to Holland, 
where he died, 1710. 
BASNAGE, Benjamin, a protestant, author 
of a treatise on the church, and deputy from 
the French churches to Scotland, in the reign of 
James VI., died 1652. 
BASNAGE, Anthony, son to the above, mi- 
nister of Bayeux ; he was imprisoned for his re- 
ligion at Havre de Grace, and afterwards fled to 
Holland, where he died in 1691. 
BASNAGE, DU FRAQUENAY, Henry, an 
advocate of Rouen, eminent for eloquence, 
died 1695. 
BASNET, Edw’ard, dean of St. Patrick, in 
Ireland, in 1537, afterwards privy counsellor. 
BASS, Edw'ard, D. 1)., a scholar and divine ; 
he was first bishop of Massachusetts, and died 
in 1803. 
BASSAN, James Du Pont, a painter, bom 
1510, in the village of Bassano, in the republic 
of Venice. He had great success in landscape 
and portraiture; and has also drawn several 
night-pieces ; but it is said he found great ditii 
culty in representing feet and hands, and for this 
reason those parts are generally hid in his pic- 
tures. Anibal Caracci, w'hen he went to see 
Bassati, was so far deceived by the representa- 
tion of a book, drawn upon the wall, that he 
went to lay hold of it. The pieces of this painter 
are spread over Europe; he died at Venice, 1592. 
BASSANDYNE, Thomas, a Scotchman, 
Knowui as a printer, died 1591. 
BASSANI, James Anthony, a Jesuit of Vi- 
cenza, an eloquent preacher, distinguished by 
Pope Benedict XIV.; he died in 1747. 
BASSANI, John Baptiste, an admired Italian 
composer in the 17th century, master to Corelli. 
BASSANTIN, James, a Scotchman, w'ho ac- 
ini bed reputation as a teacher of mathematics at 
Paris, died 1568. 
BASSELIN, a fuller, of Vire, in Normandy, 
in the 15th century, known for his popular songs 
and ballads. 
BASSET. Peter, chamberlain to Henry V., 
and author of an account of the expeditions of 
that prince. 
BASSI, Laura, wife of Joseph Verati, was 
honoured writh the degree of doctor of philoso- 
BA 
phy, for the great mental acquirements dis- 
played in her lectures on that subject, and do 
tinguished as possessing every amiable virtue 
she died in 1778. 
BASITH, lihaiath, a Mahometan, autnor of 
a treatise on prayer. 
BASSOMPIEKRE, Francois de, marechal cf 
France, of a distinguished family of Lorraine, 
a courtier and ambassador of Lewis XIII.; he 
was confined ten years in the Bastile by the 
duke of Richelieu, during which time he wrote 
his memoirs; he died in 1646. 
BASSVILLE, Nicholas John Hugon de, am- 
bassador from France to Rome, where he was 
stabbed 1793. 
BASSIJEL, Peter, a distinguished surgeon 
and lecturer of Paris, died 1757. 
BASTA, George, known as a warrior in the 
service of the duke of Parma, and afterwards 
of the emperor, in Hungary, died 1607. 
BASTARD, Thomas, a poet and preacher of 
England, of considerable learning, died 1618. 
BASTON, Robert, a Carmelite monk, poet 
laureat, and public orator, at Oxford, died 1310. 
BASTWICK, Dr. John, a physician, who 
was severely fined and imprisoned for his writ- 
ings against the clergy, but during the civil wars, 
recalled to London, and indemnified for bis suf- 
ferings. 
BATE, John, D. D., prior of the Carmelites 
at York, distinguished for his learning ; he died 
in 14211. 
BATE, George, physician to Charles I., then 
to Oliver Cromwell, and afterwards to Charles 
II. ; he died 1669. 
BATE, Julius, a friend of Hutchinson, author 
of a defence of his system, and of some valuable 
pieces of criticism, died 1771. 
BATECUMBE, William, a mathematician 
who lived about 1420. 
BATEMAN, William, bishop of Norwich, 
and founder of Trinity-hall, Cambridge, also 
ambassador to the court of Rome, died 1534. 
BATES, William, D. 1)., chaplain to Charles 
II., a non-conformist divine of great learning, 
and the intimate friend of the first men of the 
kingdom, died 1699. 
BATHALMIUSI, an eminent Mahomedan 
writer, of the family of Ali, died 421 of the lte- 
gira. 
BATHE, Henry de, a justice of the common 
pleas, and aft erwards chief justice of the Kiug's 
Bench under Henry 111., died 1261. 
BATHE, William, an Irish Jesuit, rector of 
an Irish school, at Salamanca, and a writer on 
music and divinity, died 1614. 
BATHURST. Ralph, a Latin poet, physician 
and divine of Trinity College, Oxfoid, after 
wards dean of Wells, and vice chancellor of the 
university; he died 1704. 
BATHURST, Allen, Earl, an English noble 
man of distinguished abilities, born November 
16, 1684. To uncommon talents he added many 
virtues, integrity, humanity, and generosity; 
and to these virtues, good breeding, politeness, 
and elegance. His wit, taste, and learning, con- 
nected him with all persons eminent in that 
way, as Pope, Swift, Addison, &.c. He died at 
his seat, near Cirencester, September 16, 1775, 
in his 91st year. 
BATONI, Pompeo, an eminent painter, of 
Lucca, ennobled by the emperor Joseph, for his 
distinguished merit. One of his most valuable 
pieces, the death of Mark Antony, is now 
owned in Hartford, Conn. ; he died 1787. 
BATSCH, Augustus, John George Chari 
58 BA 
a botanist, of Jena, was professor of philosophy | 
in the university of that place, and founder anil 
president of a society for the study of natural 
history ; he died 1802. 
BATTAGLINl, Mark, bishop of Nocera and 
Cescna, died 1717. 
BATTELY, Dr. John, fellow of Trinity Col- 
lege, and chaplain to the primate Sancroft, died 
1708. 
BATTEUX, Charles, a French philosopher, 
professor of philosophy in the royal college, 
member of the French academy, &c., eminent 
for his erudition, and his private virtues, and 
author of several works on classical literature; 
he died 1780. 
B ATT IE, Dr. William, a physician of emi- 
nence in Uxbridge and London, author of seve- 
ral works on medical subjects, died 1776. 
BATTISHILL, Jonathan, an eminent musi- 
cal composer, who added to profound know- 
ledge, great taste, and a fine imagination. His 
“ Kate of Aberdeen” will be celebrated (among 
numerous other of his compositions) as long as 
pure melody shall be admired in this country. 
He was born in London, May, 1738, and died at 
Islington, December 10, 1801. 
B AUAB, a learned Mahomedan, died 413 of 
the hegira. 
B AUDELOT DE DAIRVAL, Charles Cmsar, 
advocate of the parliament of Paris, died 1722. 
BAUDET, Stephen, an eminent French en- 
graver, of Blois, died 1671. 
BAUDIER, Michael, a native of Languedoc, 
historiographer of France under Louis XV. 
BAUDIN, Peter Charles Lewis, a native of 
Sedan, a member of the French national assem- 
bly, and of the convention. He was a man of 
great firmness and moderation, and died 1799. 
BAUDIUS, Dominique, a native of Lisle, and 
advocate of the parliament of Paris, author of 
some Latin poems, and died 1613. 
BAUDOIN, Benedict, a divine of Amiens, 
author of a dissertation on the shoes of the an- 
C’ents, in 1615. 
BAUDORI, Joseph du, a native of Vannes; 
educated among the Jesuits, died 1749. 
BAUDOT, de Juilli, Nicholas, of Vendome, 
a historical writer of some merit, died 1759. 
BAUD AUIN, emperorof Constantinople, vid. 
BALDWIN. 
B AUDOUIN, John, a soldier in the armies of 
France, and translator of Sallust, Tacitus, &c. 
died 1650. 
BAUDRAND, Mich. Anton, an ecclesiastic, 
of Paris, author of a “ Dictionaire Geograph- 
ique” of merit, died 1700. 
BAUDRICOURT, Jean de, a marechal of 
France, distinguished under Charles VIII. at the 
conquest of Naples. His father introduced the 
famous maid of Orleans on the public stage. 
BAUHINUS, John, a physician of Amiens, 
afterwards of great expectation at Basil, died 
1532. 
BAUHINUS, John, son of the preceding, 
physician to the duke of Wirtemburg, a medi- 
cal writer at Basil, died 1613. 
BAUHINUS, Caspar, professor of botany at 
Basil, and physician to the duke of Wirtemburg, 
died 1624. 
BAULDRI, Paul, a native of Rouen, profes- 
sor of sarred historv at. Utrecht, died 1706. 
BAUDOT, or BEAULIEU, James, who tra- 
velled through Europe as a lithotomist, and 
operated with great success. The city of Am- 
sterdam had a medal struck in honour of this 
humane man; he died 1720. 
HA 
I I5AUME, James Francis de la, canon of a 
church at Avignon, author of a poem called the 
Christiade, die,' 1757. 
BAUME, Nici. das Auguste de la, amarechal 
of France, who se. ’ed in Germany with great 
reputation, died 171b. 
BAUME, James de la, a Jesuit of Paris, died 
1725. 
BAUMER, John William, professor of medi- 
cine at Erfurt, and a writer on the natural his- 
tory of the mineral kingdom, died 1788. 
BAUMGARTEN, Alexander Gottlieb, profes- 
sor of philosophy at Halle, and afterwards at 
Frankfort, died 1776. A 
BAUR, John William, a painterand engraver 
of Strasburg, died 1640. 
BAUR, Frederick William Von, a Hessian 
soldier in the pay of Britain, made a general and 
ennobled by Frederick II. of Prussia, and after- 
wards an able engineer and mechanic in the 
service of Russia; he died 1783. 
BAIJSCH Abu Giafar, a Mahomedan writer, 
died 546 of the hegira. 
BAUSSIRI, a Mahomedan poet, highly es- 
teemed by the followers of Mahomet. 
BAUTRU, a celebrated wit, and one of the 
first members of ti e French academy, was born 
at Paris, in 1588, and died there in 1665. Once, 
when he was in Spain, having been to see the 
famous library of the Escurial, where he found 
a very ignorant librarian, the king of Spain 
asked him what he had remarked. To whom 
Baurru replied, that “ the library was a very 
line one; but your majesty (adds he) should 
make your librarian treasurer of your finances.” 
II Why so 1” “ Because (says Bautru) he never 
touches what he is entrusted with.” 
HALVES, James de, advocate of the parlia- 
ment of Paris, in the I7th century. 
BAUV1N, John Gregory, a native of Arras, 
eminent for his knowledge of belles lettres, 
died in 1776. 
BAUX, William de, prince of Orange, with 
the title of king of Arles and Vienna, murdered 
at Avignon, in 1218. 
B A WDYVEEN, William,vicar of Hooten Pag- 
nell, near Doncaster, died Sept. 14,1816. This 
gentleman was an excellent Saxon scholar, and 
translated vols. I. and II. of that valuable na- 
tional record, Domesday Book, which was pub- 
lished by a vote of the British parliament. He 
proposed to print the whole in 10 vols. 4to ; and 
the remaining 8 vols. are said to be prepared for 
the press. He left a widow and twelve children. 
BAXTER, Richard, an eminent nonconform- 
ist divine, was born Nov. 12,1615, at Rowton, 
near High Ercal, in Shropshire, and died 1691. 
He wrote a vast number of books; Mr. Long, 
of Exeter, says 80; Dr. Calamy, 120 ; but the 
author of a note in the Biographia Britannica 
tells us that he had seen 145 distinct treatises of 
Mr. Baxter’s; his practical works have been 
published in four vols. folio. Bishop Burnet, in 
the history of his own times, calls him “ a man 
of great piety; and says, “that if he had not 
meddlpd with too many things, he would have 
been esteemed one of the most learned men of 
the age ; that he had a moving and pathetical 
way of writing; and was, his whole life long, 
a man of great zeal and much simplicity ; but 
was unhappily subtle and metaphysical in every 
thing. 
BAXTER, Andrew, a writer in metaphysics 
and natural philosophy, born in 1686, at Aber- 
deen, where he received his education at King’s 
College. His principal employment w that fcA 
of a private tutor. iJis celebrated work, “ An 
Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul,” 
was first published in 4to, and has been several 
trines reprinted. Bishop W'.iburton calls it 
“ the most finished book of die kind that the 
present times have produced." Baxter drew 
up for the use of bis pupils, a piece entitled 
1 Matho ; sive Cosmotheoria Puerilus, Dialo- 
gic,” &c. which he afterwards greatly enlarged, 
and published in English, 2 vols. 8vo., 1745. He 
died in 1750, after bearing with the greatest for- 
titude a complication of the most painful dis- 
orders. 
BAXTER, William, an eminent critic and 
grammarian, nephew to the foregoing, born a; 
Lanlugany, in Shropshire, 1650, died 1723. He 
published excellent editions of “ Anacreon” 
and “ Horace,” was author of a “ I.atiri Gram- 
mar,” 1679, and of a Glossary of the Roman 
Antiquities," which, however, goes no farther 
titan the letter A, and was printed 1726. 
BAYARD, James A., a native of Delaware, 
was a representative, and afterwards a senator 
in congress from that state. In 1813 he was ap- 
pointed one of the ministers who negotiated the 
treaty of peace with Great Britain at Ghent; 
subsequent to which, he was sent as minister 
to the court of St. Petersburg. He returned to 
the United States, and died in 1815. 
BAYARD, John, speaker of the house of as- 
sembly iu Maryland, was a member of tiie old 
congress, 1785 ; he died 1807. 
BAYARD, Le Chevalier, a celebrated French 
warrior, called The knight without fear ot re- 
proach, slain at the siege of Rebec, 1524. 
BAYER, Theophilus Sigfred, a German who 
assiduously devoted himself to ancient and mo- 
dern languages, and was professor of Greek and 
Roman Antiquities at Petersburg, died in 1738. 
B AYEUX, N., an advocate and poet of Caen, 
translator-of Ovid, executed during the French 
revolution. 
BAYLE, Peter, author of the Historical and 
Critical Dictionary, was born, Nov. 18, 1647, at 
Carla, a small town in the county of Foix, and 
was a most laborious and indefatigable writer. 
Li one of iiis letters to Des Maizeaux, he says, 
that since his 20:h year he hardly remembers to 
have had any leisure. He died the 28th of De 
cember, 1705, after he had been writing the great- 
est part of the day. Among the productions 
which do honour to the ageof LewisXIV., Mr. 
Voltaire has not omitted the“ Critical Dietiona 
ry” of our author: “ It is the first work of the 
kind (says he) in which a man may learn t< 
think.” He was a man of brilliant parts and 
acute intellect; but his religious principles sa- 
vour of infidelity. 
BAYLE, Francis, professor of medicine at 
Toulouse, died in 1709. 
T1AYLEY, Anselm, L. L. D., an Fnsrlish di 
vine, minor canon of St. Paul’s and Westmin- 
ster Abbey, and sub-dean of the chapel royal, 
author of several theological works, died in 
1794. 
BAYLEY, Lewis, author of that most me- 
morable book, entitled, “The Practice of Piety.” 
He was born at Caermarthen, in Wales, edu- 
cated at Oxford, made minister of Evesham, in 
Worcestershire, about 1611, became a chaplain 
to king James, and was promoted to the see 
of Bangor, in 1616. His book is dedicated “ to 
the high and mighty prince Charles, prince of 
Walesand the author tells his highness, that 
‘‘he had endeavoured to extract out of the chaos 
©f endless controversies, the old practice of t-rue 
BE 
piety, winch flourished before these controver- 
sies were hatched.” The design was good; 
and the reception this book lias met with may 
be known from the astonishing number of iu 
editions. Tiiis prelate died in 1634. 
BALEY, Matthias, remarkable for longevity, 
he was baptized, and died, in North Carolina, in 
1789, aged 136. 
IiAYLY, Thomas, sub-dean of Wells, died a 
catholic on the continent, in the time of Charles 1. 
BAYLY, Nathan, author of an English dic- 
tionary, and of some grammatical works. 
BAYNARl), Anne, a lady of great literary 
and scientific acquirements, died in 1697. 
BAYNES, Sir Thomas, knight, a physician, 
professor of music at Gresham college, died in 
1681. 
BAYNES, John, a native of Yorkshire, dis- 
tinguished for his intense application to study, 
and his attachment to liberty, died in 1787. 
BAZIRE, Claude, a native of Dijon, raised, 
by the French revolution, from obscurity to in- 
famous celebrity. He proposed in the conven- 
tion, a law fixing a price on the I rad of La 
Fayette ; guillotined with Danton, in 1794. 
BAZZAZ, a Mahomedan theological writer. 
BE, Guillaume C., an engraver and letter 
founder, at Troyes and at Venice, where be ac- 
quired both reputation and wealth ; he died in 
1598. 
BEACH, John, an episcopal writer, and a 
missionary at Reading, Conn. 
BEACON, Thomas, an English divine, pre 
bendary of Canterbury under Elizabeth. 
BEALE, Mary’, a portrait painter in the reipr 
of Charles II., was born in Sufi'olk, 1632. In 
the manuscripts of Mr. Ohlys, site is celebrate a 
for her poetry, as well as for her painting : and 
is styled “ that masculine poet, as w< 11 as painter 
the incomparable Mrs. Beale.” She died He 
cem her 28, 1697. 
BEARI), John, a very eminent and poptilai 
singer on tire English stage ; married, first, lady 
Henrietta, relict of Lord Edward Herbert, and 
only daughter of Lord Waldegrave; secondly, 
a daughter of Mr. Rich, patentee of Covent Gar- 
den Theatre. He then became one of the pro- 
prietors, and acting manager of that house, ai d 
continued to perform till disqualified by the less 
of bis hearing. He died in his 75th year, Feb- 
ruary 5, 1791. 
BEATON, or RETON, David, archbishop of 
St. Andrews, in Scotland, and cardinal of the 
Roman church, born 1494, lost his life by the 
hands of Norman Lesly, eldest son of the earl of 
Rothes, about the year 1546. This famous pre- 
late was a man of great parts, but of houndless 
pride and ambition, and withal an eminent in- 
stance of the instability of what the world t ails 
fortune. 
BEATON, James, nephew of the archbishop 
of the same name, and bishop of Glasgow at 
25, author of a manuscript history of Scotland, 
died ill 1603. 
BEATRIX, daughter of the count of Burgun- 
dy, and wife of the emperor Frederick L, 1156. 
BEATRIX, of Provence, daughter of Ray 
mond, count of Provence, wife of Charles, son 
of Lewis VIII. of France, afterwards king of 
Naples and Sicily, died at Nocera. 
BEATSON, Robert, L. L. D., an indefatiga- 
blecompiler, author of “ a Political Index to tbs 
Histories of Great Britain and Ireland,” and of 
several other works, died 1818. 
BF.ATTIE, Dr. James, an ingenious poet itr.d 
miscellaneous writer, born in Kincardineshire 
60  _BE ~ ' 
Scotland, 1735, was many years a schoolmaster 
at Aberdeen; but at length promoted to the 
chair of Moral Philosophy and Logic in the Ala 
rischal College. Ilis principal poems are, “The 
Judgment of Paris,” 4to., 1765. “The Min- 
strel,” 4to., 1770, 1774. “ The Hermit,” a beau- 
tiful song, and many odes and elegies. Besides 
these, he was author of “An Essay on the Im- 
mutability of Truth, in opposition to Sophistry 
and Scepticism,”” 4to., 1777 ; “ Dissertations 
Moral and Critical,” 4to., 1783; “Evidences 
of the Christian Religion, briefly and plainly 
stated,” 8vo., 1786; and “Elements of Moral 
Science,” 2 vols. 8vo., 1790, 1793. His prose 
writings display good sense, extensive know- 
ledge, and able reasoning; his versification is 
elegant. He died at Aberdeen, August 18,1803. 
BEATTIE, James Hay, son of the poet, a 
man of eminent talents, who was, at the age of 
19, appointed assistant professor of moral phi- 
losophy and logic at the Marisclial College of 
Aberdeen, died 1790. 
HEATHS, Rhenanus, a classical scholar and 
writer of Rheinach, died in 1547. 
BEAU, John Lewis le, a learned academi- 
cian and professor of Paris, died in 1766. 
BEAU, Charles le, brother of the preceding, 
was also an eminent scholar, and professor of 
belles lettres at Paris, and author of a history of 
the lower empire, in 22 vols.; he died in 1778. 
BEAUCAIRE DE PEQUILLON, Francois, 
instructer of Cardinal Charles de Lorraine, and 
bishop of Metz, died in 1591. 
BEAUCHAM, Richard, Earl of Warwick, 
distinguished as a brave general, died in Nor- 
mandy, in 1439. 
BEAUCH AMPS, Pierre Francois Godard de, 
an eminent French writer, died at Paris, in 1761. 
BEAUCHAMP, Joseph de, a celebrated French 
astronomer, born at Vezoul, in 1752, entered, in 
1767, into the order of Bernardiues, and took his 
departure for Asia, in 1781, with his uncle, who 
was appointed bishop of Babylon. In this voy- 
age he steered his course along the Tigris and 
Euphrates, from Diabekir to the Persian Gulph, 
and made a collection of medals, inscriptions, 
and designs of the monuments of ancient Baby- 
lon, as well as Arabic manuscripts, which he 
presented to the Abbe Barthelemy. In 1787, he 
made a second voyage upon the Caspian Sea; 
in the course of which he observed the most im- 
portant eclipse of the moon of which the history 
of astronomy preserves any remembrance. In 
1795, he made a third voyage ; and through the 
means of Volnev, he was appointed consul at 
Aluscate, in Arabia; at which place, however, 
he never arrived, being taken by the English. 
The peace having at length given him his liber- 
ty, he arrived sick at Nice, where he died on the 
19th of November, 1801, at the moment when 
Buonaparte had appointed him commissary- 
general at Lisbon. 
BEAUCHATEAU, Franc. Matthieu Chatelet 
de, author of several admired poems, supposed 
to have died in Persia. 
BEAVER, John, a Benedictine monk of West- 
minster Abbey, author of a manuscript chronicle 
of the affairs of Britain to his own time, in the 
14th century. 
B E A UFILS, Guillaume, a Jesuit of Auvergne, 
eminent as a preacher and a man of literature, 
died in 1758. 
BEAUFORT, Margaret, daughter of John, 
duke of Somerset, and mother of Henry VII., 
died in 1509. She founded Christ's, and St. 
John's Colleges Cambridge 
BE 
| BEAUFORT, Henry brother of Henry IV 
of England, was successively bishop of Lincoln 
| and Winchester, chancellor of England, ambas- 
sador to France, cardinal, and pope’s legale in 
Germany ; he died in 1447. 
BEAUFORT, Francois, Vendome due de, a 
native of Paris, conspicuous in the civil wars 
for courting the good will of the populace, died 
in 1669. 
BEAUFORT, Lewis de, a learned man, au- 
thor of the history of Germanicus, ice., died in 
1795. 
BEAULIEU, John Baptiste Allais de, a wri- 
ting-master of celebrity in Paris, lived about 
1681. 
BEAULIEU, Sebastian Pontault de, an engi- 
neer, who drew, and had engraved, the sieges 
and military campaigns of Lewis XIV.; he ditd 
in 1674. 
BEAULIEU,Louis le Blanc de, theological pro- 
fessor of Sedan, died in 1675. 
BEAULTELf, N. Baron de, commander of 
the Austrian armies in Italy, opposed and con- 
quered by Buonaparte, died about 1796. 
BEAUMANOIR, Jean de, called marechal 
de Lavardin, rose by bis merit to high military 
dignities, died in 1614. 
BEAUMARCHAIS, Peter Augustin Caron de, 
an eminent French dramatist, born at Paris, 
1732, and bred a watch-maker, died at Paris, of 
apoplexy, May, 1799. 
BEAUME, Antony, a aative of Senlis, and 
a distinguished French chymist, was a member 
of the academy of sciences, and of the national 
institute, died in 1805. His writings are nu- 
merous and valuable. 
BEAUMELLE, Laurent Angliviel de la, a na- 
tive of France of great literary reputation, li- 
brarian to the king, and a respectable writer, 
died in 1773. 
BEAUMONT, Sir John, a poet of some etni- 
jnence, descended from an ancient family at 
[Grace-Dieu, in Leicestershire, was born 1582. 
[His “ Bosworth Field,” Mr. Headlv tells us, 
merits a republication, for the easy flow of its 
numbers, and the spirit with which it is written. 
It was first published by his son, together witli 
tlie rest of his poems, in 12mt>, 1629. He was 
created a baronet by king Charles, in 1626, and 
died two years after. 
BEAUMONT, Francis, brother of the fore- 
going, a celebrated dramatic writer, born at 
Grace-Dieu, in Leicestershire, about the year 
1596, died in 1615, before he was 30 years of 
age, and was buried in the entrance of St. Be- 
nedict’s chapel, within St. Peter’s, Westmin- 
ster. Beside the plays in which he was jointly 
concerned with Fletcher, he wrote a little dra- 
matic piece, and other poems, printed together 
in 1653, 8vo. Beaumont was esteemed so good 
a judge of dramatic composition, that Ben Jon- 
son submitted his writings to his correction, arid, 
it is thought, was much indebted to him foi the 
contrivance of his plots. Every thing respect- 
ing this poet, that couid be collected by the most 
diligent research, will be found in Mr. Nichols 
valuable “ History of Leicestershire.” 
BEAUMONT, Joseph, regius professor of di- 
vinity at Cambridge, and author of Psyche, and 
other poems, died in 1699. 
BEAUMONT DE PEREFIX, Hardonin, arch- 
bishop of Paris, preceptor to Lewis XIV., and 
author of a valuable history of Henry IV.; 
died in 1670. 
BEAUMONT,Mad. le prince de,a lively writer 
of romances, letters, memoirs, ice. died in 1780. 
61 BE 
BEAUMONT, Elias de, a native o4' Norman- 
*y, was educated for the bar, but devoted his 
time to literary pursuits; an auf hor of some 
merit; he died in 1783. 
BEAUMONT, John Lew's Moreau de, an 
abi: political writer, of Nan.tes, died in 1785. 
BEAUMONT, Guilt. Rob. Phil. Jos. Jean de, 
an ecclesiastic, of Roue_n, known as a theolo- 
gical writer, died in 1761. 
BEAUNE, Jacques de, baron of Samblancai, 
minister of the priories under Francis 1., tiu- 
justly conde ned and executed, by the perfidy 
of the queen-mother, in 1527. 
B AUN'E, Renand de. a native of Tours, 
rchbishop of Bourges, and afterwards of Sens, 
died in IGuG. 
BEAUNE, Florimont de, counsellor of Blois, 
the intimate friend of Descartes, and an emi- 
nent mathematician, died in 1652. 
BEAURAIN, Jean de, a native of Artois, 
known as a negotiator and geographer; made 
geographer to Lewis XV., at the age of 25; he 
died in 1771. 
BEAUKIEU, Gaspard Guillard de, a French 
writer, died in 1795. 
BEAUSOBRE, Isaac de, a very learned di- 
vine and ecclesiastical writer, of French origi- 
nal, born at Niort, March 8, 1659, died June 5. 
17;;8. 
BEAUSOBRE, Louis de, a native of Berlin, 
distinguished for his literature and as the friend 
of the Prussian monarch ; he died in 1783. 
BEAUVAIS, Guillaume, of Dunkirk, author 
of a history of the Roman emperors by medals, 
died 1773. 
BEAUVAIS,Charles Nicolas, of Orleans, dis- 
tinguished as a physician, and as a violent and 
seditious member of the national assembly,died 
in 1704. 
BEAUVAIS, John Baptiste Charles Marie de, 
bishop of Setiez, eminent as an eloquent preach- 
er, died in 1789. 
BEAUVAU, Lewis Charles marquis de, a 
distinguished French general, died in 1744. 
BEAUVILUFRS, Francis de, duke of St 
Aignan, author of some prose and poetical pie- 
ces, died in 1687. Ilis son was preceptor lo the 
father of Lewis XIV., and died in 1714. 
BEAUZEE, Nicolas, a distinguished gram- 
marian, died in 1789. 
BERELE, Henry, professor of eloquence at 
Tubingen; he was an able Latin scholar, and 
received the poetical crown, in 1501,from Maxi- 
milian I. 
BF.CAN, Martin, a zealous Jesuit, confessor 
to Ferdinand II., died in 1624. 
BECCADF.LLI, Lewis, a native of Bologna, 
ambassador at Venice, preceptor to Ferdinand 
son of the duke of Tuscany, and archbishop of 
Ragusa ; he died in 1572. 
BECCADELLI, Antonio, a native of Paler- 
mo, professor of belles lettres at Pavia, was 
crowned with the poetic laurel by the emperoi 
Sicismund, and ennobled by Alphonso king of 
Naples; he died in 1471. 
BECCAFUMI, Dominique,an eminent painter 
of Genoa, died in 1549. 
BECCARI, Augustine, a native of Ferrara, 
was the first Italian who wrote pastorals; he 
died in 1560. 
BECCARIA, John Baptist, a learned monk, 
of Mondovi, teacher of philosophy, at Rome and 
Palermo, and preceptor to the royal family at 
Turin ; he died in 1781. 
BECCARIA, James Bartholomew, a physi- 
cian and professor of naturn' philosophy in the 
BE 
university of Bononia; liis writings on pi iloso- 
phical and medical subjects are numerous and 
liiglily esieenred ; he died in 1766. 
BECCARIA, marquis, a celebrated writer 
“ On crimes and Punishments,” born at Milan 
in 1735, died Nov. 29, 1794. 
BECCUTI, Francis, an Italian poet, sur- 
named II Cappeta, professor of law inliis native 
town of Perugia ; lie died in 1509. 
BECERRA, Gaspard, a Spanish sculptor and 
painter, the pupil of Raphael, died in 1570. 
BECKER, John Joachim, physician to the 
electors of Mentz and Bavaria; his discoveries 
in chymistry and mechanics were numeious and 
important; he died in 1C85. 
BECKER, Daniel, physician to the elector of 
Brandenburg, died at Kouigsburg, liis native 
city, in 1700. 
BECKET, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbu- 
ry, in the reign of Henry II., was born in Lon- 
don, 1119, and assassinated in the cathedral 
church of Canterbury, on the 29th of December, 
1171. The miracles said to be wrought at his 
tomb were so numerous, that we are told two 
large volumes of them were kept in that church. 
His shrine was visited from all parts, and en- 
riched with the most costly gifts and offerings. 
Though canonized, however, he was, in truth, 
memorable only for his pride, insolence, and in- 
gratitude to his sovereign, Henry 11., to which 
lie fell a sacrifice. 
BECKFORD, William, a patriotic chief ma- 
gistrate of the city of London, who died in that 
office, with which he had been for the second 
lime invested, June 21, 1770, aged f5. He show- 
ed himself the steadfast friend of his king and 
country, and was the only man of his time who, 
with firmness, yet with humility,dared tell a king 
upon his throne (surrounded by his cour iers) 
the plain and honest truth ; whereby he x indi 
cated the loyally, while he evinced the inde- 
pendent spirit of the city of London. Convinced 
that our liberties belong to posterity as well 
as lo ourselves, he resolved that the share com- 
mitted to his trust should not expirein his hands. 
As a citizen, he was eminently endowed with 
the virtues of humanity and affability; as a sena- 
tor, (member for London,) watchful over the 
rights of the people; and as a magistrate, unre- 
mittingly active in seeing those rights legally 
executed. That his character might be ever 
held in the most honourable and grateful re- 
membrance, the Corporation erected his statue 
in their Guildhall, and recorded in the inscrip- 
tion the magnanimous speech which he is said 
to have addressed to the king in vindication of 
the people’s right to remonstrate to the throne. 
BECK INGIlAM, Charles, an eminent dra- 
matic writer; two of his pieces, Henry IV. of 
France, and Scipio Africanus, were highly ap- 
plauded; he died in 1730. 
BF.CK1NGTON, Thomas, bishop of Bath 
and Wells, in the 15th century. 
BECUUET, Anthony, a Celestine monk, a 
man of learning, who wrote the history of his 
order, and died in 1730. 
BECTASH, Culi, a learned Mahomedan 
writer. 
BF.CTOR, Claude de, abbess of 8t. Honore 
de Tarascon, eminent for her knowledge of La- 
tin, and her style of writing ; she died in 1547. 
BF.DA, Noel, a violent ecclesiastic of Picardy, 
died in exile, in 1537. 
BEDA, or BEDE, surnamed the Venerable, 
an English monk, an eminent writer of ecclesi- 
astical history, was born G73, at Wearmoutb in BE 
the bishopric of Durham, and died in 735. His 
ecclesiastical history of England commences at 
tlje invasion of Julius Ctesar, and terminates 
A. 1). 723. 
BEDDOES, Dr. Thomas, an eminent physi- 
cian and medical writer; who more particularly 
distinguished himself by his perseverance in 
making experiments to cure consumptions by 
the application of pneumatics. He was born 
at Shitfnal, Shropshire, about the year 1754, and 
died at Clifton, near Bristol, Dec. 24, 1808. His 
principal work is “ Hygeia; or Essays, Moral 
and Medical, on the Causes affecting the per- 
sonal state of the middling and affluent classes.” 
3 vols. 8vo., 1802. 
BEDELL, William, a very famous bishop of 
Kilmore, in Ireland, born 1570, atBlack Notley, 
in Essex; died 1041. 
BED ERIC, Henry, a monk, distinguished for 
his learning and eloquence, lived about 1380. 
BEDFORD, flilkiah, a quaker of Lincoln- 
shire, and afterwards a stationer in London, 
died in 1724. His son of the same name was a 
clergyman and writer of some merit; he died in 
1773. 
BEDFORD, Thomas, son of Hilkiah, was a 
nonjuring priest of some reputation ; he died 
in 1773. 
BEDFORD, Arthur, a pious and learned cler- 
gyman of the church of England, born at Tid- 
denham, Gloucestershire, Sept. 1668. A favour- 
ite subject of literary labour with Mr. Bedford 
was, the reformation of the drama and the 
stage. In his “ Evil and danger of Stage Plays,” 
being a serious remonstrance in behalf of the 
Christian religion, against the horrid blasphe 
nties and impieties which are still used in the 
English play-houses, &c., he shows, that he had 
so completely perused the whole range of the 
English drama, as to produce “ seven thousand 
instances, taken out of plays of the present cen- 
tury, and especially of the Iasi five years, in defi- 
ance of all methods hitherto used for their refor- 
mation :” and he has also given a catalogue of 
“ above fourteen hundred texts of Scripture, 
which are mentioned, either as ridiculed and 
exposed by the stage, or as opposite to their pre- 
sent practices.” Mr. Bedford also published, 
besides many “ Sermons” and other works, 
“ Scripture Chronology, demonstrated by Astro- 
nomical Calculations, in eight books, fol. 1741,” 
which Dr Waterland characterizes as a very 
learned and elaborate work. He died chaplain 
to Haberdasher’s Hospital, Sept. 15, 1745. See 
COLLIER, Jeremy. 
BEDFORD, John, duke of, third son of Henry 
IV., was a distinguished general of the English 
armies in France, during the minority of Henry 
VI , whom he proclaimed king, at Paris; lie 
died at Rouen, in 1435 
BEDFORD, vid. RUSSEL, Francis. 
BEDLOE, William, a low adventurer, only 
known for the pretended discovery of a popish 
plot, for which the house of commons voted 
him 51)91; he died in 1680. 
BEDOS de CELLES, Francis, a Benedictine 
of St. Maur, died in 1779. 
BEDREDDIN, Baalbeki, a physician and wri- 
ter of Balbec, in the 7th century of the heetra. 
BEEK, David, a Flemish painter, vid. BEK. 
BEEKMAN, John Anthony, a nativeof Hano- 
ver, professor of philosophy at Gottingen for 
45 years; he died in 1811. 
BEGA, Cornelius, a Dutch painter, born at 
Haerlem, died in 1664. 
BEGER, Laurence, of Ileidleberg, librarian I 
BE 
to the elector of Brandenburg, author of several 
books on antiquities and medals; he died 1705. 
BEGEYN, Abraham, a Dutch painter to the 
king of Prussia, born 1050. 
BEGON, Michael, a lawyer, distinguished 
himself in the marine, and as governor of tho 
French West India islands, died in 1710. 
BEGUILLET, Edmund, advocate of the par- 
liament of Dijon author of a treatise on agri- 
culture, died in 1786. 
BEHA1M, Martin, of Nuremberg, a man of 
strong powers of mind, who formed the first 
idea of a new world. He is said to have actu- 
ally sailed on a voyage of discovery, in 1460, 
and to have visited the Brazils, and on his return 
to have constructed a globe, illustrative of his 
voyage, which is still to be seen at Nuremberg. 
This however is not well authenticated ; he 
died at Lisbon, in 1506. 
BEHN, Aphra, a celebrated English poetess 
in the reign of Charles I. and II. She wrote 17 
plays, some histories and novels; she died April 
16,1689, and was buried in the cloisters of West- 
minster Abbey. Her works are extremely witty, 
but not remarkably chaste. 
BEICH, Joachim Francis, apainter of Swabia, 
whose pieces are much admired, died in 1748. 
BE1DHAVI, a judge of Schiraz, in Persia, 
died in 685 of the hegira. 
BEIERLINCK, Lawrence, an ecclesiastic of 
Antwerp, died 1627. 
BE1NASCHI, John Baptist, a painter, of Pied- 
mont, knighted for his great merit, died in 1688. 
BEITHAR, Ben, an African writer, died in 
646 of the hegira. 
BEK, David, a native of Delft, in the Nether 
lands, and a pupil of Vandyk, was eminent as 
a painter at all the courts of Europe, most of 
which he visited; he died in 1656. 
BEKKER, Balthasar, a Dutch divine, known 
as a writer on theological subjects, and as the 
author of a treatise on comets, died in 1698. 
BEL, John James, an ironical and satirical 
writer of merit, in France, died in 1738. 
BEL, Mathias, an ecclesiastic, of Hungary, 
ennobled by Charles VI. for his literary works, 
died in 1749. 
BEL, Charles Andrew, son of the preceding, 
professor of poetry at Leipsic, with the title of 
counsellor of state, died in 1782. 
BELCAMP, John Van, a Dutch painter, died 
in 1653. 
BELCHER, Samuel, a good scholar, and first 
minister of Newbury, Massachusetts, died after 
the year 1712. 
BELCHER, Jonathan, governor of'Massa- 
chusetts and New-Hampshire, in 1730. after- 
wards governor of New-Jersey, died in 1757. 
BELCHER, Jonathan, son of Governor Bel- 
cher, lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, after- 
wards chief justice of that province ; he died in 
1776. 
BELCHIF.R, John, an eminent English sur 
geon and anatomist, born at Kingston, Surrey, 
1706, died 1785, equally beloved for his humani 
ty, and respected for his pkill. 
BELESIS, a Chaldean, made governor of 
Babylon by Arbaces, king of Media, 770 B C. 
BELGRADE, James, a Jesuit, born at Udina, 
eminent as a poet, mathematician, and anti- 
quary, died in 1789. 
BELIDOR, Bernard Forest de, an eminent 
French engineer, professor of the academies of 
Paris and Beilin, died in 1761. 
I BELING, Richard, a native of the county of 
I Dublin, a catholic, and a leading officer in th«  BE 
rebellion of 1641, afterwards reconciled to go- 
vernment, and restored to his estates, died in 
1677. 
11ELISARIUS, a famous Roman general un- 
der the emperor Justinian, memorable for his 
signal and momentous victories, but still more 
so lor his misfortunes ; being dismissed from all 
his employments by his ungrateful master, and 
reduced to beg alms at the gates of Constanti- 
nople. He died 563. 
BELKNAP, Jeremy,minister in Dover, N. H., 
and afterwards of a church in Boston, was author 
of a history of New-Hampshire, and an Ameri- 
can biography. He was one of the founders of 
the Mass. His. Soc., and died in 1798. 
BELL, Beaupre, a distinguished antiquarian, 
of Norfolk, Eng., died at an early age ; the pre- 
cise time unknown. 
BELL, William, D. D., an English divine, was 
chaplain to Amelia, daughter of George II., and 
prebendary of Westminster Abbey; be died in 
1816. He gave 15,0001. to the University of 
Cambridge, toward founding scholarships for 
the orphan sons of indigent clergymen. 
BELL, John, an eminent surgeon of Edin- 
burgh, died at Rome. April 15, 1820; leaving 
many valuable works on anatomy and surgery. 
BELLAMONT, Richard, earl of, governor 
of New York, Massachusetts, and New-Hamp- 
shire. During his administration, Captain Kidd 
was sent to England for trial. He died in 1701. 
BELLAMY, Thomas, of Kingston-upon- 
Thames, after being engaged in trade in Lon- 
don 20 years, relinquished business for literary 
pursuits, and published “ Sadaski,” a novel, 
and several other works; he died 1800. 
BELLAMY, Joseph, D. D., a divine of New 
England, settled in Bethlehem, 1740, a teacher 
of candidates for the ministry, and distinguished 
for several religious works. 
BELLARMIN, Robert, mi Italian Jesuit, and 
one of tlie most celebrated controversial writers 
of his time, born in Tuscany, 1542, died 1621. 
BELLAY, William du, an able French gene- 
ral and negotiator in the service of the king of 
France, afterwards viceroy of Piedmont, died in 
1543. 
BELLAY, John du, bishop of Bayonne and 
of Paris, was engaged as a negotiator between 
Henry VIII. of England and the pope, with re- 
spect to his divorce; lie was afterwards a car- 
dinal, and died at Rome, in 1560. 
BELEAY, Martin du, a faithful and success- 
ful agent of Francis I. of France, died in 1559. 
BELLAY, Joachim du, a French poet, born 
in the year 1524, of a noble family. The sweet- 
ness of his verse procured him the name of the 
French Ovid. He was the patron of the cele- 
brated Rabelais, and died at Rome, 1560. 
BELLE, Etienne de la, an artist in engraving 
and drawing, died at Florence, in 1664. 
BELLE, Alexis Simon, a painter patronized 
by the king of France, died in 1734. 
BELLEAU, Renii, one of the seven poets, 
called the Pleiades of France, excelled as a pas- 
toral writer; he died in 1577. 
BELLECOUR.Colson,a distinguished French 
comic actor, died in 1786. His wife, who was 
equally celebrated, died in 1799. 
BELLEFORET, Francis de, a French histo 
rian. born at Sarzan, in Guienne, 1530,died 1583. 
BELLEGARDE, Jean Baptist Morvan de, a 
Jesuit of Nantes, expelled for being a Cartesian, 
died in 1734. 
BELLENDEN. See BALLANDEN. 
BELLENGER, Francis, a learned doctor of 
JOE 
■the Sorbonne, tianslator of ileiudotus and o.bet 
authors, died in 1749. 
1 1SKL1..LT, Charles, a learned and benevolent 
man, died at Paiis, in 1771. 
BELLET, an eminent physician and medical 
writer, died in 1778. 
BELL1EVRE, Pompone de, a native of Ly 
ons, distinguished as a negotiator at the court 
of France, counsellor and chancellor of France, 
died in disgrace, 1607. 
BELLES', Lentil, a Venetian painter, born 
1421, died 1501. 
BELLES, John, brother of the preceding, 
eminent as a painter, and one of the first who 
painted in oil, died in 1512. 
BELLES, James, a learned and laborious geo 
graphical engineer ot Paris, died in 1772. 
BELLINGHAM, Richard, a native of Eng- 
land, a man of integrity, elected governor of 
Massachusetts several times ; he died in 1672. 
BELLINI, Laurence, a physician of Florence, 
professor of philosophy at Pisa, patronized by 
the grand duke, Ferdinand II., his writings are 
numerous and admired ; he died in 17011. 
BELLOCQ, Peter, valet de chambro to Lewis 
XIV., better known for his wit, physiognomy, 
and his satirical writings. He was the friend 
of Moliere and llacine, and died in 1704. 
BELLOl, Peter, a native of Montauban, and 
an advocate of the parliament of Toulouse, 
honoured and promoted by Henry IV. 
BELLOl, Peter Laurence Buyrette du, a co- 
median and tragedian of France, who, by his 
pieces, obtained the applauses, not only of the 
king, but of the whole French people, died in 
1775 
BFLLONI, Jerome, a banker at Rome, en- 
nobled by Pope Benedict XIV. and author of 
a valuable essay on commerce, died in 1760. 
BELLORI, John Peter, a celebrated antiqua- 
rian of Rome, died in 16116. 
BELLOTTI, Peter, an admired historical and 
portrait painter, of Venice, died in 1700. 
BELEECCI, Anthony, a,painter, born at Ve- 
nice, in 1664, and employed in tiie service of the 
emperor Joseph. 
BELOE, William, an estimable divine, critic, 
and miscellaneous writer, and for several years 
one of the librarians of the British museum, was 
horn at Norwich, and died at Kensington, April 
11, 1817, in his 00th year. His works are very 
numerous; but those by which be most distin- 
guished himself were, “ A Translation of Hero- 
dotus,” another of “AnlusGellius,” and “Anec- 
dotes of Literature and Scarce Books,” 6 vuls. 
8vo. 
BELON, Peter, M. D., travelled in Judea, 
Greece, and Arabia, and published an account 
of his travels; he aiso wrote on natural history; 
lie was assassinated in 1564. 
BELOT, John de Blois, an advocate of Paris, 
and of the privy council of Lewis XIV. 
BELSUNCE, the benevolent bishop of 51 ar- 
seiiles, worthy to be recorded as the friend and 
benefactor of mankind. During the plague ot 
1720, he was constantly visiting his poor flock, 
to whom he became a physician and an almo- 
ner, as well as a spiritual director. He died 
1755, with the blessings of all good men upon 
him. 
RELUS, founder of the Babylonian empire, 
1322 B. C. He was deified by iiis son and suc- 
cessor, Ninus. 
RELYN, a British prince, who is said to have 
served under the famous Caractacus. 
BELYN O LEYN, a British chief, illustrious 
64 BE 
for his vigorous opposition to the attacks of Ed- 
win, ill 620. 
BEMBO, Peter, a Venetian cardinal, histo- 
rian, and poet, born, 1-170, died 1517. 
BE.ME, or BESME, a domestic of the Guises, 
born in Bohemia. He murdered Coligni, for 
which he was rewarded by the cardinal de Lor- 
raine with the hand of one of his daughters ; he 
was afterwards killed by the Protestants in 1575. 
BENBOVV, John, a celebrated English admi- 
ral, born 1050, died of his wounds, 1702. 
BENBOW, John, son of the admiral, was 
shipwrecked on the coast of Madagascar, and 
lived a long time among the natives ; he after- 
wards escaped, and died soon after his return. 
BE MCI, or BENCIO, a Jesuit of Italy, author 
of several poems, died in 1594. 
B E NCIRENNI, Joseph, died at Florence, July 
31,1803, aged SO. He had distinguished himself 
both in the belles lettres and public alfairs ; had 
filled several important situations, and had been 
director of the gallery at Florence. He wrote 
a “ Historical Essay” on that gallery, several 
eulogies of illustrious persons in Tuscany, and 
a “ Life of Dante,” which is in high estimation. 
BENDA, George, a native of Bohemia, was 
distinguished for his musical talents. He died 
in 1795. 
BENDISH, Bridget, wi fe of Thomas Bendish, 
Esq., was the daughter of General Ireton, and 
grand daughter of Oliver Cromwell. In many 
points, her character strongly resembled his. 
She possessed strong powers of mind, and a 
princely dignity of manners, which ensured re- 
spect and admiration, but she died in obscurity 
in 1727. 
BEXDLOWES, Edward, author of many 
poetical pieces, was born in 1613, and died in 
great want, arising from imprudence, in 1086. 
He was a great patron of the poets of his time, 
as may be seen by the many dedications and 
poems addressed to him. The chief poem writ- 
ten by himself, however, is entitled, “ Theophi- 
la' or, Love’s Sacrifice,” folio, 1652. 
BENEDETTO, le, or BENEDICT CASTIG- 
LIONE, a native of Genoa, known as the pupil 
of Pagi Ferrara and Vandyke, and eminent as 
a painter anil engraver, died in 1670. 
BENEDICT, a celebrated abbot of theTth cen- 
tury, of a noble Saxon family. He introduced 
many improvements in architecture into Eng- 
land, from the continent. He founded two mo- 
nasteries, and was canonized after his death. 
BENEDICT I., pope, surnamed Bonosus, 
succeeded John HI., and died in 578 
BENEDICT II. succeeded Leo II. in the pa- 
pal chair 684, and died in 685. 
BENEDICT HI. was made pope after Leo 
IV.; he died in 858. 
BENEDICT TV. died in 903. 
BENEDICT V, was elected pope in opposi- 
tion to Leo VIII.; he was carried to Hamburg 
by the emperor Otho, where he died in 905. 
BENEDICT VI. was strangled by his rival, 
antipnpe Boniface, in 974. 
BENEDICT VII., successor to Donus II., died 
in 983. 
BENEDICT VIIT. was opposed by Gregory, 
and successfully supported by the emperor, 
Henry II.; he was an able politician, and a 
brave warrior; he utterly exterminated the 
Saracens, who had invaded Italy in 1016, and 
died 1024. 
BENEDICT IX. was elected pope, when only 
12 years old, by the intrigues of his father, 
the duke of Tusculum, and compelled to abd' 
BE 
cate bv the Romans on account of his debauch- 
ery ; lie died 1054. 
BENEDICT, X., antipope, was placed in the 
papal chair by some factious Romans, but his 
election was disputed, and Nicholas II. chosen 
in his place; he died 1059. 
BENEDICT XI., Nicholas Bacosin, chosen 
pope after Boniface VIII., was poisoned by his 
cardinals in 1303. 
BENEDICT XII., James de Nouveau, sur- 
named the Baker, a doctor, of Paris, and cardi- 
nal, elected to the chair, in 1334. His conduct 
was firm and dignified, and entitled him to uni- 
versal respect; he died in 1342. 
BENEDICT, XIII., a native of Rome, of the 
noble family of Ursini; was a dominican of Ve- 
nice, and bishop of Benevento, where his palace 
was destroyed by an earthquake, and he narrow- 
ly escaped ; he was chosen pope 1724, died 1730. 
BENEDICT, XIV., archbishop of Theodosia 
and Bologna, and a cardinal, was elected pope, 
1740. He was the munificent patron of learned 
men, encouraged the fine arts, and was a vigi- 
lant, impartial, and distinguished prelate ; he 
died in 1758. 
BENEDICTUS, Alexander, an Italian anato- 
mist, of the 15th century. 
BENEFIELD, Sebastian, D. D., an English 
divine, and theological writer, and professor of 
divinity at Oxford, died in 1630. 
BENEZET, St., a shepherd of Vivarais, who 
pretended to be inspired to build the bridge of 
Avignon, four arches of which only remain, died 
in 1184. 
BENEZET, Anthony, a native of France, 
belonged to the society of Friends; teacher of 
the Friends’ English school in Philadelphia, af- 
terwards of the blacks; he died in 1784. 
BENIIADADI., king of Damascus or Svria, 
940, B. C. 
BENIIADAD II., son and successor of the 
preceding, 900 B. C , slain by his minister Ila- 
zael, who succeeded him. 
BENIIADAD III., succeeded his father, Ha- 
zael, 836 B. C., he was defeated and ruined by 
Josiah, king of Judah. 
BENI, Paul, a native of the island of Candia, 
and professor at Padua, died iu 1625. 
BENIN!, Vincent, a native of Coloqua, phy- 
sician at Padua, died in 1764. 
BENIV1ENI, Jerome, an admired poet of 
Florence, died in 1519. 
BENJAMIN, youngest of the twelve sons of 
Jacob, born about 1738 B. C., he died in Egypt, 
aged 111 years. 
BENJAMIN, a rabbi, of Navarre, wbo travel- 
led over the world to examine the synagogues 
and ceremonies of his nation, died in 1173. 
BENNAVTDIO, Marcus Mantua, professor of 
law at Padua, highly esteemed by Charles V 
arid pope Pius IV.; he died in 1582. 
BENNET, Henry, earl of Arlington, a zeal 
ous royalist, during the civil wars, was, after the 
restoration, minister to Madrid, and secretary of 
state to Charles II.. and afterwards his chamber- 
lain : he died in 1685. 
BENNET, Dr. Thomas, a native of Salisbu- 
ry, was an eloquent and popular preacher, at 
Colchester, and afterwards iu London; he died 
in 1728. 
BENNET, Christopher, a distinguished phy- 
sician, of London, and a writer rn medical sub- 
jects, died in 1655. 
BENNET, Robert, B I)., rector of Warides 
den, Bucks, author of a theological concord 
ance, died in 1687.  BE 
FIENNET, Richard, succeeded Sir William 
Berkley as governor of the colony of Virginia, 
and retained the place until 1654, when he was 
appointed an agent of the colony to England. 
BENOIT, Elie, a protestant minister of Paris, 
who fled to Holland on the revocation of the 
edict of Nantes ; he died in 1728. 
BENOIT, father, a learned Maronite, educa- 
ted at Rome, was professor of Hebrew at Pisa, 
and died in 1742. 
BENSERADE, Isaac de, a French poet of 
the 17th century, born at Lyons, near Rouen, 
died 1690. 
BENSON, Dr. George, a very distinguished 
pastor among the English dissenters, was born 
atGreat Salkeld, inCumherland, 1699, and died 
1763. In 1740 he became colleague with Dr. 
Lardner, at Crutched Friars, and, on his death, 
had the sole pastorship intrusted to him. Of his 
writings, the principal are “ A Defence of the 
Reasonableness of Prayer ;” “An Illustration 
of such of St. Paul’s Epistles as Mr. Locke had 
not Explained ;” “ A History of tile First Plant- 
ing of Christianity,” 2 vols. 4to. “ Tracis on 
Persecution;” and “ A life of Christ.” 
BENT, John Van de, a native of Amsterdam, 
whose landscapes are much admired; he died, 
in 1690. 
BENTHAM, Thomas, bishop of Litchfield 
and Coventry, under Elizabeth, died in 1578. 
BENTHAM, Edward, an English divine, 
professor of divinity at Oxford, died in 1776. 
BENTHAM, James, prebendary of Ely, and 
ret tor of Bow Brickhill, in the county of Buck- 
ingham, well known in the learned world as 
author of “ The History and Antiquities of the 
Conventual and Cathedral Church of Ely ;” 
he was born in Ely, 1718, and died Nov. 17, 1794. 
BENT1CK, William, first earl of Portland, 
the early and devoted friend of William ofj 
Orange, came with him to England, and was by 
him ennobled; lie died in 1709. 
BENTICK, William Henry Cavendish, third 
duke of Portland, chancellor of the university 
of Oxford, secretary of state for the home de- 
partment, and first lord of the treasury, died 
1809. 
BENTIVOGLTO, Guy, cardinal, born at 
Ferrara, in 1579, died 1644. He has left several 
works ; the most remarkable of which are, bis 
“ History of the Civil Wars of Flanders,” his 
“ Account of Flanders,” and his “ Letters and 
Memoirs.” 
BENTTVOGLIO, Hercules, distinguished as 
a poet, was a native of Bologna, esteemed andjj 
patronised by the duke of Ferrara, his relation, 
died in 1583. 
BENTLEY, Richard, an eminent critic and 
divine, horn at Wakefield, Yorkshire, in 1662, 
died 1742. His literary character is known in 
all parts of Europe wherever learning is known. 
In his private character, he was hearty, sin- 
cere, and warm in his friendships; loved hos- 
pitality and respect; and in conversation, lie 
tempered the hard-mouthed severity of the critic] 
with a tieculiarstrain of vivacity and pleasantry.! 
BENTLEY .Thomas,nephew to the preceding,! 
author of “ The Wishes,” a comedy, and other; 
dramatic pieces, died 1782. 
BENTLEY, William, D. D., a minister of a 
church in Salem, was distinguished asascholar, 
philosopher, and politician. He edited the Es- 
sex Register nearly twenty years, and died in 
1819. 
BENVENUTI, Charles, a Jesuit, of Leghorn,! 
professor of mathematics at Rome, died in 1789. 
BE 
BENWELL, William, an able anti distin- 
guished English divine, and an elegant scholar, 
died in 
BEN YOWSKY, Count Mauritius Augustus 
de, an extraordinary adventurer, horn in 1741, 
atVerbowa, in Hungary, and killed at the isle 
of France, May 23, 1786. His very eventful 
life has been published in 2 vols 4:o ; hut a 
good abstract of it will be found in Sir. Chal- 
rner’s Biographical Dictionary, 32 vols. 8vo. 
Our limits preclude even an analysis of it. 
BENZELIUS, Eric, an obscure native of 
West Gothland,who, by his great merit, became 
tutor to the sons of the chancellor of Sweden, 
and archbishop of Upsa!; he died in 1709. 
BENZIO, Trifone, an elegant Italian poet, 
called by liis cotemporaries the Socrates oi 
Rome , he died about 1570. 
BEOTEO, Angelo, sumamed Ruzzante, a 
poet, born at Padua, died in 1542. 
BERAIILD, Nicolas, a native of Orleans, of 
the 16th century, eminent for his great learning, 
and his acquaintance with Erasmus and other 
learned men. 
BERCHET, Peter, a French painter, died in 
1720. 
! BERCHEUR, Peter, a benedictine, translator 
!of Livy, by order of king John of France, died 
in 1362. 
j BERENGARIUS, Jacobus, a surgeon, emi- 
nent for an original mode of practice, in parti- 
jcular cases, died in 1527. 
BERENGER, archdeacon of Angers, died in 
1088. 
BERENGERT, son ofEberard,dukeof Friulo, 
caused himself to be proclaimed king of Italy, 
and afterwaids emperor of Germany ; he was 
opposed by rivals during his reign, and finally 
assassinated in 924. His grandson, Berenger II., 
Iking of Italy, died in 966. 
BERENGER, Peter, a disciple of Abelard, 
jand opposer of St. Bernard. 
BERENICE, daughter of the king of Judea, 
and wife of Polemon, king of Cilicia. 
BERENICICS, a knife grinder and chimney 
■sweep, in Holland, 1670, wonderful for his re- 
tentive memory. He could repeat by heart 
Virgil, Horace, Homer, Aristophanes, Cicero, 
and could translate, extempore, into Latin and 
Greek. 
BERETIN, Peter, a native of Tuscany, emi 
inent as a painter, died in 1669. 
BERG, Matthias Vanden, a painter, the drs 
ciple of Rubens, died in 1687. 
J BERG, John Peter, a divine, born at Bremer. 
|died in 1800. . 
BERGAMO. James Philip de, an Augustine 
monk, author of a Latin chronicle of the world, 
from the creation to his own time, 1434. 
BF.RGHEM, Nicolas, a painter of Haerlem, 
died in 1684. 
BERGIER, Nicolas,historiographer of France, 
and author of a history of the great roads of the 
Roman empire, died in 1623. 
BERGIER, Nicolas Sylvester, a principal of 
the college of Besancon, professor of theology, 
and canon of Paris cathedral; and had he cho- 
sen. might have obtained higher preferments; 
he died in 1790. 
BERGLER, Etienne, a learned German cri- 
tic of the 18th century; he died a Mahometan 
in Turkey. 
BERGMAN, Torbern, a distinguished phy- 
! sician and chymist, of Sweden, afterwards pro- 
fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy 
and rector of the university at llpsal, died 1781 BE 
thematics and natural philosophy, and rector 
of the university at Upsal, died in 1784. 
BERIGARD, Claude, professor of philosophy 
at Padua and Pisa, died in 1663. 
BERING, Vitus, professor at Copenhagen, 
historiographer to the king, and eminent as a 
Latin poet, in the 17th century. 
BERING, Vitus, a native of Denmark, and 
commodore in the service of Russia. He was 
employed in exploring the north coasts of Ame- 
rica, where he died, after having made some im- 
portant discoveries. Bering’s island and strait, 
derive the name from him. 
BERKELEY, Dr. George, the learned and 
ingenious bishop of Cloyne, in Ireland, was born 
in that kingdom, at Kilerin, near Thomastown, 
the 12th of March, 1684, and died Jan. 14, 1753. 
The excellence of his moral character is con- 
spicuous in his writings, which were chietiy in 
defence of the Christian religion .against Athe- 
ists and Infidels. His philosophical discoveries, 
particularly of the medical virtues of tar-water, 
were of great service to mankind. Dr. B. was 
certainly a very amiable, as well as a very great 
man; and Pope is scarcely thought to have said 
too much when he ascribes to 
“ Berkeley every virtue under Ileav’n.” 
BERKELEY, George, L. L. D., second son 
of the bishop of Cloyne, was an eminent Eng- 
lish divine, chancellor of Brecknock, and pre- 
bendary of Canterbury cathedral; he died 1795. 
BERKELEY, George, earl of, a privy coun- 
sellor of Charles II., descended from the royal 
family of Denmark, died in 1638. 
BERKELEY, Sir William, vice admiral of 
the white, fell in a dreadful engagement with 
the Dutch in 1666. 
BERKELEY, George, bishop of Cloyne, in 
Ireland, a distinguished benefactor of Yale Col- 
lege ; an author of great reputation, denied the 
existence of matter; visited America, but died 
in Ireland, in 1753. 
BERKHEYDEN, Job and Gerard, two Dutch 
painters, of Haerlem, the first of whom was 
drowned in 1698, the other died in 1693. 
BERKLEY, Sir William, a native of London, 
was governor of the colony of Virginia, and 
wrote an account of the country; he died in 
England, in 1677. 
BERKLEY, William, royal governor of Vir- 
ginia, nearly forty years; in general “ an excel- 
lent governor,” although attached to the royal 
prerogative; he died in England, in 1677. 
BERKLEY, Norborne, baron de Botetourt, a 
governor of Virginia, and patron of William 
and Mary College • he died in 1770. 
BERKENHOUT, Dr. John, distinguished 
in the literary world for his productions in 
various sciences. He had experienced many 
different situations in life, having in his youth 
been a captain both in the Prussian and English 
service; and in the year 1765, he took his de- 
gree of M. D. at Leyden. He went with the 
commissioners to America, where he was im- 
prisoned by the congress; on which account he 
afterwards enjoyed a pension from government, 
and died April 3, 1791, aged 60. 
BF.RNAERT, Nicasuis, a Dutch painter,died 
in 1663. 
BERNARD, St., one of the fathers of the 
church, born 1091, in the village of Fontaine, 
in Burgundy, died 1153, after having founded 
160 monasteries, wrought innumerable miracles, 
and become one of the great saints of the Ro- 
mish communion. 
BE 
BERNARD, Sir Thomas, a philanthropist 
born at Lincoln, 1750. He was bred to the law, 
and in 1795 was appointed treasurer to the 
Foundling Hospital; the estates belonging to 
which, were vastly improved by his manage 
ment. He was the chief institutor of “ The 
Society for bettering the condition of the Poor.” 
He also promoted various other societies and 
charities, particularly the Royal Institution, the 
British Gallery, &c. &c., and died at Leaming- 
ton, Spa, Warwickshire, 1818. 
BERNARD, of Menthon, an ecclesiastic of 
Savoy, founder of two monasteries in the pass- 
es of the Alps, for the relief of pilgrims and 
travellers, which still remain as mouuments of 
his benevolence; born in 923. 
BERNARD, Edward, Savilian professor of 
astronomy, at Oxford, which he resigned for the 
living of Brightwell, was distinguished early in 
life, for his profound classical acquirements, and 
his intense application to his studies ; a charac- 
ter which he maintained till his death in 1096. 
BERNARD, James, of Geneva, professor at 
the Hague, and afterwards minister at Leyden, 
died in 1718. 
BERNARD, Catherine, a native of Rouen, 
wrote poetry with ease and elegance, and ob- 
tained the poetical prize, at the French acade- 
my, 3 times, and a pension from Lewis XIV.; 
she died in 1712. 
BERN ARD, a hermit, who, at the close of the 
10th century, alarmed the public by predicting 
the immediate end of the world. 
BERNARD, Francis, gov. of New-Jersey, 
afterwards of Massachusetts. His zeal for the 
authority of the crown, contributed to hasten 
the revolution. He was recalled, and died in 
1779. 
BERNARD, Sir Thomas, son of the preceding, 
was for many years employed in the manage 
ment of different charities, and distinguished 
himself by a constant attention to their improve 
ment, no less than by his pure philanthropy; 
he died in 1818 
BERNARD, a painter of eminence at Brus- 
sels, in the 16th century. 
BERNARD, Peter Joseph, a native of Greno- 
ble, author of some operas, and other lighter 
pieces, which, for their ease and elegance, pro- 
cured him the name of le gentil Bernard. He 
died in 1775. 
BERNARD, Dr. Francis, physician to James 
fl., eminent for his learning, and for his valua- 
ble collection of books, died in 1697. 
BERNARD, Richard, an English clergyman, 
author of a valuable concordance of the bible, 
died in 1641. 
BERNARD, Samuel, a historical painter, 
died at Paris, in 1687. Ilis son, of the same 
name, was, on account of his riches, called the 
Lucnllus of his age. 
BERNARD, John Baptiste, an ecclesiastic, 
died 1772. 
BERNARDI, John, an artist of Italy, of ex 
traordinary skj*l in cutting crystals, died in 
1555. 
BERNARD1NE, an ecclesiastic, and very 
popular preacher, born at Massar. He was the 
founder of 300 monasteries in Italy, and was 
canonized by pope Nicholas ; he died in 1444. 
BERNAZZANO, an eminent painter, of Mi- 
lan, in the 16th century; a fruit piece of his is 
said to have been destroyed by the frequent 
pecking of birds. 
BERNERS, Juliana, prioress of Sopewell 
nunnery, near St. Alban’s, one of the earliest 
67 BE 
aye of Alexander tlie Great, wrote a history < f 
Chaldea, some fragments of which are preserved 
in Josephus. 
BERUU1N, Arnaud, a French miscellaneous 
writer, whose principal woiks are well known 
,in this country, was born at Bordeaux, about 
1740, and died, December 21, 1701. he uisiin- 
gutshcd himself by his “Idyls,” but is much 
better known among us by his “Ami des Enfans, 
(TheChildren’s Friend,)” which has been tians- 
lated into many languages, arid was honoured 
with the prize given by the French academy for 
the most useful book that appeared in 1784. 
BERQUIN, Lewis de, a gentleman of Artois, 
known as a courtier at the co irt of France, was, 
as a protestant, twice imprisoned by the papists, 
and finally strangled and burnt in 1500. lie was 
the friend of Erasmus. 
BERRETOUI, Nicholas, a painter, died in 
1082. His historical pieces are much admired. 
BERR1MAN, William, D. D., chaplain to 
the bishop of London, and rector of St. An- 
drew, Undershalt, died in 1750. 
BERRUYER, Joseph Isaac, a Jesuit, died in 
1758. His writings are on theological subjects. 
BERRY, Sir John, was a distinguished naval 
officer of England, who saved James 11., when 
duke of York, from shipwreck, at the mouth of 
the Humber ; he died in 1601. 
BERRYAT, John, a physician at Paris, died 
in 1754. 
BERSMANN, George, a German; among 
other works, he translated the Psalms of David 
into Latin verse : he died in 1011 
11ERTAUD, John, chaplain to Catherine de 
Medicis, and bishop of Seez, died in 1611. 
BERTHEAU, Charles, a French protestanl, 
admitted minister at the synod of Vigan, died in 
1732. 
BERTHET, John, a learned Jesuit of Pro- 
vence. died in 1692. 
BF.RTH1ER, Guillaume Francois, a Jesuit, 
known as the conductor of the Journal of Tre- 
vaux for many years; afterwards librarian 
royal, and preceptor to Lewis XVI. ai d his bro- 
ther ; he died in 1"82. 
BERTIiOLET-FLAW EEL, Bartholomew, a 
painter of Leige, settled at Pal is, died in 1675. 
BERTI!OLON,N., an eminent French writer, 
professor of medicine at Montpelier, died in 1799. 
BERTHOUD, Ferdinand, an eminent me- 
chanic, born at Plancemont, in Neutchatel, died 
in 1807. 
BERTI, John Laurence, a learned Augustine 
monk of Tuscany, author of several voluminous 
French works, died at Pisa, in 1760. 
BERTI Ell, John Stephen, a native, ar.u au- 
thor, of Provence, died in 1783. 
BERTIN, Nicholas, a painter, born at Paris, 
patronised by Lewis NIV. and the duke of Bv 
varia, died in 1730. His pieces which are p. e- 
served, possess great merit- 
BERTIN, Exit pere Joseph, a native of France, 
for some time physician to the hospedar of W al- 
lachia : he returned to France, and there pub- 
lished bis Osteology ; be died in 1781. 
BERTIN, Anthony, a French officer, and a 
poet of some merit, died at St. Domingo, in 175 0. 
BERTINAZZ1, Charles, an actor of merit ir 
the Italian theatre, died in 1783. 
BERTIUS, Peter, professor of philosophy at 
Leyden, afterwards of mathematics at Paris, 
and cosmographer to the king : lie died in 1629. 
BERTON. Peter Woman le, an eminent mu 
sician, settled at Paris, and employed as maua 
ger of the operas there, died in 1780. 
BE 
female writers in England, was daughter of Sir[ 
James Berners, of Reding Berners, in Essex,] 
(who was beheaded in the reign ol Richard 11.)] 
Site was very beautiful, ol great spirit, and loved 
masculine exercises, such as hawking, hunting, 
&c.; and so thoroughly was she skilled in them, , 
that she wrote treatises ot hunting, hawking, and 
heraldry, printed at St. Alban’s, folio, i486. She 
was born about the beginning of the 15lh cen- 
tury, but the time of her decease is unknown. 
Nothing can more strongly mark the barbarism of 
the times in which she lived, than the indelicate 
expressions used by this lady, equally incompati- 
ble with her sex and profession. 
HERNIA, or BERM, Francis, an ecclesiastic, 
of Florence, distinguished for his satirical poems, 
died in 15451. 
BERNIER, Francis, surnamed the Mogul, on 
account of his voyages and residence in the Mo- 
gul’s country, born at Angers, in France, died at 
Par's, 1688. 
BERNIER, John, a native of Blois, physician 
to some of the royal family, died in 1668. 
BERNINI, or BERNIN, John Lawrence, 
commonly called Cavaliero Bernin, born at 
Naples, was famous for his skill in painting,' 
sculpture, architecture, and mechanics; and 
died at Rome, 1680. 
BERMS, cardinal, one of the most remarka- 
ble men in the reign of Louis XV., as a courtier, 
a man of letters, and a negotiator, was born 1714, 
and died at Rome, November, 1794. 
BERNOULLI, James, a native of Basil, was 
a celebrated mathematician and professor. His 
discoveries in mathematics, particularly the pro- 
perties of the curve, have immortalized his 
name; he died in 1705. 
BERNOULLI, John, brother to James, was 
professor of mathematics at Groningen, and af- 
terwards at Basil, where he died in 1748. He 
was equally distinguished as his brother, and 
enjoyed the friendship of Newton, Leibnitz, 
and the other great men of Europe. 
BERNOUILLI, Daniel, a very celebrated 
philosopher and mathematician, born at Gro- 
ningen, February 9, 1700, died in March, 1782. 
He was extremely respected at Basil; and to 
bow to Daniel Bernouilli when they met him in 
the streets, was one of the first lessons which 
every father gave his children. 
BERNSTORFF, John Hatting Ernest, count, 
descended from a noble family in Hanover: af- 
ter travelling over Europe, he settled in Den- 
mark, where he became the friend and favourite 
of Christian VE, his ambassador abroad, and 
finally his prime minister. In this situation, he 
successfully devoted the whole energies of his 
powerful mind to the improvement of his adopted 
country, and after a life devoted to the prosperity 
and honour of Denmark, died at Hamburg, 1772. 
BERNSTORFF, count de, a celebrated states- 
man, and many years prime-minister of Den- 
mark, was born in Denmark, 1735 ; he concili- 
ated, in bis high office, the love and esteem of 
all men, and died, June 21, 1797.* 
REBOALDUS, Philip, of a noble family of 
Bologna, was professor of belles lettres there, 
till his death in 1505. 
BFI1OALDUS, Philip, librarian to the Vati- 
can under Leo X., was a successful writer of 
paneirvnes, epigrams, &c. ; he died in 1518, 
HER OALDUS, Matthew, a native of Paris, 
died a Calvinist, at Geneva, in 1584. 
BEROALDUS, Francis, son of Matthew, died 
,n 1612. 
BEROSUS, priest of Bolus, at Babylon, in the 
68 BE 
BERTKADE, daughter of the count of Mont 
fort, and wife of the count of Anjou, from whom 
she was divorced, to marry Philip 1. of France. 
BERTRAM, Cornel. Bonaventure, a native 
of Poitou, professor of Hebrew at Genoa and 
Lausanne, died in 17114. 
BERTRAM, John, a farmer of Pennsylvania, 
who, liv intense application, rose to great emi- 
nence tis a botanist. Linnams is said to have 
declared him the greatest natural botanist in the 
world ; he died in 1777. 
BERTRAND, John Baptist, a physician, 
known for his interesting account of the plague 
at Marseilles, died in 1752. 
BERTRAND, Nicholas, a physician of dis- 
tinction at Paris, died in 1780. 
BERULLE, Peter, acelebrated cardinal, who 
founded the congregation of the Oratory in 
France, lie was born near Troyes, in Cham- 
pagne, 1575, greatly distinguished himself by his 
piety, his moral virtues, and his learning, and 
died while performing mass at the altar, Octo- 
ber 2, 1629. 
BERWICK, James Fitz James, Duke of, a 
natural son of James II. by Arabella Churchill, 
corn August 21, 1070. He was one of the great- 
est generals of his age ; and, for his services to 
the crown of France, was, in the year 1706, 
created mareschal of that kingdom. “ It was 
impossible,” says Montesquieu, “ to behold him, 
and not to love virtue, so evident was tranquil- 
lity and happiness in his soul. He loved his 
friends. He used to render them services, with- 
out mentioning them. It was an invisible hand 
that served you. He had a great fund of reli- 
gion, and was fond of the clergy, but would not 
he governed by them. No man ever practised 
religion so much, and talked of it so little. He 
never spoke ill of any one, nor bestowed any 
praise upon those whom he did not think de- 
served it. In the work of Plutarch I have seen, 
at a distance, what great men were; in him I 
behold, at a nearer view, what they are.” He 
died A. D. 1734, in the field of glory; being 
killed at tlie siege of Pliilipsburgh. He left be 
hind him his “ Memoirs,” a very valuable work. 
BERYLLUS, a bishop of Arabia in the 3d 
century. 
BESLER, Basil, of Nuremberg, adistinguished 
botanical writer, was born in 1561. 
BESLEY, John, a learned French antiqua- 
rian. and king’s advocate, died in 1644. 
BESOGNE, Jerome, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
and author of a history of Port Royal, &c., died 
in 1763. 
BF.SOLDE, Christopher, a professor of law 
at Tubingen, died in 1638. 
BESPLAS, Joseph Mary Anne Gros de, a 
doctor of tlie Sorbonne, known as an eloquent 
preacher, died in 1783. 
RESSARION, a native of Trebizond, titular 
pa'riarch of Constantinople, and a cardinal, il- 
lustrious as one of the restorers of learning in 
the 15th century. He died of grief, in conse- 
quence of being grossly insulted by Lewis XI., 
while an ambassador at bis court. 
BESSET, Henry de, comptroller of public 
wotks in France, and author of the History of 
the campaign of Rocroi: he died in 1693. 
BETHAM, Edward, B. ])., fellow of King’s 
College, and afterwards of Eton College, was a 
liberal donor to the university. 
BETHENCOURT, Jean de, discovered tlie 
Canary Islands, and conquered them with the 
aid of Henry III. of Castile. 
BETHUNE, Philip de, ambassador from 
BE 
France to Koine, Scotland, and Germany, died 
in 1049. 
BETiS, governor of Gaza, cruelly treated by 
Alexander, for bravely defending tbe place. 
BETTERTON, Thomas, a famous English 
actor, generally styled the English Roscius, born 
in Tothill-street, Westminster, 1095, made his 
first appearance on the stage, in 1050 or 1057, at 
the opera-house, in Charter-house Yard, under 
the direction of Sir William D'Avenant; and, 
having, for many years, borne away the palm 
from all his competitors, died April, 17-10, and 
was interred in Wesminster Abbey. See Cib- 
ber’s Apology, Tattler, No. 167, and Davies’ 
Dramatic Miscellanies, for a particular accoun 
of this eminent man. 
BETTINELLI, Xavier, an Italian Jesuit, wait 
a teacher in France, and, on the suppression of 
his order became a professor of rhetoric at Mo- 
dena. He died 1808. 
BETT1NI, Dominico, an eminent painter of 
Florence, died in 1705. 
BETTS, John, M. D., physician to the king 
after the restoration. 
BETUSS1, Joseph, an Italian poet, of Bassa- 
no, born in 1520. 
BEVERIDGE, William, a learned English 
divine, bishop of St. Asaph, born at Barrow, in 
Leicestershire, 1658, died 1707, leaving behind 
him many learned and valuable works. 
BEVERLAND, Hadrian, a native of Zealand, 
known for his great abilities, his profligacy, and 
the immorality and obscenity of his writings; 
the time of bis death is not known. 
BEVERLEY, John, abbotof St. Hilda, bishop 
of Hexham, and archbishop of York,died in 721. 
BEVERLY, R.,a native of Virginia, and au- 
thor of a history of that colony. 
BEVERNINCK, Jerome Van, an able Dutch 
statesman, ambassador to Cromwell, died in 
1690. 
BEVERWICK, John de, a distinguished phy- 
sician, and able writer of Dordrecht, died in 
1647. 
BEWICK, John, of great excellence in tbe 
art of engraving on wood, and brother to Tho- 
mas Bewick, an artist of equal or superior me- 
rit, still living. These ingenious brothers have 
carried their art to a state of perfection which 
will not easily be surpassed. The first work 
that attracted the notice of the public, and at 
once established their reputation, was, a “ His- 
tory of Quadrupeds,” 8vo., 1790, with figures 
on wood. It was eagerly sought after by the 
curious, and has been followed by many other 
proofs of their abilities, the last of which is, a 
“History of British Birds,” 8vo., 1797; on which 
John was engaged in conjunction with bis bro- 
ther, when a consumption carried him olf, De- 
cember 5, 1795. 
BEUF, John le, a learned antiquary, and 
member of the academy of belles lettres, at Pa- 
ris, a writer on the history and topography of 
France, died in 1760. 
BEURS, William, a celebrated Dutch pointer 
of flowers, landscapes and portraits, born in 
1656. 
BEXON, Scipio, assisted Bufibn in his natu- 
ral history, and was himself an author; he died 
at Paris, in 1784. 
BEYS, Charles de, a French poet, died in 
1656 
BEYSSER, John Michael, in early life a tra- 
veller, afterwards a general in the French revo- 
lution ; he was executed, without an adequate 
cause, in 1794 
69 BI 
BEZA, Theodore, a most /.ealous promote) 
ami defender of the reformed church, born af 
Vezelai, in Burgundy, June 24, 1519, died lli05. 
BEZIERS, Michael, an ecclesiastic, known 
for his laborious researches in history and anti- 
quity, died in 1782. 
BEZOUT, Stephen, a writer on mathematics, 
navigation, and algebra, died in 178.1. 
BIANCANI, Joseph, a Jesuit and mathema- 
tician of Bologna, died in 1644. 
B1ANCHI, Francis, a painter, master to Cor- 
regio, died in 1520. 
BIANCIII, Peter, an eminent Roman painter, 
died in 1739. 
lllANCHIN, John Fortunatis, professor of 
medicine at Padua, and a medical writer, died 
in 1779. 
BIANCHINI, Francis, a native of Verona, 
eminent for his great learning, was patronised 
by pope Alexander VIII., and received marks 
of respect from the Roman Senate ; he died in 
1729. 
BIANCHINI, Joseph, a Veronese orator. 
BI ANCOLELLI, Pierre Francois, an eminent 
player, and a writer of plays, died in 1734. 
BIARD, Peter, a sculptor of celebrity, at Paris, 
died 1609. 
BIAS, called one of the seven wise men of 
Greece, born at Priene, a town of Caria, about 
570 B. C. Though born to great wealth, he 
lived without splendour, expending his fortune 
in relieving the needy. On one occasion, cer- 
tain pirates brought several young women to sell 
as slaves at Priene. Bias purchased them, and 
maintained them until he had an opportunity of 
returning them to their friends. This generous 
action caused him to be styled “ The Prince of 
Wise Men.” 
BIBB, William Wyatt, a native of Georgia, 
and a physician, after representing his native 
state in both branches of the national congress, 
was chosen first governor of thestateof Alaba- 
ma, by the people, in 1819, and died the follow- 
ing year. 
BiBIENA, Bernardo de, a Roman of obscure 
origin, who, by his intrigues, promoted the elec- 
tion of Leo X., for which he was made a cardi- 
nal ; he died in 1520. 
BIBIENA, Ferdinand Galli, a celebrated ar- 
chitect and painter, of Bologna, patronised bv 
the duke of Parma and the emperor, died blind 
in 1743. 
BIIILIANDER, Theodore, professor of theo- 
logy at Zurich, died in 1564. 
BICH AT, Marie Frances Xavier, medical pro- 
fessor at the Hotel-Dieu, Paris, and author of 
several valuable works on medical subjects, died 
in 1802. 
BIDDLE, John, one of the most eminent En- 
glish writers among the Socinians, was born at 
Wotton-under Edge, 1615. Though a pious, 
honest, well-meaning man, he suffered various 
persecutions for his adherence to some singular 
notions about the Trinity, and died 1662. One 
of bis books was burnt by order of parliament. 
BIDDLE, Nicholas, a native of Philadelphia, 
and a captain in the American navy, was, with 
his crew, blown tip, in an action with a British 
<54 gun ship, in 1778. 
BIDLAKE, John, an English divine and poet, 
died in 1814 : be published, besides some ser- 
mons, a number ,;f poems, &c 
BIDLOO, Godfrey, an eminent physician 
and anatomical writer of Amsterdam, professor 
at the Hague and at Leyden, and physician to 
king William, died 1713. 
m ~ 
BIE, Adrian de, a portrait painter, settled at 
Rome, about 1600. 
RIEF1ELD, James Frederick, baron de, sec- 
retary of legation in the service of Frederick of 
Prussia, preceptor to his brother, and after- 
wards a privy counsellor, died in 1770 
BiELKE, N., baron de, a Swedish gentle- 
man, engaged with Ankerstroem, in the conspi- 
racy against the king of Sw eden; when dr tected, 
lie took poison, and died in 1792. 
BIENNE, John, an eminent printer, of Paris, 
died in 1588. 
BIERVE, N. Marechal,marqtnsde, a French- 
man, known lor his ready wit, and as an author 
of plays, died in 1789. 
BIEZ, Oudard du, a native of Artois, whose 
great bravery and presence of mind in the rieid 
of battle, were particularly conspicuous, lie 
was in the service of Francis 1., and died in I'a 
ris, in 1552. 
BIEZELINGEN, Christian Jans Van, a por 
trait painter, of Delft, died in 1600. 
UIF1ELD, Nicholas, minister of St. Peters, 
Chester, died in 1622. 
BIGEEOW, Timothy, a distinguished lawyer 
of Massachusetts, was for more than twenty 
years a representative or senator in the legisla- 
ture of his native state, and for eleven years, 
speaker of the house of representatives, over 
which he presided with dignity and ability, died 
1821. 
BIGNE, Grace, de la, a poet of Bayeux, ac- 
companied king John to England after the bat- 
tle of Poictiers, and died in 1374. 
BIGNE, Marquerin de la, of the same family 
as the preceding, was a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
eminent as a roan of letters; be died in 1591. 
BIGN1COUKT, Simon de, a counsellor of 
Rheims, eminent for his knowledge of ancient 
and modern literature, died in 1775. 
B1GNON, Jerome, distinguished for his early 
attainments, was a counsellor of state and ad- 
vocate general to the parliament of Paris, and 
an able statesman ; he died in 1656. 
BIGOT, Emeri, a native of Rouen, eminent 
for his learning, and his acquaintance with 
learned men, died in 1C89. 
B1LDERBEK, Christopher Laurent, a llano 
verian lawyer, died in 1749. 
BILFINGE11, George Bernard, professor of 
philosophy at Petersburg, and afterwards at Tu 
bingen, eminent for his writings, died in 1750. 
BILLAUT, Adam, a joiner, of Neveis, a 
man of strong powersof mind, and of consider- 
able talent and merit as a poet, died in 1CG2. 
BILLI, Jaquesde, a native of Guise, eminent 
for his learning and his poetical talents, died in 
1581. 
BILLI, Jaques de, a Jesuit of Compiegne, au- 
thor of several valuable mathematical treatises, 
died in 1679. 
BILLINGSLEY, Henry, a merchant of Lon- 
don, who acquired immense wealth, and rose to 
the highest city honours, and was knighted 
while lord mayor. He was a profound mathe- 
matician, and published the first English trans- 
lation of Euclid ; he died in 1606. 
B1LLIONI, N. liiissa, a celebrated and much 
admired actress, at the theatres of France and 
Brussels, died in 1783. 
BILSON, Thomas, early distinguished ns a 
poet, afterwards as an able divine and eloquent 
preacher, bishop of Worcester and Winchester, 
died in 1616. 
BINDLEY, James, an eminent antiquarian 
and founder of the society of Antiquaries, in BI 
England, died in 1818. His collection of books, 
prints, and medals, was very extensive and valu 
able. 
BINGHAM, George, a fellow of All Soul’s 
Co!l.!g:, Oxford, and rector of Pimpern, in Dor- 
set, died in 1800. He wrote and published seve- 
ral theological works, which were collected in 
two volumes, after his death. 
BINGHAM, Joseph, born at Wakefield, in 
Yorkshire, 1658. He wrote a learned and labo- 
rious work, “ Origines Ecclesiastica:, or the An- 
tiquities of the Christian Church ; the first vo- 
uma of which was published 1708, in 8vo, and 
it was completed afterwards in 9 volumes more. 
He died August 17, 17-23. 
BINGHAM, Joseph, son of the preceding, 
was educated at Oxford, where he died at the age 
of 22, in consequence of excessive application. 
BINNING, Hugh, an eloquent preacher, and 
professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, died 
1654 
BICERNSTAHL, professor of oriental lan- 
guages at Upsai, died in 1779. 
BION, of Smyrna, a Greek bucolic peet, flou- 
rished at out 288 B. C. 
BION, a Scythian philosopher, the disciple 
Jot' Crates, and afterwards of Theophrastus, 
about 216 B. C. 
BION, Nicholas, an able engineer and mathe- 
matician. died at Paris, in 1733. 
BIONDI, Francis, Sir, author of a valuable 
history of the civil wars of the houses of York 
an I Lancaster, in Italian. 
BIONDO, Flavin, vid BLONDUS. 
BIItAGUE, Clement, an engraver of Milan, 
said to have discovered the means of engraving 
diamonds, lived at the court of Philip II., of 
Spain. 
BIRAGUE, Renede, a native of Milan, went 
to France and became a favourite of Charles 
IV., who made him keeper of the seals, and 
chancellor of the realm ; although a cardinal, 
he died little respected, in 1582. 
BIRCH, Thomas, a distinguished historical 
an,! biographical writer, born in the parish of 
St. John, Clerkenwel), London, Nov. 23, 1705, 
of parents who were quakers. His death was 
occasioned by a fall from his horse, and happen- 
ed Jan. 9, 1766. Of his various publications, 
the principal was “ The General Dictionary, 
Historical and Critical,” in 10 vols. folio; the 
first of which was published in 1734. the last in 
1711. 
BIRD, William, known as an excellent com- 
poser of music, died in 1623. 
BIREN, John Ernest, a person of mean birth, 
elevated to the highest dignities by Anne, em- 
press of Russia, who made him her prime mi- 
nister, and duke of Coutland. On her death, 
he assumed the reins of government, but was 
exiled, by the nobles, to Siberia. He died in 
1771. 
B1RINGCOCCIO, or BIRINGCUCCI, Van- 
tnuccio, an able mathematician of Italy, author 
of a treatise on the art of fusing, and of casting 
metal for cannon, published in 1540. 
BIRKENHEAD, Sir John, L. L. D., professor 
of moral philosophy at Oxford, a zealous royal- 
ist, and a popular courtier; he died in 1679. 
B1RON, Armandde Gonrault, baron de, page 
to queen Margaret of Navarre,rose through the 
gradations of the army to the rank of marecha! 
tf France. He distinguished himself in the; 
service of bis sovereign, and was killed by a 
annon ball at the siege of Fpernai, in 1592. 
BIROX, Charles De Gonrault due de, sou of 
BL 
the preceding, was admiral and marecnal of 
France, and a favouriteof Henry IV.. who 'mile 
him a duke, and sent him ambassador to Eng 
land. He was beheaded for treason, in 1(>02. 
BISCAINO, Bartholomew,a painter of Genoa, 
died in 1657. 
BISCHOP, John de, an eminent landscape 
and historical painter, died in 1636. Another, 
called Cornelius, a painter, died in 1674. 
BISHOP, Samuel, high master of Merchant 
tailors’ School, a learned divine and very re- 
spectable poet, died Nov. 17, 1795. 
BISI, Bonaventure, an .admired painter, of 
Bologna, died in 1662. 
BISSET, Charles, M. D., a physician, served 
several years as engineer, in Flanders, and wr ote 
on fortifications, and on medical subjects. Died 
in 1791. 
BISSET, Dr. Robert, a biographer, historian, 
and novelist, born in Scotland, 1759, died at 
Knightsbridge, May 14, 1805. His principal 
literary productions were, an edition of the 
Spectator, with Lives of the several Authors ; 
a “ Life of Edmund Burkea “ History of the 
Reign of George the Third,” several novels, and 
some political tracts. His “ History” has the 
strong merit of being faithful and impartial. It 
is preceded by an able review of the progressive 
Improvement of England in Prosperity and 
Strength, to the Accession of George HI., and 
terminates at the Peace of Amiens, 1802. 
BtTAUBE, Paul Jeremiah, a miscellaneous 
writer, born at Konigsberg, was a member of 
the Berlin Academy, with a pension from Fre- 
derick II. ; some of his poems have been trans- 
lated into English. He died 1808. 
BITON, a mathematician, lived about 910 
B. C. 
BIZOT, Peter, canon of a church in Bourges, 
and authorof the valuable “ Histoire medallique 
de la Hollande,” died in 1698. 
BIZELLI, John, a historical portrait painter, 
died at Rome, in 1612. 
BLACK, Dr. Joseph, a very celebrated chy- 
mical writer, and professor of that science in 
the university of Edinburgh, was born at Bor- 
deaux, in France, about 1727, and died at Edin- 
burgh, Nov. 1800. His discoveries relative to 
magnesia and other alkaline bodies, have given 
birth to many important facts in the new system 
ofchymistry. A memoir on the subject of these 
bodies, was read by him, in June, 1755. before 
the Literary Society of Edinburgh, which has 
been considered as a model of composition, rea- 
soning and arrangement. Many other important 
discoveries have been communicated by him in 
hi3 lectures, which, if he had committed them 
to the press, would have more materially pro- 
moted the cause and extension of science. 
BLACKBURN, William, an eminent archi- 
tect and surveyor, of London, died in 1790. He 
obtained a medal from the Royal Society, and 
the commendation of Sir Joshua Reynolds, for 
the best drawing of St. Stephens, Walbrook. 
BLACKBURNE, Francis, a native of Rich 
mond, was chaplain to the archbishop of York, 
prebendary of his cathedral, and archdeacon of 
Cleveland. His writings corresponded with his 
nrivate sentiments in favour of the dissenters, 
he died in 1737. 
BLACKBALL, Offspring, D D., re-tor >f 
St. Mary’s. London, chaplain to King William, 
and bishop of Exeter, was an able scholar, and 
eminent divine : he died in 1716. 
BLACKLOCK, Dr. Thomas, an eminent 
Scottish poet and divine, whose talents, very 
71 BL 
respectable in themselves, were rendered ex- 
traordinary by the circumstance of his having 
totally lost his sight by the small pox at six 
months old. He was born at Annan, 1721, and 
died at Edinburgh, July, 1791. 
BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, a physician, and 
an indefatigable writer, who lias left a great 
number of works, theological, poetical, and phy- 
sical. Drydeu and Pope have treated the poeti- 
cal performances of Sir Richard with great con- 
tempt. But, notwithstanding Sir Richard has 
been so much depreciated by these wits, he cer- 
tainly had merit. His “Poem on the Creation” 
is his most celebrated performance, and on ihe 
recommendation of Dr. Johnson, lias lately been 
inserted in the “Collection of the English Poets.” 
It has appeared that spleen and resentment had 
been the cause of that severity with which he 
was treated by Drvden and Pope. Sir Richard 
was born at Corsliam, Wilts, (in what year is 
uncertain,) and died October 9, 1729. 
BLACKSTONE, Sir William, an illustrious 
English lawyer, born 1723. His father was a 
siikman, in Cheapside, and died before the birth 
of iiis son William, who, in 1730, was put to the 
Charier-house school, and, in 1735, admitted 
upon the foundation there. November, 1738, lie 
was entered a commoner of Pembroke College, 
Oxford, and elected by the governors to one of 
the Ciiarter-lmuse exhibitions. At the age of 
20, be compiled a treatise, entitled “ Elements 
of Architecture,” intended only for his own use, 
but much approved by those who have perused 
it. Quitting, however, with regret, these amus- 
ing pursuits, he engaged in the severer studies 
of the law, and, November, 1746, was called to 
the bar. I11 1749, he was elected recorder of the 
borough of Wallingford, in Berkshire. April, 
1750, he became doctor of laws, and published 
his “ Essay on Collateral Consanguinity, rela- 
tive to the exclusive claim to fellowships made 
bv the founder’s kin at All-souls.” October 20, 
1753, he was unanimously elected Vinerian pro- 
fessor of the common law, and 011 the 25th, read 
his Introductory Lecture, since prefixed to his 
“ Commentaries.” In 1702, he collected and re- 
published several of his pieces, under the title 
of “ Law Tracts,” in 2 vols. 8vo. In 1763, he 
was chosen solicitor-general to the queen. No- 
vember, 1764, he published the 1st volume of his 
lectures, under the title of “ Commentaries on 
the Laws of England ; and in the four succeed- 
ing years the other three volumes. May, 1770, 
no became a junior judge in the court of King’s 
Bench ; and in June was removed to the same 
situation in the common pleas, which office he 
retained till his death, which happened Febru- 
ary 14, 1780. 
BLACKSTONE, John, an apothecary and 
botanist, of London, died in 1753. 
BLACKWALL, Anthony,a native of Derby- 
shire, and author of a most celebrated work, en- 
titled “ The Sacred Classics defended and illus- 
trated ; or, an Essay, humbly offered toward 
proving the purity, propriety, and true elo- 
quence of the writers of the New Testament.” 
He died at Market Bosworth, in Leicestershire, 
(where he was for some years head master of 
the free school,) April 8, 1730. 
BLACKWELL, Alexander, a native of Aber- 
deen ; not succeeding as a physician at borne, 
he went to Sweden, where be succeeded fora 
time, but being suspected of a conspiracy, was 
tortured and beheaded in 1748. 
BL ACK W ELL. Thomas, a 11 eminent Scottish 
writer, son of a minister at Aberdeen, and born 
BL 
(there, August 4, 1701. In 1737, was published 
at London, but without his name, An lixpiir5 
into the Life and Writings of Homer,” 8vo.. a 
second edition of which appeared in 173C; and 
not long after, “ Proofs of the Inquiry into Ho 
liner’s Life and Writings which was a trans- 
lation of the Greek, Latin, Spanish, Italian, and 
French notes, subjoined to the original work. 
We agree with those who esteem this the best 
of our author's performances. In 1748, lie pub- 
lished “ Letters concerning Mythology,” 8vo., 
without his name also. The same year lie was 
made principal of the Marischal College in Aber- 
deen. March, 1752, he took the degree of doctor 
of laws; and, in the year following, came out the 
1st volume of his “ Memoirs of the court of Au- 
gustus,” 4to. The 2d volume appeared in 1755; 
and the 3d, which was posthumous, and left in- 
cftmplete by the author, was fitted for the press 
by John Mills, Esq., and published in 1764. He 
died March 1, 1757. 
BLACKWOOD, Adam, a native of Scotland, 
eminent as a poet, civilian, and divine, but par- 
ticularly as the warm advocate of Mary, queen 
of Scots; he published, in 1757, an accountof her 
[martyrdom, addressed to the princes of Europe, 
land died at Poictiers, in 1613. 
BLADEN, Martin, a gentleman of Abrey 
Hatch, in Essex, formerly a lieutenant-colonel 
in Queen Anne’s reign, but more distinguished 
I by a translation of “ Catsar’s Commentaries,” 
1 which he dedicated to his general, the great duke 
of Marlborough. He died in 1746. 
j BLAEU, or JANSSEN, William, a learned 
printer, the friend of Tycho Brahe, died in 1638. 
I BLAGRAVE, John, an eminent mathema- 
tician, who flourished in the 16th and 17th cen- 
turies, and died 1611. 
BLAGRAVE, Joseph, a famous astrologer 
of Reading, Eng., died in 1G88. 
BLAIR, John, chaplain to Sir William Wal- 
lace. He wrote an elegant Latin poem on his 
death, and died in the reign of Robert Bruce. 
BLAIR, Janies. M. A., a minister of the epis- 
copal church in Scotland, was sent by the bishop 
of London as a missionary to Virginia, in 1685. 
He procured a patent for the erection of a college 
there, and was its first president for nearly 50 
years ; he was also president of the council of 
Virginia, and died in 1743. 
BLAIR, Samuel, a learned minister in Penn- 
sylvania, for several years at the head of an 
academy at Fog’s manor, Chester, died about 
1751. 
BLAIR, John, brother and successor of Sam- 
uel Blair in the church and seminary at Fog’s 
manor, afterwards professor of divinity in New- 
Jersey College. 
BLAIR, John, one of the associate judges of 
the Supreme Court of the United States, died in 
18(10. 
I BLAIR, John, president of the council of Vir- 
ginia, and a judge in that colony, died 1771. 
BLAIR, Patrick, a surgeon at Dundee, who 
first acquired some reputation bv the dissection 
of an elephant, and afterwards by his essays on 
botany: time of his death unknown. 
BLAIR, Robert, an elegant poet, born about 
the beginning of the last century. lie received hi» 
education in the university of Edinburgh, and 
was ordained, in 1731, minister of Athol Stane- 
ford in East Lothian, where he resided till his 
death, in 1746. His poem, called “ The Grave,” 
has been extremely popular, and passed through 
many editions. 
BLAIR Dr John an eminent divine, born iu BL 
Scotia -.1, bn, settled in England, where he pre-1 
seated the world with a very valuable publica-j 
tioa, under the title of “The Chronology and. 
History’ of the World, from the Creation to the 
V'ear of Christ 1753, illustrated ill 56 tables.” 
in 1768, he published an improved edition of his 
“ Cronological Talliesto which were annexed 
“Fourteen Maps of Ancient and Modern Geo- 
graphy, for illustrating the Tables of Chrono- 
logy and History. He died June 24, 1782. 
BLAIR, Dr. Hugh, a celebrated Scottish di- 
vine, was the sou of a respectable merchant in 
Edinburgh, and born in that city’, April 7, 1718. 
On the 15th of June, 1758, he was made one of 
tin: ministers of the high church of Edinburgh ; 
and his subsequent ministerial labours and con- 
duct in that conspicuous and difficult station, for 
a period of more than 40 years, amply evinced 
the propriety of the choice. As an author, Dr. 
Blair is well known by his “ Lectures on Rheto- 
ric and tile Belles Lettres,” delivered in tiis of- 
fice as regius professor i:i the university of Edin- 
burgh. These are eminently distinguished by 
laborious investigation, sound sense, refined 
taste, and, above all, by that lucidus ordo which! 
always proves a writer to be master of his sub ! 
ject. In short, this work may justly be said to 
have established an unequivocal and sure stand- 
ard of taste. His “ Sermons,” however, of 
which five volumes are before the public, have 
experienced a success unparalleled in the annals 
of pulpit eloquence, though justly merited by 
their purity of sentiment, justness of reasoning, 
and grace of composition. They have circu- 
lated in numerous editions, whereverthe English 
tongue extends, and have been translated into 
almost all the languages of Europe. Dr. Blair 
died December 27, 1803. 
RLAIZE, a bishop, martyred by the emperor 
Dioclesian; but more celebrated as the inventor 
of wool combing. 
BLAKE, Robert, a famous English admiral, 
born August 15, 1599, at Bridgewater, in Somer- 
setshire, where lie was educated at the grammar 
school. Having served some years in the par- 
liament army, lie was, in Febiuary, 1648-9, ap- 
pointed to command the fleet, in conjunction 
with Colonel Deane, and Colonel Popham. 
During nine years actual service in the navy, 
be performed exploits that, for the skill with 
which they were conducted, and the success 
that attended them, were never surpassed till 
ihe days of Howe, St. Vincent, Duncan, and 
Nelson. He died as the fleet was entering Ply- 
mouth, the 17th of August, 1657. aged 58. Ilis 
body was conveyed to Westminster Abbey, and 
interred with great funetal pomp in Henry the 
VHth’s chapel; but removed from thence, in 
1661, and re-interred in St. Margaret’s church- 
yard. 
BLAKE, John Bradley, a native of London, 
after acquiring a profound knowledge of chy- 
mistry and mathematics, and of his favourite 
study, botany, went to China in the service of 
the India company, where he collected and sent 
to Europe, all the valuable seeds and plants of 
the country ; he also began a collection of ores 
and fossils, but his application destroyed his 
health, and he died in 1773. 
BLAKE, James, a preacher, native of Dor 
Chester, Massachusetts, author of a volume of 
sermons of merit, died 1771. 
BLAKE, Joseph, governor of the province of 
South Carolina, in 1694. k„ contributed much 
to the prosperity of the colon", by the wisdom | 
of 1/ia administration. ii 
IIL 
j BLAMONT, Francis Colin tie, a French mu 
j sician, died in 1700. 
BLAMPIN, Thomas, a learned ecclesiastic 
of Picardy, died in 1710. 
BLANC, John, a noble of Perpignan, Known 
for bis brave defence of his native town, against 
the French besieging army, in 1474. 
BLANC, Francois Le, author of a valuable 
book on the coins of France, died in 1698. 
BLANC, Claude Le, a minister of France, con- 
fined two years in the Bastile, u mere suspi- 
cion of mal practices, was released, and died in 
1728. His brothers were bishops of Avranchc-s 
and of Sarlat. 
BLANC, Thomas Le, a Jesuit of Vitri, died 
at. Rheims, in 1660. 
BLANC, John Bernard Le, an ingenious and 
learned man, historiographer to the Della Crusca 
academy, died in 1781. 
BLANC, Antony de Guillet de, professor of 
rhetoric at Avignon, and afterwards of ancient 
languages at Paris, died in 1799. 
BLANC, N., an eminent French artist, died 
in 1802. 
BLANCA, N. Le, a young woman who was 
found wild at Sogny, near Chalons, in 1731, 
when about 10 years of age. She was placed 
in a convent, where she became a nun, and died 
in 1760. 
BLANCA, Francis Le, a Frenchman, author 
of a general account of the moneys of France, 
published by order of Lewis XIV.; he died in 
1698. 
BLANCHARD, James, an eminent painter, 
born at Paris, in 1600, died 1638. 
BLANCHARD, Francois, a lawyer of Paris, 
died in 1650. 
BLANCHARD, Guillaume, son of the pre- 
ceding, equallv eminent as a lawyer, died in 
1724. 
BLANCHARD, Elias, a native of Langres, 
eminent for his learning, died in 1755. 
BLANCHARD, John Baptist, professor of 
rhetoric in the Jesuits college, at Metz, and at 
Verdun; wrote the Temple of the Muses, and 
died in 1707. 
BLANCHE, daughter of Alphonsoof Castile, 
married Lewis VIII., of France. After his 
death, and during the minority of her son, she 
was made regent of the kingdom, which she 
governed with spirit and ability; she died in 
1252. 
BLANCHE, a native of Padua, who destroy- 
ed herself, rather than submit to the embraces 
of her conqueror, 1233. 
BLANCHE de BOURBON, wife of Peter, 
king of Castile, by whom she was imprisoned 
and poisoned, 1361. 
BLANCHELANDE, Philibert Francis Rou- 
xelle, de, a native of Dijon, distinguished in the 
American war, and at the taking of Tobago 
died in 1793. 
BLANCHET, Thomas, an eminent historical 
and portrait painter, of Paris, died in 1689. 
BLANCHE!', Abbe, censor royal, and libra 
rian of the king’s cabinet; he retired from pub- 
lic life to solitude, and died in 1784. 
BLANCOF, John Teuniz, a painter, born at 
Alcmaer; his sea-pieces and landscapes are 
much admired : he died in 1670. 
BLAND, Elizabeth, wife, of Nathan Bland, 
a linen draper.of London, eminent for her learn- 
ing, and acquaintance with the Hebrew 
BLAND, Richard, a political writer of Vir- 
ginia, and principal member of the house of 
i burgesses, at the dose of 1770. 
73 “ KL 
BLAND, Theodoric, a patriot and statesman, n 
colonel in llie war of the revolution, member of I' 
the state legislature of Virginia, Sec., died in | 
17110. 
BLANDRATA, George, an Italian, who es- j 
poused the doctrines of Arius, with respect to j 
the Trinity. To avoid the inquisition, lie fled 
to Poland, where the king made him a privy 
counsellor. He was afterwards strangled by his 
nephew, in 1593. 
BLASCO NUNNES, a Spaniard, who, by 
seizing the isthmus of Darien,facilitated the pro- 
gress of Pizarro to the conquest of Peru. lie 
was beheaded on pretence of ambitious views. 
BLAURER, Ambrose, a follower of Luther, 
whose doctrines he spread in France and Ger- | 
many, died in 1507. 
15LAVET, N., a musician in the opera at 
Paris, distinguished by his taste, and the supe- 
rior merit of his pieces, died in 1708. 
BLAYNEY, Benjamin, D. D., an eminent 
English divine, and professor of Hebrew, a! 
Oxford, died in 1801. lie was distinguished as j; 
on able biblical critic, and writer. 
BLEDl)YN, joint kingof North Wales, with 
his brother Rhiwallon, became sole monarch in 
1008, and fell in battle four years after. 
BLEDDYN, a British bard of the 13th cen- 
tury, some of whose pieces are still preserved. 
BLEURI, a bishop of Landatf, called the 
wise, from his great learning ; he died much re- 
spected, in 1023. 
BLEECKER, Ann Eliza, a lady of some lite- 
rary celebrity, born in New-York, 1752. 
BLEEK, Peter Van, an eminent painter, died 
In 1704. 
B LEG NY, Nicholas de, an eminent French 
surgeon, who lectured and wrote ori subjects 
connected with his profession ; he died at the 
close of the 17th century. 
BLEGWRYD, brother to Morgan, the Gla- 
morgan chief, was chancellor of Landatf, and a 
niarr of great learning ; he went to Rome in 920, 
with Howel, surnamed the Good. 
BLESS, Henry, an admired landscape painter, 
born at Bovine, died in 1550. 
BLETERIE, John Philip Rene de la, born 
at Rennes, entered early into the congregation 
of the Oratory, and was there a distinguished 
professor. From thence lie went to Paris, where 
his talents procured him a chair of eloquence 
in the College Royal, and a place in the Acade- 
my of Belles Lettres. He published several 
works, which have been well received by the 
public, and died, at an advanced age, in 1772. 
BLINMAN, Richard, first minister of New- 
London, Conn., 1G48; author of a work in an- 
swer to Mr. Danvers, on Baptism. 
BLOCK, Dr. Marc Eleazer, a Jewish physi- 
cian, ami very celebrated ichthioloeist, born at 
Anspach, in 1723, died at Carlsbad, August (5, 
1799. His “ Natural History of Fishes,'’ with 
coloured plates, in large 4to, is one of the most 
admirable pvblications of the time. 
BLOCK, Daniel, a portrait painter of Pome- 
rania,died in 1061. One of his brothers excelled 
as an architect, the other as a historical painter. 
BLOCK LAND, Anthony de Montfort, an ele 
gam painter, died in 1583. His brothers, Peter 
and Herbert, were his pupils, and were alsodis 
lingnished as painters. 
BLOEMART, a painter, born at Gorcnm, in 
Holland, 1507, and died 1047 A vast number 
of prims have been engraved after his works. 
BLOEMEN, John Francis, an eminent Flem- 
ish painter, died at Rome, in 1740 
BL 
BLOND, Jean Le, a poet of inferior merit, in 
tin; 1 tilli century. 
BLOKI), James Christopher, a painter, of 
Frankfort, on the Maine, who invented a mods 
of engraving in colours ; he died in 1741. 
BLONDEAU, Claude, an advocate of the 
parliament of Paris, at the clrise of the 17th 
century. 
BLONDEL, David, a protestant minister, 
horn at Chalons, whose writings on theological 
subjects, are highly valued. He was professor 
of history at Amsterdam after Vossius, and died 
in 11)55. 
BLONDEL, Francis, eminent for his know 
ledge of geometry and belles lettres, was proles 
sor of mathematics and architecture, and pre- 
ceptor to the dauphin of France; he died in 1686 
ill LON I) EL, John Francis, nephew of Fran 
cis, was equally eminent as an architect, and as 
a writer on architecture; he died in 1774. 
l'LONDEL, Peter James, a native of Paris, 
and a writer on the truth of the Christian reli- 
gion, died in 1730. 
BLONDEL, Lawrence, author of some books 
on devotion, died in 1740. 
BLONDEL, N\, a physician, and author of a 
treatise on the mineral waters of Scgrai, &c-, 
died in 1750. 
BLOKHIN, Peter, a native of Picardy, emi- 
nent as a botanist, died in 1714. 
BLONDES, Flavius, an Italian, secretary to 
Pope F.ugeniu8 IV., and ids two successors, died 
in 1453. 
BLOOD, Thomas, an English adventurer, 
who contrived a plot for stealing the regalia 
from the tower, arid was actually taken with the 
crown in his possession ; he died 1680. 
BLOOT, Peter, a Flemish painter, died in 
1607. 
BLOSIUS, or DE BLOIS, Lewis, a Benedic- 
tine, abbot ofLiessies, in Hainault, refused the 
archbishopric of Cambray, and died in 1566. 
BLOUNT, Thomas, an English barrister at 
law, distinguished for his talents and learning, 
and as a respectable writer, died in 1679. 
BLOUNT, Sir Henry, after completing his 
education at Oxford, travelled over Europe and 
a part of Asia, and, on his return, published an 
account of part of his travels, was tutor to the 
princes, anil a zealous royalist; he died in 1682. 
BLOUNT, Charles, younger son of Sir Henry, 
was distinguished as a zealous advocate for li- 
berty, and as a man of great learning. His writ- 
ings, some of which prove him a deist, are nu- 
merous. He died of wounds inflicted on him- 
self, in 1693. 
BLOUNT, William, governor of the territory 
south of the Ohio, and a member of the United 
States’ senate, from which he was expelled in 
1797 ; he died at Knoxville, in 1810. 
BLOUNT, Sir Thomas Pope, an eminent 
English writer, horn at Upper Holloway, iri 
Middlesex, September 12, 1649. He was a man 
of great learning, and well versed in the best 
writers: of which lie gave a proof in his fatuous 
I work, “ CensuriaCelebriorum Authorutn,” &c. 
He wrote also a work on poetry, “ De Re Poeti- 
ra, or Remarks upon Poetry; with characters 
and censures of the most considerable poets, 
whether ancient or modern, extracted out of the 
best and choicest criticshe died in 1697. 
■ BLOW, Dr. John, an eminent musician, born 
[at Collingliam, in Nottinghamshire, about the 
jyear 164a. In 1674, he was appointed master 
of the children of the Rova! Chapel; in 1685, 
Icouipuser to his majesty; in 1687, almoner am 
74 BO 
master of the choristers of Si. Paul’s cathedral. 
Upon the decease of Purcell, in 1695, he became 
organist o! Westminster Abbey. He died Octo- 
ber 1,1708, and was buried in the north aisle ol 
Westminster Abbey. 
BLOWERS, Thomas, a good scholar, and 
minister, in Beverly, Massachusetts, died in 1729. 
BLUCHER, Gebbaral Lehrecht, Prince Von, 
a most celebrated Prussian field marshal, born 
at Rostock, December 16, 1742, distinguished 
himself by his great skill and success in military 
tactics. He crossed the Rhine, January 1,1814, 
and entered tile French territory. A decisive 
victory at Laon, February 9, opened the way to 
Paris, which was entered by the allied sove- 
reigns, March 31. He went in the company of 
the mouarchs to England, where the enthusiasm 
cf the people afforded him the most brilliant tri- 
uinph. The landing of Buonaparte from Elba 
again called him to the field ; when lie greatly 
assisted in defiding, on the 18th of June, 1815, 
the eventful battle of Waterloo, and the fate of 
Napoleon. Then, with the same rapidity as he 
had conquered, he followed up his victory, and 
the second time obtained peace in Paris. Al- 
most all the great powers in Europe honoured 
him with orders of knighthood. His own sove- 
reign named him, in memory of the first of his 
victories, Prince of Wahlsstadt, with a suitable 
donation, and bestowed on him, exclusively, a 
particular mark of honour: viz., an iron cross 
surrounded with golden rays; declaring, that 
“ he knew very well that no golden rays could 
heighten the splendour of his services; hut that 
it gave him pleasure to make his sense of tliein 
evident by a suitable mark of distinction.” He 
had been 45 years in the army ; and his celerity 
in the field obtained him the name of “Marshal 
Forwards.” He died at Kriblowitz, almost in 
the presence of his king, who attended him in 
his last sickness, September 12, 1819. 
BLUM, Joachin, Christian, a German poet, 
who retired from public affairs to devote him- 
self to the muses ; he died in 1790. 
BLUTAEU, Dorn. Raphael, an eminent 
preacher, horn in Loudon, of French parents, 
went to Lisbon, where he wrote a Portuguese 
and Latin dictionary; lie died in 1734. 
BOADICEA, queen of the Iceni, in Britain, a 
most intrepid heroine, who, being defeated and 
ill-used by the Romans, after having behaved 
with exemplary bravery, despatched herself by- 
poison, A. D. 59. 
BOATE, Gerard, a Dutch physician, who 
settled in Ireland, and wrote a natural history 
of the country. 
BOI5ART, a German, first keeper of the bo- 
tanical garden at Oxford, died in 1679. 
BOCCACE, John, an eminent writer, born at 
Certaldo, in Tuscany, 1313, died 1375. He left 
several works, some in Latin, and some in Ital- 
ian ; but, of all his compositions, his “ Decame- 
ron is the most famous; it was received so fa- 
vourably by foreign nations, tliat every one 
would have it in their own tongue; and it was 
sought after so much the more eagerly, as pains 
were taken to suppress it; Iris stories being too 
licentious, and satirical on the monks. 
BOCCACI, or BOCCACINO, Camillo, a por- 
trait and historical painter, of Cremona, died in 
1546. 
BOCCAGE, Marie Anne Lepage du, a cele- 
brated French poetess and dramatic writer, often 
mentioned by Lord Chesterfield in his letters to 
Ins son, was horn at Rouen, October 22, 1710, 
and died at Paris. August 1802. 
BO 
| BOCCALIN1, Trajan, a satirical wit, born at 
Rome, about the beginning of the 17th century, 
jilis “ Hagguagli di Parnasso” lias been trans- 
jlated into English, and many other languages. 
Boccalini was assassinated at Venice, being 
beaten to death with sand bags. 
BOCCAMAZZA, Angelus, liishop of Catania, 
in Sicily, died in 1296. 
BOCCHERINI, Lewis, a native of Lucca, 
distinguished as a composer of music, died at 
Madrid, in 1806. 
BOCCHUS, a king of Mauritania, who he 
trayed his son-in law, Jugurtha, to the Romans 
100 B. C. 
BOCC1ARDI, Clemente, a painter, of Genoa 
died in 1658. 
BOCCOLD, John, a fanatic tailor, commonly 
called John of Leyden. In company with Joint 
Matthias, a baker, of Haerlem, at the head of 
his followers, seized Munster, assumed the of- 
fice of king and of prophet, and began to reform 
the laws, and new-model the government; lie 
was at last taken and put to death, in the 28th 
year of his age. 
BOCCONI, Sylvio, a celebrated natural his 
torian, born at Palermo, in Sicily, 1633, died 
December 22,1704. He left many curious works. 
BOCCORIS, a king of Egypt, who is said 
to have driven tli'fj Jews from his dominions, to 
cure himself of the leprosy, according to an 
oracle. 
BOCHART, Samuel, a learned French pro- 
testant, born at Rouen, in Normandy, 1599, died 
suddenly, while he was speaking in the acade- 
my of Caen, (of which lie was a member,) May 
6, 1667. 
BOCHEL, Laurent, an advocate of the par- 
liament of Paris, whose works on law and his- 
tory are valued by learned men in France, died 
in 1629. 
BOCHIUS, John, born at Brussels, in 1555. 
He was a good Latin poet, and thence styled tiie 
Virgil of the Low Countries. He died January 
13, 1609. 
BOCKIIORST, John Van, an eminent por- 
trait and historical painter, born about 1610. 
BOCQUILLOT, Lazarus Andrew, an advo- 
cate of Dijon, afterwards an ecclesiastic, emi- 
nent for his learning and piety, died in 1725. 
He wrote the life of Chevalier Bayard, &c. 
BODIN, John, a native of Angers, who ac- 
quired reputation and the notice of his sovereign, 
by his wit and merit. He settled at Laon, where 
he rose to eminence as a lawyer and public 
speaker; he died 1596. His writings are nu- 
merous and respectable. 
BODLEY, Sir Thomas, from whom the Bod- 
leian library at Oxford takes its name, was born 
at Exeter, March 2,1544. In 1585, he was made 
gentleman usher to Queen Elizabeth. From 
;his time till 1597, he was honourably and suc- 
cessfully employed in embassies and negotia- 
tions with foreign powers; and on his final re- 
vocation, in that year, he set about the noble 
work of restoring the public library at Oxford, 
which in two years time he brought to a good 
degree of perfection. lie furnished it with a 
large collection of books, purchased in foreign 
countries at a great expense : and this collection 
in a short time became so greatly enlarged, by 
the generous benefactions of several noblemen, 
bishops, and others, that neither,the shelves nor 
the room could contain them. Whereupon, 
liodley offering to make a considerable addition 
to the building, the morion was readily embraci d, 
-J July 19, 1610, the first stone of the new BO 
foundation was laid with great solemnity, and 
a speech made upon the occasion. But he did 
not live to see this part of his plan completed, 
though he left sufficient to do it, w ith some of 
his friends in trust. Sir Thomas died January 
28, 1012, and was buried w ith great solemnity at 
the upper end of Merton College choir. An an- 
nual speech in his praise is still made at Oxford, 
November 8 ; at which time is the visitation of 
the library. 
B(ECE, or BCETHIUS, Hector, a native of 
Dundee. Vid. BCETHIUS. 
DCECLER, John Henry, professor of history 
at Strasbourg, was honoured, for his great learn- 
ing, by Lewis XIV., and Christina of Sweden, 
who made him her historiographer; he died in 
1080. 
BCEHMEN, Jacob, a Teutonic philosopher, 
and noted visionary, born in a village of Ger- 
many, near Gorlitz, 1575, died November 18, 
1024. 
BCEHMER, George Ralph, professer of bota- 
ny and anatomy at Wittemberg, died in 1803. 
BCERHAAVE, Herman, an illustrious phy- 
sician and professor at Leyden, born December 
31,1608, at Voorhoot, a small village in Holland, 
about two miles from that city; died Septem- 
ber 23, 1738. No professor was ever attended, 
in public as w-ell as private lectures, by so great 
a number of students, from such distant and 
different parts, for so many years successively: 
none heard him without conceiving a veneration 
for his person, at the same time that they ex- 
pressed their surprise at his prodigious attain- 
ments ; and it may be justly affirmed, that none 
in so private a station ever attracted a more uni- 
versal esteem. So unmoved was he by detrac- 
tion, (from which the best of men are not ex- 
empt,) that he used to say, “ The sparks of 
calumny will be presently extinct of themselves, 
unless you blow them.” 
BCEL, Peter, a Flemish painter, pupil to Corn, 
de Waal, at Rome, d'ed in 1080. 
BCETHIE, Etienne de la, eminent as a scho- 
lar and translator of Plutarch and Xenophon ; 
lie died near Bordeaux, in 1503. 
BCET1IIUS, or BCETIUS, Flavius Anicius 
Manlius Torquatus Severinus, a prose as well 
as |Kielical writer of the Oth century, born of 
one of the noblest families in Rome. Having 
remonstrated with great spirit againt the tyranny 
of Theodoric, he was beheaded in prison, by 
command of that king, in 524. Boethius wrote 
many philosophical works, the greater part in 
the logical way: but his ethic piece, “ De Con- 
solatione Philosophise,” is his chief perform- 
ance, and has always been justly admired both 
for the matter and for the style. Mr. Harris, in 
his Hermes, has observed, that “with Boethius 
the Latin tongue, and the last remains of Roman 
dignity, may he said to have sunk in the western 
world.” 
BCETHIUS, BCECE, or RCEIS, Hector, a fa- 
mous Scottish historian, horn at Dundee, in ihe 
shire of Angus, about 1470. He wrote in Latin 
a History of Scotland,” and died 1522. 
BOFFRAND, Germain, born at Nantes, ac- 
quired such a reputation as an architect, that se- 
veral princes employed him in the erect ion of pa- 
laces and public edifices; hedied at Paris, in 1755. 
ROGAN, Zachary, a learned English divine, 
died in 1059. 
POGAEDUS, Everardus, first minister of the 
reformed Dutch church in New-York. 
P.OGORIP, first Christian king of the Bulga- 
rians ; he embraced Christianity in 805. 
BO 
BOHADIN, a learned Arabian, the favourite 
of Saladin, and the historian of his life; in which 
he gives an account of the crusades, and of the 
literature of the 12th century. 
BOHF.MON'D, prince of Antioch, with his 
father, invaded the eastern empire, and twice 
defeated the emperor Alexius. He afterwards 
embarked for the crusades, and took Antioch ; 
but being taken prisoner and released, returned 
to Europe, where he prepared to raise a large 
army, and died in 1111. IJe was succeeded at 
Antioch by six princes, successively bearing the 
same name. 
BOHN, John, a native of Leipsic, eminent as 
a physician, professor, and chymist, died in 3710. 
BOIABDO, Marteo-Maria, a governor of Beg- 
gio, known as the author of Orlando Inamorato, 
in continuation of which, Ariosto wrote his Or- 
lando Eurioso. He was a man possessed of 
great poetical talents, a strong and lively imagi- 
nation, and bold and animated conceptions; lie 
died in 1404. 
BOI1.EAU, Giles, translator of Epictetus, &c. 
died in 1609. 
BOILEAU, Janies, a doctor of the'Sorbonne, 
dean of the faculty of divinity, and canon of 
the holy chapel, ditd in 171G. 
BOILEAU, Sieur Desprcaux, Nicholas, a ce- 
lebrated French poet, born at Paris, November 
1, 1630. He wrote satires, wherein he exposed 
the bad taste of his time, and was extremely 
severe against vice and the corrupt manners 
of the age. Boileau’s satirical pieces raised 
him many enemies: his “Satire against the 
Women” in particular, was much talked of, 
and occasioned great clamour. So highly did he 
rank among French writers, that Bruyere, in a 
speech delivered at the French academy, said 
“ Boileau excels Juvenal, comes up to Horace, 
seems to create the thoughts of another, and to 
make whatever he handles his own. His verses 
will he read even when the language is obsolete, 
and will be the last ruins of it.” Dr. Warton, 
also, says, that Boileau's Art of Poetry is the 
best composition of that kind extant. He died 
March-2, 1711. 
BOILEAU, John James, an ecclesiastic, of 
St. Ilonore, at Paris, was a man of great learn- 
ing, and highly est< ented by the cardinal de No- 
ailles ; he died in 1735. 
BOILEAU, Charles, abbeof Boileau. an emi- 
nent preacher at the court of Lewis XIV., died 
in 1700. 
BOINDIN, Nicholas, a native of Paris, enter- 
ed the army at the age of 20 ; his ill health com- 
pelling him to relinquish the service, I c turned 
liis attention to literary pursuits, and w as cele- 
brated as a writer of comedies; he died in 1751. 
BOIS, Jean du, a Parisian ecclesiastic, be- 
came so conspicuous in the military service of 
Henry III., as to acquire the name of Emperor 
of monks. On resuming his clerical character, 
he became eminent as a preacher, but incurring 
tiie resentment of the church, he was confined 
at Rome, where he died in If20. 
BOIS, Gerard du, a native of Orleans, known 
as tiie author of a Latin history of the church of 
Paris, died in 10B6. 
BOIS, Philippe du, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
died in 1707. 
IIOIS, Philippe Goibaud, a dancing master, oi 
Poictiers, died in 1094. 
BOIS D’ANNEMETS, Daniel du. author cf 
Memoirs of a Favourite of the duke of Orleans, 
was killed in aduel at Venice, in 1627. 
BOIS, Cardinal du, an eminent French states- uu 
mail, anil prime minister under tile regent, duke 
of Orleans, died in 1723. 
15013 DB LA PIERRE, Louise Marie du, a 
lady of Normandy, wrote memoirs for a history 
of Normandy, &c., and died in 173d. 
BOI8MORAR1), abtie Chiron de, a writer of 
eminence, died at Paris, in 1746. 
BOI8ROBERT, Francis le Metel de, a native 
of Caen, known for his wit and keen satire, 
became the favourite and butfoon ot Cardinal 
de Richelieu ; he died in 1662. 
BOISSARD, John James, a famous antiquary, 
born at Besancon, in France, 1528, died at Metz, 
1602. 
BOISSAT, Pierre de, a native of Vienne ; at 
did'erent periods of his life, he was a monk, a 
soldier, and a hermit; he died in 1662. 
BOISSIERE, Joseph de la Fontaine de la, an 
ecclesiastic, of Dieppe, died at Paris, in 173-2. 
BOLSSIEU, Denis de Salvaing de, a lawyer 
in the service of Lewis XIII., died in IG83. j 
BOISSIEU, Bartholomew Camille de, an emi- 
nent physician, and writer on medical subjects, 
died in 1770. 
BOISSV, Louis de, a popular Parisian writer, 
who chose to s;arve with his wife and child, 
rather than solicit the charity of his admirers or 
friends. They had nearly perished, when their 
situation was discovered by a friend, and they 
were relieved, and afterwards supported by a 
pension ; he died in 1753. 
BOIV1N, Francis de, baron de Villers, ac- 
companied marechal de Brissac into Piedmont, 
and wrote an authentic account of the wars of 
the country ; lie died in 1G18. 
'B01VXN, John, Greek professor at Paris, and 
librarian to the king, died in 172'i. 
BOIV1N, Louis, brother of John, died in 1724. 
Some of his writings are still preserved. 
llOIZARD, John, a man of abilities, employed 
in the mint at Paris, died about the close of the 
17:li century. 
BOL, John, a Flemish painter of eminence, 
died in 151)3. 
BOL, Ferdinand, a Dutch painter, the pupil 
of Reinbrant, died in 1681. 
B >LLAN, William, agent to Great Britain 
from the province of Massachusetts, to solicit 
tlie reimbursement of the expenses in the expe- 
dition against Cape Breton, in 1745. 
BOLANGER, John, a pupil of Guido, emi- 
nent as a his orical painter, died in 1GG0. 
ROLES LA US I., first king of Poland, suc- 
ceeded his father, duke Micislaus, in DOS). Otho 
111. made Poland an independent kingdom, and 
gave him the title of king, in 1001; he died in 
1025. 
BOLESLAUS II., called the bold and the 
cruel, succeeded his father, Casimir I , in 1050. 
During his invasion of Russia, the Polish women, 
enraged at the absence of their husbands, be- 
stowed their favours on their slaves. Boleslaus 
returned with his army to avenge the insult, 
and a long and bloody servile contest ensued. 
He was afterwards excommunicated, and died 
in Hungary, in 1030. 
BOLEYN, Anne, wife of Henry VIII., king 
of England, and memorable for giving occasion] 
to the Reformation in that country, was born in! 
1507. Being accused, (falsely it is believed,) of 
conjugal infidelity, she was beheaded, May 19,| 
1536. 
BOLEYN, George, brother to (luecn Anne! 
Bolevn, admired for his wit amt learning. His! 
elevation followed that of his sister. he was! 
made a peer, by the title of Lord Rochf ' con-| 
no 
stable ot' Dover, ami was seat on several ein- 
uassies; and vvlieti tlie unfortunate Anne fell 
into disgrace, lie too was degraded, and be- 
headed, on a false accusation, in 15.r6. 
BOLlNGBROixE. See SAINT JOHN. 
BOLLANDUS, John, a Jesuit of Flanders, 
possessed of judgment, learning, and sagacity, 
was appointed to collect materials for tlie lives 
of the saints, but died when he had completed 
but 5 vols., 1665. 
BOLOGNE, Jean de, a pupil of Michael An- 
gelo, died at Florence, in 1600. 
BOLOGNESE, Francisco, the assumed name 
of Francis Grimaldi, the pupil of Anibal Caracci 
died in 11)80. 
BOESEC, Jerome, a Carmelite, of Paris, for 
sook his order, and iled to Italy, and then t 
Geneva, where lie lived as a physician. He 
there embraced the doctrines of Peiagius, and 
inveighed, with so much bitterness and violence, 
against Calvin, that he was expelled from tlie 
city. lie returned to Fiance, where lie died in 
1584. Iiis lives of Calvin and Beza are a col- 
lection of falsehood and abuse. 
BOLSYVERD, Sheldt, an eminent engraver, 
of Flanders. 
BOLTON, Edmund, an ingenious English an- 
tiquary, who lived in the beginning of ihe 17th 
century, and wrote a very curious historical 
work, called il Nero Cmsar, or, monarchic de- 
praved;” fob 1(1-24. 
BOLTON, Robert, dean of Carlisle, and a 
celebrated writer of moral and religious letters 
and tracts, was born in Northamptonshire, 1698, 
and died 1763. 
BOLTON, Robert, a puritan, distinguished 
for his learning and his eloquence, lie was a 
professor at Oxford, and sustained his high re- 
putation by his numerous writings; he died in 
1631. 
BOLZANI, Urbano Yaleriano, a monk of the 
order of the Minorites, born at Bellund, travelled 
through Greece, Palestine, &x., and twice as- 
cended zEtna, to survey its crater. He first 
wrote a grammar of the Greek language, in 
Latin, and died in 1524. 
BOMB EL LI, Sebastian, a painter, of Bologna, 
died in 1685. 
BOMBERG, Daniel, a printer, of Venice, fa- 
mous for the number and correctness of his 
books, died in 1549. 
BON DE ST. HILAIRE, Francois Xavier, 
president of the chamber of accounts of Mont- 
pelier, authorof a treatise on silk worms, and on 
the Maroons of India, died in 1761. 
BONA, John, an ecclesiastic, of Piedmont, 
eminent for his learning, and his love of soli- 
tude, was promoted to places of honour by Pope 
Alexander VII.. and lastly a cardinal: he died, 
much respected, in 1674. 
BONAC, John Louis d' Usson, marquis de 
a French nobleman, sent by Lewis XIV., as am- 
bassador to Sweden, Poland, Spain, Constanti 
nople, &c., died in 1738. 
BONACINA, Martin, an ecclesiastic, of Mi- 
lan, in the service of Pope Urban V1IL, died in 
1631. 
BONAMY, Feter Nicholas, a native of Lou- 
vies, historiographer of Paris, known for his 
learned dissertations and his amiable character, 
died in 1770. 
BONANNI, James, a noble of Syracuse, au 
thor of “ Svracusa Illustrata,” died in 1636. 
BONANNI, Philio, a learned Jesuit, author 
of several books on antiquities and history, died 
at Rome, in 1725. BO 
BONARDI, Jean Baptiste, a learned doctor 
of the Sorbonne, died at Baris, in 1750. 
BONARELLI,Cuy Uhaldo, a nobleman, born 
at IJrbino, known as a politician in the service 
of the duke of Ferrara, and us the-author of pas- 
torals, died in 1008. 
BONAROTA, or BUONAROTI, suniamed 
Michael Angelo. Vid. ANGELO. 
BONAVENTURE, John Fidauza, a cele- 
brated doctor, cardinal, and saint, of the church 
of Rome, born in Tuscany, 1221. His works 
were printed at Rome, in 1558, in 8 vols. folio. 
Excepting his Commentary upon the Master of 
the Sentences, they are chiefly upon pious and 
mystical subjects, and have gained him the name 
of the Seraphic Doctor. 
BONAVENTURE, of Padua, a cardinal, born 
in that city, 1332. He was the author of several 
works: as “Commentaries upon the Epistles 
of St. John and St. Janies,” “ Lives of the 
Saints,” “ Sermons,” “Speculum Maria:,” &c. 
BONBELLES, Henri Francis, Comte de, a 
French officer of rank, died in 1790. 
BONCERF, a French writer, of great popu- 
arily at the revolution, who soon after fell into 
disgrace, and died of a broken heart. 
BOND, John, an eminent commentator, and 
preceptor at Taunton, died in 1G12. 
BOND, Thomas, an eminent physician of 
Philadelphia, in 1703, or 1704. 
HONEFAGIO, Venetiano, an Italian painter, 
died in 1030. 
BON ET,Theophilus, a famous medical writer, 
born at Geneva, 1020, died in 1089. 
BONFA DIES, James, a polite writer, of Italy, 
in the 10th century. Having, in his office of 
historiographer of Genoa, spoken too freely of 
some powerful families, they resolved to ruin 
him, and brought a charge of unnatural propen- 
sities against him; on which charge lie was 
executed,in 1500. 
BON FI NTUS, Anthony, a historian, born in 
Italy, went to Hungary by invitation of the king, 
and wrote a history of that country, in 45 vols.; 
he died, as is supposed, in 1502. 
BONFltERiUS, James, a Jesuit, and theologi- 
cal w riter, died in 1043. 
BONGARS, James, ambassador of Henry 
IV. a' several German courts, and employed in 
his service as a statesman and negotiator for 
nearly 30 years ; he died in 1012. 
BONICHON, Francis, an ecclesiastic, of An- 
gers. died in 1002. 
BONIFACE, the apostle of Germany, was 
sent by Gregory II. to convert the barbarians of 
tiie north to Christianity, and was eminently suc- 
cessful, for which he was loaded with honours 
by the pope ; he was killed in Friezland, in 754. 
BONIFACE 1.,St., pope of Rome, died in 422. 
BONIFACE II. was elected pope in 530, and 
died in 532. 
BONIFACE III. was made pope in 000, and 
died the same year. He established, by means 
of the emperor Phocas, the superiority of the 
popes over the patriarchs. He was immediately 
succeeded by Boniface IV., who died in 014. 
BONIFACE V., of Naples, was elevated to 
the papacy in 017, and died in 025. 
BONIFACE VI was pope for 15days, in890. 
He was elevated and deposed by a faction. 
BONIFACE VII. raised himself to the papal 
chair, and died four months after. As he was 
a monster of cruelty, bis remains were treated 
with the greatest indignity hv the people. 
BONIFACE VIII., Benedict Cajetan, a cardi- 
nal, and afterwards pope, in 1294. His audit 
HO 
tion was unbounded: lie hurled the thunder of 
the Vatican against lhc kings of Denmark and 
Fi ance, and declared that Clod had made him 
lord over kings and kingdoms. Philip, despising 
his threats, hud him seized by force, bill escap- 
ing from iiis guards, he lied to Rome, where iie 
[died in 1303. 
BONIFACE IX., a native of Naples, pope, in 
1380, died in 1404. 
BONIFACE, Ilyacinthe, compiler of the de- 
creesof the parliament of Provence, died in 1005 
BONIFACE, a count of the Roman empire, 
who revolted against the emperor, but was af- 
terwards reconciled to him : he fell in a battle 
with Actius, his rival, in 432. 
BONIFACIO, Balthazar, professor of law at 
Padua, and afterwards bishop of Caso d’lstria, 
died in 1059. 
BONJOCR, Guillaume, an Augustine monk, 
who assisted Clement XI. in correcting the errors 
of the Gregorian calendar, died while a mission 
ary in China, ill 1714. 
BONNE, the mistress and wife of Peter Bru- 
noro, a warrior of Parma. She displayt d great 
courage in the field, and with her husband, de- 
fended Venice against the duke of Milan; she 
died in 1400. 
BONNECORSE, a native of Marscilles, consul 
for France in Egypt, died in 1700. 
BONNECUEIL, Joseph Duranti de, an ec- 
clesiastic, of Aix, who translated some of the 
works of St. Chrysostom, &c., died in 1750. 
BONNEFONS, John, a native of Auvergne 
was distinguished as a successful imitator of the 
poetry of Catullus: he died in 1014. 
BONNEFONS, Ainable, a Jesuit, of Rinm 
author of several devotional tracts, died in 1053. 
BONNELL, James, a religious writer, born 
1053, died 1090. 
BONNER, Edmund, bishop of London, in the 
reign qf Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Uucen 
Mary, was the son of an honest, poor man, and 
born at Hanley, iti Worcestershire. He was a 
most violent and cruel bigot, and was the oc- 
casion of several hundreds of innocent persons 
being put to death for their firm adherence to 
the protestant faith. Upon Queen Elizabeth’s 
accession, he refused to take the oath of allegi- 
ance and supremacy ; for which reason be was 
deprived of his bishopric, and committed to the 
Marshalsea. After having lived in confinement 
some years, he died September 5, 1509. 
BONNET, Charles, an eminent natural phi- 
losopher and metaphysician, born at Geneva, 
March 13, 1720, died May 20, 1793. A complete 
edition of his works was published at Neufcha- 
tel, 9 vols. 4to., and 18 Svo. 
BONNEV A L, Claudius Alexander, count de, 
of Limousin, allied to the royal family of France, 
whose service he left for that of Turkey, where 
he was made a bashaw of three tails, and died 
in 1747. 
BONNEVAL.Renede, an inferior w'riter, ana 
poet of Mans, died in 1700. 
BONNIER D’ALCO, N., a Frenchman, 
known in the national assembly for his strong 
republican principles; he was assassinated in 
1799. 
BONOMI, Joseph, an artist,distinguished par- 
ticularly by his architectural knowledge and ge- 
nius, was a native of Italy ; but died in Lon- 
jiton, March 10, 1808. He was an associate of 
the Royal Academy, and warmly patronised by 
jSir Joshua Reynolds. 
I BONOSUS. bishop of Naissus, in Dacia, ac- 
idised of heresy, condemned, and died in 410. BO ~ 
BONTEKOE, Corneille, a Dutchman, phy- 
ician to the elector of Brandenburg, and au- 
thor of several works. 
BONTEMP1, George Andrew Angelini, mi- 
nister of the chapel of the elector ot Saxony, 
known as a good musician, and author of a 
woi k on music. 
BONTKMS, Madame, a woman respected 
for her wit, understanding, and knowledge; sire 
published a translation of Thompson's Seasons, 
and died at Paris, in 1768. 
BONTIUS, James, a Dutch physician at Ba- 
tavia, author of the Botany and Natural History 
of India, printed at Leyden, in 1042, and Am- 
sterdam, 1058. 
BONTIUS, Gerard, medical professor at Ley- 
den, where he died in 1599. lie invented some 
famous jiills, the secret of which was long un- 
known. 
BONVINOINO, Alexander, an Italian paint-j 
ti..... i..., .j.ie ( i j i.iari. His works are highly 
rste.-nud; lie died in 1504. 
BONWICKE, Ambrose, a nonjuring clergy- 
man, educated at Si. John’s College, Oxford, 
was expelled from his employment, in 1091, lorl 
refusing to take tire oaths of allegiance. 
BOODT, Anselm Von, a physician of the em-j 
peror Rudolph, known by a Latin tract on jew-' 
els, died in KUO. 
BOOK F.R, John, a haherdaslrer, afterwardsjj 
an astrologer ; wrote the “ Bloody Irish A1-- 
manne," and died in 1007. 
BOONE, Daniel, a Dutch painter whose 
pieces are valuable, died in England, in 1098. 
BOONE, Thomas, an able and faithful go- 
vernor of New-Jersey, and afterwards of South 
Carolina, until 1703. 
BOON EN, Arnold, an eminent portrait painter, 
a disciple of Slialken, died in 1729. 
BOOT, Arnold, a Dutch physician, author of 
a defence of the Hebrew text of Scripture, and 
also some medical works ; died at Paris, in 
1053. 
BOOTH, Barton, a famous English actor, who! 
chiefly excelled in tragedy, was horn in the 
county of Lancaster, 1681, and died May 10,1 
17: 2. His character as an actor Iras been cele-| 
braled by some of the best judges. See Ciblrer’sj 
A oology, &c. | 
BOOTH, Henry, earl of Warrington, a states j 
man, and member of parliament under Charles 
II. He strenuously opposed popery, and after 
tile revolution was promoted to high offices by 
king William ; lie died in 1694. 
BOOTH, George, ear! of Warrington, wrote al 
tract on marriage, recommending divorce when 
tempers disagree ; lie died in 1758. 
BORBONIUS. Nicholas, a Latin poet and fa- 
vourite of Francis i. He was connected with 
Sir Thomas More, Erasmus, and other learned 
men of the lGtli century. His poems appeared 
in 1540. 
BORDA, John Charles, an eminent French 
mathematician, who made a voyage to America, 
in order to ascertain the utility of certain instru- 
ments for determining the latitude and longi- 
tude ; of which he published an account in two 
vo s. 4to. 1778. He was born 1735, and died at 
Paris, Mav, 1799. 
HORDE, Andrew, an Englishman, born in 
1500, educated at Oxford, studied physic, and 
entered the order of Carthusians. In his cha- 
racter he was extremely whimsical; lie died 
in 1549. 
HORDE, John Benjamin, a French waiter, 
vuiei to Louis XV., upon whose death Ire was 
HO ■" 
appointed fanner-general. lie wrote several 
learned works, and was guillotined by Robes- 
pierre, in 1794. 
BORDEN A VE, Tous-'aint, professor of sur- 
gery in Haris, known for Iris elements of ph)»i> 
logy, be died in 1782. 
HORDES, t harles, a poet and philosopher, 
of Lyons, died in ITS). 
BORDEU, Theopliilus, a physician who pain- 
ed great reputation at Paris ; lie published if e 
medical works, and died in 1776. 
BORDINGJUS. Andrew, a celebrated Danish 
poet, wiiose works were published at Copen- 
hagen, in 1738. 
BORDLEY, John Beale, member of the ex- 
ecutive council of Maryland, a writer on agri 
culture, died 1804. 
BORDONE, Paris, a painter, of Venice, and 
the favourite of Francis I., celebrated for iris 
portraits ; died in 15H7. 
POKE, < uiht iine Von, a min. who, on me 
dissemination of Luther's principlr s, quitted tire 
veil. Her heroic coudtrci attracted the notice 
of Luilter, who afterwards n.aniid her. Pi e 
was a woman of delicacy and virtue, and died 
in 1552. 
BOliEL, Peter, physician to the French king, 
and author of several valuable works, died in 
!ic^t. 
| BOKELLL John Alphonsus, born at Naples, 
land distinguished as a phi loser] her, and n nil e* 
jlniatician. He wrote thirteen treatises m Italian 
laud Latin, and died in 1179. 
| BORGAKL’TIL'y, Prosper, an Italian physl- 
jcian of tire Itith century, who gained celebrity 
;as an anatomist at Padua and Paris, 
j BORGHESE, Paul Gnidotto, an Italian port 
and painter, who, though acquainted with 14 
different trades, elied poor and neglected in IfSfi 
j BORGH1N1, Vincent, a learned Benedictine 
jnionk, born at Florence, lie had the inaguani- 
imity to refuse the archbishopric of Pisa, and 
di:-d in 1CP0. 
BORGHINI, Raphael, a Florentine writer ot 
comedies. 
BORGIA, Stephen, a cardinal, eminent for 
| his piety and learning, dird a! Lyons, in 1804, 
I while attending Pins VI. on his journey to Paris. 
I EORG !A, Casar, a natural sen of Popp Alcx- 
llander VI., a man of such conduct and cliarac- 
i ter, that Machiavel has thought tit to propose 
him, in h's famous hook called “ The Prince,” 
as arr original and pattern to all princes who 
would act the part of wise and politic tyrants 
He was killed in battle, March 12, 1507. 
I BOUGIANI, Ora/.io, an eminent historical 
and portrait painter, a native of Rome; died in 
1081. 
BORIS, Gudenou, a regent of Muscovy under 
Foedor, whom he assassinated and thus obtain - 
ed the sovereign power out afterwards met a 
like fate himself 
BORLACE, Edmund, M D., son of a loi.i 
!cliief justice of Ireland, was educated at Dub- 
i tin, studied at Leyden and Oxford, and acquired 
great reputation: lie died at Chester, in 1082. 
| BORLASE, William, a very ingenious and 
learned writer, was of an ancient family in 
| Cornwall, and born at Pendeen, February ? 
11095-6. Having perpetuated his name by Ins 
ideep researches into the natural history of his 
native country, Dr. Borlase died Aug. 31, 1772. 
I | BORN, Ignatius, a German baron, resided at 
Prague, devoted himself to the sciences, wrote 
> | a satire on monks, whom he classed after the 
> !*ysleniof Liriumus, and died in 1791. BO 
'HORNIER, Philip de, a lawyer of Montpeliei 
and author of two learned works, died in 17) 1. 
BORREL, John, an ecclesiastic, well versed 
in geometry, died in 1572. 
BORRI, Josepii Francis, an artful impostor 
of Milan, who practised upon the credulity of 
merchants, as well as princes, whom he deluded 
out of great sums of money, under a pretence 
of discovering the philosopher’s stone ; he died 
in 1695 
BORRICHIUS, Olaus, a learned professor at 
the university of Copenhagen He visited the 
different countries of Europe, and acquired the 
friendship of their literati; he died in 1690. 
BUKROMEO, Charles, a cardinal, archbishop 
A Milan, and saint of the Romish church, was 
an example of meekness and piety, and endea- 
voured to reform the abuses of the clergy ; he 
died in 1594, and was canonized in 1710. 
BOBROMEO, Frederick, cousin to the last, 
and also a cardinal, and archbishop of Milan, 
founded the Ambrosian library; lie died in 1632. 
BORROMINI, Francis, an architect of Bis- 
sone, acquired much reputation at Rome; he 
died 1(567. 
BORZONI, Luciano, a native of Genoa, emi- 
nent as a historical and portrait painter, died at 
Milan,in 1645. Histhree sons were equally great. 
BOS, John Baptist du, a celebrated member, 
and perpetual secretary of the French academy, 
born at Beauvais, 1670. His principal work is 
“ Critical Reflections upon Poetry and Paint- 
ing.” He died at Paris, 1742. 
BOS, Lambert, Greek professor at Franeker, 
where he died in 1717. He was the author of 
several learned works. 
BOS, Charles Francis du, an ecclesiastic of 
Lucon, died in 1724. He was a man of learning 
and piety. 
BOS, Jerome, a Flemish painter, died in 1500. 
BOS, Lewis Jansen, a Flemish painter, cele- 
brated for liis beautiful leaves and flowers, died 
1507. 
BOSC, James du, a native of Normandy and 
an author. 
BOSC, Pierre du, a protestant minister, at 
Caen. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 
lie fled to Holland, and became minister of the 
Church of Rotterdam; he died in 1692. 
BOSCAGER, John, a native of Beziers, the 
author of several law works, died in 1684. 
BOSCAN, John, of Barcelona, introduced 
the Italian rhyme into the poetry of his country. 
He was the author of several poeins, and died 
in 1543. 
BOSCAWEN, Edward, a celebrated English 
admiral, son of Hugh, lord viscount Falmouth, 
was born about 1711. He signalized himself in 
many important contests with the French ; in 
which, one circumstance of his success will ap- 
pear singular; namely, that of having at three 
different times, in 1744,1747, and 1755, taken M. 
Iloquart, a French commander, prisoner.—Mr. 
B.’s eminent services merited and obtained the 
approbation and gratitude of his country. On the 
12th Dec. 1758, the thanks of the house of com- 
mons (the greatest honour that can be done to 
any subject; were given him in his place by the 
speaker; in that year also he was appointed 
admiral of the blue; and in Dec 1760, general 
of marines, with a salary of 30001. per annum, 
and a seat in the privy council. This rank and 
honour, however, he did not long enjoy, dying 
January 10, 1761. Some interesting stories of 
this great commander will be found in “ Se- 
ward’s Anecdotes.” 
i'7o ~ 
I BOSC A VV EN, William, a miscellaneous wri- 
ter and poet, of considerable merit, son of eene- 
ral George Boscawcn, and nephew of tin admi- 
ral, was born Ang. 28, 1752. fie was educated 
at Eton school and at Exeter college, Oxford ; 
was called to the bar as a member of the Mid- 
dle Temple, and became a commissioner of 
bankrupts; and in 1785 was appointed one of 
the commissioners of the victualing office. He 
was an excellent scholar, and (besides oilier po 
ems) published, in two vols. 8vo, a new transla 
tion of Horace, which is, in the judgment of 
classical men, in many essential points of merit, 
very superior to that of Dr. Francis. Mi. 1!. 
was a most amiable man, and died May (5,1811 
BOSCH, Balthazar Vanden, a painter of Ant- 
werp, whose pieces are much admired, died in 
1715. 
BOSCH, Jacob, a painter of Amsterdam, died 
in 1(575. 
BOSCHAERTS, Thomas Willebos, a Flem- 
ish painter, patronised by the prince of Orange, 
died in 1(567. 
BOSCOLT, Andrew, a painter, of Florence, 
whose execution and colouring were much ad- 
mired. 
BOSCOVICH, Joseph Roger, a Jesuit, and 
professor of mathematics at Rome, Pavia, and 
Milan. His works were on mathematical sub- 
jects, though he wrote elegant poetry ; he died 
in 1787. 
IiOSIO, James, a monk of Milan, chiefly 
known for his history of the knights of Malta. 
BOSIO, Anthony, known by his description 
of the tombs and epitaphs of the early Chris- 
tians at Borne. 
BOSON, count of Arles, made king of Pro- 
vence, in 879. 
1 BOSQUET, Francis, bishop of Montpelier, 
wrote the lives of the popes of Avignon, and 
history of the Gatlican church ; lie died in 167(5. 
i BOSSE,Abraham,a Frenchman,distinguished 
as an engraver and architect, died in 16( 0. 
BOSS!1, Rene He, born at Pans, 16511, died 
1680. His principal work was. ‘ A Treatise on 
Epic Poetry,” which gained him great reputa- 
tion. Boileau savs, it is one of the best compo- 
sitions on this subject that ever appeared in the 
French language. 
BOSSUET, James, bishop of Meaux, born at 
Dijon, 1627. His “ Discours snr l’Histoire Uni- 
verselle” was published in 1681, and has been 
considered as a valuable work, and of great 
authority. He died at Paris, in 1704. 
BOSSES, Martin, an ecclesiastic of Verona, 
who wrote several Latin works, died in 1502. 
BOSTON, Thomas, M. A., a Scotchman edu- 
cated at Edinburgh, known as the author of 
“ Human Nature in its Fourfold state.” Died in 
17H2. 
BOSWELL.James, an eminent miscellaneous 
writer, hut chiefly distinguished as the literary 
companion and biographer of the celebrated 
Dr. Johnson. He was born at Edinburgh, Oct. 
29,1740, and was the son of lord Aiicliinleck, 
one of the judges of the court of sessions ir 
Scotland. In 1769, Mr. B. came to London, an# 
had what Ire always called the singular felicitj 
of being introduced to Dr. Johnson. Soon aftet 
this lie set out on a tour; ami having visited the 
most remarkable cities in Italy, sailed to Corsica, 
travelled over every part of that island, and re- 
turned to Scotland, in 1766, when he became an 
advocate at the Scotch bar. The celebrated 
Douglas cause being at that time a subject of 
general discussion, Mr. Boswell took a very ac 
80  BO 
live and successful part in it: he published a 
pamphlet, entitled “ The Essence of the Doug- 
las Cause,” which was supposed to have pro- 
cured Mr. Douglas the popularity heat that time 
possessed. In 1768, Mr. B. published his “ Ac- 
count of Corsica, with Memoirs of General Pao- 
li.” Of this printed performance, Dr Johnson 
thus expresses himself: “Your journal is, in a 
very high degree, curious and delightful. I 
know not whether I could name any narrative, 
by which curiosity is better excited, or better 
gratified ” In 1785, he published “ A Journal 
of a Tour to the Hebrides with Dr. Johnson,” 
which had a success similar to his account of 
Corsica. This year Mr. Boswell removed to 
London, and was soon after called to the Eng- 
lish bar; but his professional business was in- 
terrupted by the preparing of his most celebrated 
work, “ The Life of Samuel Johnson, L L. D.,” 
in 2 vols. 4to. This was published in 1790, and 
was received by the world with wonderful avi- 
dity. It is a faithful history of Johnson’s life, 
ixhibits a most interesting picture of the cha- 
racter of that illustrious moralist, and is one of 
the most instructive and entertaining books in 
the English language. The preparationof a se- 
cond edition of this work was the last literary per- 
formance of Mr Boswell, who died May 19,1795. 
BOSTVVICK, David, an eminent minister of 
New-York, author of several sermons, &c., 
died in 1762. 
BOTAL, Leonard, physician of Henry III., 
of France, recommended frequent bleedings in 
fevers, which others condemned. 
BOTERO, John, secretary of Borromeo, died 
in 1683. 
BOTH, John and Andrew, two Flemish pain- 
ters, who generally executed their pictures in 
common. 
BO'l’HLAN, uChristian physician,of Bagdat, 
who visited Egypt,in 1047, to become acquaint- 
ed with his rival in medicine, Ibu Rodliwan. 
BOTH WELL,James Hepburn earl of,known 
in Scottish history, for his marriage with queen 
Mary ; he died in 1577. 
BOTICELLI, Alexander, a painter of Flo- 
rence, died in 1515. His two pictures of Venus 
are much admired. 
BOTT, John de, a French architect. Several 
public edifices at. Dresden, where he died in 
1745, are monuments of his architectural genius. 
BOTT, Thomas, an English divine, born at 
Derby, 1638, died 1753, leaving several ingenious 
tracts on religious subjects. 
BOCHARD, David, a famous chieftain of Hen- 
ry IV., of France, was governor of Perigord, 
and was killed at the siege of Lisle, in 1598. 
BOUCHARDON, Edmund, a native of Italy, 
devoted to the study of sculpture. He adorned 
Paris with monuments of his genius, and was 
honoured bv the king ; he died in 1672. 
BOUCHAUD, Matthew Anthony, a native 
of Paris, and professor in the university, dis- 
tinguished by his publica’ionsand articles in the 
Enrvrlnpedia, died in 1804. 
ROUGH E, Honoring, an ecclesiastic, author 
of a history of Provence, died in 1671. 
BOUCHER D’ ARGIS, AntoineGaspard, horn 
in 1709, an advocate of Paris, and author of se- 
veral law publications. 
BOUCHER, Francis, a celebrated painter to 
Lewis XV. 
BOUCHER, John, a seditions doctor of the 
Sorbonne, during the French civil wars. He 
died Jeon of the chapter of Tournav, in 1644. 
BOUCHER, Jonathan, vicar of Epsom, Sur- 
BO 
rey, was born at Blencogo, Cumberland, 1738, 
and educated at the grammar school ot' Wigtou. 
At the age of 16 he went to North America, 
where he discharged the duties of a clergyman, 
till 1775, when the war drove him back to Eng- 
land. Mr. Boucher wrote many tracts and ser- 
mons; but the leisure of the last fourteen years 
of his life was principally devoted to the com- 
pletion of a Glossary of Provincial and ArcbtEolo- 
gical words, intended as a “ Supplement to I)i 
Johnson’s Dictionary.” He died at Epsom, 
April 27, 1804 ; and the laborious work just 
mentioned, (partly prepared for the press) was 
placed in the able hands of Sir Frederick Mor- 
ton Eden, bart., who has since deceased. 
BOUCHERAT, Lewis, a Frenchman, who 
by his talents and integrity, raised himself to 
be chancellor of France, died in 1609. 
BOUCHET, John, procurer of Poitiers. He 
wrote annals of Aquitaine, Poitiers, &c., and 
died in 1550. 
BOUCHET, John, a maitre de hotel to the 
king of France, died in 1684. 
BOUCHET, Guillaume, a judge, consul of 
Poitiers, died in 1607. 
BOUCHEUL, John Joseph, an advocate of 
Dorat, died in 1720. 
BOUCIHER, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, the first person who encouraged printing 
in England, died in 1488. 
BOUCICAUT, marechal de France, and vis- 
count Turenue, an eminent warrior, was taken 
prisoner at the battle of Agincourt, and died in 
England, in 1421. 
BOUDEVVINS, Michael, a learned physician 
of Antwerp, where he died in 1681. 
BOIJDIER, Rene, a native of Trolly, remark- 
able for his great accomplishments and volup- 
tuousness, died in 1733. 
BOUDINOT, Elias, L.L.D., an eminent law- 
yer of the state of New-Jersey, was a member 
and president of Congress in 1782, and after 
wards director of the national mint, an office 
which he relinquished for the retirement of pri- 
vate life. He was the uniform and sincere 
friend of religion, and of the different religious 
and charitable associations of the country; a 
liberal benefactor of Princeton College, and, at 
the time of his death, in 1821, first president of 
the American Bible Society. 
BOUDON, Henry Marie, an ecclesiastic of 
Evreux, who wrote several devotional books, 
died in 1702. 
BOUDOT, John, a learned bookseller and 
printer, of Paris, author of a Latin dictionary in 
14 vols. 4to., died in 1754. 
BOUFLERS, Louis Francois due de, a dis- 
tinguished military character, opposed to prince 
Eugene, and celebrated for his defence of Lisle. 
He served under marshal Villars, and died a 
Fontaitibleau, in 1711. 
BOUFLERS, Louis de, a native of Picardy 
horn in 1534, known for his remarkable strength 
and agility 
BOUGAINVILLE, John Peter de, a French- 
man of great learning, and author of several 
works, died in 1763. 
BOUGAINVILLE, M. de, a native of France, 
whom impartial posterity will deservedly rank 
high in the list of circumnavigators ; his merits 
having been almost equal to those of the justly 
celebrated captain Cook. He was killed by a 
mob in Paris, the 10th of August, 1792. 
BOUGEANT, Guillaume Hyacinth, a jesuit, of 
engaging manners and great wit, author of 
several works; died at Paris, in 1743.  BO 
BOUGEREL, Joseph,an ecclesiastic, author of 
Gassendi, &c., died at Paris, in 1753. 
BOUGOWINE, Simon, a poet at the court 
of Louis XU. 
BOUGUER, Peter, a Frenchman, distinguish- 
ed for his mathematical knowledge and works ; 
died in 1758. 
BOHIER, John, president of the parliament 
of Dijon, an eminent lawyer and scholar, died 
in I74i. 
BOUHOURS, Dominique, a celebrated French 
critic, horn at Paris, 1628, died in 1702. 
BOU1LLARD, Don James, a learned Bene- 
dictine, died in 1726. 
BOU1LLAUD, Ismael, a native of London, 
istinguished in every branch of science, and the 
uthor of several works, died in 1694. 
BOU1LLE, M. le marquis de, a French ge-| 
neral of great celebrity, descended from a noble 
family. He opposed the revolution, and was a! 
friend to the king and monarchy ; he died in 
London, iu 1800. 
BOUILLET, John, a French physician, re- 
acted as a professional man, and author of 
bi./eral works, died in 1777. 
BOUILLON, Emanuel Theodosius, nephew 
of Turcnne, a cardinal and ambassador of Louis 
XIV., at Rome, died in 1715. 
BOULAI, CtEsar Egasse du, register and his- 
toriographer of the university of Paris, and pro- 
fessor of rhetoric in the college of Navarre. 
The work for which he is chiefly to he remem- 
bered is “ The History of the University of 
Paris,” 6 vols. folio. He died in 1678. 
BOULA1NVILLIERS, Henry de, an eminent 
French writer, horn at St. Saise, 1658. He was) 
author of “ A History of the Arabians,” and of 
several portions of French history, and died 1722. 
After his death was published bis “ Life of Ma- 
homet,” which has made him pass for no very 
good believer. 
BOULANGER, Nicholas Anthony, eminent | 
as a mathematician, architect and engineer, 
died in 1759. 
BOULANGER, a famous Augustine preacher, j 
died at Paris, in 1675. 
BOULANGER, or BOITLLENGER, Claude | 
Francois Felix, a native of Amiens, an advocate 
at Paris, and a man of extensive erudition, died 
in 1753. 
BOULAY, Edmund du, a herald at arms to 
the duke of Lorrain, in the 16th century. 
BOULLEGER. Vid. BOULANGER. ! 
BOULLENOIS, Louis, an advocate of the 
parliament of Paris, died in 1762. 
BOULLIER, David Remind, born atUtrecbt, j 
and minister of Amsterdam and Leyden. His I 
writings are respectable ; lie died in 1759. 
BOULLONGNE, Louis, a French painter of 
merit. Several of his pieces are preserved in 
the churches at Paris, where ho died in 1674. ' 
BOULLONGNE, Bon, son of the preceding. 
With his father’s talents, he possessed greater 
versatility of genius, was patronised by Lewis 
XIV., he died in 1733. 
BOULTER, Dr. Hugh, archbishop of Ar-j 
inagh, in Ireland, died in London, 1742, leaving 
behind him patriotic establishments and bene- 
factions, particularly to the protestant schools,1 
and other strong testimonies of a truly charitable 
disposition. 
BOULTON, Matthew, a most ingenious and 
enterprising mechanic and engineer, born at; 
Birmingham, September 3, 1/23. The manu-i 
factory at Soho, near Birmingham, was erected 
uy him, and iu its operations lie employed nearly, 
BO 
a thousand persons. As the improver of the 
steam engine, of the apparatus for raising water 
and other fluids, and the manufacturer of our 
copper, and some of our silver coin, he has im- 
mortalized his name, ilis life was an uninter- 
rupted application to the advancement of the 
useful arts, and to the promotion of the commer- 
cial interests of the country. Mr. Boulton died 
at Soho, August 17, 1809, and was interred at 
Handsworth ; being followed to the grave by 
000 of his workmen, who had each a silver me- 
dal presented to him, whicit had been struck for 
the occasion. 
BOUQUERANT, a negro of St. Domingo, 
possessed of courage, sagacity, and eloquence, 
raised himself to consequence among his fellows 
was killed in 1701. 
BO0QUET,Don Marlin, a Benedictine, made 
a useful collection of the historians of France; 
he died in 1754. 
BOUQUET, Madame, celebrated for her hu 
manity, in concealing some of the proscribed 
■during the French revolution, and for the cour- 
age with which she suffered death iu conse- 
quence. 
BOUQUET, Henry, a brave colonel in the 
British army, in 1756, distinguished for seve.al 
victories over the Indians, under General Am- 
herst, died in 1776, being then a brigadier-gene- 
ral. 
BOURBON, Charles, due de, son of Gilbert, 
count of Montpensier, constable of France, 
where through intrigue he was disgraced. He 
entered the service of Charles V., was made 
general of his armies, and killed in battle, in 1527 
BOURBON, Charles de, son of Charles, duke 
of Vendoine, was a cardinal, and archbishop of 
Rouen, and was raised to the throne of Fiance 
on the death of Henry III.; he died in 1590. 
BOURBON CONDE, Louis, due de, a French 
general of some reputation, died 1740. 
BOURBON, Nicholas, a French man, employed 
jin educating the mother of Henry IV. He re- 
]tired from the intrigues of the court to literary 
{ease, wrote books of epigrams, and died in the 
16th century. 
BOURCHENEU DE VALBONAIS, John 
Peter, a magistrate of Grenoble; lie wrote a 
history of Dauphine, and died in 1730. 
BOURCHIER, John, Lord Berners, in the 
|reign of Edward IV., was equally famous for 
I valour and learning. Henry VIII.‘made him 
Ichancellor of the exchequer for life. He also 
became governor of Calais, where he died iu 
1532, aged 63. He wrote a comedy, called “ Its 
in vineam meant,” and translated the Chronicle 
of “ Froissart” into English. 
BOURDALOUE, Louis, justly esteemed the 
jbest preacher that France ever produced, was 
born at Bourges, 1632, and died in 1704. 
BOURDEILLES, Peter de, better known by 
the name of Brantoine, a French courtier in the 
service of Charles IX. and Henry 111., died in 
1614. 
BOURDEILLES, Claude de, grand nephew 
of the preceding, was in the service of Gaston 
of Orleans, retired from court, and died at Paris, 
in 1663. 
BOURDELON, Lawrence, a French eccle- 
siastic, who wrote for the theatre, but with little 
success, died in 1730. 
BOURDELOT, John, a learned French critic 
and commentator, who lived at the end of the 
16th, and the beginning of the 17th century. 
BOURD1GNE. Charles, an ecclesiastic, of 
Angers, died in the 16th century. 
82 BO 
BOU RUIN, 'Maurice, anti pope in 1118, under 
the name ol Gregory VIII. tie was taken 6} 
ins rival, and died in prison, in 1121. 
BOU RDON, Arne, a native of Cambray, who 
acquired great reputation as a physician, died 
in 1700. 
BOURDON, Sebastian, an eminent French 
painter, born 1610. He bad a genius so fiery, 
that it would not let him reflect sufficiently, nor 
study the essentials of his art so much as was 
necessary to render him perfect in it. Having 
nr.ee laid a wager with a friend that he painted 
12 heads after the life, and as large as tire life, 
in one day, lie won it, and these heads are said 
to be among the best tilings he ever did. lie died 
in 1673. 
BOUUDONNAYE, Bernard Francis Mahe 
in ia, a native of St. Malo’s, distinguished as a 
warrior and negotiator, was governor of the 
teles of France and Bourbon, and died in 1754. 
BOURDOT, Charles Anthony, a learned ad- 
vocate of Paris, died in 1735. 
BOURG, Ann du, a learned counsellor of the 
parliament of Paris, was burnt by Henry II. for 
embracing the doctrines of Calvin, in 1559, though 
several princes interested themselves for him. 
BOURGELAT, Claude, of the academy of 
Berlin, was of great service to Russia, by pro- 
moting the establishment of veterinary schools; 
he died in 1779. 
BOURGEOIS, Louis le, an ecclesiastic, of 
Coutances, wrote some poetry in the 17tti cen- 
tury. 
BOURGEOIS, Sir Francis, a painter of con 
siderable reputation, born in London, 1756, died 
January 8, 1811; bequeathing his fine collection 
of pictures to Dulwich Coiiege ; and 10,0001. lor 
keeping the gSllerv in order. 
BOURGET, dom. John, a Benedictine, of 
See/., eminent for learning and piety, was a 
member of the London antiquarian society, and 
died in 1776. 
BoURGET, Clemence de, a lady of respecta- 
ble parents at Lyons. As a writer, musician, 
and poetess, she possessed merit; she died in 
the Kith century. 
BOURGOING, Edmund, an ecclesiastic, who 
espoused the cause of the Guises during the 
French civil wars, and was torn to pieces by 
four horses, in 1590. 
BOURGOING, Francis, a native of Paris, au- 
thor of some homilies. His funeral oration was 
pronounced by Bossuet, in 1662. 
BOURGUET, Lewis, fled to Switzerland on 
the revocation of trie edict of Nantes, and es- 
tablished there the manufacture of silk, &c. He 
was professor of philosophy at Neufchatel, and 
died in 1742. 
BOURG UE VILLE, Charles de, lieutenant- 
general of Caeri, and author of a history of that 
town, died in 1593. 
BOURIGNON, Antoinette, a famous enthu- 
siast, of the female sex, born 1616, at Lisle, in 
Flanders. She came into the world so very de- 
formed, that a consultation wms held in the fa- ; 
i.nily some days about stifling her as a monstrous | 
birth. But if she sunk almost beneath human!- j 
tv in her exterior, her interior seems to have j 
been raised as much above it; for, at four years 
of age, she not only took notice that the people 
of Lisle did not live up to the principles of Chris- 
tianity which they professed, but was thereby 
disturbed so much as to desire a removal into 
some more Christian country. Her progress 
through life was suitable to this beginning. Bln; 
died at Fraucber, in Holland, 168b Her main 
BO 
'principles of religion were nearly the same with 
those of the Quietists, excluding ail exiernal 
divine vvoisiiip, and requiring a cessation of 
reason, wit, and understanding, that God might 
spread his divine light over them, or cause it to 
revive in them; without which, the Deity is not 
sufficiently known. 
BOURLET DE VAUXCELLES, Simon Je- 
rome, a French writer of eminence, died at Far- 
ris, in 171)9. 
BOURLIE, Antoine de Guiscard, a native ol 
Perigord, and pensioner of Queen Anne, of Eng 
land, was accused of treason there, and ditd in 
Newgate. 
BOURN, Samuel, was educated at Glasgow 
minister oi a dissenting congregation, and after 
wards assistant to Dr. J. Taylor, of Norwich 
He was the author of some sermons, and died in 
1796. 
BOURNE, Richard, a missionary among tho 
Indians at Marshpee, died in 1688. 
BOURNE, Joseph, also missionary to the In- 
dians at Marshpee, died 1767. 
BOURNE Benjamin, U. L. D., a native of 
Rhode Island, conspicuous for his talents, was 
a member of Congress and a judge of the Circuit 
Court of the United States; he died 1808. 
BOURNE, Vincent, an amiable writer, and 
fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, wrote a 
volume of elegant poems, and died young. 
BOURNE, Edmc Bernard, an ecclesiastic and 
author of sermons, died at Dijon, 172:1. 
BOURS, Peter, episcopal minister in Marble- 
head, died in 1762. 
BOURSAULT, Edmund, born in Burgundy, 
1638 ; had received little or no education, yet 
attained to a good style of writing, and produced 
several dramatic pieces which are still in esti- 
mation. He also wrote romances and letters 
the latter under the assumed name of Babet 
tie died in 1701. 
BOURSIER, Lawrence Francis, a doctor of 
the Sorbonne; lie wrote several controversial 
books on divinity and other works,and died 1749. 
BOURSIER, Pliiiip, an ecclesiastic of Paris, 
arid author, died in 1768. 
BOURVALAIS, Paul Poisson, a famous 
French financier, rose from obscurity to opu- 
lence ; be died in 1719. 
BOURZEIS, Amable de, an ecclesiastic whose 
pen was employed by Richelieu and Mazarin. 
He was the author of some theological tracts, 
and died in 1642. 
BOUSSARD, Godfrey, chancellor of the uni- 
versity of Paris, died 1520. 
BOUSSEAU, James, an eminent sculptor, 
died at Madrid, in 1740. 
BOUSSET, John Baptistde, a native of Dijon 
celebrated as a musician, died in i7('0. 
BOUSSET, Rene Drouard de. a Frenchman 
eminent as a musician, died at Paris, in 1760. 
BOUTARD, Francis, an ecclesiastic, recom- 
mended to Louis XIV. by Boussuet, died 1729. 
BOUTAUI, Francis de, a professor of law 
at Toulouse, died in 1733. 
BOUTAULD, Michael, a Jesuit of Paris, and 
author of theological works; died in 1688. 
BOUTERONF, Claude, a learned antiquarian 
of Paris, died 1690. 
BOUTHRAIS, Raoul, a native of Chateau- 
dun, author of some books on law, died in 1630 
BOUVART, Michael Philip, a celebrated pro 
lessor of medicine, at Paris, died in 1787. 
BOV A DILL A, or BOBADILLA, Don Fran 
cisco de, a Spaniard, raised from obscurity to he 
governor general of the Indies, in 1500, U«  LiO 
sent Columbus a prisoner to Europe, after which I 
he was recalled. 
BOVERICK, an ingenious English clock- j 
maker of the 17th century 
BOVERIUS, Zacharius, a Capuchin and 
author of a Latin dictionary, died at Genoa, in 
1038. 
BOVETTE DE BLEMUR, Jaquelino, early 
embraced a religious life, and wrote theological 
works. He died at Cliatillon, in 1690. 
BOVEY, Catharine, married at the early age 
of 15, to a gentleman of opulence. To great 
personal charms, she united a benevolent cha- 
racter, and died in 1720. 
BOWER, Archibald, a learned Jesuit, born 
near Dundee, in Scotland,in 1686,and died Sept. 
2, 1760. His principal work, was “ A History 
of the Popes,” in 7 vols. 4to; concerning which, 
as well as his connexion with the Jesuits, he 
stood accused of much imposture. He also 
contributed to the compilation of “ The Univer- 
sal History but, as is said, not much to the ad- 
vantage of the work. 
BOWLE, John, rector of Idminston, near 
Salisbury, born in 1725,had the honour to be one 
of the first detectors of Lauder's forgeries. He 
edited a Spanish edition of “ Don Quixotte,” 
and also Marston’s Satires, and other old Eng- 
lish poetry, and died in 1788. See LAUDER. 
lSOWYER, William, a very learned English 
printer, born in White Friars, London, 1699, 
died 1777. To his literary and professional abi- 
lities, lie added an excellent moral character, 
the strictest probity, and the geatest liberality. 
He was in habits of correspondence and in- 
timacy with the greatest men of his time; and 
many minute particulars of him, that do not 
come within our plan, may he seen in the “ Anec- 
dotes of his Life,” published by his partner and 
successor, Mr. Nichols. To the journeymen 
of his profession, he left by will, some valuable 
bequests for the reward of merit, and the com- 
fort of old age: the trust for ever is vested in 
the Stationers’ Company. 
BOWDOIN, James,’L. L. D., governor of 
Mass., a philosopher and statesman; he held 
various distinguished offices in his native state 
till 1787, assisted in forming the American aca- 
demy of arts and sciences, at Boston, of which 
he was the first president: one of the founders, 
and president of the Massachusetts bank. 
BOWEN, Jabez, L. L. D , chancellor of 
Brown University, judge of the supreme court, 
and lieutenant governor of Rhode Island, died 
in 1815. 
BO WIE, Robert, an officer of the revolutiona- 
ry army, and for many years governor of Mary- 
land, was highly esteemed for his integrity, libe- 
rality and patriotism ; lie died in 1814. 
BOXHORN, Marc Zuerius, a professor at 
Levden, and author of several works, died 
in 165... 
BOYCE, Dr. William, an eminent musician 
and composer, chiefly of sacred pieces, born 
1709, died 1779. 
BOYD, Robert, a Scotchman, educated at 
Sattmur. James I. wished to appoint him prin- 
cipal of the university, but, as lie favoured the 
puritans, he preferred to become the minister 
of his native parish. He died in 1629. 
BOYD, Mark, Alexander, a warrior, lawyer, 
and Latin poet, horn at Galloway, in Scotland, 
in 1562, died in 1601. 
BOYD, Hugh, born in Ireland about 1746, was 
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and bred 
to the law ; but being of a dissipated turn, lie 
150 
I (never followed his profession. Having four.; 4 
| connexions in England, he came to London, 
land through the introduction of Mr. Richard 
Burke, became acquainted w ith the most cele- 
brated literary characters. In 1712, he married 
a lady of considerable fortune ; but his habit of 
extravagance continuing, obliged him to accom- 
pany lord Macartney to India, in the capacity 
of a second secretary; though he afterwards 
obtained a more lucrative appointment, which 
lie retained till his decease, in 1794. He vat 
author of several political writings; and the ce- 
lebrated Letters of Junius have been with much 
confidence ascribed to him ; but the evidt nee 
adduced, is by no means conclusive. In 17175, 
lie published “ The Indian observer,” a periodi- 
cal paper, which was the first attempt of the 
kind in India, and gained him great reputation. 
These essays were afterwards collected m.i 
printed at Calcutta, in 8vo, 1795, and reprintef 
in London, 1798. 
BOYD, Sir Robert, governor of Gibraltar, v lie 
from a private soldier, raised himself merely hj 
merit to the highest rank in the military proieo- 
sion, died in May, 1794. 
BOYD, Robert, lord, a Scotchman, son of Sit 
jThomas Boyd, of Kilmarnock, was made a 
peer by James II., and one of the regents. He 
carried df tile king, and declared himself sole 
regent during his minority, and aflerwaids, on 
account of his misconduct, fled to Antwerp, 
where he died 1474. 
BOYD, William, a highly celebrated preach- 
er, settled at Lamitigton, died 1808. 
EOYDELL, John, a very worthy alderman 
of London, and most distinguished enci nrager 
of the arts of painting and engraving, v as born 
iat Dorringtcn, in Shropshire, Jam 19, 1719, and 
intended for a land surveyor, which was the 
'profession of his father; but chance laving 
thrown in his way, “ Baddeley’s Views of dif- 
ferent Country Seats,” hedeteimined on quit- 
ting the pen lor the graver; and, at above 20 
years of age, put himself apprentice ior seven 
years to Mr. Toms, whom lie servi d six y< ais, 
and bought up tire seventh. lie then applied 
closely till he had engraved 152 prims, t\ Inch he 
published in a book at the price of five guinc as. 
With the profits of this, he set about encoura- 
ging other professors of the art; lie discovered 
the talents of Woollet, and employed him to en- 
grave the two famous pictures of “ Niobe” and 
I” Phaeton.” He soon commenct d a great tor 
eign trade in English prints, and realized by his 
spirit of industry and enterprise a considerable 
fortune. Having at length established what 
might be called an English school of engraving, 
he conceived the noble idea of taisitg also an 
English scl’ool of painting; and, selecting all 
the first artists in the kingdom, collected in li e 
course of a few years, at vast expense, the paint- 
ings which formed the well-known “Shakspcare 
Gallery.” The long duration of the French war, 
however, having almost wholly stopped his ex 
port trade, in which he bad embarked large 
sums of money, he was, in the spaing of 1804, 
induced to crave permission of parliament to 
dispose of the Shakspcare Gallery, &r. by lotte- 
ry. He had the gialificntion of living to see 
every ticket sold, but died before the di vision of 
It he wheel. The worthy alderman caught his 
(death by a too eager attention to his official du- 
ties ; for, arriving on the 8th of December, 1804, 
at the sessions house in the Old Bailey, before 
(the fires were lighted, and standing at a fireplace 
jwhileone was kindled, the damps were diawi 
84  150 
out from the floor; coid and inflammation of the 
lungs ensued, and carried linn off on the 12th of 
the same month, in the 8iith year of his age. 
BOYFNVAL, Peter Joseph, a worthless cha- 
racter, employed to denounce the victims in the 
Luxembourg, at last suffered on the scaffold, 
in 1795. 
BOYER, Abel, a well-known glossographer, 
born at Castres, in France, 1604, died Nov. 1721). 
Tim work he is chiefly known by, is a very ex- 
cellent French and English, and English and 
French Dictionary. He wrote also “ a French 
Grammar” in English, which still retains a high 
rank in oitr schools. 
BOYER, Claude, known as a dramatic writer, 
died at Paris, 1698. 
BOYER, John Baptist Nicholas, a physician, 
distinguished for his skill and humanity display- 
ed during the plague at Marseilles, in 1720; he 
died at Paris, 1768. 
BOYLE, Richard, an eminent English states- 
man, distinguished by the title of the great earl 
of Cork, born in Canterbury, 1500, died 1643; 
liavingspent the last as he did the first yearsof his 
life, in support of the crown of England against | 
Irish rebels, and in the service of his country. ! 
BOYLE, Roger, earl of Orrery, fifth son of I 
Richard, earl of Cork, born 1621, was created! 
baron Broghill, iri the kingdom of Ireland, when 
but seven years old. He died Oct., 1679, leaving 
behind him the character of an able general, 
statesman, and writer. Of his writings, the 
principal are,six tragedies, twocomedies, “ Par- 
tlienissa,” a romance, and a collection of “ State 
Letters,” published in folio, 1742. 
BOYLE, Robert, a most distinguished philo- 
sopher and chymist, and an exceedingly good 
man, was the 7th son, and 14th child, of Richard j 
ear! of Cork, and born at Lismore, in Ireland,! 
1626-7. He was the inventor of the air-pump; 
and his numerous philosophical writings have 
secured him immortal fame. He died 1691. 
BOYLE, Charles, earl of Orrery, 2d son of 
Roger, 2d earl of Orrery, was born 1676, and died 
1731. He was eminent as a statesman ; but bet- 
ter known, at the present day, for his literary 
controversy with Dr. Bentley on the authentici- 
ty of the epistles of Phalaris. He was also an 
ingenious mathematician, and inventor of the; 
machine representing the solar system, which! 
is still named after his title, the Orrery. 
BOYLE, John, earl of Cork and Orrery, was! 
the only son of Charles, the subject of the pre-| 
ceding article, and born 1706-7. He took his 
seat in the house of peers, Jan. 1731-2; but, 
though he distinguished himself by some speech- 
es, he did not greatly cultivate the business of 
parliament. The delicacy of his health, his 
passion for private life, and the occasions he 
sometimes had of residing in Ireland, seem to 
have precluded him from any regular attend- 
ance in the English house of peers. “When- 
ever (savs lie, in a private letter to a friend) we 
step out of domestic life in search of felicity, 
we come back again disappointed, tired, and 
chagrined. One day passed under our own roof 
with our friends and our family, is worth a 
thousand in another place. The noise and bustle, 
or (as they are foolishly called) the diversions! 
of life, are despicable and tasteless, when oncel 
we have experienced the real delight of a fire-! 
side.” His principal works are, a translation 
of “ Pliny’s Letters, with observations on each| 
Letter, and an Essay on Pliny’s Life.” and j 
“ Remarks on the Life and Writings of Swift.”! 
Hu lied in 1762. 
BO 
BOYLSTON, Zabdiel, F. R. S., an eminent 
physician, of Boston, who is particularly known 
us having first introduced inoculation of die 
•mall pox into tile British dominions, in 1720; 
te died m 1766. 
BOYLSTON, Nicholas, died in Boston, 1771, 
aged 56 ; he bequeathed to Harvard College 
1500/. 
BOYLSTON, John, merchant, of Boston, 
died in 1795, and left a legacy to his native 
town. 
BOYS, John, an English divine, educated at 
Cambridge, and dean of Canterbury, author of 
theological works, died in 1625. , 
BOYS, William, born at Deal, in Kent, 1735 
was bred a surgeon, but devoted much of hi 
time to antiquarian researches, and published, 
besides other works, an elaborate and valuable 
“ History of Sandwich, with Notices ol oilier 
Cinque Ports, and of Richborough,” 4to, 1792. 
He died March 15, 1803. 
BOYSE, BOYS, or BOIS, John, one of the 
translators of tlte Bible, in the reign of James I., 
was horn at Nettlestead, m Suffolk, in 1560, and 
i died 1643, leaving a great many manuscripts be- 
j hind him, particularly a commentary on almost 
hall the books of the New-Testament When he 
ijwas a young student at Cambridge, lie received 
from the learned Dr. Whitaker three rules for 
avoiding those distempers which usually attend 
a sedentary life; to which he constantly adhered: 
the first was, to study always standing; the se- 
cond, never to study in a window ; the third, 
never to go to lied with Ids feet cold. Sir Henry 
Saville styles him ingeniosissimum et doctissi- 
inii!ii Boisitim. 
BOYSE, Samuel, a very ingenious person, 
but as remarkable for imprudence as for ingenu- 
ity, was born in Dublin, 1708. In 1731, lie pub- 
lished, at Edinburgh,a volume of poems,addres- 
sed to the countess of Eglinton. He wrote also 
an Elegv upon the death of lady Stormont, enti- 
tled, “The Tears of the Muses ;” with which 
lord Storinount was so much pleased, that he 
ordered Boyse a handsome present. These pub- 
lications, and the honourable notice taken of 
them, were the means of recommending him to 
very high persons, who were desirous of serv- 
ing him : but Boyse was not a man to be served. 
He made an improper use of these recommen- 
dations, and had often recourse to the meanest 
arts to procure benefactions. At some times be 
would raise subscriptions for poems which did 
not exist; at others, ordered iiis wife to inform 
people that he was just expiring, to move the 
compassion of his friends, who were frequently 
surprised to meet the man in the street to-day, 
who was, yesterday, said to be at the point of 
death. In May, 1749, however, he died, after a 
lingering illness, in obscure lodgings, near Shoe- 
lane, where he was buried at the expense of the 
parish. He was a melancholy instance of the 
wretchedness, contempt and disgrace, to which 
the most ingenious persons may reduce them- 
selves, by an abuse of those powers with which 
nature hath endowed them. The most celebra- 
ted of his performances, was his poem, called 
“ Deity,” which is styled by Hervev, “ a beau- 
tiful and instructive poem;” and is also men- 
tioned bv Fielding, as “ a very noble one.” 
BOYSE, Joseph, a dissenting minister, horn 
in Yorkshire. He became a popular preacher 
in London and Dublin, but was engaged in theo- 
logical disputes, and died in 1728. 
BOZE, Claude Gros do, born at Lyons, was 
distinguished by iiis knowledge of antiquities  BR 
ami meda.s, and respected for liis private cha- 
racter, died in 1753. 
BRACCiOLlNl, dell’ api Francis, an Italian 
poet; he became an ecclesiastic, and died in 
lii45. 
BR ACTON, Henry, a celebrated English law- 
yer, in the 13th century, chiefly known by his 
learned work, “De Legibusel Consuetudinibus 
BRACKETT, Joshua, M. D., president of the 
N'ew-Hampshire Medical Society, distinguished 
*or his zeal and activity in tlie revolutionary war, 
died in 1802. 
BADBURY, Theophilus, judge of the supe- 
rior court of Massachusetts, died 1803. 
BRADBURY, Thomas, a native of London, 
educated with Dr. Watts; he was a bold and 
eloquent preacher, and died 1757. 
BRADDOCK, Edward, major-general, and 
commander in chief of the British forces in 
America, in 1755, was defeated in an expedition 
against Fort Du Quesne. 
BRADFORD, Samuel, rector of Mary-le-bow, 
Born 1 Rlackfriars; he edited Tiilotson’s ser- 
mr .as tutor to the primate’s children, and 
d. n 1731. 
BRADFORD, John, an English martyr, in 
Queen Mary’s reign. 
BRADFORD, John, a Welsh poet of merit 
died in 17^0. 
BRADFORD, William, second governor of 
Plymouth colony, removed to America with the 
first settlers : he was governor, excepting a few 
years, till his death, 1657, aged G9. lie wrote a 
History of the Plymouth colony from 1002 to 1640, 
hut it was lost in 1775. 
BRADFORD, William, an eminent printer, 
came to America in 1080, was printer to the 
government; he died in 1752. 
BRADFORD, William, an eminent printer, 
for many years editor of the Pennsylvania Jour- 
nal, died in 1791. 
BRADFORD, William, horn in Philadelphia, 
1755, attorney-general of the United States, &c. 
He was an author and poet, and died in 1795. 
BRADFORD, William, a physician, after- 
wards a lawyer, of eminence, in Rhode Island, 
was a warm and active friend of the revolution, 
and later in life a senator in congress, and lieu- 
tenant-governor of Rhode Island, died 1808. 
BRADICK, Walter, author of “ Choheleth, 
or Royal Preacher,” a poem of considerable! 
merit: he was a merchant of Lisbon, anu died 
in 1794. 
BRADLEY, Dr. James, Savilian professor of 
astronomy a* Oxford, and astronomical observa - 
tor at the al observatory at Greenwich, was 
born at Snireborri, in Gloucestershire, 1092, and ; 
died 1762, in the same county. His observa-! 
tions are extant in perfect older, in!3vo!s. folio, I 
ami 2 4io. in MS. 
BRADLEY, Richard, F. R. S., professor of 
ho'any at Cambridge, but his abilities were not 
adequate to the situation : he died in 1732. 
BRADSHAW, Henry, a Benedictine monk, 
of Chester, in the 14th century, and author of a 
poem, called the Life of St. Werburgli. 
BRADSHAW, John, serjeant at law, was 
born in Cheshire, and nominated president of 
the sheriff's court, in London, on the trial of 
Charles 1. 
HRADSTREET, Simon, born in London, 
1003, came early to America, held several im 
|iortant offices, and rendered many services to 
the colony, was elected governor, ami died in 
1097. 
~ ' Eft 
BRAI(STREET, Simon, minister ol Charles- 
town, Massachusetts, dud in 1*41. 
BRADSTREET, r moil, minister of Marble- 
head, Massachusetts, distinguished for his clas- 
sical attainments, died in 17*1. 
BRADSTREET, John, lieutenant-governor 
of St. John's, Newfoundland, took Fort Oswego 
and Fort Frontinnc, w ith great military stores; 
he was appointed major-general by the king of 
England, and died in 1774. 
BRADYVARD1N, Thomas, confessor to I'd- 
iward HI. during his wars in France, became 
larch bishop of Canterbury, in 1348. 
| BRADY, Dr. Nicholas, an English divine, of 
Igood parts and learning, born at Bandon, in the 
jeounty of Cork, 11159, died 1720. He translated 
jthe Avneid of Virgii; but w'liat he is likely to be 
;the longest remembered for, as indeed l:e is now 
jbest known by, is “A new Version of the I’salms 
of David,” in conjunction with Mr. Tate. 
BRADY, Robert, a native of Norfolk, eml 
nent as a physician; he died in 1< GO. 
BRAHE, Tycho, a celebrated astronomer, 
torn at Knudstorp, in Denmark, 1540, died IfUl. 
He was the inventor of a new system of the 
world ; but it did not succeed, though he hod 
many followers. He was very superstitious wh h 
regard to presages, ami very positive and impa- 
tient of contradiction lo his sentiments. 
BRAIGH WAITE, John, the well known con- 
structor of a oivtng-bell; by which, in 1783, he 
descended into the Royal George, sunk at Spit- 
head, and brought up the sheet anchor, and 
many of the guns. In 1788, lie recovered from 
the Hartwell, East Indiaman, lost oil'one of I’m; 
Cape de Verd Islands, 38,COO/, in dollars; 7CIC0 
pigs of lead, and 3C0 boxes of tin. In 1600, he 
recovered from the Abergavenny, East India- 
man, lost off Portland, 75,000/. in dollars, and 
other \ aluables, worth 30,000/. He died about 
iJune, 1818. 
j BRAILLIER, Peter, an apothecary at Lyons, 
|and author of a curious hook on the abuses and 
[ignorance of physicians, 1557. 
! BRAINEKD, David, a native of Connecticut, 
'an eminent preacher, and missionary to the ln- 
Idians. He published a narrative of some part 
I of his missionary labours, and died in 1747. 
I BRAINT HIR, supported his une'e, Cadwnl- 
jlon, king of North Wa'es, against Edwin, king 
of England, in 020, and was defeated, 
j BRAKENBURG. lleinier, a painter,of IIaer 
lem, died in 1049. 
I BRAMAH, Joseph, a very ingenious engineer 
and mechanist, died at Pimlico, near Loudon, 
December 9, 1814. 
| BRAMANTE D’URBINO, Lazarus, a dis- 
tinguished architect, at Naples and Rome, it 
was according to his plan, that Pope Julius li. 
began to rebuild the church of St. Peter, hut 
jhe died before it was completed, 1514. 
j BRAMFR, Leonard, a disciple of Rembrandt, 
born at Delft, in 1590. 
j BRAMHALL, John, a native of Pontefract, 
in Yorkshire, succeeded to the living of York" 
! he was persecuted in the time of Cromwell, and, 
| after the restoration, was promoted to the see 
iof Armagh, &c.; lie died 1063. 
BRAN, son of Lyr, father of Caractacus, 
king of Britain, is said to have assisted >n es! a fl- 
ushing an elective monarchy in Britain; he died 
about 80 A I>. 
BR ANCAS, Villeneuve Andrew Francis, alv 
be of Auluay, horn in the Venaissin, died in 
1758. His works are correct in matter, bur 
unit her elegant in style, or in the choice of ideas BR 
BRANCKER, Thomas, a math matician, 
rector of Tilstou, Cheshire, &c., died in 1676 
11RANDEL, Peter, a painter, born at Prague, 
and educated under Schroeter, died in 1739. 
BRANDI, Hyacinth, a painter, the pupil of 
Lanfrac, born near Rome, died in 1691. 
BRANMULLER, John, professor of Hebrew, 
at Basil, died in 1596; he wrote funeral orations 
front the Bible. His son and grandson also wrote 
so nc valuable works. 
BRANDMULLER, Gregory, a painter, of Ba 
sil, died in 1691. He was a pupil of Lebrun, and 
obtained tile prize at the Paris academy. 
BRANDOLINI, Aurelio, a native of Florence, 
eminent as a poet. 
BRANDON, Charles, duke of Suffolk, a fa- 
vourite of Henry VIII., of England ; lie married 
Mary, the sister of Henry, and died in 1545. 
BRANDT, Rev. John, secretary to the society 
of antiquaries, was born at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, 1743, and educated at Lincoln College, 
Oxford. In 1777, he published “ Observations 
on Pop tlar Antiquities, including the whole of 
Sir. Bourn’s ‘ Antiquitates Vulgares,’ with ad- 
denda to every chapter of that work,” &c., 8vo. 
In 178J, he published “The History and Anti- 
quities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2 vo!s. 4to. 
Sir.' Brand died suddenly, in his study, Septem- 
ber 13, 1805. 
BRAND T, Gerard, a protestant divine, and 
minister of Amsterdam, died at Rotterdam, in 
1695. He was author of a “ History of the Re- 
formation of the Low Countries,” in 4 vols. 4to. 
It is written in Flemish ; and the grand pen- 
sioner Fagel said once to Bishop Burnet, that it 
was worth learning Flemish, merely to read 
Brandt’s History. 
BRAND 1’, John, secretary of Antwerp, emi- 
nent for his erudition and patronage of science, 
died in 1619 
BRAND f, Sebastian, counsellor, of Stras 
burgh, professor of law, and poet, died in 1520. 
BRANDT, Sebastian, achymtst, of Germany, 
who employed a great portion of his life in 
search of the philosopher’s stone; he died in 
1521. 
BRANDT, Colonel, a famous Indian chief, 
sided with Great Britain, was engaged in the 
massacre of Wyoming, on the Susquehannah, 
and in a i attack on Minisink, New-York ; he 
died in 1807. 
BRANTOME, vid. BOURDEILLES. 
BRASAVOLA, Antonins Musa, professor of 
medicine at Ferara, was physician to the popes 
and other princes of Italy, to Francis I. of 
France, Henry VIII. of England, and Charles 
V. of Germany ; he died in 1555. 
BRASBRIDGE, Thomas, a native of North- 
hamptonshire ; he was a physician and divine, 
about 1512. 
BRASIDAS, a general of Lacedtemon, who 
conquered several of the allied cities of Athens, 
421 B. C. 
BIIATHVVATTE, or BRAITHWAYTE, 
Richard, an English poet and miscellaneous 
writer, born at Warcop, near Appleby, West- 
morel and, in 1533, died at Appleton, near Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire, May 4, 1673. His works are 
numerous, but the principal of them are “The; 
English Gentleman,” and the “The English: 
Gentlewoman ;” “ Mercuries Britannicus,” 
and “ Reebidium,” tragi-comedies. 
BRATTLE, Thomas, merchant, of Boston, 
and principal founder of the church in Brattle- 
street ; died in 1713. 
BRATTLE, William, fellow of Harvard Col- 
mi 
lege, minister of Cambridge, published a work 
on logic, and died in 1717. 
BRATTLE, WILLIAM, a preacher, lawyer, 
and physician ; he was a member of the general 
court, and of the council, and major-general of 
militia in Mass.; he died in 1770. 
BRAUWER, Adrian, a painter, born at Ilatr- 
lem, died in 1038. 
BRAY, Solomon de, a native of Hterlein, 
eminent as a portrait painter, died 1604. His 
son, Jacob, a historical painter, died at the ei.d 
of the 17th century. 
BRAY, Sir Reginald, who was instrumental 
in the advancement of Henry VII. to the throne, 
and afterwards made high treasurer to that 
monarch. He hail great skill in architecture 
as appears from Henry the Seventh’s Chapel in 
Westminster Abbey, and the chapel of St. 
George at Windsor, as he had a principal con- 
cern and direction in the building of the former, 
and the finishing and bringing to perfection of 
the latter, to which he was also a liberal nene- 
factor. Polydore, Vergil, Hall, say, that he 
was a very father of his country; a sage and 
grave person; a fervent lover of justice ; and 
one who would often admonish the king when 
he did any thing contrary to justice or equity 
He died August 2, 1501. 
BRAY, Thomas, an English divine; born at 
Marton, in Shropshire, 1050, died 1730, having 
made himself eminent by his unwearied atten- 
tion to the practice of benevolence. Most of the 
religious societies and good designs in London 
are in a great measure formed on the plans that 
he projected; particularly the charity-schoois, 
the society lor reformation of manners, and that 
for the relief of poor proselytes, &c. 
BREARLEY, David, a member of the con- 
vention for framing the constitution of the U. 
S. in 1787 ; he died in 1700. 
BREBEUF, George de, a French poet, born 
at Torigni, in Lower Normandy, 1618. He was 
distinguished chiefly by a translation of Lucan ; 
but the best, and as it should seem, the most 
edifying of his works, is the first book of Lucan 
Travestied. It is said of Brebeuf, that he had 
a fever upon him for more than 20 years. He 
died in 1661. 
BREBEUF, Jean de, a distinguished mission- 
ary in Canada, was burnt by the savages, 16-19. 
BRECOURT, Guillaume Martoureau de, a 
French poet and actor, died in 1685. 
BREDA, Peter Van, a painter of Antwerp, 
died in 1681. 
BREDA, John Van, a Flemish painter who 
exercised his profession in England, died in 
1750. 
BREDENBACK, Matthias, a controversialist 
writer of Kerpen, died in 1559. 
BREENBERG, Barthol, a painter of some 
distinction, born at Utrecht, in 1620. 
BREESE, Marv, a singular character, born 
at Lvnn, in Norfolk, 1721. She regularly took 
out a shooting license, kept as good greyhounds, 
and was as sure a shot, as any in the county. 
She never lived out of the parish in which she 
was born, and wlieie she died September, 1799. 
By her desire,her dogs and favourite mare were 
I killed at her death, and buried in one grave 
with her. 
BRECK, Robert, minister, of Maryborough, 
Mass., distinguished for his knowledge of He- 
brew ; he died in 1731. 
BRECK, Robert, a minister of Springfield, 
Mass., possessed of superior intellectual endow- 
ments, died in 1784. 
87 Bll 
BRECKENRIDGE, John, senator in Congress 
from Kentucky, distinguished for his eloquence, 
died iu Icldl. 
BilEGY, Charlotte Saumase de Chauzin, 
coniptesse de, a maid of honour to Ann of Aus- 
tria, died in 1693. 
BREITKOPF, John Gottlieb Emanuel, a wri- 
ter and printer, of Leipsic, died in 1794. 
BREMONT Francois de, a Parisian, made 
secretary to the Royal London Society, and ad- 
mired for his laborious application and critical 
discernment; lie died in 1742. 
BRENNER, Henry, a native of West Both- 
nia, was made keeper of the royal library at 
Stockholm, died in 1732. 
BRENNUS, a general of Gau., he invaded 
Thessaly, &c., and killed himself in 278 B. C. 
BRENNUS, a general of Gaul, celebrated for 
the siege and seizure of Rome, was defeated 
and totally destroyed by Camillas, 368 B. C. 
BRENT, Sir Nathaniel, a native of Woolford, 
Warwickshire, educated at Merton College ol 
which he became the warden, and was knight- 
ed by Charles I, at Woodstock ; he died in 1652 
BRENT1US, or BRENTZEN, John, was torn 
in Swabia, a distinguished friend and follower 
of Luther, died in 1570. 
BRENTON, William, lieutenant-governor 
and governor of the colony of Riiode Island, died 
at Newport, 1674. 
BRECtUIGNY, Lewis George Edward de, 
author of the history of the revolution of Genoa, 
&c... died 1795. 
BREREWOOD, Edward, a learned antiqua- 
ry and tlie first astronomical professor of Gres- 
ham College, died in 1613. 
BRET, Anthony, author of the life of Ninon 
de PEnclos, and many other works. lie was a! 
native ol Dijon, and died in 1792. 
BRETON, Nicholas, a writer of ballads and 
interludes, in the age of Elizabeth. 
BRETONNEAU, Francis, a.Iesuitof Tours,I 
author of a life of James II., &c., died in 1741. i 
BRETONNIER, Barthol Joseph, an advo-j 
cate ofjhe parliament of Paris, and author ofl 
some law tracts, died in 1727. 
BRETTEVILLE, Etienne du Boise, a Jesuit! 
of Normandy,author of some theological tracts, 
died 1688. 
BRETTINGER, John James, a native of 
Zurich, professor of Hebrew and author of an 
edilion of the New Testament from theseptua- 
gint; lie died in 1776. 
BREUGEL, Peter, usually styled Old Breugel, 
an eminent Dutch painter, chiefly of rural 
sports, the marches of armies, &c., was born at. 
Ilruegtfl, near Breda, in 1563, and died 1596. 
BREUGEL, Peter, son of the preceding, sur- 
passed in the description of magicians and de- 
vils, whence he is called “ Hellish Breugel.” 
BREUGEL.John, 2d son of old Peter, excelled 
in painting flowers and fruits, and died in 1642. 
Another of that name called Abraham, born at 
Antwerp, excelled as a flower and landscape 
painter, and died in 1672. 
BREUL, James du, a Benedictine monk, au- 
thor of the antiquit es of Paris, &c., died in 
1164. 
BREVAL, John Durant de, rose to the rank 
of captain under the great Martehorough. He 
was an author of some merit, and died in 1739. 
BREVINT, Daniel, made dean of Lincoln, in 
1681. died in 1095. 
BREWER, Anthony, a poet highly esteemed 
among the wits and courtiers in the reign of j 
Charles I. 
BR 
BREWSTER, William, a very distinguish! d 
member and ruling elder of the cliuicli of l’iy- 
iiiouili; he died iu 1644. 
BREYNIUS, James, of Dantzic, author of 
Plantarum exolicaruin centuria, 6lc., die d m 
1G97. 
BRIANT, Solomon, an Indian, and minister 
to the Indians at Marshpee, iu Barnstable, Mass., 
died 1775. 
BRIDAINE, N., a famous Frencli preacher of 
the diocess of Uzes, compared to Demosthenes 
and Bossuet, died in 1707. 
BR1DAULT, John Peter, a French writer, 
author of manners and customs of the Romans, 
&c., died in 1761. 
BRIDGE, William a leading preacher among 
the independents of England, (lied in 1670. 
BRIDGE,Thomas, a very worthy minister of 
| the 1st church in Boston, died in 1715. 
| BRIDGEWATER, Francis Egerton, duke of, 
j opened a communication, by a canal, between 
Manchester and Worsely, which, together with 
the Mersey, facilitated the commerce between 
Liverpool and Manchester. He died in 1603. 
BRIDGMAN, John, a native of Exeter, chap- 
lain to James I. During the civil wars, lie \\ as 
a great sufferer iu person and property. 
BRIDGMAN, Sir Orlando ; after the restota- 
tioti be was made lord chancellor: he was weak 
and irresolute, and died in 16711. 
BR1ENNE, Walter de, a native of Champag- 
ne, distinguished for his courage at the siege of 
Acre, against the Saracens ; he was afterwards 
king of Sicily: his son and successor, of ihe 
same name, also distinguished himself against 
the Saracens ; he was put to deaiii in 1251. 
BRIENNE, John, made king of Jerusalem, in 
1210, which he resigned ; he afterwards tilled 
I the throne of Constantinople. 
BRIETIUS, Philip, a learned French gcogra 
pher, and universal ciironologist, born at Abbe- 
| ville, in 1601, and died librarian of the Jesuit's 
! College, at Paris, 1608. 
BRIGGS, Henry, an eminent mathematician, 
born at Halifax, in Yorkshire, 1556. When 
Gresham College, in London, was established, 
he was chosen Ihe first professor of geometry 
there, in 1506. He died in January, 167.0. 
BRIGGS, William, a native of Norwich, an 
eminent physician, of St. Thomas’ hospital, died 
in 1704. 
BRIGHAM, Nicholas, a native of Oxford- 
shire, eminent as a lawyer and poet, died in 
1550. 
BRIGHT, Francis, first minister of Charles- 
town, Massachusetts, returned to England in 
1630. 
BRIGHTMAN, Thomas, rector of llawnes, 
Bedfordshire, wrote Latin commentaries on the 
canticles and apocalypse, died in 1607. 
BRILL, Matthew and Paul, natives of Ant- 
werp, and good painters; born in 1550, and 
1554, and eminent for performances in history 
and landscape ; Matthew died in 1584 ; Paul in 
1626. 
BRINDLEY, James, a most uncommon ge- 
nius for mechanical inventions, and particularly 
excellent in planning and conducting inland na- 
vigations, was born in 1716, at Tunsted, in 
Derbyshire, and died at Turnlmrst, in Stafford- 
shire, September 27, 1772, having shortened his 
days tiv too intense application for he never 
indulged or relaxed himself in the common di- 
versions of life, not having the least relish for 
them; and though once prevailed on to see a 
play in Loudon, yet lie declared that he would 
88 BR 
■on no account be present at another, because it 
so disturbed bis ideas for several days alter, as 
to render him unfit for business. When auj 
extraordinary diiliculty occurred to him in the 
execution of Iris works, ite generally retired to 
bed; and has been known to lie there one, two, 
or three days, till lie had surmounted it. He 
would then get up, and execute his design with- 
out any drawing or model; for lie had a pro- 
digious memory, and carried every tiling in his 
head. 
BRINSMEAD, William, first minister of 
Marlborough, Massachusetts, died in 1701. He 
refused baptism to infants born on the Sabbath. 
BRINV1LL1ERS, Maria Margaret d’Aubrai, 
marchioness of, a French lady, known for her 
intrigues and crimes; she poisoned her father, 
two brothers, and her sister, was condemned to 
have her head cut off, and afterwards to be burnt; 
the sentence was executed in l(i7(i. 
BRIQUEMAUT, and CAVAGNES, txvopro- 
testants, cruelly put to death soon after the mas- 
sacre of St. Bartholomew, in France, in 1572. 
BRISSON1US, Barnaby, a lawyer of emi- 
nence, in France, was ambassador of Henry III. 
in England, and died in io'Jl. 
BRISSOT, Peter, a native of Fontenay lc 
Compte, in Poictou, eminent as a physician, died 
in 1522. 
BRISSOT, J P., a very eminent French writer 
on philosophy, politics, and legislation ; but, not 
contenting himself with a high degree of literary 
fame, lie look a distinguished part in the French 
revolutionary government, and suffered by the 
guillotine, November 30, 1793, at the age of 39. 
BRITANNICUS, John, an Italian critic and 
grammarian, was horn at Palazzolo, near Bres- 
cia, about the middle of the 15th century, and 
died in 1510. 
BRITANNICUS, son of Claudius, poisoned 
by tiis mother-in-law, who wished to raise her 
son Nero to the throne, A. D. 55. 
BRITO, Bernardo de, a monk of Almeyda, in 
Portugal, author of a historical account of his 
country, died in 1017. 
BRITTON, Thomas, the famous musical 
small-coal man, was horn at, or near Higham 
Ferrers, in Northamptonshire, about the middle 
of the 17th century, and went from thence to 
London, where he bound himself apprentice to 
a small-coal man. He served seven years, and 
returned to Northamptonshire, his master giving 
him a sum of money not to set up; but after this 
money was spent, be returned again to London, 
and set upthe trade of small-coal; which lie con- 
tinued to the end of his life. Some time after 
liis setting up in the coal business, lie applied 
himself to chymistry; and, by the help of a mov- 
ing elaboratory,contrived by himself, performed 
such things in that profession, as hail never been 
done before. But his principal object was music; 
in tlie theory of wdiicli he was very knowing: in 
the practice not inconsiderable. He was so much 
addicted to it, that he pricked xvitli his own hand 
very neatly and accurately, and left behind him 
a collection of music, mostly pricked by himself, 
which was sold for near 1001. He left an excel- 
lent collection of printed books, both of chymis- 
try and music: not to mention that he had, some 
years before bis death, sold by auction a col- 
lection of books, most of them in the Rosicru- 
sian faculty, of which lie was a great admirer. 
But what distinguished him most of all, was a 
kind of musical meeting, held at his own small 
house, and kept up at. his own charges, for many 
years. This society was frequented by gentry 
BR 
even those of tlie best quality, with whom he 
conversed familiarly, and by whom tie was much 
esteemed; for Britton was as respectable lor moral 
endowments, as he was curious for intellectual. 
The circumstances ol his death are not less re- 
markable than those of his life. There was one 
Honeyman, a blacksmith, who was famous for 
speaking as if his voice proceeded from somedis- 
tant part of tile house,(a ventriloquist, or speaker 
from liis belly, as these persons are called.) This 
man was secretly introduced by Robe, a Middle- 
sex justice, who frequently played at Bri.ton’s 
concerts, for the sole purpose of terrifying Brit- 
ton ; and lie succeeded in it enti lely; for lionev 
man, without moving his lips, or seeming to 
speak, announced, as from afar off, the death of 
poor Britton within a few hours; with an intima- 
tion, that the only vvay to avert his doom, was to 
fall on iris kneesimmediately, and say the Lord’s 
Prayer. Tile poor man did so; hut it did not 
avert his doom ; for, taking to his bed, lie died 
in a few days, leaving Justice Robe to enjoy the 
fruits of his mirth. liis death happened in Sep 
tember, 1714. 
BRIZARD, or BRITARD, John Baptiste, a 
French actor, eminent in comedy, died in 17SI0. 
BRIZIO, Francisco, a landscape painter, of 
eminence, of Bologna, died in 1(33. 
BROCARDUS. Janies, a wild visionary of 
Venice, embraced protestantism, and violently 
attacked popery. 
BROCK, John, a useful minister, in Reading, 
.Massachusetts, died in 1C88. 
BROCKLESBY, Ur. Richard, an eminent 
English physician and medical writer, died at a 
very advanced age, December 12, 1797, beloved 
and regretted by the most distinguished charac- 
ters, in rank and science. 
BRODEAU, John, born at Tours, in 1500, 
rose to great eminence as a scholar. 
BRODEAU, Julian, a native of Tours, wrote 
a life of Charles tin Moulin, and died in 1543. 
BROECK HU YSE, or BROUKI1USIUS, John. 
Vid. BROUKHUS1US. 
BROEK, Elias Vandeen, a native of Antwerp, 
distinguished for the masterly manner in which 
he. introduced reptiles, &c., into his pictures of 
flowers and landscapes, died in 1711. 
BROGLIO, Victor Maurice, count de, marshal 
of France, distinguished himself in the service 
of Lewis XIV. 
BROGNI, John de, a swine-herd, born at 
Brogni, in Savtvy ; he was raised, by Pope Cle- 
ment VII., to the dignity of cardinal, and was 
distinguished for his learning, virtues, and piety; 
he died in 142(1. 
BROKESBY, Francis, rector of Rowley, in 
Yorkshire, author of “ A Life of Jesus Christ, ’ 
and a principal assistant to Mr. Nelson in com- 
piling his “ Feasts and Fasts of the Church of 
England.” He was also author of “ A History 
of the Government of the Primitive Church,” 
&c., and died in 1718, 
BROME, Adam de, a favourite of Edward II., 
the founder of Oriel College, Oxford, died in 1332. 
BROME, Alexander de, born in 1(120, and died 
in 1606. He was a warm cavalier, and author of 
innumerable odes, sonnets and little pieces, in 
which the round-heads are treated with great 
keenness am! severity. These with his epistles 
and epigrams,were all printed in one volumeSvo. 
after the restoration, lie published also aversion 
of Horace, by himself and others; with a comedy, 
called “ The Cunning Lovers,” 1051 ; and the 
world is indebted to hint for two volumes of the 
plavs of 
89 ’ HR 
BROME, Richard, who lived also in the reignt 
oi' diaries i., and was cotemporary wunj 
Decker, Ford, Shirley, &c. His extiaction was! 
mean, tor he was originally no better than a 
menial servant to Ben Johnson ; lie wrote him-: 
sett nowever into high repute. IJis genius was; 
entirely turned to comedy, and we have 15 of 
his productions in this way remaining One ofj 
these “ The Jovial Crew,” has with a little al- 
teration, been revived, and exhibited with great 
mid repeated success. He died in 1(152. 
BRUMFIELD, Edward, an eminent mer- 
chant, of Boston, distinguished for his piety ; 
he died in 1750. 
BRUMFIELD, Edward, a young man ofj 
uncommon mechanical genius, of Boston, died! 
in 17*0. 
BROMPTON, John, a monk tn the reign of! 
Edward III. The Chronicon, which passes un- 
der his name, is probably the woik of some un- 
known author. 
BRO.VCiiORST, John Van, a painter, of 
Flanders, in the 17th century. 
BRONCHORST, John, a painter, born at 
Leyden, excelled at painting animals and birds 
in watercolours, died in lbtil. 
BRi INCHORST, Peter, a native of Delft, emi- 
nent as a painter, died in Itihl. 
HROXGNIART, Augustus Lewis, an emi- 
nent cltvmist, died at Paris, in IH04. 
BRON KIIUSINS,or BROE1U1UIZEN, John, 
a learned Dutchman, died in 1797. 
BRONSSON, Claude, an elegant advocate, arid 
warm supporter of the protestants in France ini 
the reign of Lewis XIV. 
BRONZINO, Agnolo, a painter at Florence,! 
died in 1589. 
BROOK, Ralph, York Herald, known for the 
enters which he discovered in Camden’s Bri- 
lania, died in 1625. 
BROOKE, Sir Robert, an eminent judge in the 
reign of Mary, born at Ciaveriey, in Shropshire, 
died in 1558. 
BROOKE, Sir Robert, one of the most emi- 
nent lawyers of his time, and lord chief justice! 
of the common pleas, wrote “ An Abridgment,! 
containing an Abstract of tile Year Books till the; 
time of Queen Mary," “ Cases adjudged from 
the 6th of Henry VIII. to the 4th of Queen 
Mary,” and “ Readings on the Statute of Limi- 
tations, made 32d of Henry VIII. c. 2.” Sir 
Robert died in 1553. 
BROOKE, Henry, who gained grpat reputa- 
tion as a writer, by the “ Farmers Letters,” pub- 
lished in Ireland, during the rebellion, in mira- 
tion of Swift’s “ Drapier’s Letters.” fie was 
also author of “ The Fool of Quality,” a novel 
of more than ordinary merit. His dramatic 
works, of which the most celebrated are, “Gus- 
tavos Vasa,” and “The Earl of Essex,” were 
collected, with his other writings, in 4 vols. 8vo. 
1773. He died October 10, 1783. 
BROOKE, Mrs. Frances, a iadv as remarka- 
ble for her virtues, as for her great literary ac- 
complishments. Her principal works are, “ Ju- 
lia Mandeville,” and Emily Montague,” novels; 
the “ Old Maid,” a series of periodical papers; 
“ Virginia,” and “ The Siege of Sinope," tra- ' 
Redies ; “ Rosina,” and “ Marian,” musical 
dramas, and several much esteemed trans- 
lations from the French. She died January 23, 
1789. 
BROOME, William, born in Cheshire, as isj 
said, of very mean parents. He was educated! 
upon the foundation at Eton, and appeared early! 
iu tiie world as a translator of the Iliad intoll 
UR 
prose, in conjunction with Ozell ami Oidiswortll. 
:l« was afterwards introduced to Mr. Pope, and 
stained so much of his esteem, that he was em- 
ployed to make extracts from Eusiailnus, for 
tiie notes to the translation of the iilad ; and in 
the volumes of poetry published by Liutot, com- 
monly called “ Pope's Miscellanies," many of 
his early pieces were inserted. When Hie suc- 
cess of the Iliad gave encouragement to a ver- 
sion of the Odyssey, Pope, weary of the toil, 
called Fenton and Itroome to ids assistance ; ami 
taking only half the work upon himself, divided 
the otiier half between Ills partners, giving font 
books to Fenton, and eight to Broome. To the 
lot of Broome fell the 2d, 6th, 8th, lith, 12!ii, 
16th, 16th and 23d ; together with the burden ot 
writing all the notes. The price at which Pops 
purchased this assistance was 300/. paid to Fen- 
ton, and 500/. to Broome, with as many copies 
as he wanted for his friends, which amounted to 
100/. more. Broome died at Bath, November 
16, 1745. 
BROOKS, John, L.L. D., governor of Mass, 
was distinguished as the early friend of the 
American revolution, as a brave, active, and 
judicious officer of the American army ; as an 
able and sound statesman, and a true patriot. 
'Pile fricml of Washington, he enjoyed the con- 
fidence ami respect of liis fellow-citizens, and 
died, lamented by bis country, in 1625. 
BROOKS, Eleazer, a brigadier in the revolu- 
tionary war, and was in the battle of White 
Plains in 1775, &c.; lie died in 
BRUSH I, Carlo, a celebrated Italian singer 
died in 1782. 
BKOSSARD, Sebastian de, acanon of Meux; 
he excelled as a musician, and died in 175(1. 
BROSSE, Guy de la, a physician, author of a 
treatise on the virtues of plants, founded a gar- 
den of medicinal plants at Paris, in 1626. 
BROSSES, Charles de, president of the par- 
liament of Burgundy, who wrote letters on the 
discovery of Herculaneum, &c., died in 1776. 
BROSSETTE, Claude, born at Lyons, 1671, 
published the works of Boileau and of llegiiier 
with historical illustrations ; wrote “ L’Histoire 
abregee de la Ville de Lyons,” with elegance 
and precision, and died there in 1746. 
BROSS1ER, Martha, a very remarkable wo- 
man, who pretended to be possessed by the 
devil, and had nearly occasioned great disorders 
in France toward the latter end of the 16th cen- 
tury. 
BROTIER, L’AbM, an illustrious and ami- 
able Frenchman, and one of the most dis- 
tinguished ornaments of tile belles lettres in 
that country, born at Tanay, 1722, died 1789. 
BROIJE, Peter de la, a native of Toulouse, 
friend of Bossnet, died in 1720. 
BROUGHTON, Hugh, a very learned divine, 
born in Oldbury, Salop, 1549, died 1612, leaving 
a very laborious work behind him, called “ The 
Consent of Scriptures,” which lie dedicated to 
queen Elizabeth. 
BROUGHTON, Thomas, a learned divine, 
author of tile “ Bibliotheca Historica Sacra,” 
2 vols. folio, 1739, and one of the original writers 
of the “ Biograpliia Britannica,” (in the first cdi- 
lion of which work his papers were marked 
3'.) was born at London, July 5, 1701. in tlie 
parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, of which his 
lather was minister, ami died vicar of Bed- 
minster, near Bristol. 1774. 
BROUGHTON. Thomas, a counsellor and 
lieutenant-governor of South Carolina wliile a 
British colony, died in 1737. BR' 
BROUNCKER, Wiliiam, viscount, a native 
of Castle Lyon, in Ireland, born 1020, died 
1084, having distinguished himself chieily ns a 
mathematician by iiis “ Series for tlie Quadra- 
ture of the Hyperbola.” 
BROUWER, Adrian, a celebrated Dutch 
painter, born at Ha-rlem, in 1GU8. Frans Halts 
took him from begging m tlie streets, and in- 
structed him in the rudiments of painting. Hu- 
mour was his proper sphere; and in little pieces 
lie used to represent his pot companions drink 
ing, smoking tobacco, gaining, fighting, &c. 
He did this with a pencil so tender and free, so 
much of nature in iiis expression, such excellent 
drawing in all the particular parts, and good 
keeping in the whole together, that none of his 
countrymen have ever been comparable to him 
on that suiiject. He scorned, however, to work 
ns long as he had any money in his pocket ; de- 
tiured for a short life, and a merry one ; and, re- 
lo’viug to ride post to his grave, by the help of 
wine and branny, begot to his journey’s end, in 
1038, at only 30 years of age. He died so very 
floor, that contributions vvere raised to lay 
lim privately in tile ground: from whence he 
ivas soon after taken up, amj, as it is commonly 
said, very handsomely interred by Rubens, who 
was a great admirer of his happy genius i'or 
painting. 
BRO WN, Robert, a famous schismatic, from 
whom the sect of the Brownists derived its 
name. He died 1630. This sect equally con- 
demned episcopacy and presbytery, as to the 
jurisdiction of consistories, classes, and synods; 
and would not join with any other reformed 
church, because they were not sufficiently as- 
sured of the sanctity and probity of its members, 
holding it an impiety to communicate with sin- 
ners. Their form of church government was 
democratical. Such as desired to lie members 
of their church made a confession of their faith, 
ami signed a covenant obliging themselves to 
walk together in the order of tlie gospel. 
BROYVN, Thomas, of facetious memory; but 
whose wit, being greater than iiis prudence, 
brought him frequently within danger of starv- 
ing. Toward the latter end of Brown’s life, 
however, we are informed by Mr. Jacob, that 
lie was in favour with the earl of Dorset, who in- 
vited him to dinner ori a Christmas-day, with 
Dryden, and other gentlemen celebrated for in- 
genuity ; when Brown, to his agreeable surprise, 
found a bank note of 50/. under his plate, and 
Dryden, at the same time, was presented with 
another of 1001. Brown was born in Shrop- 
shire, died in London, 1701, and was interred in 
tlie Cloister of Westminster Abbey, near the re- 
mains of Mrs. Belin, with whom he was inti- 
mate in his life time. His whole works were 
printed in 1707 ; consisting of “ Dialogues, Es- 
says, Declamations, Satires, Letters from the 
Dead to the Living, Translations, Amusements, 
&c.” in 4 vols. Much humour, and not a little 
learning are scattered every where through- 
out them; but those who think they want deli- 
cacy, have certainly abundant reason on their 
sale. 
BROWN, John, an ingenious English writer, 
born at Rothbury, in Northumberland, 1715. 
Having taken orders, and made himself emi- 
nent liv many excellent sermons, he fell under 
the notice of Dr Osbaldiston, who, when raised 
to the see of Carlisle, made him one of Iiis 
chaplains. It was probably about this time that 
he wrote trv poem entitled “ Honour,” to show 
hat true b our can only be founded in virtue ; 
BR 
lit wax inscribed to lord Lonsdaie. His next 
poetical production, tliou"li not immediately 
published, was his “ Essay on Satire,” in three 
j parts ; it was addressed to Dr. YVarlmrton, wlio 
i prefixed it to the second volume of Pope’s Wot Us 
by Warburton ; with which it still continues to 
be printed : as well as in Dodsley’s Collection. 
Brown now began to figure as a writer: and, in 
1751, published his “ Essays on Shnftsbury’s 
Characteristics; a work written with elegance 
and spirit, and so applauded as, in a short time, 
to go through five editions. His next appear- 
ance in tile world was as a dramatic writer; 
and in 1755, his tragedy of “ Barbarossa,” was 
produced upon the stage; and afterwards his 
“Athcistan,” in 175b. Our author had taken his 
doctor of divinity’s degree in 1755. in 1757 
came out his famous work, entitled “ An Esti- 
mate of tlie Manners and Principles of the 
Times,” 8vo.; famous we call it, because 
seven editions of it were printed in little more 
than a year. In 1758, lie published a second 
volume of “ The Estimate.” Dr. li. put an end 
to liis life in a fit of insanity. Sept £1, 1700, in 
iiis 51st year. 
BROWN, Moses, an English divine, author 
of “ Sunday Thoughts,” “ Piscatory Eclogues,” 
&c., born 1703, died 1787. 
BROWN, Lancelot; sometimes professionally 
distinguished by the pranomen CAPABILITY; 
who, by tlie intuitive force of his own genius, 
invented a new horticultural system, and carried 
!ornamental gardening to high perfection; was 
i born at Kirkharle in ihe county of Northumber- 
land, in August, 1715. At an early period of 
his life lie came to London, and was patronised 
by lord viscount Cobham, the celebrated friend 
and patron of Pope; and it is generally under- 
stood, that scooping out the beautiful valley 
opposite the temple of concord, at Stowe, was 
tlie first of his undertakings; but Richmond, 
Blenheim, Croome, Luton, Trentliam, Red- 
grave, Wimbleden, Nunehain, the approach to 
the house through the park at Caversham, &c. 
will for ages stand memorials of his superior 
taste and abilities. He possessed a cultivated 
mind, and his society was courted by men most 
considerable for their rank or genius. Respect- 
ing the term Capability, by which Mr. Brown 
was frequently distinguished, we have heard, 
that it arose from a custom lie had. when he 
cainc to a spot which he thought might be im- 
proved, of saying that tlie place had its capa- 
bilities. This may in part be true ; but in tlie 
pre eminence of Mr. Brown’s own talents may, 
perhaps, be found tlie real grounds for the com- 
plimentary title. Mr. Brown served the nflice 
of high sheriff for the counties of Huntingdon 
and Cambridge, in tlie year 1770, and died sud- 
denly in the streets of London, on his return 
from a visit to the earl of Coventry, on the 6th 
of February, 1783. His remains are deposited 
in the chancel of Fenstanton church, in the 
county of Huntingdon. 
BROWN, John, many years professor of di- 
vinity among the burgher seceders of Scotland, 
was born at the village of Kerpoo, in Perth- 
shire, 1722, and died at Haddington, June IP 
1788; having published several works of liigu 
repute in the religious world ; particularly, a 
il Self-Interpreting Bible,” 2 vols. 4ro.; a “ Dic- 
tionary of the Bible ;” and a “ Body of Di- 
vinity. 
BROWN, John, a very eminent English 
land-cape-engraver, and associate of tne Royal 
Academy, born 1741, died Oct. 2,1801 lu bold- BR 
ness, brilliancy, and beautiful variety, Mr. 
Brown came very nigh to Woollet, whom, in- 
deed, he assisted in some of his most famous 
pieces. 
BROWN, Dr. John, distinguished himself 
much in Scotland by his medical writings and 
opinions, and was the author of a new System 
ot' Medicine, which lias lately been translated 
into English, in 2 vols. 8vo. It is a singular 
performance, discovering much originality, and 
containing many important observations; though 
in some, lie may be thought to carryJiis peculiar 
opinions too far. He died Oct. 7, 1788. 
BROWN, William, editor of “ Reports in 
Chancery,” and “ Cases of Appeals to Parlia- 
ment,” 5 vols. 17C0 ; died April 26, 171)4. 
BROWN. Nicholas, an eminent merchant, of j 
Providence, It. I., died in 1791, patron of the col- j 
lege in that place. 
BROWN, Andrew', was in the battles of Lex- I 
ington and Bunker-hill; he settled in Philudel- ! 
pliia, and established the Federal Gazette, and 
died in 1797. 
BROWN, Moses, a brave officer in the navy 
of the United States, died in 1803. 
BROWN Ulysses, Maximilian de, an eminent! 
general, in the imperial armies; he was mortal- 
ly wounded in the battle of Prague, in 1757. 
BROWN, Francis, D. D., a native of New- 
Hampshire, was pastor of a congregational 
church, iu Maine, chosen professor of languages' 
at Dartmouth college, and afterwards president 
of that institution; lie died in 1820. 
BROWN, Charles Brockden, a native of 
Pennsylvania, distinguished as holding a high 
rank, among the American novelists, died in 
1810. 
BROWN, Thomas, M. D., professor of moral 
philosophy in the university at Edinburgh, and 
an eminent metaphysician, died in 1820. 
BROWN, Joseph, professor of natural philo- 
sophy, in Brown university, was distinguished , 
as a man of profound mathematical and philo- 
sophical attainments. He died in 1785. 
BROWN, George, archbishop of Dublin, and 
the first prelate who embraced the reformation 
in Ireland, was originally an Austin friar, of j 
London, and afterwards became provincial of ■ 
the Auslin monks, in England. After reading 1 
some of Luther’s writings, he began to incul- 
cate into the people, that they ought to make 
their application solely to Christ, and not to the j 
Virgin Mary, or the saints. This recommended]! 
him to Henry VIII., who promoted him, in 
March 1534-5, to the archbishoprick of Dublin. ] 
He was deprived of his archbishoprick in 15547; 
the first of queen Mary, under pretence of hisjj 
Dcing married, but, in truth, on account of his! 
zeal in promoting the reformation, and died! 
about the year 1556. 
BROWNE, William, an English poet, born at 
Tavistock, in Devonshire, died 1C45.—An edi-| 
tlon of his works, which were become extreme | 
Iv scarce, was published in 1772, in three small 
volumes; (he principal article in which, is 
“ Britannia’s Pastorals.” 
BROWNE, 8ir Thomas, an eminent writer, 
and physician, born in Cbeapside, 1(05. His 
most celebrated piece, called “ Religio Medici,” 
the Religion of a Physician, was published in 
1635. In 1646, lie wrote his “ Treatise on Vul- 
gar Errors.” Wood informs us, that his prac- 
tice as a physician, was very extensive, and that 
many patients resorted to him. In 1655, he was j 
chosen honorary fellow of the College of Phy- 
sicians as a man <l virtute et lileris ornaussi-i! 
UK 
nius,” eminently embellished with literature 
and virtue. He died on his birthday, Ounbci 
10, IC82. 
BROWNE, Edward, an eminent physician, 
son of the preceding, was born about 1( 42, and 
died in August, 1708. King Charles 11., whose 
physician he was, said of him, that “ he was 
as learned as any of the college, (of which he. 
died president,) and as well bred as any at 
court.” 
BROWNE, Simon, a dissenting minister, of 
uncommon talents, born at Simplon Mallet, in 
Somersetshire, in 1080. Grounded, and excell- 
ing, in grammatical learning, he early became 
qualified tortile ministry, and actually began to 
preach before he was 20. But the death ot his 
jwile and only son, which happened in 172:1, af- 
fected him so as to deprive him of lus reason ; 
and lie became, fiom that time, lost to himself, 
I to his family, and to the world: he sunk into a 
'settled melancholy, quitted the duties of his 
function, and would not be persuaded to join in 
anv act of worship, public or private, lie died 
in 1732. 
BROWNE, Peter, bishop of Cork ; in the pa- 
lace of which See he died, in 1735, after having 
distinguished himself by some writings; the 
best known of which is, “ The Progress, Ex- 
tent, and Limits of the Human Understanding.’ 
BROWNE, Isaac Hawkins, an ingenious 
English poet, born ai Burton-upon-Trent. Staf- 
fordshire, .Ian. 21, 1705-6. Iiis “ Pipe of Tobac- 
co,” an imitation of Cibber, Ambrose Philips, 
Thomson, Young, Pope, and Swift, who w ere 
then all living, is well known, and is reckoned 
one of the most pleasing and popular of his per- 
formances. In 1751, he publish) d what has 
been deemed his capital work,11 He Animi 1m- 
mortalitate,” in twohooks. The universal ap- 
plause and popularity of this poem, product d 
several English translations of ii, in a very 
■ short time; the best of which is that by Soan.e 
jJenvns, esq., printed in his “ Miscellanies.” 
j Another translation, by the Rev. Mr. Lettice. 
was published in 17!i5. Mr. Brow ne died 14th 
Feb. 17(0. 
; BROWNE, Pir William, a physician, (and 
! sonic time president of the college,) distinguish 
cd by many lively essays, both in prose and 
j verse, in Latin and in English, died March 10, 
1771. The aclive part taken by Sir \\ Ilham 
jBrowne, in the contest with the licentiates, oc- 
Icasioncd his being introduced bj Mr. Eoote in 
his “ Devil upon Two Sticks.” Upon Foote’s 
[exact reptesentation of him with his identical 
wig and coat, tali figure, and glass stifiy applit d 
I to his eye, he sent him a raid, complimenting 
Foote on having so happily represented Inm ; 
hut, as he bad forgot bis muff, lie bad sent him 
his own. This good-natured method of resent- 
ing, effectually disarmed the mimic. 
BROWNE, John, a painter, of very conside- 
rable estimation in Scotland, died Sept. 12,1787. 
Mr. Browne was author of “ An Essay on the 
Music of the Opera.” 
BROWNE, Arthur, episcopal minister at 
Portsmouth, N. II., died in 1773. 
BROWNE, Arthur, born in Newport, R. I., 
educated in Ireland, made professor o. Greek 
in Trinity college, Dublin, 1805. 
BROWNE, Sir Anthony, born in Fssec, n ade 
sergeant at law, in Mary's reign, a vie ut |a- 
pist: he favoured the succession of Mar» queen 
of Scots. 
[ BROWNE, Edward, an English div *. r(-00 
I BROWNE, Patrick, a native of Delta i. took BR 
iis degree of M. D., at Leyden ; resided some 
rears in the West Indies, and published a his- 
tory of Jamaica, &c., in 1756. 
BROWN WHIG, Ralph, was nominated bi- 
shop of Exeter, in 1641. He once boldly ad- 
vis-d Cromwell to restore Charles II. to his 
throne. 
BRUCE, Robert, a celebrated Scotch general, 
who was elected king, in 1306, and was consi- 
dered as the deliverer of his country, at that 
time in subjection to Edward I., of England, 
and labouring under many oppressions. In 1314, 
Robert defeated the English army, and gained 
the famous battle of Bannock’s Burn ; the Eng- 
lish forces, according to the Scotch historians, 
consisted of 200,000 men, commanded by Ed- 
ward II., and Bruce hail but 30,000. Of the 
English, 50,000 were slain, and 30,000 taken 
prisoners. In the reign of Edward III., he 
made reprisals in England; and surprised that 
monarch in his tent, who narrowly escaped be- 
ing taken prisoner; and obliged him, in 1328, to 
sign a treaty of peace, in which he renounced 
all right and title to Scotland, for himself and 
his heirs. Bruce died in 1329. 
BRUCE, Michael, an elegant Scotch poet, 
born at Kinnesswood, 1746, died 1767, leaving 
oehind him many beautiful poems, which were 
published, with others, in a volume, at Edin- 
burgh, 1770. 
BRUCE, James, of Kinnaird, near Falkirk, 
in Scotland, a celebrated traveller into Abyssi- 
nia; who, after having encountered innumera- 
ble perils in distant regions, in search of tile 
source of the river Nile, met an untimely death 
by a fall down a staircase, at his seat, at Kin- 
naird, April, 1794. The account of his travels, 
which occupied a space of near 6 years, from 
1768 to 1773, was published in five vols. 4to, 
1790, and abounds with events so extraordinary, 
and nresents instances of perseverance and in- 
trepidity, so wonderful, that were it the produc- 
tion of a man whose character was less dispu- 
table, it would appear to he the fabrication of a 
romantic brain. From the discoveries of Mr. 
Bruce, however, geography has received mate- 
rial improvements; and, that natural history 
lias acquired new and valuable information, is 
attested by the celebrated French naturalist, the 
count de Buffon, in an advertisement prefixed 
to the 3d volume of his History of Birds. 
BRUCIOL1, Anthony, a native of Florence, 
banished for opposing the house of Medicis; 
he translated the Bible into Italian, in 1532. 
BRUCKER, John James, author of Ilistoria 
Critlca Philosophic, &c.; member of the acade- 
my of sciences, at Berlin, died in 1770. 
BRUERE, Charles de la, a French writer, 
possessed wit and genius, died in 1754. 
RRUEYS, David Augustin, a French writer, 
of singular history and character, was born at 
Aix, in 1650, and trained in Calvinism and con- 
troversy : but his airy spirit not rightly accomo- 
datin': itself to serious works, he quitted theo- 
logy for (lie theatre. He died at Montpelier, in 
1733, and all his dramatic pieces were collected, 
1735, in three vols. 12nio. 
BRUGES, John of, See VANEYCK. 
RRUG1ANTLNO, Vincent, an Italian poet 
of inferior merit, in the Kith century. 
BRUGUIERES,John William, a botanist and 
mineralogist,a native of Montpelier,died in L99. 
BRUGN ATELL1S, Lewis, M. D., a distin 
gubhed physician and cliymist, and professor 
of cliymistry and medicine, in the university at 
t a»ia, his native place, died in 1818. I 
HR 
BRUHIER, d’Ablaincourt, Jean Jaques, a 
prolific writer, and ingenious physician of Beau 
vais, died in 1756. 
BRUIN, John de, an ingenious professor of 
philosophy and mathematics at Utrecht, died in 
1675. 
BRUIX, Chevalier de, a French writer, dis- 
tinguished for his easy, elegant, and facetious 
powers of diction, died in 1760. 
BRULART, Nicholas, a Frenchman, emi- 
nent for his services in diplomatic, and political 
afFairs under Henry IV. 
BRULART, Fabio, a bishop of Soissons, au- 
thor of some treatises on eloquence, &.C., died 
in 1714. 
BRULEFER, Stephen, an ecclesiastic of St. 
Maloes, author of some learned treatises, in the 
15th century. 
BRUMOV,Peter,a very distinguished French- 
man, born at Rouen, in 1688, died 1742, after 
having signalised himself by his literary pro- 
ductions; the chief of which is, “ Le Theatre 
des Grecs, &c.” or “ Theatre of the Greeks, 
containing translations of Greek Tragedies, with 
discourses and remarks upon the Greek Thea- 
tre,” 3 vols. 4to. 
BRUN, Charles le, an illustrious French 
painter, of Scottish extraction, born 1610. Iiis 
father was a sta'uary by profession. It is re- 
ported, that at three years of age, he drew fi- 
gures with charcoal: and at twelve, he drew 
the picture of his uncle so well, that it still pass- 
es for a fine piece. He was author of a curious 
treatise “ Of Physiognomyand of another, 
“ Of the Characters of the Passions and died 
in 1600. 
BRUN, Anthony, a native of Dole, a politi- 
cian and ambassador, died in 165-4. 
BRUN, Lawrence le, an ecclesiastic of 
Nantes, wrote Virgilius Christianus, &.c., and 
died in 1653. 
BRUN, Jean Baptist le, a French writer, died 
in 1731. 
BRUN, Anthony Lewis, a French poet, of 
inferior note, died in 1743. 
BRUN, William le, a Jesuit, author of a 
Latin and French dictionary, died in 1758. 
BRUN, Peter le, a native of Provence, au- 
thor of some works of merit, an ecclesiastic, 
died in 1720. 
BRUNCK, Richard Philip Frederick, a cele- 
brated scholar and writer, of Strasburg, died in 
1803. 
BRUNEHAUT, a daughter of Athanagild, 
king of the Visigoths, mairied Sigebert I., king 
of Austrasia, 508. 
BRUNELLSCHI, Philip a native of Florence, 
originally a clockmaker, afterwards distinguish- 
ed for his knowledge of architecture, died ill 
1444. 
BRUNET, John Lewis, a native of Provence, 
an able writer on ecclesiastical affairs, born in 
1717. 
BRUNETTO, Latini, a poet and historian 
of Florence, died in 1205. 
BRUNT, Anthony, an Italian poet, in the ser- 
vice of the duke d’Urbino, died in 1635. 
BRUNNER, John Conrad, a learned physi- 
cian of Switzerland, author of several treatises 
on medicine, in Latin, died in 1727. 
BRUNO, a Romish saint, founder of the 
Chartreuse, died in 1101. - 
BRUNO, Jordano, anativeofNola, thefriend 
of Philip Sidney, and Fulko Greville, he was 
an atheist, and was burnt at the stake, .n 1660. 
BRUNSFELD, Otho, a physician, born at  BE. 
Metz, who embraced the opinions of Hulher, 
died in 1534. 
BRUNSWICK, prince Leopold of, son of the 
then reigning duke. Having gone upon the 
waters at Frankfort, upon the Oder, on the 27th 
of April, 1785, to relieve tiie inhabitants of a 
village that was overflowed, the boat overset, 
and bis royal highness was drowned ; thus dy- 
ing, as he had lived, in the highest exercise of 
humanity. 
BRUNTON, Mary, a native of one of the 
Orkney islands, and wife of Dr. Alexander 
Ilrunton, minister at Edinburgh, authoress of 
“ Self Control,” “ Discipline,” &.C., died in 
1818. 
BRUSC1IIUS, Caspar, a Latin historian and 
poet of Bohemia, died in 1559. 
BRUSONI, Doinitius, author of a facetious 
treatise, called “Speculum Mundi,” edited at 
Rome, in 1518. 
BRUSONI, Jerome, a Venetian writer, died 
in 1680. 
BRUTUS, a brother of Ascanius, said to have 
settled in Albion, to which he gave the name 
of Britain, soon after the Trojan war. 
BRUTUS, Lucius Junius, the avenger of the 
rape of Lucretia, and founder of the Roman re- 
public, flourished 50!) B. C. 
BRUTUS, Marcus, a brave g°oeral, but blind 
politician, who hastened the ruin of the Roman 
republic, by the assassination of Julius Caesar. 
He slew himself 42 B. C. 
BRUTUS, Joint Michael, a very learned Ve- 
netian, born about 1518, was author of a “ His- 
tory of Florence,” printed at Lyons, in 1562. 
BRUTUS, Dccimus Albittus, conspired with 
his relation, Marcus Brutus, against his benefac- 
tor, Julius Ctcsar. 
BRUTUS, John, an ecclesiastic of Paris, died 
In 1762. 
BRUVF.RE, John de la, a celebrated French 
author, horn at Dottrdan, in 1644, wrote “ Cha- 
racters,” and described the manners of his age, 
in imitation of Theophrastus; which characters 
were not always imaginary, but descriptive of 
real persons. He died in 1696. 
BRUYN, Cornelius, a painter, horn at the 
Hague, published an account of his travels, the 
best edition is tlial of Rouen, 1725. 
BRUYS, Francis, born at Scrrieres, published 
a history of the popes ; he died in 1738. 
BRUYS, Peter de, founder of the sect, called 
Petro-Bruissians, a native of Languedoc, was 
burnt alive in 1130. 
BR1JZEN, de la Martinicle, Anthony Augus- 
tine, educated at Paris, under the famous Rich- 
ard Simon, bis uncle, and died in 1749. 
BR Y, Theodore de, a painter and engraver, 
died at Frankfort, on the Maine, in 1598. 
BRYAN, Francis, or Rriant, an Englishman, 
accompanied lord Surrey, the English admiral,! 
against France, in 1522, and was knighted for 
his bravery. 
BRYAN, George, a native of Ireland, emi- 
grated to Pennsylvania; delegate to congress in 
1765; and afterwards governorof Pennsylvania; 
tie died in 1791. 
BRYANT, Jacob, a learned writer on ancient 
history and mythology, was born at Plymouth, 
1715, and educated at Eton ; whence he proceed- 
ed to King’s College, Cambridge. He devoted his 
whole life to learned research ; and the constant 
result of his labours was, to settle him firmly in a 
conviction of the truth of the Christian faith, 
’’’hough belonging to the lay part of the com- 
munity, bis efforts in the cause of religion, were 
BU " 
as unceasing as they were satislactory. Ills 
.studies were chiefly directed to one object, the 
tlevelopoinent and establishment of universal 
truth ; which he knew could only he ellccied 
by removing the doubts ot the sceptic, and solt- 
jening the heart of the infidel. To this end he 
I! bent all his learning and powers. His first avow- 
ed publication, was a quarto volume, which ap- 
peared in 1767, entitled “ Observations and In- 
quiries relating to various parts of Ancient His- 
tory, &c., with an account of Egypt, in its most 
early state, and of the Shepherd Kings.” T Tie 
next was his immortal work, in 3 vols. 4to, 1774, 
1770, called “ A New System, or an Analysis 
of Ancient Mythology ; wherein an attempt is 
made to divest Tradition of Fable, and to re- 
duceTruth to its original Purity.” lie also pub- 
lished “ A Treatise on the Authenticity ot the 
Scriptures, and the Truth of the Christian Reli- 
'giott,” 8vo, 171)2. One of the latest of his tni- 
jmerous works, was “ A Dissertation concerning 
the War of Troy, and the expedition of the 
G recians, as described by Homer; professing to 
show that no such expedition was ever under- 
taken, and that no such city in Phrygia exist- 
ed,” 4to, 1796. Mr. llryant died of a mortifica- 
tion in his leg, occasioned by a razure against a 
chair, in reaching a book from a shell, in his 
89th vear, at Cypenham, near Windsor, Nov. 
14, 1804. 
BRYCHAN, one of the Irish kings, father of 
one of the three holy families of Britain, died 
in 450. 
BRYDONE, Patrick, author of a “ Tour 
through Sicily and Malta,” and of some papers 
in the Philosophical Transactions, died in Ber- 
wickshire, June 19, 1818. 
BRYENNUS, Nicephorus, the husband of 
Anna Comena, refused the throne of Conslau 
tinople, and died in 1137. 
11UC, George, a learned English antiquary. 
In the reign of James I , he was appointed mas- 
ter of the revels ; on which art he wrote a trea- 
tise. He was the first vindicator of Richard III., 
and published “The Great Plantagenct,'* a his- 
torical poem, in 1635. 
BUCER, Martin, born in 1491, at Schelstadt, 
a town of Alsace. lie is looked upon as one of 
the first authors of the reformation at Stras- 
Iburgh, where he taught divinity for twenty 
j years, and was one of the ministers of the town, 
jin 1548, Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, 
leave him an invitation to come over to England, 
| which he readily accepted. In 1549, a handsome 
apartment was assigned him in the university 
! of Cambridge, and a salary to teach theology, 
j He died in 1551, and was buried at Cambridge, 
j BUCHAN, Elspeth, or Elizabeth, a modern 
fanatic, her followers were called Buchanitcs; 
they travelled through several parts ofScotiai d ; 
their doctrines were extremely fascinating to the 
vulgar. Mrs. Buchan died in 1791. 
BUCHAN, Dr. William, an eminent physi- 
cian, and medical writer, born at the village of 
Ankrum, in Roxburghshire, 1729, was educated 
at the grammar school of Jedburgh, and after- 
wards matriculated at the university of Edin- 
burgh, with a view to the clerical profession; 
but he preferred that of physic,which he pursued 
through life. In 1771, appeared his well-known 
work,entitled “Domestic Medicine,” which has 
had a degree of success not equalled, perhaps, 
by any other book in the English language, hav- 
ing passed through above twenty editions, (of 
we believe 5000 or 6000 each,) and been transla- 
ted into every European language. It drew upon 
94 ' BU 
him, liowever, tlie dislike and persecution of II 
the less liberal part of the faculty ; but when it 
is considered, that the intention of its publica- 
tion was not to supersede tile use of a physi- 
cian, but to su[ ply l.-is place in situations w here 
medical assistance count not he easily obtained, 
and to lender the medical an more extensively 
beneficial to mankind, the jealousies and feats 
of the (acuity were surely unbecoming the pro- 
fessorsof a iibeial science. Dr.Buchan publish- 
ed several other medical works, and died in Per- 
cy-strcet, Oxlbrd-road, Feb. 25, 1805. 
BUCHANAN, Claudius, 1). D., of Queen’s 
College, Cambridge, M. A., 17S6. in Sctiptural 
erudition, lie had very few superiors. Deeply 
versed in the Oriental languages, he conceived 
that ho should best promote tlie honour of God, 
and tlie happiness of mankind, by enabling 
“ every man to read the Holy Scriptures” in his 
own tongue. He died at Bioxbourne, Herts, 
Fein !), 1815, while employed in superintending 
an edition of tlie Scriptures for tlie use of the 
Syrian Christians. 
BUCHANAN, George, an eminent poet and 
historian, horn nrai Kellerne, in ihe shire ol 
Lenox, in Scotland, in 1500. He w as tutor to 
James I., of England, and employed tlie last 12 
or 13 years of his life in wilting the history ot 
his country; in which lie happily united the 
force and brevity of Sallust, with tlie perspi- 
cuity and elegance of Livy, lie diiri at Edin- 
bmgh, Sept. 28, 1582. Sir James Melt il, win 
was of tlie opposite party lo him, and therelnu 
cannot be supposed to he partial in his favour,tells 
us, that Buchanan “ was a stoic philosopher, 
who looked not far before him ; a man ol notable 
endowments for his learning and knowledge ii 
Latin poetry; much honoured in other coun 
tries, pleasant in conversation, rehearsing at all 
occasions, moralities, short and instructive, 
whereof lie had abundance, inventing where 
he wanted.” Dr. Burnet, in his “ History of tlie 
Reformation,” says of him, “ lie is justly reckon- 
ed the greatest and best of our modem writers.” 
BUCHNER, Augustus, professor of poetry 
and eloquence, at Wittemberg, died in ICfil. 
BUCHOLTZER, Abraham, pastor at Fries- 
tadt, author of a valuable work entitled “ Index 
Clirouologicus Utriusque Testamenti.” He died 
in 1584. 
BUCKELDIUS, William, a native of Voider; 
he invented an ingenious mi de of curing her- 
rings with salt, and died in 1449. 
BUCK BRIDGE, John, horn near Marlborough, 
preached before King James at Ilampton-court, 
and was made bishop ol Rochester, in J6J1. 
BU( KHOLD, John, a bulcher, of Leyden, 
headed theiauaiica! mob of anabaptists aiMun- 
ster: lie was put to death in 1550. 
BUCKINGHAM. See V1LLIERS and SHEF- 
FIELD. 
BUCKINGHAM, Thomas, one of the most j 
eminent niinisteis in Connecticut, settled in 
Iiartfoid; lie died in 1731. 
BUCKMINSTER, Joseph Stevens, a native j 
of Portsmouth, Nevv-I'ampshire, was a riislin-j; 
(wished and eloquent preacher, of Biattle*-street j 
church, Boston, and lecturer on Biblical criti- j 
cism at Harvard College; he died in 1812. 
RUCQLET, John Michael Baptist, a phy-si- i 
cian, of Taris, died in 1780, a victim to excessive 
application. 
BUDAEUS, Wil'iam, a critic and commenta-| 
tor on Greek and Latin authors, born ai Paris, 
1*‘67. died 1540. Frasmus called hint “ Porten- i 
turn Gallia; " The Prodigy of France. j’ 
BU 
II BUDDAiUS, John Francis, successively pro- 
cessor of Coburg Halle unit Jena, eminent for 
cleainess, judgment, and tas'.e, died m 1*29. 
| BLLGLLL, Eusiace, a very ingenious and 
entertaining wilier, born at St. '1 bon.as. m ai 
Fieter, 1085. lie was concerned with Stetie 
■and Addison in writing the Tattler. The Spec- 
tator being set on loot in 1710-11, Mr. Budgell 
\bad likewise a share with them, all the papers 
u. tuked with an X. being written by him ; as 
kvas indeed the whole 8th volume by Addisot 
land himself, without the assistance of Steele. 
jUpon the laying down of the Spectator, the 
Guardian was set up; and in this work our au- 
thor had a hand along with Addison and Steele. 
In the preface, it is said, that those papers marked 
with an asterisk weie written by Mr. Budgeli, 
In the latter part of his life, alter having suved 
the office of under-st cretary oi state, and held 
other high situations in the government of Ire- 
land, lie returned to England, where he became 
involved in law-suits, which reduced him to a 
very unhappy situation. On the 4th of May, 
1737, he tock a boat at Somerset stairs, alter 
filling his pockets with stones, and ordered the 
waterman to shoot London linage; hut while 
ihe boat was going under, he thre w himself into 
the river, where he penslit d immediately. Upon 
Ids buriau was leund a slipol paper, on which 
i were written these words: 
“ What Cato did, and Addison approv’d. 
“Cannot he wrong.” 
BUELL, Samuel, D D., a presbyterian minis- 
ter on Long Island, much distinguished lor l.is 
piety, dir d in 171 8. 
ELFALM ACO,Bonamico, an eminent Italian 
] ainter, w bo died in 1340. lie w as ibe first w bo 
put labels with sentences into ibe mouths ot bis 
figures; since follow ed by bad n asiers, but more 
frequently in caricature tngiavings. 
BUFFET, Margaret, a Parisian lady, wrote 
an interesting eulogy on learned women, &c. 
BUFFI)* K, Claude, a French writer, chiefly 
on belles letlres, born in Poland, KOI, rliid 1737. 
There are many works of lids author, which 
show deep penetration, and accurate judgment: 
lie principal of which’is, “In Coins des Scien 
ces,” &c. that is, “A Course ol Sciercis ujon 
principles new ai d simple, in ordei toloiml an- 
guage, Ibe Understanding, and ibe Heart, 1732,” 
in (olio. 
ELFFON, George ie Cierc, count de, lord of 
Montbaid, maiqtns of Boupen out, viscount of 
Quincy, intei dant oi the French king's gaidins 
and cabinets ol Natural History, w as one ol ibe 
t most elegant writers in France, in point of style; 
a man of uncommon genius, and turpi ising clo- 
qui nee, and the most astonishing inierg reter of 
nature that perhaps ever existed. He was horn 
at Montbaid, in Burgundy, September 7, 1707, 
land died April 10, 1788. IBs writings on “ Na 
jtural History” arc invaluable, and w ill perpetu- 
ate ids name. 
| BUGENHAGEN, John, a native of Pcmera- 
Inia, the adversary, and alierwauls the fiiend 
land missionary of Luther, died in 1558. 
j BUGIARD1NI, Julinno,a painter ot Florence, 
lestermed hv Michael Angelo, died in 1550. 
! BLISTER, Philip, a sculptor, of Brussels, 
died in 1088. 
| BUKT RTOP, Henry de, an ecclesiastic, of 
Antwerp, who wrote vatious woiks of contro- 
versy. died in 1710 
j BUKHARI, a learned Arabian of Mecca, 
.author of a book containing traditions on la#  BO 
Mahoiuedau religion, died m 256 of the lie- 
gira. 
BULKLEY, Peter, first minister of Concord, 
Massachusetts, died in 1659. lie was an excel- 
lent scholar, and published the “ Gospel cove- 
nant opened.’’ 
BULKLEV, John,son of Peter Bulkley, prac- 
tised physic in England ; he died in 1689. 
BULKLEV, Gershoin, an eminent minister 
of New-Londoii, Connecticut, afterwards of 
Weatherstield, died in 17111, distinguished for 
his knowledge of chymistry and languages. 
BULKLEV, John, first minister of Colches- 
ter, Connecticut, died in 1731: classed by Dr. 
Chauucy among the three most eminent for 
strength of genius, whom New-England had 
produced. 
BULL, John, a celebrated musician, born in 
Somersetshire, 1563. He was greatly admired 
for bis fine hand upon the organ, as well as for 
his compositions. Upon the establishment of 
Gresham College, he was chosen the first pro- 
fessor of music there; and, not being able to 
speak Latin, was permitted to deliver his lec- 
tures in English. It is uncertain where or when 
he died; but there is a picture of him yet re- 
maining in the music-school at Oxford. 
BULL, George, bishop of St. David’s, a very 
eminent writer arid preacher, born at Wells, 
Somersetshire, March 25, 1634, died February 
17, 1709. 
BULL, William, speaker of the assembly, and 
lieutenant-governor of the colony of South Ca- 
rolina, died in 1755. 
BULL, William, M. I)., a physician, the first 
American who obtained a degree in medicine ; 
he died in 1791. 
BULL, Henry, a native of Great Britain, came 
to New-England, and with several others.settled 
at Newport, Rhode Island. He was afterwards 
governor of the colony, and died in 1693. 
BULLER, Francis, an English judge, pub- 
lished ail introduction to the law of Nisi Prius, 
and died in I860. 
BULLET, John Baptist, dean of the univer- 
sity of Besancon, his works are learned and 
useful, but display neither grace of diction, nor 
elegance of style, he died in 1775. 
BULLEYN, William, a very learned physi- 
cian and botanist, born in tlie Isle of Ely, about 
the beginning of the reign of Henry VHL, died 
1576. 
BULLIALDUS, Ismael, an astronomer, born 
in the Isle of France, died in 1694. 
BULLIARD, N., a Fiench botanist of emi- 
nence, died in 1793. 
- BUI.LINGER, Henry, a celebrated contro- 
versial divine, of Zurich, in Switzerland, in the 
Ifilli century. 
BULLOCK, Archibald, of Georgia, was a 
member of the first American Congress, during 
the memorable year 1776. He died the year 
following. 
BULLOCK, Christopher, an eminent English 
actor of low comedy, and author of two come- 
dies and four farces, died 1724. 
BULTEAU, Louis, a native of Rouen, suc- 
ceeded his uncle as secretary to the French king, 
and wrote an abridged history of the Benedic- 
tine order. He died in 1693. 
BULWER, John, an English physician, of 
Hie 16th century, author of several works on 
phvsiognomv, &e. 
BUNEL, Peter, a native of Toulouse, distin- 
guished as a correct writer of the Latin lan- 
guage, died in 1546. 
BO 
; BUNEL, Jacob, a native of Blois, 1558, emi- 
j neiiL as a paimer. 
[ I! UN EL,, William, * physician of Toulouse, 
'published in 151 J, a t.ealise on the plague, 
j BUNN 1CK, John, a Flemish painter, excelled 
|]in historical pieces, died in 1727 llis brotiier 
sJacob was eminent in the representation of sea 
I battles. 
BUNON, Robert, an eminent dentist at Paris, 
died in 1748. 
BUN VAN, John, author of the justly admir- 
ed allegory of the “ Pilgrim’s Progress,” was 
born at Elstow, near Bedford, 1623. His parents, 
though very mean, took care to give him that 
learning which was suitable to their condition, 
bringing him up to read and write: he quickly 
forgot both, abandoning himself to all manner 
of wickedness; but not without frequent checks 
of conscience. One day, being at play with Ilia 
companions, (the wriie’r of his file tells us), a 
voice suddenly darted from heaven into his soul, 
saying, “ Wilt thou leave thy sins and go to 
heaven, or have thy sins and go to hell ?” This 
put him into such a consternation, that he im- 
mediately left Ins sport, and looking to heaven, 
thought he saw the Lord Jesus, looking down 
upon him, as one highly displeased with him, 
and threatening him with some grievous punish- 
ment for his ungodly practices. At auothet 
time, while he was belching out oaths, he was 
severely reproved by a woman, who was hersell 
a notorious sinner. This coming from a woman 
whom he knew to be very wicked, tilled Inin 
with secret shame, and made him from that 
rime very much refrain from it. Ilis father 
brought him up to his own business, which was 
that of a tinker. Being a soldier in the parlia- 
ment army, at the siege of Leicester, in 1645, 
lie was drawn out to stand sentinel; but an 
other soldier of his company desired to take his 
place, to which he agreed, and thereby escaped 
being shot by a musket ball, which look dll' bis 
comrade. About 1655 lie was admitted a mem 
her of a Baptist congregation at Bedford, and 
soon after chosen their preacher. In 1660, being 
convicted at the session of holding unlawful as- 
semblies and conventicles, he was sentenced to 
perpetual banishment, and in the mean time 
committed to gaol, from which he was dis- 
charged, after a confinement of 12 years and 
a half, by the compassionate interposition of Ur. 
Barlow, bishop of Lincoln. During his im- 
prisonment he wrote manyof his tracts. After- 
wards, being at liberty, he travelled into several 
parts of England, to visit and confirm the breth- 
ren, which procured him the epithet of bishop 
Bunvan. When the declaration of James II. 
for liberty of conscience was published, he, by 
the contribution of his followers, built a ineet- 
ing-house in Bedford, and preached constantly 
to a numerous audience. He died in London, 
of a fever, 1688. 
BUOMMATEI, Benedict, an ecclesiastic of 
Florence, known for his work on the Tuscan 
language, dipil in 1647. 
BUONACORSI, Philip, called himself Cal- 
limaco Esperiente, he was suspected of forming 
a conspiracy against Paul II., and settled in Po- 
land. He wrote a life of Attila, &c- and died in 
1496. 
BUONACORSI, or PERRIN DEL VACO, 
an eminent painter, of Tuscany, suckled by a 
goa’, he <Ii■■ <I 1547. 
BUOVAFEDE, Appiano, a native of Com 
acio, better known under the names of Appio 
lAmeo de Paha, and Agapisto Cliroinazauio;  BU 
known also as a poet and an elegant writer; In- 
died in 1792. 
BUON AMICI, Lazarus, became professor of 
belles-lettres in the Sapienza College of Rome; 
he read lectures on rhetoric at Padua, and died 
in 1552. 
BUONAMICI, Castrucio, a native of Lucca, 
at first devoted himself to the clerical profession, 
but afterwards turned his attention to arms, 
which he bore in the service of the king of 
Naples. He published several valuable works, 
and died in 1761. 
BUONAPARTE, Napoleon, emperor of 
France, was born at Ajaccio, in the island of 
Corsica, in 1769, and educated at the military 
schools of Brienne and Paris. He commenced 
h ;s military career as a lieutenant of artillery,and 
soon afterwards so distinguished himself at the 
siege of Toulon, and during the civil contentions 
at Paris, that he was promoted to the command 
of the army of Italy; with which he fought a 
series of battles, and gained a succession of vic- 
tories over the oldest and ablest generals of Eu- 
rope, which astonished the world, and compel- 
led his enemies to peace. He was for a time ! 
equally successful in Egypt, but being repulsed 
at the siege of Acre, by Sir Sidney Smith, he 
returned to France, and, in 1799, was appointed 
first consul of the republic. During his consul- 
ship, he commanded in the campaign of Italy, 
and gained the glorious battle of Marengo. In 
3804, he was crowned emperor, by the Roman 
pontiff. From this time his usual success at- 
tended him, and almost all Europe was at his 
control, until 1812, when he invaded Russia 
with an army of 400,000 men. The destruction 
of Moscow, and the severity of the climate, ut- 
terly ruined his army and compelled him to re- 
treat ; he attempted boldly to retrieve his mis- 
fortunes, but losing the memorable battle of 
Leipsic, he was driven to France, and compelled 
to abdicate the throne for the sovereignty of 
Elba. In less than a year he returned to France, 
and resumed his imperial authority, without 
resistance, his old army joining him with accla- 
mations. In June following, hostilities again 
commenced between him and the allies ; he lost 
the battle of Waterloo, and terminated his poli- 
tical career. He afterwards retired on board a 
British ship, and was exiled to St. Helena,where 
he was kept a prisoner until his death, in 1821. 
BUONAROTTI, see MICHAEL ANGELO. 
BUONDELMONTE, a young Florentine, in 
the beginning of the 13th century, who promised 
to marry a daughter of the family of the Amidei, 
but espoused the more beautiful daughter of the 
Donati. By the intrigues of theslighted fair and 
her relations, he was murdered. This murder 
set the city in commotion, the quarrel became 
funeral among the nobility, and the animosity 
asted many centuries. 
BUONFIGLIO, Joseph Constant, a Neapoli- 
tan, author of the modern history of Sicily and 
Venice, and the history of Messina, 1606. 
BUONTALENTI, Bernardo, surnamed Gi- 
rondile, distinguished for his knowledge of ar- 
chitecture, sculpture, &c., also, for his minia- 
tures and historical pieces; he died in 1608. 
BIJPALUS, a sculptor of antiquity, 540 B. C. 
BURCH, Edward, an eminent English engra- 
ver, wnose performances are to be found in 
every royal cabinet in Europe, died in 1814. 
BURf’HARD, tutor of Conrad the emperor, 
made bishop of Worms, died 1026. 
BURCHFLLO, Dominico, a barber, of Flo- 
rence, his wit and genius made him the fa- 
BU 
vourite of his countrymen; he wrote sonnets and 
lighter pieces, and died in 1448. 
BUKCKHARDT,John Lewis, nativeofLatt 
sanne, celebrated as a traveller in Africa, 
under the patronage of the African Association 
of London, died in 1816. 
BURDON, William, an ingenious miscel- 
laneous writer, born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
176-4, died in London, May 30, 1818. Of his 
works, the best known are, “Materials for 
Thinking,” and a “Life and Character of Buo- 
naparte.” 
BURE, William de, a bookseller of Paris, 
known for his knowledge of old, curious, and 
valuable books, died in 1782. 
BURE, Catherine, a learned lady of Sweden ; 
her Latin correspondence with another Swedish 
lady, Vandelaskylte, displays elegance of lan- 
guage, correctness of style, &c.; she died in 1679. 
BURETTE, Peter John, a physician of Paris, 
an elegant and polished scholar, died in 1747. 
BURGER, Godfred Augustus, a celebiated 
German poet, and the writer of that whimsical 
satire, called “ Munchausen’s Travels,” was 
! born at Wolmerswende, in the principality of 
Halberstadt, January 1, 1748, and died at Stut- 
gard, June, 1794. 
BURGES, Cornelius, took his degree of D.D. 
at Oxford; he was chaplain to Charles I., and 
died in 1665. 
BURGH, Ulick de, marquis of Clanricarde, 
author of memoirs relative to the Irish rebellion, 
died in 1657. 
BURGH, James, a worthy and ingenious mo- 
ral and political writer, born at Madderty, in 
Perthshire, 1714, died 1775. Of many excellent 
works that he left behind him, “ Political Dis- 
quisitions,” 3 vols., and “ Youth’s Friendly Mo- 
nitor,” are the best known, and most esteemed. 
BURGOYNE, Rt. Hon. John, a privy-coun- 
sellorof Ireland, lieutenant general in the British 
army, and author of four dramatic pieces, viz. 
“The Heiress,” “ The Maid of the Oaks,” “The 
Lord of the Manor,” and “ Richard Coeurde Li- 
on.” He surrendered his whole army to General 
Gates, at Saratoga, during the American revo- 
lution, and died Aug. 4,1792 
BURIDAN, John, a French philosopher, in 
the 14th century. 
BURIGNY, Levesque de, a native of Rheims, 
wrote a treatise on the authority of the popes, 
&c.; he died in 1785. 
BURKE, Edmund, a celebrated orator and 
statesman, born in the county of Cork, Ireland, 
Jan. 1, 1730. After staying the usual time at 
the university of Dublin, he went over to Lon- 
don, and entered himself as a student of the 
Middle Temple. He soon, however, commenced 
political writer; and, so masterly were his style 
and arguments, that his first productions (pub- 
lished anonymously) were universally attributed 
to lord Bolingbroke. His “ Philosophical in- 
quiry into the Origin of our Ideas on the Sub- 
lime and Beautiful” soon made him known to 
the literati; and he thenceforth became a public 
man. In 1765, Mr. Burke came into parliament, 
and immediately joined to the character of a 
most elegant writer, that of a most eloquent 
speaker; he died July 8, 1797. 
BURK ITT, William, born at Hitchain, in 
Northamptonshire, 1650, died 1703. He was a 
i pious and charitable man, who wrote several 
| books,and among the rest, a “Commentary upon 
] the New-Testament,” in the same plain, practi- 
cal, and affecting manner in which he preached 
i BURLAMAQ.l l, John James, an illustrious BU 
civilian, born at Geneva, in 1694, was after- 
wards professor of civil law there. In his 
•‘Principles ol'Natural Law,’’written in French, 
lie is supposed to have incorporated all the best 
things from Grotius, Puffendorf, and their com- 
mentator, Barbeyrac. He published, some time 
after, the “ Principles of Political Law,” which 
was written in the same language, and equally 
well received. He died in 1748. 
BURLEIGH. See CECIL. 
BURLEY, Walter, an English priest, wrote 
commentaries on Aristotle, &c. 
BURMAN, Francis, of Leyden, professor of 
theology, at Utrecht, wrote commentaries on the 
Pentateuch, &.c., died in 1679. 
BURMAN, Francis, son of the preceding, 
was also professor at Utrecht, and wrote on the 
persecution of Dioclesian ; he died in 1719. 
BURMAN, Peter, professor of history and 
eloquence, in the university of Leyden, and 
editor of the Latin classics, of which, he pub- 
ished Virgil, Ovid, Petronius, Quintilian, Sue- 
'oinus, Justin, Velleius, Phaidrus, &c., and died 
in 1740. 
BURMAN, John, of the same family, profes- 
sor of Botany and medicine at Amsterdam, 
published some works, about 1739. 
BURN, Dr. Richard, vicar of Orton, in West- 
moreland, born at Winton, in that county, died 
Nov. 20, 1785. He was author of two celebra- 
ted books, one on the “ Office of a Justice of 
Peace,” the other on “ Ecclesiastical Law;” 
both of which have gone through several edi- 
tions. 
BURN, John, son of the preceding, edited Ins 
father’s works with additions, died in 1802. 
BURNABY, Andrew, D. D., an English di- 
vine, vicar of Greenwich, and arch-deacon of 
Leicester. He published his travels in North 
America, sermons, &c., and died in 1812. 
BURNET, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, born 
at Edinburgh, in 1643. He was a very zealous 
promoter of the revolution which finally placed 
the present family on the English throne. As a 
writer, he is distinguished by his “ History of 
the Reformation,” published between 1679 and 
1681, and for which he had the thanks of both, 
housesof parliament. In 1699, he published his 
“ Exposition of the 39 articles of the Church 
of England and after his death, which hap- 
pened In March, 1714-5, his “ History of his Own 
Times, with his Life annexed,” was published 
by his soil, Thomas Burnet, esq., afterwards Sir 
Thomas. 
BURNET, Elizabeth, third wife of bishop 
Burnet, published a method of devotion, a book 
of merit, and died in 1709. 
BURNET, William, son of the ceieDrated hi- 
*hop Burnet, appointed governor of New-York 
and New-Jersey, in 1720 ; of Massachusetts and 
N ew-Hampshire, in 1728, and died 1729. 
BURNET, Dr. Thomas, a Scotch physician, 
author of Thesauras Medicinte Practicse, and 
other medical works. . 
BURNETT, Dr. Thomas, a most ingeniousand 
(earned writer, born at Croft, Yorkshire, 1635. 
fiis most celebrated work, “ The Sacred Theo- 
ry of the Earth,’ was originally published in 
Latin, in 2 vols. 4to ; the first two books, “ con- 
cerning the Deluge and Paradise,” in 1681; the 
two last, “ concerning the burning of the world, 
and the New Heavens and New Earth,” in 1689. 
The uncommon approbation which this work- 
met with. and thq,particular encouraaemcnt of 
Charles It., who was exceedingly taken with it, 
put the author upon translating it into English. 
HU 
It would be endless to transcribe all the high en- 
comiums that have been passed on this work 
■by various eminent authors. Me died in J715. 
j BURNEY, Dr. Charles, an eminent musician 
land general scholar, born at Shrewsbury, April 
7, 172G, died at Chelsea College, of which he 
was organist, April 12, 1814, in his 88th year. 
His “ General History of Music,” 4 vols. 4to ; 
his “ Present State of Music in France, Italy, 
tlie Netherlands, Holland, and Germany;” and 
“ Account of the Musical performances in com- 
memoration of llandel,” are valuable additions 
to British literature, from the knowledge which 
they impart, and the elegance with which they 
are written. He also wrote the “ Life of Me- 
tastasio ;” a work highly estimable for its can 
dour, information, judgment, and taste. 
BURNEY, Dr. Charles, son of the foregoing, 
was born at Lynn, Norfolk, Dec. G, 1757, and 
bred at the Charter House, and Cams College, 
Cambridge. He greatly distinguished himself 
by the depth of his literary researches, and by 
his extraordinary skill in the Greek language. 
He obtained great eminence as the master of 
classical academics, successively at Hammer- 
smith and Greenwich, was D. I)., L. L. D., and 
F. R. S., rector of St. Paul, Deptford, and of 
Clifl'e, both in the county of Kent, and died Dec. 
28, 1817. 
BURNS, Robert, a native of Scotland, who, 
in the humble employment of a ploughman, 
discovered a most extraordinary genius for po- 
etical composition. Dissatisfied with his low 
station, he was about to emigrate to Jamaica, 
to seek a better fortune ; and, with a view to 
procure money for his passage, a coarse edition 
of his poems were published at Edinburgh. 
They were soon noticed by the gentlemen in 
that city ; and some extracts, with an account 
of the author, were given in “ The Lounger,” a 
periodical paper then in the course of publica- 
tion. Subscriptions were then set on foot for a 
new edition of his works, and Burns was made 
an exciseman, with an income of about 50/. a 
year. This pupil of nature, however, this poet 
of inspiration, possessed in the same degree, 
the powers and the failings of genius. His ta- 
lents were often obscured, and his constitution 
was at length impaired, by excess. His manners 
not being capable of melioration, and his pro- 
pensity to intemperance being ungovernable, 
the attentions paid to him were not lasting ; ami 
he sunk under poverty and distress, leaving a 
widow pregnant, and five infant children. lie 
died July 21,1796, in the prime of life. 
BURRHUS, Afranius, a Roiutin commander, 
under Claudius and Nero. 
BURR, Peter, a judge, and afterwards chief 
justice of the supreme court of the state of 
Connecticut, in 1711. 
BURR, Jonathan, a native of England, came 
to America, in 1639, and was settled in the mi 
nistry at Dorchester; he died in 1G41. 
BURR, Aaron, pastor of the presbyterian church 
at Newark, N. J., in 1742; elected president of 
Princeton College in 1748, died in 1757. He was 
distinguished for his learning, &c., and publish- 
ed occasional discourses, &c. 
BURR1LL, John, speaker of the house of re 
presentatives of Mass., and mem »er of the coun- 
cil, died in 1721. 
BURR1LL, James, a native of Providence, 
and a distinguished lawyer of that place, was 
attorney general, and judge of tAt mpreme court 
of Rhode Island, and at the tuu-t t,'. his death, 
in 1820, a senator in congress. BU 
BURR1NGTON, George, proprietary gov- 
ernor of North Carolina, was dismissed from 
the office for his vices, and afterwards mur- 
dered in England, about 17345 
BURROUGH, Edward, a native of West- 
moreland, obtained from Charles 115 the sus- 
pension of the persecution against the Quakers 
in New England! 
BURROUGHES, Jeremiah, a nonconformist, 
became preacher of Stepney and Cripplegate 
churches, and died in 1646. 
BURROUGHS, George, a minister of Salem, 
Mass., one of the victims of the witchcraft de- 
lusion, in 1692. 
BURROW, Sir James, master of the crowrn- 
uflice, and some time president of the Royal So- 
ciety, published four volumes of “ Reports,” 
and a volume of “ Decisions of the Court of 
King’s Bench upon Settlement cases, from 1732 
to 1772, (to which was subjoined “ An Essay on 
I’unctuation,”) and died Nov. 5, 1782. 
BURT, John, minister of Bristol, R. I., or- 
dained in 1741, died 1775, a sound divine. 
BURTON, Henry, an ecclesiastic, born at 
Birsall, in Yorkshire, made B. D. at Oxford,was 
clerk of the closet to prince Henry, and after his 
death, to Charles. His writings are all contro- 
versial, and generally full of invectives. He 
died in 1648. 
BURTON, William, author of “ A History 
of Leicestershire,” born at Lindley, in that 
county, in 1575, died in 1645. 
BURTON, Robert, known to the learned by 
the name of Democritus, junior, was brother 
of the preceding, and born also at Lindley, Fell. 
8, 1576, died Jan. 1639-40. He was a man of 
general learning, a great philosopher, an exact 
mathematician, and (what makes up for the pe- 
culiarity of his character) a very curious calcu- 
lator of nativities. He was extremely studious, 
and of a melancholy turn; yet an agreeable 
companion, and very humorous. “The Anato- 
my of melancholy.” by Democritus, junior, as 
lie calls himself, shows that tiiese seemingly dif- 
ferent qualities were mixed together in his com- 
position. This hook was printed first in 4to, 
1621, afterwards many times in folio, to the great 
profit of the bookseller, who, as Mr. Wood tells 
us, got an estate by it. “ Burton upon Melan- 
choly,” says archbishop Herring, (Letters, 1777, 
12mo,) “ is an author the pleasantest, the most 
learned, and the most full of sterling sense.— 
The wits of queen Anne’s reign, and the begin- 
ning of George I., were (he adds) not a little 
beholden to him.” Ilr. Fcrriar, in “ Memoirs 
of the Literary and Philosophical Society of 
Manchester,” published 1793, and in “ Illustra- 
tions of Sterne,” published 1799, has detected 
in this book the source of many of Sterne’s 
most admired writings. See also an able critic 
on this subject, in the European Magazine, for 
Oct. and Nov. 1793. 
BURTON, William, an excellent critic and 
antiquary, died in 1657. 
BURTON, William, a physician, but better 
known as author of “ A History of the county 
of York,” 2 vols. folio. He was born at Ripon, 
In 1697, and died at York, in 1759. 
BURTON, John, a learned divine, born at 
Wembworth, in Devonshire, 1696, died in 1771, 
leaving some ingenious writings, collected under 
the title of “ Opuscula Miscellanea.” 
BURTON, Ezekias, prebendary of Norwich, 
eminent for bis learning and piety, died in 1681. 
His discourses were published by Tillotson. j 
BURY, Arthur, D. D. at the restoration, he! 
BU 
obtained a prebend of Exeter, and in 1G65, 
was made chaplain to the king? 
BURY, Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Law- 
rence, excelled in her knowledge of mathe- 
matics, and the learned languages; she died 
in 17205 
BURZUIE, a learned Persian philosopher 
and physician, in the reign ol Chosroes, sur- 
named Nuschirvan the Just. 
BUS, Ca'sar de, a native ofCavaillon, atoned 
for the irregularities of his youth, by a pious 
life, devoted to the reformation of the clergy. 
He died in 1607. 
BUSBEQUIUS, or BUSBEC, Auger Gislen, 
born at Commines, a town in Flanders, in 1522 
In 1554, he was appointed ambassador at Con 
stantinople, where he acquired a perfect know- 
ledge of the state of the Ottoman empire, and 
the true means of attacking it with success; on 
which subject he composed a very judicious dis- 
course, entitled, “ De re militari centra Turcam 
instituenda consilium.” He died in Oct. 1592. 
BUSBY, Richard, born at Lutton, in Lincoln- 
shire, 1606. In 1640, he was appointed master 
of Westminster school; and, by his skill and 
diligence in this most laborious and important 
office, for the space of 55 years, bred up the 
greatest number of eminent men in church 
and state, that ever adorned at one time any 
age or nation. This great man, after a long and 
healthy life, the consequence of his chastity, 
sobriety, and temperance, died April 6, 1695, 
aged 89, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
He had composed several books for the use of 
his'school, and had the reputation of being a 
verv severe disciplinarian. 
BUSCHETTO DA DALICI1IO, an eminent 
architect and mechanic of the 11th century. 
BUSCH1NG, Dr. Anthony Frederick, an emr 
nent German, author of “ A New Treatise of 
G,pjr»graphy,” which has been translated into 
languages, and particularly into English, 
in G vols. 4to. He died at Berlin, in May, 1793, 
aged 69. 
BUSCKIUS, Herman, a German scholar, 
wrote some Latin poems, and commentaries on 
classical authors, and died in 1534. 
BUSHELL, Thomas, a native of Worcester- 
shire, a zealous royalist, and master of the royal 
mines in Wales, died in 1G74. 
BUSLEIDEN, Jerome, a statesman, in the 
service of Charles V., died in 1517. 
BUSSIERE, John de, a learned Jesuit, au- 
thor of a history of France, &c., died in 1678. 
BUSSY, Roger Rabutin, count of, a French- 
man, memorable for wit and misfortunes, was 
born in Burgundy, April 3, 1618. He wrote 
many works, satirical, historical, and moral; 
but is chiefly known by his “ Letters,” which 
are much esteemed. He died in 1693. 
BUTE, John, earl of, viscount, and baron 
Mountstuart, &c. This nobleman was, in 1763, 
appointed prime minister. The nation being 
nearly exhausted by a long and expensive, 
though successful, war with France, he con- 
cluded a peace, and then retired to enjoy a life 
of learned leisure. He was a lover and encou- 
rager of learning and learned men, especially 
when genius and respectable character were 
united in the same person. It was on this prin- 
ciple that he asked and obtained of his majesty 
a pension of 3001. a year for Dr. Johnson. 
Among many instances of his love to the arts, 
the earl of Bute printed, at his own expense, a 
botanical work, in 9 4to. vols.. of plants apper- 
taining only to EsigUr-4 Ui..y 12 copies were  BU 
printed ; the .expense of which amounted to 
10001. Copies were presented to the queen, to 
the late dutchess of Portland, M. de Burton, lady 
Susan Mackenzie, lady Banks, and lord Mnutu- 
stuart. Those remaining were reserved for le- 
gacies, and the plates were destroyed. His lord- 
ship died March 10, 1792. 
BUTLER, William, a physician, born at Ips- 
wich. Some anecdotes are recorded of him, 
which exhibit him as a capricious madman ; he 
died in 1018. 
BUTLER, Charles, a native of Hampshire, 
author of a popular work on bees, called the 
feminine monarchy, &c., died in 1047. 
BUTLER, Samuel, a poet of a very singular 
cast, born at Strensham, in Worcestershire, 
1612. He lived some time, (though it is not 
known in what capacity,) with Sir Samuel 
Luke, a gentleman of an ancient family in Bed- 
fordshire, and a famous commander under Oli- 
ver Cromwell. While he resided in this gentle- 
man’s family, it is generally supposed that he 
planned, if lie did not write, the celebrated 
“ Hudihras ;” under which character it is 
thought lie intended to ridicule that knight. 
When this poem became known, it was neces- 
sarily admired: the king quoted, the courtiers 
studied, and the whole party of the royalists 
applauded it. Every eye watched for the golden 
shower which was to fall upon the author. But 
praise was his whole reward. It is reported, 
indeed, that the king once gave him 300 guineas; 
but of this temporary bounty we find no proof. 
He died September 25,1080 ; and was buried at 
the private expense of a Mr. Longueville, of the 
Temple, in the church yard of Covent Garden. 
About 60 years afterwards, Mr. Barber, a printer, 
mayor of London, and a friend to Butler’s prin- 
ciples, bestowed on him a monument in West- 
minster Abbey. In the mist of obscurity passed 
the life of Butler, a man whose name can only 
perish with his language. The mode and place 
of his education are unknown; the events of 
his life are variously related; and all that can 
be told with certainty is, that he was poor. 
BUTLER, James, duke of Ormond, a very 
celebrated statesman and warrior, in the reign 
of Charles II., to whose restoration he materi- 
ally contributed. He was born in London, 1010, 
and died in 1688. 
BUTLER, Joseph, bishop of Durham, a pre- 
late of most distinguished piety, born at Wan- 
tage, Berks, 1692. His deep learning and com- 
prehensive mind appear sufficiently in his writ- 
ings, particularly in a work entitled, “ The 
Analogy of Religion, natural and revealed, to 
the constitution and course of Nature.” He 
died in 1752. 
BUTLER, Thomas, earl of Ossory, son of the 
preceding, was confined in the tower eight 
months by Cromwell. After the restoration, 
he aba°hed Shaftsbury, by an exertion of his 
powers in the vindication of his father. He 
died in 1080. 
BUTLER, Alban, a Roman catholic, director 
of the English College of St. Omer’s, died in 
1782. 
BUTLER, Richard, a brave officer during the 
war of the revolution, killed at the defeat of 
General St. Clair, in 1791. 
BUTLER, Thomas, a brave officer in the re- 
volutionary war. In 1797, he commanded in 
Tennessee, and brought the Indian war to asuc- 
cessful termination. He died in 1805. 
BUTT, George, D. D., an English divine, ac- 
BY 
quired some distinction as a poet. He published 
a volume of sermons, and died in 1795. 
BUTTS, Sir William, a physician to Henry 
VIII., one of the founders of the Royal College 
of Physicians. 
BUXTON, Jedediah, a man of most extraor 
dinary natural talents for calculation, horn at 
Elmeton, a village in Derbyshire, 1705. He was 
never taught to read or write; but could, by the 
force of memory, solve in a very short time the 
most complicated questions respecting the mul- 
tiplication, division, reduction, &c., of figures; 
yet, beyond mere calculation, his ideas were 
hardly above those of infancy. He died about 
1775. 
BUXTORFF, John, the name of two learned 
professors of Hebrew at Basil, father ami son, 
who are allowed a place among those of the first 
rank for rabbinical learning. The father died 
in 1029, the son in 1G04. 
BUXTORFF, John, nephew of the preceding, 
succeeded him in the Oriental chair of Basil, 
and was esteemed for his extensive erudition. 
He died in 17112. 
BUY DE MORN AS, Claude, born at Lyons, 
author of a valuable atlas of geography and his 
tory, died in 1783. 
BUZANVAL, Nicholas Choart de, a French 
prelate, relinquished the profession of law lor 
the church, and died in 1679. 
BUZOT, Francis Nicholas Leonard, one of 
the heroes of the French revolution, born in 
1700. 
BYEFIELD, Nathaniel, a native of England, 
settled in Bristol, Rhode Island, and died in 1733. 
BYFIELD, Nicholas, a native of Warwick- 
shire, who wrote some voluminous tracts on 
divinity; he died in 1022. 
BYLES, Mather, D. D., a poet and political 
writer of some note, minister in Boston, where 
he was born in 1706. 
1SYN/EUS, Anthony, a native of Utrecht, 
skilled in classical and historical learning, died 
in 1698. 
B YNG, George, lord viscount Torrington, was 
born in 1003. His eminent abilities as a naval 
commander raised him successively to the high 
offices of rear admiral of England, treasurer of 
the navy, and first lord of the admiralty. He 
was father of the unfortunate admiral John 
Byng, who, after having given many proofs of 
courage, was, on a dubious sentence for neglect 
of duty, shot at Portsmouth, March 14, 1757. 
Ilis lordship died in 1733. 
BYNKERSHOEK, Cornelius Van, professor 
of law at Leyden, &c., author of Observations 
on the Roman Laws, &c., died in 1743. 
BYRD, William, a native of Virginia, died 
about the middle of the last century. He col 
iected a very large and valuable library. 
BYRGE, Justus, an ingenious mathematician 
and instrument-maker in France, flourished at 
the end of the 16th century. 
BYRNE, William, a very distinguished land- 
scape engraver. His best performances are, 
The Antiquities of Great Britain, after Hearne; 
Viewsoftlie Lakesafter Farington; and Smith’s 
Scenery of Italy. His chief excellence consist- 
ing in his aerial perspective, and the general 
effect of his cliiaro-oscuro, he was more agreea- 
bly and more beneficially employed in finishing 
than in etching; and hence he generally worked 
in conjunction with his pupils; to whom his 
strong recommendation was, to study nature, 
Vivares, and the best examples of the French  CA 
ichool. Among the pupils of Mr. Byrne, we 
know no one who has done more credit either 
to his instructer in the art, or to himself, than 
Mr. Landseer, engraver to his late majesty. Mr. 
Byrne died September 24, 1805, aged 62. 
BYROM, John, a poetical writer,and inventer 
of a new system of short hand, born at Kersal, 
near Manchester, 1691, died in 1763. 
B YRON, Lord George Gordon, an English 
nobieman, distinguished as the greatest poet of 
tne age in which he lived, author of “ Childe 
Harold,” “Don Juan,” and other poems, died 
at Missolonghi, while assisting the Greeks in 
their glorious struggle for freedom, in April, 
1824. 
BYTHNER, Victorinus, a native of Poland, 
eminent for his knowledge of Hebrew, died in 
1004. 
BZOVIUS, Abraham, a learned Polander. 
The chief of his works is, “ A Continuation of 
Baronius’ Annals from 1198 to 1572. ’ He died 
in 1637. 
CA 
CAB, Ben Zohair, an Arabian poet, the oppo- 
nent, and afterwards the friend, of Mahomet ; 
died in the first year of the hegira. 
CABADES, or COBAD, a king of Persia, de- 
posed, but afterwards recovered his authority, 
which he left to his son in 531. 
CABANIS, Peter John George, a French phy- 
sician, the associate of Mirabeau, and one of the 
council of 500 during the revolution, died in 
1808. 
CABASILAS, Nilus, archbishop of Thesa- 
lonica, wrote against the supremacy of the pope; 
he was succeeded by his nephew, Nicholas, in 
the 14th century. 
CABASSOLE, Philip de, chancellor and 
chief minister of the queen of Sicily, and cardi- 
nal d’ metropolitan of Constantinople ; died in 
1372. 
CABASSUT, John, professor of the canon 
law at Avignon, died in 1685. 
CABEL, Adrian Vander, of Riswick, eminent 
as a painter; he died in 1695. 
CABESTAN, or OABISTAING, William 
de, a poet, murdered by the husband of his mis 
tress, who eat his heart unknowingly, and died 
whh giief. 
CABOT, John, a Venetian, who first dis- 
covered the continent of America, in 1497. 
CABOT, Sebastian, son of the preceding, ac- 
companied his father in his voyage, irtf(1497, and 
afterwards made several voyages; he died in 
1557. 
CABOT, George, an eminent statesman, was 
a member of the United States’ Senate from the 
state of Mass., and president of the Hartford 
Convention. He was distinguished as a man of 
great strength of mind, of sound and correct 
judgment, of unsullied honour, and the strictest 
‘ntegrity, and was the friend and associate of 
Washington. 
CABOT, Vincent, author of “ Les Politiques,” 
in 4 vols., of the 14th century. 
CABRAL, or CABRERA, Pedro Alvares, a 
Portuguese, sent, in 1500, by king Emanuel, with 
a fleet to the East Indies. He was driven upon 
the coast of Brazil, and gave the name to Santa 
Cruz. 
CADALOUS, a bishop of Parma, made pope 
under the title of Honorius II., died in 1604. 
CADAMOSTO, Lewis, a famous Venetian 
C2E 
navigator, born in 14-22, visited the MadeirasJ 
the Canaries, &c. 
CADMUS, king of Thebes, who brought 16 
letters into Greece. The poets say that he ieft 
his country in quest of his sister Europa, and 
went into Bceotia, where one of his company 
was devoured by a dragon, which Cadmus slew, 
and sowed its teeth in a field, whence sprung 
up an army of men who destroyed one another 
CADMUS, a Milesian, author of a history of 
India. 
C ADOG, founder of some churches in Wales, 
in the 15th century. 
CADOG, a bard of the 6th century, called the 
Wise. 
CADOGAN, William Bromley, a respected 
minister of St. Giles’, Reading, and St. Luke’s; 
died in 1797. 
CADWALADYR, last king of the Britons, 
in 660 he was conquered by the Saxons. 
CADWALADYR, Cesail, a W’eish bard of 
some merit, in the 16th century. 
CADWALLADER, , an eminent physi- 
cian of Philadelphia, and among the first who 
wrote on medical subjects ; flourished about 
1740. 
C AD W ALLADER, John, a brigadier-general 
in the American army, during the revolution, 
died in 1786. 
CADWALLON, prince of North Wales, de- 
feated by Edwin of England, in 620. 
CADWGAN, a prince of South Wales, was 
assassinated in 1110. 
C2ECILIANUS, bishop of Carthage, was ex 
pelled from office by a council, in 311. 
CA3CILIUS STATIUS, a comic poet in the 
age of Ennius. 
C2EL1US AURELIANUS, or, as some have 
called him, Lucius Cadius Arianus, an ancient 
physician of Sicca, a town of Numidia,in Africa. 
We are obliged to him for the knowledge of 
many dogmas which are not to be found but in 
his books “ De ceieribusettardis Passionibus.” 
He wrote, as he himself tells us, several other 
works; but they have all perished.This, however, 
which has escaped the ruins of time and barba 
rism, is highly valued as being the only monu- 
ment of the Medicina Methodica which is ex- 
tant. He is allowed by all to be admirable in 
the history and description of diseases. Le Clerc 
places him in the 5th century. 
C2ESAR, Cains Julius, an illustrious Roman 
general and historian, born 98 B. C. By his va- 
lour and eloquence he acquired the highest re- 
putation in the field and in the senate; beloved 
and respected by his fellow-citizens, he enjoyed 
successively every magisterial and military ho- 
nour that the republic could bestow, consistent 
with its own free constitution; but, at length, 
having subdued Pompey, the great rival of his 
growing power, his boundless ambition effaced 
the glory of his former actions; for pursuing his 
favourite maxim, “ that he would rather be the 
first man in a village, than the second in Rome,” 
he procured himself to be chosen perpetual dic- 
tator; and, not content with this unconstitu- 
tional power, his faction had resolved to raise him 
to the imperial dignity, when the friends of the 
civil liberties of the republic rashly and basely 
assassinated him in the senate-house,where they 
should only have seized him, and brought him 
to a legal trial for usurpation. By this impoli- 
tic and treacherous measure, they defeated their 
own purpose, involving the city in consternatioc 
and terror, which produced general anarchy 
101 CA 
and paved the way to the revolution that they 
wanted to prevent; for, after his death, the re- 
public, though for some time it preserved the 
forms of liberty, became an absolute monarchy, 
the constant fate of all governments, whatever 
freedom they might once have, when luxury 
and profligate manners have grown universal! 
The activity of Caesar’s spirit was such, that, 
as he himself said, “he thought nothing done, 
while there was any thing left to do.” How- 
ever, amidst all his concerns, civil and military, 
he found time to be the author of many works : 
none of which have been preserved from the 
ravages of time, except seven books, “ De 
Bello Gallico?” 
CA5SAR, Sir Julius, a learned civilian, born 
near Tottenham, in Middlesex, 1557, died 1639; 
CA3SARALP1NUS, Andreas, an eminent 
philosopher and physician, born at Arezzo, 
1559, died in 1603! 
CAFFA, Melchior, a distinguished sculptor, 
who adorned the churches of Rome and Italy, 
died 16t*7! 
CAFFARELLI DU FALAGA, Nf, a French 
officer of great courage ; died in 1801! 
CAFF1AUX, D! Joseph, a native of Valen- 
ciennes, a writer on history, music, &c! 
CAFFIER1, Philip, an eminent sculptor, of 
Rome, died in 1755! 
CAGLIARI, Paul, a most excellent painter, 
born at Verona, in 1532! He was styled by the 
lialians, 11 pittor felice, “ The happy painter:” 
There is scarcely a church in Venice which 
has not some piece or other of his ; and his pic- 
ture of The Marriage at Cana, in the church of 
St! George, is to be distinguished from his 
other works, as being not only the triumph of 
Paul Veronese, but almost the triumph of 
painting itself: He died of a fever at Venice, 
in 1588, and had a tomb and statue of brass 
erected in the church of St! Sebastian! 
CAGLIOSTRO, Count Alexander, a man so 
called, but wrhose real name was Joseph Balsa- 
mo, was born at Palermo, 1743. His w’hole life 
was a series of the most astonishing cheats, 
mummeries, and impostures ; and his ingenuity 
in every species ol fiction and deceit exceeds all 
hat has been recorded in the annals of ancient 
or modern roguery. For some enormities in 
Rome lie was committed to the castle of St. An- 
gelo, in which lie died toward the end of 1794. 
CAGNACI, called Gaulassi from hisdeformi- 
ty, an Italian painter of the 18th century. 
CAGNATI, Marsilio, a physician of Verona, 
settled at Rome, professor of philosophy, in the 
age of Paul V. 
CAHAGNES, James, professor of medicine 
at Caen, died in 1612. 
CAHUSAG, Lewis de, a Frenchman, author 
of the tragedy of Pharamond, and some ro- 
mances, died in 1759. 
CAIAPHAS, the high-priest who condemned 
our Saviour, and afterwards committed suicide. 
CAIET, Peter Victor Palma, a Frenchman, 
doctor of the Sorbonne, who from a Calvanist 
became a Catholic: he was author of a valuable 
chronology, and died in 161.0. 
CAIET AN, Constantine,,a Benedictine, editor 
of the works of Peter Darien, died at Rome, in 
1650. 
C AIETAN, a cardinal, born in 1469, at Caieta, 
a town in the kingdom of Naples. His proper 
name was Thomas de Vio ; hut he took that of 
Caietan, from the placeof his nativity. He gave 
a literal translation of the Old ami New* Testa- 
ments, from the originals; excepting Solomon’s 
CA 
Song and the Prophets,which he had begun,hut 
did not live to proceed far in ; and the Revela- 
tions of St! John, which he designedly omitted; 
saying, that, to explain them, it was necessary 
lor a man to he endued, not with parts and 
j learning, hut with the spirit of prophecy. 
| CA1LLER, Nicholas Lewis de la, a French 
mathematician and astronomer, friend of Cas- 
sini ; died 1792. 
CAIN, the eldest son of Adam, who slew 
his brother Abel! 
CAIRO, Francisco, an eminent painter ot 
religious subjects, born at Milan, in 1698! 
CAIUS, or KAYES, Dr.John, a distinguished 
English physician, author of several learned 
works, died in 1573: 
CAIUS, John, poet-laureat to Edward IV? 
CAIUS, Thomas, a distinguished linguist in 
England, prebendary of Sarum, died in 1572.* 
CAIUS, a Roman saint, made bishop of 
Rome in 283? 
CALABER, an ancient Greek poet, author 
of a supplement to Homer’s Iliad? 
CALABROIS, Matthias Preti, a painter, of 
Calabria, died at Malta in 1699. 
CALAMY, Edmund, a very eminent divine 
among the non-conformists; born at London. 
1600, died 1666. 
CALAMY, Benjamin, an eminent divine and 
excellent preacher, died vicar of St. Lawrence, 
Jewry, 1686. The pieces that he printed in his 
lifetime were, 7 sermons on several occasions; 
13 others were published in one volume, after 
his death. 
CALAMY, Edmund, an eminent divine among 
the non-conformists; made D. D. by the univer- 
sities of Scotland. He wrote several controver- 
sial works, and died in 1732. 
CALANDRUCCI, Giacintho, a painter, of 
Rome, died in 1707. 
CALANUS, avi Indian brahmin, who burned 
himself before Alexander, 325 B. C. 
GALAS, John, an unfortunate merchant, of 
Toulouse, unjustly condemned, on the charge 
of murdering his own son, in 1762. 
CALASIO, Marius, a Franciscan, at Rome* 
aut hor of a valuable concordance of the Hebrew 
Bible, published in 1621. 
CALCAGNINI, Celio, a native of Ferrara, 
and a distinguished scholar, died in 1540. 
CALCAR, John de, an eminent painter, at 
Naples, died in 1546. 
C ALDER INI, Domizio, born at Toris, pro 
fessor of belles lettres, and translator of Pausan- 
ias into Latin ; he died in 1478. 
CALDERONI DE LA BARCA, Don Pedro 
a celebrated Spanish officer, ecclesiastic, and 
dramatic writer. In the latter character, he 
may, perhaps, deserve the name of the Spanish 
Shakspeare. He flourished about 1640, and his 
dramatic works make 9 vols. 4to. 
CAI.DERWOOD, David, a famous divine of 
the church of Scotland, and a distinguished wri- 
ter in behalf of the presbyterians, in the. 17th 
century. He wrote “ The True History of 
Scotland.” 
CALDWALL, Richard, an eminent English 
physician, died in 1585. 
CALEB, a Hebrew, sent by Moses, with Jo- 
shua, into Canaan. 
CALED, or KHALED, one of Mahomet’s 
friends, called, from his courage, the sword of 
God, died in 639. 
CALEF, Robert, a merchant, of Boston, who 
published a work against witchcraft, in 1700; he 
died in 1720. 
102 CA 
CALENDARIO, Philip, celebrated for tliet 
porticoes which lie erected round the palace of 
Bt. Mark, al Venice, about 1354. 
CALENT1US, Elisius, a poet and philoso- 
pher, preceptor of Frederic, son of the king of 
Naples, and author of many works; he died in 
1502. 
CALEPINO, or DA CALEPIO, Ambrose, a 
native of Bergamo, author of a vocabulary of 
the Latin tongue ; died, blind, in 1511. 
CALIAVIRI, Luca, an Italian painter, who 
excelled in sea views, landscapes, &.C.; died in 
1715. 
CALIGULA, the Roman emperor and tyrant, 
began his reign A. D. 37, with every appear- 
ance of becoming the real, not thetitular, father 
of his people ; but at the end of eight months he 
was seized witii a fever, which, it is supposed, 
left a frenzy upon his mind, for his disposition 
totally changed, and he committed the most n- 
trocious acts of impiety, cruelty, and folly ; such 
as proclaiming his horse consul, feeding it at ids 
table, introducing it to the temple in the vest- 
ments of the priests of Jupiter, and causing sa- 
crifices to be ofi'ered to himself, his wife, and his 
horse. After having murdered many of his sub- J 
jects with his own hands, and caused others to j 
be put to death without any offence, lie was as- j 
sassinated by a tribune of the people, as he 
came out of the amphitheatre, A. D 41, in the 
29th year of his age. 
CALLARI), John Baptiste, a celebrated au- 
thor, and professor in the university of Caen, 
died in 1718. 
CALLENDER, Elisha, minister of the 1st 
Baptist Church, Boston ; of a peaceful disposi- 
tion, and exemplary life- 
CALLENDER, John, an eminent Baptist 
minister and writer,in Rhode Island; he publish- 
ed a history of Rhode Island, and died in 1748. 
CALLIACH, Nicholas, professor of belles 
lettres at Padua, died in 1707. 
CALLICRATIDAS, a Spartan general, who 
perished iu a naval battle, 405 B. C. 
CALL1EK ES, Francis de, an eminent states- 
man and poet, in the time of Lewis XIV., died 
in 1717. 
CALLIMACHUS, an ancient Greek poet, 
born at Cyrene, a town in Africa; but when, we 
cannot precisely determine. Suidas relates 
that Callimachus wrote above 800 pieces, of 
which we have now remaining only a few 
hymns and epigrams. 
CALLIMACHUS, of Corinth, an architect, 
and inventor of the Corinthian order, flourished 
about 540 B. C. 
CALLINUS, of Ephesus, an ancient Greek 
poet, the inventor of elegiac verse, flourished 
about. 776 B. C. 
CALLIPPUS, a celebrated Athenian astro- 
nomer, the first observer of the revolutions of 
eclipses, flourished 336 B. C. 
CALLISTHENES, a philosopher, disciple 
and relation of Aristotle, by whose desire he ac- 
companied Alexander the Great in his expedi- 
tions ; but proving too severe a censurer of the 
hero’s conduct, he put him to the torture (on sus- 
picion of a treasonable conspiracy,) under which 
he died 328 B. C. 
CALLISTUS, Johannes Andronictis,a native 
of Thessalonica, and professor of philosophy, at 
Constantinople, in 1453; he died in France. 
CALLIXTUS 1., elected pope, in 209; he suf- 
fered martyrdom four years afterwards. 
CAT T.IXTUS II., Guy, pope, ir.i 1119,held the 
first Laterau council, and died m 1124. 
CA 
~CALLIXTUS III., elected pope in 1455; he 
was a learned and pious man, and died in 1458. 
CALL1XTU8, George, a Lutheran divine, 
professor at Hemstadt, founder of the sect called 
Callixtins ; he died in 1656. 
CALLOT, James, a famous engraver, born 
at Nancy, in 1593. Evelyn, who was a very 
good judge of his merit, speaks of him as one 
who “ gave the utmost reputation to his art of 
which it is capable; and attained, if ever any 
did, to its sublimity, and beyond which it seems 
not possible for human industry to reach.” He 
died in 1636. 
CALMET, Augustin, a Frenchman, born in 
1672, died 1757. He was a man of vast erudi- 
tion, and a wonderfully voluminous writer; as 
witnesseth the allowing list. 1. “ A literal 
commentary upon all the Books of the Old and 
New Testament,” 23 vols. 4to. 2. “Disserta- 
tions and Prefaces of his Commentaries,” print 
ed separately,with 19 new Dissertations, 3 vols. 
4to. Perhaps there are none of his writings 
more useful than these. 3. “ The History of the 
Old and New Testament,” 4 vols. 4to. 4. “ A 
Historical, Critical, and Chronological Dictiona- 
ry of the Bible.” 5. “ Ecclesiastical and Civil 
History of Lorrain,” 3 vols. folio. 6. “ Bibiio- 
thequeof the Writers of Lorrain, folio. 7. “Uni- 
versal History, sacred and profane,” 15 vols. 4to, 
of which eight only were printed. 8. “ Disser- 
tations upon Apparitions, Demons, Witches, 
&c.” 9. “ Literal,Historical,and Moral Conimtn- 
tary, upon the Rules of St. Benedict,” 4to. All 
these works are written in the French language. 
CALMO, Andrew, a Venetian, famous as an 
actor, and comic writer, died in 1571. His best 
piece is Rodiana. 
CALO, John, or Johannitz, a Bulgarian, 
made an independent king, by Innocent III. 
CALONNE, Charles Alexander de; an emi- 
nent French statesman, successor to Necker, as 
comptroller general of finances; he died in 1802. 
CALOVIUS, Abraham, a native of Bruns- 
wick, divinity professor at Radstock, died in 
3686. 
CALPRENEDE, Gautier de la, author of 
some curious romances, died in 1663. 
CALPURN1US, a Sicilian poet of the 3d cen- 
tury, author of seven eclogues. 
CALVART, Denys, a painter, of Antwerp, 
whose pictures are admired for dignity and taste, 
died in 1019. 
CALVERT, James, a non-conformist, of 
York, an author, and instructer of some note, 
died in 1098. 
CALVERT, George, a statesman, born at 
Kipling, in Yorkshire, 1582, died 1632. He ob- 
tained from Charles I., a patent, to him and his 
heirs, for Maryland, in the north of Virginia. 
He was private secretary to Sir Robert Cecil, 
afterwards principal secretary of state ; but, be- 
coming a Roman Catholic, the king continued 
him only as a privy counsellor, and made him 
Baron Baltimore. 
CALVERT, Leonard, brother of Cecelius 
Calvert, the proprietor and first governor of 
Mary'and, in 1633. 
C Ai.,VERT, Benedict Leonard, was governor 
of Maryland in 1727. He resigned the office 
five years afterwards, and died on his reiurn to 
England, in 1732. 
CALVERT, Philip, was governor of Mary- 
land from 1660 until 16G2. 
CALVERT, Cl aries, son and heir of Lord 
Baltimore, vi as governor of Maryland in 1662. 
C VLVEKT, Charles tame to Anno sea as go 
103 CA 
vernor of Maryland, in 1720, and afterwards 
field other offices in the colony. 
CALVERT, Frederick, Lord Baltimore, pro- 
prietor of Maryland, was distinguished as a man 
of learning, and an author; he died in 1771. 
CALVt, Lazaro, a famous painter, of Genoa, 
in the 16th century 
CALVIN, John, one of the chief reformers 
of the church, in the 16th century, born at No- 
yon, in Picardy, July 10, 1509, died May 27, 
1504. He was a man whom God had endowed 
with very eminent talents; a clear understand- 
ing, a solid judgment, and a happy memory: 
lie was a judicious, elegant, and indefatigable 
writer, and possessed of very extensive learn- 
ing, and a great zeal for truth. His extreme ri- 
gour, however, procured him many enemies. 
Indeed, it very ill became a reformer to defend 
(as he did) the burning of heretics. 
CALVISIUS, Sethus, a German, distinguish- 
ed as a chronologer, born in 1559. 
CALZA, Antonio, a painter, in the 17th cen- 
tury, pupil to Carlo Cignani. 
CAMARGO, Mary Ann Cupi de, a celebrated 
siage dancer, who exhibited at Brussels and Pa- 
ris. died in 1770. 
CAMASSEI, or CAMACE, Andrew, an Ita- 
lian painter, who studied under the Sacchies, 
died in 1657. 
CAMBACERES, N., an eloquent preacher, 
made archbishop of Rouen, died in 1808. 
CAMBAT, a French musician, who first in- 
troduced operas into France, died in 1677. 
CAMB1S-VELLERON, Joseph Lewis Domi- 
nic, marquis de, a French nobleman, born in 
1706, distinguished for his writings. 
CAMBRIDGE, Richard Owen, an elegant 
English poet, critic, and miscellaneous writer, 
was born in London, in 1717, and educated at 
Eton school; whence he removed to St. John’s 
College, Oxford. His poetical works are nu- 
merous; but the most celebrated of them is a 
mock-heroic poem, called “The Scribleriad,” 
»n six books ; the object of which is, to expose 
to ridicule false taste and false science: it is a 
masterly piece of humour, and should be read 
as much for instruction as amusement. He also 
wrote 22 papers in that well known periodical 
collection of essays, called “The World,” and 
died September 17, 1802. In 1803, a complete 
collection of his works was published by his son, 
in one volume 4to., and very well received. 
CAMBYSES, king of Persia, after Cyrus; he 
was cruel and vindictive; 529 B. C. 
CAMDEN, William, one of the most illus- 
trious men of his age, born at London, May 2, 
1551. The work which has immortalized his 
name, is his “ Britannia;” being “ A History of 
the ancient Inhabitants of Britain, their Origin, 
Manners, and Laws,” which appeared in 1586, 
in Latin. In 1593, lie succeeded Dr. Edward 
Grant, as head master of Westminster school; 
and in 1597, published a new Greek Grammar, 
entitled “ Grammatices Groecte Institutio com- 
pendi aria, in usutn Regia; Scholce Westtnonas- 
teriensis,” which was received in all the public 
schools of England : and its author was, the 
same year, promoted to be Clerencieux king at 
arms. In 1604, he published his “ Remains of 
a greater work concerning Britain, the Inhabit- 
ants thereof, their Languages, Names, Sur- 
names, Empresses, wise Speeches, Poesies, and 
Epitaphes.” This was a collection of things 
which had been communicated to him while he 
was gathering materials for his “ Britannia.” 
In 1615, Camden published, in Latin, his Annals 
CA 
s of Queen Elizabeth; and he died November 9, 
1923. A historical lecture was founded by him 
at Oxford; and, by foreigners, he has been styled 
the i’ausanias of England. 
CAMDEN, Eord. See PRATT. 
CAMERAR1US, Joachimus, an exceedingly 
learned German, born in 1500. Vosius calls him 
“ The Phcenix of Germany.” He died in 1575. 
CAMERARIUS, Joachim, a German, devoted 
to the study of medicine, botany, &c., died ir. 
1598. 
CAMERON, John, a Scotchman, professor of 
Greek at Glasgow ; be was considered f avoura- 
ble to the catholics in his writings, and died in 
1625. 
CAMILLA, daughter of king Metabus, cele- 
brated by Virgil for her valour. 
CAMILLUS, Marcus Fucius, an illustrious 
Roman, banished on suspicion of peculation 
died 365 B. C. 
CAMOENS, Lewis, a celebrated Portuguese 
poet, called the Virgil of Portugal, from his 
much admired poem, “The Lusiadas, or Con- 
quest of the Indies by the Portuguese,” was born 
at Lisbon, in 1527, and died in 1579, to llie eter- 
nal reproach of his countrymen, miserably poor 
and unregarded. Ilis poem was, a few years 
since, admirably translated into English by W 
J. Mickle, Esq. 
CAMI’ANELLA, Thomas, an Italian phi- 
losopher, of great eminence, who was perse- 
cuted by rivals, and put to the torture, but was 
rescued by Richelieu, died in 1639. 
CAMPANO, John Antonio, a poor shepherd, 
who afterwards became a professor at Perugia, 
and a bishop, wrote the life of Braccio, and died 
in 1477. 
CAMPANO, Novarese, an Italian, author of 
commentaries on Euclid, in the 13th century. 
CAMPBELL, John, first minister of Oxford 
Massachusetts, died in 1761. 
CAMPBELL, Lord William, governor of 
the province of South Carolina, was mortally 
wounded in an attack on Sullivan’s Island, in 
1776. 
CAMPBELL, Archibald, an Englishman, be- 
headed as a traitor, at Edinburgh, in 1661. 
CAMPBELL, Archibald, son of the preceding 
was condemned for seditious measures, and be 
headed in 1685. 
CAMPBELL, George, D. D., professor of 
Church History at St. Andrews, published seve 
ral works, and died in 1757 
CAMPBELL, Dr. John, an eminent histori 
cal, biographical, and political writer, born a< 
Edinburgh, March 8,1707-8. Among many othei 
works, he was either sole author of, or princi 
pally concerned in, the following : “ The Miii 
tary History of Prince Eugene and the Duke of 
Marlborough;” “Ancient Universal History;’ 
“ Lives of tile English Admirals ;” “ Hermippug 
Redivivus; or, tile Sage’s Triumph over Olo 
Age and the Grave;” “ Voyages and Travels,’ 
2 vols. folio; “ Biograpliia Britannica,” (ir 
which work his papers may be known by tin 
initials E. and X.;) “The Preceptor;” “ Pre 
sent State of Europe;” “ The Modern Univer 
sal History;” and “ A Political Survey of Bri 
tain.” Dr. Campbell died December 28, 1775. 
CAMPBELL, Dr. George, an eminent divine 
and theological writer, of Scotland, principal 
and professor of divinity in the Marischal Col 
lege and University of Aberdeen, born in 1719, 
died April 6, 1796, leaving several valuable 
works; the chief of which are, “ A Dissertation 
on Miracles,” “ Philosophy of Rhetoric,” and 
104  CA ” 
11 A New Translation of the Four Gospels from 
t) e Greek, with Preliminary Dissertations and 
Notes,” &c. published in 1789. 
CAMPBELL, Colin, a Scotch architect, au- 
thor of “ Vitruvius Britannicus,” in 3 vols., 
died in 1734. 
CAMPBELL, John, 2d duke of Argyle, and 
duke of Greenwich, a distinguished military 
character in the time of George I., died in 
1743. 
CAMPBELL, Archibald, a learned bishop of 
P herdeen, author of several celebrated works, 
died in 1744. 
CAMPEGGIO, Lorenzo, a Roman cardinal, 
sent to England to settle the affairs of Catha- 
rine’s divorce, died at Rome, in 1539. 
CAMPER, Peter, a celebrated physician and 
naturalist, of Leyden, author of 6 vols. 8vo. on 
philosophy and natural history, died in 1789. 
CAMPHUYSEN, Dirk, a painter, of Dorcum, 
eminent in landscape pieces, born in 138(1. 
CAMPI, llernardin, an Italian painter, of 
eminence, died in 1584. 
CAMPI, Gaieazzo, an Italian painter, who 
excelled in miniatures and history, died in 1536. 
CAMPIAN, Edmund, a learned English writer, 
who became a Roman catholic, and was hanged 
for aiding the cause of the pope, in 1581. 
CAMPISTRON, Jean Galbert, a distinguished 
French dramatic writer, died in 1723. 
CAMPO, Antonio, an Italian historian, of 
eminence, in 1585. 
CAMPP A, Andrew, of Aix, greatly admired 
for his musical compositions, died in 1744. 
CAMPS, Francois de, a native of Amiens, au- 
thor of dissertations on medals, died in 1723. 
CAMPSON, Gauri, an able and humane sul- 
tan of Egypt, slain in battle with the Turks, in 
1516. 
CAMUS, John Peter, a French prelate, and 
eloquent preacher, author of several pious ro- 
mances, died in 1652. 
CAMUS, Stephen la, an exemplary doctor of 
-ie Sorbonne, and bishop of Grenoble, died in 
1~97. 
CAMUS, Antoine le, a physician, and author 
of several medical works, died at Paris, in 1772. 
CAMUS, Charles Stephen Lewis, a learned 
French mathematician, died in 1768. 
CAMUSAT, Nicholas, a learned French au- 1 
thor, of Troyes, died in 1655. 
CANANI, John Baptist, a native of Ferrara, 
professor of medicine, said to have discovered 
the valves of the veins, died in 1590. 
CANAYE, Philip, sieur du Fresne, an am- 
bassador of Henry IV., of France, died in 1610. 
CANDAULES, king of Lydia, murdered by 
Gyges, 718 B. C. 
CANDIAC, John Lewis Eliz. de Montcalm, 
a child of extraordinary powers in France, read 
Latin at four, and Greek and Hebrew at six; 
he died in 1726. 
CAND1TO, Peter, a historical painter, of Bru- 
ges, 1548. 
CANEAH, or CANGHAII, an Indian philoso- 
pher, physician, and astronomer. 
CANER, Henry, II. I)., minister of King’s 
Chapel, Boston; he published some sermons, 
and died in England, in 1792. 
CANGE, Charles du, a celebrated French his- 
torian, critic, and antiquary, born in 1610, died 
in 1688. 
CANGIAGO, or CAMBISI, Lewis, a cele- 
brated painter, of Genoa, died in 1585. 
CANINI, Angelo, a learned Italian linguist 
and author, died in 1557 
~ CA_ ’ 
CAN1SIUS, Henry, professor of canon law at 
Ingolstadt, an autlior of eminence, died in J009, 
CAN ITZ, baron of, a popular poet and states- 
man of Geimany, died in 1099. 
CANN, John, an Englishman, author of a 
Bible, with marginal notes. 
CANAMARES, John, a peasant of Catalonia, 
who, in a fit of insanity, attacked king Ferdi- 
nand, and nearly killed him; he was strangled in 
1492. 
CANO, Alonzo, a native of Gre' ada, eminent 
as a painter, sculptor and architect, died in 076. 
CANO, or CANUS, Melchior, a native of To- 
ledo, bishop of the Canaries ; died 1500. 
CANOVA, Antonio, the mostennnent sculp- 
tor of the age, died at Venice, in 1822. Iiis 
statues are owned by the rich arid noble through- 
out Europe, and are highly valued; one, ol Wash- 
ington, is at Raleigh, N- C. 
CANTACUZENUS, Johannes, a celebrated 
Byzantine historian, much esteemed as the 
author of a “ History of -fio Own Times,” in 
four books. Besides this b nory, he wrote also 
some theological works; particularly “ An Apo- 
logy for the Christian Religion against that of 
Mahomet,” in four books. He died 1411, aged 
above 100 years. 
CANTARINI, Simon, a painter, pupil and 
friend of Guido, died in 1648. 
CANTEL, l’eter Joseph, a Jesuit of Caux, 
eminent as an author, died in 1579. 
CANTEM1R, lemetiius, born in Tartary 
1673 ; died 1723. He was author of some con- 
siderable works. 1. “ A History of the Rise 
and Fall of the Ottoman Empire.” in Latin 2. 
“ The system of the Mahometat. Religion.” 3. 
“ The present state of Moldavia,” in Latin, with 
a large map of the country. 
CANTEM1R, Antiochus, son of the above ; 
born at Petersburg, 1710 ; died 1744. The Rus- 
sians before him had nothing but some barba- 
rous songs; he was the first who introduced any 
civilized poetry among them. Besides a trans- 
lation of Anacreon, and the Epistles of Horace, 
he gave them, of his own, Satires, Odes, and 
Fables. He also made several foreign works 
known to them ; as, 1. “ The Plurality of 
Worlds2. “ The Persian Letters 3. “ The 
Dialogues of Algarotti upon Light,” &c. 
{ CANTERUS, W’illiam, a distinguished lin- 
guist of Utrecht, who wrote several philological 
works ; he died in 1575. 
CANTON, John, an ingenious and very 
eminent English natural philosopher, born at 
Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1718, died 1772. 
CANTWELL, Andrew, an eminent practi- 
tioner and W’riter on medicine, of Tipperary, 
died in 1704. 
CANUS, or CANO, a Spaniard, who accom 
panied Magellan round the world. 
CANUTE, a king of Denmark and Norway, 
also sovereign of England ; he died in 1026. 
CANUTE, or KNUD, surnamed the Great, 
king of Denmark, took part of England from 
Edmund Ironsides, and afterwards seized the 
whole kingdom ; he died in 1035. 
CANUTE, IV., king of Denmark, a liberal 
benefactor to the church, slain by one of his 
subjects, in 1087. 
CANUTI, Dominico, a self-taught Italian 
painter of eminence, died in 1678. 
CAPACCIO, Julio Casare, author of a history 
of Naples, and was tutor to prince Urbano; he 
died in 1631. 
CAPASSO, Nicholas, of Naples, professor of 
civil law, and a poet; he died in 1743 CA 
CAPECIO, Scipio, a Neapolitan Latin poet 
and law professor at Naples, in the 16th century. 
CAPEL, Arthur, lord, a virtuous nobleman, 
whose attachment to the cause of Charles I. 
proved his ruin; he was beheaded in 1648. 
CAPEL, Arthur, earl of Essex, ambassador 
to Denmark, &c. murdered by some one un- 
known . 
CAP ELL, Edward, a gentlemen known as an 
editor of Shakspeare’s works, in 10 vols. 8vo., 
and the author of three large volumes, in 4to. 
under the title of “ Notes and various readings 
of Shakspeare; together with the school of 
Sliakspeare, or extracts from divers English 
books that were in print in the author’s time , 
evidently showing from whence his several 
Fables were taken, and some parcel of his dia- 
logue,” &c. Besides the works already men- 
tioned, Mr. Capell was the editor of a volume 
of ancient poems called “ Prolusions ;” and the 
altererof “ Antony and Cleopatra,” as acted at 
Drury Lane, in 1758. He was born at Troston, 
near Bury, in Suffolk, June 11, 1713, and died 
Feb. 24. 1781. 
CAPELLA, Marcianus Minius Felix, a Latin 
poet of the 5th century. 
CAPELLO, Bianca, a Venetian lady, an adul- 
tr«ss, mistress, and afterwards wife of Francis, 
the grand duke of Cosmo’s son, she was poison- 
ed by her brother-in-law, in 1587. 
CAPELLUS, Lewis, an eminent French pro- 
testant and learned divine, born at Sedan, a 
town in Champagne, about 1579. He was so 
very deeply skilled in the Hebrew, that the 
learned bishop Hall calls him the great oracle 
of all that studied Hebrew in France. His prin- 
cipal work is “ Critica Sacra,” a collection of 
various readings and errors, which he thought 
were crept into the copies of the Bible through 
the fault of the transcribers; it must have been, 
however, a work of prodigious labour, since the 
author acknowledges that he had been 36 years 
about it. Capellus died 1658. 
CAPILUPUS, Camillus, an Italian writer, 
who published the stratagems of Charles IV. 
against the llugonols. 
CAPILUPUS, Ltelius, brother of the preced- 
ing, author of some Latin poems, died in 1560. 
CAPISTRAN, John, afamous preacher in the 
Romish Church, and persecutor of the Hussites, 
died about 1356. 
CAPISUCCHI, Blasius, distinguished him- 
self at the siege of Poictiers against the Hugo- 
nots, in 1589. 
CAPISUCCHI. Paul, a canon of the Vatican, 
and employed by the pope in the celebrated di- 
vorce of Henry VIII.; he died in 1539. 
CAPITO, Wolfgang, a German protestant di- 
vine, author of a Hebrew grammar, died in 1542. 
CAPITOLINUS, Julius, a Latin historian in 
the 3d century. 
CAPMANY, Don Antonio de, an eminent 
Spanish writer, born in Catalonia, and died at 
Madrid, in 1810. 
CAPORALI, Cassar, an Italian writer, go- 
vernor of Atri, and author of some comedies; 
he died in 1601. 
CAPPE, Newcome, a dissenting minister, edu- 
cated by Doddridge, and author of works on di- 
vinity ; he died at York, in 1801. 
CAPPELLO, Bernardo, a native of Venice, 
eminent as a poet. 
CAPPERONIER, Claude, a Frenchman, at 
first a tanner, but became a professor of Greek, 
in the university of Basil; he died in 1744. 
CAPRANICA, Nicholas, a learned Italian,: 
<JA 
secretary to pope Marlin V., bishop and cardi 
nal; died in 1458. 
CAPRIATA, Peter John, a Genoese, author 
of a history of Italy, from 1613 to 1660. 
CAIIACALLA, Marcus Aurel Antonin, a 
cruel Roman emperor; assassinated in 217. 
CARACCI, Lewis, Augustine, and Hannibal, 
celebrated painters of the Lombard school, and 
all of Bologna, in Italy, flourished in the 16th 
century. Had the Caracci had no reputation of 
their own, yet the merit of their disciples, in the 
academy which they founded, would have ren 
dered their name illustrious in succeeding times* 
among these were Guido, Dominichino, Lan- 
franco, &c. 
CARRACCIO, Anthony, a Roman nobleman 
of the 17th century, author of some tragedies, 
and an admired epic poem in 40 rantos. 
CARACCIOL1, John, secretary and favourite 
of Joan II., queen of Naples. 
CARACCIOLI, Robert, a noble ecclesiastic, 
bishop of Aquino, eloquent as a preacher and a 
politician ; he died in 1495. 
CARACCIOLI, Lewis Anthony a native of 
Paris, of a noble family, author of 4 vols. of let- 
ters, pretended to be the rorrespor lence of Gan 
ganelli, pope Clement XIV. 
CARACTACUS, a famous king of the an- 
cient Britons, called Silures, (inhabiting South 
Wales.) Having valiantly defended his country 
against the Romans for seven years, he was 
at length defeated, and, flying to Cartismundi, 
queen of the Briganti, (inhabitants of York- 
shire) was by her treacherously delivered up to 
the Romans, and led in triumph to the emperor 
Claudius, then at York ; where his noble beha- 
viour, and heroic, but pathetic speech, obtained 
him not only his liberty, but the esteem of the 
emperor, A. D. 52. 
CARADOG, a British historian, who wrote a 
history of Wales, died in 1156. 
j CARAF1, a Mahometan doctor, author of a 
defence of Mahomet, died in 684 of the hegira. 
J CARAMUEL I)E LOBKOVITSH, John, a 
native of Madrid, bishop; afterwards a general, 
and then again a monk. He was possessed of 
jgreat powers, and died in 1682. 
| CARAVAGIO, Michael Angelo Amerigida, 
an Italian painter, distinguished for his adlier- 
ance to nature ; he died in 1609. 
I CARAUSIUS, a native of Flanders, who, ex 
jcitingthe jealousy of Maximian, fled to Brl 
tain, and proclaimed himself emperor : he was 
iassassinated in 293. 
| CARDAN, Jerorn, a physician, and one of the 
most ingenious men of his age, was born at Ta- 
via, in 1501. He speaks in his writings, of his 
own good and bad qualities with a frankness 
that shows a mind of a very peculiar cast; and 
believes himself under the care of a particular 
genius. He wrote a very great number of books, 
and died in 1575. 
CARDI, Ludovici, an admired painter, of Ita- 
ly, died in 1613. 
CARDONNE, Dionis Dominic de, a French- 
man, keeper of the MSS. in tite royal library, 
Paris, died in 1783. 
CAREW, George, earl of Totness, born in 
Devonshire, in 1557, and died 1629. lie wrote 
a work entitled “ Pacata Hibernia, or the His- 
tory of the late Wars in Ireland.” Besides thi < 
work, he collected several chronologies, char- 
ters, letters, monuments, and materials belong- 
ing to Ireland, in four large manuscript volumes, 
which are still extant in the Bodleian library at 
! Oxford. 
106 2 CA 
CAREW, Tuumas, one of the most celebra- 
ted wits of' king diaries' couil. He was much 
respected by the poets of his time, particularly 
lien Jonson, and Sir William Davenant, and 
died about 1639; leaving heliiud him several 
poems, and a masque, called “ilium Britanni- 
cum,” performed at Whitehall,on Shrove Tues- 
day night, Feb. 18, 1633, by the king’s majesty, 
the duke of Lenox, the earls of Devonshire, 
Holland, Newport, and several other young 
lords, and noblemen’s sons. 
CAREW, Richard, author of the “ Survey of 
Cornwall,” was born in that county, in 1555. 
His “ Survey” was published in4to, at London, 
in 1602. Of this work, Camden has spoken in 
high termr,. and acknowledges his obligations 
to the author. He died Nov. 6,1020. 
CAREW, Sir George, brother to the subject 
of the last article, was, from 1597, to 1609, em- 
ployed on embassies from the British court, to 
those of Po'and and France: on iiis return from 
which latter place, in 1609, he drew up, and ad- 
dressed to fames I., “ A Relation of the State 
France ; with the characters of Henry IV., 
and the principal Persons of that Court.” 
CAREW. BAMFYLDE MOORE, was the 
son of a clergyman, at Bickley, in Devonshire, 
and was himself intended for the church ; but, 
at the age of fifteen, embraced the gipsey’s va- 
grant life: and, by his ingenuity and dexterity 
in raising supplies for his brotherhood, by beg- 
ging under various deceptions, so ingratiated 
himself with them, that they elected him their 
king. He was born in July, 1693, and is sup 
posed to have died about 1770. 
CAREW, Sir Alexander, a Cornish gentle- 
man, governor of St. Nicholas’ island and fort 
at Plymouth; he was beheaded in 1644, for his 
disloyalty. 
CAREY, Harry, a man distinguished by both 
poetry and music; but perhaps more so by a 
certain facetiousness, which made him agreea- 
ble to every body. He wrote “ The Contrivan- 
ces,” a farce; “ Chrononhotonthologos,” a 
mock tragedy ; “ The Honest Yorkshireman,” 
a farce; “ The Dragon of Wantley,” and after- 
wards a sequel to it, entitled “The Dragoness;” 
both which were esteemed true burlesques upon 
the Italian opera. He was at length reduced to 
circumstances of distress; and, about 1744, in a 
fit of desperation, laid violent hands upon him- 
self, and put a period to a life which had been 
led without reproach. It is to be noted, and it 
is somewhat singular in such a character, that 
in all his songs and poems on wine, love, and 
such kinds of subjects,which are very numerous, 
he seems to have manifested an inviolable re- 
gard for decency and good manners. He is said 
to have composed the famous English song of 
“ God Save the King.” 
CAREY, George Savil!e,son of the preceding, 
vt as bred to the profession of a printer, and was 
one season, at least, on the stage, at Covent 
Garden. He was author of a “ Lecture on Mi- 
micry,” which he. delivered with good success, 
and of several light dramatic performances. 
He also published, in 1799, some entertaining 
sketches of the different watering places of Eng- 
land, and died in his 64th year, July 14, 1807. 
He was a posthumous child, and inherited the 
misfortunes of his father; hut he inherited also 
iiis talents in a great degree, though they took 
another direction. He inherited too his moral 
qualities ; for though he wrote a vast number of 
lyric compositions, they are all intended to awa- 
ken patriotic, generous, and amiable emotions. 
CA 
j CARIBERT, or CHARIBERT, a licentious 
iking of Paris, died in 567. 
j CAR IN US, Marcus Aurelius, was invested 
by liis lather, the emperor Cams, with the pur- 
ple, and killed three years after. 
CARLETON, Sir Dudley, an English states- 
man and political writer, born at Baldwin 
Brightwell, in Oxfordshire, in 1573, died 1631 
CARLETON, George, a native of Northum- 
berland, bishop of Landalf, and member of the 
synod of Dort. He died in 1628. 
CARLETON, Guy, Lord Dorchester, a dis- 
tinguished British officer, in America, successor 
to Sir Henry Clinton, in 1782; he died in Eng- 
land, in 1808. 
CARLINI, Agostino, R. A., an eminent sta- 
tuary, and keeper of the royal academy of Lon- 
don. He was a native of Genoa; went early 
in life to England ; and was an artist of great 
celebrity, for the skill and grace with which lie 
executed drapery. Died Aug. 14,17B0 
CARLOMAN, eldest son of Charles Martel, 
succeeded him in the kingdom of Austrasia, in 
741.—Another, the son of Lewis the German, 
king of Italy, and emperor.—Another, brother 
of Lewis III., and sole king of France, in 882, 
died in 884. 
CARLONE, John, a Genoese painter, who 
excelled in the art of foreshortening, died in 1630. 
CARLOS, Don, son of Philip, king of Spain, 
deformed in his person, and violent in his tem- 
per ; he was condemned to death for exciting an 
insurrection, in 1568. 
CARLYLE, Joseph Dacre, vicar of Newcas-f 
tie, and professor of Arabic, at Cambridge, dis-i 
tinguished himself greatly by his proficiency in 
Oriental literature, and died at his vicarage, 
April 12, 1804, aged 45. 
CARMATH, an impostor, who, in 891, oppo- 
sed the doctrines of Mahomet, and advanced 
others equally unscriptural. 
CARMICHAEL, Gerrhom, a native of Gias 
gow, professor of moral philosophy, died is 1735 
CARMICHAEL, Frederic, son of the pre- 
ceding, settled as a clergyman at Edinburgh. He 
published a volume of sermons which were ad- 
mired, and died in 1751. 
CARNEADES, a celebrated Greek philoso- 
pher. His death is placed in the fourth year of 
the 162d Olympiad. Plutarch has preserved tne 
following apothegm of Carneades; “ Princes 
learn nothing well but riding; for their masters 
flatter them, and those who wrestle with them, 
suffer themselves to be thrown ; but a horse con- 
siders not whether a private man or a prince, a 
poor man or a rich, be on his back; and if his 
rider cannot rule him, he throws him.” 
CARO, Hannibal, a very celebrated Italian 
poet, and orator, born atCivita Nuova, in 1507. 
He translated Virgil’s “ yEneid” into his own 
language,very delicately and faithfully; in short 
with such purity of style, and propriety of ex- 
pression, that the best judges did not suppose 
him to have fallen the least short of his original. 
He translated also Aristotle’s “ Rhetoric,” and 
“ Two Orations of Gregory Nazianzen,” with 
a “ Discourse of Cyprian.” He wrote a come- 
dy likewise, which'Balzac has spoken well of, 
and a miscellany of his original poems waa 
printed at Venice, in 1584. His sonnets have 
been deservedly admired. He died in 1566. 
CAROLAN, , a most celebrated Irish 
bard, though blind, born in 1670, died at Alder 
ford, Roscommon, in March, 1738. Carolan, 
on many occasions, proved himself a truly mu- 
sical genius. In the beginning of the last ten 
107 ' CA 
tury, Lord Mayo brought from Dublin a cele 
brated Italian performer. Carolan, who wa: 
at that time on a visit at his lordship's country 
seat, found himself greatly neglected, and com 
plained of it, one day, in the presence of Gemi 
niani. When you play in as masterly a man 
ner as he does,” said his lordship, “ you shal 
not be overlooked.” Carolan wagered with the 
musician, that although he was almost a total 
stranger to Italian music, yet he would follow 
him in any piece that he played; and that he 
would himself afterwards play a voluntary, in 
which the Italian should not follow him. The 
proposal was acceded to, and Carolan was vic- 
torious. That Carolan was as fine a poet as he 
was a musician, may be seen in the Gent. Maga- 
zine, Ixxxiv. pt. 2. p. 30. 
CAROLINE, daughter of John Frederic, 
margrave of Brandenburg Anspach, was crown- 
ed queen of England, in 1727. She is spoken 
of in high terms, as a woman, and ruler. 
CAROLINE AMELIA ELIZABETH, con- 
sort of George IV., of England, died August, 
1822 Having been separated from her husband 
soon after their marriage, her character was 
most unjustly traduced, by the friends of the 
King ; but two rigid examinations of her con- 
duct, if they did not attest her innocence, enti- 
tle her to commiseration, as the object of base 
and cruel persecution. 
CAROLOSTADT, or CARLOSTADIUS, 
Andrew Bodenstein, professor of divinity, and 
minister, at Basil. He espoused, in the fullest 
extent, t he tenets of Luther, and died in 1541. 
CAROTO, John Francis, an Italian painter, 
who died in 1546. 
CAROTO, John, brother and pupil to the pre- 
ceding. Paul Veronese was his pupil. 
CARPENTER, Nathaniel, dean of Ireland, 
a man of great learning, particularly in mathe- 
matics. He wrote on geography and philoso- 
phy, and died in 1635. 
CARPENTER, Peter, an eminent French 
writer, who assisted in the edition of the Glos- 
sary of Ducauge, in 6 vols. folio; he died in 1767. 
CARPENTIER, N. a native of Beauvais, a 
great calculator and arithmetician. He wrote 
some treatises on his profession, and died in 1778. 
CARPI, Hgo da, a painter, celebrated for the 
discovery of painting in chiaro-obscuro died in 
1500. 
CARPI, Girolamo, an Italian painter, who 
imitated Corregio’s manner with great success, 
died in 1556. 
CARPONE, Julio, a Venetian painter, cele- 
brated for his bacchanals, triumphs, and sacri- 
fices, died ih 1674. 
CARPOCRATES, a heretic of Alexandria, 
who revived and improved the gnostic theory, 
about 130. 
CARPZOVIUS, Benedict, an able professor 
of law at Wittemberg, died in 1624. He left 
four sons, each of them eminent as professors, 
divines, or writers; and one of these left a son, 
who was also a man of great learning. 
CARR, Robert, a Scotch nr in, raised by James 
I to the title of duke of Somerset. He murdered 
Sir Thomas Overbury, and died in 1638. 
CARR, John, L. L. D., an usher, and after- 
wards master of the school at Hertford, and 
Known as the translator of Lucian, died in 1807. 
CAIIRA, John Lewis, a French demagogue, 
for a time popular with the republicans of Paris. 
His party was proscribed by Robespierre, and 
Jip was hurried to the guillotine in 1793. He 
was the author of many works I 
CA 
CARRANZA, Bartholomew, archbishop ot 
s Toledo, lie was accused ol' heresy, and sent 
- to Rome, where lie died in 1576. lie was a 
- learned and virtuous man. 
CA RRE, Lewis, an able mathematician, mem- 
- ber of the academy of sciences at Paris, and pu 
I pil of Malebranche, died in 1711. 
? CARRERA, Peter, a priest of Sicily, author 
I of a treatise on chess, in 4to., and of a history of 
r Caiana, died in 1G47. 
; CARRIER, John Baptist, a member of the 
i French national convention, and one of the 
: most atrocious among them. He invented new 
modes of torturing the innocent inhabitants of 
: La Vendee, and came to the guillotine in 171)4. 
CARRIER, Thomas, remarkable for longevity 
died at Colchester, Connecticut, in 1735, aged 109. 
CARIUERA, Rosa Alba, a Venetian portrait 
painter in crayons. She painted the royal fami- 
ly at Paris, and was admitted member of the 
academy of painting there, and died in 1761. 
CARRIERES, Lewis de, a catholic priest, 
who published a French commentary on the 
I Bible, in 24 vols., died in 1717. 
j CARRINGTON, Edward, an officer of the 
1 army during the American revolution, who, ax 
jjquarter-master-general under General Greene, 
| rendered important services to the southern 
| army. He was afterwards a representative in 
congress from Virginia, and died in 1810. 
! CARROUAGES, an artist, of Pavia, who 
made a clock which would strike fire, and light 
a lamp. 
CARSTARES, William, a Scotch divine am? 
political writer, who has left some valuable 
“ State Papers” illustrative of Scotch history. 
He was born atCathcart, near Glasgow, in 1649, 
and died in 1715. 
CARSUGH1, Rainer, a Jesuit, in Tuscany, 
known as the author of an elegant poem in 
Latin, on the art of writing well; lie died in 1709. 
CARTE, Thomas, a very learned English his- 
torian, born at Clifton, Warwickshire, m 1686. 
His most important works were, “ The History 
oi the Life of James, duke of Ormond, from his 
birth, in 1610, to his death, in 1688,” in 3 vols., 
folio ; and a “ History of England,” in 4 large 
folio volumes. Notwithstanding our author’s 
peculiar opinions and prejudices, his history is 
undoubtedly a work of great merit in point of 
information. It is written with eminent exact- 
ness and diligence, and with a perfect knowledge 
of original authors. Mr. Carte died in 1754. 
CARTEIL, Christopher, a naval officer, sen' 
by Queen Elizabeth, in company with Drake, 
to the West Indies, where he displayed great 
courage and intrepidity; he died in 1592. 
CARTER, Francis, F. S. A., author cf “ A 
Journey from Malaga to Gibraltar,” 2 vo s 8vo., 
died August 1, 1783. 
CARTER, Elizabeth, a venerable ornament 
to literature, of the female sex, was daughter of 
the Rev. Dr. Nicholas Carter, and born at Deal, 
in Kent, December 17, 1717, died in London, 
February 19, 1806. Mrs. Carter v as an admira- 
ble Greek and Latin scholar, wiotc French and 
Italian with great fluenev and elegance, and way 
conversant in the German, Spanish, and Portu- 
guese. She was authot of Nos. 44 and 100 of 
Th? Rambler, and published a volume of bet 
poems about the year 1702, deplete with attif 
wit, chaste philosophic fancy, and harmony of 
numbers; but the work that established hei re 
putation as a learned lady was, a complete trant 
lation from the Greek of the works of “ Epicte 
tus," with notes 
108 CA 
CARTER, John, an eminent antiquarian 
draftsman, and critic, m ancient English archi- 
tecture, was born in London, June 22, 1748, and 
died at Pimlico, September 8, 1817; having been 
many years a laborious contributor to that in- 
comparable depository of antiquarian know- 
ledge, the Gentleman’s Magazine. 
CARTERET, John, earl of Granville, em- 
ployed by George 1. in various important servi- 
ces. In 1721, he was made secretary of state, 
and in 1724, was sent viceroy to Ireland. He 
was also in favour with George U., and died in 
1763, greatly beloved. 
CART ERET, Philip, governor of the province 
of Now-Jersey, died in 1682. 
CARTEROMACO, Scipio, a learned profes- 
sor of Greek at Venice, and a celebrated classi- 
cal author, died in 1513. 
CARTES, Rene des, an eminent French phi- 
losopher and mathematician, born at La Haye, 
in Touraine, March 31,1596. In 1633, he wrote 
his “ Treatise of the World,” and in 1636, his 
“ Treatise of Mechanics.” He died in 1650, 
having exietided the limits of geometry as far 
beyond the (dace where he found them, as Sir 
Isaac Newton did after him. He first taught the 
method of expressing curves by equations. 
CARTIER, James, a French navigator, who! 
made important discoveries in Canada, in 1534,| 
and published memoirs of Canada. 
CARTISMANDUA, queen of the Brigantes,| 
in Britain, discarded her husband, Venusius, to 
marry his armour-hearer, Velocatus. 
CARTWRIGHT, William, born at North- 
way, near Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, in 
1611, died in 1643. Ben Jonson said of him, 
“ My son Cartwright writes all like a man.”! 
There are extant, of this author’s, four plays, 
besides other poems, which were printed to- 
gether in 1651, accompanied by above 50 copies 
of commendatory verses. Prefixed is a portrait. 
CARTWRIGHT, Christopher, an English di- 
vine, well skilled in Hebrew. He wrote several 
works, and died in 1652. 
CARTWRIGHT, Thomas, a puritan, of great 
eminence and learning, born in Hertfordshire. 
He was a sharp and powerful controversialist, 
and was much persecuted, being obliged to quit 
the kingdom for safety. He wrote a practical 
commentary on the four gospels, and on the pro- 
verbs, and died in 1003, in great poverty. 
CARTWRIGHT, Thomas, chaplain of King 
Charles, and prebendary of St. Paul’s. He went 
with James II. in his flight to France, and after- 
wards to Ireland, and died in 1689. His works 
have been published. 
CARTWRIGHT, John, commonly called Ma- 
jor, distinguished himself by his gallantry while 
young, as lieutenant of the British navy ; he es- 
poused the cause of America, in 1774, in several 
works of talent; in 1776, declined, on principle, 
a very advantageous proposition to accompany 
Lord Howe in Ins expedition against the colo- 
nies ; ami down to the time of his death, in 1824, 
was a zealous and able, though perhaps some- 
times an intemperate, advocate of reform in the 
English government. His works are numerous, 
but almost wholly political. 
CARVAJAL, Lawrence de, a Spaniard, who 
wrote the lives of Ferdinand and Isabella, in 
whose court he was a counsellor. 
CARVALHO O’ACOSTA, Anthony, a Portu- 
guese mathematician, geographer, and astrono- 
mer, born in 1650, died in 1715. He left a topo- 
graphical history of liis own country, in 3 vols. 
folio 
CA 
CARVER, John, first governor oi' Plymouth 
colony, distinguished for prudence, integrity, 
and firmness. 
CARVER, Jonathan, a native of Connecticut, 
who published “ Travels into the most interior 
parts of America,” and died in 1780, in want of 
the necessaries of life. 
CARUS, Marcus Aurelius, a Roman empe 
ror, in 283. He was killed by lightning. 
CARY, Robert, a learned chronologer, born 
at Cookington, Devonshire, in Hilo, died in 1088. 
He published “ Palatologia Chronica, a Chrono- 
logical Account of Ancient Time, in three parts; 
1. Didactical; 2. Apodeictical; 3. Canonical 
in 1677. 
CARY, Lucius, eldest son of Henry 1., vis- 
count Falkland, born in Oxfordshire, in 1610. 
Before he was 23, he had read all the Greek and 
Latin fathers; was member of parliament in 
1640, and soon after secretary to the king. He 
was killed at the battle of New bury, bravely 
fighting for his king, aged 34. 
CARY, Henry, earl of Monmouth, was edu 
cated with Charles I. He was a man of learn- 
ing, having translated, from various authors, 
seven folios and two 8vos.; he died in 1661. 
CARY, Felix, a learned Frenchman, who 
i wrote the history of Marseilles, uf Thrace, and 
[ of Bosphorus, by medals. 
! CARY, Thomas, lieutenant governor of N 
| Carolina, was removed from office, and after 
wards sent to England for trial, for attempting 
to excite a rebellion about 1709. 
CARY, Thomas, minister of Newburyport, 
Mass., he published some sermons, and died in 
1808. 
CARYL, Joseph, one of Cromwell’s chap- 
lains; author of a tedious commentary on Job, 
in 3 vois. 4to.; died in 1673. 
CARYLL, John, was secretary to queen Mary, 
t-he wife of Janies II., and followed the fortunes 
of his abdicating master, w'ho rewarded liini 
first with knighthood, and then with the honor- 
ary titles of earl Caryll and baron Hartford. 
How long he continued in that service is not 
known ; but lie was in England in the reign of 
queen Anne, and was author of two plays ; 1. 
“ The English Princess; or, the death of Richard 
III.,” 1667, 4to.; 2. “ Sir Salomon ; or, the Cau- 
tious Coxcomb,” 1671,4lo. 
CASA, John de, a most polite Italian writer 
of the 16th century, born at Florence, who be- 
came in time, archbishop of Benevento. He 
died 1556. His “ Galateus seu de Morum ele- 
gantia,” is the most esteemed of ail his works 
in prose. His poetry was very licentious. 
CASANOVA, Mark Anthony, a Latin poet of 
Rome, who displayed great wit and keen satire, 
died in 1527. 
CASAS, Bartholonii de las, a Spaniard and 
bishop of Chiapa. born at Seville, 1474. At 19 
he attended his father who went with Colum- 
bus to the Indies, in 1493. Upon his return, he 
became an ecclesiastic, and a curate in the isle 
of Cuba ; but quitted his cure and his country, 
in order to devote himself to the set vice of the 
Indians, who were then enslaved to the most 
ridiculous superstitions, as well as the most bar- 
barous tyranny. The Spanish governors had 
longsince made Christianity detesied by their un- 
heard of cruelties, and the Indians trembled at 
the very name of Christian. This humane and 
pious missionary resolved to cross the seas, and 
to lav their cries and their miseries al the feet of 
Charles V. The afiair was discussed in conn 
cil ■ and the representations of fastis so sensi  CA 
b!y affected the emperor, that he made ordi- 
nances as severe to the persecutors as favourable 
to the persecuted; but these ordinances were 
never executed, and the governors continued to 
tyrannise as usual. Casas employed above 50 
years in America, labouring with incessant zeal 
that the Indians might be treated with mildness, 
equity and humanity; but instead of availing 
any thing, he drew upon himself endless perse- 
cutions from the Spaniards, and died in 1566. 
CASATt, Paul,a Jesuitof great learning, who 
persuaded queen Christiana, of Sweden, to ab- 
jure her religion, and turn Catholic, lie was 
the author of an excellent treatise on optics after 
he was blind. He died in 1707. 
CASAUBON, Isaac, a learned critic and com- 
mentator, born at Geneva, 1559, and died 1614. 
He was buried in Westminster Abbey, where 
there is a monument erected to his memory. 
CASAUBON, Meric, son of the preceding, 
born at Geneva, 1599, died 1671. He was skill- 
ed in various parts of literature: but his chief 
talent lay in critical learning ; in which he was 
probably assisted by hisfather’s papers. He was 
a divine; but is chiefly memorable for having re- 
fused considerable offers made to him by Oliver 
Cromwell, to write the history of the civil war; 
and for the refusal of a present from him, ten- 
dered without conditions, though he was in in- 
digent circumstances. 
CASCHI, an eloquent Mahometan preacher 
at Medina, author of commentaries on the 
Koran. 
CASCHIRI, a Mahometan, author of the lives 
of Mussulman saints, died in 261 of the hegira. 
CASE, Thomas, a non-conformist, during the 
civil wars, who wrote and preached against the 
royalists. He was confined six months in the 
tower. His works are chiefly sermons; he died 
in 1682. 
CASE, John, an English quack and astrolo- 
ger. He said to Dr. Radcliffe, “ Let me have 
all the fools for my patients, and you may have 
the rest.” 
CASEL, John, a learned professor of philoso- 
phy at Helmstadt, died in 1613. 
CASENEUVE, Peter, a native of Toulouse; 
he wrote the life and miracles of Edmund, king 
of England, and died in 1652. 
CASES, Peter James, one of the first painters 
of the French school, died in 1745. 
CASIMIR, Matthias Sarbiewski, a Jesuit, of 
Poland, and an excellent Latin poet, born 1597 
The odes, epodes, and epigrams of this poet have 
not been Ihought inferior to some productions of 
the finest wits of ancient Greece and Rome; and 
Grotius, D. Heinsius and others have not scru- 
pled to affirm, that he is not only equal, but 
sometimes superior, even to Horace himself. 
Casimir had a great, regard for Virgil; and had 
actually begun to imitate him, in an epic poem, 
called “ The Lesciades,” which he had divided 
into 12 books; but died before he had made any 
great progress in the work, April 2, 1640, since 
which there have been many editions of his 
poems. 
CASIMIL 1., king of Poland, an excellent 
prince, who did much toward civilizing his sub- 
jects ; he died in 1058. 
CASIMIR II., king of Poland, surnamed 
the Just, died in 1194. 
CASIMIR HI., king of Poland, surnamed 
the Great; he was a great waurior, and conquer- 
ed Russia; he died in 1370. 
CASIMIR IV., king of Poland, made war 
successfully against the Teutonic knights. He 
CA 
commanded that the Latin tongue should be the 
vernacular language of his kingdom, which is 
observed to this day. He died in 1492. 
CASIMIR, John, married the widow of his 
brother, Ladislaus, and became king of Poland ; 
but the ingratitude of his subjects made him re 
sign his crown, and he died in France, in 1072. 
CASLON, William, eminent in an art of tiio 
greatest consequence to literature, the art of 
letter-founding, was born in 1692, at Halles 
Owen, Shropshire. Though he justly attained 
the character of being the Coryphasus in that 
employment, he was not brought up to the busi- 
ness ; but served a regular apprenticeship to an 
engraver of ornaments on gun-barrels; and, a :<r 
the expiration of his term, carried on this trad6 
in Vine-street, in the Minories. He did not, 
however, solely confine his ingenuity to that oc- 
cupation, but employed himself likewise in 
making tools for the bookbinders and for the 
chasing of silver plate. While he was engaged 
in this business, the elder Mr. Bowyer accident- 
ally saw in a bookseller’s shop, the lettering oi a 
book uncommonly neat; and inquiring who the 
artist was by whom the letters were made, was 
hence induced to seek an acquaintance with Mr. 
Caslon. Not long after, Mr. Bowyer took Mr 
Caslon to Mr. James’ foundry in Bartholomew 
Close. Caslon had never before that time seen 
any part of the business; and being asked by 
his friend if he thought he could undertake to 
cut types, he requested a single day to consider 
the matter, and then replied that he had no 
doubt but he could. Upon this answer, Mr. 
Bowyer, Mr. Bettenham,and Mr. Watts,lent him 
5001. to begin the undertaking; and he applied 
himself to it with equal assiduity and success. 
In 1720, the society for promoting Christian 
knowledge deemed it expedient to print, for the 
use of the eastern churches, the New Testament 
and Psalter in the Arabic language. These 
were intended for the benefit of the poor 
Christians in Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, 
Arabia, and Egypt; the constitutions of which 
countries did not permit the exercise of the 
art of printing. Upon this occasion, Mr. Cas- 
lon was pitched upon to cut the fount; in his 
specimens of which he distinguished it by 
the name of English Arabic. After he had fin- 
ished this fount, he cut the letters of his own 
name in pica Roman, and placed them at the 
bottom of one of the Arabic specimens. The 
name being seen by Mr. Palmer, the reputed au- 
thor of a “ History of Printing,” (which was, in 
fact, written by Psalmanazar) he advised our 
artist to cut the whole fount of pica. This was 
accordingly done ; and the performance exceed- 
ed the letter of the other founders of the time. 
He arrived at length to such perfection, that his 
workmanship was frequently exported to the 
continent. He removed about 1735 into Cbis- 
well-street, Moornelds, where his foundry be- 
came, in process of time, the most extensive 
that existed. Having acquired opulence in the 
course of his employment, he was put into the 
commission of the peace for the county of 
Middlesex, in which-office he died, January 23, 
1766. 
CASNODYN, a Welsh poet, who flourished 
at the beginning o! the 14th century. 
CASSAGNES, James, abbe de, a French 
poet and preacher, who died mad, because he 
was compared with Cotin, a very poor and un 
popular preacher, in 1679. 
CASSAN, a Christian, who renounced his re 
ligion to become king of Persia, died in 1304.  CA 
CASS AN A, Nicholo, a Venetian painter,who 
died in 1713. His conspiracy of Cataline is 
greatly admired. 
CASSANA, brother of the preceding, was 
eminent in drawing beasts and birds. 
CASSANDER, king ol Macedonia, died 304 
B. C. 
CASSANDER, George, an eminent French 
divine, who was long engaged in the fruitless 
labour of reconciling the catholics and protes- 
tants, died in 1566. 
CASSANDER, Francis, a Frenchman, who 
was an able translator of the Greek and Latin 
classics, died in 1695. 
CASSANDRA, Fidele, a Venetian lady, of 
great learning in philosophy and the languages, 
died, aged 102, in 1567. 
C ASSENTING, Jacobo di, an eminent painter, 
tiie founder of ihe Florentine academy, died in 
1356. 
CASSERIO, Julio, rose from a state of pover- 
ty, to be professor of anatomy and medicine at 
Padua. He was first taken, as a domestic, into 
the family of Fabricius, who instructed him; he 
died in 1616. 
CASSIAN, a monk, of the 5th century, who 
wrote some works, and founded a monastery at 
Marseilles. 
CASSIBF.LAN, or CASSIVELAUNUS, a 
king of Britain, at the time of the invasion of 
Julius Cirsar. 
CASSINI, Johannes Dominicus, a celebrated 
astronomer, born in Piedmont, in 1635. At the 
age of 15, the senate invited him to teach mathe- 
matics at Bologna. He was made astronomer 
royal of France in 1669, and after enriching sci- 
ence with a thousand new discoveries and ob- 
servations, died in 1712. 
CASSINI, John Janies, son of the preceding, 
inherited the talents and fame of his father, and 
took his place as royal astronomer of France. 
His works were in high estimation, and are va- 
luable at tliis day; he died in 1756. 
CASSINI I1E THURY, Catsar Francis, suc- 
cessor of John James, born in 1714, distinguished 
for his early and rapid progress in science, died 
in 1784. 
CASSIODORUS, Marcus Aurelius, a man of 
eminence in many respects, and called, by way 
of distinction, “ the senator,” was born in Italy, 
about 463. His principal writings are, “ De Di- 
vinis Lectionibus,” “ De Orthographia,” and 
“ De Rebus Gestis Gothorum.” He wrote also a 
commentary upon the Psalms, and several other 
pieces, theological and critical, and died at near 
100 years of age. 
CASSIUS, Caius, brother-in-law of Brutus, 
one of Ctcsar’s murderers. He caused one of 
his slaves to kill him, that lie might not fall into 
the hands of his enemy, 42 B. C. 
CASSIUS, Longinus Lucius, a Roman magis- 
trate of great integrity, 115 B. C. 
CASSIUS, Avidius, a Roman general, who 
proclaimed himself emperor, and was soon after 
assassinated. 
CASSIUS, Parmensis, a Latin poet, put to 
death by Augustus. 
CASSIUS, Severus Situs, a Roman orator, 
of the Augustan age, eloquent, but violent 
against individuals. 
CASTAGNO, Andrew del, a painter, of Tus- 
cany, who assassinated Dominico de Venise, 
from whom he obtained the secret of paint ing in 
oil. Castagno revealed this on his death-bed, 
and died in 1478. 
CASTAI DI, Cornelius, an eminent poet, in 
CA ' 
ILatin and Italian. He founded a college at 
Padua, where he died in 1537. 
CASTALIO, Sebastian, born at Chatillon, on 
the Rhone, in 1515. His works are very con- 
siderable, on account both of their quality and 
jtheir number ; they discover great knowledge 
of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, and 
are chiefly on Scriptural subjects. He died in 
1563. 
CASTEELS, Peter, a painter, of Antwerp. 
He published 12 plates of birds, designed and 
etched by himself, and died in 1749. 
CASTEL, Lewis Bertrand, a Jesuit and ma 
thematician, of Montpelier. He published a 
system of mathematics, a treatise on gravity, 
and on optics; all highly esteemed; he died in 
1757. 
CASTELL, Edmund, a divine of the 17tli 
century, and compiler of a very learned and la- 
borious work, called “ Lexicon Heptaglotton.’ 
He was also eminently assistant to for. Walton, 
in the celebrated edition of the “ Polyglott Bi- 
ble,” and died in 16S5. 
CASTELLI, Bernard, a Genoese painter and 
engraver, of eminence, died in 1629. 
CASTELLI, Valerio, son of the preceding, 
was particularly skilled in painting battles, and 
died in 1659. 
CASTELLI, Benedict, a native of Brescia, 
who assisted Galileo in his astronomical obser- 
vations, died in 1644. 
CASTELNAU, Michael, ambassador in the 
service of Charles IX. of France. Memoirs of 
his embassies are published, in 2 vols. folio; he 
died in 1592. 
CASTELNAU, Henriette Julia de, wife of 
count de Murat, authoress of several pleasing 
and elegant works, died in 1716. 
CASTELVETRO, Lewis, an Italian critic, 
famous for his parts, but mot e famous for his 
spleen and ill-nature, was born at Modena, in 
1505. He distinguished himself chiefly by bis 
“ Commentary upon Aristotle’s Poeticswhere, 
Rapin assures us, he always made it a rule to 
find something to except against iu the text of 
Aristotle. He died in 1571. 
CASTI, P abbe, an Italian poet, author of 
several works of merit, died in 1803. 
CASTIGLIONE, Joseph, a native of Ancona 
distinguished as a poet and critic, died in 1616. 
CASTIGLIONE, Balthazar, an eminent Ital 
ian nobleman and poet, was born at Mantua, in 
1478. He applied himself to the study of paint- 
ing, sculpture, and architecture, as appears from 
a book that he wrote in favour of those arts, 
and made so great a progress in them, that Ra- 
phael Urbin and Buonarotti, though incompara- 
ble aitists, never thought their works perfect, 
unless they had the approbation of Castiglione. 
He died in 1529. Besides his incomparable 
book, “TheCourtier,” in which work we may 
perceive how intimate he was with the Greek 
and Latin authors, (having gleaned together Me 
first flowers of their wit, and treasured up, i> it 
were, in a single casket, the richest jewels of 
antiquity,) he composed many Latin and Tus- 
can poems, which, with some of his letters, are 
placed at the end of the English version of “ Tlie 
Courtier,” published at London, in 1727. 
CASTIGLIONE, Benedict, an eminent Ital- 
ian engraver, born in 1616, died in 1670. 
CASTIGLIONE, Francisco, son and pupil of 
the preceding, and equally respectable as a 
painter. 
CASTILE, Alphonsus X. of, who has com- 
monly been called “ The Wise,” was born in  CA 
T2U.J, and is now more famous for having been 
an astronomer than a king. He understood as- 
tronomy, philosophy, and history, as if he had 
been only a man of letters, and composed books 
upon the motions of the heavens, and on the 
history of Spain, which are highly commended. 
He died in 1284. 
CASTILLO, Ferdinand de, a Dominican, of 
Spain, who wrote an account of his order; he 
died in 1593. 
CAST1LLO-V-SAAVEDRA, Antony del, a 
Spanish painter, who died of grief, because he 
was excelled, in 1667. 
CASTRIES, N., marshal de, an able French 
general, who served in the seven years’ war, 
died in 1300. 
CASTRO, Alphonso de, a Spanish Francis- 
can friar, who went to England with Philip II. 
lie was an able preacher, and died in 1558. 
CASTRO, John de, a native of Lisbon, a dis- 
tinguished military oflicer, afterwards, governor 
of the East Indies, died in 1548. 
CASTRO, Paul de, professor of law at Flo- 
rence, Bologna, Sienna, and Padua, died in 
1437. 
CASTRUCIO, Castracani, a celebrated gene- 
ral, found, when an infant, in a heap of leaves, 
in Tuscany. He rose to the highest rank of 
military fame, and died in 1328. 
CASWELL, Richard, governor of North Ca- 
rolina from 1777 to 1780, and from 1785 to 1787. 
He discharged several other offices with repu- 
tation, and died in 1789. 
CAT, Claude Nicholas le, surgeon to the Ho- 
tel Dieu, at Rouen, an eminent philosopher, 
rained to the rank of nobility by the French 
king, died in 1768. 
CATEL, William, of Toulouse, author of a 
history of the courts of that city, died in 1626. 
GATELLAN, Maria Claire Priscilla Margue- 
"ite, a lady of Narbonne, whose odes were much 
admired ; she died in 1745. 
CATESBY, Mark, an English naturalist, who 
wrote the natural history of Carolina, Florida, 
and the Bahamas, an elegant work, 2voIs. folio ; 
he died in 1749. 
CATHARINE, a daughter of Charles VI., of 
France, who married Henry V. of England, and 
afterwards Owen Tudor, a Welchman. She 
died in 1438. 
CATH \RINE of ARRAGON, daughter of 
Ferdinand, V., and wife of Henry VIII She 
was a woman of many virtues. 
CATHARINE DE MEDICIS, only daughter 
of Laurentius de Medicis, born at Florence, in 
1519, married, 1533, the dauphin, afterwards 
Henry II., of France. She was three times re- 
gent of France ; and, during her administra- 
tions, made a conspicuous figure in the annals 
of Europe, by her political genius. She died 
in 1539. 
C ATHARINE of SIENNA, a Romish saint, 
who, at the age of eight, is said to have vowed 
perpetual celibacy; she died in 1380. 
C ATHARINE of PORTUG AL, daughter of 
John IV., and wife of Charles II., by whom she 
was treated unkindly ; she died in 1705. 
CATHARINE of BOURRON, sister to Hen- 
ry IV., and wife of Henry of Lorraine, died in 
1604. 
CATHARINE ALEXIEVNA, a country girl 
of the name of Martha, born of very indigent 
parents, in Livonia. In 170! she married a dra- 
goon of the Swedish garrison, at Marienbnrgh ; 
»ut before evening of the wedding-day, the 
CA 
place was besieged by ttie Russians : tlie bu'de- 
groom was killed, and the victor, general Bauer, 
■smitten with her beauty, made her his mistress. 
Prince Mentshicotf next beheld her, and she 
lived with him a short time.—In the 17th year 
of her age, she became tlie mistress of Peter the 
Great, who, on the 29th of May, 1711, married 
her privately in Poland, and the 20th of Feb., 
1712, publicly solemnized the marriage, at Pe- 
tersburg, and presented her with the diadem and 
sceptre. At his death, in 1725, she was pro- 
claimed sovereign empress of all the Russias, 
and, to her death, the 17th of May, 1727,showed 
herself worthy of her high fortune. 
CATJIARINE II., empress of Russia, a wo 
man of most extraordinary natural talents lev 
governing a state, and civilizing a rude nation •, 
but of insatiate lust, and unbounded ambition ; 
to the indulgence of which latter passion, she 
waded through blood, flowing from the slaugh- 
ter of thousands and tens of thousands. She 
was born May 2, 1729, and married in 1745, to 
the grandson of Peter the Great. Having caus- 
ed her husband to be deposed (if not worse dealt 
with) in 1762, she was proclaimed empress. She 
died suddenly, in November, 1796, and was suc- 
ceeded by her only son Paul Petrowitz, the fa- 
ther of Alexander I., the present emperor of 
Russia. 
CATHARINUS, Ambrose, an Italian, bishop 
of Minori. lie wrote against Luther, and died 
in 1553. 
CATILINA, Lucius Sergius, a noble Roman, 
whose extravagance reduced him to narrow cir- 
cumstances, and having been refused the con- 
sulship, became leader of a conspiracy to mur 
der the consuls and senate of Rome, rifle the 
public treasury, and burn the city: which con 
spiracy was discovered by Cicero, at that time 
consul, 6211. C. He wassiain in battle the same 
year, on the plains of Tuscany. 
CATINAT, Nicholas, an illustrious French 
general, under Louis XIV., born at. Paris, 1637, 
died in 1712. 
CATINEAU, N. a brave man, who headed 
the Vendeans during the revolution ; he fell at 
the siege of Nantes. 
CATO, Marcus Portius, commonly called the 
Censor, born at Tusculum, in the year of Rome, 
519; that is, about the year 232 II. C. No man 
was ever better qualified than he for the office 
of censor, nor could better discharge the duties 
of it. He made use of his severity, eloquence, 
and exemplary life, to give a check to the luxu- 
ry and growing vices of the Romans; which 
gave occasion to say, that he was not less ser- 
viceable to the republic of Rome, by making 
war against immorality, than Scipio, by his vic- 
tories over his enemies. He wrote several 
works: “A Roman History," a book “ con- 
cerning the Art of War,” and me on “ Agricul- 
ture,” and died in the year of Rome 604. 
CATO, Ulicensis, great grandson to the for- 
mer, was educated under his uncle Livius Dru- 
sus, and very early showed valour and genero- 
sity ; having, at 14 years old, desired a sword to 
kill the tyrant Sylla. He was a lover of philo- 
sophy, in which he rigidly followed the doctrines 
of the stoics ; this furnished him with that bra- 
very of soul which he manifested on all occa- 
sions. His first campaign was in 681. against 
Spnrtacus: afterwards he led 1000 foot into 
Asia, where, for the small number of his attend- 
ants, he was laughed at, but was never moved 
with it; returning, he was made quiestor, which 
112 CA 
post he filled with honour. To keep out a veryl! 
oad man, he put in for tiie tribunate. He sided 
with Cicero, against Catiline, and opposed Ca;- 
sur in the senate, on that occasion. His ene- 
mies sent trim to recover Cyprus, which Ptole- 
my had forfeited, thinking to hurt his reputation 
by so difficult an undertaking ; yet none could 
hid fault with his conduct. He laboured to 
bring about an agreement between Caesar and 
Pompey, but, seeing it in vain, sided with the 
latter. When Pompey was slain, lie fled to Uti- 
ca, and Caisar pursuing him, he advised his 
friends to begone, and his son to trust to Caisar’s 
clemency; then lay down upon his bed, read 
Plato upon the Immortality of the Soul, twice 
over, and thrust a sword through his body, of 
which he died, 46 II. C., aged 48. 
CATO, Valerius, a Latin poet, in the age of 
Syila, died 30 B. C. 
CATROU, Francis, a very distinguished je- 
suit, born at Paris, in 1659. He was the author 
of some very considerable works; as, 1. “ A 
General History of tin- (umpire of the Mogul;” 
2. “ A History of the i aiiaticism of some Pro- 
testant Religions ; of Anabaptism,of Davidism, 
and of tluakerism 3. “ A Translation of 
Virgil, with notes critical and historicalandl 
4. “ A Roman History;” which has been trans- 
lated into several languages, and is reckoned 
his capital work. He died in 1737. 
CATTIIO, Angelo, was in the service of 
Lewis XI., as astrologer and thysieian. He 
pretended to foretell future events, and died in 
1497. 
CATULLUS, Cains Valerius, a Roman poet, 
born at Verona, 86 B. C. He is far unlike our 
modern poets, who usually complain of the coy- 
ness and insensibility of their fair ones; he 
speaks of his Lesbia, as a woman who asked 
him, how many kisses would satisfy him ? To 
which he answered, “ that he desired as many 
as there are grains of sand in the deserts of Li- 
bya, and stars in the heavens.” Although pos- 
sessing a superior genius, he was, as many others 
have since been, poor. He died in the flower 
of liis age, and the height of his reputation, 
when he was about 30 years old. 
CATZ, James, a Dutch statesman, and poet, 
born in Zealand, 1577, died 1660. 
CAULET, Francis Stephen de, a French pre- 
late, who opposed the king's right of disposing 
of ecclesiastical benefices, died in 1680. 
CAUL1AC, Guy de, a French anatomist, and 
physician to the popes Clement VI., and Urban 
VU. 
CAVALCANTI, Bartholomew, an Italian, 
who served pope Paul III., in both military and 
political capacities, died in 1562. 
< ’A VAL1ER, John, celebrated for his bravery 
m the wars of tlte protestant insurgents, against 
Lewis XIV. He died in 1705. 
CAVALIER.!, Bonaveriture, an Italian, pro- 
fessor at Bologna, and disciple of Galileo, died 
in 1647. 
CAVALLINI, Pietro, a painter of celebrity 
at Rome, died in 1364. 
CAVALLO, Tiberius, F. R. S., an eminent 
writer on natural philosophy, born at Naples, 
March 30. 1749, settled in England, 1771, and 
died in London, Dec. 26, 1809; having pub 
iished, among other valuable works, “ Treatises 
on Electricity ;" on the “ Air,” and Aerosta- 
tion ;” on “Magnetism,” and “Elements of 
Natural History.” 
CAVANILLES, Antonio- Joseph, a Spari-1 
CA 
botanist, was educated among the jesuits, and 
appointed tutor to the sons of the duke de 1'ln- 
fantado. In 1801, he was intrusted with the 
care of the royal gardens of Madrid, where he 
died in 1804. 
CAVE, Dr. William, a learned divine, born 
1637, died 1713. He was author of some large 
and learned works, relating to ecclesiastical an- 
tiquity ; particularly,“The History of the Lives, 
Acts, Deaths, and Martyrdoms, of those who 
were cotemporary with the Apostles, and of 
the principal Fathers within the first three cen- 
turies of the Church,” and “ Historia Literal ir, 
&c.iu which he gives an exact account of 
all who had written upon Christianity, eithe 
for or against it, from Christ to the 14th cen 
tury. 
CAVE, Edward, born at Newton, in War- 
wickshire, Feb. 29, 1691, and celebrated for 
having planned and brought to perfection, 
“ The Gentleman’s Magazine,” which has been 
published upwards of 90 years, and is consider 
td one of the most successful and lucraiiye 
periodical works that history has upon record. 
Mr. Cave died Jan. 10, 1754. 
CAVEDONE, Jacomo, an Italian painter, 
died in 1660. 
CAVENDISH, Thomas, a celebrated English 
circumnaviirator, died about 1593. 
CAVENDISH, Sir William, born about 1505. 
Cardinal Wolsey took him into his splendid 
family, which cotrsistedof one earl, nine barons, 
and about 100 knights, gentlemen, and inferior 
officers. He served the cardinal as gentleman- 
usher, and was admitted into more intimacy 
with him than any other servant, and therefore 
would not desert him in his fall, but was one of 
the few, who stuck close to him when he had 
neither office nor salary to bestow. This singu- 
lar fidelity, joined to his abilities, recommended 
him to his sovereign, who received him into his 
own family and service. He afterwards held 
high offices of state under Edward VI., and 
Mary I., and died in 1557. Sir William Caven- 
dish wrote the life of his old master, Cardina 
Wolsey, and therein gives him a very highcha- 
racter; affirming that, in his judgment, he nev< r 
saw the kingdom in better obedience and quiet, 
than during the time of his authority, nor justice 
better administered. 
CAVENDISH, William, duke of Newcastle, 
born in 1592, died in 1676. He rendered great 
services, in a military capacity to Charles 1. and 
II. ; and after the restoration, retired to indulge 
his natural disposition in literary pursuits. He 
wrote a celebrated “Treatise on Horseman 
ship.” of which a most excellent edition was, 
a few years ago, printed in England ; and four 
comedies. His second wife, Margaret, was a 
woman of great wit, and some learning: for 
besides the life of the duke, and her own, sh 
wrote agreat number of folio volumes, and pub- 
lished 26 plays, in several of which there ;ve 
scenes and songs written by the duke. Her 
grace died in 1673. 
CAVENDISH, William, first duke of Devon 
shire, an able statesman, and friend of Lor 
Russell, was active in procuring king William 
III. to invade England, and died in 1707. 
CAVENDISH, Lord John, son of the fourth 
duke of Devonshire, and chancellor of the ex 
chequer ; he opposed Lord North’s administra 
:ion a-d died in 1790. 
CAVENDISH, Lord Frederic, chose a mil 
iiary iile, was a field maishal, and died in 1811“ CA 
CAVENDISH, Hon. Henry, a very ingenious 
natural philosopher, born Oct. 10, 1731, died at! 
f.'lapham, Feb. -24, 1810. Though not much 
heard of in the common paths of life, he was! 
well known and highly distinguished in the sci-j 
entitle world. lie had studied and rendered him- 
self familiarly conversant witli every part of 
Sir Isaac Newton’s philosophy; the principles 
of which he applied, about the year 1770, to an 
investigation of the laws on which the pheeno- 
lnena of electricity depend. Pursuing the same 
science, on the occasion of Mr. Walsh's experi- 
ments with the torpedo, lie gave a satisfactory 
explanation of the remarkable powers of elec- 
trical fishes; pointing out that distinction be- 
tween common and animal electricity, which 
has since been amply confirmed by the brilliant 
discoveries in galvanism. Having turned bis 
attention very eariv to pneumatic chymistry, he] 
ascertained, in 1766, the extreme levity of in-1 
flammable air, now called hydrogen gas. On! 
this discovery, many curious experiments, and] 
particularly that of aerial navigation have been 
founded. In the same path of science, he madej 
the important discovery of the composition of! 
water, by the union of two airs; and that laid! 
the foundation of the modern system of chv-j 
inistry, which rests principally on this fact, and- 
that of the decomposition of water, announced] 
scon.afterwards by M. Lavoisier. As the puri-i 
ty of atmospherical air had been a subject of j 
controversy, Mr. Cavendish contrived essential] 
improvements in the method of performing ex-j 
pertinents with a eudiometer; by means of] 
which, lie was the first who siiowed, that the! 
proportion of pure air in the atmosphere is: 
nearly the same in all open places. The other! 
and much larger portion of our atmosphere, he 
sagaciously conjectured to be the basis of the 
acid of nitre ; an opinion which he soon brought 
to the test, liv an ingenious and laborious ex- 
periment, which completely proved its truth ; 
whence this air has now very generally obtain- 
ed the name of nitrogen. Among the labours 
of his latter days, is tile nice anil difficult ex ] 
psrimenl, by which he determined the mean 
density of the earth ; an element of consequence 
in delicate calculations of astronomy, as well as 
in geological inquiries. Even in the last year 
of his life, at the advanced age of 77, he pro- 
posed and described improvements in the man- 
ner of dividing large astronomical instruments; 
which, though not yet executed, promise very 
great advantages. These pursuits, together with 
reading of various kinds, by which he acquired 
a deep insight into almost every topic of gene- 
ral knowledge, formed the whole occupation of 
his life; .and were, in fact, his sole amusement. 
From his attachment to such occupations, and 
the constant resource he found in them, toge- 
ther with a shyness and diffidence natural to 
his disposition, liis habits had, from early life, 
been secluded. He is said to have left behind 
him 1,200,0001. Mr. Cavendish was great uncle 
to the duke of Devonshire. 
CAVOYE, Lewis, marquis de, a French mi- 
litary officer, of great bravery, died in 1716. 
CAIJSSIN, Nicholas, a French Jesuit, and 
confessor to Lewis XIII., was born at Troyes, 
in Champagne, in 1580, and died at Paris, July, 
1651. He published, among other works, “ The 
Holy Court,” a moral work, which has been 
often reprinted, and translated into Latin, Ita- 
lian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Eng- 
lish ; ami “ Sacred Tragedies.” 
CAWDREY, Daniel, an ejected non-conform- 
CA 
liist and a member of tlie Westminster assembly 
(Iof divines, died in 1664. 
| CAVVTHOENE, James, a very agreeable 
! poet, born at Sheffield, in 17-21. In 17411, lie was 
[ chosen master of Tunbridge School; and this 
place he held till his death, which happened by 
a fall from his horse, in 1761. His poetical com- 
positions were collected and published in 4to, in 
1771. 
CAWTON, Thomas, a non-conformist, and a 
good Hebrew scholar, died in 1677. 
CAXTON, William, the first who introduced 
the art of printing with fusile types into Eng- 
land, was born in the Weald of Kent, about the 
latter end of the reign of Henry IV. Being about 
15, l»e was put apprentice to Mr. Robert Large, 
a mercer, who, after having been sheriff and 
mayor of London, died in 1441, leaving by will 
114 marks to his apprentice, William Caxton ; a 
considerable legacy in those days, and an early 
testimony of Caxton’s good behaviour and in- 
tegrity. Caxton went abroad to settle ihe same 
year that his master died, and was intrusted by 
the mercer’s company to be their agent or faclor 
in Holland, Zealand, Flanders, &c. In 1464, a 
commission was granted to him and Richard 
Whitehill, Esq., by Edward IV., to continue 
and confirm the treaty of trade and commerce 
between his majesty and Philip, duke of Bur- 
gundy, or, if they found it necessary, to make a 
new one. They are styled in the commission, 
ambassadors and special deputies. A marriage 
was concluded, in July, 1468, between the king’s 
sister, lady Margaret of York, and the duke’s 
son, Charles, he being then duke of Burgundy; 
and when the lady arrived at the duke's court 
at Bruges, Caxton appears to have been of bet 
retinue. He was now either one of her .house- 
hold, or held some constant post under her ; be- 
cause, as he says, he received of her a yearly 
fee or salary, besides many other good and great 
benefits. Being more expert than most others in 
penmanship and languages, it is highly probable 
that he was employed by the dutches* in some 
literary way. As soon as be bad acquired the 
mystery of the new invention of printing, (which 
he did not accomplish, he says himself, without 
great expense,) he was employed by her in trans- 
lating out of French a large volume, ami after- 
wards in printing it. It appeared under the title 
of “ The Recuyellof the History of Troycand 
is the first book, we now know of, that was 
printed in the English tongue: the date being 
September 19, 1471, at Coleti (Cologne.) By the 
edition of the “ Game of Chess,” dated in 1474. 
Caxton appears to have been then settled in 
England; and this book is allowed, by all the 
typographical antiquaries, to have been the first 
specimen of the art among us; and as such, has 
been so valued, that it is said, the earl of Pem- 
broke, for a fair copy thereof, which was given 
him by Mr. Granger, presented linn with a purs* 
of forty guineas. The next performance of Cax 
ton, of which the date is ascertained, is, “ The 
Ilictes and Sayinges of the Philosophers, trails 
lated out of French by Antone erle R-yvyre* 
lord Seerles, emprynted by William Caxton, at 
VVestmestre, 1477.” Caxton printed several 
other pieces, either of his own composition, oi 
translated by him. His last work was a trans- 
lation from the French of “ The Holy Lives of 
the Fathers Hennites living in the Deserts;” and 
we are informed by Wynhen de Worde, that lie 
finished his life, and translation together, on the 
same day, in 1491. 
CAYLUS, Anne Claude, Count de. a French 
114  CE 
writer, born at Paris, in 1692. Ilis chief work 
is, “ Recucii d’Antiquites Egyptiennes, Etrus- 
oues, Grecques, Romanies, ei Gauloisos,” 7 tom. 
4to., 1752-67. He died in 1765. 
GAZES, Peter James, a French painter and 
an ingenious artist, died in 1754. 
CAZOTTE, James, mayor of Pierry, who,for 
his attachment to the French king,was guillo- 
tined in 1792. 
CEBA, Ansaldo, a Genoese, of reputation as 
a politician, orator, and poet, died in 1623. 
CEBES, the author of a little beautiful Gre- 
cian remain, entitled, “ A picture of Human 
Life.” Of this author we have no account, 
save that lie is once mentioned by Plato, and 
once by Xenophon. 
CECCO DE ASCOLI, or FRANCIS DE GLI 
8TABILI, of Ascoli, a professor at Bologna; 
was burnt by order of the inquisition, in 1327. 
CECIL, William, lord Burleigh an eminent 
English statesman, whose loyalty to his sove- 
reign queen Elizabeth, and his patriotism, pre- 
served the religion and the civil polity of Eng- 
1 md from falling a prey to sovereign tyranny 
and popish superstitions. He was born at Bourn, 
hi Lincolnshire, 1521, held the office of lord 
high treasurer of England 27 years, and died 
1598. A collection of his state papers was pub- 
lished by Haynes, 1740 ; and a continuation of 
them by Murdin, 1760. 
CECIL, Richard, an eminent divine of the 
church of England, died in 1810. 
CECROPS, an Egyptian, founder of the Athe- 
nian monarchy, 1556 B. C. 
CEDRENIJS, George, a Grecian monk, lived 
In the 1 ltb century, and wrote “ Annals, or an 
abridged History, from the beginning of the 
World to the reign of Isaac Comnenus, emperor 
of Constantinople,” who succeeded Michael IV. 
in 1057. 
CELESTI, Andrea, a Venetian painter, died 
in 1706. 
CELESTIN I., was pope 10 years ; he con- 
demned the doctrines of Nestorius, and died in 
432. 
CELESTIN II., was pope 5 months, and died 
in 1143. 
CELESTIN III., was pope 7 years, and died 
In 1198. 
CELESTIN IV., was poDe 18 days, and died 
in 1241. 
CELESTIN V., elected pope in 1294, which 
office he afterwards resigned ; he was imprison- 
ed by bis successor, and died in 1296. 
CELLARIUS, Christopher, born in 1638, at 
Mn,cable, in Franconia, died in 1707. He pub- 
lished good editions of above 20 Latin and Greek 
authors. His works relate chiefly to grammar, 
to geography, to history, and to the oriental lan- 
guages. Those in geography are well known as 
excellent helps to the understanding of ancient 
authors. 
CELLIER, Remi, abenedictine of Bar leduc, 
wrote a biographical history, and died in 1761. 
CELLINI, Benevento, a celebrated sculptor 
and engraver, of Florence, born in 1500, died in 
1570. 
CELSUS, Aurelius Cornelius, a philosopher 
and physician, who flourished under the reigns i 
of Augustus and Tiberius. He wrote upon seve- 
ral subjects, as we learn from Quintillian; upon : 
rhetoric, for which he is often quoted and com- 
mended by this great master; upon the military 
art; upon agriculture; and we have still extant 
of his eight books “ De Medicina,” which are : 
written in very fine Latin. 
CE 
CELSUS, an epicurean philosopher of the 
2d century, who wrote a hook against the Chris- 
tian religion, which was answered by Origt-n. 
The work of C'elsus is lost. 
CELTES, Conrad, a Latin poet, who died at 
Vienna, in 1508, after having obtained the lau- 
rel. 
CENSORINUS, Appius Claudius, a Roman 
senator, raised to the tiirone by Ms soldiers, in 
270. 
CENSORINUS, a Roman grammarian of the 
3d century. 
CENTLIVRE, Susannah, a celebrated comic 
| writer, who had so early a turn for poetry, that, 
as one of her biographers tells us, she composed 
| a song before she was seven years old. She is 
I the author of 19 dramatic pieces, and several 
little poems. Her talent was in comedy, particu 
larly the contrivance of plots and incidents. She 
died Dec. 1, 1723. 
CENTORIO, Ascanius a native of Milan,-emi- 
nent as a soldier and philosopher, lived in tlio 
Kith century. 
CERATINUS, James, or Teyng, a Hollander 
who obtained a Greek professorship by mean* 
of Erasmus, and died at Louvain, in 1530. 
CERCEAU, John Anthony du, a French 
Jesuit,, known as a Latin poet, died in 1730. 
CERDA, John Lewis de la, a Spanish Jesuit, 
and an author of great learning and candour, 
died in 1043. 
CERDON, a heretic of the 2d century, who 
rejected the Old Testament and part of the 
New. 
CERETA, Laura, an Italian lady, eminent 
for her knowledge of philosophy, and the learn- 
ed languages, died in 1498. 
CERINJ, Giovanni Dominico, an Kalian 
! painter, whose pieces are esteemed ; he died in 
1681. 
CERINTHUS, a disciple of Simon Magus, 
about A. D. 54, a heretic who denied the divi- 
nity of Christ. 
CERISANTES, Mark Duncan de, son of a 
Scotch physician at Saumur; he was sent am- 
bassador to Turkey by Richelieu, and died in 
1648. 
CERMENATI, John de, an Italian historian, 
who published an account of Milan, from 1307 
to 1313. 
CERRATO, Paul, a native of Montserrat, of 
the 15th century, he wrote Latin poems. 
CERUTI, Frederic, a native of Verona, and 
an author, died in 1579. 
CERUITI, Joseph Antony Joachim, a Jesuit, 
and professor at Lyons, and a member of the 
national assembly, died in 1792. 
CERVANTES. See SAAVEDRA. 
CERVETTO, an Italian, of extraordinary 
character in the musical world. He played the 
bass at Drury-lane Theatre, and died January 
14, 1783, in his 103d year. One evening, when 
Mr. Garrick was performing the character of 
Sir John Brute, during the drunkard’s muttering 
and dozing till he falls asleep in the chair, (the 
audience being most profoundly silent and at- 
tentive to the admirable performer,) Cervetto, 
in the orchestra, uttered a very loud and im 
moderately-lengthened yawn ! The moment 
Garrick was off the stage, he sent for the mu- 
sician, and with considerable warmth repri- 
manded him for so ill-timed a symptom of som- 
nolency ; when the modern Naso, with great 
address, reconciled Garrick to him in a trice, by 
saying, with a shrug, “I beg ten tousand par 
dons! but I always do so ven 1 am ver museb 
115 CH 
please!” Mr. Cervetto was distinguished among 
his friends of the galleries by the ludicrous name 
of Nosey, from the prominency of his nasal 
feature. 
CESALPINUS, a celebrated Italian writer on 
botany, born in 1519, died in 1603. 
CESALPINUS, Andrew, an Italian physi- 
cian, born about 1159. 
CESARINI, Julian, a Roman cardinal, em- 
ployed by several popes, was slain in 1444. 
C ES A RIN T, Virginio, a learned Roman, cham- 
berlain to Urban VIII., died in 1624. 
CESAROTTI, Melchior, an Italian poet, pro- 
fessor of rhetoric, and afterwards of Greek and 
Hebrew, in Padua, his native city, died in 1808. 
CESPEDES, Paul, a Spanish painter, of me- 
rit, and a writer, died in 1608. 
CEZELI, Constance de, wife of Barri de St. 
Atinez, governor of Leucate under Henry IV., 
celebrated for her bravery. 
CHABANES, James de, a Frenchman, of 
great bravery, who fell at the battle of Pavia, 
in 1525. 
CHABANON, N. de, member of the academy 
of belles lettres, and an author, died at Paris, in 
1792. 
CHABOT, Francis, a capuchin, was a violent 
jacobin, cruel in his sentiments, and was guillo- 
tined in 1794. 
CHABR1AS, an Athenian general, who took 
Cyprus, and died 355 B. C. 
CHABRIT, Peter, an advocate in the parlia- 
ment of Paris, of great erudition, died in 1785. 
CHABRY, Mark, a distinguished painter and 
sculptor, died at Lyons, in 1727. 
CHAIS, Charles, born at Geneva, pastor of a 
church at the Hague, distinguished as a preacher 
and scholar, died in 1786. 
CHAISE, Father de la, a Jesuit, of uncommon 
abilities, and confessor to Louis XIV., born at 
Forez, in the province of Lyons, about 1626. 
The learned Huetius, bishop of Avranches, calls 
him “ a man incredibly well versed in all parts 
of learning, of philosophy and divinity in par- 
ticular.” 
CIIALCIDIUS, a Platonic philosopher, of the 
3d century. 
CHALCONDYLES, Laonicus, an Athenian, 
of the 15th century, who wrote a history of the 
Turks. 
CHALCONDYLES, Demetrius, a native of 
Athens, and one of those learned men whom 
Pope Nicholas V. sent to Rome to translate the 
Greek authors into Latin. Under his inspection 
and care was first published at Florence, in 
1499, the “ Greek Lexicon” of Suidas. He died 
about 1510. 
CHALES, Claudius Francis de, a Jesuit, of 
Chamberi, a royal professor at Lyons, and au- 
thor of several works, died in 1678. 
CHALIER, Marie Joseph, a French revolu- 
tionist, of sanguinary character; he was guillo- 
tined in 1793. 
CH ALKLEY, Thomas, a preacher among the 
Quakers, in Pennsylvania, in 1701, died in Tor- 
tola, while on a visit, in 1741; he published 
some works on religion. 
CHALLE, Charles Michael Angelo, a prnfes- 
sot of painting in the Paris acauemy, uied in 
CHALMERS, Lionel, M. 17., a learned phy- 
sician, of South Carolina, published several re- 
spectable works or, malice' subjects, about 1767. 
CHAL 'NrlF,, P!r Thomas, born at London, 
about 15 '. H*- was much employed in embas- 
sies au< negotiations with foreign courts ; and 
Cll 
died in 1505, leaving behind him a work callGd 
“Tlie right ordering of the English Republic.” 
He also discovered the first alum mines in Eng- 
land. 
CHALONER, Sir Thomas, educated at Ox- 
ford, was tutor to the prince of Wales, and died 
in 1615. 
CHALONER, James, son of the preceding, 
educated at Oxford, was one of King Charles* 
judges, and died in Holland, in 1601. 
CHALONER, Edward, head of Alban hall, 
Oxford, a good preacher and learned divine, died 
in 1625. 
CHALOTAIS, Lewis Rene Caradeue de la, 
known as the author of a work on the Jesuits, 
died in 1715. 
CHAMBAUD, Lewis, author of a French 
Dictionary and Grammar, and other usefu 
school-books, died in 1776. 
CHAMBERLAINE, Robert, an Englishman 
and author of several works, died in the 17th 
century. 
CHAMBER!,AYNE, Edward, born alding- 
ton, in Gloucestershire, in 1616, died in 1703 
He wrote many books; the best known of which 
is, “ Anglias Notitia; or, the Present State of 
England.” 
CHAMBERLAYNE, John, son of the pre- 
ceding, and continuator of that useful book, 
“ The Present state of England,” was born 
about 1670, and died in 1724, having published 
many ingenious critical, theological, and moral 
works. 
CHAMBERS, Sir Robert, a learned judge, 
educated at Oxford, chief justice in Bengal, and 
president, of the Asiatic society, died in 1803. 
CHAMBERS, Ephraim, author of the cele- 
brated Dictionary of Arts and Sciences which 
goes under his name, was born at Milton, in the 
county of Westmoreland. When he became of 
a proper age, he was put apprentice to M r. Se- 
nex, the globe-maker, a business which is con- 
nected with literature, and especially with as- 
tronomy and geography. It was during Mr. 
Chambers’ residence with this skilful mecha- 
nic, that he contracted that taste for science and 
learning, which accompanied him through life, 
and directed all his pursuits. It was even at 
this time that he formed the design of his grand 
work, the “ Cyclopaedia and some of the first 
articles of it were written behind the counter. 
He died May 15, 1740. The first edition of the 
Cyclopaedia was published in 1728, in 2 vols. 
folio. Another edition, with considerable im- 
provements, by Dr. Rees, was begun to be pub- 
lished, in weekly numbers, in 1778, and was, in 
1785, completed in 4 vols. January 1, 1802, Dr. 
Rees commenced the publication of an edition 
still farther enlarged, which has been recently 
completed in 45 vols. 4to.; most highly adorned, 
and fully illustrated, by engravings, in a style 
of excellence well suited to the exalted merit of 
the work itself: which is at once an ornament 
to its editor, and to the country. 
CHAMBERS, Sir William, an eminent archi- 
tect, whose name will be transmitted to late 
posterity ac the builder of that great national 
ornament, Somerset Place. This superb struc- 
ture was begun in 1776, and inhabited in 1785 
Sir William was by birth a Swede, but was 
brought over to England at two years of age 
He wrote an excellent “ Treatise on Civil Ar- 
chitecture,” a “ Dissertation on Oriental Gar 
dening." published “ Designs for Chinese Build- 
ings,” &c., and died March 8, 1796. 
CI1AMIER, Daniel, a French protestant, pro  CII 
fessor of divinity at Moutauban. He drew up] 
the famous edict of Nantes, and was killed in 
1621. 
CHAMILLARD, Stephen, a Jesuit, of Bour- 
ges, eminent as a scholar and antiquary, died in 
1730. 
CHAMILLART, Michael de, an excellent 
billiard player, was promoted to high offices of 
state by Lewis XIV., and died in 1721. 
CtlAMOUSSET, Charles Humbert Pierron 
de, judge in the parliament of Paris, a man of 
universal benevolence, died in 1773. 
CHAMPAGNE, Philip of, a celebrated painter, 
born at Brussels, in 1002, died in 1674. 
CHAMPAGNE, John Baptiste de, born at 
Brussels, was prolessor of the academy of paint- 
ing at Paris, and died in 1683. 
CHAMPEAUX, or CAMPELLENSIS, Wil- 
liam de, professor of philosophy at Paris, where 
Abelard was his pupil, died in 1121. 
CHAMPFORT, N., a Parisian, devoted to 
liteiature, and a friend of tile revolution. He 
destroyed himself in 1794. 
CHAMP1ER, Symphorien, Camperius, or 
Campegnis, a Frenchman, and physician to the 
duke of Lorraine, died in 1540. 
CHAMPION, Joseph, an Englishman, emi- 
nent as a penman. 
CHAMPLAIN, Samuel de, a Frenchman, 
sent on a voyage of discovery to America by 
Henry IV. An American lake bears his name. 
He died in 1635. 
CHAMPMESLE, Mary Desmares de, a French 
actress of celebrity, died in 1698. 
CHANCELLOR, Richard, a celebrated Eng- 
lish navigator, was engaged in an exploring 
vm age, in 1553 
CHANDLER, Mary, an English lady, distin- 
guished by her talent for poetry, born at Mahnes- 
buiv, in Wiltshire, in 1687, died September 11, 
1745. 
CHANDLER, Samuel, an eminent dissenting 
minister and theological writer, born at Iluii- 
gerford, Berks, in 1693, died in 1766. 
( HANDLER, a native of England, and a 
baptist minister, settled on Ashley river, South 
Carolina, died in 1749. 
CHANDLER, Edward, an English prelate 
and an author, died in 1750. 
CHANDLER, Thomas Bradbury, D. D., an 
eminent episcopal minister and writer, of Eliza- 
bethtown. New-Jersey, published several works 
in defence of episcopacy; he died in 1790. 
CHANDLER, Richard, D. D., an eminent 
English divine and antiquary, died in 1810. 
CHANTEREAU LE FEVRE, Lewis,a native 
of Paris, and an author, died in 1658. 
CHANUT, Peter, a Frenchman, sent as am- 
bassador to Sweden and Holland, died in 1662. 
CllAPELAIN, John, a Frencii poet, born at 
Paris, in 1595, chiefly distinguished himself by 
a heroic poem, called “ La Pucelle, ou France 
Delivree,” and died in 1674. 
CHAPELLE, Claude Emanuel Lttllier, a ce- 
lebrated French poet, born at Chapelle, in 1621. 
He is said to have been a very pleasant, but 
withal a very voluptuousman, and died in 1686. 
CHAPELLE, John de la, secretary to the 
prince of Conti, whose life he wrote, died in 
1723. 
CIIAPELLIER, Isaac Rene Guy de, a native 
of Rennes, a zealous advocate of liberty ; he 
was guillotined in 1792. 
CHAPMAN, George, bom in 1557, and high 
Iv celebrated in his time for his dramatic wri 
tings, and poetry. He transited “ Homer's Ili-[ 
~ CH 
I ad and Odyssey,” which arc still looked upon 
with some respect. lie wrote 17 dramatic pie- 
ces, and died in 1G34. 
CHAPMAN, Dr. John, an eminent English 
divine, witic, and vindicator of the Christian 
religion, against Morgan, Tindal, and others, was 
born in 1704, and died 1784. 
CHAPMAN, William, an Englishman, who, 
among many other useful discoveries and im- 
provements, was the first who, about 1758, gave 
the idea, and at sea established by practice, the 
invaluable secret of making salt water fresh. 
He died at Newcastle, Oct., 1793. 
CHAPMAN, George, a schoolmaster at Dal 
keith, and afterwards at Dumfries, author of 
several works on education, died in 1806. 
CHAPPE D’AUTEROCHE, John. Vid. AH 
TEROCHE. 
C11APONE, Hester, an elegant English poet, 
and moral writer, born of a respectable North- 
amptonshire family, of the name of Mnlsn,Oct. 
27, 1727. Her pen was always directed to mo- 
ral purposes; and virtue, far from showing ire- 
pulsive austerity in her representations, was dis- 
tinguished by endearing graces. Site will long 
be distinguished on the rolis of literature for her 
“ Letters on the Improvement of the Mind, 
addressed to a Young Lady,” 2 vois. 12mo, 
1773, and “ Miscellanies in Prose and Verse,” 
12mo, 1775. Mrs. C. died at Hadley, in Middle- 
sex, Dec. 25, 1801. 
CHAPPEL, William, a very learned and pi- 
ous divine, bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, 
in Ireland, born at Lexington, in Nottingham- 
shire, in 1582, died 1049. He published, the vent 
before his death, “ Methodus Concionandi 
that is, “ The Method of Preaching;” which, 
for its usefulness, was translated into English. 
To this bishop, among other divines, has been 
ascribed the composition of that excellent book, 
“ The Whole Duty of Man.” 
CHAPUZEAU, Samuel, a native of Geneva, 
and preceptor to William 111., of England, died 
in 1701. 
CIIARAS, Moses, a physician, at Paris, well 
known as an author, died in 1698. 
CHARDIN, Sir John, a famous voyager, was 
born at Paris, in 1G43, but went to London upon 
the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1085. 
He went to Persia and the East Indies, and traf- 
ficked in jewels. Charles II., king of England, 
conferred upon him the honour of knighthood. 
He died at London, in 1713. His “ Voyages” 
have altvays been much esteemed, as very cu- 
rious and very true. 
CIIARELON, a Jesuit missionary, employed 
many years among the Indians in Michigan 
CHARENTON, Joseph Nicholas, a French 
Jesuit, and missionary to China, for 15 years; 
he died in 1735. 
CHARES, a Grecian statuary, who immor 
talized himself by the Colossus of the Sun, at 
Rhodes, which has been reckoned one of the 
seven wonders of the world. 
CHARETTE DE LA COINTRIE, Francis 
Athanasius de, a French royalist, who signal- 
ized himself by an able resistance against the 
republican forces, in la Vendee ; he was taken 
and shot in 1796. 
CHARITON, a native of Cyprus, and an au 
thor, in the 4th century. 
CHARKE, Charlotte, was youngest daughter 
of Colley Cibber, the actor, and afterwards po- 
et laureat. At eight years old she was put to 
school, hut had an education more suitable to a 
hoy than a girl; and as she grew up, followed " ch 
the same plan, being more frequently in the 
stable than in the bedchamber, and mistress of 
the currycomb, though ignorant of the needle. 
Her auveutures during the remainder of her life, 
are nothing but one variegated scene of distress- 
es, of a kind which no one can be a stranger 
lo, who has either seen, or read accounts of 
those most wretched of all human beings, the 
members of a mere strolling company of actors. 
In 1755 she went to London, where she publish- 
ed the “ Narrative of her own Life;” to which 
death put a period, and at the same time, to one 
continued course of misery, the inevitable con- 
sequence of folly, imprudence, and absurdity, 
in 1759. 
CHARLEMAGNE, or CHARLES I., king of 
France by succession, and emperor of the West 
by conquest, in 800, (which laid the foundation 
of the dynasty of the Western Franks, who 
ruled the empire 472 years, till the time of Ro- 
dolphus Auspergensis, the founderof the house 
of Austria.) Charlemagne was as illustrious 
In the cabinet as in the field ; and, though he 
could not write his name, was the patron of men 
of letters, the restorer of learning, and a wise 
legislator; he wanted only the virtue of huma- 
nity to render him the most accomplished of 
men ; but when we read of his beheading 4500 
Saxons, solely for their loyalty to their prince, 
in opposing his conquests, we cannot think he 
merits the extravagant encomiums bestowed on 
him by some historians. He died in 814, in the 
74th year of his age. 
CHARLES II., surnamed the Bald, succeeded 
to the French crown in 840, was elected empe- 
ror by>the pope and the Roman people, in 875, 
and poisoned in 877. 
CHARLES HI., or Simple, succeeded to the 
throne of France in 893. He was unequal to 
the government of a kingdom, and at last died 
in prison, in 929. 
CHARLES IV., the Fair, succeeded to the 
French throne in 1322, and died in 1328. 
CHARLES V., or Wise, succeeded to the 
throne of France in 1364. By his abilities and 
courage, the English were dispossessed of nearly 
all their provinces in France. He died in 1380. 
CHARLES VI., succeeded to the French 
throne in 1380- His inexperience, and a civil 
war, weakened the kingdom, and the defeat at 
Agincourt, completed his misfortunes. He died 
in 1422. 
CHARGES VII., surnamed the Victorious, 
succeeded to the throne in 1422. By his great 
vigour and activity, he drove the English from 
his kingdom, and died in 1401. 
CHARLESVIII.,called the Affable, ascend- 
ed the throne in 1483. After having conquered 
Italy, and being crowned king of Naples, and 
emperor of Constantinople, he was driven into 
France, and died in 1498. 
CHARLES IX., ascended the throne in 1560. 
During his reign, the fatal massacre of St. Bar- 
tholomew took place, which renders his name 
odious. lie died in 1574. 
CHARLES, the Fat, son of Lewis, the 
German, was elected king of Italy, and em- 
peror, in 881. By the intrigues of his prime 
minister, he was driven from his throne, and 
died in 888. 
CHARLES IV., grandson of the emperor 
Henry VII., ascended the imperial throne, in 
1347. He founded the university of Prague, and 
died in 1378. 
CHARLES V., eldest son of Philip, of Aus- 
tria, ascended the Spanish throne in 1516, and 
, I ™ 
iwas elected emperor of Germany, in 1518. He 
resigned Iris crowns in 1555, retired to a cloister 
and died in 1558. 
! CHARLES VI. was proclaimed king of Spain, 
in 1703, and elected emperor of Germany, m 
1711. A great part of liis reign was spent in 
war; he died in 1740. 
CHARLES VII., elector of ISavaria, in 1720; 
lie contested the imperial throne with Maria 
Theresa, and died in 1745. 
CHARLES I., king of Spain, was Chat lesV., 
emperor of Germany. 
I CHARLES II., son and successor of Philip 
IV. of Spain, in 1605, was the last of the eldest 
branch of Austrian princes who reigned in 
Spain. He died in 1700. 
CHARLES 111., king of Spain, son of Philip 
V. was a monarch of ability and virtue; he 
died in 1789. 
CHARLES I., king of England, ascended the 
throne in 1625. His reign was turbulent, and in 
the civil wars he was defeated. He was at lasl 
tried befoie a self-created court of his subjects, 
and condemned, and executed, in 1648. 
CHARLES IL, king of England, was in Hoi 
land at the time of the death of Charles I., and 
was restored to the throne in 1660. He wanted 
the virtues of his father, and was licentious ana 
immoral; he died in 1685. 
CHARLES GUSTAVUS X. ascended the 
throne of Sweden in 1654. He was a prudeiu 
and warlike monarch, and died in 1660. 
CHARLES XL, son and successor of the pre- 
ceding, was successful in war, and respected ai 
a just prince ; he died in 1697. 
CHARLES XII., of Sweden, was born June 
27, 1682, and set off in the style, and with the 
spirit of Alexander the Great. Ilis preceptor 
asking him what he thought of that, hero? “ I 
think,” says Charles, “ that I should choose to 
be like him.” “ Aye, but,” said the tutor, “ he 
only lived 32 years.” “ Oh,” answered the 
prince, “ that is long enough, when a man has 
conquered kingdoms.” Impatient to reign, he 
caused himself to be declared of age at 15; and, 
at his coronation, he snatched the crown from 
the archbishop of Upsal, and put it upon his 
head himself, with an air of grandeur that 
struck the people. His whole reign was one 
continued scene of warfare, and concluded at 
the siege of Frederickshall, in Norway, Decem- 
ber, 1718; where, as he was visiting the works 
of his engineers by star-light, he was struck upon 
the head by a ball, and killed upon the spot 
He might be called the Quixotte of the north 
carrying all the virtues of the hero to an excess, 
which made them as dangerous and pernicious 
as the opposite vices. His firmness was ohsti- 
Inacy; his liberality, profusion; his courage, 
rashness; his severity, cruelty; he was, in his 
last years, less a king than a tyrant, and more 
a soldier than a hero. The projects of Alexan- 
der, whom he affected to imitate, were not only 
wise, but wisely executed: whereas Charles, 
knowing nothing but arms, never regulated any 
'of his movements by policy, according to the 
'exigencies of thexonjuncture; but suffered him- 
self to be borne along by a brutal courage, w7ich 
often led him into difficulties, and at length oc- 
casioned his death. He was, in short, a singu 
liar, rather than a great man. 
j CHARLES I., king of Naples, and brother to 
Ithe king of France, was an able and politic 
jprince ; he died in 1285. 
CHARLES II., king of Naples, surnamed th» 
|Lame, employed himself in promoting pea-* 
118 CH 
and commerce, and the practice of religion 
among his people ; lie died in 1309. 
CHARLES III., king of Naples, grandson of 
the preceding, obtained the kingdom in 1380, 
and died in 1380. 
CHARLES If., king of Navarre, surnamed 
the Bad. Cruelty and artifice marked hie con- 
duct ; lie died in 1387. 
CHARLES MARTEL,son of Pepin Heristal, 
and duke of Austrasia, conquered Prance, ile 
feared and slew 375,000 of the Saracens, and 
died in 741. 
CHARLES, duke of Burgundy, surnamed the 
Warrior, was generally successful, but at last 
slain, in 1477. 
CHARLES, count of Flanders, in 1119. He 
was benevolent and virtuous, but was slain in 
im. 
CHARLES I., duke of Lorraine, claimed the 
French crown, but was defeated, and died in 994. 
CHARLES IL, duke of Lorraine, a prudent 
and warlike prince, died in 1430. 
CHARLES IV., duke of Lorraine, was fond 
of military glory, but lost his dominions, and 
died in 1075. 
C H ARLES V., of Lorraine, nephew of Charles 
IV., entered the service of the emperor Leo- 
pold, and acquired great military renown; he 
died in 1090. 
CHARLES ALEXANDER, of Lorraine, 
grandson of Charles V., was general of the im- 
perial armies, and a brave warrior; he died in 
1780. 
CHARLES EMANUEL, duke of Savoy, 
surnamed the Great, an ambitious prince, and 
brave warrior, died in 1030. 
CHARLES EMANUEL II., son of Victor 
Amadeus 1., and duke of Savoy, in 1638. He 
was an amiable and benevolent prince, and died 
in 1075. 
CHARLES EMANUEL III., son of Victor 
Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, in 1730. He was 
a good prince, and died in 1/ <3. 
CHARLES EDWARD, grandson of James 
IL, of England, known as the Pretender, landed 
In Scotland, in 1745, and defeated the British 
troops, bui was afterwards defeated, and re- 
turned to France, where he died in 1788. 
CARLETON, Walter, an English physician 
of eminence, died in 1707. 
CH ARLEVAL, Charles Faucon de Rey, lord 
of, a French author of genius, who died in 1093. 
CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xavier de, a 
learned Jesuit, celebrated for his travels, died in 
1761. 
CIIARMIS, a physician at Rome, underNero. 
CHARNACE, Hercules Girard, baron de, 
smt ambassador to Sweden by Richelieu, died 
'll 1037. 
CHARNOCK, John, born November 23,1756, 
entered a gentleman-commoner of Merton Col- 
lege, Oxford, 1774, died in the King’s Bench pri- 
son, May 16, 1807; leaving behind him, among 
other works, “Biographia Navalis;” Gvols. 8vo. 
1794, &c.; “ A History of Marine Architecture,” 
3 vols. 4to., 1802; and a “ Life of Lord Nelson,” 
1806. His father, who was a man of large for- 
tune, totally forsook him in his distress; but 
buried him, with great ceremony and expense, 
at Lea, near Blackheath, in the same grave 
which, within two years after, received both his 
father and mother. 
CHARNOCK, Stephen, an eminent divine 
among the presbyterians and independents, who 
published his works in 2 vols. folio, and died in 
1680. 
CH 
CHARNOIS, N. Vacheur de, the author of 
some popular romances, was barbarously mur- 
dered at Paris, in 1792. 
CHARON DAS, a legislator, born in Sicily, 
flourished about 400 15. C. 
CIIARPENTIER, Francis, dean of the French 
academy, a man of learning and abilities, died 
in 1702. 
CHARRIER, Mark Anthony, a French law- 
yer, and member of the states general, in 1789, 
who boldly denounced all innovations. He was 
condemned to death, in 1794. 
CHARRON, Peter, born at Paris, in 1541, died 
in 1003. He wrote a book called “ Les Trois 
Verites,” The Three Truths, which he pub- 
lished in 1594. These three truths are the fol- 
lowing: 1. That there is a God and a true reli- 
gion ; 2. That of all religions the Christian ia 
the only true one ; 3. That of all the Christian 
communions, the Roman Catholic is the only 
true church. His celebrity, however, was es- 
tablished by his “ Books of Wisdom,” which 
have been twice translated into English. 
CHART!ER, Alan, secretary to Charles VI. 
and VII., of France, acquired great celebrity as 
a writer, and died in 1449. 
CHARTIER, Rene, a physician to the French 
king, and editor of the works of Hippocrates and 
Galen, in the 17th century. 
CHASSENEUX, Bartholomew de, president 
of the parliament of Provence, who boldly op- 
posed the prosecution of the Vaudois. He was 
poisoned in 1541. 
CHASTEL, John, the son of a woollen-dra- 
per at Paris, who attempted to kill Henry IV., 
of France, December 27, 1594. This prince, 
having taken a journey to the borders of Artois, 
had returned to Paris that very day. He was 
in the chamber of his mistress, Gabriella d’Es- 
tree, who lived then at the hotel de Boucbage. 
and as he was going to embrace Montigni, he 
was struck in his under lip with a knife, which 
broke a tooth in his mouth. John Chastel, who 
gave him that blow, and designed to cut his 
throat, was then but 18 or 19 years old. He had 
no sooner given it, than he dropped his knife, 
and hid himself in the crowd. Every body stood 
amazed, being at a loss to know who the villain 
was; and he was likely to escape ; but some- 
body happened to cast an eye upon him, and he 
wa3 taken at a venture; the wildness of his 
look, as it is said, betraying him. He was sen- 
tenced to death by a decree of the parliament, 
December 29, 1594, and suffered the same day 
by the light of flambeaux. Being drawn on a 
sledge to la Place de Greve, (a place of execu- 
tion like Tyburn, in England,) he there had the 
flesh of !iis arms and thighs torn off with red- 
hot pincers: and his right hand, in which ha 
held the knife wherewith he endeavoured to 
commit the murder, cut off; afterwards his 
body was drawn and quartered by four horses 
pulling several ways, and his members and 
corpse thrown into the fire, and burnt to ashes, 
and the ashes thrown up into the air. 
CIIASTELAIN, Claude, a French ecclesias- 
tic and author, died in 1712. 
CHASTELLUX, Francis John, marquis do, 
field marshal of France, served ir< America, in 
the war of the revolution, was known as an au- 
thor, and died in 1788. 
CHAT DE RAST1GNAC, Raymond de. a 
brave French officer, killed in 1(596 
CHAT DE RAST1GNAC, Lewis James de, 
of the same family wa3 bishop of Tours; he 
died in 175(1 
119 Oil 
CHATEAUBRIANT)~Frim<J;:s de FoixT wife 
of the count of that name, and mistress of Frau 
cis l.; site died ill 1537. 
CHATEAU BRUN, John Baptist Vivien de, 
of Angouieine. eminent as a dramatic writer,, 
died in 1775. 
CHATEAURENARD, Francis Lewis Rous-j 
selet, count de, an admiral of France, distin-J 
guished for his courage, died in 1716. 
CHATEL, Tanneguy de, a French general,! 
was intrusted with important embassies, aiui| 
died in 1449. 
CHATEL, Peter du, or CASTELLANUS, 
educated at Dijon, was a learned Grecian scho- 
lar ; he died in 1552. 
CHATEL, Francis du, a Dutch painter, of 
the 1 Ttli century. 
CHATELARD, N. du, a French gentleman, 
passionately fond of Mary, queen of Scots. 
CHATELET, Paul du Hay, lord de, a manj 
of integrity, and an author, died in 1636. 
CH ATELET, Gabrieile Einilie, marchioness i 
da, a most illustrious French writer on philo-j 
sopnical subjects, in which she is said to have 
rivalled Leibnitz and Newton. Sbe wrote “ In- 
stitutes of Physics,” a work considered as a 
masterpiece of eloquence and reasoning, beingj 
a commentary on Leibnitz’s philosophy. This, 
learned lady was born in Picardy, in 1706, and 
died in 1749. 
CHATTERTON, Thomas, a most astonish- 
ing genius, born at Bristol, November 20, 1752, 
and educated at a charity-school on St. Augus- 
tin’s Back, where nothing more was taught than 
reading, writing, and accounts. At 14 years ot 
age, lie was articled ch-k to an attorney at 
Bristol, with whom he continued about three 
years: and, though his education was thus 
confined, he discovered an early turn toward 
poetry and English antiquities, and particular- 
ly toward heraldry. In April, 1770, he left 
Bristol, disgusted with his profession, and irre- 
concileahle to the line of life in which he was 
placed; and going to London, in hopes of ad- 
vancing his fortune by his pen, he sank at once 
from the sublimity of his views to an a)■solute > 
dependence on the patronage of booksellers, j 
He continued to write incessantly in various 
periodical publications; but all these exertions 
of his genius brought in so little profit, that he 
was soon reduced to the extremest indigence; 
so that, at last, oppressed with poverty and dis- 
ease, in a fit of despair, he put a period to his 
existence, August, 1770, with a dose of poison. 
In 1777, were published, in one vol.Svo., “Poems 
supposed to have been written at Bristol, by 
Thomas Rowley and others, in the 15th centu 
ry: the greatest part now first published from 
the most authentic copies, with an engraved 
specimen of one of the MSS. To which are 
added, a preface, an introductory account of 
the several pieces, and a glossary.” And, in 
1778, were published, in one vol. 8vo., “ Miscel- 
lanies in Prose and Verse, bv Thomas Chatter- 
ton, the supposed author of the Poems published 
under the names of Rowley, &c.” Concerning 
the authenticity of the poems under the name 
of Rowley, (that is, whether they were realiyi 
written bv a person of that name, or were only, 
what they are now generally supposed to be, 
tile forgeries of Chatterton,) there long existed 
a mighty controversy ; and the war among the 
critics has even now scarcely subsided. An 
edition of Chatterton’s Poems was published by, 
Mr. Southey, 3 vols. Hvo., 1803. 
CHAUCER, Geoffrey, on" of the greatest, as 
well as most ancient of the English poets, was 
CH 
barn iii London, in 1328. He was educated at 
Cambridge, where lie resided in his 18th year, 
when he wrote “ the Court of' Love,” and some 
other pieces. His distinguished accomplish- 
ments, both of body and mind, gained him the 
friendship of many persons of distinction, by 
whom he was drawn to court; anil, in 13(18, he 
was made gentleman of the king’s privy cham- 
ber. In 1332, navtng given offence to the clergy, 
by adopting many of Wickliffe’s tenets, he was 
obliged to quit the kingdom ; and ill Ilainai lt, 
France, and Zealand, he wrote most of his 
books. His necessities forcing him to return to 
England, he was discovered, seized, and sent to 
prison. But, upon discovering all he knew of 
the late transactions in the city, he was dis- 
charged. This confession brought upon him a 
heavy load of calumny. To give vent to his 
sorrow at this time, he wrote his “Testament 
of Love,” in imitation of“ Boethius de Conso- 
latione Philosophise,” and not long after, his 
admirable “Treatise on the Astrolabe.” He 
died October 25, 1400, and was buried at West- 
minster Abbey, in the great soutli cross aisle. 
His “ Canterbury Tales,” the most consider? bl« 
of his works, have been incomparably well pub- 
lished by Mr. Tyrwhitt. 
CHAUMETTE, Peter Gaspard: after guidhig, 
with Hebert, the sanguinary multitude of Paris 
he was guillotined by Robespierre, in 1794. 
CHAUMONT, Joseph, an Italian Jesuit, mis 
sionary among the Indians in North America. 
CHAUNCEY, Charles, a non conformist di 
vine, emigrated to America, became president 
of Harvard College, and died in 1671. 
CHAUNCEY, Charles, D. D., descendant o( 
the preceding, minister of the first church in 
Boston, eminent for his learning, and author of 
numerous publications, died in 1787. 
CHAUNCEY, Ichabod, a non-confornrsi 
ejected from his living, died in 1691. 
CHAUNCEY, Maurice, a catholic, confess r 
to queen Marv, and a historian, died in 1581. 
CHAUNCEY, Charles, L. L. I) , an eminent 
lawyer, was secretary of state, and afterwards 
a judge of the superior court in the state of 
IConnerticnt; he died in 1822. 
CH AUNCY, Sir Henry,an eminent antiquary , 
author of “ The Antiquities of Hertfordshire,’' 
folio. This work, which is much esteemed, and 
now become very scarce, was published in 1700, 
in which year also its author died. 
CHAUSSE, Michael Angelo de la, a learned 
antiquary, of Paris, and an author of the 17th 
century. 
CHAUVEAU, Francis, a celebrated painter 
and engraver, of Paris, who died in 1676 
CHAUVEAU, Rene, son of the preceding, 
distinguished as a sculptor, died in 1722. 
CHAUV1N, Stephen, a French protestant di- 
vine, horn 1640, died 1725 His principal litera- 
ry productions were, “ A Lexicon Philosophi 
cum,” and a new “ Journal des Savans.” 
CHAZELLES, John Matthew, a celebrated 
French mathematician, who died in 1710. 
CHECCLF.Y, Samuel, minister in Boston, 
was a plain and evangelical preacher; he died in 
1769. 
CHEEVER, Samuel, first minister of Mar- 
blehead ; died in 1724. He had preached 50 
years. 
CHEEVER, Ezekiel, an eminent instructer, 
atNew-Haven, Ipswich, and Charlestown ; also 
, a poet: he died in 1708. 
I CHEKE, Sir John, preceptor to Edward VI 
and a ritirnl writer on Greek literature, bon 
at Cambridge 1514, died 1557. Cll 
CHEFONTAINE3, Christopher de, a French- 
man, made archbishop of Ctesaria by Gregory 
XUI., a learned man, died in 1595. 
CHELON1S, daughter of Leonidas, king of 
Span a. 
CHEMIN, Catharine du, a French lady, ce- 
lebrated for painting flowers ; she died in 1698. 
CHEMIN A IS, Tintoleon, a celebrated preach- 
er among the French Jesuits, died in 1690. 
CHEMNITZ, Martin, a Lutheran divine,born 
at Britzen, in Brandenburgh, in 1522. His “ Ex- 
amination of the council of Trent” has been 
considered a very masterly performance. 
CHEMNITZ, Boreslaus Philip, a German, 
counsellor of state to the queen of Sweden, and 
an author. He died in 1678. 
CHERILUS, a Greek poet, intimate with He- 
rodotus. 
CtlERON, Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of a 
French painter, who obtained celebrity by her 
pencil, and died in 1711. 
CHERON, Lewis, brother of the preceding, 
and of the same profession, died in 1713. 
CHERUB1N, Father, a capuchin friar of the 
17th century, was a mathematician and philoso- 
pher. 
CHESELDEN, William, an eminent English 
sureeon and anatomist, born atSomerby, in Lei- 
cestershire, 1688. So early as the age of 22, he 
read lectures in anatomy : of which the “ Syl- 
labus” was first printed in 1711, and afterwards 
annexed to his “ Anatomy of the Human Body,” 
printed first in 1713, 8vo. But what he more 
particularly attended to, was the operation of 
cutting for the stone. In 1722, he gained great 
reputation in this way; and the year after, pub 
fished his “Treatise on the High Operation for 
the Stone.” In 1728, he immortalized himself 
by giving sight to a lad near 14 years old, who 
had been totally blind from his birth, by the clo- 
sure of the iris, without the least opening for 
light in the pupil ; and drew up a particular ac- 
count of the whole process, with the various ob- 
servations made by the patient after he had re- 
covered his sight. He died April 10, 1752. 
CHESNE, Joseph du, a French physician and 
writer on chymistry, died 1609. Besides his pro- 
fessional works, he was author of two books in 
verse called “The Folly of the World,” and 
“ The Great Mirror of the World.” 
CHESNE, Andre du, called the father of 
French history, was born inTouraine, 1584, and 
crushed to death by a cart, as he was passing 
from Paris to his country house, in 1640. His 
principal work was, “ Un Recueildes Historiens 
de France.” 
CHESTER, John, an officer in the American 
army, distinguished himself at the battle of 
Bunker's hill, and afterwards attained the rank 
of colonel ; he died in 1809. 
CHESTERFI ELD, Philip,earl of, see STAN- 
HOPE. 
CHETWODE, Knightley, dean of Gloucester, 
author of a “ Life of lord Roscommon,” and of 
several poems, died 1720. 
CHETWOOD, William Rufus, many years 
prompter to Drury-lane Theatre, author of some 
novels, a few dramatic pieces, and a duodecimo 
volume called,11 A General History of the Stage.” 
He died in March, 1766. 
Anthony Rodolphle, aFrench 
protestan., who taught the French language to 
queen Elizabeth ; he died in 1572. 
CHEVALIER, Lewis, an eminent French 
lawyer, and a very pious man, died in 1744. 
CHEVERT, Francis de, a French general of 
•real bravery, who died In J769 
cu 
Andrew, was librarian to tire 
Sorbonne, and an author ; be died in 1700. 
CHEVREAU, Urban, born at Loudun, in 
France, 1013, died 1701. He wrote “ A History 
of the World,” which has been printed many 
times, and translated into several languages. 
CHEW, Benjamin, a native of Maryland, was 
chief Judge of the supreme court of Pennsylva- 
nia, and afterwards president of the high court 
of appeals in that state ; he died in 1810. 
CHEYNE, George, a celebrated physician, 
born of a respectable family, in Scotland, 1671, 
and educated at Edinburgh, under Dr. Pitcairn. 
He passed his youth in close study and great ab- 
istemiousness; but coming to London when a- 
bout30, and finding the bottle companions, the 
younger gentry and free-livers, to be the most 
easy of access, and most susceptible of friend- 
ship, he changed his course with a view to force 
a trade, till he at length grew excessively fat, 
short-breathed, lethargic, and listless, and swell- 
ed to such an enormous size, that he exceeded 
32 stone in weight. Having tried all the power 
of medicine in vain, he resolved at last to use a 
milk and vegetable diet, which removed his 
complaints. His size was reduced to almost 
one third ; he recovered his strength, activity, 
and cheerfulness, with the free and perfect use 
of his faculties, and by a regular observance of 
this regimen reached a mature period ; for he 
died at Bath, in his 72d year. He wrote among 
other things, “ An Essay on Health and Long 
Life“ An Essay on the true Nature and due 
Method of treating the Gout;” “A new Theory 
of acute and slow continued Fevers“ Philo 
sophical Principles of Religion, Natural and Re 
vealed, in two parts ;” “ The English Malady ; 
or a Treatise of Nervous Diseases of all kinds, 
in three parts.” 
CHE YNEL, Francis, a non-conformist physi 
cian and controversial writer ; he wrote chiefly 
against Chillingworth: he was born at Oxford, 
1608, and died 1665. 
CHIABRERA, Gabriello, an Italian poet of 
note, died in 1638. 
CHIARI, Joseph, a historical painter,of Rome, 
died in 1727. 
CHIA VISTELLI, Jacob, a perspective pain- 
ter, of Florence, died in 1698. 
CHICHELY, or CHICHLEY, Henry, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, was born at Higham Fer- 
rers, in Northamptonshire ; he founded and en- 
dowed All Souls’ College, Oxford, and died 
April 12, 1443. 
CHICHERLY, Sir Henry, lieutenant governor 
of the colony of Virginia; repeatedly, in the 
absence of the governor, at the head of the go- 
vernment, which he administered with fidelity. 
CHICOYNEAU, Francis, physician to the 
French king, contended that the plague was not 
contagious; he died in 1752 
CHICOYNEAU, Francis, son of the preced- 
ing, professor and chancellor of the university 
of Montpelier, died in 1740. 
CHIFFLET, John James, a Frenchman, phy- 
sician to Philip IV. of Spain 
CHILD, Sir Josiah, author of a well-written 
“Essay on Trade,” was horn 1630, and died 
1699, leaving a son who was, in 1718, created 
viscount Castelmaine, and in 1731 earl Tylney. 
The title of Tylney is now extinct. 
CHILDEBERT I., king of France, in 511, de- 
feated the king of Burgundy, and died at Paris, 
in 558. 
CHILDEBERT II., son of Sigebert an. 
Bruriehaut, succeeded his father in the kingdor 
of Auetrasia, in 375, and died in 590. CH 
“CHILDEBERT IH~brother of Clovis III., 
turnained the Just, died in 711. 
CHILDERIC I., king of France, in 456, was 
banished for his ill conduct, afterwards recalled, 
improved his kingdom, and died in 481. 
CHILDERIC II., son of Ciovis and Bathilda, 
succeeded his brother Clotaire III., in 670, was 
licentious and cruel, and was assassinated in 
673. 
CHILDERIC III., surnamed the Ideot and 
the Idle, was raised to the throne by his minister 
Pepin, in 742, who next ascended it himself. 
CHILLINGWORTH, William, a divine of 
the church of England, celebrated for his skill 
in defending the cause of protestants against pa- 
pists, born at Oxford, 1602, died 1644. His most 
important work is, “ A free Inquiry into Reli- 
gion.” 
CI1ILMEAD, Edmund, was ejected from his 
living, and died in 1654. 
CH1LO, one of the seven wise men ofGreece, 
died 597 I!. C 
CH1LPERICI., youngest son of Clotaire I., 
succeeded to the kingdom of Soissons,in561,was 
a wicked and cruel monarch, and was assassin- 
ated in 584. 
CHILPERIC II., son of Childeric II, succeed- 
ed Dagobert III., in 715. He lost his throne, 
and died in 720. 
CHINE NOUNG, emperor of China, about] 
2837 B. C., instructed his subjects in various 
arts. 
CHING, or XI-HOAM-TI, emperor of China, 
about 240 B. C., is said to have built the great 
Chinese wall. 
CHIRAC, Peter, physician to the French 
king, was an author, and died in 1732. 
CIIISHULL, Edmund, educated at Oxford, 
was the author of travels in Turkey, and died 
in 1733. 
CHITTENDEN, Thomas, first governor of 
Vermont; a native of Connecticut: an illiterate 
man, but possessed great talents, and of great 
private virtue. He died in 1797. 
ClIOIN. Mary Emily Joly de, a lady of a no- 
ble family of Savoy, was privately married to 
the dauphin of France, and died in 1744. 
CHOISEUL,Stephen Francis due de,a French 
politician of great abilities,and a generous patron 
of the arts; he died in 1785. 
CHOISI, Francis Timoleon de, dean of Ba- 
yeux, and ambassador to the king of Siam ; he 
died in 1724. 
CHOMEL, Peter John Baptist, physician to 
the French king, and an author, died in 1740. 
CHOPIN, Rene, a distinguished lawyer, of 
Anjou, died in 1603. 
CHORIER, Nicholas, advocate in the par- 
liament of Grenoble, and an author, died in 1692. 
CHOSROES, I., the Great, king of Persia. 
In 531, was defeated by the Romans, and died 
of vexation, in 579. 
CHOSROES It , succeeded to the Persian 
throne in 590. By the aid of the Romans, he 
conquered Egypt, Africa, and Judaj; he died 
in 627. 
CHOUET, John Robert, a native of Geneva, 
»nd professor of philosophy at Saumur, of dis- 
tinguished talents, died in 1731. 
CHOUL, William du, a French antiquary, 
of Lyons, published a valuable work, in 1558. 
CHRISTIE, Hugh, master of the grammar- 
school at Montrose, in Scotland, wrote a “ Latin 
Grammar,” and an “ Introduction to the mak- 
ing of Latin,” both of which are much esteemed, 
•nd died in 1774. 
CH 
CHR4STIERN I., king of Denmark, succeed- 
ed Christopher of Bavaria, in 1448. He was a 
popular monarch, and died in 1481. 
CHRISTIERN II., surnamed the Cruel, as- 
cended the Danish throne in 1513, and was elect- 
ed king of Sweden, in 1520. He was expelled 
from the throne, and died in prison, in 1559 
CHRISTIERN III., successor of Frederic I« 
in 1534 ; he embraced the opinions of I oilier, 
and died in 1559. 
CHRISTIERN IV., ascended the Danish 
throne in 1588. He was an able and ben jvolent 
monarch, and died in 1648. 
CHRISTIERN V., succeeded to the throne in 
1670; he was a warlike prince, and died in 1699. 
CHRISTINA, queen of Sweden, and daugh- 
ter of Gustavus Adolphus the Great, born Dec. 
8, 1626. She succeeded him in the government 
of the kingdom, in 1633, and ruled it with great 
wisdom and prudence, till 1654, when she re- 
signed it in favour of her cousin, Charles Gus- 
lavus. She then changed her religion for that 
of the Romish church, and retired to Rome; 
yet upon the death of Charles Gustavus, which 
happened in 1660, she returned to Sweden, with 
an intent to resume the government. But this 
could not be admitted, because, by the laws and 
constitution of the land, Roman Catholics are 
excluded from the crown. She died at Rome, 
in 1689. She was a woman of uncommon parts, 
and as uncommon learning; for she understood 
several languages, and was a perfect mistress 
in the belles lettres. 
CHRISTOPHERSON, John, an E Iglish pre- 
late, and master of Trinity College, ( imbridge, 
in queen Mary's reign. 
CIIRYSIPPUS, a celebrated stoic p Josopher, 
bom at Soli, a city of Cilicia, wrote a great rat 
ny books, above 700, as we are told, several of 
which belonged to logic. He died in the 143d 
Olympiad; and had a monument erected to him 
among those of the illustrious Athenians. 
CHRYSOLORAS, Emanuel, a learned Greek, 
ambassador to England, from John Palieoiogus, 
died in 1415. 
CHRYSOSTOM, John, so called from his 
eloquence, was born at Antioch, of a noble fa- 
mily, about 354, consecrated bishop of Constan- 
tinople, in 398, and died 407. The works of this 
father are very voluminous. 
CHUBB, Thomas, born at East Harnham, 
near Salisbury, Wilts, 1679. He was bred a 
glover, but became tolerably versed in mathe- 
matics, geography, and many other branches of 
science. But divinity above all was his favour- 
ite study ; and it is said, that a little society was 
formed at Salisbury, under the management and 
direction of Chubb, for the purpose of debating 
upon religious subjects. Here the Scriptures 
are reported to have been read under the guid- 
ance of some commentator; and every man de- 
livered his sentiments upon all [mints freely, and 
without reserve- About this time, the contro- 
versy upon the Trinity, wits carried on very 
warmly between Clarke and Waterland ; and, 
falling under the cognizance of this theological 
assembly, Chubb, at the request of the mem- 
bers, drew up and arranged his sentiments about 
it, in a kind of dissertation ; which, after it had 
undergone some correction, appeared to the 
world under the title of “ The Supremacy of 
the Father asserted, &c.,” and gained him great 
celebrity. He died at Salisbury, in his 68th 
year, leaving behind him 2 vols. of posthumous 
works, which lie calls “ A Farewell to his Read- 
er from which we may fairly foim this judg- 
122 Cl 
ment of his opinions : “ that he bad little or no 
belief of revelation ; indeed he plainly rejects 
the Jewish revelation, and consequently the 
Christian which is founded upon it; that he dis- 
claims a future judgment, and is very uncertain 
as to any future state of existence ; that a par- 
ticular Providence is not deducibie from the 
phoenomena of the world, and. therefore, that 
prayer cannot be proved a duty,” tcc. <Stc. 
CHUDLE1GH, Lady Mary, a Doet and mis- 
cellaneous writer, born at Winsloder, in Devon- 
shire, in 1656, died 1710. 
CHURCH, Benjamin, distinguished by bis ex- 
ploits in the Indian wars, in New England. He 
commanded the party that killed the famous 
Philip, and died in 1718. 
CHURCHILL, Sir Winston, known as the fa- 
ther of the greatdukeof Marlborough, died 1688. 
CHURCHILL, John, duke of Marlborough, 
and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, was el- 
dest son of Sir Winston Churchill, and born at 
Ashe, in Devonshire, on midsummer-day, in 
1650. As a commander-in- chief of the British 
army, he stands unrivalled ; but the limited na- 
ture of our work, will not allow us to relate all 
the military acts in which he was engaged : it 
is sufficient to say, that, numerous as they were, 
they were all successful. He died June 16, 1722, 
at Windsor Lodge, and was buried in West- 
minster Abbey. 
CHURCHILL, Charles, an English poet, and 
celebrated satirist, born in London, in 1731, and 
bred to the church. His first poem was “ The 
Rosciad ;” which by the justness of its remarks, 
and particularly by the severity of its satire, 
greatly excited the public curiosity. His next 
performance was “ An Apology to the Critical 
Reviewers ;” a performance much applauded 
also, and equally satirical with the former. But 
what fame he got by these productions, which 
was indeed very great and deserved, he lost by 
his morals ; and while his writings amused the 
town, his actions disgusted it. Drunk with suc- 
cess, he now quitted his wife, and, resigning his 
gown, with all clerical functions, commenced a 
man of the town, and indulged in all the gaye- 
ties, and even vices of it. Ilis next poem was 
entitled “ Night;” and after that,he published 
“ The Ghost.” Dr. Johnson, the author of the 
“Rambler,” had, it seems, spoken lightly of 
Churchill's productions: in this poem, he has 
described Johnson under the character of Poin- 
poso, and the description is allowed to have me- 
rit. The poems, “ Night,” and “ The Ghost,” 
had not the rapid sale expected by the author; 
but, “ The Prophecy of Famine,” which suc- 
ceeded, produced him again in all his lustre. He 
afterwards published his “ Epistle to Hogarth,” 
“ Gotham,” “ Independence,” “The Times,” 
&c., and died at Boulogne. Nov. 5. 1764. 
CHURCHMAN, John, a quaker of Mary- 
land, distinguished for his philosophical re- 
searches, died in 1S05. 
CHURCHYARD, Thomas, an English poet, 
principally known by “ The Worthiness of 
Wales,” a book, in its time, greatly esteemed, 
and reprinted in 1776. He died about 1570. 
CHYTR./EUS, David, divinity professor, at 
Bostock, died in 1600. 
CIACONIUS, Alphonsus, of Baeca, in An- 
dalusia, styled patriarch of Alexandria, died at 
Rome, in 1599. 
CIACONIUS, Peter, a critic of Toledo, who 
died at Rome in 1581. 
CIAMPKLLT, Augustine, of Florence, an 
•uiinent historical painter, died m 1640 
Cl 
CIAMPINI, John Justin, a learned Italian au- 
thor, died in 1698. 
CIBBER, Colley, poet laureat to George II., 
comedian, and dramatic writer, born in London, 
Nov. 6, 1671. “ The Careless Husband," is 
reckoned his best play, and was acted in 1704, 
with great and deserved success. But of all 
his plays, none was of more importance to him- 
self, than his comedy called “ The Nonjuror,” 
which was acted in 1717, and dedicated to the 
king; for when he presented it to him, that 
monarch ordered him 200/.; and the merit of it, 
as he himself confesses, made him poet laureat 
in 1730. The same year he quitted the stage, 
though he did not die till Dec. 1757. He did not 
succeed in writing tragedy, any more than he 
did in acting it; nor in his laureate capacity; 
his odes not partaking of that genius and spirit, 
which he has shown in his comedies. 
CIBBER, Theophilus, a comedian, and son 
of the preceding, was born in 1703. After lead- 
ing a life of unbounded extravagance, he was, 
in the winter of 1757, engaged by Mr. Sheridan 
to go over to Dublin, and perished by shipwreck 
on his passage. His name appears to “ The 
Lives of the 1’oets of Great Britain and Ireland,” 
1753 5 vols. 12mo; the real compiler, however, 
was Mr. Robert Shiels, an amanuensis cf Dr. 
Johnson’s. In the dramatic way, he b"*, alter- 
ed for the stage, three pieces of other authors, 
and produced one of his own. 
CIBBER, Susannah Maria, who for several 
years was reckoned not only the best actress in 
England, but supposed by many to excel the ce- 
lebrated mademoiselle Clairon, of the continent, 
was the daughter of an eminent upholsterer in 
Covent Garden, and sister to Dr. Thomas Au- 
gustin Arne, celebrated for his taste in musical 
composition. Her first appearance on the stage 
was as a singer, in which light, the sweetness of 
her voice rendered her very conspicuous, In 
April, 1734, she married Theophilus Cibber; 
who, luxurious, prodigal, and rapacious aftei 
money to gratify a thousand calls from passion 
or vanity, soon resolved to make a sacrifice of 
what every honest man holds dear, the honour 
of his wife. With this view, therefore, he ce- 
mented the closest friendship with a gentleman 
whom he introduced to his wife, recommended 
to her, gave them frequent interviews, and even 
saw them put, as if by accident, in the same 
bed. All this appeared upon the trial after- 
wards commenced by himself for criminal cor- 
respondence, wherein he laid his damages at 
5000/. How the jury looked upon this affair, 
may be seen by their verdict, which only gave 
the plaintiff 101. damages: a sum not sufficient 
to reimburse him a fortieth part of his expenses. 
Mrs. Cibber thenceforth resided apart from her 
contemptible consort, till she died, January 30, 
1766. 
CICERO, Marcus Tullius, one of the greatest 
men of antiquity, whether we consider him as 
an orator, a statesman, or a philosopher, was 
born at Arpinum, a city anciently of the Sam- 
nites, but now a part of the kingdom of Naples, 
Jan. 3, in the 647th year of Rome, about 107 
B. C. In his very active life, the most striking 
incident is his detection of the conspiracy of 
Catiline and his accomplices, for the subversion 
of the commonwealth, during Cicero’s consul- 
ship. For his conduct in this affair, he was ho- 
noured with the glorious title of “ Pater Patria: 
Father of his country. He was assassinated on 
the 7th of December, about ten days from the 
settlement of the triumvirate, after he had lived 
123 Cl 
B3 years 11 months and five days. His works 
will ever be the standard of true eloquence, and 
his philosophical treatises are an invaluable 
treasure of good sense, virtue, and true philo- 
sophy. SeeFULVIA. 
CICERO, Quintus Tullius, brother of the ora- 
tor, was assassinated under the triumvirs. 
CID, The, a Spanish hero, whose real name 
was Don Roderigo Dias de Bivar, one of the 
greatest generals of the 11th century, was the 
model of warriors and knights of his time. 
He signalised his valour against the Moors 
of Spain, from wl»>m he took Valencia, and 
other important places, and vanquished them 
in many battles He lived in the reign of 
Alphonso VI., king of Leon and Castile ; who, 
instead of rewarding him for his great services, 
persecuted him. He died at Valencia, in 1099. 
vCid, in the Arabic, signifies lord.) 
CIGALA, John Michael, an impostor, who 
appeared at Paris, in 1670, as an Ottoman 
prince. 
CIGNANI, Carlo, an Italian painter, died in 
1719. 
CIMABUE, Giovanni, a celebrated painter 
and architect, born at Florence, in 1240, was the 
first who revived the art of painting in Italy, 
and died in 1300. 
CIMAROSA, Dominico, a most celebrated 
music composer, born at Capodi Monti, in Na- 
ples, died at Venice, Jan. 11, 1801. A persecu- 
tion that he underwent at Naples for his political 
opinions, is supposed to have shortened his days. 
CIMON, an Athenian general, famous forde- 
feating the Persians. He died 449 B. C. 
CINCINNATUS, Lucius Quintus, the Roman 
dictator,taken from the plough,to be advanced to 
tiie dignity of consul, in which office he restored 
public tranquillity, and then returned to his rural 
employments. Being called forth a second time, 
to be dictator, he conquered the enemies of 
Rome, and, refusing ail rewards, retired again 
to his farm, after he had been dictator only six- 
teen days: the same circumstance occurred once 
more in the 89th year of his age. He was born 
456, and died 376 B. C. 
OINCIUS ALIMENTUS, Lucius, author of 
a history of the wars of Ar.nibal, &c. 
CINNA, Lucius Cornelius, a Roman consul, 
about 87 B. C. 
CINNAMUS, John, a Greek author, in the 
service of the emperor Manuel Commenus. 
CINO I1U PISTOIA, or DE SIGIBULDI, 
known as a lawyer and senator of Rome, died in 
1336. 
CINQ MARS, Henry Coissier, marquis of; was 
a marshal of France, and the favourite of Lew- 
is XIII., but was ungrateful, and lost his head 
in 1642. 
CIOPANI, Hercules, an Italian critic, and au- 
thor of a commentary on the wo» ks of Ovid, in 
1578. 
CIPRIANI, or CYPRIANI, John Baptist, a 
very eminent draftsman and painter. He was 
nn Italian hv birth, but most distinguished as an 
artist in London, where lie became a royal aca 
demician, and died Dec. 15, 1785, aged 58. He 
was interred in Chelsea burial-ground, whereis 
an elegant Latin inscription to his memory. 
CIRANT, Elizabeth, an Italian lady, distin- 
guished as a painter. 
CIRCIGNANO, Nicolo, called Pomeraneio, 
whose paintings are preserved in the churches 
of Rome ; she died in 1588. 
CIRILLO, Domine, a botanist, and professor 
of medicine at Naples, lost his life in 1795. I 
CL 
CIROFERRI, a Roman painter and architect, 
died in 1089. 
CISNER, Nicholas, professor of philosophy, 
at Wittemberg, and an author, died in 1583. 
C1V1LIS, Claudius, a Batavian general, in 
the service of Rome, in the time of the emperor 
Vespasian. 
CIVOLI, Lewis, or Cardi, an Italian painter 
and poet. 
CLAGETT, William, an English divine, ac 
tive in opposing the popish plans of James H., 
died in 1088. 
CLAGETT, Nicholas, brother of William, 
was also a preacher, and author of sermons; 
he died in 1727. 
CLAIBORNE, William Charles Cole, gover- 
nor of the Mississippi territory, and of the state 
of Louisiana, and afterwards elected to the se 
nate of the United States, died in 1803. 
CLA1RAULT, Alexis, member of the French 
academy of sciences, and one of the most illus- 
trious mathematicians in Europe, died in 1705. 
He was one of the academicians who were sent 
to the north to determine the exact figure of the 
earth. 
OLAIRFAIT, N., count de, an Austrian ge- 
neral, who distinguished himself against the 
French in the revolution. He died in 1798. 
CLAIRON, Clara Joseph Hvpollyta Lewis 
Delatude, an admirable French actress, born in 
1722, died by falling out of her bed, (wherein she 
lay sick,) January 28, 1803. 
CLANCY, Michael, M. D., educated at Dub- 
lin, wrote some poems and comedies ; he died 
in 1740. 
CLAP, Roger, one of the first settlers of Dor- 
chester, Massachusetts; he wrote memoirs of 
New-England, and died in 1691. 
CLAP, Nathaniel, minister of Newport, R. 
I., eminent for zeal and fidelity in his profes 
sion ; he died in 1745. 
CLAP, Thomas, president of Yale College, 
one of the most profound scholars of his ase, 
published a history of Yale College, and conjec- 
tures upon meteors, and constructed the first 
orrery, or planetarium, in America; he died in 
1707. 
CLARA, a native of Assisi, and abbess of a 
new order of nuns, died in 1193. 
CLARIO, Isidore, an Italian bishop, distin- 
guished at the council of Trent, died in 1555. 
CLARK, Peter, a highly respectable minister, 
of Danvers, Massachusetts, published several 
sermons, and died in 1768. 
CLARK, Jonas, a minister, of Lexington, 
Massachusetts; at a short distance from his 
door was shed the first blood in the war of the 
revolution ; he died in 1805. 
CLARK, Thomas, was born near Coventry ; 
and at the age of 22, came to London, and ob- 
tained a porter’s place. By rigid economy he 
saved enough to take a stick shop, at the corner 
of Exeter ’Change, in the Strand. After a time, 
he purchased the Menagerie, and used to give 
his customers a ticket to see the lions, &c. He 
extended his business to the cutlery, turnery 
&c., till his own shops occupied one half of the 
’Change, and he himself rented the whole. His 
dealings were marked with the utmost integritv; 
and he realized a fortune estimated at 300,0001. 
bythe penurious nature of his habits. His own 
dinner, on six days in the week, never exceeded 
6rf., and2i. for a glass of gin and water. Though 
addicted, however, to the accumulation of mo- 
ney, it was by honourable means; and what 
appeared to others hard self-privation, was, 
124 CL 
probably, to him, who relished no higher plea- 
sures, an enjoyment, as it was a second nature. 
Mr. Clark died at Pimlico, in his 80th year, 
September 6, 1816. 
CLARKE, John, one of the first founders of 
Rhode Island, to which he was obliged to retire, 
on account of his religious sentiments, which, 
(being a baptist,) were at variance with those 
which prevailed in Massachusetts; he died in 
1676. 
CLARKE, Dr. Samuel, a very celebrated 
English philosopher and divine, born at Nor- 
wich, in 1675, died May 17,1729. His works are 
very numerous. 
CLARKE, William, a divine and antiquary, 
born at Haghmon Abbey, in Shropshire, in 1696, 
died in 1771. 
CLARKE, Richard, an elegant classical scho- 
lar, who came to America in 1750. but returned 
to England in 1758; he published several works. 
CLARKE, John, D. D., colleague with Dr. 
Chauncy, in Boston, was much esteemed ; he 
published some occasional sermons, and letters 
to a student, &c., and died in 1798. 
CLARKE, John, governor of the state of De- 
laware, died at Smyrna, in 1821. 
CLARKE, Edward Daniel, L. L. D.t profes- 
sor of mineralogy in Cambridge, and author of 
travels in Europe and Asia, died in 1822. 
CLARKE, Abraham, a member of congress 
before and after the adoption of the federal con- 
stitution, and a signer of the declaration of in- 
dependence ; he died in 1794. 
CLARKE, Henry, L. L. D., a distinguished 
mathematician, professor of the royal military 
college at Marlow, died in 1818. His writings, 
in mathematical and other subjects, are nume- 
ous, and are highly valued. 
CLARKE, Samuel, a celebrated oriental scho- 
lar, of England, died in 1669. 
CLARKE, Jeremiah, president of the colony 
of Rhode Island, died in 1648. 
CLARKE, Walter, was governor of Rhode 
Island for several years; he died about 1700. 
CLARKE, George, an English lawyer, was 
Governor of the colony of New-York, in 1737. 
He returned to England, and died in 1763. 
CLARKE, Samuel, a non-conformist under 
Cromwell, was highly esteemed, and died in 
1682. 
CLARKE. Edward, chaplain to Lord Bris- 
tol’s embassy to Madrid, died in 1786. 
CLARKSON, David, ejected from his living 
for non-conformity, a learned and respectable 
man, died in 1686. 
CLARKSON, Gerardus, a respectable physi- 
cian, of Philadelphia, died in 1790. 
CLARKSON, Matthew, of New-York, born 
in 1758, died April, 1825. He was a major-ge- 
nera! in the revolutionary war, and particularly 
distinguished himself at the battle of Bridge- 
water. He subsequently held various public 
trusts, and, at the time of his death, was first 
vice-president of the American Bible Society. 
His name is associated with those who fought 
and bled for American Independence; and in ; 
private life, with the most elevated virtues. 
CLAUDE, a monk of the celestine order, in 
the 15th century. 
CLAUDE of LORRAINE, a famous landscape 
painter, horn in 1600. He was sent to school, but 
proving extremely dull and heavy, he was sent 
thence, and bound apprentice to a pastry-cook, 
with whom Ue served out his time. Afterwardsl 
he went witli some young fellows to Rome, with j! 
a view of getting a livelihood there; but being'! 
CL 
unable to speak the language, and, withal, very 
. ill bred, nobody cared to sot hint to work. 
, Chance brought hint at length to Augustmo 
Trasso, who hired hint to pound his colours, 
clean his pallet and pencils, look after his house 
, dress his meat for him, and do all it is household- 
, drudgery ; for Augustino kept no other servant 
■ This master, hoping to make him serviceable to 
him in some of his greatest works, taught him 
by degrees the rules of perspective, and the ele- 
ments of design. Claude at first did not know 
what to make of those principles of art; but 
being encouraged, and not failing in application, 
he came at length to understand them ; then his 
soul enlarged itself apace, and he cultivated the 
art with wonderful eagerness. He removed his 
study to the banks of the Tj ber, and into the 
open fields, where he would continue from morn- 
ing to night, taking all his lessons from N ature 
herself; and by many years diligent imitation 
of that excellent mistress, he climbed to the 
highest step of perfection in landscape painting. 
His memory was so good, that he would paint 
with great accuracy, when he got home, what 
he had seen abroad. He has been universally 
admired for his invention, the delicacy of his 
colouring, and the charming variety and tender- 
ness of his tints; for his artful distributions of 
the lights and shadows, for his wonderful con- 
duct in the disposition of his figures, and for the 
harmony of his compositions. Claude was em- 
ployed by Pope Urban VllL, and many of the 
Italian princes, in adorning their palaces. He 
died in 1682, and was buried at Rome. 
CLAUDE, John, a French protestant, dis- 
tinguished as an orator, and writer in defence 
of the protestant church, died in 1687. His son, 
Isaac Claude, published iris works, settled at the 
Hague, and died in 161)5. 
CLAUDIANUS, Claudius, a Latin poet 
flourished in the fourth century, under the em- 
peror Theodosius, and his sons Arcadius and 
Honorius; the two latter of whom, at the se- 
nate’s request, ordered a statue to be erected for 
him in Trajan’s forum: on which was soon 
after placed the following epigram, in Greek : 
“ Rome and the Ca:sars here his statue raise, 
“ Who Virgil’s genius joined to Homer’s lays.” 
CLAUDIUS I., successor to the emperor Ca- 
ligula, much given to vice ; he was poisoned, 
A. I). 54. 
CLAUDIUS II., successor of Gallienus, em- 
peror of Rome, died in 271, much lamented. 
CLAUDIUS, Appius, progenitor of the Ap- 
pian family at Rome, 504 B. C. 
CLAUDIUS, Appius, son of the preceding, was 
consul at Rome, and severe in his discipline. 
CLAUDIUS, Appius, a Roman decemvir, in- 
famous for attempting to violate the chastity of 
Virginia ; he died in prison. 
CLAUDIUS, Appius, surnamed Ccecus, ccle. 
brated for making the Appian way, at Rome. 
CLAVIUS, Christopher, an eminent mathe- 
matician, born in Germany, in 1537, and con- 
sidered as the Euclid of his age, died at Rome, 
in 1612. 
CLAYTON, Dr. Robert, a learned prelate, 
and writer, bishop of Cork, in 1735; of Clogher, 
in 1745; died in 1758 ; he was averse to the Ni- 
cene and Athanasian creeds. 
CLAYTON, John, an eminent botanist and 
physician, of Virginia, who came from England 
in 1705, died in 1773. He was a member of 
[some of the most learned societies of Europe, 
land corresponded with Linnaeus, &c. 
125 “ CL 
CLAYTON, Joshua, a physician, was gover 
nor of Delaware, and a member of the United 
Slates’ senate; he died in 1799. 
CLEAVER, William, prebendary of West- 
minster, afterwards bishop of Chester, Bangor, 
and St. Asaph’s, died in 1815. 
CLEANTHES, a stoic philosopher, disciple 
of Zeno, flourished at Athens, 240 B. C. He 
maintained himself in the day by working in 
the night; and being once questioned by the 
magistrates how he subsisted, he brought a 
woman for whom he kneaded bread, and a gar- 
dener for whom he drew water; and refused a 
present offered him by his judges, having a trea- 
sure, (as he said,) in his ability to labour. 
CLEEVE, Joseph, a Flemish painter, whose 
pieces were misers counting tneir treasures ; he 
died in 1536 
CLEG HORN, George, a physician and medi- 
cal writer, born at Granton, near Edinburgh, in 
1716, died in 1789. His chief publication was 
on “ The Diseases of Minorca.” 
CLEIVELAND, John, a noted loyalist and 
popular poet in the reign of Charles I. He has, 
however, had the fate of those poets who, pay- 
ing their court to temporary prejudices, have 
been at one time too much praised, and at ano- 
ther too much neglected. Cotemporary with 
Milton, he was, in his time, exceedingly pre- 
ferred before him ; and Milton’s own nephew 
says, that he was by some esteemed the best of 
the English poets. ButCleiveland is now sunk 
into oblivion, w-hile Milton’s fame is universally 
diffused. He was born at Loughborough, Lei- 
cestershire, in 1613, and died in 1658. 
CLEM ANCIS, Nicholas, a Frenchman, rector 
of the university, who advocated a reform of 
the Romish church ; he died in 1440. 
CLEMENCET, Charles, a Frenchman, of 
great memory, and a distinguished writer, died 
in 1778. 
CLEMENS, Titus Flavius, a father of the 
church, succeeded, in 191, to the famous school 
at.Alexandria, where he died. 
CLEMENS, Romanus, afatherof the church, 
companion of Paul, bishop of Rome, and author 
of an epistle to the Corinthians, died A. D. 100. 
CLEMENT II., bishop of Bamberg, a Saxon, 
elected pope, in 1047, died in 1048, distinguished 
for his zeal asraiust simony. 
CLEMENT III., bishop of Prceneste, succes- 
sor of Gregory VIII., as pope, in 1187, died in 1191. 
CLEMENT IV., Guy de Foulgues, a French- 
man, of great moderation, prudence, and impar- 
tiality, was elected pope, after Urban V., in 1265, 
and died in 1268. 
CLEMENT V., Bertrand de Goth, a French- 
man, bishop of Bordeaux, elected pope, in 1305, 
was accused of licentiousness and extravagance; 
iie died in 1314. 
CLEMENT VI., Peter Roger, doctor of Paris 
university, elected pope, in 1342, a worthy, ge- 
nerous, and learned prelate, but represented 
otherwise by some ; he died in 1352. 
CLEMENT VII., Julius de Medicis, an Ital- 
ian. elected pope, in 1523; he was besieged by 
Charles V., whb plundered Rome; he excom- 
municated Henry VIII., which led to the refor- 
mation in England, and died in 1534. 
CLEMENT VIII., Hippolitus Aldobrandin, 
a liberal minded and benevolent pope, elected 
in 1592, died it: 1605. 
CLEMENT IX., Julius Rospigliosi,a Tuscan 
pope, elected in 1077, died of grief for the loss of 
Caudia by the Turks, in 1669. 
CLEMENT X., John Baptist Emilius Altieri, 
CL 
•a Roman, succeeded Clement IX., in 1670, of a 
mild character ; lie died in 1676. 
CLEMENT XL, John Francis Albani, a Ro- 
man, elected pope, in 1700, an able politician: 
his reign was much disturbed by the Jausenists; 
he died in 1721. 
CLEMENT XII., Laurence Corsini, a Roman, 
succeeded Benedict XIII., in 1730; lie was very 
popular, and corrected many abuses in the 
church ; he died in 1740. 
CLEMENT XIII., Charles Rezzonico, of Ve- 
nice, succeeded Benedict XIV., in 1758, and died 
in 1769, greatly respected. 
CLEMENT XIV., John Vincent Anthony 
Gangauelli, an Italian, raised to the po|>edoin 
on the death of Clement XIII. He suppressed 
the Jesuits, and died, supposed by some to have 
been poisoned, in 1774. 
CLEMENT, David, a native of Ilof Geisinar, 
a minister and author, died at Hanover, in 1760. 
CLEMENT, Francis, a native of Beze, in 
Burgundy, a historian of much celebrity, died 
in 1793. 
CLEMENT, Peter, a native of Geneva, tra- 
velling tutor of Lord Waldegrave, a poet, and 
conductor of Nouvelles Literaires of France, 
died in 1767. 
CLEOBULUS, one of the seven wise men of 
Greece, who died about 560 B. C. 
CLEOM BllOTUS, there were two of this 
name, kings of Sparta; one flourished 371, the 
other about 480 B. C. 
CLEOMENES, a king of Sparta, wl\o slew 
himself, 491 B. C. ; another reigned 61 years; 
a third was defeated by the Achatans, fled to 
Egypt, and killed himself, 219 B. C. 
CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt, famous alike 
for her beauty, and her licentious passions, was 
daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and had a son by 
Ctesar, called Caesario. She killed herself after 
the defeat of Marc Antony, that she might not 
he carried to Rome in triumph; and with her 
ended the family of the Ptolemies in Egypt, after 
it had reigned, front the death of Alexander, 294 
years ; for Egypt, after that, was reduced to a 
Roman province, in which dependence it re- 
mained till it was taken from them by the Sara- 
cens, A. D. 641. 
CLEOSTRATUS, a Grecian astronomer, who 
invented the signs of the Zodiac, 536 B. C. 
CLERC, Sebastian le, engraver to Lewis 
XIV., rose from obscurity to eminence; he was 
admirable in his landscapes, and died in 1714. 
CLERC, John le, a celebrated philosophical 
and theological writer, and universal scholar, 
born at Geneva, in 1657, died in 1736. 
CLERC, Daniel le, a native of Geneva, and 
professor; also eminent as a physician, and 
learned antiquary; he died in 1728. 
CLERC, John’le, a Frenchman, was knighted 
at Venice, and died in 1633. 
CLERKE, Gilbert, an able Greek scholar, and 
mathematician, a Socinian, fellow of Sidney 
College, Cambridge, died in 1695. 
CLERMONT TONNERRE, Stanislaus, count 
of, a French nobleman in the states general at 
Paris, in 1789, was massacred for his opposition 
!o the Jacobin club, in 1793. 
CLEVELAND, John. Vid. CLETVELAND. 
CLEVELAND, John, a pious and much es- 
teemed minister, of Ipswich, Massachusetts; 
lie was author of several religious works, and 
died in 1799. 
CLIFFORD, Martin, an English writer, who 
made every man’s fancy the guide of his reli- 
gion ; he died in 1677. 
126 CL 
CLIFFORD, George, earl of Ctifiifcsriand, a 
celebrated English navigator, born in 1.158, died 
in 1605. 
CLINTON, Henry, a British general in the 
American war; evacuated Philadelphia in 1778 ; 
took Charleston, in 1780 ; was governor of Gi- 
braltar in 1795, and died shortly after. 
CLINTON, James, was a gentleman of ta- 
lents in the colony of New-York, and ancestor 
of the present distinguished family of that name. 
CLINTON, Charles, a native of Ireland, ear- 
•y emigrated to America, where he maintained 
a high ciiaracter for usefulness and respetabili- 
fV- He was the father of James and George 
Clinton, and died in 1773. 
CLINTON, James,son of the preceding, and 
major general in the American army during the 
revolution, distinguished himself as a brave and 
indefatigable otiicer, in the wars with the French 
and Indians; and during the revolutionary war, 
he was with General Sullivan in his expedition 
against the Indians; was for some time com- 
mander of the northern section of the union, 
stationed at Albany, and was afterwards at the 
siege of Yorktown. He closed his military ca- 
reer, by bidding farewell to Washington at 
New-York, and retiring to private life; he died 
in 1812. 
CLINTON, George, brother of the general, 
was an eminent lawyer and member of Congress 
in 1776. He was an active supporter of the 
principles of the revolution and of his country’s 
rights : and, during the war, he rendered essen- 
tial services to the American arms. He was 
repeatedly chosen governor of the state of New- 
York, and was elevated to the office of Vice- 
President of the United States in 1804. He died 
at Washington in 1812. 
CLINTON, George, vice-admiral of the En- 
glish navy, and governor of the colony of New- 
York, afterwards returned to England. The 
time of his death is not known. 
CLISSON, Oliver de, a native of Brittany,dis- 
tinguished for his valour, died in 1407, much 
respected. 
CL13THENES, an Athenian,who introduced 
the law of ostracism. 
CLITOMACHUS, a Carthaginian philosopher, 
who wrote 400 vols., and committed suicide. 
CLIVE, Robert Lord, an eminent East India 
governor, and a striking instance of the ineffi- 
ciency of wealth or external honours to confer 
happiness, was born at Moreton-Say, near Mar- 
ket Drayton, Shropshire, 1725; and died, as is 
said, by his own hand, Nov. 22, 1774. 
CLIVE, Catherine, an eminent actress in 
Vrv comedy, born 1711, died 1785. 
CLODIUS, Publius, a debauched Roman sen- 
ator, killed by Milo, 53 B. C. 
CLOOTS, Anacharsis, a native of Prussia, 
who in the French revolution called himself the 
orator of the human race ; profane, and irreli- 
gious ; he was guillotined in 1794. 
CLOPINEL, or JOHN de MEUN, a French 
poet, celebrated at the court of Philip the fair: 
lie died in 1364. 
CLOSTERMAN, N., a portrait painter, who 
made himself rich in London ; he died in 1713. 
CLOTAIRE I., fourth son of Clovis, king of 
Soissons, and in 558 king of all France ; he died 
in Nil 
CLOTAIRE IL, king of Soissons, was cruel 
and oppressive, and died in G2S. 
CLOTAIRE 111. kingofBurgundy,diedinG70. 
CLOVIO, George, a Sciavonian, eminent as 
a historical and miniature painter, died in 1578. 
CO 
CLOVIS I., founder of the French monarchy, 
was converted to Christianity, and died in 511. 
CLOVIS II.,succeeded his father Dagobert in 
638 : he was mild but debauched. 
CLOVIS 111., succeeded his father Thierrt 
III , ii 591. 
.'LOWES, William, surgeon to queen Eliza- 
beth. 
CLUENTIUS, a Roman, accused of murder- 
ing his lather, defended by Cicero. 
CLUVERIUS, Philip, a celebrated geogra- 
pher, born at Dantzic, 1580, died at Leyden, in 
'1693. 
CLYMER, George, a member of Congress in 
177G, was a signer of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, and a distinguished advocate of Am 
erican rights ; he died in 1813. 
COBB, James, sectetary at the East Indin 
House, in England, and a very successful wri- 
ter of operas and farces, died June 2, 1818, in 
his 62d year. 
COBB, Samuel, author of “ Observations up- 
on Virgil,” and a “Collection of Poems,” in8vo. 
1700, died in 1713. 
COBB, Ebenezer, remarkable for longevity, 
was born in Mass, in 1694, and died in 1801, aged 
107 years; he lived in three centuries. 
COBBET, Thomas, an eminent minister and 
writer, born in England, but on account of non- 
conformity, came to America, in 1637, and be- 
came minister at Ipswich ; he died in 1686. 
COBDEN, Dr. Edward, an eminent English 
divine and theological writer, born about 1684, 
died 1764. 
COBENTZEL, count Louis de, an eminent 
statesman of Germany, died Feb. 22, 1809. He 
was born at Brussels, Nov. 21, 1753, and com- 
menced his political career, under the minister 
count de Pergen, in 1772. Two years after, he 
was named minister plenipotentiary extraordin- 
ary to the court of Denmark ; in 1777, to that 
of Prussia. He was recalled at the epoch of the 
war of the Bavarian succession, and was des- 
tined to negotiate the peace of Tesclien ; but a 
sickness which he had, prevented him. Tht 
same year he was named minister from Austria 
to Petersburg]). On his return to Vienna, aftei 
the signing of the preliminaries of Leoben, he 
concluded, in 1797, the treaty of Campo For- 
ntio; and in the month of December, in the 
same year, tiie military convention, at Radstoek 
with Buonaparte. After the conferences of Sclz, 
he returned to Petersburg. On the fill) Febru 
ary, 1801, he concluded the peace of Lunevi lie, 
and filled, in the month of December following, 
the places of directory minister of state and con- 
ferences, and vice-chancellor of state for foreign 
affairs. 
COCCEIUS, Henry, a native of Bremen, pro 
fessor of the law of nations; a distinguishes 
author; he was created baron, and died in 1719. 
COCCEIUS, Samuel, a German baron, grand 
chancellor of Prussia, died in 1747. 
COCCEIUS, or COCK, John, a native of Bre- 
men, and Hebrew professor there; afterwards 
removed to Leyden ; he maintained that the bi- 
ble is mystical of Christ and the church ; he died 
in 1669. 
COCCHI, Anthony, professor of Physic, at 
Florence and Pisa; was intimate with Boerhaave 
and esteemed for his learning; he died in 1758. 
COCHIN, Charles Nicholas, ; French en 
graver, whose pieces are admired ; he died in 
j 1654. Another, of the same name, equally dis- 
tineuisbed. died in 1790. 
i COCHIN Henry, a native of Paris, as eml 
127 ' CO 
neat at the bar, as Bourdaloue was in the pulpit; 
he died in 1747. 
COCHLtEUS, John, a catholic of Nuremburg, 
who violently attacked Luther, Bucer, Calvin, 
&c., died in 1552. 
COCHRAN, Robert, a Scotch architect, hung 
by the old nobility, because he was raised to 
the earldom of Mar, in 1484. 
COCHRAN, William, a very eminent painter 
in Scotland, born at Strathaven, in Clydesdale, 
1738, died Oct. 25, 1785. 
COCKAIN, Sir Alston, a dramatic writer, 
born at Ashbourn, in Derbyshire, 1601), died in 
ii)84. His works were printed in 1658; and a- 
gain, in 2 vols. small 8vo. lG69,and are very rare. 
COCKBURN, Catharine, born in 1679, gave 
marks of a genius for poetry before she had 
passed her childhood: and in her 17th year pro- 
duced a tragedy called “Agnes de Castro,” 
which was acted in 1695. In 1698 she brought 
a second tragedy upon the stage, and in 1701, a 
third tragedy and a comedy. But poetry and 
dramatic writing were the least of this lady’s 
talents, she had a great and philosophic turn 
of mind, and wrote a defence of Locke’s “ Es- 
say on the Human Understanding,” against 
some remarks which had been made upon it at 
several times,by Dr. Burnet of the Charter-house. 
This defence was finished as early as Dec. 1701, 
when she was but 22yearsof age: she died in 1749. 
COCKER, Edward, deservedly esteemed one 
of the improvers of the arts of writing and 
arithmetic, died 1677, having published 14 copy- 
books engraved by his own hand ; some books 
on Vulgar and Decimal Arithmetics; a small 
Dictionary; and a book of sentences for writing, 
called Cocker’s Morals. 
COCLES, Publ Horat. a Roman, celebrated 
for his defence of a bridge, across the Tyber, a- 
gainst the whole army of Porsenna. 
CODD1NGTON, William, the father of R. 
Island; first settled in Mass., hilt having some 
religious differences, he, with others, removed : 
he was governor of R. Island several years, and 
died ill 1678 
CODMA v, John, a member of the Senate in 
Mass, high’v esteemed for his honesty and fidel- 
ily; he died in 1803. 
CODR1NGTON, Christopiier, a native of 
Barhadoes, distinguished for his knowledge of 
physic and belles lettres ; sometime governor of 
ihe Leeward Islands; died in 1710. 
CODRUS, the last king of Athens, who de- 
voted himself todeath for his country, 1070, B. C. 
COEFFETEAU, Nicholas, a Dominican of 
Calais, author of a Roman History: died in 1623. 
COEN. John Paterson, governor of the Dutch 
East Indies; founded the city of Batavia, and 
died in 1629. 
CCEUR, James, a French merchant, the rich- 
est subject in Europe; lent Charles 7,200,000 
crowns ; he was basely imprisoned, but escaped 
and died at. Ohio, in 1458. 
COFFEV, Charles, a dramatic writer, prin- 
cipally known by his farce of “The Devil to 
Pay,” died 1745. 
COG AN, Thomas, an Englishman, master of 
Manchester school, and author of the “Haven 
of Health for Students.” 
COGGESHALLE, Ralph, an English monk, 
author of an account of the siege of Jerusalem, 
bv Saladin, died about 1228. 
COGSWELL, James, D.D., minister in Wind- 
ham, Con. distinguished for his learning and 
pietv, was dismissed in old ago, and died at 
Hartford, in 1807. 
CO 
COHAUSEN, John Henry, a German physi- 
cian, who maintained that life might be extend- 
ed to 115 years by taking in the breath of young 
women, died in 1750. 
COHORN, Memnon, a very celebrated Patch 
engineer, and author of a treatise in the Flem- 
ish language on the “ Method of Fortifying 
Places,” born 1032, died 1704. 
COIGNET, Giles, an eminent painter, who 
sold his scholars’ productions as his ovv n, died 
in 1000. 
COINTE, Charles !e, a distinguished French 
historian, died in 1611. 
GOITER, Volcherius, celebrated as a surgeon, 
physician, and anatomist, born at Groningen ; 
died about 1000. 
COKE, Sir Edward, lord chief justice of Eng- 
land, and one of the most eminent lawyers of 
that kingdom,was born at Mileham,in Norfolk,in 
1540, and died at Stoke Fogey’s in Bucks, Sept. 
3, 1034. Sir Edward had great -quickness of 
parts, deep penetration, a faithful memory, and 
a solid judgment. He committed every thing 
to writing with an industry beyond example, 
published a great deal, and met with many 
changes of fortune: being sometimes in power, 
and sometimes in disgrace. He was, however, 
so excellent at making the best of a disgrace, 
that king James used to compare him to a cat, 
who always fell upon her legs. “ Ilis learned 
and laborious works on the laws,” says Fuller, 
[Worthies, p. 251.] “ will be admired by judi- 
cious posterity, while Fame has a trumpet left 
her or any breath to blow therein.” His prin- 
cipal works are, “ Reports of Cases during the 
most happy reign of the most illustrious and re- 
nowned queen Elizabeth, the fountain of all 
justice and the life of the law “ A Rook of 
Entries and his “ Institutes.” 
COKE, Thomas, EL. D., a leading minister 
of the Wesleyan Methodists, a very zealous and 
abie divine, and most excellent man, was born 
at Brecon, in Wales, educated at Jesus college, 
Oxford, and entered into orders in the Estab- 
lished Church. For the last 28 years he dis- 
charged, with unremitting diligence the exten- 
sive duties of general superintendent of the 
Methodist missions; which so warmly engaged 
his active and incessant energies, that he many 
times crossed the Atlantic, visiting the West 
India islands, and travelling through the United 
States. He gave to the world, among other 
works, a “ Life of John Wesley,” a “ History 
of the West Indies,” and a “ Commentary on 
the Bible,” in 6 large vols. 4to. Dr. Coke died 
May 3, 1814, on his voyage to India, with six 
missionaries, intended for Ceylon and Java. 
('OLARDEAU, Charles Pierre,a Frenchman, 
who translated Pope’s Eloisa to Abelard ; he 
wrote some tragedies, and died in 1776. 
COLBERT, John Baptist, marquis of Segne- 
lai, one of the greatest statesmen that France 
ever had, was born at Paris 1619, and died 1683. 
He was a pattern for all ministers of state; and 
every nation may wish itself blessed with a 
Colbert. 
COLBERT, John Baptist, marquis of Torey, 
ambassador to Portugal, Denmark and England, 
secretary of state, &c., died at Paris, in 1746. 
COLDEN, Cadwallader, a respectable physi- 
cian, botanist and astronomer of Scotland, who 
first catne to America in 1708, and again in 1710, 
and afterwards sustained several high political 
offices; published several learned works. 
COLE, William, born at Adderbury, in Ox- 
fordshire, about 1G20, was the most famous  CO 
hr'anist of bis time. In 1656, lie published 
*■ i i.e Art of Siinpling:” and in 1657, “ Adam 
in Eden, or Nature’s Paradise:” be died in 
1662. 
COLE, Thomas, a dissenting minister in Eng- 
land, and preceptor of the great Locke, died in 
1697. 
COLE, Thomas, a native of Gloucestershire, 
distinguished for making a curious collection of 
llerbs, &c. 
COLES, Elisha, born in Northamptonshire, 
in 1640, became one of the ushers of Merchant- 
Tailor’s school, and wrote several useful and 
necessary books for the instruction of beginners, 
the principal of which were “ The Complete 
English Schoolmaster,” “ The newest, plainest, 
and shortest Shorthand,” “ Nolens volens ; or, 
you shall make Latin whether you will or no, 
containing the plainest directions lor that pur- 
pose,” “ An English Dictionary,” and “ An 
English-Latin, and Latin-Englisli Dictionary.” 
COLET, Dr. John, aiearned Engiisli divine, 
born in London, in 1466, was the eldest son of 
Sir Henry Colei, knt. , twice lord-mayor, who 
had, besides him, 21 children. Being dean of 
St. Paul’s, and having a very plentiful estate 
without any near relations, (for numerous as 
his brethren were, they were all dead arid bu- 
ried,) he resolved, in the midst of life and health, 
to consecrate the whole property of it to some 
standing and perpetual benefaction. And this 
he performed by founding and endowing St 
Paul’s school, in London, of which lie appoint- 
ed William Lilly first master, in 1512. He or- 
dained that there should be in this school a high 
master, a submaster,and a chaplain, who should 
teach gratis, 153 children, divided into 8 classes; 
and lie endowed it with lands and houses, a- 
mountiug then to 1221. 4s, 7d. halfpenny per an- 
num, of which endowment he made the com- 
pany of mercers trustees. He died September 
16, 1519. 
COLEY, Henry, an eminent astrologer, in 
England, died in 1690. 
COLIGN1, Gaspard de, a celebrated admiral 
of France, who bravely supported the cause of 
the French protestants against the duke of Guise 
and his adherents; but after several victories 
gained over their persecutors, was at last basely 
assassinated by one of »he domestics of the duke 
of in the beginning of the horrid massa- 
cre of Paris, on the eve of St. Bartholomew's 
day, 1572. 
COLIGNI, Henrietta, daughter of a marshal 
of France of the same name, celebrated for her 
poetical productions, died in 1673. 
COLLADO, Diego, a Spaniard, superintend- 
ent of tiieconvents of the Philippines,and author 
of a work on the Japanese language. 
COLLANGE, Gabriel de, a Huguenot, killed 
at the massacre of St. Bartholomews, in 1572. 
COLLATINUS, husband of the celebrated 
Lncretia, in conjunction with Brutus, expelled 
the Tartjuin family from Rome, and established 
tlie consular government. 
COLLE, Charles, a Frenchman, distinguish- 
ed as a comic writer, died in 1783. 
COLLEGE, Stephen, a protestant mechanic, 
unjustly condemned in 1681, as engaged in the 
conspiracy against Charles II. 
COI,LEONE, Bartholomew, a native of Ber- 
gamo, distinguished for his military successes in 
the service of the Venetians, died in 1475. 
COLLET, Peter, a French ecclesiastic, of Ter- 
nav, n.utho- of several works on -iieology and 
biography died in 1770- 
CO 
COLI/ET, Philibert, a French advocate; au- 
thor of treatises on excommunications, tythes, 
&c., died in 1713. 
COLLETET, William, a French academician, 
who wrote for the theatres, under Richelieu, 
died in 1 95. 
COLLETON, James, was governor of the 
colony of South Carolina, about 1030. 
COLLIER, Jeremy, an eminent English di- 
vine, born at Stow-Qui, in Cambridgeshire, in 
1650, died 1726. He published “ Essays upon 
several moral subjects,” which have passed 
through many editions. In 1698, he made an 
attempt to reform the stage, by publishing his 
“ Short View of the Immorality and Profane- 
ness of the English Stage,” and other pamphlets 
Thi3 engaged him in a controversy with the 
wits; and Congreve and Vanbrugh, whom, with 
many others, be had taken to task very severely, 
appeared openly against him. In this contro- 
versy with tin stage, Collier exerted himself to 
the utmost advantage; his labours were attend- 
ed with success, and actually produced repent- 
ance and amendment; for it is allowed on all 
hands, that the decorum which has been, for 
the most part, observed by the later writers of 
dramatic poetry, is entirely owing to the ani- 
madversions of Collier. Collier also published 
“ An Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain,” 
2 vois. folio, which is written with great judg- 
ment ; and translated Moreri’s “ Historical, Geo- 
graphical, Genealogical, and Poetical Dictiona- 
ry,” in 4 vols. folio, a work of very great la- 
bour. 
COLLINGS, John, an eminent textuary and 
critic, born in 1623, died 1690. He wrote many 
books of controversial and practical divinity, 
the most singular of which is “ The Weaver’s 
Pocket-book; or Weaving spiritualized,” 8vo ; 
and lie had a principal hand in Matthew Poole’s 
Annotations on the Bible. 
COLL1NGWOOD, C'uthbert, lord, a gallant 
British admiral, the intimate friend of the im- 
mortal Nelson, and his successor in the com- 
mand of the Mediterranean fleet, which achiev- 
ed the glorious victory of Trafalgar. His lord- 
ship was born in the county of Northumberland 
in 1750; w as created a peer of the realm, with 
a handsome annuity, Nov. 20, 1805, and died 
March 7, 1810, on board his flag ship, the Viile 
de Paris, off Minorca. He was a man of great, 
hut unobtrusive merit. lie commanded a 74 in 
the battle of the 1st of June, under lord Howe. 
In the great battle of Aboukir, lie also bore a 
distinguished part; but it was reserved for the 
battle of Trafalgar to raise bis fame to its high- 
est pitch. His ship, the Royal Sovereign, in 
which lie broke through the centre of the ene 
my’s line, appeared, as viewed from the Victo- 
ry, vvliicli led the other division, a blaze of lire. 
“ See,” said the great Nelson, on viewing it, 
“ bow that noble fellow, Collingwood, carries 
bis ship into action. On the death of the for- 
mer lamented hero, he succeeded to the com- 
mand in chief. Since that great and memora- 
ble day, comprising an interval of about four 
years and a half, his lordship had never set foot 
upon land; being employed in the arduous and 
harassing duty of watching the Toulon fleet: 
so that be never took bis seat in the bouse of 
peers, nor revisited his family or country, after 
his signal merits bad obtained the distinguished 
honours and rewards that we have stated. 
COLLINS, John, a mathematician and arith 
metical writer, born at Wood Eaton, near Ox 
ford, 1624, died 1683. 
129 CO 
COLLINS, Anthony, an eminent writer on 
polemical subjects, and the friend and corres- 
pondent of tiie great Mr. Locke, was born at 
Heston, near Hounslow, in Middlesex, in 1676, 
and died 1729. He published his celebrated 
“ Discourse of Free-thinking,” in 8vo, 1713, 
and his “ Discourse of the Grounds and Rea- 
sons of the Christian Religion,” in 1724 ; and 
wrote, besides these, a great many books, which 
were warmly attacked by tiie orthodox writers 
of that time. 
COLLINS, Arthur, author of “ The Peerage 
of England,” was the son of William Collins, 
esq.(gentleman usher to queen Catharine, in the 
year 1669,) and born in 1682. Having received 
a liberal education, and being from bis youth 
much inclined to the study of antiquities, he 
conceived the arduous design of digesting a 
compendious account of the nobility of these 
kingdoms, whose genealogies had, till that time, 
been mouldering in private cabinets. The work 
had great merit; the rewards of his labour were, 
however, by no means adequate to the time lie 
devoted to these researches. The other works 
known to be published by Mr. Collins, were 
“ Sydney State Papers,” “ Historical Collec- 
tionsof the Families of Cavendish, Holies, Vere, 
Harley and Ogle,” “The Life of Edward the 
Black Prince,” and “ Proceedings, Precedents, 
and Arguments on Claims and .Controversies, 
concerning Baronies by Writ, and other Ho- 
nours.” He died in 1760, and was buried in the 
church of Battersea, Surrey. Whatever praise 
is due to Biographical literature in general, cer- 
tainly belongs to one who dipped even into the 
funereal urn to stamp his labours with authen- 
ticity; and such is tiie credit they have obtain- 
ed, that while there remains a spark of venera- 
tion for the exploits of the ancient English peer- 
age, the volumes which record them, and bear 
Arthur Collins’ name, will be consulted as the 
authentic history of that splendid and vital 
part of the British constitution. A grandson of 
Arthur (Colonel David Collins) has lately given 
to tiie world a very valuable “ Account of the 
English Settlement of New South Wales,” from 
its first establishment, in January, 1788,4'o, voi. 
1, 1798, vol. 2, 1802; repr.nted in 1 vol. in 1804. 
Colonel Collins died governor of the British set- 
tlement on Van Diemen’s Land, M arch 24,1810. 
COLLINS, Samuel, an English physician, au- 
thor of the present slate of Russia, 1671. 
COLLINS, William, an unfortunate, but ad- 
mirable poet, was born at Chichester, in 1721, 
and died June 12, 1759. During his residence 
at Magdalen College, Oxford, he applied him- 
self to poetry, and published the “ Persian,” or, 
as they have since been entitled, “ Oriental Ec- 
logues,” with regard to which, i! may justly be 
asserted, that in simplicity of description and 
expression, that in delicacy and softness of num- 
bers, and in natural and unaffected tenderness, 
they are not to be equalled by any tiling of the 
pastoral kind in the English language. About 
1744, he suddenly left the university, and went 
to London, a literary adventurer. He designed 
many works; but his great fault was irresolu- 
tion. He published proposals for a “ History 
of the Revival of Learning; but probably not a 
page of the history was ever written. His un- 
cle, Mr. Martin, a lieutenant-colonel, left him 
about 20091. But man is not born for happiness; 
Collins, who, while lie studied to live, felt no 
evil but poverty, no sooner lived to study, than 
his life was assailed by more dreadful calami- 
ties, disease and insai.ity; and he died a lunatic 
CO 
An elegant monument lias been erected to bis 
memory in Chichester cathedral, with some 
beautiful lines inscribed from tiie pen of Mr 
llayley. 
COLLINS, John, the ingenious author of 
“ The Evening Brush,” an oral entertainment 
of story, song, and sentiment, which lie deli- 
vered many years with great success in all the 
principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland ; 
lie was born in 1742, and died at Birmingham, 
May 2, 1808. 
COLLINS, John, a member of congress, and 
governor of Rhode-Island, died in 1795. 
COLLINS, John, governor of Delaware, 
died in 1822. 
COLLINSON, Peter, F. R. S., an ingenious 
botanist and natural historian, died August 11, 
17(38. 
COLLI7JS, Francis, doctor of a college of 
Milan : author of a work in which he decrees 
salvation to the sages of Greece, the midwives 
of Egypt, &c., died in 1640. 
COLLGT, Germain, a French surgeon, fa- 
mous for his skill in lithotomy, died in 1656. 
COLLOT D’HERBOIS, J. M., who, becoming 
a member of the French convention, was depu- 
ted to punish the revolt of the city of Lyons, 
and completely destroyed it, because, while a 
player, lie had been hissed there; afterwards 
the companion of Robespierre; he died in con- 
finement, at Cayenne. 
COLLGTHUS, a priest of Alexandria, who 
maintain-sd that God was not the author of the 
wicked: he was condemned as a heretic in 324. 
COLMAN, George, an eminent dramatic wri- 
ter, son of Thomas Column, esq., British resi- 
dent at Florence, was born at Florence, in 1732, 
iand placed at a very early age in Westminster 
jschool. In 1758 he removed to Christ Church 
College, Oxford, and there took the degree of 
M. A. During his progress at Westminster, and 
while at College, he formed those literary con- 
nexions with whom he remained in friendship 
till they severally dropped off the stage of life. 
Lloyd, Churchill, Bonnel, Thornton, and other 
celebrated wits of a former day, were among 
the intimate associates of Mr. Column, and gave 
I eclat to his name, by noticing hint in several of 
their compositions. Mr. C. was admitted into 
the society of Lincoln’s-Inn, and was called to 
the bar, where he practised a very short time. 
About the year 1768, Mr. Beard, being incapa 
ble of bearing any longer the fatigues of a tiiea 
trical life, and wishing to retire from the ma- 
nagement of Covent-Garden theatre, disposed 
of his property in that house, to Messrs. Col 
man, Harris, Powell, and Rutherford. These 
gentlemen were, for a short time, joint mana- 
gers, but Mr. Column appearing to desire a great- 
er authority than the others,(except Mr. Powell) 
which they were unwilling to yield, he was in 
duced, after a literary warfare, which was pub- 
lished, to dispose of his share. Soon after, Mr. 
Foote, then proprietor of the Hay-market thea- 
tre, having been induced to withdraw from 
the stage, disposed of his theatre to Mr. 
Colman, for a handsome annuity, which lie 
did not long enjoy. On Mr. Foote’s deatii, 
Mr. C. obtained the license. This gentleman 
was one of the chief writers in “ The Con- 
noisseur,” and produced a variety of niisce- 
laneous poems and papers, which he collect- 
ed in three volumes. As a scholar, he holds 
a very respectable rank, as may be seen in his 
translations of Horace’s “ Art of Poetry,” and 
of tiie “ Comedies of Terence and his man  CO 
ners were as pleasing as his talents were re- 
spectable. Mr. C. died August 14, 1794. 
COLMAN, Benjamin, au eminently pious 
ami useful minister of Brattle-street church, 
Boston distinguished for his eloquence ; he pub- 
lished many occasional sermons, and died in 
1747. 
COLOCCI, Angelo, an Italian, bishop of No- 
ceta, and governor of Ascoli, distinguished for 
making a valuable collection of books, was au- 
thor of Latin poems, and died in 1549. 
COLOGNE, Peter de, a native of Ghent, the 
friend of Calvin and Beza, and a vindicator of 
the protestants. 
COLOMB1ERE, Claude de !a, a famous Je- 
suit, very popular as a preacher, before James 
IE, of England, inventor of “ The Solemnity of 
the Heart of Jesus;” he died in 1682. 
t OLOMIES,or COLOMESIUS,Paul,a French 
protestant, who travelled through Europe, was 
auihor of several works, and died in 1692. 
COLON!, Adam and Adrian, two dutch his- 
torical painters; the father died in 1685, and the 
son in 1701. 
COLONNA, Fabio, a botanist, the first who 
gave names to the petals and leaves of flowers; 
the inventor of the pentachordon, and author 
of works on botany, &c. 
COLONNA, Francisco Maria Pompeio, a 
Frenchman, author of the natural history of the 
universe ; he perished by fire, in 1726. 
COLONNA, Prospero, a distinguished war- 
rior, under Charles VIII., of France, who con- 
quered Naples, and then reconquered it for Aus- 
tria ; he died in 1523. 
COLONNA, Pompeo, a restless ecclesiastic ; 
the cause of many calamities to the Romans,! 
by his ambition and intrigues for tile popedom ; 
lie died in 1532. 
COLONNA, Francis, a Venetian, who, being I 
disappointed in love, wrote a curious book call- 
ed Hypuerotoinachia di Polyphilo; he died in 
1527. 
COLONNA, Victoria, an Italian, author of 
some elegant poems, died in 15-17. 
COLONNA, Mark Antonio, duke of Paliano, 
defeated the Turks in the battle of Lepanto, 
anil entered Rome in triumph; he died in 1584. 
COLONNA, Ascanio, son of the preceding, 
distinguished for his defence of the pope in his 
dispute with the Venetians, died in 1608. 
COLONNA, John,a papal legate to the Christ- 
ian army in Palestine, taken by the Saracens, 
and cruelty treated ; but was saved on account 
of his fortitude ; lie died in 1245. 
COLONNA, Giles, bishop of Bourges, a learn- 
ed man, and theological professor, died in 1316. 
COLONNA, Fabricio, a celebrated warrior 
against the Ursini, died in 1520. 
COLQ.UHOUN, Patrick, L. L. D , a merchant 
and iord provost of Glasgow, afterwards distin- ' 
guished as a police magistrate of London, andji 
a writer on the police of that city ; he died in;! 
1820. 
COLRANE, Henry Hare, lord, a learned! 
Englishman, who travelled three times through 
England, and made a noble collection of prints 
and drawings of antiquities; he died in 1749. 
COLSTON, Edward, a person ever memora- 
ble for iiis benefactions and charities, was born 
at Bristol 1636, and died at Mortiake, in Surrey, 
Oct. 11, 1721. He was buried in the church of 
All-saints, Bristol, where a monument is erected 
to his memory, on which are enumerated his | 
public charities to an amazing extent. 
COLUMBUS, Christopher, a Genoese, bora 
CO 
11442, anil famous in history for being the cisco 
verer of America, though it took its name from 
Americas Vespulius, who, by tite encourage- 
ment of Emanuel, king of Portugal, made, in 
4497, some additional discoveries to those of Co- 
lumbus. Columbus died 1506 
COLUMBUS, Bartholomew, brothar of the 
preceding, who accompanied hint in iiis voya 
ges of discovery ; being sent to England to soli 
cit aid, he was taken by pirates; iie founded 
St. Domingo, and died in 1514. 
COLUMBUS, Realdus. an Italian anatomi- 
cal writer, whose opinions on the blood, nearly 
approached to Harvey's discovery of the circu- 
lation ; he died in 1577. 
COLUM ELLA,a Latin writer,who flourished 
about tiie year 42. and has left us some hooks 
upon agriculture, and a “ Treatise on Trees, ' 
which are curious and valuable. 
COLUMNA, Guy, a native of Sicily, author 
of a chronicle in 36 books. 
COLUTHUS, a Greek poet, who lived in tite 
beginning of the 6th century. 
COLV1US, Andrew, a native of Dort, trans- 
lator of Father Paul’s treatise on the inquisition, 
authot of some elegant poetry : died in 1671.— 
His son Nicholas was also a learned and elo- 
quent divine, and died m 1717. 
COLWILL. Alexander, principal of Edin- 
burgh college, in 1662 ; author of the Scotch 
Hudilnas, in which he ridiculed the presbyte- 
rians; be died in 1676. 
COMBE, Charles, M. D.,an eminent physi- 
cian and critic, and highly distinguished a.- a 
medalist, was born in London, Sept. 23, 17-13, 
and educated at Harrow-school. lie died in 
Bloomsbury square, March 18, 1817. 
COMBEF1S, Francis, known as a learned 
editor of several Greek fathers ; he died in 1079. 
COMBER, Dr. Thomas, dean of Durham, 
born at Westerham, in Kent, 1645, died 1699.— 
He was the author of several learned works 
chiefly relating to the “Common Prayer:” and, 
among others, of the “ Companion tothe Altar.” 
COMBER, Thomas, fellow of Trinity college 
and D. D., dean of Carlisle; advocated the di- 
vine right of tythes, against Selden ; he died in 
1653. 
COMENIUS, John Amos, a protestant emi- 
nent as a divine : but still more so as a gram- 
marian ; horn in Moravia; author of “ Jantta 
Linguarum,” which was translated into 12 lan- 
guages : he died in 1671. 
COME NATALIS, or NATAL CONTI, au- 
thor of Greek and Latin poems, and a valuable 
work on mythology; died in 1590. 
COM1ERS, Claude, a professor of mathema- 
tics; wrote on comets and spectacles, and died 
in 1693. 
COMINES, Philip de, an excellent French his- 
!torian, born in Flanders, 1446, died 1509, leav- 
ing behind him “ Memoirs of his own Times." 
I (lOMMANDINUS, Frederic, an Italian, of 
noble birth, an excellent Greek scholar, and ma- 
thematician ; he translated Archimedes, Euclid, 
&c., and died in 1575. 
COMMELIN, Jerome, an eminent printer, of 
France; he printed Chrysostom’s works in 4 
vols. and died in 15S8. 
COM MEN DONE, John Francis, a native of 
Venice, wrote Latin verses at 10,afterwards sus- 
tained many offices under Julius III., Paul IV., 
jand Pius IV ; he died In 1584. 
| COMMERSON, Philibert, botanist to the 
'French ki.ig, accompanied Bougainville round 
| the world, and distinguished himself by hie la 
131  CO 
boil's and collections, he left 200 vols. in folio, 
and 32 cases of plants. He died at the isle of 
Fiance, in 1773. 
COMM1RE, John, author of fables, which 
are esteemed equal to those of Phatdrus; he 
died at Paris, in 1702. 
COAl.MODI, Andrea, an admired Florentine 
painter, died in 1638. 
OOMMODIANUS of Gaza, a Christian poet, 
of the 4th century, author of “ Institutiones.” 
COMMODUS, Lucius Aurelius Antoninus, a 
dissipated emperor of Rome, 180. 
COMNENA, Anna, a most accomplished la.-1 
dy, and daughter of the Greek emperor, Alex- 
is Comnenus, flourished about 1118, and wrote j 
5 books upon the life and actions of her father, j 
which she called “ The Alexiad.” 
COMPTON, Spencer, master of the robes tot 
file prince of Wales, afterwards Charles I., and 
a zealous advocate for him; he was slain at the 
tattle of Hopton-heath, in 1643. 
COMPTON, Henry, bishop of Oxford, who 
was intrusted with the education of the prin- 
cesses Mary and Anne, displeased James IE, by 
his zeal as a protestant, and was dismissed from 
the privy council, and although restored, took 
part with William, prince of Orange, against 
James. He died in 1713. 
COMTE, t,ewis le, a French Jesuit, missiona- 
ry to China, in 1685. 
CON A NT, Dr. John, an eminent English di- 
vine, born Oct. 18,1608, at Veatonton, in Devon- 
shire, was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, 
where his uncommon parts and learning soon 
acquired him the favour of Dr. John Prideaux, 
then rector of that college, who used to say of 
him, Conanti nihilest difficile; an excellent pun, 
which, however, would be lost in translation. 
Having taken his degrees, lie was by the par- 
liament constituted one of the assembly of di- 
vines, though he seldom or never sat with them. 
In 1647, he was chosen rector of his college ; 
shortly after, Regius professor of divinity, and 
in 1657, made vice-chancellor of the university. 
In 1676, he was made archdeacon of Norwich, 
by bishop Reynolds, whose daughter he married 
in 1651; and in 1681, a prebendary of Worcester, 
by king Charles II. In 1686, he lost his sight; and 
in 1693, died, leaving behind him a number of 
admired sermons, of which, six volumes are in 
print. Dr. C. was buried in the church of All- 
Saints, Northampton, of which he had been 
vicar many years, and possessed a considerable 
estate in the neighbourhood. 
CONCA, Sebastian, a painter, born at Gaeta, 
died in 1761. His pieces are much admired. 
CONCANEN, Matthew, a native of Ireland, 
who went to England, and gained some reputa- 
tion by writing in support of the ministry; he 
was afterwards attorney-general for Jamaica, 
17 years, and died in 1749. 
CONCINA, Daniel, a celebrated Venetian 
preacher, author of a system of theology, &c., 
died i*i 1756. 
CON CINI, better known by the name of mar- 
shal d’Ancre, a Florentine,who, by his intrigues, 
became a marquis and marechal of France, but 
was shot by one of bis enemies, in 1617. 
CONDAMINE, Charles Marie de la, a cele- 
brated French traveller and poet, born at Paris, 
in 1701, died 1774, leaving many ingenious and 
valuab'e works. 
CONDE, Lewis, first duke of, distinguished for 
his valour at the battle of (inintin, and after- 
wards as the leader of the Hu ntenots ; he died in 
1569, of wounds received in the battle of Dreux. 
CO 
I CONDE, Henry, prince of, known in tho 
court of Henry IV., of France, was sent to the 
bastile, in Itilti, and liberated three years alter; 
lie was restored to favour, and displayed his va- 
lour in tlie service of his country; lie died in 
1646. 
CONDE, Louis de Bourbon, duke d’Engla m, 
and prince of, usually styled the Great Cumin. 
He lived under the reign of Louis XIV., ai d 
was one of the bravest and most skilful gene- 
rals that France ever produced. 
CONDE, Henry Julius de, distinguished him 
self under his father, at the passage of the 
Rhine, and was a patron of learning. lie died 
in 1 TOO. 
CONDER, John, an eminent dissenting mi 
nister, born in Cambridgeshire, 1714, died in 
London, in 1781, having published “ An Essay 
on the importance of the Ministerial diame- 
ter,” and several sermons on public occasions. 
CONDILLAC, Stephen Bonnot de, a French 
writer on commerce, politics, and metaphysics, 
died Aug. 2, 1780. He was preceptor to the in- 
fant duke of Parma, and composed for the use 
of his illustrious pupil “ A Course of Study,” 
which was afterwards published in 1776, in 16 
vols. 12mo, and is deserving of great praise. 
CONDORCET, John Anthony Nicholas Ca- 
ritat, marquis de, a French geometrician and 
philosophical writer, and perpetual secretary of 
the academy of sciences at Paris, born at Kibe- 
inont, in Picardy, Sept. 17, 1743, died March 28, 
1794. His mathematical writings are numerous 
and useful; but those on philosophical subjects 
strike at the root of religion, both natural and 
revealed. 
CONDREN, Charles de, known for his influ- 
ence in procuring a reconciliation between the 
king and the duke of Orleans, died in 1641. 
CONFUCIUS, the celebrated Chinese philo- 
sopher, was born in the kingdom of Lti, which 
is at present the province of Chan Long, 551 
years before the birth of Christ. His extensive 
knowledge and great wisdom made him every 
where known : his integrity, and the splendour 
of his virtues made him beloved : kings were 
governed by his counsels, and the people reve- 
renced him as a saint. He died in the 73d year 
of his age. 
CONGREVE, William, an English dramatic 
writer and poet, born at Bardsev, near Leeds, 
in February, 1669. Though bred to the law, lie 
found no charms in that profession,but turned his 
mind to polite literature, particularly to dramatic 
composition, and wrote a comedy called “ The 
Old Bachelor,” of which Dryden, to whom he 
was recommended,said “ that he never saw such 
a first play in his life and in the performance, 
it met with such general applause, that Con- 
greve was thenceforward considered as the prop 
of the declining stage. Having written four 
comedies, a tragedy, an oratorio, and a masque, 
and enjoyed some lucrative employments under 
government, he died Jan. 19, 1728-9. and was 
buried in Westminster-abbey. 
CONNOR, Dr. Bernard, a medical and liistr. 
rical writer,born in Kerry, Ireland, in 1666. and 
died 1698. In 1694, he was appointed physician 
lo John Sobieski, king of Poland : and while 
there, wrote “ A History of Poland.” Going 
afterwards to England, he read lectures at Cam- 
bridge, and in 1697, published “ Evangelium 
Medici,” &c., a work which gained him much 
reputation by its learning and ingenuity. His 
History of Poland is in 2 vols. Hvo 
CONON, an Athenian general, defeated uy 
132  GO 
Lysander; lie afterwards deleated the Spartans,) 
and was put to death 393 15. V 
CON ON, an astronomer of Samos, and friend 
of Archimedes 
CONRAD I., count of Franconia, and king 
of Germany, in 912. 
CONRAD II., king of Germany in 1024, and 
emperor of Rome 3 years after; lie conquered 
Burgundy, and died in 1039. 
CONRAD III., elected emperor of Germany, 
and though opposed, lie reconciled his enemies, 
and entered upon a crusade, in which lie nearly 
lost his army by poison ; he died in 1152. 
CONRAD IV., succeeded his father, Frederic 
It., as emperor, in 1250, unsuccessfully opposed I 
by Innocent IV. ; lie died suddenly, supposed 
bv poison, in 1254. 
CONRADIN, or CONRAD, son of Conrad 
IV., beheaded by his uncle, regent of Naples, 
when only 16 y'ears old. 
CON It ART, Valentin, secretary to the French 
king’s council, ami father of the French acade-: 
my ; he died in 1675. 
CONRI, Florence, an Irishman, educated in 
Spain, sent by Philip III. to reconcile the disaf- 
fected Irish to the prospect of a Spanish inva- 
sion, but his perfidious schemes were defeated, 
and tie died in 1629. 
CONRING1US, Hermannus, professor of law 
at Helmstadt, born atNorden, in Frisia, in 1606, 
died 1681. He composed many works upon law 
and history, which have been printed in 6 vols. 
folio. 
CONSTANT, David, professor of philosophy,' 
Greek, and divinity, at Lausanne ; he died in 
1733. ' 
CONSTANTIN, Robert, professor of physic,! 
and belles lettres, at Caen university, author of] 
a valuable Greek and Latin Lexicon, with other 
works ; he died in 1605. 
CONSTANTINE, usually called the Great, 
ami memorable for having been the first einpe-S 
rorof the Romans who established Christianity! 
by the civil power, was born at Naissus, a town 
of Dardania, in 272. He died 337, and divided 
the empire between bis three sons, Constantine, . 
Constantins, and Constans. 
CONSTANTINE II., son of Constantine the! 
Great; after his father’s death, became master- 
in' Gaul, Spain, and Britain; he was slain at] 
Aquileia, in 340. 
CONSTANTINE III., son ofConstantius II.,I 
was crowned emperor, in 668, and died in G85. ] 
('O N ST A N TINE IV., CAPRON YMUS, suc- 
ceeded his father Leo, in 1752; he defeated the 
Saracens, who made an insurrection against! 
him, and died in 775. 
CONSTANTINE V., succeeded his father, 
Leo IV., in 1760; he was defeated by the Bul- 
garians, wtio took him and put out his eyes, in 
792. 
CONSTANTINE VIL, PORPHYROGF.NI- 
ri'S, a learned man, was crowned at 7 years of 
age ; he defeated the Lombards, and drove avvav; 
.lie Turks; he was poisoned by his son, in 959. 
CONSTANTINE IX., sou of Rotnanus, suc- 
teeded to the throne, in 976, and died in 1028. 
CONSTANTINE X., MONOMACHUS, or 
GLADIATOR, ascended the throne, in 1042, 
ami died in 1024. 
CONSTANTINE XI., or DIJCAS, succeeded 
Isaac Commenus, in 1059. His reign was ren- 
dered unhappy by an invasion of the Scythians; 
he died in 1067. 
CONSTANTINE XIII. succeeded his brother 
John, in 1448: he fell iu the defence of Coe- 
co_ 
| stantinoplc, when besieged and laken by tlie 
Turks, in 1453. In him ended the Gink empire 
CONSTANTINE, Flavius Julius, a innate 
soldier, who invested himsell i\ ith the impel ial 
purple in Britain, and added Caul and Spain to 
nis dominions ; he was pul to death by Cimstan- 
tius, in 411. 
CONSTANTINE, a native of Syria, raised 
to the papal chair, in 708, died in the east, in 
715. 
CONSTANTINE, of Carthage, in Africa, a 
physician of the 11th century, who lirst brought 
the Arabian and Greek physic into Italy, 
j CON'STANTITJS, Chlorus, father of Constan- 
Htine the Great, died in 300. 
| CONSTANT1US, Flavius Julius, succeeded 
(his two brothers, Constans and Constantine, in 
the empire of Rome , he died in 361. 
j CONTAIUNI, Gaspard, a native of Venice, 
(made a cardinal, in 1538, was sent it legate to 
|the council of Trent, in 1541. lie wrote against 
Luther, and died in 1542. 
CONTAIUNI, Giovanni, an eminent Vene- 
tian painter, died in 1605. 
CONTAIUNI, Vincent, professor of eloquence 
at Fadua, and a learned author, died m 1617. 
CONTE, Jacobino del, a Florentine, portrait 
painter, died in 15118. 
CONTI, Guisto de, a highly esteemed Italian 
poet, died about tire middle of the 10th century. 
CONTI, Abbe Anthony, a noble Venetian, 
who travelled much, and wrote some poena 
and tragedies; he died in 1749. 
CONTI, Armand de Bourbon, prince of, an 
author of some note, who warmly espoused the 
cause of the insurgents against his brother, the 
great Conde, in the civil wars of France. 
CONTI, Francis Lewis de Bourbon, elected 
king of Poland, in 1697, but supplanted by the 
elector of Saxony, died in 1701). 
CONTO-PKBTANA, Don Joseph, a Portu 
guese poet of great merit: he died in 1735. 
j CONYBEARE, Dr. John, bishop of Bristol, 
born at Pinhoe, near Exeter, in 1692, died at 
Hath, in 1755. His “Defence of Revealed 1’e- 
jligion,” published in 1732, in answer to Titulars 
“ Christianity as old as the Creation,” is an aii- 
jmirable work, and rendered eminent service to 
ttie church. 
COOK, James, a celebrated English circumna- 
vigator, was born at Marton, in Yorkshire, Oc- 
tober 27, 1728, of poor parents, and apprenticed 
on board a vessel in the coal-trade. In the war 
of 1755, between England and France, he en- 
tered as a seaman in tile rova! navy. Ris be- 
haviour in this station soon endeared him to 
the officers; and, on the 15th of May, 1759, he 
obtained a master’s warrant for the Mercury', 
which was si on after employed in the famous 
siege of Quebec. During this siege, a difficult 
and dangerous service was to be performed; 
namely, to take soundings in the channel of the 
river St. I awrence, directly in front of the 
French fortified camp. This he performed at 
the imminent hazard of his life, with which in- 
deed tie very narrowly escaped; lie was succes- 
sively rewarded with the appointments of mas- 
ter of the Northumberland man of war, marine 
surveyor of Newfoundland and Labrador, lieu- 
tenant in the navy, and commander of the En- 
deavour bark, fitted out for the purpose of ink- 
ingsome astronomical observations, and making 
discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. On this expe- 
dition, lie sailed from Deptford, July 30, 1768, 
and returned to England, July 12, 1771. He 
sailed again, April 2, 1772, in tiie Resolulior.  CO 
accompanied by captain Furneaux, in the Ad- 
ventuie, to determine the existence, or non-ex- 
istence of a southern continent. By this voy- 
age, from which lie returned in 1775, the illu- 
sions of a Terra Australis Incognita to any 
purposes of commerce, colonization, or utility, 
were dispelled; but as a reward for captain 
Cook’s important improvements for preserving 
the health of seamen, very happily manifested 
in this voyage, the Royal Society bestowed on 
him the medal of Sir Godfrey Copley. Another 
grand question was, the practicability of a 
northern passage to the Pacific Ocean; to de- 
termine which, captain Cook sailed, in 1776, on 
board the Resolution, accompanied by captain 
Clerke, in the Discovery. This voyage served 
to prove that the re was no practicable passage 
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to- 
ward the north ; hut, on his return, it unfortu- 
nately happened, that our navigator was killed 
in an affray with the natives of Owhybee, one 
of the Sandwich isles, February 14, 1779. His 
death was universally regretted, not only in 
Great Britain, but throughout all Europe, where 
his great merits and publicservices were known. 
COOKE, Sir Anthony, preceptor to Edward 
VI., horn at Gidding-Hall, in Essex, in 1506, died 
in 1576. He was a man of singular piety and 
goodness, and of uncommon prudence in the 
management of his family. Knowing that 
women are as capable of learning as men, he 
instilled that into his daughters at night, which 
lie had taught the prince in the day. He was 
remarkably happy in these daughters; for they 
were learned above their sex in Greek and La- 
tin, and were equally distinguished by their 
virtue, piety, and good fortune. Several witty 
and ingenious sayings of his are recorded ; par- 
ticularly the following: “ That there were three 
objects before whom he could not do amiss; his 
prince, his conscience, and his children.” This 
facetious story is likewise related of him ; “ A 
Sussex knight, having spent a great estate at 
court, and reduced himself to one park, and a 
fine house in it, was yet ambitious to entertain 
the king, (Edward VI.) For that purpose, he 
new painted his gales, with a coat nf arms and 
this motto over them, in large gohlt i> letters, 
OlA VANITAS. Sir Anthony, offering to read 
it, desired to know of the gentleman what he 
meant by OIA; who told him it stood for omnia. 
“ I wonder, (replied he,) that having made your 
omnia so little as you have, you should yet 
make your vanitas so large.” 
COOKE, Thomas, born at Braintree, in Es- 
sex, in 1702. When only 19, he gave the world 
a very correct edition of “ Andrew Marvel’s 
Works, with a Life of the author prefixed.” 
He published translations of “ Hesiod,” “ Cicero 
tie Natura Deorum,” and “Terence,” and pre- 
pared a translation of “ Plautus,” but only pub- 
lished the “ Amphytrion.” He was also a dra- 
matic writer, and author of five or six pieces, 
which, however, were not attended with any 
success. 
COOKE, Elisha, a respectable physician, of 
Boston, and an agent to England to procure the 
restoration of the charter of Mass., in 1715. 
1 lOOKE, Elisha, distinguished in the political 
ifisrory of Massachusetts, was a representative 
.n the general court, counsellor, &c., and died 
in 1737. 
COOKE, Samuel, first minister of the 2d pa- 
rish in Cambridge, Massachusetts, died in 1783. 
He was a man of science, and published several 
sermons. 
CO 
COOKE, Robert, an able English divine, and 
proctor of the Oxford university. lie retired 
upon the vicarage of Leeds, and died 111 lGl-i. 
COOPER, Thomas, I). D., a learned English 
prelate, born in 1517; lie was author of a work, 
entitled “ Thesaurus Lingua; Romans' et Bii- 
tannicie,” which was highly patronised by queen 
Elizabeth. 
COOPER, Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftes- 
bury, and sometime lord high chancellor, was 
born at Winbonie St. Giles’, in Dorsetshire, 
July 22, 1621, and died January, 1682-3. lit is 
suposed to have been a little intemperate in his 
gallantries; and it is recorded, that Charles 11 , 
who would both take liberties and bear them, 
once said to the earl at court, in a vein of rail- 
lery and good humour, and in reference only to 
his amours, “ I believe, Shaftesbury, thou art 
the wickedest fellow in my dominions.” To 
which, with a low bow and very grave face, 
the earl replied, “ May it please your majesty, 
of a subject 1 believe 1 am ; at which the merry 
monarch laughed most heartily. 
COOPER, Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftes- 
bury, the celebrated author of the “Charac- 
teristics,” was grandson of the preceding earl, 
and horn at Exeter-house, in London, Febru- 
ary 26, 1670-1. Soon after his coining into par- 
liament, as a burgess for Poole, he had an tq>- 
portunity of showing that spirit of liberty which 
he maintained to the end of his life, and by 
which he uniformly directed his conduct on all 
occasions : it was the bringing in and promoting 
“ The act for granting counsel to prisoners in 
cases of high treason.” This he looked upon 
as important, and had prepared a speech in its 
behalf: but when he stood up to speak it in ihe 
House of Commons, he was so intimidated, that 
he lost all memory, and was quite unable to 
proceed. The house, after giving him a little 
time to recover his confusion, called loudlv for 
him to go on; when he proceeded to this effect: 
“ If 1, sir, (addressing himself to the speaker,) 
who rise only to give my opinion on the hill 
now pending, am so confounded that I am un- 
able to express the least of what I proposed to 
say, what must the condition of that man be, 
who, without any assistance, is pleading for his 
life, and under apprehension of being deprived 
of if?” He died in 1712-13. 
COOPER, Maurice Ashley, brother of the 
foregoing, translated “ Xenophon’s Cyropsedia,” 
which was published in 2 vols. 8vo., 1728, being 
a short time after his decease. A third edition 
was published in 1770; “ not,” as is said, “ with 
the eclat of popular applause, but with the silent 
approbation of the studious few.” 
COOPER, Samuel, an eminent English pain- 
ter, born in London, in 1609, and commonly 
styled the Vandyck in little, lie died in 1072, 
and was buried in Pancras church. 
COOPER, John Gilbert, author of a “ Life of 
Socrates.” He wrote one or two numbers of 
the periodical paper called “ The World was 
author of “Letters on Taste;” “Ver Vert, or 
the Nunnery Parrot;” and published a volume 
of “ Poems on several subjects,” 1764, 12mo. 
lie died in April, 1769. 
COOPER, Ilr. Miles, a learned divine and 
poet, who published sermons “ On the Origin 
of Civil government,” and a volume of poems, 
and died at Edinburgh, in 1785. 
COOPER, William, minister in Boston, of 
which place he was a native; he was distin- 
guished for his faithfulness and zeal, and died 
in 1743 ; he published several discourses  CO 
COOPER, Samuel, minister in Boston, son of 
William, whom he succeeded in Brattle-street 
church; was amongthe Arstof those patriots who 
took part against Great Britain : he died in 1783. 
COOPER,Miles, D.D., presidentof King’s Col- 
lege, New-York, a native of England ; he came 
to America in 1762, published a volume of poems, 
returned to England, and died in 1785. 
COOTE, Sir Eyre, a celebrated commander 
of the East India Company’s forces in India, 
who gained great renown by his frequent vic- 
tories over Hyder Ally ; in one of whic.li, near 
Porto Novo, Hyder’s army consisted of more 
than 150,000 men, and General Coote’s of only 
10,000. He was born in 1720, and died at Ma- 
dras, April, 1783. 
COOTWICH, John, of Utrecht, a civilian 
and traveller. The account of his “Travels 
into Jerusalem and Syria,” was published in 
Latin, 4to., 1619. It is very curious, and is now 
become extremely scarce. The dates of his 
birth and death are uncertain. 
COPERNICUS, Nicholas, an eminent as- 
tronomer, born at Thorn, in Prussia, in 1472. He 
adopted and improved the hypothesis of the Py- 
thagoreans, which made the sun the centre of 
the system, and the earth to move, not only 
round the sun, but round its own axis also; and 
established that system of the world whjch goes 
by his name, and is now universally received. 
This he performed in a work entitled “ De Re- 
volutiouibus Orbium Ccelestium.” Apprehen- 
sions, arising from the novelty of his opinions, 
had, it is said, almost brought him to drop all 
thoughts of publishing his book, which had lain 
in his escrutoir not nine years only, (which is 
the term Horace prescribes, but almost four 
times nine years. At length, however, by the 
importunity of his friends, he was prevailed 
upon to let it come out; but a copy of it was 
no sooner brought to him, than he was presently 
seized with a violent effusion of blood, which 
put an end to his life, May 24, 1543. 
COPPA, Cavalier, a disciple and imitator of 
Guido, died in 1665. 
CO(l, Peter le, a French ecclesiastic, superior 
of the Eudistes, and distinguished for his piety, 
learning, &c., died in 1777. 
COQ.UES, Gonzalo, a Flemish painter, who 
excelled in historical conversations ; he died in 
1681. 
CORAM, Captain Thomas, born in 1668, spent 
the first part of his life as master of a colonial 
trading vessel. While he resided in that part 
of London which is the common residence of 
seafaring people, business often obliged him to 
come early into the city and return late : when 
he had frequent occasions of seeing young chil- 
1r,:n exposed, through the indigence or cruelty 
>f their parents. This excited his compassion 
io far, that he projected the Foundling Hospital; 
in which humane design he laboured 17 years, 
and at last, by his sole application, obtained the 
royal charter for it. Indeed he spent a great 
part of his life in serving the public: and with 
so total a disregard to his private interest, that, 
toward the latter part of it, he was himself sup- 
ported by the voluntary subscription of public 
spirited persons. This singular and memorable 
man died March 29, 1751, and was interred, 
pursuant to his desire, in the vault under the 
chapel of the Foundling Hospital 
CORAS, John de, professor of law at Toulouse 
at the age of 18 ; afterwards chant ellor to the 
jueen of Navarre; he was imprisoned for favour- 
ing the protestants, and murdered in 1572. 
CO ~ 
COltAS, James de, a native of Toulouse, and 
an author of little merit, died in 1677. 
CORBET, John, a zealous non-conformist, 
author of several works of merit, died in 1680. 
CORBET, Dr. Richard, bishop of Norwich, 
and an ingenious poet, died 1635. His poems 
were printed in 12mo., under the title of “ Poe- 
tica Stromata,” 1647, and again in 1762. Mr. 
Gilchrist, published an edition of them (with his 
life prefixed) in 1807. Some pleasant anecdotes 
are recorded of him, among which are the fol- 
lowing ; after he was doctor of divinity, he sung 
ballads at the Cross at Abingdon. On a mar- 
ket-day he and some of his comrades were at 
the tavern by the Cross ; the ballad singer com- 
plained he had no custom, and could not put off 
his ballads. The jolly doctor puts off his gown, 
and put on the ballad-singer’s leathern jacket; 
and being a handsome man, and a rare full voice, 
he presently vended agreat many, and had a great 
audience. His conversation was extremely plea- 
sant. Dr. Stubbins was one of his cronies ; he 
was a jolly doctor, and a very good house-keeper. 
As Dr. Corbet and he were riding in Eob-laue, 
in wet weather, (it is an extraordinary deep 
dirty lane,) the coach fell, and Corbet said, tha 
Dr. S. was up to the elbows in mud, and he was 
up to the elbows in Stubbins. His chaplain, 
Dr. Lushington, was a very learned and inge- 
nious man ; and they loved one another. The 
bishop would sometimes take the key of the wine 
cellar, and he and his chaplain would go and 
lock themselves in, and be merry : then, first he 
lays down his episcopal hood, 11 There lies the 
doctor;” then he puts off his gown, “There 
lies the bishop ;” then it was, “ Here’s to thee 
Corbet.” “ Here’s to thee Lushington.” 
CORBULO, Domitius, a Roman general, 
who carried his arms against the Parthians, 
and placed Tigranes on the throne; he destroyed 
himself, A.D. 67. 
CORDAY D’ ARMANS, MaryAnne Charlotte, 
anativeof Normandy,who avenged the death of 
her lover, by stabbing Marat,the author of it, to 
the heart, for which she was guillotined in 1793. 
CORDEMOI, Geraud de, a French academi- 
cian, and a great partisan of Descartes’ systems ; 
he wrote several works, and died in 1722. 
CORDIER, or CORDERHJS, Mathurin, a 
schoolmaster, died at Geneva, in 1564, aged 85; 
having continued the office of teaching till with- 
in a few days of his death. Calvin was his 
scholar. Among many other works, he pub 
lislied “ Colloquia,” one of the most popular of 
our school books. 
CORDUS, Aulas Crementius, a Roman, au- 
thor of a liistoryof the civil wars of Rome, much 
commended by Tacitus and Seneca. 
CORDUS, Euricius, a German physician and 
poet, intimate with Erasmus ; died in 1535. 
CORDUS, Valerius, son of the preceding' 
devoted himself particularly to botany, and tra- 
versed the mountains of Germany, &c.; he died 
in 1554. 
CORELLI, Arcanselo, a famous musician of 
Italy, born at Fusignano, a town of Bologna, in 
1653. His merits, as a performer on the violin, 
were sufficient to attract the patronage of the 
great, and to silence, as they did, all competi- 
tion ; but the remembrance of these is at this 
day absorbed in the contemplation of his excel- 
lencies as a musician at large, as the author of 
new and original harmonies, and the father of 
a style not less noble and grand than elegant 
and pathetic. He died at Rome, in 1713, and 
was buried in the church of the Rotunda, othei CO 
wise called the Pantheon ; where, for many 
years a: ;er his decease, he was commemorated 
by a solemn musical performance on the anni- 
versary of his death. 
CORINNA, a Greek poetess, who gained the 
prize five times over Pindar. 
CORIO, Beruardine, a historian of Milan; he 
wrole the history of his country, which is much 
esteemed, and died in 1500. 
CORIOLANUS, C. Marcius, a famous Ro- 
man captain, who took Corioli, a town of the 
Volsci, whence he had his name. At last, dis- 
gusting the people, he was banished Rome by 
the tribune Decius. He then went to the Volsci, 
and, persuading them to take up arms against 
the Romans, they encamped within four miles 
of Rome. Here Coriolanus would not listen to 
a peace, which the Romans sued for, till iie was 
prevailed upon by his wife Veturia, and his 
mother Volumnia, who were followed by all the 
Roman ladies in tears. He was at last put to 
death by the Volsci as a traitor, who had made 
them quit their conquest: upon which the Ro- 
man ladies went into mourning: and in the 
same place where his blood was shed, there was 
a temple consecrated to Female Fortune. 
CORLET, Elijah, was master of the gram- 
mar school, in Cambridge, Mass., for 40 or 50! 
years, and was much esteemed; he died in 1687. 
CORNARIUS, or IIAGUENBOT, John, a 
German physician, early distinguished as a! 
scholar. He was the translator of the works of 
Hippocrates, &c., and died in 1558. 
OORNARO, Lewis, a noble Venetian, born 
<464, wrote in Latin a celebrated treatise “ On 
the Advantages of a Temperate Life.” By fol- 
lowing his own rules, lie lived to upwards of 100 
vears ot age, dying in 1565. 
CORNARO, Helena Lucretia,of the same fa- 
milv with the above, a prodigy of learning; of 
whom it is related, that all people of quality or 
fashion who passed through Venice, were more 
solicitous to see her, than any of tile curiosities 
of that superb city. Slit: was born at Venice, in 
1R46, and educated at Padua, where she obtain- 
ed the degree of doctor, and died in 1685. 
COltNAZZANl, Anthony, a native of Placen- 
tia, in the loth century; he wrote the lives of 
the Virgin Mary, &c. 
CORN BURY, lord, governor of New-York 
in 1702, was universally detested for his despo- 
tism, bigotry, and injustice; he was removed 
in 1708. 
CORNEILLE, Michael, a French painter, 
who gained a prize for one of his pieces, and 
was afterwards professor of the academy of Pa- 
ris ; lie died in 1708. 
CORNEILLE, Peter, a celebrated French 
poet, born at Rouen, in 1606, and died 1684. His 
works have been often printed, and consist of 
above '0 comedies and tragedies. 
CORNEILLE, Thomas, a French poet also, 
but inferior to Peter Corneille, whose brother lie 
was He died 1709, aged 84.—Thomas Corneille 
was the author of “ A Dictionary of Arts,” in 
2 vols folio; and “ A Universal Geographical 
and Historical Dictionary,” in 3 vols. folio. 
CORNELIA, a Roman lady, who educated 
her sons Tiberius and Cams Gracchus, and when 
they were killed, exhibited great fortitude. 
CORNELI3Z, Lucas, a painter, of Leyden, 
who became chief painter to Henry VIII. of 
England. 
CORNELISZ, James, a Dutch painter of the 
16th century, his descent from the cross is 
much admired. 
CO 
COKNELISZ, Cornelius, of Hacriein, \va4 
eminent as a painter. 
CORNELIUS, bishop of Rome, after Fabian 
was banished, and soon after died, in 252. 
CORNETO, Adrian, an Italian ecclesiastic, 
much employed by Innocent VI1. and liis suc- 
cessors, as a legate : lie was an author of some 
distinction. 
CORNUTUS, a grammarian and philosopher 
of merit, and tutor to the poet Persius. He 
was put to deatli by Nero, A 1). 44. 
CORNWALLIS, Sir Charles, second son of 
Sir William Cornwallis, a man of superior abi- 
lities ; was sent by James I. as ambassador to 
Spain ; and died in 1030. 
CORNWALLIS, Charles, marquis, a brave 
British general, born in 1738. In the American 
war he displayed great military taients, took 
possession of Philadelphia, contributed to the 
reduction of South Carolina, and defeated Gen. 
Gates with a very inferior force. But, in 1781, 
iie was under the necessity of surrendering to the 
united American and French army ; soon after 
which he returned to England. lie was next 
sent out as governor-general of India; where in 
December, 1790, he took Bangalore, which was 
followed by the defeat of Tippoo Sail), who de- 
livered to his lordship his two sons as hostages. 
Lord Cornwallis was next appointed lord lieu- 
tenant of Ireland ; where he quelled an insur- 
rection, defeated a French invading army, and 
succeeded in effecting a union of the two king- 
doms. In 1801, he was employed as minister 
plenipotentiary in France, where he signed the 
preliminary treaty of peace at Amiens. 11 is 
lordship again accepted the government of In 
dia, in 1803; but died at Ghazepoor, in the pro 
vince of Benares, on the 5th of October, in the 
same year. 
CORONEL, Paul, a native of Segovia, em- 
ployed by Cardinal Ximenes in the publication 
of liis Polyglott Bible; he died in 15-4. 
CORONELLI, Vincent, a Venetian geogra 
pher, made cosmographer to the French king 
in 1085. lie published 400 geographical charts, 
and died in 1718. 
CORRADINI, Peter Marcellinus, a learned ci 
vilian, and favourite of Pope Clement XI., he 
died in 1743. 
CORRADIJS, Sebastian, a grammarian and 
professor at Bologna, died in 1550. 
CORREGIO, Antonio da, a most extraord. 
nary painter, so called from Corregio, a town 
in the dukedom of Modena, where he was born 
in 1494. This artist is remarkable for having 
borrowed nothing from the works of other men 
Corregio spent the greater part of his life at 
Parma; and notwithstanding the many fine 
pieces that he made, and the high reputation 
he had gained, he was extremely poor and al- 
ways obliged to work hard for the maintenance 
of his family, which was somewhat large. He 
was very humble and modest in his behaviour, 
lived very devoutly, and died much lamented in 
1534, when he was but 40 years of age. The 
cause of his death was a little singidar. Go- 
ing to receive 50 crowns for a piece that he 
had done, lie was paid it in a sort of copper 
money called quadrioos. This was a great 
weight, and he had 12 miles to carry it, though 
it was in the midst of summer. He was over- 
heated and fatigued ; in which condition, ind«vv 
erectly drinking cold water, he brought on u 
pleurisy which put an end to his life. 
CORROZET, Giles, a French bookseller, au 
thor of several works of merit; died in 150b CO~ 
COItSINI, Edward, an Italian, a man of great 
erudition; author of some valuable works on 
criticism, philosophy, &c- ; died in 1765. 
CORT, Cornelius, a native of Holland. His 
engravings are the best which that country has 
produced ; he died in 1578. 
CORTESI, William, a French painter, patro- 
nised by Alexander VIII., died in 1679. 
CORTESI, Giovanna, a female painter of 
miniatures, of Florence ; died in 1736. 
CORTEZ, Ferdinand, a Spanish gentleman, 
famous, under the emperor Charles V., for the 
conquest of Mexico. He died in 1554, aged 63. 
COltTEZI, Paul, a learned Italian, a patron 
of literature ; was bishop of Urbino, and died 
in 1510. 
CORTI, Matthew, a native of Pavia, a phy- 
sician to Clement VII., wrote on fevers, &c. 
and died iu 1544. 
t ORT1CELLI, Salvatore, a monk of Bologna, 
author of a much admired Italian grammar, 
died in 1770. 
CORY ATE, Thomas, a famous English tra- 
veller, chiefly on foot. He visited almost all 
pails of the world, and published relations of 
his voyages and travels ; but the singularity of 
tlie titles, and of his manners, exposed him to 
mush ridicule, and occasioned the character of 
his works to be misrepresented, as well as that 
of their author, who was certainly a man of 
great learning. His best known works are, 
“Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months’ 
Travels in France, Savoy, Italy,” &c. He was 
born at Odcombe, in Somersetshire, 1577, and 
died at Surat in the East Indies, 1617. 
COSBY, William, governor of the colonies of 
New-York and New Jersey, died in 1736. 
COSIERS, John, a painter of Antwerp, pa- 
tronised by many crowned Ik ads. 
COSIMO, Andrew and Peter, Italian painters, 
the former excelled in the claro-obscuro, the 
latter in ludicrous pieces. Peter died in 1521. 
COSIN, John, an English prelate, deprived of 
his preferments by preaching a seditious ser- 
mon ; hut at the restoration lit was re-instated 
and preferred to the see of Durham. He wrote 
various works, and was a learned and humane 
man. He died in 1672. 
COSME, John Baseillac, eminent as a litho- 
tomist, rvliose instruments were much used for- 
merly ; he was banished through the envy of 
his rivals; and died at Paris, in 1786. 
COSMO I., son of John de Medici, who rais- 
ed himself to the supreme authority of the state 
of Florence, and put down all conspiracies 
against him : lie died in 1574. 
COSMO II., grandson of Cosmo I , succeed- 
ed his father Ferdinand, in 1609; he was a 
benevolent prince, and died in 1621. 
COSMO III., succeeded bis father Ferdinand 
IT. ; he was a patron of learning, and c ne of the 
richest sovereigns of Europe ; he died in 1723. 
COSNAC, Daniel de, a native of Limousin, 
raised to the see of Valence, and afterwards to 
that of Aix, died in 1708. 
COSPEAU, Philip, a French prelate, repre- 
sented to have been very eloquent; died in 1646. 
COSSART, Gabriel, a native of Pontoise, who 
assisted Labbe in his grand collection of coun- 
cils, which was contained in 28 vols. fo o, died 
in 1671. 
COSSE, Charles de, marechal de Brissac, a 
French general of great military talents, j tfron- 
ised by the king of France, was ambassador to 
Clmrles V., and died in 1563. 
COSTA, Christopher, a Portuguese, who, 
CO 
when travelling in Asia, was taken prisoner- 
and detained in captivity many years; lie pub- 
lished an account of Indian plants, 
j COSTA, Emanuel, a Portuguese lawyer ;>n> 
lessor at Salamanca, 1550. 
COSTA, John, professor of law, at Cahors. 
died in 1057. 
COSTA, Margaret, an Italian poetess, whose 
works were published at Paris. 
COSTANZO, Angelo di, an Italian, wrote a 
history of Italy, and was a poet of considerable 
merit; he died about 1590. 
COSTARD, George, an English scholar, who 
wrote 15 treatises, chiefly on astronomy, died ii 
11782. 
| COSTE, Peter, a native of Uzez, who trails 
dated into French, Locke on the understanding 
and Newton’s optics, &:c. ; he died in 1747. 
COSTER, Lawrence, an inhabitant of Haer 
lem, supposed by the Dutch to have been the 
inventor of printing, about 1430. He died ir. 
1410. 
COSTHA, Ben Luca, a Christian philosopher, 
of Balbec, who translated several Greek works 
into Arabic. 
COTA, Rodriguez, a native of Toledo, whose 
tragi-comedia de Colisto & Meliboea, has ap- 
peared in Latin and French, flourished in the 
IGth century. 
COTELERIUS, John Baptist, a learned 
Frenchman, who published the works of all the 
fathers in the Apostolic age, with learned notes, 
died in 1686. 
COTES, Roger, an illustrious English matbe- 
Inratician, philosopher, and astronomer, born in 
1682, died 1716. 
COTES, Francis, an English painter, in oil 
and crayons died in 1770. 
COTIN, Charles, a French writer, ami elo 
quent preacher, known for the severity of Boi- 
leau and Moliere’ssatires against him, died in 
1678. 
COTOLENPT, Charles, an advocate in the 
parliament of Paris, and respectable as an au- 
thor. He wrote the life of Columbus, of de 
Sales, and numerous other works. 
COTTA, John, a Latin poet, author of some 
epigrams and orations, died at Viterbo in 1511. 
COTTE, Robert de, of Paris, director of the 
Royal Academy of Architecture, who adorned 
many of the public buildings in Paris; died in 
1735. 
C-iTTEREL, Sir Charles, groom-porter to 
Jarre, T., and master of requests to Charles II., 
wr-ij skilled in modern languages. 
,'JTTIN, Sophia de, wife of M. Cottin, a 
banker of Paris, died in 1807. She wastheathoj 
of Malvina, Matilda Mansfield, the exiles of Si- 
beria, and other novels. 
COTTINGTON, Francis, lord, chancellor of 
the exchequer, and first lord of the treasury, in 
the reign of Charles I., died in 1651 
COTTON, or COTON, Peter, a learned Je- 
suit, born in France, in 1564, wrote several book* 
on controversial subjects, and died in 1626. 
COTTON, Sir Robert Bruce, an eminent Eng- 
lish antiquary, born at Denton, in Huntingdon- 
shire, in 1570. His writings are very numerous 
and valuable; but it may reasonably be ques- 
tioned, whether he has not done more service 
to learning, by securing, as he did, his valuable 
library for the use of posterity, than by all his 
writings. The Cottonian library is deposited 
in the British Museum. 
COTTON, Charles, lived in the reigns of 
Charles and Janie'. tlr- had something of a ge 
137 CO 
nins for poetry, and was particularly famous tor 
burlesque verse, lie translated one of Corneille’s 
tragedies, called “ Horace,’’ printed in 1671. He; 
published a volume of poems on several occa- j 
sions: “The Wonders of the Peak in Derby- j 
shire;” “ Scarronides, or Virgil Travestie ;”I 
and “Lucian burlesqued,or the Scoffer scoffed| 
an edition of the three last mentioned, was 
printed in 1715, and has been frequently reprint- 
ed. But the chief of all his productions, and 
for which perhaps he deserves the best praise 
of his countrymen, is his translation of “ Mon- 
taigne’s Essay's.” 
COTTON, Dr., author of “ Visions in Verse, 
for the instruction of Younger Minds,” was dis- 
tinguished for his great cave, humanity, and at- 
tention as a physician, at St. Albans, where he 
died Aug. 2, 1788. 
COTTON, John, one of the most distinguish- 
ed early ministers of New England, born in Eng- 
land ; he sustained a high reputation for wisdom 
and learning; his publications were numerous. 
COTTON, Seaborn, son of John, minister of 
Hampton, N. II., was born at sea, died in 1686. 
He was a good scholar, and an able preacher. 
COTTON, John, son of the Rev. John Cot- 
ton, minister of Plymouth,Mass., and of Charles- 
ton, South Carolina. He was a faithful minis- 
ter, and eminent for his kuowlege of the Indian 
language. He reviseil and superintended the 
printing of Elliot’s Bible. 
COTTON, John, minister of Newton, Mass , 
highly respected, died in 1757. 
COTYS, a king of Thrace, in the age of 
Alexander, died about 356 B. C. A second of 
the name lived in the age of Pompey, and a 
third in the age of Augustus. 
COUDRETTE, Christopher, a French eccle- 
siastic, opposerof the Jesuits, and of the pope’s 
bull, unigenitus, died in 1774. His chief work 
is a history of the Jesuits. 
COULON, Lewis, a French priest, whose 
geographical works are much esteemed, died in 
1664. 
COUPERIN, Francis, a Frenchman, much 
admired for his execution on the harpsichord, 
died in 1733. 
COUPLET, Philip, a Jesuit missionary to 
China, wrote some works oil the Chinese lan- 
guage ; he died in 1693. 
COUR A YER, Peter Francis, a French divine, 
author of Paul’s history of the council of Trent, 
in French, &c., died in 1776. 
COURCELLES, Stephen de, a native of Ge- 
neva, professor of divinity at Amsterdam, and 
author of various theological tracts, died in 
1658 
COURT DE GEBELIN, Anthony, a protest- 
ant minister of Lausanne, author of “ Monde 
Primitif,” in 9 vols. 4to, a work of great merit, 
died in 1784. 
COURTANVAUX, Francis Cresar, matquis 
de, a French nobleman, who distinguished him- 
self in the wars of Bohemia and Bavaria; lie 
died in 1781. 
COURTF.N, William, son of a tailor, of Me- 
nix, in the Netherlands, who made himself im- 
mensely rich, by making French hoods, in Lon- 
don ; he died in 1636. 
COURTEN, William, descendant of the pre- 
ceding, who collected whatever was curious and 
important; in medallic and antiquarian history, 
and no less than 38 vols. in folio, and 8 in 4to, 
all of which were purchased for the British 
Museum, for the sum of 20,0001. He died in 
1702. 
CO 
| COURTENAY, John, a member ofpariia 
nient, and commissioner of the treasury, known 
| also as a writer, died in 18!G. 
|j COURT1LZ, Garien de sicur de Sandras, of 
jjParis, confined in the Hostile 9 years, for his po- 
I litical works, died in 1712. 
COURT! VRON, Gaspard, inariptis de, a na- 
tive of Dijon, a soldier and a scholar; he was 
wounded iri attempting to save the life of mar- 
shal Saxe, and died in 1785. 
COURTNEY, William, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, a persecutor of Wickliti'e, and his fi l 
lowers, died in 1396. 
COURTOIS, James, a painter, who delinea- 
ted the battles of the French, in the campaigns 
of Italy ; he died in 1676. 
COURTOIS, William, also a painter, much 
admired, was patronised by Alexander VII. 
and died in 1673. 
COUSIN, John, a painter and mathematician, 
in France; he was called the Great, and wa? 
patronised by Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., 
and Henry HI. 
COUSIN, James Anthony Joseph, an emi- 
nent mathematician, was professor of nauttal 
philosophy in the college of France, and after- 
wards of mathematics in the military school; 
he died in 1808. 
COUSTON, Nicholas, sculptor to the French 
king; his pieces adorn the palaces of Paris, 
Versailles, and Marly; he died in 1733. 
COUSTON, William, brother to the preced 
:ng, director of the academy of painting and 
sculpture, died in 1746. 
COUSTON, William, son of the preceding 
was improving himself in the arts, at Rome 
where he died iti 1777. 
COUTHON, Georges, a native of Orsay, in 
Auvergne, a member of the convention in the 
French revolution, odious lor his ferocious and 
vindictive conduct; he was guillotined in 1794 
COUVREUR, Adrianne le, a French actress, 
who played with much applause, died in 1730. 
COVEL, John, an English divine, chaplain to 
the embassy to Constantinople, published an ac- 
count of the Greek church, and died in 1722. 
COVERDALE, Miles, bishop of Exeter, in the 
time of Edward VI., was ejected from his see 
by queen Mary, and thrown into prison. Being 
liberated by queen Elizabeth, he attached him- 
self to the puritans, and died in 1507, at the age 
of 81. He assisted Tindal in the English ver- 
sion of the Bible, published in 1537, and after- 
wards revised and corrected the edition of it in 
a larger volume, witli notes, in 1540. 
COWARD, William, a medical and tneta 
physical writer, born at Winchester, in 1656 
died between 1722 and 1725. 
COWELL. Dr. John, a learned and eminent 
civilian, born at Ernesborottgli, in Devonshire, 
in 1554 ; and well known by a laborious work 
which he published at Cambridge, in 1607, enti- 
tled “ The Interpreter.’’ Besides, this, he pub- 
lished, in 1605. “ Institutiones Juris Anglicani,” 
&c., that is, “ Institutes of the Laws of England, 
in the same method as Justinian’s Institutes.’ 
He died in 1611. 
COWLEY, Abraham, an eminent English 
poet, born in London, in 1618, died 1667,and was 
buried in Westminster Abbey, nearChaucerand 
Spenser, where a monument was erected to his 
memory. Cowley was a staunch loyalist; am' 
when Charles II. heard of his death, he was 
pleased to say, “ that Mr. Cowley had not left 
a better man behind him in England ” Addi- 
son has observed, that of ail authors, none ever <56 ~ 
abounded so much in wit, according to Locke's 
true definition of it, as Cowley. 
COWLEY, Hannah, a very ingenius drama- 
tic writer, and a poetess, indeed, in almost 
every branch of the art, born at Tiverton, De- 
von, in 1743, died March 11, 1809, at the place 
of her nativity, in her 66th yea. 
COWPER, William, bishop of Galloway, in 
Scotland, born in Perth, in 1564, died 1617, leav- 
ing a folio volume of works on divinity. 
COWPER, William, dean of Durham, was 
the son of earl Cowper, born in London, in 
1713, and died 177a. He wrote a learned “Trea- 
tise on Geometry,” eight “ Sermons,” and 
“ Advice to a Ladyall of which are much 
esteemed. 
COWPER, William, a physician and anti- 
quary, at Chester, died in 1767. 
COWPER,William, an excellent English poet, 
equally distinguished by his genius and his vir- 
tues. He was born at Berkhampstead, Herts, 
Kov. 1731, was the grandson, of judge Cowper, 
great nephew of the lord high chancellor of the 
same name, and died April25,1800. His poems 
are various; but the most celebrated of them is 
called “ The Task and the tendency of all 
ld> writings is, to enlarge the soul to every libe- 
ral sentiment, and to improve the heart. Mr. 
Cowper also published a translation into blank 
verse, of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey ; which is 
more remarkable for its fidelity to the original, 
than for its poetical elegance. 
COX, Richard, bishop of Ely, born at Whad- 
don, in Buckinghamshire, in 1499, died 1581. 
He was the chief framer of the liturgy, and 
-anslator of the Bible called “ The Bishop’s 
Bible,” made in the reign of Elizabeth. 
COX, S;r Richard, lord chancellor of Ireland, 
and author of “ A History” of that kingdom, 
was born at llandon, in Cork, in 1650, and died 
1733. 
COX, Leonard, a grammarian, sometime mas- 
ter of Reading school, with great reputation, 
and teacher in several countries on the conti- 
sr • \t, died in 1549. 
COXETER, Thomas a faithful and indus- 
trious collector of old English literature, was 
born at Lechlade, in Glocestershire, in 1689. 
He amassed materials for a biography of the 
English poets, and assisted Mr. Ames in the 
“ History of British Typography.” He had a 
curious collection of old plays, and pointed out 
to Theobald, many of the black letter books 
which that critic used in his edition of Sliak- 
speare. Coxeter was the first who formed the 
scheme, afterwards adopted by Dodsley, of pub- 
jghing a collecion of ancient plays. lie died 
ill 1747. 
COXIS, Michael, a painter, of Mechlin, who 
imitated Raphael, died in 1592. 
COYER, 1’Abhe Gabriel Francis, a French- 
man, who wrote the life of John Sobieski, Tra- 
vels in Italy, Holland, &c , and died in 1782. 
COYPEL, the name of several painters, who 
were very eminent in France, m the 17th and 
18ti) centuries. 
COYSEVOX, Anthony, chancellor and re- 
gent of the academy of painting and sculpture, 
in Fran'e, died in 1720. 
COYTIER, James, physician to Lewis XI., 
of France, and memorable for nothing particu- 
larly, but the dexterity he showed, in managing 
that monarch. Lewis had no principle to lay 
hold of, except an intense fear of dying ; which 
most contemptible cowardice, Coytier taking the 
ed/antagi? cf and often threatening his master 
CR 
with a speedy dissolution, obtained from tims 
to time, great and innumerable favours. Lew- 
is, however, once recovered strength of mind 
enough to be ashamed of his weakness; and 
feeling a momentary resentment lor (what lie 
then thought) the insolence of his physician, or- 
dered him to be privately despatched. Coytier, 
apprized of this by the officer, who was his in- 
timate friend, replied, “that the only concern 
be felt about himself was, not that he must die, 
but that the king could not survive him above, 
four days; and that lie (tile said Coytier) knew 
this by a particular science (meaning astrology, 
which then prevailed) and only mentioned it to 
him in confidence as an in ’mate friend.” Leu is 
informed of this was frightened more than ever 
and ordered Coytier to be at large, as usual. 
COZZA, Francesco, born in Sicily, eminent 
in fresco and oil painting, died in 1664. 
CRAASBECK, Joseph Van, of Brussels, a 
painter, who excelled in representing alehouse 
quarrels, died in 1668. 
CRAB, Roger, an English hermit, who lived 
at Ickbam, near Uxbridge, and acquired great 
reputation for sanctity and abstinence. 
CRABB, Habakkuk, an eminent dissenter, in 
England, died in 1795. 
CRACHERODE, Rev. Clayton Mordaunt, 
one of the trustees of the British Museum, and 
Fellow of the Royal aud Antiquarian Societies. 
His attainments were various and considerable; 
lie wrote elegantly in Latin verse ; as may be 
seen in tlio “ Carrnina Quadrigesimaiia,” 1or 
the year 1748. He employed a considerable 
part of a large revenue, in making collections 
of what was best and most curious in litera- 
ture, and certain branches of the arts. His li- 
brary was unrivalled in its kind ; and bis cabi- 
net of prints, drawings, aud medals, was consi- 
dered as among the most select and valuable in 
a country that posseses so many oi them. He 
was an exquisite judge of art, both ancient and 
modern, particularly of sculpture, painting, and 
music, and collected the choicest of early print- 
ed books, drawings, coins, and gems, of which 
a complete catalogue raisonne would require a 
volume. Mr. Cracherode died April 6, 1799, 
and bequeathed his immense collection of books, 
medals, drawings, &c., &c., to the British Mu- 
seum. 
CRADDOCK, Luke, an ingenius English 
painter, chiefly of birds, died in 1717. Vertuo 
records, that Craddock’s pictures rose quickly 
after his death, to three or four times the price 
that ho was paid for them when living. 
CRADDOCK, Samuel, a learned divine, au- 
thor of “ A History of the Old and New Testa- 
ment,” an “Apostolical History,” and “ The 
Harmony of the Four Evangelists, died in 1706, 
aged 86. The latter of these works was revi- 
sed by Dr. Tillotson, who preserved it from the 
flames in the fire of London. 
CRADOCK, Thomas, rector of St. Thomas, 
i Baltimore county, Maryland, published Psalms 
[ of David in heroic verse, in 1756. 
CRACKANTHORP, Richard, an eloquent 
English preacher, chaplain to an embassy |o 
the emperor, and an author of merit, died in 
’ 1624. 
, CRAIG, Nicholas, a learned Dane; he was 
■ engaged by the king of Denmark in some im- 
; portant negotiations, and wrote annals of Den 
: mark. He died in 1602. 
i CRAIG, Sir Thomas, a learned Scotch law- 
■> yer, known for his “Jus Feudale,” died in 
r 1608- ' CR 
CRAIG, James, a Scotch divine, admired as 
a preacher; he published 3 vois. of sermons, and 
died in 1744. 
CRAIG, John, a Scotch mathematician, who 
made his name famous by a small woik of 30 
pages in 4to, entitled “ Theologia Christiana; 
Principia Mathematica.” 
CRAIG, William, a Scotch divine, celebrated 
for his pulpit oratory, died in 1783. 
CRAIk, James, M. D., a native of Scotland, 
came to Virginia, where he became a distin- 
guished physician, received an appointment in 
the army of the revolution, and was physician 
to the family of General Washington. He died 
in 1814. 
CRAMER, John Frederic, learned professor 
at Duisburg, translated Puffendorf’s introduc- 
tion to history, and died In 1715. 
CRAMER, Gabriel, of Geneva, well known 
over Europe as a mathematician, died in 1752. 
CRAMER, Nicholas, a Flemish painter, dis- 
tinguished for taste and correctness, died in 1710. 
CRAMER, Daniel, a native of Beltz, in Bran- 
denburg, professor of eloquence, at Wittemberg, 
and an able divine, wrote oil Aristotle’s logic- 
he died in 1598. 
CRAMER, John James, professor of oriental 
langauge at Zurich, and afterwards at Herborn, 
and author of several theological works; he 
died in 1702. 
CRAMER, John Andrew, a native of Clued 
linbiirg, who first reduced the art of assaying 
in metallurgy into a system ; he died in 1777. 
CRAMER, John Andrew, a German divine,| 
not distinguished excepting as a poet. He was! 
professor in several institutions, and died m 
1788. 
CRANE, Thomas, a non-conformist divine, 
author of a “ Treatise on Divine Providence,” 
died in 1714. 
CRANF1ELD, Edward, was, for a short time, 
governor of the colony of New Hampshire, af- 
ter 1682 
CKANiUS, Luca, a painter of Bamberg, whose 
pieces were once admired, died in 1553. 
CRANMER, Thomas, an English archbishop, 
memorable for having endured martyrdom in 
the cause of protestantism, was born at Aslac- 
lon, in Nottinghamshire, in 1489, and burnt at 
Oxford, March 21, 1555, by order of queen Ma- 
ry. He was an open, generous, honest man ; a 
lover of truth, and an enemy of falsehood and 
superstition ; he was gentle and moderate in his 
temper, and though heartily zealous in the cause 
of tlie reformation, yet a friend to the persons 
of those who most strenuously opposed it; he 
was a great patron of learning and the univer- 
sities, a very learned man himself, and author 
of several works. 
CRANSTON, Samuel, governor of Rliode- 
Island, from 1698 to 1727. 
CRAPONE, Adam, a native of Salon, known 
for the canal which bears his name, between 
Arles and the Durance; he was poisoned through 
envy, in 1598. 
CRASHAW, Richard, an English poet, who 
was, in his lifetime, honoured with the friend- 
ship of Mr. Cowley, and after his death, by the 
praise of Mr. Pope, who condescended both to 
read his poems, and to borrow from them. He 
died at Loretto, in Italy, in 1650. 
CRASSO, Lawrence, baron of Pianura, wrote j 
a history of the Greek poets, commended by the 
Italians, but. censured by the French. 
CRASSUS, Lucius Licinius, a Roman orator, | 
greatly commended by Cicero, died 92 B. C. j 
CR 
CRASSUS, Marcus Licinius, one of the tr- 
umvirs with Caisar and Pompey, was defeated 
and kiird in Syria, 53 B. C. 
CRATES, a philosopher, disciple of Diogenes, 
the cynic, prided himself on his poverty ano 
meanness, lived <28 B. C. 
CRATES, an academic philosopher of Athena 
272 B. C. 
CRATESIPOLIS, a queen of Sicyen, cele- 
brated for her valour, 314 B. C. 
CRATES’US, one of the great masters of wha’ 
we call the ancient comedy. He flourished in 
the 81st Olympiad, some 20 or 30 years before 
Aristophanes. He was an Athenian born, and 
appears to have been an excessive drinker; and 
the excuse he gave for that vice was, that it was 
absolutely necessary to warm his fancy, and to 
put a soul into his verse. Aristophanes, in his 
“ Irene,” has given us a pleasant account of 
Cratinus’ death, where he says that it was 
caused by a fatal swoon, at the sight of a noble 
cask of wine split in pieces, and washing the 
streets. Suidas tells us that he wrote 21 plays. 
CRAT1PPUS, pronounced by Cicero, to be 
by far the greatest of all the peripatetic philoso- 
phers that he ever heard, was of Mitylene, and 
taught philosophy there. 
CRATO, or DE CRAFTHEIM, John, physi- 
cian to the emperor Ferdinand I., intimate with 
Luther—wrote “ Luther’s Table Talk;” he 
died in 1585. 
CRAVEN, Charles, colonial governor of S. 
Carolina, returned to England in 1716. 
CRAWFORD, David, author of “ Memoirs 
of Scotland,” d “ Peerage of Scotland,” a “ His- 
tory of the royal family of Stuart,” a topogra- 
phical description of the “ County of Renfrew,’ 
&c., was born near Glasgow, in 16G5, and died 
1726. 
CRAWFORD, William, born at Kelso, in 
1676, wrote “ Dying Thoughts,” and some 
“ Sermons,” published in 2vols. 12mo, anddiec 
in 1742. 
CRAWFORD, Dr. Adair, an eminent Eng- 
lish physician and chymist, author of “ Experi- 
ments and Observations on Animal Heat,” and 
the first who found out the medical uses inherent 
in the Terra Ponderosa, born in 1749, died 1795. 
CRAWFORD, Anne, a celebrated English 
actress, both in comedy and tragedy, but better 
remembered by her name of Barry, was born at 
Bath, in 1734, and died Nov. 29, 1801. 
CRAYER, Caspar de, a celebrated painter 
of Antwerp, greatly esteemed by Reubens and 
Vandyck, died in 1669. 
CREBILLON, Prosper Joliot de, a- French 
writer of tragedy, and usually ranked after 
Corneille and Racine, was born at Dijon, in 1074, 
and died 1702. 
CREBILLON, Claude Prosper Joliot de, son 
of the foregoing, and a celebrated writer of no- 
vels, letters, and romances, was born in Paris, 
1707, and died there in 1777. The ease and ele- 
gance, together with the seducing levity of h.s 
writings, have obtained for him the appellatiot 
of the Petronius of France. His works, chiefly 
of a voluptuous tendency, have been collected 
in 11 vols. 12mo, 1779. 
CREDI, Lorenzo di, an Italian painter of Flo 
rence, died in 1530. 
CREECH, Thomas, eminent for his transla- 
tions of ancient authors, both in prose and verse, 
was born near Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, in 
1059, and died by his own hand, in 1701. llis 
principal works are translations of Lucretius 
and Horace ; but he translated oilier things of - cu 
smaller kind, from Theocritus, Ovid, Virgil, Ju- 
venal, Plutarch, Cornelius Nepos, &c. &c. 
CRELL, Lewis Christian, a native of Neu- 
stadt, and professor at Leipsic, died it) 1735. 
< ,'RELLIUS, John, a Socinian. who settled in 
Poland, where he became profes-or to the Uni- 
tarians. He was a man of great learning, and 
wrote against Grotius. 
CREMONINI, Ca;sar, an Italian philosopher, 
who advocated the doctrines of Aristotle, in re- 
spect to the materiality of the soul; he died in 
1630. 
CREN1US, Thomas, a writer whose works 
were numerous. lie wrote chiefly on philoso- 
phical subjects, and died at Leyden, in 1728. 
OREtiUI, Charles de, prince de Foix, a rnare- 
chal, and peer of France, distinguished for his 
valour; he was killed by a cannon ball at the 
siesre of Bremen, in 1638. 
CREQUI, Francis de, great grandson of the 
preceding, a marechal of France, distinguished 
for his military enterprises and heroic courage; 
he died in 1(187. 
CRESCEMBENl, John Maria, an Italian poet, 
born at Maurata, in Ancona, 1663. He pro- 
jected the establishment of a new academy, un- 
der the name of Arcadia, the members of which, 
at first, did not exceed 14, but afterwards in- 
creased much. They called themselves the 
shepherds of Arcadia, and each took the name 
of some shepherd, and some place in that an- 
cient kingdom. The founder of this society was 
appointed the director of it, in 1690, and held it 
to the year of his death, 1728. 
CRESCENS, a cynic philosopher, in the 2d 
century, who persecuted the Christians. 
CRESCENTIUS, Peter de, a native of Bou- 
logne, in the 14th century, who travelled 30 
f ears as a law practitioner ; he published a va- 
uable treatise on agriculture. 
CRESPI, Daniel, a celebrated portrait pain- 
ter, of Bologna, died in 1630. 
CRESPI, Guiseppe Maria, a painter of Bo- 
logna, who, by darkening his room very much, 
gave greater vivacity to his subjects, died in 
1747. 
ORESSEV, Hugh Paulin, an English divine, 
who became a catholic, and was chaplain to 
queen Catharine, he was much respected, and 
published some valuable works, particularly an 
able ecclesiastical history. lie died in 1674. 
CREST1, Dominico, a historical painter, of 
Florence, died in 1638. 
CRETIN, William Du Bois, whose chief me- 
lit consisted in puns, low wit, &c. He was his- 
torian to Charles VIII., Lewis XII., &c., and 
died in 1525. 
CREVIER, John Baptiste Lewis, a Parisian, 
trained under the celebrated Rollin, and after- 
wards professor of rhetoric. Upon the death 
Bf his master, in 1741, he took upon him to fi- 
nish his “ Roman History.” He published other 
works, and was greatly serviceable to the cause 
»f virtue and religion, as well as letters. His 
death happened in 1765. 
CREW, Nathaniel, bishop of Durham, in the 
time of James II., whose cause he espoused; 
he died in 1721. 
CRICHTON, James, a Scotch gentleman,| 
norn at Perth, in 1560, and blest with most ex- 
traordinary endowments, both of body and 
mind. He was murdered by his pupil, Vincen- 
tio di Gonzaga, son of the duke of Mantua, in 
1582. Though so young a man, Chrichton was 
skilled in twelve languages, and in several uni- 
versities, gave public challenges to disputations 
cu 
in as many, fie is usually styled The Admirable 
Crichton. 
CRILLON, Lewis de Berthon de, a French 
general, who distinguished himself by his va- 
lour, in the time of Henry II., III., and IV. He 
died in lli 15. 
CKILLON MAHON, N. duke de, distinguish- 
ed himself in the seven years war, and af ter- 
wards in the cause of Spain. He died in 1796. 
CRINESIUS, Christopher, a native of Bohe- 
mia, who published several learned works ; he 
died in 1626. 
CRINITUS, Petrus, a native of Florence, a 
man of great learning, but addicted to the basest 
sensualities; lie died in 1505. 
CRISP, Tobias, a controversial writer on di- 
vinity, and the great champion of Antinoniian- 
ism, died in 1642. 
CRITI AS, one of the thirty tyrants of Athens, 
he fell in battle 400 B. C. 
CRITO, one of the pupils and friends of So 
crates. 
CRITOBULUS, a physician, who is said to 
have extracted the arrow which wounded the 
eye of Philip of Macedon. 
CRITOLAUS, a Greek historian. 
CRITOLAUS, an Arcadian, who, when de- 
feated by the Romans, poisoned himself, 146 
B. C. 
CROESE, Gerard, a protestant divine, of Am- 
sterdam, author of a history of the Quakers, 
died in 1710. 
CRCESUS, the fifth and last of theMermna- 
dte, who reigned in Lydia; was supposed the 
richest of mankind. He was the first who made 
the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians, 
and his court was the asylum of learning and 
the polite arts. After a reign of 14 years, he 
was defeated by Cyrus, 548 B. C.: the time and 
manner of his death are unknown. 
CROFT, Herbert, an English prelate, who 
wrote in favour of the protestants about 1075 ; 
he died in 1691. 
CROFT, William, a celebrated musician, 
who succeeded Dr. Blow as master of the child 
ren,and composer to the Chapel Royal, arid also 
as organist in Westminster Abbey. Tn 1732 he 
published, but without his name, “ Divine Har- 
mony, or a new collection of select anthems;” 
to which is prefixed, “ A Brief Account of 
Church Music.” In 1715, he was created doc- 
tor in music at Oxford; and in 1724 published 
by subscription, a noble work of his own, en- 
titled, “ Musica Sacra, or Select Anthems in 
Score,” in 2 vols. the first containing the fune- 
ral service which Purcell had begun, but did not 
live to complete. He was born at Netber-Eating- 
ton, in Warwickshire, aboutl677, and died Aug. 
1727. 
CRORIUS, or DE CROI, a minister of TJsez, 
who wrote several works in Latin ; he died in 
1659. 
CROIX, Francis Petit de la, secretary and in- 
terpreter to the king of France in the Turkish 
and Arabic languages, died Nov. 4, 1695, in his 
73d year. 
CROIX, John Baptist de la, second bishop of 
Quebec; came to Canada in_1685; he founded 
three hospitals, and died in 1727. 
CROIX DU MAINE, Francis Crude de la, 
a Frenchman of the 16th century, who publish- 
ed an account of all French authors. 
CROKE, Sir George, many years one of the 
judges of the King’s Bench, and an eminent 
law-writer, was born at Chilton, Bucks, in 1559, 
, and died in 1641. The “Reports” of Sir George 
141  CR 
Croke, are of the highest authority with thel 
profession Sit Edmund Coae, recommending j 
to the student an attention to these Reports, 
says, “ Tnere is no knowledge, case, or point in 
law, seem it of never so little account, but will 
stand him in stead at one time or other; and 
therefore in reading,nothing is to be pretermit- 
tcd.” 
CROMPTON, William, a non conformist di- 
vine, author of several small tracts, died 1696. 
CROMWELL, Thomas, earl of Essex, an 
eminent statesman in the reign of Henry VIII., 
was the son of a blacksmith at Putney, in Surry, 
and born about 1490. He Was for some time 
clerk or secretary to the English factory at Ant- 
werp.—On his return to England he was admit- 
ted into the family of Cardinal Wolsey as his 
solicitor ; to whom he approved himself by his 
fidelity and diligence in several important affairs; 
and after the cardinal’s fall, the king employed 
him in his own service, and raised him in a shorl 
time to several eminent dignities. Having been 
instrumental in promoting the Reformation, the 
king granted him many noble manors and large 
estates, the spoils of the religious houses ; ad- 
vanced him to the dignity of earl of Essex; and 
constituted him lord high chamberlain of Eng- 
land. The tide of prosperity, which had hither- 
's flowed in upon him, began now to take a turn: 
scheme that he laid to secure his greatness 
-roved his ruin; such is the weakness of hu- 
man policy! He used his utmost endeavours to 
procure a marriage between king Henry and 
Anne of Cleves. As her friends were all Lu- 
therans, he imagined it might lend to bring down 
the popish party at court; and he expected great 
support from a queen of his own making. But 
the capricious monarch, being disgusted with 
her person, on the first night’s cohabitation, took 
an invincible aversion to the promoter of the 
marriage, who was soon after arrested at the 
council table,attainted of high treason and here- 
sy, and executed on Tower-hill, after six weeks 
Imprisonment, July, 1540. 
CROMWELL, Oliver, protector of the com- 
monwealth of England, was son of Mr. Robert 
Cromwell, and born in the parish of St. John, 
Huntingdon, April 25,1599, baptized the 29th of 
the same month, and was educated in grammar 
learning at the free-schooi in that town. From 
Huntingdon lie was removed to Sydney college, 
in Cambridge, where lie was admitted fellow 
commoner, April 23, 1616. He was elected a 
member of the third parliament of Charles I., 
which met Jan. 20, 1628, and from this time to 
’.Gil was in warm opposition to all the measures 
of the court. At length when the king and 
parliament came to an open rupture, Cromwell j 
obtained a captain’s commission; and his first 
military exploit was, securing the town of Cam-|| 
bridge for the parliament. He was afterwards| 
rapidly promoted to the rank of lieutenant-gen- 
eral under the earl of Manchester, in which ca- 
pacity he distinguished himself at the battle of 
Marston Moor. He was then made lieutenant- j 
general of horse under Sir Thomas Fairfax, had 
the principal share in defeating the royal party 
at Naseby, made himself master of Winchester 
and several other places, reduced Carlisle and 
Berwick, and entered Scotland in triumph. 
Having dismissed the Hamiltons (of the king’s 
party) from all offices of public trust, he return- 
ed to England with every mark of honour and 
esteem on the part of the Scots . and, on his ar- 
val ia London, took his seat again in parliament, 
*ni teceived the thanks of the house for this 
Cli 
[(signal service, which was the last lie performed 
[in bis military capacity till the king’s death. 
| After that event (to which he was equally 
j prompted by and ambition,) Cromwell w as 
i appointed lord govertiot of Ireland, to whicn 
kingdom lm went in great pomp, and very soon 
Imade himself master of Drogheda, and the other 
j places which had been held by the royalists. 
Having done this service, he was recalled to 
(England, and made captain-general of all the 
parliament forces, marched again into Scotland, 
defeated the Scots at Dunbar, followed Charles 
ill. into Worcester, and totally routed his whole 
(force. Cromwell now found his powtj so m- 
controllable, that he ventured on a step, bolder 
perhaps, than ever before had entered the head 
of any man in England. He abruptly dis- 
solved the Long Parliament, and, having turned 
all the members out of the house, locked the 
doors, put the key's in his pocket, and returned 
home. This happened on the 20th of April, 
1653. On the 16th of December, in the same 
year,ho was invested with supreme authority, 
under the title of lord protector of the three na- 
tions, England, Scotland, and Ireland ; in which 
station, having for five years administered the 
affairs of the kingdom with great vigour and 
ability, he died Sept. 3,1658. 
CROMWELL, Richard, eldest son of Oliver, 
and named by him as his successor, was born 
at Cheshunt, 1626, and died 1712.—An act was 
passed, for recognising him as Protector, and for 
restoring the house of lords: but the Commons 
fell into debates about settling the chief magis- 
trate’s power, and that of the upper house ; and 
these, with other proceedings, terminated in a 
jealousy, between the protector and his army. 
At last they discarded him, and took the govern 
ment into their own hands. On the restoration 
ne went abroad, blit returned in 1680, under the 
assumed name of Clarke, and settled at Chesh- 
unt, where he lived privately and died beloved , 
but he was not by any means qualified to sup- 
port the station to which the aspiring taltnis of 
his father had raised him. 
CRONECK, John Frederic baron de, born at 
Anspach, distinguished himself as an ingenious 
poet; he died in 1758. 
CRONSTEDT, Axel Frederic, a native of 
Sweden, a naturalist, and inspector of the 
mines: lie published various works, and died 
in 1765. 
CROOK, Sir George, an Englishman, who 
became chief justice ; died in 1641. 
CROSBY, Brass,born at Stockton-npon-Tees, 
in 1725, came early in life to London, where he 
practised several years as an attorney : became 
alderman of the ward of Bread-street, in 1765, 
(and was elected lord mayor, September 24,1770. 
(March, 1771, in the case of the proclamation 
against Wheble and other printers, Mr. Aider- 
man Oliver was committed to the Tower; aim 
Mr. Crosby (then lord Mayor) was ordered into 
the custody of the serjeant at arms; but, on 
his spiritedly observing, “ that if any offence 
had been committed, he was the greatest offen 
der, and that he longed to join his brother in of 
fice,” an order was signed for his commitment 
to tlie Tower. The parliament was prorogued 
on the 23d of July, when the lord mayor was 
released and carried from the Tower to the 
mansion-house with every possible mark of the 
approbation of his fellow-citizens; and, aftei 
the expiration of his mayoralty, was again re- 
warded by the thanks of the corporation, and a 
cup of 1001. in value. Ho died, Feb. 14, 1793  CR 
CROSS, Michael, an English artist, aud fa- 
mous copier of paintings, flourished in the 
reigns of Charles I. and II. 
CROSS, Lewis a painter, who retouched a 
picture of Mary, queen of Scots, in a masterly 
manner; he died in 1724. 
CROSWELL, Andrew, a minister in Boston, 
much engaged in controversy, died in 1785. 
GROUSAZ, John Peter de, a celebrated phi- 
losopher and mathematician, born at Lausanne, 
in Switzerland, April 13,1663, died 1748. 
CRO WNE, John, an American by birth, went 
to England, and was patronised by Charles II., 
at whose command he wrote several dramatic 
pieces : the best known of which are, “ City 
”0111103,” and “ Sir Courtly Nice ;” the latter 
of which has been several times acted of iate 
years. His plays were 17 in number ; some of 
which were performed witli great success. He 
died about 1703. 
CROXALL, Dr. Samuel, a writer of good 
repute, born at Walton upon Thames, and 
known as publisher of the following works, 
viz : “ The Fair Circassian,” a poem ; “ Fables 
of .Esop and others, translated into English ;” 
“ Select Novels ; “ Scripture Politics ;” “ The 
Royal Manual,” Scc. He died 1752. 
CROZE, Mathurin Veyssiere la, a native of 
Nantes, was distinguished for his learning and 
works ; he died in 1739. 
CRUOIGER, Gaspar, a protestant of Leipsic, 
author of commentaries on Scripture, died in 
1543. 
CRUDEN, Alexander, a corrector of the press, 
whose literary labours will ever entitle him to 
the veneration of all students of the sacred wri- 
ti lg. His “ Concordance of the Holy Scrip- 
tures of the Old and New Testament,” is Ins 
chief work, and a singular instance of indefati- 
gable labour and perseverance in the most use- 
ful employment. His private character (though 
naturally liberal in the extreme) was influenced 
by a temporary frenzy, which gave a certain co- 
in ir to all bis actions, and suggested to him ma- 
ny whimsical plans of reformation, hopes of 
superiority, and visionary views of ambition, 
which were as useless to himself as unprofita- 
ble to others. Of his singularities, however, 
which were many, the tendency was uniformly 
virtuous. He was born at Aberdeen, in 1701, 
un i was found dead on bis knees, apparently in 
the posture of prayer, at his lodgings in Isling- 
ton, on the morning of Nov. 1, 1770. 
CRUIKSHANK, William Cumberland, an 
eminent anatomist, born at Edinburgh, 1745, 
went to London 1771; where he soon got into 
most extensive practice as a surgeon. As a wri- 
ter, he is principally distinguished by his “ Ana- 
tomy of the Absorbent Vessels in the Human 
Body,” first published in 1786; and “Experi- 
ments on the Insensible Perspiration of the Hu- 
man Rodv,” 1795.—Mr. C. died June 27,1800. 
CRUSIUS, or KRANS, Martin, of Bamberg, 
the first who taught Greek in Germany, died in 
1607. 
CRUTTWELL, Rev. Clement, a gentleman 
whose various literary performances, for labour 
extent, and utility, have rarely been equalled ; 
and, wner. regarded as the productions of an 
unassisted valetudinarian, have perhaps never 
been surpassed. Mr. C. first appeared as an au- 
thor in his edition of “ Bishop Wilson’s Bible 
and Works, to which he has prefixed a life; and 
in the splendid edition of the Bible, be has in 
serfed collations from the various texts: an 
employment which first directed his thoughtsj 
CU 
to that most laborious undertaking, his “ Con- 
cordance of Parallel Texts of Scripture a 
work which, according to the usual computa- 
tion of time and assiduity, would be sufficient 
to occupy the life of an ordinary man; and 
when it is considered that he printed it in his 
own house, and corrected the press as he pro- 
ceeded, some idea may be formed of his indus- 
try aud perseverance. Scarcely had he recover- 
ed from a severe illness, which his incessant ap- 
plication had produced, and which obliged him 
to have recourse to the baths of St Amand, in 
Flanders, when he projected the scheme of his 
“Universal Gazetteer;” in the execution of 
which he spent ten years of unwearied dili- 
gence ; the sale of the first edition sufficiently 
proved the favourable light in which it was re- 
garded by the public, and he had just gone 
through the laborious office of editing a second 
edition, comprising 30,000 new articles : when, 
on the road to his native town, Wokingham, in 
Berkshire, he was arrested by a sudden illness 
which terminated fatally before medical assist- 
ance could be procured. He died at Froxfield, 
Somersetshire, in his 65th year, Sept. 5, 1808. 
CRUZ, Juana Inez de la, a lady of Mexico, 
distinguished for her poetry, and her acquaint- 
ance with the sciences ; she died in 1695. 
CRYTOPYLUS, Metrophanes, a Greek, edu- 
cated at Oxford, and afterwards raised to the 
see of Alexandria; he died in 1641. 
OTESIAS, a Greek physician in the service 
of Artaxerxes, king of Persia: he wrote a his- 
tory of Persia. 
CTESIBIUS, a mathematician of Alexan- 
dria, the inventor of the pump, water clock, 
&c. 125 B. C. 
CTESIPHON, an Athenian, whose attempt 
to decree a golden crown to Demosthenes, was 
opposed by /Escbines, and produced the two 
famous orations of the rival orators. 
CUD WORTH, Ralph, an eminent English 
divine, was born at Aller, in Somersetshire, 
1617, and died 1688. He was a man of very 
extensive learning, excellently skilled in the 
learned languages and antiquity, a good mathe- 
matician, a subtle philosopher, and a profound 
metaphysician. His great work, “ The True 
Intellectual System of the Universe,” was pub- 
lished in folio, 1678. 
CUEREN1TERT, Theodore Van, a native of 
Amsterdam, distinguished for science; but es- 
pecially for maintaining that a Christian should 
not enter a place of worship; he died in 1590. 
CUEVA, Alfonstts de la, an ambassador from 
Philip HI. to Venice, who plotted the seizing 
of the city, which, however, failed ; he died in 
1665. 
CUFF, Henry, a celebrated wit and excellent 
scholar, born at Hinton, St. George, in Somer- 
setshire, about 1560. He gave early marks of 
genius and application ; arrived in time at the 
Greek professorship at Oxford, aud was chosen 
proctor of the university, in 1594. To the cele- 
brated Robert, earl of Essex, Cuff became se- 
cretary ; he was involved in all the misfortunes 
of that unhappy eari; and with Sir Geliy Mer- 
rick, the earl’s steward, executed at Tyburn, 
1601. 
CUGNfERES, Peter de, an upright magistrate, 
who, in 1329, advocated the rights of Philip Va- 
lois against the clergy. 
CU.JACIUS, James, a celebrated French law- 
yer, born atThoulouso, about 1520 and died at 
Bourges, 1590. 
CULLEN, Dr. William, an eminent Scotch  CU 
physician and medical writer, wlu.se principal! 
w orks are, “ Synopsis Nosoiogat Met bodies:, Ed-j 
iub., 1772,” 2 vols. 8vo.; “ Lectures on the Mate-j 
riuMedica, Loud.” 4to.; “First lines of the Prac- 
tice of Physic, 1776,” 8vo. [This is said to have 
produced him 30002.j “ Institutions of Medi- 
cine, Part I., containing Physiology,” 8vo. “ On 
the Recovery of Drowned Persons and “ A 
Treatise on llie Mateiia Medica,” 2 vols. 4to., 
1789. He was born in Lanarkshire, and died 
February 5, 1790. 
CULLUM, sir John, an Englishman, who pub- 
lished the history and antiquities of Hawsted, 
Suffolk ; he died in 1785. 
CULMER, Richard, a violent fanatic in Errg- i 
land, who was employed by parliament to break j 
down and deface images, &c. 
CULPEPER, Nicholas, was educated at Cam- 
bridge, and hound apprentice to an apothecary;.! 
but employed all his leisure hours in the study 
of astrology, which fallacious science lie after- 
wards professed. He wrote many books, but 
the most noted is his “ Herbal,” wherein he tells 
us under w hat planets the simples grow, and 
speaks of their good and bad qualities. He died 
in Spitalfields, 1654. 
CULPEPER, Thomas lord, lieutenant-go- 
vernor, and afterwards governor, of the colony 
of Virginia, died in 1719. 
CUMBERLAND, Dr. Richard, a very learn- 
ed English divine, and bishop of Peterborough, 
born in Loudon, in 1632, died in 171d. He had 
studied mathematics in all branches, .and the 
Scriptures in their original languages. His book 
“ De Legibus Natura:” is his capital work, and 
will always be read while sound reasoning shall 
continue to be thought the best support of re- 
ligion. 
CUMBERLAND, William, duke of, second 
son of George II., distinguished for his mili- 
tary successes; he died in 1765. 
CUMBERLAND, Richard, an eminent poet, 
essayist, novelist, and dramatic writer, was a 
son of the bishop of Kilmore, and a grandson, 
by the maternal side, of the learned I)r. Richard 
Bentley, under whose root, in the Master’s 
Lodge of Trinity College, Cambridge, he was 
born, Feb. 19, 1732. He received his education 
at the school of Bury St. Edmunds, at West- 
minster, and at Trinity College. As a writer, 
the number of his works is very extraordinary. 
The drama, however, appears to have been his 
favourite pursuit; and a list of his performances 
in this line of literature, will be found in the 
“Biographia Dramatica,” 8vo., 1812. He died 
in London, May 7,1811, and was buried inPoet’s 
Corner, Westminster Abbey. 
CUMBERLAND, Henry Frederic, duke of, 
whose union with the widow of a Mr. Horton 
produced the marriage act; he died in 1790. 
CUMING, John, an eminent physician, of 
Concord, Mass., and a benefactor of Harvard 
College ; died in 1788. 
CUMING, William, an eminent English phy- 
sician, much respected for his learning and skill; 
he died in 1788. 
GUMMING, Alexander, minister in Boston, 
colleague with Dr. Sewall; died in 1763. 
CUN.EUS, Peter, a lawyer, professor at Ley- 
den, highly commended by Vossius, Scaliger, 
&c.. died in 1638. 
CUNEGONDE, wife of Henry II., (emperor) 
was accused of incontinence, and retired to a 
monastery. 
CU.MT1A, a lady of Silesia, in the 17th cen- 
tury, who greatly excelled in mathematics and 
astronomy ; she died in 1664. 
~ cr; 
!| CUNNINGHAM, William, a physician ol 
London, greatly distinguished as an astronomer, 
jjdicd a.let 1563. 
I CUjNiN IMG HAM, John, an elegant and in- 
genious pastoral poet and a dramatic writer, 
horn in Dublin, 17529, died in Northumberland, 
11773. 
j CUNNINGHAM, Alexander, a native of Scot- 
land, author of “A History of Great Britain, 
front the Revolution in 1688 to the Accession of 
George I.” This work was written in Latin, 
and Jay in manuscript till 1787 ; when a faithful 
translation of it into English was made by 
William Thompson, LL. 1)., and published in 
i52 vole. 4to. The work was undoubtedly well 
jdeserving of publication ; as it contains tile his 
jtory of a very interesting period, w ritten by one 
|who had a considerable degree of authentic in 
(formation, and comprises many curious particu- 
lars unknown to other historians. The author 
died 1737, at the advanced age of 83 years. 
CUNY, Lewis Anthony, author of funeral 
orations on the dauphin of France, queen ot 
Poland, and cardinal Rohan. 
CUPANO, Francis, a Sicilian, author of a 
catalogue of plants of Sicily, and a valuable his- 
tory of that island. 
CUPERUS, Gisbert, professor of history, of 
Daventer, published several works, and died in 
1716. 
CURiEUS, Joachim, a German, aulhor of 
the annals of Silesia and Breslau; he died in 
1573. 
CURCELL/EUS, Stephen, of Geneva, author 
of an edition of the Greek Testament with va 
rious readings, &c.; he died in 1658. 
CURIO, an orator, of Rome, who called Car- 
sar the man of all the women, and the woman 
of all the men. 
CURIO, Carlins Secundus, a Piedmontese, 
who forsook the Rom»h religion for Lutheran- 
ism ; lie was professor of eloquence at Basil, 
and died in 1569. 
CURIUS, Dentatus Marcus Annins, a Ro- 
man consul, distinguished in the wars against 
Pyrrhus, died 272 B. C. 
CURL, Edmund, a bookseller, and bookma 
ker, rendered notorious by Sir. Pope, in Ids 
Dunciad. He w as generally held to be of an 
immoral character, and was highly injurious tc 
the literary W’orld by his piracies and forgeries. 
He deservedly lost his ears in the pillory, by a 
sentence of the law, for publishing obscene per- 
formances, and died Dec. 11, 1747. 
CUROPALATE, John, author of a Greek 
history, from 813, to 1081. 
CURR ADI, Francesco,an Italian painter,who 
excelled in historical pieces; he died in 1660. 
< 'URR AN, Rt. Hon. John Philpot. an eminent 
Irish lawyer, and orator, and sometime master 
of the rolls in Ireland, was born in the county 
of Cork, and died at Brampton, near London, 
Oct. 14,1817, aged nearly 70 years. His oratory 
was completely sui generis ; always the sudden 
burst of strong and passionate feelings, which 
seemed to rise in proportion as the grand con- 
ceptions of his mind became more and more il- 
luminated by the coruscations of bis wit,—the 
lightning flashes of a vigorous and highly poeti- 
cal imagination. 
CURRIE,Dr. Janies, an eminent medical and 
political writer, born at Kirkpatrick Fleming, in 
i Dumfriesshire, May 31, 1750, died at Sidmouth, 
Aug. 31, 1805. Besides medical writings, which 
■ are numerous, he furnished, in 1800. a rich treat 
[ to thp lovers of elegant literalurc, by publishing, 
Jin 4 vols. 8vo. “ The Works of Robert Burnes, 
144  cu 
with an Account of his Life, and a Criticism on 
Iris Writings: to which are prefixed, some Ob- 
servations on tlie Ciiaracter and Condition of 
tlie Scottish Peasantry.” 
CURSON, or CORCEONE, Robert, an Eng- 
lishman, chancellor of Paris university ; he was 
made cardinal by pope Innocent III., and died 
in 1218. 
CURTIS, William, a very distinguished bota- 
nist, born at Alton., in Hampshire, about 1740. 
His great work, “ The Flora Londiuensis,” is 
highly interesting, not only to the man of sci- 
ence, but also to the farmer and agriculturist; 
as it combines the knowledge of entomology 
with that of botany. Mr. Curtis died at Bromp- 
ton, near Ivmghtsbridge, July 7, 1799. 
CURTIUS, Quintus, a Latin historian, who 
has written the actions of Alexander the Great, 
in 10 books. Where this author was born, no- 
body pretends to know; and even when he lived 
is still a dispute among the learned, and never 
likely to be settled. 
CURTIUS, Martius, a Roman, who, to bene- 
fit his country, plunged into a gulf, which caused 
his death, 302 B. C. 
CURTIUS, Michael Conrad, professor of lo- 
gic and metaphysics, at Luneberg, and after- 
wards of history and rhetoric, at Marpurg, &c., 
died in 1802. 
CIJSA, Nicholas de, a cardinal and bishop, so 
called from Cusa, the place of his birth. His 
parents were mean and poor ; and it was his own 
personal merit which raised him to the height 
of dignity that he afterwards attained. He was 
a man of extraordinary parts and learning; 
particularly famous for his great knowledge in 
law and divinity; and withal, a great natural 
philosopher, and geometrician. He died in 1464, 
aged 63 years, and left many excellent works be- 
iiind him. 
CUSHING, William, LL. D. a judge of the 
supreme court of the state of Massachusetts, 
and of the supreme court of the United States, 
died in 1810. 
CUSHING, Thomas, LL. D., speaaer of the 
house of representatives, member of congress 
trom the state of Massachusetts, and lieutenant 
governor of the same, died in 1788. 
CUSHING, Nathan, a judge of the supreme 
court of the state of Massachusetts, died in 1812. 
CUSHING, Thomas, I,L. D., lieutenant go- I 
vernor of Massachusetts, much devoted to pub- 
lic life, and to the public good ; he died in 1746. 
CUSHING, Jacob, D. D., minister of Wal- 
tham, Mass., much esteemed, died in 1809. 
CUSHMAN, Robert, one of the first emi- 
grants to America, returned soon on business to 
England, where he died. 
CUSPINIAN, John, aGennan historian, born 
in 1473, died in 1529. He was first physician 
to the emperor Maximilian I., and employed by 
that prince in several delicate negotiations. 
CUSSAY, N. governor of Angers, who told 
the duke of Guise, when he ordered the protest- 
ants of Anjou to be massacred, that his fellow- 
citizens were brave and loyal, but not assassins. 
CUST1NES, Adam Philippe, count de, a 
Frenchman, who assisted the Americans in the 
revolutionary war; he perished on the scaffold, 
for treason, in 1793. 
CUTHBERT, an English saint, of sanctity, 
virtue, &c., died in 686. 
CUTLER, John, an eminent physician and 
surgeon, in Boston, died in 1761. 
_ CUTLER, Timothy, D. D , president of Yale 
College, a native of Charlestown, Mass In 
DA '“ H~ 
1722, becoming an episcopalian, he left the col- 
lege, and went to England (or orders ; alter his 
return, lie was settled in Boston, lie died in 
1765. 
CUTLER, Manasseh, LL. D., a distinguished 
congregational clergyman, of Massachusetts, 
and a member of congress from that state, died 
in 1823. 
CUTTS, John, lord, a brave English soldier 
and no mean poet, died at Dublin, in 1707. Hi 
poems were published in 1687. 
CUTTS, John, one of the early settlers of 
New Hampshire, and president of that colony1 
died in 1681. 
CYAXA11ES I., king of the Medes, aftei 
Phraortes, died 585 B. C. 
CYAXARES II., king of Media, supposed to 
he the famous Darius, died 536 B. C. 
CYGNE, Martin du, a learned Jesuit, of St. 
I Omer, author of several works, died in 16t>y. 
I CYNyEGIRUS, an Athenian, who lost his 
|life at the battle of Marathon, while attempting 
to stop tiie flight of the Persians. 
CYNEAS, a Thessalian philosopher, who ac 
conipanied Pyrrhus in his invasion of Italy. 
CYPR1AN1, or CIPRIANI, an eminent Ita- 
lian painter, who settled in England, died in 
1785. 
CYPRIANUS, Thascius, Csecilius, bishop of 
Carthage, a principal father of the Christian 
church, born at Carthage, in Africa, about the 
beginning of the 3d century, and beheaded there, 
Sept. 14, 258. 
CYRANO, Bergerac, a French author, of a 
singular character, born in Gascony, about 1620, 
died 1655. His works consist of some letters, 
written in his youth, with a tragedy, entitled 
“ The Death of Agrippina, Widow of Gerrna- 
nicus ;”a comedy, called “ The Pedant, or mere 
I Scholar, ridiculed;” “Comic History of the 
[States and Empires of the Moon;” “Comic 
i History of the States arid Empires of the Sun;’ 
! several letters and dialogues, and a fragment on 
physic. 
CYRIL, of Jerusalem, one of the fathers, 
j died in 386. 
CYRIL, made bishop of Alexandria, in 412, 
died 444. His works are voluminous, and have 
been often printed. 
CYRILL, Lucar, bishop of Alexandria, and 
patriarch of Constantinople, strangled for at- 
tempting to reform tile clergy, in 1638. 
CYRUS, founder of tiie ancient Persian eui 
pire, died 530 B. C. 
CYRUS, the Younger, defeated bv his bro- 
ther Artaxerxes, 401 B. C. Tiie retreat of the 
10,000 Greeks who accompanied him, is cele- 
brated in ancient history. 
CYRUS, a Latin poet, in the reign it tiu> 
younger Theodosius. 
» 
DAC, John, a German painter, who flourish- 
ed about 1586, and whose pictures are in grand 
style. 
DACIER, Andrew, a very celebrated French 
critic and philosopher, born at Ctistres, in Lan- 
guedoc, in 1651, died 1722. His principal works 
are translations of “ Horace;” “Aristotle's Poet- 
ics ;” “ Plutarch’s Lives the works os “ Hip- 
pocrates;” “Plato;” “ Tiie Life of Pvtlm-mras,” 
&c. &c. 
DACIER, Anne, wife of Andrew Paciet.and 
a woman of extraordinary learning, ns her work* 
will show, of which, the must o-jiieiderablc are, 
145  DA 
translations of “ Anacreon,” Sappho,” “ Plau- 
tus,” “ Terence,” and “ Homer.” She was 
born at Santnur, in France, in 1651, and died in 
1720. Madame Dacier was a woman of great 
virtue as well as learning. She was remarka- 
ble for firmness, generosity, good-nature, piety, 
and modesty. The academy of Ricovrati, at 
Padua, chose her one of their body, in 1084. 
DAGAR, Jacob, an eminent historical painter, 
of Paris, died in 1716. 
DAGGETT, Napthali, D. D., president, and 
professor of theology, in Yale College, was dis- 
tinguished as a thorough scholar, and a sound 
divine. He displayed great bravery when the 
British attacked New-Haven, where he died in 
1780. 
DAGOBERT, I., king of France, in 628, a li 
cenlious and cruel prince. 
DAGOBERT II., king of Austrasia, was as 
sassinated in 679. 
DAGOBERT III., son of Childebert, king of 
Neustria, died in 715. 
DAGOBERT, N., a French general, who dis- 
tinguished himself in Italy and Spain, died in 
1794. 
DAGOUMER, William, professor of philoso- 
phy, and rector of the university of Paris, died 
in 1755. 
DAHL, Michael, a Danish painter, patronised 
by the court of Denmark, died in 1743. 
DAHLBERG, Eric, a Swedish engineer, 
whose services were rewarded with a title of 
nobility ; ha died in 1703. 
DAILLE, John, a minister of the church of 
Paris, and one of the ablest advocates the pro- 
tcstants ever had, was born at Chatelherault, in 
1531. In 1628 he wrote his celebrated book, 
“ De l’Usage des Peres,” or “ Of the Use of 
the Fathers,” which Bayle has pronounced a 
master-piece. 
D ALE, Sir Thomas, chief magistrate of the 
colonyof Virginia, came from England, in 1611, 
with three hundred colonists. His administra- 
tion was vigorous, but advantageous to the co- 
lony,and contributed to its permanency ; be died 
in the East Indies. 
I) ALE, Samuel, an apothecary of Essex, who 
became, hv' ]- merit, a licentiate of the college 
of physicians, and fellow of the royal society ; 
he died in 1739. 
DALECHAMPS, James, a learned physician, 
born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1513. His chief 
work was a translation of Pliny’s “ Natural 
History,” with notes; he died in 1558. 
DALEN, Cornelius Von, an eminent Dutch 
engraver, who flourished in 1640. 
DALENS, Dirk, an eminent landscape pain- 
ter, of Amsterdam, died in 1688. 
D’ALIBRAI, Charles Von, a poet of Paris, 
who wrote bacchanalian, satirical, heroical, 
moral, and Christian poems; he died in 1655. 
I) ALIN, Oiaus de, the father of Swedish poe- 
try, and preceptor to prince Gustavus, was born 
in' 1708. 
DALLAS, Alexander James, an eminent law- 
yer and statesman, came from the island of Ja- 
maica, to Philadelphia, in 1783. In 1791, he was 
appointed secretary of the state of Pennsylva- 
nia, and afterwards secretary of the treasury 
of the United States, and acting secretary of 
war, and died in 1817. He published 4 volumes 
of valuable law reports. 
T1ALLINGTON, Sir Robert, author of the 
aphorisms of Tacitus, was knighted by queen 
Elizabeth, and died in 1637. 
DALMATIN, George, a Lutheran minister, 
DA 
of Layback, who translated the Bible into the 
Sclavonian language, in the 16th centurv. 
DALMATIUS, a bishop of Cyzictim, who at 
tended the council of Ephesus, and wrote the 
acts of the synod of Nice. 
DALRYMPLE, Alexander, son of Sir James 
Dalrymple, of Edinburgh, was engaged for 
several years in the service of the East India 
Company; afterwards as hydrographer to that 
company, and to the admiralty. He is known 
as the author of “ Discoveries in the Pacific 
Ocean,"and many other valuable works; he died 
in 1803. 
DALRYMPLE, Sir David, of Hailes, hart, 
better known by the name of lord Hailes, one 
of the senators of the college of justice in Scot 
land. He was not only conspicuous as an able 
and upright judge, and a sound lawyer, but was 
also eminent as a man of polite literature, and 
an excellent classical scholar. Numerous arc 
the works that have issued from his pen; and all 
of them distinguished by their accuracy and 
learning. He was born at Edinburgh, in 1725, 
and died November 29, 1792. 
DALRYMPLE, Alexander, an aminent hy- 
drographer,born atNewHailes, near Edinburgh, 
July 24, 1737, died in London, June 19,1808. 
DALRYMPLE, Sir John, many years a baron 
of the Exchequer in Scotland, author of “ Me- 
moirs of Great Britain and Ireland,” tracts on 
“ Feudal Law," and several other works, died 
Feb. 26, 1810, aged 84. 
DALTON, Tristram, a native of Massachu 
setts, speaker of the house of representatives, 
and a member of the senate of that state, and 
afterwards a member of the United States’ se- 
nate, died in 1817. 
DALTON, Michael, an English lawyer, au- 
thor of two well-known books on “ The Office 
of a Justice of Peace,” and “ On the Duty of 
Sheriffs,” &c. The times of his birth and death 
are uncertain, but the latter was probably about 
1620. 
DALTON, Dr. John, prebendary of AVorces 
ter, born at Dean, in Cumberland, in 1709. He 
adapted Milton’s “ Masque at Ludlow Castle” to 
the stage,under the title of “ Comus, a Masque," 
and died in 1763. 
DAL7.ELL, Andrew, an eminent Greek 
scholar, born near Edinburgh, and a professor 
at the university there. He was a most amia- 
ble, as well as learned man ; he died in 1806. 
DALZIEL, Thomas, a Scotch officer, who 
escaped to Russia, where the czar madfe him a 
general. At the restoration, he returned, and 
was made commander in chief, in Scotland. 
He was a very singular man. 
DAMASCENUS, John, an illustrious father 
of the church, in the 8th century. He died about 
750, leaving behind him many compositions of 
various kinds. 
D AMASCIUS, a stoic philosopher, who flour- 
ished in the 6th century. 
DAMASUS I., aSpaniard, raised to the papal 
throne in 365. 
DAMASUS II., bishop of Brixen. was elected 
pope, but died 23 days after, in 1048. 
DAMBOURNEY, N., born at Rouen, distin- 
guished as a merchant, and man of science, died 
in 1795. 
DAMIEN, Peter, cardinal, and bishop of Os- 
tia, in the 11th century. He was a pious man 
and left several works; he died about 1073. 
DAMIENS, Robert Francis, a native of 
France, executed March 28, 1757, for attempt 
ing to assassinate the kin». Fot the form and 
116  DA 
(Florence, who finished his pictures in a superior 
style. 
DAN DIN I, Hercule Francois, professor of the 
law at Padua, and author of some learned 
works, died in 1747. 
DANDOLO, Henry, duke of Venice, a brave 
admiral, and great politician, who took Con- 
stantinople, in 1203, and had the moderation to 
refuse the imperial dignity. He died in 1250 
DANDOLO, Andrew, doge of Venice, of 
which lie wrote a history. He corresponded 
with Petrarch, and died in 1354. 
DANDRE BARDON, Michael Francois. He 
was a professor in the academy of painting, and 
was admired for his historical writings , lie died 
in 1783. 
DANDRIEU, John Francis, a famous musi- 
cian, of Paris, who composed three books of 
pieces for the harpsichord, and two for the or- 
gan ; he died in 1740. 
DANEAU, or DANjEUS, Lambert, a Cal- 
vinist preacher, who taught theology at Paris, 
and published commentaries on Matthew and 
Mark, he died in 1500. 
DANES, Peter, Greek professor at Paris. He 
was a prelate of great eloquence, and extensive 
learning ; he died in 1577. 
DANET, Peter, a French abbe, of the number 
of those learned persons who were pitched up- 
on by the duke of Montausier, to illustrate clas- 
sical authors for the use of the dauphin. He 
had Phtedrus allotted to his share, which he 
published with a Latin interpretation, and notes. 
He was also author of “ A Classical and Histo- 
rical Dictionary,” in4to, and died in 1709. 
DANFORTH, Thomas, an Englishman, who, 
after his arrival, was elected by the people of 
Maine, as their president; he died in 1699. 
DANFORTH, Samuel, minister of Roxbury, 
Mass., published, besides several sermons,some 
astronomical works; he died in 1647. 
DANFORTH, John, minister of Dorchester, 
Mass., son of the preceding, distinguished for 
his learning, zeal, and piety; he published seve- 
ral sermons, and died in 1730. 
DANFORTH, Samuel, minister of Taunton, 
Mass., author of a MS. Indian dictionary, died 
in 1727. 
DANGEAU, Louis Courcillon de, a member 
of the French academy of sciences, and master 
of a great variety of languages. He was an 
industrious and good man, and tire author of 
many works; he died in 1723. 
DANGEAU, Philip de Courcillon, marquis de, 
brother of the preceding, an accomplished and 
virtuous nobleman. He was a great favourite 
of the age, and died in 1723. 
DANflEWER, john Conrad, theological pro- 
fessor at Strasburg, and author of some theo- 
logical tracts, died in 1666. 
DANICAN, Andrew, a Frenchman, of many 
good qualities, who, only two months before be 
died, played at the same time, two games o! 
chess, with the best players, he being blindfold- 
ed, and beat them both, died in 1795. 
DANIEL, the last of the four great prophets, 
was of the royal blood of Judah, and was car- 
ried away into captivity, 606 B. C. 
DANIEL, Arnauld, count of Provence. Ha 
wrote several poems, from which Petrarch took 
many ideas; he died in 1189. 
DANIEL, Samuel, an eminent English poet, 
and historian, who flourished in the reigns of 
Elizabeth and James I., to the former of whom 
he was poet laureat, was born near Taunton, in 
Somersetshire, in 1562. His “ History of Eng- 
DA 
manner of his execution, see CH ASTEL, whose 
punishment was similar. 
DAMO, the daughter of Pythagoras, was well 
skilled in the philosophy of her father. 
DAMOCLES, a flatterer of the tyrant Diony- 
sius ; who,affecting upon some occasion orother, 
to admire the fortune of that prince, Dionysius, 
to convince him that princes are not always so 
happy as they seem to be, invited him to a feast, 
and caused a naked sword to be hung over his 
head, which was only held by a single hair. Da- 
mocles, extremely struck with a sense of the 
hazardous situation he was in, changed his opi- 
nion at once, and, for his own particular part, 
begged of Dionysius, that he might retire from 
court, and high life, into that mediocrity of 
condition, where no danger was, and where he 
should not be subject to a reverse of fortune. 
DAMOCRITUS, a Greek historian, author of 
a treatise on tactics. 
DAMON, a Pythagorean philosopher, cele- 
brated for his friendship with Pythias. 
DAMON, an Athenian musician, the friend 
of Socrates. 
DAMOURS, Lewis, a French lawyer, author 
of some works of little merit. 
DAMPIER, John, a native of Blois, author 
of some elegant Latin poems, died in 1550. 
DAMPIER, William, a famous English navi- 
gator, born in Somersetshire, in 1652, died 1699. 
His “ Voyage round tire World” is well known, 
and has gone through many editions. 
DAMPIERRE, N., a French officer, who dis- 
tinguished himself under general Dumourier, 
died of a wound by a cannon ball, in 1793. 
DAN, the fifth son of Jacob, by Bilkah, Ra- 
chel’s maid. 
DANA, Francis, LL. D., an eminent lawyer, 
of Massachusetts, was a member of the Ameri- 
can congress in 1776, and minister from that bo- 
dy to the court of St. Petersburg; afterwards 
chief justice of the state of Massachusetts. He 
was distinguished for the fidelity and ability with 
which he discharged his public duties, and for 
his attachment to the institutions of his coun- 
try. He died in 1811. 
DANCER,Daniel, a most singular example 
of penuriousness, with the means of plenty. He 
lived at Pinner, in Middlesex, with a sister of 
his, who was of a congenial disposition; and, 
though possessed of 30001. a-year, besides great 
sums in specie and bank notes concealed in dif- 
ferent parts of his house, he denied himself the 
common necessaries of life. He usually had 
his body girt with a hayband, to keep together 
his tattered garments; the stockings he wore 
had been sofrequently darned and patched, that 
scarcely any of the original could be seen; but 
in dirty or cold weather, they were thickly co- 
vered with ropes of hay, which served as sub- 
stitutes for boots. He rarely washed his face 
or hands, and never allowed his bed to be made, 
or his house to be cleaned. He hid bank notes 
among the cobwebs in his cowhouse, and guineas 
in the fire-place, covered with soot. A number 
of singular eccentricities are recorded of him, 
in “ Biographical Curiosities,” 12mo, 1797. He 
died in October, 1794. 
DANCHET, Anthony, a French dramatic 
poet, born at Riom, in 1671, died 1748. 
D ANDINI, Jerome,the first Jesuit who taught 
philosophy at Paris. He wrote a commentary 
Ca Aristotle, and died in 1634. 
DANDIN1, Pietro, an eminent painter, born 
«t Florence, died in 1712. 
DANDINI, Catsare, a historical painter, of 
147 DA 
land’ is written with great brevity and polite- 
ness, and his political and moral reflections are 
useful and instructive. He wrote also some 
plays, which have much merit, and died in 1619. 
The judicious Mr. Headley has observed, that 
he was the Atticus of his day. 
DANIEL, Gabriel, a very ingenious and learn- 
ed Frenchman, born in 1049, wrote a groat many 
books upon different subjects, but is most me- 
morable for his “ History of France,” in7 vols. 
4to. He died in 1728; and by his death the Je- 
suits lost one of the greatest ornaments their or- 
der ever could boast. 
DANIEL, Peter, a learned advocate of Or- 
leans, died at Paris, in 1603. 
DANIEL, Robert, president ot the council 
of North Carolina, and deputy governor of S. C., 
was succeeded, in 1717, by gov. Johnson. 
DANTE, Peter Vincent, a native of Perouse. 
He was eminent for his skill in mathematics, 
and was famed as a poet; he died in 1512. 
DANTE, Vincent, grandson of the preced- 
ing, well-known as a painter, sculptor, and ma- 
thematician, died at Perouse, in 1567. 
DANTE, Alighieri, an eminent Italian poet, 
born at Florence, in 1265. He discovered an 
early inclination and genius for poetry ; but was 
ambitious ; and, having attained some of the 
most considerable posts in the commonwealth, 
was crushed by the ruins of the faction which 
he embraced. He died in exile at Ravenna, in 
1321. The most considerable of his works, is 
his poem entitled, “ Tile Comedy of Hell, Pur- 
gatory, and Paradise.” 
DANTE, John Baptiste, of the same family, 
probably, with the preceding, and native of Pe- 
rugia, was an excellent mathematician; and is 
memorable for having fitted a pair of wings so 
exactly to his body, as to be. able to fly with 
them. He made the experiment several times 
over the lake Trasimenus, and succeeded so 
well, that he had the courage to perform before 
the whole city of Perugia. He shot himself 
from the highest part of the city, and directed his 
flight over the square, to the admiration of the 
spectators ; but, unfortunately, the iron with 
which he managed one of his wings, failed, and 
then, not being able to balance weight of his 
body, he fell on a church, and broke his thigh. 
He flourished toward the end of the 15th centu- 
ry, and died before he was forty years old. 
DANTE, Ignatius, a descendant of the great 
poet, well known for his great skill in mathe- 
matics and astronomy, died in 1576. 
DANTON, George James, one of the most 
atrocious and unprincipled among the associates 
of Robespierre and Marat; he was guillotined in 
1794. 
DANTZ, John Andrew, a learned Lutheran 
divine of Germany, who wrote a Hebrew and a 
Chaldee Grammar; died in 1727. 
DARAN, James, a native of Gascony, sur- 
geon-general of the army of Turin and Milan, 
lie was an expert operator, and a good writer: 
he died in 1784. 
DARGET, N., an able chymist and physician, 
professor in the national institute at Paris ; he 
died in 1801. 
DARCI, Patrick, count, an eminent philoso- 
pher and mathematician, was born in Ireland, in 
1725, and died in 1779. 
D'ARCON, John Claudius Eleonore Litni- 
ceaud, an eminent French engineer, who dis- 
played great talents in conducting the siege of 
Gibraltar, in 1780. He joined the popular side, 
during the French revolution, and died in 1890. 
da" 
DARGONNE. Dorn Bunavemure, a learned 
Carthusian monk, who died in 1704. 
DARIUS, the Medc, the same as Cyaxares 
son of Aslyages, died at Babvlon. about 348 
B. C. 
DARIUS I., king of Persia, destroyed Baby- 
lon, and restored the captive Jews to their coun- 
try ; he was defeated at Marathon, and died in 
485 B. C. 
DARIUS IT., king of Persia, and father of 
Cyrus the Younger ; died 404 B. C. 
DARIUS III., Codomanus, the last king of 
the ancient Persian empire, who was conquered 
by Alexander the Great, and at last treacherously 
assassinated by Bessus, his own general, govern- 
or of Bactriana (who hoped thereby to succeed 
to his sovereignty), 331 B. C. 
DARKE, William, a brave officer in tile 
American war; died in 1801. 
DARQ.UIER, Augustine, an eminent astrono- 
mer, built an observatory himself, and took 
pupils gratis. He was an able author and a vir 
tuous man ; he died at Toulouse, in 1802. 
DARWIN, Dr. Erasmus, an eminent poet, 
philosopher, and physician, born at Elston, near 
Newark, Nottinghamshire, 1731, and educated 
at Chesterfield school, under the Rev. Mr. Bur- 
rows ; whence he went to St. John’s College, 
Cambridge. He afterwards settled as a physi- 
cian at Litchfield. His principal publications 
are, “ The Botanic Garden,” a poem with phi- 
losophical notes, 4to, 1791. “Zoonomia,” 4to, 
1794. “ Phytologia,” and “ The Shrine of Na- 
ture,” a poem : this last was published after his 
death, which happened April 18, 1802. In his 
Zoonomia, atheism is unblushinglv avowed. 
DARWIN, Charles, son of the preceding, 
born at Litchfield, in 1758. He is well known 
as the author of a treatise on the means of dis 
tinguishing pus, from mucus; he died in 1778. 
DASSIER, John, a medalist to the republic of 
Geneva. His nephew was appointed second 
engraver in the British mint, in 1740. 
DASSOUCI, a French musician and poet of 
the 17th century. He procured the patronage 
of the great by liis wit and drollery. 
DATAMES, an illustrious Persian general, 
who was assassinated by Mithridates, 361 B. C. 
DAT1, Augustin,a native of Sienna, where he 
taught rhetoric and the classics ; he died in 1478. 
DATI, Carlo, professor of polite literature at 
Florence, where he was born, became famous 
as well for his works as for the eulogies which 
many writers have bestowed on him. He died 
in 1675. 
DAUBENTON, John Lewis Marie, horn in 
Burgundy; an eminent anatomist, and an ae 
tive associate of Butibn. He was the author 
of several works on natural subjects, and died 
in 1799. 
DAUBENTON, William, confessor to Philip 
V., of Spain, author of orations and sermons, 
died in 1723. 
DAUM1US, Christian, an excellent classical 
scholar, regent of the college of Zwickau, died 
in 1687. 
DAUN, Leopold count, a great general who 
distinguished himself in the wars of Maria 
Theresa, and against tive king of Prussia; he 
died at Vienna, in 1766. 
DAUNOIS, countess, acquired some celebri- 
ty, by iter romances and travels in Spain; she 
died in 1705. 
DAURAT, John, an eminent French poet, 
born in 1507. Some have said that the odes, epi- 
grams, hymns and other poems, in Greek and 
148 DA 
Latin, composed by Daurat, amount to about 
50.1100 verses. lie died at Paris, in 1588. 
DAVAL, Peter, a barrister of the Middle 
Temple, an able mathematician and engineer, 
died in 1763. 
DA VANZATI,Bernard, a native of Florence, 
who translated Tacitus into Italian; lie died in 
1606. 
BAVEN ANT, Sir William, a celebrated poet 
of tlie 17th century, born at Oxford, 1605. His 
father kept an inn at Oxford, where Shakspeare 
used to lodge in his journeys between London 
and Warwickshire ; and as liis mother was a 
great beauty, some have surmised, but without 
apparent foundation, that he derived his very- 
being and along with it, liis poetical talents, from 
Shakspeare. In 1637, when Ben Jonson died, 
he was created poet laureat. lie had a greai 
turn for the drama, and after the restoration of 
Charles II., obtained a patent for erecting a 
new company of actors, under the patronage of 
James, duke of York. They performed many 
years in Little Lincoln’s Inn Fields, where he 
died 1668, and was interred in Westminster 
Abbey. His works consist of plays and poems. 
DAVENANT, Dr. Charles, the eldest son of 
Sir William Davenant, born 1656, and died 1714. 
He wrote “ Circe,” a tragedy; but was chiefly 
employed as apolitical and commercial writer. 
DAVENANT, William, fourth son of Sir 
William, a noted classical scholar, was drown- 
ed at Paris, in 1681. 
DAVENANT, John, bishop of Salisbury, a 
zealous and pious divine, author of many learn- 
ed works, the tendency of which was, to unite 
Christians in one sentiment. He was born in 
London, 1570, and died in 1640, 
DAVENPORT, Christopher, a learned En- 
glishman who became a Franciscan, and wrote 
several religious works ; he died in 1680. 
DAVENPORT, John, first minister of New- 
Haven, Connecticut, and one of the founders 
of the colony of that name; lie published nu- 
merous sermons, and died in 1670. 
DAVENPORT, John, minister of Stamford, 
Connecticut, eminently faithful in his office and 
distinguished for his knowledge of the learned 
languages ; he died in 1731. 
DAVENPORT, Addington, a native of Mass, 
and a judge of the supreme court of that state, 
died in 1736. 
DAVID, king of Israel, was anointed by 
Samuel, while keeping the flocks of liis father, 
Jesse. His courage in killing Goliaii made him 
famous; he died 1015 B. C. 
DAVID, St., tlie patron of Wales, was a na- 
tive of Bangor, where he was educated in the 
5th century. He was buried at St. David’s Ca- 
thedral. 
DA VID, an Armenian philosopher of (he 5th 
century. He translated some of tlie Greek 
Classics. 
DAVID, de Dinant, taught, in the 13th cen- 
tury, tiiat God was original matter. 
DAVID, de Pomis, a Jewish physician, who 
pretended tiiat lie came from the true stock of 
Judah. He wrote a Hebrew and Italian dic- 
tionary. 
DAVID, George, a most extraordinary here- 
tic, son of a waterman of Ghent, and bred a 
glazier, or, as some say, a glass-painter. lie, 
began about 1525 to preach such whimsies as 
these: namely, that he was the true Messiah, 
the third David, nephew of God, not after thej 
flesh, but after the spirit. A prosecution beingj 
commenced against him ard his followers, he| 
DA ' 
Ifled first to Friesland, and from thence to Basil 
where he lurked under the name of John Bruck. 
and died in that city in 1550. 
DAVID, Gantz, a Jewish historian of the 
16th century, the author of a Hebrew chronicle 
DAVID, of Hirazug, a Welsh divine and poet, 
called the Black, about 1350. 
DAVID EL DAVID, a Persian Jew, in the 
12th century, who pretended to be the Messiah 
DAVID AB GU1LUM, a celebrated Welsh 
bard, who inscribed 14? poems to his mistress ; 
she, however, married another man. 
DAVID, emperor of Trebizonde,defeated and 
slain by Mahomet II., in 1461. 
DAVID AP EDMUND, a Welch poet, presi- 
dent of an assembly of bards who met at the 
request of Edward IV. 
DAVID I., earl of Northumberland and Hunt- 
ingdon, king of Scotland. He married Maud, 
grand niece of William the Conqueror, and was 
a mild and popular king ; he died in 1153. 
DAVID II , king of Scotland, son of RoDert 
Bruce, was taken prisoner by the English in 
1346, and confined in the tower 10 years ; he 
died in 1371. 
DAVIDIS,Francis, a Hungarian, who chang- 
ed his religious principles four times, and finally 
declared that no worship was due to Christ: he 
died in prison, in 1570. 
DAVIDSON, William, a brigadier-general in 
the American revolutionary army, who was 
killed in North Carolina, while endeavouring to 
prevent the passage of Cornwallis over the Ca- 
tawba. 
DAVIE, William R., governor of North Ca- 
rolina, was distinguished for his services in 
the army, during the revolution. After the 
peace, he was chosen a member of Congress, 
and, in 1799, was appointed one of the commis- 
sioners for negotiating a treaty with France. He 
soon after withdrew from public life, and died at 
Camden, in 1820. 
DAVIE, Mary, of Newton, Mass.; died in 
1752, aged 116 years. 
DAVIES, John, a writing-master and poet, 
who died about 1618. Besides many poems, lie 
left a book called “ The Anatomy of Fair Writ- 
ing.” 
DAVIES, Sir John, an eminent lawyer and 
poet, born at Cbisgrove, in Wiltshire, in 1570. 
He was successivly attorney-general and speaker 
of the House of Commons of Ireland ; and, go- 
ing over into England, he was, in 1626, ap- 
pointed lord chief justice of the King’s Bench ; 
but before bis installation, died suddenly of an 
apoplexy. His works on legal subjects are nu 
merous and valuable. His chief poetical work 
was intitled 11 Nosce Teipsum.” 
DAVIES, Dr. John, born in Denbighshire to- 
ward the latter end of the loth century, and 
highly esteemed for his knowledge of the history 
and antiquities of his own nation, arid in the 
Greek and Hebrew languages. He assisted in 
translating the Bible into Welch in that correct 
edition which came out in 1620. 
DAVIES, Thomas, born 1710, was for many 
years an actor on the London Stage. This 
profession he at length quitted for tiiat of a 
bookseller. In 1780 he wrote and published 
“The Life of Mr. Garrick,” which acquired 
him much fame and some money. He after- 
wards published “Dramatic Miscellanies,” in 
3 vols. in which he discovered much learning 
and critical acumen, and enlivened his work 
with many interesting and valuable anecdotes 
relating to the stage and its professors His 
149 DA 
other works are, “Some Memoirs of Mr IIen-[ 
derson,” “ A Review of Lord Chesterfield's; 
Cuaracters,” “A Life of Massinger,” “ Lives 
of Dr. John Eacltard, Sir John Davies, and Mr. 
Lillo;” and fugitive pieces without number, in 
prose and verse, in almost all the public news- 
papers Mr. Davies died iu 1785. 
DAVIES, Samuel, president of Princeton Col- 
lege, New-Jersey ; eminent as a preacher ; pub- 
lished several sermons, still much admired ; lie 
died in 1701. 
DAVILA, Henry Catherine, a celebrated his- 
torian, born of an illustrious family in the isle 
of Cyprus. His most important work is his 
“ History of the civil wars of France,” which 
is divided into 15 books, and contains every thing 
worth notice that passed from the death of Hen- 
ry II., 1559, to the peace of Vervins, 1598. This 
history has always been reckoned a line one, 
and lord Bolingbroke does not scruple to con- 
fess it in many respects equal to that of Livy.. 
Davila was murdered in 1034. 
DAVILA, Peter Francis, a famous Spanish 
naturalist; died in 1785. 
D AVIS, John, an English navigator, who first 
discovered those straits in North America which 
bear his name, 1585. 
DAVIS, Henry Edward, was born at Wind- 
sor, 1753, and at the age of 21, distinguished 
among the earliest and most able examiners of 
some remarkable assertions, and insinuations 
yet more extraordinary, introduced in Mr. Gib- 
bon’s “ History of the Decline and Fall of the 
Roman Empire,” and tending certainly to un- 
dervalue the testimony of the Christian religion. 
He died in 1784. 
D WISON, Jeremiah, a portrait painter, born 
in Englaud, of Scotch parents, studied under sir 
Peter Lely, excelled in painting satyrs and died 
in 1745. 
DAtVES, Sir William, an English nobleman 
and prelate, one of the royal chaplains of queen 
Anne; he was a learned, benevolent and pious 
man, and the author of several religious works: 
he died in 1724 
DAWES, Richard, an English scholar, cele- 
orated for the publication of a work, intitled, 
“Miscellanea Critica,” born 1708, died 1703. 
DAWSON, John, a mathematician, and an 
eminent teacher of mathematics in England, 
died in 1820. 
DAY, John, an eminent English printer, and 
the first who printed in Greek and Saxon cha- 
racters in England, died in 1594. He printed in 
1549 the folio Bible, dedicated to Edward VI. 
DAY, Thomas, was born in London, 1748, 
bred to the law, and called to the bar; but, dis- 
gusted with the technical nicety of legal process, 
he soon quitted Westminster Hall, devoted his 
mind to literary pursuits, and became the advo- 
cate of human kind. The admirable poem of 
“The Dying Negro,” written by himself and 
the late John Bicknell, esq., and his “ Fragment 
of a Letter on Slavery,” mark him among the 
first of those who exerted their efforts to eman- 
cipate a large portion of the human race from 
cruelty and tyranny. His latest work, “ The 
History of Sandford and Merton,” will long re-; 
main an instance of the successful application 
of genius to form the minds of youth to active 
and manly virtue. Plain and simple in his ha- 
bits, denying himself all the luxuries, and ma- 
ny of the conveniences of life, no man could ex- 
pend less upon himself, or bestow more upon 
the necessities of others; and .he devoted the 
reater part of an ample income to acts of pub- 
DE 
[ lie and private charity. Mr. D. lost his life 
I Sept. 1789, by a fall from his horse. 
DAYTON, Elias, early engaged in the war 
of the revolution, and continued in it till it end- 
ed ; he died at Philadelphia, in 1807; he was 
then a major general. 
DAYTON, John, governor of the state of 
South Carolina, afterwards a district judge of 
the United States, died in 1822. 
DEACON, James, an English gentleman, 
known for his skill in music, painting and draw 
ing, died in 1750. 
DEAGEANT, DE ST. MARCELLIN, Gui- 
cliard, a French writer and statesman, in the 
time of Lewis XI11. 
DEANE, Silas, a native of Connecticut, was 
chosen a member of Congress in 1774, and af- 
terwards appointed minister of the United 
States, at the court of France : he died in 1789. 
DEBORAH, a prophetess of Israel, who com- 
posed a beautiful ode, 1285 IS. C. 
DE BURE, William Francis, a bookseller a* 
Paris, well known for his “ Bibliographe Ins 
tructive,” 7 vols. 8vo. ; he died in 1782. 
DECATUR, Stephen, a captain in the navy of 
the United States, distinguished for his bravery 
and professional skill. He rendered himself 
conspicuous by his services at Tripoli, in 1804 
by his actions with two British frigates, during 
the last war, and by his success, against the A1 
gerines in 1815 ; and was afterwards a membet 
of the board of navy commissioners until his 
death, which happened in a duel, in 1820. 
DECEBABUS, a king of Dacia, whose conn 
try was reduced to a Roman province, by Tra- 
I jail, in 105. 
| DECEMBRIO, Peter Candido, a native of 
j Pavia, secretary to the pope, and afterwards to 
the king of Arragon. He wrote several lives, and 
translated some of the classics; he died in 1477. 
DECHALES, Claudius Francis Milliet, an 
excellent mathematician,mechanic, and astrono- 
jiner, born at Chamberry, the capital of Savoy, 
in 1611. His principal performances have been 
collected in 3 vols. in folio, under the title of 
“ Mundus Mathematicus;” being indeed a com- 
plete course of all the mathematics. He died pro- 
fessor of mathematics, in the university of Tu- 
rin, in 1678. 
DECIO, Philip, of Milan, a celebrated lec- 
turer on jurisprudence at Pisa; died in 1635, 
DECIUS, Publius, a Roman consul and brave 
general, memorable for having devoted himsetf 
for his country in a battle with the Latins, 340 
B. C. Decius Mus, his son, followed his father’s 
example, as did a grandson. The custom was, 
that the officer who devoted himself to the gods 
for the service of his country, after certain ce- 
remonies of consecration, rushed, completely 
armed, into the enemy’s foremost ranks, when 
his own despaired of victory. Though this was 
an act of superstition which proved fatal to the 
hero, it re-animated his party, and occasioned 
them to gain the battle. 
DECIUS, a Roman emperor after Philip. He 
perished with his army in a morass, fighting 
against the Goths, A. D. 251. 
DECKER, or DECKHER, John, a pious and 
learned Flemish jesuit, who wrote much on Sa- 
cred Chronology, was born 1559, and died 1619. 
DECKER, Thomas, a dramatic writer of 
some celebrity in the reign of James 1. In his 
“ Honest Whore,” and the comedy of “ Old 
Fortunatus,” thereare beauties, as to character, 
plot, and language, especially iu the former, 
equal to those of any dramatic writer (Sliak- DE ' 
gpeare excepted; that England has produced, j 
The precise time of this author’s birth and i 
deatii are not recorded; yet he could not have 
died young, as the first play we find ol' his wri- 
ting was published in 1600, and the latest date 
we meet with to any other is “The Wonder ol 
a Kingdom,” 1636. 
DE COETLOGON, Charles Edward, an emi- 
nent English divine, assistant preacher to the 
ciiapel of the Lock-hospital, and rector of God- 
stone, in Surrey, died in 1820. His writings 
are principally on theological subjects. 
DEDEKIND, Frederic, a German of the 16th 
century, who published a curious ironical eulo- 
gium on incivility and rudeness. 
DEE, John, a great mathematician, and very 
extraordinary person in the republic of letters, 
born in London, 1527. He was a man of un- 
;o;nmou parts, learning, and application ; and 
might have performed great things, if he had 
been possessed of a solid judgment; but he was 
extremely credulous and superstitious. He suf- 
fered himself to be deluded into an opinion, that 
by certain invocations, an intercourse or com- 
munication with spirits might be obtained ; from 
whence he promised himself an insight into the 
occult sciences. He found a young man, one 
Edward Kelly, a native of Worcestershire, who 
had already dipped deep into these matters, and 
who readily undertook to be his instrument in 
them, for which he was to pay him 501. per an- 
num. Dec. 2, 1581, they began their incanta- 
tions; in consequence of which, Kelly was, by 
the inspection of a certain table consecrated for 
tiiat purpose, with manv superstitious ceremo- 
nies, enabled to acquaint Dee with what the 
spirits thought fit to show and discover. These 
conferences were continued for about two years 
and the subjects of them committed to writing, 
hut never published, though still preserved in 
Ashmole’s museum. He travelled much abroad 
in company with Kelley, who had in his pos- 
session, as was reported, a philosophical pow- 
der of projection, by which they were furnished 
with money very profusely. In the latter end 
of his life, however, lie became miserably poor; 
and it is highly probable, that he remained un- 
der his delusions to his death ; for lie was ac- 
tually providing for a new journey into Ger- 
many, when, worn out by age and distempers, 
he died in 1603, aged 80, and was buried at 
Mortlake. His mathematical works are nu- 
merous and valuable. 
DEFESCH, William, a eminent for 
his skill on the violin, died about 1750. 
DE FOE, Daniel, equally famous for politics 
and poetry, was bred a hosier. In that situa- 
tion he was unsuccessful; and this probably in- 
duced him to apply to his pen for subsistence. 
Tutchiu having, in 1700, written “ The Foreign- 
ers,” an infamous satire on king William and 
the whole Dutch nation, De Foe wrote “ The 
True-born Englishman,” as an antidote to it, 
and thereby recommended himself to the notice 
of his sovereign, who failed not to reward the 
author. He afterwards wrote an amazing num- 
ber of tracts, 30 of which have been collected 
in two vols. 8vo. One of these tracts, entitled, 
“ The shortest Way with the Dissenters,” con- 
tained reflections against some ecclesiastics in 
power, for breathing too much a spirit of per- 
secution. Becoming obnoxious to the ministry 
on this account, he was obliged to explain him- 
self, which he did very clearly, for he was a man 
of great firmness : am! when lie was sentenced 
afterwards to stand in the pillory tor attacking 
DE 
jsome measures which he thought unconstitu- 
tional and unjust, he not only cheerfully under- 
went the punishment, but at the same time 
wrote “ A Hymn to the Pillory,” as a defiance 
of their usage of him. But. after all, lie Foe is 
by nothing better known at present, than by his 
interesting “ History of Robinson Crusoe 
which, though a romance, is written in so na- 
tural a manner, and with so many probable in- 
cidents, that it was judged to be a true story 
for some time after its publication. He was 
born in London, 1660, and died at Islington,1731. 
DEGHUY, an eminent French engraver, died 
in 1748. 
DEIDIER, Anthony, a medical professor, of 
Montpelier, author of a dissertation, “ De Ve- 
neris Morbis.” 
DEJAURE, N. a promising French poet, who 
died young, in 1800. He wrote Lodoiska, an 
opera, which has been received with applause. 
DEJOTARUS, king of Galatea, espoused the 
cause of Pornpey, for which he was dethroned 
by Caisar. 
DELAMET, Adrian Augustin de Bussy, bom 
in Picardy, a relation of Cardinal de Retz, 
whom he "attended in his travels. He wrote 
“ Dictionary of Cases of Conscience,” 2 vols., 
and died in 1691. 
DELANCY, James, a judge and chief justice 
of the supreme court of the colony of New- 
York, and afterwards lieutenant governor, died 
in 1760. 
DELANY, Dr. Patrick, a theological writer 
of Ireland, but perhaps better known as the in- 
timate friend and correspondent of Dean Swift, 
was born in Ireland,1686, and died at Bath,1768. 
DELANY, Mary, wife of the foregoing, ce- 
lebrated for her skill in painting, and in cutting 
flowers and other ornaments in paper, was horn 
at Coulton, in Wiltshire, 1700, and died 1788. 
DELAUNE, Thomas, wrote in 1683, “ Plea 
for Nonconformity,” which gave so much of- 
fence, that he was cast into prison,where he died 
DELAWARE, Thomas West, lord, governor 
of Virginia, in 1610. He felt a deep interest in 
the affairs of the colony, and may be considered 
as one of its first founders. He died near the 
mouth of Delaware bay, on his return from 
England, whither he had gone for the benefit 
of his health, in 1618. 
DELEYRE, Alexander, a Frenchman, au 
thor of an analysis of Lord Bacon’s works, 3 
vols. 12rao., died in 1797. 
DELFT, Jacob, a celebrated portrait painter 
of Delft, who died in 1661. 
DELILLE, one of the most distinguished 
poetical authors that France has hitherto pro- 
duced, died at Paris, December, 1814. He made 
at an early age, a masterly translation of Vir- 
gil’s “ Georgies” into French verse ; wrote a 
counterpart to the Georgies, under the title, 
“ Les Jardinstranslated the “ rEneid,” arid 
wrote many original poems. In the latter pe- 
riod of his career, he published a translation of 
Milton’s “ Paradise Lost.” Like most other au- 
thors, however, he appears to have left his po* 
terity nothing but his writings; which, as his 
eulogist, M. Campenon, says, “ Death cannot 
destroy, nor time annihilate.’ 
DELIUS, Christopher Traugott, a native of 
Walhausen. an eminent mineralogist, and sur- 
veyor of the mines of Hungary and Venice, 
died in 1799. 
BELMONT, Deodalt, a historical painter, 
pupil to Reubens, who highly esteemed him* 
lie died in 1634. 
151 DE 
DELOBEL, a French painter, of the 17th 
century, whose pieces adorn the churches and 
cathedrals of France. 
1)E LOLME. See LOLME. 
DELRIO, Martin Anthony, a most learned 
man, born at Antwerp, 1551. The progress 
ite made in letters, while a very boy, is recorded 
witli wonder, having surprised the public when 
he was only 19 years of age with some good 
notes upon the tragedies of Seneca, in which 
Ite cited almost 1100 authors, with all the assur- 
ance of a man who had read them thoroughly, 
and weighed their sentiments with great judg- 
ment and exactness. He died in 1608. 
DELRIO, John, dean of Antwerp, who wrote 
commentaries on the 119th psalm: he died in 
1684. 
DE LUC. See LUC. 
DEMADES, an Athenian orator, put to death 
by Cassatider 322, B. C. 
DEMARATUS, a king of Sparta, who re- 
signed his crown, and retired to Persia. 
DEMESTE, John, chaplain and chief surgeon 
to the forces of the prince of Liege, well known 
as the author of come letters on cliymistry, 
died in 1783. 
DEMETRIUS POLIORCETES, king of Ma- 
cedon, was highly’ honoured by the Athenians; 
he died 286 11. C. 
DEMETRIUS, SOTER, king of Syria, was 
for some timea hostage at Rome, and was killed 
in battle. 150 B. C. 
DEMETRIUS IT., stirnamed Nicanor, king 
of Syria, formed an alliance with the Jews; he 
was killed by the governor of Tvre, 283 B. C. 
DEMETRIUS, PHALEREUS, a peripatetic 
uhilosopher of Athens, who lived in the time of) 
Alexander the Great. Three hundred and sixty 
statues were erected to his honour in that city ; 
and not undeservedly, since he is said to have 
augmented the revenues of it, tvs well as to have 
improved and polished its buildings. Neverthe- 
less he died in banishment by the bite of an 
asp, 284 B. C. His writings consisted of poetry, 
history, politics, rhetoric, harangues, and em- 
bassies : hu t none are extant. 
DEMETRIUS, a cynic philosopher, in the 
reign of Caligula; he was banished by' Ves- 
pasian for insolence. 
DEMETRIUS, czar of Russia; which conn-1 
try he invaded, in 1604, with a small army, and 
seated himself on the throne ; he reigned 11 
months, and was then assassinated. 
DE MISSY, Ctesar, a learned divine, born 
at Berlin, in 1703 ; he published some poetical 
pieces, and assisted Jortin in his life of Erasmus. 
DEMOCEDES, a physician of Crotona, who 
afterwards became the slave and physician of 
Darius, king of Persia. 
DEMOCRITUS, one of the greatest pliilo- 
sophersof antiquity, was born at Abdera, a town 
of Thrace, about the 80th Olympiad, that is, 
about 460 years before Christ.—He is said to 
have laughed at human life in general, which, 
Montaigne says, it was better to do than to imi- 
tate Heraclitus, who wept eternally about it; 
because adds he, mankind are not so unhappy 
ns they are vain. He was the forerunner of 
Epicurus, whose sy’slem differs from his no 
otherwise than in some improvements. 
DEMOIVRE, Abraham, an illustrious ma- 
thematician, horn at Vitri, in Champaigne, 
May It>07. His abilities were so admired by 
the Royal Society of London, that they judged 
him a tit person to decide the famous contest 
between Newton and Leibnitz. He published 
some capital works, but is generally known by 
DE 
litis “ Doctrine of Chances ; or, Method of calcu- 
lating tiie Probabilities of Events at Play.” He 
|rli<?d at London, in 1754. 
| DEMON AX. a philosopher, of Crete, in the 
|reign of Adrian, who iiad the greatest contempt 
jfor riches. 
\ DEMOSTHENES, one of the greatest ora- 
tors of antiquity, if not the greatest, was born 
I at Athens, in tiie2d year of the 101st Olympiad ; 
that is, about 370 years before Christ. It is 
universally agreed, that no orator ever spoke 
with such force, or had the passions of others so 
liniich in his power,as Demosthenes; insomuch 
that he actually appeared like one inspired. lie 
opposed Philip of Macedonia with all his might, 
and Alexander after him. Alexander requested 
of the Athenians to have Demosthenes given up 
to him, but this was refused ; yet, when Anti- 
pater, his successor, made the same request 
afterwards, it was granted But Demosthenes 
would not be given up, and therefore escaped 
into the island of Celauria ; where he imbibe d 
poison that he had kept on purpose in a quill, 
to prevent his being taken alive. He ditd in 
the 3d year of the 114th Olympiad. There are 
extant under his name 61 orations, which have 
frequently been published. But, though he ar- 
rived at such perfection in this art, he set out 
under great disadvantages : for he had an im 
pediment in his speech, which for a long time 
would not sutler inm to pronounce the letter r , 
lie had a weak voice, a short breath, and a very 
uncouth and ungracious manner; however, by 
dint of resolution and infinite pains, lie over- 
came all these defects. He would climb up 
steep and craggy places, to help his wind and 
strengthen his voice; he would declaim with 
pebbles in his mouth, to remedy the imperlec- 
tion in his speech; lie . would place a looking- 
glass before him, to correct the awkwardness of 
his gesture; and he learned of the best players 
the proper graces of action and pronunciation, 
which lie thought of so much consequence that 
he made the whole art of oratory in a manner 
to consist of them. He was so intent upon 
study, that he would often retire into a cave of 
the earth, and shave half his head, so that he 
could not with decency appear abroad till his 
hair was grown again, lie also accustomed 
himself to harangue at the seashore, where the 
agitation of the waves formed to him an idea 
of the commotion in a popular assembly, and 
served to prepare and fortify him against them. 
From these several kinds of hardships, which 
he imposed upon himself, it is plain that he 
was not so much born an orator, as an instance 
how far parts and application may go toward 
the forming of a great man in any profession. 
DEMOURS, Peter, a native of Marseilles, 
known for his dexterity as a surgeon and ocu- 
list ; he was author of some professional works, 
and died in 1795. 
DEMPSTER, William, a learned Scotchman, 
who refuted Raymond Lully, and wrote an 
ecclesiastical history; he died in 1557. 
DEMPSTER, Thomas, a Scotch historian and 
commentator, born 1579, died 1625. He was a 
very learned man, but of a singular character; 
being as prompt to draw his sword in quarrel, 
as to wield his pen, at anytime. He became 
professor of the Belles Lettres, at Pisa, Nismes, 
and Bologna, and had such a prodigious me- 
mory, that he used to say he knew not what it 
was to forget. This gained him the appellation 
of “The Living Library.” 
DEMPSTER, George, a Scotch lawyer, and a 
member of Parliament, in 1762. He retired from  DE 
pubiic life, and devoted liiinself to the improve- 
ment oi the Highlands, until his death, in 1818. 
DENELLE, one of the infamous friends of 
Marat, who killed his wife and five children 
with his own hands. He suffered a merited 
ieath, on the scatfold. 
DENHAM, Sir John, an eminent poet, born 
n Dublin, in 1615. In 1641 lie published his tra- 
,edy called “The Sophy,” which was ex- 
.retneiy admired by the best judges; and in 1642 
was first printed his “ Cooper’s Hill,” “a poem 
(says Dryden) which, for majesty of style, is, 
tud ever will be, the standard of good writing.” 
fope has celebrated this poem very highly in 
bis “Windsor Forest;” and aU men of taste 
have agreed in their commendations of it. He 
died in 1668. 
DENIS, Michael, principal keeper of the 
imperial library at Vienna, died in 1800. His 
writings on various subjects were highly es 
teemed. 
DENMAN, Thomas, M. D. an eminent phy- 
sician and writer on midwifery, born at Bake- 
well, Derbyshire, 1733, died in London, 1815. j 
DENNER, Balthasar, a portrait painter, of 
Hamburgh, who refused in London, 500guineas 
for his picture of an old woman; he died in 1747. 
DENNIE, Will iam, proprietary governor of I 
Pennsylvania, in 1756. He was superceded in 
1750, as unpopular and obnoxious to the people. 
DENNIE, Joseph, a native of Massachusetts, 
was educated a lawyer; he however soon re 
liiuiuislied the profession for literary pursuits, 
and as editor of the “Farmer’s Museum,” a 
newspaper published in New-Hampshire, and 
afterwardsofthe “Port Folio,” in Philadelphia, 
gave evidence of a powerful and highly culti- 
vated mind, and of a genius of superior order ; 
he died in 1812. 
DENNIS, John, a celebrated critic, born in 
London, 1657. Though it is now become fash- 
ionable to speak lightly of him, he had qualities 
enough to recommend him to the acquaintance 
of some of the most eminent personages for 
birth, wit, and learning, of his time; but the 
black passions were so predominant in him, and 
his pride, envy, jealousy, and suspicion, hurried 
him into so many absurd and ridiculous mea- 
sures, that his life appears to have been nothing 
but a mixture of folly and madness.—He began j 
to be a writer as early, if not earlier, than 1690, 
and so continued to the time of his death, which 
happened in 1733. He had better talents for 
judging of the performances of others, than for 
producing any thing of himself; which made a 
smart fellow say, that “ Dennis was the fittest 
man in the world to instruct a dramatic writer; 
for belaid down excellent rules for writing good 
plays, and showed what were bad by his own.” 
DENNY, Sir Anthony, a man of great learn- 
ing and piety, privy counsellor of Henry VIII., 
he died in 1550. 
DENTON, John, an English divine, and pre- 
bendary of York, an intimate friend of Tiilot- 
8ou. He published some sermons and religious 
tracts and died in 1708. 
DENTREOOLLES, Francis Xavier, a je- 
suit, who went to China as a missionary, in 1741, 
and wrote several works in the Chinese lan- 
guage. 
DENYS, James, a historical painter, born 
at Antwerp in 1645. 
If EON. See EON. 
DEPARCIEUX, Anthony, a learned French 
mathematician, wlio published several valuable 
works ; he died in 1768. 
DERJ Y, James Stanley, earl of, an English^ 
DE 
(nobleman, celebrated for his courage during the 
’civil wars. He was finally taken and basely 
beheaded in 1651. 
DERCYLLIDAS, a Lacedtemonian general, 
who avenged his country against the Persians, 
400 11. C. 
DEREING, Edward, an eminent divine, 
preacher at St. Paul’s, London, before the court. 
He wrote sermons, lectures, &c.; he died 1576. 
DERHAM, William, a very eminent philo 
sopher and divine, born at Stoughton, near Wor- 
cester, 1657, and died 1735, having spent his life 
in the most agreeable and improving study of 
nature, and made ail his researches there in sub- 
serviency to the cause of religion and virtue.— 
His woiks are extremely numerous; of these 
the best known are his “ Physico-Theology; 
or, A Demonstration of the Being and Attri- 
butes of God, from his works of Creation;” 
and “ Astto-Theology, or, A Demonstration of 
'he Being and Attributes of God from a Survey 
of the Heavens;” both which are works of 
considerable merit. 
! DERING, Sir Edward, first a republican, and 
afterwards a royalist; a member of parliament 
during the civil wars. His speeches were 
published in 4to. 
DERMODY, Thomas, a poet of considerable 
talent, but so devoid of common prudence, that 
the best of patronage was found to be useless 
to him. He was born in the south of Ireland, 
Jan. 1775. His father, who was a schoolmaster 
at Ennis for some time, is said to have employ- 
ed this son, when only in his ninth year, as 
Greek and Latin assistant at his own school; 
and, to increase the wonder, we are told that 
he had written as much genuine poetry at ten, 
as either Cowley, Milton, or Pope, had pro- 
duced at nearly double that age. With all his 
talent, however, he was of so uniformly de- 
praved a conduct, that he no sooner excited 
compassion, and profited by generosity, than he 
despised, or at least neglected, the advice of 
his benefactors; and at length, wasted by dis- 
ease, arising from habitual intemperance, he 
died at an obscure hovel, near Sydenham, Kent, 
1802. in his 28th year. 
DERRICK, Samuel, a linen draper of Dublin; 
afterwards a writer of pamphlets in London, 
and master of ceremonies at Bath and Tun- 
bridge, died 1769. 
DERYK, or DERICK, Peter Cornelius, aland- 
scape painter of Delft; pupil of Jacobs. He died 
iti 1030. 
DERYKE, William, a historical painter at 
Antwerp, died 1697. 
DESAGULIERS, John Theophilus, a cele- 
brated lecturer on experimental philosophy, 
who made several improvements in mecha- 
nics, was born at Rochelle, in 1683, but went lo 
England when an infant. His most celebrated 
publication is, “ A Course of Experimenal Phi 
losophy, 1734,” 2 vols 4to. He died in 1749. 
DESAULT, Peter, a French physician, who 
wrote on the cure of syphilis, without saliva- 
tion, and on the stone; lie died in 17.17. 
DESAULT, Peter Joseph, a French surgeon, 
of great abilities, who attended Lewis XVII., 
and died, probably by poison, forthis humanity. 
He was author of a valuable treatise on surgery, 
and died in 1795. 
DES BARREAUX, James de Vallec, lord, a 
French nobleman, counsellor of parliament, at 
Paris. He was an infidel and . hertir-e, but, be- 
fore he died, gave himself up ,.o meditation and 
penitence; he died in 1647. 
DESBILLONS, Francis Joseph, a French  
Jesuit, who, after spending 15 years in the col- 
lege of Lewis XIV., at Paris, retired to publish 
his fables, 530 in number, 2 vols. He died in 1783. 
DES BO IS, Francis Alexander, a Frenchman, 
author of a military dictionary, a dictionary of 
agriculture, and one of birds; he died in 1784. 
DESCARTES. See CARTES. 
DESERICIUS, or DESERITZ, Joseph Inno- 
cent, a Hungarian, made a Roman cardinal, au- 
thor of many works, died in 1765. 
DESGODETS, Anthony, a native of Paris, 
an eminent architect, taken by the Algerines, 
and kept 16 months in slavery. He wrote large 
ly on the subject of his profession, and died in 
1728. 
DESHAIS, John Baptist Henry, a French 
painter, of very superior merit, who obtained 
tlie prize of the academy of Paris, in 1751. He 
died young. 
DES1DERIUS, or DIDIER, the last king of 
Lombardy. He succeeded Astolphus, in 756. 
DESMAHIS, Joseph Francis Edward de Cor- 
sembleu, a generous and benevolent French 
writer, of great abilities, author of a comedy, 
ami of some elegant poetry ; he died in 1751. 
DES MAIZEAUX, Peter, secretary of the 
royal society of London, was born at Auvergne, 
in 1666. He retired early, probably as a refugee, 
into England, and died there, in 1745. He had 
intimate connexions with St. Evremont and 
Bavle; gave a very handsome edition of the 
works of the former, in 3 vols. 4io, with the 
life of the author prefixed, and drew up the life 
of the latter, which was printed before the edi- 
tion of his “ Dictionary,” in 1730. He publish- 
ed also the “ Miscellaneous Works of Bayle,” 
in 4 vols. folio. He was the editor of other 
things; and whatever he published, he always 
accompanied with literary anecdotes. 
DES.MARES, Toussaint, a French priest,who 
distinguished himself by his sermons, and other 
writings : lie died in 1687. 
DESMARETS, Nicholas, minister of state, 
and comptroller, in the reign of Lewis XIV , 
died in 1721. 
DESMOULINS, Benedict Camille, the friend 
of Danton, and one of the original members of 
the Jacobin club, at Paris. He was one of the 
most vile and ferocious of that bloody club, and 
was beheaded in 1794. 
DESMONTIER, Charles Albert, a French 
poet and dramatic writer, born at Villers Cote- 
rets, in 1760, died in 1801. 
D’ESPANGE, John, minister of a French 
congregation in London. He was admired as a 
preacher, and died in 1660. 
DESPARD, Edward Marcus, an Irish officer, 
long in the English service, who laid a plan to 
assassinate his king, which being detected, he 
was tried and beheaded, in 1803. 
DE3PAUTERE, John, a Flemish gramma- 
rian, whose books were, at one time, iu great 
repute: he died in 1520. 
DESP1ERRES, John, superior ot the Bene- 
dictine college, at Douay, eminent as a mathe- 
matician and as a mechanic, died in 1664. 
DISPLACES, an eminent French engraver, 
died in 1749. 
DESPORTES, Claude, a painter, of Cham- 
pagne, highly favoured by Lewis XIV. and XV., 
died in 1743. 
DESSAIX, Louis Charles Anthony, a brave 
and very successful French general, in tin; revo- 
lutionary war, was born in August, 1768. He 
fell at the battle of Marengo, at the moment the 
victory turned in favour of his countrymen, in 
I)E 
1800, esteemed by the French soldiers, honoured 
by the Austrians, and beloved by all who knew 
him. His body was carried to Milan, embalmed, 
and placed in the hospital of Mount St. Bernard, 
where a monument has been erected to his me 
mory. Dessaix, united to bravery, the most un- 
impeachable integrity; and well deserved of his 
country the superb monument since erected at 
Paris. On this, is commemorated the share he 
had in the great battles of Landau, Kehl, Weis- 
sembourg, Malta, Chebreis, the pyramids, Sedi- 
man, Sammanhout, Kene, Thebes, and Ma- 
rengo. 
DESTOUCHES, Andre Cardinal, a celebra- 
ted French musician, born at Paris, in 1672, died 
in 1749. 
DESTOUCHES, Philip Nericaut, a French 
dramatic writer, born at Tour, in 1680, died in 
1754. Destouches had not the gayety of Rrgnard, 
nor the strong warm colouring of Moliere; but 
he is always polite, tender, and natural. 
DEVAUX, John, a native of Paris, esteemed 
as a surgeon, and as the author of several works, 
died in 1729. 
DEVEREUX, Robert, earl of Essex, born in 
Hertfordshire, in 1567, is memorable for having 
been a great favourite, and an unhappy victim 
to the arts of his enemies, and his own ambi- 
jtion, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. The first 
i great shock he received in regard to the queen’s 
; favour, arose from a warm dispute between her 
majesty and himself, about the choice of some 
I fit and able person to superintend the afiars of 
| Ireland. The queen looked upon Sir William 
Knolles, uncle to Essex, as the most proper per- 
son for that charge : Essex contended that Sit 
George Carew was a much fitter man for it. 
When the queen could not be persuaded to ap- 
prove of his choice, he so far forgot himself and 
his duty, as to turn his back upon her in a con- 
temptuous manner; which insolence, her ma- 
jesty not being able to bear, she gave him a box 
on the ear, and bid him go and be hanged, lie 
immediately clapped his hand on his sword , 
and the lord admiral stepping in between, he 
swore a great oath, declaring that he neither 
could nor would pul up with an affront of that 
nature ; that he would not have taken it at the 
hands of Henry VIII , and in a great passion 
immediately withurew from court. He was af- 
terwards reconciled and restored,in appearance, 
to the queen's favour; yet there is good reason 
to doubt whether he ever recovered it in reality , 
and his friends have been apt to date his ruin 
from this unlucky accident. He was executed 
on a charge of treason, Feb. 25, 1601. 
DEVEREUX, Robert, earl of Essex, son of 
Elizabeth’s favourite, appeared in parliament a 
violent opposer to the measures of government, 
and fought many battles at the head of the re- 
publican troops; he died in 1646. 
D’F.WES, Sir Symonds, an eminent English 
historian, and antiquary, born at Coxden, in 
Suffolk, 1602, died in 1650. When he was little 
more than 50 years of age, he had finished that 
large and accurate work for which he is chiefly 
memorable, viz. “ The Journals of all the Far- 
jliaments during the reign of Clueen Elizabeth, 
both Lords and Commons.” &c. 
DEWEY, Daniel, an eminent lawyer.of Mas- 
sachusetts, was a member of the council of that 
state, a member of congress, and a judge of the 
supreme court of the state; he died in 1815. 
DE WITT, John, the famous pensionary, was 
the second son of Jacob De Witt, (burgomastei 
of Dort, and deputy to the states of Holland,) Di 
and bom at Do11, in le.25. He was the zealous 
patron of the glory and liberty of his native 
country; the greatest genius of his time; the 
ablest politician in war as well as peace; the 
atlas of the commonwealth : but was barba- 
rously murdered by a Dutch mob, in 1672. De 
Witt wrote a book containing those maxims of 
government upon which he acte i, which will 
be a never fading monument to his immortal 
memory, it shows the true and genuine princi- 
ples of policy, on which alone it is possible to 
erect an administration pr 'Stable at home, and 
which must command respect abroad. A trans- 
lation of it from the original Dutch, entitled 
*' The true Interest and political Maxims of the 
Republic of Holland,” has been printed in Lou- 
don. 
DE WITT, James, a painter, of Amsterdam. 
His best work is Moses appointing the 70 elders. 
He was born in 1695. 
DEXTER, Samuel, LL. D., an eminent law- 
yer and statesman, of Massachusetts, was born 
In 1761. Soon after he commenced the practice 
of the law, he was chosen a member of con- 
gress, and afterwards of the senate of the Uni- 
ted States, where he gained a higlt reputation 
for talents and eloquence. Under the first pre- 
sident Adams, he was appointed secretary of the 
treasury, and acting secretary of state. In 1815, 
he declined the office of minister to Spain, and 
died suddenly the following year, at Athens, in 
New-York. 
DEYNUM, John Baptist Van, an eminent 
miniature painter, of Antwerp, born in 1620. 
DEYSTER, Lewis, an eminent painter and 
engraver, of Bruges, died in 1711. Ilis daugh- 
ter Anne was equally famous as a painter. 
I)’HOSIER, Peter, a native of Marseilles, the 
first wito formed genealogies into science, died 
in 1660. 
DIACON'TS, Pauius, a Lombard, who com- 
posed the nistory of the Lombards, in 6 books, 
died in 1770. 
l)iAGORAS,surnamed the Atheist, flourish- 
ed in Athens, in the 91st Olympiad ; that is, 
about 412 years before Christ. The history of 
liis atheism, is thus told. He delighted in mak- 
ing verses, and had composed a poem which a 
certain poet had stolen from him. He sued the 
thief, who swore lie was not guilty of tile crime ; 
and soon alter, he gained a great reputation by 
publishing that work as his own. Diagoras, 
considering that he who had injured hint had 
not only escaped unpunished for his theft and 
perj-'ry, but also acquired glory thereby, con- 
cluded that there was no Providence, nor any 
gods, and wrote some books to prove it. He died 
by shipwreck. 
* DIAZ, Bartholomew, a Portuguese navigator, 
wito discovered, in 1486, the extreme point of 
Africa, now called the Cape of Good Hope. 
DIAZ, John, a Spaniard, who embraced the 
doctrines of Luther, for which, his brother, Al- 
pltonsus, a violent catholic, hired an assassin to 
dash out his brains, in 1546. 
DIVIDIN', Charles, a celebrated song-writer, 
and dramatist. In the former character, lie had 
scarcely an equal, as to (he number or the merit 
of his compositions. His songs amount to up 
wards of 1200; and it may truly be said, that 
though a great portion of them are in praise of 
love and festivity, notone passage can be found 
in the whole number, of a licentious tendency. 
On the contrary, they are calculated to support 
the interests of virtue, and to exercise the best 
affections of the heart, as well as to enforce the 
I) I 
duties of loyalty and patriotism. The influence 
jof his songs upon seamen, lias long been known, 
jand probably has strongly contributed to stimu- 
late their heroism, and inculcate submission to 
jthe hardships of their profession, and to the will 
of Providence. His “ Poor Jack” is a striking 
land popular example of this. Jn the earlier part 
of his life, he possessed considerable merit as an 
actor. Mr. Dibdin was born at Southampton, 
about 1748, and died at Camden Town, near 
London, July 25, 1814. 
DICEARCHUS, a disciple of Aristotle, horn 
at Messina, in Sicily, was a good philosopher, 
historian, and mathematician, and composed a 
great many books upon various subjects, and in 
all sciences, which were much esteemed. 
D1CENEUS, an Egyptian philosopher, in the 
age of Augustus. 
DICETO, Ralph de, was dean of St. Paul's, 
London, and author of English history, lives of 
English kings, &c.; he died in 1210. 
DICK, Sir Alexander, an English physician, 
president of the college of physicians, at Ed in 
burgh. He introduced the culture of rhubaib 
in England, and died in 1785. 
DICKINSON,Edmund,an eminent and learn- 
ed physician and scholar, who wrote in defence 
of the Scriptures, as well as on medicine. lie 
was physician to Charles II., and died in 1707. 
DICKINSON, Jonathan, first president of 
New-Jersey college ; he published several ser- 
mons, besides some miscellaneous works, and 
died in 1747. 
DICKINSON, John, a distinguished political 
writer, and friend of his country, a native of 
Delaware, and member of the first congress; 
he died in 1808. 
DICKINSON, Philemon, a brave officer, in 
the revolutionary war, particularly active in the 
battle of Monmouth ; he died in 1809. 
DICKSON, David, a Scotch divine, educated 
at Glasgow, and divinity professor at Edinburgh. 
His vioience against the episcopalians subjected 
him to persecution ; he died in 16(i4. 
DICTV’S CRETENSIS, a very ancient histo- 
rian, who, serving under Idomeneus, a king 
of Crete, in the Trojan war, wrote the history 
of that expedition, in nine books; and Tzetzes 
tells us, that Homer formed the “ Iliad” upon 
his plan. 
DIDEROT, Dionysius, a celebrated French 
poet, and writer on physics, geometry, and me- 
taphysics, ethics, and the belles lettres, was the 
son of a cutler, and born at Langres, in 1713. 
He conceived the stupendous design of a “ Dic- 
tionnaire Encyclopedique,” which, assisted by 
D’Alembert and others, he accomplished, him- 
self compiling the descriptions of arts and trades 
So ill was he paid for above 20 years labour at 
tilts book, that he was compelled to expose his li- 
brary to sale, for a subsistence. The empress of 
Russia ordered it to be bought for her at the 
price of 50,000 livres, and generously left him 
the use of it during his life. Certain positions on 
government and religion, in the “ Encyclope- 
dique,” have exposed Diderot to the charge of 
having favoured atheistical and anarchical prin- 
ciples, or what at the present day is termed_Ja- 
cobinism. Diderot died suddenly, in July, 1784. 
DIDIUS JULIANUS, M. Salvius Severus. 
a Roman emperor, who purchased the diadem 
of a corrupt soldiery. He reigned 66 days, and 
was put to death, A. D. 193. 
DIDO, or ELISSA, queen of Carthage, fled 
from Tyre, to the coast of Africa, where site 
founded a new empire 
155  ' dT[ 
DIDOT, Francis Ambrose, a most eminent 
French printer, born at Paris, 1730, and classi- 
cally educated. He introduced a number of 
improvements, not only in printing-presses (of 
which the present time is profiling) but also in 
mills for making fine paper. One of his sons 
became a celebrated type-founder. Didot died, 
it is supposed, from too strict an application to 
tile correction of the press of a stereotype edi- 
tion of Montague’s works (every sheet of which 
lie read five times, and corrected carefully be- 
fore it was sent to the press) July 10, 1804. His 
business is still successfully carried on by his 
sons, Peter and Firinia Didot. 
DIDYMUS, of Alexandria, an eminent gram- 
marian, in the age of Augustus, said to have 
written 400 books. 
DIDYMUS, of Alexandria, an ecclesiastical 
writer of the 4tli century. 
DiECMAN, John, rector of the university of 
Srade, and author of several theological and phi- 
losophical works, died in 1720. 
DIEMEN, Anthony Van, a governor-general 
of the Dutch East India settlements. In 1642, 
he sent Tasman on a voyage to the south ; the 
consequence of which was, the discovery of 
that pari of New Holland called Van Diemen’s 
Land. Me died in 1645. 
D1EMERBROEK, Isbrand, a professor of 
physic and anatomy at Utrecht, born 1609, prac 
tised physic, and read public lectures with great 
reputation, and died 1674. 
DIEPENBECK, Abraham, a painter, who 
studied with Reubens ; first, painted on glass, and 
afterwards in oil; he died at Antwerp, in 1675. 
DIEST, Adrian Van, a landscape painter, of 
the Hague, who painted plants in England ; he 
died hi 1704. 
DIETR1C, John Conrad, a Lutheran, born in 
Wetteravia, and professor of Greek in his own 
town, lie was a classical scholar and author ; 
he died in 1667. 
DIETRICH, John William Ernest, born at 
Weimar, a celebrated painter, died in 1774. 
DIETRY, a painter, of Dresden, who suc- 
ceeded particularly iu landscape views, died in 
1730. 
DIEU, Lewis de, an eminent divine, born at 
Flushing. He refused to be court minister at 
tiie Hague, and went to Leyden, where he was 
made divinity professor. He published many 
learned works, and died in 1642. 
DIGBY, Everard, an English gentleman edu- 
cated at Cambridge. He wrote some curious, 
and learned books in Latin, and died in 1592. 
DIGBY, Sir Everard, born 1581, was drawn in 
to be privy to the gunpowder plot; and though 
not a principal actor in that dreadful affair, 
nor indeed an actor at all, yet he offered 1500/. 
toward defraying the expenses of it; enter- 
tained Guv Fawkes, who was to have executed 
it in his house ; and was taken in open rebel- 
lion with other papists after the plot was de- 
tected and had miscarried. He was, with other 
conspirators, upon the 30th of January, 1005 6, 
hanged, drawn, and quartered, at the west end 
of Si. Paul’s church, In London. 
DIGBY, Sir Keuelm, a very famous English 
philosopher, and eldest son of sir Everard, was 
born at Gothurst., in Buckinghamshire,1603, and 
died on his birthday, in 1665. Having read the 
writings of Descartes, he resolved to go to Hol- 
land on purpose to see him. He did so, and 
found him at his retirement at Egmond. Des 
Maizeaux, in his life of St. Evremond, tells us 
of a conversation between these great men, 
i r.r. 
Dl 
about lengthening out life to the period of the pa 
triarchs. Descartes assured Sir Keuelm that 
lie had long been projecting a scheme for tha! 
purpose ; and a veiy notable one undoubtedly 
it would have been, if that philosopher had but 
lived ; but he had the misfortune to die just be- 
fore he could bring it to bear. 
DIGCY, Lord George, an English nobleman 
of great parts, son of John Digby, earl of Bris- 
tol, was born at Madrid, 1612. “ He was (says 
a late writer, somewhat severely) a singular 
person, whose life was one contradiction. He 
wrote against popery, and embraced it: he was 
a zealous opposer of the court, and a sacrifice for 
it : was conscientiously converted in the midst 
of his prosecution of lord Stafford, and was 
most unconscientiously a prosecutor of lord Cla- 
rendon. With great parts, he always hurt him- 
self and his friends; romanticly brave, be was al- 
ways an unsuccessful commander. lie spoke for 
the test-act, though a Roman Catholic ; and ad- 
dicted himself to astrology on the birthday of 
true philosophy.” He died earl of Bristol, 1676 
DIGBY, John, made gentleman of the privy 
chamber by James I, who afterwards knighted 
him, and sent him ambassador to Spam. H* 
jwas the author of some poems, and died, i.i ex- 
file, at Paris, in 1653. 
DIGGES. Leonard, an English gentleman, fa- 
mous for ids mathematical learning, died aboil. 
1574. 
DIGGES, Thomas, only son of Leonard Dig 
ges, and one of the greatest mathematicians ot 
his age, died 1595. 
DIGGES, Sir Dudley, master of the rolls to 
Charles I., was eldest soil of Thomas Digges 
just mentioned, and born 1583. He was, it is 
said, a great asserter of his country’s liberty In 
the worst of times, when the sluices of prero- 
gative were opened, and the banks of the law 
were almost overwhelmed by the inundations 
of it. He was author of several literary per- 
formances, and died 1639. 
D.GGES, Thomas, brother of Sir Dudley, a 
learned man, who translated several works from 
the Latin and Spanish ; he died in 1635. 
DIGGES, Dudley, third son of Sir Dudley 
He wrote on the unlawfulness of subjects taking 
up arms against their sovereign, and died iri 164'!. 
DIGGES, Edward, governor of Virginia, in 
1654. His administration was judicious, and 
calculated to improve the condition of the col- 
ony. He was afterwards sent to England as 
agent for the colony. 
DILLENIUS, John Janies, an eminent Ger- 
man botanist, who was the first professor of bo- 
tany at Oxford. He was the friend and cor- 
respondent ofLinmeus. His drawings and manu- 
scripts still remain at Oxford ; lie died in 1747. 
DILLON, Westworlli, earl of Roscommon. 
See Roscommon. 
DILWORTH, Thomas, a school-master of 
Wapping, England, well known by two or three 
useful school-books which he compiled, and 
which have gone through editions almost innu- 
merable. Mr. Dilworh died in 1781. 
D1MSDALE, Thomas, an eminent English 
physician, whose celebrity was such, that the 
empress Catharine requested him to visit Rus- 
sia, where he inoculated herself and son with 
the small pox ; he died in 1800. 
DINARCHUS, a Greek orator, the pupil of 
Theophrastus. 340 B. C. 
DINGLEY, Robert, an English puritan, and 
author; was rector of Brlxton, in tire Isle of 
Wight; he died vn 1059. DI 
DINO, professor of jurisprudence at Bologna, 
and author of some valuable works, died in 1307. 
DINOCRATES, a celebrated ancient archi- 
tect, of Macedonia, employed by Alexander in 
building the city of Alexandria. Another me- 
morable instance of Dinocrates’ architectonic 
skill is, his restoring and building, in a more 
august and magnificent manner than before, 
'lie celebrated temple of Diana at Ephesus, after 
Eratostratus, for the sake of immortalizing his 
name, had destroyed it by fire. 
DINOSTRATUS, a mathematician, the pupil 
of Plato, and inventor of the quadratic curve. 
DINOTIL Richard, a protestant writer of 
France, who wrotean accurate work, “ DeBello 
civiii Gallico,” and died in 1680. 
DINOUART, Anthony Joseph Toussaint, 
rendered famous by his periodical publications 
in Paris, which drew upon him, troubles and 
lawsuits; he died in 171). 
DINWIDDIE, Robert, succeeded Lee as go- 
vernor of Virginia, in 1752. Braddock’s expe- 
dition and defeat, occurred under his adminis- 
tration. He left tiie colony in 1757, and died in 
England, in 1770. 
DIO CHRYSOSTOM, a celebrated orator and 
philosopher of the 1st century, born at Prusa, 
a city of Bithynia, and called Chrysostom, on 
account of his eloquence. There are extant 
of his, 80 orations and dissertations upon politi- 
cal, moral, and philosophical subjects. 
DIOCLES, a mathematician in the 5th cen- 
tury inventor of the cissoid or curve line. 
DIOCLESIAN, Caius Valerius, a Roman em- 
peror, whose bloody persecution of tiie Chris- 
tians forms a chronological tera, called the /Era 
of Dioclesian, or the Martyrs ; it was for a long 
time in use in theological writings, and is stili 
followed by the Copres and Abyssiniaris. It 
commenced August 29th, A. D. 284 —Dioclesian 
was horn 233, and died 313. 
DiODATl, John, a famous minister, and pro- 
fessor of theology at Geneva, born at Lucca, in 
1579, died at Geneva, in 1652. He is distinguished 
by translations of “The Bible into Italian,” 
“ The Bible into French,” and of “ Father 
Paul’s History of the Council of Trent into 
French.” 
DIODORUS SICULUS, an ancient historian, 
born at Agyrium, in Sicily, flourished in the 
times of Julius Casar and Augustus. Diodorus 
says, in the beginning of his history, that he 
was no less than 30 years in writing it, in the 
capital of tiie world, viz. Rome. He calls liis 
work not a “ History," but a “ Historical Li- 
brary ;” and had comprised in forty books, the 
most remarkable events which had happened 
in the world during the space of 1138 years; 
but, to the great grief of the curious, of the 40 
books, only 15 are now extant. 
DIODORUS, bishop of Tarsus, eminent as a 
divine and as an instructer of youth, in the 4th 
century. 
DIOGENES, a philosopher of Babylon, 200 
B. O. He succeeded Zeno in his school. 
DIOGENES, the Cynic, was born at Sinope, 
a city of Ponttts, 413 B. C., and expelled from 
thence for coining false money ; as was bis 
father also, who was a banker. He retired to 
Athens, and prevailed on the philosopher An- 
tisthenes to become his master lie not only 
submitted to the kind of life which was peculiar 
to the followers of that founder of Ihe Cynics, 
but added new degrees of austerity to it. He 
ordered somebody to provide him a ceil; but, 
as that order was not speedily executed, he 
m 
.grew impatient, and iotig ?d himself in a tub. 
He looked down on all the world with scorn, 
and magisterially censured all mankind. Alex- 
ander one day paid him a visit, and made him 
an offer of riches, or any thing else ; bet all 
that the philosopher requested of hint, was, ;e 
stand front betwixt him and the sun • as if he 
had said, “Do not deprive me of the benefits 
of nature, and I leave to you those of fortune.” 
The conqueror was so affected by the vigour 
and elevation of his soul as to declare, “that 
if he were not Alexander he would choose to 
be Diogenes:” that is, if lie were not in posses- 
sion of all that was pompous and splendid in 
life, lie would, like Diogenes, heroically despise 
it. Diogenes bad a great presence of mind, as 
appears front bis smart sayings and quit k re- 
partees ; and Plato is thought to have passed 
no ill judgment upon him, when he called him 
“ a mad Socrates.” He died at Corinth when 
lte'was about 80 years old : but authors are not 
agreed either as to the time or maimer of his 
death. Jerome says that he strangled himself 
DIOGENES, a Cretan philosopher, the site 
cessor of Anaximenes, 5G0 B. C. 
DIOGENES LAERTIUS, an ancient Greek 
author, who wrote ten books of the “ Lives of 
the Philosophers,” still extant. 
DIOGNETUS, a philosopher, preceptor to 
Marcus Aurelius. 
DION, a Syracusan, celebrated as the friend 
of Plato, and the opponent of the Dionysii, 
tyrants of Sicily ; he was murdered, 354 B‘. C. 
DION CASSIUS, an ancient Ro nan historian, 
known also by the surnames of Cocceius and 
Cocceianus, was born at N ica a, a city of Bithy- 
nia, and flourished in tire 3d century. ’ His histo- 
ry began front the building of Rome, and pro- 
ceeded to tire reign of Alexander Severus. YVhat 
we now have of it begins with the expedition 
Luculltts against Milliridates, king of Ponltts. 
about the year of Rome 684, and ends with the 
death of the emperor Claudius, about the year 
SOfi. 
DIONIS, Peter, a French surgeon, and the 
first who demonstrated anatomical dissections 
and chirurgica! operations, established ltv Lewis 
XIV., in the royal garden ol'plants. This in 
geniotts person died in 1718. 
DION YSIUS L, tyrant of Sicily, raised him- 
self front obscurity to the throne; lie reigned 
40 years, and died 366 B. C. 
DIONYSIUS II., succeeded his father as tv 
rant of Sicily, and was expelled by Dion, 343 
B. C. 
DIONYSIUS, a tyrant of Heraclea, who mar- 
ried a niece of Darius, died 304 B. C. 
DIONYSIUS, a bishop of Corinth, who suf 
fered ninrtvdom in 178. 
DIONYSIUS, an ancient poet and geographer 
wrote a great number of pieces; but his “ Fe- 
riegesis,” or 1 Survey of the World,” is tiie 
only one that we have remaining ; and it would 
'he superfluous to say, that this is one of the 
most exact systems of ancient geography, when 
it has been related that Pliny himself promised 
it for his pattern. 
DIONYSIUS, bishop of Rome, condemned 
the heresy of the SaDellians in a full synod, died 
in 260. 
DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSFNSIS, a his- 
|toriatt ami critic of antiquity, born at Hali- 
carnassus, a town in Caria ; which is also me 
|rriorali!e for having produced Herodotus before 
him. His history is intifleu “Ofthe Roman 
lAntiquities,” and was comprised in £0 boon  DO 
of which only the first 11 are now extant. The 
reputation of this historian stands very high 
on many accounts. As to what relates to chro- 
nology, all the critics have been apt to prefer 
him even to Livy himself; than his style anl 
diction, nothing can he more pure, more cleat, 
or more elegant.—But, besides the “ Roman 
Antiquities,” there are other writings of his1 
extant, critical and rhetorical. His most ad- 
mired piece in this way is, “ Dc Structura Ora- 
tionis.” 
DIONYSIUS, a Romish monk, called “The 
Little,” in the 5th century; he compiled or 
wrole several works. 
DIONYSIUS, bishop of Alexandria, born a 
heathen, was a diligent inquirer after truth, 
which he looked for in vain among the sects of 
philosophers; but at last found it in Christianity. 
He was made bishop of Alexandria, in 247, and 
died 267. 
DIONYSIUS, the Areopagate,a learned Athe- 
nian, member of the court of Areopagus, was 
converted to Christianity by the preaching of 
St. Paul. 
DIOPHANTUS, a celebrated mathematician, 
of Aluxandria, reputed to have been the inven- 
tor of algebra. When Diophantus lived, is not 
known. His reputation, however, appears to 
have been very high among the ancients, who 
made no scruple to rank him with Pythagoras 
and Euclid, in mathematical learning. 
DIOSCOR1DES, Pedacius, an eminent phy- 
sician, of Anaxarba, since called Caisarea, iul 
Cilicia, who flourished in the reign of Nero, and 
composed five books of the “ Materia Medica.” 
DIPPED, John Conrad, a curious and extra- 
vagant character, who pretended to have disco- 
vered the philosopher’s stone, and yet was con- 
fined for debt. He travelled in almost all parts 
of Europe, and wrote several books; he died in 
1734. 
DIROIS, Francis, doctor of the Sorbonne, 
wrote several books on religious subjects; he 
died in 1700. 
DISNEY, John, D. D., an eminent English 
clergyman, chaplain to bishop Law, and vicar 
of Svvinderly, died in 1816. His biographical 
sketches of distinguished individuals, have ad- 
ded to his reputation. 
DITHMAR, a monk, bishop of Mersburg, 
known as the author of a chronicle of the em- 
perors Henry I.,Otho II. and III., and Henry II., 
died in 1028. 
DITHMAR, Justus Christopher, historical 
professor, at Frankfort. Ilis work on the histo- 
ry of Germany displays great learning; he died 
in 1737. 
D1TTON, Humphrey, a mathematical and 
theological writer, born at Salisbury, in 1675, 
died in 1715. 
DIVINI, Eustac!:ius,an Italian artist, employ- 
ed in making telescopes, died in 1664. 
DIXWELL, John, one of the judges who 
condemned the unfortunate Charles I. to the 
block. At the restoration, he fled to America, 
and resided at New-Haven until his death, in 
J68c. 
DLUGOSS, John, a Pole, archbishop of Leo- 
pold, and author of a history of Poland, in La- 
tin ; he died in 1480. 
DOBBS, Arthur, governor of North Carolina, 
•lied in 1765, after an impolitic, unpopular, and 
weak administration of 12 years. 
DOBSON, William, an English painter, horn 
In 1610. How much he was beholden to Van- 
dyke, may easily be seen in all hiswotks, no 
no 
painter having ever come so near to lilt perfec- 
tion of that excellent master as this happy imi- 
tator. lie was also further indebted to the ge- 
nerosity of Vandyke, in presenting him to 
Charles I., who took him into his immediate 
protection. He died in 1(147. 
HOD, John, an English non-conformist, whose 
pious observations were once very popular. He 
was an eminent Hebrew scholar, and died in 
1645. 
DODART, Denys, physician to Lewis XIV., 
and member of the French academy of sciences, 
born in 1634. Among other tilings, he was the 
author of a “ Statica MedicinaGallica: and died 
in 1707. Guy Patiti called him “ monstruia 
sine vitio,” a prodigy of wisdom and science, 
without any defect. 
DODD, Dr. William, an ingenious divine, of 
unfortunate memory, was born 17-29, at Bourne, 
in Lincolnshire, of which place his father, being 
a clergyman, was vicar. In 1753, he received 
orders ; and, being settled in London, soon be- 
came a popular and celebrated preacher. He 
obtained several lectureships, and advanced his 
theological character greatly by an almost unin- 
terrupted publication of sermons, and tracts of 
piety. For the same purpose also, he was very 
zealous in promoting and assisting at charitable 
institutions, and distinguished himself much in 
regard to the Magdalen hospital, which was 
opened in August, 1758: he became preacher at 
the chapel of this chanty, for which he was al- 
lowed yearly 1001. But, notwithstanding his 
attention to spiritual concerns, he was by no 
means negligent in cultivating his temporal in- 
terests ; for, besides writing constantly in the 
Public Leger, he superintended and contribu- 
ted largely to the “ Christian’s Magazine;” for 
which he received from the proprietors 1001. 
yearly. The truth is, Dodd’s finances by no 
means answered his style and manner of liv- 
ing: they were indeed much too small for it; 
and this obliged him to recur to such methods 
of augmenting them. Happy if he had never 
recurred to expedients worse than these '.— Still, 
however, he preserved theological appearances, 
and now meditated a design of publishing a 
large “ Commentary on the Bible,” which he 
began to publish in weekly and tnonthy num- 
bers, arid continued to publish it regnlariy till il 
was completed, in 3 vols. folio. In 1766, betook 
the degree of LL. D.,-at Cambridge, having 
been made a chaplain to the king some time be- 
fore. In 1772, he was presented to the living of 
Hockliffe, in Buckinghamshire: but what could 
such preferment as this avail 1 The habits of 
expense had gained a wonderful ascendency- 
over him: he was vain, he was pompous, which 
persons emerging from low situations of life are 
apt to be, and thus became involved and sink- 
ing under debts. To relieve himself, he was 
tempted to a step which ruined him for ever with 
the public; and this was, to procure by indirect 
means, the rectory of St. George’s, Hanover 
Square. On the preferment of Dr. Moss to the 
see of Bath and Wells, in 1774, that rectory fell 
to the disposal of the crown: upon which, Dodd" 
caused an anonymous letter to he sent to lady 
Apsley, offering the sum of 30001., if by her 
means he could be presented to the living. Alas! 
he was unfortunate in his woman: the letter 
was immediately communicated to the chancel 
lor, and, after being traced to the sender, laid 
before the king. His name was in consequence 
ordered to be struck out of the list of chaplains 
From this period every step led to complete hir  DO 
rum. In the summer of 177ti, he went to France; 
nut returned in the beginning of winter, and 
proceeded to exercise his function as usual, par- 
ticularly at the Magdalen Chapel, where his last 
sermon was preached Feb. 2, 1777. Two days 
after this, lie signed a bond, which he had for- 
ged, as from his pupil, lord Chesterfield, for the 
sum of 42001., and upon the credit of it obtained 
a considerable sum of money; hut detection in- 
stantly following, lie was committed to prison ; 
tried and convicted at the Old Bailey, Feb. 24, 
and executed at Tyburn, June 27. 
DODDRIDGE, or DODEIIIDGE, Sir John, 
one of the judges of the king’s bench, about 
1020, and the author of many works on the 
laws of England. 
DODDRIDGE, Dr Philip, an eminent dis- 
senting minister, born in London, in 1702, died 
1751. He was 21 years pastor of a meeting- 
house, at Northampton ; director of a flourish- 
ing academy ; and author of many excellent 
writings; in which, his pious, benevolent, and 
indefatigable zeal, to make men wise, good, and 
happy, is every where manifest. He left many 
works behind him ; the principal of which are 
“ The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul, 
illustrated in a course of serious and practical 
Addresses, suited to persons of every Character 
and Circumstance;” and “ The Family Expo- 
sitor, containing a Version and Paraphrase of 
the New Testament, with Critical Notes; and 
a Practical Improvement of eacli Section,” in 
ti vols 4to. 
DODOENS, or DODON-iEUS, Ramnert, phy- 
sician of the emperor Maximilian II., and Ro- 
dolphus II. He was a botanist, and professor at 
Leyden, and died in 1585. 
DODSLEY, Robert, an eminent bookseller, 
and ingenious writer, born at Mansfield, in Not- 
tinghamshire, in 1703. His first setting out in 
life, was in a servile station, (footman to the 
honourable Mrs. Lowther;) from which, how- 
ever, his abilities very soon raised him; for, 
having written “ The-Toyshop,” and that piece 
being shown to Mr. Pope, the delicacy of satire 
which is conspicuous in it, tliougn clothed with 
the greatest simplicity of design, so strongly re- 
rotmnended its author to the notice of that cele- 
brated poet, that he continued from that time to 
the day of his death, a warm friend and zealous 
patron to Mr. Dodsley. H is farce, called “ The 
King and Miller of Mansfield,” made its appear- 
ance the ensuing year, viz. 173C. From the suc- 
cess of these pieces, lie entered into that busi- 
ness which, of all others, has the closest con- 
nexion with, and the most immediate depend- 
ence on, persons of genius and literature, viz. 
that of a bookseller. In this station, Mr. Pope’s 
recommendation, and his own merit, soon ob- 
tained him not only the countenance of persons 
of tlie first abilities, but also of those of the first 
rank, and, in a few years, raised him to great 
eminence in his profession, of which he was al- 
most, if not altogether, at the head. He wrote 
six dramatic pieces, wiiich are enumerated in 
the “ Biographia Dramatica;” and besides these, 
lie published in his life-time, u The Muse in Li- 
very ;” “Friendly Advice to his Brethren,” 
1732; a little collection of his own works in one 
vol. 8vo, under the modest title of “ Trifles,” 
1745 ; and a poem of considerable length, enti- 
tled “ Public Virtue,” 1754, 4to. A second vo- 
lume of “ Trifles,” was collected after his death, 
consisting of, 1. “ Cleone;” 2. “ Melpomene, or' 
the Regions of Terror ami Pity, an Ode;”! 
3. “ Agriculture, a Poemand 4. “ The Eoo-j 
DO 
nomy of Human Life.” Mr. Dodsley also exe- 
cuted two woiks of great service to the cause 
of genius, as they are the means of preserving 
pieces of merit, that might otherwise sink into 
oblivion ; viz. the publication of “ A Collection 
of Poems by different eminent Hands,” in 6 vols. 
8vo, and “A Collection ofPlays by old Authors,” 
in 12 vols. 12mo. He died Sept. 25, 1764. 
DODSON, Michael, an English lawyer, and 
commissioner of bankrupts. Author of a trans- 
lation of Isaiah, and several ives; he died in 
1799 
DODSWORTH, Roger, aorn in Yorkshire, in 
1585, died 1054. Mr. Gough (Topographer of 
Yorkshire) thus speaks of him: “ One cannot 
approach the borders of this county without 
paying tribute to the memory of that indefatiga- 
ble collector of its antiquities, Roger Dodsworth, 
who undertook and executed a work, which, to 
the antiquaries of the present age, would have 
I been the stone of Tydides. 122 volumes of his 
own writing, besides original MSS. which he 
had obtained from several hands, making all to- 
gether 102 volumes folio, now lodged in that 
celebrated repository of ancient monuments, the 
Bodleian library, at Oxford, are lasting memo- 
rials of what his country owes to him ; as the 
two volumes of the “ Monasticon” (which, 
though published under lus and Dugdale’s names 
conjointly, were both collected and written to- 
tally by him) will immortalize that extensive 
industry which has laid the whole kingdom un- 
der obligation.” 
DODWELIi, Henry, amostlearned and pious 
man, born at Dublin, in 1041, died 1711, having 
written a great number of theological works. 
DODWELIi, Henry, eldest son of the preced- 
ing, was author of a pamphlet, “ Christianity 
not founded on argument.” 
DOES, Jacob Vander, a Dutch painter, whose 
landscapes are very much admired, died in 1073. 
DOES, Jacob Vatidcr, son of the preceding, 
who displayed promising talents as a painter, 
but died aged 19. 
DOES, Simon Vander, brother to the pi eced 
ing. His landscapes, battles, &c., are in a pleas 
ing style ; he died in 1717. 
DOGGET, Thomas, a comedian, formerly 
belonging to Drury-lane Theatre, where he be- 
came joint manager with Wilkes and Cibber ■ 
in which situation he continued till, on a disgust1 
betook in the year 1712, at Mr. Booth’s being 
forced on them as a sharer in the management 
he threw up his part in the property of the thea- 
tre, though it was looked on to have been 
worth 10001. per annum. As an actor, he had 
great merit; and his cotemporary, Cibber, in 
forms us, that he was the most original, and llie 
strictest observer of nature, of any actor of his 
time. He died in 1721. In his political princi- 
ples, he was, in the words of Sir Richard Steele 
a“ whig up to the head and earsand so strict- 
ly was he attached to the interests of the house 
of Hanover, that he never let slip any occasion 
that presented itself of demonstrating his senti- 
ments in that respect- One instance, among 
others, is well known; which is, that the year 
after George I. came to the throne, this perform- 
er gave a waterman’s coat and a silver badge, 
to be rowed for by six watermen, on the first 
day of August, being the anniversary of that 
king’s accession to the throne; and, at his death, 
bequeathed a certain sum of money, the interest 
of which was to be appropriated annually, for 
ever, to the purchase of a like coat and badge, 
jjto be rowed for in honour of the day; which "" DO 
ceremony is every year performed on the 1st of 
August, ihe claimants setting out, at a signal 
given, at ihat time of the tide when the current 
is strongest against them, and rowing from the 
Old Swan, near London bridge, to the White 
Swan, at Chelsea. As a writer, Dogget left be- 
hind him only one comedy, which has not been 
performed in its original state for many years, 
entitled ” The Country Wake, 1696,” 4to. It 
has been altered, however, into a ballad-farce, 
which occasionally makes its appearance under 
the title of “ Flora, or Hob in the Well.” 
DOISSIN, Lewis, a Jesuit, who wrote ele- 
gant Latin verses on the subject of sculpture 
and engraving, died in 1753. 
DQLABELLA, P. Cornelius, son-in-law of 
Cicero, a friend of Catsar, and governor of Sy- 
ria, put an end to liis life at 27 years of age. 
DOLBIN, John, a man of education, major 
in the king’s service, during the civil wars, and 
afterwards dean of Westminster, and bishop 
of Rochester; he died in 1668. 
DOLCE, Lewis, a native of Venice, a poet, 
translator of some of the ancient authors, and 
autnor of several learned works, died in 1566. 
DOLCE, Carlo, a painter, of Florence. His 
St. John, painted when he was only 11 years 
old, is much admired ; he died in 1686. 
DO LET. Stephen, a learned Frenchman, a 
painter and bookseller, at Lyons, was burnt for 
atheism, in 1546. 
DOLLOND, John, a very eminent optician, 
and the inventor of the achromatic telescope, 
was born in Spital-fields, June 10, 1706, died 
Nov. 30, 1761. He was reading a new publica- 
tion of M Clairaut., on the Theory of the Moon, 
and on which he had been long intently engaged 
when he was seized with apoplexy, and died 
in a few hours after. The business and the 
abilities of the father were inherited by his two 
sons, Peter and John. 
DOLLOND, Peter, son of the optician, known 
as the author of papers communicated to the 
royal society, on his improvement of the tele- 
scope, on liis alterations of Hadley’s quadrant, 
&c., (lied in 1820, aged 90. 
DOLOMIEU, Deodat, an eminent French 
naturalist, who visited all the volcanic regions 
of Italy, and was afterwards sent, among other 
men of science, to collect and describe the anti- 
quities and natural curiosities of Egypt. Re- 
turning from that country, he was driven into 
Naples, and there committed to a close and 
loathsome confinement; hut, after suffering a 
long captivity, he was liberated by the humane 
interposition of the celebrated Sir Joseph 
Banks. He had scarcely reposed alter his fu- 
tigues, when he went to visit Mont Simplon, 
whence he returned rich in mineralogical acqui- 
sitions ; when a disease, which commenced in 
his imprisonment, terminated his career, De- 
cember, 1801. 
DOM AT, John, a celebrated French lawyer, 
born at Clermont, in Auvergne, in 1625, died at 
Paris, in 1696. The confusion which he had 
observed in the laws, put him upon forming a 
design of reducing them to their natural order, 
which he completed, and published in four vols. 
4to, under the title of” The Civil Laws in their 
Natural Order, 1689.” It has been usual to re- 
commend this work to young lawyers and di- 
vines, who would apply themselves to the study 
of morality and the civil law. 
DOMENIOHtNO, an Italian painter, on sacred 
subjects and landscapes, born at Bologna, 1581 
He always applied himself to his work withil 
, DO 
'much study and thoughtfulness,and never offer 
|ed to toucli liis pencil tillin' tom.d a kind ofen- 
tliusiasin or inspiration upon him. ilis excel- 
lence lay principally in the correctness of his 
style, and in expressing the passions and affec- 
tions of the ntind. He died in 1041, not without 
the suspicion of being poisoned. 
DOMINIC, de Guzman, a Spaniard, founder 
of the order of the Predicants, born in Arragom 
in 1170, dh d at Bologna, in Italy, in 1221, and 
was afterwards made a saint for the prodigious 
services he hud done the church. 
DOMINICHINL, Lodovico, a native of Pla- 
centia, famous for his voluminous translations 
from ancient authors, died in 1574. 
DOMINIS, Mark Antony de, archbishop of 
Spolalo, in Dalmatia, in the lGtli century, lit 
wrote against the papal power; turned protes 
tant; then again turned catholic ; he was sus- 
pected, seized, and imprisoned. After his death 
liis body was dug up and burned as a heretic in 
1045. 
DOMITIAN, Titus Flavius, a Roman empe- 
ror, at first mild, but afterwards licentious and 
cruel, was assassinated in 9(5. 
DOM1TIANUS, Domitius, general and dio- 
clcsian, was proclaimed emperor of Egypt, in 
288 ; be died bv violence. 
DONALDSON, John, an eminent artist of 
Edinburgh, distinguished as a miniature portrait 
painter, and an exact imitator with his pen rf 
the old engravers ; also a poet and a chymis»: 
he died in 1801. 
DONATO, Bernardino, Greek professor at 
Padua, author of a Latin dialogue, on the differ- 
ence between Aristotle’s and Plato’s philosophy, 
he died in 1550. 
DONATO, an architect and sculptor, of Flor- 
ence, of great eminence, died in 14(56. 
DONATO, Jerom, a Venetian nobleman, 
eminent for his learning, liis military services, 
and particularly for his negotiations, died in 
1511. 
DONATO, Alexander, a jesuit of Sienna, 
who wrote a valuable description of Rome; lie 
died in 1640. 
DONATO, Marcellus, an Italian count, who 
wrote a learned work on the Latin writers of 
Roman history, 8vo., in 1607. 
DONATES, bishop of Carthage, banished in 
356. 
DONATES, zElius, a grammarian of the 4th 
century, preceptor of St. Jerome, and author of 
commentaries on Terence and Virgil. 
DONATES, a bishop of a religious sect in 
Africa, who began to be known about the year 
329, and greatly confirmed his faction by bis 
character and writings. He was a man of great 
parts and learning; but withal so prodigiously 
haughty, that he treated all mankind with con- 
tempt. The Donatists affirmed baptism in other 
churches to be null and of no effect; while other 
churches allowed it to be valid in theirs : from 
which they inferred, that it was the safer to 
join that community where baptism was ac- 
knowledged by both parties to be valid, than 
that where it was allowed to be so only by one 
DONCKER, Peter, a painter, of Gouda, stu- 
died at Rome, and died 1668. 
DONDUS, or DE DONDIS, James, a pliysi 
ciau, of Padua, learned also in mathematics and 
mechanics, died in 1350. 
DONEAU, Hugh, professor of law at Bourges 
and Orleans. He wrote commentaries on civil 
law, 5 vois folio, and other works, and died in 
1591, 
160 DO 
DONGAN, Thomas, earl of Limerick, a judi- 
cious and popular governor of New York, re- 
signed tiie office in 1089, and returned to Eng- 
land, in consequence of iiis sovereign’s displea- 
sure. 
DON!, Anthony Francis, a Florentine priest, 
who possessed great satirical powers, and wrote 
many books ; he died in 1574. 
DON 1 D'ATTICHi, Lewis, a Florentine no- 
bleman, whose modesty and learning recom- 
mended him to Richelieu, who made him bishop 
of Autun. He wrote many volumes, and died 
in 1664. 
DONI, John Baptiste, professor of eloquence 
at Florence. His treatise on music is well 
known ; he died in 1647. 
DONNE, John, an English poet and divine, 
born at London, 1573, anddescended, by his mo- 
ther, from the family of sir Thomas More. Soon 
after his taking orders (which he did at the spe- 
cial request of king James) he was chosen 
preacher of Lincolu’s-Inn; in 1621, lie was 
made dean of St. Paul's, and there was some- 
thing singular ui the ciscumstances attending it. 
The deanery becoming vacant, the king sent for 
Dr. Donne, and ordered him to attend him the 
next day at dinner. When his majesty was set 
down, before lie had eaten any meat, he said, 
“ Dr. Donne, l have invited you to dinner; and 
though you sit not down with me, yet I will carve 
to you of a dish that f know you love well ; for 
knowing you love London, I do therefore make 
you dean of St. Paul’s ; and when l have dined, 
then do you take your beloved dish home to 
your study; say grace there to yourself, and 
much good may it do you I” He died 1631, and 
was buried in the cathedral church of St. Paul, 
where a monument was erected over him. His 
poems consist of songs and sonnets, epigrams, 
epithalamimns, satires, letters, funeral elegies, 
holy sonnets, &c. published at different times. 
Dryden has justly given Donne the character of 
11 the greatest wit, though not the greatest poet, 
of our nation ;” and lord Falkland styles Donne 
“ one of the most witty and most eloquent of 
modern divines.” 
DONNE, Benjamin, a mathematician, made 
master of mechanics to the king in 1796. He 
was a native of Devonshire, and wrote several 
treatises much esteemed. 
DOOLITTLE, Thomas, a non conformist, 
many years minister of St. Alpage, London. 
lie wrote several books on practical divinity, 
and died in 1707. 
DOPPLE-MAfER, John Gabriel, professor of 
mathematics at Nuremburg. He was fellow of 
the Royal Society of London, &c. 
DORBAY, Francis, a French architect, who 
furnished designs of several beautiful works at 
the Louvre, the Thuilleries, &c.,died in 1697. 
DORFLTNG, a Prussian, who from a tailor, 
became a soldier, and finally a field marshal 
under the elector of Brandenburg. 
DORIA, Andrew, a Genoese admiral, the re- 
storer of the independency of Genoa when un- 
der the French yoke, born 1468, died 1560. 
DORTGNY, Michael, a painter and engraver, 
professor in the academy of painting of Paris. 
His works are to be seen in the castle of Vin- 
cennes ; he died in 1665. 
DORIGNY, Nicholas, an eminent French on 
graver, who was knighted by George 1.; he died 
at Paris, in 1746. His brother Lewis, also an 
engraver, died at Verona, in 1742. 
ORING, or DORINK, Matthias, a German 
Fiauciscar. who in his writings, inveighs against 
DO _ 
the vices of the popes ami cardinals. He was 
the formumner of Luther, ami died in 1494. 
DOR1SLAUS, Isaac, a Dutchman, who went 
from Leyden to England, and read lectures or. 
history at Cauibri ge. lie was alternately a 
republican and royalist, during the civil wars, 
and turned out a proiligate and guilty man; he 
died in 1649. 
DORMANS, John de, cardinal and chancel- 
lor of France under Charles V. He founded a 
college in Paris, and died in 1373. 
DORNAVIUS, Gaspar, a physician, born in 
Voightland, and an author of some humorous 
and whimsical pieces, died in 1631. 
DORSCH, Everard, a Dutch engraver of ge- 
nius, of superior abilities, died in 1712. Hts son 
Christopher was equally famous in the same 
art, and died in 1732. 
DORSEY, John Syng, M. D., professor of ma- 
teria niedica in the university of Pennsylvania, 
and afterwards of anatomy, as successor to Dr. 
Wistar; he died suddenly at Philadelphia, in 
1818. 
DOSITFLEfJSjtlie first heresiarch,a magician 
of Samaria, whose followers remained 24 hours 
in the same posture in which they were, when 
the Sabhalh commenced. He starved himself to 
death. 
DOUBLET, N. an eminent French surgeon, 
who left some valuable professional writings • 
he died in 1795. 
DOUCIN, Lewis, a French Jesuit, who wrote 
a history of the Nestorians, and other works; 
he died 1720. 
DOUFFET, Gerard, a painter, of Liege, and 
a pupil of Rubens, famed for the variety and 
accuracy of his pictures, died in 1060. 
DOUGADOS, Venance, a capuchin, born 
near Carcassonne. The French revolution was 
a field fit to display his ambition and intrigue: 
he was dragged to the scatfold for iiis political 
opinions in 1794. 
DOUGHERTY, Michael, one of the first set- 
tlers of Georgia; died in 1808, aged 135. 
DOUGLAS, Gawin, bishop of Dunkeld, and 
eminent for his poetical talents, was born at 
Annandale, in Scotland, in 1471, ami died of the 
plague in London, in 1522 Mr. Warton styles 
him “oneof the distinguished luminaries that 
marked the restoration of letters in Scotland, at 
the commencement of the 16th century.” He 
translated the “ 2Eneid” of Virgil into Scottish 
heroics, with the additional (13th) book of 51a- 
pheus Vegius, 4to, 1553. He also wrote an ori- 
• final piece called “ The Palace of Honour,” amt 
other poems. He was likewise a promoter of 
public spirited works, and finished the stone 
bridge over the river Tay, begun by his prede- 
cessor. 
DOUGLAS, William, a Scotch nobleman, 
commissioned by Robert Bruce. He had made 
a vow to go on a crusade, but he perished on the 
way, in 1327 
DOUGLAS, James, an English anatomist,and 
distinguished practitioner in obstetrics. He was 
also an eminent author, and died in 1742. 
DOUGLAS, admiral Sir Charles, a native of 
Scotland, was originally in the Dutch service • 
and it was not without some difficulty that he 
was enabled to obtain rank in the English navy. 
He was so excellent a linguist, lhat he spoke six 
European languages correctly. On the war with 
America breaking out, he had a broad pendant 
given him, and commanded the squadron em- 
ployed in the gulf of St. Lawrence. His servi 
ces there obtained him very Battering honours DO 
on his return to England; and after Brereton 
was dismissed, for misconduct, from the Duke, 
of D8 guns, Sir diaries was appointed to com- 
mand her. In this ship, he cultivated his me- 
chanical propensity so much to the improvement 
of the guns, and the use of locks instead of 
matches,that the practice was universally adopt- 
ed throughout the navy. During the prepara- 
tions for war, in the year 1787, he was promoted 
to the rank of rear admiral, and died in January, 
1789. 
DOUGLAS, Dr. John, bishop of Salisbury, 
a learned divine, born at Pittenvveem, in Fife- 
shire, in 1721, and educated chiefly at Baliol 
College Oxford. This venerable prelate was 
one of the first literary characters of the age, 
and the Iasi surviving member (the bishop of 
Dromore excep d) of the Beef Steak Club, ce- 
lebrated by Dr. Goldsmith, in his poem of “ Re- 
taliation.” The literary talents of bishop Doug- 
las were first evinced, in detecting the attempt 
of Lauder to depreciate the merits of Milton. 
He vindicated the originality of that illustrious 
bard, and covered his opponent with confusion. 
His next performance possessed such merit, as 
highly to recommend his character, both as a 
literary man, and an advocate for revealed re- 
ligion. It was entitled the “ Criterion,” in an- 
swer to Mr. Hume’s Essay on Miracles. He suc- 
ceeded Dr. Law in the bistiopric of Carlisle, in 
1783; and upon the translation of Dr. Barring- 
ton to the see of Durham, was appointed his 
successor. His lordship died May 18, 1807. 
DOUGLAS, James, earl of Morton and Aber- 
deen. a man of great learning and many virtues. 
He was president of the London Royal Society, 
in 1733. 
DOUGLAS, William, M. D., a native of 
Scotland, afterwards a physician in Boston, who 
first made known at Constantinople, the practice 
of innoculating for the small pox, but was oppo- 
sed to its introduction into America; he pub- 
lished several works on small pox, &c., and died 
in 1752. 
DOUSA, James, a very learned man, born at 
Northwick, in Holland, 1545, died in 1601. He 
was a great scholar, statesman, and soldier. 
His learning was indeed prodigious; and he had 
such a memory, tiiat he could at once give an 
answer to any thing that was asked him rela- 
ting to ancient or modern history, or, in short, 
to any branch of literature. He was (say Mel- 
cliiorj Adam, and Thuanus,) a kind of living 
library, the Varro of Holland, and the oracle 
of the university of Leyden. 
DOUVRE, Thomas de. was raised by Wil- 
liam the Conqueror to the see of York, where 
he rebuilt »he cathedral: he died in 1100. 
DOUVRE, Thomas de, nephew of the pre- 
ceding, was also archbishop of York, in 1108. 
DOUVRE, Isabella de, of the same family, 
was mistress to Robert, the natural son of Hen- 
ry I.; she died in 1166. 
DOVE, Nathaniel, an ingenious penman, au- 
thor of “ The Progress of Time.” He kept an 
academy at Hoxton, and died in 1754. 
DOW, Gerard, a celebrated Dutch painter, 
the pupil of Rembrandt, born at Leyden, 1613, 
died in 1680. 
DOWAL, William Mac, a learned Scotch- 
man, born in 1590. He held several important 
offices under Charles I. and H. 
DOWNHAM, John, an English divine, au- 
thor of a well-known pious work, called “ The 
Christian Warfare,” died in 1644. 
DOWNING, Calibut, LL. D., an English di- 
DO 
i vine, &c. Hr turned republican, and stirred tip 
, his people to. up arms against their king, 
he dieuin 1043. 
DOWNMAN, Hugh, a physician and poet, 
, horn at Newton St. Cyres, Devonshire, in 1740, 
(died nl Exeter, in 1800; having published seve- 
iral tragedies and poems, on various suhjecls; 
of the latter, the principal one is entitled “ In 
I fancy.” 
, DRABICIUS, Niclioias, a celebrated enthusi- 
ast, horn about 1587, in Moravia, where his fa- 
ther was burgomaster. When lie was upwards 
of 50 years of age he commenced prophet, and 
published some extraordinary political chime- 
; ras, which he called “ Visions.” 
DRACO, a celebrated legislator of Athens, 
whose laws were so severe, that thev were said 
to be written in blood. He flourished aboutOOO 
years B. C. 
DRACONITF.S, John, a Lutheran divine, a 
bishop in Prussia, and the learned author of 
some commentaries on the Scriptures. He be- 
; gati a polyglott Bible, but died before its com- 
pletion, in 1560. 
DRAGUT, Rais, or captain RAGUT, the fa- 
vourite and successor of Barbarossa, a famous 
pirate, in 1566. 
DRAKE, Sir Francis, a distinguished naval 
hero, who flourished in the reign of Elizabeth, 
was born near Tavistock, in Devonshire, 1545. 
He made his name immortal by a voyage into 
i the South Seas, through the strait of Magellan, 
which was what, at that time, no Englishman 
had ever attempted. He sailed from England, 
Dec. 13, 1577, and entered the harbour of Ply- 
mouth on his return, Nov. 3, 15'J0; performing 
jthus a voyage round the globe in two years and 
about ten months. His expeditions and victo 
i ries over the Spaniards, have been equalled by 
i modern admirals, but not his generosity ; for he 
divided the booty he took, in just proportional 
shares with the common sailors, even to wedges 
of gold given him in return for his presents to 
Indian chiefs. He died, after having rendered 
; the most eminent services to his country by his 
■ bravery and skill, 1595-6, on board his own ship, 
. in the West Indies. The town of Plymouth 
I had very particular obligations to Drake ; for, 
i in 1587, he undertook to bring water into it; 
through tlie want of which, till then, it had been 
, grievously distressed ; and lie performed it by 
conducting thither a stream from springs at eight 
miles’ distance, that is to say, in a straight line : 
for, in the manner he brought it, the course pf 
it runs upwards of 20 miles. 
DRAKE, Samuel, published, in 1729, in folio, 
a splendid edition of archbishop Parker’s “ De 
Antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiie,” &c. 
DRAKE, James, a celebrated political writer 
and physician, born at Cambridge, in 1567, died 
1706-7. lie is chiefly known now by his medi- 
cal works, by a “ System of Anatomy,” parti 
larly, which was finished a little before liis de- 
cease, and published in 1707. 
DRAKE, Francis, a surgeon, at York, and an 
eminent antiquary, published, in 1736, “ Ebora- 
cum, or, The History and Antiquities of the 
, City of York, from its Original to the present 
Time,” &.c. 
DRAKE, William, a physician, born at York, 
: where he settled. In his old age he collected 
various records, and published a valuable histo- 
ry of liis native town, in folio ; he died in 1760. 
• DRAKE, Rodger, D. D., a physician, who 
became a popular preacher in Lon on. He was 
learned and oious, and died al ter the restoration. 
162 DR 
DRAKEN BERG, Christian Jacob, was Oornl i 
(n Norway, and after living in celibacy 113 years, c 
married a widow aged 60. 
DRAKENBORCll, A rnoldus, a professor of 
history and eloquence at Utrecht, died in 1748. 
lie is memorable for having given fine editions 
in 4to of two ancient authors, “ Titus Livius,” 
7 vols.; and “ Silius Italicus,” with very learned; i 
notes. He is also the author of some small i 
works. 
DRAN, Uenry Francis le, a famous surgeon, 
and lithotomist, author of Surgery, 2 vols., aud 
other surgical works, died at Paris, in 1770. i 
DRAPER, Sir William, an English general, 
born at Bristol, was educated at Eton, and at ■ 
King’s College, Cambridge; but preferring a 
military life, lie went to the East. Indies, where 
he attained the rank of colonel, and in 1763, in i 
co-operation with admiral Cornish, reduced . 
Manilla, where they consented to accept a 
ransom for the fort of 4,000,000 dollars, which 
the Spanish' government never paid. In 1709, 
being then a knight of the Bath, the colonel 
appeared in print, as the antagonist of Junius, i 
i;i defence of the marquis of Granby. Sir 
William died at Bath, in 1787. 
DRAYTON. Michael, an English poet, born i 
in Warwickshire, 1563. When but 10 years of | 
age lie appears to have been page to some 
person of honour, as we collect from his own 
words. It appears too, that lie was then anxi- 
ous to know “ what kind of strange creatures 
pucis were V' and desired his tutor, of all things, 
that, if possible, “he would make him a poet.” 
He took delight, and was eminent for his talent 
in this way, nine or ten years before the death 
of queen Elizabeth, if not something sooner. 
Drayton died in 1631, and was buried in West- 
minster abbey, among the poets. His works, 
which are numerous, and of great merit, were 
collected and printed, in 1748, in one volume 
folio. 
DRAYTON, William, a political writer of 
considerable eminence, in South Carolina, ac- 
tive in forwarding the American revolution- 
lie published a history of the war, and died 
in 1779. 
DRAYTON, William, LL. D., a judge of the 
ederal court for the district of South Carolina; 
died in 1790. 
DREBEL, Cornelius, a Dutch philosopher 
and alchymist, of whom some curious particu- 
lars are related, with respect to his power, to 
cause rain, cold, &c., by the operations of his 
machines ; lie died in 1572. 
DRELINCOURT, Charles, minister of the 
church of Paris, born at Sedan, 1595, and died 
1669 His “ Consolations against the Fears of 
Death” have, of alt his works, been the most 
frequently reprinted; having passed through 
above 40 editions, and been translated into 
several lmgiiages. His “Charitable Visits,” 
in 5 vols., have served for continual consolation 
to private persons, and for a source of materials 
and models to ministers. He published three 
volumes of Sermons ;” in which, as in all the 
forementioned pieces, there is a wonderful vein 
of piety, which is very afTecting to religious 
minds. 
DRESSERUS, Matthew, a German, who 
oecame professor of rhetoric and history at 
Jena, and, in 1581, accepted the chair of polite 
learning at Leipsic. He was a man of great 
learning, and died in 11507. 
DREUX DU RADIER, John Francis, a 
French advocate, who abandoned the bar for 
Dll 
the pursuits of literature, and became the author 
of various works; tie <ueu in i78G. 
D REVET, Peter, an eiuinenteiigraver at Paris; 
his son, also named Peter, was equally eminent 
in the same profession. They both died in 
1739, the father aged 73 ; the son 42. 
DREXELIUS, Jeremiah, a jesuit, of Aags- 
burgh, author of a curious poem on hell tor 
ments, in which lie calculates itow many souls 
can be contained in a given space; ho died in 
1638. 
DRIERO, John, a learned divinity professor, 
of Louvain, whose abilities were employed 
against the Lutheran Calvinists. He published 
4 vols. folio, on theological subjects, and died ia 
1335. 
DRINKER, Edward, a native of Philadelphia 
died in 1782, aged 103. He lived to see the 
5tb generation, and having survived the reigns 
of seven sovereigns, lie at length saw the day 
that made America, a free and independent 
nation. 
DROLINGER, Charles Frederick, privy coun- 
sellor to the margrave of Baden Duilach, was 
admired as a poet, and scholar ; he died in ! 742. 
DROU, N., a French advocate, distinguished 
for his eloquence, and for his defence of the 
| poor as well as the rich ; he died in 1783. 
DKOUAIS, Hubert, a painter, of Normandy 
who, by his pencil, raised himself to fame and 
opulence; died in 1767. 
DROUET, Stephen Francis, a laborious 
French writer, who died in 1779. 
DRUMMOND, William, of Hawthornden, a 
Scottish poet and historian, born 1585, died 
Dec. 4, 1649. He preceded Waller in polishing 
English versification. Ilis poems have a harmo- 
ny and sweetness in them, unequalled by any 
of his time; and in his “ History of the Five 
Jameses” his manner of telling a story, ana 
interesting the reader in what he relates, lias 
been highly commended. Ben Jonson so much 
admired our author, that he undertook a journey 
on foot into Scotland on purpose to visit him, 
and esteemed some months that he spent in bis 
society the happiest of his life. Some of the 
conversation atthis meeting has been preserved. 
Drummond’s poems were first printed at Edin 
burgh, in 4to., 1616; afterwards in Svo , 1056. 
and a complete collection of his works in fblio, 
1711. The poems were reprinted in 1791. His 
general merits have been ingeniously appre- 
ciated by Mr. Neve, Mr. Headley, Mr. Pinkerton, 
and Dr. Anderson, in their several biographical 
sketches of our earlier British poets. 
DRUMMOND, Robert Hay, successively bi- 
shop of St. Asaph, of Salisbury, and of York. 
' He published six occasional sermons, and died 
in 1773. 
DRURY, Robert, was shipwiecked in 1762, 
on the island of M adagascar, where he rental tied 
15 years. After his escape, he published an 
accountof the natives, &c. 
DRURY, Dru, a jeweller, of London, who 
wrote 3 vols. on insects, and collected a vast 
number of curiosities; lie died in 1804. 
DRUSILLA, Livia, disgraced herself by an 
; incestuous commerce with her brother Caligula; 
she died, A. D. 38. 
i DRUSIUS, John, a most learned man among 
t the Protestants, was born at Oudenard, in Fian- 
; ders, in 1555, and was author of several works 
: which show him to have been well skilled in 
Hebrew, and to have gained a considerable 
t knowledge in the Jewish antiauitiee. He died 
■ lin 1616. 
163 DR 
DRUSUS, son of Gcrmanicus, was put to 
death by Tiberius, A. D. 93 
DKUfiuc, tvt. Litvtus, an ambitious Roman, 
murdered tor bis attempts to enforce the agra- 
rian law7, 190 B. C. 
DRUSUS, Nero Claudius, brother of the em- 
peror Tiberius, was honoured with a triumph 
for his victories in Germany; he died 91 B. C. 
DRUSUS, son of T'berius and Vispania, was 
banished, A. D. 23. 
DRYANDER, John, a Hessian medical and 
mathematical writer, died 1560. 
DRYDEN, John, an illustrious English poet, 
was sou of Erasmus Dryden, of Tichmersh, in 
Northamptonshire, and born at Aldwincle, near 
Outidle, in that county, Aug. 9, 1631. He was 
educated in grammar learning at Westminster 
school, being king’s scholar there under the fa- 
mous Dr. Busby, and was from thence elected, 
tit 1650, a scholar in Trinity College, Cambridge. 
His reputation as a poet, together with his at- 
tachment to the court, procured him tile place 
of poet- laureat and historiographer to Charles 
II., which accordingly he took possession of, 
upon the death of sir William Daveuant, in 
1668. In 1669 his first play, a comedy, called 
“ The Wild Gallants,” was acted at the Thea- 
tre-royal, but with so little success, that if the 
author had not had a peculiarly strong inclina- 
tion to dramatic writing, he would have been 
sufficiently discouraged from any farther at- 
tempts in it. He went on, however, and in the 
space of 25 years produced 27 plays, besides his 
oilier numerous poetical writings. He died 
May 1, 1701. As to Dryden’s character, it has 
been treated in extremes, some setting it too 
high, others too low; for he was too deeply en- I 
gaged in party to have strict justice done him I I 
either way. Congreve represents him, in re- i 
card to his moral character, in every respect not 
only blameless, but amiable: and “ as to his! i 
writings (says lie) no man hath written, in our j, 
language, so much and so various matter, andj 
in so various manners, so well. Another tiling! 
1 may say was very peculiar to him : which is,i ! 
that his parts did not decline with his years, butl 
that he was an improving writer to the last, j . 
even to near 70 years of age ; improving ever. | 
in fire and imagination asweli as in judgment:! 
witness his “ Ode on St. Cecilia’s Day, ' anti hi 
his “ Fables,” his latest performances. He was" 
equally excellent in verse and in prose. Hist 
prose had all the clearness imaginable, together |h 
with ail the nobleness of expression, all the!' 
graces and ornaments proper and peculiar to 9,| : 
without deviating into the language or Jicttor of !i 
poetry. I have heard him frequently own with | 
pleasure, that if he had any talent for English 
prose, it was owing to his having often read the f 
writings of the great archbishop Tillotson. His 
versification and his numbers he could learn of i 
nobody ; for he first possessed those talents in < 
perfection in our tongue. In his poems, his dic- 
tion is. wherever his subject requires it, so sub- ; 
liinely and so truly poetical, that its essence, j 
like that of pure gold, cannot be destroyed, i 
What he has done in any one species or distinct 
kind of writing, would have been sufficient to i 
have acquired him a great name. If he had i 
written nothing but bis prefaces, or nothing but 
his songs or bis prologues, each of them would 
have entitled him to the preference and distinc- 
tion of excelling in his kind.” 
DUANE, James, first Mayor of New-York, 
after its recovery front the British, and judge of 
iie district court of New-York • he died in 1797. 
Dir 
j|| DUAREN, Francis, a French civilian, who 
J taught civii iaw at bourges. he published some 
, iwoiks, ciiietiy on law, and died in I55y. 
- I DUBOCAGE, Mary Anne le 1'agc, a Flench 
lady, who translated inio her own language, 
- Rope's Temple ol Fame, and Milton's t inauise 
1 lost, fc-he was a memlier ol many learned so- 
cieties, and lainous lor her poetry and compo- 
s Isition. felie died in 1802. 
DUBOIS, William du, a French prelate, who 
1 supported the duke ol Orleans in all his licen- 
tiousness, and schemes ol ambition, he was 
i made a cardinal, and afterwards prime minis- 
i iter. He was a hypocrite and an intriguer, and 
• ;died in 1123. 
DUBOIS, Dorothea, daughter of the earl oi 
Anglesea, who married a musician, and was 
disowned by her father. She wrote Theodora, 
a novel, and died in 1774. 
DUBOIS, Simon, a painter, of Antwerp, who 
went to England, and acquired great lame by 
his art, he died in 1708. 
DU BOS Charles Francis, a Frenchman, dean 
ofEucon. He wrote the life of Banilou, bishop 
of Lucon, and died in 1724. 
IJUBOS, John Baptist, a French abbot, au- 
thor of reflections on poetry and painting, died 
in 1742. 
DUBOS, Jerome, a Dutch painter, whore 
representation of hell, struck its beholders with 
terror and astonishment, lie died in the bi gin- 
ning of the 10th century. 
DUBOUCHER Matthew, a native of Dax, 
who published some law tracts, a poem on 
friendship, &.c. died in 1801. 
DUBRAU, or DUBKAV1US SCALA, John, 
bishop of Olmulz. He was sent ambassador to 
Silesia, and was author of a history of Bohe- 
mia in 33 books: he died in 1553. 
DUC, Fronton du, Fronto Ducteus, a Jesuit, 
of Bordeaux, a man of learning and devotion, 
editor of St. Chrysostom’s works, (i vols. folio: 
he died in 1624. ’ 
DUC, John le, a Dutch painter of eminence, 
born in 1036. 
DUC A sED Dr. Andrew’ Coitee, F. R. and 
A S. born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1713, died 
in ’785. He was one of the superintendents oi 
the Rape.-office keeper of the library at I.ntn- 
jbetU and one of the most eminent antiquarians 
,|.v. Bit time 
j DUCaRT Isaac, a skilful painter of flowers 
ion sa-,,n died at Amsterdam, in 1697. 
DUCa? Michael, a Greek historian, author 
a history of Greece, from Andronictre to the tall 
lof the enip.ee, printed at Paris, in 1649. 
! PTCHAL > limes, a dissenting minister, of 
Dublin, whose sermons w’ere published in 3 vols 
8 vc. died in 1761. 
DUCHANGE, Gaspard, a French engraver, 
whose best pieces are Ihe driving out of the money 
changers, and the pharisee’s supper, died in 1757 
DUCHAT, Jacob le, a Frenchman, was born 
at Metz, in 1658, and died, in 1735. He was re- 
garded as a very learned person, yet he is dis 
fingutshed as an editor rather than an author 
He gave new editions of the “ Menippean Fa 
tires,” of the Works of Rabelais, ’ of the “Apol 
ogie for Herodotus,” by Henry Stephens, &c 
all accompanied with remarks of his own. 
DUCHATEL Gaspard, a deputy in the 
French convention, celebrated for bis manly and 
able defence of the unfortunate Lewis XVI. ; 
he was guillotined in 1793. 
DU( i.ATELET D’HARATJCCURT,Lewis 
Marie Florent due, a colonel iu the French - HU 
my, imprisoned and guillotined for his attach- 
ment to bis king, in I7y2. 
DHCHE HE VANCY, Joseph Francis, a 
French poet, autiior of three tragedies, Debo- 
rah, Jonathan, and Absalom. He was a man 
universally respected, and died in 1704. 
DUCK, Arthur, born in Devonshire, 1580, and 
died 1649. He was an excellent civilian, a tolera- 
ble poet, especially in his younger days, and very 
well versed in history, ecclesiastical as well as 
civil. He left behind him “ Vita Henrioi Chi- 
chele,” &.C., and u De Usu et Authoritate Juris 
C'iviiis Eoirianorum in Dominiis principum 
Christianoriun ; ” a very useful and entertaining 
work, which has been printed several times in 
England and elsewhere. 
DUCK, Stephen, a thresher and a poet, born 
at Charlton, Wiltz, at which place an anniver- 
sary, called Thresher’s Feast, is still held to his 
memory. Ho had originally no other teaching 
than what enabled him to read and write Eng- 
lish ; about his 14th year he was taken from 
school, and was afterwards successively en- 
gaged in the several lowest employments of 
a country life. He had from his infancy a. pre- 
dilection" for poetry ; sometimes turned his own 
thoughts into verse while he was at work, and 
at last began to venture those thoughts a little 
upon paper. At length some of his essays fall- 
ing into the hands of a lady of quality, who at- 
tended on the late queen Caroline, he became 
known to her majesty, who took him under her 
protection, and settled on him a yearly pension 
of about 30/. ; such a one at least as was 
sufficient to maintain him independently of la- 
bour. Duck was afterwards admitted into or- 
ders, and preferred to the living of Byfleet, in 
Surrey. Here he continued for many years to 
make poems and sermons, and was much fol- 
lowed bv the people as a preacher; till falling 
at length into a low-spirited melancholy way, lie 
threw himself into a trout-stream, at the back of 
the Black'Lion Inn, near Leading, and was 
drowned. This unhappy accident, for he was 
perfectly lunatic, befell him March 30, 1756. 
DUCLOS, Charles Dineau, historiographer 
of France, horn at Dinant, in Bretagne, in 1705 ; 
he died in 1772. 
DUCLOS, Mary Ann, a French actress of 
great merit, who for many years gained much 
applause ; she died in 1748. 
DUCREUX, N., an eminent painter, of Paris, 
who went to Vienna to take portraits of the im- 
perial family. He died in 1802. 
UUCROISY, Philibert Gassaud, a French ac- 
tor, of excellent character, and great merit. 
DUDEFFANT, N., a French lady,well known 
in Paris for her elegant and critical taste. She 
was acquainted with all the learned men of the 
times, and died in 1780. 
DUDITH, Andrew, a Hungarian divine, em- 
ployed by Ferdinand II. in important affairs of 
state. He wrote on physic, poetry, &c., and was 
a man highly esteemed ; he died in 1589. 
DUDLEY, Edmund, a celebrated lawyer and 
speaker of the House of Commons, in the reign 
of Henry VII., but infamous in history for being 
the instrument of the extortions of that mon- 
arch ; he was born in 1642, and executed for trea- 
son, in Aug. 18, 1510. 
DUDLEY, John, son of the preceding, and 
duke of Northumberland, was born in 1502, and 
afterwards became one of the most powerful 
subjects in England. For an attempt to place 
’he crown on the head of his daughter-in-law, 
Jady Jane Grey, (who likewise fell a victim! 
DU 
to his ambition), he was beheaded August 21 
1553. 
DUDLEY, Ambrose, ear! of Warwick, sou of 
John, duke of Northumberland, born 1530, ex- 
hibited great wisdom and integrity as a states- 
man, arid bravery as a general, under queen 
Elizabeth, and acquired the appellation of “ The 
Good Ear! of Warwick.” He died in 1580. 
DUDLEY, Robert, earl of Leicester, son 10 
John, duke of Northumberland, and brother to 
Ambrose, earl of Warwick, before mentioned, 
born 1532, died 1588. On the accession of Eli; - 
abeth, be was entertained at court as a princip.l 
favourite; obtained prodigious grants, one alter 
another, from the crown : and ail things gav 
way to his ambition, influence, and policy. 1 
bis private life he affected a wonderful regular- 
ity, and carried his pretence to piety very high : 
though to gratify his passions, there were no 
crimes, however exorbitant, which he would not 
commit. 
DUDLEY, sir Robert, son of Robert, earl of 
Leicester, born at Sheen, in Surrey, 1573, died 
1639. Among tire learned, he held a very high 
rank, as well on account of his skill in philoso- 
phy, cliymistry, and physic, as his perfect ac- 
quaintance with all tire branches of the mathe- 
matics, and the means of applying them for the 
service and benefit of mankind. 
DUDLEY, Thomas, governor of Mass, and 
one of the founders of that colony; he died in 
1653. 
DUDLEY, Joseph, governor of Mass., son of 
the preceding; of rare endowments, and an 
honour to his country; he died in 1720. 
DUDLEY, Paul, chief justice of Mass, foun- 
der of the Dudleian lecture,in Harvard College ; 
lie died in 1751. 
DUFFET, Thomas, a dramatic writer, of the 
17th century. 
DUFF1ELD, George, D. D., a distinguished 
minister of Philadelphia, represented to have 
been uncommonly eloquent; he died in 1790. 
DUFRESNE, Abraham Alexis Quiinaull, a 
French actor of eminence, who succeeded par- 
ticularly in noble characters ; he died in 1767 
DUFRESNOY, Charies, Alphonse, a native 
of Paris, who acquired celebrity as a painter 
and poet; he died in 1665. 
DUFRESNY, Charles Riviere, a native m 
Paris, called grandson of Henry IV., from iris 
resemblance to that monarch. His dramatic 
works were published in 6 vols. He died in 
1724. 
DUGARD, William, master of Merchant Tai- 
lor’s school, London. He was imprisoned for 
being concerned in Salmasius’ defence, and 
reduced to poverty; but was a man of great 
learning, and worth ; he died in 1682. 
DUGDALE, Sir William, a very eminent 
English antiquary and historian, was born in 
Warwickshire, Sept. 12. 1605, and died Feb. 10 
1686. 
DUGOM1ER, N. a French general, who com 
manded in Italy during the revolution, and was 
next employed against the Spaniards. He was 
killed in battle, in 1794. 
DUGUAY TROUIN, Rene, a celebrated ad- 
miral in the French navy, who displayed the 
greatest skill united to tile most consummate 
wisdom; he died at Paris, in 1736. 
DUGUET, James Joseph, a French writer, 
of great learning, and uncommon sweetness of 
temper. He wrote nearly 20 works in French, 
and died in 1733. 
DUHALDE, John Baptist, a French Jesuit 
165  DU ~ 
author of a historical and geographical descrip- 
tion of China, in 4 vols. folio ; he died in 1723. 
DUHAMEL, John Baptist, a French ecclesi- 
astic, of great learning ; eminent for his works 
on the sciences, and philosophy; he died in 3705.! 
DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, Henry Lewis,! 
a learned Frenchman, who devoted himself to! 
the improvement of agriculture, and commerce: [ 
he died, greatly respected, in 1782. 
DUHAN, Lawrence, a professor of philoso-[ 
phy, at the college du Plessis, for 38 years ; lie 
left some works, and died in 1730. 
DU1GENAN, Patrick, LL. D., an eminent 
Irish civilian, who from obscure birth, became 
a judge of the prerogative court, a privy coun- 
sellor and a member of tlie Irish and English 
parliaments. He died in 1816 
DUILLIUS, Nepos, the first Roman who ob- 
tained a naval victory over Carthage, 260 B. C. 
DUISBURG, Peter de, a native of the duchy 
of Cieves, in the 16th century, author of a chron- 
icle of Prussia, from 1226 to 1325. 
DUJARDIN, Charles, a Dutch painter, of 
Amsterdam, who excelled in delineating mar- 
kets, robbers, mountebanks, &c., died in 1674. 
DUKE, Richard, a poet of some credit, in the 
lastccntury, and by Dr. Johnson included among 
tiia classics. He died suddenly, Feb. 10,1710-11. 
DULANY, Daniel, one of the most learned 
and accomplished counsellors of the country; 
a native of Maryland ; he died at an early age. 
DULAU, John Marie, archbishop of Arles, a 
member of the states-general of France. He 
was a good man, and therefore sacrificed by the 
Jacobins, in 1792. 
DULAURENT, N.,a worthless French priest, 
who displayed great abilities on licentious sub- 
jects. 
DULLART, Herman, a painter and poet, of 
Rotterdam, the pupil of Rembrandt, whose 
pieces are frequently taken for those of bis mas- 
ter ; he died in 1084. 
DUMAS, Lewis, a native of Nismes, an emi-l 
nent mathematician, who invented a method ofj 
teaching children to read and write mechani-j 
cally; he died in 1744. 
DUMAS, Charles Lewis, a French anatomist, ] 
and professor of anatomy at Montpelier, died at 
that place in 1814. 
DUMEE, Joan, a learned lady, born at Paris. 
She applied herself particularly to astronomy, 
and published a 4to vol. on the subject, which 
displays much erudition, 1680. 
DUMESN1L, N., a professor of rhetoric at 
Paris, and author of Latin synonymes, died in 
1802. 
DUMMER, Jeremiah, an agent of Massachu- 
setts, in England, where he rendered important 
e rvices to the colony ; he died in 1739. 
DUMMER, William, lieutenant governor of 
Massachusetts, highly respected, died in 1761. 
DUMONT, John, autliorof Political Memoirs, 
4 vols., Travels in France, Italy, &c , 4 vols., 
Universal Diplomatic Body, &c., 8 vols. folio . 
He was a Frenchman of great celebrity, and 
died in 1726. 
DUMONT, George, a native of Paris, secre- 
tary of the French embassy to Russia. He 
wrote on history and commerce,and died in 1788.! 
DUMONT, N., surnamed the Roman, a| 
French painter, died in 1781. 
DUMOURIER, Anthony Francis Dupnrier.j 
a native of Paris, eminent as a commissary inj 
the French armies, and author of several books,! 
died in 1767 - 
DUN, David Erskine, lord. See ERSKINE.j 
1)U 
ij DUNBAR, YViJIi.nn, an eminent Scottish 
| poet, born about 1470, died about 1530. Hu 
: “ rl liistle and Rose” and Golden Terge" are 
| generally and justly esteemed bis most .eapilal 
works. Tliey are to bo found in the Collections 
of Pinkerton, (1786,) and Bannatync, (1770.) 
| DUNBAR, Dr. James, professorof philosophy 
in King’s College, Aberdeen, and author of 
“Essays on the History of Mankind in rude and 
, uncultivated Ages,” 8vo, 1780, died May 28, 
1 1798. ' 
DUNCAN, Mark, a Scotch physician, profog 
sor of philosophy, and principal of the Calva 
nist’s college at Saumur ; he died in 1040. 
DUNCAN, Daniel, one of the most eminent 
and learned physicians of his time. He was horn 
of Scotch parents, in France,and gradually rose 
to the highest distinction ; he was known as a 
practitioner, in almost every part of Europe. 
The king of Prussia invited him to settle at Ber- 
lin, as his physician, &c. He wrote many works, 
and died in London, in 1735. 
DUNCAN, William, an ingenious critic and 
translator, born at Aberdeen, in 1717. He wrote 
for Dodsley’s “ Preceptor” the article “ Logic,” 
which was so much approved, that it was print- 
ed separately in 1752, and has in some measure 
superseded that of Dr. Watts. His last produc- 
tion was an excellent translation of “ Casar’i 
Commentaries;” previous to the publication ot 
which, he was appointed professor of philoso 
phyin the Marischal college, Aberdeen. He 
died in 17C0. 
DUNCAN, Adam, lord viscount, a gallant 
British admiral, whose name will be immortaliz- 
ed in the annals of his country by the victory 
which he gained over a Dutch fleet, between 
Camperdown and Egmont, within five milts of 
the Dutch coast, Oct 11,1797, for which he was 
deservedly rewarded with a peerage. He was 
born at Dundee, in North Britain, July 1, 1731, 
and early adopted the naval profession. It 
should be mentioned to his honour, that through 
life, admiral Duucan was a man of great aiid 
unaffected piety, and felt it an honour to he a 
Christian. When the victory was decided, 
which has fixed his renown, he ordered the crew 
of his ship, to be called together ; and at their 
head, upon his bended knees, in the presence of 
the Dutch admiral (who was greatly affected 
with the scene) solemnly and pathetically of- 
fered up praise and thanksgiving to the God of 
Battles; strongly proving the truth of the as- 
sertion, that piety and courage should be inse- 
parably allied, and that the latter without the 
former loses its principal virtue. He died Atig. 
4, 1804. 
DUNCOMBE, William, a dramatic author 
and translatoi of Horace, horn in London, 1090, 
and died 1709. 
DUNCOMBE, John, son of the preceding, a 
pious divine and ingenius poet, born in 1730,died 
in 1780. 
DUN DAS, Sir David, a major general of high 
reputation, and afterwardscommander in t liiei 
of the British army, and a privy counsellor; 
he died in 1820. 
DUNDAS, Henry, viscount Melville, lord ad- 
vocate and keeper of the signet for Scotland, 
afterwards president of the board of control for 
East India affairs, secretary of state for the 
I borne department, and first lord of the English 
I admiralty; he died in Scotland, in 1811. 
DUNGAL, a monk of St. Dennis, in the 9th 
| century, was consulted by Charlemagne, about 
| two eclipses which happened in 810. 
166 ' DU 
DUX LOP, William, apious, learned, and elo- 
quent divine, horn at Glasgow, 1692, died at 
Edinburgh, 1720. 
DUNLOP, Alexander, brother to the preced- 
ing, was born in America, but went to Scotland 
and was elected professorof Greek atGlasgow. 
He was the author of aGreek grammar, still used 
in the university of Glasgow; he died in 1742. 
DUNMORE, John Murray, earl of, governor 
of the colony oi’New-York, in 1769, afterwards, 
the last loyal governor of Virginia; after com- 
mitting many depredations upon the colonists, 
he returned to England, where he died in 1809. 
DUNN, Samuel, an English mathematician, 
and author of several mathematical works, 
died in 1792. 
DUNNING, John, lord Ashburton, chancel- 
lor of the uuchy of Lancaster, and one of the 
most distinguished pleaders that ever adorned 
the English bar. His rise was rapid, and there 
were very few causes tried in the court of King’s 
Bench in Which he was not employed as lead- 
ing counsel, either for the plaintilF or defendant. 
His industry and zeal for the interest of his cli- 
ents were equal to his abilities; and in cases 
where the fees were small, lie was never known 
to show less ardour than when they were con- 
eideiable. The causes of the poor and the op- 
pressed he frequently pleaded without reward. 
He was horn in Devonshire,about the year 1732, 
and died August 18, 1783. To Mr. Dunning, 
(among others) Junius’ Letters have been as- 
ci ibed ; we do not, however, believe that the 
real author has yet been deterree. 
DUNOD DE CHARNAGE, Francis Ignatius, 
a learned professor of law at Besancon, his na- ; 
live town ; he died in 1751. 
DUNOIS, John, Count of Orleans and Lon- 
gueville, a famous general of France, in the 
time of Charles VII. who called him the restorer 
o! his country. He was a man of many private 
virtues, and died in 1468. 
DUNS, John, commonly called Duns Scotus, 
a celebrated theologian of the order of St. Fran- 
cis, born in Northumberland. He distinguished 
himself so much by the acuteness of his parts, 
and especially by his manner of disputing, that 
he acquired tlie name of “ The Subtile Doctor.” 
lie affected to maintain opinions contrary to 
those of Thomas Aquinas, which produced 
two parties in the schools, the Thomists and the 
Bcotists. He died 1308. 
DUNSTAN, St., archbishop ot Canterbury, 
was a man well known for his talents and in- 
trigues ; he died in 988. 
DUNSTER, Henry, first president of Har- 
vard college, resigned on account of embracing 
the sentiments of the Antipedo-baptists; he 
died in 1659. 
DUNTON, John, a bookseller, who, upon 
failing in business, turned author, and in 1710 
published his Atheniamsin, containing 600 trea- : 
t*ses, in prose, and verse, on ail subjects; he 
died in 1725. 
DUPATY, president of the parliament of 
Bourdeaux, an upright, enlightened, and elo- I 
pient French magistrate, died at Paris, in 1788. I 
He has left some excellent historical reflections 
in “Penal Laws,” some “Academical Dis- 
courses,” and “ Betters on Italy.” 
DUPERRAY, Michael, a French lawyer, of 
Paris, who wrote some books on ecclesiastical 
subjects, and died in 1730. 
DUl’HOT, N., a French general, who was 
sent ambassador to the pope, where he was as- 
sassinated, during a popular tumult, in 1797 
DU . 
DUPIN', Lewis Ellis, a very learned doctor 
of the Sorbonne, and one of the greatest critics 
of his time, especially in what regarded ecclesi- 
astical matters, born at Paris, 1U57, died 1719. 
jllis chief wotk is, “ Bibliotheque Universelle 
ides Auteurs Ecclesiastiques.” He had an un- 
common talent at analyzing the works of an 
author, which makes his Bibliotheque so valu- 
able, for there we have not only a history of 
the writers, but also the substance of what they 
wrote.; which is a great convenience to persona 
who are desirous to know something of them, 
yet have not either time, or knowledge of lan- 
guages, sufficient to read their works. 
DUPL.ANIL, J. D., a French physician, who 
translated several English medical works into 
his own language ; he died in 1802 
DUPLE1X, Scipio, historiographer of France, 
died in 1061. Among his works are, History of 
France,6 vols. folio, and Roman History, 3 vols 
folio. 
DUPLEIX, Joseph, a French merchant, of 
great abilities, governor of Pondicherry, which 
he defended with bravery against the English, in 
1748. 
DUPORT, James, dean of Peterborough, in 
l the 17th century, left behind him several learned 
works, among which is a Latin version of the 
; Psalms. 
| DUPORT, Francis Mathnrin, counsellor ot 
[the parliament of Paris, and a warm partisan of 
the duke of Orleans, which last circumstance 
brought him to the guillotine, in .1794. 
DUPPA, Brian, bishop of Winchester, born 
at Lewisham, in Kent, 1588-9, appointed, in* 
11638, tutor to Charles, prince of Wales, and af- 
terwatds to his brother the duke of York, was 
a great favourite with Charles I., and is said by 
some to have assisted in composing the famous 
Eikon Basilike. This bishop is deservedly me- 
morable for his numerous charitable institu 
tions; among which is to be remembered an 
alms-house at Richmond, on the gate of which 
is this inscription, “ I will pay my vows which 
Pinade to God in my trouble,” &c. He died 
in 1(102. 
DUPRAT, Anthony, a very eminent French 
statesman, and president of the parliament of 
Paris ; a man, who, to increase his fortune, or 
enlarge his power, did not hesitate to sacrifice 
either fame or virtue ; he died in 1535. 
DUPRE DE GUYER, John, a hermit, said to 
have built in the solid rock with only the hc-lp 
of his servant, the hermitage at Friburg, the 
chimney of which rises 90 feet. 
DUPRE, Mary, a learned lady of the 17th 
century, who studied rhetoric, poetry, the lan 
guage3 and philosophy. Some of her writings 
were read with applause. 
DUPRE D’AUNAY, Lewis, a learned native 
of Paris, who wrote on the generation of 
animals, on the transfusion of the blood, &c., 
he died in 1758. 
DUPRE DEST. MAUR, Nicholas Francis, 
a native of Paris. He translated Milton’s Para- 
dise lost, and regained, Addison's odes, &c.; he 
died in 1774. 
DUPUIS, Claude, a French engraver of merit, 
who died at Paris, in 1742. 
DUQUESNE, Abraham, a native of Nor- 
mandy, a naval commander of great fame, who 
distinguished himself in various battles against 
the Spaniards, Dutch, &c., he died at Paris, in 
1688. 
DURAND, William, a native of Frovence 
emuien* * ' ~er and aftc-wards raised to  DU 
abishoprick bv the pope. He wrote some works 
of merit, arid died at Rome, in 1296. 
DURANDE DM ST. POURCAlN, William, 
a French bishop, called, from bis powers in argu 
meat, the “ resolute doctor; he died in 1332. 
DURANDE, N., a physician of eminence at 
Dijon, who published some interesting tracts 
on his profession, died in 1799. 
DURANT, Gilles, sieur de la Bergerie, one 
of the nine persons, appointed to reform the 
customs of Baris. He possessed great talents 
for ludicrous poetry, of which he wrote several 
pieces. His vvoVks were published in 1594. 
DURANTI, John Stephen, first president of 
the parliament of Toulouse, which city he used 
his influence to preserve from the plague, the 
year before his death, which was caused by a 
mob in 1589 
DURBACK, Anne Louisa, a German poetess, 
who from the occupation of watching cattle, 
rose by her genius to become a favourite of 
the Prussian court, where she was invited by 
tlie monarch; she died in 1780. 
DURELL, John, an eminent English divine 
and controversial writer, born at Jersey, 1625, 
died 1683. 
DURELL, David, a native of Jersey, made 
principal of Hertford College, in 1757, and in 
1767, rose to the prebendary of Canterbury. He 
was the author of critical remarks on several 
parts of the Scriptures ; he died in 1775. 
DURER, Albert, born at Nuremburg, 1471, 
was one of the best engravers and painters of 
his age. He was the first who brought the art 
of engraving in wood to any perfection, and by 
many authors is deemed the inventor of it. 
Albert Durer wrote several works, which were 
published after his death (1528), the principal of 
which is liis book upon the rules of painting, 
entitled, “ De symmetria, partiuin in rectis for- 
mis humanorum corporum.” 
DURET, Lewis, a physician, who practised 
with great success at Paris, and was in the 
household of Charles IX., and Henry III. He 
published a Commentary on Hippocrates, and 
died in 1586. 
D’URFEY, Thomas, a facetious English poet, 
born at Exeter about 1628. This author, who 
is more generally spoken of by the familiar name 
of Tom, was originally bred to the law, but 
soon quitted it to become a devotee ofthe Muses, 
in which lie met with no small success. His 
dramatic pieces, which are very numerous, were 
in general well received ; but what Mr. D’Urfey 
obtained his greatest reputation by, was a pecu- 
liarly happy talent lie possessed in the writing 
of satires and irregular odes. Many of these 
were upon temporary occasions, and were of 
no little service to the party in whose cause he 
wrote; which, together with his natural viva- 
city and good humour, obtained him the favour 
of great numbers of persons of all ranks and 
conditions, tnonarchs themselves not excluded. 
The author of the Guardian, who, in No. 67, 
has given a very humorous account of Mr. 
D’Urfp/, with a view to recommend him to the 
public notice for a benefit play, tells us, that 
he remembered king Charles 11. leaning on Tom 
D'Urfey’s shoulder more than once, and hum- 
ming uver a song with him. Yet, at last, to 
speak in his own words, “ after having written 
wioie odes than Hoi ace, and about four times as 
many comedies as Terence, he found himseifj 
reduced to great difficulties l*v the importuni-j 
ties of a set of men who of late years had fur- 
nished him with the accommodations of life, j 
OY 
and would not, as we say, be paid with a song ” 
(Those who have a curiosity to see his ballads, 
sonnets, &c. may find a large number of them 
'brought together in a collection in (i vols. in 
(duodecimo, entitled, “Pills to purge Melancho- 
ly,” of which the Guardian, in No. 29, speatts 
tin very favourable terms. The titles of his 
dramatic pieces (31 in number), may be found in 
Itlie “ Biographia Dramatica.” On a stone tablet, 
at the west entrance of St. James’ church, 
Westminster, is inscribed the following memo- 
rial : “Tom D’Urfey dyed Feb. ye 2G, 1723.” 
DURHAM, James, a very popular aud elo- 
quent preacher, at Glasgow ; died in 1658. 
DURINGER, Melchior, professor of ecclesi- 
astical history, at Berne. He passed his life in 
celibacy, solitude, and melancholy; he died by 
a fall from his house, while it was on fire, in 
1720. 
DURY, John, in Latin, Duraeus, a divine oi 
Scotland, who laboured with great zeal to re- 
unite the Lutherans and Calvinists; in which 
laudable cause he travelled over the greater part 
of Europe, and died about 1675. 
DUSART, a painter, of Haerlem. He was 
chiefly great in representing taverns, and low 
company, and died in 1704. 
DUSSAULX, John, who after having dis- 
tinguished himself in arms, devoted himself to 
literary pursuits. He became president of the 
national institute of Paris, and the author of 
several works; he died at Paris, in 1799. 
DUTENS, Lewis, a learned writer on anti- 
quities, born in France, 1729, obtained orders in 
the church of England, and died in 1812. 
! DUVAL, Peter, geographer royal of France, 
[author of some geographical tracts and maps, 
Iformerly in great esteem ; died at Paris, in H 8 ! 
i DUVAL, Nicholas, a Dutch painter, who 
studied under Cortona, and was made director 
of the academy at the Hague; he died in 1732 
DUVAL, Valentine Jatnerai, auextraordinary 
character, born in Champagne. He lost Ids 
father when young; and having no friends, was 
obliged to obtain his subsisten watching 
poultry and sheep ; hut by perseverance and 
labour, he obtained books and maps, and learned 
geography, history, and antiquities with asion- 
ishing rapidity, so tuat he became one of the 
most learned men of bis time, and enjoyed the 
patronage of princes, and the notice of the 
learned ; he died in 1775. 
DUVENEKE, Mare Van, an eminent histori- 
cal painter, of Bruges, died in 1729. 
DWIGHT, Timothy, D. D., LL. D.,a grand 
son of the first president Edwards, was born at 
Northampton, Massachusetts, 1752. Early dis- 
tinguished for his talents and learning, be be 
came one of the most eminent men of bis coun- 
try. As a poet, philosopher, and divine, lie had 
few equals; as president and professor of divinity 
in Yale college, he stood unrivalled, both foi 
talents as an instructor, and for eloquence as a 
preacher: he died in 1817, universally regretted 
as a loss to the institution over which lie pre- 
sided, to the country he adorned by his learning, 
and to the cause of learning and truth ilself. 
His system of theology lias been frequently 
republished in Europe ; and his travels in New 
England, have been much read and admired. 
DYCHE, Thomas, an English divine and 
] schoolmaster, well known hv his useful “Eng 
I iisli Dictionary” and “Spelling-book :” thelailei 
I of which has'gone through many editions. He 
I died about 1750. 
[ DYER, William, a mm-coiifoninst, of Eng 
168 EA 
laud vvlio turned quaker. He wrote much 
alter the manner of Bunyan, and died in 1696. 
DYER, Sir James, an eminent English law- 
yer, and chief justice of the Common Pleas in 
the reign of queen Elizabeth, born at Roundhill 
in Somersetshire, 1511, and died 1581. He was the 
author of a large book of Reports, which were 
published about 20 years after his decease, and 
nave been highly esteemed for their succinctness 
and solidity. He left behind him also other 
writings relative to his profession. 
DYER, John, an Englsh divine and poet, 
born at Aberglasney, in Caermarthenshire, in 
1700, and died in 1758. His character as a writer 
has been fixed by three poems, “ Grongar Hill,” 
“The Ruins of Rome,” and “The Fleece;” 
wherein a poetical imagination perfectly ori- 
ginal, a natural simplicity connected with, and 
often productive of, the true sublime, and the? 
warmest sentiments of benevolence and virtue, 
have been universally observed and admired. 
DYER, Eiiphalet, chief justice of the supreme 
court of Conn.; was active in forwarding the 
revolution; he died in 1807. 
DYNAMUS, a French rhetorician of the 
4th century, born in Bordeaux. 
E 
EACHARD, Dr. John, an English divine, well 
known as a writer, especially against Hobbes ; 
Ae died in 1697. 
EADMER, an English historian, who flour- 
ished in the 12th century. 
EAMES, John, a teacher in England, who 
was noticed by Newton, and others, and admit- 
ted to the royal society; he died in 1744. 
EARLE, John, an English prelate, born at 
York, in 1601. In 1663 he was translated from 
the see of Worcester, to that of Salisbury, 
and died at Oxford, in 1665. The best known 
of his published works, is “ Micro cosmography, 
or a Piece of the World, discovered in Essays 
and Characters,” Elmo; of which there have 
been several editions. 
EARLE, Sir James, knt., a very eminent sur- 
geon, and a writer of high professional distinc- 
tion, died in London, Sept. 22, 1817, aged 72. 
He was F. R. S., and master of the royal col- 
lege of surgeons. 
EARLE, William Benson, an Englishman, 
who bequeathed much of his estate to charita- 
ble institutions, and died in 1796. 
EARLY, Peter, an eminent lawyer of Geor- 
gia, was a member of congress, and afterwards 
a judge of 'he supreme court, and governor of 
that state. He died in 1817. 
EASTON, Nicholas, one of the first settlers 
in Newport, Rhode Island, and afterwards go- 
vernor of the colony, died in 1675. 
EASTON, John, son of the preceding, was 
also governor of the colony of Rhode Island, in 
1690. He died in 1705. 
EATON, Theophilus, first governor of New- 
Haven colony, and one of its founders, died in 
1657, highly respected and beloved. 
EATON, William, a general in the service 
of the United States, and a consul from that 
government to the kingdom of Tunis, was dis-j 
tinguished for the important services he render-’; 
ed his country in that station, and as navy agent 
of the United States, for the Barbary powers, as 
well as for his enterprise and great bravery. 
Being compelled by a treaty to relinquish the 
advantages he had gained for his country in 
Tripoli, he returned home; where, although 
ED 
public opinion was strongly in his favour, lie 
met with mortifications and disappointment, 
which hastened his death, in 1811. 
EBERTUS, Theodore, a learned professor, 
of Frankfort, in the 17th century, and author 
of some works. 
EBiON, a stoic philosopher, father of the 
sect of the Ebionites, who denied the miracu- 
lous conception and divinity of Christ, flourish- 
ed about A. D. 72. 
EBR1LIDES, a philosopher, of Miletus, au- 
thor of some comedies. * 
EBROIN, mayor of the palace, under Clo-l 
thaire HI.; he was distinguished for his pride 
and cruelty, and was assassinated in 681. 
ECCARD, John George d’, a German histori- 
an and antiquary, and author of several works, 
died in 1730. 
ECCHELLENSIS, Abraham, a Maronite,pro- 
fessor of oriental languages, at Rome ; he as 
sisted in translating the Bible into Arabic, and 
died in 1664. 
ECCLES, Solomon, an English musician, who, 
turning quaker, destroyed his instruments, died f 
near the close of the 17th century. 
EOHARD, Jacques, a dominican, of Rouen, 
author of an account of learned men belonging 
to his order, died in 1774. 
ECHARD, Lawrence, an English divine and 
historian, born in Suffolk, in 1671, died in 1730. 
He wrote “ A History of England, from the in- 
vasion of Julias Cffisar to the establishment of 
William and Mary;” “ A General Ecclesiasti- 
cal History, from the nativity of our Blessed Sa- 
viour, to the first establishment of Christianity, 
by human laws, under the emperor Constantine 
the Great;” “ An English translation of Plautus 
and Terence;” “ A Gazeteer, or Newsman’s In- 
terpreter;” and a piece entitled “ Maxims ex- 
tracted from archbishop Tillotson’s Works.” 
ECKIUS, John, a learned German divine and 
controversial writer, born in 1483, died in 1543. 
He is chiefly memorable for his disputations 
I with Luther and Melancthon. 
j ECLUSE, Charles de 1’ Clusius, a physician 
of Arras, in the service of Maximilian 11., and 
Rodolphus II., died in 1609. 
| ECLUSE, DES LOGES, Pierre Mathuran 
de P, doctor of the Sorbonne, editor of the me- 
moirs of Sully, died in 1775. 
EDELINCK, Gerard, a most excellent engra 
ver, born at Antwerp, in 1641, died in 1707. 
EDEMA, Gerard, a much admired Dutch 
landscape painter, who visited Surinam, arid 
America; he died by excessive drinking, in 1700 
EDEN, Charles, governor of the colony of 
North Carolina, in 1714, died in 1722, and was 
succeeded by Thomas Pollock, then president of 
I the council. 
EDEN, Sir Robert, the last royal governor of 
Maryland, relinquished the office by order of 
congress, and retired to England. At the close 
of the revolution he returned to America, where 
he recovered his estates, and died in 1784. 
EDER, George, a learned lawyer of the 16th 
century ; he published several works. 
EDGAR, successor of Edwv to the throne of 
England, in 959. He was a warlike prince, and 
died in 975. 
EDGAR, son of Malcolm HI., was king of 
Scotland ; he died in 1107. 
EDGEWORTH, Richard Lovell, a philan- 
thropist, and practical philosopher, was born at 
Bath, in 1744. In 1767, he invented the tele- 
graph, which, many years afterwards, he saw 
generally adopted. $e died in Ireland, in June,  ED 
1817; leaving behind him a daughter, Maria, 
who is highly distinguished as a writer. His 
father was confesssor to Louis XVI., on the 
scaffold. 
EDMER, or EADMER, an English benedic- 
tine, who wrote the history of his own time, 
from 1066 to 1112. 
EDMONDES, sir Thomas, an eminent states- 
man and political writer, born at Plymouth, 
1563, and died in 1639. 
EDMONDES, Clement, an Englishman, sec- 
retary for the French to Elizabeth ; a man of let- 
ters and an author. 
EDMONDSON, Joseph, an able heraldic wri- 
ter, who rose, by dint, of ingenuity and persever- 
ance, from the situation of a barber’s apprentice, 
to that of Mowbray Herald Extraordinary ; he 
died in London, 1786; leaving several publica- 
tions behind him, which will transmit his name 
to posterity with great credit; the principal of 
which are, “ A Complete Body of Heraldry,” 
1780, 2 vols folio, and a magnificent work, en- 
titled, “ Baronagium Genealogicum, or, The 
i*l’edigree of English Peers,” 1784, 6 vols. folio. 
EDMUND, St., king of the East Angles, made 
one of the saints ; he was shot to death with ar- 
rows, by Ivar the Dane, who had taken him 
prisoner, in 870 
EDMUND, St., a native of Abingdon, preacher 
to the archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1240. 
EDMUND I., succeeded Athelstan, as king of 
England, in 941, and was stabbed to death in 
948. 
EDMUND II., surnamed Ironside, succeeded 
Etheired, in 1016, and was assassinated, in 1017. 
EDWARD, the Elder, succeeded Alfred in 900, 
and died in 978. 
EDWARD, St. or Martyr, succeeded to the 
throne of England, in 975, and was basely mur- 
dered by his stepmother, Elfrida, in 978. 
EDWARD, the Confessor, succeeded Hardi- 
canute, in 1041. He was a weak impolitic prince, 
and died in 1066. 
EDWARD I., king of England, successor of 
Henry III„distinguished for his wisdom, and the 
equity of his laws, and died in 1307. 
EDWARD II., son and successor of Edward 
1., less wise and firm in his kingdom than his fa- 
ther. was murdered in 1327. 
EDWARD III., son and successor of Edward 
11., a prince of great military talents, and military 
successes, died in 1377. 
EDWARD IV., son of Richard, duke of York, 
who claimed the throne, but whose title was dis- 
puted by the reigning monarch, Henry VI.,which 
dispute filled the kingdom with blood ; he died 
in 1483 
EDWARD V., son of Edward IV., was mnr1 
dered while very young, by his uncle, the duke 
of Gloucester who ascended the throne, as Ri- 
chard III 
EDWARD VI., son of Henry VIII., ascend- 
ed the throne at 10 years of age, in 1547. His 
character was humane and amiable; he died at 
the age of 16, in 1553. 
EDWARD, prince of Wales, surnamed the < 
Black prkice, son of Edward III., distinguished 
himself in ihejwars of his father, especially at 
the battle of Cressy ; he died in 1376. * !. 
EDWARD, or, as some say, EDWARDS, ji 
William, architect and bridge-builder. Thece- i 
■ebrated bridge on the river Taaff, in Wales, 
called Pont y tu Pridd (by the English, New- 
bridge,) was constructed by this extraordinary n 
man. It is the segment of a circle, whose ;i 
chord at the surface of the water, is 147 feet i' 
1 /A 
ED 
, and is the boldest and largest arcli in Europe 
* He was then a common mason; but his lame 
1 )'as so°" difl'used tbrougliout the kingdom, and 
iiis assistance sought wherever difficulties ec- 
l^rted 'n con8tlucling bridges. He died Aug. ? 
ED'W ARDS, Richard, born in Somersetshire, 
in 1.523, died 1506. He is one of the lirst Eng 
i Jish dramatic writers, having left behind hint 
thiee pieces; the earliest of which is dated iu 
1502. He was esteemed an excellent poet and 
{musician, arid wrote several poems, which were 
1 published after his death, together with some 
l°f other authors, in a collection, entitled “ The 
{Paradise of Dainty Devices, 1576.” 
| EDWARDS, Thomas, an English divine, and 
!a non-conformist, who wrote severely against 
the royalists; he died in 1647. 
EDWARDS, Dr. Jonathan, an English di- 
vine, ol the 17th century, who distinguished 
himself chiefly by his writings against the So- 
cinians. 
EDWARDS, George, born at Stratford, 1694, 
an eminent English ornithologist. He publish- 
ed, between 1743 and 1764, 4 vols. 4to, of the 
‘ History of Birds,” and three under the title 
of “ Gleanings of Natural History; and thus, 
[after a long series of years, the most intense 
japplication, and a correspondence in every 
[quarter of the world, he concluded a work, 
which contains engravings and descriptions of 
more than 600 subjects in natural history, not 
before described or delineated. He died in 1773. 
EDW7ARDS, Thomas, a poet and critic, of 
eminence, born in 1699, died Jan. 3, 1757. Iiis 
poetry, of which specimens will be found in 
Dodsley’s, Pearch’s, and Nichols’ collections, 
is simple, elegant, and pathetic ; his criticisms 
are exact, acute, and temperate. His “ Cauons 
of Criticism,” first printed in 1747, under the ti- 
tle of “ A Supplement to Dr. Warburton’a 
Shakspeare," did him great credit both as a 
critic and as a scholar; but provoked the von 
geance of Dr. Warburton, which he wreaked 
very illiberally, in a note on the Ilunciad, (iv. 
567,) of which Mr. Edwards was more suscepti- 
ble than the circumstance required. 
EDWARDS, John, a divine, of the church 
of England, whom Dr. Kippis called the Paul, 
the Augustine, the Calvin of his age ; he died 
in 1745 
EDWARDS, Thomas, an eminent divine, of 
England, master of Coventry grammar school • 
he published several works, and died in 1785. 
EDWARDS, Timothy, first minister of Eas» 
Windsor,Conn., and father of the famous Jona- 
than Edwards ; he died in 1758. 
EDWARDS, Jonathan, an American divine, 
author of several distinguished works, particu- 
larly on “ Original Sin,” “ Freedom of the 
Will,” &c. He settled at Northampton, and 
afterw ards was president of New-Jersey col- 
lege ; he died in 1758. 
EDWARDS. Jonathan, I). D., president of 
Union college, New-York, was a son of the pre- 
ceding, and, like his father, was distinguished as 
a thorough scholar, an able theologian and me 
taphvsician, and as a controversial writer, on 
theological subjects. He died in 1801, a short 
time after his elevation to the presidency of the 
college. 
! EDWARDS, Bryan, author of an elegant 
j History of the\5 est Indies,” and other lesser 
productions, connected with the islands in that 
part of the world. Mr, Edwards was born at 
Westbury, in W fits, 1743, made a very large  EG 
fortune as a West India merchant, became a 
member of the British parliament, for Gram- 
pound, in Cornwall, and died in 1800. 
EDWARDS, Edward, an eminent artist, of 
London, and teacher of drawing ; afterwards 
teacher of perspective, in the royal academy ; 
he died in 1306. 
EDWIN, John, an excellent low comedian, 
of Covent Garden and the Haymarket theatres, 
to whose talents, O’Keefe’s extravagant dramas 
were greatly indebted for their success; he was 
born in Loudon, in 1749, and died in 1790. 
EDWY, succeeded his uncle, Edred, as king 
of England, in 955, and died in 959 
EECKHOUT, Gerbrant Vanden, of Amster- 
dam, a successful imitator of Rembrant, his 
master; his paintings were numerous. He died 
in 1674. 
EECKHOUTE, Anthony Vanden, a painter, 
of Bruges, who settled in Lisbon. His pieces 
were much admired ; he was shot in 1695. 
EGBERT, last king of the Saxon heptarchy, 
and first king of England, died in 828. 
EGEDE, John, a Dane, who was missionary 
lo Greenland, died in 1758. 
EGEDE, Paul, bishop of Greenland, was born 
in the year 1708, and at 12 years of age was an 
active assistant to his father, the celebrated 
Hans (or John) Egede, (to whom Denmark is 
indebted for its colony in Greenland,) having 
accompanied him on his voyage thither in 1720. 
His zeal lor the conversion of the Greenlanders 
to Christianity, exerted with unabated ardour 
through the course of a long life, both during 
his residence in their country, and after his 
quitting it, is strongly displayed in his “ Account 
of Greenland,” published shortly before his 
death, which happened June 3, 1789. 
EGER TON, Thomas Viscount Brackley, an 
eminent and learned lawyer, and chancellor of 
England, in the reign of James I., born in Che- 
shire, in 1540, died in 1617. 
EGERTON, John, bishop of Durham, a pious 
and learned prelate, who distinguished himself 
greatly by an exemplary discharge of his epis- 
copal functions, by reconciling contending inte- 
rests in that county and city, and by various 
wise regulations both in his spiritual and tem- 
poral department. He was born in London, in 
1721, and died in Grosvenor-square, in, 1787. 
EGGELING, John Henry, a native of Bre- 
men, secretary of the republic, died in 1713. 
EGINHART,secretary to the emperor Charles 
the Great, was a German, and is the most an- 
cient historian of that nation. He wrote “ The 
Life of Charles “ Annals of the Acts of king 
Pepin, Charles the Great, and Lewis, from 741 
to 82J and other works, ecclesiastical as well 
as historical. He died in 841. 
EGINTON, Francis, justly celebrated for his 
ingenious discovery of painting and staining of 
glass, after the manner of the ancients; in which 
numerous works will long continue as monu- 
ments of his unrivalled ability. A good speci- 
men of it may be seen in the window of Sta- 
tioners’ Hall, presented to that company by the 
late alderman Cadell. Mr. E’s first work of any 
consequence was the arms of the knights of the 
Garter, for two Gothic windows over the stalls 
in St. George’s chapel, at Windsor. This inge- 
nious artist died near Birmingham, in 1805. 
EGMONT, Lamoral, count of Holland, dis- 
tinguished himself in the service of Charles V., 
_n Africa, and under Philip II.; he was behead- 
ed bv the duke of Alva, in 1568. 
EGMONT, Justus Van, a painter, born at 
EL 
Leyden, became painter to Lewis XIII., and 
XIV., of France ; be died in 1674. 
EGNATIUS, John Baptist, a learned man, of 
Venice, who contributed to the revival of learn- 
ing ; lie published numerous works, and died in 
155J. 
EHRET, George Dionysius, a German, emi- 
nent as a painter of flowers, died m 1770. 
EISEE, Charles, an artist, of Brussels, died 
in 1778. 
EISENGRE1N, Martin, D. D., chancellor of 
the university of Ingolstadt, became a protest- 
ant, and again a catholic; he died in 1578. 
EISENSCHMIDT, John Caspar, a German 
mathematician and physician, who wrote a 
treatise on weights and measures, &c.; he died 
in 1712. 
EKINS, Jeffrey, D. D., an English divine, 
dean of Carlisle, published some works, and 
died in 1771. 
ELBEE, N. d’, one of the bravest and most 
formidable of the royalists, of la Vendee. 
ELBENE, Alphonsusd’, a native of Florence, 
author of some works, died in 1608. 
ELBERT, Samuel, a brigadier general in the 
army of the revolution, and afterwards govern- 
or of the state of Georgia, died in 1788. 
ELBGEUF, Rene de Lorraine, marquis d’, 
son of the duke of Guise, known as the disco- 
verer of Herculaneum ; he died in 1566. 
ELBRUCHT, John Van, a painter, who set- 
tled at Antwerp,and who excelled in landscapes, 
&c., lived in the early part of the 16th century. 
ELEANOR, duchess of Guienne, whose in- 
famous conduct caused her divorce from her 
husband, Lewis VII., of France. She after- 
wards married Henry II., of England. Her 
dowiy (Guienne,) was the source of those wars 
which for three centuries, deluged France with 
English blood. 
ELEAZAR, high-priest of Judea, 292 B. C. 
ELEUTHERIUS, elected pope in 170, died 
in 185. 
ELI, high-priest and judge of the Israelite, 
1150 B. C. 
ELIAS, Matthew, a painter, who, under the 
patronage of Corbeen, rose from obscurity to 
great eminence in his profetsion; he died in 
1741. 
ELIAS, Levita, a learned German rabbi, of 
the 16th century: published several works on 
language. 
EL1CII, Lewis Philip, a native of Marpurg, 
known in the 17th century for his impious 
publications. 
ELICIIMAN, John, a native of Silesia, prac- 
tised physic at Leyden, and was remarkable for 
understanding 16 languages. He was of opinion, 
that the German and the Persian languages 
were derived from the same original, and gave 
several reasons for it. 
ELIEZER, a rabbi of the 8th century, put>- 
lished a work on sacred history. 
ELIJAH, an illustrious prophet,of Israel, 
under Ahab and Ahaziah, 895 B. C. 
ELIOT, John, an Englishman, came to Amer- 
ica in 1631, became a famous missionary to 
the Indians, and translated the Bible into their 
language; he died in 1690. 
ELIOT, John, son of the preceding, minister 
of Newton, Mass., greatly father in 
his missionary labours, and died in 1668. 
ELIOT, Andrew, D.D., a clergy man of Boston, 
distinguished for his piety, learning and useful- 
ness in the ministry •, he died in 1778. 
ELIOT, John, D, D.. a congregational clergy-  EL 
man, of Boston, was the son of the preceding, 
and successor to his father in the ministry, lie 
was the author of a Biographical Dictionary ol 
the eminent men of New England ; lie died in 
1813. 
ELIOTT, Sir John, an eminent English physi- 
cian, died 1787. 
ELIOTT, George Augustus, lord Heathfield, 
K. B., governor ol Gibraltar, and colonel of the 
15th regiment of light dragoons, was born at 
Stobbs, in Roxburghshire, 1718. In 1735 he be- 
came a volunteer in the 23d regiment of foot, or 
Royal Welch l'usileers, and soon after was ad- 
mitted into tiie engineer corps at Woolwich ; 
from whence lie purchased the adjutancy of 
tin: 2d troop of horse-grenadiers; in which lie 
became a captain and major, as well as lieu- 
tenant-colonel ; when he resigned his commis- 
sion as an engineer. In 1759, he quitted the 
horse-guards, and was selected to raise, form, 
and discipline the jst regiment of light-horse, 
which bore his name. Having gone through 
various departments in different services, with 
the greatest marks of bravery and military know- 
ledge, in 1775 lie was appointed commander-in- 
chief in Ireland ; which lie soon relinquished, 
and was appointed to the command of Gibraltar, 
in a fortunate hour for the safety of that impor- 
tant fortress: where, by a cool and temperate 
demeanor, he maintained his station for three 
vears of constant investment, in which all the 
powers of Spain were employed. The eyes of 
all Europe were on this garrison; and his con- 
duct justly exalted him to the most elevated 
rank in the military annals of the day. On his 
return to England, the gratitude of the British 
senate was as forward as the public voice in 
giving him the distinguished mark that his merit 
deserved ; to which his majesty was pleased to 
add that of the peerage, by the title of lord 
Heathfield, baron Gibraltar, on June 4, 1787; 
permitting his lordship to take also the arms of 
the fortress he had so bravely defended, to per- 
petuate to futurity his noble conduct. He died 
at Aix-la-Chapelle, July 6, 1790, and was buried 
at Buckland, in Devonshire. 
ELIOTT, Richard, an English divine, who 
became a dissenter, and published some contro- 
versial tracts ; he died in 1789. 
ELISHA, a prophet among the Israelites: 
died 830 B. C. 
ELIZABETH, of Austria, a very virtuous, 
and highly respected queen of France, wife to 
Charles IX., died in 1592. 
ELIZABETH, Petrovna, daughter of Peter 
the Great, who ascended the throne of Russia, 
in 1741; she was much given to secret amours, 
and died in 1761 
ELIZABETH, queen of England, was the 
daughter of Henry VIII., by his second wife, 
Ann Boleyn, and born Sept. 7,1533. She began 
to reign in 1558, being then 25 years of age, and 
highly accomplished both in person and mind 
Her reign continued 44 years, 4 months, and 
68 days. She died March 24, 1603, in lier 70th 
year. 
ELLER DE BROOKHUSEN, John Theo- 
dore, an able and learned physician to the king of 
Prussia; he died in 1760. 
ELLERY, William, one of the signers of the 
declaration of independence, was a member of 
congress from Rhode Island, distinguished for 
his active and determined opposition to the en- 
croachments of Britain, and for the judgment 
and ability he displayed in that body; he died; 
to 1820, aged 93. 
Eli 
, ELL1GER, Ottomar, a painter, who settled 
at Berlin, and was much admired ; he flourished 
about 1650. 
ELL1GER, Ottomar, son of the preceding, 
equally distinguished as Ins father in the use of 
the pencil: he died by intemperance, in 1732. 
ELLIOT, Caleb, a visionary enthusiast, who 
starved himself near Modbury, in Devonshire, 
Dec. 14,1789. It is imagined that he meant to 
have fasted 40 days, as he actually lived It’ 
jwithoutfood of any kind, having refused all sorts 
of sustenance. 
ELLIS, Clement, M. A., an Englishman, 
distinguished as a scholar and divine ; he died 
in 1700. 
ELLIS, John, deputy of Broad-street ward, 
and a member of the corporation of London, 
nearly half a century, was the last of that an- 
cient profession called scriveners, which is one 
of the companies of London ; but the business 
is now carried on by attorneys and others, lie 
was a man of literature, and wrote some Iludi 
brastic translations ; but never put his name to 
any tiling that he published. Of him Dr. John- 
son once said, “ The most literary conversation 
that 1 ever enjoyed was at the table of Jack 
Ellis, a money-scrivener behind the Roval Ex- 
change; with whom I, at one period, used to 
dine generally once a week.” It may be sup- 
posed, that the merit could not be inconsiderable 
which extorted such praise from Dr. Johnson 
He was born in London, 1698, and died Dec. 
31,1791. 
ELLIS, George, an English miscellaneous 
writer, died in 1815. 
ELLIS, Henry, F. R. S., an English lawyer, 
colonial governor of Georgia, and afterwards 
governor of Nova-Scotia; he died in Europe, 
at an advanced age. 
ELLIS, Caleb, an eminent lawyer, of New 
Hampshire, was a member of congress, ai d 
afterwards a judge of the supreme court of that 
state ; he died in 1816. 
ELLSWORTH, Oliver, LL.D., an eminent 
jurist of Connecticut, and chief justice of the 
supreme court of the United States, was dis- 
tinguished for the strong powers of his mind, 
for the solidity of his judgment, and for his 
great professional learning. He was appoint! d 
a member of the senate of the Uniied States, a 
juTlge in his native state, and, in 1799, ambassa- 
dor to France ; he dieu in 1807. 
ELLWOOD, Thomas, an Englishman, some- 
time reader to Milton ; he wrote in defence of 
the Quakers, and died in 1713. 
ELLYS, Dr. Anthony, bishop ofSt. David’s, 
bom 1693, and died 1761. He was a man of flue 
parts, extensive knowledge,and sound judgment, 
with a heart, overflowing with benevolence and 
candour, and a most Christian temper ; for he 
always thought a person, though on the rigl t 
side of the question, with principles of persecu- 
tion, to be a worse man than he who was on the 
wrong. 
ELMACINUS, George, author of a historv of 
the Saracens, or rather a chronology of the Ma- 
hometan empire, flourished in Egypt toward 
the middle of the ivrti century. 
ELMEN HORST, Geverhart, acriticofHam- 
burgh, and author of notes on ancient authors ; 
he died in 1621. 
ELMENHORST, Henry, author of a treatise 
on public spectacles, of which he seems to np- 
! p-ove. 
ELPHIN'STON, James, born at Edinburgh 
i Dec. 6, 1721, very early devoted his attention te  EL 
establishing the principles of the English lan- 
guage, but with the best intentions, his zeal led 
him astray into enthusiasm. As a grammarian, 
he stood on very high ground ; hut lie fondly em 
braced an idea, that the orthography of the'Eng- 
lish language might be thoroughly reformed; 
and being encouraged by Dr. Franklin, he con- 
ceived the project of effecting it, by spelling 
words as they are pronounced. This romantic 
(not to say ridiculous) scheme, in the latter part 
of his life, became his hobby-horse, and for a 
while clouded the genuine claims he had to the 
gratitude of every Englishman ; claims candidly 
acknowledged by most English scholars, and 
publicly by the late Mr. Walker, author of “ The 
Pronouncing Dictionary,” where his name con- 
stantly recurs in references to authority. In 1782, 
he published, in 4to. a translation of the “ Epi- 
grams of Martialbut it exhibited more of elab- 
orate erudition than of poetical ease or grace, 
and was severely treated by tho critics. Mr. El- 
phinston was unaffectedly pious and virtuous: 
perhaps the most distinguishing feature of his 
mind was a simplicity and purity that never 
doubted the truth or virtue of another. Hisdeat.h 
happened Oct. 8, 1809. 
ELPH1NSTONE, William, a Scotch prelate 
and statesman, born at Stirling, in 1432, died in 
1513, having written a “ History of Scotland,” a 
copy of which in MS. is now in the Bodleian li- 
brary. 
ELSHEIMER, Adam, a celebrated German 
painter, born at Frankfort, in 1574, excelled par- 
ticularly in landscapes, histories, and night pie- 
ces, with little figures. His works are very few ; 
and, for the incredible pains and labour which 
ne bestowed upon them, valued at such prodi- 
gious rates, that they are hardly any where to be 
found but in the cabinets of princes. He died 
in 1610. 
ELSNER, James, a Prussian, professor at 
Lingen, and author of various works ; he died 
in 1750. 
ELSTOB, William, an English divine, emi- 
nent for his skill in the Saxon language, born at 
Newcastle, in 1673, died in 1714. 
ELSTOB, Elizabeth, sister of the above, and 
a famous Saxonist also, born in 1683, died 1756. 
She published a curious Saxon homily on the 
birthday of St. Gregory, with a translation, in 
8vo, 1709 ; and in 1715, a grammar of the Saxon 
lansmage, in 4to. 
ELSVV1GH, John Herman d’, a Lutheran 
divine, native of Holstein, published several 
works, and died in 1721. 
ELSYNGE, Henry, clerk of the house of 
commons, in the reign of Charles I., born at 
Battersea, in 1598. He was the author of a few 
things which were reckoned very good,and have 
been much esteemed ; particularly “ The an- 
cient method and manner of holding parlia- 
ments in England, 1663 ;” reprinted often since. 
He died in 1664. 
ELVIUS, Peter, a native of Upsal, who made 
surveys of the Swedish lakes, and invented se- 
veral machines to go by water; he died in 1749. 
ELWES, John, M. P., for Berkshire. He 
was a man of clear perception, sound judg- 
ment, and unskaken integrity ; and in such high 
estimation was he held for his love of justice, 
that numberless disputes among his constituents 
and others, which would have been decided by 
courts of law, were left to his sole arbitrament: 
and his determination was sure to be thorough- 
ly satisfactory to the judicious. Yet, notwith- 
standing his gvxat and good qualities, he was a| 
EM 
man (respecting himself) of an extraordinarily 
penurious and singular turn; instances of 
which, that almost stagger belief, are related in 
an interesting account of his life, published by 
E. Topham, esq. 8vo, 171)0. He died Nov 26 
1789, aged 80. 
ELXAI, or ELX/EUS, founder of i sect 
among the Jews, in the 2d century; he taught 
his followers to pray toward Jerusalem; the sect 
continued till the 4th century. 
ELYOT, Sir Thomas, was employed by Hen 
ry VIII., in several embasstes. He was an ex- 
cellent grammarian, poet, rhetorician, pniloso- 
pher, physician, cosniographer, and historian ; 
and distinguished as much for his candour, and 
the innocence and integrity of itis iife, as for his 
accomplishments. He wrote and translated se- 
veral works, and died in 1516. 
ELYS, Edmund, an Englishman, who wrote 
against Tillotson’s sermons on the incarnation; 
he died after 1693. 
ELZEVIRS, celebrated printers, at Amster- 
dam and Leyden, in the 17th century, who great- 
ly adorned the republic of letters by many beau- 
tiful editions of the best authors of antiquity. 
Their Virgil, Terence, and Greek Testament, 
have been reckoned their master-pieces; and 
are indeed so very fine, that they justly gained 
jthetn the reputation of being the best printers in 
Europe. 
EMANUEL, succeeded John II., as king of 
Portugal, distinguished for patronising commer- 
cial enterprises ; he died iri 1521. 
EMEBRAET, a Flemish painter, at Antwerp, 
who was eminent in landscapes, lived in the 17th 
century. . 
EMERI, Sebastian, an advocate, of Paris, in 
the 16th century: he refused to defend the du 
chess of Angouleme against the constable of 
| Bourbon. 
i EMERSON, William, a very eminent mathe- 
matician, born at Hurworth, a village on the 
borders of Durham, 1701, died in 1782. He wa-* 
a man of great singularity in his manners, dress 
and conversation. His works are extremely 
valuable and numerous. * 
EMERSON, Joseph, minister of Malden, 
Mass., distinguished for his zeal and humility, 
died in 1767. 
EMILTANO, John, an Italian philosopher of 
the 16th century. 
EMLYN, Thomas, a learned and pious Eng- 
lish dissenting divine, memorable for his sitfier- 
ings on the score of heterodoxy, was born at 
Stamford, in Lincolnshire, 1663, and died 1741. 
His son, Sollom Emlyti, was bred to the law, 
became an eminent counsellor, and was employ- 
ed to publish lord chief justice Hale’s “ Pleas 
of the Crown,” which he did with notes, and a 
preface, and died in the year 1756. 
EMLYN, Henry, a very eminent architect, 
to whom king George III. confided the whole 
management of the architectural improvements 
in St. George’s chapel, Windsor; to which, per- 
haps, no edifice of the kind in Europe is equal 
in beauty. There is a publication, by Mr. Etn- 
lyn, of a “ Design for a New' Order in Archi- 
tecture,” which consists of a double pillar from 
a single pedestal. Mr. Emlyn died at Windsor, 
in bis 87th year, Dec. 10, 1815. 
EMMA, wife of Ethelred, of England, after- 
wards married Canute, and upon her husband’s 
death, reigned jointly with her son. 
EMMHJS, IJbo. a professor of Groningen; he 
published several works on” Chronology, Bio- 
graphy, &c-, and died in 1625 EN 
EMPEDOCLES, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
poet, and historian, of Agrigentum, in Sicily, 
died 441) B. C. Some say, that lie fell or threw 
himself into the burning gulf of Aitna; and 
others, that he was drowned in the sea. 
EMPEREUR, a well knownFrench engraver, 
in the 18th century. 
EMPEREUR, Constantinel’, of Holland, pro- 
fessor of Hebrew at Leyden ; he published se- 
veral works on the Jewish books, and died in 
1648. 
EMPOLI, Jacopo da, an eminent historical 
painter, of Empoli, died in 1640. 
EM PORI AS, a learned rhetorician in the 7th 
century. 
EMPSON, Sir Richard, favourite of Henry 
VII., was afterwards beheaded in 1510. 
ENCOLPIUS, a favourite of the emperorAl- 
exander, whose history he wrote. 
ENDICOT, John, governor of Mass., was a 
native of England ; he was violent in his oppo- 
sition to sectarians, and died in 1665. 
ENFIELD, William, a dissenting clergyman, 
of Norwich, born at Sudbury, 1740, died 1797. 
He had been lecturer in the belles lettres at 
Warrington Academy, and was well known to 
the public by many ingenious and useful publi- 
cations, of which the principal are, “ The 
Preacher’s Directory;” a great number of 1 Ser- 
mons ;” the “ Speaker,” and “ Exercises in Elo- 
cution ;” the two latter very popular selections 
of passages from celebrated authors: “The 
English Preacher,” the “ History of Philoso- 
phy,” &c. 
ENGELBRECIIT, German Lutheran, 
of Brunswick, who maintained doctrines simi- 
lar to those which Swedenborg has since pro- I 
mulgated : he died in 1641. 
ENGHELBRECHTSEN, Cornelius, a pain- [ 
ter, of Leyden, the first who painted in oil; he 
died in 1533 
ENGHELR AMS, Cornelius, a painter in wa- [ 
ter colours, was born at Maliues.and died in 1583. [ 
ENGIlIENjdukeof, son of the duke of Bour- : 
bon was seized by order of Buonaparte, hur- 
ried to Paris, condemned after a mock trial, for | 
having carried arms against his country, during j 
the tyranny of Robespierre, and shot in 1804. ■ 
ENGLISH, Hester, a French lady, settled in 
England, and eminent for the most exquisite 
skill in penmanship. She lived in the reigns of 
Elizabeth and James I. 
ENJEDIM, George, an ingenious Unitarian 
of Hungary, who wrote against trinitarians; 
he died in 1597. 
ENNIUS, Quintus, an ancient Latin poet, [ 
born in Calabria, 237 B. C. He died at the age [ 
of 70 years; and his death is said to have been 
occasioned by the gout, contracted by an immo- 
derate use of wine, of which he always drank [ 
very freely before he applied himself to writing. 
Her. Lib. I. Ep. 19. He was the first among 
lie Romans who wrote heroic verses, had an 
admirable genius, and did prodigious things for 
polishing the Latin poetry, though he left a great 
deal to be done by succeeding ages. He wrote! 
the “ Annals of Rome which were so highly! 
esteemed, that they were publicly recited with 
vast applause by Quintus Vargonteius, who di-| 
nested them into books; and they were read at: 
Puteoli, in the theatre, by a man of learning 
who assumed the name of the Ennianist. He 
translated several tragedies from the Greek, 
and wrote others. He published likewise seve- 
ral comedies; but’whether of his own inven- 
tion, or translated by him, is uncertain. It ap- 
EP 
pears from his writings, that he had very strong 
. sentiments of religion. He held the doctrine of 
■ transmigration, and is said to have affirmed 
I that Homer's soul was transmigrated into him 
ENNODIUS, Magnus Felix, bishop of Pavia, 
, in Italy, born 473, died 521. His works, cliicliy 
theological, are not voluminous. 
ENOCH, son of Jared, seventh from Adam, 
was translated to heaven without dying, 3017 
B. C. 
ENSENADA, Zeno Somo de Silva, marquis 
de la, an“ able minister of Spain, who rose to 
that station from being a book-keeper to a 
banker ; he died in 1755. 
ENT, Sir George, a very ingenious and emi 
nent English physician and'medical writer 
born at Sandwich, in Kent, 1G04, died 1689. 
ENT1CK, John, an English divine, who pub- 
lished a “Spelling Dictionary,” a “ History of 
the War which terminated in 1703,” and a 
“ History of London,” and died May £2, 1773 
ENTINOPE, an architect 0? Candia, in the 
5th century, one of the chief founders of Ve 
nice. 
ENZINAS, Francis, a native of Burgos, and 
disciple of Melancthon , he translated the new 
Testament into Spanish. 
EOBANUS, Elias, surnamed Hessus, an ele- 
gant scholar and good poet, was professor at 
Nuremburg; he died in 1510. 
EON, de l’Etoile, a fanatic, of Brittany, who 
pretended that lie was the son of God; he had 
some followers, but eventually died in prison. 
EON, Chevalier Charles Genicve-Louisa- 
I Augusta-Andrea-Timothee du Beaumont d’, 
jborn at Tonnerre, in Burgundy, August,5,1728, 
idied in London, May 22, 1810. The chevalier 
| was memorable as a political character, and 
once charge des affaires in England from the 
[court of Fi ance ; but more so on account of the 
[questionable gender to which this extraordinary 
character naturally appertained. In the year 
1777, policies were opened to ascertain the sex 
jof this extraordinary nondescript, tothe amount 
[of 200,0001 whi< h were eventually decided, and 
!paid, upon a surgical certificate, after personal 
[examination, that the reputed chevalier was a 
female. From that period the chevalier wore 
female habiliments. After death, however,' 
■it was ascertained that the deceased was of 
the masculine gender. 
EPAMINOND AS,' a famous Theban genera!, 
slain in battle, 363 B. C. 
EPAPHRODITUS, a bishop of Philippi, who 
carried the contributions of his country to the 
[saints of Jerusalem, and brought back Taul's 
epistle to bis church, A. D. 62. 
EPEE, Charles Michael de P, a very ingenious 
and benevolent French abbe, and the extensive 
[promoter (if not the inventor) of a mode for re- 
lieving the deaf and dumb, and rendering them 
useful members of society. Some of his pupils 
were enabled to learn several languages; some 
became profound mathematicians; and ojhera 
j obtained academical prizes by poetical and li- 
I terary works. This amiable man died in Feb. 
1790, justly lamented by his country; and was 
I succeeded in his school by the abbe Sicard. 
[ EPHORUS, a historian of Cuma, pupil of 
Isocrates. 
EPHRAIM, son of Joseph, who gave name 
to one of the tribes of Israel. 
EPHRF.M, St., an ancient Christian writer 
; of the 4th century. Photius tells us, that 1)6 
wrote above 1000 orations, and that himself 
had seen49 of his sermons: and Sozomen ob Jep 
serves, ihat he composed 300,1100 verses. His, 
works were so highly esteemed, that they were ] 
publicly read iu the churches after the Scrip 
tures. St. Ephrem was a man of the greatest 
severity of morals ; and so strict an observer of 
chastity, that he avoided even the sight of wo- 
men. ile died in 378. 
EPICHARMUS, an ancient poet and philoso- 
pher, born in the island of Cos, and carried, as 
Laertius tells us, into Sicily, when he was hut 
five months old. He had the honour of being 
taught by Pythagoras himself: and lie and 
Pliormus are said to have invented comedy in 
Syracuse, though others have pretended to the 
glory of that discovery. He composed 55, or, 
according to others, 35 plays; but his works 
have been so long lost, that even their character 
is scarcely on record. Lucian says, that he 
lived to the age of 97 years. 
EPIOIE, an eminent French engraver. 
EPICTETUS, a celebrated philosopher,of an- 
tiquity, born near the end of Nero’s reign, as is 
commonly supposed, at Hierapolis, in Phrygia, 
tie lived in extreme poverty at Rome, in a lit- 
wle cottage without so much as a door to it; no 
attendants but one old woman, and no furni- 
ture but an earthen lamp, to the light of which 
we owe those beautiful and divine thoughts, of 
which Arrian has preserved some noble re- 
mains. This lamp was purchased for about 
1 mi. after his death, by a person whom Lucian 
ridicules for it, as hoping to acquire the wisdom 
»f Epictetus by studying over it. We have no 
account that can be depended on, either of what 
distemper, or about what time, he died. Epic 
letus, though a philosopher, was a man of great 
humility and modesty ; which was most emi- 
nent in his own practice, as well as in his re- 
commendation of it to others. His “ Comment- 
aries,” and the “ Enchiridion, or Manual of the 
Stoic Philosophy,” have been often published, 
and translated into almost every language. 
EPICURUS, the greatest philosopher of his 
age, was born at Gargettus, in Attica, about the 
year 340 B. C. From tire place of his birth, we 
find him often called by ancient authors, the 
“ Gargettic author,” the “ Gargettic old man,” 
and simply, the “ Gargettian.” Whereas other 
professors of sects male choice of particular 
places in Athens, as the Academy, the Lyceum 
&c., Epicurus purchased a very pleasantgarden, 
where he lived with his friends in great tran- 
quillity, ami taught philosophy to a great num- 
ber of disciples. They lived all in common 
with their master; and a better regulated so- 
ciety had never been seen. He wrote a prodi- 
gious number of books, and died in his 72d 
year. As to his doctrine, that the happiness of 
man consists in pleasure, though it has occa- 
sioned some effects which have discredited his 
sect, yet, if it be rightly interpreted, it is cer- 
tainly very reasonable; for it amounts to no- 
thing more, than that the happiness of man 
consists in his being at ease, and in feeling 
pleasure, or, generally, in being contented. 
Could we ask Epicurus where this ease and 
contentment must lie found, he would not say 
iu good eating, drinking, or in commerce with 
women ; but, in sobriety, temperance, and the 
checking of tumultuous and disorderly passions, 
which deprive the soul of her state of happi- 
ness ; that is, the soft and quiet acquiescence in 
her condition. These were the pleasures in 
which Epicurus made the happiness of man to 
consist. But people exclaimed against the word 
pleasure: those who were corrupted already 
ER 
, made an ill use of it; the enemies of Ins sect 
I Look advantage of' it; and so tile name ol' Epi- 
curean became odious: all this, however, is ac- 
cidental to the doctrine ; for it is certain that 
he lived in a most exemplary manner himself, 
and conformably to the rules of philosophical 
wisdom and frugality. 
EPIMENIDE3, an ancient, poet and philoso- 
pher, born at Gnossus, in Crete. Many won- 
derful things are related of him; and his repu- 
tation was so great all over Greece, that he was 
there esteemed a favourite of the gods. He 
died at the age of J57; and is alluded to by St. 
Paul, Titus, c. i. v. 12. Plutarch tells us, that 
he was accounted the 7th wise mail by those 
who would not admit Periander into the number 
EP1PHANIUS, bishop of Salamis. in Cyprus, 
born 332, and died 403. He was very conver- 
sant in ecclesiastical antiquities, on which ac- 
count he is chiefly regarded. 
EPJPHANIUS, a writer of the 0th century, • 
who translated the histories of Socrates, Sozo- 
men, and Theodoret. 
EPIPHANIES, a heretic, who advocated a 
community of women. 
EPISCOPIUS, Simon, a theological and con- 
troversial writer of uncommon parts and learn- 
ing, and the chief support of the Arminian sect, 
born at Amsterdam, in 1583, died 1043. 
EPPENDORF, Henry, a noble German, who 
acquired celebrity by his dispute with Erasmus. 
ERASISTRATUS, an eminent Greek physi- 
cian, whose works are mentioned by Galen, but 
are now lost. He flourished 21)4 B. C. 
ERASMUS, Desiderius, born at Rotterdam, 
the 28th of Oct., 1467. He was called Gerard, 
after his father; and afterwards took the name 
of Desiderius, which iu Latin, like the surname 
of Erasmus, in Greek, signify much the same 
as Gerard among the Hollanders, that is, “ arn- 
abilis,” or amiable. He was the most learned 
man of the age in which he lived ; and contri- 
buted, by his example and his writings, to the 
restoration of learning in the several countries 
wherein he occasionally resided, viz. Italy 
Switzerland, Holland, France and England , 
with the last he was most satisfied ; and there 
he met with the greatest encouragement from 
Henry VIII., sir Thomas More, and all the 
learned Englishmen of those days. He was the 
most correct and elegant Latin writer among 
the moderns ; and died in 1536. Nothing has 
made the city of Rotterdam more famous, than 
her having given birth to this great man, whose 
works were published at Leyden, 1706, in a 
very handsome manner, in ten volumes folio. 
ERASTUS, Thomas, a celebrated physician 
and divine, born at Baden, in Germany, about 
1524, died in 1583. He wrote several books on 
philosophy, physic, and divinity; but what 
made the most noise of all his performances 
and chiefly makes him memorable now, was 
liis book “ De Excommunicatione Ecclesias- 
tica.” In this he denies the power of the church, 
and affirms their censures to be incapable of ex- 
tending beyond the present life. 
ERASTOSTHENES, a Greek philosopher, 
mathematician, historian,and poet,died 194 B.C 
ERATOSTRATUS, an Ephesian, who on 
the very night that Alexander the Great was 
born, 356 B. C., burnt the temple of Diana, a*. 
Ephesus, merely to eternize his name in ilie 
records of history. 
ERCIIEMBERT, a Lombard, of ihe 9th cen 
t.ury, author of a Chronicle of tire Lombards 
from 774 to 888. 
175  ER 
ERC1LL-YA-CUNIGA, Don Alonzo d’, ai 
Spaniard, who fought against the Indians of 
Cltili and Peru, and made his adventures thi 
subject of an animated poem, called Ara icana. 
ERCKERN, Lazarus, a German, W'as super- 
intendent of the mines of Hungary, &.c. 
ERCOLE, a painter patronised by the court 
ct Savoy, died in 1676. 
EREMITA, Daniel, of Antwerp, intimate 
with Scaliger, author of several works, some 
poems, &c.; he was a deist, and died at Leg- 
horn, in 1613. 
ERIC IX, king of Denmark. Sweden, and 
Norway, solemnly deposed, and retired to Pome- 
rania ; lie died in 1459. 
ERIC XIV., succeeded his father Gustavus on 
the tli rone of Sweden, and became the unsuc- 
cessful suitor of queen Elizabeth; he died in 1578. 
ERIC, Peter, a Venetian admiral, infamous 
-/-for his cruelty to the widow of the bashaw of 
Tripoli, whom, with her treasures, he carried 
to Constantinople ; he was beheaded by order 
of the Venetian senate. 
ERIGENA, John, Scotus, born at Ayr, in 
Scotland, flourished in the9th century, and was 
very learned in a very barbarous age. He was 
employed by king Alfred to promote learning 
and the liberal arts. For this purpose he was 
appointed to preside, at Oxfmd, over the studies 
o! geometry and astronomy in particular ; that 
university being either lately founded or lately- 
restored by Alfred. Three years he spent iii 
this situation; but, some disputes and disturb- 
ances arising at Oxford, he left that place, and 
retned to a monastery at Malmesbury. There 
he opened a school; and, behaving harshly and 
with severity to his scholars, was stabbed by 
them, with the iron bodkins they then wrote 
with, in such a manner that he died. His death 
happened in 883. 
* ERINNA, a Grecian poetess, cotemporary 
with Sappho. 
ERIZZO, Lewis and Marc Anthony, two bro- 
thers, of a noble Venetian family, who mur- 
dered their uncle for his riches; for which the 
one was beheaded ; the other died in prison, 
about 1546. 
ERIZZO, Paul, a noble, of the same family, 
inhumanly butchered by Mahomet,in 1469, after i 
having surrendered. 
ERIZZO, Sebastian, a noble Venetian, author i 
of a work on medals, died in 1585. 
ERKIVTNS, a famous architect of Steinbach, 
who died in 1305. 
ER EACH, John Lewis, father of the six i 
families of the same name, so illustrious in 
Switzerland ; he was distinguished in niilitary 
Life, and died in 1650. 
ERNESTI, John Augustus, professor of the- 
ology at Leipsic, author of numerous works, 
iterary and theological; lie died in 1781. 
MIll’E\IUS, Thomas, or, as he is called in 
Dutch, Thomas of Erpe, a most learned writer, 
and incomparably skilled in the oriental tongues, 
born 1584, died 1624. 
EI’SKINE, Ralph, a Scotch divine, and non- 
conformist who was imprisoned about 1662, 
and liberated by the earl of Mar; he died in 1696. 
ERSKINE, Ebenezer, son of the preceding, 
bom in prison, became a seceder, published 
several volumes of sermons, and died in 1755. 
EKSKINE, Ralph, brother to tile preceding, I 
published many wotks and sermons, and died!' 
in 1751. 
ERSKINE, David lord Dun, a celebrated' 
Scotch judtre, who published an excellent work| 
ES 
|in one volume 12ron., under the title of “Lord 
Dun’s Advices.” He was born at Dun, in Ar> 
gussliire, 1(570, and died there in 1755. 
EKSKINE, James, lord Alva, one of the 
barons of the Scotch exchequer, afterwards ap- 
pointed to the supreme civil court of Scotland; 
he died in 179(5. 
ERVING, William, an officer in the British 
army, which he quitted at the commencement 
of the American war; he bequeathed 10001. to 
Harvard college, and died in 1791. 
ERXLEBEN, John Christian Polycarp, a na- 
tive of Quedlinburg, and an able' naturalist 
died in 1777. 
ERYCE1RA,Ferdinand de Meneses count ri' 
distinguished himself as governor of Penicba 
and Tangiers. 
ERYCE1RA, Francis Xavier de Meneses 
count d’, born at Lisbon, in 1673, increased the 
valuable library of his ancestors with 15,0(10 
new vols., and 1000 MSS.; he wrote 100 diiier- 
ent publications. 
ERYTROPHILUS, Rupert, a German di- 
vine, in the 17th century, author of a work on 
the passion. 
ES, James Van, a painter, cf Antwerp, well 
known for his pictures of birds, &c. 
ESAU, son of Isaac and Rebecca, died about 
1710 B. C. 
ESCALO, Mastin de P, electee podestat of 
Verona, in 1259, was assassinated by his ene- 
mies, in 1273. 
ESCALQUENS, William, capitou of Tou- 
louse, in 1326; he ordered himself to be carried 
to the cathedral in a coffin, and then invited the 
attendants to a feast. 
ESCOBAR, Marine d’, the foundress of the 
reconciliation of St. Bridget, in Spain, died 1633. 
ESCOBAR, Anthony, a Spanish jese.it. whose 
works in 16 vols.,and iiis Principles of Morality, 
in 7 vols., were ridiculed by Pascal; he died it 
1669. 
ESCOBAR, Bartholomew, a learned jesuit, 
of Seville, went to America as a monk; he em- 
ployed himself rn works of charity, and died in 
1624. 
ESCOUBLEAU, Francis d’, cardinal de 
Sourdis, a great favourite with pope Leo IX., 
died in 1686. 
ESCOUBLEAU, Henry d’, brother and suc- 
cessor of the preoeding, was at tiie siege of 
Rochelle, under Lewis XIII. ; he died in 1645. 
ESCURE, N. de P, a general of la Vendee 
remarkable for his loyalty, courage, &c.; he 
died of his W'oundsin 1794. 
ESPAGNAC, John Baptist. Joseph de Sapu- 
guet Damarzil baron d’, a French general, who 
signalized himself in the campaigns of Italy 
died in 1783. 
ESPAGNANDEL, Matthew P, an eminent 
French sculptor, of the 17th century. 
ESPAGNE, John d', a Frenchman, who set- 
tled in England, as minister of a French pro- 
testant congregation, in the reign of James II. 
ESPAGNET, John d’, a Frenchman, presi- 
dent of the parliament of Bordeaux, who wrote 
in,opposition to Aristotle’s tenets. 
ESPAGNOLET, Joseph Riberia P, a Spanish 
painter, particularly successful in the represen 
tation of terror, anguish, &c. ; he died in 1656 
ESPARROM, Charles d’ Arcussia Viscount 
d’, author ofatieatiseon hawking and falconry, 
ij published in 1644. 
J| ESPEN, Zeger Bernard Van, born at Louvain 
j wrote against the pope's bull unigenitus, and 
i died in 1728. ES 
E8PENCE. (Maude d’, a Frenchman, a dis- 
tingmsheit orator, and author of commentaries 
on the epistles ; he died in 1571. 
ESPER, John Frederic, a native of Drossen- 
feld, in Bayreuth, a botanist and naturalist, and 
author of works on these subjects ; he died in 
1781. 
ESPERIENTE, Philip Callimachus, a Tus- 
can, preceptor of an academy under Pius II; 
afterwards ambassador to Constantinople, &c., 
died in 149ti. 
ESPREMENIL, James Duval d’, an advocate 
and counsellor of the parliament of Paris, re- 
markable for his violent proceedings during the 
revolution ; he was guillotined in 1794. 
ESPRIT, James, a Frenchman, an agreeable 
writer, the friend of Rochefoucault and Conti, 
died in l(i78. 
ESSARS, Pierre des, a French nobleman, 
who served in the Scotch army against the Eng- 
lish, in 1402; on his return to France, he was 
raised to posts of honour, became suspected, 
was imprisoned, and beheaded in 1413. 
ESSARS, Charlotte des, countess of Romo- 
rentin, mistress to Henry IV., and others, who, 
in attempting to advance Iter son, fell under the 
resentment of the king and Richelieu, by whom 
she was imprisoned, wheto she died in 1051. 
ESSEX, James, famous for his skill in gothic 
architecture. IIis principal practice was at Cam- 
bridge, Ely, Lincoln, and Winchester; and his 
writings may be found in the Achteolor5*, voi. 
iv. vi., &c. He was bom in 1723, aim oied at 
Cambridge, in 1784. 
ESTAING, Charles Henry count d , a French 
idmiral, who commanded the French fleet 
in the American revolution; he was guillotined 
in 1793. 
ESTAMPES, Anne, of Pisseleu, duchess of, 
mistress to Francis I., of France. She was a 
woman of great canning and intrigue; and one 
of those instances which prove that the ascen- 
dancy of a mistress may he the ruin of a king- 
dom ; for by her ambitious views the monarchy 
of France had nearly been subverted. 
ESTAMPES, Leottor d\ bishop of Chartres, 
in 11720, who opposed the jesuits in the assembly 
of the French clergy. 
ESTCOURT, Richard, well known both as 
an actor and a dramatic writer. In all his parts, 
lie was mostly indebted for his applause to his 
powers of mimicry, in which he was inimitable, 
and which, at times, afforded him opportunities 
of appearing a much better actor than lie really 
was, by enabling him to copy very exactly seve 
ral performers of merit, whose mannner he re- 
membered and assumed. His company was 
extremely courted by every one ; and bis mimi- 
cry so much admired, that persons of the first 
quality frequently invited him to their enter- 
tainments, in order to divert their friends witli 
his drollery ; on which occasions he constantly 
received very handsome presents for his com- 
pany. He died in 1713, leaving behind him two 
dramatic pieces. 
ESTHER, a Jewess, mistress to Casimir HI., 
king of Poland, in the 14ih century. 
ESTHER, a Jewish maid, who became wife 
to Ahasuerus, king of Persia, and was the 
means of saving the Jews from destruction. 
EST1US, William, a native of Holland, divi- 
nity professor of Doitav university, and author 
of commentaries on the epistles, died in 1013. 
ESTLAGER, Christopher, a writer of Steir- 
nnrk. in the >8th century. 
ESTOILE Pierre de P, grand auditor of tire 
ET ~ 
chancery of Paris, and author of several valua- 
ble works ; he died in 1(311. 
ESTOILE, Claude de P, son of tile preced- 
ing; he wrote several plays and poems, and 
died in 1652. 
ESTOUTEV1LLE, William d’, a Norman, 
and a cardinal, who reformed the university of 
Paris ; lie possessed great firmness and benevo- 
lence, and died in 1483. 
ESTRADES, Godfrey count d’, marechal of 
France, and viceroy of America, ambassadoi 
to England, &c., died in 1686. 
ESTRANGE. See L’ESTRANGE. 
ESTREES, John d’, page to queen Anne, of 
Brittany, distinguished himself in several bat- 
tles, and died in 1567. 
ESTREES, Francis Annibal d’, son of tire 
preceding, a duke, peer, and marechal ol France, 
died in lfi70. 
ESTREES, Caesar d’, son of the preceding, 
was employed in several important offices by 
the French king, and died in 1714. 
ESTREES, Gabrielle d’, sister of Francis, 
mistress of Henry IV., died in 1599. 
ESTREES, Victor Mane il’, a vice admiral 
of France, and a learned man, died in 1737. 
ESTREES, Lewis Ca-sar duke d’, marechal 
of France, and minister of state, distinguished 
himself in tire war against Spain ; he died in 
1771. 
ETHELBERT, king of Kent, became a Chris- 
tian by the preaching of Austin, and died in 6)6. 
ETHELBERT, king of England, was a popu- 
lar and benevolent prince. 
ETHELRED, king of England ; to deliver 
himself from the oppressive tax which he paid 
to the dames, he caused those unfortunate for- 
eigners to be all murdered ; he died in 1016. 
ETHELWOLF, king of England, in 838, 
went to Rome to improve the education of lire 
son the great Alfred ; he died in 857. 
ETHEREGE, Sir George, a celebrated En- 
glish wit, and eminent in particular lor his 
comic genius, flourished in the reigns of Charles 
III. and James II. Ills three comedies are, “ The 
Comical Revenge ; or, Love in a Tub;” u She 
Would if She Could;” and “ The Man of Mode; 
or, Sir Foppling Flutter;” in which last piece 
he is supposed to have drawn some of the chief 
characters from certain of his cotemporaries, 
and acquaintance. Thus, beau Hewit, the most 
notorious fop of his time, was supposed to be 
designed under his first character; Dorimant 
for liis friend lord Rochester, under which are 
characterised inconstancy, falsehood, and tri- 
umphs, in the. conquest and ruin of the fair, 
varnished over with agreeable and captivating 
graces of modish gallantry, peculiar* to that 
witty but licentious nobleman. lie was also 
suspected to have sketched out himself in the 
character of Medley. Applauded, however, as 
this play was for wit, yet, like his others, it was 
condemned for immorality. He was born in 
Oxfordshire, about 1636, and died about 1610. 
ETHRYG, George, or ETHERIDGE, or ED- 
RYCUS, an Englishman, who lived about 1550 
He excelled not only in the Greek and Hebrew 
but also in medicine and music. 
ETTMULLER, Michael, an eminent physi 
cian born at Leipsic, 1644, died 1683. His works, 
amounting to no less than 5 vols. in folio, were 
printed at Naples, in 1729 
ETTMULLER, Miehaei Erne clt., professoi 
of anatomy and surgery, wrote several learned 
and curious treatises on medical subjects, and 
died in 1732.  EU 
EUCHADIUS, Augustinus, a Latin histo- 
rian. 
EUGHARIUS, or IlOUCHARIUS Eligius, a 
divine and poet, of Ghent. He wrote the lives 
of St. Levinus, Coleta, and Bertulfius, &.c. 
EUCHERIUS, atchbishopof Lyons, was can- 
onized for his piety ; he died in 454. 
EUCLID, aphilsopher, of Megara, founder of 
tile sect of wranglers. 
EUCLID, a most celebrated mathematician 
and astronomer, who collected ail the funda- 
mental principles of pure mathematics, which 
had been delivered down by Thales, Pythagoras, 
Eudoxus, and other mathematicians before him, 
which lie digested into regularity and order, 
with many others of his own: on which account 
he is said to have been the first who reduced 
arithmetic and geometry into the form of a sci- 
ence. When this great man was born, and 
what was his country, we have no distinct ac- 
count ; but he flourished, as appears from Pro- 
clus’ Comment upon his Elements, about 277 
years before Christ, and taught mathematics at 
Alexandria with vast applause. 
EUDrEMON, John Andrew, a jesuit, pub- 
lished some works, and died in 1625. 
EUDES, John, founded the congregation of 
the Eudists; lie left some devotional works, and 
died in 1680. 
EUDOCIA, daughter of Leonlius, an Athe- 
nian sophist and philosopher, born about 400. 
Her father took such care of her education, that 
she became at length consummately learned; 
and so accomplished in every respect, that, at 
his death, he left his whole estate to his two 
sons, except 100 pieces of gold, which he left to 
his daughter, with this declaration, that “ her 
own good fortune would be sufficient for her.” 
Upon this she went to law with her brothers, 
but without success ; and therefore carried her 
cause to Constantinople, where she was recom- 
mended to Pulcheria, sister of the emperor The- 
odosius tile Younger, and became her favourite. 
In 42! she embraced Christianity, and was bap- 
tized by the name of Eudocia, for her heathen 
name was Athenais; and the same year was I 
married to the emperor, through the powerful 
recommendation of his sister; by which event 
the words of her father might seem to have 
something prophetic in them. She died about 
A. D. 460. 
EUDOCIA or EUDOXIA, queen of Constan- 
tinople, in 1067, died m prison, the government 
having been usurped by Michael, her son, in 
1071 
EUDOCIA, Feoaoreuna, first wife of Peter 
the Great, was divorced in 1696, on account of 
her infiifeiitv ; she died in 1731. 
EUDOXIUS, bishop of Germanicia. He 
wrote a discourse on the incarnation of the 
word : lie died in 370. 
EUDOXUS, of Cnidus, a city of Carla, in 
Asia Minor, flourished about 370 "years before 
Christ; and was so skilful, that Cicero did not 
scruple to call him the. greatest astronomer that 
had ever lived. 
EUGENE, Francis, prince of Savoy, born 
1363. Having found himself slighted by Lewis 
XIV'., in France, his native country, he retired to 
Germany, and spent his life in the service of i 
the house of Austria. His victories over the 
Turks, and afterwards over the French, too 
numerous to be detailed in this work, have 
rendered his name immortal in the annals of i 
fame. This illustrious hero died at Vienna, in < 
1736. , 
EU 
EUGENIUS I. St., pope after Martin, in 654 j 
he died 3 years after. 
EUGENIUS ii., succeeded Pascal I. in 8-4, 
i and died 3 years after. 
EUGENIUS III., was made pope in 1145, and 
died in 1153. 
EUGENIUS IV., Gabriel Condolmero elected 
pope in 1431. He was unjustly deposed, for a 
time, but was afterwards restored ; lie died 1447. 
EUGENIUS, emperor in fell in 
battle in 394. 
EULER, Leonard, a very eminent mathe- 
matical writer, born at Basil, in 1707, died Sent. 
7, 1783. He possessed, to a great degree, wnat 
is commonly called erudition; had read all tne 
!Latin classics; was perfect master of ancient 
mathematical literature; and bad the history 
of all ages and nations, even to the minutest facts, 
ever present to his mind. 
EULOGIU3, a patriarch, of Alexandria, wrote 
against the Novatians, and died in 608. 
EULOGIUS, the martyr, of Cordova, was put 
to death by the Saracens, in 859. He wrote a 
history of some martyrs. 
EUMATHIUS, a Greek, writer of atnatorial 
compositions; in whatage he wrote is unknown 
EUMENES, a celebrated general of Alexan 
Jder, put to death by Antigonus, 316 B. C. 
I EUMENES, a king of Pergamus, 263 B. C 
His nephew of the same name was king, 197 
B. C. 
EUMENIUS, an eminent orator, about 310. 
j EUNAPIUS, a native of Sardis, in Lydia 
flourished in the 4th century. He was a cele- 
brated sophist, a physician, and no inconsidera- 
ble historian. We have no remains of Euna- 
pius, but his “ Lives of the Philosophers and 
Sophists.” 
| EUNOMIUS, a heresiarch, of the 4th centu- 
ry, bishop of Cyzicum, and founder of the sect 
that have since been called Eunomians. He 
;died very old, about 394, after having experien- 
ced great variety of sufferings. Eunomius wrote 
|many things, and his writings were so highly 
esteemed by his followers,#tha‘ thev thought 
1 their authority preferable to that of the gospel. 
His doctrines were, that “ there is one God un- 
createand without beginning ■ who lias nothing 
existing before him ; for nothing can exist be- 
fore what is uncreate : nor with him ; for what 
is uncreate must be one: nor in him ; for God 
is a simple and uncompounded being. This 
one simple and eternal being is God the creator 
and ordainerof all things ; first indeed and prin- 
cipally of his only-begotten Son, and then 
through him of all other things: for God be- 
got, created, and made the Son only, by his own 
direct operation and power, before all tilings and 
every other creature : not producing, however, 
any other being like himself, nor imparting any 
of his own proper substance to the Son: lor 
]God is immortal, uniform, indivisible, and there- 
fore cannot, communicate any part of his own 
proper substance to another,” &c. 
EUPHEMIA, FlaviaElia Marcia,a concubine, 
and wife of the emperor Justin I., died in 523. 
EUPHEMIUS, a patriarch, of Constantinople, 
was banished, and died in 515 
EUPHORION, a Greek poet and historian, 
of Chalcis, 274 B. C. 
EUPIIRANOR, an excellent sculptor and 
painter, of antiquity, flourished about 362 B. C. 
He wrote several volumes on the art of colour- 
ing, and on symmetry; and was the first who 
signalized himself by representing the majesty 
of heroes 
178 EU 
a heretic, of the 2d century, 
who maintained that our first parents were de- 
ceived by Christ in tiie form of a serpent 
EUPOE1S, an Athenian comic poet, in the 
85th Olympiad. He used the freedom of the an- 
cient comedy to lash the vices of the people; 
and having lost his life in a seafight between 
tiie Athenians and Lacedsmonians, his death 
was so lamented, that a statute was enacted, 
which decreed that no poet should thenceforth 
serve in tiie wars. 
EURIPIDES, an ancient Greek poet, born in 
tiie islaird of Salamis, in the 1st year of the 75th 
Olympiad. He wrote a great number of trage- 
dies, which were highly esteemed, both in his 
lile-tiine, and after his death ; and nothing can 
better demonstrate the high esteem they were 
in, than the service they did to the Athenians 
in Sicily. The Athenian army under the com- 
mand of Nicias, suffered all the calamities that 
ill-fortune can reduce men to. The victors made 
a most cruel advantage of their victories : but, 
although they treated the Athenian soldiers 
with so much inhumanity, yet they were ex- 
tremely kind to such as could repeat any of 
Euripides’ verses. An unhappy accident con- 
cluded liis life. He was walking in a wood,i 
and, according to his usual manner, in deep; 
meditation,when unfortunately happening upon 
Archelaus' hounds, he was by them torn to pie- 
ces, in the 75th year of his age. He is, of all; 
writers, remarkable for having interspersed mo-j 
ral reflections and philosophical aphorisms in; 
his dramatic pieces. It is said that lie used to| 
shut himself up in a gloomy cave, and there 
compose his works. This cave was in the isle, 
of Salamis, and Aulus Gellius had the curiosity 
to go into it. He composed his verses with greatj 
difficulty; and one day complained to the poet; 
Alcestis, that in tiie last three days he had been 
able to write but three verses, though he had 
laboured with all his might. Alcestis observed, 
with an air of high vanity, that he had written 
a hundred with the utmost ease. “ Av, but 
(says Euripifles) you don’t consider the differ- 
ence: your verses are made to live no longer 
than these three days ; whereas mine are to con- 
tinue for ever.” There are now extant hut 19 
of his tragedies, and part of a 20th ; though 
Suidas says that lie composed 92. 
EURYDICE, wife of Amyntas, king of Ma- 
cedon, and mother of Philip. 
EURYDICE, daughter of Aridieus, was put 
to death by Olympias. 
KUSDEN, Lawrence, an English divine and; 
poet, born in Yorkshire, was preferred in 1718; 
to the laureatship. He had several enemies ;i 
and, among others, Pope, who put him into his 
Dunciad ; though we do not know what provo- 
cation he gave to any of them, unless, by being 
raised to tiie dignity of the laurel. He was no 
inconsiderable versifier, and died at his rectory, 
at Coningshy, Lincolnshire, in 1730. 
E1JSEBI A, abbess of St. Cyr, at Marseilles, 
who cut off her nose to secure herself from the 
Itrutalitv of the Saracens, in 731. 
EUSEBIUS, Pamphilus, an ecclesiastical his- 
torian, born in Palestine, bishop of Caesarea; he 
opposed Arius. and died in 338. 
EUSEBIUS, a bishop of Berytus, and after- 
vards o£ Constantinople; he died in 341. 
EUSEBIUS, a bishop of Emesa, in Syria, 
bishop of Vercell, in Piedmont, 
defended Athanasius, and died in 3<1. 
EUSEBIUS, bishop of SamosatO, favoured, 
EV 
and afterwards opposed Arianism, lie died in 
378. 
EUSEBIUS, bishop of Doryleum, in Phrygia, 
was deposed in 449. 
EUSTACE, John Skey, a brave officer in the 
American war; sometime aid to general Lee, 
and afterwards to general Greene: he went to 
France in 1794, where lie was made brigadier 
and majorgeneral; he returned and died in 1805. 
EUSTACHE, David, a protestant ininisier, 
of Montpelier, sent by the synod of Ludun in 
1609, to address the French king; his speech 
was much admired. 
EUSTACHIUS, Bartholomew, an Italian 
physician, of the Kith century, who published 
anatomical tables ; he died in 1570. 
EUSTATHIUS, archbishop of Thessalonica, 
was born at Constantinople,and flourished about 
A. D. 1170. He is chiefly memorable for his 
“ Commentaries upon Homer.” 
EUSTATHIUS, a learned Greek, commenta- 
tor on Homer and Dionysius the geographer ; 
lie died in 1194. 
EUSTOCHIUM, a Roman lady, well skilled 
in Greek and Hebrew ; she died in 419. 
EUSTRATIUS, a bishop of Nice, who wrote 
commentaries on Aristotle, lived in the 12th 
centnrv. 
• EUTHYMIUS, an Isaurian, made patriarch 
of Constantinople, in 906; he was displaced, 
and died in exile, in 910 or 911. 
EUTHYMIUS, Zigabenus, or Zigadenus, a 
Greek monk, of Constantinople, author of se- 
veral works, died after 1118. 
EUTOC1US, a Greek mathematician, of the 
6th century, author of several works. 
EUTROPIUS, Flavius, an Italian sophist, as 
Suidas calls him, wrote a compendious history 
of Roman affairs, divided into 10 books, from 
the foundation of the city, to the reign of Va- 
leris, (to whom it was dedicated,) that is,to A.D. 
364. 
EUTROPIUS, a eunuch, and minister to Ar- 
cadius, was consul, but was banished and be- 
headed about 399. 
EUTYCHES, an abbot of Constantinople, 
who maintained that Christ’s body was an 
aerial form, and therefore not human. 
EUTYCHIANUS, pope, successor of Felix 
in 275, was martyred in 283. 
EUTYCHIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, 
in 553; deposed in 564; restored, and died in 
585. 
EUTYCHIUS, a Christian author, patriarch 
of Alexandria, was born at Cairo, in Egypt, in 
870, and became eminent in the knowledge of 
physic. He wrote annals from the beginning 
of the world to the year 900 ; in which may be 
found many things which occur no where else , 
but certainly many more which were collected 
from lying legends, and are entirely fabulous. 
He died in 950. 
EUZORIUS, a deacon of Alexandria, depo- 
sed and condemned by the council of Nice, for 
adhering to Arius ; lie baptized Constantins, 
and died in 376. Another of the same name 
was bishop of Caesarea 
EVAGORAS, king of Cyprus, was defeated 
by the Persians, and assassinated 394 B. C. 
EVAGORAS, a Greek writer, in the age of 
Augustus, author of a history of Egypt, &c. 
EVAGRTUS, a monk of the 5th century, au- 
thor of “ AltercatioSimonis JudsietTheophili 
Christian!.” - .... 
EVAGRIUS, a bishop of Antioch, died is 
303. 
170 EV 
' EVAGRTUS SCHOLASTIC!)S3, an ancient 
ecclesiastical historian, born at Epiptiauia, a city 
>f Syria Secunda, about the year 536 He pub- 
lished “Six Books of Ecclesiastical History, ’ 
beginning with the year 431; where Theodoret, 
Socrates, and Sozomen, conclude ; and ending 
with 594. It is not certain when he died. 
EVAGRIUS, Fonticus, a monk of the 4tli 
century, archdeacon of Constantinople. 
EVANGELISTA, a learned civilian, author 
of“Consulta varia in juro canonico,” &.c.,died 
in 1595. 
EVANS, Cornelius, during the civil wars he 
played the part of an impostor, pretended he 
was the prince of Wales, who bad escaped from 
France; was sent to Newgate, but escaped, and 
was never after heard of. 
EVANS, Arise, a Welch engineer, died about 
the time of the rebellion. 
EVANS, Abel, generally styled Dr. Evans 
the Epigrammatist, lived at the end of the 17th 
and beginning of the 18th centuries. He was 
bursar to St. John's college, Oxford, vicar of 
Saint Giles’, and appears to have been inti- 
mate with Mr. Pope. 
EVANS, John, D. D.,a dissenting minister, 
was popular as a preacher, and died in 1732. 
EVANS, Caleb, D. D., instructed young men 
for thffdissenting ministry; he publishedsome 
works, and died in 1791. 
EVANS, Evan, a clergyman, obtained no pre- 
ferment. and died of intemperance in 1790. 
EVANS, Nathaniel, a minister of N. Jersey, 
and a poet, was a missionary in the employ- 
ment of the society for propagating the gospel; 
lie died in 767. 
EVANS, John, came from England as deputy 
governor of Pennsylvania, in 1703. His unpopu- 
larity caused his impeachment and removal in 
1709. 
EVANS, Lewis, eminent for his acquain- 
tance with American geography, was surveyor 
in Philadelphia : he constructed many maps. 
EV ANSON, Edward, a native of Warrington, 
author of some works, died in 1805. 
EVANTIUS, an old Latin poet, who wrote 
“ De ambigiiis, sive hybridis animalibus.” 
EVANTCS, a bishop of Vienne, in the 6th 
eenturv, died in 586. 
EV ARISTUS, bishop of Rome in 100, was 
martyred nine years after. 
EVELYN, John, one of the greatest natural 
philosophers that England ever produced, was 
born at Wottorr, in Surry, in 1620. Among his 
numerous writings (which are on the subjects 
of agriculture, navigation, commerce, antiqui- 
ties, sculpture, painting, &c.) the most cele 
braf'ed at the present day is “Sylva; or a Dis- 
course of'Forest-Trees, and tiie Propagation of 
Timber in His Majesty’s Dominions.” Full of 
age and honours, this amiable author died Feb. 
27, 1705-6, in bis 86th year; and was interred 
at Wotton, under a tomb of freestone, shaped 
like a coffin, with an inscription upon a white 
maible, expressing, according to his own inten- 
tion, that, “ Living in an age of extraordinary 
events and revolutions, he had learned from 
thence this truth, which he desired might be 
thus communicated to posterity, That all is 
nanitv which is not honest, and that there is no 
solid wisdom hut in real piety.'' The Clilogiuins 
which have been bestowed upon him are as 
numerous as they are great. 
EVELYN, John, son of the preceding, at the 
nsre of 15 wrote an elegant Creek poem; he 
died in 1698. 
. FA 
EVERARD, Sir Richard, baronet, was ppv 
prietary governor of North-Carolina, hi 172/ 
after an administration of three or lour yeais 
which was disturbed by controversies with otl.ei 
branches of the government, he returned to En 
gland, where he died in 1733. 
EVERDINGEN, Osar Van, a Dutch painter 
of eminence, died in 1675. 
EVERETT, Oliver, minister in Boston for 
some years; afterwards judge of the court oi 
common pleas for Norfolk ; lie died in 1802. 
EVREMOND ST., Charles de St. Denis, 
lord of, a celebrated French officer and satiiiral 
writer, born in Normandy, 1613, died 1703. As 
for religion, he always professed the Romish, in 
which he was born; though at the bottom he 
was certainly a freethinker: but whatever might 
be his sentiments of religion, he never let full 
any loose expressions about it; he could not 
bear that any one should droll upon it; for, said 
he, “ bare decency, and the regard due to one’s 
fellow-creatures, will never suffer it.” 
EWALD, John, a native of■ Copenhagen, 
who, from a military life, studied divinity, and 
wrote several poems of much merit; he died 
in 1781. 
EWING, John, D. D., minister in Philadel- 
phia, and provost of the college in that city; 
} ire was much respected for his talents, learning, 
'and piety, and died in 1802. 
| EXPIL.LJ, Claude d’, president of the parlia- 
jment of Grenoble, and a writer of some merit; 
; he died in 1636. 
i EXUPERIUS, a Romish saint, bishop of Tou- 
louse, distinguished for his charities, died about 
'417. 
EYCK. See VAN EYCK. 
EYKENS, Peter, a much admired painter, 
of Antwerp, born in 1599. 
EYMAR, A. M. d’, a deputy from Forcal 
quier to the states-general, in 1789, much at- 
tached to the principles of Rosseau, as a lot ei 
of republicanism ; he died in 1805. 
EZEKIEL, the third of the great prophets, 
was a captive at Babylon, 599 B..C. 
EZEKIEL, an eminent Jew and poet, author 
of some fragments on Scripture subjects, Hen 
jrished, according to some, 300, according to 
| others, 200 B. C. 
I EZRA, one of the descendants of Aaron, roe 
of Seraiah ; he rebuilt the temple at Jerusalem 
about 467 B. C. 
F 
FABER, or, according to some, FEVRE LE, 
Nicholaus, a very ingenious, learned, and pious 
man, born at Paris, in 1544. During the course 
of his studies, a terrible accident happened to 
him. As he was cutting a pen, a bit of the quill 
flew into bis eye, and gave him such excessive 
pain, that hastily lifting up his hand to it lie 
struck it our with the knife. He applied him- 
self to the mathematics particulaily; in which 
lie succeeded so well, that he discovered imme- 
diately the defect in Scaliger’s demonstration 
|of the quadrature of the circle. When Henry 
jlV.,of France, became at length the peaceable 
; possessor of the crown, be appointed Faber pie- 
;ceptor to the prince of Conde. During this im- 
iportant trust, he found time to labour upon some 
'considerable works and composed his fine pre- 
face to the fragments ofHilary, in which he dis- 
covered many important facts relating to the 
'history of Arianism, not known before. After 
ilbe death of Henry IV., he was chosen bv the PA 
queen, preceptor to Lewis XIII. He died in 
1611 
FABER, Tanaquil,in French,Taneguy le Fe- 
vre, a very learned man, horn at Caen, in Nor- 
mandy, in 1015. Cardinal de Richelieu, settled 
on him a pension of 2000 livres, to inspect ail 
the works printed at the Louvre. He died in 
'072, leaving a son of his own name, and two 
daughters, one of whom was the celebrated 
tnadame Dacier, the other married Paul Ilauldri, 
professor at Utrecht. 
FABIAN, a saint of the Romish church, who 
was made pope, in 820, and suffered martyrdom 
in the reign of the emperor Decius. 
FABIAN, Robert, author of the “ Chronicle 
of England and France,” or, as he himself calls 
it, “ The Concordance of Stories,” was born in 
London, in the 15th century. He was brought 
up to trade, and became so considerable a mer- 
chant, that he was chost n an alderman of that 
city and in 1493, was t ne of the sheriffs for 
the same. He died at London, in 1512, and 
was buried in St. Michael’s, Cornhill. 
FABiUS,Maximus Rullianus,a Roman,master 
of the horse, and afterwards dictator, 287 B. C. 
FABIUS, Maximus Quintus, an illustrious 
Roman general, who opposed Hannibal in Italy; 
he died 20:i B. C. 
FABIUS, Pictor, the first Latin historian 
mentioned among the Romans, 225 B. C. 
FABRE, Jean Claude, a priest of the orato- 
ry of Paris, known as an indefatigable compi- 
ler, died in 1753. 
FABRE, N., a native of Languedoc, who 
voluntarily submitted to (> years confinement in 
the galleys, to save bis father from that punish- 
ment in 1752. 
FABRE, D’EGLANTINE, Philip Francis 
Mazaire, successively an actor, a comic writer, 
and a statesman, was the friend ofDariton, and 
ptjjpr promoters of the infernal butcheries, dur- 
ing the revolution; he was himself guillotined 
in 17114 
FABRETTI, Raphael, a very learned anti- 
quary of Italy,born at Urbino, in 1619: died 1700. 
Fabretti had an admirable talent for deci phering 
the most difficult inscriptions; and discovered 
a method of making something out of those 
which seemed entirely disfigured through age, 
and the letters of which were effaced in such a 
manner as not to be discernable. He cleaned 
the surface of the stone, without touching those 
places where the letters had been engraven. 
He then laid upon it a piece of thick paper well 
moistened, and pressed it with a sponge, or 
wooden pin, covered with linen; by which 
means he paper entered into the cavity of the 
'otters and lading up the dust there, discovered 
.he traces of the letters. 
FAI1RI, Honore, a learned jestiit, professor 
if philosophy, tff Lyons, and penitentiary at 
3ome, died in 1688. lie is said to have disco- 
vered the circulation of the blood before Hervey. 
FABRIANO, GentiJeda, a historical painter, 
nf Verona, who deservedly attained the honours 
of Venetian nobility ; he died in 1412. 
FABRICUIS, Cains, a Roman general, who 
conquered the Samnites, and spurned the offers 
■>f Pyrrhus to bribe him. He afterwards expos- 
al to Pyrrhus, the plot of his wiysician to poi- 
son him.,250 15. C. 
FABRIUIUS, William, a surgeon and physi- 
cian, at Berne, author of several surgical works, 
died in 1634. 
FABRICII'S, Jerome, an Italian, was a phy- 
sician of vast repute in his day The republic 
FA 
oi Venice, sealed up .11 him a yearly stij.i-i tl of 
1000 crowns in fluid, ami honouiid I m, wrh a 
s'aiue and a gold cliam. lie died about It to, 
leaving behind linn several treatises bold in 
physic and chirurgery. 
| FABRICIUS, George, a learned German, burn 
in Upper Saxony, 1516. His chief work is tin 
titled “ Roma,” containing a description of that 
city. He was the author of numerous Latin 
poems, written with great purity and elegance, 
and died in 1571. 
FABRICIUS, John Lewis, professor of theo- 
logy and philosophy, at Heidelberg, and also 
ecclesiastical counsellor to the elector, died at 
Frankfort, in 1697. 
FABRIC1LTS, Vincent, a learned German 
born at Hamburgh. He wrote Latin poetry with 
ease and elegance; he was counsellor to the 
bishop of Lubec, and 13 times deputy to Poland ; 
he died in 1667. 
FABRICIUS, John Albert, a most learned 
and laborious historian and critic, horn at Leip- 
sic, 1668, died 1736. Fabricius has laid the whole 
learned world under the greatest obligations; 
since he has contributed, more perl aps than 
any other man ever did, to abridge and shorten 
the fatigue atid drudgery which scholars ate 
obliged to undergo, in order to be acquainted 
with the materials of tllfeir profession. 
FABRICIUS, Baron, known to the public bj 
his letters relating to Charles XII., of Sweden, 
during his residence in the Ottoman empire. 
He stood very high in the good graces of that 
prince ; accompanied him in his exercises, was 
frequently at ins table, and spent hours alone 
with him in his closet. He had but one enemy 
in the court, viz. general Daidorf, who w as 
made prisoner by the Tartars when they sto: til- 
ed the king’s camp at Bender. Fabricius took 
pains to find him out, released him, aiidsiq pli- 
ed him with money; which so entirely van- 
quished the general, that he afterwards bk me 
a warm friend. This amiable person was re- 
wise in favour with king Stanislaus, and with 
George I., whom he accompanied m his Inst 
journey to Hanover, and who may he said to 
have died in his arms. 
FABRICIUS, Charles, a painter, of Delft 
who gave indications of great merit, perished 
in liis house, with his pupil Spoors, by the ex- 
plosion of a powder magazine. 
FABRONI, Angiolo, a native of Tusesnv, 
was prior of St. Lorenzo’s church, at Florence, 
and curator of Pisa University. He wrote an 
account of the illustrious men of the house of 
Medicis, and another of the learned men of 
Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, in 2J volg ; 
he died in 1802. 
FABROT, Charles Hannibal, a French advo- 
cate and professor of law, at Aix, in Provence. 
He published, at Paris, an edition of tin; Basi- 
lica?, or the constitutions of the Fa.-tern empe- 
rors, and other valuable and intportan* 'oiks, 
and died in 1650. 
FACCIOLATI, Giacomo, an Italian irator 
and grammarian, of Padua, died in 1760. 
FACHETTI, Pietro, an eminent pain.rr, of 
Mantua, died at Rome, in 1613. 
FACTNT, Pietro, a historical painter, of Bo 
logna, pupil to Annibal Carracci, died in 1602. 
FACIO, Bartholonieo, a Genoese historian 
and biographical writer, in Latin, horn at Spez- 
zio. in Genoa, died in 1457. 
FM’UNDUS, bishop of Hermianum, in Asia, 
during the reign of Justinian. 
FADLALLAIJ, or CIIODSA RASCHID ~ FA 
ADDIN, a Persian, author of a history of the 
Moguls, was vizier to Cazan, the sultan of Tau- 
rus, about I2U4- 
FAERNUS, Gabriel, a native of Cremona, 
was a favourite of pope Pius IV., and was dis- 
tinguished as a critic and poet in the 16th cen- 
tury ; he died in 1561. 
FAGAN, Christopher, a French comic poet, 
born 1102, died 1755. His plays were printed in 
4 vols. 12mo, in 1760. 
FAGE, Raiinond do la, an artist, celebrated 
for his drawings with the pen and Indian ink ; 
he died at Languedoc, in 1690. 
FAGUJS, Paul, alias BUCHLIN, a very 
learned protestant German minister, born at 
Rheiuzabern, in 1504. He and Bucer went to 
England, upon receiving letters from Cranmer, 
in 1549, were entertained some days in the pa- 
lace at Lambeth, and destined to reside at Cam- 
bridge, where they were to perfect anewtrans 
Union and illustration of the Scriptures, Fagius 
taking the Old Testament, and Bucer the New, 
for their several parts. But this was all put an 
end to by the sudden illness and death _of both 
these professors. Fagius died Nov. 1550 ; and 
Bucer did not live above a year after. 
FAG NANI, Prospero, an Italian commenta- 
tor on the 5 books of the decretals, and secreta- 
ry to the holy congregation, died in 1678. 
FAGNANO, Julius Charles, count of, mar- 
quis of Toschi, author of a treatise on the pro- 
perties and use of the geometrical curve; he 
died in 1760. 
FAGON, Guy Crescent, an eminent physi- 
cian and botanist, of Paris, professor of botany 
and chymistry in the royal gardens, and physi- 
cian to Louis XIV., died in 1718. One ot his 
sons became a bishop, the other a counsellor of 
state. _ 
FAGUNDY, Stephen, a Portuguese Jesuit, 
died at Lisbon, in 1645. 
FAHRENHEIT, Gabriel Daniel, a natural 
philosopher, eminent for his great improvements 
in the construction of thermometers, was born 
at Dantzic, 1086. He published a “ Disserta- 
tion on Thermometers,” 1724, and died in 1736. 
FAILLE, William dela, a syndic of Toulouse, 
and author of a history of that city, died in 1711. 
FAIRCLOUGH, Samuel, an English clergy- 
man, educated at Cambridge, died in 1678. 
FAIRFAX, Edward, an English poet, who 
flourished in the reigns of Elizabeth and James 
I., and chiefly distinguished himself by a trans- 
lation of Tasso's u Godfrey of Bouillon. His 
merits were so great, that Waller professed to 
have learnt from him the art of versification. 
He was born at Denton, in Yorkshire, and died 
in 1632. , , . 
FAIRFAX, Thomas, lord, general of the 
parliament forces against Charles I., died 16il. 
See CROMWELL, Oliver. 
FAIRFAX, Brian, minister of the episcopal 
church in Alexandria, Virginia, died in 1802. 
FAIRTHORNE, William, an eminent English 
painter and engraver, who flourished in the 17th 
century. He wrote a book “Upon Drawing, 
Graving, and Etching,” for which he was cele- 
brated by his friend Flatman, the poet, in an 
elegv which ends with these lines : 
“ So long as brass, so long as books endure, 
“ So long as neat-wrought pieces, thour’t se- 
cure ; 
“A ‘Fairthorne sculpsit,’ is a ch&rm can 
save 
1 From dull oblivion and a gaping grave.” 
Fairthorne was born about 1016. and died 1601. 
FA 
| FAISTEN BERGER, Anthony, a distinguish- 
ed landscape painter, of Inspruck died in 1722 
His brotlier Josepli was equally eminent in the 
same branch of his profession. 
FALCANDUS, Hugo, an accurate historian, 
of Sicilv ; the time of his death is unknown. 
FALCONBERG, Mary, countess of, third 
daughter of Oliver Cromwell, was a woman ot 
great beauty, and uncommon strength of mind. 
On the deposition of her brother Richard, she 
exerted her influence in favor of tiie restora- 
tion of Charles II. She died in 1712. 
FALCONE, da Benevento, secretary to pope 
innocent II., and author of a History of Naples 
from 1102 to 1140. 
FALCONER, William, an ingenious Scotch 
sailor, author of a “ Marine Dictionary,” 4to., 
and of a charming pathetic poem called “ The 
Shipwreck,” founded on a disaster experienced 
by himself; in a second calamity of which 
kind he lost his life, in 1770, on board of the 
Aurora frigate. 
FALCONET, Camille, an eminent physician, 
of Lyons, a member of the French academy, 
died in 1761. His library contained nearly 
500,000 volumes. 
FALCON!A, Proba, a Latin poetess, who 
lived in the age of Theodosius. 
FALDA, Giovanni Baptista, an admired 
Itdlian engraver of the last century. 
FALETI, Jeronimo, a poet, historian, and 
statesman, of Savona, near Genoa, ambassador 
from the duke of Ferrara to Venice, lived about 
1560. 
FALIERI, Ordelalo, a doge of Venice, was 
killed at the siege of a revolted city in Dalma- 
tia, in 1120. 
FALTERI, Marino a doge ofVenice, who was 
detected in a plot to render himself absolute, by 
the assassination of all the senators; he was 
executed in 1354, at the age of 60, with about 
400 of his associates. 
FALK, John Peter, a Swede, who studied ho 
tany and medicine under Linn®us, and was af 
tervvards professor of botany at Petersburg!! 
he died in 1774. 
F ALKENSTEIN, John Henry, director of an 
academy of noblemen at Erlingen, and after 
wards in the service of the margrave of Ans 
pach ; he died in 1760. 
FALKLAND, lord. See CARY. 
FALLE, Philip, a clergyman, author of the 
History of Jersey, where he was born in 1655. 
FALLOPIUS, Gabriel, born at Modena, in 
1490. He possessed great powers of mind, which 
he cultivated by an intense application to his 
studies in philosophy, physic, botany, and ana- 
tomy. In this last he made some new discoveries, 
and, among the rest, that of the tubes by which 
the ova descend from the ovarium, and which, 
from him, are called the “ Fallopian tubes." 
He died at Padua, in 1563. 
FALS, Raymond, a medal engraver, settled 
at Parts, where he obtained a pension of 120( 
livres, died at Berlin, in 1703. 
FALSTAFF. See FASTOLF. 
FALSTER, Christian, a Danish critic, whost 
writings are numerous; the time of his death ii 
unknown. 
1 FANCOURT, Samuel, an English dissenting 
clergyman and controversial writer, and insti- 
tutor’or promoter of the first circulating library 
i ever opened in England. He died in 1768, aged 
(90 years. 
FANEUTL, Peter, founder of Faneuil hall, it 
Boston, died in 1743. 
182 FA 
FANNING, Edmund, LL. D., a native of 
Connecticut, settled as a lawyer in North-Caro- 
liua. In the war of the revolution, he united 
with the British, and was conspicuous, for the 
bitterness and zeal he displayed against his coun- 
trymen. He was afterwards made a general in 
the British service, and lieutenant-governor of 
Nova-ScOtia. He died in 1818. 
FANNIUS, surnamed Strabo, a Roman, 
known by his law to check the extravagance of 
his countrymen. Another ot tiie same name, 
wrote an account of Nero’s reign, which is lost. 
FANSHAW, sir Richard, an English gentle- 
man, famous for his embassies and poetic writ- 
ings, born at Ware Park, in Hertfordshire, 1607, 
died 1666. A translation by him, of the “ Pastor 
Fido” of Guarini, did him much credit. Some 
interesting private history of this family will be 
found in Mr. Seward's “Anecdotes of Distin- 
guished Persons.” 
FARDELLA, Michael Angelo, professor of 
natural history and astronomy at Radua, died at 
Naples, in 1718. . , 
FARE, Charles Augustus, marquis de la, a 
captain in the French guards, known as the au- 
thor of Memoirs on the reign of Louis XIV., 
died in 1712. 
FAREL, William, an able reformer, born in 
1489. Being driven from Paris, as a protestant, 
he went to Strasburgh, Geneva, Basil and Neut- 
chatei where he preached the doctrines of the 
reformation, with zeal, ability, and success, 
although opposed with ridicule and abuse._ He 
was the associate of Calvin, and died in 1565. 
FARET, Nicholas, one of the first members 
of the French academy, died in 1646. 
FAR IN, Emanuel de Sousa, a Portuguese 
knight, and ambassador at Rome, distinguished 
as a poet and historian, died in 1650. 
FARINACCIO, Prosper, an Italian lawyer, 
whose writings on the civil law, are much 
esteemed at Rome, died in 1618. 
FARIN ATO, Paul, an eminent Italian painter, 
t%»rn at Verona, 1522. and cut, it is said, out of 
his mother’s womb, who was just dead in la- 
bour. He Was famous also for being an ex- 
cellent swordsman and a very good orator, and 
for his knowledge in sculpture and architecture, 
especially that part of it which relates to fortifi- 
cations. His last moments are said to have 
been as remarkable as his first, on account of 
the death of his nearest relation. He lay upon 
liis death-bed in 1606, and his wife, who was 
sick in the same room, hearing him cry out, 
•‘he was going,” to'd him, “she would bear 
him companyand was as good as her word, 
thev both expiring at the vety same minute. * 
FARINELLI, Carlo Broschi, an Italian sing- 
er, born at Naples 1705 ; and, being trained to 
singin", acquired great reputation at Rome and 
at Bologna. The fame of his great talentareach- 
111" England, he was engaged to sing in (he 
opera at London, in 1734; for England was 
then, as it is eminently now, the place of all 
places for fiddlers, singers, dancers, tumblers,j 
sharpers, and impostors of every kind, to flock; 
to and grow rich. His arrival in that country 
was in the newspapers announced to the public 
as an event worthy of national attention. Upon 
what terms Farinelli, was engaged to sing is not 
known to any degree of certainty ; his salary, 
however, be it what it might, bore but small 
proportion to the annual amount of his profits. 
Phe excessive fondness which the nobility dis- 
covered for this person, the caresses they be- 
stowed on, and the presents they made him, 
Indicated little less than infatuation; their boun- 
FA 
ty was prodigality, and their applause adora- 
tion. “One God, one Farinelli!” will belong 
remembered of a lady of distinction, who, be- 
ing charmed with a particular passage in one of 
his songs, uttered aloud from the boxes that im- 
pious exclamation. He quitted England in 1737. 
FAKING DON, Anthony, an English divine, 
and author of several volumes of sermons, died 
in 1058. 
FARMER, Hugh, a dissenting minister, edu- 
cated under Dr. Doddridge, and known as a 
theological writer ; he died in 1787. 
FARMER, Dr. Richard, master of Emmanuel 
College, Cambridge, principal librarian to the 
university, &c. &c., was born at Leicester, in 
1735, and distinguished, himself in the walks 
of literature by a very masterly “ Essay on the 
Learning of Shakspearein which he decided 
a point that had been much litigated among the 
learned. For a man of his rare endowments 
he published but little : the essay already men- 
tioned ; some “ Notes on Shakspearea ‘' Poem 
on laying the first stone of the public library in 
1755,” and a sonnet on the king’s death, in 17(10, 
(both in the Cambridge collection of verses;) 
“ Directions for the study of English History ” 
(Europ. Mag. xix. 415,) and a “ Letter on Den- 
nis the Critic,” (Europ. Mag. xxv. 412,) being all 
that is known. Dr. F., however, assisted man / 
authors in various works, for which he received 
their public acknowledgments and thanks H 
died in 1797. 
FARNABY, Thomas, an Englishgramma 
rian and critic, born in London, in 1575, died in 
1647. „ , 
FARNESE, Peter Louis, son of pope Paul 
III., by a secret marriage, duke of Parma, and 
Placentia, was assassinated in 1547, on account 
of his tyranny and debauchery. 
FARNESE, Alexander, known by the title 
of cardinal Farnese, was son of the first, duke 
of Parma, and born 1520 (long before his fattier 
was advanced to the dukedom.) At fourteen 
years of age he was made bishop of Parma by 
Clement VIT. Paul III., raised him to the 
purple in 1554, and employed him in various 
embassies. He died in 1589, lamented as a true 
patron of the arts, and protector of men of 
letters. 
FARNESE, Alexander, nephew to the Cardi 
nal, was the 3d duke of Parma, and governor 
of the Low Countries. He was mortally wound- 
ed, at the siege of Rouen by Henry IV., of 
France and died in 1592. 
FARNEVVORTH, Ellis, distinguished by 
translating some eminent authors, was born at 
Bonteshall, in Derbyshire, and died 1763. His 
publications were, “The Life of Pope Sixtus 
V., translated from the Italian,” “ Davila’s 
History of France,” “ The works of Machiavei, 
illustrated with Annotations, Dissertations, and 
several new plans on the art of war.” 
FARCH!BAR, George, an ingenious comic 
writer, was the son of a clergyman, in Ireland, 
: and born at Londonderry, in 1678. In 1696 he 
went to London, and was solicited by his friend 
1 Wilks, the celebrated actor, to write a play; but 
he was still more substantially invited by a 
genteel accommodation, which suffered him to 
,j exercise his genius at his leisure: for the earl of 
Orrery, who was a patron as well as master of 
i letters, conferred a lieutenant'sconnnission upon 
hint in hi3 own regiment in Ireland, which 
Farquharheld several years, and behaved him- 
• self so well as an officer, giving several proofs 
, both of courage and conduct. He died in April, 
• 1707, before he was 30 years of age- His come • 
183  FA 
dies display a sprightly genius, and are extreme- 
ly diverting. 
F ASTOLFF, Sir John, a valiant and renowned 
general during the English conquests in France, 
noru at Yarmouth, in Norfolk, in 1377, died 1459. 
He was knighted in tile field, and honoured with 
the Carter. Sir John was a benefactor to both 
the universities, bequeathing a considerable le- 
gacy to Cambridge for building the schools of 
Philosophy and Civil Law; and at Oxford lie 
was so bountiful to Magdalen College, that his 
name is there commemorated in an anniversary 
speech. Shakspeare has been very unjustly 
accused of having drawn his sir John Falstafi 
to ridicule this great and good man. 
FAUCHET, Claude, vicar-general to the arch- 
bisijiop of Bruges, and preacher to Louis XVI. I 
Ills manner of preaching disgusting the mo- 
narch, Fauchet became a bitter enemy of the go- 
vernment, a leader in the destruction of the Bas- 
tile, and a member of the national assembly 
and of the convention; he was guillotined in 
FAUCHET, Claude, a French antiquarian, 
and historiographer to Henry IV., died in 1601. 
His writings are valuable, but inelegantly writ- 
ten. 
FAUCHEUR, Michael le, a French protestant 
divine, admired as a preacher, died at Paris, in 
1667. 
FAUGERES,Margaretta V., distinguished for 
her literary accomplishments, was a native of < 
the state of New-York ; she was unfortunate in . 
her marriage, and died in 1801. Siie published 
several little poems. 
FAULKNER, George, a worthy printer, of | 
Dublin, of no mean celebrity, being the first man i 
who carried his profession to a high degree of 
credit in Ireland. He was the confidential prin- 1 
ter of dean Swift; and enjoyed the friendship 
and patronage of the earl of Chesterfield, whose 
ironical letters to Faulkner, comparing him to 
Atticus, are perhaps the finest parts of his writ- 
ings. He settled at Dublin, as a printer and j: 
bookseller, soon after the year 1726; raised i 
there a very comfortable fortune by bis well- i 
known “ Journal,” and other laudable under- i 
takings ; and died an alderman of Dublin, Aug. 
28, 1775. 
FAUQUIER, Francis, succeeded governor 
Dinwiddie, as chief magistrate of the colony of : 
Virginia. He was respected for his integrity, 
talents, and piety, and was extremely popular 
with the colonists; he died in 1768. i 
F -VUR, Guy de, lord of Pibrac, advocate-gene- ; 
ral of the parliament of Paris, and counsellor of I 
state, known also as a poet; he died in 1584. 
FAUST, or FAUSTUS See FUST. 
FAUSTA, Flavia Maximiana, second wife of j 
the emperor Constantine, was suffocated in a 
bath, for her incontinence, in 327. , 
FAUSTINA, Anna Galeria, the wife of An- 
toninus Tins, known only for her profligacy, 
died in 111. 
FAUSTUS, an English monk, abbot of the 
monastery of the Lerin islands, and afterwards j 
bishop of Riez, in Provence ; he died in 481. 
FAVART, Charles Simon, a Parisian, known j 
for his admired operas, died in 1793. 
F A V ART,Marie Justine Benoite. a celebrated j 
Fi ench actress, wife of the preceding, died in [ 
FAVOLIUS, Hugo, a Dutch physician and I 
poet, died in 1585. 
FAVORINUS, a Platonic philosopher, who 
lived in the aie of Adrian. 
FAVORINUS, Varinus, aBenedictine monk, j 
FE 
[keeper of j lie mcndicean library, aiid afterwards 
bishop of Nocera ; iie died m 1537. 
! FAVItE, Anthony, an eminent lawyer at 
[Bresse, afterwards governor of Savov,died in 
11624. 
FAVRE, Claude. See VAUGELAS. 
I FA VVCETT, sir William, an English officer 
of great merit, who, for his services, was pro- 
jmoted to the rank of general, made a knight of 
the bath, and governor of Chelsea hospital; he 
[died in 1804. 
FAWKES, Francis, an ingenious English 
'poet and divine, born in Yorkshire, 1721. He 
[published a volume of poems, by subscription, 
1761, in 8vo, and several poems afterwards. 
[But his great strength is supposed to have lain 
I in translation ; as his Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, 
Moschus, Musa us, and Theocritus, show. His 
name is set to a “ Family Bible, with notes, 
1761,” in 4to. He died Aug. 26, 1777. 
FAYD1T, Anselm, a Provencal poet, or trou. 
badour, celebrated among the ptinces of bis 
time for his wit, and the elegance of his man- 
ners ; he died in 1220. 
FAYD1T, Peter, a French priest, known for 
his satirical attacks on Bossuet and Fetieion, 
died in 1709. 
FAYETTE, Louisa de la, a French lady of 
great celebrity, maid of honour to Anrie of Aus- 
tria, and the confident of Louis XIII., retired to 
a convent, after reconciling the monarch to his 
queen', where she died universally beloved and 
esteemed. 
FA YETTE, Marie Madeleine, countess of, a 
French lady, more distinguished by iier literary 
productions than by her family. She was mar- 
ried to the count de Fayette, in 1655, and died in 
1695. The principal works of this lady are, 
“’/aide,” a romance often printed, and “La 
Princesse de Cleves,” a romance also, to which 
Fontenelle is said to have given four readings. 
M. Fayette was so regardless of fame, that she 
published these works under the name of Se- 
grais, who, however, is supposed to have been 
no farther concerned than in aiding a little in 
the design of them. Voltaire says, that the ro- 
mances of Fayette were the first whicli exhi- 
bited tiie manners of people of fashion in a 
graceful, easy, natural way : ail before having 
been pompous, bombast, and swelling every 
thing beyond nature and life. 
FEARNE, Charles, an eminent English con- 
veyancer, and author of a well-known work, 
entitled, " An Essay on Contingent Remainders 
and Executory Devises,” born in 1742, died .Ian. 
21, 1794. 
FEATLEY, or FAIRCLOTJGH, Daniel, D.D., 
an English divine, celebrated ns an able theolo- 
gian, and as a popular and eloquent preacher; 
lie was provost of Chelsea college, where he 
died in 1645. 
FECHT, or FECHT1US, John, a Lutheran 
divine, settled at Rostock, died in 1716. 
FECKENHAM, John de, so called because 
he was born of poor parents, in a cottage, near 
the forest of Feckenliam, in Worcestershire, bis 
right name being Ilowman. He was the last 
[abbot of Westminster, and died in 1585. Cam- 
den calls him a “learned and good man, that 
lived long, did a great deal of good to the poor, 
and always solicited the minds of his adver- 
saries to benevolence.” 
I FEIJOO, Benedict Jerom, a Spanish Pene- 
Idictine, who attempted, by bis writings, to ex- 
pose the ignorance of the clergy, and the inuti- 
lity of pilgrimages, &c. He died in 1765. 
FEITHUS, Everard, a iearnea German, who FE 
retired to France, where he became conspicu- 
ous for his learning, and was honoured with the 
friendship of the most eminent literary men of 
that country. 
FELIBIEN, Andrew, counsellor and historio- 
grapher to the king of France, born at Chartres, 
in 1619, died 1(595. Iiis “ Dialogues upon the 
Lives of the Painters" have done him great ho- 
nour. 
FELIBIEN, John Francis, son of the meced 
ing, inherited from his father a taste and know- 
ledge of the line arts, and succeeded him in all 
his appointments; he died in 1733. 
FELIBIEN, Janies, brother of Andrew, and 
archdeacon of Chartres, died in 1716. 
FELIBIEN, Michael, son of Andrew, an au- 
thor of reputation, died in 1719. 
FELIX, governor of Judea,in the reign of Nero. 
FELIX, bishop of Urgella, in Spain, deposed 
for heretical opinions, died in exile in 815. 
FELIX, Minutius, a father of the primitive 
church, who flourished in the 3d century, about 
the year '220. He wrote a very elegant dialogue 
in defence of the Christian religion,"entitled 
“ Octavius.” 
FELIX I., pope after Dionysius, was put to 
death in 274, and canonized. 
FELIX II., was elected pope in 355, and af- 
terwards died in exile in 3(35. 
FELIX III., elevated to the papacy in the 
reizn of Zeno, died in 492. 
FELIX IV., a pious and exemplary prelate, 
was chosen pope in 528, and died four years after. 
FELL, Dr. John, an eminently learned di- 
vine, and bishop of Oxford, born at Longworth, 
in Rerkshi-re, 1625, died 1686. 
FELL, John, an English dissenting minister, 
tutor of an academy at Homerton, died in 1797. 
FELLER, Joachim Frederic, a learned Ger- 
man, secretary to the duke of Weimar, died in 
1721). 
FELLER, Francis Xavier, an ex-jesuit, of 
Brussels, author of Observations on Newton’s 
Philosophy, and on Buffon’s works, with other 
writings ; he died in 1802. 
FELLTHAM, Owen, a miscellaneous writer, 
born in Suffolk, who lived many years in the 
family of the earl ofTliomond, wrote a book of 
great merit, called “ Resolves, Divine, Moral, 
and Political,” many editions of which have 
been published. lie died about 1678. 
FELTON, John, an Englishman, known only 
as the murderer of Villiers, duke of Bucking- 
ham, in 1628, for which he was executed. His 
father and grandfather had been executed be- 
fore him, as bigoted and seditious catholics. 
FELTON, Henry, principal of Edmund hall, 
Oxford, died in 1739. 
FENDALL, Josias, governor and chief jus 
lice of the province of Maryland, was succeeded 
in I860 by Cal vert. He was afterwards banished 
from the province, for misdemeanors. 
FENELON, Francis de Salignac de la Motte, 
archbishop of Cambray, born at the castle of 
Fenelon, in the province of Perigord, 1651, died 
1715. He wrote many works; but what has 
gained him the greatest reputation, and for 
which he will be immortal, is his “Telemachus." 
No work ever had a greater reputation; the 
slvie of it is lively, natural, and beautiful; the 
fictions well contrived ; the moral sublime ; and 
the political maxims tending all to the happiness 
of mankind. He published another considerable 
work, entitled, “ A Demonstration of the Being 
of God, grounded on the knowledge of Nature, 
and suited to the meanest capacity;” which is 
FE 
one of the best books that is written in French, 
upon that subject. 
FENN, Sir John, a very learned antiquary, 
born in Norwich, 1739, died February, 1794, hav 
ing greatly distinguished himself by his apphca 
tion to the study of natural history and antiqui 
ties, which enabled him to collect and publish, 
in 4 vols. 4to, a large collection of “ Original 
Letters, written during the reigns of Henry VI., 
Edward IV., Richard III., and Henry.VII.,” by 
such of the Paston family, arid others, as were 
personally present in court and camp, and were, 
iu those times, persons of great consequence in 
the county of Norfolk. These letters contain 
many curious and authentic state anecdotes, re- 
lating not only to Norfolk, but to the kingdom in 
general, and to the wars in France. 
FENNER, Arthur, governor of the state of 
Rhode-Island, died in 1805. 
FENTON, sir Geoffrey, an eminent writer 
and statesman during the reigns of Elizabeth 
and James I., was born in Nottinghamshire, and 
died in 1608. He is known bv a translation 
from the Italian of “ The History of tiieVVars 
of Italy, by Guiciardirii 
FENTON, Elijah, secretary to the earl of Or- 
rery, an elegant poet, and one of the worthiest 
and most modest men that ever adorned the 
court of Apollo. In 1717 he published a volume 
of poems, and in 1723 introduced upon the stage 
his tragedy of “ Mariamne." Fenton was much 
beloved by Mr. Pope, who, after his death,(1730) 
honoured him with the following epitaph: 
“ This modest stone, what few vain marbles can 
“ May truly say, Here lies an honest man: 
“ A poet bless’d beyond a poet’s fate, 
“ Whom Heaven kept sacred from the proud 
and great: 
“ Foe to loud praise, and friend to learned ease 
“ Content with science iu the vale of peace, 
“ Calmly he looked on either life, and here 
“ Saw nothing to regret, or there to fear; 
“ From Nature’s temperate feast rose satisfied, 
“ Thank’d heav’n that he had liv’d, and that he 
died.” 
FERAJUOLI, Nuzio, an eminent Italian 
landscape painter in the 17th century. 
FERDINAND I., emperor of Germany, was 
crowned king of Hungary, in 1527, elected king 
of the Romans, in 1531, and succeeded his bro- 
ther Charles V. as emperor, in 1558; he died in 
1564- 
FERDINAND II., king of Bohemia and Hun- 
gary, and emperor of Germany, in. 1619; after 
subduing his revolted Bohemian subjects, and 
waging successful war against Denmark, and 
other neighbouring powers, he died at Vienna, 
in 1637. 
FERDINAND III., son of the preceding, was 
also king of Bohemia, &c., and emperor of Ger- 
many. His plans of ambition and aggrandize- 
ment were successfully opposed by the Swedes, 
under the duke of Weimar, and by the French, 
under the great Conde, until the peace of West- 
phalia, &c. ; the emperor died in 1657. 
FERDINAND I., king of Castile and Leon, 
surnamed the Great, defeated the king of Leon, 
and usurped his throne ; he penetrated into the 
centre of Portugal, and afterwards defeated and 
killed his brother, the king of Navarre; he died 
in 1065. 
FERDINAND II., king of Castile and Leon, 
and son of Alplionso VIII., died in 1187. 
FFR! IN AND III., St., obtained the throne 
of Cast; eon the abdication of his mother; and  FE 
that of Leon, on the death of his father, Al-i 
plionso IX in 1230 ; he made war successfully | 
against the Moors, and died in i252. 
FERDINAND IV., succeeded to the throne of 
Castile at 10 years of age, and died suddenly in 
1312. 
FERDINAND V., surnamed the Catholic, 
united the kingdoms of Castile and Arragon, by 
his marriage with Isabella, of Castile. During 
their reign, the Moorish power in Spain was de- 
stroyed by Ferdinand, and a new world was 
added to their dominions, by the discoveries of 
Columbus ; he died in 1516. 
FERDINAND VI., surnamed the Wise, suc- 
ceeded his father, Philip V., in 1746. He was 
distinguished for his justice, prudence, and be- 
nevolence, and his reign was prosperous and 
popular; he died in 1759. 
FERDINAND I., king of Naples and Sicily, 
although a patron of commerce and the arts, was 
unpopular for his cruelties; he died in 1494. 
FERDINAND, king of Portugal, died in 1383, 
after a turbulent and unfortunale reign. 
FERDINAND I., grand duke of Tuscany, 
eminent for the wisdom and energy of his go- 
vernment ; he died in 1609. 
FERDINAND II., grand duke of Tuscany, 
after Cosmo II., was respected by all, for the de- 
cided and impartial neutrality he preserved dur- 
ing the wars between Frauce and Spain; he died 
in 1608. 
FERDINAND, of Cordova, a Spaniard, of the 
15th century, so conspicuous for his learning, 
that he was considered by the vulgar as a magi- 
'eian. 
FERDINAND LOPEZ, a Portuguese, who, in 
the. 16th century, visited the East Indies, and 
published a valuable account of his voyage, &c. 
FERDINAND, Charles, a poet and philoso- 
pher, of Bruges, died at Paris, in 1494. 
FERDINAND, John, a jesuit, of Toledo, 
known as a theological writer, died in 1595. 
FERDINAND DE JESUS, an eloquent Car- 
melite monk, of Spain, in the 17th century. 
FERDINANDI, Epiphanius, an eminent phy- 
sician, died in 1638. 
FERDOUSI, Hassan Ben Scharf, the most 
celebrated of all the Persian poets. His epic 
poem, entitled “ Schanamek,” that is, “ The 
History,” contains the annals of the kings of 
Persia, and consists of 60,000 verses. Ferdousi 
composed this poem at the command of the sul- 
tan Mahmoud, and was employed upon it thirty 
veats; after which receiving only 60,000 drach- 
mas of silver for his trouble, he quitted the court 
of Mahmoud in disgust, and wrote satirical 
verses against him. He died in 1020. 
FERG, oi FERGIRE, Francis Paul, an emi- 
nent landscape painter, born at Vienna, died at 
London, in 1740. 
FERGUS 1., king of Scotland, elected king 
for bis services in repelling the Piets ; he was 
drowned in 404. 
FERGUSON, Robert, a non-conformist di- 
vine, and a teacher; afterwards the associate 
of Monmouth, died in 1714. 
FERGUSON, William, aScotch painter, died 
!)i 1690. 
FERGUSON, Dr. Adam, a natural and mo- 
ral philosopher, and political writer, born in 
Scotland, in 1724. His principal writings were 
■ An Essal on Civil Society;” “ History of the 
Roman Republic ;” “ A Treatise on Moral and 
Political Science;” and “ Institutes of Mora! 
Philosophy.” Dr. Ferguson held many years a 
rofe&sorship in the university of Edinburgh, 
FE 
which ho resigned in favour of Mr. Duga,d 
Stewart. He died in 1816. 
FERGUSON, James, an extraordinary phe- 
nomenon of the self-taught kind, particularly in 
the astronomical branch of science, was born 
in BamlFshire, Scotland, in 1710. His parents 
being in low circumstances, he was obliged to 
keep sheep for four years; but in this situation 
he learned to mark the position of the stars 
witi) a thread and bead. One Alexander Cant 
ley, butier to Thomas Grant, esq., taught him 
decimal arithmetic, algebra, and the elements 
of geometry: after this he went into two very 
hard services. His ingenuity at length intro- 
duced him to Sir James Dunbar, when he learn- 
ed to draw, and began to take portraits. At 30 
years of age, he invented his Astronomical Ro 
tula, a machine for showing the new moons and 
eclipses. About 1744 lie went to London , and, 
by his delineation of the complex line of the 
moon’s motion, procured the honour of being 
elected fellow of the royal society, without pay- 
ing for admission. His dissertations and inven- 
tions irwmechanics, and other branches of the 
mathematics, introduced him to the favour of 
king George III., who conferred an annual pen- 
sion of 501. upon him. He died November 16 
1770. 
FF.RGUSSON, Robeit, a very ingenious 
though unfortunate, Scotch poet, born at Edin 
burgh, in 1750, died Oct. 16. 1774. He was pos- 
sessed of tlie brightest genius, and the best heart; 
but bis social qualifications were so fascinating 
that they led him into a course of dissipation 
and imprudence, which too often is the ruin of 
men of genius. Burns ibis brother poet, and 
enthusiastic admirer) erected a neat monument 
to his memory in the Canongate church yard. 
FERMAT, Peter, a native of Toulouse, was 
distinguished as an able lawyer, and an eminen. 
mathematician and philosopher; the associate 
of Descartes and Huygens; lie died in 1664. 
FERMOR, William count Von, an officer in 
the Russian service, distinguished for his vie 
tories ever the Turks and Prussians, and parti- 
cularly over tile king of Prussia, and for the 
capture of Berlin; he died in 1771. 
FERNANDEZ, Anthony, superior of the 
Portuguese jesuit missionaries, in India, and 
author of commentaries on parts of tile Gid 
Testament; he died in 1628. 
FERNANDEZ, Benedict, a Portuguese jesuit, 
and also a writer of commentaries on Scripture 
died in 1630. 
FERNANDEZ, Alphonso. a Spanish Domi- 
nican, and writer, died in 1640. 
FERN EL, John Francis, physician to Henry 
II. of France, was distinguished for his indefali 
gable attention to bis studies, for his attainment! 
in philosophy and medicine, and for his attach- 
ment to private life ; he died in 1558. 
FERNOUILLOT DE FALBAIRE, Charles 
George, a French author; he died in 1801. 
FERRACINO, Bartolomeo, a selftaught and 
ingenious mechanic, bom at Bassan, in Padua 
died in 1764. 
FERRAND, James a French physician, and 
authorof a treatise, •* De la Maladie d’Amoui,” 
primed at Paris, in 1622; and published in En- 
glish, in 1640. 
FERRAND, Lewis, a French lawyer, and 
advorateof the parliament of Paris, died in 1699 
FERRAND, Anthony, a counsellor of Paris, 
author of madrigals, songs, &c., died in 1719. 
FERRAND. James Philip, a French painter 
in enamel, died in 1732 FE 
FERR AN DUS, Fulgentius, a deacon of Car- 
t'uage, died before 551. 1 
FERRAR, Robert, bishop of St. Davids, was < 
burnt as a heretic, in the reign of Mary, in 1555. 
FERRAR, Nicholas, a native of London, 
was secretary to the Virginia company, and 
afterwards a member of parliament; he died 
in 1637. 
FERRARI, Lewis, of Milan, professor of ma- 
thematics at Bologna, where he died in 1505. 
FERRARI, Antony Mary Zachary Bartho- 
lomew, founder of the order of the Barnabites 
at Milan, died in 1514. 
FERRARI, Octavian, an Italian author, born 
at Milan, 1513, died in 1586. Though excellently 
skilled in poiile literature, yet he was princi- 
pally famous for philosophy, being esteemed a 
second Aristotle. r 
FERRARI, Francisco Bernardino, of the 
same family with the former, born at Milan, 
1577, died 1609. He was an able divine and 
sacred historian, and of no mean talents as an 
antiquary. 
FERRARI, Octavio, historiographer of Milan, 
of the same family with the former, born in 
1607, died in 1682. ” He was remarkable for the 
sweetness, sincerity, and affability of his temper; 
and hadfeo happy a way of conciliating persons 
exasperated against each other, that he acquired 
the title of “ The Reconciler.” 
FERRARI, John Baptist, a jesuit, author of 
a Syriac Dictionary, &c.; he died in 1655. 
FERRARI, Giovanni Andrea, a painter ol 
Genoa, died in 1669. 
FERRARIENS1S, a general of the Domini- 
cans, and a writer on philosophy, died in 1528. 
FERRARS, George, a distinguished advocate, 
a member of parliament, and a favourite of 
Henry VIII., and of his successor. He wrote 
the History of Queen Mary, the Tragedy of 
Richard II., and other works, and died in 1579. 
FERRARS, Edward, a poet and favourite of 
Henry VllL, died in 1564. 
FERRARS, Henry, of the same family as the 
preceding, is known as having made large and 
valuable collections for a history of his native 
country ; he died in 1633. 
FERRAUD, N., a deputy to the national 
convention of France, distinguished for his lia 
tred of monarchy, was shot at Paris, in 1795, 
during an attack on the convention. 
FERREAS, Don John of, born at Raba- 
uezza, in Spain, in 1652, died in 1735. He was 
author of a Spanish Dictionary, and of several 
works in Theology, Philosophy, and History ; 
the most considerable of which was a “General 
History of Spain.” 
FERREIN, Antony, a French anatomist, and 
lectureron Materia Medica; hedied in 1769. 
FERRETl, or FERRETUS, a poet and histo- 
rian, of Vicenza, who contributed to the revival 
of learning in Europe, in the 14th century. 
FERRETI, Emilio, an Italian lawyer, secre- 
tary to pope Leo X.. died at Avignon, in 1552. 
FERRETV, Giovanni Batista, a Benedictine 
monk, of Vicenza; the time of ins death is un- 
known. 
FER1U, Paul, a learned, popular, and elo- 
quent divine, of Metz, died in 1669. 
FERR!,Giro, a celebrated historic painter, 
born at Rome, in 1634, died 1689. He tvas a faith- 
ful imitator of Peter de Cortona, under whom he 
had been bred ; and to whom he catne so near 
in his ideas, his invention, and his manner of 
painting, that his ceilings, particularly, are »flen 
mistaken for Cortona’s. 
FE 
FERRIAR, John, M. D., an estimable writei 
on medicine, the belles lettres, and archaiology, 
died at Manchester, in 1815. lie published “ il- 
lustrations of Sterne,” in which he detected 
the source from which Sterne had evidently bor- 
rowed many of the ideas dispersed through his 
eccentric performances. 
FERRIER, Jeremy, professor of divinity at 
iVismes, and secretary to the king of France, in 
1626, the year of his death. 
FERRIER, Arnauld de, an eminent lawyer, 
and called the Cato of France, was born at Tou 
louse, in 15015, died 1585. 
FERRIER, Lewis, a poet and dramatic wriler, 
born at Avignon, died in 1721. 
FERRIER, John, a jesuit, and confessor to 
the French king, died in 1674. 
FERRIERES, Claude de, adoctorof civil law 
at Paris, and author of several valuable books 
on that subject, died in 1715. 
FERRON, Arnauld du, a lawyer of Bour- 
deaux, author of an elegant Latin history of 
France, to the reign of Francis I., in continua- 
tion of that of xEmilius ; he died in 1563. 
FERTE, Henry de Senecterrc Marechal de, a 
celebrated French general in the reigns of Louis 
XIII. and his successor ; he died in 1681. 
FERUS, John, superior of the gray friars at 
Mentz, known as a popular preacher, and as a 
commentator on the Bible ; he died in 1654. 
FESTUS, Porcius, a procousul of Judea, by 
whom the apostle Paul was sent to Rome. 
FESTUS, Pompeius, a celebrated grammarian 
of antiquity, who abridged a work of “ Verrius 
Flaocus de iSignificaJione Verborum.” 
FETTI, Dominico, an eminent painter, born 
at Rome, in 1589, died 1624. From the paintings 
of Julio Romano he took his colouring, the bold- 
ness of his characters, and a beautiful manner of 
thinking; he was very delicate in his thoughts; 
had a grandeur of expression, and a mellowness 
of pencil, that pleased the connoisseurs. His 
pictures ate much sought after. 
FEULLEE, Lewis, botanist to Lewis XIV. 
of France, born at Provence, in 1660, died 1732. 
There is of his a “ Journal des Observations 
Physiques, Mathematiques, et Botaniques,” 
made upon the coasts of South America and 
New Spain, which is said to be very exact and 
curious, though written inelegantly. 
FEUQUIERES, Anthony de Pas, marquis 
of, distinguished as an officer, and made a mar- 
shal for his services in Germany; he died in 
1711. 
FEURBORN, Justus, rector of the university 
of Giessen, and author of several theological 
works in Latin, died in 1056. 
FEUSTKING, John Henry, professor and 
doctor of divinity in the university at Wittern- 
berg, confessor to the luke of Saxony, and coun- 
sellor to the duke of Saxe Gotha, died in 1713. 
FEVARDENTIUS,or FEWARDENT,Fran- 
cis, a Franciscan friar, known for his bigoted 
hostility to the protestants ; he died in 1641. 
FEVRE, Claude, a French painter, iied n 
London, in 1675. 
FEVRE, Guy le, sieur de la Boderie, a poet 
of Lower Normandy, eminent for his knowledge 
of oriental literature, died in 1598. 
FEVRE, Anthony le, brother of Guy, was in 
the service of Henry IV. of France, and his am- 
: bassador to England, <fcc.; he died in 1615 
FEVRE, Nicholas le, a French jesuit, author 
of a treatise on true re'igion, died in 1755. 
FEVRE, James le, a learned Frenchman, the 
I friend awd correspondent of Erasmus, published 
]07 " FI 
translation of the New Testament with com- 
mentaries ; he died in 1537, aged 97. 
FEVRE, Nicholas le, born at Paris, was dis- 
tinguished as a profound scholar, well acquaint- 
ed with the civil law, belles-lettres, and mathe- 
matics. lie was preceptor to the duke of Conde, 
and afterwards of Lewis XIII.; he died in 1611- 
FEVRE, Tanaquil, or Tannequi, a learned 
man, professor in the university at Saumur ; he 
died in 1672. 
FEVRE, Roland le, an eminent painter, born 
at Anjou, died at London, in 1677. 
FEVRET, Charles, an eminent French civi- 
lian, born in 1583, died 1661. Several authors 
have mentioned him and his works in a very 
honourable manner. 
FEVRET HE FONTETTE, Charles Marie, 
an eminent French lawyer, and a member of the 
academy of belles-lettres, died in 1772. 
FEYDEAU, Matthew, a doctor of the Sor- 
botine, and a theological writer, died in 1694. 
F1ASELLA, Dominico, anltalian and histo- 
rical painter, died in 1669. 
F1CHARD, John, a lawyer, of Frankfort, 
luthor of “Lives of Illustrious monks,” died 
in 1581. 
F1CINUS, Marsilius, a learned Italian, who, 
under the patronage of Lorenzo and Cosmo de 
Medicis, became a distinguished philosopher, 
physician, and divine, and an able writer op 
numerous subjects ; he died in 1499. 
FICORON1, Francesco, a Roman medalist, 
and a writer on medals, and antiquities, died 
in 1747. 
FIDANZA, Johannes, a philosopher, poet, 
and Ideologist, of Tuscany, -styled, on account 
of his great learning, the seraphic doctor; he 
died in 1274. 
FIDDES, Dr. Richard, an English divine, 
and ingenious biographical and theoligical wri- 
ter, born in 1671, died in 1725. His chief work 
is, “ The Life of Cardinal Wolsey.” 
FIELD, Richard, an English divine, eminent 
for his learning, benevolence and piety, chaplain 
to queen Elizabeth, canon of Windsor, and 
Jean of Gloucester, he died in 1616. 
FIELDING, Henry, son of general Fielding, 
was born in 1707, and received the first rudi- 
ments of his education at home, under the care 
of the Rev. Mr. Oliver; he was removed to Eton- 
scliool; froth whence, at about 18 years of age, he 
went to Leyden, where he studied under the 
most celebrated civilians for two years; at the 
expiration of which time he returned to London; 
and in 1727 commenced writer for the stage. 
Between this time and 1743, he wrote 26 dra- 
matic pieces. About six or seven years after 
Mr. Fielding’s commencing a writer for the 
stage, lie married Miss Craddock, a young lady 
from Salisbury, possessed of beauty, and a for- 
tune of about 15001.; and near the same time 
his mother dying, an estate of somewhat better 
than 2001. per annum, came into his possession. 
This fortune, had it been conducted with pru- 
dence and economy, might have secured to him 
a state of independence for life, and, with the 
helps it might have derived from the produc- 
tions of a genius unincumbered with anxieties 
and perplexity, might have even afforded him 
an affluent income; but, fond of figure and 
magnificence, he threw wide open the gates ol 
hospitality, and suffered his whole patrimony to 
be wasted. In short, in less than three years, 
Ye reduced himself to the unpleasant situation 
of having no fortune. Not discouraged, how 
ever, lie betook himself closely to the study of 
.ho law, and. after the customary time of proba- 
FI 
tion at the Temple, was called to the bar. and 
made i>o inconsiderable figure in Westminster- 
liail. lie began soon after to be molested with 
such violent aitacks from the gouas rendered 
it impossible for him to besocoustant at the bar 
as the laboriousness of his profession required ; 
and a proof of the great force and vigour of 
his mind is, his pursuing so arduous a study 
under the exigencies of family distress, with a 
wife and children, whom he tenderly loved, 
looking up to him for sustenance ; with a body 
torn by the acutest pains, and a mind disti acted 
by a thousand avocations; yet obliged, for im- 
mediate supply, to produce almost extempore, a 
play, a farce, a pamphlet, or a newspaper. A 
large number of fugitive political tracts, whicl: 
had their value when the incidents were actually 
passing on the great scene of business, came 
from his pen. At this time too he produced his 
“Joseph Andrews,” which is too well known 
and too justly admired to leave us any room to 
expatiate on ils merits. About 1745, Mr. F. 
accepted of the office of an acting magistrate in 
the commission of the peace for the county of 
Middlesex, in which station he continued till 
pretty nt ar the time of his death. Yet, amidst 
all the laborious duties of his office, he found 
leisure fo amuse himself, and afterwtyds the 
world, with “The History of Tom Jones.” and 
“ Amelia.” At length, however, his whole 
frame of body W'as so entirely shattered by con- 
tinual inroads of complicated disorders, and the 
incessant fatigue of business in his office, that, 
by the advice of his physicians, lie set out for 
Lisbon. Even in this distressful (onditton, his 
imagination still continued making the strongest 
efforts to display itself; and the last gleam of 
his wit and humour faintly sparkled in the 
“ Journal” he left behind him of his “ Voyage” 
to that place, which was published in 1755, at 
London. In about two months after his arrival 
at Lisbon, in 1754, he died, in his 48th year. 
FIELDING, Sarah, sister of Henry, author 
of “ David Simple,” a novel of considerable 
merit,born in 1714, died in 1768. 
FIELDING, Sir John, half-brother to Henry 
an excellent magistrate, and author of many 
useful regulations in the police of London and 
Westminster, died in 1780. 
_ FIENNES, William, lord Say and Sele, al- 
though raised to the peerage by James I., w ag 
a rebel against Ills sot', an active, member of Hit 
long parliament, and one of Cromwell’s adher 
ents. He was afterwards chamberlain, and lore 
privy seal to Charles II.; be died in 1002. 
FIENNES, Nathanael, second son of the pre- 
ceding, was, like his falher, an enemy to the 
church and king, a friend of Cromwell, and one 
of his peers; he died in 1660. 
FI ENT’S, Thomas, a very ingenious and 
learned physician, born at Antwerp, in 1566, 
died in 1631. He composed several works, among 
which wrere, “ DeVeribus Imaginationis.” 
FIESCHO, John Lewis, a noble Genoese, 
who conspired to deliver Andrew Doria and his 
fleet to the French, and was drowned in the 
attempt, in 1547. 
F1GINO, Ambrozio, a painter, born at Milan, 
died in 1590. 
FIGREIJUS, Edmundus, a learned Swede. 
i and professor at Upsal, died in 1676. 
FILANGERf, Gaetano, a gentleman of Na 
Iples. employed about the court, who wrote a 
popular work on legislation : lie died in 17«7. 
FILET,FO, Francis. See lMllLKLPHUS. 
FILESAC, John, dean of the faculty of the 
ology, at Paris, died in .'638. FI 
FILICAJA, Viiiceiitio di, an elegant poet, oi' 
Florence, and a senator of that city, died m 1707. 
FILMER, Sir Robert, author of some publi- 
cations on the nature of monarchial govern- 
ment, was born in Kent toward the end of the 
Kith century and uicd in 1047. 
FINrEUS, Orontius, a celebrated astronomer, 
and professor of mathematics in the Royal Col- 
lege at Paris, born at Briancon, in 1404, died 
1555. He was one of those who vainly boasted 
of having found out the quadrature of the circle. 
FINCH, Heneage, earl of Nottingham, lord 
iigh chancellor of England, born in 1021, died 
n 1082. Though he lived in very troublesome 
times, yet he retained the good opinion of both 
prince and people. He was distinguished by 
iiis wisdom and eloquence ; and was such an 
excellent orator, that some havfc styled him the 
English Cicero. He left behind him, written 
with his own hand, “ Chancery Reports,” MS. 
in folio. 
FINCH. Daniel, earl of Nottingham, son of 
the preceding, was secretary under William 
and his successor, and president of the council, 
at the accession of George I.; lie died in 1730. 
FINCH, EdwtAd, brother Of Sir Heneage, was 
vicar of Christ church, London, from which he 
was expelled for preaching in a surplice, and 
associating with women ; he died in 1042. 
FINCH, Thomas, physician to the duke of 
Sleswiek, and successively professor of mathe- 
matics, of eloquence, and of medicine, at Copen- 
hagen ; he died in 1656. 
FINET, Sir John, born ir 1571, was bred up I 
in the court, where, by his wit, mirth, and un- 
common skill in composing songs, he pleased 
James I. very much. In 1626, being then in 
good esteem with Charles I. he was made master 
of the ceremonies, and died in 1641. 
FINGAL, a Caledonian chief, died in 233. 
FINKENSTEIN, Count, an eminent Prussian 
statesman, born in 1713, held the important sta- 
tion of cabinet minister at the court of Berlin 
more than 50 years, and died in 1800. 
FINLEY, Samuel, D D., a native of Ireland, 
and president of New-Jersey College; he was 
much distinguished for his piety; published 
many sermons, and died in 1706. 
FINLEY, Robert, D. D., an eminent presby- 
terian clergyman of New-Jersey, was elected 
president of tbe university of Athens, Georgia, 
in 1817, and died soon after he had entered on 
the duties of that office. 
F1RENZUOLA, Angelo, an Italian poet, 
born at Florence, and patronised by pope Cle- 
ment VII. His comedies, prose, and poetical 
works, were published in 3 vols. ; he died in 
1515. 
F1RMICIU8 MATERNUS, Julius, an ancient 
Christian writer of t|ie 4th century. His trea- 
tise “ Of the Errors of the Profane Religions” 
shows great learning, and great zeal for Chris- 
tianity. 
FlllMILIAN, bishop of Caesarea, in Cappa- 
docia died in 269. 
FIRMIN, Thomas, a citizen of London, me- 
morable for iiis public benefactions and chari- 
ties, born in 1632, died in 1697. In good works 
he was indefatigably industrious, and success- 
fully provoked many others thereto, becoming 
also their almoner, visiting and relieving the 
poor at. their houses, and in prisons, whence 
also he redeemed many He set many hun- 
dreds of them to work, to the expending of great 
sums. He rebuilt, repaired, and added conve- 
niences tp hospitals, weekly overseeing the or-y 
FI 
phans. The refugees from France, and from 
Ireland, partook largely the effects of his chari- 
ty, pains, and earnest solicitations for the"' ■ in 
short, his charities were unequalled at the time 
when he lived. 
FIR MIN, Giles, a physician, of New-England, 
in its early settlement, and aftei wards a clergy- 
man in Great Britain, author of the “ Real 
Christian,” died in 1697. 
FIRONZABADI, surnamed Sharazi, a Per- 
sian writer on the Mahomedan law, in the 11th 
century. Another of that name wrote an Ara- 
bic Dictionary, and died in 1414. 
FISCHER, John Christian, a very eminent 
performer on, and composer for, the hautbois, 
was born at Fribourg, but was long settled in 
England, where he was appointed one of the 
queen’s chamber musicians. This admirable 
musician was seized with an apoplectic fit 
April 19,1800, and died in about an hour. 
FISH, Simon, an English lawyer, author of 
“ The Supplication of Beggars,” a violent sa- 
tire on bishops and clergy, which gained him 
the favour of Henry VIII.; he died of the plague 
in 1571. 
FISHER, John, bishop of Rochester, and 
martyr to popery, born in 1459, was beheaded 
for denying the king’s supremacy, in 1535. Dur- 
ing his confinement, the poor old bishop was 
but hardly used, and scarcely allowed neces 
saries. He continued above a year in the tower 
and might have continued there till released by 
a natural death, if an unseasonable honour paid 
him by pope Paul III. had not hastened his de- 
struction ; this was, the creating him, in May, 
1535, cardinal, by the title of cardinal priest of 
St. Vitalis. When the king heard of it, he said, 
in a great passion, “Well, let the pope send 
him a hat when he will; Mother of God, he 
shall wear it on his shoulders then, for I will 
leave him never a head to set it on.” Erasmus 
represents him as a man of integrity, deep learn 
ing, sweetness of temper, and greatness of soul. 
FISHER, Mary, an enthusiastic quakeress, 
of the Cth century, who went to Constantino- 
ple to convert the grand seignior. Mahomet, af- 
ter hearing her patiently, sent her back to her 
own country in safety. 
FISHER, Alexander M.,-professor of mathe- 
matics and natural philosophy, in Yale College, 
Connecticut, was lost with the packet Albion, 
on the coast of Ireland, in 1822, while on a voy- 
age to Europe for the advancement of his pro- 
fessional knowledge. Talents of the highest 
order, united with an entire and intense devo- 
tion to the pursuit of philosophical and scienti- 
fic subjects, had excited great expectations of his 
future usefulness, and eminence, and the news 
of his death was heard with the deepest regret 
wherever he was known. 
FISKE, John, first minister of Wenham and 
Chelmsford, Mass., died in 1677. 
FISKE, Nathan, D. D., minister of Brook- 
field, Mass., distinguished for his industry and 
perseverance in the great duties of his office ; 
he published some sermons, and died in 1799. 
FITCH, James, first minister of Saybrook, 
Conn., died in 1702. 
FITCH, Jabez, minister of Portsmouth, N. II., 
author of some unpublished MSS. relating to the 
history of Nevv-Hampshire, died in 1746. 
FITCH, Thomas, an emineat law’yer and 
statesman, was, for several years, chief justice 
of the colony of Connecticut, and afterwards 
governor of the same. He died in 1774. 
FITZGIRBON, John, earl of Clare, an end  FL 
cent Iris t lawyer, was attorney-general of Ire- T 
land, and keeper Of the great seal. He wasdis- i 
tinguished as the great promoter of the union 
between Lngland and Ireland, and died at Dub- 
lin, in i802. 
F1TZHERBEUT, Sir Anthony, a very learn- ; 
ed judge, of tire common pleas, in the reign of 
Henry VUI. He was born at Norbury, in Der- i 
byshire, died in 1538, and left behind him many I 
valuable works, of w-liich the chief are, “ The 
Grand Abridgment collected by that most reve- I 
rend judge, Mr. Anthony Fitzherbert, lately con ] 
ferred with his own manuscript, corrected by 
himself, together with the references of theca- i 
ses to the books by which they may be easily 
found; an improvement never before made;” 1 
and “The NewNaturaBrevium,” always held 
in very high esteem. 
FITZHERBERT, Thomas, grandson to Sir 
Anthony, a zealous catholic, voluntarily fled to 
France, and afterwards to Rome, where lie pi e- : 
sided over the English college, and died in 1640, | 
in the 88th year of his age. His writings were 
controversial, and on theology. 
FITZHERBERT, Nicholas, also exiled him- 
self, and went to Rome, on account of his reli- j 
gious principles, where he wrote several books, j 
and was drowned in 1612. 
FITZJAMES, James, duke of Berwick, na- I 
tural son of James II., was distinguished for his j 
bravery as an officer, and his successes as a ge- j 
neral. for which he was made a marshal of 
France. He was killed at the head of the French 
army in Germany, in 1734. 
F1TZ-STEPHEN, William, a monk, of Can- 
terbury, who was present at the murder of j 
Becket, of which he wrote an account, includ- j 
ing a curious description of London ; he died | 
in 1191. 
FIXMILLNER, Placidus, an Austrian, eccle- j 
siastical professor at Kremsmunster, and awri- | 
ter on astronomy and the canon law ; he died j 
in 1791. 
FIZES, Anthony, an eminent physician, of 
Montpellier, whose works on medical subjects 
are much esteemed ; he died in 1765. 
FLACCOUR, F. de, director general of the 
French East India company, and at the head of 
a colony in Madagascar, in 1648, an account of 
which he published. 
FLACCUS, Caius Valerius, an ancient Latin 
poet, of whom remain but very imperfect ac- 
counts He lived, however, in the time of tha 
emperor Vespasian, to whom he addressed a 
poem on the Argonautic expedition ; of which 
he lived to compose no more than seven books, 
and part of an eighth. In this poem lie imita- 
ted Virgil, and often in the most happy manner. 
FLAOIUS, Matthias. See FRANCOW1TZ. 
FLAMEEL, Bertholet, a historical painter, 
of Liege, whose pieces are to be found in the 
churches of that city, and of Paris; he died in 
1675. , „ . 
FLAMEL, Nicolas, a notary of Pans, who 
suddenly rose from poverty tc opulence, proba- 
bly by commercial speculations. His wealth 
gave rise to a report that he had discovered the 
philosopher’s stone. He was living in 1399. 
FLAMINIO, Giovani Antonio, an orator, 
poet, and historian, of Bologna, who wrote the 
life of Albertus Magnus, &c., died in 1536. 
FLAMINIO, Marc Antonio, son of the pre- 
ceding, eminent as a man of learning, and as a 
writer of epigrams, &c.; he died at Rome, in 
1550. 
FLAMINIUS, or FLAMININUS,Titus Quin- 
FL 
[tus, a Koxtian consul, celebrated for his defeat 
of Philip of Macedon, 198 B. C., and liis resto- 
ration of the liberties of Greece. 
FLAMIN1US, Nobilis, an eminent Italian di- 
vine and critic, who corrected the Vulgate edi- 
tion of the Septuagint, and died in 1510. 
FLAMSTEED, John, a most eminent Eng- 
lish mathematician and astronomical writer, 
born in 164ti, died 1719. 
FLA MIRES', Peter, of Lyons, celebrated for 
his knowledge of the veterinary art. and of com- 
parative anatomy; he wrote a treatise on the 
management of cattle and other works, and 
died in 1796. 
FLASSANS, Taraudet de, a Provencal poet 
of the 14th century, born at Flassans. 
FLATMAN, Thomas, an English wit and 
poet, born in London, in 1693, died in 1688. I' 
is remarked, that Flatman in his younger day* 
had a dislike to marriage, and made a song de 
scribing the incumbrances of it, with this be 
ginning: . 
“ Like a dog with a bottle tied close to his tail 
“ Like a toad in a bog, or a thief in a jail,” &c 
but being afterwards smitten with a fair virgin, 
and with her fortune, he espoused her, in 1G72' 
I upon which his ingenious comrades did serenada 
him that night, while he was in the embraces 
j of his mistress, with the said song. 
FLAUST, John Baptist, an advocate of tha 
1 parliament of Rouen, and author of a work on 
] Norman jurisprudence, uporfwhich he was eni- 
j ployed fifty years ; he died in 1783. 
FLAVEL, John, an English divine, educated 
| at Oxford, wras ejected from his living at Dart- 
; mouth, and afterwards restored by Charles I.; 
| he died in 1692. 
FLAVIAN, a patriarch of Antioch, died in 
1404. 
FLAVIAN, a patriarch of Constantinople, 
in 447. He was deposed, and died in banish- 
ment. 
FLAVIGNI, Valerian de, doctor of the Sor 
bor.ne, and professor of Hebrew, at the royal 
college, died at Paris, in 1674. 
FLA VITAS, patriarch of Constantinople, af 
ter Acacius. 
j FLECH1ER, Esprit, a French bishop, cele- 
brated for poetry and oratory, born in 1632, died 
in 1710. His works consist of Sermons, Latin 
and French poetry, Letters, die. He wrote also 
the “ History of Cardinal Ximenes.” 
FLECKNOE, Richard, an English poet ana 
dramatic writer, in the reign of Charles 11., re- 
membered only as giving a name to llryden’s 
incomparable satire against Shadwell, called 
“ Mac. Flecknoe,” from which Pope afterwards 
acknowledged to have taken the plan of his 
Dunciad. 
FLEETWOOD, William, an English lawyer, 
recorder of London, in the reign of Elizabeth, 
and author of several law treatises, died in 
1593. • 
FLEETWOOD, William Jnisliop of Ely, born 
in the Tower of London, in 1656, died in 1723. 
His most celebrated writings are “ An Essay 
upon Miracles “ Chronicon Preciosum , or, 
an account of the English money, the price of 
corn, and other commodities, for the last six hun- 
dred years,” &c. Bishop Fleetwood’s cliarac 
ter was great in every respect. His virtue was 
not of the fanatical kind, nor was his piety the 
least tinctured with superstition -. yet lie culti- 
vated and practised both to perfection. As for 
his accomplishments, be was incontestibly the  . ■ 
best preacher, of his time; arid, for occasional 
sermons, may be considered as a model. 
FLEMING, Robert, a Scotch dissenting mi- 
nister and powerful preacher, born in 1630, died 
m 1004, leaving behind him a work of conside- 
rable merit, called “ The Fulfilling of the Scrip- 
tures.” 
FLEMING, Robert, son of the above, minis- 
ter at Leyden and Amsterdam, and afterwards 
at London, wrote tracts, &c. on religious sub- 
jects. He died in 1716. 
FLEMING, Caleb, an English dissenting 
clergyman and writer, died in 1773. 
FLEMMING, or FLEMMYNGE, Richard, 
prebendary of York, and bishop of Lincoln, 
was the founder of Lincoln college, Oxford ; he 
died in 1431 
FLESSELLES, N. de, a French magistrate, 
who was shot while attempting to repress a re- 
volutionary mob in Paris, in 1789. 
FLETCHER, Dr. Richard, father of the poet, 
dean of Peterborough, and bishop of Bristol, 
Worcester, and London, died suddenly, in 1596. 
FLETCHER, Giles, LL. D., brother to the 
bishop, was an ambassador from Elizabeth to 
Russia, and otherwise employed in her service; 
iie died in 1610. 
FLETCHER, Phinehas, called the “Spenser 
of the age,” was born about 1582, and died in 
10j0. His most famous com position called “ The 
Purplq Island,” is an allegorical description of 
man His works were printed at Cambridge, in 
1633, and in 1772 his “ Eclogues” were reprint- 
ed at Edinburgh, with an introduction and argu- 
ment to each eclogue, and notes by an anony- 
mous editor. 
FLETCHER, Giles, brother of the foregoing, 
and author of a rich and picturesque poem, 
called “ Christ’s Victorie,” was beneficed at Al- 
derton, in Suffolk, where he died in 1623. 
FLETCHER, John, an English dramatic 
writer, born in 1576, was the son of Dr. Richard 
Fietcher, bishop of London. He wrote plays 
jointly with Beaumont, though it is not known 
wiiat share each bore in forming the plots, wri- 
ting the scenes, &c.; but the general opinion is, 
that Beaumont’s judgment was usually employ- 
ed in correcting and retrenching the superfluities 
of Fletcher’s wit. He died of the plague, at 
London, in 1625. 
FLETCHER, Abraham, a self-taught mathe- 
matician and astrologer, died in 1793. 
FLETCHER, Benjamin, governor of-the co- 
lony of New-York, known only for his nassion- 
a'.e disposition, and his avaricious propensities, 
which rendered him extremely unpopular. 
FLEURIEU,Charles Peter Clarel de,a French 
hydrographer, captain in the marine, and after- 
wards minister of that department, and tutor 
to the dauphin. Under Napoleon, he was ap- 
pointed intendantof the house, and governor 
of the Thuilleries. He died in 1810. 
FLEURY, Claude, a French advocate, of 
great learning, tutor to several of the French 
princes, abbot of Locdieu, and prior of Argen- 
teuii; be was confessor to Lewis XV., and died 
in 1723. 
FLEURY, Andrew Ilercule de, cardinal, a 
most eminent French statesman and negotiator, 
born in Languedoc, 1653, died in 1743. 
FLEURY, Julian, the learned editor of the 
Deiphin Apuleius. 
FLINDERS, Matthew, a distinguished Eng- 
lish navigator, who explored the coast of New 
K nth Wales in a small boat, and was after- 
wards sent out as commander of a vessel, for , 
FL 
[the purpose of making farther discoveries in 
jthat region. He was taken prisoner by the 
French, his journal detained, and himself so 
cruelly treated as to cause his death, in 1814. 
FLINK, Godfrey, a Dutch painter, pupil of 
Rembrandt, died in 1660. 
FLINT, Abel, D. D., a distinguished presby- 
terian clergyman, for many years pastor of a 
church in Hartford, Connecticut, died in 1825. 
FLIPART, John James, a French engraver 
of great merit, died in 1782. 
FLOCQUET, Stephen Joseph, an eminent 
musician, died at Paris, in 1785. 
FLODOARD, or FRODOARD, a French l. s 
torian, and an ecclesiastic, of Rheims, who 
wrote a history of his church from its founda- 
tion to 919 ; he died in 966. 
FLOGEL, Charles Frederic, professor of phi- 
losophy in the college of noblemen, at Leignitz, 
author of a history of the human understand- 
ing, and several other works; he died in 1788. 
FLOOD, Henry, a very celebrated senator, 
formerly of Ireland, but latterly of England, 
born in 1732. For many years a most distin- 
guished member of the house of commons, his 
every effort wa@ invariably directed to improve 
the political constitution, to increase the inter 
nal resources, and to promote the general pros- 
perity of Ireland. As an orator, he made De- 
mosthenes his model, and emulated his strength 
and vehemence, without aiming at the diffusion 
or brilliancy of Cicero; and, as a writer, energy, 
force, and argument, more distinguished his 
productions, than an elaborate structure of 
words, or accurately polished sentences. He 
died in 1791. 
FLORENTINO, Stephano, a historical pain 
ter, of Florence, died in 1350. 
FLORIAN, John Peter Claris de, a very po- 
pular French writer, born in 1755. Voltaire, to 
whom he was near akin, procured him the place 
of page to the due de Penthievre, who soon gave 
him a commission in the army ; but, on observ- 
ing the success of his first literary production, 
“ Galathee,” which appeared in 1782, the duke 
determined that he should confine himself to li- 
terature, and furnished him with a library. His 
dramas, pastorals, and novels, have placed him 
in the first rank of popularity as a sentimental 
writer. His “ NumaPompilius,” and “ Fables,” 
are also much admired. He died in 1794. 
FLORIMOND DE REMOND, counsellor of 
the parliament of Bourdeaux, known as an op- 
poser of Calvinists, died in 1602. 
FLORIO, John, born in London, in the reign 
of Henry VIIT., died of the plague in 1625. He 
was the author of several works, viz. “ First 
Fruits, which yield familiar Speech, merry Pro- 
verbs, witty Sentences,and golden Sayings;” 
“ Dictionary, Italian and English which was 
afterwards published, in 1611, under this title, 
“ Queen Anna’s New World of Words,” &c. 
FLORIS, Francis, a sculptor, and celebrated 
painter, of Antwerp, died in 1570. 
FLORUS, Lucius Annaeus, an ancient Latin 
historian, of the same family with Seneca and 
Lucan, flourished in the reigns of Trajan and 
Adrian, and wrote an abridgment of the Roman 
history in four books. 
FLORUS, surnamed Master, a deacon of 
Lyons, in the 9th century, author of a commen- 
tary on St. Paul, &c. 
FLOYER, Sir John, a respectable English 
physician and medical writer, died in 1720. 
FLO YU, William, a member of congress, be 
fore and after the adoption of the federal cots 4»  FO 
briety and correctness than his “ Tales,” which 
are very licentious. 
FONTAINE, Nicholas, a French theologica* 
writer of great piety, learning, and industry, 
died in 1709. 
FONTAINES, Peter Francis Guyot des. a 
French critic and historical writer, and transla- 
tor, born in 1085, died 1745. 
FONTANA,Dominico, a Roman architect and 
mechanic of great eminence, who succeeded in 
setting up the obelisk in front of St. Peter’s, a 
work before deemed impracticable. He died a' 
Naples, in 1607. 
FONTANA, Prospero, an eminent painter al 
Bologna, born in 1512. 
FONTANA, Lavinia, daughter of the preced 
ing, was also eminent as a painter, and was pa 
tronised by pope Gregory XIII.; she died in 1002 
FONTANGES, Marie Angelique, duchess of 
favourite of Lewis XIV., was distinguished foi 
her beauty; she died in 1681. 
FONTANINI, Juste, archbishop of Ancyra, 
died at Rome in 1736. 
FONTE-MODERATA, a celebrated Venetian 
lady, whose real name was Modesta Pozzo, was 
born at Venice, in 1555. She is the author of 
several poems, and published a book in prose, 
“ Dei Meriti delle Donne,” in which she main- 
tains, that the female sex is not inferior in un- 
derstanding and merit to the male. Thi9 book 
upon “The Merits of Women," was printed 
immediately after her death ; and father Ribera 
has made a eulogium of this learned heroine, 
in his~“ Theatre of Learned Women.” She 
died in 1592. 
FONTENAY, Peter Claude, a learned jesuit, 
of Paris, died in 1742. , 
FONTENAY, John Baptist Blain de, an emi 
nent French painter, born at Caen, in 1654, died 
1715. Nothing is finer than his fruits and 
flowers. They have all the freshness and beauty 
imaginable : and the very dew seems to trickle 
down the stalks of them with all the lustre and 
transparency of a diamond. The insects upon 
them also appear perfectly animated. 
FONTENELLE, Bernard le Bovier de, a 
French author, born in 1657, died 1757. Voltaire 
declares him to have been the most universal 
genius that the age of Lewis XIV. produced. In 
his poetical performances, and “ Dialogues of 
the Dead,” the spirit of Voiture was discerned, 
though more extended, and more philosophical 
His “ Plurality of Worlds” is a work singular 
in its kind; his design in it was, to present that 
part of philosophy to view in a gay and pleasing 
dress; for which purpose he has introduced a 
lady, and drawn up the whole in a most agree- 
able, as well as instructing dialogue. In the 
same manner he made an entertaining book out 
of“Vandale’s Oracles.” Having been ap- 
pointed perpetual secretary to the academy of 
sciences, he discharged that trust above 40 years, 
so as to meet with universal applause. His 
“History of the Academy of Sciences” often 
throws a great light upon their memoirs, which 
are very obscure. The “ Eloges” which he 
spoke on the deceased members of the academy 
have this particular merit, that they’excite a re 
spect for the sciences as well as for the author 
FONT KNIT, Lewis Francis de, a French 
writer and a great antiquarian, died in 1759. 
FONTIUS, Bartholomew, a historian of Flo 
rence, and librarian to the king of Hungary, at 
Buda : he died in 1513. 
FOOTE, Samuel, born at Truro, in Cornwall 
j’in 1722. He was designed for the law, but th« 
FO 
stituiion, and a signer of the declaration of in- 
dependence ; he died in 1821. 
FLUDD, Robert, an English physician and 
philosopher, and a voluminous writer on the 
wonders of alchymy, and the Rosicrucian doc- 
trines, early in the 17th century. 
FLYNT, Henry, one of the first ministers of 
Brpintree, was a man of piety and integrity; he 
died in 1668. 
FLYNT, Henry, tutor and fellow of Harvard 
college, a native of Dorchester, Mass., and a 
preacher, distinguished for his solid talents; he 
published a number of sermons, and died in 
17C0. 
FOES, or FOESIUS,Anutius, a ve’-y celebrat- 
ed physician, of Paris, born at Metz, in 1528, and 
died in 1596. He translated into Latin the whole 
works of Hippocrates, and judiciously corrected 
the Greek text as he went along. He translated 
also the commentaries of Galen, upon the se- 
cond book of Hippocrates, “ Concerning vulgar 
Maladies.” 
FOGLIETA, orFOLIETA, Uberto, a learned 
Genoese priest, died at Rome, in 1581. 
FOHI, the first king of China, who is said 
to have founded this empire about 200 years af- 
ter the deluge. He was the first who taught the 
Chinese the advantages of civil society, invented 
instruments of music, established laws and or- 
dinances, and is said to have reigned no less 
than 115 years. 
FOINARD, Frederic Maurice, a native of 
Normandy, eminent as a Hebrew scholar, was 
vice-president of the college of du Plessis, and 
died in 1743. 
FOIX, Mark Anthony, a jesuit, eminent as a 
preacher, died at Auvergne, in 1687. 
FOIX, Odel de, lord of Lautrec, an eminent 
French general under Lewis XII. and Francis I., 
and governor of Milan ; he died in 1528. 
FOI-ARD,Charles, a Frenchman,born in 1669, 
died 1752. He was author of several works, the 
principal of which are, “ Commentaries upon 
Polybius,” and “ A Treatise concerning the De- 
fence of Places,” &c. 
FOLENGO,TheophiIus, a nobleman, of Man- 
tua, was for some time a soldier, and afterwards 
became a Benedictine. He died in 1544. His 
writings are numerous, both in prose and poe- 
trv. 
' FOLENGO, John Baptist, a Benedictine 
writer, of Mantua, died in 1559. 
FOLKES,Martin, an English antiquarian, ma- 
thematician, and philosopher, and president of 
the royal society of London, born in 1690, died 
1754. His last production was a book upon the 
“ English Silver Coin,” from the conquest to his 
own times. 
FONCEMAGNE, Stephen Laurent de, of Or- 
leans, preceptor to the duke of Chartres, died in 
1779. 
FONSECA, Anthony de, a Dominican, of Lis- 
bon, preacher to the king, and professor of theo- 
logy at the university of Coimbra, about 1540. 
FONSECA, Peter, a Portuguese metaphysi- 
cian and writer, died in 1559. 
FONT, Joseph de la, a French comic writer, 
died in 1725. 
FONT, Pierre de la, a French divine and theo- 
logical writer, died in 1699. 
FONTAINE, John de la, a celebrated French1 
poet, born in 1621, died 1695. His compositions 
have a great deal of nature, without the least af- 
fectation : his wit seems unstudied, and so much 
pleasantry is hardly to be elsewhere met with. 
His “Fables” are observed to have mote so-| 
192 FO 
dryness and gravity of this study not suiting the 
vivacity of Foote’s spirit, he left it, and had 
recourse to the stage. lie appeared first in 
Othello, hut soon struck out into a new and un- 
trodden path; which was, by taking upon him- 
self the double character of author and perform- 
er. Under this form, in 1747, lie opened the little 
theatre in the Haymarket with a drama of his 
own composing, called, “ The Diversions of 
the Morning.” This piece was nothing more 
than the introduction of well-known characters 
in real life ; whose manner of conversing and 
expressing themselves he had a most amazing 
talent at imitating, even to the very voice of 
those he intended to take off. From 1752 to 
17dl, he continued to perform at one of the 
theatres every season, as fancy or interest di- 
rected his choice, generally for a stated number 
of nights: on which engagements he usually 
brought out a new piece. And thus he went 
on, till a very pressing embarrassment in his 
affairs compelled him to perform “ The Minor” 
at the Haymarket, in the summer of 1760, with 
such a company as he could hastily collect. 
Henceforward he pursued the scheme of occu- 
pying that theatre when the others were shut 
up; and, from 1762, to the season before his 
death, he regularly performed there. In 1766, 
when at lord Me.xborough’s in the country, he 
broke his leg by a fall from his horse, the duke 
of York being also there; and it is generally 
supposed, that this accident facilitated his appli- 
cation for a patent, which he obtained in July 
of the same year. Foote now acquired a great 
deal of money, and seemed to set mankind at 
defiance; for he cared not whom he offended, if 
they were but subjects convertible to ridicule ; 
be died in 1777. Foote has been called the 
“English Aristophanes,” and certainly was a 
most powerful satirist of the follies of the age. 
FOPPENS, John Francis, professor of divin- 
ity. at Eouviu, and archdeacon of Mechlin, 
died in 1761. 
FORBES, Patrick, a learned and pious bishop, 
of Aberdeen, born 15(54, died 1035. His princi- 
pal work is a “ Commentary on the Revela- 
tions.” 
FORBES, John, made bishop of Aberdeen 
by James VI., was the son of Patrick Forbes 
just mentioned. His hook of “ Historical and 
Theological Institutions,” is so excellent a 
work, that Burnet says, if he could have finish- 
ed it by a second volume, it would, perhaps, 
have been the most valuable treatise of divinity 
that has yet appeared in the world. He died in 
1043. 
FORBES, Duncan, an eminent Scottish law- 
yer, and many years president of the court of 
sessions; but as a writer chiefly employed on 
theological subjects: born in 1685, died in 1747. 
FORBES, James, F. R. 3., a celebrated tourist 
*nd natural historian, born in London, in 1749, 
a lineal descendant of the earls of Granard; 
died in 1819. He travelled nearly 20 years in 
different parts of Asia, Africa, and America; and 
his drawings, and accompanying descriptions, 
during these travels, fill 150 folio volumes, con- 
taining upwards af 52,000 pages, the work of 
his oiyu hand. His chief work, however, is 
entitled, “ Oriental Memoirs,” &c., with 93 
beautiful engravings from his original drawings. 
FORBES, William, principal of Marischal 
college, at Aberdeen, anu bishop of Edinburgh ; 
he died in 1634. 
FORBES, John, a physician, afterwards n 
brigadier general in the British army, and com- 
FO 
raanderofthe expedition against fort Du Quesne 
which he took and called fort Pitt, now Pius 
burgh ; he died at Philadelphia, in 1759. 
FORBES, Eli, D. D., minister of a church in 
Brookfield, and afterwards in Gloucester, Mass, 
died in 1804. 
FORB1N, Claude chevalier de, a naval officer 
of France. In 1686, chief admiral to the king 
of Siam, in the East-Indies, and afterwards in 
the service of Lewis XIV.; he died in 1733. 
FORB1SI1ER. See FROBISHER. 
FORBONNAIS, Francis Veron de, inspector 
general of the manufactures of France, and a 
writer on finance and commerce, died in 1800. 
FORCE, Charlotte Rose de Caumont de la, 
French poetess of considerable merit, died ia 
1724. 
FORCE, James duke de la, fortunately escaped 
the massacre of St. Bartholomew, in which his 
father and brother were murdered. He fought 
with the protestants, under Henry IV., against 
Lewis XIII., but was afterwards reconciled to 
him, and made a marshal of France, a duke 
and lieutenant general of the army, with liberal 
presents ; he died in 1652. 
FORD, John, a dramatic writer in the reigns 
of James I. and Charles I. He wrote 12 plays, 
which were all publisbed between 1629 and 
1039. He was born in 1586, and died about 
1639. 
FORDUN, John de, a Scotch historian, who 
lived toward the end of the 14th century, and 
wrote the history of his own country, under the 
title of “ Scoti Chronicon.” 
FORDYCE, David, a learned and elegant 
writer of the present age, professor of philoso- 
phy tri the Marischal-college, Aberdeen, and 
author of “Dialogues concerning Education,” 
a “ Treatise on Morai Philosophy,” and “ Theo- 
doras, a Dialogue concerning the Art of Preach- 
ing,” published after his untimely death. He 
was born at Aberdeen, in 1720, and died by 
shipwreck, in 1751. 
FORDYCE, Sir William, one of the most 
eminent physicians of London, in the 18th cen- 
tury, and a very benevolent man, died in 1792. 
FORDYCE, Dr. James, many years a verv 
popular and eloquent preacher among the prrr 
testant diss«ttsrs 1 .»,! at Aberdeen, in 1720, 
died in liso ...ng behind him some excellent 
raor!'1 publications ; particularly, 
“ Sermons to Young Men and Women.” 
FORDYCE, Dr. George, an eminent physi- 
cian and writer on medicine and chymistry, was 
born at Aberdeen, in 1736, and died in London, 
in 1802. His principal works are, “Elements 
of Agriculture and Vegetation,” “ Elements of 
the Practice of Physic,” and “A Treatise on 
the Digestion of Food.” Other works of his, 
are to be found in the Philosophical Transac- 
tions, &c. 
FOREIRO, Francis, a Dominican monk, of 
Lisbon, eminent for his abilities and learning, 
died in 1581. 
FOREST, or FORESTA, James Philip, an 
Aut'ustine monk, born at Bergamo, died about 
1503. 
FOREST, Peter, a Dutch physician and me 
dica! writer, lorn 1522, died 1597. 
FOREST, John, an eminent French painter, 
who excelled in iand trapes, born 1636, died 1712. 
FORMEY, John Henry Samuel, minister of 
the French church at Berlin, and professor of 
philosophy in the French college there ; he died 
in 1797. 
FORMOSl’S, bishop of Porto, and pope after FO 
Stephen V., in 891. His unpopularity was such, i 
that his body was dragged from his grave by' 
the populace, and thrown into the Tyber. j 
FORSKAL, Peter, a naturalist of Sweden, j 
who studied under Linnteus, and afterwards i 
went with Neibuhr to Arabia, where he died in ! 
1763. 
FORSTER, John, a protestant Hebraist, of . 
Wittemberg, the friend of Luther and Melanc- 
thon, died in 1556. 
FORSTER, George, an ingenious naturalist, 
who accompanied Cook in his second voyage 
round the world ; he was afterwards professor 
in the university of Cassel, and died in 1792. 
while preparing to visit Thibet. He was the au- 
thor of a journal of Cook’s voyages, &c. 
FORSTER, Dr. John Reinold, an eminent 
writer in natural history and natural philosophy, 
who accompanied captain Cook in his second 
voyage round the world in 1772. He was born 
1729, and died at Halle, a Prussian university, 
in Saxony, 1799, leaving behind him many va- 
luable treatises. 
FORSTER, Nathaniel, an English clergyman, 
prebendary of Bristol cathedral, and chaplain 
to tho king, died in 1757. His writings were nu- 
merous, on various subjects. 
FORSTNER, Christopher, an Austrian law- 
yer, who, for his services in negotiating the 
peace of Munster, was made a member of the 
Aulic council; he died in 1667. 
FORSYTH, William, F. A. S., was born in 
1737. He was early initiated in horticulture; 
went to London, in 1763, and shortly afterwards 
became a pupil to the celebrated Philip Miller, 
gardener to the company of apothecaries ; and 
whom he succeeded in that situation, in 1771. 
Here he remained till he was appointed by his 
majesty, chief superintendent of the royal gar- 
dens at Kensington and St. James’ ; which he 
held until his death, in 1804. About the year 
1768, Mr. Forsyth paitl particular attention to 
the cultivation of fruit and forest trees, and 
turned his thoughts more especially toward the 
discovery of a composition to remedy the dis- 
eases and injuries incident to them. After re- 
peated trials, he at length succeeded in prepar- 
ing one which fully answered his expectations; 
and in the year 1789, the success of his experi- 
ments attracted the notice of the commissioners 
of the land revenue ; upon whose recommenda- 
tion, a committee of both houses of parliament 
was appointed to report upon the merits of his 
discovery. The result of their inquiries was, 
n perfect conviction of its utility ; and, in con- 
sequence, an address was voted by the house 
of commons to his majesty, praying that a re- 
ward might be granted to Mr. F. upon his dis- 
closing tiie secret of his composition to the pub- 
lic.; which was accordingly done; and in 1791, 
Mr. F. published his “Observations on the 
Diseases, Defects, and injuries of Fruit and 
Forest Trees;” to which he added the whole 
correspondence between the commissioners of 
the land revenue, the committee of parliament, 
and himself. In 1802, Mr. F. published the final 
result of his labours, “ A Treatise on the Cul- 
ture and Management of Fruit Trees,” &c., in 
a 4to volume, with many plates: the value of 
which work has been duly appreciated by the 
public, three editions having oeen sold in a very 
short time. 
FORT, Francis le, a native of Geneva, who 
entered the service of reier I., of Russia, where 
hr behaved with such skill and ability, that the 
atnperor made him commander of his armies,| 
FO 
and liis prime minister. He died at Moscow, in 
(1699, deeply lamented. 
I FORTESCUE, Sir John, an eminent English 
lawyer, in the reign of Henry VJ. In 1441, he 
|was made a king’s serjeant at law; and the 
iyearat'ter, chief justice of the King's bench. He 
]held this office through the reign of Henry VI., 
:to whom he steadily adhered and served faith- 
fully in all his troubles. His most famous work, 
“De Laudibus Lcgum Anglia1,” yet remains 
an everlasting monument of this great and good 
man’s respect and affection for his country. He 
died about 1405. 
FORTIGUEKRA, Nicolas, an Italian poet, 
made a bishop by Clement XI., and promised a 
cardinal’s bat by Clement XII.; he died in 1735 
FORTIUS, or FORT1S, Joachim, a teacher 
of Greek and mathematics, at Antwerp, and 
the friend of Erasmus ; he died in 1536. 
FOSCARI, Francis, made doge of Venice, in 
1423, signalized his government by great terri- 
torial conquests ; but these were attended with 
so much expense to the Venetians, that they 
murmured loudly against him. The malice of 
his enemies vented itself upon his son, whom, 
upon various pretexts, they caused thrice to be 
banished. The father was deposed in 1457, a* 
the age of 84, and died two days after. His son 
also died in prison under a false accusation of 
murdering a senator, which the real assassin 
confessed on his deathbed, but too late to save 
the life of young Foscari, who had died in con 
finfement, the victim of calumny. 
FOSCARINI, Michael, a Venetian senator 
and historian, and a novel writer, died in 1692 
FOSSE, Charles de la, an eminent French 
painter, and professor and rector of the acade- 
my for painting, with a pension from Lewis 
XIV., of 1000 crowns ; he died in 1716. 
FOSSE, Antony de la, lord of Aubignv, dis- 
tinguished as a poet and tragedian, died in 1708. 
FOSTER, Dr. James, an English dissenting 
minister,born in 1697. lie published a “De- 
fence of the Usefulness,Truth, and Excellency, 
of the Christian Revelation,” against Tindal’a 
“ Christianity as old as the Creation.” This 
defence is written with great force of argument 
and great moderation, has been well accepted, 
is much esteemed by the candid and judicious 
of all parties; and, as he said, was spoken of 
with great regard by Tindal himself. He died 
in 1753. 
FOSTER, Samuel, an eminent English ma- 
thematician, and astronomy professor of Gre- 
sham college, born about 1600, died in 1652. Ilis 
works on mathematics and mechanics are nu- 
merous and valuable. 
FOSTER, John, canon of Windsor, and an 
excellent classic scholar, born in 1731, died in 
1773. He wrote “ An Essay on the different 
Nature of Accent and Quantity, with their Use 
and Application in the Pronunciation of the 
English, Latin, and Greek Languages,” which 
sufficiently attests his character as a scholar. 
FOSTER, Sir Michael, an eminent judge, wag 
recorder of Bristol, and afterwards one of the 
justices of the king’s bench. He died in 1765. 
FOSTER, Jcdediah, a justice of the superior 
court of Massachusetts, was one of the princi- 
pal members of the convention which framed 
the constitution of that state; he died at Brook- 
field, in 1779. 
FOSTER, Benjamin, D. P., minister in New- 
York, became a baptist, he was learned in tho 
I languages and died in 1798. 
| FOTHERGILL, George, D. D . an English  FO 
clergyman, head of St. Edmund hall, Oxford, 
anti vicar of Brantley ; he died in 1700. 
FOT1IERGILL, Samuel, brother of George, 
was eminent as a preachet among the quakers. 
lie travelled over Great Britain and North Ame- 
rica, to propagate his doctrines, and died in 
1770. 
FOTHERGILL, John, an eminent quaker 
physician, born in 1712. His public and private 
benefactions, his encouragement of science, the 
instances of his attention to the health, the po- 
lice, the convenience of the metropolis, &c. are 
too numerous to specify, and his great medical 
skill too well known to need our eulogy. 
FOUCAULT, Nicolas Joseph, a distinguish- 
ed antiquary, who discovered the ancient town 
of the Viducassians, in 1704, within six miles 
of Caen, an account of which he published, 
with the history of the coins, medals, &c. found 
there ; he died in 1721. 
FOUCHER, Simon, a native of Dijon, author 
of a treatise on Hygrometers, and other works; 
lie died in 1096. 
FOUCH1ER, Bertram de. a Dutch painter, of 
Bergen-op Zoom, and a disciple of Vandyclc, 
died in 1674. 
FOUCQ.UET,Nicholas,marquis of Belle-Isle, 
procurator-general of the parliament of Paris, 
and superintendent of finances, was banished 
for his extravagance with public moneys; he 
died in 1680. 
FOUCQUET, Charles Louis Augustus, bet- 
ter known by the title of marshal Belle-isle, 
one of the greatest statesmen and generals that 
France has produced, was born in 1684, and 
died in 1761. 
FOUGEROUX, Augustus Denys, an eminent 
writer and antiquary, of Paris, died in 1789. 
FOUILLON, James, an ecclesiastic, born at 
Rochelle, and educated among the jesuits, about 
1700. 
FOTJLIS, Robert and Andrew, two learned 
printers, of Scotland, natives, it is believed, of 
Glasgow; from whose presses have issued some 
of the finest specimens of correct and elegant 
printing that was produced in the 18th century. 
In 1744, came out Robert’s immaculate edition 
of “ Horace the sheets of which, as they were 
printed, were hung up in the college of Glas- 
gow ; ami a reward was offered to those who 
should discover an inaccuracy. Andrew died 
in 1774, and Robert in 1776. 
FOULON, William, a schoolmaster, at the 
Hague, known as a writer of Latin comedies; 
lie died in 1658. 
FOULON, John, a jesuit, of Liege, author 
of a commentary on some part of the Scrip- 
tures, died in 1668. 
FOULON, N. a French politician and finan- 
cier, who was placed at the head of the finan- 
ces at the beginning of the revolution, and be- 
came one of its first victims, in 1789. 
FOUNTA1NE, Sir Andrew, received the ho- 
nour of knighthood from king William, and 
travelled over most parts of Europe ; where he 
made a large and valuable collection of pictures, 
ancient statues, medals, and inscriptions; and 
by bis skill and judgment, furnished the most 
considerable cabinets in England, to his own 
emolument, being a perfect connoiscur in me- 
dals, ancient as well as modern. He died in 
1759. 
FOUQUIER TINVILLE, Anthony Quentin, 
a Frenchman, of infamous memory, who, as 
public accuser during the revolution, under 
Robespierre, was conspicuous for his depravity 
FO 
even at that time ; he was guillotined in 1794, 
universally execrated. 
FOUCIUIERES, James, a Flemish landscape 
(painter, horn at Antwerp, in 1580. Some have 
placed him so near Titian, as to make the dif- 
ference of their pictures consist, rather in the 
countries represented, than in the goodness 
of the pieces. He painted for Rubens, of wlunn 
he learned the essentials of his art, and died in 
1659. 
FOUR, du. See LONGUERUE. 
FOURCROI, N. an eminent French engineer, 
died in 1791. 
FOURCROY, Anthony Francis, a very emi- 
nent French writer, on chymistry, and a mem- 
ber of the Institute, born at Paris, in 1755, died 
in 1809. IJis funeral oration was pronounced 
by count Regnard de St. Jean D’Angely. 
FOURMONT, Stephen, professor of Arabic 
and Chinese, at Paris, was distinguished for his 
learning, not only by Frenchmen, but by foreien- 
ers, who resorted to his house for literary con- 
versation ; he died in 1743. 
FOURMONT, Michael, brother to the above, 
was an ecclesiastic, and professor of Syriac, in 
the royal college ; he died in 1746. 
j FOURNIER, Peter Simon, a French engra- 
jver and letter-founder, born at Paris, in 1712. 
His letters not only embellished the typographi- 
cal art, but his genius illustrated and enlarged 
jit. He published, in 1737, a table of propor- 
tions to be observed between letters, in order 
I to determine their height and relations to each 
j other. This ingenious artist ascended to the 
j very origin of printing, for the sake of knowing 
jit thoroughly. He produced at different times 
several historical and critical dissertations upon 
the rise and progress of the typographical art, 
which have since been collected and published 
in 1 vol., divided into three parts: the last in- 
cludes a curious history of the engravers in 
wood. But the most important work of Four- 
nier is his “ Manual Typographique, utile aux 
Gens de Letlres, et a ceux qui exercent les dif 
ferens Parties de l’Art de l’imprimerie.” The 
author meant to have added two more, but was 
prevented by his death, which happened in 
1768. 
FOURNY, Honore Caille du, a very learned 
Frenchman, auditor of the chamber of accounts, 
at Paris, died in 1731. 
FOURQUEVAUX, Raymond, of Pavia, ba- 
ron of, distinguished himself in the wars of the 
Guelphs and Gibbelines, and in defence of Tou- 
louse, against the Huguenots, for which he was 
made governor of Narbonne, where he died in 
1574. 
FOWLER, John, an English printer, educa- 
ted at Oxford, and settled at Antwerp, where 
he learned printing; he was a learned man, 
skilled in Latin and Greek, a poet, and an ora- 
tor. He died in 1578. 
FOWLER, Christopher, a puritan of some 
eminence, who became vicar of St. Mary s 
from which he was ejected ; he died in 1676. 
FOWLER, Edward, an English prelate, of 
great piety, prebendary and afterwards bishop 
of Gloucester, died in 1714. 
FOWLER, Thomas, an English physician, 
eminent as a writer on medical subjects, died 
in 1801. 
FOX, Richard, a native of Grantham, of ob- 
scure origin, was educated at Oxford and Cam- 
bridge, and made a privy counsellor, and bishop 
of Exeter, by Henry, earl of Richmond, on his 
accession to the throne. He was n'so employed I’O ~ 
tn various embassies, and removed to the set 
of Durham : he died in 1528. 1 
FOX, Edward, an eminent statesman, almo i 
nor to Henry VIIL, and bishop of Hereford. 
He was the principal pillar of the Reformation, 
a, to the politic and prudential part of it; being 
of more activity and no less ability than Cran- 
mer himself; but he acted more secretly than 
Oranmer, and by that means did not bring him- 
self into danger of suffering on that account. 
He was born at Dursley, in Gloucestershire, 
and died in 1538. 
FOX, John, an English divine and church his- 
torian, born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in 1517, 
the very year that Luther began to oppose the 
errors of the church of Rome ; he died in 1587. 
FOX, George, founder and head of the Eng- 
lish quakers, was born in 1624, and died in 1690. 
He was brought up a shoemaker, and followed 
his trade in Nottingham; till at length his re- 
flections upon the degeneracy of mankind made 
him resolve to attempt a reformation; and, be- 
lieving himself under the advantage of spiritual 
illumination, he shut up his shop, and turnedj 
preacher. This was in 1650; and his wife Mar-J 
garet, being under the same persuasion, had also 
a share in his ministerial functions. His doc-j 
trine and appearance being altogether new, thej 
people ran after him in great numbers . which 
success encouraged him to declaim v/itb thej 
utmost vehemence against the disorders ot the! 
times. His disciples adopted plainness in their) 
habits, were frugal in their mannerofliving, and 
very reserved in their conversation. Fox had 
several rough traverses in executing the instruc- 
tions that he professed to receive from heaven,, 
and was often in danger of his life. Notwith-j 
standing all these discouragements, he fearlessly 
persevered,and this sect prevailed much ; many 
considerable men being drawn over to them, 
among whom were Barclay and Penn. Their 
followers of the present time, are distinguished 
by neatness of dress, peaceable demeanor, and 
correctness of manners. 
FOX, Charles James, a distinguished English 
statesman and orator, born in 1749, was the se- 
cond son of lord Holland. After receivinga libe- 
ral education at Westminster, Eton, and Oxford, 
he made the tour of Europe ; and, returning 
home, was even, whileyet in his minority, elect- 
ed M. P. for Midhurst. His first speech was in 
favour of ministers, against Mr. Wilkes and the 
Middlesex election. He was successively made 
a lord of the admiralty and of the treasury, but 
at length dismissed from office; and before he 
was 24 years of age, became one of the most 
eloquent opponents of government. With the 
exception of a short time under the Rockingham 
administration, when he was secretary of state, 
Mr. Fox continued leader of the opposition party 
in the house of commons from that time till the 
death of Mr. Pitt in the beginning of 1806; when 
he was made secretary of state for toreign af- 
fairs. He now entered on a negotiation with 
the French government with a view to a peace; 
butndropsy seized him during its progress, which 
terminated fatallv at Chiswick House, Sept. 13, 
of the same year. His remains received the 
honours of a public funeral in Westminster Ab- 
bey on the 10th of October, and were interred 
within eighteen inches of the grave of his late 
political rival, Mr Pitt. 
FOX DE MORZILLO, Sebastian, a native 
of Seville, author of philosophical tracts, &c.; 
he was drowned on his way to Spain, to become 
the tutor to Don Carlos, son of Philip III. 
FR 
FOXCROFT, {Thomas, a distinguished and 
admired minister, of Boston ; published nu- 
merous sermons, and died in 1769. 
FRACASTORIO, Girolamo, an Italian poet 
and physician, distinguished also as a mathe- 
matician and astronomer, and as the intimate 
friend of Cardinal Bembo, Scaliger, and other 
learned men ; he died in 1553. 
FRACHETTA, Girolamo, a native of Royigno 
in Italy, who gained great reputation by his po- 
litical works, the most considerable of which is 
entitled, “ II Seminario de Governi di Stato, et 
di Guerra.” In this work, he has collected 
under 110 chapters, about 6000 military an 
state maxims, extracted from the best authors 
and has added to each chapter a discourse, 
which serves as a commentary to it. lie died 
about 1610. 
FRAGUIER, Claude Francis, a French wri- 
ter, an eminent classical scholar, and author of 
Latin poems, &c.; he died in 1728. 
FRANCESCA, Peter, an eminent painter, of 
Venice, who delighted in representing night- 
pieces and battles. He drew also several por- 
traits, wrote of arithmetic and geometry, and 
died in 1443. 
FRANCESCIIINI, Mark Antony, a painter, 
of Bologna, died in 1729. 
FRANCHI, Antonio, a painter, of Lticca, 
engaged in the service of the duchess of Flor- 
ence ; he died in 1709. 
FRANCIA, Francesco, an eminent painter, 
horn at Bologna in 1450, was at first a goldsmith 
or jeweller, afterwards a graver of coins and 
medals; but at last applying himself to painting, 
he acquired great credit by his skill. Raphael’s 
reputation made him desirous to see his works, 
but his age would not suffer him to take a jour- 
ney to Rome: nevertheless, a friendly corres- 
pondence commenced between these two pain- 
ters. Raphael having painted the picture of 
St. Cecilia for a church in Bologna, sent it to 
Francia to place it properly for him, and even 
to correct its faults, if he discerned any. But 
Francia was so struck with the beauty of the 
piece, that, despairing of attaining the same 
perfection, he fell, it is said, into a kind of me- 
lancholy ; and this, bringing on a consumption, 
occasioned his death in 1518. 
FRANCIS, Simon, a French painter, born in 
1600, was in his youth very devout, and declar- 
ed for a religious life. Seeking out a profession 
which might assist him in raising his soul to 
the love of God, and by chance looking on a 
picture of our Saviour’s nativity, he was so ex- 
tremely touched, that, in hopes of being able to 
draw some pieces whose effect on the specta 
tors might be as lively, he resolved to turn pain- 
ter. He died in 1671. 
FRANCIS, of Paulo, a Romish saint, canon- 
ized by pope Leo X., was the founder of the 
Minims, and celebrated for Ills austerities; he 
died in 1507. 
FRANCIS, of Assisi, a great saint of the 
Romish church, and founder of one of four or- 
ders of mendicant friars, born in 1182. He was 
the son of a merchant, whose profession he 
: followed till 1206; at which time he became 
so strouglv affected with religious truths, that 
I he resolved to retire from the world. He pre- 
' vailed with great numbers to devote themselves, 
as he had done, to the poverty enjoined by the 
■ gospel; and drew up an institute, or rule, for 
; their use, which was approved by the Roman 
' Pontiffs. Francis was canonized by pope Gre 
gory IX., the 6tli of May, J230; and Oct the 
196 Fit 
4th, on which his death happened in 1226, was 
appointed as his festival. His order soon rose 
to great splendour, and has done prodigious ser- 
vice to tile Roman pontiffs. 
FRANCIS HE SAFES, a Romish saint, was 
bishop of Geneva, and founder of the order of the 
visitation. He is said to have converted 70,000 
protestants before his death, whicii happened 
hi 1022. lie was canonized by pope Alexander 
FRANCIS XAVIER, the great coadjutor of 
Ignatius Loyola, was born at Xavier, at the foot 
of tlie Pyrenees, in 1506; and was sent one of 
the earliest missionaries to the East Indies; for 
his zeal and ability in which undertaking, he ob- 
tained the appellation of the Apostle of the In- 
dies. He died in 1552, and was canonized in 1622, 
by Gregory XV. 
FRANCIS, of Lorraine, emperor of Germany, 
married a daughter of the emperor Charles VI., 
4ud was associated with his wife in the empire 
till 1745, when he was elected emperor. He was 
a patron of literature and the arts, as well as of 
commerce; he died suddenly in 1675. 
FRANCIS I., king of France, succeeded Lewis 
XII. on the French throne, in 1515. He is known 
as the rival and opponent of the emperor Charles 
V., with whom he was involved in war, during 
almost his whole reign, with various success, 
and to whom he was, at one time, a prisoner, 
with his two sons ; also, as the patron of litera- 
ture and the arts. He died at Rambouiliet, in 
1547. 
FRANCIS II., son of Henry II. and Catherine 
de Medicis, succeeded to the throne of France on 
the death of his father. He married the unfor- 
tunate Mary, queen of Scots, and died in 1560, 
aged 17, after a reign of 17 months. 
FRANCIS,duke of Alencon, Anjou, andBerri, 
and brother of the preceding, opposed his bro- 
ther Henry III., for which he was imprisoned by 
Catherine, and afterwards liberated. He was 
subsequently crowned duke of Brabant, and 
was one of the suitors of queen Elizabeth ; he 
died in 1584. 
FRANCIS DE BOURBON, count of St. Pol 
and Chaumont, distinguished himself at the bat- 
tle of Marignan. He was taken prisoner with 
Francis I., but escaped, and died in 1545. 
FRANCIS DE BOURBON,count Enghien, 
vas a celebrated general in the service of Fran- 
cis I. ; he was killed ny accident, in 1545. 
FRANCIS DE BOURBON, duke of Mont- 
nensier, was the faithful associate of Henry IV. 
of France, and distinguished himself in his ser- 
vice as a soldier ; he died in 1592. 
FRANCIS, of Lorraine, duke of Guise and of 
Aumale, distinguished himself in the wars with 
Charles V., and the English ; and in the reigns 
of Henry II., and Francis II. of France, com- 
pletely governed the kingdom. After the death 
of Francis, he espoused the side of the catholics, 
in the civil wars, and was assassinated in 1563. 
FRANCIS DE BORGIA, St., duke of Can- 
dia, and viceroy of Catalonia, was the grandson 
of pope Alexander VI. He afterwards became 
a jesuit, and died at Rome, in 1572. He was ca- 
nonized by pope Clement X. 
FRANCIS, Lucas, a historical and portrait 
painter, employed by the kings of France and 
Spain ; be died in 1643. 
FRANCIS ROM A IN, a Dominican, of Ghent, 
was an eminent architect: be was employed by 
Lewis XIV., to finish the Font Royal, ofParis, 
for which he was liberally rewarded ; he died in 
1735. 
FR 
i FRANCIS, Dr. Philip, more distinguished as 
|a translator than as an original writer. His 
versions of Horace and Demosthenes have been 
! justly valued : the former is perhaps as com- 
plete and useful a work of its kind as hath yet 
I appeared. He was also the author of two tra- 
gedies, “Eugenia,” and “ Constantia;” but, as 
ia dramatic writer, not very successful. He died 
jin 1773. 
' FRANCIS, Janies Charles, an eminent French 
[engraver, died in 1769. 
i FRANCIS, sir Philip, was a member of the 
English parliament, and an active promoter of 
[the articles of impeachment of Warren Hast- 
ings. He has been considered by some as the 
author of Junius’ Letters ; he died in 1816. 
| FANCISCA, or FRANCES, a Roman lady, 
; who founded a convent at Rome, and was can- 
; onized in 1608 ; she was born in 13 4. 
j FRANCIUS, Peter, professor of rhetoric, and 
: oratory at Amsterdam, his native city : he died 
jin 1704. 
i FRANCK, George, a native of Naumburg, re- 
jceived a poetic crown, at the age of 18, for his 
Latin, Greek, German, and Hebrew poetry. He 
was professor of medicine at Heidelberg and 
Wittemburg, and died in 1704. 
FRANCK, Augustus Herman, of Lubcck, 
professor ot oriental languages, and of divinity 
at Halle, was distinguished for his benevolence 
and piety ; he died in 1727 
FRANCK, or FRANCKF.N, Franciscus, a 
Flemish painter, of great merit, died in 1616. 
FRANCK, Franciscus, son of the preceding, 
and a pupil of his father, was also a painter : 
he died in 1642. 
FRANCKER, Christian, successively a Jesuit, 
a socinian, a Unitarian, and a catholic, in the 
16th century. 
FRANCKENSTEIN, Christian Godfrey, of 
;Leipsic, an advocate, distinguished as a man of 
j letters, and a historian ; he died in 1717. 
FRANCO, Nicolo, a satirist, born at Bene- 
jvento, in 1510. He was condemned to death, 
jfor some severe satires on illustrious persons of 
j Rome ; but it is not known that he was executed, 
FRANCO, Battista, a painter, of Venice, who 
[imitated the manner of Buonarotte, died in 1561. 
j FRANCOIS, Abbe Laurent, an able opponent 
I of the French philosophers, died in 1782. His 
works were principally in defence of religion. 
FRANCOIS, Simon, a selftaught portrait 
painter of Tours, died in 1671. 
FRANCOIS, Lucas, a historical painter, in 
the service of the kings of France and Spain, 
died in 1643. 
FRANCOIS, Lucas, called the Younger, son 
of the preceding, was also highly respected as a 
painter; he died in 1654. 
FRANCOWITZ, Matthias, a protestant di- 
vine, pupil ofLuther and Melancthon, was a pri- 
vate teacher, and afterwards professor of the 
Greek and Latin languages at Wittemburg ; he 
died in 1575. 
FRANCUS, Sebastian, a German anabaptist 
of the 16th century 
FRANCK FLORTS. See FLORIS. 
FRANKLIN, Dr. Benjamin, born at Boston, 
in America, in 1706, was placed at a very early 
age under one of his brothers, who was a printer, 
where he made a rapid progress in that art so 
useful to mankind, and contracted an attach 
ment for the press which continued as long 
as he lived. Scarcely emerged from infancy 
Franklin yvas a philosopher without being con 
scious ol it, and by the continual exercise of his 
197 Fli __ 
genius, prepared himself for those great discove- 
ries in science which have since associated 
his name with that of Newton, and for those 
political reflections which have placed him by 
the side of a Solon and a Lycurgus. Soon 
after his removal from Boston to Philadelphia, 
Franklin,in concert with some other young men, 
established a small club ; where every member, 
after his work was over, and on holidays, brought 
his stock of ideas, which were submitted to dis- 
cussion. This society of which the young print- 
er was the soul, has been the source of every 
useful establishment in Pennsylvania calculated 
to promote the progress of science, the mechani- 
cal arts, and particularly the improvement of 
the human understanding. Higher employ- 
ments, however, at length called him from his 
country, which he was destined to serve more 
effectually as its agent in England, whither he 
was sent in 1757. The stamp act, by which the 
British minister wished to familiarize the Amer- 
icans to pay taxes to the mother-country, re- 
vived that love of liberty which had led their 
forefathers to a country at that time a desert; 
and the colonies formed a congress, the first idea 
of which had been communicated to them by 
Franklin, at the conferences at Albany, in 1754. 
The war that was just terminated, and the 
exertions made by them to support it, had given 
them a conviction of their strength ; they op- 
posed this measure, and the tpinister gave way, 
but reserved the means of renewing his attempts. 
Once cautioned, however, they remained on 
their guard ; liberty, cherished by their alarms, 
took deep root; and the rapid circulation of 
ideas bv means of newspapers, for the intro- 
duction‘of which they were indebted to the 
printer of Philadelphia, united them together to 
resist every fresh enterprise. In the year 1766, 
this printer, called to the bar of the house of 
commons, underwent thatfamous interrogatory, 
which placed the name of Franklin as high in 
politics, as it was before in natural philosophy. 
From that time he defended the cause of Amer- 
ica with a firmness and moderation becoming a 
great man, pointing out to ministry all the errors 
they had committed, and the consequences they 
would induce, tiil the period when, the tax on 
the tea meeting the sameopposition as the stamp- 
act had done, England blindly fancied herself 
capable of subjecting by force 3,000,000 of men 
determined to be free, at a distance of 2000 
leagues. Every man is acquainted with the 
particulars of that war ; but every man has not 
equally reflected on the bold attempt of Franklin 
as a legislator. Having asserted their indepen- 
dence, and placed themselves in the rank of 
nations, the different colonies, now the United 
States of America, adopted each its own form 
of government; and, retaining almost univer- 
sally their admiration for the British constitu- 
tion, framed them from the same principles vari- 
ously modelled. Franklin alone, disengaging the 
political machine from those multiplied move- 
ments and admired counterpoises that rendered 
it so complicated, proposed the reducing it to 
the simplicity of a single legislative body. This 
grand idea startled the legislators of Pennsylva- 
nia : but the philosopher removed the fears of 
a considerable number, and at length determin- 
ed them to the adoption of his principle. Having 
given laws to his country, Franklin undertook 
again to serve it in Europe, not by representa- 
tions to the metropolis, or answers at the bar of 
the house of commons ; but by treaties with 
France, and successively with other powers 
FR 
'From France lie returned to America in 1.35, 
and lived tive years after this period . for three 
years he was president of the General Assembly 
of Pennsylvania; he was a member of the con - 
vention that established the new form of fede- 
ral government; and his last public act was a 
grand example for those who are employed in 
the legislation ot their country. In this conven 
tiou he had differed in some points from the 
majority; but, when the articles were ulti- 
mately decreed, lie said to his colleagues, “ lie 
ought to have but one opinion : the good of our 
country requires that the resolution be unanim- 
ous and he signed. He died April 17, 171)0. 
As an author, he never wrote a work of any 
length. His political works consist of letters 
or short tracts ; but all of them, even those of 
humour, bear the marks of his observing genius 
and mild philosophy. He wrote many for that 
rank of people who have no opportunity for 
study, and whom it is yet of so much conse- 
quence to instruct; and he was well skilled in 
reducing useful truths to maxims easily retained, 
and sometimes to proverbs, or little tales, the 
simple and natural graces of which acquire a 
new value when associated with the name of 
their author. In short, the whole life of Frank- 
lin, his meditations, and his labours, have all 
been directed to public utility ; but the grat'd 
object that he had always in view did not shut 
his heart against private friendship: he loved 
his family, his friends, and was extremely bene- 
ficent. In society he w’as sententious, but not 
fluent; a listener rather than a talker; an in 
forming rather than a pleasing companion : im- 
patient of interruption, he often mentioned the 
custom of the Indians, who always remain si- 
lent some time before they give an answer to a 
question which they have heard attentively; 
unlike some of the politest societies in Europe, 
where a sentence can scarcely be finished with- 
out interruption. In the midst of his greatest 
occupations for the liberty of his country, he 
had some physical experiment near him in his 
closet; and the sciences, which he had rather 
discovered than studied, afforded him a con- 
tinual source of pleasure. He made various be- 
quests and donations to cities, public bodies, 
and individuals ; and requested that the follow- 
ing epitaph, which he had composed for himself 
some years before, might be inscribed on his 
tombstone: 
“The bodv of 
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Printer, 
(like the cover of an old book, 
its contents torn out, 
and stript of its lettering and gilding) 
lies here food for worms; 
yet the work itself shall not be lost, 
but will (as he believed) appear once more 
in a new 
and more beautiful edition, 
corrected and amended 
by 
THE AUTHOR.” 
FRANKLIN, William, son of Hr. Franklin 
embraced the side of Britain, in the revolution 
ary war, was taken prisoner, and afterwards 
suffered to retire to England, where he died. He 
was the last royal governor of New-Jersey. 
FRANKLIN, Hr. Thomas, one of the king's 
chaplains, and rector of Bl asted, in Kent. This 
gentleman was possessed of no inconsideeole ‘ FR 
time of learning and poetical abilities, and was 
ong a favourite in the literary world. His 
Tanslations of Phalaris, Sophocles, and Luci- 
tn, equally evince his learning and his genius. 
His dramatic compositions, are well known, 
xnd deservedly esteemed ; he was born in Lon- 
don, about 1720, and died in 1784. 
FRANKS, Sebastian, a landscape painter, of 
Antwerp, born in 1573. 
FRANKS, John Baptist, son of the preceding, 
was a successful imitator of the manner of Van- 
dyck and Rubens ; he was born in 1600. 
FRANS FLORIS, an eminent painter, born 
at Antwerp, in 1520. He grew rich and famous, 
his performances being good and numerous ; 
but was greatly addicted to drinking, and died 
at 50 years of age. He was called the Raphael 
of Flanders. 
FRANTZIUS, Wolfgang, a German divine, 
and professor of divinity at Wittemburgh, died 
in 1620. 
FRASSON, Claude, a French monk, was a 
doctor of the Sorbonne, and professor of the- 
ology at Paris, also superior of the Franciscan 
convent there; he died in 1711. 
FRATELLINI, Giovanna, a female painter, 
of Florence, patronised by the archduchess Vic- 
toria; she died in 1731. 
FRATELLINI, Lorenzo Maria, son of the 
preceding, eminent as a historical and landscape 
painter, died in 1729. 
FRAUNCE, Abraham, a poet, who was edu- 
cated at the expense of sir Philip Sidney, in 
Cambridge; after which he was called to the 
bar. He wrote, amongst other things, “ The 
Countess of Pembroke’s Ivy Church and Em- 
anuel,” in 1591; and a “ Translation of He- 
liodorus’ Ethiopics.” 
FRAUWENLOB, Henry, a German writer, 
died in 1317. 
FREDEGARIUS, the earliest French histo- 
rian, after Gregory of Tours; his chronicle,in 
barbarous language, extends to the year 641. 
FREDEGONDE, wife of Chilperic, king of 
France, was born of obscure parents, but, by her 
beauty and art, raised herself to the throne; 
she poisoned all around her whom she consider- 
ed enemies or rivals, and, finally, the king him- 
self; she died in 597. 
FREDERIC I., surnamed Barbarossa, duke of 
Ewabia, succeeded his uncle, Conrad III., as 
emperor of Germany, and was crowned in Italy 
by Adrian IV. A part of his reign was dis- 
turbed by quarrels and wars with the popes, 
who, after a reconciliation, persuaded him to 
undertake a crusade against Saladin. lie died 
during the expedition, in 1190, after having 
gained several victories over the Turks and 
Greeks. His son Frederic, duke of Swabia, who 
attended him, and displayed great valour in the 
Holy Land, also died there. 
FREDERIC II., grandson of the preceding, 
and son of Henry VI., was born in 1194, and 
elected king of the Romans, two years after. 
In 1210, he was elected emperor of Germany. 
He died in 1250, aged 57. 
FREDERIC III., surnamed the Fair, son of 
Albert of Austria, was the rival of Lewis of Ba- 
varia, in a contest for the imperial throne. He 
was defeated by him at the battle of Michael- 
dorff. and taken prisoner; he died in 1330. 
FREDERIC IV., surnamed the Pacific, em- 
peror of Germany, was the last of the German 
princes, who submitted to a coronation at Rome, 
lie was a weak, indolent, and superstitious 
i rince, who saw his subjects revolt, with ip- 
FR 
-.hflcrence, and afterwards fled from Vienna; 
he was reduced to beg his bread, and died in 
1493. 
FREDERIC I., king of Denmark, distinguish- 
ed himself by his wisdom, prudence, and by the 
utility of his public measures, particularly in in- 
structing Lutheranism among his subjects; he 
died in 1533. 
FREDERIC II., king of Denmark, was the 
patron of literature and of learned men ; and 
the liberal protector of Tycho Brahe ; he died 
in 1588. 
FREDERIC III., archbishop of Bremen, suc- 
ceeded his father, Christian IV., as king of Den- 
mark, and improved the condition of his pea 
pie, by making them more independent of the 
nobles, and by making the crown hereditary; 
he died in 1670. 
FREDERIC IV., king of Denmark, was en- 
gaged in war with Charles XII., of Sweden, and 
lost some part of his territories, which he after- 
wards recovered ; he died in 1730. 
FREDERICK V., grandson of the preceding, 
rei"tied on the throne of Denmark from 1746 to 
1766. lie was succeeded by his son, Christian 
VII. 
FREDERIC AUGUSTUS I., king of Poland, 
and elector of Saxony, recommended himself to 
the Poles, by his valour against the Turks, ana 
was elected their king in 1696. He was beaten 
by Charles XII., and stripped of his dominions, 
which he afterwards recovered and maintained 
till his death, in 1733. He was the patron of lite- 
rature, and his court was for a long time one of 
the most brilliant in Europe. 
FREDERIC AUGUSTUS II., succeeded his 
father on the throne of Poland, in 1734. The 
last of his reign was disturbed by a war with 
the king of Prussia, who invaded his kingdom, 
and reduced him to unconditional submission. 
He died in 1763. 
FREDERIC, prince of Hesse Cassel, married 
a sister of Charles XII., of Sweden, and obtain- 
ed possession of the Swedish throne in 1720. 
He died in 1757. 
FREDERIC WILLIAM, elector of Branden- 
burg, distinguished himself by his war wuh Po 
land, and afterwards with Lewis XIV. After 
repelling the Swedes, who had invaded his do- 
minions, he devoted his attention to the com- 
merce of his people, and to internal improve- 
ments. He died in 1688. 
FREDERIC I., elector of Brandenburg, son 
of the preceding, was ambitious of raising his 
duchy into a kingdom, and joined Leopold, em- 
peror of Germany, in a war against several 
states, to accomplish the object; he died in 1713. 
FREDERIC WILLIAM I., king of Prussia, 
son of the preceding, succeeded his father, in 
1713. lie began his reign by a strict reform in 
the expenditures of his kingdom, by encourage- 
ing commerce and industry, and by inviting 
foreign artisans to settle in his dominions ; at 
the same time he provided for his security by 
creating an army of 60,000 men. He died in 
1740. 
FREDERIC II., son of the preceding, ascend- 
ed the throne in 1740. He was distinguished by 
the appellation of “ the Great,” to which his 
superior talents and conspicuous achievements 
gave him a just claim. During his reign, he 
was engaged in war with almost every poten- 
tate of Europe; and, in most instances success- 
fully. At the same time, he was solicitous for 
the welfare of his subjects, and devoted a part 
of every day to a redress of their grievances  FR 
lie encouraged commerce and the arts, invited 
literary men from all parts of Europe to his 
court, administered justice impartially, and re- 
lieved the unfortunate and distressed, wherever 
to be found. In the midst of all his cares, he 
found time to devote to literary pursuits, and 
was himself a philosopher and an author, but 
of infidel principles; he died in 1786, aged 75. 
FREDERIC, surnamed the Wise, elector of 
Saxony, was the friend of the emperor Maximi- 
lian, and might have succeeded him had he not 
declined. He was the firm and zealous friend 
of Luther, and the reformation, and died in 
1526. 
FREDERIC V., elector of Palatine, married 
a daughter of James I., of England. He was 
elected king of Bohemia by the protestants, but 
opposed anil defeated by Ferdinand, of Austria. 
The death of Gustavus, who had promised to 
assist him, put an end to his hopes, and he died 
a month afterwards, in 1632. 
FREDERIC, Colonel, son of the unfortunate 
Theodore, king of Corsica, was engaged in the 
service of the elector of Wirtemberg, who ho- 
noured him with his friendship. He went to 
England as agent of the elector, and there com- 
mitted suicide, in 1796. 
FREEKE, William, born in 1664. He wrote, 
among other things, “ A Dialogue by way of 
question and answer, concerning the Deity,” 
and “ A brief and clear confutation of the Doc- 
trine of the Trinity which two pieces being 
laid before the house of commons, were voted 
to be burnt, as containing much blasphemy, and 
accordingly were so ; the author being after- 
wards fined 5001., and obliged to give security 
for his good behaviour for three years, and to 
make a recantation in the four courts in West- 
minster-liall. 
FREEMAN, John, an English painter, who 
lived in the reign of Charles II. 
FREGOSO, Baptist, doge of Genoa, was de- 
posed and banished for his haughtiness; the 
time of his death is unknown. 
FREHER, Marquard, a German, who studied 
the civil law in France. He was counsellor to 
Casimir, prince Palatine, afterwards professor 
of law, at Heidleberg, and engaged in import- 
ant affairs by the elector, Frederic IV.; he died 
in 1614. 
FREIGHTS, John Thomas, a learned German, 
employed as a teacher, at Friburg, and at Basil, 
was afterwards chosen rector of the college of 
Altorf. He died in 1583. 
FREIND, John, an English physician, and 
elegant writer, born in 1675, died 1728. The 
most elaborate of his numerous works is “ The 
History of Physic, from the time of Galen to 
the beginning of the 16th century, chiefly with 
regard to practice ,” and this is justly deemed a 
masterly performance ootn for use and ele- 
gance. 
FREIND, Robert, brother to the physician, 
and head master of Westminster school, born 
in 1067; he published an edition of Cicero’s 
“ Orator,” and died in 1751. 
FREINSHEMIUS, John, a most ingenious 
and learned man, born at Ulm, in Swabia, in 
1008. He is said to have understood almost all 
the European languages, besides Latin, Greek, 
and Hebrew. He was professor of eloquence, 
a' Upsal, librarian and historiographer toChvis- 
tinn, of Sweden, and afterwards professor at 
Heidleberg, where he died in 1060. 
FR EIRE DE ANDRADE, Hvacinthe, a Por- 
uguese, abbot of St. Mary de Chans, and a 
FR 
great favourite of John IV., of Portugal; ho 
died in 1C57. 
FRELINGHUYSEN, Theodoras Jacobus, 
minister of the Reformed Dutch Church, at Ra- 
riton, New Jersey; was an able and successful 
preacher. 
FREMINET, Martin, an eminent French 
painter, died in 1619. 
FREMONT D’ABLANCOURT, Nicholas, a 
native of France, who tied to Holland, at the 
revocation of the edict of Nantes, and was his- 
toriographer to the prince of Orange ; he died 
in 1693. 
FRENICLE DE BESSY, Bernard, a mathe- 
matician, and author of a treatise on right-an- 
gled triangles, and other works; he died in 1675 
FRERES, Theodore, a painter, born in 1643, 
at Enkhuysen; the best of his pieces are pre- 
served in Amsterdam. 
FRERET, Nicolas, of .Paris, a historian and 
chronologist, and opposer of Sir Isaac Newton’s 
system of chronology, born at Paris, in 1688, 
died 1749. He was a complete sceptic; and Vol- 
taire, for the worst of purposes, revised two of 
his works : viz. “ The Letters of Thrasybulus 
to Leucippus,” and“ Examination of the Apo- 
logists for Christianity.” 
FRERON, Elie Catherine, a French critic 
and journalist of considerable talents,and known 
as having been the constant object of the satire 
of Voltaire, was born at Quimper, in 1719, and 
died in 1776. His “ Letters on certain writings 
of the Times,” he began in 1749, and published 
13 volumes. In 1754, he began his “ Annee 
Literaire,” of which lie published 7 volumes 
that year, and eight every year after, til! his 
death ; and in that work, Freron, as a zealous 
enemy of the modern philosophy, attacked Vol- 
taire with spirit. He represented him as a skil- 
ful plagiary; as a poet, brilliant, but inferior to 
Corneille, Racine, and Boileau ; as an elegant, 
but inaccurate historian ; and rather the tyrant 
than the king of literature. 
FRESNAYE, John Vauguelin de la, an early 
French poet, king’s advocate for Caen, and pre- 
sident of that city ; he died in 1606. 
FRESNE, Charles du Cange dti, a learned 
Frenchman, born at Amiens, in 1610, died 1668. 
His best works are a “ Latin and Greek Glossa- 
ry,” the “ History of Constantinople under the 
French Emperors,” &c. 
FRESNOY, Charles Alphonso du, an excel- 
lent French poet and painter, born at Paris, in 
1611. After his death, his poenr, “ De Arte 
Graphica,” was printed with a prose transla- 
tion and notes, by De Piles, and dedicated to 
Colbert. It was afterwards translated Into En- 
glish, by Dryden, who prefixed to it an original 
“ Preface, containing a parallel between paint 
ing and poetry.” This poem will keep his name 
alive as long as either poetry or painting shall 
find any esteem. A later version of Du Fres- 
noy has been made byJVIr. Mason, and enriched 
with notes by Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
FRESNY, Charles Riviere du, a French poet, 
born at Paris, in 1648. He tiad a good natural 
taste for music, painting, sculpture, architec- 
ture, and all the fine arts. He had also a taste 
for laving out gardens, which procured him the 
place of overseer of the king’s gardens, whose 
valet de chambre he likewise was. He died in 
1724 ; and in 1731, his works were collected and 
printed in 6vols., consisting of “ dramatic per- 
formances, songs, amusements serious and co- 
mical,” fiC. 
FRETEAU DE ST. JUST, Emmanuel Marie 
200 FR 
Michael Philip, a French nobleman, who, from 
dissatisfaction with the court, embraced the po- 
pular party, at the revolution; but was con- 
demned by Robespierre, and executed in 1793. 
FREVVEN, Accepted, an English prelate, 
educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, of which 
he became president, afterwards chaplain to 
Charles I., dean of Gloucester, bishop of Litch- 
field and Coventry, and archbishop of York; 
he died in 1664. 
FREY, John Cecil, an eminent German phy- 
sician, died in 1631. 
FREYTAG, Frederic Gottlehb, a burgomas- 
ter of Nuremberg, known as a writer, died in 
1771). 
FREZIER, Anadee Francis, a Frenchman, 
who travelled tin ough Chili and Peru,an account 
af which he published ; he died in 1772. 
FRIART, Rowland, an eminent architect, r-f 
the 17th century. 
FRICHE, or FRISCHE, James de, a Bene- 
dictine, who wrote the life of St. Augustine, 
and died in 1693. 
FRISB1E, Levi, minister of Ipswick, Mass., 
distinguished as a very faithful and successful 
preacher; he published some sermons, and 
died in 1806. 
FRISBIE, Levi, professor of the Latin lan- 
guage, and afterwards of moral philosophy, 
of Harvard college, Mass., was distinguished 
for his talents and learning ; he died in 1822. 
FRISCH, John Leonard, distinguished as the 
founder of the silk manufactories of Branden- 
burg, atid as the first encourager of the cultiva- 
tion of the mulberry tree in Prussia; he died 
in 1743. 
FRISCHL1N, Nicodemus, a learned Ger- 
man, professor at Tubingen, known as a dra- 
matic writer, and as a translator; he died in 
1590. | 
FRISCHMUTH, John, rector of the universi-l 
ty of Jena, died in 1687. 
FRISIUS, John, principal of the college at 
Zurich, into which he introduced the study of j 
the Hebrew and other oriental languages; he; 
died in 1565. His three sons were professors at 
Zurich. 
FRITH, John. See FRYTH. 
FRIZON,Peter, master of the jesuit’s college, ; 
of Navarre,and author of a history of the French 
cardinals. &c., died in 1651. 
FROBENIUS, John, an eminent and learned; 
German printer. He was the first of the Ger-| 
mans who brought the art to any perfection ; 
ami the great character of this printer was tliej 
principal motive which led Erasmus to fix oisj 
quarters at Basil, in order to have his own; 
works printed by him. He died at Basil, in; 
1527, lamented by all, but by none more than! 
Erasmus, who wrote his epitaph in Greek and 
Latin. 
FROBISHER, Sir Martin, an eminent navi-; 
gator, and the first Englishman that attempted; 
to find out a north-west passage to China. He; 
was born in Yorkshire, and was killed in battle 
in 1594. 
FROELICII, Erasmus, a jesuit, eminent for 
his knowledge of mathematics and medallic his- 
tory, died in 1758. 
FROIDMONT,Libert,a native of Liege,dean 
of St. Peters, and professor of philosophy, at 
Louvain, died in 1653. 
FROILA I., king of Spain, is known for a 
victory gained over the Saracens, in 760. He 
caused his brother to be murdered, and was him- 
self killed by another brother in 768. 
FU 
FROILA If., king of Spain, in 923, died of a 
leprosy. 
FROISSARD, or FROISSART, John, born at 
Valenciennes, about 1337. His chief work is a 
history, which comprises what happened in 
France, Spain, and England, front 1326 to 1400 
lie was also a poet, as well as a historian. He 
died in 1402. His history was translated re- 
cently by Mr. Joltnes, of Havod, Wales. 
FROMAGE, Peter, a superior of the jesuits, 
who died in Syria, in 1740. 
FRONTEAU, John, a native of Angers, chan- 
cellor of Paris university, and afterwards prior 
of Benay, in Angiers; lie died in 1662. 
FRONTENAC, Louis count, governor-gene- 
ral of Canada, whose exertions conduced to the 
protection and property of Canada; he died in 
1698. 
FRONTINUS, Sextus Julius, a Roman writer, 
in high repute under Vespasian, Titus, Domi- 
tian, Nerva, and Trajan. Nerva made him cu- 
rator of the aqueducts, which occasioned him 
to write his treatise “ De Aqutcductibus Urbis 
Romse.” He wrote also, “ Tres Libros Strata- 
gematum,” or, concerning the stratagems used 
in war by the most eminent Greek and Roman 
commanders ; and afterwards added a fourth 
containing examples of those arts and maxims 
discoursed of in the former. These two works 
are still extant. 
FRONTO, Marcus Cornelius, a Roman ora- 
tor, preceptor to Vereius and M. Aurelius. 
FROWDE,Philip, author of several pieces of 
poetry, some of which in Latin were pure and 
elegant enough to entitle them to a place in the 
Musas Anglicans. He likewise wrote two tra- 
gedies, “ The Fall of Saguntum,” and “ Philo- 
tas.” He died in 1738. 
FRUGONI, Charles Innocent, an Italian poet, 
horn at Genoa, died in 1768. 
FRUMENTIUS, a Romish saint, consecrated 
bishop of the Ethiopians, by Athanasius, died in 
360. 
FRYE,Thomas, a painter, who acquired some 
eminence in London, where he died, in 1762. 
FRYTH, John, an English martyr, who was 
converter) to Lutheranism, at Oxford. He 
preached his doctrines so boldly, that he was 
sent to the Tower, and, on his refusing to re- 
cant, was burnt at Smithfield, in 1533. 
FUCHSIUS, or FUCHS, Leonard, an emi- 
nent physician and botanist, of Munich and In- 
goldstadt, died in 1565. 
FUESSLI, John Gaspard, an eminent artist 
of Zurich, author of the history of the artists of 
Switzerland, died in 1782. 
FUGGER, lluldric, born at Augsburgh, in 
1526, was eminent for his affection to learning 
and learned men. He laid out great sums in 
I purchasing good manuscripts ofancient authors, 
I and getting them printed ; and for this purpose, 
I he allowed for sometime a salary to the famous 
! Henry Stephens. His relations were so in- 
censed at him for the moneys he expended in 
this way, that they brought an action against 
him for it, and got him to he declared incapable 
of managing his affairs. He died in 1584, hav- 
ing bequeathed his library to the elector Pala- 
tine, and a fund for the maintenance of six 
scholars. 
FULBERT, an Italian, who acquired great 
celebrity as a preacher in France, and was made 
bishop of Chartres; he died in 1028. 
FULDA, Charles Frederic, a native of Swa 
bia, eminent as a Lutheran divine, and as a me- 
chanic ; he died in 1788. 
201 FU 
FULGEXTIUS, St., an ecclesiastical writer 
and bishop of Ruspa, in Africa, born in 464, 
died in 529 
FULGINAS, Sigismund, a historian of the 
15th century, in the service of pope Julius II. 
FULKE, William, D. D., an English divine, 
eminent for his learning, master of Pembroke- 
hall, Oxford, and a professor there; he died in 
1589. 
FULLER, Nicolas, a distinguished English 
scholar and critic, prebendary of Salisbury, died 
in 1622. 
FULLER, Thomas, an English historian and 
divine, born in 1608, died in 1661. He is cele 
brated particularly as author of a “ History of 
the War,” “The Church History of Britain, 
from the birth of Jesus Christ, to the year 1648 
“ The History of the University of Cambridge 
since the Conquest,” &c. &c. He had a me- 
mory so tenacious and comprehensive, that it 
enabled him to do things which are hardly cre- 
dible. He could repeat 500 strange words after 
twice hearing; and could niake use of a sermon, 
verbatim, if he once heard it. 
FULLER, Isaac, a celebrated English pain- 
ter, in the reign of Charles II., died in London. 
FULLO, Peter, a heretical bishop of Antioch, 
in the 5th century. 
FULTON, Robert, a native of Pennsylvania, 
was born in 1765. He early evinced a genius for 
mechanics and painting, and went to England 
to improve himself in the latter. His attention, 
however, was soon turned to mechanics, and he 
became a civil engineer. From that time, his 
discoveries and inventions were numerous and 
important. But that which will continue his 
name to posterity, and associate him with the 
benefactors of mankind, was the successful ap- 
plication of steam to the propelling of boats. 
The discovery was made, and the first experi- 
ment tried at Paris, in 1803 ; after which he re- 
turned to America and exhibited a boat in suc- 
cessful operation on the waters of New-York. 
Vessels propelled by his machinery are now in 
common use throughout the United States, and 
in Europe. He died suddenly, in the midst of 
his career, in Feb., 1815. 
FULVIA, an extraordinary Roman lady, and 
wife of Mark Antony, who had no more of her 
sex than her body ; for her temper and courage 
breathed nothing but policy and war. This lady 
was an admirable coadjutor to her cruel hus- 
band during the massacres of the triumvirate. 
She put several persons to death of her own 
head, either out of avarice or a spirit of re- 
venge ; and even people whom her husband did 
not know. Antony caused the heads of those 
whom he had proscribed to be brought to a ta- 
ble, and fed his eyes a long while with these un- 
happy spectacles. The head of Cicero was one 
of them, which he ordered to be fixed on the 
rostrum from whence Cicero had made so many 
speeches against him ; but, before that order 
was executed, Fulvia took the head and spit 
upon it., and placing it on her lap, drew out the 
tongue, which she pierced several times with 
her bodkin, uttering all the while the most op- 
probrious language against Cicero. 
FUNCC1US, or FUNCK, John Nicholas, a 
celebrated critic, born at Marpurg, in 1693, died 
in 1778. 
FIJRETIERE, Anthony, an ingenious and 
earned Frenchman, born at Paris, in 1620, was 
eminent in the civil and canon law; but he is 
Chiefly known by, and valued for, his “ Univer- 
sal Diotionary of the French Tongue,” in which I 
GA 
he explains the terms of art in all sciences. Ha 
died in 1688. 
FURINI, Francesco, a painter, of Florence, 
admired for the elegance displayed in his figures; 
he died in 1646. 
FURIUS, called Bibaculus, perhaps from his 
excessive drinking, an ancient Latin poet, born 
at Cremona, about the year of Rome 050, or 100 
B. C. He wrote annals, of which Macrobiug 
has preserved some fragments. 
FURNEAUX, Philip, D. D., an English dis- 
senting clergyman, died in 1783. 
FURS!’, or FURSTIUS, Walter, revered by 
his countrymen as one of the founders of Swiss 
liberty, lived about 1307. 
FU'RSTEMBURG. Ferdinardde, a native of 
Westphalia, promoted in the church by pope 
Alexander VII., and made bishop of Munster, 
and apostolical vicar of northern Europe, died 
in 1683. 
FIJSI, Anthony, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
afterwards became a protestant at Geneva, died 
in 1630. 
FUST, or FAUSTUS, John, a citizen of 
Mentz, and one of the earliest printers. Hehad 
the policy to conceal his art; and to this policy 
we are indebted for the tradition of “ The Devil 
and Dr. Faustus,” handed down to the present 
times. About 1460, he associated with John of 
Guttemburgh; their types were cut in wood, 
and fixed, not moveable as at present. Having 
printed off a considerable number of copies of 
the Bible, to imitate those which were com- 
monly sold in MS., Fust undertook the«eale of 
them at Paris, where the art of printing was 
then unknown. As he sold his printed copies 
lor 60 crowns, while the scribes demanded 500, 
this created universal astonishment; but, when 
he produced copies as fast as they were wanted, 
and lowered the price to 30 crowns, all Paris 
was agitated. The uniformity of the copies in- 
creased the wonder; informations were given 
in to the police against him as a magician; his 
lodgings were searciied, and a great number of 
copies being found, they were seized ; the red 
ink with which they were embellished was said 
to be his blood : it was seriously adjudged that 
he was in league with the devil; and, if he had 
not fled, most probably he would have shared 
the fate of those whom ignorant and supersti- 
tious judges condemned, in those days, for witch- 
craft. Fust died at Mentz, in 1466. 
FUZELrER, Lewis, a dramatic writer, of Pa 
ris, and the conductor of a periodical paper, call- 
ed the Mercury, died in 1752. 
FYOT DE LA MARCHE, Claude, count of 
Bosjam, a favourite of Lewis XIV., and coun 
seller of state, and afterwards prior of Notre 
Dame; he died in 1721. 
G 
GAAL, Barent, a Dutch landscape paintet, 
of some celebrity, born about 1650 
GABBIANI, Antonio Dominico, a painter, of 
Florence, patronised by the duke Cosmo III., 
died in 1726. 
GABINIU8, Aulus, a Roman consul, employ- 
ed against Alexander, king of Judea, died in 40 
B. C. 
GARRIEL,Severus,a Greek bishop; he wrote 
various theological tracts, and died after 1577. 
G ABRIEL, Slonite. a Maronite, who assistet 
le Jay in the polyglot Bible; he died in 1648 
I GABRIEL, James, a distinguished Freud 
202 GA 
architect, and inspector general of buildings in 
France, died in 1742. 
GABRIELE, de Bourbon, a lady of great 
virtue, wife of Lewis de la Treniorille ; she died 
in 1525. 
GABRINO, Augustine, a fanatic, of Brcssia, 
who called himself monarch of the Trinity, ifcc., 
his followers were about 80; he was confined in 
a triad house, and his sect was dispersed. 
GABRINO. See RIENZ1. 
GABURET, Nicholas, an eminent French 
6urgeon, under Lewis XIII., died in 1662. 
GACON, Francis, a French poet, known for 
his severe satires against Bossuet, Rousseau, 
&c., died in 1727. 
GADBURY, John, an astrologer, and pupil of 
Lt'lv, born in 1627, died by shipwreck, on a voy- 
age to Jamaica. Partridge put forth a book 
in 1693, entitled, “ The Black Life of John 
Gadbury.” 
GADDESDEN, John of, an Englishman, the 
first employed as physician at the court; author 
o “Rosa Anglica.” 
GADDI, Gaddo, a Mosaic painter, of Florence, 
died in 1312. 
GADDI, Taddeo, son of the preceding, died 
in 1350. 
GADDI, Agnolo, son and pupil of Taddeo, 
died in 1387. 
GADSDEN, Christopher, lieutenant governor 
of South-Carolina, was an early friend and 
adv ocate of the rights of the colonies, and took 
a decided part in favour of their separation and 
independence; he died in 1805. 
GAELEN, Alexander, Van, a Dutch painter, 
who painted three battles, between Charles I 
and Cromwell ; he died in 1728. 
GAERTNER, Joseph, a native of Calu, in 
Swabia, a distinguished naturalist, author of 
a great work called Carpology, which he dedi- 
cated to Sir Joseph Banks ; lie died in 1791. 
GJETANO, Scipio, an admired Florentine 
painter, died in 1588 
GAFFARELL, James, a French writer, li- 
brarian to Richelieu, who enabled him to make 
a large collection of MSS.; he was author of 
several works, and died in 1681. 
GAFtJR'IO, Franchino,a native of Sodi, head 
of the choir, in Milan cathedral; he wrote several 
works on music, and died in 1520. 
GAGE, Thomas an Irishman, missionary to 
the Philippines ; he died in 1(351. 
GAGE, Thomas, the last governor of Mass., 
appointed by the king, after the conquest of 
Canada, in 17C0, was appointed governor of 
Montreal, he was exceedingly odious to Un- 
Americans, and died in England, in 1787. 
GAGER, William, a civilian and poet, was | 
entered of Christ church, Oxford, in 1574, whe.c 
he arrived at the degree of LL. D. He defend- 
ed the stage against [ho attacks of Dr. Rainolds; 
he wrote in Latin, “Meleager" and “Ulysses 
Redux,” tragedies; and “ Rivales,” a comedy. 
GAGNIER, John, an eminent orientalist, who, ; 
in 1723, published Abulfeda’s “Life of Mo- : 
hammed,” in Arabic, with a Latin translation,| 
ami notes; lie was born at Paris, and died in 1725. 
GAGNY, John, first almoner to Francis I., 
and author ot commentaries on the New Testa- 
ment ; he died in 1519. 
GAGUINUS, Robert, a French historian, died 
in 1501. He was the author of several works; 
the principal of which is a history in 11 hooks 
“ De Gestis Francorum, from 1200 to 1500.” 
CATCHES, John, priest of the oratory, and 
aanon of Soissons, died in 1730 
GA 
GAILLARD, de Lonjumeau, bishop of Apt, 
was the first projector of a universal historical 
dictionary ; he died in 1695. 
GAILLARD, Gabriel Henry, a French histo- 
rical writer, and member of the French academy: 
died in 1806. 
GAINAS, a Goth, of great valour, became a 
general under Arcadius and desolated Thrace, 
because refused a church for the Allans; lie 
was killed A. D. 400. 
GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas, born at Sudbury 
in Sutfolk, 1727, very early discovered a pro- 
pensity to painting. Nature was his teacher, 
and the woods of Suffolk his academy. Here 
lie would pass in solitude his mornings, in mak- 
ing a sketch of an old tree, a marshy brook, a 
few cattle, a shepherd and his flock, or any 
other accidental objects that were presented. 
From delineation he proceeded to colouring • 
and after painting several landscapes from the 
age of 10 to 12, he quitted Sudbury for London, 
where he commenced portrait painter. His 
landscapes wiil establish his name on the record 
of fine arts with honours such as never before 
attended a native of England. These subjects 
he painted with a faithful adherence to nature: 
indeed, the brilliancy of Claude, and the simpli- 
city os' Ruysdael, appear combined in Mr. G’s 
romantic scenes. While we lament him as an 
artist, let us not pass over those virtues which 
were an honour to human nature, that gene- 
rous heart, whose strongest propensities were 
to relieve the genuine claims of poverty. If lie 
selected, for the exercise of his pencil, an infant 
from a cottage, all the tenants of the humble 
roof generally participated in the profits of the 
picture ; and some of them frequently found in 
his habitation a permanent abode. His libera- 
lity was not confined to this alone ; needy rela- 
tives, and unfortunate friends, were further in- 
cumbrances on a spirit that could not deny; 
and, owing to this generosity of temper, that 
affluence was not left to his family which so 
much merit might promise, and such real worth 
deserve. He died in 1788. 
GALAD1N, Mahomet, a popular emperor of 
the Moguls, died in 1695. 
GALANTINI, Hippolito, a delicate miniature 
painter, of Genoa, died in 1706. 
GALANUS, Clement, an Italian, missionary 
to America, wrote a grammar of that language, 
about 1650. 
GALAS, Matthew, a general, who, from 
being a page, rose to high standing: he was in 
the service of the emperor Frederic II., and 
Philip IV., of Spain ; he died in 1647. 
GALATEO, Ferrari Antonio, a scholar and 
physician, born at Galatinia; he was author of 
ccveral works, and died in 1517. 
GALATIN, Peter, author of the valuable 
work “De Arcanis Catholic® Veritatis ;” he 
•lied about 1530. 
GALBA, Servius Sulpicius, emperor of Rome 
after Nero: he was slain by the guards, who 
raised Otho to the throne, A. D. 69. 
GALE, John, a learned divine, among the 
baptists, born at London, in 1680. His father 
was a citizen of good repute. He is chiefly 
known for bis writings against “Wall's De- 
fence of Infant Baptism,” and died in 1721. 
GALE, Theophilus, a learned divine, among 
the non-conformists, born in 1628, died in 1678. 
He wrote a large and laborious work, called 
“The Court of the Gentiles.” 
GALE, Thomas, dean of York, formerly 
Itead-masier of Paul’s school, and celebra ' GA 
ted for liis knowledge of tlie Greek language, 
and antiquities, was born in 1636, died in 1702. 
GALE, Iloger, F. R. and A. SS., son of the 
dean, first vice-president of the society of anti- 
quaries, and treasurer to the royal society, born 
1072, was considered as one of the most learned 
men of his age, and most highly skilled in the 
antiquities of his country. Ho died in 1744. 
GALE, Samuel, the youngest of the dean’s 
sons, born in 1682. He was one of the revivers 
of the society of antiquaries, in 1717, and their 
first treasurer. He was a man of great learn- 
ing and uncommon abilities, and well versed in 
the antiquities of England, for which he left 
in any valuable collections behind him. He died 
in 1754. 
GALEANO, Joseph, a physician of great re- 
pute, at Palermo. We owe to him a collection 
of little pieces of the Sicilian poets. He was 
born in 1605, and died in 1675, greatly regretted ; 
for he was a kind of oracle with his country- 
men. 
GALEN, Matthew, a native of Zealand, 
chancellor of Douay university, and author of 
several works. 
GALEN, Ciaudian, after Hippocrates, prince 
of the Greek physicians, was a native of Per- 
gatnus, in the Lesser Asia, where he was born 
about 131. He chose physic for his profession, 
being determined thereto by a dream which his 
father had a little before his death ; and at 28 
years of age had made some considerable ad- 
vances toward improving hts art: for instance, 
he had acquired a particular skill in the wounds 
of the nerves ; and was possessed of a method 
of treating them never known before. The 
pontiff of Pergamus have him an opportunity 
of trying his new method upon the gladiators ; 
and he was so successful, that not a single one 
perished by any wounds of this kind. By this 
we find, as well as by several other instances, 
that Galen studied, understood, and practised 
surgery, as well as physic. Distinguished above 
his cntemporaries, this prince of physicians con- 
tinued to practise at Rome, the capital of the 
world, till he was obliged to submit to fate like 
oilier mortals. His death happened in 201. 
There are reckoned above 500 books of hisupon 
physic only, and about half that number upon 
other sciences. 
G ALEN, Bernard Van, a native of West- 
phalia, known as a bishop and a general; he 
was engaged in a war with the Turks, attacked 
the United States, Sweden, &c., and died in 
1678. 
GALEOTI, Nicholas, an Italian jesttif, au- 
thor of the lives of the generals of his order; he 
died in 1748. 
G ALEOTI, Marcio, a native of Narni, tutor 
to tite son of Matthias Corvinus, the king, and 
being invited to France by Lewis XL, on going 
to pay his respects to him, fell, and so injured 
himself as to cause his death. 
GALERIUS, C. Valerius Maximianus, from 
a herdsman in Dacia, became emperor of 
Rome; he died in 311. 
GALGACUS, a Caledonian chief, famous for 
his noble resistance against the invasions of the 
Romans. 
GALILEI, Galileo, a most eminent astrono- 
mer and mathematician, inventor of the tele- 
scope, &c., born at Florence, Feb. 19, 1564. 
Having observed some solar spots, in 1612, hej 
printed that discovery the following year, at) 
Rome ; in which, and in some other pieces, hej 
Ventured to assert the truth of tiie Copernican] 
GA 
system, and brought several new arguments to 
confirm it. This startled the jesuhs, who there- 
upon procured a citation for him to appeqf lie- 
lore the holy oflice, at Rome, in 1615, where he 
was charged with heresy, for maintaining these 
two propositions: 1. That the sun is in the cen- 
tre of the world, and immoveable by a local 
motion ; and, 2. That the earth is not the centre 
of the world, nor immoveable, but actually 
moves by a diurnal motion. The first of these 
positions was declared to be absurd, false in phi- 
losophy, and formally heretical, being contrary 
to the express word of God ; the second was al - 
so alleged to be philosophically false, and, in a 
theological view at least, erroneous in point of 
faith. The inquisition pronounced sentence 
against him and his books. They obliged him 
to abjure his errors in the most solemn manner, 
committed him to the prison of their office dur- 
ing pleasure, which was till 1634, and his “ Dia- 
logues of tiie System of the World” were burnt 
at Rome. Galilei died Jail. 8, 1642. He wa» 
tiie author of several liobie and useful in 
ventions and discoveries in astronomy, geome- 
try and mechanics ; tiie principal of which, be- 
sides those already mentioned, are, in the firs! 
of those sciences, the trepidation or vibration 
of tiie moon, as also the inequalities or moun- 
tains in its surface. In geometry, lie invented 
the cycloid, or trochoid,; and, in mechanics, 
first found the exact degree of celerity in the 
descent of bodies bv tiie force of gravity : to 
which may be added the machine with which 
tiie Venetians render tlteir Laguna fluid and 
nawgable ; the invention whereof was his. 
GALISSONNIERE, Holland Michael Barrta, 
marquis, a French admiral; after serving with 
distinction in the navy, was made governor of 
Canada. He died in 1756. 
GALL AND, Antony, a learned antiquary, of 
France, and professor of Arabic in the royal 
college at Paris, born in 1646, died in 1715. lie 
is chiefly known ns the translator or author of 
“ Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.” 
GALLAND, Augustus, a French counsellor 
of state, wrote some memoirs, &c., and died in 
1644. 
GALLE, or GALL.EUS, Servatius, pastor 
of the church at Haerlem, died in 1709. 
GALLET, N., a French spice merchant, 
known for some comic pieces, died in 1757. 
GALLIENUS, a Roman emperor. He was 
assassinated in 268. 
GALLIGAT, Eleonora, was the daughter of a 
joiner, and Mary de Medicis’ nurse. Tnat prin- 
cess carried her with hcrinlo France, when she 
went thither, in' 1606, to be married to Henry 
ilV.; and Galiigai, under the till* -if lied cham- 
ber woman to that queen, governed her just as 
she pleased. She married Concino Concini. af- 
terwards marshal D’Ancre; and their inordi- 
nate pride and ambition wasat length punished 
bv the assassination of the husband and the 
execution of the wife. 
GALL1TZIN, Basil, a noble Russian ; though 
unsuccesful in bis ambitious views, he was 
a man of great merit. He died in 1713. 
GALTJTZIN, Michael Michaelowitz, prince 
rf, distinguished himself tinder Peter the Or, at 
against diaries XII., of Sweden : be died !7:-'(). 
GALLOCHE, Lewis,a painter, of the French 
school, died in 176). 
I GALLOIS, John, a learned Frenchman, hern 
! at Paris, in 1632. He was a universal scholar; 
i but is now memorable chiefly tor baring beet 
I the first who published tite Journal dcs Savaus.  GA 
in conjunction with M. de Sallo, who had form- 
ed the design of that work. He died in 1707. 
GALLOIS, Julian Jean Catsar le, a French 
physiologist, who distinguished himself by his 
“ Experiments on the Principle of Life, parti- 
cularly on that of the Motion of the Heart, and 
the Seat of this Principle ;” he died in 1818. 
GALLONIO, Antonio, an ecclesiastic at 
Rome, died in 1605. 
GALLOWAY, Joseph, an eminent lawyer, 
of Pennsylvania, was a member of the first con- 
gress, in 1774, but afterwards deserted the 
American cause. He died in England, in 
1803. 
GAL LIICCI, Tarquinio, an Italian jesuit 
died in 1649. 
GALLUCCI, Giovanni Paulo, an Italian as- 
tronomer, wrote “ on the Instruments of Astro- 
nomy.” 
GALLUCCI, Angelo, an Italian jesuit, author 
of “ Commentarii de Bello Ilelgico,” died in 
1674. 
GALLUS, ,C. Vibius, a Roman emperor, was 
assassinated by his soldiers, in 253. 
GALLUS, Flavius Claudius Constantius, bro- 
ther of the emperor Julian, was put to death on 
suspicion of cruelty, in 354. 
GALLUS, Cornelius, an ancient Roman poet, 
the particular favourite of Augustus Ctcsar, 
who made him governor of Egypt after the death 
of Antony and Cleopatra; but lie was guilty of 
such mal-adininistration in his government, that 
he was condemned to banishment, and to lose | 
his estate. This disgrace grieved him so, that 
he put an end to his life, when he was about 43 
years of age, in the year of Rome 728. 
GALLY, Henry, an Englishman, promoted to I 
several benefices, wrote some sermons, &c., died ! 
in 1769. 
GALVANI, Lewis, an Italian philosopher, 
front whom Calvinism, which has made so ! 
much noise in the philosophical world, took its 
name. It is said, that a fit of illness, by which 
his wife was attacked, led him to the discovery 
-if his theory respecting metallic irritation and 
animal electricity. The physician having pre- 
scribed for his wife soup made of boiled frogs, 
Galvani prepared them himself; and having ac- 
cidentally touched a frog after he had skinned 
it, he observed it in an involuntary motion, 
which induced him to make some experiments 
that conducted him to the discovery. He was 
born at Bologna, in 1737, died 1798. 
GALVANO, Antony, a native of the East In-' 
dies, governor of the Moluccas. Became poor 
by his liberality, and died in a hospital, at Lis- 
bon, in 1557. 
GAM, David, a brave Welchman, who fell in 
battle not ly defending Henry V. He was knight- 
ed by his sovereign just as he expired. 
GAMA,Vasco de, a celebrated Portuguese na- 
vigator, who discovered the course to the East 
Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, was born at 
Sines, in Portugal, and died in 1525. 
GAMACHES, Stephen Simon, author of Phy- 
sical Astronomy, &c.,died in 1756. 
GAMACHES, Philip de, author of Commen- 
taries on the Summa of Aquinas, died in 1625. 
GAMALIEL, a Jewish doctorof the law, andj 
a secret disciple of our Saviour. 
GAMBARA, Lorenzo, an Italian poet, author 
of a Latin poem on Columbus ; he died in 1586. 
GAMBARA, Veronica, an Italian lady, who; 
devoted herself to literature, and published some 
poems ; she died in 1550. 
GAMBOLI), John, a truly primitive Chris-, 
GA 
' tian, and a bishop among the Moravian brethren. 
He was not only a good scholar, but a man of 
great parts, and of singular mechanical ingenui 
ty ; he died universally respected, in 1771. 
GANDY, James, a painter, witc came to Ire- 
land with the duke of Ormond, and died there 
in 1689. 
GANGANELLI, John Vincent Antony, was 
born in 1705, the son of a physician ; and, from 
being a petty monk of the order of St. Francis, 
ascended to the papacy, May 19,17(59, when lie 
assumed the name of Clement XIV. Thus be- 
coming sovereign pontiff in the most critical 
and tempestuous times, in his commerce with 
the world, he practised the humility of a Fran- 
ciscan monk; but, on occasion of splendour, he 
sustained the papal grandeur with appropriate 
magnificence. The most striking incident of his 
life was his being the instrument, under Provi- 
dence, of annihilating the mighty order of the 
jesuits. To the resentment of that order it is 
supposed he at last fell a sacrifice, his robust 
constitution and regularity of life seeming to 
promise him a much longer period than (59 years; 
for he died in 1774, poisoned, as is supposed, in 
the sacrament; he hiinself declaring his suspi- 
cions before he died, and all the after symptoms 
strongly confirming the same. 
GANO, John, collected the first baptist society 
in New-York, and was its minister; he distin- 
guished himself in the American war, and died 
i in 1804. 
[ GANSEVOORT, Peter, a distinguished offi- 
cer of the American army during the revolt! 
tion. He rendered his country essential service 
jby defending fort Stanwix, when besieged by St. 
I. : and afterwards, by preventing the co- 
joperation of that officer with Burgoyne, he con- 
tributed essentially to the surrender of the lat- 
!ter. He died in 1812. 
j GARAMONT, Claude, a French engraver and 
| letter founder, was a native of Paris, and began 
[to distinguish himself about 1510. He brought 
[his types to so great a degree of perfection, that 
he can neither be denied the glory of having 
surpassed whatever had been done in this way 
before, nor that of not being excelled by any of 
his successors in this useful mechanic art. Ga- 
ramont died in 1561 ; and all his fine types came 
into the hands of Fournier the Elder, an emi- 
nent letter founder at Paris. 
GARASSE, Francis, a jesuitical writer, and 
j author of the enmity between the jesuits and the 
i jansenists, in the church of Rome, was born at 
Angouleme, in 1585, and died in 1631. 
GARBIEN, Lorenzo, a painter, of Bologna, 
and pupil of Ludovici Caracci, died in 1654. 
GARBO, Raphael del, a historical painter, of 
Florence, died in 1534. 
GARCIAS IT., king of Navarre after Sancho 
II. died in 1000. 
GARCILASSO, Garcias Lasso de la Veen, a 
celebrated Spanish poet, born at Toledo, in 1500, 
died 1536, by a stone thrown by a countryman 
from a turret, falling upon his head. 
GARDEN, Alexander, a distinguished episco 
pal clergyman, of Charleston, South-Carolina 
He came from Scotland to Charleston, in 1720 
; and resided there until his death, in 175(5. 
I GARDEN, Alexander, M. D., a scientific phy- 
sician, of South-Carolina, who introduced into 
medical use the Virginian snake root; he died 
| about 1771. 
j G.4RDTE, Pontusde la, a French adventurer, 
; successively in the employment of marshal Bri- 
i sac, the Danes, and Swedes; lie died in 1585. 
205 GA 
GAR DIN DUMESN1L, N., professor of rheto- 
ric at Paris, and an eminent scholar ; he wrote 
on Latin synonymes, and died in 1802. 
GARDINER, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, 
and chancellor of England, was born at Bury 
Si. Edmund’s, in Suffolk, 1483. His character as 
a minister is to be drawn from the general his- 
tories : he had a large portion of haughtiness, 
boundless ambition, and deep dissimulation ; for 
he looked on religion as an engine of state, and 
made use of it as such. He died in 1555. 
GARDINER, James, acolonei in the army of 
George II., born in Scotland, 1688, was equally 
admirable for the virtues of piety and personal 
courage, and died bravely fighting against the 
rebels at Preston-pans, near Edinburgh, in 1745. 
GARENGEOT.Rene, Jacques, Croissant de, a 
French surgeon of great reputation he wrote 
several valuable works, and died in 1759. 
GARESSOLES, Anthony, a native of Mon- 
taubau, who wrote several theological works, 
died in 1650. 
GARET, John, a Benedictine of St. Maur, 
born at Havre de Grace, died in 1694. 
GARLANDE, Jean de, a grammarian, ob- 
tained some celebrity by his poem on the “ Con- 
tempt of the World,” &x.; he was living in 
1801. 
GARNET, Henry, a person memorable in 
English history, for having been privy to, and 
aiding in, the celebrated conspiracy called “ The 
Gunpowder Plot,” was executed at the west 
end of St. Paul’s, May 3, 1606. 
GARNETT, Dr. Thomas, an English physi- 
cian and natural philosopher, was born in 1766. 
After having studied medicine and chymistry, 
and graduated at Edinburgh, he delivered seve- 
al courses of lectures on chymistry and expe- 
rimental philosophy, at Manchester, Liverpool, 
&c. He was soon after elected professor of 
philosophy, in Anderson’s Institution at Glas- 
gow; and his leisure hours in Scotland were 
employed in collecting materials for his“ Tour 
through the Highlands, and part of the Western 
Isles.” Dr. Garnett afterwards accepted an in- 
vitation from the new royal institution, in Lon- 
don ; where, for one season, he was professor 
of natural philosophy and chymistry, and deli- 
vered the whole of the lectures. On retiring 
from this situation, as being too laborious for 
the state of his health, he commenced a course 
of lectures at his house, on Zoonomia, or the 
Laws of Animal Life, arranged according to 
the Rrunonian theory. From a patient, whom 
he attended in a fever, he caught the infection, 
and died in 1802. 
GARNIER, Robert, a French tragic poet, 
born in 1534, died 1590. 
GARNIER, John, a jesuit, professor of rhe- 
toric and philosophy, died in 1681. 
G ARNIER, Julian, a Benedictine monk, died 
in 1723. 
GAROSALO, Bonvenuto, an Italian painter, i 
born at Ferrara, died in 1695. 
GARRARD. Mark, an eminent painter, born 
at Bruges, in Flanders, in 1561. He was prin- 
cipal painter to queen Elizabeth, and died in 
1635. 
GARRARD, James, was an officer of the re- 
volutionary army, and one of the first settlers i 
of Kentucky, of which state he was afterwards i 
governor; he died in 1822. i 
GARRICK, David, an excellent English actor, ■ 
born at Hereford, and baptized there, Feb. 28, l 
1716. Having performed a noviciate at Ipswich, 
he made his appearance at Goodman’s Fields; < 
GA 
and, Oct. 1741, acted Richard III. for the first 
; time. His acting was attended with the loudest 
acclamations of applause ; and his fame was so 
quickly propagated through the town, that the 
' more established theatres of Drury Lane and 
i Covent Garden were deserted. These patentees, 
alarmed at the great deficiency in the receipts of 
, their houses, and at the crowds which constantly 
• filled the theatre of Goodman’s Fields, united 
i their efforts to destroy the new-raised seat of 
theatrical empire; in consequence of which, 
Garrick entered into an agreement with Fleet 
wood, patentee of Drury Lane, for 500/. a year 
The fame of our English Roscius was now so 
extended, that an invitation from Ireland, upon 
very profitable conditions, was sent him n act 
, in Dublin during the months of June, July, 
and August, 1742; which invitation he accepted. 
His success there exceeded all imagination ; he 
was caressed by all ranks as a prodigy of thea- 
trical accomplishments; and the play-house was 
so crowded during this hot season, that a very 
mortal fever was produced, which was called 
Garrick’s fever. lie returned to London before 
the winter, and now attended closely to his the- 
atrical profession, in which he was irrevocably 
fixed. April, 1747, he became joint patentee of 
Drury Lane theatre with Mr. Lacy; and in 
July, 1749, married Mademoiselle Violetti. In 
1703, he undertook a journey into Italy for the 
benefit of his health ; and during his travels, 
gave frequent proofs of his theatrical talents, 
for he could, without the least preparation, 
transform himself into any character, tragic oi 
comic, and seize instantaneously upon any pas- 
sion of the human mind. After he had been 
abroad about a year and a half, he turned his 
thoughts homewards, and arrived in London 
April, 1765. In 1769 he projected and conducted 
the memorable Jubilee at Stratford, in hououi 
of Shakspeare, so much admired by some, and 
so much ridiculed by others. On the death of 
Mr. Lacy in 1773, the whole management of 
the theatre devolved on him ; but, being ad 
vanced in years, and much afflicted with chroni- 
cal disorders, he finally left it in June, 1776, and 
disposed of his moiety of the patent to Messieurs 
Sheridan, Linley, and Ford, for 35,0001. He 
died Jan. 20, 1779. Notwithstanding his con- 
stant employ as both actor and manager, he 
was perpetually producing various little things 
in the dramatic way ; some of which are origi 
nals; others translations or alterations from 
other authors, adapted to the taste of the present. 
times. 
GARRIEL, Peter, he wrote an account of 
Montpelier cathedral, in 1631. 
GARSAULT, Francis Alexander, a learned 
Frenchman ; he wrote the anatomy of the horse, 
and died at Paris, in 1778. 
GARTH, Sir Samuel, an excellent poet and 
physician,and authorof a most admirable satire, 
called “The Dispensary,” was born in York- 
shire. After having eminently distinguished 
himself, as well by his various poetical produc- 
tions as bv his professional merit, he died Jan. 
18, 1718-19. 
GARTHSHORE, Maxwell, a physician and 
an accoucheur, who practised in London, with 
great reputation, near fifty years, was a Fellow 
of the Royal Society : horn in 1732, in Scotland, 
died in London, in 1812 Some patters of his 
will be found in “The Philbsophical Transac 
tions.” 
GARZT. Lewis, a painter, considered the suc- 
cessful rival of Carlo Marat, died in 1721. 
206 GA 
GASCOIGNE, Sir William, chief justice of 
the King’s Bench in the reign of Henry IV , was 
born in 5350. How much he distinguished him- 
self in his high office appears from the several 
abstracts of hisopinions, arguments, distinctions, 
and decisions which occur in our old books ol 
law reports: but he is said to have distinguished 
himself above his brethren by a most memorable 
transaction in the latter end of the king’s reign. 
A servant of the prince of Wales, afterwards 
Hem v V., being arraigned for felony at the bar 
of the King’s Bench, the news soon reached ins 
master’s ears, who, hastening to the court, or- 
iered him to be unfettered, and offered to rescue 
him ; in which, being opposed by the judge, who 
commanded him to ieave the prisoner and de- 
part, he rushed furiously up to the bench, and, 
as it is generally affirmed, struck the chief justice 
then sitting in the execution of hisoffice. Here- 
upon Sir William, after some expostulation upon 
the outrage, indignity, and unwarrantable in- 
terruption of the proceedings in that place, di- 
rectly committed him to the king’s bench prison, 
mere to wait his father’s pleasure. The prince 
submitted to his punishment with a calmness no 
less sudden and surprising than the offence had 
been which drew it upon him; and the king, 
being informed of the whole aftair, was so far 
from being displeased with the justice, that he 
returned thanks to God, “That he had given 
him both a judge who knew how to administer, 
and a son who could obey justice.” The prince 
also, who had for some time led a dissolute life, 
was entirely reformed thereby, and afterwards 
became with the title of Henry V., that renowned 
king who conquered Fiance. Sir William died 
in 1413. 
GASCOIGNE, George, a celebrated poet in 
tile early part of the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
was bred to the law, hut became a soldier, and 
served with credit in the wars of the Low Coun- 
tries. He was author of four dramatic pieces, 
and several poems ; the most remarkable of 
which was a satire called “ The Steel Glass 
he died in 1577 His works were most collected 
in 1587 . 
GASPARINI, a celebrated grammarian, born 
m 1370, died in 1431. He is deservedly recorded as 
one of the fit-s* restorers of good Latin in Italy. 
GASSENDI, Peter, a very eminent French 
philosophical, moral, and mathematical writer, 
born in 1592, died at Paris, in 1655. 
GASSION, John de, a native of Pan, marshal 
o< France, eminently distinguished for his valour 
,n war, fell at the siege of Lens, in 1647. 
CAST, John, a native of Dublin, he published 
some works of merit, for which the university 
of Dublin honoured him with a degree of D. D. 
without the usual expenses; he died in 1788. 
GASTALDI, John Baptiste, a native of Siste- 
ron. an eminent physician, died in 1747. 
GASTAUD, Francis, an ccclesiatic of Aix, 
he insulted the bishop of Marseilles in his writ- 
ings, and was denied the honours of sepulture; 
he died in 1732. . . 
GASTON of France, John Baptist, duke of 
Orleans, was son of Henry IV., and brother of 
Lewis XIII.; he died in 1660. 
GASTON DE FOIX, duke of Nemours, early 
distinguished himself in the army in Italy ; he 
fell in battle in 1512. 
GASTRELL, Francis, bishop of Chester, and 
a controversial writer, born in 1662, died in 1725. 
GATAKER, Thomas, an English divine, and 
critical and theological writer, bom in London, 
p 1574, died in 1651. 
' GA 
GATAKER, Charles, son of the preceding, 
and a writer on controversial divinity, bore in 
1614, died in 16e0. 
GATES, Sir Thomas, one of the first govern- 
ors of the colony of Virginia, about 1609, and 
again, on returning front England, in 1611; he 
died in the East-Indies. 
GATES, Horatio, a major general, and a dis- 
tinguished officer of the American army during 
the revolution. He was a major in the British 
service, at the defeat of general Braddock ; at 
the declaration of independence, lie was made 
adjutant general, afterwards commander of the 
northern army, to which general Burgoyne sur- 
rendered in 1777; in 1780, he was appointed 
commander of the southern army ; after the war 
he returned to his farm, from which he removed 
to New-York, where he died in 1806. 
GATIMOSIN, the last of the Mexican kings. 
He was cruelly tortured in a fiery ordeal by 
Cortez, and three years after was hanged in his 
capital in 1526. 
GAUBIL, Anthony, a French missionary in 
China, where he resided 30 years; he died in 
1759. 
GAUBIUS, Jerome David, a native of Hei- 
delberg, professor of medicine, and lecturer on 
botany and chymistry, died in 1780. 
GAUD, Henry, a painter and engraver, of 
Utrecht, died in 1639. 
GAUDEN, John, bishop of Worcester born 
in 1605, celebrated for his zeal in the cause of the 
unfortunate king Charles, and reputed (though 
falsely) the author of “Eikon Basilike,” died 
in 1662. 
GAUDENTIO, a painter, of Milan, born about 
1480. 
GAUDENTIUS, St., a bishop of Brescia, he 
wrote sermons, letters, &c., and died in 427. 
GAUDENZIO, Paganin, a native of Valle- 
line, Greek professor, died in 1648. 
GAULI, Giovanni Baptista, a painter, of Ge- 
noa, died at Rome, in 1709. 
GAULMIN, Gilbert, a French writer of some 
celebrity, died in 1665. 
GAUPP, John, a native of Lindau, educated 
at Jena, was an able mathematician ; he died 
in 1738. 
GAURICO, Luca, an Italian professor of 
astronomy, at Ferrara, died in 1558. 
GAUSSEM, Jane Catharine, a celebrated 
actress, retired from the theatre trom motives 
of religion; she died at Paris, in 1767. 
GAUSHIER, Jean Baptiste, a French alibe, 
ho wrote a “ Tract against Pope’s Essay on 
Man,” and died of a fall in 1755. 
GAVANTS, Bartholomew, a Barnabite monk, 
author of some works; died at Milan, in 1638. 
GAVESTON, Peter, a favourite of reward 
II., was proud, overbearing, and cruel; he was 
beheaded in 1312. . 
GAY, John, an English poet, born in 1688. 
His amiable qualities recommended him to the 
acquaintance of Swilt and Pope, who were 
exceedingly struck with the open sincerity, the 
undisguised simplicity of his manners, and ti e 
easiness of his temper. In 1712 lie produced 
his celebrated poem, called “Trivia, or, the 
it of walking the Streetsand the following 
year, at the instance of Pope, founed the plan 
,of his “ Pastorals.” The “ Shepherd’s Week” 
icame out in 1714, with a dedication to Lord 
Bolingbroke. Gay was soon after introduced at 
court, and for several years experienced the 
I usual vicissitudes of favour and of mortification 
I incident to such a life. His opinions of a ccwrt GE 
friendship are pretty plainly intimated in his 
“ Beggar’s Opera;” which, being brought upon 
the stage in 1727, was received with greater 
applause than had ever been known on any occa- 
sion, being acted in London 63 days without inter- 
ruption , and renewed the next season with amaz- 
ing success. He wrote several other plays of no 
great celebrity; but what will always distin- 
guish him as a poet are his “ Fables,” which 
will be read and admired so long as any taste 
for that kind of writing shall exist. He died in 
1732, and was buried in Westminister Abbey. 
GAY, Ebenezer, D. D., minister of Hingham, 
Mass.: he published several sermons, and died 
in 1787. 
GAYOT DE PIT AVAL, Francis, a French 
author, born at Lyons, was unfortunate in all 
tis pursuits ; he died in 1743. 
GAZA, Theodore, a very eminent gramma- 
rian, and translator of Greek writings, born at 
Thessalonica, in Greece, in 1398, died in 1478. 
G VZALI, or ABON HAMED MOHAMMED 
ZE1N EDDIN AL THOUSI, a mussulman doc- 
tor, died at Khorassan, in 1112. 
GAZET, William, a native of Arras, and an 
ecclesiastic ; he wrote a Chronological History, 
and died in 1612. 
GAZOLA, Joseph, a physician, of Verona, 
died in 1715. 
GAZON DOURXIGNE, S. M. M., a native of 
Cluimper, a famous critic, died in 1784. 
GAZZOLI, Benozzo, an Italian painter, died 
in 1478. 
GEBELIN, Anthony Court de, celebrated as 
author of “ Le Monde Primitif compare a Monde 
Moderne,” born in 1727, died in 1784. When 
the plan of his great work, “ Le Monde Primitif,” 
made its appearance, M. d’Alembert was so 
struck with it, that he asked with enthusiasm, 
“ si e’etoit une societe de 40 hommes qui etoit 
charges de Pexecuterl” The French academy 
were so well satisfied with the undertaking, that 
they twice decreed to him the prize of 1200 livres, 
which they give annually to the author of the 
most valuable work that has appeared in the 
course of the year. 
GEBER, John an Arabian physician of the 
9th century. His works contain much know- 
ledge. 
GED, William, an ingenious artist, memora- 
ble for a new invention in the art of printing. 
From any types of Greek or Roman, or any 
other character, he formed a plate for every 
page or sheet of a book from which he printed, 
instead of using a type for every letter, as is done 
in the common way. This scheme has recently, 
through the ingenuity and perseverance of Earl 
Stanhope, and Mr. Andrew Wilson, arrived at 
a high degree of practical perfection. On the 
29th May 1810, Mr. Wilson was honoured with 
the gold medal, by the Society of Arts, for his 
exertions in Stereotype printing. Mr. Ged died 
in 1749. 
GEDALT A, a famous rabbi, who died in 1448. 
GEDDES, Michael, a learned divine, received 
the degree of LL D., from the university of Ox- 
ford : he died in 1715. 
GEDDES, James, born in Scotland, in 1710, 
died in 1748-9, leaving behind him “ An Essay 
on the Composition and Manner of Writing of 
the Ancients, particularly Plato,” which has 
great merit. 
GEDDES, Dr. Alexander, a man of very pro- 
found research in biblical literature, was born 
in 1737, and died near London, in 1802. Dr. 
Geddes was a Roman Catholic, and had cm- 
GF. 
ployed himself many years in a new translation 
of the Bible; owing, however, to various causes, 
it was left unfinished ; only the iirst twelve 
■books of the Old Testament being printed. 
| GEDOYN, Nicolas, a French writer. He 
studied at Pa is, was a jesuit 10 years ; he wrote 
some ingenious essays, and died in 1744. 
GEE, John, a distinguished minister in Bos- 
ton, died in 1748. 
GEEK, Charles de, a native of Sweden, much 
respected as a man of science, and benefactor 
of the poor; he died in 1778. 
GE1NOZ, Francis, a learned Swiss abbe, au- 
thor of some valuable dissertations on Ancient 
Medals ; lie died in 1752. 
GEJER, Martin, a native of Eeipsic, and pro- 
fessor of Hebrew, died in 1681 
GELAS1US the Elder, bishop of Caisarea, in 
Palestine, in the 4th century. 
GELAS1US of Cyzicus, bishop of Ca:sarea, 
in 476. 
GELASIUS I., bishop of Rome after Felix II., 
in 492, some of his works are extant; he died 
in 496. 
GELASIUS II., a Campanian by birth, raised 
to the pontificate in 1118, died in 1119. 
GELDEN" I1AUR, Gerard Eobanus, a German, 
well skilled in poetry, died in 1542. 
GELDER, Arnold de, a Dutch painter, of 
Dort, died in 1727. 
GELDORP, Gualdorp, a painter, of Louvain, 
excelled in portraits and history ; he died in 
1668. 
GELEE, Claude, commonly called Claude of 
Lorraine. See CLAUDE. 
GELENTUS, Sigismund, a learned man, born 
at Prague. Ilis disregard for honours was very 
uncommon ; he died at Basil, in 1555. 
GELLERT, Christian Fauchtegott, a German 
comic poet, born in Misnia, in 1715, died in 1769. 
GELLl, John Baptist, an eminent Italian com- 
ic poet, born at Florence, in 1498, died in 1563. 
GELLIBERAND, Henry, an eminent mathe- 
matician, and professor of astronomy at Gresham 
College, born in London, in 1597, died in 1636. 
GELLIUS, Aulus, a celebrated grammarian, 
who lived in the 2d century, under Marcus Au- 
relius and some succeeding emperors, and is 
now known by his “Nodes Attica;,” a collec- 
tion of observations on authors, which he gather- 
ed up from reading or conversation, and put 
together for the use of his children. He called 
them “Nodes Attica1,” because they were com- 
posed in the evenings of a winter which he spent 
at Athens. The chief value of it is, that it has 
preserved many facts and monuments of anti- 
quity, which are not to be found elsewhere. 
GELON, king of Syracuse, in 484 B. C., was 
universally respected by his subjects. 
GEMELLI-CARRERI, Francis, an Italian 
writer, author of an interesting account of a 
voyage round the world, between 1693 and 1698 
GEMIGNAGNO, Ovinentio de St., a Tuscan 
painter, died in 1530. 
GEMIGNANO, Giacinlo, a painter, born at 
Pistoie, died in 1681. 
GEMINIANI, Francisco, a fine performer on 
the violin, and composer for that instrument, 
born at Lucca, in Italy, about 1680, died in 1762. 
GEMISTUS, George, he lived to above the 
age of 100, distinguished for his learning and 
virtues. 
GEMMA, Reinier, a Dutch physician, of Doc- 
kum, was also an astronomer and mathemati- 
cian ; he died in 1555. 
GENDRE, Lewis le, a French histor'an 
208 GE 
wrote a history of France, from the commence- 
ment of the monarchy to the death of Lewis 
XIII. , manners and customs of the French, &.c., I 
and'died in 1733. 
GEN DUE, Gilbert Charles le, marquis of St. 
Aubin, died at Paris, in 1746. 
GENDRE, Nicholas le, a French sculptor, 
died at Paris, in 1670. 
GEN DUE, Lewis le, a deputy in the national 
convention, died in 1797. 
GENEURAKD, Gilbert, a Benedictine monk, 
born at Riom, died in 1597. 
GENESIUS, Josephus, one of the Byzantine 
historians, nourished in 940. 
GENEST, Charles Claude, a French poet, and 
author of tragedies, died in 1719. 
GENET, Francis, bishop of Vaison, born at 
Avignon, in 1640, is known for the Theology of 
Grenoble. 
GENGA, Gerome, an Italian painter and 
architect, died in 1551. 
GENGA, Bartholomew, son of the preceding, 
an eminent architect, died in 1558. 
GENGIS-KHAN, or ZINGiS KHAN, a most 
illustrious Mogul prince, who being obliged to 
fly from Delhi, on account of a general revolt 
of his subjects, took shelter at the court of Aventi- 
klian, Cham of the Tartars, and married his 
daughter; but the jealousy of Aventi obliged 
him to escape a second time ; and being pursued 
by Aventi and his son, he defeated them both; 
and, their army revolting to him, he soon in- 
creased it. From this event he became as re- 
nowned a conqueror as Alexander the Great. In 
the space of 28 years he subdued the greater 
part of Asia, and rendered himself as famous for 
his skill in government, as for the valour of his 
arms. He was born in 1163, and died in 1227, 
leaving his dominions (which extended 1800 
leagues from east to west, and 1000 from north 
to south,) properly divided to his four sons. 
GENNADIES, a patriarch of Constantinople, 
after Anatolius, in 458, died in 471. 
GENNAD1US, an ecclesiastical writer of 
Marseilles, died 493. There are two works of 
his remaining: “ De DogmatibusEcclesiasticis,” 
and il De lllustribus Ecclesia; Scriptoribus.” 
GENNADIUS, a patriarch of Constantinople, 
wrote the Christian faith in Greek, Latin, and 
Turkish ; he died in a monastery, in 1460. 
GENNARI, Benedetto, a painter, of Bologna, 
was patronised by Lewis XIV., Charles II., &c., 
and died in 1715. 
GENNARI, Cssare, son of the preceding, a 
painter, was eminent in historical pieces; he 
died in 1688. 
GENNARO, Joseph Aurelius, a native of 
Naples, was a respectable author; he died in 
1762 
GENOELS, Abraham, a painter, of Antwerp, 
born in 1640. 
GENOVESI, Anthony, celebrated as a lecturer 
in philosophy, died in 1769. 
GENSERIC, king of the Vandals, a conqueror 
and tyrant, who captured Rome in 435, and suf- 
fered his soldiers during 14 days to pillage it, and 
massacre the defenceless inhabitants; he died in 
477. 
GENSON NE, Armand, an advocate of Bour- 
deaux, was guillotined in 1793. 
GENTILE, Ludovico, a painter, of Brussels. 
His portrait of Alexander VII. is admired ; he 
died in 1670. 
GENT I LIS DEFOLIGNO, a physician, and 
»n author, died in 1348. 
GENTILESCHI. Horatio, an Italian painter, 
GE 
who adorned the ceilings of Greenwich and 
York house, England, where he died 
GENT1LESCHI, Artemisia, daughter of the 
preceding, eminent as a historical painter. 
GENT1L1S, Scipio, a native of Ancona, pro- 
fessor of civil law, died in 1616. 
GENT1LIS, John Valentine, was condetnred 
to lose Iris head at Berne, for the violence of 
his religious opinions, in 1567. 
GENT1LIS, Alberico, a native of Ancona, 
and professor of law, at Oxford, died in 1608. 
GENTILLET, Valentine, a native of Dau- 
phine, and syndic of the city of Geneva, lived 
about 1578. 
GENTLEMAN, Francis, an actor and dra 
matic writer, born in Ireland, 1728, died 1784. 
He was author of eleven dramatic pieces; and 
of “ The Dramatic Censor.” 
GEOFFREY, of Monmouth. See JEFFERY. 
GEOFFROI, Stephen Francis, a French phy- 
sician, who wrote a Materia Medica, died in 1731 
GEORGE, St., the patron of England, sup- 
posed to have suffered in the reign of Dioclesian. 
GEORGE of Trebizond, a native of Candia, 
and secretary to pope Nicolas V., published se- 
veral works, and died in 1484. 
GEORGE the Cappadocian, Arian bishop of 
Alexandria ; was assassinated, in consequence 
of his oppression, in 361. 
GEORGE, surnamed Amira, a learned Ma- 
ronite, who published a grammar of the Syriac 
and Chaldee; he died in 1641. 
GEORGE, duke of Clarence, brother of Ed- 
ward IV., of England, condemned to death for 
conspiring against his brother, in 1478. 
GEORGE, prince of Servia, died in conse- 
quence of a wound received in 1457, in a battle 
against the Hungarians. 
GEORGE LEWIS I., son of Ernest Augustus, 
of Brunswick, called to the throne of England 
on the death of queen Anne, in 1714. 
GEORGE AUGUSTUS II., son of the preced- 
ing, succeeded to the throne, in 1727. His reign 
was more splendid than useful. 
GEORGE III., king of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, succeeded his grandfather George II., on 
the throne, in 1760. Ilis reign was of 60 years 
duration, and was rendered prominent by the 
loss of the American colonies, by the acquisition 
of India, and by long and sanguinary wars, 
with the different pow'ers of Europe. During 
the latter part of his reign, the kingdom was go- 
verned by a regency, in consequence of his men- 
tal derangement. He died in 1820. 
GERARD, Tom, or Tung, was the institu- 
tor and first grand master of the knights hospi- 
talers of Jerusalem, afterwards of Malta ; lie 
died in 1120. 
GERARD. Balthazar, the assassin of William 
I., prince of Orange, whom he shot through the 
head with a pistol as he wras going out of his pa- 
lace at Delft. His sentence was the same as that 
of Damien ; and this fanatic died, in his own 
conceit., a martyr of the church of Rome, 1584. 
GERARD, John, a learned protestant divine, 
of Quedlimburg, died in 1638. 
GERARD, John, a native of Jena, professor 
and rector of the university, author of several 
works, died in 1668. His son, John Ernest, died 
professor of divinity at Geissen, in 1707. 
GERARD, John, a native of England, emi- 
nent as a botanist, published a work on plants, 
and died in 1607. 
GERARD, Dr. Alexander, professor of divi- 
nity in the university of Aberdeen, and author 
of several esteemed vvorks, died in 1705. 
209 GE 
GERARD, Gilbert, was for many years pas- 
tor of the English church at Amsterdam, and af- 
terwards professor of Greek in King’s college, 
and of divinity in the university of Aberdeen. 
He died in 1815. 
GERARDT, Chrstofaro, an excellent land- 
scape paiuter, of Florence, died in 1558. 
GERARIll, Mark, an eminent painter, of 
Bruges, patronised by queen Elizabeth, died in 
1635. 
GERBAIS, John, a doctor of the Sorbonne. 
who wrote in support of the liberties of the Gal- 
licau church, died in 1699. 
GERBELIUSjNicholaus, an eminent German 
lawyer, born at Pforzeim, died in 1560. 
GERBERON, Gabriel, a French ecclesiastic, 
who wrote on the Jansenist controversy, and 
was imprisoned for it; he died in prison, in 1711. 
GERBIER, Sir Balthazar, a celebrated pain- 
ter, of Antwerp, born in 1592, died in 1661. 
GERBILLON, John Francis, a jesuit mis- 
sionary in China, much respected by the em- 
peror, for whom he wrote elements of geometry; 
he died in 1707. 
GERDES, Daniel, a native of Bremen, pro- 
fessor of divinity at Duisburg, died in 1765 
GERDIL, Hyacinth Sigisinond, a native of 
Piedmont, professor of philosophy at Macerata, 
and tutor to the prince royal of Sardinia, was 
made a cardinal in 1777. He died at Rome, in 
1802. His writings are chiefly on religious and 
philosophical subjects. 
GERHARD, Ephraim, professor of law at 
Altdorf, died in 1718. 
GERLACH, Stephen, a native of Swabia, and 
chaplain to the embassy to Constantinople; he 
wrote ecclesiastical history, &c., and died in 
1612. 
GERMAIN, Thomas, a native of Paris, emi- 
nent as a goldsmith, died in 1748. 
GERMANICUS, Crnsar, son of Drusus, and 
paternal nephew to the emperor Tiberius, who 
adopted him: he was a renowned general, but 
still more illustrious for his virtues. He took the 
title of Germanicus from his conquests in that 
country ; and, though he had the moderation to 
refuse the empire offered to him by his army, 
Tiberius, jealous of his success, and of the uni- 
versal esteem he acquired, caused him to be 
poisoned, A. D. 29, aged 34. He was a protector 
of learning, and composed several Greek come- 
dies and Latin poems, some of which are still 
extant. 
GERMANIO, Anastasio, a native of Pied- 
mont, and bishop of Tarentasia, died in 1627. 
GERMANUS, bishop of Cyzicutn, made pa- 
triarch of Constantinople, and was degraded for 
supporting image worship; he died in 740. 
GERMYN, Simon, a Dutch painter, of Dort, 
whose landscapes are admired, died in 1719. 
GERRY, Elbridge, a native of Massachusetts, 
was a member of congress in 1776, and a signer 
of the declaration of independence; minister to 
France, with Mr. Marshall and Mr. Pinkney; go- 
vernor of the state of Massachusetts, and after- 
wards vice-president of the United States. He 
died at Washington, in 1814. 
GERSON, John, an illustrious French theolo- 
gical and critical writer, born in 1363, died 1429. 
GERSTEN, Christian Lewis, mathematical 
professor at Giessen, was imprisoned 12 years 
for writing an offensive letter to his sovereign ; 
he was author of several works, and died in 1762. 
GERVAI3,.Armand Francis, a Carmelite ec- 
slesiastic, was confined for writing against the 
Bernardir.es ; he died in prison, in 1741. 
Gl 
GERVAISE, Nicliolas, missionary to Siam, 
and afterwards to Guiana, where he was mur 
dered by the natives, in 1729. 
GESNER, Conrad, an eminent physician and 
natural philosopher, called the Pliny of Ger 
many, born at Zurich, in 1510, died 1505. 
GESNER, Solomon, bookseller at Zurich, in 
■Switzerland, and author of many elegant and 
admired poems, in the German language, born 
in 17110, was for several years before his death a 
member of the senate of his native city. lie 
was an admirable landscape painter as well as a 
poet. Of his writings, the best known in Eng- 
land is “ The Death of Abel.” He died in 1788. 
GESNER, John Matthew, a German, much 
known as the author of some valuable editions 
of the classics; he died at Gottingen, in 1761. 
GESNER, John James, professor in the uni 
versity at Zurich, published some works, and 
died m 1787. 
GESNER, Solomon, a native of Silesia, be- 
came divinity professor atWittemberg; iie wrote 
several works, and died in 1605. 
GETA, Septimius, brother of Caracalla, by 
whom he was slain through jealousy, A. IJ. 212. 
GETHIN, lady Grace, an English lady, wife 
of sir Richard Gethin, distinguished for her ta- 
! lents , her works were published after her death, 
i in 1700. 
! GETHING, Richard, an Englishman, distin- 
guished for his penmanship ; settled in London 
i about 1616. 
I GBUSS, John Michael, of Holstein, professoi 
of mathematics at Copenhagen, and an author, 
died in 1786. 
GEVARTIUS, John Gasper, an eminent cri- 
tic, and author of several works, died at Ant- 
werp, in 1CC6. 
GHELEN, or GELENiUS, Sigismund. See 
GELENIUS. 
GHEZZI, Peter Leone, a painter, knighted bj 
Francis I., duke of Parma, died in 1755. 
GHILINI, Jerome, an Italian writer, born at 
Milan, in 1589, lived to be 80 years old, and was 
the author of several works; the most consider- 
able of which is his “Theatre of Learned Men.” 
GHIRLANDAIO, or GIHRLANDEM, Do- 
menico, a Florentine paiuter, born in 1449, died 
1493. 
GHISOLFI, Giovanni, a painter of Milan, 
died in 1683. His perspective views are much 
admired. 
G1AFAR, or SADEK the Just, a Mussulman 
doctor, who wrote a book on prophecies, &c., 
died at Medina, in 764. 
GIAHEDH, or LARGE EYED, the head of 
the Motazales, a sect who united religion and 
philosophy. 
GIANNONI, Peter. an esteemed historian, 
born at Naples, in 1680, died 1748. 
GIARDINI, Felix, an eminent performer on 
the violin, and a composer of music, was born at 
Piedmont. In 1750 he went to England, where 
he met with great encouragement, and had a 
joint interest in the opera. He died in Russia, 
1793. 
GIBBON, Edward, an eminent historian, bo.-n 
at Putney, in 1737. In 1774, Mr. Gibbon was 
elected to a seat in parliament, which he vacat- 
ed in 1780 ; in the course of which period, how- 
ever, he was pome time a lord of trade. His ce- 
lebrated “ History of tile Decline and Fall of the 
Roman Empire,” will probably last as long as 
the language in which it is written. It abounds 
in proofs of unexampled learning, of a mind pe- 
netrating ar.t* sagacious, and of talents for ridi GI 
•ule agreeable and exquisite. Upon the subject! 
of Christianity, however, he has indulged much 
latitude, which has justly raised him a great 
number of opponents. The greater part of this] 
immortal history was written at Lausanne, in| 
Switzerland Mr. Gibbon died in 1794. 
GIBBONS, Grinling, a famous sculptor em- 
ployed by Charles II., died in 1721. 
GIBBONS,Orlando, a distinguished organist 
of tire royal chapel in England, died in 1625. 
GIBBS, James, an architect, who designed se- 
veral of the principal buildings in England, died 
in 1754. 
GIBBS, Sir Vicary, an eminent English law- 
yer, was born at Exeter, and educated at Cam- 
bridge. He was elected a member of parliament 
for that university, and was afterwards made 
king’s attorney and solicitor-general, a judge, 
and then chief-justice of the common pleas. He 
died in 1820. 
GIBELIN. See GEBELIN. 
GIBERT, Balthasar, a native of Aix, who 
held the chair of rhetoric at Mazarin 50 years ; 
he wrote several works, and died in 1771. 
GIBERT, John Peter, a native of Aix, and a 
professor, wrote several works on theology ; he 
died at Paris, in 1736. 
GIBERTI, John Matthew, a native of Paler- 
mo, who became governor of Tivoli, and bishop 
of Verona, died in 1543. 
GIBIEIJF, William, a priest, who wrote a 
book on tite liberty of God, and the Creator, a 
work of great merit; he died in 1650. 
GIBSON,Thomas, an eminent painter, known 
at Oxford and London, died in 1751. 
GIBSON, Thomas, a physician in England, 
eminent as a botanist, &c., wrote several works; 
he died in 1562. 
GIBSON, Edmund, bishop of London, born in 
1669, and eminent as an antiquarian, theologi- 
gical, political, and controversial writer, died in 
1748. He published an edition of “ Camden’s 
Britannia,” in English, and the posthumous 
works of sir Henry Spelman. 
GIBSON, Richard, an eminent English pain- 
ter, greatly in favour with Charles 1., to whom 
he was page of the back stairs. He was a dwarf, 
and married one Mrs. Anne Shepherd, who was 
also a dwarf. Charles I. was pleased to honour 
their marriage with his presence, and to give the 
bride. Waller wrote a poem on this occasion, 
11 Of the Marriage of the Dwarfs,” which begins 
thus: 
“ Design or chance make others wive; 
But nature did this match contrive; 
Eve might as well have Adam fled, 
As she denied her little bed 
To him, for whom Ileav’n seem’d to frame 
And measure out this only dame,” &c. 
They appear to have been of an equal stature, 
each of them measuring three feet ten inches. 
They had, however, nine children ; five of which 
attained to maturity, and were well proportion- 
ed to the usual standard of mankind- He died 
in 1689, aged 75, and his-witedied in 1709, at the 
age of 89. 
"GIBSON, William, nephew of Richard, be- 
came eminent as a painter; he died in 1702. 
GIBSON, William, a self-taught mathemati- 
cian of the most wonderful powers, born in 
1720, died 1791. 
GIBSON, Edward, kinsman to William, and 
instructed by him, died young. 
GIDEON, one of the judges of Israel, died 
1230 1 n. 
GI 
G1FANIUS, Hubertus, or Obertus, a critic and 
civilian, died at Prague, in lti04. 
GIFFORD, Dr. Andrew, an eminent English 
dissenting divine and antiquary, born in 1700, 
died 1784. He was assistant librarian at the Bri- 
tish Museum ; to which post he was remarkably 
suited, having a peculiar talent for receiving and 
communicating knowledge. As a minister of 
the Gospel, he was lively and evangelical; he 
was master of the pathetic, and persuasion 
dwelt on his lips ; his heart was in the work ; 
and, upon some occasions particularly, it might 
have been said of him, as was said of one of 
the blessed reformers: “ Vividus vultus, vividi 
oculi, vivida; manus, denique omnia vivida ” 
GIFFORD, Richard, an English divine, au- 
thor of several learned works, died in 1807, much 
respected. 
GIFFORD, John, a political writer and histo- 
rian, (whose real name, however, is said to have 
been John Richard Green, ) was born in 1758. He 
embraced the law as a profession ; but, having 
dissipated his little fortune, hewasobliged to go 
abroad under the assumed name which he ever 
after retained. He returned in 1788; and, on the 
breaking out of the French revolution, devoted 
his pen to the defence of government in church 
and state. He contributed to the establishment 
of the “ British Critic and compiled a “ His- 
tory of France and a “ History of the Politi- 
cal Life of William Pitt.” He died in 1818. 
GIGGEO, Anthony, an Italian divine, vt no 
wrote “Thesaurus Lingua; Arabica;,” in4 vols. 
folio, besides other works, died in 1632. 
GILBERT, Sir Humphrey, an enterprising, 
but unfortunate navigator, related to sir Walter 
Raleigh. He took possession of Newfoundland 
in the name of queen Elizabeth, wrote a book 
to prove the existence of a north-west passage 
to China, and died in 1583. 
GILBERT, Thomas, B. D., an English divine, 
who made a convert of Dr. South to his opinion 
of predestination ; he died in 1694. 
GILBERT, Sir Jeffrey, chief baron of the ex- 
chequer, and a voluminous law writer, was born 
in 1674, and died at Bath, in 1726. 
GILBERT,William, a learned physician, who 
first discovered several of the properties of the 
loadstone, born at Co'chester, in 1540, dtc.J 1603. 
GILDAS, surna ned tne Wise, a ms? -e of 
Wales, and the most ancient British wnitf ex- 
tant ; for his famous “ Epistle” was written A. 
D. 560, and is a most severe censure of the de- 
pravity of the Britons at that time. 
GILDON, Charles, an English poet and critic, 
born in 1665. He is best known by his “ Com- 
plete Art of Poetry,” and died in 1723. 
GILES of Viterbo, an Italian cardinal, favour- 
ite of popes Julius III., and Leo X., died in 1532 
GILES, John, or Aigidius, the first English 
man on record entered among the Dominicans, 
he lived in the 13th century. 
GILIMER, or GELIMER, was the last of tilt 
Vandal kings of Africa. 
GILL, Alexander, an English scholar, mnsta 
of St. Paul’s school, who wrote some theologi 
cal tracts, died in 1635. 
GILL, Alexander, son of the above, assisted 
his father in his school, was a good Latin poet; 
he died in 1642 
GILL, Dr. John, an eminent English Calvin- 
istic divine, a learned orientalist, and volumin- 
ous writer on theological subjects, born i697, 
and died in London, 1771. His greatest work is 
a “ Commentary on the Bible.” 
G1LLES, Peter, a learned adventurer, who  GI ~ 
went into foreign countries to learn their man- 
ners ; he died at Rome, in 4555. 
GILLESPIE, George, a tatnous preacher of 
the church of Scotland, died in 1648. 
GILLOT, Claude, a French painter and en- 
graver, disciple to Vateau, died in 1722. 
GILLRAY,’ James, a celebrated caricature 
designer and engraver, died in 1815. 
GILPIN, Bernard, an eminent English divine 
and reformer, born in 1517, died 1583. 
GILPIN, Richard, a popular non-conformist 
minister in and about London ; he afterwards 
practised physic, and died in 1657. 
GILPIN, William, an English divine, biogra- 
pher, and delineator of nature’s picturesque 
beauties, was born in 1724, died 1804. His prin- 
cipal works are, “ An Exposition of the New 
Testament;” “ An Essay on Prints and nu- 
merous Essays and Observations on Picturesque 
Scenery &c., in different parts of England. 
To these we should add, his “ Sermons to a 
Country Congregation.” 
GILPIN, Sawrey, R. A., a celebrated painter, j 
particularly of horses and wild animals, was ; 
born in 1733, and was brother of the preceding. ' 
He went to London at the age of 14, and was ar- j 
tided to Mr. Scott, a ship-painter, who lived in 
Covent-Garden, where Mr. Gilpin caught his j 
first relish for animal painting, frequently araus- 
ing himself in sketching the carts and horses, | 
market-groups, &c. He was afterwards patron- ) 
ised by William, duke of Cumberland, at Wind- ] 
sor; and from his royal highness’ stud he ac- j 
quired that knowledge of the horse which he has 1 
so ably exhibited in his works. The historical 
compositions he has left, show that he‘ might 
have claimed the palm in the first department 
of art. The Triumph of Camillus, Diomedcs’ 
Horses, his poetical subjects, and drawings of 
animals, possess a taste peculiar to himself. His 
chef d’oeuvre is in the possession of S. Whit- 
bread, esq. M P. It consists of a group of t igers, : 
and is a noble and spirited composition. He ex- I 
celled much in giving an expression of terrible, 
but majestic fierceness, to that noblest oftill ani- 
nulls, the lion. He died at Brompton, in 1807. 
GINNANI, Francis, page to duke Anthony I 
Farnese, wrote several works on agriculture; he ; 
died in 1766. 
GIOCONDO, Fra Giovanni, a schoolmaster 
at Verona, who instructed Julius C«sar Scaii- j 
ger ; he died in 1521. 
GIOIA, Flavio, of Amalfi, in Naples, a cele- | 
brated mathematician, who, from his knowledge j 
of the magnetic powers, invented the mariner’s | 
compass, by which the navigation of Europeans j 
was extended to the most distant regions of the ! 
globe , before this invention, navigation was j 
confined to coasting It is said that the Chinese j 
knew the compass long before; be this as it may, j 
he Europeans are indebted to Gioia for this in- 
valuahle discovery'. He was born about 1300. 
GIOLITO DEL FERRARI, a printer, of the 
16th century, at Venice, ennobled by Charles V., 
d'.ed in 1547. 
GIORDAN!, Vital, a Neapolitan mathemati- 
cian ; author of several works on the mathema- 
tics, died in 1711. 
GIORDAN O, Luca, a painter of N aples, he was1 
knighted by the king of Spain, and died in 1705.1 
GIORGIANl, or ALSEID ALSCHERIF, 
ABON IIASSAN, or HOUSSAIN ALI, a na- 
tive of Georgia, author of Theological and Phi-' 
losophica! terms. 
GIORGIONE, an illustrious Venetian painter, 
born in 1478, died in 1511. 
GL 
GIOSEPP1NO, an eminentNeapolitan paint** 
born in 1560, died in 1640. 
GIOTTINO Tomaso, a painter, of Florence, 
died in 1350. 
GIOTTO, an eminent Florentine painte* 
sculptor, and architect, born in 1276, died ip 
1336. 
G1RALDI, Lilio Gregorio, an ingenious critic, 
antiquary, and historian, and one of the most 
learned men that modern Italy has produced, 
died in i552. 
GIRALDI, John Baptist Cintio, an Italian 
poet, born at Ferrara, in 1504, died in 1573. His 
works consist chiefly of tragedies; and some 
make no scruple to rank him among the best 
tragic writers that Italy has produced. 
GIRALDUS, Sylvester, a learned Welchman, 
who wrote a History of Ireland, and other works 
of great erudition, died about 1215. 
GIRALDUS, Cambrensis, an ancient British 
historian, who died about the latter end of 
the 12tli century, having written “ A History 
|of the World,” in which his information res- 
pecting ecclesiastical att'airs is extremely valu- 
able. 
GIRANDON, Francis, was inspector-general 
|of sculpture to Lewis XIV.; he died in 1715. 
GIRARD, John Baptist, a jesuit, born at Dol, 
was tried by the parliament of Aix, for using 
,sorcery upon a young girl ; but was acquitted. 
GIRARD, Gabriel, a French ecclesiastic, was 
! almoner to the duchess of Berri, &c.; he died in 
11748. 
! GIRON, D. Pierre, duke of Ossuna, a Spaniard, 
who encouraged the famous conspiracy against 
Venice, which forms the subject of one of the 
finest pieces of English tragedy; he died in 
prison in 1024. 
GIRONST, James, of Anjou, known as a po- 
pular preacher: his sermons were published in 
11704 ; he died in 1689. 
GIRTIN, John, an English painter, whose 
views of London and Paris, are much admired ; 
he died in 1802. 
GIRY, Lewis, one of the first members of the 
French academy, and author of several valuable 
j works ; he died in 1665. 
GILBERT, John, a native of Cahors, professor 
of divinity at Toulouse, and author of Anti- 
Probalasimus, died in 1710. 
| GISBERT, Blaise, a jesuit of Cahors, wrote a 
work on Education, &c., died in 1731. 
) GISELINUS, a physician, a native of Bruges, 
;died in 1551. 
[ GIST, Mordecai, a brigadier general in the 
;American war; was in the battle of Camden, 
died in 1792. 
GIULANO, Di-Majano, a Florentine, sculptor 
■ and architect, who died at Naples, in 1447. Se- 
| veral buildings at Naples, are the monuments 
of his genius. 
GIUSTI, Antonio, a painter, of Floiencc, of 
much excellence, died in 1705. 
GLAIN, N. Saint, a zealous Protestant, born 
at. Limoges, about 1620, remarkable for having 
been, by reading of Spinoza’s book, changed into 
as zealous an Atheist. 
GL AN DOR, Matthias, a physician to the arch- 
bishop of Bremen, died in 1652 
GLANVIL, Joseph, a distinguished philoso- 
phical and theological writer, born at Plymouth, 
in 1636, died in 1680. In ‘‘Some Philosophical 
Considerations, touching the Being of Witches 
and Witchcraft,” he defended the possibility 
of witchcraft, which drew him into a contro- 
versy that ended only with his life. Duting tb« GL “ 
course of it, he endeavoured to confirm his opin- 
ion by a collection of several narratives relative 
to it. 
GLANVILLE, Ranulph, chief justiciary of 
all England, and an eminent writer on jurispru- 
dence, who first collected the English laws into 
one body, flourished toward the end of the 12th 
century. 1 
GLAPH YRA,a priestess of Bellona’s temple, 
known fot her amours with Marc Antony. 
GLAPTHORNE, Henry, a poet and dramatic 
writer, who lived in the reign of Charles I., and 
published five plays. 
GLASER, Christopher, apothecary to Louis 
XIV., and author of a valuable treatise on chy- 
mistry, died in 1679. 
GLASS, John, a Scotch divine, who, in 1727, 
published a treatise to prove that the civil esta- 
blishment of religion was inconsistent with 
Christianity : for this he was deposed, and be- 
came the father of a new sect, called in Scot- 
land, Glassites, and in England, Sandemonians. 
He was born at Dundee, in 1698, and died in 
1773. 
GLASS, John, born at Dundee, traded to the 
Brazils, whence returning in 1765, with great 
property, he was murdered by the seamen, who 
were afterwards executed. 
GLASSIUS, Solomon, D. D., a German di- 
vine, superintendent of the schools and churches 
in Saxe Gotha, and author of several works ; he 
died in 1656. 
GLAUBER, John, a painter, of Utrecht, whose 
pieces are much admired ; he died in 1726. 
GLAUBER, John Gotlief, a painter, whose 
pieces were in a finished style, died in 1703. 
GLAUBER, Diana, sister of the precedingj 
painters, born in 1650, was also distinguished 
for the execution of her pencil; she became 
blind in her old age. 
GLAUBER, John Rodolphus, a celebrated 
German chymist, and cliymical writer, of the 
17lh century. 
GLED1TSCH, John Gottlieb, a native of 
I.eipsic, and lecturer in botany, physiology, &c., 
died in 1786. 
GLE1CHEN, Frederic William Von, a noble- 
man, of Bayreuth, he constructed a curious mi- 
croscope, and died in 1783. 
GLEN, John, a painter and engraver on wood,' 
of Liege, of the 16th century. 
GLENDOWER, Owen, a celebrated Welch i 
warrior, who for more than fourteen years op-j 
posed the sovereignty of Henry IV. of England,! 
by force of arms, declaring him to be a usurper,' 
and the murderer of Richard II., born in 1354,11 
died in 1415. 
GLENIE, James, a mathematician, engag- 
ed in the military service of Great Britain, died ; 
in 1817. He was the author of a History of 
Gunnery, and several valuable mathematical 
works. 
GLENN, James, governor of the colony of 
South-Carolina, was succeeded by Lyttleton, in 
1755. He promoted the prosperity of the colony, 
by an advantageous treaty with the Indians. 
GLICAS, a Byzantine historian, his “Annals 
from the Creation,” were published in Greek 
and Latin in 1660. 
GLISSON, Francis, an English medical and: 
anatomical author. Fit's Treatise on the Liver is 
his chef-d’oeuvre ; he died in 1677. 
GLOUCESTER, Robert of, the most ancient 
poet in the records of English history, flourished 
in the time of Henry II. ' 
GLOVER, Richard. This very ingenious 
GO 
[gentleman was brought up in the mercantile 
iline, and, by a remarkable speech that he de- 
livered in behalf of the merchants of London 
at the bar of the House of Commons, about the 
1 year 1740, previous to the breaking out of the 
Spanish war, acquired, and with great justice, 
the character of an able and steady patriot; 
which character he retained through life. In 
the belles lettres he also made no inconsiderable 
figure, being the author of an epic poem of very 
high celebrity, entitled “ Leonidasthe subject 
of which is, the gallant ■ actions of that great 
general, and his heroic defence of, and fall at, 
the pass of Thermopyhe ; he wrote also, “ Ho- 
adicea,” “ Medea,’v and “Jason,” tragedies: 
and died in 1785, aged 74. 
GLUCK, Christopher, an eminent musical 
composer, born in Bohemia, in 1716. He intro- 
duced a new style of music into Paris, and died 
at Vienna, in 1787. 
GLYNN, Robert, a native of Cambridge, au- 
thor of the Day of Judgment, a poem of great 
merit; he obtained the prize of Cambridge, and 
died in 1800. 
GMEIjIN, Dr. Samuel Gottleib, a celebrated 
eastern traveller, who has left an account of his 
travels in 3 volumes. He was born in Swabia, in 
1745, and died in 1774, at Achmet Kent, a village 
of Mount Caucasus. 
GMELIN, John George, born at Tubingen, 
published some works ; he died in 1755. 
GMELIN, John Frederic, a professor in the 
university of Gottingen, was born at Tubingen, 
in 1748. He was a voluminous and able writer 
on every part of natural history ; but is most 
celebrated for his edition of Linnteus’ “System 
of Nature.” The world is also indebted to him 
for the discovery of several excellent dyes, ex- 
tracted from different vegetable and mineral 
substances ; he died in 1805. 
GOADBY, Robert, a printer and bookseller, of 
Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, and author of seveial 
useful publications, died in 1778 His “ illusti a- 
tion of the Holy Scriptures,” is a book that 
has been very generally read, and widely circu- 
lated. “The Life of Bamfylde Moore Can w, 
King of the Beggars,” W'as likewise written by 
him. 
GOAR, James, a Dominican friar, of Paris, 
published “ Grtecorum Eucologium,” &c. ; he 
jdied in 1053, much respected. 
I GOBBO, Pietro Paolo Cortonese, a much 
[admired painter, of Cortona, died in 1640. 
1 GOBBO, Andrea, an Italian historical painter 
died about 1527. 
| GOBEL, John Baptist, a native of Hanne, 
j bishop of Lydda: was accused by Robespierre, 
[of atheism, and guillotined in 1793. 
; GOBELIN, Giles, a famous French dyer, 
whose name has been given ever since to the 
finest French scarlets ; his house, and the small 
river that he made use of at Paris, are still called 
the Gobelins ; an academy for drawing, and a 
manufactory of fine tapestries, were erected in 
this quarter, in 1066, and for this reason the 
tapestries are called “ Of the Gobelins.” He 
flourished about 1630. 
GOBIER,Charles, ajesuit,ofSt.Maloes, wrote 
the “ History of the Mariannes,” &c. ; he died 
in 1708. 
GOBRYAS, one of the seven Persian nobles, 
who conspired to dethrone the usurper Smerdis. 
GOCLENIUS, Conrad, a German, esteemed 
by Erasmus for his virtues and learning; he 
died in 1539. 
GOCLENIUS, Rodolphus, considered as the 
213 GO 
founder of modern magnetism: was born at 
Wittemberg, and died in 1621. 
GOCLENIUS, Rodolphus, a voluminous wri- 
ter, 50 years professor of logic at Marpurg, died 
in 1628. 
GODDARD, Jonathan, an English physician 
and chymist, and one of the first promoters of 
the Royal Society, born in 1017, died in 1674. 
GODEAU, Anthony, a French bishop, born in 
1605. He was a very voluminous author, both 
in prose and verse; but it may suffice to mention 
one work in each way, as chiefly worth notice ; 
his “ Ecclesiastical History,” and a “Transla- 
tion of the Psalms into French verse;” he died 
in 1072. 
GODEFROI, or GODFREY, of Bouillon, 
duke of Lower Lorraine, a most celebrated 
crusader, and victorious general; he took Jeru- 
salem from the Turks in 1099, and was pro- 
claimed king; but his piety, as historians relate, 
would not permit him to wear a diadem of gold 
in the city where his Saviour had been crowned 
with thorns ; he died in 1100. 
GODEFROI, Denys, a native of Paris, and 
author of Corpus Juris Civilis, &c., died in 1622. 
GODEFROI, Theodore, counsellor of state, 
of France, died in 1G42. His brother James, 
was law professor at Geneva, where he died 
in 1659. 
GODEFROI, Denys, son of Theodore, an au- 
thor ; he died in 1681. 
GODESCHALC, surnamed Fulgentius, a 
monk, in Saxony, in the 9th century, known for 
his controversy about predestination and grace; 
he died in 869. 
GODEWYCK, Margarita, a female painter, 
of Dort, much admired, died in 1677. 
GODFREY, of Viterbo, chaplain and secre- 
tary to king Conrad III., and the emperors Fre- 
deric and Henry VI. He laboured 40 years in 
compiling a Chronicle from the Creation of the 
World to 1186. It is written in Latin prose and 
verse, and entitled “ Pantheon.” 
GODFREY, Sir Edmundbury, an able ma- 
gistrate, who exerted himself in the discovery 
of the popish plot, was found dead, pierced by 
his own sword, supposed to have been killed 
by the papists in 1678. 
GODFREY, Thomas, the inventor of Had- 
ley’s quadrant, died in Philadelphia, in 1749. 
GODFREY, Thomas, son of the preceding, 
a poet; died at Wilmington, in 1763. 
GODIVA, the name of a beautiful lady, wife 
of Leofricearl of Mercia, in the reign of Edward 
the Confessor. Having an extraordinary affec- 
tion for Coventry, she solicited her husband to 
release the inhabitants of that city from a grie- 
vous tax. To this he evasively consented, on 
condition that she would ride naked through 
the streets of Coventry; which she performed, 
covering her body with her itair, and command- 
ing all persons to keep within doors and from 
the windows on pain of death. The pictures 
of Leofric and Godiva are in the window of 
Trinity Church ; and every year on the Fri- 
day after Trinity Sunday, there is a procession; 
through the town, with a figure representing a 
naked woman on horseback. 
GODOLPIIIN, John, an eminent civilian, of 
England, born in 1617, died in 1678. He pub- 
lished several books which were held in much: 
esteem. 
GODWIN, Earl, brother to Edward the Con ! 
fessor, invaded England, in 1052. Being tried 
for the murder of prince Alfred his brother, he 
was pardoned, but died at the king’s table, wbllej 
GO 
protesting his innocence of the said murder; 
supposed by the historian of those times to have 
been choked with a piece of bread, as a judg- 
ment from heaven, having wisiied it might stick 
in iiis throat if lie were guilty of the murder, 
which lie certainly was. 
GODWIN, Thomas, an English prelate, who 
embraced the tenets of the protestants, but on 
the accession of Mary, was persecuted ; lie was 
afterwards favoured by Elizabeth, who at length 
became displeased with him, which hastened 
his death in 1590. 
GODWIN, Dr. Francis, an excellent mathe- 
matician, philosopher, and historian, born in 
1561. In 1583, he wrote an entertaining piece, 
which came out about five years after his death, 
under the title of “ The Man in the Moon ; or 
a Discourse of a Voyage thither, by Domingo 
Gonsales,” in 1G38. But his principal work is, 
“ A Catalogue of the Bishops of England, since 
the first planting of the Christian Religion 
in this Island; together with a brief History 
of their Lives and memorable Actions, so l.eat 
as can be gathered of Antiquity he died in 
1633. 
GODWIN, Dr. Thomas, a learned English 
writer, and excellent schoolmaster, born in 1587, 
died in 1842. His chief work is, “ Romanic 
Historise Anthologia,” an English Exposition 
of the Roman Antiquities, &c. 
GODWIN, Mary Wollstonecraft, a lady of very 
superior literary accomplishments, who distin- 
guished herself by many able productions, but 
chiefly by “ A Vindication of the Rights of 
Women, with Strictures on Moral and Political 
Subjects.” She also wrote well on female 
education and conduct, and her practical skill 
in education was even superior to her specula- 
tions on the subject. For soundness of under- 
standing, and sensibility of heart, she was, per- 
haps, never excelled; but there were certain 
peculiarities of system both in her writings and 
her conduct, against which every lover of reli- 
gion or morals must protest. She was born in 
1768, and died in 1797. 
GOERCE, William, an eminent scholar, of 
Middlebury, author of Jewish Antiquities, &c., 
died in 17i5. 
GOERING, Jacob, for many years minister ol 
theGerman Lutheran church in New-York,dicd 
in 1807. 
GOEIITZ, John baron of, a memorable Swede, 
who endeavoured to excite an insurrection iri 
England in favour of the pretender ; he was be- 
headed in 1719. 
GOES, Hugo Vander, a painter, of Bruges, 
flourished about 1480. 
GOESIUS, William, a critic, of Leyden, au- 
thor of notes on Petronius, died in 1686. 
GOETZE, George Henry, a native of Leipsic; 
he was superintendent of the churches of Lubec, 
and died in 1702. 
GOEZ, John A jgustus Ephraitn, a native of 
Ascherleben, eminent as a naturalist; he died 
in 1786. 
; GOEZ, Damian de, a Portuguese writer, and 
a great traveller, became acquainted with the 
| learned men of Europe. 
GOFF, Thomas, born in Essex, 1592, and 
died in 1627. He was a divine; but wrote several 
! pieces on different subjects, among which are 
j four tragedies. 
! GOFF, William, one of the judges of king 
' Charles I., and major-general under Cromwell, 
i came to America in 1600 ; he lived in conceal 
j ment till his death, in 1679.  GO 
GOGAVA, Antonius Hennanius, a German 
physician, flourished about 1592. 
GOGUET,Antony-Yves, a French writer, and 
author of a celebrated work, entitled, “ L’Ori- 
gme de Loix, des Arts, des Sciences, et de leur 
Progres ches les Anciens Peuples,” born at Pa- 
ris, in 1716, died 1758. 
OOLDAST, Melchior Haiminsfield, a learned 
civilian, of Switzerland, author of many valua- 
ble works, died in 1635. 
GOLDHAGEN, John Eustachius, of Magde- 
burg, translated Herodotus, &c.; he died in 1772. 
GOLDM 4 N, Nicholas, a native of Breslaw, 
author of a treatise on military architecture, 
died in 1665. 
GOLDONI, Charles, a dramatic writer, born 
at Venice, in 1707, produced a number of come- 
dies, which were remarkably successful. He 
died in 1793. 
GOLDSMITH, Francis, a poet and translator, 
who lived in the reign of Charles I. 
GOLDSMITH,Oliver, an eminent English his- 
toric, dramatic, and miscellaneous writer, was 
born at Elphin, in Ireland, Nov. 29,1729. Quit- 
ting home to taste of foreign climes, he encoun- 
tered many difficulties ; and having experienced 
all the vicissitudes to which a pennyless wan- 
derer must necessarily be subject, arrived in 
England in 1758. Shortly after, he became an as- 
sistant at an academy at Peckham ; then a writer 
in “ The Monthly Review;” and afterwards in 
“ The Public Ledger,” in which his “ Citizen of 
the World” originallyappeared, under the title 
»f “ Chinese Letters.” Fortune seemed now to 
take some notice of a man she had long neglect- 
ed The simplicity of his character, the integrity 
of his heart, and the merit of his productions, 
made his company acceptable to the better sort. 
He took handsome chambers in the temple, and 
lived in a genteel style. His “Traveller,” his 
“Vicar of Wakefield,” his“ Good-natured Man, 
a Comedy,” raised him up, and ensured him suc- 
cess to any thing that should follow ; as “ The 
Deserted Village,” “She Stoops to Conquer,” 
&c. Notwithstanding the success of his works, 
by which he cleared vast sums, his circum- 
stances were by no means prosperous; and this 
has been imputed to two causes : partly to the 
liberality of his disposition ; and partly to an un- 
fortunate habit of gaming, the arts of which he 
very little understood. He died April 4, 1774. 
Goldsmith, like Smollet, Guthrie, and others, 
who subsisted by their pens, is supposed some- 
times to have sold his name to works in which 
he had little or no concern. 
GOLIUS, James, a learned orientalist, born 
at the Hague; travelled into several countries; 
he published several learned works, and died in 
1667. 
GOLIUS, Peter, brother of the preceding, an 
excellent orientalist, assisted in the edition of the 
great Arabic Bible, printed at Rome, in 1671; he 
died in 1673. 
GOLTZIUS, Henry, a famous Dutch painter 
and engraver, born in 1558, died 1617. 
GOLTZIUS, Hubert, a German writer on Ro- 
man antiquities, born in 1526. He was the au- 
thor of several excellent works, in all which he 
applies medals to the clearing up of ancient his- 
tory. He died in 1583. 
GOLYDDAN, a bard in the court of Cadwal- 
hder, in the beginning of the 8th century. 
GOMAR, Francis, a native of Bruges, known 
for his strong defence of Calvin’s principles 
against Arminius ; he died in 1641. 
GOMBAULD, John Ogier de, a French poet 
GO ' 
and theological writer, horn 1567, died in 1666. 
At the age of 90, he published a large collection 
of “ Epigramsand some years after a trage- 
dy, called “Danaides.” 
GOMBERVILLE, Marin Le Roi, a French- 
man, member of the academy, and author of 
Romances, &c.; he died in 1674. 
GOMERSAL, Robert, an English divine, po- 
et, and dramatic author, born 1C00, died 1646. 
GOMEZ, de Cividad Alvarez, a Latin poet, of 
Guadalaxara, died in 1558. 
GOMEZ, de Castro Alvarez, a learned Span 
iard, author of the life of Cardinal Ximcnes; 
he died in 1580. 
GOMEZ, Magdalene Angelica Poisson de, a 
French lady, who wrote some romances, &c. 
died in 1770. 
GONDEBAUD, third king of Burgundy, be- 
came tributary to Clovis, king of the Franks; he 
died in 516. 
GONDRIN, Lewis Antony, a favourite of 
Louis XIV., who gratified that monarch by em- 
ploying 1200 men to destroy a wood which wa3 
offensive to him. 
GONDY, John Francis Paul, afterwards Car 
dinal de Retz, born 1613, died 1679. This extraor 
dinary man has drawn his own character in bis 
“ Memoirs,’’which are written with such an air 
of grandeur, impetuosity of genius, and inequali- 
ty, as give us a very strong representation of 
his conduct. He was a man who, from the 
greatest degree of debauchery, and still lan- 
guishing under its consequences, preached to 
the people, and made himself adored by them. 
Voltaire says, that “ in bis youth he lived like 
Cataline, and like Attieus in his old age.” Of 
his Memoirs, “ several parts,” says the same 
Voltaire, “ are worthy of Sallust, but the whole 
is not equal.” They are supposed, however, 
to be written with impartiality; the author 
having every where spoken with the same free- 
dom of his own infirmities and vices, as any 
other writer could have done. 
GONET, John Baptist, a Dominican friar, 
professor at Bourdeaux, and author of a sys- 
tem of theology ; he died in 16S1. 
GONGORA, Lewis de, a Spanish poet, born 
in 1652, died in 1627. His works are all posthu- 
mous, and consist of sonnets, elegies, a comedy, 
a tragedy, &c. The Spaniards have a very 
high opinion of this poet, even so as to entitle 
him prince of the poets of their own nation. 
GONNELLI, John, a Tuscan sculptor and 
painter, who lost his sight at the age of 20; but 
modelled in clay ; and by his exquisite sensa- 
tion of feeling, wrought his statues to great per- 
fection, and drew portraits with striking resem- 
blance. He died at Rome in 1673. 
GONSALVA, or GONSALVO, Fernandez, 
duke of Terra Nuova, and called The Great 
Captain, a renowned Spanish general under 
Ferdinand and Isabella, was born at Cordova 
in 1443, and died in 1515. 
GONTHIER, a Latin poet, author of a histo- 
ry of Constantinople, in 1203. 
GONTHIER, Leonard and John, Frenchmen 
and brothers, eminent in the art of painting or 
staining glass: the time of their birth and death 
is uncertain. 
GONZAGA, Lucretla, an illustrious lady of 
the 16th century, as remarkable for wit, learn- 
ing, and style, as for high birth. She wrote 
such beautiful letters, that the utmost care was 
taken to preserve them ; and a collection of 
them was printed at Venice, in 1552. All that 
came from her pen was so much esteemed, that GO 
a collection was made even of the notes that 
she wrote to her servants, sevetal of which an 
to he met with in the edition of tier letters. 
GONZAGA, Scipio, a noble Italian, who 
wrote some poems, and left manuscript memoirs 
of himself: he died in 1593. 
GONZAGA, Vespasian, duke of Sabbtone- 
ta, a city which he founded ; lie died in 1591, 
much respected. 
GONZALEZ, Thyrsus, a Spaniard, general 
of the jesuits, who died at Rome, in 1705. 
GOOCH, Sir William, a distin ished officer 
in the military service Great-Britain, com- 
mander of the forces raised for the Spanish war, 
and afterwards a major-general, and governor 
of the colony of Virginia, after Drysdale, in 
1727. 
GOODALL, Walter, a Scotchman, known 
as a philologist, and author of a vindication of 
Mary ; he died in 1758. 
GOODRICH, Elizur. D. D., minister of Dur- 
ham, Conn.; was distinguished for his literary 
and scientific acquirements: be was well ver- 
sed in the languages, and familiar with mathe- 
matical and philosophical investigation: he 
published several sermons, and died in 1797. 
GOODRICH, Chauncey, son of the prece- 
ding, was an eminent lawyer and statesman, 
of Hartford, Conn. He was a representative, 
and afterwards a senator in congress, a coun- 
sellor and lieutenant-governor of Connecticut, 
and mayor of the city of Hartford. For depth 
and solidity of judgment, great professional at- 
tainments, strict integrity, benevolence and pi- 
ety, he had few equals ; and his death, which 
happened in 1815, was lamented as a public ca- 
lamity. 
GOODWIN, Thomas, a puritanical divine, 
one of the members of the assembly of divines at 
Westminster, and author of theological works; 
he died in 1(579. 
GOODWIN, John, a most acute and subtle 
controversialist of the 17th century. He wrote 
a vindication of the death of Charles I., which 
at the Restoration was burnt by the common 
hangman. He was excepted out of the act of 
indemnity, and died soon after. His works are 
numerous, but mostly in support of Arminian 
doctrines. 
GOOKIN, Daniel, author of the historical 
collections of the Indians in New-England, and 
major-general of Massachusetts: died in 1687 
GOOKIN, Nathaniel, minister of Hampton, 
N. H.; much respected for his faithfulness; 
he died in 1734. 
GOOL, John, Van, a Dutch painter, born at 
the Hague, in 1685. 
GORDIAN L, emperor of Rome, invested 
with the purple in Africa, much against his 
will, in 237, in the reign of Maximinus, and 
soon after killed by a general of that monarch. 
GORDON, Robert, of Stralogh, author of 
“ Theatrum Scotise,” an excellent work, con- 
taining a description of the whole country of 
Scotland, with maps of every county. He died 
about the middle of the 17th century. 
GORDON, Thomas, a native of Scotland, 
greatly distinguished by his writings on political 
and religious subjects. He was concerned with 
Mr. Trenchard in the composition of “ Cato’s 
Letters,” and “ The Independent Whig;” and 
published English translations of Sallust and 
Tacitus, with additional discourses to each au- 
thor. He died in 1750. 
GORDON, James, a jesuit, who taught phi- 
losophy and languages at Paris and Bourdeaux, 
GO 
died in 1030. Another of that name, was au 
tlior of a commentary on the Hible. 
GORDON, Alexander, a learned Scotchman, 
an excellent draftsman and antiquary, and 
secretary to the Antiquarian Society, in 1740. 
He uhlished a Journey through most parts of 
the counties of Scotland, with titi copper plates, 
“ The Lives of Pope Alexander VI. and his son 
Cassar Borgia;” “A Complete History of the 
.Ancient Amphitheatres,” &c. &c. 
GORD N, Hon. George, commonly callet 
Lord George Gordon, a man whose restless 
spirit has furnished too many materials for fu 
lure history, to pass unmentioned in this collec 
tion. He was son of Cosmo-George, duke o. 
Gordon, and born in 1750. At an early period 
of life he entered into the royal navy, which 
he quitted during the American war, in conse- 
quence of an altercation with the earl of Sand- 
wich, relative to promotion. He afterwards re- 
presented the borough of Ludgershall in parlia- 
ment during several sessions; and, as he ani- 
madverted with great freedom, and often with 
great wit, on the proceedings of both sides of 
the House, it was usual at that period to say, 
that “ there were three parties in parliament, 
the ministry, the opposition, and Lord George 
Gordon;” at length, however, taking a very vio- 
lent part in the House against, a “ Bill for the 
Relief of Papists from certain Penalties and Dis- 
abilities,” he headed a popular association to 
oppose the measure; which transaction gave 
rise to, though it certainly did not authorize, 
the dreadful riots by which the kingdom, and 
particularly the metropolis, was tor some days 
devastated in 1780. For this Lord George was 
tried on a charge of high treason: but acquit- 
ted, on the ground that his intentions in assem- 
bling the people were not malicious and traitor- 
ous. May 4, 1780, he was excommunicated by 
the archbishop of Canterbury, for contempt, in 
not appearing in court as witness in a cause 
Jan. 28, 1788, having received sentence on two 
convictions, for libelling the French ambassa- 
dor and queen, and the criminal justice of Great 
Britain, he retired to Holland, but was sent 
back under a guard, and committed to New- 
gate. In July, 1789, he presented a petition to 
the national assembly of France, for its inter 
ference in his behalf; but Lord Grenville in- 
formed the French ambassador that the applica 
tion in his favour could not be admitted, and 
the ambassador acquainted him with it. He 
died in Newgate, in 1793; and his last moments 
were embittered by the knowledge that he coulu 
not be buried among the Jews, whose religion 
he had embraced, during his imprisonment, and 
to which he was warmly attached. 
GORDON, Andrew, a native of Aberdeen, 
professor and author; he died in 1751. 
GORDON, Sir Adam, an English divine, rector 
of Hinckworth, and prebendary at Bristol, au- 
thor of sermons and other works, died in 1817. 
GORDON, Patrick, succeeded Sir William 
Keith, as governor of Pennsylvania, in 172(i. 
His administration was prudent, judicious, and 
advantageous to the colonists; he died in 173G. 
GORDON, William, D. D., minister of Rox 
bury, Mass., and author of a history of the Re- 
volution of the United States, &c.; he died in 
1807. 
GORE, Thomas, a native of Alderton, an* 
author of some Latin poems, died in 1G84. 
GORELT.I, an Italian poet, who wrote, af-e. 
the manner of Dante, a history of his country 
from 1010 to 1384  GO 
GORGIAS, Leontinus, a philosopher, of Sici- 
ly, ol great eminence, 417 B. C. 
GORHAM, Nathaniel, a member of congress 
in 1784, and president of that body; afterwards a 
delegate from Massachusetts to the convention 
which formed the constitution of the United 
States ; he died in 1796. 
GORIUS, or GORIO, Antonius Franciscus, 
a historian, critic, and antiquarian, of Florence, 
and author of some valuable works, died in 1757 
GORL/EUS, Abraham, an antiquarian, of 
Antwerp; died in 1609. 
GORL/EUS, David, a native of Utrecht, in 
the 17th century ; he wrote on philosophy, and 
advanced some new opinions. 
GOROPIUS, John, a physician, of Brabant, 
who settled at Antwerp, and maintained that 
Flemish was the language of Adam; he died in 
1572. 
GORRAN, Nicholas de, an eloquent preach- 
er, and confessor to Philip the Fair; he died in 
1295. 
GORREUS, a protestant physician at Paris, 
who published a translation of Nicander, and 
died in 1572. 
GOItTER, John, became medical lecturer 
arid public physician .at Harderwyck ; he wrote 
various works, and died in 1762. 
GORTON, Samuel, the first settler of War- 
wick, Rhode-Island, was persecuted for his re- 
ligious opinions in Massachusetts, and for a 
time imprisoned ; he died after the year 1676. 
GOSNOLD, Bartholomew, an Englishman, 
who first discovered and gave name to Cape 
Cod, in 1602 : he died in Virginia, in 1607. 
GOSSELINI, Julian, a writer, born at Rome; 
he was appointed secretary to Ferdinand Gon- 
zaga, viceroy of Sicily, and died in 1587. 
GOSSELIN, Antony, regius professor of his- 
tory and eloquence at Caen, and principal of 
tin; college du Bois, published a “ History of the 
Ancient Greeks, in Latin, 1636.” 
GOSSON, Stephen, a divine and poet, born 
In Kent, in 1551, educated at Christ Church, 
Oxford, took orders, and obtained the living of 
Sr. Botolph, Bishopsgate, where he died, in 
1623. He wrote three plays ; and afterwards, 
in 1579, published an invective against poets, 
players, &c called “ The Schoole of Abuse.” 
GOTH, Stephen, archbishop of Upsal, who, 
in attempting to restore the Catholic religion in 
Sweden, nearly kindled a civil war, in the 16th 
centu ry. 
GOTHOFRED, the name of a very learned 
family, originally of France. Denis Gothofred, 
a celebrated lawyer, born in 1549, died in 1622. 
He is now best known bv an edition of the 
“Corpus Juris Civilis.” Theodosius, the eld- 
est son of Denis, born in 1580, became a coun- 
sellor of state, and died in 1649. James, another 
son ofDenis, born in 1537, was preferred to the 
first offices in the republic of Geneva, and died 
there in 1652. Denis, the son of Theodosius, 
born in 1615, died in 1681. lie inherited his 
father’s taste for French history, and made 
great additions to what his father had done. 
Of this kind are the histories of Charles VI., 
Charles VII., and Charles VIII., magnificently 
printed at the Louvre. John, son of the fore- 
going, had also, like his father, a passion for the 
history and antiquities of France. He gave an 
edition of “ Philip de Cominines,” and other 
works, and died in 1732. 
GOTTESOH ALC, vid. Godeschale. 
GOTTI, Vincent Lewis, an Italian, made j 
cardinal by Benedict XUl . he died in 1742. 
GO 
GOTTIGNIES, Giles Francis, professor of 
mathematics at Home, and author of several 
> mathematical works; he died in 1085. 
t GOTTLEBER, John Christopher, an excei- 
i lent German critic ; he died in 1786. 
I GOTTSCHED, John Christopher, a German 
poet of Koningsberg, who was the means of 
banishing buffoonery from the stage: he died 
in 1762. 
GOUDEL1N, or GOUDOULI, Peter, a poet 
of Gascony, so celebrated that he is called the 
I Homer of Gascony ; he died in 1649. 
I GOUDIMEL, Claudius, an excellent mtisi* 
j cian ; he was put to death for setting the psalms 
of Marot and Beza to music. 
GOUD1NOT, John a native of Rheims, zeal- 
ously attached to the tenets of the Jansenists, 
| he died in 1749. 
j GOUFFIER, Marie Gabriel Auguste Laurent, 
count de Choiseul, ambassador from France to 
the Porte. During the revolution he went to 
Russia, where he was made a privy counsellor, 
and keeper of the imperial library. In 1802, 
he returned to France. On the restoration of 
Louis XVIII., he was made a peer of France, 
and died in 1817. He was author of “Voyage 
en Grece,” &c. 
GOUGE, William, one of the ministers of 
the assembly of divines, and appointed one of 
the annotators of the Bible ; he died in 1653. 
GOUGE, Thomas, son of the preceding, wrote 
many books, and distributed many thousand 
copies of the Bible and Catechism, &c., among 
the 300 schools established in Wales. 
GOUGES, Mary Olyinpe de, a native of Mon- 
tauban, whose heroic coriductindefending Louis 
XVI., caused her to be guillotined in 1792. 
GOUGH, Richard, a very learned and eminent 
English antiquary, born in 1735, in London, and 
educated at Cambridge. The principal of his 
very numerous works are, “British Topogra- 
phy,” a new edition of “ Camden’s Britannia,” 
and “ Sepulchral Monumentsof Great Britain.’ 
Mr. Gough died at Enfield, in 1809. 
GOUJET, Claude Peter, a French writer, born 
at Paris, in 1697, died in 1767. He published 
“ Supplements to Moreri’s Dictionary,” and to 
“Dupin’s Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Writers,” 
&c. 
GOUJON, John, a sculptor, of Paris, called 
the Coreggioof sculpture; he was killed in the 
massacre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572. 
GOULART, Simon, a Frenchman, who suc- 
ceeded Calvin as minister at Geneva, and wrote 
several valuable works ; he died in 1628. 
GOULD, Robert, an English poet of some 
celebrity, in the 17th century, died in 1709. 
GOULIN, John a French writer of merit, 
died in 1799. 
GOULSTON, Theodore, an English physi- 
cian of great celebrity, died in 1632. 
GOULU, John, a Frenchman ; he translated 
Epictetus, Arian, &c., and died in 1625. 
GOUPIL, James, royal professor of physic at 
Paris, in 1555; he edited several Greek medical 
works, and died in 1564. 
GOUPY, Joseph, a French artist, who taught 
the princess of Wales, died in 1747. 
GOURDON, Simon, a native of Paris, who 
lived an austere life, was author of Cases of 
Conscience, and died in 1729. 
GOURN AY, Mary de Jars, lady of, a French 
woman devoted to literature, and much attached 
j to Montaigne, whom she called her father ; she 
| died in W145. 
GOURVILLF John Herauld, author of “ Me * uir~ "" 
moirs,” containing anecdotes of the French >ni- 
nisters, from Mazarin to Colbert, &c.; lie died 
in 1705. 
GOUSSET, James, a French protestant, pro- 
fessor of Greek at Groningen, and author of a 
Hebrew dictionary, died in 1704. 
GOUTHIERES, James, a French advocate, 
author of some valuable works, died in 1038. 
GOUVION, N., a French officer, who served 
in America, afterwards general in the army of 
the north, where he was killed, in 1793. 
GOUX DE LA BOULAYE, Francis le, of 
Anjou, who travelled through Asia and Africa, 
and published an account of his travels, in 1053. 
GOUYE, John, a jesuitand mathematician, of 
Dieppe, and member of the academy of sciences; 
he died in 1725. 
GOUYE LONGUEM ARE, a French author, 
wrote on the history of France, and died in 1703. 
GOVEA, Martial, a Latin poet of the 16th cen- 
tury, and author of a Latin grammar. 
GOVEA, Andrew, brother of the preceding, 
established, under John III. of Portugal, the col- 
lege of Coimbra; he died in 1548. 
GOVEA, Antony, youngest brother of the pre- 
ceding, professor of law at Toulouse, died of eat- 
ing cucumbers, in 1565. 
GOWER, John, an English lawyer and poet, 
cotemporarv with Chaucer, but older, being born 
about 1320" Though Gower was born first, 
yet he outlived Chaucer, and was his successor 
in the laurel. In his character as a lawyer, he 
made so considerable a tigure, that he is said to 
have been raised to the first rank in that profes- 
sion, and to have sat chief justice of the Com- 
mon Pleas. His principal production, as a poet, 
is “ConfessioAmantis,” a folio, first printed by 
Caxton. He died in 1402. 
GOYEN, John Van, a painter, of Leyden, 
distinguished for his landscapes ; he died in 
1656. 
GOZON, Deodati, grand master of the order 
of St.John of Jerusalem, died in 1353. 
GOZZI, Count Caspar, a Venetian noble, dis- 
tinguished for his lyrical and satirical poems ; 
he died in 1786. 
GRAAF, Regnier de, a celebrated Dutch phy- 
sician and writer on anatomy, born in 1641, died 
1673. 
GRAAF, Barent, a painter, of Amsterdam, 
who died in 1709. 
GRAAW, Henry, a native of Hoorn, disciple 
to Van Campen, died in 1682. 
GR ABE, John Ernest, a learned theological 
and critical writer, and editor of the “ Septua- 
gmt,” from the Alexandrian MS. in the king of 
England’s palace, at St. James’, was born at I 
Koningsberg, in 1666. and died 1712. 
GRACCHUS, Sempronius, a Roman, ban- 
ished to a solitary island, on the coast of Africa, 
for his licentious conduct. 
GRACCHUS, Tiberius, who, being elected tri- 
bune of the Roman people, demanded of the 
senate, in their name, the execution of the Agra- 
rian law, by which all persons possessing above 
"00 acres of land, were to be deprived of the sur- 
plus, for the benefit of the poor citizens, among 
whom an equal distribution was to be made. 
Having carried his plan into execution by vio- 
lent measures, he fell a victim to his zeal, being 
assassinated by his own party, 133 B. C. Cains, 
his brother, pursuing the same steps, caused a 
sedition, in which he was killed by the consul, 
Opimius, 121 B. C. 
GRACCHUS, Rutulius, a Roman poet, of the 
10th century, of some merit. 
GR 
GRACI AN, Balthazar, a Spanish Jesuit,whose 
sermons were esteemed ; lie died iu 1658. 
GRADENIGO, Peter, a doge of Venice, who 
changed the government of his country Horn a 
'•democracy to an aristocracy ; lie died in 1303. 
GR/ECINUS, Julius, a native of Frejus ; he 
was put to death by Caligula, for refusing to be- 
come tile accuser of M. Silvanus. 
GRA2ME, John, a Scotch poet and miscel- 
laneous writer of considerable merit, born in 
1746, died 1772. 
John George, a celebrated critic 
See GREV1US. 
GRAFFIO, a jesuit of Capua, in the 16th cen- 
tury, author of two volumes on moral subjects. 
GRAF1GNY, Frances, a French novelist and 
dramatic writer, born in 1694, died 1758- 
GRAFTON, Richard, an English printer, in 
the 16th century. He compiled the greater part 
of “ Hall’s Chronicle and, in 1562, published 
“An Abridgmentof the Chronicles of England.” 
His large Chronicle appeared in 1569. Grattor 
was a great promoter of the reformation, bj 
printing Bibles. He was living in 1572. 
GRAFTON, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, dukt 
of, was educated at Cambridge university, ot 
w'hich he wras afterwards chancellor, and suc- 
ceeded to the family honours, in 1757. He was 
made secretary of state, and afterwards first hud 
of the treasury, which office he held till 1770. 
From 1771 until 1775, he was lord privy seal, 
and, after that time, was an opponent of the mi- 
nistry till his death, in 1811. The celebrated let- 
ters of Junius, were many of them addressed to 
him, with a severity which must have been dic- 
tated by private hatred. 
GRAHAM, George, clock and watch maker, 
was born at Gratwick, a village in the north of 
Cumberland, in 1675; and, in 1688, went to Lon- 
don. He was not put apprentice to Tompion, 
as is generally said; but, after he had been some- 
time with another master,Tompion received him 
into his family purely for his merit, and treated 
him with a kind of parental affection till his 
death. That Graham was, without competition, 
the most eminent of his profession, is but a 
small part of his character; he was the best me- 
chanic of his time, and had a complete know- 
ledge of practical astronomy; so that he not only 
gave to various movements for the mensuration 
of time, a degree of perfection which had never 
before been attained, but invented several astro 
nomical instruments, by which considerable ad- 
vances have been made in that science; he made 
great improvements in those which had before 
been in use ; and, by a wonderful manual dex- 
terity, constructed them with greater precision 
and accuracy than any other person in the world. 
He was many years a member of the royal so- 
ciety, to which he communicated several ingeni- 
ous and important discoveries, and died in 1751. 
GRAHAM, Catherine Macauley, a celebrated 
English historian. She began her literary career 
with the “ History of England, from Janies I. to 
the Brunswick line.” Her other works were a 
“ History of England from the Revolution to the 
present time, in a series of Letters to a Friend 
“A Treatise on the Immutability of Moral 
Truth;” “ An Address to the People of Engl and 
Scotland, and Ireland, on the present important 
Crisis of Affairs;” “ Letters on Education,” &c. 
She died in 1791. 
GRAHAM, James, a Scotch poet, and a cler 
gyman of the church of England; he died in 
learlv life, in 1811. 
J GRAHAM, Isabella, a native of Scotland, who ~ GR 
>ame, in 1769, to New-Vork, where sire esta- 
dished a seminary for young ladies, which was 
extensively useful. She was a rare example of 
piety and active benevolence. She died in 1814. 
GRAIN, John Baptiste le, a French historian, 
born in 1565, died in 1643. 
GRAIN DO RGE, Andrew, a physician and phi- 
losopher of the Epicurean sect; he died in 1676. 
GRAINGER, Dr. James, a physician and poet, 
burn at Dunse, in Scotland, about 1723, died at 
St. Christopher’s, in the West Indies, 1767. He 
was author of several medical tracts, wrote an 
excellent poem on the “ SugarCane,” and ano- 
ther on “ Solitude,” and published a good trans- 
lation of “ Tibullus.” 
GRAMAYE, John Baptist, provost of Arn- 
heim ; he wrote a history of Africa, and died in 
1635. 
GRAMMOND, Gabriel, lord of, president of 
the parliament of Toulouse, and author of the 
history of Lewis XIII.; he died in 1654. 
GRAMONT. There were three French no- 
bles of this name, who distinguished themselves 
by “ Memoirs of the reiens of Lewis XIII. and 
XIV.,” and died at the latter end of the 17th, or 
beginning of the 18th century. 
GRANBY,Marquis of, a celebrated English 
general, born in 1720, died in 1770. 
GRANCOLAS, John, doctor of theSorbonne, 
and author of some works; he died in 1732. 
GRAND, Antony le, a Cartesian philosopher, 
of the 17th century, author of some historical 
treatises. 
GRAND,Joachim le, a French political writer, 
much esteemed at the court of Lewis XIV.; he 
died in 1733. 
GRAND, Mark Antony le, a French actor, 
whose comedies were received with applause ; 
he died in 1723. 
GRAND, Lewis, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
born at Luzigni, in Autun; he wrote some va- 
luable theological works, and died in 1780. 
GRAND, Peter le, a captain of a Dieppe pri- 
vateer, famous for his courage. 
GRANDET, Joseph, a French priest,-of An- 
gers, of great amiableness; he wrote several 
volumes of biography, and died in 1724. 
GRANDI, Francis Lewis, a native of Cremo- 
na, professor of philosophy at Florence, &c., he 
wrote various mathematical works, and died in 
1742. 
GRANDIER,Urban, curate and canon of Lou- 
don, in France, famous as a martyr to the super- 
stitious belief of magic ; being burnt alive on a 
charge of having bewitched several Ursuline 
nuns of Loudon. lie was born at Bouvere, near 
Sable, and suffered in 1634. 
GRANDIN, Martin, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
and author of a system of theology, died in 
J69L 
GRANDIUS,Guido, a mathematician, of Cre- 
mona, translated Euclid into Italian, and died 
in 1742. 
GRANDUET, Charles, a French actor, who 
piaved with success. 
GRANET, Francis, a French writer, highly 
spoken of by Abbe de Fontaine; he died in 1741. 
GRANGE, Joseph de Chancel, a French wri- 
ter, who was imprisoned and exiled for writing 
against Philip, duke of Orleans; he died in 1758. 
GRANGE, Nicolas, an able writer, who trans- 
lated Lucretius, Seneca, &c.; he died in 1775. 
GRANGER, James, a learned and ingenious! 
English divine, author of a very valuabie work i 
in 4 vols., 4to, under the title of “ A Biographi- I 
ca> History of England.” When vicar of Ship jj. 
GR 
i-ake, in Oxfordshire, he was seized with a sud 
; den fit while administering the sacrament at the 
jcommunion-table, by the bursting of a vessel in 
, his brain, in 1776, and died the next morning-. 
, This death was similar to that of the cardinal 
de Berulie. 
GRANGER, Gideon, a native of Connecticut, 
he graduated at Yale college in 1787, and was 
, soon after admitted to the bar of his native 
; state, where he practised law with considerable 
i reputation. He was appointed postmaster-ge- 
neral of the United States, in 1801, and retained 
the office until 1814, after which he removed to 
New-York, and was chosen a member of the 
senate of that state ; he died in 1822. 
GRANT, Francis, lord Cullen, an eminent 
lawyer and judge, of Scotland, died in 1726; 
universally respected. 
GRANT, Patrick, a Scotch judge, who wrote 
against the rebellion ; he died in 1762. 
GRANVILLE, George, viscount Lansdowne, 
an eminent English poet, born in Devonshire 
in 1667, died in 1735. Having vainly endea- 
voured to get employment in arms, for the 
defence of James II., to whose cause he was 
warmly attached, he passed the course of king 
William’s reign in private life, enjoying the 
company of his muse, which he employed in 
celebrating the reigning beauties of that age, 
as Waller, whom he strove to imitate, had done 
those of the preceding. We have also several 
dramatic pieces of his, which were all well re- 
ceived. 
GRAPALDUS, Francis Marius, a native of 
Parma, so distinguished as an ambassador to 
the pope, that Julius II., crowned him with his 
own hand. 
GRAS, Anthony le, an ecclesiastic of Paris, 
who translated C.Nepos ; he died in 1761. 
GRAS, James le, an advocate of Rouen, who 
translated Hesiod into French verse, in the 17th 
century. 
GRASWINCKEL, Theodore, a native of 
Delft, eminent as a lawyer, and a man of letters; 
he vindicated the Venetians against the duke 
of Savoy, and died in 1666. 
GRATAROLUS, William, a learned physi- 
cian, of Basil. Wrote many books, and died in 
1502. 
GRATIAN, one of the most virtuous of the 
Roman emperors, son of Valentinian, born in 
359, was assassinated by rebels in 383. 
GRATIAN, a private soldier, raised to the 
throne of Britain, in 407; he reigned 4 months 
GRATIAN, a monk of Tuscany, in the 12th 
century; he was employed 24 years in recon- 
ciling the contradictory canons one to another. 
GRATIANI, Jerome, an Italian of the 17th 
century; he wrote, Conquest of Grenada, See. 
GRATIUS, Faliscus, an eminent Latin poet, 
supposed to have been cotemporary with Ovid. 
We have the fragment of a poem of his on 
hunting, called “ Cynegeticon.” 
GRATIUS, Ortuinus, a learned German, who 
wrote several works; he died in 1542. 
GRATTAN, Right Hon. Henry, a statesman, 
and an orator, born in Dublin, about 1750. He 
was bred to the bar, but relinquished that pro- 
fession for the senate. He was elected into the 
Irish parliament in 1775, and by his powerful 
eloquence obtained for his country a participa- 
tion in the commerce of Britain : for Which he 
was rewarded with a vote of 50,00(R. He was 
the active and vigilant leader of the opposition, 
till the Union, which measure he resisted witli 
all his power. In the British parliament he  GR ] 
chiefly exerted his talents in advocating the! 
Catholic claims, to which cause he fell a mar- 
tyr, by leaving Ireland in an exhausted state of 
health, to carry to England the petition with 
which he liad been intrusted. He died soon 
after his arrival, May 14, 1820, and was buried 
in Westminster Abbey. 
GRAUNT, John, a well known author of 
11 Observations on the Bills of Mortality,” born 
in London, in 1020, died in 1674. 
GRAUNT, Edward, a learned man, head of 
Westminster school, died in 1601. 
GRAVELOT, Henry Francis Bourguignon, a 
very famous engraver, born at Paris, in 1699, 
died it. 1773. 
GRAVEROL, Francis a French advocate, 
lie wrote Sorberiana, and died in 1694. 
GRAVES, Thomas Lord, a gallant British ad- 
miral, born at Thanckes, in Cornwall, died 
in 1802. 
GRAVES, Richard, 52 years rector of Cia- 
verton, near Bath, was born at Mickleton, in 
Gloucestershire, in 1715; at the age of 16 lie 
was chosen a scholar of Pembroke College, 
Oxford; and in 1736 elected a fellow of All 
Souls. He was presented to the living of Cla- 
verton, in 1750 ; and from that time to his death 
in 1804, never absented himself a single month 
at any one time: thus setting an example worthy 
the approbation and imitation of all clergymen. 
Mr. Graves was the intimate friend and corres- 
pondent of Shenstone, as well as of many other 
literary characters, and was author of an inge- 
nious satirical novel, called “ The Spiritual 
•f iiiixotte;” besides a dramatic piece, essays, and 
many poems, translations, and sermons on vari- 
ous subjects. He always enjoyed good health, 
arid but a few months before his death, when 
nearly 90 years of age, published “The Invalid, 
with the obvious Means of enjoying Life, by a 
Nonagenarian.” There is an ease, and spright- 
liness, and an epigrammatic turn in ins writ- 
ings, which was peculiar to himself, and will 
make them be always read with pleasure. 
GRAVESANDE, William James, a cele- 
brated mathematician and moral philosopher, 
born in 1688, at Bois-le-Duc, in Holland, died 
in 1742. 
GRAVINA, Peter, an Italian poet, who pub- 
lished a 4to vol. of poems much admired. 
GRAVINA, John Vincent, an eminent dra- 
matic poet, critic, antiquary, and lawyer, of 
Italy, born at Roggiano, in 1664, died in 1718. 
The greatest of all his works, and for which he 
will be ever memorable, is his three books, “ De 
OrtU et Progrcssu Juris Civiiis.” 
GRAY, Thomas, eminent for a few poems that 
tie has leff was born in London, in 1716, and 
died in 1771 He was perhaps the most learned 
man in Europe, equally acquainted with the 
e.egant and the profound parts of science. A 
new arrangement of his poems, with notes and 
additions, was made and printed in 8vo., in 1799. 
GRAYSON, William, a senator of the United 
States, from Virginia; of great abilities anal 
unimpeachable integrity; he died in 1790. 
GRAZZINI, Antony Francis, surnamed Lasca, 
considered nearly of equal merit as a writer with 
Boccace ; he died in 1583. 
GREATRAKES, Valentine, a most extraordi- 
nary person, celebrated for his power (real or 
supposed) of curing the king’s evil and other 
diseases bv stroking the affected parts with his 
hands. He was born in Ireland, in 1628, Imt it is 
not recorded in what year lie died. He was 
living, however, in 1681. 
GR 
Tf ~CK EA VES, John7 an eminent mathematician 
land antiquary, born at Coimore, Hants, in ]602, 
(published several learned works, and died in 
;1G52. 
I GRECOURT, John Baptist Joseph Villartde, a 
French poet, wiio became a favourite of men of 
| wit and rank ; iie died in 1743. 
I GREEN, Robert, a dramatic author in queer, 
(Elizabeth’s reign, born in 1550. He w'as a mar 
of great wit and humour, but in the life that he 
led’prostituted great talents to the purposes of 
vice and obscenity; and upon the whole, both 
in theory and practice, seems to have been a 
most, perfect libertine. His works of different 
kinds are very numerous ; many of them are 
pastoral romances in prose and verse. His dra- 
matic pieces, amounting to four or five, may be 
seen in the “ Biographia Dramatica he died 
in 1532. One of his biographers says of him 
that his works contain the seeds of virtue, while 
his acts display the tares of folly. 
GREEN, Matthew, an ingenious English poet, 
horn in 1690, of a good family among the dis- 
senters ; held an office in the custom-house of 
London, and died in 1737. His poems were first 
collected and published in 12mo, in 1796. The 
most celebrated of them is entitled “ The Spleen,” 
in which (says Mr. Melmouth) “ there are more 
original thoughts thrown together, than I have 
ever read in the same compass of lines. 
GREEN, Dr. Maurice, an eminent musician 
and composer, who was successively organist 
and composer to the Royal Chapel, professor 
of music in the university of Cambridge, and 
master of the royal band. About 1750, he con- 
ceived a project of reforming church-music, 
and had made a considerable progress in the 
work; but, his health failing him, he transmitted 
the further prosecution of it to his friend I)r. 
Boyce, who completed and published it. Dr. 
Green was born in London, and died in 1755 
GREEN, John Richard. See GIFFORD, 
John. 
GREEN, John, bishop of Lincoln, and an 
eminent controversial and miscellaneous writer, 
born at Hull, about 1798, died in 1779. 
GREEN, Samuel, the first printer in North- 
America, who printed first the freeman’s oalh 
then an almanac; he died after 1685. 
GREEN, Edward Burnaby, a gentleman well 
known in the regions of Parnassus, by “ Trans- 
lations of Anacreon and Pmda., and many 
single poems and essays; he died in 1788. 
GREENE, William, deputy governor and go- 
vernor of the colony of Rhode-island, died in 
1758. 
GREENE, William, chief justice and after- 
wards governor of the state of Rhode-island, 
ilicd in 1809 
GREENE, Nathaniel, a major-general in the 
army of the United States, during the revolu- 
tion, distinguished himself in the bathes of Tren 
ton and Princeton, and afterwards, in that of 
Germantown, where he commanded the left, 
I and of Monmouth, where he commanded the 
right wing of the army. He was appointed 
quarter master general, in 1778, and in 1780 to 
the command of the southern army, with which 
he gained ttie victory at the Eutaw Springs. 
His bravery, skill, and services, were such as 
to merit the express approbation of congress, and 
cf his country ; he died in Georgia, in 1786. 
GREENHILL, John, a very ingenious En- 
glish painter, the most excellent of all the disci 
pies of Sir Peter Lely, who is said to have cr.n- 
Uidered him so much a rival, that lie never 
220 GR 
suffered him to see him paint; he was born at 
Salisbury, and died in 1676. 
GREENUP, Christopher, a soidier of the re- 
volution, and a representative in congress, from 
Kentucky, was governor of that state, in 1604; 
he died in 1618. 
GREENVILLE, Sir Richard, grandfather, 
of tlie well known Sir Bevil Greenville, com- 
manded a fleet in America, in 1585, against the 
Spaidards, but was taken, and died of his 
wounds. 
GREENVILLE, Sir Bevil, distinguished in 
the civil wars for defending his sovereign; he 
fell at the battle of Lansdowne, in 1643. 
GREENWOOD, Isaac, professor of mathe- 
matics and natural philosophy, in Harvard col- 
lege, from 1728 to 1738. 
GREGORIUS, Georgius Florentinus, a learn- 
ed bishop of Tours, in the 6th century ; he was 
an able writer, but censured by Gibbon ; he died 
about 595. — 
GREGORY, George, D. D., an English divine, 
and miscellaneous writer, was settled in Lon- 
don, where he supported and defended the mi- 
nistry by his writings; he died in 1808. 
GREGORY, St., surnamed the Great, a mild 
and benevolent pontiff, died in 604. 
GREGORY II., an enlightened and virtuous 
pontiff, died in 731. 
GREGORY III., a charitable, but magnificent 
pontiff, who added splendour to the holy see ; 
he died in 1741. 
GREGORY IV., who visited France, to re- 
'oncile the jarring interests of the royal family 
of France, but without success; he died in 884. 
GREGORY V., Brunon, a German, pope after 
John XVI.; he died in 999. 
GREGORY VI., John Gratian, who attempt- 
ed to restore the revenues of the church; he ab- 
dicated the tiara in 1046. 
GREGORY VII., Hildebrand,succeeded Alex- 
ander II.; he abdicated the pontificate, and died 
-in 1085. 
GREGORY VIII., Albert de Mora, succeeded 
Urban III., and died two months after, in 1187. 
GREGORY IX., Ugolin, elected pope in 1227. 
He excited the Christian princes to undertake a 
crusade, and died in 1241. 
GREGORY X., Theobald, summoned a ge- 
neral council at Lyons, and endeavoured to heal 
all schisms in religion; he died in 1276. 
GREGORY XI., Peter Roger, a promoter of 
concord and benevolence among the Christian 
princes; he died in 1378. 
GREGORY XII., elected pope in 1406, during 
the schism of the West: he died in 1417. 
GREGORY XIII., Hugh Buoncompagno, 
elected pope after Pius V., in 1572 ; he reform- 
ed the calendar, and adopted the style which 
bears his name. He died in 1585. 
GREGORY XIV., Nicholas Sfondrate, elect- 
ed pope after Urban VII., and died in 1591. 
GREGORY XV., Alexander Ludovisio, made 
pope in 1621, died in 1623. 
GREGC/RY, James, a very eminent mathe- 
matician, born at Aberdeen, in 1639, died in 
1675. The chief inventions of Gregory are, the 
reflecting telescope, the burning concave mir- 
ror, and the quadrature of the circle by an in- 
finite converging series. He was likewise the 
first who demonstrated the meridian line to be 
analagous to a scale of lograrithic tangents, of 
the half complement of latitude : he also invent 
ed and demonstrated geometrically, by the help 
of the hyperbola, a very swift converging series 
tor mak*g£ the logarithms, and therefore re- 
GR 
commended by Dr. llalley as very proper l‘o 
practice. 
j GREGORY, David, a distinguished matbe 
matician, who first introduced Newton’s Princi 
:pite into the university schools ; he died in 1710 
j GREGORY, Dr. John, an eminent physiciar 
[and moral writer, died in 1773. His writings 
are spirited and elegant, and calculated for ge- 
neral utility. Those by which he is best knowr 
are, “ A Comparative View of the state of Mar 
und other Animals;” “ A Father’s Legacy t; 
his Daughters ; and “ An Essay on the Office 
and Duties of a Physician;” by the latter of 
which he plainly shows that he thought the 
medical art, to be generally admired, needed 
only to be better known; arid that the affecta- 
tion of concealment retarded its progress, ren 
dered it a suspicious art, and tended to draw 
ridicule and disgrace on its professors. 
GREGORY, John, an English divine, who 
wrote several works; he died in 1646. 
GREGORY, Edmund, author of the “ His- 
torical Anatomy of Christian Melancholy,” &c. 
died in 1650. 
GREGORY, Nazianzen, patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, born in 324, died in 389. He was 
one of the ablest champions of the orthodox 
faith concerning the Trinity, whence he had 
the title given him of “ THE DIVINE,” by 
unanimous consent. 
I GREGORY, Nyssen, bishop of Nyssa, in 371, 
and author of the Nicene Creed, died in 396. 
GREGORY, Theodoras, bishop of Neo-Cesa- 
rea, surnamed Thaumaturgus, a disciple of 
I Origen, and famous for his conversion of the 
I Gentiles; he died about 265. 
GREGORY Peter, a native of Toulouse, au- 
thor of some learned, but injudicious works; 
he died in 1527. 
GREGORY, Dr. George, a native of Ireland, 
and a learned and industrious moral and miscel 
laneous writer, died vicar of West-Ham, in 1808. 
G REN A DA, Lewis de, who refused the bish- 
opric of Braganza, being so much attached to 
a monastic life ; he died in 1588. 
GRENAN, Benignus, a Latin poet, poetical 
rival of professor Coffin; he died in 1723. 
GRENCE, a French painter of great merit. 
GRENVILLE, George, a celebrated British 
statesman, known in parliamentary history for 
his two bills for a more regular payment of the 
navy, in 1757, and for the trial of contested elec- 
tions in 1770 
GRESHAM, Sir Thomas, an eminent mer- 
chant, born in London, in 1519, and died in 1579. 
He was well acquaint ed with the ancient and se- 
veral modern languages, had a very comprehen- 
sive knowledge of ail affairs relating to com 
merce, whether foreign or domestic; and his suc- 
cess was not less, being in his time esteemed the 
richest commoner in England. He transacted 
queen Elizabeth’s mercantile affairs so constant- 
ly, that he was called “ The Royal Merchant;” 
and his house was sometimes appointed for 
the reception of foreign princes upon their first 
arrival in London ; but the most shining part 
of his character appears in his public benefac- 
tions. The Royal Exchange, which he built, 
was a singular ornament to the city of London, 
and a great convenience to the merchants, who 
wanted such a place to meet and transact their 
affairs in ; and the donation of his own man- 
sion-house, in Bishopsgate-street, for a seat of 
learning and the liberal arts, with the handsome 
provision made for the endowment and support 
of it, was ■“itch an instance of a generous and GR 
public spirit as has been equailed by few, and 
must perpetuate his memory with the highest 
esteem and gratitude, so long as any regard to 
learning and virtue is preserved; nor ought his 
charities to the poor, his 8 alms-houses, and his 
liberal contributions to the 10 prisons and hos- 
pitals in London and Southwark, to be forgotten 
in the delineation of Sir Thomas Gresham’s be- 
nevolent character. 
GRESSET, John Baptist Lewis, a celebrated 
French poet, and author of Vert-vert; he died 
in 1777. 
GRETSER, James, a learned jesuit, 24 years 
professor at Ingoldstadt; he died in 1G35. 
GREUZE, a very eminent French painter. 
GREVENBROECK,au admired Flemish pain- 
ter, of the 17th century. 
GREVILLE, Fulk, or Foulk, lord Brooke, 
an eminent statesman, historian and dramatic 
writer, born in Warwickshire, in 1554, was 
assassinated by one of his domestics in 1G28. 
GREVIN, James, a poet and physician; he 
wrote several plays, &c., and died in 1573. 
GREVIUS, or GR.'EV1US, John George, a 
celebrated Latin critic, born in 1632, at Naum- 
bourg, in Saxony, died in 1703. 
GREW, Obadiah, an Euglish divine, who 
sided with the presbyterians, but opposed their 
views in cutting off the king; he died in 1608. 
GREW, Nehemiah, a learned writer and phy- 
sician, and secretary to the Royal Society, born 
at Coventry, in 1628. His chief works are “ A 
Catalogue of the natural and artificial Rarities 
belonging to the Society;” “A Comparative 
Anatomy of the Stomach and Guts;” and “ The 
Anatomy of Plants,” &c. ; he died in 1711. 
GREY, Lady Jane, an illustrious,but unfor- 
tunate personage of the blood royal of England 
by both parents; her grandmother on her father’s 
side, Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, being queen 
consort to Edward IV., and her grandmother 
on her mother’s, lady Frances Brandon, being 
daughter to Henry VII., queen Dowager of 
France, and mother of Mary queen of Scots. 
She was born in 1537, and fell a victim to the am- 
bition of her parents, who on the demise of 
Eaward VI., overcame her by their persuasions 
to suffer herself to be proclaimed queen of Eng- 
land. Though only an innocent agent, she 
was, on the accession of Mary, declared guilty 
of high treason, and beheaded in 1554, aged 17 
years. She was eminent for her piety and 
learning, being mistress of the Greek and Latin 
languages, in both of which she wrote elegant 
letters, which were printed after her death. 
GREY, Dr. Zachary, an ingenious English 
scholar, born in Yorkshire, in 1687, died at 
Ampthill, in 1766. He was the author of nearly 
30 publications; but his edition of “ Hudibras,” 
2 volumes 8vo., is the work which will best pre- 
serve his memory. 
GREY, Dr. Richard, a learned English divine 
and polemical writer, born in 1693, died in 1771. 
He published “ Memoria Technica ; or a new 
Method of Artificial Memory ;” “ A System of 
English Ecclesiastical Law ;” “ A new and easy 
Method of learning Hebrew without points,” &c. 
GRIB ALDUS, Matthew, a learned civilian, of 
Padua, who left Italy to embrace protestantism; 
lie embraced the anti-trinitarian doctrine, for 
which lie was persecuted ; he died of the plague, 
in 1564. 
GRIBNER, Michael Henry, professor of law 
at Wittemberg, wrote several works on jurispru- 
dence, and died in 1734. 
GRIDLEY, Jeremy, attorney-general of the 
GR 
province of Massachusetts, of great distinction, 
lie died in 17G7. 
GRIERSON,Constantin, born at Kilkenny, in 
[reland, 170(5, died 1733. She was an excellent 
scholar, not only in Greek and Roman literature, 
but in history, divinity, philosophy, and mathe- 
matics ; and wrote elegantly both in verse and 
prose. 
GRIESBACII, John Jacob, a learned critic and 
divine, born in Hesse Darmstadt, 1745. In 1775, 
he published his edition of the “ Greek Testa- 
ment,” with various readings; an inestimable 
work. His “Critical Notes upon the Scriptures” 
are very valuable. He died at Jena, where he 
was divinity professor, in 1812. 
GRIFFET, Henry, a jesuit, of Moulins, who 
died at Brussels, in 1775. He published Daniel's 
History of France. 
GRIFFIER, John, an eminent painter, called 
old Griffier; he died in London, in 1718. His son, 
called young Griffier, was an excellent landscape 
painter, and was living In 1713. 
GRIFFIN, Cyrus, a member, and president of 
congress ; a warm friend of the independence 
of the colonies; and, in 1789, a judge of the 
United States’ district court for Virginia; he 
died in 1810. 
GRIFFIN, the last prince of Wales before its 
final subjugation by the English, was murdered 
by his conquerors. 
GRIFFITH, Michael, a native of London, who 
became a jesuit, and was missionary of his ordei 
in England ; he died in 1652. 
GRIFFITH, Elizabeth, a novelist and drama- 
tic writer of some eminence, first distinguished 
by “ The Letters of Henry and Frances,” which 
contained the genuine correspondence between 
her and her husband before their marriage. Her 
next publication was, “ Memoirs of Ninon de 
L'Enclos.” Beside these, she wrote three novels, 
four comedies, the “ Morality of Shakespeare's 
Drama illustrated,” and “Essays addressed to 
Young Married Women,” which closed and 
crowned her literary career. She died in Ireland, 
1793. 
GRIFFITHS, Ralph, first editor of the Month- 
ly Review, begun in 1749, which he edited very 
ably ; he died in 1803. 
GRIGNAN, Frances Margaret de Sevigne, 
countess of; the correspondence between her 
and her mother is highly esteemed ; she died in 
1705. 
GRIGNION, Charles, an engraver, who ac- 
quired great reputation in England, until his 
manner was superseded by a more fashionable 
and imposing style ; he died in 1810, aged 94. 
GRIGNON, Jaques, an eminent French en- 
graver of portraits, flourished toward the end 
of the I7th century. 
GRIGNON, Charles, an English painter of 
some celebrity, who was sent by the royal aca- 
demy to Rome, where he painted a picture of 
the death of captain Cook, &c.; he died at Leg- 
horn, in 1804. 
GRIMALDI, John Francis, a celebrated pain- 
ter, born at Bologna, in 1606, studied under Ca- 
racci, to whom he was related, and died in 1680. 
GRIMANI, Domenico, son of the doge of Ve- 
nice, a learned man, died in 1523. 
GRIMANI, Hubert, an excellent portrait pain 
ter, of Delft, died in 1629. 
GRIMAREST, Leonard, a Frenchman, whe 
wrote the life of Charles XII., tec. • he died ir. 
11720. 
GRIMATTD, N. de. professor of medicine tU 
Montpelier, died in 1791. GR 
GRIMMER, James, an admired landscape 
painter, of Antwerp, died in 1546. 
GllIMOUX, a French painter, who affected to 
make no distinction between night and day ; he 
died iu 1740. 
GRIMSTON, Sir Harbottle, master of the 
rolls to Charles II., an eminent law writer, and 
original editor to Judge Croke’s Reports, born in 
1584, died in 1683. 
GRINDAL, Edmund, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, an able theological writer, born iu 1519, 
died at Croydon, in 1583. 
GRINGONNEUR, Jacquemin, a Parisian 
painter of the 14th century, who is said to have 
invented cards to amuse the melancholy hours 
of Charles VI., king of France. 
GRINGORE, Peter, herald at arms to the duke 
of Lorraine, died in 1544. 
GRISAUNT, William, an English physician, 
astronomer and mathematician of some note ; 
the time of his death is unknown. 
GRISWOLD, Roger, LL. D., an eminent 
lawyer of Connecticut, was a distinguished and 
Influential member of Congress under the ad- 
ministration of the first President Adams, and 
his successor. In 1801 he was appointed secre- 
tary of war, an office which he declined ; he 
was afterwards successively a judge of the su- 
preme court, and lieutenant governor and go- 
vernor of his native state. He died in 1812. 
GRIVE, John de la, a French geographer, 
born at Sedan ; author of “ Topography of Pa- 
ris,” &c. ; he died iu 1757. 
GROCHOWSKI, a Pole, who was at the bat- 
tle of Syezekociny with Kosciusko, in 1791, in 
which he was mortally wounded. 
GROCYN, William,born at Bristol. 1442, died 
1519. He was a greater master of the Greek 
and Latin languages, and introduced a better 
pronunciation of the latter, than had been known 
before in England. He was professor of Greek 
at Oxford, where he is said to have taught 
Erasmus. 
GRODITHJS, Stanislaus, a Jesuit, of Poland, 
author of 8 vols. of Latin sermons, &c. ; he died 
ifi 1613. 
GRONOVIUS, John Frederic, an eminent ci- 
vilian, historian, and critic, born at Hamburgh, 
in 1613, died in 1672. 
GRONOVIUS, James, son of the preceding, 
and a writer on the belles lettres, born at De- 
venter, in 1645, and died in 1716. His chef 
d’ceuvre is, “ Thesaurus Antiquitatum Graxa- 
rum,” 13 vols. folio. 
GROPPER, John, an able polemic, of West- 
phalia, who had a great abhorrence of women, 
he died in 1559. 
GltOS, Peter, an able sculptor, who embel- 
lished the capital of France with his art; he 
died in 1710. 
GROS, Nicholas, a theologian, of Rheims, 
whose opposition to the bull unigenitus obliged 
him to flee from France to England ; he was au- 
thor of several works, and died in 1751. 
GROSE, Francis, F.S. A., who, after having 
illustrated the “ Antiquities of England, Wales, 
and Scotland,” in a series of views of monastic 
and other ruins, was on the point of completing 
his design by those of u Ireland,” where he had 
been employed about, a month before his death, 
which happened in 1791, in the 52dyearof his 
age. He published also “ A Treatise on ancient 
Armour and Weapons;” “A Classical Dic- 
tionary of the Vulgar Tongue ;” “A provincial 
Glossary, with a Collection of local Proverbs! 
and popular Superstitionsand “Rules forj' 
GR ” 
drawing Caricatures; the Subject illustrated 
with four Copperplates; with an Essay on Co- 
mic Painting.” 
GROSLEY, Peter John, a Frenchman, mem- 
jber of the academy of belles letters, &c., and 
authorof several works, he died in 1785. 
GROSSETESTE, Robert, an English prelate 
who wrote commentaries on Aristotle, &c. Dr. 
Pegge wrote his life; he died in 1253. 
GROSTESTE, Claude, a minister of Savoy, 
who went to London on the revocation of the 
edict of Nantes ; he wrote several works, and 
died in 1713. 
GROSVENOR, Benjamin, a native of Lon- 
don, and minister of a dissenting congregation 
there ; he wrote an Essay on Health, &c., and 
died in 1758. 
GROT1US, Hugo, or Hugo de Groot, born at 
Delft, in 1583, died in 1045. He was eminent as a 
lawyer, philosopher, mathematician, historian, 
political and poetical writer ; but his chief works 
are “ Treatise of the Truth of the Christian 
Religion;” and, which, singly, is sufficient to 
render his name immortal, his “ Treatise of the 
Rights of War and Peace,” “ De Jure Belli et 
GROTIUS, William, brother of Hugo, was a 
distinguished lawyer and a writer on law ; he 
died in 1662. 
GROVE, Henry, a learned divine among the 
English dissenters, born at Taunton, in 1683, died 
in 1738, leaving some very excellent theological 
treatises. 
GROVE, Joseph, an English historical and 
critical writer, died in 1764. His best work is a 
“ Life of cardinal Wolsey.” 
GRUBER, Gabriel, a very distinguished je- 
suit, born at Vienna, who at an early age made 
great proficiency in the arts and sciences. He 
practised and taught successively, rhetoric, his- 
tory, mathematics, hydraulics, chymistry, archi- 
tecture, and medicine, in which he obtained the 
degree of doctor. His recreations were physi- 
cal and chymical experiments, drawing and 
painting. On the suppression of the society of 
jesuits, the empress Maria Theresa took him 
into her service, and intrusted to him the su- 
perintendence of ship building at Trieste, as 
well as the draining of the Sclavonian and Hun- 
garian morasses. As soon as he learned that the 
society continued to exist in the Russian em- 
pire under the protection of the government, he 
joined the society at Polocz, where he applied 
himself to his favourite studies for several years. 
Being sent to St. Petersburgh several times on 
the business of the society, he ga'ined the esteem 
of their imperial majesties. In 1802 he was 
elected general of the society, andshowed much 
tranquillity and perseverance in very arduous 
and trying circumstances. By his exertions, the 
order increased in Russia, and was restored in 
the kingdom of Naples. His amiable and phi- 
lanthropic behaviour, and the variety and ex- 
tent of his knowledge, procured him many 
friends, as well as the confidence and good-will 
of men of the highest rank. Witli those abili- 
ties and information which form a great mind, 
he united the piety and virtue of a true member 
of a religious order. He died in 1805. 
GRUCHIUS, Nicolas, of Rouen, was the first 
|who explained Aristotle in Greek; he died in 
1572. 
GRITDIU3, Nicolas Everard, treasurer of 
Brabant; he wrote sacred and profane history 
in Latin, and died in 1571. 
GRUE, Thomas, a Frenchman, in the ‘otter 
223  GU 
part of the 17th century, who translated Ross’ 
History of all Religons into French, &c. 
GRUET, N., a young poet of promising abili- 
ties ; he was killed by the discharge of a fowling 
piece, in 1778. 
GRUGET, Claude, a Parisian, of the 16th 
century, who translated Spanish and Italian 
works into French. 
GRUNER, John Frederic, an able theologian 
and scholar, of Cobourg, and author of several 
works on language; he died in 1778. 
GRUTERUS, Janus, a celebrated pliilologer, 
antiquary and historian, born at Antwerp, in 
1560, died in 1627. 
GRUTERUS, Peter, a practitioner of physic, 
in Flanders, who published “ A Century of 
Latin Letters,” &c.; he died in 1634. 
GRYLLUS, son of Xenophon, slew Epami- 
nondas, and fell himself at the battle of Ma- 
tiuea, 363 B. C. 
CRYNZEUS, Simon, a learned German, Greek 
professor at Vienna, and afterwards at Heidel- 
berg, became a protestant, for which he suffered 
much ; he died in 1541. 
GRYN7EUS, John James, a native of Berne, 
and minister and professor at Basil; he died in 
1617. 
GRYNA2US, Thomas, was professor of Greek 
and Latin, at Berne and Basil; he left foursons, 
all eminent in literature. 
GRYPHIARDER, John, professor of history 
and poetry, at Jena, died in 1612. 
GRYPIIIUS, Sebastian, a very celebrated 
printer, of Lyons, in France, born in Germany, 
in 1493. The books printed by him are highly 
valued by the connoisseurs, being no less accu- 
rate than beautiful; he died in 1556. 
GRYPIIIUS, Andrew, the Corneille of Ger- 
many, died in 1664. 
GRYPIIIUS. Christian, son of Andrew, was 
professor of eloquence at Breslaw ; he was a 
man of extensive erudition, &c., and died in 
1706. 
GUA DE MALVES, John Paul de, a French 
ecclesiastic, who first conceived the idea of an 
encyclopedia, which was executed by d’Alem- 
bert ; he died in 1786. 
GU A DAGNOLO, Philip, a learned orientalist, 
hot n at M tigliano, and author of several works; 
he died in 1656. 
GUAGUTN, Alexander, an author, who wrote 
some topographical works; he died at Cracow, 
after 1581 
GUALBERT, St. John, a Florentine, who 
founded a monastery at Vallombrosa, which 
spot is immortalized by Milton; he died in 1073. 
GUALDUS, Prioratus, an Italian, historio- 
grapher to the emperor ; he wrote the histories 
of Ferdinard TI. and III., &c., and died in 1678. 
OUALTERUS, Rodolphus, author of Com- 
mentaries on the Bible, &c., died in 1586. 
GUAR IN, Peter, an excellent Hebrew scholar, 
of Rouen ; he died in 1729. 
GUARINI, an eminent scholar, of a noble Ve- 
ronese family, professorof languages at Ferrara, 
and author of some works; he died in 1460. 
GUARINI, John Baptist, a celebrated Italian 
poet, born at Ferrara, in 1537, died in 1612. The 
“ Pastor Fido” has immortalized the name of 
Guarini. 
GUARINI, Guarino, a well known architect, 
who embellished Turin and Paris; he died in 
.683. 
GUASCO, Octavian. a native of Turin, who 
distinguished himself by his writings; he died 
Hi ira-i. 
GU 
GL'AY TKuUIN, Rene du, a famous admiral. 
See DU-GRAY. 
GUAZZI, Stephen, an Italian, author of some 
poems, dialogues, &c., much esteemed; he died 
in 1565. 
GUAZZI, Mark, of Padua, eminent in arms 
and literature; he wrote a History of Charles 
VIII., and died in 1556. 
GUDIN DE EA ERENELLERIE Paul Philip 
a French writer, author of tragedies, essays on 
various subjects, &c., died in 1812. 
GUD1US, Marquard, an able critic, of Hol- 
stein, who owed his elevation, being counsellor 
to the duke of Hoistein, to the friends of Ins 
pupil Schas, who left him liisproperty ; he died 
in 1689. 
GUDIUS, Gottlob Frederic, a Eutheran minis- 
ter, author of some valuable works. 
GUEDRIER DE ST. AUSTIN, Henry Mi- 
chael, a doctor of the Sorbonne, distinguished as 
a casuist; he died in 1742. 
GUERARD, Robert, of Rouen, who wrote an 
abridgment of the Bible in questions and an- 
swers, &c.; he died in 1715. 
GUERART, Benjamin, governor of the state 
of South-Carolina, died at Charleston, in 178S 
GUERCHEV1ELE, Antoinette de Pons, mar- 
chioness of, a French lady, who, when Henry 
IV. meditated an attack on her virtue, replied 
that she was not noble enough to be his wife, 
but too noble to be his mistress. 
GUERCHI, Claude Lewis de Regnier, count 
de, a French general, who distinguished himself 
in the wars of Italy and Flanders; he died iu 
1768. 
GUERCINO, (so called from a cast that It 
had in one of his eyes, for his true name was 
Francesco Barbieri da Cento,) a celebratea 
Italian painter, born near Bologna, iu 1590, die*’ 
in 1666. 
GUF.RET, Gabriel, eminent as an advocate 
thebar, and as an author; he died at Paris, in 1638 
GETER1CK, Otbo, a Prussian, and the most 
celebrated mathematician of bis time, born in 
1602, died in 1686. He was inventor of the air- 
pump, and wrote largely on natural philosophy. 
GUERIN, Francis, professor of the college of 
Beauvais, translated Tacitus and Livy into 
French. 
GUERINIERE, Francis Robichon, author of 
“ l’Ecole de Cavalerie,” &x.; he died in 1751. 
GUERRE, Martin, a Frenchman, w hose wife, 
in his absence, received another man. as her 
husband; but he returning, the impostor was 
hanged, in 1650. 
GUESCLIN, Bertrand du, constable of 
France, a renowned general, who checked the 
victorious progress of Edward III., of England, 
alter king John of France was taken prisoner; 
he was born in Brittany, in 1311, died in 1380. 
GUETTARD, John Stephen, a French physi- 
cian and botanist, whose application was‘the 
cause of his death, in 1786; he wrote on plants 
GUEUEETTE,Thomas Simon, a French ad 
vocate, author of some novels and comedies; be 
died in 1766. 
GUEVARA, Antony de a Spanish writer, 
whose life of M. A. Antonius has been translat 
ed into all the languages of Europe ; be died in 
1544. 
GUEVARA, Lewis Velez de, a Spanish poet, 
and author of several humorous comedies, borr, 
at Andalusia, and died in 1646. 
GUGLIELMINI, Dominic, a mathematician, 
patronised bv Lewis XIV., and author of se- 
iveral valuable works , he died in 1710 
224 GU 
GUIBERT, author of Gesta Dei per Francos ; 
he died in 1124. 
GU IBERT, J ames Anthony II i ppolite, a F rench 
writer on military affairs, born at Montauban, in 
1743. He acquired the rank of colonel, and the 
cross of St. Louis, by his active services in the 
French army, and published, in 1770, his cele- 
brated work, “ Essai general de Tactique;” a 
work which, though known and admired over 
all Europe, drew upon its author the envy too 
often attendant on merit, which embittered a 
great part of his days. He was also a dramatic 
writer, and produced three tragedies, “ The Con- 
siubleof Bourbon,” “ The Gracchi,” and “ An- 
na Bullen;” neither of which, however, was 
published ; he was admitted a member of the 
French academy ; and died of an almost broker 
heart, in 1790; exclaiming on his death-bed, al- 
luding to his enemies, “They will one time know 
me, and do me justice.” 
GUICCIARDINI,Francisco, acelebrated his- 
torian, of Italy, was born at Florence, in 1482, 
and died in 1540. 
GUICCIARDINI, Lewis, nephew of the pre- 
ceding, and a historical writer of the most tip- 
proved fidelity, llis principal work is a “ His- 
tory of the Low Countries, and of the Affairs of 
Europe,” from 1530 to 1560. lie was born at Flo- 
rence, in 1523, and died in 1583. 
GUICHARD, Claude de, historiographer to 
the duke of Savoy, and author of “ The Funerals 
of the Ancients;” he died in 1607. 
GUICHERON, Samuel, a French advocate 
and historian ; he wrote “ History of the House 
of Savoy,” and died in 1664. 
GUIDI, Alexander, an eminent Italian poet, 
born at Pavia, in 1650, died in 1712. 
GUIDO,Rem,an Italian painter, born at Bolog- 
na, in 1575, died in 1642. The heads of this pain- 
ter have been considered as not at all inferior to 
Raphael’s. 
GU I DO, Cagnacct, a historical painter, of Bo- 
logna, of great merit, died in 1680. 
GUI DOTTl, Paul, a painter and anatomist, 
who, in attempting to lly, fell and broke his 
limbs ; he died in 1629. 
GU1G.VARD, John, a jesuit, who was execut- 
ed at Paris for high treason, in 1595. 
GUIGNES, Joseph de, a native of Pontoise; 
he became interpreter to the French king in 1741, 
ami wrote many works; he died in 1800. 
GUILD, William, D. D., a Scotch divine, pro- 
fessor of divinity and philosophy at Aberdeen ; 
he died in 1662. 
GUILLAIN, Simon, asculptor, rector of the 
painting and sculpture academy at Paris; he 
died in 1658. 
GU1LLANDIUS, Melchior, an eminent phy- 
sician and botanist in Prussia, wrote an excel- 
lent commentary on the Papyrus, &c.; he died 
in 1589. 
G1JILLELMA, of Bohemia, the foundress of 
an infamous sect which started up in Italy in the 
13th century, and which, under the mask of de- 
votion, used to practise all manner of lewdness. 
Guillelma imposed so effectually upon the world 
by a show of extraordinary devotion all her life 
time, that she was not only reputed holy at her 
death, but also revered as a saint a considerable 
time after it. However, her frauds, and the de- 
lusions she had employed, were at last discover- 
ed ; upon which her body was dug up, and burnt, 
in 1300. She died in 1231, and had been buried 
in Milan. 
GUILLEME\TJ, James, a French surgeon, 
author of some valuable works; he died in 1612. J 
GU 
| GUILLET DE ST7GE0RGE, George, first 
jiiistoriographor to the academy of painting and 
sculpture in Paris; lie wrote the History of Ma- 
jhomet II., and other works, and died in 1705. 
GUILLIAUD,Claude, doctor of the Sorbonne, 
[author of commentaries on some of the Gospels, 
&c. 
GUILLIM, John, the reputed author of a ce- 
lebrated book, entitled, “ The Display of Heral- 
drie,” was born in Herefordshire, in 1565, died in 
1621. See BARKHAM. 
GUILLOTIN,a physician, of Saintes, inventor 
of the guillotine ; he died of grief that this instru- 
ment was so much abused. 
GUISCARD,Robert, afamousNorman knight, 
who assisted in the conquest of Naples from the 
Saracens; he died in 1085. 
GUISCARD, Charles, a Prussian officer of 
distinction, author of “ Military Memoirs of Ilia 
Greeks and Romans,” &c.; he died in 1775. 
GUISE, Claude de Lorraine, duke of, settled 
in France, and became founder of the family of 
Guise there; he died m 1513. 
GUISE, Francis, duke of, son of the preced- 
ing, a man of great talents ; in him began the 
factions of Condo and Guis#; he died in 1563. 
GUISE, Henry, duke of, memorable in the his- 
tory of France as a gallant officer; but an impe- 
[rious, turbulent, seditious subject, who placed 
himself at the head of an armed force, and cal- 
led his rebel band, The League; the plan was 
formed by the cardinal, his younger brother ; 
and, under the pretext of defending the Roman 
cathoiic religion, the king, Henry III., and the 
freedom of the state, against the designs of the 
Huguenots, or French protestants, they carried 
on a civil war, massacred the Huguenots, and 
governed the king, who forbade his appearance 
at Paris ; but Guise now became an open rebel, 
entered that city against the king's express or 
der, and put to the sword all who opposed him ; 
the streets being barricadoed to prevent his pro- 
gress, this fatal day is called in the French his 
tory, The Day of the Barricades. Masters of 
Paris, the policy of the Guises failed them ; for 
they suffered the king to escape to Blois, though 
he was deserted in his palace at Paris by his 
very guards. At Blois, Henry convened an as- 
sembly of the states of France ; the duke of 
Guise had the boldness to appear to a summons 
sent him for that purpose ; a forced reconcilia- 
tion took place between him and the king, by 
the advice of this assembly ; but it being acci- 
dentally discovered, that Guise had formed a plan 
to dethrone the king, that weak monarch, in- 
stead of resolutely bringing him to justice, had 
him privately assassinated, Dec. 23,1558, in the 
|38th year of his age His brother, the cardinal, 
shared the same fate the next day. 
GUISE, Charles, duke of, eldest son of Henry, 
was arrested on his father’s murder, but escap- 
ed ; he was reconciled to the king, but the jea- 
lousy of Richelieu drove him from the kingdom; 
he died in 1640. 
GUISE, Lewis de Lorraine, cardinal of, son 
of Henry, well known as illustrious in arms, and 
in the arts of peace ; he died in 1621. 
GUISE, Henry of Lorraine, duke of, grandson 
of Henry, was remarkable for his intrigues with 
the duke of Bouillon, &c.; he died in 1664. 
GUISE, William, an English divine, eminent 
for his translations from the oriental languages, 
born in Gloucestershire, in 1653, died in 1683. Fo- 
reigners have styled him “ the immortal orna 
ment of the university of Oxford.” 
j GUITTON, John, a citizen of Rochelle, was ' GU 
elected mayor, captain-general, and governor, 
when that city was besieged by cardinal Riche- 
lieu, in 1637. He would not accept the command, 
unless it was agreed that a poignard, which lie 
produced, should lie on the table in the town- 
house, for him to put to death the first man who 
proposed to surrender. When he was told that 
famine had swept off the greatest part of the in- 
habitants, he coolly answered, “ No matter, 
while there is one left to shut the gates.” 
GUITTON, d’Arezzo, an early Italian poet, 
flourished in the middle of the 13th century. 
GULDENSTAEDT, John Antony, a famous 
traveller, born at Riga; visited Astracan, Cau- 
casus, &c. ; he died in 1781. 
GUNDLING, Nicolas Jerome, a native of Nu- 
remberg, professor at Halle, and author of some 
valuable works, he died in 1729. 
GUNNERUS, John Ernest, a native of Chris- 
tiana, founder of the royal Norwegian society at 
Drontheim ; he died in 1773. 
GUNNING, Peter, an English prelate, born 
at Hoo, in Kent, was one of the committee ap- 
pointed to review the liturgy ; he died in 1684. 
GUNTER, Edmund, an English mathema- 
tician,and professorofastronomyatGreshamcol- 1 
lege, born in Herefordshire, in 1581, was bred forjj 
the church, and took orders ; but genius and in- 
clination leading him chiefly to mathematics, he! 
applied early to that study, and distinguished 
himself by many important improvements in ma- 
thematical instruments for the use of naviga- 
tion ; of those the most celebrated are, a new 
projection of the sector, the invention of a small] 
portable quadrant, the discovery of a new varia-; 
tion in the mariner’s compass, and of a scale,: 
which, after him, is called “Gunter’s Scale.”, 
He died in 1626. 
GUNTHER, a German poet, in the beginning! 
of the 18th century, who was poisoned by a ri- 
val, when going to be presented to Augustus II., 
king of Poland. 
GURTLER, Nicolas, a native of Basil, author 
of a German and French Lexicon, and other 
works ; he died in 1707. 
GUSMAN, Lewis, a Spanish jesuit, author of 
the history of his fraternity, in the Indies, &c. ; 
he died in 1605. 
GUSSANVILLAN, Peter, a native of Char- 
tres, edited the works of Gregory the Great. 
GUSTAVUS VASA, who, having delivered 
Sweden from the Danish yoke, was, in 1523, 
elected king of that country. He was born in 
1490, and died in 1560. 
GUSTAVUS ADOLPIIUS, the greatest king 
that Sweden ever had. He conquered Ingria, 
Livonia, Bremen,Venden,Wiesmar, Pomerania, 
&c. He shook the throne of the emperor Fer- 
dinand II. lie protected the Lutherans in Ger- 
many, and by his victories humbled the house 
of Austria. The glory of this action has been! 
unjustly attributed to cardinal Richelieu, who 
had the art of raising his reputation from the 
victoiies which Gustavus was content to gain.! 
He carried the war beyond the Danube, and 
would perhaps have dethroned the emperor, had! 
he not been slain at the battle of Lutzen, A. D. 
1663, in the 37th year of his age, after he had de- 
feated the imperial army commanded by Wal- 
stein. He carried to his tomb the name of “The 
Great Gustavus,” the love of his subjects, and 
the esteem of his enemies. 
GUSTAVUS HI., king of Sweden, came to 
the throne in 1771, was shot at a masked hall, 
and having languished some time, died in 1792. 
GUTHIEUES, James, a French advocate. 
GU 
known as an able antiquarian, and correct writ- 
er ; he died in 1638. 
GUTHRIE, William, a very laborious and vo- 
luminous writer on history, politics, and other 
subjects, bornatBreichen, in Angusshire,in 17(11, 
died in 1769. His principal works are, “Historic* 
of the World,” of “ England,” and of “ Scot- 
land.” He was a “ writer by profession,” and 
is said to have lent his name to booksellers for 
publications in which he had no concern. Such 
is asserted to have been the case with respect tu 
the Geographical Grammar, called “Guthrie’s;” 
which, however, is a work that, for its general 
utility and comparative perfection, confers cre- 
dit on the compiler, whoever he be. 
GUTTEMBERGH,Jolm of, a citizen of Stras- 
bourg, to whom is attributed the invention of 
the art of printing, in conjunction with Fust, or 
Faustus, and Peter Schoeffer, or Schuffer, the 
servant, and afterwards the son-in-law, of Faus- 
tus, by whom it was further improved. He was 
born at Mentz, in 1408, and died there, in 1467. 
GUY, a monk of Arezzo, who invented the six 
syllables of the gamut, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, liv 
ed about 1026. 
! GUY, Thomas, founder of Guy’s hospital, was 
the son of Thomas Guy, lighterman and coal- 
dealer in Horsley-down, Southwark. He was 
put apprentice, in 1660, to a bookseller, in the 
porch of Mercer’s chapel, and set up trade with 
a stock of about 2001., in the house that forms 
the angle between Cornhill and Lombard-street. 
The English Bibles being at that time very badly 
printed, Mr. Guy engaged, with others, in a 
(scheme for printing them in Holland, and itn 
|porting them ; but this being put a stop to, he 
;contracted with the university of Oxford tor, 
i their privilege of printing them, and carried on a 
great Bible trade for many years to considerable 
advantage. Thus he began to accumulate 
money, and his gains rested in his hands ; for, 
being a single man, and very penurious, his ex- 
penses were next to nothing. His custom was, 
jto dine on his shop-counter, with no other table 
cloth than an old newspaper: he was also as lit 
tie nice with regard to his apparel. The bulk of 
his fortune, however, was acquired by purchas- 
jing seamen's tickets during queen Anne’s wars, 
and by South-sea stock, in the memorable year 
1720. Ho was 76 years of age when he formed 
the design of building the hospital, nearSt.Tho- 
mas’, which bears his name. The charge of 
(erecting this vast pile amounted to 18,793/., be- 
sides 219,499/. which he left to endow it: and he 
just lived to see it roofed in. He died Dec. 17, 
11724, in the 81st year of Ilia age, after having de- 
dicated to charitable purposes more money than 
any one private man upon record in England, 
j GUYARD, de Berville, a French author of 
some merit, died in poverty, aged 73. 
GUYARD,Anthony, a Benedictine monk, au 
thor of several works, died at Dijon, in 1770. 
GUYET, Francis, an eminent critic, of An 
gers, died in 1655, much esteemed. 
GU YON,Claude,a French historian.author of 
an ecclesiastical history, and other works; he 
died in 1771. 
GUYON, Johanna Mary Bouviers de la 
Motile, a French lady, memorable for her writ- 
ings and her sufferings in the cause of Quietism, 
born at Montargis, in 1648, died in 1717. Some of 
her spiritual songs have been translated by Cow- 
per. 
GUYS,Peter Augustine, atiative ofSIarseilles, 
eminent as a man of letters, and a merchant 
, died in 1799. HA 
GUYSE, John, I). D., minister of an inde-| 
pendent congregation at London, and author of 
several theological works ; he died in 1761. 
GUYTON DE MORVEAU, Lewis Bernard, 
ar, eminent lawyer, of Dijon, and advocate ge- 
neral to the parliament of that city. He was dis- 
tinguished as a proticient in natural philosophy 
and ohymistry, and as the author of a course of 
chymistry, in 4 vols., and other writings on the 
same subject; he was made a member of the le- 
gion of honour, and a baron of the empire, by 
Napoleon, and died in 1815. 
GVVINNET, Button, a native of England, 
came to South-Carolina, in 1770, and soon re- 
moved to Georgia. He was a decided friend of 
the revolution, a member of congress, in 1776, 
and a signer of the declaration of independence. 
He was killed in a duel, in 1777. 
GWYNN,Eleanor, better known by the name 
of Nell, who rose from an orange girl to be the 
mistress of Charles If.; she died in 1687. 
GW YNNE,Matthew, a distinguished English 
physician, died after 1639. 
GYLIPPUS, a Lacedaemonian general, sent to 
assist Syracuse against the Athenians, 414 B. C. 
GYZEN, Peter, a landscape painter, whose 
views on the Rhine are much admired ; he was 
born at Antwerp, about 1636. 
II 
HAANSBERGEN, John Van, a painter, of 
Utrecht. The figures which he introduced intoj 
his landscapes were very much admired; he 
died in 1705. 
HAAS, William, a printer and type-founder, 
was the first who engraved French type in the 
style of Baskervtlle ; he invented a new print- 
ing press, and died at St. Urban monastery, in 
1809. 
HABAKKUK, the eighth of the minor pro- 
phets, supposed to be of the tribe of Simeon. 
His style is poetical, beautiful, and sublime. 
IIABERT, Francis, a native of Berry, one of 
the most ancient poets of France; he wrote 
some fables, &c., and died in 1569. 
HABERT DE CERISI, Germain, an eccle- 
siastic, of Bayeux, who wrote some poems ; he 
died in 1655. 
HABERT, Henry Lewis, the friend of Gas- 
sendi, and the publisher of his works, with an 
elegant Latin preface, died in 1679. 
HABICOT, Nicolas, asurgeon, born atBonay, 
was eminent in iiis profession, and wrote a trea- 
tise on the plague ; he died in 1624. 
HABINGTON, William, an English poet and 
historian, born in Worcestershire, in 1605, died 
in 1051. His amatory poems were entitled 
“ Castara,” and printed in 1634-5 and 1640. He 
also published a tragi-comedy, called “ The 
Queen of Arragon.” 
HACHETTE, Jane, a heroine, of Beauvais, 
in Picardy ; she successfully headed a body of 
women, in an assault against the Bourguignoris, 
who besieged her native place in 1472. 
HACKAERT, John, a Dutch painter, horn at 
Amsterdam, in 1635. The mountainous scene- 
ry in his landscapes is much admired. 
HACKET, John, an English prelate, of great 
merit, was chaplain to James I. bishop of Lich- 
field and Coventry,; he spent eight years in re- 
pairing his cathedral, at the expense of 20,0001., 
nearly all his own, and died in 1670. 
HACKET, William, an English fanatic, in 
the reign of Elizabeth. He was hung and quar- 
tered for blasphemy, in 1592. 
HACKSPAN, Theodore, a Lutheran minis- 
HA 
ter, well skilled in oriental literature; his hooks, 
oil theological subjects, are much esteemed : he 
died in 11)50. 
1IADDICK, N., count of, an Austrian gene- 
ral, distinguished himself against the Turks, in 
1789, and died the next year. 
HADDOCK, Sir Richard, a valiant admiral, 
who distinguished himself, on various occasions, 
under Charles II. and his successors; he died 
very old, in 1714. 
HADDON, Walter, an eminent English scho- 
lar, professor of civil law, in the reign of Ed- 
ward ; he was a zealous promoter of the refor- 
mation, and died in 1571. 
HADRIAN. See ADRIAN. 
HAEN, Antony de, privy counsellor, and phy- 
sician to the empress Maria Theresa, was au- 
thor of “ Ratio Medendi,” and a treatise on 
magic ; he died in 1776. 
HAERLEM, Theodore Van, a Dutch painter, 
born at Haerlem. His Christ and his apostles, 
in the church of Utrecht, are much admired; 
he died in 1470. 
HAGE DORN, a German poet, of the 18th cen- 
tury. His works, in imitation of Fontaine, dis- 
play genius, vivacity, and great delicacy. 
HAGEN, John Van, a landscape painter, born 
in Cleves. His pieces are much admired. He 
died at the end of the 17th century. 
HAGGA1, the tenth of the minor prophets, 
lived in the reign of Darius Uystaspes. He was 
of the sacerdotal race. 
HAGUENIER, John, a French poet. His 
pieces are on light subjects, but possess great 
wit and elegance ; he died in 1738. 
I1AGUENOT, Henry, author of medical trea- 
tises, was a physician, of Montpelier; he died in 
1770. 
HAHN, Simon Frederick, author of the “ His- 
tory of the Empire,” was a very extraordinary 
character. At the age of 10, he knew several 
languages, and at 24, was professor of history at 
Helmstadt; he died in 1729. 
HAILES. See DALRYMPLE. 
HAILLAN, Bernard de Girard, lord of, a 
French historian, born at Bourdeaux, in 1535, 
died in 1610. He published a history, which 
reaches from Pharamond to the death of Charles 
VIE, and was the first who composed a body of 
the French history in French. 
HAINES, Joseph, commonly called count 
Haines, a very eminent low comedian, and a 
person of great facetiousness of temper and 
readiness of wit, died in 1701. 
HAKEM, the third of the Fatimite caliphs, 
was a violent persecutor of the Christians anil 
Jews, and pretended to be the visible image of 
God. He was assassinated by the intrigue of 
his sister, in 1021. 
IIAKEWELL, John, mayor of Exeter, in 
1632. Another brother, William, was of Exeter 
college ; he warmly espoused the party of the 
puritans, and published “ The Liberty of the 
Subject against the power of Impositions,” Sec. 
HAKE WELL, George, a learned divine, bom 
at Exeter, in 1579, died in 1649. His principal 
work is “ An Apology, or Declaration of the 
Power and Providence of God in the govern- 
ment of the World, proving that it doth not de- 
cay,” &c. 
HAKLUYT, Richard, famous for his skill in 
the naval history of England, was born in Here- 
fordshire, in 1553, and died in 1616. He is au- 
thor of a" Collection of Voyages and Discove- 
ries,” in3vois. folio, and of several other usefu. 
work*. 
227 ~ HA 
HALDE, John Baptist du, a learned French- j 
man, born at Paris, in 1674, died in 1743. We ] 
have of his, a valuable work, entitled “ Grande 
Description de la Chine et de la Tartarie,” in 4 
vols. folio. 
HALE, Sir Matthew, a most learned lawyer, 
and chief justice of the King’s Bench, horn in 
1609. The attainments of Sir Matthew were 
w onderful; for he had, beside his peculiar pro- 
fession, a considerable Knowledge in the civil 
law, in arithmetic, algebra, and other mathe- 
matical sciences, as well as in physic, anato- 
my, and surgery; was very conversant in ex- 
perimental philosophy, and other branches of 
philosophical learning, and in ancient history 
and chronology ; but, above all, he seemed to I 
have made divinity Ills chief study; so that 
those who read what he itas written upon theo- 
logical questions, might be inclined to think that 
he had studied nothing else. His principal 
works are legal, philosophical, and religious; of 
the former, the most valuable are, his “ Pleas of 
the Crown,” and a “ History of the Common 
Law of England.” He died in 1676. 
HALES, John, an English divine and poet, 
born at Bath, in 1584, died in 1656. After his 
death, there came out a collection of his wrorks, 
with this title, “ Golden Remains of the ever- 
memorable Mr. John Hales, of Eton College,” 
&e. 
HALES, Stephen, a very celebrated natural 
philosopher and mathematician, born in Kent, 
in 1677, died in 1761. Among many other use- 
ful inventions of his, was that of ventilators ; 
which lie continued to improve as long as he 
lived. His “ Statical Essays” have been often! 
printed, and are well known. 
HALI-BEIGH, a Polander, whose original! 
name was Bobowski. Being taken by the Tar- 
tars, while a child, he was sold to the Tuiks,] 
who educated him in tiieir religion. He acquired 
the knowledge of 17 languages, and became in-1 
terpreter to tile grand signior; translated into! 
the Turkish language the catechism of tliej 
church of England, and all the Bible ; composed 
a Turkish grammar and dictionary, and other! 
things which were never printed His principal 
work is “ A Treatise upon the Liturgy of the 
Turks, their Pilgrimages to Mecca, their Cir- 
cumcision, and Manner of visiting the Sick.” 
He died in 1675. , 
HALKET, Lady Anna, was born in London, 
in 1622, and married Sir Janies llaikct, in 1656. 
Her father, Robert Murray, was preceptor to 
Charles I. From her MSS. was selected a vo- 
lume of meditations; she died in 1699. 
H ALL, John, an English lawyer and poet,| 
celebrated as a political writer, died in 1656. 
HALL, Henry, an English divine, who pub ! 
lished some occasional sermons, and was great-1 
ly beloved ; lie died in 1763. j 
HALL, John, a surgeon of Kent, who flou- 
rished in the reign of Elizabeth ; he pabiished 
a compendium of Anatomy, &c. 1565. 
HALL, Jacob, a noted rope dancer in the age 
of Charles II. 
HALL, Richard, an English popish priest. 
He left England to avoid the penal laws against 
his religion, and became divinity professor at* 
Douay; lie was author of some theological 
works, and died in 1604. 
HALL, Joseph, an eminent and learned bi- 
shop of Norwich, born in 1574, died in 1656. Hislj 
“Meditations” are well known ; and hispoeli-li 
cal talents, chiefly exercised in satire, were very!! 
respectable. He is universally allowed to havcii 
HA 
‘been a man of great wit and learning, and ol as 
i great meekness, modesty, and piety. His works 
make 5 vols. in folic, and have gained him tire 
appellation of the “Christian Seneca ” 
HALL, Lyman, governor of Georgia, was s 
zealous advocate for the revolution, a mem her 
of congress in 1776, and a signer of the decia 
tion of independance. He died about 1790. 
HALLE, Antony, a good Latin poet and pro- 
fessor of eloquence at Caen ; he died at l aris 
in 1675. 
HALLE, Peter, professor of canon law in the 
university of Paris, born at Bayeux, in Norman- 
dy, in 1611, died in 1689. 
HALLE, Claude Guy, of Paris, distinguished 
las a painter, died in 1736. His son, Noel, was 
also respectable in the same art; he died in 1758. 
HALLER, Albert, an illustrious physician, 
and voluminous writer, born at Berne, in Swit- 
zerland, in 1702, died in 1777. He is supposed to 
have been the most acute, various, and original 
genius, that has appeared in the medical wot id 
since Boerhaave. 
HALLEY, Edmund, a most eminent English 
philosopher and astronomer, born in London, in 
1656. His astronomical discoveries greatly int 
proved the art of navigation, and his works are 
highly valued in every part of Europe. He died 
at Greenwich, in Jan. 1741-2. 
HALLIFAX, George Saville, marquis of. See 
SAVILI.E. 
HALLIFAX, Dr. Samuel, bishop and arch- 
deacon of St. Asaph, w as a prelate of gu at 
knowledge and ability ; an incomparable civi- 
lian, and an extremely acute public speaker. 
His sermons at bishop Warburton’s lecturt s are 
much esteemed; and his Analysis of bishop 
Butly's Analogy (a book entirely abstruse and 
metaphysical) is written with great elegance of 
style, as well as with much profundity ot think- 
ing. He was born at Chesterfield, in 1730, and 
died in 1790. 
HALS, Francis, an admired portrait painter, 
of Mechlin : he died in 1666. 
HALS, Dirk, brother of the preceding, was a 
painter of festive and low scenes; he died in 
1656. 
I1AMBERGER, George Albert, an eminent 
mathematician, of Franconia, and author of a 
valuable w'ork on optics and other subjects ; l.e 
died in 1726. 
IIAMHERGER, George Christopher, a learn 
ed German, published Orpheus and other voiu 
minous works ; he died in 1773. 
HAMEL, du Monceau, Henry Lewis do. ol 
Paris, eminent for his knowledge of mechanics, 
agriculture and commerce ; he died in 1782. 
HAMEL, John Baptist du, a celebrated 
French philosopher and divine, born at Vice, in 
1024, died in 1706. 
HAM1LCAR BARCAS, a famous Carthagi- 
nian general, slain in battle 227 B C. 
HAMILTON, Patrick, abbot of Feme, in Scot- 
land. He was condemned to the flames, lor his 
adherence to the tenets of Luther, and endun <1 
the sentence with wonderful fortitude. He was 
not only pious, but learned and polite. He suf- 
fered in 1527, aged 23. 
HAMILTON, James, first duke of, a distin- 
guished commander under Charles I. He main- 
tained Ins master’s cause in the North, alter its 
ruin in England ; was at length defeated at 
[Preston, anti beheaded in 1649 
l HAMILTON, Count Antony,an elegant wri- 
ter, horn in Ireland, in 1646,ol a Scotch family, 
jllis most celebrated work was “ Mcmoiisot tne 
228  HA 
Count de Grammonthut lie wrote also some 
poems and Fairy Tales, which are excellent in 
their kind, and died 1720. 
HAMILTON, William, duke of, was secre- 
tary of state for Scotland. He died in 1052 of 
wounds received at the battle of Worcester. 
HAMILTON, William, an ingenious poet, 
distinguished by the liveliness of his imagina- 
tion and tile delicacy of his sentiments. He was 
born of an ancient and honourable family in 
1 roi, and died in 1754. His poems were printed 
at Edinburgh, 1700. 
HAMILTON, George, earl of Orkney, dis- 
tinguished himself at the battle of the Boyne, 
and at Blenheim ; he died in 1737. 
HAMILTON, sir William, thirty-seven years 
Britisii ambassador at the court of Naples, was 
born in the year 1729, and died in London, in 
)H03. The zealous and successful efforts which 
he made during his long residence in Italy, in 
bringing to light the buried treasures of antiqui- 
ty not here be enumerated ; indeed, iiis 
whole life was devoted to studies connected 
with the fine arts. His “ Observations on Mount 
Vesuvius, Mount rEtna, and other Volcanoes, 
In a Series of Letters to the Royal Society,” 
were published with notes in 1772. 
HAMILTON, Elizabeth, a distinguished mis- 
cellaneous writer, born at Belfast, in 1758. Miss 
Hamilton remained single through life, and died 
at Harrowgate, in 1810. Her principal works are, 
“ Letters of a Hindoo Rajah;” “Memoirs of 
Modern Philosophers;” “Letters on the Prin- 
ciples of Education ;” and the “ Lifeof Agrip- 
pina, Wife of Germanicus.” After her death, 
her “Memoirs,” with a Selection from her 
Correspondence, were edited by Miss Benger, 
and published. 
HAMILTON, Andrew, an eminent lawyer of; 
Philadelphia, and speaker of the house of as- 
sembly; be died in 1741. His son James Ha- 
milton was repeatedly governor of Pennsylva- 
nia between 1748 and 1771. 
HAMILTON, Andrew, governor of the co- 
lony of New-Jersey, and deputy governor of 
Pennsylvania, died in 1702. 
H AMILTON, John, a counsellor of the colony 
of New-Jersey, who was at the head of its go- 
vernment for several years ; he died in 1740. 
HAMILTON, John, was several times gover- 
nor of Pennsylvania; he died in New- Vork, in 
1783. 
HAMILTON, Alexander, secretary of the 
Treasury of the United Slates, under general 
Washington, and a major general in the Ameri- 
can army, was born in the island of St. Croix, in 
1757. and came to New-York, in 1 / 73. At the 
commencement of the revolution he joined the 
arinv, was aid-de-camp to the commander in 
chief, and continued in the service until the sur- 
render of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, where the 
Americans under his command stormed and 
took the British works. He afterwards com- 
menced the practice of the law in New-York, 
ami rose to the highest eminence in the pro- 
fession. He was killed in a duel with colonel 
Burr, in 1804. As a statesman and a financier, 
bn revived the public credit, and placed the 
United States revenue on a permanent footing. 
He always possessed the confidence of Washing- 
ton, and his death was lamented by the whole 
community, as an irreparable loss to his coun- 
try. 
HAMILTON, Paul, was a firm and decided 
pa I riot of the revolution, governor oi the state 
cl' djuili Caroliua, and afterward- secretary of 
HA 
the Navy of the United States under President 
Madison. He died in 1316. 
HAMILTON, Hugh, a learned English pre- 
late, professor of natural philosophy at Trinity 
college, Dublin, afterwards dean of Armagh 
and bishop of Cionfert and of Ossory ; he died 
in 1805. 
HAMILTON, William, an English historical 
painter, and member of the royal academy, died 
in 1801. 
HAMLET, the name of a prince of Denmark 
whose history, as related by Saxo-Grammaticus, 
has furnished Shakspeare with the groundwork 
of one of his finest plays. 
HAMMOND, Anthony, an English poet and 
an author, distinguished also as a wit and as a 
man of fashion ; he died about 1730. 
HAMMOND, Dr. Henry, a learned English di- 
vine and commentator, born at Chertsy, it* 
1605, died in 1060. His chief works are, a “ Prac- 
tical Catechism;” a “ Paraphrase and Annota- 
tions on the New Testamentand a “ Para- 
phraseand Commentary on the Old Testament 
of which he only published the Psalms, and went 
through a third part of the book of Proverbs. 
HAMMOND, James, an elegant English poet, 
born in 1710, died in 1742. He was equerry to the 
prince of Wales ; and is said to have divided 
his life between pleasure and books; in his re- 
tirement forgetting the town, and in his gayety 
losing the student. Of his literary hours the 
principal effects arc exhibited in his memorable 
“ Love Elegies.” 
HAMON, John, a French physician, who 
wrote on religious subjects in an admired styie • 
he died in 1087. 
HAMPDEN, John, a celebrated political cha- 
racter in the reign of Charles I., famous for sus- 
taining singly the weight of a royal prosecution, 
on his refusing to pay the ship-money in the 
reign of Charles I., was born in London, in 1504. 
Having in 1025-6 obtained a seat in the house id' 
commons, he soon grew to be one of the most 
popuiar men in the nation; and after he had 
held the chief direction of his party in the house 
against the king, he took up arms in the same 
cause, and was one of the first who opened the 
war by an action at a place called Brill, about 5 
miles from Oxford ; but iie was cut off early by 
a mortal wound, which he received by a pistol 
bursting in his hand, in a skirmish with prince 
Rupert, June 18,1043, and of which he died the 
24th. Clarendon has given Hampden the cha- 
racter of a great, rather than a good man; but 
when passive obedience and non-resistance 
were disgraced by law, he came to be esteemed 
a good as well as a great man, and has conti- 
nued to be thought so from that time to this 
HAMPTON, James, translator of Polybius, 
died 1778. 
HAMSA, a Mahometan doctor, known for his 
attempt to eradicate the tenets of Mahomet arid 
to establish his own. He flourished about 1020. 
HANCOCK, John, minister of Lexington, 
Massachusetts, respected and beloved ; he died 
in 1752. 
HANCOCK, John, minister of Braintree, son 
of the preceding; died in 1744. 
HANCOCK, Thomas, a benefactor of Harvard 
college, died in 1704. 
HANCOCK, John, LL. D., one of the most 
conspicuous friends of the American revolution, 
was president of congress in 1770, and s: led 
the declaration of independence in that ca, «c.i 
ty. He was afterwards governor of MaasaciiU 
setts for several years. Ho died in 17:13 “"TlA 
HANDEL, George Frederic, an illustrious 
master in music, born al Halle, inUpper Saxoriy, 
In 1684. His compositions, particularly his ora 
torios, have been repeatedly performed, to the 
present day, with uninterrupted success and un- 
rivalled glory. He died in 1759, and was bu- 
lied in Westminster Abbey, where, by his own 
order, and at his own expense, a monument is 
erected to his memory. 
11ANGEST, Jerome de, a doctor of the Sar- 
bonne who wrote against Luther; he died in 1538. 
HANIFAH, a saint among the Mussulmans, 
the head of all their sects; he died at Babylon. 
HANKINS, Martin, was professor of history, 
politics and eloquence at Breslaw, and an author; 
he died in 1709. 
HANMER, Meredith, D.I)., treasurer of Tri- 
nity church, Dublin. He translated the ecclesi- 
astical histories of Eusebius, Socrates and Eva- 
grius, and died in 1604. 
HANMER, Jonathan, a non-conformist di- 
vine. He is the author of ecclesiastical anti- 
quity and other works ; he died in 1687. 
HANMER, Sir Thomas, Bart., a distinguished 
statesman and polite writer, born in 1676. In 
1713 he was chosen speaker of the house of 
commons; which office, difficult at all times, 
but at that time more particularly so, he dis- 
charged with becoming dignity. He died in 1746. 
HANNECKEN, Mention, a historian and di- 
vine, of Germany, was professor of morals, 
theology, &c. at Marpurg, and died in 1671. 
HANNECKEN, Philip Lewis, son of the 
preceding, was professor of Hebrew and elo- 
quence at Giessen. His works were chiefly on 
theological controversy ; he died in 1706. 
HANNEM AN, John, a painter, at the Hague, 
and an excellent copyist of Vandyck ; he died in 
1680. 
HANNIBAL, a great Carthaginian general, 
was the son of Hamilcar, who made him swear 
on the altar, that he xvould never be reconciled 
to the Romans. At 25 years of age, he took 
upon him the command of the army. After 
taking Salamanca and Saguntuin, in Spain, he 
defeated the Gauls, and passed the Alps in de- 
fiance of the snow, and of Publius Cornelius; 
having mollified the rocks with vinegar, and cut 
through them with iron. He took Turin, and 
at Pavia defeated Cornelius Scipio. The follow- 
ing year he defeated Flaminius, and slew 15,000 
men ; he next overthrew Varro at Canute, with 
40,000 foot, and 2700 horse, the flower of the 
Roman youth, and sent to Carthage two or three 
baskets of gold rings taken from the hands of 
5630 slain Roman gentlemen. And now had 
Hannibal gone straight to Rome, he had cer- 
tainly ruined that commonwealth ; but going to 
Capua, where lie wintered, the delights of the 
place so debauched his whole army, that the 
Romans recovered themselves from the conster- 
nation into which the loss of five battles had 
thrown them. Two years after, Marcellus gave 
oim battle, and conquered, but was himself 
Killed in an ambush. Hannibal was defeated 
afterwards by Sempronius Gracchus, and at last 
met with a total overthrow by Scipio; when, 
''ailing (or fearing to fall) into the hands of the: 
Romans, he took poison, which lie had kept in; 
a ring for that purpose 182 B. C., aged 70. 
HANNIBALIANUS, Flavius Claudius, was 
murdered by Constantius, in 338. 
HANNO, a Carthaginian, employed by his 
countrymen to make the circuit of Africa; in 
consequence of which he explored various re- 
gions, and made great geographical discoveries. 
HA 
Some supposed voyages of Hauno are published 
in the Oxford Geographers. 
HANNSACHS, a German poet. His works, 
in five volumes folio, are indifferent; lie died in 
1570. 
HANRIOT, Francis, an associate of Marat 
and Robespierre, and equally atrocious in his 
character. He was guillotined, July, 1794, exe- 
crated for his cruelty and rapine. 
HANSON, John, a distinguished member of 
Congress from Maryland, and for two years 
president of that body ; he died in 1783. 
HAN WAY, Jonas, was born at Portsmouth, 
in 1712. Being bred to commence, he left Kiin- 
land, and entered into business at Lisbon as a 
merchant; from Lisbon he removed to Peters- 
burg!!, where he was appointed agent to the 
British factory ; and, with the view of opening 
a trade through Russia into Persia, he undertook 
a laborious and dangerous course of travels, of 
which he afterwards published an interesting 
account at his return to England. To the cha- 
ritable disposition and benevolent exertions of 
Mr. Hanway, London owes in a great measure 
the institution of the Marine Society, the sup- 
port of the Magdalen Hospital, the improvement 
of its streets and avenues ; and the poor of v* 
rious descriptions, their most effectual condor 
and support. He died in 1786. 
IIARCOURT, Harriet Eusebia, an Ei.ghsn 
lady, who established a female monastery on 
her lands in Yorkshire, which was dissolved at 
her death,in 1745. 
HARDENBURGII, Jacobus R., D. D., first 
president of Queen’s College, New-Jersey, was 
indefatigable in his labours, and much blessed , 
he died in 1790. 
HARDER, John James, was professor of rhe- 
toric, afterwards of medicine and anatomy, at 
Basil; a man highly esteemed for his learning 
and abilities; he died in 1711. His brother, 
James, was professor of oriental languages at 
Leyden, and a learned divine. 
HARDEBY, Geoffrey, an Augustine monk, 
confessor to Henry II., professor at Oxford, and 
an author ; he died in 1360. 
HARDI, Alexander, a French poet, who is 
said to have written 600 pieces for the theatre. 
Of these, however, no more remain than 41, 
which were published by himself in six vols. 
He was the first French dramatist w'ho intro- 
duced the custom of being paid for his pieces, 
and died at Paris, in 1630. 
HARD1ME, Peter, a painter, of Antwerp, 
died in 1748. His brother, Simon, excelled as 
a flower painter, and died in 1737. 
HARDING, John, an old English chronicler, 
born in 1438, died after 1461. 
HARDING, Thomas, an English divine, and 
polemical writer, born in 1512, died about 1570. 
HARDINGE, Nicolas, an eminent English 
scholar, and author of some Latin, and other 
poems ; he died in 1759. 
HARDINGE, George, an eminent English 
lawyer, a member of parliament, and attorney 
and" solicitor general to the queen; he died in 
1816. 
HARDION, James, a Frenchman, who pub- 
lished “ Universal History,” 18 vois., and other 
works ; he died in 1766. 
HARDOU1N, John, a French jesuit, eminent 
as a critical, historical, and miscellaneous wri- 
ter, horn at ICimper, in Bretagne, in 1647, died 
■in 1729. 
! HARDUIN, Alexander Xavier, of Arras 
llkuown as a grammarian, died in 1788. HA 
" HARDWIG'KE. See YORKE, PhilipT‘ 
HARDY, Sir Charles, governor of the colony 
of New-York, afterwards an admiral in the 
British navy, and commander in chief of the 
western squadron, in 1779, the year of his death. 
HARDY, Josiah, brother of the preceding, 
was governor of the province of New-Jersey, in 
1761. 
HARE, Dr. Francis, bishop of Chichester, 
and tuthor of some celebrated polemic tracts, 
died in 1740. 
HARGRAVE, Francis, one of the most emi- 
nent law-writers of his day, was born in 1739, 
and died in 1821. He was many years one of his 
majesty’s counsel, and recorder at Liverpool; 
and among his numerous publications may be 
mentioned, a “Collection of State Trials,” 11 
vols. folio, in 1781. In 1813, owing to ill health 
and other circumstances, he parted with his 
library, which was purchased by parliament for 
8003/., to be placed in the library of Lincoln’s 
Ir-g, for the public use. It contained 300 MSS.; 
a<rj his law books were enriched with valuable 
notes. 
HARIOT, Thomas, an English mathemati- 
cian. He accompanied Sir Walter Raleigh to 
America, and gave the public an account of 
Virginia ; he died in 1621. 
HARIRI, an Arabian author, lived in 1120 
If All LAY, Achilie de, a firm, dignified, and 
learned president of the parliament of Paris, i 
after De Thou ; he died in 1610- 
IIARLAY DE SANCY, Nicholas de, was 
ambassador of France to England, under Henry 
III. ; he died in 1629. 
HARLAY, Francis de, archbishop of Paris, 
he favourite of Lewis XIV.; he died in 1695. 
HARLAY, Achilie de, first president of the 
tarliament of Paris, was an upright magistrate; 
rnd died in 1712. 
HARLEY, Robert, afterwards earl of Oxford 
and earl Mortimer, and lord high treasurer in 
the reign of queen Anne, was born in London, 
in 1631. On the 8th of March, 1711, he was in 
great danger of his life; the marquis of Guis- 
cani, a French papist, then under examination 
of a committee of the privy council at Whitehall, 
stabbing him with a penknife, which he took 
up in the clerk’s room, where he waited before 
he was examined. Guiscard was imprisoned 
and died in Newgate, the 17th of the same 
month ; whereupon an act of parliament passed, 
making it felony, without benefit of clergy, to 
attempt the life of a privy counsellor in the exe 
cution of iiisoffico. After the death of queen 
Anne, viz. June 10,1715, Harley was impeached 
by the house of commons of high treason, and 
high crimes and misdemeanors ; and was com- 
mitted to the Tower by the house of iords, 
where he suffered confinement till July 1, 1717, 
and then, after a public trial, was acquitted by 
his peers; he died in 1721, and Pope has cele 
b rated his memory in the following lines : 
“ A soul supreme in each hard instance tried, 
Above all pain, all anger, and all pride, 
The rage of power, the blast of public breath, 
The lust of lucre, and the dread of death.” 
This nobleman laid the foundation of the Hat- 
leian Collection of MSS now in the British 
Museum; which was enlarged by his son Ed 
ward, who succeeded to his title and estates, 
and at whose death, itconsis’ed of8030 volumes, 
ami above 40,000 original rolls, charters, and 
othei deeds and instruments of great antiquity, i 
IIARLOvV, an eminent English portrait and I 
HA 
historical painter, died in the oloom of life, in 
1319. The admirable arrangement and pow- 
erful effect with which he represented the scene 
from Henry VIH., in which Mrs. Siddotis is 
the principal figure,and all the Kemble fami- 
ly are introduced, is a masterly proof of his 
taste, judgment, and skill, as a historical pain- 
ter ; as iiis portraits of West, Northcote, Fuseli, 
&c., were of his fidelity in that branch of the 
art. As a copyist also he was entitled to high 
praise. His copy of a picture of Rubens might 
be taken for the original; and his copy of Ra- 
phael’s famous picture of The Transfiguration, 
which he painted with astonishing rapidity, 
was highly admired at Rome, where the original 
might be compared with it. 
HARMER. Thomas, an eminent dissenting 
divine, and critical writer on biblical literature, 
born at Norwich, in 1715, was 54 years pastor of 
a congregation at Watiesfield, in Suffolk, and 
died in 1783. 
HARMODIUS. See ARISTOGITON. 
HARO, Don Louis de, a favourite of Philip 
IV., prime minister, and a great diplomatist; he 
died in 1661. 
HAROLD I., king of England, son of Canute; 
he died the 5th year of his reign, in 1039. 
HAROLD [[., son of earl Godwin, took pos- 
session of the English crown, on the death of 
Edward the Confessor. In repelling the inva- 
sion of his kingdom, by William of Normandy, 
he was slain, Ort. 1066, in the first year of his 
reign. 
HARPALUS, a Grecian astronomer, inventor 
of the cycle, 480 B. C. 
HARPALUS, an officer intrusted by Alex- 
ander with the treasures of Babylon, with which 
he fled away. 
HARPE, Jean Francois la, an eminent French 
orator, critic, poet, and dramatic writer, born at 
Paris, in 1740, died in 1802. 
HARPOCRATION, Valerius, an ancient rhe- 
torician of Alexandria, who has left an excellent 
“Lexicon upon the Ten Orators of Greece." 
He flourished about 175. 
HARPS FIELD, Nicholas, archdeacon of Can- 
terbury, an English divine, attached to the po- 
pish religion ; he died in 1572. 
HARRINGTON, John lord, an English noble- 
man, distinguished by the talents and genius 
which he displayed at a very early age ; he died 
in 1613, aged 22. 
HARRINGTON, Sir John, an ingenious Eng- 
lish poet, and translator of Ariosto's “Orlando 
Furioso;” by which he gained a considerable 
reputation, and for which he is now principally 
known ; he was born at Helston, near Bath, in 
1561, and died in 1612. 
HARRINGTON, James, an eminent political 
writer, born in Northamptonshire, in 1611, died 
in 1677. His chief work is called “ Oceana,” 
and is a kind of political romance, in imitation 
of Plato’s “ Atlantic Story,” where, by Oceana, 
Harrington means England ; exhibiting a plan 
of republican government, which he would have 
erected, by forming the three kingdoms into a 
genuine commonwealth. 
HARRINGTON, Henry, an eminent English 
physician and poet, died at Bath, in 1816- 
HARRIS, Walter, an English physician, in 
the reign of William III. He wrote some es- 
teemed books on the diseases of children. 
HARRIS, Robert, was president of Trinity 
j college, Oxford, wrote some sermons, and died 
| in 1653. 
1 HARRIS,John,an English divine.and a distin- 
231  HA 
guished mathematician, secretary to the royal 
society, died in 1730. 
HARRIS, William, minister of a dissenting 
congregation in London, died in 1740. 
HARRIS, William, a protestant dissenting 
minister, of eminent abilities and character, and 
author of a historical and critical Account of 
the Lives of James I., Charles I., and Oliver 
Cromwell, all tending to recommend republican- 
ism, in 5 vols., after the manner of Mr. Bayle. 
He died in 1770. 
HARRIS, James, an English gentleman, of 
very uncommon parts and learning, born in the 
Close, at Salisbury, in 1709, died in 1780. He is 
the author of “ Three Treatises, concerning 
Art, Music, and Painting, and Poetry, and Hap- 
piness;” “Hermes, or, a Philosophical Inqui- 
ry concerning Universal Grammar,” (which; 
bishop Lowth, in the preface to his “ English 
Grammar,” calls the most beautiful and perfect 
example of analysis that has beenexhibited since 
the days of Aristotle;) “ Philosophical Arrange- 
ments ;” and “ Philological Inquiries.” 
HARRIS, James, earl of Malmesbury, an En- 
glish ambassador at the court of Berlin, St. Pe- 
tersburg, and afterwards at the Hague, and a 
member of the privy council, was raised to the j 
peerage in 1800.*find died in 1820. 
HARRISON, William, an elegant poet, andl 
secretary to the English ambassador at the 
Hague, died in London, in 1713. 
H ARRISON, William, an English writer, au- j 
tlior of the Pilgrim, a pastoral tragedy, 1709. 
HARRISON, John, a colonel in the parlia- 
ment army, and one of the judges of the un- 
fortunate Charles; he was executed for his per- 
fidy, after the restoration. 
HARRISON, Robert Hansen, an eminent| 
lawyer, of Maryland, was chief justice of the] 
general court, and governor of that state. Ilt-i 
was appointed a judge of the supreme court of J 
the United States, in 1789, but declined the of-1 
tice, and died in 1790. 
HARRISON, John, a most accurate English 
mechanic, inventor and maker of the famous 
time-keeper, for ascertaining the longitude at [ 
sea, born at Foulby, near Pontefract, in York- 
shire, 11593, died 177(5. After many experiments, I 
he made a time-keeper in the form of a watch,! 
with which two trials were in voyages to the j 
West Indies; and, being found to answer, the; 
discoverer received from parliament the sum of 
24.0001. 
HARRISON, Benjamin, one of the delega- 
tion from Virginia, who signed the declaration 
of Independence. 
HART, Oliver, minister of Charleston, South 
Carolina,published several sermons, and died in 
1795. 
HART, Levi, D. D., minister of Preston, 
Conn., instructed many young men for the mi- 
nistry, and died in 1808. 
II ART, John, a signer of the declaration of 
Independence, and an active and useful revo- 
lutionary patriot, he died in 1779. 
II ARTE, Walter, a divine, poet and histori- 
an, born eariv in the 18th century, and educa- 
ted in the free-school of Marlborough. Lord; 
Chesterfield, to whose son Harte was tutor) j 
describes him as a man of consummate erudi-j 
tion. His greatest poetical work, called “ The 
Amaranth,” was published in 1707 ; his “ His- 
tory of Gustavus Adolphus,” in 17(55; and his 
‘ Essays on Husbandry,” in 1704. He died in 
1773. 
HARTLEY, Dayid, an English physician 
' H A 
of eminence, born in Yorkshire, in 1705. His 
principal work is entitled “ Observations on 
Man,his Frame,his Duty,and his Expectations.’ 
He died in 1757. 
HARTMAN, John Adolphus, a convert from 
the jesuits, to Calvinism, and professor of phi- 
losophy and poetry, at Castel, and afterwards 
of history, at Marpurg ; he died in 1744. 
HARTSOEKER, Nicolas, professor of phi- 
losophy, at Heidelberg, and mathematician to 
the elector palatine, died in 1725. 
IIARTUNGUS, John, professor of Greek at 
Heidelberg, for some time in arms against the 
Turks ; he died in 1579. 
HARVARD, John, an eminent American di- 
vine, founder of Harvard college, Massachu- 
setts, died in 1038. 
HARVEY, Gideon, an eminent English phy- 
sician, attendant upon Charles H. in his exile, 
and after his restoration; he died in 1700. 
HARVEY, William, an eminent English phy- 
sician who first discovered the circulation of the 
blood and the motion of the heart, in animals, 
born at Folkstone, in Kent, in 1578, died in 
1057. 
HARVEY, Sir John, governor of the colony 
of Virginia. His tyranny and rapacity caused 
his impeachment and removal, in 1035. 
HARWOOD, Dr. Edward, an English dis- 
senting divine, and excellent classical scholar, 
born in 1729, died in 1794. His chief works 
are, “ An Introduction to the Study of the New 
(Testament,” “ A View of the various editions 
iof the Greek and Roman Classics,” and an edi- 
tion of the “ New Testament in Greek, with 
English notes.” 
HASE, Theodore, professor of Hebrew at 
Bremen, his native town, died in 1731. 
HASE, James, brother ot the precentng, dis- 
tinguished for his learning and writings, died in 
1723. 
HASSELQUIST, Frederic, a Swedish bota 
nist and natural historian, born in East Goth- 
land, in 1722, died at Smyrna, in 1752. 
HASTED, Edward, a topographer, born at 
Hawley, in Kent, in 1732. His “ History of 
[Kent” is well known and esteemed, in the 
latter part of his life he was much reduced in 
circumstances, and was, by lord Radnor, pre- 
j sented with the mastership of the hospital at 
! Corsham, Wilts. He died there in 1812. 
HASTINGS, Elizabeth, daughter of the earl 
of Huntington, was celebrated for her accom- 
plishments, and for her public and private cha 
rity. She died in 1740, deservedly lamented. 
HASTINGS, lit. Hon. Warren, was horn 
near Daylesford, in Worcestershire, in 1733. 
Having been educated at Westminster school, 
he went out to the East Indies as a writer, and 
in course of time became governor of Bengal. 
He was removed from Madras to the presidency 
of Calcutta at a critical period, when the state 
of Hindostan became perilous from the rapidly 
increasing power of Ilyder Ally, the sovereign 
of Mysore, and the intrigues of t he French, who 
were taking advantage of the rupture between 
Great Britain and her colonies. In this exigency, 
j t he governor-general had to rely solely upon his 
| own exertions; and he succeeded, beyond all 
j expectation, in saving British India from a com- 
| bination of enemies. Party spirit at home, how- 
ever, turned his merit into a crime, and charges 
were brought against him in parliament. He 
returned in 1780, and an impeachment follow ed, 
the trial of which lasted nine years, and ter ni 
nated in an acquittal. After this he led t .©- HA 
tired life on the wreck of his fortune, and an 
annuity from the India company. He lived, 
however, to see iiis plans for the security of 
India publicly applauded ; but received no other 
recompense for his sufferings, than that of being 
sworn of the privy-council Sir Warren died 
in 1818. 
11ATSELL, John, clerk of the house of 
commons, from 1768 to 1797, died in 1820. 
HATTON, Sir Christopher, an eminent states- 
man, and lord chancellor under Uueen Eliza- 
beth, died in 1591. 
HAUSTEAD, Peter, a clergyman and acomic 
writer, in the reign of Charles I. 
HAUTE-FEUILLE, l’abbe, a French gentle- 
man, skilled in mechanics, who made considera- 
ble improvements in the movements of watches, 
ani invented a specular gnomon for regulating 
clocks and watches by the sun, &c., born in 
B>47, died in 1724. 
HAUTE ROCHE, Noel le Breton de, a French 
dramatic poet and actor, died at Paris, in 1707. 
HAUTETERRE, Anthony Dadine de, profes- 
sor of law at Toulouse, author of a treatise on 
monastic life, and other works, indicative of 
great lalents and learning; he died in 1082. 
IIAVAKD, William, a respectable actor, and 
dramatic writer, of Dublin, died in 1778. 
HAVEN, Samuel, D. D., minister of Ports- 
mouth, New-Hampshire, published many ser- 
mons, and died in 1806. 
HAVEN, Jason, minister of Dedham, Massa- 
chusetts, author of many published sermons, 
died, much respected, in 1803. 
HAVERCAMP, Sigibert, a celebrated Dutch 
critic, and professor of history, eloquence, and 
the Greek tongue, at Leyden. He was particu- 
larly skilled in the science of medals, and was 
tlie author of some works in this way that were 
very much esteemed. He gave good editions, 
as well as grand ones, of several Latin and 
Greek authors; of Eutropius, Tertullian’s “Apo- 
logetic,” Josephus, Sallust, &c.; and his edi- 
tions of those authors are reckoned the best, 
lie died in 1742, aged 58. 
HAVERS, Clopton, an English physician, 
author of a treatise on the bones, died early in 
tiie 18th century. 
HAWES, Stephen, an English poet, who 
flourished about 1500. 
HAWES, Dr. William, an English physician, 
who has immortalized his name by being the 
founder of the Royal Humane Society, for the 
recovery of persons apparently dead by drown- 
ing, suffocation, or strangulation, was born at 
Islington, in 1736, and died in 1808. Dr. Hawes 
was a truly amiable and benevolent man ; and 
gave a strong proof of his philanthrophy in his 
unwearied attention to the above-mentioned in- 
stitution, which lias been found highly useful, 
and to establish which he employed many years 
of iiis life. So much, indeed, did this engross 
his mind, and engage his attention, that his own 
immediate interests appeared to him to be very 
subordinate considerations; yet he was always 
ready to afford his professional assistance to 
distress. It would be difficult for the enemies 
of Dr. Hawes, (if such a truly benignant cha- 
racter could have any enemies,) to say any thing 
to his disadvantage. There was a remarkable 
simplicity in Iiis manners, the result of an inno- 
cent and unsuspecting heart; and his name 
ought to be recorded among the benefactors of 
their country, for the establishment of an insti- 
tution, which has been a source of renewed 
happiness to thousands, who might otherwise 
HA 
have sunk into wretchedness, arising from the 
untimely loss of their dearest relatives. 
HA WEIS, Thomas, an English divine, known 
as chaplain to the countess of Huntington, and 
as principal of a seminary which she founded 
for the education of students in divinity; he died 
in 1820. 
HAWKE, Edward lord, a bravp and intrepid 
English admiral, appointed rear of the white, in 
1717, being then styled by George 11. “ His own 
Admiral;” and, by successive promotions, he 
became vice-admiral of Great Britain, in 1765. 
He was one of the greatest characters that evef 
adorned the British navy ; but most of all re 
markable for the daring courage, which induced 
him, on many occasions, to disregard those forms 
of conducting or sustaining an attack, which, 
by the rules and ceremonies of service, had be- 
fore been considered as indispensable. His de- 
feat of the French armament, under marshal 
Conflans, off Belleisle, will never be forgotten. 
He died in 1781. 
HAWKESWORT1I, Dr. John, an English 
writer, of a very soft and pleasing cast, born at 
Bromley, in Kent, in 1715, died in 1773. As an 
author, “ The Adventurer” is his capital work ; 
the merits of which, it is said, procured him the 
degree of LL. D. from Dr. Herring, archbishop 
of Canterbury. When the design of compiling 
a narrative of the discoveries in the South Seas 
was on foot, he was recommended as a proper 
person to be employed on the occasion ; but the 
performance did not answer expectation. Works 
of taste and elegance, where imagination and 
the passions were to be affected, were his pro- 
vince ; not works of dry, cold, accurate narra- 
tive. However, he executed his task, and is 
said to have received for it the enormous sum 
of G000Z. 
HAWKINS, Sir John, an English admiral, 
who signalized himself, in the reign of Eliza- 
beth, by opposing the Spanish armada, and in his 
expeditions to the West Indies ; lie died in 1595. 
HAWKINS, Sir Joint, to whom the public 
are indebted for a good edition, with notes, of 
“Walton’s Angler,” as well as a valuable “ His- 
tory of Music,” was born in 1719, and died in 
1789. Some short time before his death, he 
wrote a “ Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson,” 
which, though replete with literary anecdote 
and entertainment, met witli hut an indifferent 
reception from the critics. 
HAWKINS, William, governor of the state 
of Georgia, died in 1819. 
HAWKSMOOR, Nicolas, an English archi- 
tect, pupil to Sir Christopher Wren, died in 173(1. 
HA WKWOOD, Sir John, born in the reign 
of Edward II., died in 1394. Though bred a 
tailor, having afterwards taken to arms, he 
signalized himself in the wars in Italy, by Iris 
valour and conduct, which raised him to the 
highest posts. He gained so great honour and 
reputation for having restored, in those parts, 
military discipline, which was almost lost, that, 
after his death, the Floientines erected, in their 
city, a black marble statue as an acknowledg 
ment for the services he had done them. 
HAWLEY, Joseph, distinguished as a states 
man and patriot, and regarded as having been 
one of the ablest advocates of American liberty; 
he died in 1788. 
HAWLEY, Gideon, many years a missionary 
to the Stockbridge, Mohawk, and Oneida In 
dians, and eminently useful to them; he died in 
1807. 
HAY, James, a Scotchman, who went tc 
233 HA 
England with James I., where he was ennobled, 
and employed on several embassies, and to ne- 
gotiate a marriage between the prince of Wales 
and a princess oi Fiance ; he died in 1636. 
HAY, William, born in Sussex, in 1695, was 
remarkable for iiis personal deformity; on which 
subject be wrote an excellent “ Essay,” wherein 
lie alluded to bis own case with singular good 
humour. He was representative in parliament 
for Seaford, and died in 1755 ; having written, 
beside the above essay, “ Religio Philosophi,” 
“ Imitations of Martial,” and some other pieces, 
w Inch were collected and printed in 1794. 
HAYDN, Joseph, was born of low parentage, 
at Rliorau, in Austria, in 1733. At an early age 
he was received into the choir of the cathedral 
in Vienna. He afterwards got his living by 
teaching music, and by composition. In 1791, 
he went to England, and published several of 
his works ; in consequence of which the univer- 
sity of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of 
doctor of music. In 1796, he returned to Ger- 
many, where lie composed iiis sublime oratorio 
of “ The Creation,” and “ The Seasons,” and 
died in 1809. His works are very numerous and 
valuable. While Haydn was in England, a 
ship captain entered his chamber one morning: 
“ You are Mr. Haydn V’ “Yes.” “ Can you 
make me a march to enliven my crew? You 
shall have thirty guineas; but I must have it to- 
day, for to-morrow I start for Calcutta.” Haydn 
agreed: the seaman left him; the composer 
opened his piano, and in a quarter of an hour 
the march was written. Haydn appears to have 
had a delicacy, rare among the musical birdsof 
prey and passage, who go to feed on the un- 
wieldy wealth of England ; he thought so large 
a sum, for a labour eventually so slight, a spe- 
cies of plunder—came home eariy in the even- 
ing, and made two other marches, in order to i 
allow the liberal seaman his choice, or to give 
them all to him. At daybreak the purchaser 
came—“ Where is my march 1” “ Here, try it 
on tile piano.” Haydn played it. The captain 
counted the thirty guineas on the piano, took up 
the march, and went down stairs. Haydn ran 
after him ; “ I have made two others, both bet- 
ter, come up and hear them, and take your 
choice.” “ 1 am satisfied with the one l have.” 
The captain still went down. “ I will make you 
a present of them.” The captain went down 
only the more rapidly, and left Haydn on the 
stairs. Haydn, from one of those motives not 
easily defined, determined on overcoming this 
singular self-denial. He immediately went to 
the exchange, ascertained the name of the 
ship, made a roll of his marches, and sent them, 
with a polite billet, to the captain on board. He 
was surprised at receiving, shortly after, his en- 
velope, unopened, from the Englishman, who 
had judged it to be Haydn’s. The composer 
tore tlie whole in pieces on the spot. The anec- 
dote is of no great elevation ; but it expresses 
peculiarity of character; and certainly neither 
the captain nor the composer could have been 
easily classed among the common, or the vulgar 
of men. Haydn soon adopted the custom of 
shopping, and frequently wandered in the morn- 
ing from house to house of the music-sellers. 
He used to mention his dialogue with one of 
those persons. He had inquired for any par- 
ticularly good music, “ You are come exactly at 
the right time,” was the shopkeeper’s answer, 
“ for 1 have just printed olf Haydn’s sublime 
music. “ Oh ! as for that, 1 will have nothing 
to do with it.” “ How, sir, nothing to do with 
HE 
Haydn! what fault is to be found with it V 
“ Oil! fault enough; hut there is no use in 
speaking about it now; it docs not please me, 
show me something else.” The music-seller, 
who was an enthusiast about Haydn’s compo- 
sitions, looked at the inquirer, “ No, sir, 1 have 
other music, no doubt, but it is not fit for you,” 
and turned his back upon him. Haydn was go- 
ing out of the shop, laughing, when be met an 
acquaintance coming in, who pronounced his 
name. The music-seller, whose vexation had 
revived with the sound, turned round and said, 
“ Yes, sir, here is a gentleman who actually 
does not like that great man’s music.” The mis- 
take was of course soon cleared up, and me 
person was known who alone might presume to 
object to Haydn’s music. 
HAYER DU PERRON, Peter le, a native of 
Alencon, distinguished for his poems, oues, 
songs, &c.; he was born in 1603. 
HAYER, John Nicholas Hubert, a Frencn 
ecclesiastic, author of a work on the immortali- 
ty of the soul, and other valuable writings , iie 
died at Paris, in 1780. 
HAYES, Charles, an ingenious mathematical 
writer, author of a treatise on fluxions, and 
other works ; he died in London, in 1760. 
HAYES, Dr. William, an eminent musical 
composer, born in 1708. He became professor 
of music at Christ Church College, Oxford, and 
published a collection of English ballads ; but is 
best known by his cathedral music and catches. 
He defended Handel against Avison, with some 
asperity, and died in 1777. 
HAYLEY, William, an English poet, aim 
miscellaneous writer, died in 1820. 
HAYLEY, William, a poet, dramatist, aim 
miscellaneous writer, born in 1745, was edu 
cated at Cambridge. On leaving the university 
i he retired to his estate of Eartham, in Sussex 
| he died at Felpham, in 1820. 
DAYMAN, Francis, a painter, of some dis- 
tinction, born at Exeter, in 1708, became a mem 
her, and librarian of the royal academy, aim 
died in 1776. 
HAYMON, a native of the Tyrolese, in the 
15th century, of gigantic stature. lie is said to 
have been 16 feet in height, with strength pro- 
portionate to his size. 
HA YNES, Hopton, assay master of the Eng 
lish mint, known as the author of a work on the 
attributes and worship of God, and the chaiac- 
ter and offices of Christ; he died in 1749. 
HAYNES, Samuel, an English clergyman, 
he published a collection of state papers, and 
died in 1752. 
HAYNES, John, governor of Massachusetts 
and Connecticut, of which latter colony he was 
one of the founders ; he died in 1654. 
IlAYTER, Rev. John, an excellent Greek 
scholar, who was employed by the prince of 
Wales, (present king,) for many years, in un- 
rolling and decyphering the MSS. found at Her- 
culaneum. He died at Paris, of apoplexy, in 
1818, in his 63d year. 
HAYWOOD, Sir John, an eminent English 
historian, died in 1627. 
HAYWOOD, Elizabeth. See HEYWOOD. 
HAYWOOD, Henry, minister in South Ca- 
rolina to tlie Socinian baptists, died in 1755 
HAZAEL, servant of Henhadad, king of Sy- 
ria, was sent by his master to inquire of the 
'prophet Elisha, the result of his sickness. On 
his return, he killed the king, and usurped bis 
throne, 889 B. C. 
HEAD, Richard, a native of Ireland, knows 
234 he 
ns the author of “The English Rogue,” a (0- 
medy, and several other dramatic pieces; he 
died in 1678. 
HEADLEY, Henry, an ingenious poet, and 
excellent young man, was born at Irstead, in 
Norfolk, in 1766, and, after passing under the 
tuition of Dr. Parr, was admitted to Trinity col- 
lege, Oxford. lie died in 1788. Before the age 
of 20 he published a volume of “ Poems ;” but 
he is principally known to the literary world by 
two volumes of “ Select Beauties of Ancient 
English poetry, witli Remarks,” 1787 : a work 
very deservedly in high esteem ; and which was 
elegantly republished by Mr. Sharpe, in 1810, 
with a biographical sketch of the author, by the 
Rev. Henry Kelt, B. D., Fellow of Trinity Col- 
lege, Oxford. 
HEARNE, Thomas, an English antiquary, 
and indefatigable collector and editor of books 
and MSS. chiefly concerning English history, 
born in 1078, and died in 1735. 
HEATH, Nicholas, archbishop of York, and 
chancellor of England in the reign of Mary, 
aied in 1560. 
HEATH, James, an English historian, born 
In London, in 1629, and died in 1664. 
HEATH, Thomas, brother of the preceding, 
Bnd a jesuit; lie was sent as a missionary to 
England, where he died about 1568. 
HEATH, Benjamin, a lawyer of eminence, 
and town-clerk of Exeter, who wrote several 
works, but is best known by “ A Revisal of 
Shakspeare’s Text, wherein the alterations in- 
troduced into it by the more modern editors and 
critics are particularly considered, 1765. 
HEATH, William, a brigadier, and after- 
wards a major-general in the American army 
during the revolution ; he was distinguished for 
his patriotism and zeal, and died after ttie war 
at Roxbury. Massachusetts 
IIEATHCOTE, Dr. Ralph, a very learned di- 
vine and controversial writer, born in 1721, and 
died in 1795. When very young, he published, 
at Cambridge, “ Ilistoria Astronomic,” which 
laid the foundation of that merit which he after- 
wards acquired in the literary world. The doc- 
tor was deeply engaged in the Middletonian 
controversy upon the miraculous powers. In 
1775 he published “ A Sketch of Lord Boling- 
broke’s Philosophyand, in the latter end of 
the same year, came out, “ The use of Reason 
asserted in Matters of Religion.” The doctor 
also was engaged in the compilation of the 
“ Biographical Dictionary,” 12 vols. 8vo, 1761, 
and had a considerable sum from the booksellers 
for several new articles in the edition of 1784. 
In 1771 appeared “ The Irenarch ; or, Justice 
of Peace’s Manual;” and he then qualified 
himself for acting for the liberty of Southwell 
and Scrooby. The first volume of “ Sylva ; or, 
The Woodj” was published in 1786, and a se- 
cond edition in 1788. He had intended publish- 
ing a second volume of tiiis work, but indisposi- 
tion prevented his accomplishing it. 
HE ATI! FIELD, Lord. See ELIOT. 
IIEBENSTREIT, John Ernest, a physician 
and writer educated at Jena; he went afterwards 
to Leipsic, where he died in 1756. 
HE11ER, son of Selah, and father of Pheleg, 
died 817 B.C. aged 464. The Jews derive the 
name of Hebrews from him. 
HEBERDEN, Dr. William, an eminent Eng- 
lish physician and medical writer, born in 1710, 
died in 1801. 
HEBERT, James Rene, a French revolution- 
ist, distinguished for his abusive writings and 
HE 
Ibis bitterness against tlie queen. He was guil- 
lotined by order of Robespierre, in 1704. 
j H ECAT7EUS, a historian of Abdera, at the 
'court of the Ptolemies, author of a history of 
jtiie Jews, &c. 
HECHT, Christian, a minister, of Essen, in 
East Friezland, died in 1748. 
HECK, Nicholas, an admired Dutch landscape 
and historical painter, born in 1580. 
HECK, Martin Heimskirk, son of the preced- 
ing, was also an eminent landscape painter. 
HECK,John Van, a landscape painter, of Ou- 
denard, died in 1689. 
HECKEWELDER, John, a native of Eng- 
land, was for many years a Moravian mission- 
ary among the Delaware Indians, and author of 
an account of the manners and customs of the 
Indian tribes which once inhabited Pennsylva- 
nia ; he died in 1823. 
HECQUET, Philip, a French physician, who 
is immortalized in Gil Bias, under the name of 
Doctor Sangrado. He was a man of piety, and 
author of several medical works; he died in 
1737. 
HEDELIN, Francis, a French grammarian, 
poet, antiquary, preacher, and writer of roman 
ces; but chiefly distinguished by a book entitled 
“ Pratique du Theatre,” born at Paris, in 1604, 
died in 1676. 
IlEDERICUS, orHEDERTCII, Benjamin, a 
native of Upper Saxony, and author of a cele- 
brated “ Greek Lexicon,” was born in Misnia, 
in 1675, and died in 1748. 
IIEDLINGER, John Charles, a Swiss engra- 
ver, whose medals are much admired, died ir 
1771. 
IIEDWIG, John, a German, professor of bo- 
tany, whose researches respecting the cryptoga- 
tnia class of plants will immortalize his fame ; 
he was born in 1731, and died at Leipsic, in 1799. 
HEEDE, William, a historical painter, born 
at Furnes, died in 1728. His brother, Vigor Van, 
also eminent in the same branch of the pro- 
fession, died in 1708. 
HEEM, John David de, a painter, of Utrecht, 
whose fruits and flowers were much admired , 
he died in 1674. 
HEEMSK1RK. See HEMSKIRK. 
HEERE, Lucas de, an eminent historical 
painter, of Ghent, died in 1584. 
HEGESIPPUS, a Jew, converted to Christi- 
anity, in 157. He wrote a history of the church 
to his own time. Another of the same name, 
wrote an account of the destruction of Jeru- 
salem. 
HEIDEGGER, John Henry, an eminent pro- 
testant divine, professor at Heidelberg, at Steiu- 
furt and at Zurich, where he died in 1698. 
HEIDEGGER, JohnJames, born in Switzer- 
land, in 1661, and famous for his humour and 
his ugliness. His judgment and taste in operatic 
amusements gained him the favour of George 
II. and his court, and acquired him the chief 
management of the Opera-house in the Hay- 
market. He also improved another species of 
diversion, not less agreeable to the king, which 
was the masquerades ; and over these he always 
presided at the king’s theatre. He was likewise 
appointed master of the revels. Fron these 
several employments, he gained a regu 1 ar in- 
come, amounting in some years to 5000Z., which 
ho spent with much liberality; and bis charity 
was boundless ; it being well attested, that nfte' 
a successful masquerade he has been known 'o 
give away several hundred pounds at a time. 
He is supposed to have been the most bard-fta 
235  HE 
tured man in the kingdom, and innumerable] 
jests are related of him ; but being good hu- 
moured, and always the first to joke on his own) 
ugliness, he blunted every shaft of ridicule ; lie! 
died in 1649. 
HELL, Daniel Van, a painter, of Brussels, 
born about 1704. 
HEIL, John Baptist, brother of the preceding, 
was an eminent historical and portrait painter; 
he was born in 1609. Leonard Van, another 
brother, was also distinguished as a painter, | 
particularly of flowers and insects. 
HEIN, Peter, a Dutchman, who, from obscu 
rity, rose to the command of the fleets of his 
country, was killed in a battle with the French, 
in 1629. 
HEINECCIUS, John Gottlieb, a German law 
professor and writer, born at Eisemberg, in 1681, 
died 1741. 
HEINECKEN, Christian Henry, an extraor- 
dinary youth, born at Lubeck, in 1721. He spoke 
his maternal tongue fluently at ten months ; at 
one year old be knew the principal events of the 
Pentateuch ; ir: two months more he was master 
of the entire histories of the Old and New Tes- 
tament ; at two years and a half he answered 
the principal questions in geography, and in an- 
cient and modern history. He spoke Latin and 
French, German and Low Dutch, with great fa- 
cility, before the commencement of his fourth 
year, 1725, in which he died. His constitution 
was so delicate, that he was not weaned till a 
few months before his death. 
HEINSIUS, Daniel, professor of politics and 
history, at Leyden, and librarian of the univer- 
sity there, born at Ghent, in 1580, died 1655. 
He distinguished himself as a critic by his la- 
bours upon Theocritus, Hesiod, Seneca, Ho- 
mer, Theophrastus, Ovid,Livy, Terence, Horace 
fcc., and wrote poems in various languages, 
which have been often printed, and always 
admired. 
HEINSIUS, N., grand pensionary of Holland, 
was an able statesman, and a man of strong 
powers of mind. He died at the Hague, in 1720. 
HEINSIUS, Nicholas, the son of Daniel, born 
at Leyden, in 1620, became as great a Latin 
poet, and a greater critic, than his father, and 
died in 1681. 
HEISS, N., a German historical writer, of the 
17th century. 
HEISTER, Lawrence, a physician, surgeon, 
and naturalist, born at Frankfort, in 1683, died 
in 1758. His principal works are, “Compendium 
Anatomicum,” and “ Institutions of Surgery.” 
HELE, Thomas, an Englishman, who, after 
serving in the army, settled at Paris, where he 
became an esteemed dramatic writer, in the 
French language ; he died in 1780. 
HELENA, St., the mother of Constantine the 
Great, was distinguished for her piety and Chris- 
tian charity, and as the founder of several 
churches She died in 328. 
1IELIODORUS, of Phoenicia, flourished about 
398 In his youth he wrote aromance, by which 
he is now better known than by his bishopric of 
Trieca, to which he was afterwards promoted. It 
Is entitled, “ Ethiopics,” and relates the amours 
of Theagenes and Chariclea. The learned Heu- 
tius is of opinion, that Heliodorus was among 
the romance writers, what Homer was among 
the |ioe's. 
HELIOGABALUS,Marcus Aurelius Antoni- 
nus, emperor cf Rome. He was cruel, vindic- 
tive, and licentious, and was assassinated A. D. 
22‘ 
HE ‘ ‘ 
HELLENICUS, a Greek historian, w.«o died 
411 B. C. 
HELLOT, John, a French philosophical and 
chyinical writer, and a distinguished chymist, 
died in 1766. 
HELMBREKER, Theodore, a Dutch land- 
scape and historical painter, of Ilaerlem, died at 
Rome, in 1694. 
HELMONT, John Baptist Van, commonly 
called Van Hehnont, a man of great learning, es- 
pecially in physic and natural philosophy, born 
at Brussels, in 1577. By his skill in physic lie 
performed such unexpected cures, that he was 
put into the inquisition, as a man that did things 
beyond the reach of nature. He cleared him- 
self before the inquisitors; but, to be more at 
liberty, retired afterwards into Holland, where 
he died, in 1044. 
HELMONT, Matthew Van, a painter, of Ant- 
werp, died in 1726. 
HEL01SE,the concubine, and afterwards the 
wife, of Peter Abelard ; a nun, and afterwards 
prioress of Argentuil; and, lastly, abbess of the 
Paraclete. She was born about the beginning of 
the 12th century, and died in 1163. See ABE- 
LARD. 
1IELSHAM, Richard, M. D., professor of 
physic and natural philosophy in Dublin college, 
and author of lectures on natural philosophy. 
HELSE, Bartholomew Van der, a painter, of 
Haerlem, died in 1670. 
HELVETIUS, Adrian, a Dutch physician, who 
distinguished himself at Paris, during the pre- 
valence of an epidemic there, by his successful 
practice ; he died in 1721. 
HELVETIUS, John Claude, son of the pre- 
ceding, was physician to the queen of France, 
counsellor of state, &c.; he died in 1755. 
HELVETIUS, Claude Adrian, who wroto 
the celebrated book “ lie I’Esprit,” On the 
Mind, and “ De PHomme,” On Man, and whom 
Voltaire calls “ a true philosopher,” was born 
at Paris, in 1715, and died in 1771. His hypo- 
thesis is materialism in the worst sense. 
HELVICUS, Christopher, professor of Greek 
and eastern languages, and of divinity at Giessen 
university ; he died in 1617. 
HELYOT, Peter a native of England, of 
the order of Franciscans, author of a history 
of the monastic orders, &c.,died in 1716. 
HEMELAR, John, a Flemish poet and orator, 
and author of some extremely useful common 
taries upon the medals of the Roman emperors, 
from the time of Julius Caesar down to Justinian, 
was born at the Hague, and died in 1640. 
HEMMERLIN, or MALLEOLUS, Felix, a 
canon, and writer of Zurich, in 1428. 
HEMMINGFORD, Walter de, canon of GO- 
borough abbey, England, and author of a history 
of England, from 1066 to 1308; he died in 1347 
IIEMSKIRK, Martin, an eminent painter, 
born at a village of his name in Holland, in 1498 
Most of his works were engraved; but it is 
visible that he did not understand the chiaro 
obscuro, and that his manner of designing was 
dry. He has, however, been called the Ra- 
phael of Holland, and died in 1574. 
IIEMSKIRK, Egbert, a Dutch painter. 
HEMSKIRK, Egbert., the Younger, a son of 
the preceding, was also an eminent Dutch 
painter ; he (lied in 1704. 
HEMSTERHUTS, or H EMSTER MUSI US, 
Tiberius, a learned critic, born at Groningen, 
was professor of mathematics and philosophy, 
at Amsterdam, and of Greek and history tu 
Leyden; he died in 1766. HE 
HEMSTERHUSIUS, Francis, grandson of the I 
preceding, was in the service of the United | 
States. He was author of “ CEuvres Philoso- 
phiques,” and other works, and died in 1790. 
HENAULT, Johud’, a Frenchman, who ac- 
quired considerable celebrity as a poet, died in 
1682. 
HENAULT, Charles John Francis, born at 
Paris, in 1685, was admittedcounsellorin parlia- 
ment, in 1706, with a dispensation on account of 
his age, and, in 1710, was made president of the 
first chamber of inquests. He spent several 
years in making himself master of the Roman 
law, the ordinances of the French kings, their 
customs, and public law; hut history was his 
favourite study; and he is deservedly accounted 
the first framer of chronological abridgments; 
in which, without stopping at detached facts, he 
attends only to those which form a chain of 
events that perfect or alter the government and 
character of a country, and traces only the 
springs which exalt or humble a nation, extend- 
ing or contracting the space that it occupies ill 
the world. The first edition of his work, the re- 
sult of forty years’ reading, appeared in 1744, 
under the auspices of the chancellor Dragues- 
seau, with the modest title of, “ An Essay.” 
The success it met with surprised him. He 
made continued improvements in it, and it has 
gone through nine editions, and been translated 
into Italian, English, and German, and even into 
Chinese. He wrote, in early life, three tragedies, 
which met with indifferent success; but after- 
wards he composed three delightful comedies. 
Henault died in 1771. 
HENDERSON, Alexander, a leader of the < 
presbytorian party in Scotland, and one of the 
livinessent to meet Charles I. at Newcastle. 
He died about 1646. 
HEN DERSON, John, of Covent Garden thea- 
re, an admirable actor in various characters of 
Hie immortal Shakespeare. His private life was 
exceedingly amiable. He was born in London, 
in 1747, and died in 1785. 
HENDERSON, John, B. A., of Pembroke col- 
lege, Oxford, born in Ireland, in 1757, displayed, j 
at a very early period of life, an uncommon 
thirst after knowledge, which he gratified with 
unremitting ardour. The favourite subjects of 
his studies were metaphysics,divinity, morality, 
chymistry, and medicine; and the virtues of his 
heart were superior even to the astonishing 
powers of his understanding. He died, however, 
the victim of intemperance, in 1788. 
HENGEST, a Saxon chief, who went to Eng- 
land to assist in repelling the Piets, and received 
the kingdom of Kent as a reward for his ser- j 
vices; hediedin489. 
HENLEY, Anthony, a member of the British j 
parliament, distinguished for his eloquence, the 
wit and ease of his writings, the elegance of hisij 
manners, and his patronage of literary men; lie! 
died in 1711. 
HENLEY, John, better known by the appella- 
tion of “ Orator Henley,” was born at Melton,! 
Mowbray,in Leicestershire, in 1692. He publish-! 
ed several pieces; as a translation of Pliny’s( 
“ Epistles,” of several works of Abbe Vertot,' 
of Montf'aucon’s “ Italian Travels,” in folio, 
and many other lucubrations; but his celebrity 
he acquired as a popular orator near Clare Mar- 
ket. He preached on Sundays upon theological 
matters, and on Wednesdays upon all other 
sciences. He struck medals, which he dispersed 
as tickets to his subscribers, a star rising to the 
middle, with this motto, “ ad surmna,” and 
HE 
1 below, “ Inveniam viain, aut faciam.” Each 
auditor paid one shilling. He was also author 
of a weekly paper, called The Hyp Doctor,” 
for which he had 1001. a year given him. This 
singular character died in 175(3. 
HENLEY, Samuel, D. D., professor of moral 
philosophy in the college of Williamsburg, Vir- 
ginia, afterwards head of the East India college, 
at Hertford, England; he died in 1816. 
HENNINGES, Jerome, a German historian, 
in the 16th century. 
HENNUYER, John, a bishop of Lisieux, in 
France, justly memorable for his humanity at the 
time of the dreadful massacre of St. Bartholo- 
mew, died in 1577. 
I1ENRION, Nicholas, a native of Troyes, 
was engaged, at the time of his death, in 1720, 
in writing a work on weights and measures. 
HENRY, of Huntingdon, an early English his.- 
torian, died in 1168. 
HENRY I., surnamed the Fowler, emperor 
of Germany, was elected to the throne in 919 
He was a wise and politic prince, was success- 
ful in his wars, strengthened his empire, and 
promoted harmony and union, among the Ger- 
man princes. He died in 936. 
HENRY II., surnamed the Lame, was grand 
son of the preceding, and ascended the imperial 
throne in 1002. He died in 1024. 
HENRY III., emperor of Germany, succeed- 
ed to the throne in 1039. He made war with se- 
veral of the popes, expelled three of them, and 
was crowned by a fourth. He died in 105(5. 
HENRY IV., emperor of Germany, succeed- 
ed his father, Henry III., when only six years 
old ; during his minority, the kingdom was go 
verned by his mother. He was involved in wars 
with the popes, was dethroned by his children, 
and died in poverty and obscurity, in 1106. 
HENRY V., son of the preceding, deposed 
his father in 1106. He died in 1125, leaving the 
character of an unnatural son, an impious hypo- 
crite, and an insidious and imperious master. 
HENRY VI., ascended the throne of the em- 
pire in 1190. He detained Richard of England, 
j who had fallen into his hands, a prisoner, and 
obtained a large sum, as his ransom. He died 
in 1197. 
HENRY VII., was elected emperor in 1308. 
He entered Rome, sword in hand, and was 
| crowned by the pope, 1312, and died the fol- 
lowing year. 
HENRY', Raspon, margrave of Thuringia, 
was raised to the imperial throne in 1246, but 
died the following year. 
HENRY I., king of France, succeeded to the 
j throne in 1031. He died in 1060, with the reputa- 
jtion of a brave warrior, and a benevolent man. 
j HENRY II., succeeded his father, Francis L, 
jj as king of France, in 1547. He was engaged in 
Uvarswith England, and with Charles V., of 
| Spain, and supported the glory of his arms, by 
j his bravery and success. He died of a wound, 
accidentally inflicted at a tournament, in 1559. 
I HENRY III., was chosen king of Poland, but 
| quitted that throne, to succeed his brother, as 
! king of France. After a reign, distracted by tho 
' quarrels between the protestants and catholics, 
I he was killed by a priest, named Clement, in 
■] 1589. In his person, the house of Valois became 
extinct. 
! HENRYIV., kingofFrance,wasbornatPau, 
in 1553. His right to the throne was disputed, 
because he was a protestant; but, after the mas- 
sacre of St. Bartholomew, he signalized himself 
against the leaguers ; and Henry III. dying, he 
237 HE 
succeeded him, in opposition to cardinal de Bour- 
bon. In 1589, with 4000 men, he defeated30,000, 
commanded by the duke of Mayenne, &c. He 
afterwards embraced the catholic religion, and 
was crowned. He al o defeated 18,000 Spani- 
ards, in Burgundy, and reduced the leaguers to 
their duty, whom he pardoned. A young scho- 
lar, John Cliastel, would have struck him in the 
mouth with a knife, but missed him ; the king 
said, And is it so, t’hat the jesuits must be con- 
demned by my mouth 7” and thereupon they 
were banished. A protestant minister told him, 
‘ He denied God with his mouth, and therefore 
he was struck there ; but if he denied him in his 
heart, the next stroke might be thereabouts too ” 
lie concluded a peace with Spain, and an agree- 
ment with Savoy, in 1601 ; and was stabbed with 
a knife, by Ravillac, in his coach, at Paris, May 
14, 1610. Above fifty historians, and five hun- 
dred panegyrists, poets, and orators, have spoken 
in his praise. But the “ Henriade” of Voltaire 
is tlie most likely to immortalize him. 
HENRY I., king of England, and duke of 
Normandy, was the third son of William the 
Conqueror, and ascended the throne i 1100. 
Although absolute in power, he reigned with 
wisdom, opposed the encroachments of the j 
church of Rome, abolished the curfew, regula- [ 
ted the weights and measures of his kingdom, I 
and laid the foundation of that liberty, of which 
Englishmen are so ju tly proud. He died in 
1185. 
HENRY II., succeeded to the throne of Eng-jl 
land in 1154. He added Brittany and Ireland 
to his dominions, attempted to repress the ambi-j 
lion of the clergy, and died of a broken heart, [ [ 
at the rebellion of his children, in 1189. His 
reign was marked with wisdom, valour, and po- 
pularity, and was calculated to advance the ! 
welfare of his people. 
HENRY III., succeeded John, as king of; 
England, in 1216. He was defeated in his wars 
abroad, and imprisoned by his barons at home,! 
and died after a weak and disgraceful reign, in; 
1272. 
HENRY IV., third son of Henry III., usurped 
the throne in 1399, and by that act, gave rise to; 
the long wars between the houses of York and 
Lancaster; he died in 1413. 
HENRY V., son of Henry IV., on ascending 
the throne, abandoned his dissolute associates, 
and his equally dissolute habits, and became a 
wise and virtuous monarch. He formed the de- 
sign of conquering France, fought the battle of 
Agincourt, married Catherine, and was declar- 
ed heir to the throne of that kingdom ; but died 1 
suddenly in the midst of his successes, in 1422. 
HENRY VI., son of Henry V., succeeded his 
father on the English throne, when only ten 
n-onlhs old, and his grandfather Charles VI. as 
sovereign of France. He was crowned king oflj 
France at Paris ; but his claims were opposed 
by the duke of Orleans, under the name of 
Charles VII. who recovered the French doinin-i 
ions, and expelled the English. He was after-j 
wards deposed at home by the duke of York,' 
and committed a prisoner to the tower, where 
lie was murdered, in 1471. 
HENRY VII., opposed and defeated Richard 
III. and was crowned king of England, on the 
field, after the battle of Boswortb, in 1485. He 
was devoted to the happiness of his subjects, 
i nd contributed materially to the establishment 
o*- commerce, the encouragement of industry, 
and to the protec'ion of the arts. He checked 
the encroachments of the nobles, made salutary 
HE 
laws, and died with the reputation of a great 
and good king, in 1509. By his marriage, the 
rival claims of the houses of York and Lancas- 
ter, were united and settled. 
HENRY VIII., son and successor to Henry 
VII., ascended the throne, in 1509, aged 18. Al- 
lhough for a short time popular, he soon, by his 
arbitrary and capricious conduct, proved him- 
self a tyrant. He obtained the title of defender 
of the faith, from the pope, by opposing Luther. 
He afterwards quarrelled with the pope, who 
refused to divorce him from his wile, and re- 
nounced his authority, and declared himself 
head of the church, thus introducing the refor- 
mation into England. He was six times mar- 
ried ; two of his wives perished on the scathed, 
and two others were divorced. Although bene- 
fits resulted from his reign, he must be detested 
for his tyranny and oppression ; he died in 1547. 
HENRY, prince of Wales, oldest son of James 
I., died in 1619, aged 18, lamented by the nation, 
who viewed in him their future friend and com- 
mon benefactor. 
HENRY, of Huntingdon, an early English 
historian, died in 1168. 
HENRY, Matthew, an eminent dissenting 
i teacher, and voluminous writer, born in lets!, 
died in 1714. His best known work is his “ Ex- 
position of the Bible. ” 
HENRY, I)r. ROBERT, minister of one of 
the churches of Edinburgh, and author of the 
|“ History of Great Britain,” in 5 vols., born at 
iSt. Ninian’s, in 1718, died in 1790. A posthu 
mous volume, being the 6th, has been published 
I since his death. 
HENRY, Philip, an English dissenting clengy 
man, eminent for his piety, benevolence, and 
moderation, died about 1670. 
HENRY, David, a printer, wasformoie than 
half a century, an active manager of theGentle- 
rnan’s Magazine, he was born in the neighbour- 
hood of Aberdeen, in 1710. A concurrence of 
circumstances placing him within the notice of 
Mr. Edward Cave, of St. Gate, he at length 
became related to his patron, by marrying his 
.sister, in 1736. Those useful and popular publi- 
cations which describe the curiosities in West- 
minster Abbey, St. Paul’s Church, the Tower of 
London,&.c.printed for Newbury,wereoriginally 
compiled by Mr. Henry, and were improved by 
him through many successive impressions He 
'published in 1772, “ The Complete English Far- 
mer; or, A Practical System of Husbandry, in 
| which is comprised a general View of the whole 
Art of Husbandry;” front this he withheld ms 
name,as he did also from “ A Historical Account 
of all the Voyages round the World, performed 
'by English Navigators,” in 4 vols., in 1774 ; to 
which, in 1775, Mr. II. added a 5th, containing 
[Captain Cook’s Voyage in the Resolution ; atm 
[in 1786, a 6th, containing the last Voyage of 
Captain Cook; introduced by an admirable 
summary of all the voyages undertaken for dis- 
covery only, in the Southern and Northern hem- 
ispheres, and in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 
He died in 1792. 
HENRY, Patrick, a native of Virginia, dis- 
tinguished for his commanding eloquence, was 
the first man who proposed to the colonies 
hostile measures against Great Britain. He 
was the first governor of Virginia, after the de- 
claration oflndependence, and a member of the 
old congress ; he declined the appointments of 
secretary of state, under president Washington, 
and of minister to France, under his successor; 
he died in 1799- 
238  HE 
HENRY, John, a member of congress, from 
Maryland, in 1778, afterwards elected a senator 
of the United States, and in 1797, governor of 
the state ot Maryland ; he died in 1798. 
HERACLITUS, a celebrated Ephesian philo- 
sopher, who is said to have continually bewail- 
ed the wicked lives of men, and as often as he 
came among them to have fallen a-weeping; 
contrary to Democritus, who made the follies of 
mankind the subject of laughter; he flourished 
about 500 B. C. 
HERACLIUS, son cf a governor of Africa, 
dethroned Phocas, and ascended tiie throne of 
Constantinople, in 610; he died in 641. 
HERACLIUS, patriarch of Jerusalem, about 
1170. 
H ERALDUS, Desiderius, a counsellor of the 
pirliaiuent of Paris, eminent for his writings 
on law and on the belles lettres,died in 1649. 
HERBELOT, Bartholomew d’, an eminent 
orientalist, born at Paris, in 1625, died in 1695. 
His chief work is “ Bibliotheque Orientale, or 
A Universal Dictionary, containing whatever 
relates to the Knowledge of the Eastern world.” 
HERBERT, Thomas, an Englishman, author 
of “ Travels in Asia and Africa,” was engaged 
in the civil wars of his country, at first on the 
side of the parliament, afterwards for the king. 
At the restoration he was created a baronet, and 
died in 1682. 
HERBERT. Mary, countess of Pembroke, a 
great encourager of letters, and herself an in- 
genious poet. Her character may be highly 
judged of, from the epitaph written by Ben Jon- 
goii, viz. 
“ Underneath this sable hearse 
Ides the subject of all verse : 
Sidney’s sister, Pembroke’s mother. 
Death ! ere thou hast kill’d another, 
Fair, and good, and learn’rt as she, 
Time shall throw a dart at thee.” 
HERBERT, Edward, lord Herbert of Cher- 
oury, in Shropshire, an eminent English states- 
man, and writer on history, philosophy, and 
criticism, born in Montgomery Castle, in 1581, 
died in 1643. 
HERBERT, George, brother of the preceding, 
a divine and poet, of whose judgment the great 
Lord Bacon, had so high an opinion, that he 
would not suffer his works to be printed till 
they had passed Herbert’s examination; he was 
born in 1593, and wrote a volume of devout 
poems called “The Temple.” He also wrote 
a valuable work in prose, entitled “ A Priest to 
tile Temple ;” he died about 1635. 
HERBERT, William, earl of Pembroke,born 
in Wiltshire, in 1580, died of apoplexy, in 1630. 
He was chancellor of Oxford, and made the 
university a present of a large collection of 
manuscripts. Pembroke College was so named 
in honour of him. 
HERBERT, William, a topographical anti- 
quary, born in 1718. died at Cheshunt, in 1795, 
published a now edition of “ Atkyns’s History 
*t' Gloucestershire;” and a continuation of 
‘ Ames's Topographical Antiquities.” 
HERBIN, Augustus Francis Julian, a native 
of France, distinguished as an oriental scholar, 
died in 1806. 
IIF.RB1NIUS, John a protestant clergyman, 
of Poland, died in 1676. 
HERDER, John Gottfried, a German writer, 
preacher to the duke of Saxe Weimar, ecclesi- 
astical counsellor &c., died in 1803. 
MERER AS, Ferdinand de, a poet of Seville. 
HE 
’who publislied some elegant lyric and heroic 
poetry, about 1582. 
IIERISSANT, Lewis Anthony Prosper, an 
eminent French poet and physician, died at 
Paris, in 1709. 
HERITIER, Nicolas P, a French poet, and 
dramatic writer, and historiographer of France, 
died in 1680. 
I1ER1T1ER, Marie Jeanne P, deVillandon, a 
French poetess and novel writer, died at Pans, 
in 1734. 
HERITIER DE BRUTELLE, Charles Lou- 
is P, a botanist, was born at Paris, in 1746. In 1764 
he published a splendid work, called “ Stirpes 
Novastwo years after which he went to Eng • 
land, and collected from the gardens the mate- 
rials of his “ Hortuni Anglicum,” winch he 
left unfinished, being assassinated in August, 
1801, as was suspected, by his son. 
HERLICIUS, David, a German astrologer, 
born in 1557. 
HERMAN, Paul a celebrated botanist, a na- 
tive of Halle, in Saxony, died in 1695. 
HERMAN,James, an eminent mathematician 
of Basle, and the friend of Leibnitz. He was 
born in 1678, and died in 1733, leaving various 
works. 
IIERMANT, Godefroi, a doctor of the Sor- 
bonne, and rector of the university of Paris, died 
in 1690. 
HERMAS, Pastor, or Shepherd, one of the fa- 
thers, supposed to have died at Rome, A. J). 81. 
HERMES, an Egyptian legislator, priest, and 
philosopher, who lived, as some think, in the 
year of the world 2076, in the reign of Ninus, 
after Moses; and was so skilled in all profound 
arts and sciences, that he acquired the surname 
of Trismegistus, or, “ thrice great.” Some 
writers think that Hermes Trismegistus was no 
other than Moses, and state that he flourished 
1930 B. C. 
HERMIAS, a heretic, of Galatia, in the 2d 
century. 
HERMILLY,Vaquette d’, anative of France, 
author of the history of Majorca and Minorca, 
&c.,died at Paris, in 1778. 
IIERMOGENES, of Tarsus, a Greek rhetori- 
cian, flourished about the year 161. At 15 he 
became a teacher; at 17 he wrote his “ Art of 
Rhetoric;” but, at 25, he lost his memory, and 
the faculty of speech. Of his works some por- 
tions remain, which were printed at Geneva, in 
1614. 
IIERMOGENES, a heretic, of the 2d century, 
of the sect of stoics. 
HEROD, falsely called the Great, king and ty- 
rant of Judea, who, on the strength of a misin- 
terpreted prophecy, caused all the male children 
of Bethlehem, and its neighbourhood, to be mas- 
sacred by his soldiers, at the time of the birth of 
Christ, in the vain hope of destroying the Sa- 
viour of mankind. He died A. D. 3 
HEROD ANTIPAS, son and successor to He- 
rod the Great; he put to death John the Baptist. 
Our Saviour was made to appear before him by 
Pilate. 
HERODIAN, a Greek historian, ofRome, who 
flourished under the reigns of Severus, Cara- 
calia, Heliogabalus, Alexander, and Maximin. 
His history contains eight books, and is greatly 
admired. It comprises the events from A. D. 180 
to 238. Herodian died about 247. 
HERODOTUS, an ancient Greek historian, 
of Halicarnassus, in Caria, born about 484, and 
died in 413 B. C. He is called “ The Father of 
History;” his work is written in the Ionic dia- 
239  HE 
lect, and divided into nine books, which contain! 
the most remarkable occurrences within a pe- 
riod of 240 years, from the reign of Cyrus, the 
first king of Persia, to that of Xerxes, when the 
historian was living. These nine books are cal- 
led the Nine Muses, each of them being distin- 
guished by tile name of a Muse. 
HEROPHILUS, a physician and able anato- 
mist; of Ciialcedon, 570 B. C. 
HERRERA TORDESILLAS, Antonio de, a 
celebrated Spanish historian. He published a 
History of the World from 1554 to 1598;” and 
• vvliat is much more esteemed) a general “ His- 
tory of the Indies from 1492 to 1554;” and also 
wrote a History of Spain. He was born in 1565, 
and died in 1625. 
HERRICK, Robert, a poet, born in London, 
1591, received his education at Cambridge; after 
which he obtained the vicarage of Dean Prior, 
Devonshire. At the time of the rebellion, he 
was deprived of this living; but at the restora- 
tion he recovered it, and died not long after- 
wards. His poetical works were printed in 1648, 
under the title of “ Hesperides.” 
HERRING, Dr. Thomas, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, born in Norfolk, 1693. When the re- 
bellion broke out in Scotland, in 1745, and the 
Highlanders defeated the king’s troops at Pres 
ton-pans, the archbishop (then of York) contri- 
buted much to remove the general panic, and 
awaken the nation from its lethargy. He con- 
vened the nobility, gentry, and clergy, of bis dio- 
cese, and addressed them in a noble and animat- 
ed speech, which had such an effect upon his 
auditory, tiiat a subscription ensued to the 
amount of 40,0003., and the example was suc- 
cessfully followed by the nation in general. On 
the death of Dr. Potter, in 1747, he was translat- 
ed to the see of Canterbury, and died in 1757. 
HERSCHEL, SirWilliatn, an eminent Eng- 
lish astronomer, discoverer of the planet Geor- 
gian! Sidus, or, as it is sometimes called Iler- 
schcl. died in 1822, aged 84. 
IIERSENT, Charles, or Ilersan, a French di- 
vine, known as the author of a severe satire 
against Richelieu: lie died in 1660. 
MERSEY, Ezekiel, an eminent physician, of 
Hingham, Mass., who gave 10003. sterling to- 
wards founding a professorship of anatomy and 
surgery' in Harvard college ; he died in 1770. 
11 E&SEY, Abner, brother of Ezekiel, gave 
5003. to establish a professorship of the theory 
and practice of physic in Cambridge ; he died 
after 1770. 
ITERTZBERG, Ewald Frederic, cotnte de, a 
very eminent statesman, of Prussia, born at Lot- 
tin, in Pomerania. He became known in the 
literary world at the age of 17, and on leaving 
college, by a “ Dissertation on History.” On his 
return from the university, being known to Fre- 
deric II., who saw him possessed of merit, in 
1745, he entered the diplomatic career as secre- 
tary of legation, and progressively rose to the 
highest point of rank and confidence in the state. 
The remembrance of him will always be closely 
connected with that of the great king whom he 
had the honour to serve. lie died in 1795. 
HERVEY, Augustus John, carl of Bristol, 
a captain of the royal navy, and a loid of the 
admiralty; he died in 1779. 
HERVEY, Janies, an English divine, of ex- 
emplary virtue and piety, horn at Ilardingstone. 
in Northamptonshire, in 1714, died in 1758. His 
chief writings are, “ Meditations and Contem- 
plations ;” “ Remarks on Lord Bolingbroke's 
Letters on tire Study and Use of History;” and 
HE 
“ Tlieron and Aspasio ; or, a Series of Dialogues 
and Letters on the most important subjects.” 
HERWABT, or HER VART, John Frederic 
of Augsburg, chancellor of Bavaria, lived at the 
beginning of the 37th century. 
HESHUSIUS,Tillemannus, a Geiman divine, 
was a teacher of theology, and the author of se- 
veral theological works; he died in 3588. 
HESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet, but whe- 
ther cotempory with, or older or younger, than 
Homer, is not yet agreed among the learned 
The “ Theogony,” and “Works and Days,” are 
the only undoubted pieces of this poet now ex 
tant. 
HESSE, William, prince of, was distinguish- 
ed for his attention to literature, and for his pa- 
tronage of literary men ; lie died in 151)7. 
HESSELS, or HESSELIUS, John, professoi 
of theology at Louvain, was distinguished foi 
his eloquence and learning ; he died in 3566. 
HESYCIIIUS, a celebrated grammarian and 
lexicographer, of Alexandria, who nourished 
about A. I). 300. 
11ETHERINGTON, William, an English li 
vine, who died in 3778, leaving 20,0003. as a 
perpetual fund for the relief of 50 blind persons 
with 303. a year. 
HETZER, Lewis, a German socinian ; he 
published a translation of the Bible, which was 
suppressed, and died in 1540. 
IIEURNIUS, John, acelebrated Dutch physi- 
cian, born at Utrecht, in 1543, died in 3t4)3. 
There are several productions of his, but his 
principal one is, “ A Treatise upon disorders of 
the Head.” He also published Hippocrates, in 
Greek and Latin, with explanatory commenta- 
ries, which have undergone many editions. 
HEUSCH, William de, a landscape painter, 
of Utrecht, who died in the latter part of the 
17th century. His nephew Jacob, and another 
of the same family, named Abraham, were also 
successful, as painters. 
1IEUS1NGER, John Michael, a Saxon di- 
vine, eminent for his piety, was made professoi 
at Gotha, and afterwards at Eisenach, whers 
he died in 1753. 
HEUSINGER, James Frederic, nephew of 
the preceding, was an able scholar, and a dis- 
tinguished teacher; he died in 3778. 
HEVELIUS, John, an eminent astronomer, 
born at Dautzic, in 1611, died in 1687 ; leaving 
behind him several valuable treatises. 
HEVIN, Prudent, an eminent French sur- 
geon, and writer on surgery, died at Paris, in 
1789 
HEWES, Joseph, a member of the conti 
nental congress from North-Carolina. and a 
signer of tlie declaration of Independence; he 
died m 1779. 
HEWSON, William, a distinguished anato- 
mist and lecturer, for some time the assisiaul 
and partnerof Dr. Hunter, and author of several 
medical works; he died in 1774. 
HEXHAM, John of, an English Benedictine, 
and historical writer, of the 12th century. 
HEY, John, D. D , born in 1734, was educated 
at Cambridge, and in 1780, became the first 
Norrisian professor of divinity, which chair he 
resigned in 1795; lie died in London, in 1815, 
leaving, besides other works, “ Lectures on Di- 
vinity.” 
HEYDEN, John Van der, an eminent Dutch 
landscape painter, died in 1712. 
BEYLIN, Dr. Peter, an English divine ami 
historian, horn at Purford, in Oxfordshire, in 
1600. In 1621, he published his “ Microcosmus,  HI 
or, Description of the Great World which isl 
almost the only work that he is known by now 
but that is in no very high esteem, being super-! 
seded by things abundantly better of the kind ;! 
he died iu 166.’. 
HEYNE Christian Gottlieb, born in Silesia, 
1719, succeeded Gesuer, in 1763, in the profes- 
sorship of rhetoric at Gottingen, where also he 
became secretary to the Society of Sciences. 
He drew up a catalogue of the library at Got- 
tingen, which made 150 folio volumes. King 
George III. placed his three younger sons under 
his care at Gottingen, and they all treated him 
with the greatest respect; he died suddenly, 
July 14, 1812. His principal works were, an 
edition of Homer, with illustrations, 8 vols.; 
another of Virgil, with notes; and “Opuscula 
Academica,” 6 vols. 8vo. 
HEY WOOD, John, a noted English poet and 
jester of his time, was one of the first who 
wrote English plays. He found means to become 
a favourite with Henry VIII., and was well re- 
warded by that monarch for the mirth and quick- 
ness of his conceits ; lie was bom in London, 
and died in 1555. 
HEY WOOD, Jasper, son of the preceding, 
translated three tragedies of Seneca, and wrote 
various poems and devices, some of which are 
printed in a book called “ The Paradise of 
Dainty Devices,” in 1573, 4to ; lie was born in 
1535, and died in 1597. 
HEYWOOD, Thomas, an actor, and mostj 
voluminous play-writer, in the reigns of queen 
Elizabeth and James 1. He is said to have been 
the author of 220 plays, of which only 24 are 
now extant. 
HE Y WOOD,Eliza,a very voluminous writer, 
born in London, in 1693, died in 1756. Her latter 
and best writings are “The Female Spectator,” 
4 vols. “ Epistles for the Ladies,” 2 vols. “ For- 
tunate Foundling,” I vol. “ Adventures of Na- 
ture,” “ History of Betsy Thoughtless,” 4 vols., 
“ Jenny and Jemmy Jessamy,” 3 vols., “ Invisi- 
ble Spy,” 2 vols., “The Husband” and “The 
Wife,” 2 vols.; all in 12mo.; and a pamphlet, 
entitled, “ A Present for a Servant Maid.” When 
young, she dabbled in dramatic poetry, but with 
no great success; none of her plays being either 
much approved at first, or revived afterwards. 
HEYWOOD, Oliver, an English non-confor- 
mist divine, and a writer on theological sub- 
jects ; he died in 1702. 
HEYWOOD, Nathaniel, a native of Bolton, 
ejected for non-conformity ; died in 1677. 
HEYWOOD, Thomas, junior, one of the 
signers of the declaration of Independence ; he 
was from South Carolina. 
IIIACOOMES, the first Indian in New-Eng- 
land, converted to Christianity,was minister at 
Martha’s vineyard; he died in 1699. 
HICETAS, of Syracuse, an ancient philoso- 
pher, who flourished about 340 B. C. He taught 
that the sun and the stars were motionless, and 
that the earth moved round them; this is men- 
tioned by Cicero, and probably gave the first hint 
cf that system to Copernicus. 
IIICKEL, a celebrated portrait and historical | 
painter, died at Hamburgh, April 1799. 
H1CKES, John, joined the duke of Mon- ] 
mouth’s rebellion, in 1685, and for this disloyal 
act was executed. 
HICKES, George, an English divine, anti- | 
quary, critic, and polemical writer, of uncom- i 
tnon parts and learning, born in Yorkshire, in i 
1642, died in 1715. His “ Linguarutu S«pten- j 
triona’ium Thesaurus,” published in 1705, ex-! 
Ill 
hibits a splendid and durable monument of his 
industry. 
HICKMAN, Henry, ejected fornon-conform'- 
ty, minister of an English congregation at Ley- 
den, and author of several works ; he died in 
Ui88. 
HIERO I., kingof Syracuse, 478 B. C., cele- 
brated by the pen of Pindar. 
HIERO IE, king of Syracuse, 268 B. C., was at 
one time the enemy, and afterwards, the friend 
of the Romans. 
IIIEROCLES, an enemy and persecutor of 
the Christians in the 4th century. 
HIEROCLES, a Platonic philosopher of the 
5th century, taught at Alexandria with great re- 
putation, and wrote seven books upon Provi- 
dence and Fate. These books, however, are 
lost, and all we know of them is by the extracts 
which are to be mot with in Photius. Hierocles 
wrote also ‘‘ A Commentary upon the Golden 
Verses of Pythagoras,” which is still extant, 
and has several times been published with those 
verses. 
HIERONIMUS, or, as lie is commonly called, 
Jerome, a very celebrated father of the church, 
born on the coniines of Dalmatia, about 323, 
died in 420. 
HIFFERNAN, Paul, a native of Ireland, but 
chiefly resident in England, and known as a 
dramatic writer, translator, and compiler, was 
born in Dublin, in 1719, and died in 1777. Some 
very curious and entertaining memoirs of this 
singular character, will be found in the Euro- 
pean Magazine, vol. XXV. 
HIGIIEN, Ralph, an early English chronicler • 
died in 1363. 
IHGDEN, Dr. William, an eminent political 
writer in the time of queen Anne, died in 1715 
HIGGENS, or HIG1NS, John, an English, di 
vine, who instructed youth, and wrote several 
school-books: he died after 1604. 
HIGG1NSON, Francis, first minister of Sa- 
lem, Massachusetts, arrived from England in 
1629, and died in 1630. 
HIGGINSON, John, son of the preceding, 
much respected; died in 1708, aged 93; he was 
a minister 72 years. 
HIGGONS, Sir Thomas, a writer, and an am- 
bassador from England to Saxony and Vienna; 
he was knighted for his services, and died iu 
1691. 
HIGGONS, Bevil, a dramatic poet and histo- 
rian ; died in 1738. 
HIGHMORE, Nathaniel, an eminent English 
anatomist; he died in 1684. 
HIGHMORE, Joseph, an eminent English 
painter, born in London, in 1692, died in 1780“. 
Mr. Hignmore was also arespectable writer, and, 
among several other things, published in 1766, 
two small volumes of “ Essays, Moral, Religi- 
ous, and Miscellaneous.'* 
HILARION, a native of Gaza, founded a 
monastic order in Palestine, and died in 371. 
IlILARIUS, an ancient father of the Chris- 
tian church, and bishop of Poictiers, who flou- 
rished in the 4th century. £ 
H1LARIUSE, Joseph, eminent as a medalist i 
and antiquary, at Vienna ; died in 1798. fc 
HILARY, St. a native of Poictiers, in France,* 
bishop of that town, in 355 ; was banished by 
Constantins, into Phrygia ; and died in 367. 
! HILDEBERT, bishop of Mans, and then 
archbishop of Tours, distinguished for piety, 
:l anting, fee. ; died in the 12th century, 
i HILDESLEY, Mark, an English bishop much 
esteemed; he died in 1772.  7TT- - 
HILL, Aaron, a celebrated poet and miscella | 
noous writer, born in London, in 1685, died in! 
1750. is principal works are, “ Etfrid, on 
The Fa Inconstant,” a tragedy; “ Rinaldo,” | 
an opera; another tragedy, called, “ The Fatal \ 
Vision, or, The Fall of Siam;” and two trage- - 
dies, called, “ Merope,” and “Zara:” which 
were brought upon the stage in Drury-lane, by 
Garrick. 
HILL, Joseph, an English puritan divine, who 
fled to Holland; author of an improved edition 
of“ Schrevelii Lexicon,” &c.; he died in 1707. 
HILL, Sir John, an English writer, born 
about 1716, died in 1775. He was bred an apo- 
thecary, and setup in St. Martin’s lane, West- 
minster; but, marrying early, and without a 
fortune, he was obliged to look round for other 
resources than his profession. Being possessed 
of quick natural parts, he soon made himself 
acquainted with the theoretical as well as prac- 
tical parts of botany; and being recommended 
to the duke of Richmond and lord Petre, he, un- 
der their patronage, executed a scheme of travel- 
ling over several parts of England, to gather 
certain of the most rare and uncommon plants, 
which lie afterwards published by subscription. 
About 1746, he translated from the Greek a 
small tract, written by Theophrastus, “ On 
Gems;” and this being well executed, pro- 
cured him friends, reputation, and money. En- 
couraged by this, he engaged in works of greater 
extent and importance. The first that he under- 
took was, “ A General Natural History,” 3 vols. 
folio. He next engaged, in conjunction with 
George Lewis Scott, Esq., for a “ Supplement to 
Chamber’s Dictionary.” Heat the same time 
started the “British Magazine;” and, when 
engaged in a number of tuese and other works, 
some of which seemed to require a man’s whole 
attention, carried on a daily essay, under the ti- 
tle of “The Inspector.” He next applied himself 
to the preparation of certain simple medicines; 
namely, the “ Essence of Water-dock, Tincture 
of Valerian, Pectoral Balsam of Honey, and 
Tincture of Bardana.” The well-known sim- 
plicity of these medicines mode the public judge 
favourably of their effects, insomuch that they 
had a rapid sale. Soon after the publication of 
the first of these medicines, he obtained the 
patronage of the earl of Bute; under which he 
published a very pompous and voluminous bo- 
tanical work, entitled, “ A System of Botany ;” 
and having, a year or two before his death, pre- 
sented an elegant set of his botanical works to 
the king of Sweden, that monarch invested him 
with one of the orders of his court. 
HILL, Robert, a man remarkable for his per- 
severance and talent in learning many languages 
by the aid of books alone, and that under every 
disadvantage of laborious occupation(as a tailor) 
and extreme poverty ; he was born at Miswell, 
near Tring, in Hertfordshire, in 1699, and died 
in 1777. 
HILL, William, an English scholar, who pre- 
pared an edition of Dionysius Periegetis; he 
died in 1667. 
HILL, George, an eminent clergyman, of 
Scotland, professor of Greek, and afterwards 
of divinity at the college of St. Salvador, prin- 
cipal of St. Mary’s College, and chaplain to the 
king ; he died in 1820. 
HILL, Thomas Ford, an eminent English an- 
tiquary and philologist, died Sept., 1795. 
IIILLEL, the Elder, a Jewish doctor, of the 
Mischna, born about 30 B. C., lie reduced the] 
Jewish traditions into six treatises. 
—— ■ m-—- ■ • 
| IlILLEL, the prince, great grandson of Judat 
Hakkadosh, was one ol the writers of the Gerna- 
ra; he flourished in the middle of the 4th century. 
| HILLIARD, Nicholas, limner to queen Eli- 
zabeth, whose picture lie drew several times, 
II was born at Exeter, in 1547, died in 1619. lie 
imitated the style of Holbein ; and Isaac Olivet 
I was his-pupil. Donne haseelebrated this painter 
in a poem, called, “ The Stormwhere he says, 
“ A hand, an eye, 
By Hilliard drawn, is worth a history.” 
HILLIARD,Timothy,minister of Cambridge, 
Mass., died in 1790, much respected for his tal- 
ents and qualifications. 
II1MERIUS, a Greek grammarian, who kept 
a school at Athens, in the time of Julian. 
HINCKLEY, John, an English divine, who 
published some works; he died in 1691. 
IIINCA1AR, or HINCMARUS, archbishop of 
Kheims, a zealous supporter of the Gallicau 
church ; he died in 882. 
I1IPPARCH1A, a celebrated lady who flour- 
ished in the time of Alexander. She addicted 
herself to philosophy, and wrote some things 
which have not \>een transmitted down tous; 
among which were “ Tragedies; Philosophical 
Hypotheses, or Suppositions; some Reasonings 
and Questions proposed to Theodores, surnamed 
the Atheist,” &c. 
HIPPARCHUS, a great astronomer, born at 
Nice, in Bithynia, flourished between 160 and 
125 15. C. He is reckoned to have been the iiist 
who from vague and scattered observations re- 
duced astronomy into a science, and prosecuted 
the study of it systematically. 
HIPPARCHUS, son of Fisistratus, was slain 
by Harmodius and Aristogiton, 528 B. C. 
HIPPOCRATES, the father of physic and 
prince of physicians, born in the island of Cos, 
in the 80th Olympiad, flourished at the time of 
the Peloponnesian war. He was the first man 
that we know of, who laid down precepts con- 
cerning physic. On account of his wonderful 
skill and foresight in this art, he passed with 
the Grecians for a god, and after his death hud 
divine honours paid him. He died at about 9(1 
years of age. His works have often been printed. 
HIPPONAX, a satirist of Ephesus, as re- 
markable for his wit as the deformity of his 
person. Bupalus and Anthemius, two eminent 
statuaries, caricatured him in a statue: on which 
he wrote such bitter invectives against them,that 
they both despatched themselves ; or (as others 
say) left Ephesus on the occasion. 
“ Acer hostis Bupalo,” says Horace. 
In the Anthologia, there are some epigrams on 
Hipponax. 
HIRAM, king of Tyre ; he furnished Solomon 
with materials for the temple, and died 1000 
B. C. 
HIRE, Laurence de la, a much admired 
French painter, died in 1656. 
HIRE, Philip de la, a celebrated French ma- 
thematician, son of Laurence ; his works are 
numerous and valuable; he died in 1718. 
HIRE, Philip de la, brother of the preceding, 
a painter, whose portraits are admired ; he died 
in 1719. 
H1SCAM, or HI'81 AM, 15th caliph of the 
Ommiades, ascended the throne in 723, and died 
: in 743. 
'I HITCHCOCK, Enos, D. D., minister of Pro 
242 ” 'iiS 1 
vidence, Rhode Island, was sometime chaplain 
in the American army ; he died in 1803. 
HOADLY, John, D. D., bishop of Leighlin 
and Femes,arch bishop of Dublin and of Armagh, 
and primate of Ireland; he died in 1746. 
HOADLY, Benjamin, bishop of Winchester, 
born at VVesterham, in Kent, 1676, died in 1761. 
Preaching against what he considered as the 
inveterate errors of the clergy, among other dis- 
courses one was upon these words, “ My king- 
dom is not of this worldwhich producing 
the famous Bangorian controversy, as it was 
called, employed the press for many years. 
Hondly contended, that the clergy had no preten- 
sions to any temporal jurisdictions ; but that tem- 
poral princes had a right to govern in ecclesiasti- 
cal politics; and by this means he drew on him- 
self the indignationofalmostall the clergy. These 
disputes, however, have long since subsided. 
HOADLY, Dr. Benjamin, eldest son of the 
bishop of Winchester, born in London, in 1705-6. 
lie was appointed physician to his majesty’s 
household, in 1742, and to that of the prince of 
Wales, in 1746. This, being at a time when 
the families were not upon the best terms, is a 
proof that Dr. Hoadly was a most unexception- 
able man; and he is said to have filled the post 
with singular honour. He published some me- 
dical and philosophical works, and “The Sus- 
picious llusband,” a comedy, which, whenever 
represented, continually affords fresh pleasure 
to the audience; he died in 1757. 
HOADLY, Dr. John. This gentleman, young- 
est son of the bishop of Winchester, was born 
in London, in 1711, and died in 1776; and with 
him the name of Hoadly became extinct. He 
revised Lillo’s “ Arden of Feversham,” wrote 
the 5th act of Miller’s “Mahomet,” and left 
behind him several dramatic works in MSS.; 
among the rest, “ The Housekeeper,” a farce, 
on the plan of High Life below Stairs, and a 
tragedy on the story of lord Cromwell. 
HOAR, Leonard, M. D., president of Har- 
vard College, respected as a scholar and a 
Christian ; he died in 1675. 
HOBART, Peter, first minister of Ilingham, 
Mass., died in 1679. 
HOBART, Nehemiah, son of Peter, and min- 
ister of Newton; he was humble, pious, and 
learned, and died in 1712. 
HOBART, Noah, minister of Fairfield, Conn., 
was a man of great talents and extensive ac- 
quirements ; he wrote in favour of presbyterian 
ordination, and died in 1773. 
HOBART, John Sloss, judge of the district 
court of New York, and a senator of the United 
States ; he died in 1805. 
HOBBES, Thomas, born at Malmsbury, in 
1588, died in 1679. He published, among other 
things, an “ English translation of Thucydides,” 
“ Human Nature,” and a treatise “DeCorpore 
Politico, or, of the Elements of the Law.” 
This latter piece was presented to Gassendus, 
and read by iiim a few months before his death ; 
who is said first to have kissed it, and then to 
have delivered his opinion of it in these words; 
“ This treatise is indeed small in bulk, but, in 
my judgment, the very marrow of science.” 
In 1651, he published his religious, political, and 
moral principles in a complete system, which 
he called the “ Leviathan;” and caused a copy 
of it, very fairly written on vellum, to be pre- 
sented to Charles II. He also, in his 88th year, 
published in English verse, the whole “ Iliad” 
and “ Odyssey” of Homer; but his poetry is 
below criticism, and has long been exploded.] 
HO 
ii There have been few persons whose writings 
have had a more pernicious influence in spread- 
i ing irreligion and infidelity than Hobbes; and 
, yet none of his treatises are directly levelled 
against revealed religion. 
HOBBIMA, Minderhout, an eminent Dutch 
landscape painter, born at Antwerp, about 1611. 
HOCHE, Lazarus, a native of Versailles, dis 
tinguished as a brave and intrepid general in the 
French army, during the revolution ; he died 
in Austria, in 1797. 
HOCHSTETTER, Andrew Adam, a German 
divine, historian, and political writer, born at 
Tubingen, in 1668, died in 1717. 
HODGES, Nathaniel, an eminent English 
physician, settled in London, where he died in 
1684. He wrote an account of the plague in 
London, and other medical works. 
IIODY, Humphrey, an eminent English di- 
vine, and controversial writer, regius professor 
of Greek at Oxford, and an archdeacon; he 
died in 1706. 
HOE, Matthias de Iloenegg, a distinguished 
German Lutheran divine, and preacher to the 
j elector of Saxony; he died in 1645. 
| HOECK, Robert Van, an eminent painter, of 
Antwerp, died in the middle of the 17th century. 
HOECK, John Van, a distinguished portrait 
and historical painter, born at Antwerp, in 1600, 
and died in 1659. 
HOEL, Gerard, a distinguished historical and 
landscape painter, of Utrecht, died in 1733. 
HOELTZLINUS, Jeremias, a learned phi- 
lologist, of Nuremberg, settled at Leyden, where 
he died in 1641. 
HOESCHEL1US, David, a learned and inde- 
fatigable scholar, of Augsburg, and librarian 
and teacher in the college there, died in 1617. 
HOFFMAN, Daniel, an eminent Lutheran 
divine, and professor, at Helmstadt, toward the 
close of the 16th century. 
HOFFMAN, Maurice, a German medical, 
anatomical, and botanical writer, born at Bran- 
denburg, in 1621, and died in 1698. 
HOFFMAN, John Maurice, son of the pre- 
ceding, a physician, and medical writer, born at 
Altdorf, in 1656, and died in 1727. 
HOFFMAN, John James, the laborious com- 
piler of a “ Lexicon Universale Historico-Geo- 
graphico-Poetico-Phiiosophico-Politico-Philolo- 
gicum,”2 vols. folio, Geneva, 1677. It has been 
since enlarged and published in 4 vols.folio, and 
finds a place in every learned library. He was 
born at Basle, in 1635, and died there in 1706. 
HOFFMAN, Gasper, professor of physic, 
at Altdorf, and author of some medical works; 
he died in 1649. 
HOFFMAN, Frederic, born at Hall, near 
Magdeburg, in 1660, was professor of physic at 
that place, and died in 1742. His works were 
collected at Geneva, in six large folios, 1748, 
and 1754 ; and he has deservedly been reckon- 
ed among the best writers on physic. 
HOGARTH, William, a truly great and ori- 
ginal genius in painting and engraving, was 
born in 1697, in the parish of St. Martin, Lud- 
gate, and bound apprentice to Mr. Ellis Gam- 
ble, a silversmith of eminence, in Cranbourn 
street, Leicester Fields. In this profession it is 
not unusual to bind apprentices to the single 
branch of engraving arms and cyphers on every 
species of metal; and in that particular depart- 
ment, young Hogarth was placed. He began 
business on his own account about 1720; and 
his first employment seems to have been the 
engraving of arms and shop bills. The next  HO 
step was to design arid furnish plates for book- 
sellers ; of which, those best known are 17 for 
a duodecimo editionof “ Hudibras,” (with But- 
ler’s head,) in 1726. The first piece in which 
he distinguished himself as a painter, was a re- 
presentation of Wanstead assembly, the por- 
traits from life, without burlesque, and the co- 
louring rather better than some of his later and 
more highly finished performances. It was 
Hogarth’s custom to sketoh out on the spot any 
remarkable face which particularly struck him, 
and of which he wished to preserve the remem- 
brance ; and this he frequently did with a pen- 
cil on his nail. In 1730, Mr. Hogarth married 
the only daughter of Sir Janies Thornhill; and 
soon after, having summer lodgings at South 
Lambeth, and being intimate with Mr. Tyers, 
he contributed to the improvement of the Spring 
Gardens, at Vauxhall, by the hint of embellish- 
ing them with painting, some of which were the 
productions of his own truly comic pencil. In 
1733 his genius became conspicuously known. 
His “ Harlot’s Progress” introduced him to the 
notice of the great, and Hogarth rose complete- 
ly into fame. Soon after the peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, he went over to France, and was ta- 
ken into custody at Calais, while he was draw- 
ing the gate of the town ; a circumstance which 
he has recorded in his picture, entitled “ O the 
Roast Beef of Old England!” published 1749. 
He was actually carried before the governor as 
a spy, and after a strict examination, commit- 
ted a prisoner toGrandsire, his landlord, on his 
promising that Hogarth should not go out of his 
house, till he was to embark for England. In 
1753, he appeared to the world in the character 
of an author, and published a 4to volume, en- 
titled “ The Analysis of Beauty, written with 
a view of fixing the fluctuating ideas of Taste.” 
In this performance, he shows, by a variety of 
examples, that a curve is the line of beauty, 
and that round swelling figures are most pleas- 
ing to the eye; and the truth of his opinion has 
been countenanced by subsequent writers on the 
subject. Hogarth was one of the most absent 
of men. Boon after he set up his carriage he 
had occasion to pay a visit to the lord-mayor, 
(Mr. Beckford.) When he went, the weather 
was fine; but business detained him till a vio- 
lent shower of rain came on. He was let out 
of the mansion-house by a different door from 
that at which he entered ; and, seeing the rain, 
began immediately to call fora hackney-coach. 
Not one was to be met with on any of the neigh- 
bouring stands; and our artist sallied forth to 
brave the storm, and actually reached Leicester 
Fields without bestowing a thought on his own 
carriage, till Mrs. Hogarth, (surprised to see 
him so wet and splashed) asked him where he 
had left it. The last memorable event in our 
artist’s life, was his quarrel with Mr. Wilkes; 
in which, if Mr. Hogarth did not commence di- 
rect hostilities, he at least, obliquely gave the 
first offence, by an attack on the friends and 
party of that gentleman. Mr Churchill, the 
poet, soon after published the “ Epistle to Wil- 
liam Hogarth," and took for the motto, “ ut pic- 
turapoesis.” Mr. Hogarth's revenge against the 
poet, terminated in vamping up an old print of 
a pug-dog and a bear, which he published under 
the title of “ The Bruiser C. Churchill, (once 
the Rev.!) in the character of a Russian Hercu- 
les,” &e. At the time these hostilities were 
carrying on in a manner so virulent and dis- 
graceful to all the parties, Hogarth died, October 
25. 1764. 
HO 
HOHENLOHE, prince de, a distinguished 
general of the imperial army, in the wars against 
the French and Turks ; he died in 17% 
HOLBACK, Paul Thierri, baron de, an emi- 
nent mineralogist, and member of several of the 
academies of Europe; he died at Paris, in 1789. 
HOLBEIN, John, better kn*wn by his Ger- 
man name, Hans Holbein, an admirable pain- 
ter, born at Basil, in Switzerland, in 1498, died 
of the plague, in 1554. His most famous pic- 
tures are, Our Saviour’s Passion, in the town- 
house, at Basil; and, in the fish-market of the 
same town, a Dance of Peasants, and Deatii’s 
Dance; which are exceedingly striking to the 
connoisseur. Going to England. Holbein was 
introduced by SirThomas More to Henry VIII., 
in this manner. Sir Thomas invited the king to 
an entertainment, and hungup all Holbein’s pie- 
ces, disposed in the best order, and in the best 
light, in the great hall of his house. The king, 
upon his first entrance, was so charmed with the 
sight of them, that he asked “ Whether such an 
artist were now alive, and to be had for mo- 
ney 1” Upon which, Sir Thomas presented 
Holbein to the king, who immediately took him 
into his service, and brought him into great es- 
teem with the nobility of the kingdom. Hol- 
bein had the same singularity which Pliny men- 
tions of Turpilius, a Roman; namely, that of 
painting with his left hand. 
1IOLBERG, Louis de, a distinguished Da- 
nish writer, author of a history of Denmark 
and other works, died in 1754. 
IlOLCROFT, Thomas, a miscellaneous, poe- 
tical, political, and dramatical writer, and no- 
velist, was the son of a shoemaker, and born it 
1744. He was bred to his father’s trade, but 
quitted it for a time, and became jockey to the 
Hon. Mr. Vernon, at Newmarket races. He re- 
turned afterwards to shoemaking, at which he 
continued till he was about 25 years of age. 
Mr. Ilolcroft then became an actor, which pro- 
fession he followed (not with the most flatter- 
ing success) till after the production, in 1781, of 
his comedy, called Duplicity. He then with- 
drew from the stage as an actor, and for several 
years devoted his attention to dramatic and no- 
vel writing. His plays (of which the best is 
The Road to Ruin) are enumerated in the Bio- 
graphia Dramatica. Mr. Ilolcroft died in 1809. 
HOLDEN, Henry, an excellent English com- 
mentator on the New Testament, and writer 
on Faith, died in 1062. 
HOLDEN, Samuel, died in London, in 1740, 
and bequeathed 4,8471. in charity, for promoting 
the gospel, &c., in New England. 
HOLDER, William, an ingenious English 
man, who, among many other works, published 
a book entitled “ The Elements of Speech ; an 
Essay of Inquiry into the natural production of 
Letters : with an Appendix concerning Persons 
that are Deaf and Dumb, 1009.” He died in 
1697. 
HOLDSWORTH, Edward, born in 1688, died 
in 1747. He was the author of “ Muscipula,” 
a poem, esteemed a master-piece in its kind ; 
and also of “ Remarks and Dissertations on 
Virgil:” and Mr. Spence speaks of him in “ Po- 
lymetis,” as one who understood Virgil in a 
more masterly manner than any person he ever 
knew. 
HOLE, Richard, an English poet and divine, 
born at Exeter; he died in 1803. 
HOLINSHED, Raphael, an English historian, 
and famous for the chronicles that go under his 
name, died in 1581. His “ Chronicles” were * IK) 
first published in 1577, in 2 vols. folio ; and then 
in 1587, in 3; the two first of which are gene- 
rally bound together. The continuations from 
1577, to 1587, were by Stow, Thin, Fleming, and 
others. 
HULL. Francis Xavier, a jesuit, professor 
of belles and of ecclesiastical law, in 
several German universities; he died atHeidel- 
burg, in 1784. 
HOLLAND,Philemon, a very laborious trans- 
lator, was born at Chelmford, Essex, and edu- 
cated at Trinity college, Cambridge. He died 
in 1636, at the age of 85, having published 
translations of Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, Suetonius, 
Xenophon, and “Camden’s Britannia;” to 
which last he made additions. 
HOLLAR. Wentzel, or Wenceslaus, a most 
admired engraver of views and portraits, born 
'•'at Prague, in Bohemia, in 1607, died in 1667. 
HOLLIS, Denzil, lord, second son of the earlj 
of Clare, an eminent English patriot, born ini 
1597, died in 1680. He nobly maintained and; 
defended the rights and privileges of the house; 
of commons, of which he was a most worthy! 
member, against the arbitrary measures of j 
Charles I. and his favourites, falsely styled 
“ The King’s Friends.” His lordship was also 
a political writer. 
HOLLIS, Thomas Felham, duke of Newcas- 
tle, was employed in several high offices during 
the reign of George II. He retired from the ad- 
ministration soon after the accession of George 
III., and died in 1768. 
HOLLIS, Thomas, born in London, in 1720,1 
died in 1774. He was possessed of a large for-1 
tune ; more than half of which he devoted to; 
charities, to the encouragement of genius, and! 
to the support and defence of liberty. His stu- 
dious hours were devoted to the search of noble 
authors hidden by the rust of time, and to doj 
their virtues justice by brightening their actionsji 
for the review of the public. A new edition of ; 
“Toland’s Life of Milton” wms published un-l 
der his direction, in 1761; and in 1763, he gave 
an accurate edition of Algernon Sidney’s “ Dis-i 
courseson Government;” on which the pains and 
expense that he bestowed are almost incredible. | 
HOLLIS, Thomas, a benefactor of Harvard; 
college, and founder of a professorship of ma- 
thematics and theology, in that seminary ; he 
died in England, in 1731. 
HOLMES, George, a distinguished English! 
antiquary, employed to arrange the valuable pa ! 
pers in the Tower; he died in 1749. 
HOLMES, Dr. Nathaniel, an English divine,; 
eminent for his knowledge of the Hebrew 
languages; he died in 1678. 
HOLMES, Robert, D. D., an English divine, 
successively canon of Salisbury and dean of 
Winchester, distinguished as a poet and scholar, 
and for his devotion to biblical criticism; he 
died at Oxford, in 1805. 
HOLSTEN, Cornelius, an eminent painter, 
of Haeriem, who lived about the end of the 17th 
century. 
HOLSTEINIUS, Lucas, a German commen- 
tator, on Greek and Latin authors, born at Ham- 
burg, in 1596, and died in 1661. 
HOLT, sir John, chief justice of the court 
of king’s bench, in the reign of king William, 
was born in 1642, died in 1708. He published 
chief justice Kelynge’s Reports, with annota 
tions upon them, by himself; and his integrity j 
and uprightness as a judge are celebrated by the 
author of the “Tattler,” No. 14, under the cha- 
racter of Verus, the magistrate. 
HO 
i HOLT, John, ail English miscellaneous wri 
ter, died near Liverpool, in 1801. At the time 
i of his death he was engaged in writing a histo- 
I ry of that city. 
HOLWELL, John Zephaniah, a governor of 
■ Bengal, and one of the wretched prisoners con- 
lined in the Black Hole, in Calcutta, 20th June 
1756, wherein a great number of gentlemen 
were suffocated ; but Mr. Holwell, with a few 
others, surviving, he published a “ Narrative” 
of the dreadful affair. He also wrote a great 
number of tracts, chiefly on Indian affairs, and 
died, aged near 60, in 1798. 
HOLYDA, Barten, an ingenious and learned 
English divine, poet and philosopher, born at 
Oxford, in 1593, died in 1661. He wrote “Tech- 
nogamia, or the Marriage of the Arts,” a com- 
edy, acted by some Oxford scholars, at Wood- 
stock, in 1621, before king James; and a “ Sur- 
vey of the World,” in 10 books, a poem, in 
[ 1661; but the work that he is known and es- 
I teemed for now, is his “Translation of the Sa- 
j tires of Juvenal andPersius;” for though his 
j poetry is but indifferent, yet his translation isgc- 
| nerally allowed to be faithful,and his notes good. 
IlOLYOAKE, Francis, a learned Englishman, 
memorable for having made an “ Etymological 
Dictionary of Latin Words,” bom in War- 
wickshire, in 1567, died in 1633. 
IlOLYOAKE, Thomas, an officer in the Eng- 
lish army, afterwards a clergyman, and author 
of a Latin and English Dictionary; he died in 
1 1675. 
IlOLYOAKE, Edward, president ofHarvard 
college, died in 1767. 
HOLYWOOD, John, an English mathemati- 
cian, died at Paris, in 1256. 
HOMI1ERG, William, a native of Batavia, 
in Java; he went to Europe, and settled at 
Paris,where he became a distinguished chymist, 
and physician to the duke of Orleans; he died 
in 1715. 
HOME, David, a celebrated Scotch divine and 
writer, the time of his death is unknown. 
HOME, Henry, lord Kaimes, one of the se- 
nators of the coliege of justice in Scotland, and 
eminent as a critical and philosophical writer, 
born in Scotland, in 1696, died in 1782. His 
I principal works are, “Sketches of the History 
of Man,” “ Elements of Criticism,” and “The 
| Gentleman Farmer.” 
HOME, John, was born in the city of An- 
crum, in Roxburgshire, in 1724, and died at 
Merchiston Douse, near Edinburgh, in 1808, 
Mr. Home was originally educated for the 
church of Scotland, inducted into a living in 
the Lothians, the duties of which he discharged 
with the greatest propriety. As soon, however, 
as it was known that he was the author of the 
excellent tragedy of “ Douglas,” he became 
very unpopular, from the puritanical spirit of 
the times, which rendered it criminal in the 
eyes of the multitude, that a clergyman should 
even read a play, far less be the author of one 
On this, Mr. Home gave in his resignation, and 
contented himself with the income of a small 
paternal estate. He was always, as far as his 
means would admit, the friend and patron of 
merit; and under his fostering hand, many 
sparks of literary genius, that would otherwise 
have lain dormant, were brought to light. Ho 
was, in early life, a very kind patron to Mac- 
pherson, the translator of Ossian, who had af- 
jterwards an opportunity of manifesting his gra- 
Ititude by a bequest of 20001. Though Mr. Home 
wrote several tragedies besides “ Douglas” 
245  HO 
some of which possess merit, none of them 
were successful on the stage. 
HOMER, the most ancient of the Greek poets, 
was the father of poetry, as Herodotus was of 
history, and Hippocrates of physic. As much 
as he has celebrated the praises of others, he 
has been so very modest about himself, that we 
do not find the least mention of him throughout 
his poems: so that where he was born, who 
were his parents, what age he lived in, and al- 
most every circumstance of his life, remain, at 
this day, in a great measure, if not wholly, un- 
known. The only incontestable works which 
Homer has left behind him are the “ Iliad” and 
the “ Odyssey.” It was by these poems that 
all the wortnies of antiquity were formed. 
Hence the lawgivers, the founders of monar- 
chies and commonwealths, took the model of 
their politics; hence the philosophers drew the 
first principles of morality which they taught 
the people; hence physicians have studied dis- 
eases and their cures; astronomers have learn- 
ed the knowledge of the heavens, and geome- 
tricians of the earth: kings and princes, the art 
to govern ; and captains, to form a battle, to 
encamp an army, to besiege towns, to fight, and 
gain victories. “ Homer (says Sir William 
Temple) was, without doubt, the most universal 
genius that has been known in the world, and 
Virgil the most accomplished. To the first must 
be allowed the most fertile invention, the richest 
vein, the most general knowledge, and the most 
lively expressions: to the last, the noblest ideas, 
the justest institution, the wisest conduct, and 
the choicest elocution. The colouring of both! 
seems equal, and indeed in both is admirable. | 
Homer had more fire and rapture, Virgil more! 
light and sweetness; or, at least, the poetical 
fire was more raging in the one, but clearer in 
the other; which makes the first more amazing, j 
and the latter more agreeable. In short, these 
two immortal poets must be allowed to have 
so much excelled in their kinds as to have ex- 
ceeded all comparison, to have even extinguish- 
ed emulation, and, in a manner, confined true 
poetry, not only to their two languages, but to 
their very persons.” The first appearance of 
Homer’s works in Greece, was about 120 years! 
before Rome was built; that is, about 200 years 
after the supposed time of Homer. The Arun- 
U rn marbles give 907 years before Christ, as 
CL> period when he flourished. 
HOMMEL, Charles Frederic, a voluminous 
writer, of Leipsic, died in 1781. 
HOMMOND, Charles Francis 1’, an instruct- 
er of youth, at Paris, author of an Epitome 
Ilistorise Sacr®, and “ De viris Illustribus Urbis 
Rotme,” &c., died in 1794. 
HONDEKOETER, Gilles, a landscape and 
flower painter, at Utrecht, born in 1583. 
HONDEKOETER, Gysbrecht, son of the pre- 
ceding, was also a painter, and was born in 1613. 
HONDEKOETER, Melchior, a landscape 
painter, of Utrecht, died in 1695. 
HONDIUS, Abraham, an eminent painter, of 
Rotterdam, died in 1695. 
HONDIUS, Jesse, an eminent selftaught en- 
graver on copper and ivory, and a writer of 
distinction, in Flanders; he died in 1614. 
HONE, George Paul, a lawyer, of Nuremberg, 
and counsellor to the duke of Meiiningen, died 
in 1747. 
HONESTIS, Petrus de, or Petrus Damiani, 
an Italian, made bishop of Ostia and a cardinal 
by pope Stephen, and afterwards his ambassa- 
dor at France ; he died in 1072. 
HO 
HONORIUS, son of Theodosius the Great 
and emperor of the West, died at Ravenna, in 
423. 
HONORIUS I., pope after Boniface V., died 
in 638. 
HONORIUS II., Lambert, bishop of Ostia, 
and pope in 1124, died in 1130. 
HONORIUS III., Censio Savclli, succeeded 
Innocent III., as pope, and died in 1227. 
HONORIUS IV., James Savelii, was elected 
pope in 1285, and died in 1287. 
HONTAN, baron de, author of a volume of 
travels in North America, filled with improba 
bilities; he lived in the 17th century. 
HONTHEIM, John Nicholas de, suffragan to 
the archbishop of Treves, died in 1790. 
HONTHORST, Herard, an eminent and ad 
mired painter, of Utrecht, died in 1660. 
HOOD, Samuel, viscount, a celebrated British 
admiral, K. B., and governor of Greenwich 
Hospital, born in 1724, died at Bath, in 1816. 
HOOPT, Petrus Cornelius Van, an eminent 
Dutch poet and historian, born at Amsterdam: 
he died in 1647. 
HOOGEVEEN, Henry, an eminent Dutch 
philologist, horn at Leyden, in 1712, died in 1794. 
His “ Doctrina Particularum Lingua; Grieca-,” 
2 vols. 4to, in 1796, is executed with a prodi- 
j gious abundance of learning, and is a lasting 
I foundation for his well-earned fame. 
HOOGSTRAETEN, Theodore Van, an ad- 
mired landscape painter, of Antwerp, died in 
1640. 
HOOGSTRAETEN, James, a Dominican,and 
inquisitor general, known for the virulence u'ith 
which he wrote against Luther and Erasmus. 
He died at Cologne, in 1527. 
HOOGSTRATEN, David Van, a celebrated 
Dutch critic, lexicographer, and poet, born at 
Rotterdam, in 1658, died in 1721. 
HOOGIIE, ltomain de, a Dutch engraver and 
designer, whose works are Highly esteemed. 
HOOKE, Robert, an eminent English matiie- 
rnatician and philosopher, born in the Isle of 
Wight, in 1635, died in 1702. He distinguished 
himself by many noble inventions ami im- 
provements in mechanics; invented pendulum 
watches, and several astronomical instruments 
for making observations both at sea and land ; 
and was particularly serviceable to Mr. Boyle 
in completing the air pump. His writings are 
numerous and valuable. 
HOOKE, Nathanael, author of a valuable 
“ Roman History,” and other works; he died 
in 1764. 
HOOKER, John, an eminent English anti- 
quary, born at Exeter, in 1524. He afterwards 
represented his native place in parliament, and 
died in 1601. 
HOOKER, Richard, an eminent English di- 
vine, author of an excellent work, entitled “ The 
Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, in 8 books,” 
was born in 1553, and died in 1600. Of Hook 
er and this work, pope Clement VIII. said, 
“ This man indeed deserves the name of an 
author. His books will get reverence by ace; 
for there are in them such seeds of eternity, 
that they shall continue till the last fire shall de- 
vour all learning.” 
HOOKER, Thomas, first minister of Cam- 
bridge, Mass., and one of the founders of Con- 
necticut : he published several sermons, and 
died in 1647. 
HOOKER. John, minister of Northampton, 
Mass., was able and faithful in his office; ha 
died in 1777. 
246 HO 
HOOLE, Charles, an English teacher and did 
Tine, prebendary of Lincoln cathedral; he died; 
In 1666. 
HOOLE, John, a poet and translator of con- 
siderable reputation, was born in London, 1727, 
and educated in Hertfordshire, under Mr, James 
Bennett, the publisher of Roger Ascham’s 
works. In 1744, he was placed as a clerk in the 
India House, in which establishment he remain- 
ed till the end of the year 1785, when he resign- 
ed his office of auditor of Indian accounts, and 
•soon after retired to the neighbourhood of Dor- 
king, in Surrey, where he died in 1803, having! 
produced elegant translations of the works of 
Tasso, Ariosio, and Metastatio, and written 
three tragedies. He was a very amiable charac- 
ter, and greatly esteemed by Dr. Johnson. 
-HOOPER, or HOPER, John, bishop of Glou- 
cester, was born in Somersetshire, in 1495. In the 
persecution under Mary, refusing to recant iiis 
opinions, he was burned in the city of Glouces-j 
ter, and suffered deatli with admirable constan-j 
cy, in 1555. 
HOOPER, George, D. D., a distinguished En- 
glish prelate, bishop of St. Asaphs, and after- 
wards of Bath and Wells; he died in 1727. 
HOOPER, William, a member of the conti- 
nental congress, from North Carolina, and a 
signer of the declaration of Independence ; he 
died in 1790. 
IIOORNBECK, John, an eminent Dutch di- 
vine, professor of divinity at Utrecht, and after- 
wards at Leyden, and a theological writer; he 
died in 1656. 
HOPKINS, Ezekiel, a learned prelate, bishop 
of Raphoe, and afterwards of Londonderry ; he 
died in 1690. 
HOPKINS, Charles, son of the preceding, was 
distinguished in England as a poet and drama- 
tic writer; he died in 1699. 
HOPKINS, John, brother of the preceding, 
was also celebrated as a poet; the time of bis 
death is not known. 
HOPKINS, Edward, governor of Connecti- 
cut, and a benefactor of Harvard college; lie 
founded grammar schools in New-Haven and 
Hartford, Conn., and died in 1657. 
HOPKINS, Samuel, minister of West Spring- 
field, Mass.,died in 1755, much esteemed. 
HOPKINS, Stephen, LL. D., chief justice 
and governor of the colony of Rhode Island, a 
member of Congress in 1776, and a signer of 
the decimation of Independence; he died in 
1785. 
HOPKINSON, Franeia, a member of con- 
gress, from New-Jersey, and a signer of the 
declaration of Independence; lie was after- 
wards a judge of tile district court of the Uni- 
ted States, for Pennsylvania, and died in 1791. 
He was distinguished also as a popular writer, 
and as i poet. 
IIOPPNER, John, R. A., an eminent English 
portrait painter, and translator of “Oriental 
Tales” into English verse (1805), was born 1759,j 
and died in Charles-street, St. James’ square, in! 
1810. 
IIOPTON, Arthur, a distinguished English! 
mathematician, and writer on mathematical! 
subjects, died in 1614, aged 26. 
fiOFTON, Ralph, lord, an English officer, 
distinguished for his valour, particularly during 
irhe civil wars ; ho died in 1652. 
HOPTON, Susanna, an English lady, author 
*f“ Daily Devotions” and other religious works; 
Ihe died in 1709. 
iiORA POULO, or JIORUS APOLLO, a cete- 
Ho 
[ brated grammarian, of Egypt, flourished about 
i A. D. 380. There are extant under his name 
two books “ Concerning the Hierogiypliics of 
tlie Egyptians.” 
HORATII, three Roman brothers, who 
fought and conquered the three Curiatii of Alba, 
667 B.C. 
HORATIUS, Codes, a renowned Roman 
knight, who saved the city by his noble defence 
of a wooden bridge, attacked by Porserma. 
While he and two associates opposed the enemy 
at the entrance, he desired his fellow-citizens to 
; cut away the bridge behind him ; this being exe- 
cuted, he fell into the Tyber; but, though wound- 
ed, and oppressed by heavy armour, he gained 
j the shore. Ho flourished 500 B. C. 
HORATIUS, duiritus Flaccus, or Horace, an 
ancient Roman lyric and satiric poet, who flour- 
ished in the age of Augustus, was born at Venu- 
sium, about 65 B. C. His poetical talents soon 
! made him known to some of the greatest men in 
; Rome. Virgil, as he has told us, was the first who 
j recommended him to. Maxell as; and this cele- 
brated patron of literature and learned men grew 
so fond of him, that he became a suitor for him 
to Augustus, and got his estate (which had been 
forfeited) to be restored. Augustus was highly 
taken with his great merit and address; admitted 
him to a close familiarity with him in his private 
hours, and afterwards made him no small oilers 
I of preferment. The poet had the greatness of 
| mind to refuse them ali; the life he loved best, 
land lived as much as he could, was the very re- 
!verse of a court life; a life of retirement and 
'study, free from the noise and hurry of ambition, 
j He died about 8 B. C. 
j HORMAN, William, a native of Salisbury, 
] distinguished as a divine and as a botanist, died 
jin 1535. 
| HORMISDAS, a pope of Rome, in 514, died 
in 523, and was afterwards canonized. 
! HORMISDAS II., succeeded his father as 
iking ofPersia, in 578. His subjects revolted un- 
ifier his general, Varanes, who defeated him, and 
jdeprived him of sight. He died in 590. 
| HORNE, George, bishop of Norwich, born at 
jOtham, in Kent, in 1730, and died in 1792. This 
[divine united, in a remarkable degree, depth of 
[learning, brightness of imagination, sanctity of 
j manners, and sweetness of temper. Pour vo- 
lluines of his incomparable “Sermons” are pub- 
lished. IIis “ Commentary on the Psalms,” in 2 
i vols. 4to, “ will (as the writer of his epitaph ex- 
presses it) continue to be a companion to the 
| closet, till the devotion of earth shall end in the 
j hallelujahs of heaven.” Dr. Horne also wrote a 
[celebrated piece of irony, in reply to Adain 
Smith’s Sketch of David Hume’s Life. 
HORNECK, Dr. Anthony, an eminent Eng- 
lish divine, born in the Lower Palatinate, in 
1641, died in 1696. 
HORNER, Francis, an English lawyer, and a 
member of parliament, of some distinction, died 
in 1817. 
HORNIUS, George, professor ofhistory in the 
university of Leyden, died in 1670. 
HORNSBY, Thomas, D. D., bornin 1734, and 
died in 1810, at the Observatory, in the univer- 
sity of Oxford. He was Savilian professor of as- 
tronomy, professor of natural philosophy, reader 
in experimental philosophy, and librarian to the 
RadclifTe library; and his long and eminent ser- 
vices ir, the cause of science, arid successful la- 
bours in completing the astronomical arrange- 
ments at the Observatory, will ever be remem- 
boned with gratitude by the university. “no 
HORREBOVV, Peter, professor of astronomy, 
mathematics, and philosophy, at Copenhagen, 
and a writer on the Copernican system ; he died 
in 1764. 
HORROX, Jeremiah, an English astronomer, 
memorable from being the first, from the begin- 
ning of the world, who had observed the tran- 
sit of Venus over the sun's disk. He was born 
in 1619, and died in 1641. 
HORSLEY, John, author of a very learned 
and excellent work, entitled, “ Britannia Roma- 
na being an ample account of the vestiges of 
the Romans in Britain. He was born in North- 
umberland, and died in 1731. 
HORSLEY, Samuel, bishop of St. Asanh, was 
born in the parish of St. Martin’s it the Fields, 
where his father was clerk in orders, and was 
educated at Trinity hail,Cambridge. He became 
one of the most eminent men of his day, as a 
ideologist, a mathematician, and a profound 
classic. He was many years rector of St. Mary’s, 
Newington, the first parish to which lie was ever 
promoted, and which preferment lie held long 
after his episcopal elevation. His lordship's first 
seat on the right reverend bench was in 1788, as 
bishop of St. David’s. In 1793, lie was trans- 
lated to the see of Rochester, with which he held 
t!u> deanery of Westminster; and, in 1802, ele- 
vated to the more lucrative bishopric of St- 
Asaph. No man of the age, perhaps, possessed 
more of what is generally understood by the 
idea of recondite learning, or was more pro- 
foundly versed in classical chronology. He edited 
and illustrated some of the most important of 
Sir Isaac Newton’s works, in 5 vols. 4to, and 
was himself the author of several esteemed ma- 
thematical and theological productions. As a 
senator,he was deservedly considered in the first 
class; there were few important discussions in 
the house of lords, especially when the topics re- 
ferred to the hierarchical establishments of Eng 
land, the French revolution, or the African slave 
trade, (of which lie was a systematic opponent,) 
in which his lordship did not participate. Tile 
reverend prelate was many years a leading mem- 
ber of the royal society; but withdrew from it, 
as lias been said, in consequence of a certain 
high appointment taking place, of which he dis- 
approved. His concluding words, on retiring, 
were,” I quit that temple where philosophy once 
presided, and where Newton was her officiating 
minister I" His lordship died at Brighton, Oct. 
4, 1806. 
IIORSTIUS, James, a German physician, and 
professor of medicine in the university of Helm- 
stadt; lie died in 1600. 
HORSTIUS, Gregory, of such reputation in 
the practice of physic, that he was usually cal- 
led the Aesculapius of Germany. He was born 
in Torgau, in 1578, and died in 1636. 
HORTE, Jolin, an English divine, bishop of 
Kilmore, and afterwards of Tuam, in Ireland; 
he died in 1751. 
IlORTENSIA, a celebrated Roman matron, 
who, when the senate laid a heavy tax on the 
women of Rome, pleaded with so much elo- 
quence in behalf of her sex, that the tax was con- 
siderably diminished. 
HORTENSIUS, Quintus, a celebrated Roman 
orator and poet, who, being eclipsed at the bar 
by Cicero, quitted it for a military life, and be- 
came military tribune, praetor, and consul. He 
died about 50 B. C. 
HORTENSIUS,Lambert, a Dutch philologist, 
poet, and historian, a native of Utrecht; he died 
»n 1577. 
1.0 
1 HORTENSIUS, Martin, an astronomer, of 
Delft; he died in 1639. 
! li OSE A, the first of the minor prophets, flour- 
ished under the reigns of Jeroboam and Uzziah. 
j UOS1US, Stanislaus, a native of Poland, was 
secretary to the king of Poland, bishop of Culm 
jand of Warmia, and afterwards a cardinal He 
died in 1579. 
| HOSKINS, John, an eminent English por- 
trait painter, died in 1664. 
j HOSPIMAN, Rodolphus, a learned Swiss 
writer, who has done prodigious service to the 
protestaut cause, born at Aitdorf, in 1547, died 
'in 1620. He wrote an excellent work of vast ex- 
tent, called,“A History of the Errors of Popery.’ 
i HOSPITAL, William Francis Antony, mar- 
quis de P, a great mathematician, of France, 
born in 1661, died in 1704. 
j HOSPITAL, Michael de P, chancellor of 
I France, to which office he was raised on the 
jdeath of Henry II.. in the midst of turbulence 
land faction. He displayed great abilities, and 
|was distinguished for the firmness, integrity, and 
mildness of his administration ; he died in 1573. 
IlOSSCH, Sidronius, a Flemish jesuit, author 
of some elegant Latin poems, &c., died in 
1653. 
HOSTE, Patti P a French jesuit, professor of 
mathematics at "Toulon, and a mathematical 
writer; he died in 1700. 
HOSTUS, Matthew, a German antiquary, 
died in 1587. 
HOTMAN, Francis, a learned French civi- 
lian, and commentator on Latin authors, born 
at Paris, in 1524, died in 1590. 
HOTTINGER, John Henry, a native of Zu- 
rich, distinguished for his great learning and ta- 
lents. His abilities were so conspicuous, that 
he was educated at the public expense; he was 
professor of divinity and oriental languages at 
Zurich, professor at IJeidellerg, and ecclesiasti- 
cal counsellor to the elector Palatine. His writ- 
ings are very numerous. He died in 1667. 
HOTZE, an Austrian general, born in Zurich, 
distinguished for his bravery, was killed in bat 
tie about 1799. 
HOUARD DE LA MOTHE, Anthony, a 
French lawyer, skilled in the profession, and au- 
thor of several works connected with it; he 
died in 1803. 
IIOUBIGOUT, Charles Francis, a learned 
divine, born at Paris, in 1086. He published an 
excellent edition of the Hebrew Bible, with a 
Latin version, and notes, 4 vols. folio, 1753, and 
many other learned works, and died in 1783, in 
the 98th year of his age. 
HOUBRAKEN, Arnold, a Dutch painter, au- 
thor of the “ Lives of the Flemish painters,” 
was born at Dordt, in 1660. 
HOUBRAKEN, Jacob, an eminent Dutch 
portrait and historical engraver, born in 1698, 
died at Amsterdam, in 1780. 
HOUCHARD, John Nicholas, a French ge- 
neral, who raised himself to the highest rank in 
the army during the revolution ; he was guillo- 
tined in 1793. 
HOUDARD DF, LA MOTTE, Anthony, a 
French writer. See MOTTE. 
HOUDRY. Vincent, r jesuit, distinguished 
as a popular preacher and writer, died at Paris, 
in 1730, aged 99. 
HOUGH, John, bishop of Worcester, memo- 
rable for the noble stand he made, when presi 
dent of Magdalen college, Oxford, against James 
I II., who w’anted arbitrarily to impose fellows 
[jand officers upon the college by his royal mau-  HO 
iate, was born in Middlesex, iu 1650, and died 
In 1743. 
HOULIERES, Antoinette de la Garde des, a 
French lady, distinguished as a poetess and dra- 
matic writer; she died in 1694. Her daugh- 
ter, who also possessed poetical talents, died in 
1718. 
HOUSEMAN, Cornelius, a celebrated land- 
scape painter, of Antwerp, died in 1727. 
HOUSEMAN, James, an eminent portrait 
and historical painter, of Antwerp, died in 1898. 
HOUSSAYE. See AMRLOT. 
HOUSTON, William, M.D., an eminent En- 
glish physician, pupil to Boerhaave, died in the 
West Indies, in 1733. 
HOUSTON, John, a distinguished advocate 
for the revolution, was a member of congress 
in 1775, afterwards a judge of the supreme 
court, and governor of the state of Georgia; 
he died in 1796. 
HOUTEVILLE, Claude Francis, a native of 
Paris, who wrote an admirable work, called 
“ La Verite de la Religion Chretienne prouvee 
par les Faits,” died in 1742, aged 54. 
HOVEDEN, Roger de, an early English his- 
torian, whose annals commenced where those 
of Bede terminated; he lived iu the age of Hen- 
ry H. 
HOVEY, Ivory, minister of Plymouth, Mass. 
He left a journal which contained about 7,090 
octavo pages, and died in 1803. 
IIOVV, William, auofficer in the royal army, 
during the civil wars in England, afterwards a 
physician and botanist of distinction in London ; 
he died in 1656. 
HOWARD, Charles, earl of Nottingham, an 
intrepid English admiral, commander-in-chief 
at the defeat of the Spanish Armada, born in 
1536, died in 1624. 
HOWARD, Sir Robert, an English historian 
and dramatic poet, died about 1698. There was 
one Edward Howard, esq., likewise a descend- 
ant of the same family, who exposed himself to 
the satirists by writing bad plays. 
HOWARD, Henry, earl of Surrey, a brave 
general and esteemed poet, born in 1520, was 
on a suspicion of his designing to wed 
tiie princess Mary, and thereby aspiring to the 
crown. 
HOWARD, Thomas, earl of Surrey, and 
duke of Norfolk, lord high admiral of England, 
in the reign of Henry VHL, distinguished for 
his services as a naval officer, and as a soldier, at 
the battle of Floddenfield, and afterwards as 
viceroy of Ireland; he narrowly escaped the 
capricious tyranny of that prince, and died in 
1554. 
HOWARD, Edward, a brave aud celebrated 
English admiral, brother to the preceding, was 
killed in an action with a French ship, iu 1514. 
HOWARD, John, was born at Hackney, in 
Middlesex, in the year 1726, and put apprentice 
to Mr. Nathaniel Newnham, a wholesale gro- 
cer, in Walling-street. His constitution was 
thought very weak, and his health appeared to 
have been injured by the necessary duties of his 
apprenticeship ; at the expiration of it, there- 
fore, he took an apartment in a lodging-house, 
in Stoke, Newington, kept by a Mrs. Sarah 
Lardeau, a widow, by whom he was nursed 
with the utmost care and attention. At length 
he became so fond of his landlady, that they 
were privately married, about the year 1752. 
She was possessed of a small fortune, which lie 
presented to her sister. This wife, hoover 
died in 1755, aud tie was a sincere and unto-1 
HO 
donate mourner for her death. About this time, 
it is believed, lie was elected F. R. S., and, with 
an intention of visiting Lisbon after the earth 
quake, he at midsummer, 1756, set sail on boaid 
the Hanover packet, which was taken by a 
French privateer; and he behaved with so much 
hauteur, so much a PAnglois to the captain of 
the privateer, as might probably be the cause of 
his suffering so severely as it appears he did, and 
11 perhaps what he suffered on this occasion 
increased (if it did not first call forth) his sym- 
pathy with the unhappy people.” He after- 
wards, it is believed, made the tour of Italy; 
and at his return, settled at Brokenhurst, a re- 
tired arid pleasant villa in the New Forest, near 
Lymington, in Hampshire; having, April 25, 
1758, married Harriet, only daughter of Edward 
Leeds, esq., of Croxton, in Cambridgeshire. 
Mrs. II. died in 1765, in childbed. After the 
death of his second wife, he left Lymington, 
and purchased an estate at Cardington, near 
Bedford, where he very much conciliated the 
esteem of the poor, by employing them, build- 
ing cottages for them. &c. In 1773, he served 
the office of sheriff of the county of Bedford. 
This office, as he observes, brought “ the dis- 
tress of prisoners more immediately under his 
noticeand with a view to its alleviation, ho 
began his labours by “ visiting most of the 
county jails in England,” and afterwards “ the 
bridewells, houses of correction, city and town 
jails,” where lie found “ multitudes, both of 
felons and debtors, dying of the jail fever and 
the small-pox.” Upon this subject he was ex- 
amined in the house of commons, in March, 
1774, when “ he had the honour of their 
thanks.” This encouraged him to proceed in 
his design: he travelled again and again through 
Great Britain and Ireland, and also into France, 
Flanders, Holland, Germany, ami Switzerland ; 
and published “ The State of the Prisons in 
England and Wales, with preliminary observa- 
tions, and an account of some foreign prisons, 
1777.” In 1780, he published an Appendix to 
this Account, in which he extended the narra- 
tive of his travels to Italy, and gave some ob- 
servations on the management of prisoners of 
war, and the hulks on the Thames. This Ap- 
pendix he republished, in 1784 ; which publica- 
tion included also an account of his visit to 
Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Poland, Portugal, 
and Spain. By this time his character lor ac- 
tive benevolence had engaged the public atten- 
tion, and it was proposed that a subscriptio \ 
should be set on foot, to erect a statue to his ho 
|nour. This idea was so well received, that in 
15 or 16 months, 615 persons subscribed 15331. 
13s. 6d.; but some of those who knew Mr. How- 
ard best never concurred in tile scheme, being 
well assured that lie would never countenance 
nor accede to it: and the event justified their 
conduct; for the language that he held upon 
the subject, when first advised of it, was, “ Have 
not I one friend in England that would put a 
stop to such a proceeding V’ In consequence 
of two letters from Mr. Howard himself to 
the subscribers, the design was laid aside. In 
1789, Mr. ,11. published “ An Account of the 
principal Lazarettos in Europe, with various 
papers relative to the plague, together witli 
further Observations on some Foreign Prisons 
and Hospitals, and additional Remarks on the 
present State of those in Great Britain and Ire 
land,” with a great number of curious plates 
Not satisfied, however, with what he had a'rea 
dv done, he concludes his “ Account of Laza 
249  HO 
fettos” with announcing his intention again to 
quit his country, for the purpose of revisiting 
Russia, Turkey, and some other countries, and 
extending his tour in the East. On this tour, 
however, he fell a victim to his humanity; for, 
having visited a young lady atCherson, sick of 
an epidemic fever, for the purpose of adminis- 
tering some medical assistance, he caught the 
distemper himself, and was carried off in 12 
days, Jan. 20, 1790. The name of Howard will 
live in the remembrance of those who have 
been rescued, by his exertions, from the gloomy 
horrors of confinement, which might otherwise 
have been unlimited; alleviated in the pangs of 
disease, which might have been irremediable ; 
and comforted in the still more agonizing re 
proaches of conscious guilt, which would inevi- 
tably have terminated in destruction. A statue 
to air. Howard’s memory has been erected in 
St. Paul’s cathedral. 
HOWARD, Francis, earl of Effingham, go- 
vernor of the colony of Virginia, in 1684. After 
an unpopular administration of five years, he 
returned to England, and died in 1700. 
HOWARD, Simeon, D. D., minister in Bos- 
ton; be took a deep interest in the American 
revolution, and died in 1804. 
HOWARD, Benjamin, amember ofcongress, 
from Kentucky, afterwards governor of the ter- 
filory of Upper Louisiana, was a brigadier-ge- 
neral in the army of the United States, during 
the last war; he died in 1814. 
HOWE, John, an English non-conformist di- 
vine, eminent for his learning, moderation, and 
great virtues; he died in 1705. 
HOWE, John, an English statesman, and 
member of parliament, was a privy counsellor, 
in the reign of Anne. He died in 1721. 
liuWE, Richard, earl, a famous British ad- 
miral, born in 1725. At 14 he entered the na- 
vy ; and at the early age of 20 was appointed 
captain of the Baltimore sloop, in which he 
attacked two French frigates of 30 guns each, 
and obliged them to sheer off. Our limits pre- 
vent us from tracing this brave man through all 
his exploits; but, being presented to the king, 
by lord after the memorable victory 
ovc; Uonflans, in 1759, his majesty said, “ My 
lord Howe, your life has been one continued se- 
ries of services to your country.” In brief, we 
may say the same thing of the latter period of 
liis existence. In 1782 he was sent (o the relief 
of Gibraltar, a service which he performed in 
the most admirable manner in the sight of the 
nostile fleet, which he in vain challenged to bat- 
tle. In 1793, his lordship took the command of 
the channel fleet; and in 1791, totally vanquish- 
ed one of the most powerful fleets that France 
had ever equipped for sea, and brought home 
seven ships of the line, besides smaller vessels. 
On this glorious occasion their majesties, with 
three of the princesses, paid him a visiton board 
his ship, at Spithead; when the king presented 
him with a magnificent sword, enriched with 
diamonds, a gold chain, and a medal; and the 
thanks of both houses of parliament, the free- 
dom of Lotdon, and the universal acclamations 
of the nation, followed these acknowledgments 
of the sovereign. Earl Howe died in 1799, and 
a handsome monument is erected to his memo- 
ry, in St Taul's cathedral. 
HOWELL, James, an English political and 
historical writer,and poet,born in Oaermarthen- 
shire, in 1596, died in 1666. Of his very nume- 
rous works, the best arc “ Dodona’s Grove, or, 
the Vocal Forest,” and “ Epistola; llo Eliame: 
HU 
Familiar Letters Domestic and Foreign, partly 
historical, partly political, partly philosophical.” 
It is not to be wondered that these letters have 
run through many editions; since they not only 
contain much of the history of his earn times, 
but are also interspersed with many pleasant 
stories properly introduced and applied. 
HOWELL, William, a civilian, of Oxford, 
and chancellor of Lincoln, died in 1688. The 
works that he has left behind him are, among 
others, “ Medulla Historic Anglican*a 
“ History of the World from the earliest Times 
to the ltuin of the Roman Empire;” and “ Ele- 
menta Historic Civilis.” 
HOWELL, David, an eminent lawyer, of 
Rhode Island, was a member of congress, at- 
torney-general, and judge of the supreme court 
of that state, professor of mathematics, and af- 
terwards of law, in Brown university, and a 
judge of the district court of the United States, 
for that district. He died in 1824. 
HOWELL, Richard, governor of New-Jer- 
sey, in 1793, to which office he was elected eight 
years successively; he died in 1802. 
HOYLE, Edmund, author of some celebrated 
treatises on the games of Whist, Quadrille, &c., 
born in 1672, died in 1769. 
HOZIER, Peter d’, an eminent French genea- 
logist, and counsellor of state under Lewis XIV.; 
he died at Paris, in 1660. 
HOZIER, Francis, a brave English admiral, 
died in 1727. 
HUARTE, John, a native of French Navarre, 
though he usually passes for a Spaniard, lived 
in the 16th century, and gained great fame by a 
work that he published in the Spanish tongue, 
upon a very curious and interesting subject, 
viz. to show the gifts and different abilities of 
men, and for what kind of study the genius ot 
‘every man is adapted. This book has been 
translated into several languages. Its title is 
“ The Trial of Wits.” 
HUBBARD, William, minister of Ipswich, 
Mass., author of a history of New England in 
manuscript; he died in 1704. 
HUBER, Samuel, a native of Berne, was 
professor of divinity, at Wittemberg, in 1592. 
HUBER, Ulric, a Dutch lawyer, professor of 
law and history, at Franeker; he died in 1694. 
His writings were on subjects connected with 
his profession. 
HUBER, Mary, a native of Geneva, distin- 
guished as a writer. She died at Lyons, in 1753. 
HUBER, John Rudolph, a portrait and histo- 
rical painter, of Basil; lie died in 1748, aged 80. 
HUBERT, Matthew, a preacher, and priest 
of the oratory of Paris, distinguished for his 
eloquence ; he died in 1717. 
IIUBNER, John, of Saxony, was professor 
of geography, at Leipsic, and rector of the 
school at Hamburgh, where he died in 1731. 
IIUDDE, John, a burgomaster of Amster- 
dam, eminent as a mathematician, and known 
(also as a politician ; he died in 1704. 
HUDSON, Captain Henry, an eminent Eng- 
lish navigator, who flourished in high fame, in 
the beginning of the 17th century, having disco- 
vered Hudson’s bay at the north of Canada, 
and the river in New-York, which has since 
borne his name. He is supposed to have per- 
ished at sea, being set adrift in a shallop by 
his mutinous crew, in 1611. 
HUDSON, Thomas, a painter, born at Exe- 
ter, in 1701, had Sir Joshua Reynolds for a scho- 
lar, by whom he was eclipsed in the art. li« 
died in London, in 1779. 
250  HU 
HUDSON, Ur. John, an eminent English cri- 
tic, and keeper of the Bodleian library, and 
principal of St. Mary-hall, Oxford: he died in 
1719. 
HUDSON, William, an eminent botanist, 
born in Westmoreland, about 1730. In 1762 he 
published “ Flora Anglica,” and died in 1793. 
HUET, Peter Daniel, bishop of Avrances, in 
Fiance, and a celebrated philosophical, histori- 
ial. and commercial writer born at Caen, in 
1630, and died in 1721. 
HUFN AGEL, George, a native >f Antwerp, 
distinguished as a writer on natural history, and 
of Latin poetry; he died in 1600. 
HUGH CAPET, count of Paris and Orleans, 
was raised to the throne of France by his me- 
rits and courage, in 987, and thus became the 
head of the third race of the French monarchy ; 
he died in 996. 
HUGHES, John, an English poet, dramatic 
author, and essayist, born at Marlborough, iri 
1677, died in 1720. His last work was “ The 
Siege of Damascus,” a tragedy, which is still 
occasionally acted. Several papers in the “ Tat- 
tlers,” 11 Spectators,” and “ Guardians,” were 
written by him. 
HUGHES, Jabez, younger brother of the pre- 
ceding, distinguished as a scholar, and as a 
translator from the Latin and Spanish ; he died 
in 1731. 
HUGHES, Jabez, of Cambridge, known as the 
editor of Chrysostom’s treatise on the Priesthood; 
he died in 1712. 
HUGO, of Cluni, abbot of Cluni, and a saint 
of the Romish calendar, died in 1609. 
HUGO, Herman, a iearned jesuit, who wrote 
on metaphysical subjects, and was also distin- 
guished in his time as a poet, was born at Brus- 
sels, in 1588, and died of the plague, at Rhim- 
beru, in 1629. 
HUGO, Charles Lewis, a French and Latin 
writer, abbot of Etival, and titular bishop of 
Ptnlemais; he died in 1735. 
HUGTENBURGH, Johu Van, an eminent 
Dutch painter, died in 1733. His brother, James, 
was a landscape painter of reputation. He died 
in 1696. 
IIULDRIC, John James, professor of law, at 
Zurich, where he died in 1731. 
HULL, Thomas, a respectable actor and dra- 
matic writer, and founder of the theatrical futull 
for the relief of distressed actors and actresses, 
was bred to the practice of physic, but quitted! 
that profession for the stage, of which he died 
tlie father, at the age of 80, in 1808. 
HULME, Nathaniel, an English physician of 
reputation, and author of several essays on me- 
dical subjects ; he died in 1807. 
HULSEMANN, John a Lutheran divine, 
professor of divinity at Leipsic, and a theolo- 
gical writer ; he died in 1661. 
HULSIUS, Anthony, a distinguished oriental 
•cholar, and professor of divinity at Leyden; 
he died in 1685. 
HULS1US, Henry, a theological writer, and 
professor at Douishurgh, where he died, in 1723. 
HULST, Peter Van der, an excellent painter of 
animals, a native of Dort; he died in 1708. 
IIU.ME, David, a celebrated philosopher and 
historian, born at Edinburgh, in 1711, and died 
in 1776. His “ Essays,” and “ History of Eng- 
land,” are so well known, as scarcely to need 
mention. The latter has, undoubtedly, the pre- 
ference, in the public mind, over every other 
extant. The former are very strongiy tinctured 
with infidelity. 
HU 
HUMPHREY, Lawrence, ar. English writer 
was professor of divinity, and president of Mag 
daleu college, Oxford, and afterwards dean of 
Gloucester, and of Winchester; he died in 1590. 
HUMPHREYS, David, LL. D., a soldier of 
the revolution, aid-de-camp, successively, to 
Putnam, Greene, and Washington; afterwards, 
ambassador from the United States to Lisbon, 
and minister plenipotentiary to Spain ; he died 
at New-Haven, in 1818. He rendered essential 
service to his country, by his poetical and pa- 
triotic writings, which were read and admired, 
both here and in Europe ; also, by the introduc- 
tion, into the United States, of a valuable breed 
of fine-wooled sheep, from Spain. 
HUNNER1C, king of the African Vandals, 
known for his severe persecution of the Chris- 
tians, died in 484. 
HUNNIADES, John Corvinus, a general of 
the Hungarian armies in the 13th century, and 
was distinguished for his bravery, and his great 
success in the wars with the Turks ; he died in 
145G, lamented by the pope, by the Christians, 
and even by the infidels. 
I1UNNIUS, Giles, a distinguished Lutheran 
divine, professor of divinity at Marpurg, and 
afterwards at Witteinberg; he died in 1603. 
HUNT, Walter, an English carmelite, known 
for his opposition to the union between the 
Greek and Latin churches ; he died in 1470. 
HUNT, Jeremiah, D. D., an English clergy- 
man and theological writer, died in 1744. 
HUNTER, Robert, author of the celebrated 
“Letter on Enthusiasm,” which has been as- 
cribed to Swift, and still more commonly to the 
earl of Shaftesbury. He wrote also a farce, 
called “ Androboros,” and died governor of Ja- 
maica, in 1734. 
HUNTER,William, M. D., a most celebrated 
English physician and anatomist, born in 1718, 
died in 1783. The most splendid of Dr. Hunter’s 
medical publications is, “ The Anatomy of the 
Human Gravid Uterus.” His Anatomical Mu- 
seum was the most complete of all the private 
ones in Europe, and was collected by him at the 
expense of upwards of 20,0001. 
HUNTER, John, younger brother of the pre- 
ceding, a very eminent English surgeon, and 
anatomical writer, born in 1723, died suddenly 
in 1793. At the age of 20 he began, as assistant 
to his brother, the career that ended in his be- 
coming, both in theory and practice, the first 
surgeon in the world. His anatomical researches 
were various, persevering, and successful: with 
the office, use, situation, or communication, of 
the several parts of the human structure, no 
man was better acquainted ; and his numerous 
writings may be considered as a basis on which 
the whole art of physic may securely rest. Mr. 
Hunter’s most valuable treatises may be found 
in the “Philosophical Transactions,” from the 
62d to the 82d volumes. 
HUNTER, Anne, widow of Mr. John Hunter, 
the anatomist, was distinguished as the author 
of several beautiful poems, and as the intimate 
friend of the celebrated Mrs. Elizabeth Carter ; 
she died in 1802. 
HUNTER, Dr. Henry, an eminent presby 
terian divine, equally admired for his pulpit elo- 
quence, and beloved for his benevolence, was 
born at Culross, in Perthshire, in 1741, and died 
at Bristol, in 1802. His works are numerous, 
but the most important are translations. His 
principal original publication is a course of ser 
mons, in 6 vols. 8vo., entitled “ Sacred Biogra 
phy.” The most distinguished of his transla- . 
lions are, “St. Pierre’s Studies of Nature;” 
‘ Sonnini’s Travels in Egypt;” “ Sauriu’s Ser- 
mons;” and the “Physiognomical Essays of 
Lavater.” 
HUNTINGDON. Selina, countess dowager 
of, daughter of Washington, earl Ferrers, was 
born in 1707, married in 1728, Theophilus earl 
Huntingdon, by whom she had issuejour sons 
and three daughters, and died in 1791. Her 
ladyship had been a widow 45 years; and her 
great religious concerns, as head of a very nu 
merous sect in Great Britain and Ireland,she lett 
by will in the hands of committees for man- 
aging them in both kingdoms. Her religious 
principles have been long since known; and 
lier unbounded benevolence bore the best testi- 
mony of the purity of her intentions; having, 
in the course of her life, expended above 100,0001. 
in public and private acts of charity. 
HUNTINGTON, Henry of, an English chro- 
nicler of the 12th century; he wrote a history 
of England from the earliest accounts to the 
death of king Stephen. 
HUNTINGTON, Robert, a learned English 
divine, and writer of travels, born in 1636, died 
In 1701. 
HUNTINGTON, Joseph, D. D., minister of 
Coventry, Conn., author of “ Calvinism Improv- 
ed,” which was answered by Dr. Strong, of 
Bradford, Conn.; he died in 1795. 
HUNTINGTON, Samuel, an eminent lawyer 
of Connecticut, was a member of congress from 
that state, in 1776, and a signer of the declara- 
tion of Independence ; afterwards a judge and 
chief justice of the supreme court, and lieuten- 
ant governor of the state ; he died in 1796. 
HUNTINGTON, Samuel, a native of Con- 
necticut, removed to Ohio, in 1801, and was 
afterwards, chief justice of the supreme court, 
and governor of that state; he died in 1817. 
HUNTINGTON, Jedcdiah, a general, and a 
distinguished officer in the American army, 
during the revolution, afterwards treasurer of 
the state of Connecticut, and collector of the 
customs for the port of New-London ; he died 
in 1818. 
HUNTORST, Gerard, one of the best Dutch 
painters of the 16th century. 
HURD, Dr. Richard, bishop of Worcester. 
His “ Dialogues on Chivalry and Romance,” 
“ Sermons at Lincoln’s Inn Chapel,” and “ Life 
and Works of Bishop Warburton,” are his 
principal literary productions. In 1783, on the 
death of archbishop Cornwallis, Dr. Hurd, who 
had been preceptor to the prince of Wales and 
the duke of York, was offered the primacy ; but 
requested of the king permission to decline it. 
He died in 1808, in the 89th year of his age. 
HURDIS, Dr! James, a learned divine, and a 
very pleasing poet, born at Bishopstone, Sussex, 
in 1763, died at Buckland, in Berkshire, in 1801. 
Dr. Hurdis was poetry professor in the univer- 
sity of Oxford. His principal poems are, “ The 
Village Curate,” “The Favourite Village,” 
“ Sir Thomas More,” a tragedy, and “Adria- 
no ; or, The First of June.” He also published 
“ Twelve Dissertations on the Nature and Occa- 
sion of Psalm and Prophecy.” 
HURE, Charles, a French divine, was pro- 
fessor of languages in the university of Paris, 
and afterwards principal of the college of Ben- 
court. He wrote a Dictionary of the Bible, &.C., 
and died in 1717. 
HUSS,John, a celebrated German reformer 
and martyr, born in Bohemia, in 1376. He was 
the first opposer of the doctrine of transubstau-j 
HU 
tiation, anti defender of Wickliffe, and was 
burnt alive by the council of Constance, ir. 
1415. 
IIUSSEY, Giles, a most ingenious English 
portrait painter, in 1710, died suddenly, while 
working in liis garden at Bcaston, Ashburton, 
Devonshire, in 1788. Professor Barry, in his 
noble painting, which adorns the large room at 
the Society of Arts in the Adelphi, has thought 
Mr. Hussey entitled to an eminent place in his 
Elysium, and lias introduced hint behind Phi- 
dias ; observing, that his abilites were calculated 
to have raised his country to an immortal repu- 
tation (but for the professional envy and ran- 
cour of a wretched cabal), and that he appeared 
no less amiable as a man, than he w'as admira- 
ble as an artist. 
HUTCHESON, Dr. Francis, a very fine writer 
on moral philosophy, and an excellent man, 
born in Ireland, in 1G94, died in 1747. His 
“ Moral Philosophy” was published at Glasgow 
in 1755. 
HUTCHINS, John, author of the history, 
and antiquities of Dorsetshire ; he died in 1773. 
HUTCHINS, Thomas, geographer general 
of the United States ; he published several maps, 
and died at Pittsburgh, in 1789. 
HUTCHINSON, Ann, an artful woman in 
Massachusetts, whose religious opinions were 
heretical,and which were condemned by a coun- 
cil of ministers: she was banished from the co- 
lony, and was murdered by the Indians, west of 
New-Ilaven, in 1643. 
HUTCHINSON, Thomas, governor of Massa- 
chusetts, odious for his arbitrary conduct in 
bis office; he published a History of the Colony 
of Massachusetts, &c., and died in England, 
in 1780. 
HUTCHINSON, John, an English philoso- 
phical and critical author, celebrated as the op- 
ponent of Dr. Woodward in natural history, and 
of Sir Isaac Newton in philosophy; he was born 
in Yotkshire, in 1674, and died in 1737. 
HUTCHINSON, John Hely, a celebrated 
Irish lawyer and statesman ; not a little remark 
able for his avidity after lucrative offices. Be- 
ing at one and the same time a privy-counsellor, 
reversionary secretary of state, major of the 4th 
regiment of horse, provost of Trinity College, 
Dublin, and searcher, packer, and gauger cf the 
port of Strangford. A late British minister, lord 
North, made the following remark on him: “ If 
England and Ireland were given to this man, l.e 
would solicit the Isle of Man for a potato gar- 
den.” Mr. Hutchinson was born in 1715, and 
died in 1794. 
HUTTEN, Ulrie de, a satirical writer, of 
Germany, distinguished for his zeal in support 
of the reformation, his hostility to the church 
of Rome, and the eccentricity and profligacy of 
his private life ; he died on an island in the lake 
of Zurich, in 1528. 
HUTTEN, Jacob, a native of Silesia, founder 
of an anabaptist sect, called the Moravian breth- 
ren ; the time of his death is not known, although 
it is said, he was burnt as a heretic. 
KUTTER, Elias, a protestant divine, distin- 
guished as a learned orientalist; he died at Nu- 
remburg, in 1602. 
IIUTTER, Leonard, a learned German di- 
vine, professor of theology, at Wittetnberg, and 
rector of the university there ; he died in 1616. 
HUTTON, Matthew, professor of divinity in 
Cambridge, bishop of Durham, and afterwards 
: archbishop of York; he died in 1605. 
j HUTTON, William, the historian of Bir HY 
minglrim, and author of various other works, 
was' born at Derby, in 1723, and died at Ben 
nett’s Hill, near Birmingham, in 1815, aged 92. 
1IUXHAM, Dr., an English physician, who 
made some improvements in medicine, which 
still bear his name ; lie died in 1763. 
HUYGENS, Constantine, secretary to the 
prince of Orange, and president of his council, 
was the authot of 14 books of Latin poems, Sec. 
Hu died in 1687. 
HUYGENS, Christian, a very celebrated Dutch 
mathematician and astronomer, born at the 
Hague, in 1629, and died in 1695. 
HUYSUM, Justus Van, an eminent Dutch 
painter, born at Amsterdam, died in 1716. 
HUYSUM, John Van, son of the preceding, 
was also distinguished as a painter; as were 
his two brothers. He died in 1749. 
HYDE, Edward, earl of Clarendon, and chan- 
cellor of England, born in Dinton, in Wiltshire, 
in 1608, and died in 1674. His namo is immor- 
talized by his “ History of the Rebellion,” in 
the time of Charles I. He was afterwards, how- 
ever, impeached of high treason, arid fled to 
France, where he died. 
HYDE, Henry, earl of Clarendon, son to 
the chancellor, born in 1638, died in 1709. His 
“ State Letters,” during his government of Ire- 
land, aud his “ Diary/’ for the years 1687 to 
1690, were published in 1763, from the Claren- 
don press, in Oxforu. 
HYDE, Dr. Thomas, an eminent divine, and 
professor of the oriental languages, horn in 
1336. He published, beside other things, “ A 
catalogue of the books in the Bodleian library 
“ De Ludis orientalibus libro duo,” a work 
which is held, at present, in very high esteem; 
and “ The religion of the ancient Persians,” a 
work of profound and various erudition, abound- 
ing with many new lights, on the most curious 
and interesting subjects. He died in 1703. 
HYDE, Lawrence, viscount Hyde, and earl of 
Rochester,was the second son of the chancellor,! 
and was always employed about the court, either 
as a member of the cabinet, or as an ambassador 
abroad. He died in 1711, with the reputation of 
an able statesman. 
HYDE,Edward, was lieutenant governor, and; 
governor of the colony of North Carolina; he 
died in 1712. 
HYDER-ALI-KHAN, an Asiatic prince, son 
of the king of Mysore, and himself sovereign 
of Suba of Servia, was distinguished for his 
intrepidity, aud for his hostility to the Euro- 
peans, whom he considered as intruders iu the 
country, aud whom he invariably opposed ; he 
died in 1782, and was succeeded by his son, 
Tip poo Saib. 
H YGINUS, Cains Julius, the freedman of Au- 
gustus, was the author of several Latin works. 
HYGINUS, a philosopher, of Athens, was 
pope of Rome in 153; he suffered martyrdom, 
and was canonized. 
HYLL, Albayn, an English physician and 
medical writer, died at London, in 1559. 
HYPATIA, a most beautiful, virtuous, and 
learned lady of antiquity, daughter of Theon, 
who governed the Platonic school at Alexandria, 
the place of her birth and education, in the lat- 
ter part of the 4th century. Socrates tells us, 
that Hvpatiu “ arrived at such a pitch of learn- 
ing, as very far to exceed all the philosophers of 
her time.” But our notions of Hypatia will be 
prodigiously heigluened, when we consider her 
succeeding her father, as she actually did, in the 
goverum*::* of the Alexandiian school: teach- 
JV ” 
ing out of tliat chair, where Aui nonius, Hie. ti- 
des, aud many great and celeb, aied pniigo- 
phers hud taught; autl tills at a time loo, when 
men of immense learning abounded, both at 
Alexandria, and in many other parts of the Ro- 
man empire. She was murdered, A. I). 415. 
HYPERIDES, a disciple of Plato, who pro- 
cured the banishment of Demosthenes from 
Athens ; he was put to death by Antipater, 322 
B. 0. 
HYPERIUS, Andrew Gerard, a divine, who 
embraced the doctrines of the reformation, and 
was divinity professor at Marpurg, died in 1504. 
HYPSiCLES, a mathematician, of Alexan- 
dria, under Marcus Aurelius. 
HYRCANUS, John, prince and high-priest of 
the Jews, after his father. He restored his nation 
to independence, from the power of Antiochus, 
king of Syria, and died 100 B. C. He was suc- 
ceeded by his son of the same name, who died 
! 30 B. C. 
HYWELL, ap Owain, a prince of North 
Wales ; he died in 1171. 
HYWELL, ap Morgan, a prince of Glamor- 
gan, in Wales, died in 1043, aged 130. 
HYWELL, lid a, or Good, a legislator of 
Wales, died in 948. 
1 
IAMBLICUS, an Arabian king, was deprived 
of his dominions by the Romans, but his sou 
was restored 22 B. O. 
IAMBLICUS, a Greek author, in the age of 
Marcus Aurelius. 
IARCHI, Solomon Ben Isaac, an illustrious 
Jewish rabbi, was born in France, in 1104, aud 
died iu 1180. 
IARCHAS, a learned Indian philosopher. 
IBARRA, Joachim, eminent as a printer to 
the king of Spain, died in 1785. 
IBAS, bishop of Edessa, a Nestorian, was 
banished in 449, and restored in 451. 
IBBOT, Benjamin, a learned English divine, 
and chaplain to the king, died in 1725. 
IBEK, Cotheddin, a slave, who usurped the 
throne of India, after the death of his master. 
IBEK, Azzeddin, an officer in the Egyptian 
court, who married the Sultan’s widow, and 
ascended his throne, but was assassinated A. D. 
1257. 
IBEK, an Arabian author, who died in 1348. 
IBRAHIM IMAM, a Mahometan chief-priest, 
murdered by the caliph Marvan, in 748. 
IBRAHIM, son of Massoud, was the eighth 
caliph of the race of the Gaznevides; he died 
in 1098. 
IBRAHIM, brother of Haroun Raschid, was 
made caliph of Bagdad in 817, and died in 859. 
i BRAHIM, a learnetj mussulman doctor, of 
Shiraz. 
IBRAHIM, son of Achrnet, succeeded his 
brother as emperor of Turkey, in 1040, and was 
assassinated in 1649. 
IBRAHIM, Effendi, a Pole, established a 
printing press in Turkey. 
IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet, flourished about 
540 B. C. He was murdered by robbers ; and 
in his dying moments he observed cranes flying 
over his head, whom he implored to be his 
avengers. His murderers walking in Rhegium 
some time afterwards, and seeing some cranes 
in the air, one of them said to his companions, 
“ there come the witnesses of Ibycus death.” 
They were overheard, tried, and executed. 
IDACIUS, a Spanish prelate, and an authoi 
j of the 5th century. IN 
IDRIS, Gawr, a YVelch astronomer, after: 
whom one of the highest mountains of Wales 
is named. 
1FLAND, Augustus William, a celebrated 
German actor and dramatic writer, died at Ber- 
lin, in 1814. He was interred with great pomp. 
IGNATIUS, surnamed Theophrastus, bishop 
of Antioch, born in Syria, and educated under 
the apostle and evangelist, St. John. lie was 
torn to pieces by lions, at Rome, by command 
of the emperor Trajan, A. I). 107. Ilis epistles 
are very interesting remains of ecclesiastical 
antiquity on many accounts; but the most im- 
portant use of his writings respects the authen- 
ticity of the Holy Scriptures, which he frequent- 
ly alludes to in the very expressions that they 
stand in at this day. 
IGNATIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, in 
847, died in 878. 
IGNATIUS. See LOYOLA. 
IGOR, sovereign prince of Russia, died in 
945. 
ILDEFONSE, St., bishop of Toledo, and au- 
thor of an Ecclesiastical History, died in 667. 
ILIVE, Jacob, an English printer and miscel- 
laneous writer, died in 17G8. 
ILLESCAS, Gonsalvo, a Spanish ecclesias- 
tic. author of the lives of the popes, died in 1580. 
ILLTYD VARCHOG, or ILLUTUS, asaint, 
who is said to have taught the Welch an im- 
proved method of ploughing. He died in 480. 
ILLYRIUS, Matthias Flaccus, or Francow- 
itz, was a learned divine, who completed his 
education under Luther and Melancthon; he 
died in 1575. 
1MBERT, Bartholomew, a poet of Nismes, 
died in 1790. 
1MBERT, John, an advocate of Rochelle, 
died in the 16th century. 
IMBERT, Joseph Gabriel, a painter, of Mar- 
seilles, who entered a monastic order, and died 
tn 1749. 
IMIIOFF, James William, a very famous ge- 
nealogist, born at Nuremberg, in 1651, died in 
1728. 
IMPERIALI, John Baptist, an Italian physi- 
cian, and one of the 24 nobles of Genoa, died 
in 162:1. 
IMPERIALI, John, son of the preceding, 
eminent as a writer and physician, died in 1653. 
IMPERIALI, Guiseppe Renato, a cardinal, 
known for a magnificent library which adorns 
the city of Rome ; he died in 1737. 
INA, a king of the West Saxons; he went 
to Rome in 726, and founded an English college. 
INACHUS, founded the kingdom of Argos, 
•bout 1858 B. C. 
INCHOFER, Melchior, a German jesuit.. 
He wrote a satire against the jesuits, and died 
in 1648. 
INDULPHUS, a Scotch king, said to be the 
77'h since the foundation of that monarchy. 
INGENHOUZ, Dr. John, an eminent natu- 
ral philosopher, who happily applied his chyrni 
cal discoveries to the purposes of medical and 
agricultural improvements. Many of his dis 
quisitions will be found in the Philosophical 
Transactions of London, vol. 65 to 72. He was] 
born at Breda, but was latterly resident in Eng-; 
land, and died at Bowood park, the seat of the 
marquis of Lansdowne, in 1799. 
INGIIEN, William Van, a Dutch painter,! 
who died in the 17th century. 
INGOLDSBY, Richard, governor of thcco-; 
lony of New-York was succeeded by governor] 
Heckman, in 1700 
IR 
i| INGOULT, Nicholas Lewis, a native of Gi- 
sors, was eloquent as a preacher of the jesuits, 
and died in 1753. 
I INGRAM, Robert, an English divine, and the 
jauthor of various works, died in 1804. 
| INGRASSIA, John Philip, a celebrated phy- 
sician, of Palermo, died in 1581. 
1NGUIMBERTI, Dominic Joseph Marie d’, 
a learned divine, and bishop of Carpentras, was 
a munificent and pious prelate, and died in 1757. 
INGULPHUS, abbot of Uroyland, was born 
in London, in 1030, wrote “ Historia Monasierii 
Croylandensis,” and died in 1109. 
INNOCENT I., was elected pope in 402, and 
died in 417. 
INNOCENT II., was elected pope after Hono- 
rius II.; he was driven into France by a rival 
pope,but afterwards returned, and died at Rome, 
in 1143. 
INNOCENT III., Lothaire Conti, elevated 
to the popedom, in 1198. He persecuted the 
Albigenses, and raised the papal authority to 
its greatest height. He died in 1216. 
INNOCENT IV., Sinibaldi de Fiesque, car- 
dinal, was elected pope in 1243, and was the 
first who invested the cardinals with a red hat, 
as a mark of dignity. He died in 1254. 
INNOCENT V., Peter de Tarantaise, arch 
bishop of Lyons, was made pope in 1276, and 
died the same year. 
INNOCENT VI., Stephen Albert, bishop of 
Ostia, was elected popein 1352, and died in 1362. 
INNOCENT VII., Come de Meliorati, wai 
elected pope in 1404, and died in 1406. 
INNOCENT VIII., John Baptist Ciho, a no- 
ble Genoese, was elected pope in 1484, and died 
in 1492. 
INNOCENT IX., John Anthony Facchinetti, 
an Italian, was elected pope in 1591, and died 
two months after. 
INNOCENT X., John Baptist Pamphili, was 
elected pope in 1644. He published ahull against 
the Jansenists, and died in 1655. 
INNOCENT XI., Benedict Odescalchi, an 
Italian, was elected pope in 1676, and died in 
1689. 
INNOCENT XII., Anthony Pignatelli. a Nea 
politan, elected popein 1691; he condemned Fen 
elon's Maxims of the Saints, and died in 1700. 
INNOCENT XIII., Michael Angelo Conti, 
a native of Rome, and the eighth pope of tire 
family, was elected in 1721, and died in 1724. 
INSTITOR, Henry, a Dominican, inquisitor- 
general of Mayence, Treves, and Cologne, and 
author of some works. 
INTAPHERNES, one of the seven nobles of 
Persia, who conspired against the usurper, 
Smerdis, 521 B. C. 
INTERIAN DE AYALA, John, a Spaniard, 
author of some poems, died in 1770. 
INVEGES, Augustino, a Sicilian historian, 
and antiquary, of the order of the jesuits, died 
in 1677. 
IRELAND,Samuel,a gentleman,bred,we have 
been told, to trade; but, endowed with a turn 
to science and literature, he soon distinguished 
himself as the draftsman, engraver and illus- 
trator of several elegant and esteemed works ; 
among which were, “ A Picturesque Tour 
through Holland, Brabant, and part of France, 
in 1789;” “Picturesque Views on the River 
Thames, and on the Medway ;” “ Graphic Il- 
lustrations of Hogarth ;” “Picturesque Views 
of the Severn and Avon;” and “Picturesque 
Views, with an Historical Account, of the Inns 
of Court in London and Westminster.” He f§~~ 
died June 11, 1800, (being the very day on which 
the concluding sheet of bis last mentioned work 
went to press,) of a broken heart, as is believ- 
ed ; having been most illiberally accused (with- 
out any proof) of being concerned in the forge- 
ry of the pretended Shakspeare MSS.; from 
which his son, W. H. Ireland (the real fabrica- 
tor of that most ingenious literary imposition,) 
in a confessional pamphlet, publicly and solemn- 
ly exculpated him. 
IRELAND, John, author of “Illustrations of 
Hogarth,” and “ Life and Letters of Mr. John 
Henderson,’' the actor, was born near Wem, in 
Shropshire, and died in the vicinity of Birming- 
ham in 1808. 
I REN ASUS, Saint, bishop of Lyons,in France, 
who wrote an elaborate work “ against Here- 
sies,” part of which is still extant under his 
name. He suffered martyrdom in the 5th per- 
secution of the Christians under Severus, A. D. 
263. 
IRETON, Henry, son-in-law to Oliver Crom- 
well, and a brave general in his army, died in 
1651. 
IREVISA, John, an Englishman, who trans- 
lated the “ Polychronicon,” in 1387. 
IRNERIUS, called also Wernerus, or Guar- 
nerus, a German lawyer of the 12cn century, 
who was properly the restorer of the Roman 
law. tie died in 1150. 
IRONSIDE, Gilbert, an Englishman, who, at 
the restoration, was made bishop of Bristol; 
he died in 1671. 
IRVINE, William, a major-general in the 
American army during the revolution, and af- 
terwards a member of congress, from Pennsyl- 
vania ; he died in 1804. 
IRWIN, Eyles, was born at Calcutta, of Irish 
parents, educated in England, and afterwards 
employed in a civil capacity, in the East. He 
was distinguished as a poet and miscellaneous 
writer, and died in 1817. 
ISAAC, son of Abraham and Sarah, was the 
father of Esau, the progenitor of the Edomites, 
and of Jacob, the ancestor of the Israelites. lie 
died 1716 B. C. 
ISAAC, Angelas, Greek emperor, in 1185. 
He was imprisoned by his brother, and died in 
1204. 
ISAAC, Caro, a rabbi, of Spain, who retired 
to Jerusalem, and devoted himself to study and 
solitude ; he died in the 16th century. 
ISAAC COMMENUS, Greek emperor, in 
1057. After a turbulent reign, lie retired to a 
monastery, and died in 1061. 
ISAACSON, Henry, an Englishman; he wrote 
a valuable chronological work, and died in 1654. 
ISABELLA, daughter of Philip the Fair, 
king of France, was born in 1292, and married 
to Edward II., of England. Her conduct was 
licentious, and she died in prison. 
ISABELLA, of Bavaria, married Charles VI., 
of France, in 1385, and died little lamented, in 
1435. 
ISABELLA, daughter of John II., of Castile, 
married Ferdinand V., king of Arragon, in 
1469. She succeeded to the throne of Castile 
in 1474, and thus united the two kingdoms. 
Her reign is remarkable for the discovery of 
America by Columbus. She died in 1504. 
ISABELLA, daughter of Alphonso, duke of 
Calabria, was married to John Galeazzo Sforza, 
in 1480, and died in 1524. 
ISABELLA, sister of the king of Poland, 
married John Zopolita, king of Hungary, in 
1533, aud died in 1553. 
’ JA 
I ISA3US, a celebrated Greek orator, and na- 
! tive of Chalcis, in Syria, tlie scholar of Lysias, 
and preceptor of Demosthenes, fie flourished 
398 years before Christ, and was the first who 
applied eloquence to state affairs, in which he 
was followed by his scholar Demosthenes. 
ISAIAH, the greatest of the prophets, was of 
the lineage of David. He prophesied from 735 
to 681 13.C., and is said to have been cut in two 
with a wooden saw, by the cruel king Manasseh. 
ISDEGEKDES, king of Persia, was valiant, 
but cruel. He persecuted the Christians, ana 
died in 420. 
ISEL1N, James Christopher, was professor 
of divinity at Basil, where he died in 1737. 
ISHMAEL, son of Abraham, by Ilagar, 1910 
B. C. He was the progenitor of the Arabians. 
ISHMAEL I., sophy of Persia, was distin 
guished for his valour and wisdom, and died in 
1523. 
ISHMAEL II., sophy of Persia, murdered his 
eight brothers, and at last was poisoned by his 
own sister, m 1579. 
ISIDORE, of Alexandria, placed over a mo- 
nastery, by Athanasius, died in 403. 
ISIDORE, St., surnamed Pelusiota,orDaciate, 
from his retiring into a solitude near the town 
which bears both these names, was the most 
celebrated of the disciples of John Chrysostom. 
He died about 440; and we have remaining 
2012 of his letters, in five books. 
ISIDORE, of Cordova, was bishop of Cordo- 
va, in the age of Honorius. 
ISIDORE, of Seville, a bishop of that city, 
was called the doctor of the age; he died in 636 
ISIDORUS, of Charax, a Greek author, 300 
B. C. 
ISINGRINIUS, Michael, an eminent printer 
of Basil, of the 16th century. 
ISMENIAS, a Theban general, who refused 
to kneel before a Persian king. 
ISOCRATES, a Greek orator, bora at Athens, 
in the first year of the 86th Olympiad, i. e. 436 
years before Christ, died at the age of 98. We 
have 21 orations of his composing. 
ISRAEL, Manasseh Ben, a learned rabbi, of 
the Low Countries, who offered Cromwell two 
hundred thousand {rounds for permission to the 
Jews to settle in England. He died in 1687. 
1TTIGIUS, Thomas, a German divine, and 
professor of divinity at Leipsic, died in 1710. 
IVES, or YVES, bishop of Chartres, in 1093, 
led a life of great piety; he died in 1115, and was 
canonized. 
IVETEAUX, Nicholas Vauquelin seigneur 
de, a French poet, and preceptor tq Lewis XIII., 
when dauphin ; he died in 1649, after leading a 
licentious life. 
IWAN V., John Alexiowitz, succeeded to 
the throne of Russia in 1682. He was a weak 
prince, unworthy of a throne, and died in 1696. 
IWAN VI., of Brunswick 13evern, succeeded 
to the throne of Russia in 1740, at the age of 
three months. He was imprisoned, and at last 
put to death, in 1746. 
IZAACKE, Richard, an Englishman, wrote 
the history of Oxford, and died in 1724. 
J 
.TAAPHAN, EbnTophatl, an Arabian phi- 
losopher, cotemporary with Averroes, who 
died about 1198. He composed a philosophi- 
cal romance, entitled “ The Life or History of 
Hai Ebn Yokdhanin which he endeavours 
to demonstrate, how a man may, by the mere 
255 JA 
light of nature, attain the knowledge of things 
natural and supernatural; more particularly the 
knowledge of God, and the affairs of another 
life. 
JABLONSKI, Daniel Ernest, a popish divine, 
of Germany. He endeavoured to reconcile the 
Lutherans and Calvinists ; wrote some disser- 
tations and other works, and died in 1741. 
JABLONSKI, Theodore, counsellor of the 
court of Prussia, was a man of extensive erudi- 
tion, and highly esteemed. His publications 
were numerous. 
JABLONSKI,Paul Ernest, professor of theo- 
logy at Frankfort, the author of several learned 
works ; he died in 1757. 
JABLONSKI, Charles Gustavus, a German 
author, he died at Halle, in 1787. 
JACETIUS, Francis de Cataneis, professor 
of Platonic philosophy, at Florence, died in 
1552. 
JACHAIA, Ben Joseph, a Portuguese rabbi, 
wrote a paraphrase on Daniel, and died in 
1539. 
JACKSON, Thomas, an English divine, pre- 
sident of Corpus Cliristi college, Oxford, and a 
man of learning and piety; he died in 1640. 
JACKSON, John, an English divine, theologi- 
cal and historical author, born in 1686, died in 
1763. His last and capital work was, “ Chrono- 
logical Antiquities,” 1752. 
JACKSON, Joseph, a letter-founder of distin- 
guished eminence, born in 1733. In testimony 
of his abilities, let it suffice to mention, as mat- 
ters of difficulty and curiosity, the f*c-simile 
types which he formed for Doomsday-Book, and 
the Alexandrian New Testament; and, as a pat- 
tern of the most perfect symmetry, the types 
with which Mr. Bensley printed the splendid 
edition of the Bible, published by the late Mr. 
Macklin. Mr. Jackson died in 1792. 
J ACKSON, Arthur, an ejected non-conformist 
divine, wrote a commentary on the Bible, and 
died in 1666. 
JACKSON, Cyril, D. D. an eminent divine, 
born at Stamford, in 1746, and educated at Ox- 
ford. He was sub-preceptor to his present ma- 
jesty ; in consequence, he was made dean of 
Christ-Church, which he resigned in 1809. This 
elegant scholar declined the mitre, though the 
primacy of Ireland, as well as an English bishop- 
ric, had been offered him. He died at Felpham, 
Sussex, in 1819. 
JACKSON, Dr. William, brother of the pre- 
ceding, was prebendary of York, regius profes- 
sor of Greek at Oxford, and bishop of Oxford; 
he died in 1811. 
JACKSON, William, a musical composer of 
considerable eminence, and author of several in- 
genious literary productions in prose and verse, 
was born at Exeter, in 1730. His musical pro- 
ductions are too numerous to bo here detailed, 
and too well known to require it. In 1782, he 
published “ Thirty Letters on various Subjects.” 
In 1791, he published “ Observations on tire pre- 
sent State of Music in London ;” and in 1798, 
he added another volume to his Letters, under 
the title of “The Four Ages; with Essays on 
various Subjects.” Mr. Jackson was organist 
of the cathedral at Exeter ; and, besides his mu- 
sical talents, was an excellent painter, chiefly 
in the landscape way. He died in 1803. 
JACOB, son of Isaac and Rebecca, obtained 
bis brother's birthright, and went to Egypt, 
where he died 1689 B. C., aged 147. 
JACOB, Ben Napthali, a famous Jew rabbi, 
in thc5;b century, and inventor (with Ben Aser; 
JA 
> of the points in Hebrew to serve far vowels, and 
of tlie accents, to facilitate tiie reading of that 
language. 
JACOB, Ben Haim, a rabbi, of the 16th cen- 
tury, who rendered himself famous by the col- 
lection of the Masore, which is properly a cri- 
tique upon the books of the Bible, in order to 
settle the true reading. 
JACOB, Henry, an Englishman, wrote against 
the Brownists, and died in 1G21. 
JACOB, Henry, son of the preceding, was an 
able Orientalist, and died in 1652. 
JACOB, a Hungarian monk, of the 13th cen- 
tury, preached a crusade against the Saracens. 
JACOB, Giles, an English law writer, biogra- 
pher, and lexicographer, born at Hornsey, in 
Hampshire, in 1686, died in 1744. Besides a 
Law Dictionary, he published two volumes, en- 
titled “ The Poetical Register; or. Lives and 
Characters of the English poets.” 
JACOB AL BAH DA I, was an able leader of 
the Eutychians, and a disciple of Severus. 
JACCIBASUS, Oliger, professor of philosophy, 
at Copenhagen, and an author ; he died in 1701 
JACOBS, Juriari, a Swiss painter, died in 
1664. 
JACOMB, Thomas, D. D., a fellow of Trinity 
college, Cambridge, was ejected for non-con- 
formity, and died in 1687. 
JACOPONE, daTodi, an Italian poet, cotem- 
porary with Dante, died in 1306. 
JACQUELOT, Isaac, a French prolestant 
minister, who, on the revocation of the edict 
of Nantes, became chaplain tothekingof Prus- 
sia; he died in 1708. 
JACQUET, Lewis, a native of Lyons, was 
an admirer and imitator of Kosseau, and died 
in 171)3. 
JACQUIER, Francis, a Frenchman, eminent 
as a mathematician and divine, died in 1788. 
JADDUS, high-priest of Judea, when Alex- 
ander approached Jerusalem to destroy it. 
JADELOT, Nicholas, a Frenchman, known 
as a physician and an author, died in 1793. 
JAEGER, John Wolfgang, a Lutheran di- 
vine, and divinity professor, at Tubingen , he 
wrote several Latin works, and died in 1720. 
JAGO, Richard, an English divine and poet, 
born in 1715. About 1732 he was entered as a 
servitor in University college, Oxford ; in which 
humiliating situation he was visited by his 
schoolfellow, Shenstone, then a commoner in 
Pembroke college, who introduced him to bis 
fellow-collegians. In 1767, he published a poem 
called “ Edge Hill,” by which bis poetical repu- 
tation was completely established; and he died 
j rector of Kilmcote, Leicestershire, in 1781. A 
icollection of his poems was published in 1784. 
JA1LLOT, Alexis Hubert, a French sculptor, 
and geographer to the king, died in 1780. 
JAMBLICUS, the name of two celebrated 
Platonic philosophers, in the 4th century, one 
of whom wps a native of Clialcis, and the other 
of Apamea, in Syria. 
JAMES, St., the Great, son of Zebedee, one ot 
the apostles, was put to death by Herod, A. D 
44. 
JAMES, St., the Less, brother of Simon and 
Jude, was also one of the apostles. He was 
surnamed the Just, and put to death, A. D. 62. 
JAMES, St. a bishop of Nisibis, distinguish 
ed for his patriotism and benevolence ; he died 
about 350. 
JAMES I., king of Scotland, was taken by 
the English, imprisoned 18 years, and then libs! 
rated. He was assassinated iu 1437 JA 
JAMES, II., king of Scotland, succeeded his 
father, James I., and was killed in 1460. 
JAMES HI., succeeded his father, James II., 
of Scotland, vvus odious for his cruelties, and 
put to ileatn by his rebellious subjects in 1488. 
JAMES, IV., succeeded his father, James HI. 
He was an active and patriotic monarch, but 
was slain at the fatal battle of Floddenfield, 
in 1513. 
JAME3 V., son and successor of James IV. 
Ha supported the religious establishment of his 
country, and left his dominions to his only child, 
Mary Smart. He died in 1542. 
JAMES VI., of Scotland, and I. of England, 
was son of Mary, queen of Scots. rl nough 
learned and intelligent, his favourites were 
worthless characters. He was the author of 
several works, and died in 1625. 
JAMES II., of England, succeeded his bro- 
ther Charles II. His oppressive governmentand 
popish principles, alienated his subjects from 
him, who invited William III., of Holland, to 
the throne. He died at l’aris, in 1701. 
JAMES I., king of Arragon, surnamed the 
Warrior, succeeded to the throne in 1213, and 
died in 1276. 
J AMES II., king of Arragon, succeeded his 
brother, Alphonso IH., in 1291. He united Va- 
lentia and Catalonia to his crown, and died in 
1327. 
JAMES, of Voraigne, provincial of the 'Do- 
minicans, compiled the Golden Legend, and died 
in 1208. 
JAMES, Thomas, an English divine, was 
a distinguished collector of curious MSS., and 
died in 1632. 
JAMES, Richard, nephew of the preceding, 
educated at Oxford, was a learned scholar and 
critic , lie died in 1038. 
JAMES, Dr. Robert, an English physician of 
great, eminence, and particularly distinguished 
by the preparation of a most excellent fever 
powder, born in 1703, died in 1776. His princi- 
pal writings are, a “ Medicinal Dictionary,” 
The Practice of Physic,” and “ A Dispensa- 
tory.” 
JAMES, Thomas, D. D., an Englishman, 
educated at Cambridge, was an author, and died 
in 1804. 
J t MET, Peter Charles, aFrench writer, born 
in 1701. 
JAMISON, George, a celebrated Scottish 
painter, usually called the Vandyke of Scotland, 
born iu 1536, died in Edinburgh, in 1644. 
JAMYN, A-madis, a French poet, who be- 
came secretary to Charles IX., and died in 1585. 
JANEWAY, James, educated at, Oxford, was 
ejected for non-conformity, and died in 1674. 
JANICON, Francis Michael, a French writer, 
born in Paris, was educated in Holland, and 
died in 1730. 
JANSENIUS, Cornelius, a divine, envoy of 
Philip II. of Spain, to the council of Trent, died 
in 1576. 
JANSEN, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres, and 
principal of the sect called Jansenists, born at 
Leerdam, in Holland, in 15S5, died in 1633. 
J ANSON, or JANSONIUS, James, a native 
of Amsterdam, and professor of theology, at 
Louvain; he died in 1625. 
J ANSON, Ahraham, of Antwerp, an excellent 
painter in the 16th century. 
J ANSSENS, an eminent Dutch painter, died 
in 1655. 
JANSSENS, Victor Hpnorius, a painter, of 
Brussels, died iu 173:*. 
JE 
JANSSENS, Abraham, a celebrated painter, 
! born at Antwerp, in 1659. He once challenged 
j llnbens, who prudently yielded to him ; teilmg 
him, that he should leave the public to de- 
termine the question of their respective merits. 
Janssen, however, was a good artist, as may 
be seen by a fine picture of his in the Dusseldotlf 
gallery, representing the resurrection of Lazar us. 
JANUARIES, St., bishop of Benevento, was 
beheaded in the persecution of Dioclesian. 
JAPHET, son of Noah, the progenitor of the 
nations of Europe and Asia, was born 2418 
B. C. 
JARDINS, Mary Catherine des, a French 
lady, famous for her poetry and romances, died 
in 1683. She is said to have been the inventor 
of novels. Her works were printed in 10 vols. 
at Paris, in 1702. 
JARDYN, Karel du, a Dutch painter of note, 
died in 1678. 
JAROSLAW, grand duke of Russia, in the 
10th century, was a patron of learned men. 
JARRIGE, Peter, a jesuit, who became a 
protestant, and afterwards recanted. He wrote 
for, and against, the Jesuits, and died in 1670. 
JARRY, Laurence Juillarddu, a French poet 
and divine, who excelled as a preacher; he 
died in 1730. 
JARS, Gabriel, a Frenchman, and mineralo 
gist of some note, died in 1768. 
JARVIS, Abraham, D. D., second bishop of 
the episcopal church in Connecticut, died at 
New-Haven, in 1813. 
JAUCOURT, Lewis de, a learned French- 
man, and an author ; he died in 1780. 
JAULT, Augustus Francis, professor of Sy- 
riac in the Royal College at Paris, was cele- 
brated as a physician, and died in 1757. 
JAY, Guy Michel, le, an advotate of the par- 
liament of Paris, ruined himself by printing a 
polyglot Bible, and died in 1675. 
JEACOCKE, Caleb, was a baker, and an au- 
thor, died in 1785. 
JEANES, Henry, educated at Oxford, was 
the author of several works; he died in 1662. 
JEANNIN, Peter, a Burgundian, advocate in 
the parliament of Dijon, and favourite of Henry 
IV.; he died in 1622, after seeing seven succes- 
sive kings on the throne of France. 
JEAURAT, Sebastian, a Frenchman, dis- 
tinguished as an able mathematician; he died 
in 1803. 
JEBB, Samuel, an English physician and 
miscellaneous writer, born at Nottingham, died 
in 1772. 
JEBB, Dr. John, born in London, in 1736. 
He was eminent both as a non-conformist divine, 
and a physician. In the knowledge of the 
Christian Scriptures he was particularly con- 
versant, as his theological lectures at Cam- 
bridgegave incontestable proofs ; his skill in the 
medical profession was great and scientific, and 
his practice uncommonly successful. His ardour 
in the cause of liberty also, was unabating and 
incorruptible : and his publications, theological, 
medical, and political, gained great approbation; 
he died in 1786. 
JEBB, Sir Richard, bart., M. D. F. R. and 
A. S. S., son of the preceding, one of the censors 
of the college of physicians in 1781, and phy- 
sician extraordinary to his Britannic Majesty, 
born in 1729, died in 1787. 
JECHONIAS, king of Judah, was carried pri 
soner to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. 
JEFFERY, Thomas, an English dissenting 
clergyman, and an author of the 18th century. 
257  JE 
JEFFERY, John, a popular divine, was 
educated at Cambridge, and died in 1720. 
JEFFERY, of Monmouth, ap Arthur, bishop 
of St. Asaph, a famous British historian, who 
flourished in the time of Henry I. 
JEFFREYS, lord George, baron Wem, com- 
monly known by the name of judge Jefl'reys, 
the infamous lord chancellor, under James II., 
died a prisoner in the Tower, in 1689. He was 
one of the greatest advisers and promoters of all 
the oppressive and arbitrary measures of that 
unhappy tyrannical reign; and his sanguinary 
and inhuman proceedings will ever render his 
name detested. 
JEFFREYS, George, a writer, and fellow of 
Trinity college, Cambridge, died in 1755. 
JEFFRIES, Sir Herbert, lieutenant governor 
of the colony of Virginia, and successor to Sir 
William Berkeley, as chief magistrate, died in 
1678. 
JEHU, the tenth king of Israel 885 B. C., was 
deprived of his kingdom by Hazael, king of Sy- 
ria, and died 856 B. C. 
JEKYL, Sir Joseph, an eminent lawyer and 
Statesman, was master of the roils to George 1., 
ami died in 1768. 
JEKYL, Thomas, D. D., brother to Sir Jo- 
seph, educated at Cambridge, was an author of 
various works, between 1674 and 1682. 
JELUNGER, Christopher, a German, who 
obtained a living in England, from which he 
was ejected for non-conformity, in 1662. 
JENCKES, Joseph, lieutenant governor and 
governor of the colony of Rhode Island; he 
died in 1740. 
.1ENISCH1US, Paul, a learned nativeof Ant- 
werp, died in 1647. 
JENKIN, Robert, professor of divinity at 
Cambridge, and author of valuable theological 
tracts, died in 1727. 
JENKIN, William, a puritan, ejected for 
non-conformity, in 1662. 
JENKINS, Henry, a native of Yorkshire, re- 
markable for his longevity, being at the time of 
bis death, (1670.) 169 years old. He remember- 
ed tile battle of Fioddenfield, and was exami- 
ned ill court on a circumstance that happened 
140 years before. He retained his faculties to 
the fast; but, as he was born before parochial 
registers were kept, rio parisli would support 
him ; so that he subsisted by begging. 
JENKINS, Sir Leoline, a learned civilian and 
an able statesman, under diaries II., bora in 
Glamorganshire, in 1623, died in 1685. 
JENKINSON, Charles, earl of Liverpool, a 
statesman of profound ability, but extremely 
unpopular, was the son of colonel Charles Jen- 
kinson, and first introduced himself into life as 
a political writer, and a critic in The Monthly 
Review. From this source he derived the pat- 
ronage of the late earl of Bute, and all those 
honours and rewards to which he afterwards at- 
tained. He was for many years president of 
the board of trade. In the year 1782, he suc- 
ceeded to the family title of a baronet; in 1786, 
he was created lord Hawksbury, and in 1796, 
earl of Liverpool. He was supposed to be high 
in the confidence of his majesty; and Iris tho- 
rough knowledge of the commercial interest of 
his country, and acquaintance with subjects of 
political economy, have been displayed in nu- 
merous tracts ; the greater part of which, how- 
ever, were written on subjects creating a tem- 
porary interest, rather than as illustrative of 
general principles. From this description of his 
last valuable work, “ On tiro Coins of the 
JE 
Realm,” ought, however, to form an exception. 
He died it; I8U8, in his SOth year. 
JEN ICS, Benjamin, a pious divine, horn in 
Shropshire, in if>4G,died in 17-24. His besi'known 
writings are “ Prayers and Offices of Devotion 
for Families,” and “ Meditations on various 
important Subjects.” 
JENKYNS, David, made a Welch judge by 
Charles I.; he was distinguished for his loyalty, 
and died in 1050. 
JENNENS, Charles, a non-conformist gentle- 
man, of considerable fortune, at Gopsal, in Lei- 
cestershire, who compiled the words for some 
of Handel’s oratorios, and began an edition of 
Shakspeare; but died when he had published 
“ King Lear,” “ Hamlet,” “ Othello,” “ Julius 
Caisar,” and “ Macbeth." His death happened 
in 1773. 
JENNINGS, David, D. D., a dissenting mi- 
nister and author, died in 1762. 
JENSON, Nicolas, or Jansonius, an eminent 
printer and letter founder, of Venice, died in 
1 IS 1. 
JENYNS, Soame, born in London, in 1705, 
and well known in the literary world, as the 
author of “ The Internal Evidences of the 
Christian Religion an “ Essay on the Origin 
of Evil;” and various poetical pieces. He was 
many years M. P. for the town of Cambridge , 
he was also a commissioner for trade and plan 
tations, and died in 1787. 
JEPHSON, Robert, a successful poet, drama 
tic and miscellaneous writer, was many years 
master of the horse to the lord lieutenant of 
Ireland, and died in 1803. 
JEPTHAII, a judge of Israel, known in sa- 
cred history for his remarkably rash vow. 
JEREMIAH, second of llie great prophets, 
was born 629 B. C., and died 586 15. C. 
JERNINGHAM, Edward, a poetical, miscel- 
laneous, and dramatic writer, born in Norfolk, 
in 1727. He was descended from an ancient 
Roman Catholic family, and was educated at 
Douay and Paris; but on his return to England, 
he joined in communion with the established 
church. He died in 1812. 
JEROBOAM I., king of Israel, son of Solo- 
mon, died 954 15. C. 
JEROBOAM II., son of Joash, king of Israel 
826 B. C., died 784 15. C. 
JEROME. See HIERONIMUS. 
JEROME, of Prague, so called from the place 
of his birth, in the capital city of Bohemia, 
where he is held to be a protestant martyr. He 
was a disciple of John Huss, and died in the 
same cause, in 1416. 
JEROME, of St. Faith, or Joshua Larchi, a 
Spanish Jew of great influence, who became a 
convert to Christianity, and, it is said, 5000 Jews 
followed his example. He died in the 15th cen- 
tury. 
JERVAS, Charles, a painter, of Great Britain, 
more likely to be immortalized by Mr. Pope’s 
friendship and panegyric, than by his own pic- 
tures. He was a writer also, and published a 
translation of “ Don Quixotte” without under- 
standing the Spanish language, and died about 
1740. 
JESSEY, Henry, a non-conformist minister, 
ejected in 1662. 
JESTYN, ap Gwrganf, prince of Glamorgan, 
succeeded his uncle as king, in 1043. 
JESUA, Levita, a Spanish rabbi, of the 15th 
century. 
JESUS, a Jew, who foretold the calami!iet* 
of his nation, before tile mege qf JorusaUu*. 
258  JO 
JESUS, son of Sirach, a native of Jerusalem, 
was author of Ecclesiasticus, 200 B. C. 
JESUS CHRIST, the Blessed Saviour of the 
world, born at Bethlehem, A. M.4004, and was 
crucified by7 the Jews, Friday, April 3, A. D. 36. 
JETHRO, father-in-law of Moses, was priest 
and king of the Midianites. 
JEUNE, Jean le, a French divine, of great 
piety, and much esteemed by Massillon; he 
died in 1672. 
JEWEL, John, bishop of Salisbury, and a 
great polemic writer in defence of the English 
church against popery; he was born in 1522, 
and died in 1571. 
JEZED I., fifth caliph, or successor of Maho- 
met, in 680. He died in 683. 
JOAB, a general under David, was put to 
death 1014 B. C. 
JOACHIM, abbot of Corazzo, made a pil- 
grimage to the Holy, Land ; he pretended to be 
a prophet, and died in 1202, leaving a numerous 
sect behind him. 
JOACHIM, George, mathematical professor 
at Wittemberg, an able defender of the Coper- 
nican system ; he died in 1570. 
JOAN, Pope, a woman, placed among the 
successors *of St. Peter as John VIII., or John 
VII. This story was believed for more than 
200 years, but is now generally discredited. 
JOAN of Arc, commonly called the Maid of 
Orleans, whose heroic behaviour in re-animating 
the expiring valour of the French nation, though 
by the most superstitious means (pretending to 
be inspired,) deserved a better fate. She was 
burnt by the English as a sorceress, in 1431, at 
the age of 24. 
JOAN, queen of Naples, murdered her first 
and second husbands, and adopted a relation as 
her successor, who put her to death in 1381. 
JOAN II.,queen of Naples, after Ladislaus,in 
.414, disgraced herself by her debaucheries, and 
lied in 1434. 
JOASH, son of Ahaziah, was proclaimed king 
of Israel at the age of seven years, and slain 483 
B. C. 
JOASH, son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, de- 
feated the Syrians, took the king of Judah pri- 
soner, and died 826 B. C. 
JOB, patriarch of Uz, celebrated in sacred 
history for his sufferings and patience ; he died 
about 1500 II. C. 
JOBERT, Lewis, a learned French jesuit, 
born at Paris, in 1647, died in 1719. We have 
several tracts of piety of his writing, besides a \ 
piece entitled, “ La Science des Medailes,” in ; 
good esteem. 
JODELLE, Stephen, lord of Limodin, born 
in 1532, at Paris, and said to be first of all the 
French who wrote comedies and tragedies in his 
own toncue in the ancient form ; he died in 1573. 
JOEL, the second of the minor prophets, 
flourished about 790 B. C. 
JOHN, Baptist, the forerunner of Christ, son 
of Zacharias and Elizabeth, was beheaded by! 
Herod A. D. 29. 
JOHN the Evangelist, brother of James the 
Great, called to the apostleship at the age of 26,! 
was a favourite of his master, and the writer of; 
the Apocalypse; he died at Ephesus, A. D. 100. 
JOHN, surnamed Mark, was the disciple of 
the \postIcs. 
JOHN, a native of Nicomedia, was put to 
death in the persecution of Dioclesian, in 303. 
JOHN, St., a native of Cyprus, was raised to 
the see of Alexandria, in 610. 
JOHN, saoretary tn Ilonoriua, seized the 
.IO 
j throne of Constantinople on his master’s death, 
land was beheaded in 425. 
| JOHN I., surnamcd Zimisces, seized the 
throne of Constantinople, by. assassinating Ni- 
eephoras Phocas, hr 9C9. He displayed great 
valour against the Saracens, and was poisoned 
in 976. 
JOHN II., Comnenus, succeeded to the throne 
of Constantinople, in 1118. He was successful 
in his wars, was a virtuous prince, and died 
in 1143. 
JOHN III., Ducas, was emperor of Nice,while 
the Latins were masters of Constantinople ; lie 
died in 1255. 
JOHN IV., Lascaris, succeeded to the throne 
of Constantinople, in 1259. His sceptre was 
seized by Michael Palteologus, who put him in 
prison, where he died. 
JOHN V., Cantacuzenus, emperor of Con- 
stantinople. See CANTACUZENUS. 
JOHN VI.,Palteologus,succeeded to the throne 
of Constantinople, in 1341. This weak and 
unfortunate monarch died in 1390. 
JOHN VII., Palteologus, succeeded his father 
as emperor, in 1425, and died in 1448. 
JOHN I , pope, a Tuscan, succeeded to the 
popedom, in 523. He was imprisoned by Theo- 
doric, and died in 52G. 
JOHN II., a native of Rome, was elected pope 
in 533, and died in 535. 
JOHN III., a Roman, was elected pope in 
560, and died in 573. 
JOHN IV., elected pope in 640, died in 642. 
JOHN V., a Syrian, elected pope in 685, died 
in 687. 
| JOHN VI., a Greek, elected pope in 701, died 
in 705. 
JOHN VII., a Greek, succeeded John VI. II ■ 
was a weak pontiff, and died in 707. 
JOHN VIII., a Roman, elected pope in 872, 
and died in 882 ; 300 of his letters are preserved 
JOHN IX., a native of Tivoli, elected pope in 
898, died in 900. 
JOHN X., archbishop of Ravenna,was elected 
pope in 914. More capable of leading an army, 
than guiding the church, he defeated the Sara- 
cens in battle, and was put to death in 928. 
JOHN XI., son of Alberic, duke of Spoletto, 
was made pope in 931, at the early age of 25, 
he died in 936. 
JOHN XII., a Roman noble, elected pope in 
956. Being accused of various crimes, he was 
deposed by a general council, and killed in 964. 
I JOHN XIII., a Roman, was elected pope in 
;965 by the emperor, against the will of the Ro- 
man people; he died in 972. 
JOHN XIV., succeeded to the popedom in 
983. He was imprisoned by the anti-pope Boni- 
face VIII., and died in 984.' 
JOHN XV., pope after John XIV., died soon 
after his elevation. 
JOHN XVI., a Roman, was made pope in 
985. He was the first who rewarded meritori- 
ous deeds by canonization, and died in 996. 
JOHN XVII., a Roman, elected pope in 1003, 
after Sylvester II. 
JOHN XVIII., a Roman, elected pope after 
John XVII. He died in 1009, after having re- 
signed the dignity. 
JOHN XIX., succeeded his brother as pope, 
in 1024. He crow'ned the emperor Conrad II., 
and died in 1033. 
JOHN XX., the name given by some to the 
anti-pope Philagathus, or to John, or to the 
woman who is said to have filled the papal chair 
under the name of pope Joan.  JO 
JOHN XXI., elected pope in 1276, died by the 
fall of a building in 1277. 
JOHN XXII. d’Euse, was elected pope in 
1316, and died in 1334. 
JOHN XXIII., Balthasar Cossa, a Neapoli- 
tan. was elected pope in 1410, and died in 1419. 
JOHN, king of England, was the son of Henry 
IV. This monarch, being compelled by the 
barons, signed MagnaCliarta, the basis of British 
freedom ; lie died in 1216. 
JOHN, king of France, surnamed the Good, 
succeeded to the throne in 1530. He was de- 
feated in battle and taken prisoner by Edward, 
tile black prince; he died in 1364. 
JOHN ill., king of Sweden, son ofGustavus 
Vasa, ascended the throne in 1568. He attempted 
to restore the popish religion, but was unsuc- 
cessful, and died in 1592. 
JOHN II., king of Castile; he was a brave 
Warrior, and died in 1454. 
JOHN II., king of Navarre, succeeded to the 
throne of Arragon, in 1458, and died in 1479. 
JOHN, son of the emperor Henry VII., was 
elected to the kingdom of Bohemia, in 1309, and 
after conquering Silesia, declared himself king of 
Poland. lie was a prince of great valour, and was 
moi l ally wounded in the battle of Crecy, in 1346. 
JOHN I., king of Portugal, was raised to the 
throne in 1384. Under his reign the Portuguese 
began their famous discoveries; hedied in 1433. 
JOHN II., king of Portugal, surnamed the 
Great, succeeded to the throne in 1481. He 
carried his arms into Africa, and died in 1495. 
JOHN III., king of Portugal, succeeded to the 
throne in 1521, and died in 1557. 
JOHN IV., surnamed the Fortunate, was son 
of the duke of Braganza. By the assistance of 
his brave countrymen he shook off the Spanish 
yoke, and was proclaimed king in 1630 ; he died 
in 1636. 
JOHN V., succeeded to the throne of Portugal, 
in 1707. He devoted himself to the interests of 
his country, and died in 1750. 
JOHN, of Gaunt or Ghent, duke of Lancaster, 
and son of Edward III., was a prince of dis- 
tinguished valour and prudence, and a patron 
of the poet Chaucer; he died in 1399. 
JOHN SOBIESKT, king of Poland. See SO- 
BIESKI. 
JOHN, of Austria, Don, was the natural son 
of the emperor Charles V., and a celebrated 
warrior; lie died by poison, in 1578. 
JOHN, Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, dis- 
tinguished himself at Nicopolis against Bajazet; 
he was assassinated in 1419. 
JOHN, of France, duke of Berry, was son of 
king John, and distinguished at the battle of 
Poictiers; he died in 1416. 
JOHN V., duke of Brittany, surnamed the 
Conqueror, died in 1399. 
JOHN VI., duke of Brittany, a prince of 
great valour and benevolence, died in 1446. 
JOHN V., count of Armagnac, was son of 
John IV., of Navarre. For his misconduct, he 
was banished from France, and killed in 1743. 
JOHN, of Leyden. SeeBOCCOLD. 
JOHN, of Salisbury, an Englishman, bishop 
of Chartres, and one of the most learned per- 
sons in the 12th century. The only things re- 
maining of his, are his “ Life of St. Thomas 
of Canterbury ;” “ A Collection of Letters ;” 
and liis “ Polycration.” 
JOHN, of Paris, a celebrated Dominican, and 
theological professor at Paris, died in 1304. 
JOHN, of IJdino, a celebrated painter, at 
Rome, died in 1564. 
JO 
JOHNES, Thomas, born at Ludlow, in Shrop- 
shire, in 1748, was bred at Eton and Oxford. 
He was a member of parliament, first for Car- 
digan, and afterwards for the county of Radnor. 
His estates at Hafod, in Cardiganshire, were 
(conducted on the most liberal scale, and were a 
strong attraction to all visiters of that part of 
Wales. Hut in 1807, the elegant mansion, a 
most valuable library, and a printing establish 
ment, from which had issued many elegant pro- 
ductions, were destroyed by an accidental fire, 
while Mr. Johnes was attending his duty in 
parliament. In 1811 he lost a favourite daugh- 
ter, from the effects of which shock he never 
recovered. He died in 1810. Mr. Johnes re- 
printed, with great care and attention, generally 
with notes and illustrations, athis private press, 
above alluded to, the valuable works of “ Frois- 
sart,” “ de Joinville,” and “ Monstrelet.” 
JOHNSON, Martin, an excellent painter oi 
landscapes, died in the reign of James II. 
JOHNSON, Samuel, an English divine, of 
remarkable learning, and steadiness in suffering 
for the principles of the revolution, in 1088 
He was born in 1649, and died in 1703. 
JOHNSON, John, a non juror divine, who, 
though promoted in the established church, ex- 
pressed a mean opinion of her articles and litur- 
gy ; he died in 1725. 
JOHNSON, or JANSEN, Cornelius, an ex- 
cellent painter, a native of Amsterdam. In the 
reign of James I., he drew several tine portraits 
of that monarch, and most of his court, and died 
in 1665. 
JOHNSON, Charles, a dramatic writer of 
merit, died in 1748. The dramatic pieces which 
this author produced are enumerated in the 
“ Biographia Dramntica.” 
JOHNSON, Maurice, an excellent English 
antiquary, died in 1755. 
JOHNSON, Dr. Samuel, born at Litchfield, 
in 1709, where his father w as a reputable book- 
seller. He was entered of Pembroke college, 
Oxford, in 1728, but left the university without 
taking any degree. In March, 1737, he went to 
London, where he appears to have met with 
disappointments which disgusted him with the 
town ; for, in August, we find him desirous of 
returning again into his native country, to take 
upon himself the office of master of a charity 
I school, in Shropshire, then vacant, the salary 
of which was 601. a year. But the statutes of 
the school requiring the person who should be 
elected to be a master of the arts, this attempt 
seems to have been frustrated. In 1740, he be- 
gan to write the “Debates in the Senate of Lil- 
liput,” printed in the Gentleman’s Magazine, 
and, after producing some poems, translations 
and biographical works, which met with a good 
reception, (particularly “ London,” the “ Va- 
nity of Human Wishes,” and “ The Life of 
Savage,”) he brought forth “ Irene,” a tragedy, 
in 1749. This not meeting with the success that 
he expected, he set about his “ Dictionary.” 
The execution of this cost him the labour of 
many years ; but he was amply repaid by the 
fame which he acquired. During the recesses 
of this stupendous labour, he published his 
“ Ramblers.” The reputation of these works 
gained him the honorary degree of doctor of 
laws, in the university of Dublin, which was 
soon after followed by the same degree from 
Oxford. To this succeeded his “Idlers.” His 
next publication was “ Rasselas, Prince of Abys- 
sinia,” a beautiful little novel, in the Eastern 
style, abounding witli the most useful and >no  JO 
ra! maxims, suited to the several conditions of 
hie. Or his political works, which followed at 
distant intervals, the public are more divided 
about the merits: it is, however, but fair to pre- 
sume that they were his candid opinions upon 
the subjects, an 1, as such, deserving of no cen- 
sure from the judgment of impartiality. His 
last undertaking, “ The Lives of the British Po- 
ets,” would alone have been sufficient to im- 
mortalize his name, as it by far excels any thing 
executed upon a similar plan, by others; and, 
though the critical remarks, in a few instances, 
incorporate a little too much with political opi- 
nions, their general excellence must always give 
them deserved celebrity. It is said, that he was 
executing a second part of “ The Prince of 
Abyssinia,” and was in hopes to have finished 
it before his death, which event happened Dec. 
13, 1784. The editor of the “ Biographia Dra- 
matica,” after bestowing many just encomiums 
on the genius of Dr. J., says, it would be the 
highest injustice, were I not to observe, that no- 
lliiug but that genius can possibly exceed the 
extent of his erudition; and it would be adding 
» greater injury to his still more valuable quali- 
fies, were we to stop here ; since, together with 
file ablest head, he seems to have been possess- 
ed of the very best heart at present existing. 
Every line, every sentiment, that issues from his 
pen, tends to the great centre of all his views, 
the promotion of virtue, religion, and humani- 
ty: nor are his actions less pointed toward the 
same great end. Benevolence, charity, and 
piety, are the most striking features of his cha- 
racter ; and while his writings point out to us 
what a good man ought to be, his own conduct 
sets us an example of what he is.” A statue to 
Dr. Johson’s memory has been erected in St. 
Paul’s cathedral. In an East India newspaper 
we meet with the following poetical picture of 
this celebrated character: 
“ Herculean strength and a stentorian voice, 
Of wit a fund, of words a countless choice; 
In learning, rather various than profound, 
In truth intrepid, in religion sound : 
A trembling frame and a distorted sight, 
But firm in judgment and in genius bright; 
In controversy rarely known to spare, 
But humble as the publican in pray’r ; 
To more than merited his kindness, kind, 
And, tho’ in manners harsh, of friendly mind ; 
Deep tinged with melancholy’s blackest shade. 
And, tho’ prepared to die, of death afraid.— 
Such Johnson was—of him with justice vain, 
When will this nation see his like again. 
JOHNSON, Thomas, a London apothecary, 
and the best herbalist of his time, died in 1644. 
JOHNSON, Samuel, LL. I)., a member of 
congress, and senator from North Carolina, af- 
terwards a judge of the supreme court, and go- 
vernor of that state; he died in 1816. 
JOHNSON, Sir Nathaniel, governor of the 
rolony of South Carolina, in 1706. He display- 
ed great ability and judgment in defending the 
colony from the French and Indians; he died 
in 1713. 
JOHNSON, Edward, an inhabitant of Mas- 
sachusetts, author of a work, entitled “ The 
Wonder Working Providence of Sion’s Saviour, 
in New-F-ngland, from 1628 to 1652.” 
JOHNSON, Robert, the last proprietary go- 
vernor of South Carolina, in 1719, afterwards 
appointed to the same ofiice by the crown ; he 
died in 1735. 
JOHNSON, Sir William, superintendent of 
JO 
|Indian affairs, in the colony of Neu-Yort- 
known for the great influence and authority lie 
acquired over that people ; lie died in 1774 
JOHNSON, Samuel, D. D., a native of Con- 
necticut, distinguished as the first convert to 
episcopacy in the colony, and afterwards as 
president of King’s college, New-York; he died 
in J772. 
JOHNSON, William Samuel, LL. D., F. It. S 
son of the preceding, was an eminent lawyer, 
and for several years, agent of the colony of 
New-York, in England. He was afterwards a 
judge of the supreme court of Connecticut, a 
delegate to congress, and to the convention 
which formed the constitution of the United 
States, and first senator of theU. S., from Con- 
necticut,. He was also president of Columbia 
college, New-York, for several years. He died 
at Stratford, in 1819, aged 93. 
JOHNSON, Thomas, an eminent lawyer, and 
a firm patriot, of Maryland, governor of that 
state after the revolution, and afterwards an as- 
sociate judge of the supreme court of the Uni 
ted States; he died in 1819. 
JOHNSTON, Dr. Arthur, a physician, but 
more eelebrated as a Latin poet, was born at 
Aberdeen, in 1587, of which university he af- 
terwards became principal; lie died at Ox- 
ford, in 1641. His “ Epigrams,” and version 
of the “ Psalms,” are excellent. 
JOHNSTON, Charles, born in Ireland, was 
Dred to the bar; but, being exceedingly deaf, he 
relinquished that profession. In 17(10, he pub- 
lished “ Chrvsal, or the Adventures of a Gui- 
nea a political Romance, in which all the 
scenes and characters were sketched from real 
life. This was follow ed by “ The Reverie ; or, 
a Flight to the Paradise of Foolsthe “ Histo- 
ry of John Juniper, Esq., alias Juniper Jack,” 
&c. &c. In 1782, Mr. Johnston went to India, 
where he died about 1800. 
JOHNSTON, Gabriel, governor of the colony 
of North Carolina, died in 17(52. His adminis- 
tration contributed to the increase and prosperi- 
ty of the colony, and to the advancement of 
learning there. 
JOHNSTONE, James, a Scotch physician, 
distinguished for his treatment of a malignant 
fever, at Kidderminster, died in 1802. 
JOHNSTONE, George, one of the commis- 
sioners sent to treat with America, during the 
u7ar; he died in 1787. 
JOINVILLE, John Sieur de, an eminent 
French statesman, and author of “ The History 
of St. Louis,” a very curious and interesting 
piece, died in 1318, aged 90. 
JOLOGOEH, a Welch bard, who, from 1370 
to 1420, was in the court of Owen Glendowr. 
JOLY, Guy, known by his long and faithful 
attachment to the famous cardinal de Rhetz, 
whom he attended both in his prosperity and 
adversity. He wrote “ Memoirs of his Times,” 
from 1648 to 1665; which, as Voltaire expresses 
it, “ are to those of the cardinal, what the ser- 
vant is to the master.” 
JOLY, Claude, a French ecclesiastic, who 
died in 1700. 
JONAH, the fifth of the minor phophets, was 
sent to denounce judgments on Nineveh. He 
died about 7G1 B. C. 
JONAS, Anagrimus, a learned Icelander, 
who acquired a great reputation for astronomy 
and the sciences, died in 1640, at the age of 95. 
JONAS, Justus, a famous protestant divine 
and polemical writer, in Germany, born in Thu- 
ringia, in 1493, died in 1555- 
261 ' JO 
JONATHAN, son of Saul, and the faithful 
friend of David, was slain in battle by the Phi- 
listines, 1055 B. C. 
JONATHAN, a general of the Jews, andbro- 
tner of Judas Maccabeus, was a valiant man, 
and cruelly put to death, 144 B. C. 
JONES, William, an English divine, of learn- 
ing and piety, whose works are highly esteem- 
ed ; ho died in 1801. 
JONES, Jeremiah, a dissenting divine, and 
author, died in 1724. 
JONES, John, a Benedictine monk, educated 
at Oxford, was made vicar-general of liis or- 
der, and died in 1636. 
JONES, David, a native of Wales, wrote 
some poetical pieces, and died in 1780. 
JONES, John, a Welch antiquary, who was 
employed 40 years, from 1590 to 1630 in collect- 
ing Welch MSS. 
JONES, Rice, a Welch poet, died in 1801. 
JONES, John, a dramatic writer, in the reign 
of Charles I. 
JONES, Inigo, a celebrated English architect, 
born in London, in 1572, died in 1652. Ilis abi- 
lities in all human sciences surpassed most of 
his age. His designs and buildings were many 
and important; but for an account of these we 
must refer the reader to Campbell’s11 Vitruvius 
Britannicus.” 
JONES, John, a medical writer, born in 
Wales, died in 1580. 
JONES, Sir William, judge of the king’s 
bench, in the reign of James I., and Charles I. 
JONES, Sir Thomas, a judge of the king’s 
bench, under Charles II. and James II. 
JONES, William, one of the last of those 
genuine mathematicians, admirers, and cotem- 
poraries of Newton, who cultivated and im- 
proved the sciences in the present century, fa- 
ther to Sir William Jones.was born in Anglesey, 
in the year 1680, and dieu in 1749. 
JONES, Henry, a native of Drogheda, in Ire- 
land, and no mean dramatic poet, though ori 
ginally a journeyman bricklayer, died very poor, 
in 1770. His principal performance, “ The 
Earl of Essex,” a tragedy, appeared in 1753. 
JONES, Griffith, born in London, in 1721, died 
in 1786. This gentleman was many years edi- 
tor of the London Chronicle, of the Daily Ad- 
vertiser, and, we believe, of the Public Ledger, 
In the “ Literary Magazine,” with Johnson, 
and in the “ British Magazine,” with Smollet 
and Goldsmith, his anonymous labours were of- 
ten associated. His modest mind shrunk from 
public attention; and his labours were most 
frequently directed to the improvement of the 
younger and more untutored classes of man- 
kind. His translations from the French are 
very numerous, but cannot now be traced. 
JONES, Sir William, one of the judges of 
the supreme court of judicature, in Bengal, and 
an excellent poet, to whose translations we are 
indebted for many beautiful effusions of the 
Persian muse, was born in London, in 1746, and 
died in 1794, at the premature age of 48. En- 
dowed by nature with a mind of extraordinary 
vr'gour, Sir William, by unwearied industry, 
aided bv superior genius, successfully explored 
the hidden sources of Oriental science and lite- 
rature ; and his attainments in this interesting 
branch of learning were such as to make him 
far beyond all competition, the most eminent 
Oriental scholar, in this, or perhaps any other 
age. Unlike many other eminent literary cha- 
racters of the age, Sir William was a sincere 
and pious Christian. instead of labouring by his 
JO 
writings, to propagate the doctrines of infidelity 
as lias been a favourite practice with some mo- 
dern philosophers of reputation, he was desir- 
ous to lend the Scriptures his utmost support; 
and, in one of his latest annual discourses to 
the Asiatic Society, he has done more to give 
validity to the Mosaic history of the creation 
than has been done by the researches of any co- 
temporary writer. The following epitaph, writ 
ten by and for himself, is equally admired ifl 
its truth and its elegance. 
“ Here was deposited 
the mortal part of a man 
who feared GOD, but not death ; 
and maintained independence, 
but sought not riches; 
who thought none below him, 
but the base and unjust; 
none above him but the wise and virtuous; 
who iovedhis parents kindred, friends, 
and country: 
and having devoted his life to their service, 
and the improvement of his mind, 
resigned it calmly, 
giving glory to his Creator, 
wishing peace on earth, 
and good will to all his creatures, 
on the day of 
in the year of our blessed Redeemer...." 
JONES, Richard, a Welchman, and an in 
genious author, died in the J7th century. 
JONES, David, speaker of the colonial as- 
sembly of New-York, and a judge of the su 
preme court of that state, died in 1775. 
JONES, Thomas, an English divine, eminent 
as an instructer of mathematics, at Cambridge, 
died in 1807. 
JONES, John Paul, a native of Scotland, who, 
after being engaged in the merchant service o-f 
Great Britain, came to America, at the com- 
mencement of the revolution, and received a 
lieutenants commission in the navy of the Uni- 
ted States. lie was soon after promoted, and, 
as captain of the Ranger, and afterwards of the 
Bonne Homme Richard, fought battles and gain- 
ed victories,which gave him reputation through- 
out Europe, and which, for their desperation, 
have seldom been equalled. He also annoyed 
the enemy’s merchant vessels in every sea. 
After the peace, lie was, for a time, in the ser- 
vice of Russia. He died at Paris, in 1792. 
JONES, John, M. D., an eminent physician, 
of New-York, afterwards professor of surgery 
in King’s college; lie died in 1791. 
JONES, William, speaker of the house of 
assembly, and governor of the state of Rhode- 
Island, died in 1822. 
JONG, Rudolph de, a Dutch painter of emi- 
nence, died in 1697. 
JONGIIE, Baldwin, or Junius, a Franciscan 
monk, and the author of several works, died in 
1634. 
JONIN, Gilbert, a jesuit, known as an emi- 
nent poet, died at Tournon, in 1638. 
JONSIUS, John, a native of Holstein, and an 
elegant writer, died in 1659. 
JONSON, Benjamin, a celebrated English 
poet, born in Westminster, in 1574. He was 
bred a bricklayer, but went afterwards to St. 
John’s college, Cambridge; where, however, 
his continuance was short in proportion to his 
finances, which would not supply the decent 
conveniences of a learned ease. In this exi- 
gence he turtle*' his thoughts upon the play 
262 • m 
houses: his inclination and genius lay to com- 
positions for the stage ; and he had the example 
of Shakspeare, who had taken the same course, 
in the like riilliculties, with success. The first 
play Jonson printed was the comedy entitled 
“ Every man in his humourafter which he 
produced a play regularly every year, for some 
years successively. In 1619, on the death of 
Daniel, he succeeded to the vacant laurel; and 
this office obliged him to provide the Christmas 
diversion of a masque: accordingly, in his 
works, we have a series of these and other en- 
tertainments of a like kind, most of which were 
presented at court from 1615 to 1625. He died 
in 1637, and was interred in Westminster Abbey. 
Over his grave is a common pavement stone, 
and on it are engraven these words, 
“ O RARE BEN JONSON ” 
LMINSTON, John, a polish naturalist, tra- 
velled over Europe, and died in 1675. 
JORAM, king of Israel, 896 B. C.; he was 
slain 884 B. C. 
JORAM, king of Judah 889 B. C. ; he died in 
885 15. C. 
JOIIDAENS, James, an eminent painter of 
the Flemish school, born at Antwerp, in 1593, 
died in 1678. He improved under Rubens, for 
whom he worked, and from whom he drew his 
best principles. 
JORDAN, Sir Joseph, an English admiral, by 
whose extraordinary valour, the Dutch were 
defeated at the battle of Solebay, in 1672. 
JORDAN,Charles Stephen, a Prussian writer, 
highly esteemed by Frederick the Great, who 
erected a monument to him, with this inscrip- 
tion, “ Here lies Jordan, the friend of the mu- 
ses and of the king.” He died in 1746. 
JORDAN, John Christopher, privy coun- 
sellor to the king of Bohemia, was an eminent 
antiquary, and died in 1740. 
JORDAN, Dorothea, an eminent English ac- 
tress, was the daughter of Capt. Bland, of a 
most respectable family in Ireland. Her mother 
eloped with her father; they both took to the 
stage; and our heroine was born among the 
j'hespian corps. As an actress, she commenced 
her career in Dublin ; but soon quitted that for 
Tate Wilkenson’s York company ; where she 
soon distinguished herself so much as speedily 
to attract the notice of the London managers. 
.She died at St. Cloud, in France, in 1816; and 
was indebted, we believe, to the kindness of a 
casual English traveller for a decent interment. 
The obscurity of her retreat, and the penury in 
which she ended a life that had led to much 
higher expectations, very much interested and 
astonished the public. 
JORDAN, Thomas, a dramatic writer, in the 
reign of Charles I. Langbaine speaks of him as 
having been an actor also. 
JORDANO.Luca, an eminent Italian painter, 
was born at Naples, in 1632, died in 1705, 
JORDEN, Edward,an English physician, and 
an author, died in 1632. 
JORNANDES, a Goth, author in the time of 
Justinian. 
JORTIN, Dr. John, a learned English divine 
and ecclesiastical historian, born in London, in 
1698, died in 1770. His chief works are, “ Dis- 
courses concerning the Truth of the Christian 
Religion ;” “ Miscellaneous Observations upon 
Authors, ancient and modern ;” “ Remarks 
upon licc'esiastical History,” “ Life of Eras- 
mus and “ Remarks upon the works ol'Eras- 
<u us ” 
JO 
JOSEPH, son of Jacob and Rachel, was the 
favourite of his father. In Egypt he rose to be 
the governor of the country, and died 1630 15. C. 
JOSEPH, husband of Mary, the mother of 
Jesus Christ, was of the tribe of Judah, and of 
the lineage of David. 
JOSEPH, of Arimathea, a counsellor, and 
disciple of our Saviour. 
JOSEPH I., 15th emperor of the house of 
Austria, was crowned king of Hungary, in 1687, 
elected king of the Romans, in 1690, and suc- 
ceeded to the empire of Germany, in 1705 ; he 
died in 1711. 
JOSEPH II.,emperor of Germany, was elected 
king of the Romans, in 1764, and crowned em- 
peror the following year; he was a benevolent 
monarch, but too fond of innovation ; he died 
in 1700. 
JOSEPH, king of Portugal, of the Braganza fa- 
mily,ascended thethronein 1750,and died in 1777. 
His reign was turbulent and unfortunate. 
JOSEPH MEIR, a learned rabbi, was born 
in France, in 1496, and died in 1554. 
JOSEPH, Ben Gorion, a Jewish historian, 
who flourished in the 10th century. 
JOSEPH, of Paris, a capuchin, and confidant 
of Richelieu, died in 1638. 
JOSEPH, Father, an apostate monk, who 
raised 6000 banditti in 1678, to extirpate the ca- 
tholic religion in Hungary. 
JOSEPHUS, Flavius, the ancient historian 
of the Jews, born at Jerusalem, A. I). 37, died 
in §3. His “ History of the Jewish War and 
the Destruction of Jerusalem,” in 7 books, was 
composed at the command of Vespasian, and 
is singularly interesting and affecting, as the 
historian was an eye-wftness of all that he re- 
lates. St. Jerome calls him “ the Livy of the 
Greeks.” His “Jewish Antiquities,” in 2G 
books, written in Greek, are a very noble work : 
we have also a discourse “ upon the Martyrdom 
of the Maccabees which is a master-piece of 
eloquence, for he was certainly a great orator, as 
well as a great historian. 
JOSHUA, the son of Nun, and successor of 
Moses, in conducting the Israelites to Canaan 
he died 1424 B. C. 
JOSIAH, king of Judah, 641 B. C., died 610 
B. C. 
JOSSELYN, John, a native of GreatBritain, 
who came to America in 1663, and wrote an 
account of New-England, &c. As a historian 
he is not esteemed worthy of great credit. 
JOUBERT, Francis, a priest of Montpelier, 
confined in the Bastile, for his attachment to the 
Jansenists ; he died in 1763. 
JOUBERT, Laurence, a French physician 
and medical writer, born at Valence, in 1520, 
died in 1582. 
JOUBERT,Bartholomew Catharine, a French 
general of great celebrity, second in command 
under Buonaparte in the conquest of Italy, was 
killed at the battle of Novi, in 1799. 
JOIJRDAIN, Amable Brechillet, an oriental 
scholar, distinguished for his attainments in the 
study of the eastern languages, died in 1818. 
JOUSSE, Daniel, a French lawyer,who wrote 
some valuable works, died in 1781. 
JOUVENCY, Joseph, a French jesuit, pro- 
fessor of belles-letters at Caen, and a writer, 
died in 1719. 
JOUVENET, John, a French painter, whose 
pieces are esteemed, died in 1717. 
JOVIANUS, Flavius Claud, aRoman empe- 
ror, elected bythe army after the death of Julian 
the Apostate, in363 He at first refused, saying. 
263 JU 
that he would not command idolatrous soldiers; 
but, upon an assurance that they would embrace 
Christianity, he accepted the throne, immediate- 
ly shut up all the pagan temples, and forbade their 
sacrifices; but he did not long enjoy the dignity to 
which his merit had raised him; being sull'ocated 
in his bed by the fumes of a fire which had been 
made to dry the chamber, in 394, in the 33d year 
of his age, and 8th month of his reign. 
JOVINIAN, a monk of Milan, who became 
the head of a sect, and died in consequence of 
his debauchery, A. D. 400. 
JOVIUS, Benedictus, brother of the historian, 
known as a poet and historical writer. 
JOVIUS, Paul, an Italian Giovio, well known 
by his histories, was born at Como, in Italy, in 
1483, and died in 1552. 
JOYEUSE, Anne de, a duke and admiral of 
France, and a favourite of Henry III.; he died 
in 1587. 
JOYEUSE, Francis de, brother to the pre- 
ceding, was an able minister of Henry III. and 
IV., and Lewis XIII.; he died in 1615. 
JOYNER., William,orLyde,an English writer, 
who embraced popery, and died in 1706. 
JUAN, George, a Spaniard, knight of Malta, 
known as an able mathematician; he died at 
Madrid, in 1773. 
JUBA, king of Mauritania, was driven from 
hi-, kingdom by Caesar, and destroyed himself 
42 B. C. 
JUBA, son of the preceding, was carried 
prisoner to Rome by Ca-sar, but under Augustus, 
lie > -covered his dominions. 
JUDA, Hakkadish,or the Saint, a rabbi, cele- 
brated for his learning and riches, who lived in 
the time of the emperor Antoninus, and was 
the friend and preceptor of that prince. He 
collected, about 23 years after the destruction of 
the Temple, in a hook which he called the 
“ Misna,” the constitutions and traditions of 
the Jewish magistrates and doctors who pre- 
ceded him. 
Jl DA, Leo, son of a priest of Alsace, was 
well skilled in Hebrew, and died minister of 
'Zurich, in 1542. 
JUDA-CHING, a rabbi, of Fez, of the 11th 
century, author of an Arabic dictionary and 
other works. 
JUDAH, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, 
was the head of a tribe, and died in 1936 B. C. 
JUDAS ISCARIOT, so called, from the place 
of his birth, betrayed his Lord and Master Je- 
eus Christ for 30 pieces of silver, and immedi- 
ately hanged himself. 
JUDE, St., an apostle, and the author of an 
epistle, was brother of James the Less, and suf- 
fered martyrdom, A. D. 80. 
JUDEX, Matthew, a learned German, divini- 
ty professor at Jena, died in 1564. 
JIJGLARIS, Aloysius, an Italian jesuit. He 
wrote 100 panegyrics on Jesus Christ and 40 on 
Lewis XUL, and died in 1653. 
JUGTJRTII A, a brave Numidian prince, who 
sustained a war of five years against the power 
of Rome: he was at last betrayed, thrown into 
a dungeon, and died of hunger. 
JUIGNE BROISSINIERE, D. Seigneur de 
Moliere,wrote a Theological and Historical Dic- 
tionary, published in 1644. 
JULIA, a virgin and inartyrof Carthage, 440. 
JULIA, daughter of Ctesar and Cornelia, a 
Roman lady of great virtue, and the wife of 
Pompey; she died 53 B. C. 
JULIA, daughter of Augustus, was the wife 
of Metellus, afterwards oi Agrippa, and then ofi 
JU 
IJTiherius. She was banished by Lite latter for 
her debaucheries. 
JULIA, the daughter of Titus ; her chaiac- 
| tor was infamous. 
JULIA DOMNA, the wife of the emperor 
| Severus, was well skilled in philosophy and the 
| sciences. 
JULIAN, the Roman emperor, commonly 
styled the Apostate, because he professed Chris- 
tianity before lie ascended the throne; after 
which he openly embraced paganism and perse- 
cuted the Christians. He was killed in battle 
363. 
JULIAN, St. archbisliopof Toledo, author of 
a work against the Jews, died in 690. 
JULIANA, a singular character of Norwich, 
who in her zeal for mortification, confined her- 
self between four walls ; she lived in the time of 
Edward III. 
JULIEN, Peter, one of the best statuaries 
that France ever possessed. His last work was 
a marble statue of Poussin. His bathing nymph, 
in white marble, and the statue of La Fontaine 
are considered as his etiefs d’oeuvres. He diei 
at Paris, in 1805, at an advanced age. 
JULIO, Romano, an Italian painter, th« 
disciple of Raphael, with whom he was a par- 
ticular favourite, died in 1546, leaving immortal 
proofs of his great abilities. 
JULIUS I., pope and saint, was elected 
pope in 337, and died in 352 ; lie was a man of 
learning and piety. 
JULIUS II., pope, called before Julian de la 
Rovfcre, equally distinguished for his warlikeex- 
ploits and political negotiations, was born at 
Arbizala, in 1440, and died in 1513. He built the 
famous church of St. Peter at Rome, and was a 
generous patron of the polite arts. 
JULIUS III., John Marie du Mont, a native 
of Arezzo, was elected pope in 1550. He dis- 
solved the council of Trent, where he presided 
in the name of Paul III., and died in 1556- 
JUNCKER, Christian, an able medalist, was 
born at Dresden, and died in 1714. 
JUNCTIN,or GUINTINO, Francis,an Italian, 
and a Carmelite, wlto quitted the catholic for 
the protestant religion, and settled in France, 
where he died in 1580. 
JUNGERMAN, Godfrey, professor of law at 
Leipsic, died in 1610. 
JUNGERMAN, Lewis, brother to the pre- 
ceding, distinguished for works on botany an« 
natural history, died in 1653. 
JUNGIUS, Joachim, professor of mathema- 
tics at Glossen, died in 1657. 
JUNILIUS, a bishop of Austria in the 6th 
century. 
JUNIUS, Adrian, a learned Dutchman, and 
author of numerous works ; he died in 1575. 
JUNIUS. See BOYD, Hugh. 
JUNIUS, or DU JOHN, Francis, professor 
of divinity at Leyden. His best known work 
is a Latin version of the Hebrew Bible, he died 
in 1602. 
JUNIUS, Francis, or Francois du John, born 
at Heidelberg, in 1589, died in 16m. He was 
highly distinguished for his skill and researches 
in the Anglo Saxon and Gothic languages. 
JUNTA, Thomas, a physician of Venice, and 
an author, died in the 16th century. 
JUNTAS. There were two of the name, prin- 
ters of celebrity, who had establishments at Ve- 
nice, Florence, and Geneva. One of them died 
in 1519; the time of the death of the other is 
not known. 
JURET, Francis a uatlye of Dijon, wLoss JU 
poetical pieces are in high esteem; he died in 
1626. 
JURIEU, Teter, a French protestant divine, 
sometimes called the Goliah of the prolestauts, 
horn in 1637, died in 1713. His theological and 
polemical writings are held in much esteem ; 
particularly his “Treatise of Devotion,’ and 
his “ Preservative against Popery.” 
JURlN, Dr. James, a distinguished person, 
who cultivated medicine and mathematics with 
equal success. He was secretary of the Royal 
Society in London, as well as president of the 
College of Physicians there, and died in 1750. 
JUSSIEU, Anthony de, a celebrated French 
physician, botanist,and traveller, born at Lyons, 
in 1686, died in 1758. 
JUSSIEU, Bernard de, a Frenchman, emi- 
nent as a botanist and physician,; he died in 
1779. 
JUSTEL, Christopher, counsellor and secre- 
tary to the French king, was the author of se- 
veral works, and died in 1649. 
JUSTEL, Henry, son and successor of Chris- 
topher. On the revocation of the edict of 
Nantes, he went to London, and was made 
keeper of the king’s library ; he died in 1693. 
JUSTI, N. de, a celebrated German mineral- 
ogist, and professor of natural history at Got- 
tingen, was born in 1720. 
JUSTIN, an ancient Latin historian, who 
abridged the large work of Trogus Pompeius, in 
44 books, comprising a history of the world 
from Ninus to Augustus C®sar, which is written 
with great purity and elegance. He flourished 
about A. D. 250. 
JUSTIN, surnamed the Martyr, one of the 
earliest writers of the Christian church, was 
born at Neapolis, the ancient Sichem of Pales- 
tine, in the province of Samaria, and beheaded 
for the Christian religion under Marcus Aure- 
lius, A. D.167. 
JUSTIN I., from a soldier, rose to the rank 
of general, and was proclaimed emperor of the 
east by his army, on the death ot Anastasius, 
in 518; he died A. D. 527. 
JUSTIN II., successor of Justinian, in 563. 
He was a weak prince, but his wife governed 
him and his empire with ability ; he died in 
578. 
JUSTINIAN, the first Roman emperor of his 
name, celebrated for having collected the im- 
mense variety and number of the Roman laws 
into one body, called “The Code;” to which 
the emperor gave his own name; he also had 
the decisions of judges and other magistrates, 
together with the authoritative opinions of the 
most eminent lawyers, collected ; and the name 
of “ Digests” or “Pandects” given to them. Be- 
sides these, for the use chiefly of young students 
in the law, Justinian ordered 4 books of “In- 
stitutes” to be drawn up, containing an abstract 
or abridgment of the text of all the laws : and 
lastly, the laws of modern date, posterior to 
that "of the former, were thrown into one vol. 
in the year 541, and called the “ Novell®,” or 
“New Code.” This most important transac- 
tion in the state has rendered Justinian’s name 
Immortal. 
JUSTINIAN II., succeeded to the throne in 
683. He was successful against the Saracens, 
but was of an infamous character, and was 
assassinated in 711. ! 
JUSTINIANI, St. Lawrence, a noble of Ve-j 
nice, was made the first patriarch of Venice, in j 
1451 ; he died in 1455, aud was canonized by 
pope Alexander VIII 1 
KA 
JUST1NIANI, Bv'rnard, nephew to the pre 
ceding, went ambassador from Venice to Lew- 
is XL of France ; he wrote several historical 
works, and died in 1489. 
JUSTINIANI, Augustin, bishop of Nebo, in 
Corsica, was a learned man, and professor of 
Hebrew at Paris He was lost at sea in 1330. 
JUSTINIANI, Fabio, bishop of Ajaccio,was 
an author, and died in 1627. 
JUVARA, Philip, a Sicilian architect, who 
erected beautiful edifices at Turin ; he died in 
1735. 
JUVENAL,Decius Junius, a Roman poet and 
satirist, was born about the beginning of the 
emperor Claudius’ reign, and died in his 80th 
year. Juvenal, as a poet, improved on Horace 
and Persius, being elegant and witty with the 
former, and great and sublime with the latter. 
JUVENAL, de Carleueas Felix, a French 
writer, highly respected, died in 1760. 
JUVENCUS, Cassius Vectius Aquilinus, a 
Spaniard, of noble birth, in the 4th century, and 
author of a poem. 
JUXON, William, archbishop of Canterbury, 
was imprisoned by the parliament; he was re- 
instated in office at the restoration, and died in 
1663 
K 
KABBETE, John, an excellent Dutch pain- 
ter, died in 16<>0. 
KAHTER, John, a professor of Theology, at 
Rinletz, and an author, died in 1649. 
KAIN, Henry Lewis le, a celebrated French 
actor, died at Paris, in 1778. 
KALB, baron de, a native of Germany, and 
a brigadier-general of the French army. At 
the commencement of the American revolution, 
lie volunteered his services in the cause of free- 
dom, was promoted to the rank of major-gene- 
ral, and was for a time commander of the south- 
ern army. He was killed at the battle of Cam- 
den, in 1781, and a monument was ordered by 
congress to be erected to his memory. 
KALE, William, a Dutch painter, died in 
1693. 
KALGREEN, N., a dramatic writer, of Swe- 
den, died in 1798. 
KALRAAT, Barent Van, a native of Dordt, 
eminent as a painter, died in 1721. 
KALUBKO, Vincent, a Polish historian, 
elected bishop of Cracow, died in 1223. 
KAM-HI, emperor of China in 1661, was a 
liberal patron of the literature and arts of Eu- 
rope, and of Christian missions; he died in 
1722. 
KAMPEN, Jacob Van, an eminent Dutch 
painter, in the 17th century. 
KANDLER, John Joachim, an ingenious ar- 
tist, of Saxony, died in 1776. 
KANOLD, John, a German physician, and 
an author, died in 1729. 
KANT, Immanuel, an eminent metaphysi- 
cian, born at Koningsberg, in 1724, and died in 
1804. 
KASTNER, Abraham Gothelf, professor of 
mathematics at Gottingen, secretary of the roy- 
I al society, and keeper of the observatory at that 
; place, died in 1800. 
I KATEB, a Persian poet at the court of the 
Samanides. 
jj KATTERFELTO, Dr., an eccentric sort of 
quack philosopher, who for several years gulled 
j the good people of England with the exhibition 
Hof experiments in electricity, ice. which h# KE ' 
called “ Wonderful Wonder;” insinuating that 
his practices were magical, and performed un- 
der the supernatural agency of the Black Cat, 
his constant companion on those occasions. Ho 
is supposed to have been a Prussian by birth, 
aud died in Yorkshire, in 1799. 
KAUFFMAN, Mary Angelica, an eminent 
paintress, and royal academician, in London, 
was born in 1740, died at Rome, in 1807. The 
Germans styled her “ The Paintress of the 
Souland her mental acquirements and moral 
conduct were no less distinguished than her ta- 
lents as an artist. She was at one time of her 
life the dupe of a villainous artifice, by which 
she was drawn into an unfortunate matrimonial 
connexion 
KAUNITZ, R1TBERG prince, a celebrated 
■tatesinan, and for 40 years prime minister of 
Austria ; he died in 1794 
KAY, William', a native of Breda, distin- 
guished as a historical painter, died in 1568. 
KEACH, Benjamin, a baptist teacher, and au- 
thor of works of great merit, died in the begin- 
ning of the 18th century. 
KEATE, George, a poet and miscellaneous 
writer, born at Trowbridge, in 1729, died 1797. 
What will chiefly distinguish him as a writer 
Is, “ An Account of the Pelew Islands,” which 
he compiled from the papers of captain Wilson. 
KEATING, Jeffry, an Irish clergyman and 
an author, died in 1650. 
KEBLE, Joseph, an eminent English law- 
yer, born in 1632, died in 1710. He was a man 
of incredible industry, having published several 
books in his lifetime; beside which, he left 
above 100 large folios, and more than 50 thick 
quartos, in manuscript. His principal works 
are, “ An Assistance to Justices of the Peace, 
for the easier Performance of their Duty,” and 
“ Reports,” taken at the king’s bench at West- 
minster, from the 12th to the 30th year of the 
reign of Charles II. 
KECKERMAN, Bartholomew, professor of 
Hebrew at Heidelberg, fell a sacrifice to his in- 
tense application to study, in 1609. 
KEENE, Edmund, an English bishop, and 
vice-chancellor of St. Peter’s college,Cambridge, 
died in 1781. 
KEILL, John, an eminent mathematician 
and philosopher, born at Edinburgh, in 1671, 
died in 1721. His works are numerous, and in 
high repute. 
KEILL, James, an eminent physician and 
anatomist, younger brother of the preceding, 
born in 1673, died in 1719. 
KErTH, James, a brave and experienced 
field-marshal, in the king of Prussia’s service, 
born in Scotland, in 1696, distinguished himself 
in the memorable wars of that illustrious mo- 
narch, and was killed in the unfortunate affair 
of Hohkerchen, in 1758. 
KEITH, Sir William, governor of the colony 
of Pennsylvania, from 1717 to 1726, and author 
of a history of Virginia ; he died in 1749. 
KELLER, James, a learned jesuit, of Sekin- 
geu, the friend of the emperor Maximilian, died 
at Munich, in 1631. 
KELLEY, Edward, a famous English necro- 
mancer, was born in 1555. Behaving indis- 
creetly in Germany, he was imprisoned by the 
emperor Rodolphns II., by whom he had been 
knighted ; and, endeavouring to make his es- 
cape out of the window, so hurt himself by a 
fall, that he died soon after, in 1595. His chief; 
works are, “ A Poem of Chymistry;” “ A Poem 
of the Philosopher’s Stone;” aud “ A true aud 
' KE 
faithf ul Relation of what passed for many year* 
between Dr. John Dee and some Spirits, Ac., 
London, 1659.” 
KELLY, Hugh, born in Ireland, in 1739, was 
bound apprentice to a stay maker. At the ex- 
piration of his indentures he set out for London, 
to procure a livelihood by his business. This 
happened in 1760; and lie encountered all the 
difficulties which a person poor and without 
friends could be subject to on his first arrival in 
town. He soon after, about 1762, commenced 
author, and was intrusted with the management 
of “ The Public Ledger,” and other periodical 
publications, in which he wrote many original 
essays and pieces of poetry. For several years 
after this period, he continued writing upon a 
variety of subjects, as the accidents of the times 
chanced to call for the assistance of his pen. In 
1767, the “ Balder” appeared in 2 pocket vols., 
which bad at first been inserted in “ Owen’s 
Weekly Chronicle,” in single papers; ns did 
the“ Memoirs of a Magdalen,” under the title 
of “ Louisa Mildmay.” He died in 1777, leav- 
ing six dramatic pieces. 
KELLY, John, LL. D. a Scotch divine, who 
translated the Bible into the Mariks tongue, and 
published a grammar of that language ; hedied 
in 1809. 
KEMP, John, LL. D., a native of Scotland, 
came to America soon after the revolution. He 
was appointed professor of mathematics, and 
afterwards of geography, history, and expert 
mental philosophy, in Columbia college, New- 
York. He died in 1812. 
KEMPIS, Thomas, famous for his transcend- 
ant piety and devotion, was born at Kent pen, in 
the diocess of Cologne, about 1380, and died in 
1471. His well-known book, “ De Imitatione 
Christi,” of the Imitation of Jesus Christ, has 
been translated into almost all the languages in 
the world. 
KEN, Thomas, an English prelate, chaplain 
to the king. He devoted his life to pious and 
literary pursuits, and died in 1710. 
KENDAL, George, lost all his preferments in 
the church for non-conformity, in 1662. He 
was the author of several works. 
KENNEDY, John, an English clergyman, 
author of Scripture Chronology, 1753. 
KENNEDY, James, regent of Scotland dur- 
ing the minority of James II. He was made 
archbishop of St. Andrews, and died in 1472. 
KENNEDY, John, a Scotch physician and 
antiquary, died in 1760. 
KENNET, Basil, D. D.; born at Postling, in 
Kent, in 1674, died in 1714. He was author of 
the “ Antiquities of Rome; “ The Lives and 
Characters of the ancient Grecian Poets “Ac 
Exposition of the Apostles’ Creed,” Ac. 
KENNET, White, an English prelate. He 
was an eloquent and popular preacher, and had 
a valuable manuscript collection. He died in 
1728. 
KENNETH II., the 69th king of Scotland, 
ascended the throne in 823. He brought to 
Scone the famous stone chair in which the 
kings of Scotland were crowned, and died in 
854. 
KENNETH III., son of Malcolm, defeated 
the Danes, and also the English ; lie was assassi- 
nated in 994. 
KENNICOTT, Dr. Benjamin, well known 
in the learned world for his elaborate edition of 
| the Hebrew Bible, and other very valuable pub- 
lications, was canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 
jkeeper of the Radcliiie Library, aud vicar of ~ KE 
Culham in Oxfordshire. He was born in 1718, 
and died in 1783. 
KENRICK, Dr. William, was the son of a 
stay-maker, at or near Watford, Herts, and 
brought up to the business of a rule maker. 
However, he seems early to have abandoned 
it, and to have devoted his talents to the culti- 
vation of letters. His first production as a poet 
was a volume of “Epistles Philosophical and 
Moral,” in 1759, addressed to Lorenzo; an 
avowed defence of Infidelity. He was for a 
considerable lime a writer in “ The Monthly 
Review.” In the year 1766 he produced his 
pleasant comedy of “ Falstaff’s Wedding.” It 
was at first intended to have been given to the 
public as an original play of Shakspeare re- 
trieved from obscurity; and it musl be acknow- 
ledged a most happy imitation of our great dra- 
matic bard. Dr. Kenrick also translated the 
Emilius” and “Eioisa” of Rousseau, and the 
“ Elements of the History of England,” by 
Milot; produced several dramatic performances; 
a volume of “Poems, ludicrous, satirical, and 
moral,” and an infinite variety of other publica- 
tions both original and translated, and died in 
1779. 
KENT, William, an English painter, but 
much more eminent as an architect,born in 
1685, died in 1748. Mr. Walpole considers him 
as the inventor of modern gardening. 
KENTIGERN, or St. Mungo, a Scotchman 
and bishop of Glasgow, in the 6th century. 
KENYON, Lloyd, lord, an English judge, 
born in 1733. In 1782, he was made attorney- 
general ; in 1684, master of the rolls ; and in 
1788, lord chief justice of the king’s bench, 
which office he filled with distinguished integri- 
ty. His lordship possessed an uncommon strength 
of mind, and an intuitiveness of perception, 
which enabled him at once to discern the direct 
path of justice, howeve.r attempted to be con- 
cealed by legal chicanery, and subtleties of 
practice. To his exertions, England is indebted 
for much of that reform which has been intro- 
duced into the practice of the law, and particu- 
larly with regard to attorneys, whose misconduct 
never failed to meet his just resentment and in- 
dignation. His endeavours on the Bench, were 
uniformly directed to the promotion of every 
moral and religious duty, to the discouragement 
of vice, and to the exposure of those false prin 
ciples of honour, the baneful effects of which 
we have too often reason to contemplate. He 
died at Bath, in 1802. 
KF.PLER, John, a celebrated German astro- 
nomer, and author of many valuable discoveries 
in that science, born in 1571, died in 1630. 
KEPPEL, Rt. Hon. Augustus viscount, son of 
William, earl of Albemarle, greatly distinguish- 
ed himself in the naval service of his country. 
He was created a peer of Great Britain, by the 
title of viscount Kepple, and was, at two differ- 
ent periods, first lord of the admiralty. Re- 
specting his services during the American war, 
while he commanded the channel fleet, we must 
refer to history for the detail. He died in 1786. 
KEROKCHOEE, Joseph Van der, a painter 
of Brussels, of some note, died in 1724. 
KERCKR1NG, Thomas, a physician, obtain- 
ed celebrity in his profession, and died at Ham- 
burgh in 1693. 
KERGUELIN DE TRF.MARA, Yves Joseph, 
a distinguished French naval commander, died 
in 1797. 
KERI, Franci* Borgia, a learned jesuit, of 
Hungary, and an author, died in 1769l 
—in'— 
KERKIIEEDERE, John Gerard, historio- 
grapher to the emperor Joseph I. died in 1738. 
KERSAINT, Armand Guy Simon, count of, 
a French naval officer of merit. He belonged 
to the party of Girondists in the convention, and 
was condemned to die in 1793. 
KERSEY, John, a mathematician, born in 
1616, died about 1700. He published “Element* 
of Algebra,” and “ Dictionarium Anglo Bri- 
tannicum ; or a General English Dictionary.” 
KERVILLARS,John Marin de, a jesuit, who 
translated Ovid into French ; he died in 1765. 
KESSEL, John Van, a Dutch painter ofem 
inencein the 17th century. 
KETEL, Cornelius, a Dutch historical and 
portrait painter, who resided sometime in Eng- 
land, and being introduced to queen Elizabeth, 
painted her a picture. After his return to Hol- 
land, he laid aside his pencil, and painted with 
his fingers. He died 1602. 
KETT, William, a tanner, of Norfolk, who 
headed an insurrection in the reign of Edward 
III.; he was defeated and executed in 1549. 
KETTLEWELL, John, an eminently learn- 
ed and pious English divine, born in 1653, and 
died in 1695. His most celebrated work, entitled 
“ Measures of Christian Obedience,” has gain- 
ed him a lasting reputation. 
KEULEN, Janssen Van, a Dutch portrait 
painter, and favourite ofCharlesI., died in 1665. 
KEYSLER, John George,a learned antiquary, 
of Germany, born in 1689, died in 1743. He was 
author of several learned works ; but is most 
generally known by a “ Dissertation on the con- 
secrated Mistletoe of the Druids ; and by “ Tra- 
vels through Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, 
Switzerland, Italy, and Lorraine,” illustrated 
with copper-plates engraven from drawings ta- 
ken on the spot. 
KHERASKOF,Michael, a Russian poet of the 
18th century, and counsellor of state. 
KHILHOF, Prince, a Russian nobleman, am- 
bassador to Charles XII., of Sweden ; he was 
imprisoned by that monarch, and died in 1798. 
KICK, Cornelius, a painter, of Amsterdam, of 
great merit, died in 1695. 
KIDDER, Dr. Richard, bishop of Bath and 
Wells, author of “ A Commentary on the five 
books of Moses ; with a dissertation concerning 
the writer of the said books ; and a general ar- 
gument to each of them.” He was a very clear, 
elegant, learned writer, and one of the best di- 
vines of his time; and was unfortunately killed 
in his bed, together with his wife, by the fall of 
a stack of chimneys, in 1703. 
KIEN-LONG, emperor of China, died in the 
latter part of the 18th century, after reigning 60 
years. He was a popular and benevolent mon- 
arch. 
KIERINGS, Alexander, a Dutch painter of 
eminence, died in 1646. 
KILBURN, Richard, an English author of 
the 17th century. 
KILBYE, Richard, Hebrew professor at Ox- 
ford, and one of the translators of the bible, died 
in 1620. 
KILBYE, Richard, a minister of England, 
who wrote “Binder of a loaded Conscience,” 
died in 1617. 
KILIAN, Cornelius, a native of Brabant, for 
50 years corrector of thepresg; he died inl607 
I KiLLEN, William, an eminent lawyer, of 
iDelaware, chief Justice of the supremo court, 
and chancellor of that state; he died in 1805. 
KILLIGREW, Catherine, an English lady 
]had a great knowledge of the learned lan 
267  KI 
guages, and wrote elegant Latin poen s; sin 
died in 1600. 
KILLIGREW, Sir William, anEnglish drama- 
tic poet, born at Hanworth, in 1005, died in 1693 
KILLIGREW, Thomas, brother of the former, 
born in 1611, and distinguished by uncommon 
natural parts, was page of honour to Charles I., 
and groom of the bedchamber to Charles II., 
with whom he had suffered many years’ exile. 
During his absence from his country, he applied 
his leisure hours to poetry, and wrote 11 plays. 
He died in 1682, and was buried in Westminster 
Abbey. Killigrew was a man of very droll hu- 
mour, with which he used to divert the merry 
monarch, Charles II., who on that account,was 
fonder of him than of his best ministers, and 
would give him access to his presence when he 
denied it to them. 
KILLIGREW, Dr. Henry, brother of the 
former, born in 1612. His writings were on op- 
posite themes of theology and the drama; that 
is, sermons and plays. 
KILLIGREW, Anne, “a grace for beauty, 
and a muse for wit,” was the daughter of Hen- 
ry Killigrew, and born in London, a little before 
the Restoration. She became eminent in the 
arts of poetry and painting, and died in 1685. 
KILLIGREW, Margaret, wife of the duke 
of Newcastle, and author of 13 folio volumes ; 
she died in 1673. 
KILWARDEN, Arthur Wolfe, lord, an Irish 
judge, of great virtue and impartiality in public 
life, was killed by a mob in the streets of Dublin, 
in 1803. 
KJMBER, Isaac, a learned protestant dissent- 
ing minister, born in 1692, died in London, in 
1755. This gentleman was the author of many 
literary productions, highly esteemed for purity 
of style and impartiality; among which were 
“The Life of Oliver Cromwell,” “The Life 
of Bishop Beveridge;” a “ History of England,” 
in which he was concerned with Messrs. Dai- 
ly, Hodges, and Kidpath “ The Reign of George 
II.” “History of England,” esteemed one of 
the best abridgments of the English history 
extant. In 1731, he was engaged as editor of 
“The London Magazine,” winch he conducted 
with credit to himself, and advantage to the 
proprietors, to the time of his death, winch was 
occasioned by a fit of apoplexy. 
KIMBER,'Edward, son of the preceding, born 
in 1719, died in 1769. He served an apprentice- 
ship to Mr. John Noon, bookseller, in Cheapside; 
but his active genius led him early in life to 
prefer a military occupation under the late gen- 
eral Oglethorpe, from whom he received an 
ensigney, was with him at settling the then 
Infant colony of Georgia, and signalized him- 
self in an expedition to the gatesof St.Augustine, 
in Florida; “ A Relation or Journal,” of which, 
printed in 1744, was the first production of his 
pen. Upon quitting the army he succeeded his 
father as editor of “ The London Magazine,” 
which flourished to the time of his death, and 
then gradually declined till it was entirely 
dropped, in 1785. In 1750, he published “ A 
Letter from a Citizen of London to his Fellow- 
citizens, &c., occasioned by the late Earth- 
quakes ;” and soon after, “ The Life and Ad- 
ventures of Joe Thompson,” 2 vols., and several 
other novels, of considerable merit. He also 
compiled, “The Peerages of England, Scotland, 
and Ireland,” contrived for the pocket, and a 
“ History of England,” in 19 vols. with plates. 
KIMCHI, David, a Jewish rabbi and com- 
meutator in the 13ti> century. In 1232. he was 
KI 
appointed to arbitrate the differences between 
the French and Spanish synagogues concerning 
the books of Maimonides. His “ Hebrew Gram- 
mar” was printed at Venice, in 1545; and liia 
“ Tahnudical Dictionary” in 1506. His “ Com- 
mentaries on the Psalms, Prophets, and other 
books of Scripture,” are very valuable. 
K1NASTON, Francis, an Englishman, edu 
cated at Oxford, and an autiior, died in 1G42. 
KING, John, bishop of London, born in 1559, 
died in 1021. James I. used to style him “ the 
king of preachers ;” and lord chief justice Coke 
often declared that “he was the best speaker 
of the star-chamber in his time.” 
KING, Henry, bishop of Chichester, son of 
the preceding, and an elegant poet. He turned 
the Psalms into verse, and published “ Poems, 
Elegies, Paradoxes, and Sonnets.” He was 
born in 1591, and died in 1069. 
KING, John, second son of the bishopof Lon- 
don, and an author, died in 1639. 
KING, Edward, fellow of Christ’s College, 
Cambridge, in 1633. He was unfortunately 
drowned in 1637, in his passage from Chester, 
in the Irish sea; a circumstance which gave 
birth to the admirable “Lycidas” of Milton, 
who says of him, that 
“He knew 
Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.” 
KING, Dr. William, an ingenious and hit 
mourous English writer, born in London, in 
1663, died in 1712. His poetical and political 
works are numerous ; but his most useful book 
is “ A Historical Account of the Heathen Gods 
and Heroes, necessary for the understanding of 
the ancient Poets.” 
KING, Dr. William, archbishop of Dublin, 
born in 1650, wrote a celebrated treatise, “ De 
Origine Mali,” on the Origin of Evil; wherein 
he undertook to show how all the several kinds 
of evil with which the world abounds are con- 
sistent with the goodness of God, and may be 
accounted for without the supposition of an evil 
principal. He died in 1729. 
KING, Peter, chancellor of England, and fa- 
mous for his ecclesiastical learning, as well ns 
his knowledge in the law, was born in 1669, and 
died in 1734. 
KING, Dr. William, principal of St. Mary 
Hall, Oxford, and an ingenious theological and 
political writer, born in 1685, died in 1763. 
KING, Sir Edmund, a surgeon and chymist, 
esteemed by Charles II., whom he attended in 
his last illness. 
KING, John G’«m, D. D., F. R. and A.S.S., 
autiior of “ The Rites and Ceremonies of the 
Greek Church in Russia,” &c., died in 1767. 
KING, Edward, F. R. and A. S. S., an emi- 
nent English antiquary7, poet, and biblical critic, 
author of “ Morsels of Criticism,” and other 
works, born in 1735, died in London, in 1807. 
KING, Thomas, a very eminent comedian, 
who continued 42 years an ornament of the 
English stage, was born in London, in 1730, and 
first appeared at Drury-lane Theatre, in 1748. 
His first essays being passed over withoutnotice, 
he repaired to Rath, and afterwards to Ireland, 
where he rapidly accomplished himself in his 
profession. He was recalled to Drury-lane stage 
in the year 1749, when he was received as one 
of the first comic performers of the day. For 
forty years, he was constantly before the public; 
and those who recollect his Lord Ogleby, Sir 
Peter Teazle, Tom, Press, and Lissardo, must 
be rather fastidious m their reception of auv 
268 KI 
successor iu those parts, finally quitted the stage 
in 1801. In private life, he was full of whim, 
anecdote, and pleasantry ; and his general con- 
duct bore, even on the most trying occasions, 
the stamp of the strictest integrity. His acting 
was characterised by a union of chasteness with 
vigour, which always produced the most ad- 
mirable effect. Mr. King died in 1805. 
KING, Edward, an eminent and learned Eng- 
lish antiquarian, and fellow of the Royal Soci- 
ety, &c. ; he died in 1807. 
KINSEY, James, LL. D., a member of Con- 
gress from New-Jersey, in 1774, and afterwards 
chief justice of that state ; he died in 1802. 
KIPPINGIDS, Henry, a sub-rector of Bremen 
University, and an author, died in 1678. 
KIPPIS, Dr. Andrew, a very celebrated Eng- 
lish biographer, being the principal author and 
conductor of the second edition of the “ Bio- 
graphia Britannica,” was born in 1725. Ilis 
father, a respectable tradesman, dying in the 
year 1730, he went to reside with his grand- 
father, Andrew Kippis, of Seaford, in Lincoln- 
shire, and received his classical education at 
the grammar school in that town. In 1741, he 
removed to Northampton, and commenced his 
academical studies under Dr. Doddridge. After 
a residence of five years at the academy, he was 
invited by several congregations to become their 
minister, but gave the preference to an invita- 
tion from Boston and Lincolnshire, where he 
went to reside in September, 1746. Here he 
continued four years; and in November, 1750, 
accepted the pastoral charge of a congregation 
at Dorking, in Surrey. The congregation meet- 
ing in Priuces-street, Westminster, having been 
without a minister about two years, he was 
chosen, in June, 1753, to succeed the Rev. Dr. 
Obadiah Hughes. In September following, he 
married, at Boston, Miss Elizabeth Botf.; and 
in the month of October fixed his residence in 
Westminster. In June, 1767, he received the 
degree of D. D. from the university of Edin- 
burgh, on the unsolicited recommendation of the 
late learned professor Robertson. The interests 
of literature, science, and religion, have re- 
ceived from the exertion of his talents as a 
writer the most essential advantages. His first 
efforts in literature were made in the “ Gentle- 
man's Magazinea periodical publication cal- 
led the “ Library;” and the “ Monthly Review:” 
to each of which he contributed many impor- 
tant articles, especially in the historical and 
philological departments of the last. His im- 
proved edition of Dr Doddridge’s Lectures is a 
work of great value; and “The History of 
Knowledge, Learning, and Taste, in Great Bri- 
tain,” prefixed to the New Annual Register, 
merits, and has received, the approbation of the 
public. He published, at different times, several 
single sermons entitled to very high praise. The 
greater part of these he republished, with other 
practical discourses, in the year 1794; but the 
work which, next to the studies immediately 
connected with his office as a Christian minister, 
engaged his principal attention, and by which 
he will ever be distinguished, is the “ Biogra- 
phia Britannica.” This great national publi- 
cation has given him a high rank among the 
literati of his country, and will carry down his 
name with distinguished reputation to posterity. 
This great and good man died in 1795. 
KIRBY, John Joshua, an artist, born in 1716, 
was originally a house painter at Ipswich. In 
1754 he published Dr. Brook Taylor’s “ Method 
of Perspective made et-sv.” By the ffwcur of 
KL 
j lord Cute, lie became clerk of the works atKew; 
j and in 17G1 published, at the king’s expense, 
I “The Perspective of Architecture.” Mr. Kirby 
was a member of the Royal and Antiquarian 
Societies, and died in 1774. 
KIRBY, Ephraim, a native of Connecticut, 
wasthe first reporter of law cases and decisions, 
in the United States. He was afterwards a 
judge of the district court of theU. S. at New- 
Orleans, and died in 1804. 
KIRCH, Mary Margaret, a native of Leipsic. 
She was much attached to astronomical studies, 
and in 1702, discovered a comet, on which site 
published observations ; she died in 1720. 
K1RCHER, Athanasius, a famous German 
philosopher, and mathematician, born in 1601 
died in 1080, after having published 22 vols. in 
folio, 11 in 4to., and 3 in 8vo. His works are 
rather curious than useful, savouring much of 
vision and fancy. 
KIRCHER, Conrad, of Augsburg, known .or 
his Greek concordance of the Old Testament, 
in 1002. 
KIRCHMAN, a learned German, died at Lu- 
beck,in 1043. 
KIRCHMAN, N., an eminent professor of 
philosophy at Petersburg, was unfortunately 
killed while making experiments on electricity, 
in 1758. 
KIRCHMAYER, John Gasper, professor of 
logic, at Wittemberg. He was a learned man, 
published valuable commentaries, and died in 
1700. 
KIRK, Colonel, an English officer in the 
service of James II., who distinguished himself 
by his cruelty. 
KIRKLAND, Dr. Thomas, an eminent phy- 
sician and writer on surgery, born in 1721, died 
in 1798. 
KIRKLAND, Samuel, a missionary among 
the Seneca Indians for 40 years; he died at 
Paris, New-York, in 1808. 
KIRSTENIUS, Peter, a German physician, 
author of an “ Arabic Grammar,,” and of se- 
veral other works in Arabic, born in 1577, died 
in 11340. It is observed in his epitaph, that he 
understood 213 languages. 
KIRSTENIUS, George, a native of Stettin, 
eminent as a botanist, died in 16G0. 
KIRVVAN, William, dean of Killala, a dis 
tinguished ornament of the church, was origi- 
nally a Romish priest; but became a zealous 
adherent and powerful supporter of the pro 
testant faith. He was certainly one of the most 
popular orators that ever appeared in the pulpit, 
and no man ever made a more powerful impres- 
sion on his audience. He was at all times ready 
to exert his great powers in forwarding the ob- 
jects of benevolence ; many of them owe ex- 
istence and prosperity to his unparalleled exer- 
tions. He was born about 1754, and died near 
Dublin, in 1805. 
KLAPROTH, Martin Henry Von, professor 
of chymistry at Berlin, and an eminent writer 
on that science, died in 1817. 
KLEBER, I. B., a famous general in the 
French revolutionary army, was born at Stras 
burg, in 1750. He accompanied Buonaparte 
to Egypt, and was by him left to command 
there on his departure. Kleber afterwards 
captured Cairo, and formed an alliance with 
Murat Bey. In 1800 he was assassinated by an 
Arab. 
KLETST, Ewald Christian de, distinguished 
as an officer in the Prussian service, and as a 
ooet._ He was killed in battle, in 1759. KN 
KLINGSTADT, a painter, born at Riga, 
whose pieces were exquisitely finished ; he died 
hi 1724. 
KLOCKER, David, a painter, liberally patro- 
nised by the king of Sweden, died in 1698. 
KLOPSTOCK, Frederick Theophilus, a very 
celebrated German poet,born in 1724,died in 1803. 
His “ Messiah,” by which his name is chiefly 
immortalized, was published at Halle, in 1751. 
Ho was likewise author of three tragedies, 
called “The Death of Adam;” “Solomon;” 
and “ David.” His funeral was conducted with 
extraordinary pomp; being attended by the sen- 
ate of Hamburgh, the diplomatic body, the cler- 
gy, men of letters, and merchants, in a proces- 
sion of 76 coaches: at Altona, it was joined by 
50 more carriages to the village of Ottensen, 
where he was buried with all the most honour- 
able ceremonies that could be devised. 
KNAPTON, George, a portrait painter, and 
keeper of the king’s pictures, died in 1778. 
KNELLER, Sir Godfrey, an eminent painter, 
born at Lubec,about 1648. His great patron in 
England was Charles II.; but after the death of 
that monarch, he was well received by king 
James and his queen, and constantly employed 
by them until the Revolution. It is very re- 
markble of this painter that he had the honour 
to draw 10 crowned heads ; 4 kings of England 
and three queens; the czar of Muscovy ; Charles 
II., king of Spain, afterwards emperor, when he 
was in England ; and the French king, Lewis 
XIV.; besides several electors and princes. He 
was gentleman of the privy chamber to king 
William, to queen Anne, and to George I.; and 
was, in several reigns, a deputy-lieutenant of 
the county of Middlesex, and in the commission 
of the peace for that and other counties. He 
died in 1723. 
KNIGHT, Dr. Samuel, archdeacon of Berks, 
and author of “ Lives of Erasmus and Dean 
Colet,” died in 1746. 
KNOLLES, Sir Robert, a very eminent gene- 
ral, who rose by degrees from the rank of a pri- 
vate, and with 30,000 men in the wars of Ed- 
ward III., marched to the gates of Paris. Rs- 
turning home, laden with wealth and honours, 
he founded Rochester bridge. 
KNOLLES, Richard, author of “ The Gene- 
ral History of the Turks, from the beginning of 
that Nation to the rising of the Ottoman fami- 
ly,” &c., which has immortalized his name. He 
died in 1610, leaving behind him the character of 
a learned, and worthy man. 
3 sjLIS, Francis, an English statesman, 
c/stinguished for his zeal in the cause of refor- 
mation. He was one of the commissioners at 
the trial of Mary, queen of Scots, and died in 
1596. 
KNORR VON ROSENROT, Christian, a 
learned German, died in 1689. 
KNOTT, Edward, an English jesuit, was pro- 
fessor in the English college at Rome; he died 
in 1655-6. 
KNOVVLER, William, an English divine 
and translator of Chrysostom’s Comment, died 
in 1767. 
KNOWLES, Thomas, an Englishman, an 
able divine, and an author, died in 1802. 
KNOWLTON, Thomas, an English bota- 
nist, died in 1782. 
KNOX, John, an eminent Scottish minister, 
a chief instrument and promoter of the reforma- 
tion in that country, and a steady and undaunt- 
ed patriot in the worst of times, born in 1505, 
and died in 1572. As to hi3 character, he was, 
KO 
like Luther, one of those extraordinary persons, 
of whom few, if any, are observed tospeak with 
sufficient temper; all is either extravagant en- 
comium or senseless invective. After his death, 
came out a “ History of the Reformation with 
in the realm of Scotland,” &c., to which are sub- 
joined all his other works. 
KNOX, John, many years a bookseller of 
eminence in London, who devoted the for- 
tune he acquired in this business to the im- 
provement of his country, in the planning a 
herring fishery, and the settlement of new 
towns on the north east of Scotland. He visit- 
ed and explored that kingdom 1G times in 23 
years, beginning in 1764 ; and, in two volumes, 
gave a systematic view of Scotland in general; 
he died in 1700. 
KNOX, Vicesimus, D. D., a learned divine 
and miscellaneous writer, born in 1752. At the 
death of his father, he was elected, in his room, 
master of Tunbridge school, where he presided 
33 years; retiring from it in 1812, and being 
himself succeeded by his son, the present mas- 
ter. The duties of a parish priest he discharg- 
ed for nearly forty years, with a zeal and abili- 
ty perhaps never surpassed ; scarcely, during 
that long period, requiring any assistance in the 
performance of the church service. He died at 
liis son’s, in 1821. His principal works are, 
“ Essays, Moral and Literary 11 Liberal Edu- 
cation;” “ Winter Evenings “Personal No- 
bility ;” “ Christian Philosophy ;” “ Sermons ;” 
“Elegant Extracts;” “Elegant Epislles,” 
“ Domestic Divinity,” &c. 
KNOX, Hugh, I). D., an eminent comrrega- 
tional clergyman at the island of St. Croix, 
where he died after a long and useful life, at 
a very advanced age. 
KNOX, Henry, a distinguished officer of the 
revolution, was commander of the artillery un- 
til the capture of Cornwallis, after which he 
was made a major general in the army. He was 
afterwards secretary at war, under Washing- 
ton, and died in 1810. 
KNUPPER, Nicholas, a native of Leipsic, 
eminent as a painter, died in 1660. 
KNUZEN, Matthias, a celebrated atheist, 
born in Holstein, about 1650. He was the only 
person on record who openly taught atheism; 
and he undertook long journeys on purpose to 
make proselytes. His followers, were called 
conscienciaries,because they asserted that there 
was no other god, no other religion, no other 
lawful magistracy, than conscience. 
KNUZEN, Martin, professor of philosophy at 
Koningsberg, died in 1751. 
KNYGHTON, Henry, author of a chronicle 
of the English history, and of the deposition of 
Richard III. 
KOEBEGER, Winceslaus, a native of Ant 
werp, and eminent as a painter, died in 1604 
KOEMPFER, Engelbert, an eminent German, 
botanical writer, and author of a “ History 
of Japan,” born in 1651, died in 1716. 
KOENIG, Daniel, a Swiss, who translated 
into Latin, Arbuthnot’s Tables of Ancient 
Coins, published in 1750. 
KOENIG, Samuel, professor of philosophy 
and natural law at Franeker, and librarian 
to the stadtholder, and the princess of Orange. 
He was author of several works; and died 
in 1757, with the character of being one of the 
best mathematicians of the age. 
KOENIG, George Matthias, a learned Ger- 
man, born in 1616, died in 1699. He was well 
versed in the belles lettres, in divinity, and in 
270  KO 
the oriental languages, and gave several public 
specimens of his learning; but is principally 
known by a work entitled “ Bibliotheca vetus 
et nova,” 4to. This is a biographical diction- 
ary, which has been very useful to other biogra- 
phers. 
KOERTON, Joanna, a native of Amsterdam, 
celebrated for ingenuity and taste in embroidery, 
drawing, and water colours ; she died in 1715. 
KOETS, Roelof, a German painter. It is 
6aid his portraits amounted to 5000, and all of 
them superior. He died in 1725. 
KOLLOCK, Henry, D. D., an eminent pres- 
byterian clergyman, professor of theology in 
Princeton college, New-Jersey, afterwards pas- 
tor of a church in Savannah, Georgia, died in 
Id 19. 
KQNIG, George Matthias, a learned German, 
professor of poetry and of Greek, at Altdorf. 
lie was an able scholar, and died in 1899. 
KQNIG, Emanuel, a physician, of Basil, pub- 
lished various works, and died in 1731. 
KORNMANN, Henry, a German lawyer and 
author, in the beginning of the 17th century. 
KORTHOLT, Christian, professor of divini- 
ty at Keil, died in 1894. 
KORTHOLT, Christian, grandson of the 
preceding, and professor of theology at Gottin- 
gen, published Leibnitz’s Latin letters, and died 
in 1751. 
KOSCIUSKO, Thaddeus, a famous Polish 
general, was bred at Warsaw, and served in 
the American war as aid-de-camp to general 
Washington. He afterwards headed the Poles 
in their resistance to Russian oppression, but in 
vain ; he was severely wounded and made pri- 
soner by the Russians, who, however, treated 
him with great respect, and the emperor Paul 
gave him an estate. He died in Switzerland, 
in 1817. 
KOTTER, Christopher, a fanatic, who lived 
at Sprottovv ; he died in 1847. 
KOTTERUS, Christopher, a tanner, of Sile- 
sia, and one of the three fanatics whose visions 
were published at Amsterdam in 1657, with the 
following title, “ Lux in Tenebris.” He died 
in 1647. 
KOTZEBUE, Augustus Von, born at Wei- 
mar, in 1761. He was intended for the profes- 
sion of the law; but the drama had more at- 
tractions for him, and he wrote numerous plays, 
the best of which have been translated. His 
“ Stranger,” “Lover’s Vows,” and “ Pizarro,’ 
have had great success. Kotzebue was assas- 
sinated, in 1819, by a fanatical student of Jena, 
named Sandt, who then stabbed himself, but 
recovered from his wounds, and suffered de- 
capitation for the murder. 
KOUCK, Peter, a Dutchman, and principal 
painter to Charles V., died in 1550. 
KOULI KHAN, Thamas, alias NADIR 
SCHAH, born in 1687, in the province of Che- 
rasan, in Persia. He was the son of the gover- 
nor of a Persian fortress ; and engaging in the 
service of the Schah Thatnas, whose throne 
Eschref, a usurper, possessed, and had lorded 
It over the Persians for five years with the ut- 
most barbarity, the sophi gave him at length 
the command of his army. The new general 
entirely defeated Eschref, conducted Schah 
Thamas in triumph to Ispahan, and established 
him upon the throne of his ancestors. Es- 
chref, having got together his treasures and his 
women, fled toward Candahar with 10,000 men. 
Kouli Khan, at the head of 15,000 men, went 1 
Is oursuit of him. and recommended it to the 
KU ' 
king to go against the Turks witli tlie rest of 
his army; assuring him that, as soon as he 
had secured Eschref, he would fly to his assist- 
ance. Kouli Khan at last came up with the 
usurper, and prepared for an engagement which 
was very soon decisive. The Aghwans, sur 
rounded, were either cut to pieces or taken : 
Eschref was among the prisoners, and all his 
treasures fell into the hands of the victor. 
Kouli Khan ordered both his eyes to be put out, 
and some days after had him beheaded. He 
then hastened back to succour the sophi, whom 
he supposed to be engaged with the Turks; but 
was surprised to find, when he came near Ispa- 
han, that he had concluded a peace with the 
Porte, disbanded his army, and sent him orders 
to do the same. These orders he received with 
indignation, exclaiming against the ignominious 
peace and his efl'eminate prince. Instead of 
disbanding his army, which now consisted of 
70,000 men, he marched with it to Ispahan, 
seized the Schah Thamas, imprisoned him in a 
strong fortress, and in an assembly of the chief 
men of Persia got him deposed, and his son, an 
infant six months old, proclaimed Schah, by the 
name of Schah Abbas III. In his name, Kouli 
Khan assumed to himself the sovereign power, 
and presently issued a manifesto disclaiming 
the late peace with the Turks. After having 
recovered all that had been taken from Persia, 
he concluded a peace with the Ottoman Porte in 
1738. The following year, the young Schah 
Abbas died, and Kouli Khan procured himself 
to be proclaimed his successor. As he thought 
war would be a better prop to his throne than 
peace, he immediately carried his victorious 
arms against the Mogul, and in one single bat- 
tle conquered almost all that empire. In this 
expedition he killed 200,000 people ; and brought 
away a treasure worth about 145 millions, in 
which was the imperial throne, set with dia- 
monds of an immense value. Taking from the 
Mogul all the country that lay between the for- 
mer limits of Persia and the Indus, and subdu- 
ing the whole country of the Usbeck, he vast- 
ly enlarged the bounds of his empire; but he 
now fell into a state which seemed to border 
upon distraction: he attempted to change the 
religion of Persia to that of Omar; hanged up 
the chief priests; put his own son to death; 
and was guilty of such cruelty, that he was as- 
sassinated in 1747, in his 60th year; having 
reigned above 20 years over one of the most 
powerful empires on the globe. 
KRACIIENINNIKOW, Stephen, a Russian 
naturalist, professor of botany and natural his- 
tory, at Petersburg, died in 1755. 
KRANTZ, Albert, a famous historian and 
divine, professor of divinity, at Rostock, and 
author of several learned works, died in 1574. 
KRAUSE, Francis, a German, eminent as a 
historical painter, died in 1754 
KRESA, Father, confessor to the king of Bo- 
hemia, died in 1715. 
KRUGER, John Christian, author of poems 
and comedies, died at Hamburgh, in 1750. 
KUIILMAN, Quirinus, a famous fanatic, 
born at Breslaw. He was at last burnt at Mos- 
cow, m 1889, for some seditious prophecies. 
KUHNIUS, Jachim, a learned native of 
Pomerania, and principal of the collegeof Oc- 
tingen; he acquired great celebrity by his pub- 
lications, and died in 1697. 
KUICK, John Van, a painter, of Dordt, ac- 
cused of heresy, was cruellv burnt b> the jesuit* 
in 1573 LA 
KUNCKET, John, an able chymist and in-i 
getiiousphilosopher, was born at Siesvvic, and: 
died in 1702. 
KUNZE, John Christopher, D. D., a distin-' 
guished clergyman of the Lutheran church injj 
Philadelphia, afterwards pastor of a Lutheran . 
church in New-York, and professor of oriental 
languages in Columbia college; he died in 1807. 
KUPIESKIjJohn, a painter, of Bohemia, born 
in 1667, was patronised by the emperor Charles 
HI., and other princes. 
KUSTER, Ludolf, a learned German critic, 
born in 1670. He published editions of Suidas, 
Aristophanes, and several works of a smaller 
kind, and died in 1716. 
KUYP, Jacob, an eminent landscape painter, 
at Dordt, flourished about 1643. 
KUYP, or CUYP, Albert, a very eminent 
landscape painter, was born at Dordt, in 1606. 
The time of his death is uncertain. 
KYD, Thomas, an English dramatic writer in 
the reign of queen Elizabeth. 
KYDERMINSTER, Richard, abbot and his- 
torian, of the Benedictine convent of Win- 
cliombe, died in 1531. 
KYNESTON, John, an .English divine, who 
gained great reputation by a Latin oration, 
Which he pronounced ; he died in 1783. 
KYN WELMARSII,Francis, an Englishman, 
who wrote some poetry in the 16th century. 
KYRLE, John, the celebrated Man of Ross, 
as Pope calls him in his poem “ On the Use of 
Riches.” He possessed a small estate of 500/. a 
year at Ross, and literally became, as the poeti 
sings, a blessing to the whole community. He 
died in 1724, at the age of 90. 
L 
LABADIE, John, a celebrated French enthu- 
siast, born in 1610, died in 1674. 
LABAT, John Baptist, a celebrated traveller | 
and missionary, of the order of St. Dominic, 
born at Paris in 1663, died in 1738. His “Voy- 
ages and Travels” into different kingdoms, are 
works of much amusement, and of good repu- 
tation. 
LABBE, Philip, a jesuit, of Bourges, of great 
learning, memory, and indefatigable applica- 
tion ; he died in 1667. 
LABBE, Louisa, a poetess, called the fair 
rope-maker, because she married a rich rope- 
maker, of Lyons. Her works were published at 
Lyons, in 1555 and 1762; she died in 1566. 
LABEO, Quintus Fabius, a Roman consul of 
literary talents. 
LABEO, Antistius,a Roman lawyer who op- 
posed the government of Augustus. 
LABER1US, an ancient Roman knight in the 
time of Julius Ctesar, who excelled in writing 
mimes, or little satirical productions for the 
■tage. 
LABOUREUR, John le, a Frenchman, who! 
;om a gentleman’s servant rose to become al- 
moner to the king. He wrote several works,and 
died in 1675. 
LACARRY, Giles, aFrench jesuit, and profes-i 
sor of theology, wrote some useful works, and! 
died in 1684. 
LA COLON IE, John Martin de, served in the' 
Austrian army, and rose to the rank of marshal; 
he died in 1759. 
LAOOMBE, James, a French historian, born! 
in 1724. 
LACOMBE DE PREZEL, Honore, brother 
of the preceding, author of several dictionaries. 
•LACTANTIUS. Firmian. or Lucius Cadius. 
LJE 
; Firmtahus, an eminent lather of the Christian 
church. He is the most eloquent of all the ec- 
clesiastical Latin authors, and wrote in such a 
pure, smooth, and natural style, and so much 
jin the tasto and manner of the Roman orator 
I that he is generally distinguished by the title of 
“ The Christian Cicero.” 
LACY, John, an actor and dramatic writer 
of some eminence, in the reign of Charles II. 
LACYDAS, a Greek philosopher, of Cyrene, 
who was tenderly attached to a favourite goose, 
died 212 B. C. 
LADISLAUS I. succeeded to the Hungarian 
throne in 1077. He was an able politician, a 
brave general, and a pious man ; he was canon 
ized in 1198. 
LADISLAUS III., king of Hungary, a licen 
tious monarch, who was assassinated in 1290. 
LADISLAUS IV., grand duke of Lithuania, 
and king of Poland, was made king of Hungary, 
in 1440. He was defeated and slain in battle 
with the Turks, in 1444. 
LADISLAUS V., succeeded Ladislaus IV. 
It is said he was poisoned by the Hussites, 
whose sect he persecuted. 
LADISLAUS VI., sou of the king of Poland, 
raised to the throne of Hungary, in 1490, had a 
turbulent reign, and died in 1560. 
LADISLAUS, or LAUNCF.LOT, the Libe- 
ral and Victorious, count of Provence, succeed- 
ed his father, as king of Naples, in 1386. His 
right to the throne was disputed, and he died 
in 1414, after a turbulent reign. 
LADISLAUS L, king of Poland, succeeded 
to the throne in 1081. He was fond of peace, 
but brave in war; he died in 1102. 
LADISLAUS IT., king of Poland, succeeded 
his father, Bolislaus, in 1139; he made war 
against his brothers, and was at last banished 
jfrom the throne, and died in 1159. 
| LADISLAUS III., king of Poland, in 1296, 
oppressed his people so that they revolted, and 
placed Wenceslaus on the throne, after whose 
Ideath Ladislaus was replaced on the throne, 
and governed with justice and moderation. He 
j died in 1333. 
LADISLAUS V., surnamed Jagellon, grand 
duke of Lithuania,obtained the crown of Poland 
in 1386, by marriage. His reign was mild but 
vigorous, anu he died in 1434, highly respected. 
LADISLAUS VI., king of Poland, son of 
Ladislaus V., was duke of Lithuania, and king 
of Hungary. 
LADISLAUS, Sigismund, VII., king of Po- 
land and Sweden, after the death of his father, 
in 1632. He defeated the Turks in various bat- 
tles, and died in 1648. 
L’ADVOCAT, John Baptist l’Abbe, a learned 
French critic, grammarian, geographer, and his- 
torian, author of “ Dictionnaire Geographique 
Portatif;” “Dictionnaire Ilistorique Portatif;” 
and a “ Hebrew Grammar.” He died in 1765. 
L’ADVOCAT, Louis Francis, author of a 
treatise on morals, died at Paris, in 1735. 
LiULIUS, Cains, a Roman consul and comic 
poet, died 126 B. C. 
LAER, Peter, a Dutch painter, some of whose 
pieces are elegant, died in 1675. 
LAET, John de, a native of Antwerp, and 
author of some useful works, died in 1640. 
LJEVINUS, Torrentinus. commonly called 
Vander Bekin, was a native of Ghent. He 
went as ambassador to Philip It., of Spain, 
founded the jesuit’s college at Louvaine, and 
died in 1595. 
LJGVlUS, a Roman poet. LA 
LAFJTAU, Joseph Francis, a French jesuitj 
and missionary to North America, died in 1755, 
leaving behind him a curious comparison be- 
tween the manners of the ancients and those of 
the American savages. 
LAFITAU, Peter Francis, distinguished as a 
preacher, was the favourite of Clement IX., 
and died in 1764. 
LAGALLA, Julius Catsar, a Neapolitan, phy- 
sician to the pope ; he was a learned man. and 
died in 1623. 
LAGEltLOOF, Peter, professor of eloquence 
at Upsal, author of the ancient and modern his- 
tories of Northern Europe : he died in 1599. 
LAGNY, Thomas Fantet sieur de, a French- 
man, member of the academy of sciences at 
Paris, and author of several works ; lie died in 
1734. 
LAGRANGE, Joseph Lewis, an eminentma- 
thematician, of Turin, afterwards professor of 
the Norman and Polytechnic schools at Paris ; 
he died in 1813. 
LAGUNA, Andrew, a Spanish physician, and 
favourite of Charles V.,died in 1560. 
LAHARPE DES UTINS, N., a native of 
Vaux, distinguished himself in theFreneh army 
of Italy, under Buonaparte, and was killed in 
1796. 
LAHAYE, William Nicholas de, a French 
engraver of great merit, born in 1725. 
LAIDL1E, Archibald, D. D., a native of Scot- 
land, pastor of a church at Flushing, Zealand, 
and afterwards of a Dutch reformed church in 
the city of New-York, eminent as a theologian 
and preacher; he died in 1778. 
LAINEZ, Alexander, a French poet, whose 
pieces possess great elegance, died in 1700. 
LAINEZ, James, a Spaniard,the successor of 
Loyola, as general of the jesuits ; he was at the 
council of Trent, and died in 1565. 
LA1NG, Malcorn, a Scottish historian, born 
in Orkney, in 1762. He published a “ History of 
Scotland,” chiefly distinguished by its partiali- 
ty, and its hostility to the character of the un- 
fortunate queen Mary. His last literary under- 
taking was an edition of Ossian’s poems the au- 
thenticity of which, he demolished in a pre- 
liminary dissertation. Mr. Laing died in 1819. 
LAIRE, Francis Xavier, a learned French 
author, died at Sens, in 1800. 
LAIRESSE, Gerard, an eminent Flemish 
painter and engraver, born at Liegj in 1640. 
The Hollanders esteem him the best history 
painter of their country, and comn.o ily call him 
their second Raphael; Hemskirk is their first. 
He died in 1711. 
LAIS, a courtezan, of such renown in anti- 
quity, that, like Homer, several cities claimed: 
the glory of her birth ; but that honour is most 
generally given to Ilyccara, a city of Sicily, j 
Retiring to Thessaly, she fell a sacrifice to the' 
envy and jealously excited by her beauty; for 
her rivals, seeing themselves eclipsed, became 
desperate, and, having conducted her into the 
temple of Venus, there stoned her to death, 
340 B. C. 
LAKE, Arthur, an English nrelate, respected 
as an amiable man, died in 1626. 
LALANDE, Michael Richard de, a cele- 
brated French musician and composer, died in 
1726. 
LALANDE, Joseph Jerome Francis, a most 
celebrated astronomer of France, born in 1732. j 
His principal works arc, “ Connoissance du 
Temps,” “Tour in Italj and a valuable 
‘Treatiseof Astrononiv.” Dr. Young has ob-j 
LA " 
served, that “ an undevout astronomer is mad 
and the eccentricities of Lalande might justify 
| the conclusion that Young would have drawn 
ifrom the atheistical principles he opeidy pro- 
cessed. He went so far as read public lec- 
jtures on those baneful and hope-blasting doc 
I trines, in the Lycee of Paris, a society formed 
(of pretended philosophers of the same descrip- 
tion ; lie died in 1807. 
LALLI, John Baptist, an Italian poet, was 
employed by the pope in civil aifaits, and died 
in 1037. 
LALLY, Thomas Arthur, count, a gallant 
general in the service of Fiance, though a na- 
tive of Ireland ; but being compelled to surren- 
der Pondicherry to the English, he incurred the 
suspicion of treachery, and was executed in 
1700. 
LAMBALLE, Marie Therese Louise, of Sa- 
voy Carignan, princess of, wife of the duke of 
Bourbon Penthievre, ardently attached to the 
French queen, for which she w'as inhumanly 
murdered, in 1792, by the tyrants of the French 
i revolution. 
LAMBECIUS, Peter, a learned German, and 
rector of the university of Hamburgh. He re- 
nounced protestantism for popery, and died in 
1680. 
LAMBERT, John, a general in Cromwell’s 
army, memorable for having opposed Oliver’s 
acceptance of the crown, died about 1670. 
LAMBERT, Anne Therese, marquise de, a 
most ingenious French lady, born at Paris, in 
1647, died in 1733, having been the,author of 
some very pleasing moral productions, which 
have been collected and printed in 2 volumes. 
LAMBERT, Claude Francis, a French ec- 
clesiastic, and an author, died in 1763. 
LAMBERT, Daniel, remarkable for having 
greatly exceeded the ordinary dimensions of 
mankind,was born at Leicester, in 1770, and died 
at Stamford, in 1809. He had exhibited himself 
in I’icadilly two or three years before his deaf h • 
not long before which event, on being weighed, 
he was found to be 52 stone 11 lbs. in weight 
(14 lbs. to the stone,) which is 10 stone 11 lbs. 
more than the great Mr. Bright, of Essex, ever 
weighed. His coffin was G feet 4 inches long, 
4 feet 4 inches wide, and 2 feet 4 inches deep, 
and consisted of 112 superficial feet of elm 
timber. 
LAMBERT, George, an English landscape 
painter, died in 1765. 
LAMBERT, George Henry, an able mathe- 
matician, of Alsace, and an author, died in 
1728. 
LAMBERT, of Schawemburg, a German Be- 
nedictine, published a dry chronicle, from Adam 
to A. D. 1077; he died in 1669. 
LAMBIN, Denys, professor of belles-lettres, 
at Paris. He was esteemed as a critic and a 
scholar, and died in 1672. 
LAMBRUN, Margaret, was a Scotch wo- 
man, and one of the retinue of Mary queen of 
Scots, as was also her husband, who dying ot 
grief for the tragical end of that princess, his 
wife took up a resolution of revenging the death 
of both upon queen Elizabeth. For that pur- 
pose she put on a man’s habit; and, assuming 
the name of Anthony Sparke, repaired to the 
court of the queen of England, always carry- 
ing with her a brace of pistols, one to kill Eliza- 
beth, and the other to shoot herself, in order to 
avoid the hands of justice; but her design hap- 
pened to miscarry by an accident which saved 
the queen’s life. Ona day, as she was pushing  LA 
through the crowd to come up to her majesty, 
who was then walking in her garden, she chan- 
ced to drop one of the pistols. This being seen 
by the guards, she was seized, in order to be 
sent immediately to prison, but the queen not 
suspecting her to be one of her own sex, had a 
mind first to examine her. Accordingly, de- 
manding her name, country, and quality, Mar- 
garet replied with an unmoved steadiness, “ Ma- 
dam, though I appear in this habit, I am a wo- 
man; my name is Margaret Lambrun; I was 
several years in the service of queen Mary, my 
mistress, whom you have so unjustly put to 
death ; and by her death you have also caused 
that of my husband, who died of grief to see so 
innocent a queen perish so biiquitously. Now, 
as I had the greatest love and affection for both 
those personages, I resolved, at the peril of myi 
life, to revenge their death by killing you, who| 
are the cause of both.” The queen pardoned 
her, and granted her a safe conduct till she! 
should be set upon the coast of France. 
LAMI, Bernard, a philosopher of a noble 
family of Mons; he was a warm admirer of 
the principles of Descartes, and died in 1715. 
LAMI, Dom. Francis, a French writer, who 
distinguished himself against Spinosa ; he died 
in 1711. 
LAMI, John, ecclesiastical professor at Flo- 
rence, was a facetious and agreeable man, andi 
died in 1774. 
LAMIA, a celebrated Grecian courtezan, 
some time mistress to Ptolemy I., king of Egypt. 
LAMOIGNON, Christian Francis de, advo- 
cate-general and president of the parliament, of 
Paris, died in 1677. 
LAMPE, Frederic Adolphus, rector of Bre-| 
men university, and an author, died in 1729. I 
LAMPLUGH, Thomas, an Englishman, andj 
archbishop of York. He crowned king Wil-| 
liain, after exhorting the people to adhere Ur 
James II., he died in 1691. 
LAMPRIDIUS, a Latin historian, whoj 
flourished under the emperors Dioclesian and 
Constantine, in the 4th century. We have of 
his writing the lives of four emperors, viz. 
Coinmodus, Antoninus, Diadumcnus, and He- 
liogabalus. 
LAMPRIDIUS, Benedict, a Latin poet, of 
Cremona, died in 1540. 
LANA, Francis de, a jesuit, of Brescia, born 
in 1637. From his works, it appears that he, 
had an idea of aerostation prior to Montgolfier. 
LANCASTER, James, a celebrated Englishj 
navigator, died in 1620. 
LANCASTER, Nathaniel, D. D., an English! 
divine and an author, died in 1775. 
LANCELOT,Claude, a native of Paris, andj 
tutor to the prince of Conti, was a Benedictine 
monk, and the author of several works; he 
died in 1659. 
LA NCELOTTI, John Paul, an Italian, em- 
ployed by pope Paul IV., to compile the canon 
law ; he died in 1591. 
LANCJEAN, Remi, the most eminent of 
Vandyck's pupils, died in 1671. 
LANCISI, John Maria, an eminent Italian 
physician and anatomist, born at Rome, in 1654, 
died in 1720. 
LANCRET, Nicholas, a famous French 
painter, born at Paris, in 1690, died in 1743. 
There are a great many prints after his paint- 
ings. 
LANCR1NCK, Prosper Henricus, an excel- 
lent landscape painter in the English school, 
born at Antwerp, in 1628, died in 1692. His 
LA 
styiewas agreeable, and imitative of Titian and 
Saivator Rosa. 
LANDA, Catlierine, a learned lady, author 
of an elegant Latin letter to Peter Bembo, died 
in 1526. 
LANDEN, John, born in Northamptonshire, 
in 1719, died in 1790, having written largely on 
mathematics, and advanced that science con- 
siderably by his studies and experiments. 
LANDINI, Christopher, a learned Venetian 
of the 15th century. 
LANDO, Hortensio, an Italian physician, of 
the 16th century, who wrote several works. 
LANDO, Bassiano, a physician, of Padua,au- 
thor of some medical works, was assassinated 
in 1562. 
LANDRI, bishop of Paris, and founder of 
the hospital called Hotel de Dieu, died about 
660. 
LANE, Jane, a female of extraordinary sa- 
gacity and spirit, who assisted in the escape and 
preservation of Charles II., after the battle ol 
Worcester, and was amply rewarded at the 
restoration. Charles (disguised in her father’s 
livery) rode before her on horseback from Bent- 
ley Hall to Staffordshire, to Mr. Norton’s near 
Bristol. 
LANFRANC, John, an Italian painter; he 
excelled chiefly in fresco, and died 1647. 
LANFRANC, a physician, of Milan; he 
restored surgery to a regular and respectable 
system, and died in 1300. 
LANFRANC, archbishop of Canterbury 
in the reign of William I., died in 1089. He re- 
built the cathedral of Canterbury, and has the 
character of a great statesman, as well as a 
learned prelate. 
LANFRANCO, Giovanni, an eminent Ital- 
ian painter, disciple of the Carracci, born in 
1581, died in 1647. 
LANG, John Michael, professor of divinity 
at Altorf, died in 1731. 
LANGALIERE, Philip de Gentils, marquis 
de, distinguished himself in the service of 
France during 20 years. He was afterwards 
in the service of the emperor, and king of Po- 
land, and died in 1717. 
LANGBAINE, Gerard, an English writer, 
who acquired literary ceiebrity by his edition of 
Longinus; ne died in 1657. 
LANGBAINE, Gerard, born in 1656, was au- 
thor of “ An account of the English Dramatic 
Poets,” which has been of great use to later bio- 
graphers ; he died in 1692. 
LANGDALE, Marinaduke, an Englishman 
of great courage, who espoused the royal cause 
in the rebellion ; he died in 1681. 
LANGDON, Samuel, D. D., minister of a 
church in Portsmouth, New-Hampshire, and 
afterwards president of Harvard college; he 
died in 1797. 
LANGDON, John, LL. D., an active and 
powerful advocate of the revolution, was a 
member of Congress in 1775, and afterwards a 
member of the convention which formed the 
federal constitution, a senator in Congress, and 
governor of the state of New-IIampshire ; he 
died at Portsmouth, in 1819. 
LANGE, Joseph, Greek professor at Friburg, 
in 1600 ; he turned catholic in the latter part of 
his life. 
LANGE, Charles Nicholas, a Swiss naturalist, 
about 1720. 
LANGE, Rodolphus, canon of Munster, dis- 
tinguished himself as a poet; he died in 1519. 
LANGELANDE, Robert, author of “ The Vi 
274 LA 
sions of Pierce Plowman,” and one of the most 
ancient English poets, flourished about the mid- 
dle of the 14th century. 
LANGHAM, Simon, archbishop of Canter- 
bury; he was made treasurer of England by 
Edward III., and died in 1376. 
LANGIIORNE, Dr. John, rector of Blagden, 
in Somersetshire, and author of several literary 
productions ; among which the best knovvn are, 
“Poems,” in 2 vols., “Sermons,” in 2 vols., 
“ Theodosius and Constantia,” “ Frederick and 
Pharamond, or the Consolations of Human 
Life ;” and a translation of “ Plutarch’s Lives.” 
He was born in 1735, and died in 1779. 
LANGIUS, John, of Lawenburg, practised 
physic at Heidelberg ; he was physician to four 
successive electors palatine, and died in 1565. 
LANGLAND, John, principal of Magdalen 
Hall, Oxford, and bishop of Lincoln, was a 
popular preacher and a benevolent man; he 
died in 1547. 
LANGLE, John Maximilian, minister of the 
reformed church at Rouen ; he wrote a defence 
of Charles I., and died in 1674. 
LANGLE, Samuel de, son of the preceding; 
on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he 
went to England, was made D. D- at Oxford, 
and died in 1699. 
LANGLEY, Batty, an English architect, au- 
thor of some useful books, died in 1751. 
LANGTON, John, an English Carmelite 
monk, was at the council of Basil. 
LANGTON, Stephen, made archbishop of 
Canterbury by the pope, in the reign of king 
John, died in 1228. He was one of the most 
illustrious men of the age in which he lived, 
for his learning and his writings. 
LANGUET, Hubert, a learned Frenchman, 
minister of state to the elector of Saxony, and 
afterwards in the service of the prince of Orange; 
he died in 1581. 
LANGUET, John Baptist Joseph, doctor of 
the Sorbonne, the celebrated vicar of St. Sulpice 
at Paris, and one of those extraordinary men 
whom Providence raises up for the relief of the 
indigent and wretched, for the good of society, 
and the glory of nations, was born at Dijon, 
June 6, 1657, and died in 1750. 
LANGUET, John Joseph, archbishop of Sens, 
a polemical divine, esteemed for his benevolence 
and piety ; he died in 1753. 
LANIER, a painter, employed by Charles I. 
LANNOY, or LAUNOY, Charles de, an able 
general in the service of the emperor Charles V., 
who took Francis I. prisoner at the battle of 
Pavia ; he died in 1527. 
LANSBERGHE, Philip, a learned mathe- 
matician, of Ghent, and the author of several 
works ; he died in 1632. 
L ANSDOVVNE. See GRANVILLE. 
LAN/, A NO, Andrea, an Italian painter 
who excelled in his art, died in 1712. 
LANZI, Lewis,an Italian jesuit, distinguished 
as an antiquary. On the suppression of his or- 
der, he was made sub-director of the gallery at 
Florence. He was author of an essay on the 
T uscan language, and other works, and died 
in 1810. 
LANZONI, Joseph, a native of Ferrara, em- 
'nent as a physician, and an antiquary; he died 
•n 1730. 
LAPARELLI, Francis, an Italian, eminent 
as an architect, mechanic, and engineer. He 
assisted Michael Angelo in his designs for fet. 
Peter’s church, at Rome, and died in 1590. 
LAPIUE, Cornelius, a French jesuit, author 
LA 
bf 10 vols. folio, of commentaries on the Scrip- 
tures, died in 1637. 
LAPO, Arnulphus di, a native of Floience, 
known as an able architect, died in 1300. 
LAUGHER, Peter Henry, a French writer, 
author of a translation of Herodotus, of Xeno- 
phon, &x. ; lie died in 1812. 
LARDNER, Dr. Nathaniel, a very eminent 
dissenting divine, author of “ The Credibility 
of the Gospel History of “ The Testimonies 
of the Ancient Jews and Pagans in favour of 
Christianity “ The History of Heretics,” &c.; 
he was born in 1684, and died in 1768. 
LARGtLLIERE, Nicholas de, a French 
painter of great merit. He painted portraits of 
James II., of England, and his queen, and died 
in 1705. 
LAROON, Marcellus, a painter, born at the 
Hague, was celebrated for his astonishing cor- 
rectness as a copyist; he died in 1705. 
LARREY, Isaac de, a French Calvinist,who, 
on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, fled to 
Holland, and was made historiographer to the 
states ; he died in 1719. 
LARROQUE, Matthew de, a French protes- 
tant minister, of deserved popularity ; he died 
in 1684. 
LARROQUE, Daniel de, son of the preced- 
ing, and author of several works, died in 1731. 
LASCARIS, Constantine, one of those learn- 
ed Greeks who quitted Constantinople upon 
its being taken by the Turks in 1453, and took 
refuge in Italy. He was author of a “ Greek 
Grammar,” and other small works of a similar 
kind. 
LASCARIS, John, surnamed Rhyndacenus, 
was of the imperial family. He was an admi 
rable scholar, and died in 1535. 
LASCI or LASKO, John de, a learned Pole, 
made bishop of Vesprim. He declared in fa- 
vour of the reformation, and was dismissed from 
his bishopric; he died in 1560. 
LASENA, or LASCENA, Peter, a learned 
Italian, and an author, died in 1636. 
LASSELS, Richard, an Englishman, who 
embraced the catholic religion; he published 
“ travels in Italy,” and died in 1768. 
LATIMER, Hugh, bishop of Worcester, one 
of the first reformers of the church of Eng- 
land, born in 1470. It is a remarkable circum- 
stance, though not altogether without parallel, 
that, from being a papist he became a zealous 
protestant, active in supporting the reformed 
doctrine, and assiduous to make converts. For 
his zeal, however, in the protestant faith, he 
was, with Ridley, bishop of London, burnt at 
Oxford, in 1555. 
LAUD, William, archbishop of Canterbury 
in the reign of Charles I., was born in 1573, 
and beheaded in 1645 for high treason; he fell 
a sacrifice to party violence, and high church 
sentiments. 
LAIJDER, William, a native of Scotland, 
memorable for an attempt to ruin the reputation 
of Milton ; an attempt which ended in the de- 
struction of his own. He began first to retail 
part of his design in the Gentleman’s Magazine, 
1747; and finding that his forgeries were not 
detected, was encouraged, in 1751, to collect 
them, with additions, into a volume, entitled 
“ An Essay on Milton’s Use and Imitation of 
the Moderns in his Paradise Lost.” The fideli- 
ty of his quotations had been doubted by seve- 
ral people ; and the falsehood of them was soon 
after demonstrated by bishop Douglas, in a 
pamphlet entitled, 11 Milton vindicated from the 
275  LA 
Charge of Plagiarism, brought against him by. 
zander: and Lauder himself convicted of seve- 
-a! Forgeries and gross Impositions on the Pub- 
lic.” The appearance of this detection over- 
whelmed Lauder with confusion. He subscribed 
a confession dictated by Dr. Johnson ; and, find- 
ing that his character was not to be retrieved, 
quitted the kingdom, and passed the remainder 
nf his life in universal contempt. He died at 
Barbadoes, in 1770 See BOWLE. 
LAUDOI1N, or LOUDON, Gideon Ernest, 
field-marshal, and commander in chief of the 
Austrian forces, born in 1716, died in 1790. So 
high was his reputation, that Frederic the Great, 
of Prussia, used to say, he feared nobody so 
much as Laudohn. 
LAUG1ER, Mark Antony, a French jesuit, 
the author of several works, died in 1769. 
LAUNAY, Francis de, a French advocate of 
eminenefe, and an author of law publications, 
died in 1693. 
LAUNOI, John de, a learned French writer, 
known for his defence of the rights of the Gal- 
lican church, died in 1678. 
LAUNOY, Charles de, a French general. 
See 1, ANNOY. 
LAURA DE NOVES, the mistress of Pe- 
trarch, who wrote in her praise 318 sonnets and 
88 songs, most of which breathe the warmest 
spirit of poetry She was born at Avignon, 
in 1310, and died in 1348. 
LAURATI, Peter, a celebrated Italian pain- 
ter, who flourished in the 15th century. 
LAURENS, or LAURENTIUS, Andrew, 
professor of medicine, at Montpelier, and phy- 
lician to Henry IV., died in 1609. 
LAURENS, Honorus, brother of Andrew, 
an advocate in the parliament of Paris, and af- 
terwards archbishop of Embrun; he died in 1612. 
LAURENS, Henry, a member of Congress 
rom South Carolina, and president of that 
»ody in 1777. He was taken prisoner by the 
British, while on his way to Holland, as ambas- 
sador from the United Stales, and confined in 
the tower, and treated with great rigour until 
1781. On liis liberation, he went to France, 
and afterwards, joined the American ministers 
in signing the treaty with Great Britain. He 
died in Carolina, in 1792. 
LAURENS, John, son of the preceding, was 
a distinguished officer of the American army, 
during the war of the revolution, and rendered 
essential services to his country. He was mor- 
tally wounded in an action with a small party 
of the enemy in Carolina, and died in 1782. 
LAURENT, Peter Joseph, a native of Flan- 
ders, celebrated for his astonishing mechanical 
powers ; he died in 1775. 
LAURENTIO, Nicholas, a remarkable cha- 
racter in the history of modern Rome, who, al- 
though the son of a vintner, rose to the supreme 
power, but was murdered by the populace. 
LAURI, Filippo, an eminent Italian painter, 
born at Rome in 1623, died in 1694. 
L WATER, Lewis, an ecclesiastic, known for j 
his abilities as a protestant controversialist, died 
in 1586. 
LAVATER, John Gaspar Christian, a Swiss 
divine, of warm fancy, and natural acute- 
ness, by which he was led to turn his attention 
to the expression of human sentiment and cha- 
racter. He perceived that not only transient 
passion, but even the more permanent qualities 
of character, are often very distinctly expressed ; 
out carried his observations in this way much 
farther than any other person had before ad 
LA _ 
■ vanced. Success inflamed his imagination, and 
he became an enthusiast in the study of physi- 
ognomy. The opinions relative to it, which he 
propagated, were a medley of acute observa- 
tion, ingenious conjecture, and wild reverie. 
His books, published in the German language, 
were multiplied by many editions, and transla- 
tions. This amiable clergyman (for such he 
was,) was born at Zurich, in 1741, and died 
there in 1801, in consequence of a wound wliick 
he received from a French soldier a twelve 
month before. 
LAVINGTON, George, bishop of Exeter 
born in 1083, and died at Exeter, in 1702. lie 
sides sermons, he published, “ The Enthusiasn 
of the Methodists and Papists compared.” 
LAVIROTTE, Lewis Anne, a French physi 
cian of eminence, died in 1759. 
LAVOISIER, Antoine Laurent, a celebrated 
French medical and chymical writer, born ai 
Paris, in 1743, was murdered by the guillotine un- 
der the execrable tyranny of Robespierre, with 
27 other farmers-general, in 1794. 
LAW, John, of Edinburgh, a famous pro- 
jector, who raised himself to the dignity of comp- 
troller-general of the finances of France, upon 
the strength of a scheme for establishing a bank, 
an East-India, and a Mississippi company, with 
the profits of which the national debt of France 
was to be paid off; but this great fabric of false 
credit fell to the ground, and almost overthrew 
the French government, ruining somethousauds 
of families ; and it is remarkable, that the same 
desperate game was played by the South Sea 
directors in England in the same fatal year, 
1720. Law, being exiled as soon as the credit 
of his projects began to fail, retired to Venice, 
where he died in poverty, in 1729. 
LAW, Edmund, bishop of Carlisle, an emi 
nent theological writer, born in 1702, died in 1787. 
LAW, William, an able English dissenting 
divine, and author of the “ Serious Call he 
died in 1761. 
LAW, Jonathan, a native of Connecticut, 
was successively a judge and chief justice of 
the superior court, lieutenant-governor, and af 
tervvards governor, of that state ; he died >n 
1750. 
LAW, Richard, LL. D., an eminent lawyer 
of Connecticut, was for several years, a judge 
and chief justice of the supreme court of that 
state, and afterwards judge of the United States 
district court. He died in 1806. 
LAWES, William, an eminent English mu- 
sician and composer, was killed at the siege 
of Chester, in the army of Charles I. 
LAWES, Henry, his brother, and also a great 
musician, in which art he is by some thought to 
have excelled William, was born at Salisbury 
in 1600, and died in 1662. 
LAWRENCE, Stringer, a disting' i.:Ii»d gene- 
ral on the East India Company’s estabhsmnent, 
born in 1697, died in 1775. In gratitude for his emi 
nent services in the command of their forces on 
I the coast of Coromandel, during a period of 2(1 
years, the Company erected a noble monumen* 
to his memory in Westminster Abbey. 
LAWRENCE, James, a captain in the nav» 
of the United States, distinguished for his lira 
very and skill, was wounded in an action win 
the British frigate Shannon, in 1813, and died 
four days afterwards. 
LAWSON, Sir John, captain of a ship in the 
navy of the parliament, and afterwards rear- 
admiral under the duke of York ; lie was kill 
cd in 1665. 
276 LE 
LAWSON, John, surveyor general of North 
Carolina, and author of a work, containing a 
natural history of that country to about the 
year 1700. 
LAY, Benjamin, an eccentric, but benevolent 
quaker, who distinguished himself by his deci- 
ded opposition to slavery, and to the use of arti- 
cles of luxury. He was a native of England, 
but removed "to the West Indies, and afterwards 
to Philadelphia, where he died. 
LAYARD, Charles Peter, an English divine, 
and dean of Bristol; he died in 1803. 
LAZARELL1, John Francis, a native of Ga- 
bco, and a poet, died in 1694. 
LEAKE, Richard, master gunner of England, 
was distinguished for bravery in several naval 
actions; he was born at Harwich, in 1620, and 
died in 1696. 
LEAKE, Sir John, a brave and successful 
English admiral, born in 1656, was distinguished 
by many great actions; but chiefly by his relief 
and preservation of Gibraltar from the Erencli 
and Spaniards, in 1705. He died in 1720. 
LEAKE, Stephen Martin, an ingenious wri- 
ter on coins, and on heraldry, born in 1702, died 
in 1773. 
LEAKE, Dr. John, physician to the West- 
minster Lying-in-Hospital, of which hewasthe 
founder, died in 1792. His writings on midwife- 
ry, and on female diseases, are in very high es- 
teem. 
I.EAPOR, Mary, an ingenious English lady, 
and author of some poems, died in 1735. 
LEAMING, Jeremiah, an episcopal clergy 
man, of New-England, and a theological wri- 
ter ; he died in 1804. 
LEB1D, an Arabian poet, employed by Ma- 
homet to answer satirical works against him. 
LE BLANC, Marcel, one of the fourteen je- 
euiis whom Lewis XIV. sent to Siam, died in! 
1693. 
LECLAIR, John, a native of Lyons, an emi- 
nent musical composer, was assassinated in 
1764. 
LECTIUS, James, a native of Geneva, a po-j 
et and critic, died in 1611. 
LEDESMA, Alplionsus, a Spanish poet, died 
in 1623. 
LEDYARD, John, a distinguished American 
traveller, a native of Connecticut. He ac- 
companied captain Cook in his last voyage, and 
witnessed his death. After suffering incredible 
hardships in his different journeys, he died at. 
Cairo, in 1789, while preparing to penetrate the 
interior of Africa. 
LEE, Samuel, an Englishman, ejected from 
his living for non-conformity in 1686, and em- 
barked for North America. 
LEE, Nathaniel, an eminent English drama- 
tic poet. He is the author of eleven plays, all 
acted with applause. His thoughts are wonder- 
fully suited to tragedy; but frequently lost in 
such a cloud of words, that it is difficult to see 
the beauty of them. He died in 1691. 
LEE, Thomas, president of the council of 
Virginia, in 1749. The administration of the 
affairs of the colony devolved on him until his 
death, which occurred in 1750. 
LEE, Charles, a native of Wales. After 
serving in the English army under generals 
Abercrombie and Burgoyne, came to Virginia, 
in 1773, and at the commencement of the revo- 
lutionary war, was appointed a major-general in 
the army, and afterwards to the command of the 
troops in the southern states. He rendered great 
am) important services to the United States, but 
LE 
being censured and suspended for disobedience 
of orders, he retired to private life, ami died 
from chagrin and mortification, on account of 
his disgrace, about 1762. 
LEE, Richard Henry, an eminent citizen, and 
distinguished patriot of the revolution, was a 
member of congress from Virginia, in 177G, and 
first proposed to that body the declaration of in- 
dependence, which he afterwards signed. He 
was subsequently president of congress, and a 
senator of the United States, under the federal 
constitution. He died in 1794, and his name 
will be remembered with gratitude, as one of the 
most conspicuous actors of the revolution, so 
long as Americans enjoy the benefits resulting 
from that event. 
LEE, Arthur, LL. D., brother of the preced- 
ing, was also an ardent friend to the rights of 
the colonies, and rendered them essential servi- 
ces, while agent of Virginia, at London. He 
was afterwards minister to France, from tiie 
United States,with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Deane ; 
he died in 1792. 
LEE, Francis Lightfoot, a member of con- 
gress, from Virginia, in 1775, and one of tbs 
signers of the declaration of Independence ; he 
died at Richmond, in 1797. 
LEE, Thomas Sint, a member of congress, 
and of the convention w'hicli formed the federal 
constitution, afterwards governor of Maryland ; 
he died in 1819. 
LEE, Charles, attorney-general of the United 
States, died in 1815. 
LEE, Ezra, a revolutionary officer, who was 
engaged in several of the principal contests of 
the war. He enjoyed the confidence of his su- 
perior officers, and was selected to take charge 
of the marine “ Turtle,” in an attempt to blow 
up the British ship Asia, in the harbour of New- 
! York. He died in 1821. 
LEE, Samuel, a learned and distinguished 
English divine, afterwards first minister at Bris- 
tol, Rhode Island ; he died in 1691, on his return 
| to England. 
! LEECHMAN, Dr. William, principal of the 
! college of Glasgow-, born in 1706, died in 1785. 
His publications were few, but they are gene- 
| rally known and admired, and will remain last- 
ing monuments of a devout and benevolent 
heart as well as of an enlarged and highly cul- 
tivated understanding. 
LEEPE, John Anthony Van der, a Dutch 
painter, celebrated for his sea views, died in 
1720. 
LEESE, Anna, a native of England, of ob- 
scure origin, and of doubtful character, was the 
founder of the society of shakers. She came 
to America, and settled near Albany, where she 
died in 1784. 
LEETE, William, a native of England, came 
to America to enjoy his stern republican prin- 
ciples, and settled at Guilford. He was chosen 
governor of New-Haven, and on the union of 
the colonies, lieutenant-governor and governor 
of Connecticut. lie died in 1683. 
LEEURO, Gabriel Van der, a native of Dordt, 
who excelled in painting animals; he died in 
1688. 
LEGGE, George, lord Dartmouth,an eminent 
English admiral, who commanded the force sent 
to demolish Tangier, in 1683. In 1688, he was 
made admiral of the fleet; but, after the revo- 
lution was effected, he w'as committed to the 
Tower, on suspicion of corresponding with the 
abdicated king; and he died in that prison ia 
1691.  LE 
LEGLJANO, Stefano Maria, ahistorical pain- 
ter, the pupil of Carlo Maratli His pieces are 
masterly, particularly in the diffusion of light 
and shade; he died in Italy, in 1715. 
LEIBNITZ, Godfrey William de, baron of 
Leipsic, an eminent statesman, poet, and law- 
yer, but more eminent as a writer on philoso- 
phy, born in 1646, died in 1716. His philoso- 
phical writings are very numerous, and have 
rendered his name immortal. 
LEIGH, Sir Edward, an English critic and 
Hebrew lexicographer, died in 1671. 
LEIGH, Charles, F. R. S., an able naturalist, 
of England. He wrote a natural history of 
Lancashire, Cheshire, &c., and a history of 
Virginia. He died in the beginning of the 18th 
century. 
LEIGHTON, Alexander, a native of Edin 
burgh, author of “ Zion’s Plea,” and “ Looking 
Glass of the Holy War,” both directed against 
the government. He was inconsequence punish- 
ed by having his nose siit, his ears cut, and run- 
ning the gauntlet. He died in 1644. 
LEIGHTON, Robert, an eminent Scotch pre- 
late and theological writer, died in 1684. 
LEISLER, Jacob, known as the leader of a 
rebellion, in the colony of New-York, for which, 
lie was accused of treason, condemned, and ex- 
ecuted, about 1691. 
LEISMAN, John Anthony, a German pain- 
ter, some of whose pictures are very much ad- 
mired; he died in 1698. 
LELAND, John, the first and last antiquary- 
royal in England, was born in London, and died 
in 1552. He has been styled the father of Eng- 
lish antiquaries. 
LELAND, Dr. John, a celebrated English 
dissenting divine, settled in Dublin, who distin- 
guished himself by some very estimable and la- 
borious publications, particularly “ A View of 
the Deistical Writers of England,” and “ The 
Advantage and Necessity of the Christian Re- 
velation.” He was born in 1691, and died in 
1766. 
LELAND, Dr. Thomas, author of a “ Histo- 
ry of Ireland,” a “ Life of Philip of Macedon,” 
and translator of Demosthenes, was born in 
1722, and died in 1785. 
LE LONG, James, author of “ Historical Li- 
brary of France.” He died at Paris, in 1721. 
LELY, Sir Peter, an excellent portrait and 
historical painter, born in 1017, at Westphalia, 
but afterwards settled in England, under the pa- 
tronage of Charles II., died in 1680. 
LE.MENS, Balthasar Van, a natix'e of Ant- 
werp, eminent as a historical painter, died in 
London, in 1704. 
LE MERCIER, Andrew, a minister of Bos- 
ton, for many years pastor of a French protest- 
ant church in that place; he died in 1762. 
LEMERY, Nicolas, a celebrated French 
thymical writer, born at Rouen, in io45, died in 
1715. 
LEMERY, Lewis, son of the preceding, was 
born at Paris, and became physician to the king. 
He. was the author of several useful books, and 
lied in 1743. 
LEMN1US, Ltevinius, born at Zealand, 
where he became a physician, and afterwards 
rook orders. He wrote on astrology, plants, &c., 
and died in 1588. 
LEMOINE, Francis, a French painter, who, 
without genius, became, by application, an emi- 
nent artist; he died in 1737. 
LEMON, George William, an English divine, 
who distinguished himself by the publication 
LE ~ 
of a large volume on “ English Etymology,* 
being a derivative dictionary', in which he. ha 
not only investigated the radical meaning of 
many obscure and almost unintelligible words 
but exploded many vulgar errors, and illustra- 
ted many passages in ancient English writers 
He was born in 1726, and died in 1797. 
LE MONNIER, Peter Charles, a celebrated 
French astronomer, and one of those who made 
the journey to the north in 1785, for the admea- 
surement of the globe, died at Paris, in 1799. 
LE MONNIER, Lewis William, brother of 
the preceding, was a distinguished physician and 
an able philosopher. He wrote several valuable 
articles for the French Encyclopedia,and died in 
1799. 
L’ENCLOS, Ninon de, a very distinguished 
French courtezan, who, with a fine understand- 
ing and philosophic spirit, would reason like 
Socrates, though she acted like Lais; while, 
therefore, the great Conde, the Villarceaux, the 
Sevignes, the Rochefoucaults, enjoyed her as a 
mistress, the learned consulted her as a philo- 
sopher and a critic. This bewitching woman 
died in 1708, aged 90, retaining her personal 
charms to the last. She left some children, and 
one of her sons died before her, a very tragical 
death indeed. Not knowing her to be his mo- 
ther (for all her operations were conducted with 
secrecy and mystery,) he actually fell in love 
with her; and when, to get rid of his passion, 
she discovered herself to him, through shame 
and despair he poignarded himself in her pre- 
sence. 
L’ENFANT, James, an eminent French pro- 
testant minister, born in 1691, died in 1728. He 
was author of three capital works, viz. Histo- 
ries of the Council of Constance, Basil, and 
Pisa. Besides these, he published the New 
Testament, translated into French from the ori- 
ginal Greek, with notes, in conjunction with 
Beausobre ; which version was much esteemed 
by the protestants. 
L’ENGLET, Nicholas du Fresnov, a very vo- 
luminous French writer, born in 1674, died in 
1755. His “ Metliode pour etudier l’Histoire,” 
&c. seems to have been thought his best produc- 
tion. His end was very tragical: for, falling 
asleep as he was reading by the fire, he fell into 
it, and his head was nearly burnt off before the 
accident was perceived. 
LENNARD, Sampson, a friend of Sir Philip 
Sidney, with whom he distinguished himself at 
the battle of Zutphen. He was also an eminent 
translator from 'Latin and French ; he died in 
1630. 
LENNOX, Charlotte, a writer of novels and 
plays, the daughter of colonel Ramsay, lieuten- 
ant-governor of New-York, was born in 1720, 
and died in 1804. Her best known novel is 
“ The Female Quixotte.” The latter part of 
her life was clouded by sickness and penury, 
her chief support being derived from “ The 
Literary Fund.” 
LENS, Bernard, painter and enameller to 
George II., died in 1741. 
LENTHAL. William, speaker of the long 
parliament, a dubious character during the civil 
wars, who sought his own fortunes by secretly 
siding with the republicans; he died under con- 
trition, in 1663. 
LENTULUS, Cneius, a Roman consul, his- 
torian, and poet, he was put to death by Tibe 
rius. 
LEO I., or Ancient, succeeded Marcian, on 
the throne of Constantinople, in, 457. He wa* _ LE 
praised by some historians, but greatly censured 
by others, and died in 474. 
LEO II., or Younger. He ruined his consti- 
tution by his debaucheries, and died, aged 16, 
soon after his accession. 
LEO 111. was the son of acobbler, who served 
in the army with such success that he became 
a general, and in 711. seated himself on the im- 
perial throne of Constantinople. He was de- 
tested as a tyrant, and excommunicated by the 
popes of Home, he died in 741. 
LEO IV. succeeded to the throne in775. He 
warred against the Saracens with success, and 
died in 780. 
LEO V., the Armenian, becanu a general 
by his valour in the Roman armies, and so great 
was his popularity, that he prevailed on his 
soldiers to proclaim him emperor, in 813. He 
was assassinated in 820. 
LEO VI., or the Philosopher, also called the 
Wise, succeeded to the tnrone in 886. He maoe 
war against the Bulgarians, Hungarians, ana 
Saracens ; deposed the patriarchs, Photius and 
Nicolas. He protected men of letters, and died 
in 911. 
LEO I., pope, surnamed the Great. During 
his reign, Genseric ferociously entered Rome. I 
and having taken possession of the city, gave iti 
up to pillage for 14 days. Leo was a learned 
and useful pope, and died in 461. 
LEO II., pope, was an aide and resolute pon- 
tiff. He first established the kiss of peace, at 
the mass, and the use of holy water; he died in 
683. 
LEO III., pope. His nephew attempted his 
destruction, but he escaped to Charlemagne, 
who espoused his cause and seated him again in 
the pontifical chair. He was an eloquent and 
popular pontiff, and died in 816. 
LEO IV., pope. He was a wise and courage- 
ous pontiff, and boldiv met the Saracens, wno 
came to pillage his city, defeating, and taking a 
vast number prisoners, who were kept to fortify 
and adorn the city ; he died in 855. 
LEO V., pope after Benedict IV., in 903. He 
was soon after exiled, and died of grief. 
LEO VI., pope after John XM in 928. He died 
about 7 months after. 
LEO VII., a Roman, elected pope after John 
XI. He possessed many virtues, and diet, in 939. i 
LEO VIII., elected by authority of the em-j 
peror Otho, on the deposition of John XII., in 
963. He was a pontiff of great merit and re- 
spectability ; he died in 965. 
LEO IX., Bruno, bishop of Tout, was elected j 
pope in 1048, and deserved the name of saint, I 
given him in the Roman calendar. His sermons 
and other works are still extant; fie died in 1054. 
LEO X., pope of Rome, ever to be remem- 
bered by protestants as having been the cause 
of the Reformation begun by Luther, was born 
at Florence, in 1475, and died in 1521. He was 
i lover and patroniser of learning as-d learned 
men, and equally favoured arts and sciences, 
being himself a man of taste. For this he has 
been often celebrated, and by Pope in particular: 
“ But see 1 each Muse in Leo’s golden days 
Starts from her trance, and trims her wither’d 
bays; 
Rome’s ancient genius, o’er its ruins spread, 
Shakes off the dust, and rears his rev’rend head. 
Then Sculpture and her sister arts revive ; 
Stones leap to form, and rocks begin to live ; 
With sweeter notes each ris ng temple rung; 
& Raphael painted and a Vida sung.” 
LE 
LEO, an archbishop of Thessalonica, in the 
9th century, distinguished as a mathematician, 
one of the great revivers of Grecian literature 
LEO, Pilatus, Greek professor, at Florence, 
about 13C0; first gave lectures on Homer, and 
other Greek authors. 
LEO, of Modena, a celebrated rabbi, author 
of an Italian history of the rites and customs of 
the Jews, and other works. He lived in the 
17th century. 
LEO, the grammarian, compiled in the 12th 
century a chronicle of Constantinople. 
LEO, John, a native of Grenada, eminent 
as a geographer, and author of the lives of 
Arabian philosophers, and a description of 
Africa, in Arabic. He died in 1526. 
LEO, of Byzantium, a pupil of Plato, put to 
death by the treachery of Philip. 
LEO, of Orviette, a Dominican, who wrote 
an account of the Popes, and another of the 
ilEmnprors, in 1308. 
BLEO, Peter Cieca de, a Spaniard, who tra- 
velled in America, and published an interesting 
accoui'tiof Peru, in 1550, a work of great merit 
|1 LEONE, Arto, or Conaria, a historical paintet, 
who died in 1564. 
P LEONI, Giacomo, a Venetian architect, who 
lisetUed >n England, and published a fine edition 
of Palladio; he died in 1746. 
LEONICENUS, Nicholas, an eminent phy- 
sician, of Italy, to whom we owe the first trans- 
lation of any of Galen’s works, and the “Apho- 
risms of Hippocrates,” born in 1428, died in 
1524. 
LEONICUS THOMJEUS, Nicholas, a learn 
ed Venetian, who read Lectures at Padua, with 
great reputation. He translated some Greek 
works, and died in 1524. 
LEONIDAS I., king of Sparta, a celebrated 
warrior, who died gloriously in defending the 
pass ot Thermopylaj against Xerxes, 480 years 
B. C. 
LEONTIUM,an ancient courtezan at Athens; 
famous first for her lasciviousness, and after- 
wards for her application to the study of phi- 
losophy under Epicurus. 
LEOPOLD, St., marquis of Austria, in 1096. 
By his virtues, he deserved the surname of 
Pious- he was canonized by Innocent VIII., in 
.1485. 
| LEOPOLD I., was made king of Hungary, 
jin 1655, and of Bohemia, in 1656, and was elected 
jemperor in 1658. He engaged in a war with the 
jTurks, and also with Lewis XIV, who pillaged 
land destroyed his frontier towns; he died in 1605. 
I LEOPOLD II., Peter Joseph, for 25 years 
grana aufce of Tuscany elected emperor of 
Germany in 1790; and in this high dignity, he 
evinced great abilities. He was preparing to 
declare war against France, when he died in 
1792. 
LEOPOLD, duke of Lorraine, was celebrated 
for his military talents, and after having settled 
a peace, he devoted himself to the prosperity 
and happiness of his domains, with great suc- 
cess. He died at Luneville, in 1729, universally 
lamented. 
LEOPOLD .William, archduke of Austria, bi- 
shop of Passau, &c., was at the head of the impe 
rial armies in the 30 years war against the French 
and Swedes, and was greatly distinguished, both 
in the field and cabinet; he died in 1662. 
LEOTAIJD, Vincent, a French jesuit, and 
mathematician, author of a work in which he 
proves the impossibility of squaring the circle ! 
he died in 1672. 
279 LE 
LEOWICQ, or LEOVITIUS, Cyprian, a no- 
ble Bohemian, author of a collection of astro- 
logical productions, and incoherent reveries. 
He prophesied that the world would end in 1584; 
he died in 1574. 
LEPAUTE, John Andrew, a French clock 
maker, who made some valuable improvements 
in the art, and died in 1802. 
LEPICIER, Bernard, a French engraver, se- 
cretary and historian to the royal academy of 
painting, at Paris; he published a catalogue of 
the king's pictures, in 2vs. 4to., and died in 1755. 
LEP1DUS, Marcus /Emilius, one of the Ro- 
man triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. 
LEPRINCE, John, a French musician and 
painter of great skill. Being taken by a priva- 
teer.ami robbed of every thing except his violin, 
he seized the instrument and played with such 
effect, that the sailors restored his property ; he 
died in 1781. 
LE QU1EN, Michael, a learned Dominican, 
who wrote against Courayer, on the validity of 
the ordination of the English bishops ; he died 
in 1703. 
LERNUTIUS, John, a Latin poet, born at 
Bruges, died in 1619. 
LESBONAX, a philosopher, of Mitylene, in 
the 1st century. Some of his grammatical 
works still remain. 
LESCAILLE, Catherine, a native of Hol- 
land, called, for the sweetness of her poetry, the 
Dutch Sappho, and the tenth muse ; she died 
in 1711. 
LESLEY, John, a celebrated bishop of Ross, 
in Scotland, born in 1527, died in 1596. His ex- 
ertions to save the life of Mary, queen of Scots, 
his mistress, lias endeared his name to posteri- 
ty : indeed, all parties agree in speaking of him 
as a man of incomparable learning, an able 
statesman, a zealous churchman; and of his 
fidelity to his queen as admirable and exempla- 
ry. He is author of a history of Scotland to 
1561. 
LESLIE, Dr. John, bishop of Clogher, in Ire- 
land, memorable for iiis exertions in defence of 
the royal cause, and for having endured a siege 
in his castle of Raphoe, before he would sur- 
render it to Oliver Cromwell, being the last i 
which held out in that country. He was born 
in Scotland, and died in 1671, aged about 100 
years, having been above 50 years a bishop. 
LESLIE, Charles, second son of the preced- 
ing, studied law, which he afterwards forsook 
for divinity, and became a famous theological 
disputant. His tracts on religion and politics 
amount to 50. He left also 2 folio volumes of 
theological works, and was a man of great ta- 
lents ; he died in 1722. 
LESSING, Gotthold Ephraim, a German 
poet, in the time of Voltaire, published various 
things, but without judgment. 
LESSIUS, Leonard, a jesuit, professor of di- 
vinity at Louvaine. He wrote many learned 
works, and died in 1623. 
L’ESTRANGE, Sir Roger, an English gen- 
tleman, born in 1616, was concerned in raising 
forces and in some unsuccessful enterprises in 
favour of Charles I., during the civil wars, for 
which he was obliged to leave the kingdom. 
Upon the restoration he returned, and printed 
the first English newspaper, under the title of 
the Public Intelligencer, in 1663; which he laid 
down upon the publication of the first London 
Gazette. He was author of many political 
tracts, translated several things from the Greek, 
Latin, and Spanish, and died in 1705 
LE 
LETIIIEULLIEK, Smart, Esq. an English 
gentleman, born ot' a French family, who made 
a most valuable collection of medals, books, 
MSS., and natural curiosities; he died in 17C0. 
LET1, Gregorio, an Italian miscellaneous 
writer and historian, born at Milan, in IG30, 
died in 1701. His “ History of Geneva” is the 
best of his works. 
LETTSOM, John Coakley, M. D., long distin- 
guished for public and private benevolence, and 
/or every species of useful exertion, both in the 
medical profession, and as a member of society 
at large, was born in 1744, and died in London, 
in 1815. His writings are very numerous, as 
well moral as medical; and all of them discov- 
er the philanthropist and the physician. 
LEUCIPPUS, a celebrated Greek philosopher 
and mathematician, flourished about 428 B. C. 
LEUNCLAVIUS, John, a German histori- 
an of the Ottoman empire, born in Westphalia, 
in 1533, .lied in 1593. 
LEUSDEN, John, professor of Hebrew at 
Utrecht, and eminent for his learning and ta- 
lents as a writer ; he died in 1C99. 
LEUWENHOEK, Anthony de, a very cele- 
brated Dutch physician, born at Delft, in" 1632, 
died in 1723. He became famous all over Eu- 
rope by his experiments and discoveries with 
microscopes. 
LEVER, Sir Ashton, collector of a valuable 
museum of natural history ; the expense of 
which having impaired his fortune, he was 
petmitted to sell it by lottery, but lost consider- 
ably, not a sufficient number of tickets having 
been sold. 
LEVERETT, John, a native of England 
was, after his arrival in America, intrust, d 
with several important offices, among which 
were those of major general and governor of 
Massachusetts ; he died in 1(170. 
LEVERETT, John, F R. S., a grandson of 
'the preceding, was a member and speaker of 
jthe house of assembly, and a judge of the su- 
perior court of Massachusetts. He was chosen 
president of Harvard college, in 1708, and con- 
tinued in that office until his death, which liap- 
f pened in 1724. 
LEVESQUE DE PONILLI, Lewis, a mem- 
ber of the academy of inscriptions of France, 
and governor of Rheims. He wrote “Theory 
of agreeable Sensations,” &c., and died in 
j1746. 
LEVESQUE, Peter Charles, a distinguished 
French writer, died at Paris, in 1812. 
LEVI, third son of Jacob, by Leah, died 1612 
B. C. 
LEVI, David, a Jew, born in London, in 
1740, was first a shoemaker, and afterwards a 
hatter; but became, in the result, a valuable 
acquisition to the literary circle. He died in 
1799, leaving behind him the following, among 
other, works: “Rites and Ceremonies of the 
Jews;” “Lingua Sacra, or, a Hebrew and 
English Dictionary ;” “ The Pentateuch in lie 
brew and English; ” a translation of the “ He- 
brew Liturgy,” and “ Dissertations on the 
Prophecies.” 
LEVINGSTON, James, a brave Scotchman, 
who served in the wars of Bohemia, Hol- 
land, Sweden, and Germany, and afterwards 
gentleman of the bed-chamber to Charles I.; 
he died in 1672. 
LEWIS, John, a native of Bristol, educated 
at Oxford. He became master of Cambridge 
hospital, Canterbury, and was a man of gr*at 
■ industry and learning. He published tire life n 
of Wickliffe, the life of Caxton, various histo-j 
ries, See., and died in 1746. 
LEWIS, Matthew Gregory, was born in Lon-; 
don, in 1773. He waseduca.ol at Westminster; 
school, and afterwards obtained a seat in parlia-i 
meat. He went to visit some estates that his 
fu ller had left him in Jamaica, and died on his 
passage home in 1818. His dramas are enume- 
rated in the “ Biographia Dramatieabut the 
book that conferred an infamous celebrity upon 
him. was a most licentious novel called “The 
Monk.” It gave him also the nick-name of 
Monk Lewis. 
LEWIS, kings of Fiance. See LOUIS. 
LEWIS, Meriwether, a native of Virginia, 
was private secretary to Mr. Jefferson, and was 
appointed by him governor of the territory of 
Louisiana. By order of government, he with 
Capt. Clark, explored the Missouri and country 
west, to the Pacific ; an account of the expedi- 
tion was published in 1805. He died in 1803. 
LEWIS, Francis, of New-York, was one of 
the sig lers of the declaration of Independence. 
LEV, Sir James, chief justice of Ireland, and 
afterwards of England, was finally created ba- 
ron of Ley, and earl of Marlborough, and lord 
high treasurer, by James I. 
LEYBOURN, William, originally a painter, 
and afterwards an eminent mathematician, died 
about 1690. 
LEYDECKER, Melchior, professor of the- 
ology at Utrecht, and author of a curious trea- 
tise ou the republic of the Hebrews; he died 
in 1721. 
LEYDEN, Lucas Van, a Dutch painter and 
engraver. He acquired great celebrity by his 
painting the history of St. Hubert, which he 
finished before the age of 15; he died in 1533. 
LEYDEN, John, a distinguished physician 
and poet, of Scotland, was appointed professor 
of the Hindoostanee language, at the college of 
Calcutta, and a judge at that place. He died 
ill 1811. 
LEYSSENS, N., a native of Antwerp, who 
studied painting, and was very successful in his 
profession ; lie (lied in 1720. 
L’HERITIER, a most indefatigable French 
botanist, confessedly the greatest (uext to Buf- 
fon) that France ever produced, was born near 
Paris, in 1752, and assassinated in the street at 
Berne, Aug. 15, 1800; being mistaken, as it was 
supposed, for some other person. 
LHUYD, Edward, keeper of the Ashmolean 
museum at Oxford, and a celebrated antiquary 
and linguist, died in 1709. 
LHWYD, or LHUYD, Humphrey, an anti- 
quarian, born at Denbigh. He studied physic 
at Oxford, practised in his native town, and 
died in 1570, leaving behind him the character 
of an excellent rhetorician, and sound philo- 
sopher. 
LI B ANTUS, a famous sophist of antiquity, 
born at Antioch, in 314. His epistles and ora- 
tions are in high esteem. 
LIB AVIUS, Andrew, a native of Saxonv, an 
able physician, vho wrote against Paracelsus ; 
he died in 1616. 
LI .BERT, Peter, a native of Padua, eminent 
as a painter. His best, piece is Moses striking 
the rock ; he died in 1677. 
LIBERIUS, pope after Julius T., in 352. He 
subscribed very reluctantly for the condemna- 
tion of Athanasius. He died in 365. 
LICETUS, a celebrated physician, of Italy, 
born in Genoa, in 1577, died in 1655. His work 
“ D* Monstrts’ has great merit. 
LI ~ 
![ LICHTENBERG,George Christopher, proies- 
llsor of philosophy in the university of Gottingen, 
!!and one of the most ingenious writers of Ger- 
■liaany, died in 1799. 
|j LICINIUS, Tegula, a Latin poet, 200 B. C. 
I Nothing but fragments remain of his comic 
compositions. 
LICINIUS, C. Flavius Valerianus, son of a 
Dalmatian peasant, rose to the rank of general 
in the Roman armies, ami married the sister of 
Constantine. He was killed in battle, A. D. 324. 
LICINIUS, Caius, a Roman tribune, author 
of the law to forbid any man the possession of 
more than 500 acres of land. 
L1DDEL, Duncan, a native of Aberdeen, s 
physician, and professor of mathematics a 
Helmstadt. He returned to his native town 
where lie established six scholarships it the 
university and died in 1013. 
LIEUTAUD, Joseph, physician to Lewis 
XVI., and member of the academy of sciences 
of Paris. He wrote Elements of Physiology 
Synopsis of the Practice of Medicine, &c., and 
died in 1780. 
LIEVENS, John, a native of Leyden, emi- 
nent as a historical and portrait painter, invited 
by Charles I. to England, to paint the persons 
of the court. 
LIGARIUS, Quintus, a proconsul of Africa 
was one of the murderers of Ctesar. 
LIGER, Lewis, author of the Paris Guide, 
and some useful works on gardening , ho died 
hi 1717. 
LIGHTFOOT, John, a most eminent divine, 
born in Staffordshire. He was one of the mos> 
learned rabinical scholars that England ever 
produced. His works are published in 2 vols 
folio ; he died in 1675. 
LIGNAC, Joseph Adrain de, a native of Poic- 
tiers, a priest and author of Letters to an Ame- 
rican, on Buffon’s Natural History: he died ir 
1762. 
LIGONIER, John, earl of, a very distinguish 
ed field marshal in the English army. He serv 
ed with honour in all the wars of queen Amre 
under the duke of Marlborough, and in every 
succeeding war, and died in 1770, aged 92. 
LIGORIO, Peter, a Neapolitan, distinguished 
as a painter and architect. His designs compose 
30 vols.; he died in 1580. 
LILBURNE, John, a famous English enthu- 
siast, born in 1618, died in 1657. He was the 
chief ringleader of the levellers, a modeller of 
state, and publisher of several seditious pain 
phlets; and of so quarrelsome a disposition, as 
to have it appositely said of him, that if there 
were none living but him, John would be agains- 
Lilburne, and Lilburne against John. 
LILIENTAL, Michael, a Prussian, professo 
at Koningsberg. He published various works 
which are preserved in the memoirs of the Ber- 
lin academy ; he died in 1750. 
LILLO, George, an excellent dramatic wri- 
ter, born in London, in 1693. Though strongly 
attached to the muses, he seemed to have laic 
it down as a maxim, that the devotion paid to 
them ought always to tend to the promotion of 
virtue, morality and religion. In pursuance of 
this aim, Lillo was happy in the choice of his 
subjects, and showed great power in 
the heart, by working up the passions to such a 
height as to render the distresses of common 
and domestic life equally interesting to the au- 
diences as that of kings and heroes; and the 
ruin brought on private families by an indul 
gence of avarice,lust, &.c., as the havock made  U 
in sta es and empires by ambition, cruelty, or: 
tyranny. His “George Barnwell,” “ Fatal* 
Curiosity,” and “Arden of Feversham,” arer 
all planned on common and well-known stories; 
yet they have much more frequently drawn! 
tears from an audience than the more pompous 
tragedies of “ Alexander the Great,” “ All for 
Love,” &c. He died in 1739. 
LILLY, William, a famous English astrolo- 
ger, born in 1602, died in 1681. In him we have 
an instance of the general superstition and igno- 
rance that prevailed in the time of the civil war 
between Charles I. and his parliament; for the 
king consulted this astrologer to know in what 
quarter he should conceal himself if he could 
escape from Hampton court; and general Fair- 
fax, on the other side, sent for him to his army, 
to ask him if he could tell by his art whether 
God was with them and their cause. Lilly, who 
made his fortune by favourable predictions to 
both parties, assured the general that God would 
be with him and his army. His almanacs were j 
in repute upwards of 36 years, and to be found j 
in almost every family in England. 
LILY, William, an English grammarian, j 
born at Ol ham, in Hampshire, in 1466. He 
was appointed first master of St. Paul's school, 
oy the founder, Dean Colet, in 1510, and died 
of the plague at London, in 1522. He is highly 
praised by Erasmus, who revised the syntax in 
iiis “ Grammar,” for his uncommon knowledge 
in the langu ges, and admirable skill in the 
instruction of youth. 
LILY, George, eldest son of the grammarian, 
patronised at Rome, by cardinal Pole. He wrote 
some historical books, and was the first who 
published a correct map of England ; he died in 
1559. 
LILY, Peter, second son of the grammarian, 
was a dignitary of the church of Canterbury. 
He had a son named Peter, who was D. D., pre- 
bendary of St. Paul’s, and archdeacon of Taun- 
ton ; he died in 1614. 
LIMBORCH, Philip, a celebrated professor 
of divinity, in Holland, born in 1633, died in 
1712. His best work is a “ History of the In- 
quisition.” 
LIMNA2US, John, a German lawyer, of Je- 
na, known as the author of various learned 
works ; he died in 1663. 
LI NACRE, Dr. Thomas, a very learned Eng- 
lish physician, born in 1460, died in 1524. He 
proje-‘ed the foundation of the college of phy- 
sic! i ', was the first president after its erection, 
and neld that office for the seven years that he 
lived afterwards. 
LINANT, Michael, a French poet, the inti- 
mate friend of Voltaire, who three limes obtain- 
ed the prize of the French academy ; he died 
in 1749. 
LINCOLN, Benjamin, a distinguished officer 
and a major-general in the American army, dur- 
ing the revolution. His services were conspi- 
cuous through the war. He was second in com- 
mand at the capture of Burgoyne, commander 
of the forces in the southern,states, was taken 
prisoner at Charleston, and exchanged, and af- 
terwards shared in the siege of Yorktown, and I 
superintended the capitulation of Cornwallis, j 
After the war, he was repeatedly in public life, 
was lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, and 
collector of the port of Boston until 1809. He 
died in 1810. 
IJXCOLN, Levi, a member of congress from1 
Massachusetts, was attorney-general of the Uni-! 
ad States, and for a time, acting secretary of, 
Li 
state, and lieutenant-governor of liis native 
state ; lie was appointed to, but did not accept, 
jtlie office of judge of the supreme court of the 
United States. He died in 1820. 
LIND, Dr. James, a celebrated medical wri 
ter, died in 1794. 
LINDANUS, William, a Dutchman, made 
first bishop of Ruremonde, by Philip II., of 
Spain. He wrote some Latin books in defence 
of the catholic religion, and died in 1588. 
L1NDENBRUCH, Frederic, a Fleming, the 
laborious and learned editor of Virgil, Terence, 
and other classics. He died in 1638. 
LINDSAY, John, a learned divine, for many 
years minister of the dissenting congregation in 
Aldersgate-street, London. He wrote several 
books, and died in 1768. 
LINDSAY, Sir David, of the Mount, Lyon 
King at Arms, an ancient Scotch writer and dra- 
matic poet, born in 1496, died in 1557. His chief 
writings were, “ Satires on the Vices of the 
Clergy.” His poetical works were published in 
1806. 
LINDSAY, David, after studying in foreign 
universities, returned to support the reformed 
religion against queen Mary. He wrote a his- 
tory of Scotland, and died in 1593. 
LINDSEY, Theophilus, born in 1723, took his 
degrees in arts at Cambridge, and obtained, af- 
ter other preferments, the valuable living of 
Catterick, in Yorkshire ; which, however, he 
resigned, in 1773, having embraced the Socinian 
system. He then settled in London, where he 
opened a chapel, in Essex-street, Strand, in 
which he officiated till 1793, when he retired 
from the ministry. He died in 1808. 
LINDWOOD, William, divinity professor, at 
Oxford, ambassador to Spain, and afterwards 
bishop of St. David’s. He wrote the constitu- 
tion of the archbishops of Canterbury, and 
died in 1446. 
LINGELBACK, John, a celebrated German 
landscape-painter, of the 17lh century. 
L1NGUET, Simon Nicolas Henry, a French 
writer, born at Hheiins. He was educated a 
lawyer, and rose to the highest eminence as an 
advocate. He wrote “Theory of Laws, Me- 
moirs of the Bastile, Political Anna'.s,” and many 
other works. He fell under the guillotine, in 
1794. 
LINIERE, Francis, a French poet of great 
literary merit, but of dissipated character, and 
an obstinate atheist, died in 1704. 
LINING, John, M. D., a native of Scotland, 
was a distinguished physician of South Carols 
na. He published an account of the yellow 
fever in 1753, the time of his death is not known. 
LINLEY, Thomas, a very eminent English 
composer of music, and one of the proprietors 
of I)rury-!ane theatre, died in 1795. 
LINN, William, D. D., an eminent presbyte- 
rian clergyman, of New-Jersey, afterwards set 
tied at New-York ; he died in 1808. 
LINN, John Blair, D. D., minister of a pres- 
byterian church in Philadelphia, known as a 
poet; he died in 1804. 
LINNA2US, Charles Von, the father of mo- 
dern botany, was born at Smaland, in Sweden, 
| 1707. He made the tour of Lapland, in 1732, 
I and traversed what is called the Lapland De 
sert, enduring great hardships, merely from an 
ardent love of science; and, after six months 
thus employed, returned to Upsal; in the uni 
1 versity of which, at the age of 34, lie was made 
l professor of physic and botany. He died >p 
i 1778; leaving, among other woiks, 1. System# LI 
Naturie, sistens regna tria Naturie; 2. Biblio- 
theca Botanica; 3. Critica Botanica ; 4. Genera 
Plautarum erumque Characteres Naturalis; 5. 
Anionitates AJcadeinicae; 6. MateriaMedica, &c. 
LINT, Peter Van, a native of Antwerp, 
known as an eminent historical and portrait 
painter of the 17th century. 
LINTRUSI, Severinus, professor of divinity 
and eloquence, at Copenhagen, and author ot 
some theological works in Latin; he died in 
1732. 
LINUS, St, successor of St. Peter, at Rome, 
he is ranked among the martyrs of that city. 
LIOTARD, John Stephen, a crayon painter, 
of great fame, born at Geneva, in 1702. 
LIOTARD, Peter, a French botanist, who be- 
gan the study after he was 40 years old, and 
pursued it with so much zeal, that he was made 
director of the public garden, at Grenoble; he 
died in 1795. 
LIPPI, Philip, who from a Carmelite, became 
a painter. He was a native of Florence, and 
died in 1488. 
LIPPI, Lawrence, a painter, of Florence, who 
excelled in historical pieces and in portraits. 
He also possessed merit as a poet; he died in 
1664. 
LIPSIUS, Justus, a most acute and learned 
Flemish critic and commentator on ancient au- 
thors, born near Brussels, in 1547, died in 1606. 
LI RON, John, a Benedictine of St. Maur, au- 
thor of several French works of great merit, 
died in 1749. 
LIS, John Van der, a painter, born at Olden- 
ourgh. His pieces on Scriptural subjects and 
moral sports, possess great merit; he died in 
16-29. 
LISLE, Claude de, a native of Lorraine, ex- 
celled as a teacher of geography. He wrote 
“Historical Relation of Siam,” “Abridgment 
of Universal History,” &e.; he died at Paris, 
in 1720. 
LISLE, William de, an eminent French geo- 
grapher, bora at Paris, in 1675, died in 1726. 
LISLE, Joseph Nicholas de, an able astrono- 
mer, brother to William. He had the friend- 
ship of Newton and Halley, and was invited to 
Russia, where he was placed at the head of the 
observatory ; he died in 1768. 
LISLE, Sir George, learnt the art of war in 
Flanders, and distinguished himself in the civil 
wars of Great Britain. He was knighted on 
the field of battle, at Newbury, by Charles I., 
for his bravery ; he died in 1648. 
LISOLA, Francis de, was 4 years ambassa- 
dor to England from the emperor Ferdinand III. 
He wrote on the ambitious views of Lewis 
XIV., which highly offended the French; he 
died in 1677. 
LISTER, Matthew, president of the college 
of physicians, and physician to queen Anne, and 
Charles I., who knighted him; he died in 1657. 
LISTER, Martin, nephew to sir Matthew, 
studied physic abroad, and on his return, settled 
at York, where he acquired great reputation. ' 
Ho afterwards removed to London, and attend- 
ed the duke of Portland on his journey to Paris ; 
he died iti 1711. 
LITIIGOW, William, a Scotchman, famous 
for his travels on foot over Europe, Asia, and : 
Africa, and his sufferings by imprisonment andi 
torture at Malaga. He was born the latter end 
of the 15th, and died about the middle of the 
16th century. 
LITTLE, William, an English historian, 
who wroto the history of his country from the j1 
LI 
(invasion of William the Conqueror, to 1197, in 
. live hooks. 
LITTLEBURY, Isaac, an English divine 
. who published a translation of Herodotus. 
LITTLETON, or LYTTLETON, Thomas, 
; judge of the court of common pleas, in tho 
reign of Edward IV., and author of a cele- 
• brated treatise on tenures or titles, by which all 
estates were anciently held in England; hi 
died in 1481. 
LITTLETON, Adam, an excellent English 
philologist and grammarian ; an indefatigable 
restorer of the Latin tongue, as appears from his 
“ Latin Dictionary,” and an excellent critic in 
the Greek, born in 1627, died in 1094. 
LITTLETON, Edward, an English divine 
and poet, in 1794. 
LITTLETON, Edward, a distinguished mem- 
ber of parliament, chief justice of the court of 
common pleas, lord keeper of the great seal, 
and afterwards made a peer, by the title of lord 
Littleton ; he died in 1645. 
LITTLETON, John, an active member of 
parliament. His attachment to Essex was the 
cause of his being condemned as a conspirator, 
though he was saved from execution by Sir 
Walter Raleigh ; he died in prison in 1600. 
LiVIA, wife of Tyberius Claudius Nero, af- 
terwards married to Augustus, died A. D. 29. 
LIVINGSTON, John, a Scotch presbyter, 
banished because he refused to take the oath of 
allegiance, on account of his religious opinions. 
He went to Holland, where he continued to 
preach. He was author of some letters, and 
died in 1672. 
LIVINGSTON, William, LL. D., an eminent 
lawyer, of New-York, and a zealous advocate 
of the rights of the colonies, removed to New- 
Jersey, and was chosen a member of Congress, 
and afterwards governor of that state ; he died 
in 1790. 
LIVINGSTON, John, D. D.,-an eminent di- 
vine, of New-York, born in 1746. He was pastor 
of the Dutch reformed church in the city of New 
York, and, at the same time, professor of theolo- 
gy in the theological seminary of that church; 
and on its removal to Queen's college, N. J., he 
was placed at the head of the institution; he 
died at New-Brunswick, in January, 1825. 
LIVINGSTON, Brockholst, an eminent law- 
yer, of New-York, was engaged in the army 
during a part of the revolution, and was at the 
capture of Burgoyne. He went to Spain, in 
1779, as private secretary m Mr. Jay, and on his 
return, soon rose to professional eminence in 
his native city. He was a judge of the supreme 
court of New-York, and afterwards of the 
United States, until his death in 1825. 
LIVINGSTON, Philip, a member of Con- 
gress, in 1776, and one of the signers of the de- 
claration of Independence; he died in 1778. 
LIVINGSTON, Robert R., a distinguished 
member of congress from New-York, was one 
of the committee which drew up the declaration 
of Independence, and after its adoption, was, in 
1780, appointed secretary for foreign a 11 airs. 
He was afterwards chancellor of the state of 
New-York, and minister from the U nited States 
to France. He materially assisted Fulton, by 
supplying him with funds, both in France and 
| at home, to enable him to pursue his experi- 
I nents, and to carry his discoveries into effect. 
He died in 1815. 
LIVINIUS, or LIVINEUS,John, Latin trans 
lator of some of the works of Gregory and 
Chrysostom, was a student at Cologne, where | LO 
he was distinguished as a Grecian scholar; he 
died in 1599. 
LIVIUS, Andronicus, a Roman comic poet, 
whose plays are lost. He lived 240 B. C. 
LIVIUS, Titus, the best of the Roman histo- 
rians, born at Padua, 59 B.C. The history of 
Livy, like other great works of antiquity, is 
transmitted down to us exceedingly mutilated 
and imperfect. Its books were originally 142, 
of which only 35 are extant. It commenced 
with the foundation of Rome, and concluded 
about 13 B. C. The encomiums bestowed upon 
Livy, by both ancients and moderns, are great 
and numerous; but probity, candour, and im- 
partiality, are what have most particularly 
distinguished him above all historians. lie 
died A. D. 17. 
LLOYD, William, an English prelate, suc- 
cessively, king’s chaplain, prebend of Salisbury, 
vicar of St. Mary’s, dean of Bangor, prebend of 
St. Paul’s, and bishop of St. Asaph. He was 
a zealous promoter of the revolution. His pub- 
lications were numerous ; he died in 1717. 
LLOYD, Nicholas, an English divine, author 
of “ A Historical, Geographical, and Political 
Dictionary,” in 1670. He was rector cf New- 
ington, and died in 1680. 
LLOYD, Robert, an English poet and mis- 
cellaneous writer, born in 1733, was a compa- 
nion of Wilkes, Churchill, Colman, &c., and 
died in the fleet prison, in 1764. He wrote a 
poem called “The Actor;” “The Capricious 
Lovers,” an opera, and other dramatic pieces. 
LLOYD, Thomas, a native of Wales, joined 
the society of quakers, and came to America 
with William Penn. He was lieutenant go- 
vernor of Pennsylvania, and president of the 
colonial council. He died in 1694. 
LLWELYN AB GRUFYDD, a Welch prince 
who heroically resisted the invasion of Edward 
I. of England ; but he fell, and the liberty of 
his country perished with him in 1282. 
LLYWARCI1 AP LLYWELYN, a Welch 
bard of merit; who flourished from 1170 to 1220. 
LLYWARCH HEN, a Welch poet, distin- 
guished also as an able defender of his country 
against the Saxon invasion, in which he is said 
to have lost 24 sons. He flourished about 630, 
and died aged 150. 
LLYWELYN AP JORWERTH, king of 
North Wales. He was a wise, active, and war- 
,ike prince ; he died in 1240. 
LLYWELYN AP SITSYLT, a Welch king 
af South Wales. He was killed in battie, in 
1021. 
LLYWELYN VARDD, a Welch poet,some 
of whose pieces have been preserved. He 
nourished between 1130 and 1180. 
LLYWELYN O LANGEWYDD, or 
LLYWELYN SION, a Welch bard, of Gla 
norgan, who died in 1616. He often presided at 
he meetings of the bards. 
LLYWELYN, Thomas, author of a history 
if the different editions of the Welch Bible, in 
which he evinced great learning ; he died in 
1796. 
LOBB, Theophilus, a native of London, an 
eminent physician. He wrote some theologi- 
cal. and some medical tracts, and died in 1763. 
LOBEL, Matthias, a native of Lisle, who de- 
voted himself to the study of botany. After 
travelling in most parts of the continent, he 
went to England, where he was nominated 
phvsic'an and botanist to James I.; he died in 
1616. 
LOB1NEAU, Guy Alexis, a FrenchBencdictine 
LO 
monk, eminently known by liis works: “The 
History of Britany,” 2 vols. folio, “The Con- 
quest of Spain,” “ History of Paris,” 5 vols, 
folio, &c.; he died in 1727. 
LOBKOWITZ, Boleslaus de Hassenstein, 
baron de, a Bohemian nobleman, who, alter 
visiting several countries, and making himself 
famous as a negotiator and warrior, entered 
the clerical profession; he died in 1510. 
LOBO, Jerome, a jesuit, of Lisbon, who was 
sent on a mission to the Indies, and penetrated 
into Abyssinia, of which he published a very 
accurate account, and died in 1678. 
LOBO, Rodriguez Francis, a celebrated Por- 
tuguese poet, whose works were published in 
1721. 
LOCK, Matthew, an excellent musician, of 
Exeter, published some musical pieces, in 1657; 
and after the restoration, was employed as a 
composer of operas. His vocal music is still 
greatly esteemed ; he died in 1677. 
LOCKART, Alexander, author of “ Memoirs 
of Scotland,” was born, near Edinburgh, in 
1673, and killed in a duel, in 1732. 
LOCKE, John, the most celebrated philoso- 
pher of the age he lived in, and one of the 
brightest ornaments of English literature, was 
born in 1632. By the patronage of lord Shafts- 
bury, he held a respectable situation under go 
vernment, and wrrote some able political tracts. 
| His lordship, however, being at length compel- 
led to fly to Holland, to avoid being prosecuted 
for high treason, Mr. Locke followed him. In 
1685, the English demanded him of the States 
General, on suspicion of his being concern- 
ed in Monmouth’s rebellion. On this, he kept 
himself private for several months, and em- 
ployed the time in preparing for the press tha. 
work which has immortalized his name and 
fame, “The Essay on the Human Understand 
ing.” It was not published, however, till after 
I the revolution, an event which restored him to 
his native country. The latter years of his life 
he devoted chiefly to religious retirement, and to 
the writing of works on theology, and died a 
the seat of lady Mashatn, in 1704. 
LOCKE, Samuel, D. D., a native and distm 
guished minister of Massachusetts, was, for 
several years, president of Harvard college ; he 
died after 1773. 
LOCKER, John, an English gentleman, de 
voted to literary pursuits, and an authorof some 
works; he died in 1760. 
LOCKMAN, John, author of “ Rosalinda,” a 
musical drama, " David’s Lamentations,” and 
other works ; he died in 1771. 
LOCKWOOD, Samuel, D. D., an American 
clergyman, settled in Andover, Connecticut, 
died in 1791. 
LOCKYER, Nicholas, Cromwell’s chaplain, 
and authorof some theological tracts; he died 
in 1684. 
LODBROG, Regner, a celebrated king of 
Denmark, at the beginning of the 9th century. 
He was a warrior and poet, full of fanaticism 
and religious frenzy. 
LODGE, Dr. Thomas, an English physician 
and dramatic writer, died in 1625. We find him 
characterized, by many of his cotemporary 
poets, as a man of very considerable genius. 
LOEWENDAL, Uiric Frederic Wnldemar, 
count de, a native of Hamburgh, distinguished 
as an officer in the service of Poland, and after 
wards of Denmark, against Sweden. He was 
finally a field-marshal of France, and died in 
1755. 
284  L'°"" 
LOG AN, Frederic, baron de, a German poet, | 
of considerable merit, whose Epigrams, &c. j 
have been edited by Lessing; he died in 1055. 
LOGAN, John, a Scotch divine and poet, born j 
about 1748, died in London, in 1788. His poems 
were published in 1781; and in 1790, two vo- 
lumes of his sermons were printed; for he had 
obtained much distinction as an eloquent and 
affecting preacher. 
LOGAN, James, a native of Ireland, distin- 
guished for his talents and learning, came to 
Pennsylvania with the proprietor, in 1699, and 
held the offices of chief justice of the colony and 
president of the council. On the death of the 
governor, in 1736, the administration devolved 
on him for two years. 
LOGAN, an American Indian chief, known 
for his friendship to the white people, until his 
family were wantonly murdered by them, in 
1771,'and afterwards, for the hostility with 
which lie avenged his loss. 
LOGES, Mary Bruneau, a French lady, much 
admired for her wit and genius, particularly by 
the king of Sweden, and the duke of Orleans, 
and called the tenth mu3e. She has left none 
of her poetry behind her. 
LOHENSTEIN, Daniel Gaspard de, a learn- 
ed German, who wrote some dramatic pieces, 
a id other works ; he died in 1683. 
LOIR, Nicholas, a painter, born at Paris, the 
disciple of Le Brun. He died professor of the 
academy of painting. 
LOKMAN, surnamed the Wise, sometimes 
called Abre Anam, or father of Anain, a philo- 
sopher and fabulist of great account among the 
Easterns. Being once asked how he had attain- 
ed so exalted a pitch of wisdom and virtue, 
Lukrnan replied, “ It was by always speaking 
the truth, by keeping my word inviolably, and 
by never intermeddling in affairs that did not 
concern me.” 
LOLLARD, Walter, founder of the religious 
sect called Lollards, who denied the power and 
influence of the virgin Mary over Christ; taught 
that the mass, baptism, and extreme unction, 
were of no use or avail; rejected the form of 
the penitential, and renounced all obedience 
both to tiie ecclesiastical and civil magistrates. 
He was burnt for heresy at Cologne, in 1322. 
LOLME, John Lewis de, LL. D., a native of 
Geneva, in which country he practised as an 
ad vocate til! he went to England, where he pub- 
lished, in 1775. a celebrated treatise, “On the 
Constitution of England;” a work well known 
and justly esteemed. Junius recommended it 
to tiie public, as deep, solid, and ingenious; and 
in the British senate it was honoured with the 
applause of a Camden and a Chatham. He 
published, besides, a “History of the Flagel- 
lants, or Memorials of Human Superstition, im- 
itated from the Abbe Boileau.” Dr. De Lolme, 
died in Switzerland, in 1807. 
LOM, Jossu Van, a physician, who practised 
at Tournay and Bruges. His works on medical 
subjects, written in elegant Latin, were publish- 
ed in 3 vols. Amsterdam, 1745. 
LOMAZZO, John Paul, a native of Milan, 
known as a landscape, and portrait painter. 
He wrote a treatise on painting, in Italian, and 
died in 1598. . I 
LOMBARD, Peter, well known by the title 
of master of the sentences, from a work of his, 
which is looked on as the source and origin of 
the scholastic theology in the Latin church. He 
was born at Novara, in Lombardy, and died in 
1164. i 
LU 
I LOMBARD, John Lewis, professor of artil 
lery, at Mentz. He wrote on the movement of 
| projectiles, principles of gunnery, &c.; he died 
in 1794. 
LOMBART, Lambert, an architect and pain 
ter, a native of Liege, died in 1565. 
LOMENIE, Henry Augustus, count de Brien- 
ne, for some time ambassador to England, and 
secretary of state in the reign of Lewis Xl\ ., 
of France; he died in 1666. 
LOMENIE, Henry Lewis, count de Briennc, 
son of the preceding, and also his successor 
in his high offices. But the loss of his wile, 
whom he tenderly loved, affected his under- 
standing, and he was dismissed; he died in 
1693. 
LOMENIE DE BRIENNE, Stephen Charles 
de, of the same family, was made archbishop 
of Toulouse, and afterwards cardinal, and 
prime-minister of Lewis XVI.; but his abilities 
were below his high station, which he quitted, 
after having disgraced Calonne; he died i:i 
1798. 
LOMONOZOF, a celebrated Russian poet,and 
great refiner of his native tongue, born in 1711, 
died in 1764. The odes of Lomonozof are great- 
ly admired for originality of invention, subli- 
mity of sentiment, and energy of language. 
He is in fact the Pindar of Russia. Lomonozof 
made also no inconsiderable figure in history, 
having published two works relative to that of 
his own country. 
LONDE, Francis Richard de la, a French 
poet, of considerable merit, who also wrote on 
history, morals, and antiquities; lie died in 
1765. 
LONDON, John Campbell, earl and baron of, 
was commander-in-chief of the British forces 
in America, and governor of the colony of Vir- 
ginia. 
LONG, Edward, a judge of the vice-admi- 
ralty court, iu the West Indies, and author ot a 
History of Jamaica, &c.; he died in England, 
in 1813. 
LONG, James le, a priest of the oratory, born 
at Paris. He was professor at several univer- 
sities, and was well skilled in ancient and mo- 
dern languages, and in mathematics and philo- 
sophy; lie died in 1721. 
LONG, Thomas, an able divine, born at Exe- 
ter He was author of the history of the Dona- 
tists, Examination of Hales’ Treatise on Schism, 
Sec.; he died in 1700. 
LONG, Dr. Roger, a very eminent astrono 
mer, and author of an excellent treatise on that 
science. He erected in one of the rooms of 
Pembroke college, of which he was master, a 
sphere of eighteen feet diameter, elevated to 
the latitude of Cambridge, whereiu thirty per- 
sons might sit conveniently; it is turned with 
great ease by a small winch, though the whole 
weight is above 1000 lbs. He was born in Nor- 
folk, in 1079, and died in 1770. 
LONGBEARD, William, a facetious priest, 
notorious for raising seditions in London, in the 
reign of Richard I. He was torn to pieces by 
horses, and then hung upon a gallows. 
LONGEPIERE, Hilary Bernard de, a learned 
Frenchman, born at Dijon. He translated into 
verse, Anacreon, Theocritus, Sappho, &c., and 
| was the author of some tragedies. He died in 
1727. 
LONGINUS, Dionysius, a Grecian philoso- 
pher and orator, author of a “ Treatise on the 
Sublime." which raised his reputation to such 
II a height as no critic, either before or since could 
*  LO 
ever reach. His cotemporaries had so great 
an opinion of his judgment and taste, that they 
appointed him sovereign judge of all authors; 
and every thing was received or rejected by the 
public according to the decision of Longinus. 
He xvas put to death by Aurelian, in 273. 
LONGLAND, or LANGELAND, Robert, an 
English poet, born in Shropshire. His “ Vision 
of Pierce Plowman,” abounds with severe re 
flections on the Romish clergy, and exhibits a ett 
rious picture of tire times. It was finished in 
1369. 
LONGLAND, John, an Englishman, made 
dean of Salisbury, in 1514, and seven years af- 
ter bishop of Lincoln : his works appeared in 
folio, in 1532. He died in 1547. 
LONGOMONTANUS, Christian, an eminent 
astronomer, born in Denmark, in 1562, died in 
1647. He was author of several works, which 
shoxv great capacity in mathematics and astro- 
nomy ; but his “ Astronomia Danica” is the 
most distinguished. 
LONGUEIL, Gilbert de, a learned physician, 
of Utrecht, autltor of Remarks on Plautus, Ovid,! 
Nepos, a Dialogue on Birds, with their Greek,' 
Latin, and German names, and a Greek and 
Latin Lexicon ; he died in 1543. 
LONGUEIL, Christopher de, an able French 
scholar, highly favoured by Lewis XII., and by 
pope Leo X., who engaged him to xvrite against 
Luther; he died in 1522. 
LONGUERUE, Louis Dufourde, a French 
critic and theological writer, born in 1652, died 
in 1732. 
LONGUEVAL, James, a French jesuit, xvho 
wrote a History of the French Church, in 10 vols. 
Dissertation on Miracles, &c. ; he died in 1735. 
LONGUS, a Greek sophist, author of four 
pastorals, and the Loves of Daphnis and Chloe,! 
edited in 1660, 4to. 
LONI, Alexander, of Florence, eminent as a1 
painter, died in 1702. 
LONICEltUS, John, a learned German, pro ! 
fessor of languages at Marpurg. He compiled 
a Greek and Latin Lexicon, and published 
Dioscorides ; he died in 1569. 
LONICENUS, Adam, son of the preceding, 
was a sagacious physician, who died at Frank- 
fort, in 1586. He xvas the author of many 
works, chiefly on natural history. 
LOON, Theodore Van, of Brussels, whose 
excellent paintings adorn the public edifices of 
Rome and Venice, was born in 1630. 
LORD, Benjamin, D. D., an American di 
vine, settled at Norwich, Connecticut; he died 
in 1784, aged 90. 
LOREDANO, John Francis, a learned and 
ingenious senator, of Venice, author of a life 
of Adam, History of the Kings of Cyprus, &c., 
xvas horn in 1606. 
LORENZETTI, Ambrogio, a painter, of Si- 
enna, and the first xvho painted with success,! 
storms, rain, and the effect of xvinds; he died! 
in 1350. 
LORENZINI, Laxvrence, a native of Flo- 
rence, eminent as a mathematician. He was 
imprisoned twenty years, during which time he 
xvrote 12 books on conical and cylindrical sec- 
tions, in Latin ; he died in 1721. 
LORENZINI, or LAURENTINI, Francis 
Maria, an Italian poet, xvho wrote “ Sacredj 
Dramas;” he xvas born at Rome, in 1680, and 
died in 1743. 
LORIMER, Dr. John, an English physician, 
and author of an Essay on Magnetism, born in 
1733, died July, 1795. 
LO 
LORING, Israel, born in 1682, was settled as 
minister of Sudbury, Massachusetts, and died 
in 1772. 
LOK1T, Ilenry, or Glareanus, from Claris, in 
Switzerland, where he was born. He studied 
at Basil, Cologne, and Paris, was the friend of 
Erasmus. He wrote much on classical sub- 
jects, and died in 1563. 
LORME, Philibert de, an eminent French 
architect and antiquary, born at Lyons, died in 
1557, leaving behind several books of architec 
ture greatly esteemed. 
LORME, John de, a French physician, who 
attended the wife of Henry III., Mary de Medi- 
cis, and other branches of the royal family. 
He was universally esteemed, and died in 1634 
LORME, Charles de, son of the preceding, 
physician to Lewis XIII. He acquired great 
fame and opulence, and died in 1678. 
LORRAINE, Robert le, a celebrated French 
sculptor, born at Paris, in 1666, died in 1743. 
LORRAINE, Charles of, cardinal, and arch- 
bishop of Rheims, son of the duke of Guise 
His influence at one time was nearly unlimited 
in France ; he died in 1574. 
LORRIS, William de, a poet of considerable 
merit, author of the “ Romance of the Rose.” 
in imitation of Ovid’s Art of Love, died about 
1620. 
LORRY, Anne Charles, a French physician 
well known for his Latin treatises on melancho- 
ly and its affections ; also a treatise on cuta 
tieous diseases; he died in 1783. 
LOSA, Isabella, a native of Cordova, so il- 
lustrious for her knowledge of Latin, Greek, 
and Hebrew, that she was honoured with the 
degree of II. D. She died in 1546. 
LOT, son of Ilaran, and nephew of Abra- 
ham. When Sodom was about to be destroyed, 
God, out of mercy to Abraham, spared Lot. 
LOTEN, John, a good landscape painter, of 
the English school, though a native of Holland, 
died in 1681. 
LOTH AIRE I., son of Lewis the Debonnaire, 
was partner on the throne of Germany with 
his father, in 817, and made king of Lombardy 
three years after. He revolted against his fa- 
ther, seized him, and shut him in prison. This 
conduct brought on a war in which an immense 
number of lives were sacrificed. Lolhaire died 
in 885. 
LOTHAIRE II., duke of Saxony, afterwards 
king, and then emperor of Germany ; he died 
in 1157. 
LOTHAIRE, king of France, son of Lewis 
IV. His wife, Emma, gave him poison, of 
which he died in 986. 
LOTHAIRE, king of Lorraine, abandoned 
his wife to marry his mistress, but pope Nicho- 
las I. had the spirit to interfere, and to compel 
his majesty to again take his lawful wife, lie 
died in 869. 
LOUIS I., snrnamed the Debonnaire, or the 
Feeble, son of Charlemagne, was proclaimed 
king of France, and emperor of the West, in 
814. He xvas in a perpetual quarrel either with 
his brothers or sons, until his death, which hap- 
pened in 840. 
LOUIS II., the Young, eldest son of Lothaire 
I., xvas made king of Italy in 844, and succeeded 
to the imperial throne in 855. He was a brave 
and virtuous monarch, and anxious to preserve 
the dignity of the throne ; he died in 875. 
LOUIS III., surnamed the Blind, succeeded 
to the throne in 890, and xvas crowned by Bene- 
dict IV. He xvas soon after, surprU*'1 •u»d taken  To — 
Sy his rival, Berenger, wno put out his eyes; 
he died in 934. 
LOUIS IV., called the Child, succeeded his 
father, the emperor Arnold, when lie was only 
seven years old. His reign was a scene of 
civil war and desolation ; he died in 911. 
LOUIS V., was elected emperor of Germany, 
in 1314; and after much civil discord, was killed 
by a fall from his horse in 1347. 
LOUIS I., king of France. See LOUIS I., 
the Debonnaire. 
LOUIS II., the Stammerer, was the son of 
Charles the Bald, and succeeded his father as 
king of France, in 877. He was a weak prince, 
and died in 879. 
LOUIS HI., son of Louis II., shared the king- 
dom with his brother Carloman, with whom he 
lived in perfect union; Louis died in 882, and 
Carloman became sole king of France. 
LOUIS IV.,surnamed Transmarine, because 
he resided 13 years in England, succeeded to 
the throne of France in 936. He was killed by 
a fall from his horse while hunting in 954. 
LOUIS V., surnamed the Lazy, succeeded his 
father Lothaire in 986. He was vigorously 
preparing to march against the Saracens, when 
lie was poisoned by his queen Blanche, in 987. 
He was succeeded by Hugh Capet. 
LOUIS VI., called the Big, succeeded to the 
throne in 1103. He was disturbed by external 
quarrels, and internal factions; but he was a 
wise and popular monarch, benevolent as a 
man, impartial as a judge; he died m 1137. 
LOUIS VII., the Young, son and successor of 
the preceding, was early engaged in a quarrel 
with the pope, and was excommunicated by 
him. He made a crusade with an army con- 
sisting of 80,000 men, to Palestine, but was de- 
feated by the Saracens; he died at Paris, in 1180. 
LOUIS VIII., surnamed the Lion, succeeded 
his father, Phili Augustus, in 1223. He waged 
successful war against the English, and took 
large possessions from them ; he died in 1225. 
LOUIS IX., called Saint, son of the preceding. 
He made two crusades, during the last of which 
he died at Tunis, in 1270, and was canonized 
by Boneface VIII. 
LOUIS X., called Hutin, succeeded his father, 
Philip the Fair, in 1314, and died in 1316. 
LOUIS XI., ascended the throne in 1461, an 
ungrateful wretch, who rebelled against his 
father, and afterwards poisoned his brother. 
During his reign, rebellion and carnage were 
common occurrences ; and he has been deserved- 
ly called the Tiberius of France. He died in 
1433. 
LOUIS XII., surnamed the Just, ascended 
the throne in 1493. He engaged in war with 
nearly all the neighbouring states, but was an 
amiable monarch, and greatly beloved by his 
subjects; re died in 1515. 
LOUIS XIII., surnamed the Just, ascended 
the thront in 1610. He was guided in his con- 
duct by the celebrated cardinal Richelieu, who 
from motives of ambition kept him at war dur 
ing most of his reign ; he died in 1642. 
LOUIS XIV., surnamed the Great, was born 
In 1638. His reign is celebrated, as an era of 
magnificence, learning and licentiousness, in 
France ; he died in 1715, leaving behind him 
monuments of unprecedented splendour and ex- 
pense, in palaces, gardens, &c. 
LOUIS XV., ascended the throne in 1715. 
During his reign, France was almost constantly 
at war. The contest with England, concerning 
the possession of Canada, ended with grea’t loss 
LO 
of territory to France. Louis died of a second 
attack of the small pox, in 1774. 
LOUIS XVI., ascended the throne in 1774, 
having married the celebrated Maria Antoinette 
of Austria, in 1770. He was a benevolent, vir- 
tuous, and amiable man, much attached to re- 
ligion, and anxious to make his subjects happy. 
By his subjects he was treated in the vilest 
manner, called a tyrant and traitor, and tinaily 
beheaded by a perjured tribunal, in 1793. 
LOUIS XVIII., brother to Louis XVI., dur- 
ing the reign of Terror, and that of Buonaparte, 
being obliged to leave his country, he wandered 
from place to place, as his safety required. lie 
finally went to England, where lie remained till 
1814, when the allied powers placed him on the 
throne of France. On the approach of Napoleou 
from his retirement, he was obliged again to 
fly, but was again placed on his throne by the 
allies. He was a mild and amiable prince, con- 
sulting the wishes and happiness of his people; 
he died in 1825. 
LOUIS I., called the Pious, king of Germany, 
was a powerful monarch, and rendered himself 
formidable to his neighbours ; he died in 87ti. 
LOUIS II., son and successor of the pieced 
ing, defeated his uncle Charles the Bald ; he 
died in 882. 
LOUIS III., king of Germany. See LOUIS 
III., emperor. 
LOUIS I., of Anjou, king of Hungary and 
Poland, succeeded Charles II., in 1342, and died 
in 1382. 
LOUIS II., was king of Hungary, after his 
father Ladislaus, and was drowned in a marsh, 
as he fled from a field of battle, in 1526. 
LOUIS, prince of Tarentum, married Jane, 
queen of Naples, and was crowned king of 
Naples, in 1352. 
LOUIS I., duke of Anjou, second son of John, 
king of France. The kingdom of Naples was 
left him by the will of quten Jane, but failing 
to obtain it, he died of a broken heart, in 1384. 
LOUIS, Antony, secretary to the academy of 
surgeons, at Paris, was one of the best anato- 
mists in Europe. He wrote many professional 
works, and died in 1792. 
LOUPTIERE, John Charles de Relongue de 
la, of the Arcadian academy, at Rome, wrote a 
collection of poems, in 2 vols.; he died in 1784. 
LOUVET, Peter, was master of requests 
queen Margaret, he wrote some learned works, 
and died in 1646. 
LOUVET DE COUVRAY, John Baptist, 
during the revolution, he was an active mem- 
ber of the French convention, and although 
proscribed, escaped the scaffold. He was au- 
thorof some licentious works, and died in 1797. 
LOUVILLE, Eugene d’AUonville, chevalier 
de, a nobleman, who served as a colonel under 
Philip V., king of Spain. He afterwards devo- 
ted himself to mathematics and astronomy, and 
died in 1752. 
LOVE, James, an English actor and dramatic 
writer, died in 1774. Tnougu this person passed 
by the name of Love, his real family name was 
Dance. 
LOVE, Christopher, an English clergyman 
and divinity writer of great reputation, was 
beheaded in 1651 by the republicans, on a charge 
of high treason in holding correspondence with 
king Charles I. 
LOVELACE, Richard, an English poet and 
dramatic writer, born in 1618, died in 1658. He 
wrote two plays, neither of which have been 
printed: “ The Scholar,” a comedy: and “The 
287 LO 
Soldier,” a tragedy. His poems, which are 
extremely scarce, were printed under the title 
of Lucasta ; the first part in 1649, the second in 
1659. 
LOVELACE, Francis, governor of the colo 
ny of New-York, from 1667, until its surrender 
to the Dutch, in 1673. 
LOVELACE, John, lord baron of Hurley, 
came to America as governor of the colony of 
New-York, in 1708, and died the ensuing year. 
LOVEfOND, Edward, a poet of considerable 
talents, died in 1775. His brother collected and 
published his poems in 1785. 
LOWE, Peter, a Scotch surgeon, who for 22 
years was in the armies of Flanders and France, 
finally settled at Glasgow. He left some books 
on his profession. 
LOWE, Mauritius, an English painter of 
considerable eminence, died in extreme poverty, 
the eifect of indolence, in 1793. 
LOWELL, John, LL. D., an eminent lawyer, 
of Massachusetts, was a member of congress, 
from that state, a judge of the court of appeals, 
from the admiralty courts of the states, and a 
judge of the circuit court of the U. S., he died 
in 1802. 
LOWEN, John Frederick,wrote some poems, 
printed at Hamburgh, and a romance; he died 
in 1773. 
LOWER, Sir William, a famous cavalier 
in the troubles of Charles I., and a dramatic 
writer, died in 1662. 
LOWER, Dr. Richard, a celebrated English 
physician, died in 1691. He was author of an ex- 
cellent book, “ De Corde;” and of another, “ De 
Motu et Colore Sanguinis et Chyli in eum tran- 
situ ;” and practised the transfusion of blood 
from one animal into another; but whether he 
was tile inventor of this operation we know 
not. 
LOWMAN, Moses, 40 years dissenting mi- 
nister at Surrey, was well skilled in Jewish an- 
tiquities, and history. He wrote a work on Re- 
velations, and died in 1752. 
LOWNDES, William, LL. D., a member of 
congress from South Carolina, distinguished for 
his talents, eloquence, and application to the 
business of his office ; he died in 1822. 
LOWIH, William, a distinguished English 
theological writer and commentator, born in 
London, in 1661, died in 1732. 
LOWTH, Dr. Robert, son of the preceding, 
bishop of London, &c., born in 1710, died in 
1787. His literary character is well known by 
his learned “ Pra'iections” on Hebrew poetry, 
which were translated into English by Mr. Gre 
gory, in 1787. But perhaps the most useful of 
his achievements are what refer to his own 
language ; which owes to him, what nothing 
said in it can ever pay, the “ First Institutes 
of Grammar;” and, in his “Translation of 
Isaiah,” the sublimest poetry in the world. 
LOYER, Peter !e, a native of Anjou, and au 
tlior of a curious history of spectres, and other 
works ; he died in 1634. 
LOYOLA, Ignatius, of, the founder of the 
jesuits, born in 1491, at the castle of Loyola, in 
Spain, was first page to Ferdinand V. king of 
Spain, and then an officer in his army; in which 
he signalized himself by his valour, and was 
wounded in both legs at the siege of Pampeluna, 
in 15C. To this circumstance the jesuits owe 
their origin ; for while he was under cure of 
his wounds, a Life of the Saints was put into 
his hands, which determined him to forsake the 
military for the ecclesiastical profession. His 
LU 
first devout exercise was to dedicate himself to 
the blessed virgin as her knight: lie then wen* 
a pHgrimage to the HOl • Land ; and on his re- 
turn to Europe he continued liis theological stu- 
dies in the universities of Spain, though he was 
then 33 years of age. After this he went fo 
Paris, and in France laid the foundation of this 
new order, the institutes of which he present- 
ed to pope Paul III., who made many objections 
to them ; but Ignatius adding to the three vows 
of ciiastity, poverty, and obedience, a fourth 
implicit submission to the holy see, the institu- 
tion was confirmed in 1540. The pious founder 
died in 1555. 
LUB1ENETSKI, Theodore, a native of Cra- 
cow, eminent as a painter; lie died in 1716. 
LUBIENETSKI, Stanislaus, a gentleman of 
Poland, and celebrated Socinian minister, born 
at Cracow, in 1623, died by poison, in 1675. lie 
wrote several books; the chief of which is a 
“ History of the Reformation of Poland.” The 
Socinians look upon him as a saint, if not a 
martyr. 
LUBIN, Eilhard, a learned protestant, born 
in Oldenburgh, and professor of poetry, at Ros- 
tock ; he died in 1621. 
LUBIN, Augustin, geographer of the French 
king, was the author of several works, and died 
in 1695. 
LUC, Jean Andre de, bom at Geneva, in 
1726. As a chyinist and geologist he was pre- 
eminent ; and his labours were all rendered 
subservient to the best interests of mankind, in 
illustrating the evidences of natural and re- 
vealed religion. His principal work is, “Geo- 
logical Travels in the North of Europe, Eng- 
land, France, Switzerland, and Germany.” Mr 
De Luc, died at Windsor, in 1817. 
LUCA, John Baptist, a native of Verona, 
quitted the law for the church, and became a 
cardinal. He wrote a work on civil law, and 
died in 1683. 
LUCAN, Marcus Annteus, a Latin poet, born 
at Cordova, in Spain, A. I). 39. He was con 
demned by Nero to be bled to death in a batn, 
A. D. 65. His chief work is his “Pharsalia;" 
which indeed is rather a history of the civil 
wars than a true poem, none of the rules of 
poetry being observed in it. 
LUCAS, Tudensis, a bishop, author of a 
History of Spain, from Adam to 1236 ; he died 
in the 13th century. 
LUCAS, Van Leyden, a very eminent painter 
and engraver, of Holland, died in 1533. 
LUCAS, Richard, a learned divine, vicar of 
St. Stephens. He published 5 vols. of sermons, 
and other works, and died in 1715. 
LUCAS, Dr. Charles, a celebrated Irish pa- 
triot, and writer on medicine, born in 1713, died 
in 1771. So high was his parliamentary cha- 
racter, that the corporation of Dublin, many of 
the peers, the speaker, and numerous members 
of the house of commons, with the several 
guilds, to the amount of 2000 persons, attended 
his funeral; and the corporation settled a pen- 
sion on his widow. 
LUCAS, Paul, a great French traveller, born 
in 1664, died in 1737. His travels consist of 
several volumes, are passably written, and amu- 
sing enough; but not of the best authority. 
LUCAS, Francis, born at Bruges. He was 
dean of St. Omer, and published Notes and 
Commentaries on the Old and New Testament. 
He died in 1619. 
LUCCHESINI, John Vincent, a historian, 
aud secretary to the pope, was born at Lucca LU 
He composed some works of great merit, and 
died in 1744. 
LUCIAN, a celebrated Greek critic and satir- 
ist, born at Somosata, A. D. 90, died in 180. He 
was not only one of the finest wits of his own 
time, but of ail antiquity, being a perfect master 
in tin: great art of mixing the useful with the 
entertaining. 
LUCIFER, bishop of Cagliari, in Sardinia, 
author of a new schism, called Luciferians; he 
died in 370. 
LUCILIUS, an ancient Latin poet, who wrote 
30 books of “ Satires.” It is said that he was 
tiie first inventor of that kind of poem. He 
died 103 B. C. 
LUCIUS I., pope and saint, was elected in 
253, and tire next year suffered martyrdom. 
LUCIUS 11.,Gerard deCaccianemici, a native 
of Bologna, elected pope, in 1144, and died soon 
after. 
LUCIUS III., Humbaldo Allineigoli, a native 
of Lucca, elected pope in 1181. The inquisition 
originated under this pontiff. 
LUCRETIA, the famous Roman matron, 
wife of Coilatinus, and the cause of the revolu- 
tion of Rome from a monarchy to a republic. 
This lady, being violated by Sextus, tiie eldest 
son of Tarquin, king of Rome, stabbed herself, 
509 B. C. The bloody poniard, with her dead 
body, exposed to the senate, was the signal of 
Roman liberty. The expulsion of the Tarquins, 
and the abolition of the regal dignity, was in- 
stantly resolved on, and carried into execution. 
LUCRETIUS, Titus Carus, an ancient Ro- j 
man philosopher and poet, much esteemed for | 
his learning and eloquence, wrote 6 books “ De ji 
Natura Rerum,” was born about 96 B. C., and! 
died 54 B. C. His poem has been translated 
into English by Mr. Creech, and his version is 
generally esteemed. 
LUCULLUS, a renowned Roman general 
and consul, died 60 B. C. 
LUDLOW, Edmund, a chief of the republi- 
can party in the civil wars of England in the 
17th century, born in 1620, died in 1693, leaving 
Memoirs of his own Times.” 
LUDLOW, Roger, a native of England, who 
came to America, in 1630. He was elected 
governor of Massachusetts, and, removing to 
Connecticut, he held the offices of magistrate 
and governor of that colony. The first code of 
laws of Connecticut, was compiled by him. 
LUDOLPH, Job, a very learned and good 
man, born at Erfurt, and author of a grammar 
of the Ethiopic language, and a history of Ethi- 
opia, besides some other works; he died in 1704. 
LUDOLPH, Henry William, son of the pre- 
ceding, a learned and pious man, of great re- 
spectability. He was presented to the Czar of 
Russia, who treated him with great kindness, 
for which he wrote a Russian grammar; he 
died in 1710. 
LUDWELL, Philip, governor of North and 
South Carolina, in 1692, was succeeded by Har- 
vey soon after that time. 
LUDWIG, John Peter, professor of law, at 
Magdebu rg, a privy counsellor to the king of Prus- 
sia; he died in 1743. 
LUGO, John, a Spanish jesuit, born at Mad- 
rid, a professor of theology, at Rome. He wns 
made cardinal by pope Urban, introduced je- 
suit’s bark into France, wrote 7 vols. folio, and 
died in 1660. 
LUGO, Francis, brother of John, a learned 
man, re-tor of two colleges, went missionary to 
India, wrote 2 folio vols. 1652. 
LU 
LUISINO, or LUISINI, Francis, an cmin#fi« 
Venetian scholar, professor of Latin and Greek, 
at Reggio ; he died in 1508. 
LU1S1NUS, Aloysius, a Venetian physician, 
who published “de Morbo Gallico,” &c., 15G6. 
LU1TPRAND, a king of Lombardy, knows, 
for his conquests, in Italy ; he died in 744. 
LUITPRANDUS, a Lombard historian, who 
wrote the history of his own times in six books 
he died in 1000. 
LUKE, St. the evangelist, was a physician, 
at Antioch, converted to Christianity by tiie 
preaching of St. Paul. 
LULLE, Raymond, styled The Enlightened 
Doctor, was born in Majorca, in 1236. Medicine 
and chymistry were his chief professions ; but 
at last he undertook the propagation of the gos- 
pel in Africa, and was stoned to death in Mau- 
ritania, in 1315. 
LULLI, John Baptist, an eminent musical 
composer, and superintendent of music to Louis 
XIV., born at Florence, in 1634. In 1686, the kin£ 
was seized with an indisposition which threat- 
ened his lire; but recovering from it, Lulli was 
required to compose a Te Deuni upon the occa- 
sion. He did compose one. not more remark- 
able for its excellence, than for the unhappy ac- 
cident which attended the performance of it. 
He had neglected nothing in the composition of 
tiie music, or the preparations for the execution 
of it; and, tiie better to demonstrate his zeal, 
he himself beat the time; but, with the cane 
lie used for this purpose, he gave himself, in the 
[heat of action, a blow upon the end of his foot; 
land this, ending in a gangrene which baffled all 
I the skill of his surgeons, put an end to his life, 
in 1687. 
LUMLEY, Joanna lady, translated into La- 
tin, from the Greek, three of Isocrates’ orations 
which are still preserved at Westminster; she 
died in 1620 
LUXE AU DE BOISJERMAIN, Peter Joseph 
Francis, a voluminous French writer, who pub- 
lished works on Geography, Reading, Ortho- 
graphy, History, &c.; he died in 1802. 
LUS1GNAN, Guy, a celebrated French war- 
rior during the crusades, who became king of 
Jerusalem ; he died in 1194. 
LUSSAN, Margaret de, a voluminous fe- 
male writer, in England, who supported herselt 
with her pen. She wrote Romances, History, 
Anecdotes, &c.; and died in 1758. 
LUTHER, Martin, an illustrious German di- 
vine, and reformer of the church, born at Isle- 
ben, in Saxony, in 1483. He studied atErfurth, 
being designed for a civilian; but an awful ca- 
tastrophe made such an impression upon his 
mind, that he resolved to retire from the world. 
As he was walking in the fields with a fellow- 
student, they were struck by lightning, Luther 
to the ground, and his companion dead by his 
side. He entered into the order of Augustine 
hermits at Erfurth ; from this place he removed 
to Wittembergh, being appointed by the elec- 
tor of Saxony, professor of thedogy and philo- 
sophy in the university just founded there by 
that prince. In 1512, he was sent to Rome to 
plead tbecaujeof some convents of his order 
who had quarrelled with their vicar-general. 
this gave him an opportunity of observing the 
corruption of the pontifical court, and the de- 
bauched lives of the dignitaries of tiie church, 
and probably gave him the first disgust to the 
Romish ecclesiastical government, especially as 
he had engaged iri the monastic life from mo- 
■ives of genuine niety. Upon his return to  LY 
it was remarked that he grew;1 
unusually pensive, and more austere in his life 
and conversation: he likewise read and ex-j 
pounded the sacred writings in lectures and ser- 
mons, and threw new lights on obscure passa- 
ges : the minds of his auditors being thus pre-j 
pared, a favourable occasion soon offered for! 
carrying into execution his grand plan of re- 
formation. In 1517, pope Leo X. published his; 
indulgences. Albert, archbishop of Mentzand 
Magdeburgh, was commissioner for Germany,! 
and was to have half the sum raised in that; 
country; Tecehus, a Dominican friar, was de-j 
puted to collect, with others of his order, for 
Saxony , and he carried his zeal so far, as to 
declare liis commission to be so extensive, that 
no crime could be too great to be pardoned ; byj 
purchasing indulgences, not only past sins, but 
those intended, were to be forgiven. Against 
these vile practices Luther openly preached, 
with wonderful success, and thus began the 
Reformation in Germany. Luther died in 1546. 
LUTTI, Benedetto, an eminent Italian pain- 
ter, born at Florence, in 1666, died in 1724. 
LUXEMBOURG, Francis Henry de Montmo- 
rency, duke of, a famous general, and marshal 
of France, died in 1694. 
LUYKEN, John, a Dutch engraver, born at 
Amsterdam; he died in 1712. 
LUYTS, John, a native of Holland, profes- 
sor of mathematics and philosophy, at Utrecht. 
He wrote several works, and died in 1712. 
LYCOPHRON, son of Periander, of Corinth, 
628 B. C. murdered by the Corcyreans. 
LYCOPHRON, a Greek tragic poet and 
grammarian, flourished about 304 years before 
Christ, and wrote a poem entitled “ Alexan- 
dria,” containing a long course of predictions, 
which he supposes to be made by Cassandra, 
daughter of Priam, king of Troy. This poem 
has created a great deal of trouble to the learn- 
ed, on account of its obscurity. Suidas has 
preserved the titles of 20 tragedies of his com- 
posing. 
LYCURGUS, a celebrated Spartan legislator, 
flourished 870 B. C. 
LYCURGUS, an Athenian orator, 408 B. C. 
He studied under Plato and Isocrates. 
LYDE. See JOINER. 
LYDGATE, John, an Augustine monk of St. 
Edmundsbury, and a poet, flourished in the 
reign of Henry VI. He was a disciple and ad- 
mirer of Chaucer; and, according to some cri- 
tics, excelled his master in the art of versifica- 
tion. He died in 1440. 
LYDIAT, Thomas, an eminent English chro- 
nologer and astronomer, born in 1572, died in 
1646. 
LYE, Edward, a learned divine and anti- 
quary, born in 1704. He published, among other 
works, an edition of the “ Etymologicon Angli 
canum,” by Junius, with many additions, andj 
to which he prefixed an Anglo-Saxon Gram- 
mar; “ The Gothic Gospels,” with a Grammar 
**f that language; and after his death, which 
happened, in 1767, came out his “ Anglo Saxon 
and Gothic Dictionary.” 
LYLY, or LILLY, John, born in 1553. He 
took his masters’ degree at Magdalen-college, 
Oxford, in 1575 ; and afterwards went to court, 
where he was taken much notice of by queen 
Elizabeth, and had expectations of being pre-| 
ferred to the post of master of revels; but was,] 
after many years’ attendance, disappointed. He! 
is considered as the first who attempted to re j 
form and purify the English language. For this 
LY 
purpose he wrote a book entitled, “ Euphue* 
and liis England,” in 1582, which met with a 
jdegrcc of success unusual with the first at- 
;tempters of reformation; being almost immedi- 
lately and universally followed. He also wrote 
9 plays, and died in distressed circumstances 
about 1600. 
| LYNCH, Thomas, jun., a native of South 
|Carolina, born in 1749. He was a member of 
the Congress of 1776, and one of the signers of 
the declaration of independence. He was lost 
at sea after 1779. 
LYNDE, Sir Humphrey, an English author 
who wrote against popery ; he died in 1636. 
LYNDE Benjamin, a judge, and afterward. 
| chief justice of the superior court of Massa 
chusetts, died in 1745. 
LYNDE, Benjamin, son of the preceding 
also held the office of chief justice of Mas: a 
chusetts, which he resigned, in 1772. 
LYNDON, Josias, governor of the colony ol 
Rhode Island, died in 1778. 
LYONNET, Peter, secretary to the states ot 
Holland, a man highly eminent for his great am 
various learning: viz. he knew 9 languages, 
was skilled in music, painting, engraving, sculp 
ture, divinity, law, natural history, &c.; he 
died in 1789. 
LYONS, Israel, a celebrated English mathe- 
matician, born at Cambridge, in 1739, died in 
1775. 
LYSANDER, a famous Spartan general, who 
defeated the Athenian fleet, and ended the 27 
years war. lie fell in battle, 396 B. C. 
LYSERUS, Polycarp, an able German theo- 
logian, author of several learned commenta- 
ries on the Scriptures; he died in 1601. 
LYSERUS, John, a protestant divine; of the 
;same family as the above, a man of great learn- 
ing, and famous for a work in defence of poly- 
gamy ; he died in 1684. 
LYSIAS, an ancient Athenian orator. Plu- 
tarch and Photius relate, that 425 orations were 
formerly exhibited under the name of Lysias; 
of which 34 only are now extant. He died 379 
B. C. 
LYSIMACHUS, one of Alexander’s generals, 
was killed in battle, 286 B. C. 
LYSIPPUS, a celebrated Greek statuary, 
who flourished in the time of Alexander the 
Great, and chiefly excelled in the hair of the 
heads, and the proportion of his figures. 
LYSIS, a Pythagorean philosopher, master 
of Epaminondas, died 388 B. C. 
LYSONS, Daniel, an English physician, au- 
thor of many Essays, particularly on Camphor 
and Calomel in Fevers, on Intermittent Fe- 
vers, Dropsies, &c. &c. ; he died in 1800. 
LYSONS, Samuel, an antiquary, born in 
1763. He studied at the Middle Temple, and 
was there called to the bar. On the death of 
Mr. Astle, he was appointed keeper of the re- 
cords in the Tower. His chief works are, “ An 
tiquities of Gloucestershire “ Collection of 
Roman Remains;” and “Magna Britannia,’' in 
conjunction with his brother. He died in 1813 
LYTE, Henry, a native of Somersetshire, 
where he established the best botanical garden 
in England ; he died in 1607. 
LYTTELTON, Edward, lord keeper of tbs 
great seal of England, in the reign of Charles 
i I , and an eminent law-reporter, born in 1589. 
I died in 1645. 
! LYTTELTON, George lord, an elegant his- 
j torian, poet, and miscellaneous writer, born in 
• 176.1, died in 1773. His principal writings are. 
290  MA 
“The Progress of Love;” “ Persian Letters 
1 Observations on the Conversion and Apostle- 
ship of St. Paul,” and “ The History of Henry 
the Second.” 
LYTTELTON, Thomas lord, son of the pre- 
ceding, a young nobleman of very considerable 
parliamentary talents, but of a gay and dissi- 
pated mind ; he was cutoff from a race of luxury 
and sensuality, if not of infidelity, under cir- 
rumstances peculiarly impressive ; having been 
warned in a vision three days before his death, 
■vhich happened accordingly without any pre- 
»ious illness. His lordship was born in 1744, 
hid died in 1779. 
LYTTELTON, Dr. Charles, bishop of Car- 
Sile, and an eminent antiquary, died in 1768. 
M 
MAAS, Dirk, a Dutch painter, whose repre- 
tajatafions of battles and landscapes, were much 
limired, was born in 1656. 
MAAS, Arnold, a Dutch painter, eminent for 
representing people in conversation. 
MAAS, Nicholas, an eminent Dutch portrait 
painter, died in 1693. 
MABILLON, John, a very learned theological 
and historical writer, of France, born in 1632, 
died in 1707 
MABLY, Gabriel Bonnot de, better known 
by the name of Abbe de Mabiy, born in 1709, 
died in 1785. He was a man of great talents, 
and wrote soeeral valuable works; but his 
“Treatise sue Ht Maniere d’ecriere I’Histoire,” 
is that by which he is best known in England. 
MABOUL, James, bishop of Aetli, in France, 
admired for his eloquence as a preacher; he died 
in 1723. 
MABUSE, John, a Hungarian painter. His 
best picture is the decapitation of St. John; he 
died in 1562. 
MAC ARDELL, James, an English mezzo- 
tinto engraver, died in 1765. 
MACARIUS, St., a celebrated hermit, said to 
have been a disciple of St. Anthony, born at 
Alexandria, in 301. Fifty l.imilies in Greek, 
a’tributed to him, are extant 
MACARIUS, St., born at Alexandria, where 
he presided over 5000 monks ; he died in 394. 
MACARTNEY, George, Ctrl, a celebrated 
Irish statesman, who, after having been sent oil 
several importantembassies, and be ing knighted 
by the king of Poland, and by the k’ng of Eng- 
land, was selected as ambassador ext-aordinary 
from Great Britain to China. On his leturn, he 
was made an Irish baron. He mariiod lord 
Bute’s daughter, and died in 1806. 
MACAULAY. See GRAHAM. 
MACBETH, usurper of the Scottish tmevn, 
slain in 1054. 
MACBRIDE, David, an Irish physic,'in, 
who acquired great celebrity as a practitioner, 
in Dublin. Ilejvas the author of “ Theory ann 
Practice of Medicine," a work formerly in greui j 
request; he died in 1788. 
MACCABEES, seven brothers, Jews, who, I 
with their mother wereput to death, at Antioch, : 
during the persecution of Antiochus Epipbanes, 
163 B. C. 
MACCLINTOCH, Samuel, D. D., an Ame- 
rican clergyman, settled at Greenland, New- 
Hampshire ; he died in 1804. 
MACDIARMID, John, an English writer, au- 
thor of “ An Inquiry in the System of Military 
Defence,” and other works ; he died in 1808. 
MACE, Francis, a writer of the Sorbonne, 
MA 
who published “ Chronological Abridgment of 
the Old and New Testament,” “A Moral Histo- 
ry,” &c. : lie died at Paris, in 1721. 
MACE, Thomas, a practitioner on the lute, 
distinguished among musical men, was born in 
1613, and died in 1679. 
MACEDO, Francis, a jesuit, ofPortugal, who 
was promoted to offices of trust, by pope Alex- 
ander VIE. He published 109 different works, 
and wrote, or pronounced 150,000 verses extem- 
poraneously ; he died in 1681. 
MACEDONIUS, Arian, bishop of Constan- 
tinople, in 341. He was deposed by a council, 
and caused great commotion and trouble in his 
diocess. 
MACEF., AEmelius, a Latin poet, of Verona, 
in the age of Augustus. 
MACER, Lucius Claudius, declared himself 
emperor on Nero’s death; he was put to death 
by Galba, in 68. 
MACFARLANE, Henry, a Scotch writer, au- 
thor of a history of the reign of George III., in 
4 vols. 
MACFARLANE, Robert, a miscellaneous 
writer, born in Scotland, in 1734. He was for 
some years a reporter of speeches in parliament. 
He afterwards kept a boarding-school of great 
reputation. Mr. Macfarlane published “ The 
History of George III ,” and translated the po- 
ems of Ossian into Latin. He died in 1804 of 
bruises received at a Brentford election. 
MACGREGORS, James, an Irish clergyman 
who came to America, to avoid religious perse- 
cution, and was settled in Londonderry, New- 
Hampshire. • he died in 1729. 
MACHAM, Robert, an Englishman, who, in 
the reign of Edward III., eloped with his mis- 
tress, and with her was shipwrecked on the 
Island of Madeira, which was before unknown 
The crew escaped with the news, and a ship 
being sent to the newly discovered island, found 
the two lovers buried under a tree. 
MACHAULT, John de, a French jesuit, 
rector of Clermont college at Paris. He wrote 
Latin notes on the History of Thuanus, said to 
be seditious, and which were burned by the 
hangman ; he died in 1619. Two other jesuits 
of the same name were able writers. 
MACHET, Gerard, principal of the college 
of Navarre, confessor to Charles VII. of France, 
and bishop of Castres, died in 1448. 
MACHIAVEL, Nicholas, a native of Flo- 
rence, born in 1469, was secretary, and after 
wards historiographer, to the republic of Flo 
rence, and wrote a history of that commonwealth 
from 1215 to 1494,of all hiswritings, that by which 
he has been chiefly distinguished is a treatise 
of politics, entitled “ThePrince;” the purpose 
of which is, to describe the arts of government, 
as they are usually exercised by wicked princes 
and tyrants ; and which is considered as a mas- 
terpiece in its kind. He died in 1530. 
M'KEAN, Thomas, LL. D., a distinguished 
iictorin the American revolution, was a member 
of congress from Delaware, one of the signers 
of the declaration of Independence, president 
of congress, and governor of Delaware; he 
dieA in 1817. 
M'KEAN, Joseph, D D. LL D., professor of 
rhetoric and oratory in Harvard college, died at 
Havant', where he had gone for his health, in 
1818. 
M'KEEN, Joseph, D. D., a distinguished cler 
gymnn,ofNew-Hampshire,afterwards president 
of Bowri".:rt college, Maine; he died in 1807. 
MACKEA ZIE, Sir George, an ingenious wri 
291 MA 
ter, born at Dundee, in 1636. He was bred to 
the bar, made king’s advocate, and knighted. 
He wrote numerous and valuable works upon 
the laws and antiquities of Scotland, and died 
in England, in 1691. 
MACKEY, John, an Englishman, who fol- 
lowed the fortunes of James II. in his exile; but 
traitorously betrayed his master's secrets to 
William HI He wrote some curious and in- 
teresting wonts, and died in 1726. 
MACKLAINE, Archibald, a pious divine, 
born in Ireland, in 1722, but educated at Glas- 
gow. He was pastor of the English congre- 
gation at the Hague from 1745 till 1794, when 
the French invasion induced him to leave Hol- 
land, and lie settled at Bath, where he died in 
1804. His best known work is a translation of 
Mosheim’s “ Ecclesiastical History.” 
M ACLAVRIN, Colin, an eminent Scotch ma- 
thematician and philosopher, born in Scotland, 
in 1698, died in 1746. His writings are very nu- 
merous, and highly valuable for the purposes 
of geography and navigation. 
MACLEAN, John, M. D., a native of Scot- 
land, came to America, in 1791, and was soon 
after appointed professor of chymistry and na- 
tural history, and afterwards of mathematics 
and natural philosophy, at Princeton college, 
New-Jersey. He was subsequently professor 
of natural philosophy and chymistry, in the 
college of William and.Mary, Virginia, which 
he resigned on account of his health, and died 
at Princeton, in 1814. 
MACKLIN, Robert, a native of Scotland, 
remarkable for his longevity. He died in New- 
Hampshire, in 1787, at the age of one hundred 
and fifteen. 
MACKLIN, Charles, an actor and dramatic 
writer, remarkable for his longevity, having 
been born in the north of Ireland about the 
month of May, 1690, and lived till July 11,1797. 
His real name was M'Laughlin, which, to ren- 
der more pleasing to the English ear, he changed 
to Macklin. He became an actor in the Lincoln’s 
Inn Fields company', in 1716. His last stage 
performance was his ever memorable character 
of Shvlock, at Covent-Garden theatre, in 1790, 
when his memory wholly failed him, and he 
took leave of the audience for ever. 
MACKLIN, Thomas, a print-seller in Fleet- 
street, London, to whose spirited and enterpris- 
ing exertions the professors of historical paint- 
ing and engraving were indebted for many bril- 
liant opportunities of displaying and improving 
their talents in the exhibition of “ The Poets’ 
Gallery.” Mr. Macklin’s edition of the Bible 
will ever remain an unrivalled monument of 
the taste and energy of the individual who 
planned and carried into execution so very 
magnificent an undertaking. lie was born at 
Dublin, in 1751, and died in 1800. 
M'KNIGHT, Charles, an eminent physician 
and surgeon, of the revolutionary army, after- 
wards settled at New-York ; he died in 1791. 
MACKNIGHT, I)r. James, an eminent cler- 
gyman of the church of Scotland, distinguished 
by his learned and useful labours in illustration 
and defence of the New Testament, was born 
in 1721, and died at Edinburgh, in 1800. Of 
pis various works, the most distinguished is, 
“The Harmony of the Four Gospels.” 
MAGNEIL, Hector, a Scotch poet and no- 
velist of much celebrity, died in 1818. 
MACON, Anthony le, a native of Dauphiny, 
who translated Decameron, to please the queen 
of Naples, to whom he was private secretary. 
ma 
'll MACPHERSON, David, sub-comn it-sionei 
; of the public records, died in 1816 ; having j ub- 
lished “ Geographical Illustrations ot Scottish 
History,” “ Annals of Commerce,” and “liis- 
jtoryofthe European Commerce with India,” 
I MACPHERSON, James, a Scotch gentleman, 
■distinguished in the literary world by the publi- 
cation of what lie called a Translation of the 
poems of Ossian, the son of Fingal, which ap- 
peared in the year 1762, and excited a long and 
acrimoniouscontroversy respectingtheir authen- 
ticity. Mr. Macphersou also published a trans- 
lation of the “Iliad,” in heroic prose;” “A 
History of Great Britain from the Restoration 
in 1060 to the Accession of the House of Hano- 
ver,” and “Original State Papers from the 
Stuart and Hanover Collections.” He was 
born in 1738, and died in 1796. 
MACPHERSON, sir John, governor general 
of India, died in England, in 1821. 
MACQUART, James Henry, a native of 
Rheims, eminent as a physician, author of a 
translation of Haller’s works 5 vols.; he died 
in 1768. 
MACQUF.R, Philip, a French lawyer, but 
chiefly celebrated for his chronological abridg 
ment in the manner of Henault, was born 
1720, and died in 1770. 
MACQUF.R, Peter Joseph, a French physi- 
cian and chymist of great reputation ; he died 
in 1784. 
MACRET, Charles Francis Adrian, an emi- 
nent engraver, born at Abbeville, in 1783. 
M ACRIANUS, Titus Fulvius Julius, an Egyp- 
tian, who, front a private soldier, became a ge- 
neral, and then emperor, A. D. 258. 
MACRINUS, Marcus Opilius Severus, an 
African, who, from the most obscure situation, 
rose to the dignity of emperor, on the death of 
Caracalla ; he was put to death A. D. 218. 
MACRINUS, John, a Latin poet, of France, 
called the French Horace ; he died in 1557. 
MACROBIUS, Antbrosius Aurelius Theodo- 
sius, an ancient Latin critic and antiquary, who 
flourished toward the latter part of thedih cen- 
tury. 
MACWHORTER, Alexander, D. D.,an emi 
nent presbyterian clergyman, of New-Jersey, 
died in 1807. 
MADAN, Martin, an English divine, author 
of “ Thoughts on Polygamy,” of a literal trans- 
lation of Juvenal and Persius, and of several 
other publications, was born in 1726, and died 
in 1790. 
MADDEN, Dr. Samuel, an Irish divine, pat 
riot, and dramatic poet. In 1731, he projected a 
scheme for promoting learning in the college at 
Dublin, by premiums. In 1740 we find him set- 
ting apart the annual sum of 1001. to be distribu- 
ted by way of premiums, to the inhabitants of 
Ireland only, viz: 501. to the author of the best 
invention for improving any useful art or mariu 
facture ; 251. to the person who should execute 
the best statue or piece of sculpture ; and 251. 
to the person who should finish the best piece 
of painting, either in history or landscape; the 
premiums to be derided by the Dublin Society, 
of which Dr. Madden was the institutor. The 
good effects of these well applied benefactions 
have not only been felt in the kingdom where 
they were given, but have even extended thcii 
influence to its sister country; having given rise 
to the society for the encouragement of arts and 
sciences, in London. He died in 1765. 
MADDERSTEG, Michael, an eminent pain 
ter, of Amsterdam, died in 1709. 
292  MA 
MADISON, James, D. D., bishop of the epis- 
copal church in Virginia, and a professor and 
president in the college of William and Mary, 
in that state; he died in 1812. 
MADISON, George, son of the preceding, 
was governor of tile state of Kentucky. He 
died in 1816. 
MADOG, a Welch prince, said to have sailed 
with 10 ships and 300 men about 1170, and never 
to have returned; some suppose he came to 
America. 
MADOX, Isaac, bishop of Worcester, born 
in London, in 16'J7, died in 1759. He published 
“ A Vindication of the Government, Doctrine, 
and Worship of the Church of England esta- 
blished in the Reign of Ciueen Elizabeth,” was 
a great benefactor to the London hospitals, and 
the first promoter of the Worcester infirmary, 
in 1745. His lordship rose to preferment from 
a very low station in life. 
MADOX, Thomas, a learned antiquary, and 
historiographer-royal, who, with indefatigable 
industry, collected and explained, at different 
times, a number of records relating to the an- 
cient laws and constitution of England, died in 
1727. His chief works are, “ The History and 
Antiquities of the Exchequer;” and “ Firma 
Burei, or A Historical Essay concerning the 
Cities, Towns, and Boroughs of England.” Mr. 
Madox’s large and valuable collection of trans- 
cripts, ip 94 vols. folio and quarto, were pre- 
sented by his widow to the British Museum, 
where they are now preserved. 
MAECENAS, Caius Clinius, the great friend 
and counsellor of Augustus Cresar, and himself t 
a very polite scholar, hut chiefly memorable for 
having been the patron and protector of men of 
letters, died 8 B. C. All the protectors and pat- 
rons of learning since his death have usually 
been called Mfecenases. 
MAES, Godfrey, of Antwerp, an eminent 
historical painter, died in 1660. 
MrESTLINUS, Michael, a German astrono- 
mer, of great learning, master of Kepler, died 
in 1590. 
MAFFEI, Francis Scipio, of Verona, a cele- 
brated dramatic writer, antiquary, anil critic, 
born in 1675, and died in 1755. 
MAFFEI, Raphael, a learned author, died in 
1521. 
MAFFEI, Vegio, a Latin poet, born in Lom- 
bardy, in 1407, was author of “Epigrams,” and 
a “ Supplement to Virgil,” which he called the 
13th book of the “ rEneid.” Julius Scaliger 
and Gerard Vossius have declared him a great 
poet. His prose works are also esteemed He 
died in 1459. 
MAFFEI, Bernardin, a learned cardinal, who 
distinguished himself by a “ Commentary upon 
Tully’s Epistles,” and a “ Treatise upon Me 
dais and Inscriptions,” died in 1529. 
MAFFEI, John Peter, a learned jesuit, born 
in 1536; who, after living in high favour with 
several popes, died in 1603. We have of his; 
“ A Latin Life of Ignatius Loyola,” “ A His-j 
tory of the Indies,’’'and “ A Latin translation* 
of some letters written by the Missionaries from 
the Indies.” 
MAGALOTTI, Lorenzo, count, a native of 
Florence, was an elegant and curious natural- 
ist ; he died in 1712. • | 
MAGANZA, John Baptist, a historical pain- 
ter, of Vicenza, died in 1617. 
MAGELH AENS, John Hyacinth de, F. R. S., 
a studious, ingenious, and learned man, parti- 
distinguished among the literati in Eng- 
" MA 
land and other countries for his intimate ac- 
quaintance with most branches of natural phi- 
losophy, and no less ingenious in his experi- 
ments therein, particularly in mechanics, was 
born at Lisbon, in 1723. Among his smaller 
works was a much esteemed tract on impreg- 
nating common water with fixed air; and his 
celebrated invention to imitate tiie qualities and 
effects of all medical waters, Bath, Tunbridge, 
dec. He died in 1790. 
MAGELLAN, Ferdinand, a celebrated Por- 
tuguese navigator, who, in 1519, discovered and 
passed the straits at the extremity of South 
America, which have been since called by his 
nahie. He soon after took possession of the 
Ladrone and Phillippine islands, where he was 
, killed by the natives, in 1520. 
MAGGI, Charles Maria, an Italian poet, and 
one of the most active restorers of elegant taste 
in Italy: he died in 1699. 
MAGINUS, John Anthony, a native of Pa- 
dua, and mathematical professor at Bologna; 
he died in 1617. 
MAGISTRI8, Simon de, an Italian, well 
known for his deep knowledge of Latin, Greek, 
and Hebrew. He was made bishop of Cyrene, 
and left several works; he died in 1802. 
MAGIUS, Jerome, an ingenious and learned 
mathematician, philosopher, and critic, of Tus- 
cany, judge of the admiralty for the Venetians, 
in the isle of Cyprus, which city he bravely de- 
fended against the Turks, inventing several ma- 
chines to annoy the besiegers and destroy their 
works; but, the city being taken, those savages 
burned his curious library, carried him in chains 
to Constantinople, and strangled him in prison, 
in 1572. 
MAGIUS, Bartholomew, brother of Jerome, 
a physician of Bologna, author of a treatise on 
gunshot wounds, died in 1552. 
MAGLIABECCHI, Antony, librarian to the 
grand duke of Tuscany, and editor of some 
scarce Latin authors, born at Florence, in 1633, 
died in 1714. His name is very famous among 
the learned ; but a prodigio"s memory was his 
distinguishing talent. As an instance of this. 
Mr. Spence tells the following story of him, 
which indeed seems hardly credible: “ A gen- 
tleman, to make trial of the force of his memo 
ry, lent him a manuscript that he was going to 
print. Some time after it was relurned, the 
gentleman came to him with a melancholy face, 
and pretended that it was lost. Magliabecchi, 
being requested to recollect what he remember- 
ed of it, wrote the whole without missing a 
word, or varying the spelling.” His attention 
was wholly absorbed by his hooks and studies. 
As he led a most sedentary life, and yet arrived 
to an extreme old age, (for he died in his 81st 
year,) it may be curious to subjoin an account 
of the regimen that he observed ; which is given 
us by Marmi, who composed hiseulogium. “ He 
always kept his head warmly covered, and took, 
at certain times, treacle, which he esteemed an 
excellent preservative against noxious vapours. 
He loved strong wine, but drank it soberly, and 
in small quantities. He lived upon the plainest 
and most ordinary food. He took tohaoco, to 
which he was a slave to excess; but was abso- 
lute master of himself in every other particular.” 
MAGNENTIUS, a German, who, from a 
private soldier,becameemperor of Rome, A. D. 
350. 
MAGNI, Valerian, a native of Milan, sent 
missionary to the north of Europe, by pope L'r 
ban VHI., died in 1661. MA 
MAGNON, John, a French poet, who formed] 
a pianof writing an Encyclopedia in verse; he 
was murdered in 1662. 
MAGN’US, John, archbishop of Upsal, who 
warmly opposed the reformation in Sweden, of 
which country lie wrote a history in 24 books ; 
he died in 1544. 
MAGNUS, Olans, brother of the preceding, 
and his successor as archbishop. He is author 
of a folio work on the manners ami customs of 
the people of the North ; he died in 1560. 
MAI1MED, Aga, a noble Persian, of great 
renown as a warrior ; he died in 1788. 
MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, a celebrated 
impostor, and founder of the Mahometan reli- 
gion, born in 571, at Mecca, a city of Arabia, 
of the tribe of the Korashites. which was reck- 
oned the noblest in ail that country, and was de- 
scended in a direct line from Pher Koraish, tlie 
founder of it. In his 40th year he began to 
take upon him the style of tlie Apostle of God, 
and under that character to propagate tlie im- 
posture which he had concerted. On his first 
appearance, he was treated with derision and, 
contempt, and called by the people, a sorcerer, 
magician, liar, impostor, and teller of fables, of 
which he frequently complains in the Koran ; 
so that for the first year he made little or no pro- 
gress ; but persevering in his design, which he 
managed with great address, he afterwards gain- 
ed many proselytes, among which were some 
of the most considerable men of the city. Tlie 
main arguments which Mahomet used to delude 
men into a belief of this imposture, were pro- 
mises and threats, being those which he knew 
would work the easiest on the affections of the 
vulgar. His promises were chiefly of parad’se ; 
which with great art he framed agreeably to the 
customs and taste of the Arabians: for they, ly- 
ing within the torrid zone, were, through tlie 
nature of their climate, as well as the then ex- 
cessive corruption of their manners, exceeding- j 
ly given to the love of women ; and the scorch- 
ing heat and dryness of the country making ri- 
vers of water, cooling drinks, shaded gardens, 
and pleasant fruits, most refreshing and delight- 
ful to them, they were from hence apt to place 
their highest enjoyment in things of this nature ; 
ami therefore, to answer the height of their car- 
nal desires, he made the joys of heaven to con- 
sist totally in these particulars, which he promi- 
ses them abundantly in many places of the Ko- 
ran. On the contrary, he described the punish- 
ments of hell, which he threatened to all who 
would not believe in him, to consist of such tor- 
ments as would appear to them the most afflict- 
ing and grievous to be borne: as that they should 
drink nothing but boiling and stinking water, 
nor breathe any thing but exceeding hot winds, 
things most terrible in Arabia; that they should 
dwell for ever in continual fire, intensely burn- 
ing, and be surrounded with a black, hot, salt 
smoke, as with a coverlid, &c., and, that lie 
might omit nothing which could work on their 
fears, he terrified them with the threats of griev- 
ous punishments in this life. He pretended to 
receive all his revelations from the angel Ga- 
briel, who, he said, was sent from God on pur- 
pose to deliver them to him. He was, it seems, 
subject to the falling sickness, so that, whenever 
the fit was upon him, he pretended it to be a 
trance, and that then tlie angel Gabriel wasj 
come from God with some new revelations to 
him. His pretended revelations he put into se- 
veral chapters, the collection whereof makes up! 
tlie Koran, which is the bible of the Mahomet-1 
MA 
Tans! It is the universal doctrine of tin- Man >• 
i metans that their religion is to be propagated 
by tlie sword, and that all true niussuliiieu aie 
ij bound to light for it. To reconcile Ihe minds 
ijof tile cowardly, and add vigour to the brave, 
|he invented id’s doctrine of fate and destiny 
jtelling them, that those who were slain in battle, 
though they had tarried at home in their houses 
must, nevertheless, have died at that moment, 
the time of every man’s life being predetermin 
ed by God; hut that those wiio died fighting 
for tlie faith, gained the advantage of dying mar 
tyrs for their religion, and immediately entered 
into Paradise, as the reward of it. Having at 
length been established in the temporal sove 
reignty, which he had long been aiming at, Ma 
hornet assumed all the insignia belonging there 
to; still retaining the sacred character of chief 
pontiff of his religion, as well as the royal with 
which he had been invested. He transmitted 
them both together to all his successors, who 
by the title of caliphs reigned after him. He 
died Sept. 12, 632, in consequence of having, 3 
i years before, eaten of a shoulder of mutton 
wiiich had been poisoned by a daughter of his 
host, at Caibar. lie was buried in the place 
where he died, which was in the chamber of his 
best-beloved wife, at Medina, where lie lies to 
this day. 
MAIIOMET I., emperor of the Turks, was 
: son of Eajazet I., and succeeded his brother 
i Moses, whom he slew in 1413. lie restored the 
: power of the Ottomans to its ancient glory. 
MAHOMET II., the 11th sultan of the Turks 
was born at Adrianoplc, in 1120; and is to be 
remembered chiefly for taking Constantinople, 
in 1453, and thereby driving many learned 
Greeks into the West, which was a great cause 
of the restoration of learning in Europe, as tlie 
Greek literature was then introduced there. He 
was tlie first of tlie Ottoman emperors whom 
j the Western nations dignified with the title of 
! Grand Seignior, or Great Turk ; which posteri- 
ty has preserved to his descendants. He died 
in 1481. 
MAHOMET HI. succeeded his fnlhei Amu- 
rath 111., in 1595. He began his reign bv strang- 
ling 19 of his brothers, and drowning 10 of his 
father's wiv e. He invaded Hungary with 
200,000 men, and died in 1603. 
MAHOMET IV., emperor of the Turks, re 
duced Candia with the loss of 200.000 men ; lie 
then invaded Poland, and laid the kingdom un- 
der an annual contribution, of 20,000 crowns. 
He was afterwards deposed, and died in 1691. 
MAHOMET V., succeeded to the throne, in 
1730. He was more respectable for his pacific 
disposition than for his military exploits; he 
died in 1754. 
MAHUDEL, Nicholas, a physician, nr Paris, 
author of a “ Dissertation on the ancient Spa- 
nish Money ;” He died in 1747. 
MAIER, Michael, a celebrated German al- 
chymist, who wrote 10 treatises on his profes- 
sion. He lived in tlie 17th century. 
MAIGNAN, Emanuel, a native of Toulouse, 
an able mathematician, and philosopher, and 
for some time, filled a professional chair, at 
Rome ; lie died in 1676. 
MAIGROT, Charles, a learned doctor of tne 
Sorbonne,. bishop of Conon. He went mis- 
j -nonary to China, and wrote an Examination of 
| lie Chinese worship, &c. ; he died in 1720. 
MAI LEA, Joseph Anne Maria de Moyric* 
j le, a jesuit, born in Savoy, a most learned and 
| amiable man, who spent 45 years as a mission 
294 MA 
ary in China. He translated tlie“ Great Annals 
ot' China," published m 12 vols. 4to.; and died, 
at Pekin, in 1748. 
MAILLARD, Oliver, a French doctor of di- 
vinity, eminent as a preacher, and author of 
3 vols. of Latin Sermons ; lie died in 1730. 
MA1LLE DE BREZE, Simon de, archbishop, 
of Tours, was distinguished at the council of 
Trent. He died in 1507. 
MAILLE, Francis, a native of Provence, 
celebrated for his longevity and the gallantries 
of his old age ; he died in 1709, aged 119. 
MAILLE, Urban de, marquis de Breze, well 
known as a warrior, and afterwards as ambas- 
sador, from France to Sweden, and Holland; 
he died in 1650. His son was distinguished as 
a naval officer. 
MAILLEBOIS, N. count de, lieutenant gene- 
ral in the French armies, distinguished himself 
in the German wars ; and died in 1792. 
MAILLEBOIS, John Baptist Desmarets, dis- 
tinguished himself in the wars of Spain and 
Italy, and the'conquestof Corsica, for which he 
was made marshal of France; he died in 1762. 
MAILLET, Benedict de, a learned French- 
man, for 16 years consul general, in Egypt, and 
author of an account of that country ; he died 
in 1738. 
MAIMBOURG, Lewis, a French divine, cele- 
brated in the republic of letters, born in 1610, 
died in 1686. He wrote the “ History of Ari- 
anism, of the Croisades, of the Decay of the 
Empire, of Lutheranism, of Calvinism, of the 
I’ontilicate of St. Leo;” and was composing 
the “ History of the Schism of England” when 
he died. 
MAIMONIDES, Moses, or Moses the son of 
Maimou, a celebrated rabbi, called by the Jews 
The Eagle of the Doctors, born in Spain, in 
1131, died in 1201. Of the works of Maimoni- 
des, the most considerable is his “ Jad,” which 
has always been esteemed a great and useful 
work, being a complete code or pandect of Jew- 
ish law, digested into a clear and regular form, 
and illustrated throughout with intelligent com- 
ments of his own. 
MAINFROY, prince of Tarento, and King of 
Sicily by usurpation. He besieged Rome, but 
ixas afterwards defeated and slain, in 1266. 
MA INTENON, Francis d’ Aubigne, Mad- 
ame de, wife of Scarron, the French poet, and 
afterwards of Louis XIV.; she was born in the 
prison at Niort, in 1635. She founded the cele- 
brated convent of St. Cyr, at Versailles, for the 
maintenance of 36 nuns, ladies of quality, and 
24 assistant sisters. Upon this foundation, 
which the king sufficiently endowed, 300 young 
ladies of distinction were received and educa- 
ted gratis. Her life of penitential piety after her 
marriage atoned for her ingratitude to madame 
de Montespan, who raised her from indigence, 
and whom she supplanted; her extensive chari- 
ty to the poor, and exemplary life, from this 
period, made amends to society; she died in 
1719. 
M A IRAN, John James d’Ortons de, a French 
philosopher, who succeeded Fontenelle, as se- 
cretary to the academy of sciences. He was 
author of a “ Treatise on Phosphoric Light,” 
fee., and died in 1771. 
MAI RE, John le, a French poet, who wrote 
some indecent allegories, and died about 1548. 
MAIRE, James le, a Dutch navigator, who in 
I ft! 6. sailed to South America, New-Guinea, and 
Ba avia : he died ill 1617. 
MAIRE, N. le, a surgeon of Lyons, who ac- 
MA 
quired eminence by his treatises on the N u vous 
iFluid, and on Magnetism ; he died in 1787. 
j MAIRET, John, a French poet, patronised 
by cardinals Richelieu and La Valette ; he died 
!in 1686. 
J MA1SIERES, Philip de, who was made coun- 
sellor of state by Charles V., and governor of 
the dauphin. Disgusted with the world lie re- 
tired from it, and diijd in 1405. 
MAISTRE, Anthhny le, born in Paris, re- 
tiring from the bar, he led a life of austerity, 
and wrote the life of St. Bernard, &c.; he died 
in 1658. 
MAISTRE, Lewis Isaac le. He took orders, 
but being suspected of Jansenism, he was 
thrown into the bastile, where he translated 
the Bible, with annotations, in 32 vols. 8vo ; 
he died in 1684. 
MAITLAND, John, lord of Thyrlestane. He 
practised law with great success, and was by 
James VI., made secretary of state, and the 
lord chancellor of the kingdom ; he died in 1595 
MAITLAND, William, a voluminous writer, 
who published histories of “Scotland” and 
“ London,” was born in 1693, and died in 1757. 
MA1TTAIRE, Michael, a learned editor of 
the Latin and Greek classics, born in London, 
in 1668, died in 1747. 
MAIUS, or MAY, John Henry, a Lutheran 
divine, of Germany, professor of oriental lan- 
guages at several universities, and author of 
several works; he died in 1719. 
MAJOR, John an eminent English divine, 
divinity professor, and provost of the universi- 
ty of St. Andrews. He wrote several works in 
Latin, and died about 1550. 
MAJOR, John Daniel, a native of Breslaw, 
and medical rrofessor at Kiel, where he found 
ed a botanical garden. He wrote on natural 
history, and died in 1693. 
MAJORAGIUS, Mark Anthony, professor of 
belles lettres, and author of some learned com- 
mentaries ; he died in 1555. 
MAJORIANUS, Julius Valerius, emperor of 
the West, was successful in his war against tin*. 
Vandals. He was universally respected for his 
virtues ; but was murdered in 461. 
MAKIN, Thomas, one of the first settlers of 
Pennsylvania, known as the author of two Latin 
poems, published rn 1728. 
MALACHI, the last of the 12 minor prophets. 
He foretold chiefly the coming of John the 
Baptist. 
MALACHY, St., a learned Irish bishop, who 
died in 1148. 
MALAGRIDA, Gabriel, an Italian jesuit, for 
a long time regarded as a saint, and consulted 
as an oracle. He was afterwards burnt alive, 
in 1761, at the age of 75, as a false prophet. 
MALAVAL, Francis, a Frenchman, who 
although he lost his sight when only nine months 
old, acquired celebrity as a mystical writer on 
quietism ; he died in 1719. 
MALAVAL, John, a native of Pezan, who 
gained eminence at Paris, as a surgeon ; he died 
in 1758. 
MALBONE Edward G., a distinguished mi- 
niature painter, born at Rhode-Island : he died 
in 1807. 
MALCOLM IV., grandson of David, king of 
Scotland. He was a liberal and benevolent 
prince, and founded several monasteries; lie 
died in 1165. 
MALCOLM, James Peller, a native of Arne 
rica. who went to England, and studied painting 
at tite Royal Academy ; but afterwards took U*  MA 
engraving. He became a member of the Society: 
of Antiquaries; and among other works, pub-j 
lished “ Londiuum Redivivum,” “Anecdotes! 
of the Manners and Customs of London,” and: 
‘ Miscellaneous Anecdotes.” Mr. M. died in; 
distressed circumstances, in 1815. 
MALDONAT, John, a Spanish jesuit, born 
in 1534, made himself famous by an excellent 
*• Commentary upon the Gospels,” in 1582, and 
died in 1583. 
M YLEBRANCHE, Nicholas, a celebrated 
French divine and philosopher, born in 1638, 
died in 1715 He wrote several works; of 
which the first and principal, as indeed it gave 
rise 11 almost all that followed, was his “ Search 
after Truth.” His design in this book is, to 
point out to us the errors into which we are 
daily led by our senses, imagination, and pas- 
sions ; and to prescribe a method for discovering 
the truth, which he does by starting the notion 
of seeing all things in God. 
MALEGUZZI-VALERI, Veronica, a learned 
Italian lady, who supported publicly, two theses 
on the liberal arts; she died in 1690. 
MALELAS, John, author of a chronicle from 
the creation to the age of Justinian, taught rhe- 
toric at Antioch, about 900. 
MALERMI, or MARERBI, a Venetian monk, 
who translated the Bible into Italian, in the 15th 
century'. 
M A HESHERBES,Christian William Lamoig- 
non, a celebrated Frenchman, and advocate at 
Paris. In 1750, he was appointed president of 
the court of Aides, and after serving his country 
25 years, retired. He was recalled by Lewis 
XV!., to become minister of the interior. When 
Lewis was dragged before the revolutionary 
tribunal, Malesherbes boldly appeared to defend 
him, but it was in vain ; his noble and virtuous 
defender, was condemned by the same tribunal, 
and with his daughter, and a grandchild, as- 
cended the scaffold, where they were executed 
in 1793. He wrote several celebrated works. 
M YLEZIEU, Nicolas de, a French author, 
tu’or to the dukes of Maine and Burgundy. He 
published “ Elements of Geography,” &c., and 
died in 1727. 
MALFILLASTRE, James Charles Lewis, 
a French poet, who wrote sonnets, odes, &c. ; 
lie died in 1767. 
MALHERBE, Francis de, a noted French 
pop;, who has always been considered by his 
countrymen as the father of their poetry, born 
in 1555, died in 1628. Boileau observes, that he 
was the first in France who taught the muse 
harmonious numbers, a just cadence, purity of 
language, regularity of composition, and order; 
in short, who laid down all those rules for fine 
writing which future poets were to follow if 
they hoped to succeed. 
MALINGRB, Claude, a French historian, 
author of a “ History of the Honorary Dignities 
in France ;” he died in 1655. 
M AHPIERRA, Olympia, a Venetian lady of 
noble birth, who wrote poems of some merit; 
she died in 1559. 
MALLEMANS, Claude, a professor of philo- 
sophy at Paris, and author of a “ Philosophical 
System of the World;” he died in 1723. 
MALLEMANS, John, brother of Claude, 
took orders, and wrote a “ History of Religion,” 
iro n the creation to the reign of Jovian ; he 
died in 1740. 
MALLET, Henry, a writer of Geneva, an 
thor of a “ History of Denmark and of Northern 
Annuities. 
MA ' 
! MALLET, David, or MALLOCH, adramat:* 
: writer, born in Scotland about 1700. In 1740, 
'I in: wrote a “ Life of Lord Tiacoii,” was associ- 
ated with Thompson the poet, in the composi- 
tion of tiie “ Masque ot Alfred,” and wrote a 
tragedy or two, and several poems. The prin- 
cipal works of this author have been collected 
in 3 volumes. As a writer, he cannot be placed 
in any high class; there being no species of 
composition in which he was eminent ; he died 
in 1705. 
MALLET, Edmund, a French divine, pro- 
fessor of divinity in the college of Navarre, at 
Paris. He was one of the writers for the En- 
cyclopedia, of the articles on divinity and belle* 
lettres, and the author of several other works ; 
he died in 1807. 
MALLET, Dupan, an eminent political wri- 
ter, who took refuge in England from the revo- 
lutionary mania of France, and was no less dis- 
tinguished by the extent of his knowledge and 
the vigour of his style, than by the probity and 
independent spirit of his character. He was 
born at Geneva, about 1750, and died in 1800. 
MALL1NKROTT, Bernard, a very learned, 
but turbulent man, dean of the cathedral of 
Munster. He was degraded and imprisoned; 
and died in 1064. 
MALMSBURY. See WILLIAM. 
MALONE, Edmund, born in 1741, was the 
son of an Irish judge, and was educated at the 
university of Dublin. In 1767, he was called to 
the bar in London; but he continued a very 
short time in the profession, and turned his pur- 
suits to literature. In 1790 he published an 
edition of Shakspeare ; and in 1795 exposed 
the Shakspearean imposture of the Ireland fa- 
mily. He brought out a “ Life of Sir Joshua 
Reynolds;” a “Life of Dryden ;” a “ Biogra- 
phical Sketch of the Right Hon. William Wind- 
ham.” He died in 1812. 
MALOUIN, Paul James, professor of medi- 
cine in the royal college of Paris, and physician 
to the queen. He wrote on “ Chymistry and 
Medicine,” and died in 1777 
MALPIGHI, Marcello, an eminent Italian 
physician and anatomist, born in 1628, died in 
1694. His discoveries in anatomy were con- 
siderable, particularly respecting the liver and 
kidneys. 
MALTON, Thomas, author of a “Treatise 
on Perspective, illustrating the principles of Dr 
Brook Taylor,” well known for his public lec- 
tures on that art, and for his theoretical and 
practical geometry, was born in 1726, and died 
in 1801. 
MALVASIA, Charles Caesar, author of an 
“ It alian History of the Painters of Bologna,” in 
1660. 
MALVEZZI, Virgilio, marquis of, an Italian 
student at law, who afterwards took to arms, 
and was employed by Philip IV. He wrote vari- 
ous works in Spanish and Italian ; and died in 
1654. 
MALUS, Stephen Louis, a French mathema 
tician, professor in the military school at Metz, 
afterwards served as an engineer in the army in 
Egypt, where he distinguished himself by his 
discoveries and writings ; he died in 1812. 
MAMBRUN, Peter, an ingenious and learn- 
ed French poet and critic, born in 1581. He 
jis, in L tin poetry', one of the most perfect and 
j accomplished among the imitators of Virgil, and 
I has written, in the same metre, the same num- 
ber of books, and in the three different kinds 
!to which that illustrious poet applied himself MA 
Thus we have of Mambrun “Eclogues;” 
‘ Georgies,” and a heroic poem in 12 books 
entitled “ Constantine, or Idolatry overthrown.” 
He died in 1661. 
MAMMEA, Julia, mother of the emperor 
Severus, known for her virtues and judicious 
Conduct; she was assassinated in 235. 
MAN, Cornelius de, an eminent painter, of 
Delft, died in 1709. 
MANARA, Prosper, an Italian marquis, and 
poet, and tutor to prince Ferdinand, of Parma ; 
he died in 1800. 
MANASSEH, son of Hezekiah, succeeded 
his father at the age of 12. His conduct was at 
first wicked and disgraceful, but he became anj 
exemplary monarch, and re-established the wot-: 
ship of the God of his fathers; he died 643 
B. C. 
MANCINELLI, Antonio, an Italian poet, and j 
orator, died in 1506. 
MANCO-CAPAC, founder of the Peruvian 
empire, declared himself the descendant of the j 
sun, and was worshipped as a deity. 
MANDEVILLE, s>r John, an Englishman, I 
famous for his trave.s, born about 1300, died in 
1372. He travelled through almost all coun- 
tries, made himself master of almost all lan- 
guages; and left, at his death, an account of 
his travels, in English, French, and Lathi, 
which abounds in improbabilities. 
MANDEVILLE, Bernard de, a celebrated 
writer in the 18th century, horn in Holland, 
where he studied physic, and took the degree of 
doctor in that faculty. He wrote several books, 
all of them ingenious and witty, but some which 
are supposed to have had a very ill effect upon 
6ocielv. His chief work is, “ The Fable of tiie 
Bees ; or, Private Vices made Public Benefits.” 
He died in 1733. 
MANDRILLON, I., a Frenchman, who tra- 
velled in America, and Holland. On his return 
to France, he became suspected by Robespierre, 
who ordered him to the guillotine, in 1793. Ho 
wrote the “ American Spectator.” 
MANETHO, an ancient Egyptian historian. ■. 
MANETTI, Gianozzo, a native of Florence, 
Illustrious as one of those men, to whom the 
revival of literature may be attributed. He 
was the author of many works, and died in 1459. 
MANETTI, Rutilio, a native of Siena, emi- 
nent as a painter, died in 1039. 
MANETTI, Xavier, professor of botany and 
medicide, at Florence, was keeper of the impe- 
rial garden, and author of several learned hooks; 1 
he died in 1785. 
MANFRED!, Eustachio, a celebrated mathe- 
matician of Italy, born in 1674, acquired great 
reputation by his “ Ephemerides,” and by his i 
other works, and died in 1739. 
MANEREDI, Bartholomew, an eminent pain • I' 
ter, born at Mantua, in 1574. j i 
MANGEART, Thomas, a learned Benedic- 
tine antiquary, librarian, and counsellor to the 1 
dnke of Lorraine. He wrote on medals, and ; 
died in 1703. 
MANGENOT, Lewis, a native of Paris, an- i 
thor of eclogues, fables, tales, fee., died in 1768. 
MANGET, John James, physician to the 
elector of Brandenburgh, and the learned an- t 
thor of many works, was born at Geneva, and Ii 
died in 1742. 
MANGEY, Thomas, D. D., prebendary of 
London. He was the author of commentaries, I 
snd practical sermons, and died in 1755. 
MAN1LICJS, Marcus, a noet in the reign of |i 
Tiberius : 
' MA _ * 
MANLEY, Mary, an English female, of con 
sidcrable reputation as a writer, but of a wanton 
and licentious character. She wrote plays and 
romances, and died in 1724. 
MANLIUS, Torquatus, a famous Roman 
who put his son to death for lighting without 
orders, 384 B C. 
MANLIUS CAHTOLINUS MARCUS, a re- 
nowned Roman consul and general, who saved 
the Capitol when it was attacked by the Cauls in 
the night. He was alarmed by the cries of 
geese, which were ever after held sacred, and 
the general himself styled the Capitolinus. He 
[was thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 384 IL C. 
j| MANLY, John, a captain in the navy of the 
jiUnited States, distinguished for his services in 
jthe revolutionary war; he died in 1793. 
jj MANNING, James, D. D., a distinguished 
[[baptist clergyman, who was elected first presi 
idem of tire college at Providence. It. 1., and a 
Imeinber of congress from that slate; he died 
in 1791. 
MANNINGIIAM, Thomas, D. D., a learned 
[prelate, who became bishop of Chichester, and 
published some sermons; lie died in 1722.- 
MANNORI, Lewis, an advocate of Paris, 
who published “ Memoirs of Pleadings” in 18 
vols. ; lie died in 1778. 
MANNOZZI, John, a painter, who adorned 
the palace of Lorenzo de Medicis, by the w orks 
of his art; he died in 1036. 
MANSARD, Francis, a Frenchman, first ar- 
chitect to the king of France. He adorned Paris 
with many elegant designs, and died in 1666. 
His nephew succeeded him, and died in 1708. 
MANSFIELD, Peter Ernest, count de, an 
able statesman in the service of the emperor 
of Germany ; he died in 1004. 
MANSFIELD, Ernest de, natural son of the 
preceding, distinguished by the emperor Ro- 
'iolphus it.; lie died in 1626. 
MANSFIELD, earl of. See MURRAY. 
MANSTE1N, Christopher Herman de, a dis- 
tinguished officer in the Russian and Prussian 
service, author of “Memoirs of Russia;” he 
was shot in battle, in 1757. 
MANTEGNA, Andrea, an Italian painter of 
great eminence, originally a shepherd, died at 
Mantua, in 1517. 
MANTICA, Francis, professor of law at 
Padua, was made a cardinal at Rome. He 
wrote several books in Latin, and died in 1014. 
MANTINUS, James, a Spanisli physician, 
of the 16th century, who practised at Venice, 
and translated the works of Avicenna and A ver- 
roe into Latin. 
MANTON, Thomas, D. D., a popular preach- 
er, in London, and before parliament. At the 
restoration, li.* was chaplain to the king. He 
wrote sermons and Calvinistic tracts, and died 
in 1677. 
MANTUAN, Baptist, an Italian poet, whose 
works possess much animation,and were printed 
at Paris, in 3 vols. folio, in 1513. 
MANUEL, Cornmenus, emperor of the east, 
made war against Dalmatia, Hungary, arid 
Egypt; he died in 1180. 
MANUEL, Falteologus, king of Constanti- 
nople, resigned his throne to his son John, as be- 
ing more capable of repelling the invasion of the 
Turks; lie died in 1425. 
MANUTIUS, Aldus, the first of those cele- 
brated printers at Venice, who were as illus- 
trious for their learning as for uncommon skill 
in their profession,was born at Rassatio, in Italy, 
about the middle ofthe 15th century, and thence MA 
is sometimes called Bassianus. He was the first 
who printed Greek neatly aigd correctly ; and 
he acquired so much reputation in his art, that 
whatever was finely printed was proverbially 
said to have come from the press of Aldus. In 
short, lie carried it to such perfection, that all 
improvements afterwards were greatly indebted 
to his previous advancements. He died in 
1516. 
MANUTIUS, Paul, the son of Aldus, was 
born at Venice, in 1512, and brought up to his 
father’s profession. He published, with com- 
mentaries, editions of “ Tully’s Epistles,” and: 
other works, and died in 1574. 
MANUTIUS, Aldus, the son of Paul, also a 
learned man and a printer, died in 1597, leaving: 
behind him “Commentaries upon Cicero," 
three books of epistles, and other works in 
Italian as well as in Latin. 
MANZO, John Baptist, marquis de Ville, an 
Italian, who after serving with reputation in 
the Spanish army, devoted himself to literature, 
at Naples, and wrote a Life of Tasso, and other 
Works ; he died in 1645. 
M ANZOULI, Tomaso, a much admired histo- 
rical painter, of Italy, died in 1570. 
MAPES, Walter, a poet, chaplain to Henry 
II. lie wrote in Latin, and his verse6 are still 
admired. 
MAPLETOFT, Dr. John, a very learned Eng 
listjunedical and theological writer, born in 1631, 
dielf in 1721. 
MARACCI, Lewis. See MARRACCI. 
MARACCI, John, a historical painter, of 
Lucca, died in 1704. 
MARAIS, Marin, a celebrated musician, and 
composer, born in Paris, in 1656. 
MARALDI, James Philip, a celebratel ma- 
thematician, who was engaged with Cassiuiain 
constructing the great meridian line through 
France; he died in 1729. 
MARANA, John Paul, born near Genoa, in 
1642, published at Paris, “The Turkish Spy,” 
which became very popular. He died in Italy, 
in 1693 
MARAT, John Paul, one of the most cruel of 
the atrocious leaders of the French revolution. 
He had studied medicine, and was an empiric. 
As a revolutionist he prompted revolt, pillage, 
and murder, and himself deiighted in shedding 
innocent blood. He declared that 300,000 more 
lives must be sacrificed before France would be 
safe. This monster was killed, in 1793 by a 
young lady, Charlotte Corday, whose lover 
Marat had sacrificed. 
MARATTI, Carlo, a famous Italian painter 
and engraver, was born in 1625, and died in 
1713. 
MARBACH, John, a protestant divine, of 
Lindau, who wrote a curious book, comparing) 
the doctrines of Jesus, with those of the jesuits; 
he died in 1581. 
MARBODUS, or MARBODAJUS, surnamed 
Gains, a monk, bishop of Rennes, author of se- 
veral works, died in 1123. 
MARCA, Peter de, a French bishop, and as a 
polemical writer, one of the greatest ornaments 
of the Gallican church, born in 1594, died in 
1662. 
MARCEL, N., a painter of fruits and flow- 
ers at Frankfort, died in 1683. 
MARCEL, William, a French advocate, au- 
thor of a “ History of the origin of the French 
Monarchy,” 4 vols. and other works; he died 
in 1708. 
MA RCF.LLl, Benedict, a noble Venetian, 
ma" 
who excelled in .nusic, philosophy and poetry 
he died in 1739. 
MARCELLINUS, a pope of Rome, in 296. 
MARCELLINUS, Ammianus, an ancient 
Roman historian of great merit, flourished in 
the latter ages of the empire, under Gratian, 
Valcntinian, and Theodosius the Great, and 
composed a history in 31 books, comprising the 
period from A. U. 99 to 378. He died about 
390, leaving behind him the character of an im- 
partial, faithful, and accurate historian. 
! MARCELLUS, a physician, who flourished 
under Adrian, and the Antonines. 
MARCELLUS, a physician, of Rordeaux, 
author of some medical works, in 381. 
MARCELLUS I., pope after Marcellinus, died 
in 310. 
MARCELLUS II., pope after Julius III., died 
a few weeks after his elevation, in 1555. 
MARCH, Ausius, a poet, of Valentia, in the 
15th century, who wrote after the manner of 
Petrarch. 
MAUCHAND, Prosper, of Paris, but settled 
in Holland, where he wa the principal author 
of a “Journal Literaire,” which was reckoned 
excellent in its kind. He composed “ L’Histoire 
do rimprimerie;” gave a new edition of the 
“Dictionary and Letters of Bayle;” and died 
in 1756. 
MARCHE, Oliver de la, a French writer,gen 
tleman to Philip the Good. His works are “ Me- 
moirs or Chronicles” 4to, in 1610, a Treatise 
on nUels &c.; he died in 1501. 
IVmRCnETTI, Alexander, a physician and 
poet, and professor of mathematics at Pisa, died 
in 1714. 
MARCHIN, Ferdinand count, a native of 
Liege, who signalized himself in the French 
armies on many occasions. He was sent am- 
bassador to Spain, by Lewis XV., and died in 
1706. 
MARCIANUS, an obscure Thracian, raised 
to imperial dignity on the death of Theodosius 
II. He was a man of many virtues, and died 
in 457. 
MARCILIUS, Theodore, a learned German 
critic, who visited Paris, and was made profes- 
sor of the Latin tongue there; he died in 1617. 
MARCION, a heretic of the 2d century, whose 
father was a bishop, and excommunicated him 
for incontinence. It is said, that before his death, 
he wished to renounce his errors. 
MARDONIUS, son-in-law to Darius, was at 
the head of the army of Xerxes, in his invasion 
of Greece, and was killed at the battle of Plataia, 
479 B. C. 
MARDUEL, John, a native of Lyons, who 
became minister of St. Roch, where his conduct 
as a pastor was most exemplary; he died in 
1787. 
MARE, or MARA, William de la, a Latin 
poet, of noble birth, who flourished about 1510. 
MARE, Philibert de la, counsellor in the par- 
liament of Dijon, and an elegant Latin writer; 
he died in 1687. 
MARE, Nicholas de la, a French magistrate, 
and author of a valuable treatise on Poiice ; he 
died in 1723. 
M AREUIIAL, George, a native of Calais, son 
of a poor officer. He become a surgeon of great 
fame, and died in 1736. 
MARECHAL, Peter Sylvan, a native of Pa- 
ris, who studied law, and afterwards became a 
periodical rvriter during the revolution Some 
of his writings are profane ami indecent; he 
died ic 1803. 
298  MA 
MARETS, Roland des, a nativeof Paris, and; 
author of Latin philological letters, of great; 
merit; lie died in 1653. 
MARETS, John des, a French writer, very 
debauched in his youth. He afterwards became 
a great saint and fanatic, and uttered various! 
prophecies. He wrote dramatic pieces, which 
gained him applause, and died in 1676. 
MARETS, Samuel des, a celebrated French 
divine, of the Reformed church, born in 1599, 
died in 1663. A chronological table of the works 
of this celebrated divine may be found at the 
end of his “ System of Divinity.” Their num- 
ber is prodigious, and the variety of their sub- 
jects shows au unbounded genius. 
MARGARET, sister of Edgar Atheling, fled 
to Scotland ori the invasion of William the Con- 
queror, and married Malcolm, king of the coun- 
try. She was an amiable and benevolent prin- 
cess, and died in 1093. 
MARGARET, daughter of Waldemar III., 
king of Denmark, born in 1353, was styled the 
Semiramis of the North. She succeeded her 
father in the throne of Denmark, her husband in 
that of Norway, and the crown of Sweden was 
given tier as a recompense for delivering the 
Swedes from the tyranny of Albert, their king. 
Thus possessed of the three kingdoms, she 
formed the grand political design of a perpetual 
union, which she accomplished, pro tempore, 
only, by the famous treaty styled the union of 
Colmar. She died in 1412. 
MARGARET, daughter of Raymond Beren- 
ger, count of Provence, married St. Lewis, in 
1254, and attended him in his wars to the holy 
land, where, on his captivity, she behaved with 
heroic intrepidity; she died in 1285. 
MARGARET, daughter of Robert, duke of 
Burgundy, married Louis Hutin, king of France 
in 1305.' She was a beautiful, but sensual wo- 
man, and was strangled in 1315. 
MARGARET, daughter of Maximilian I., 
married to the infant of Spain, and afterwards 
to the duke of Savoy. She displayed her reli- 
gious zeal against the Lutherans, and died 1530. 
MARGARET, of Anjou, daughter of Rene 
d’Anjou, king of Naples, and wife of Henry 
VI., king of England, an ambitious, enterpris- 
ing, courageous woman. Intrepid in the field, 
she signalized herself hy heading her troops in 
several battles against the house of York ; and 
if she had not been the instrument of her hus- 
band's misfortunes bvbutting to death theduke 
of Gloucester, his uncle, her name would have 
been immortalized for the fortitude, activity, 
and policy with which she supported the rights 
cf her husband and son, till the fatal defeat atj 
Tewksbury, which put an end to all her enter- 
prises ; the king being taken prisoner, and prince! 
Edward, their only son, basely murdered by 
Richard, duke of York. Margaret was ransom- 
ed by her fatlter, arid died in Anjou, in 1482. 
MARGARET, daughter of Francis I., of 
France, married Emanuel Philibert, duke of 
Savoy, and died highly respected in 1574. 
MARGARET, of France, daughter of Henry 
(V., disgraced herself by the levity and licen- 
tiousness of her character. She was divorced 
in 1509, and devoted the rest of her life to litera- 
ry and religious exercises. 
MARGARET, of Valois, queen of Navarre, 
and sister of Francis I., of France, born in 1452, 
She was celebrated as a writer both in verse 
and prose. Her” Ileptameron” or novels,havei 
Deeu often republished. She died in 1549. j 
MARGARET, daughter of Florent, count of | 
MA * 
Holland, fabulously said to have given birth to 
I 365 children. 
i| M A 1!,G A RET, of York, sister of Edward IV., 
: married Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy, 
| known by the opposition she made to the eieva 
tion of Ilenry VII., of England 
MARGARET, countess of Richmond and 
Derby, married Edward, earl of Richmond, and 
on his death she was married to Sir Henry Staf- 
ford, who dying, she took Thomas Stanley, earl 
of Derby. She was a woman of virtue and in- 
telligence, and died in 1509. 
MARGARET, duchess of Newcastle, famous 
for her voluminous productions, in letters, plays, 
poems, philosophical discourses, and orations 
iShe died in 1679. 
MARGARITONE, an Italian painter, who 
invented the mode of gilding on Armenian bole 
or clay ; he died in 1275. 
MARGON, William Piantavitde la Pause de, 
a French author and journalist, who was ban- 
ished for his libelous publications; he died in 
1760. 
MARGRAAF, Andrew Sigismund, a cele- 
brated practical chymist, of Berlin, who made 
great improvements in the modes of analysis • 
he died in 1782. 
MARGUNIO, Massineo, a native of Candia, 
who printed Greek books at Venice, and after- 
wards became bishop of Cerigo. He wrote 
Greek odes, and died in 1602. 
MARIA TH ERF.SA, queen of Hungary and 
Bohemia, married Francis Stephen of Lorraine, 
who was crowned emperor, in 1745. Her reign 
began with a war, in which all the neighbour- 
ing nations were engaged, and Maria was near 
losing her throne. After the war had continued 
eight years, a peace was concluded at Aix-la 
Chapelle, and Maria immediately devoted her- 
self to repairing the ravages which her subjects 
had suffered during the commotion. She built 
hospitals, encouraged commerce and science, 
and did every tiling which humanity and muni- 
ficence could devise, to render her infirm soldiers 
comfortable. The king of Prussia, again de- 
clared war against her, but in this terrible 
struggle, she maintained her elevation, and a 
peace was established. After a long reign, 
during which she displayed, heroism, virtue, 
and charity, to a degree which endeared her to 
her subjects, she died at Vienna, in 1780. 
MARIA ANTOINETTE, queen of France, 
was the daughter of the emperor Francis I., 
and Maria Theresa; she was married to Lewis 
XVI. of France, in 1770. This celebrated queen, 
was humane and benevolent to her subjects, 
but fond of magnificence and pleasure. She 
was doomed in the latter part of her reign to 
witness the most horrid scenes of riot and murde- 
among her subjects, the execution of her bus 
band, and her own trial and condemnation. 
She bore all these calamities with great forti- 
tude and serenity, but such was their effect on 
her, that the colour of her hair changed to a 
silvery white. She was guillotined, being carped 
to the scaffold in a cart, on the 16th Oct 1793. 
MARIAMNE, wife of Herod the Great, and 
mother of Alexander the high-priest of the Jews, 
slain hv order of Herod, 28 B. C. 
MARIANA, John, a Spanish historian, horn 
in 1593, died in 1624. He wrote several works, 
theological and historical; the most considerable, 
ofall his performances, is liis“ History ofSpain.” 
MARIANUS, Scotns, a Scotch monk, related 
to the venerable Bede, and author of a Chronicle 
from Jesus Christ, to 1083. MA 
MAK1ETTE, Peter John, secretary to the 
French king, and chancellor comptroller, died 
iti 1774. He wrote on pictures and engravings. 
MARIGNAN, John James Medichiuo, mar- 
quis de, a native of Milan, who was prevailed 
on by Francis Sforza, duke of Milan, to murder 
Visconti, a Milanese nobleman; he died in 1555. 
MARIGNY, James Carpenlier de, an ecclesi- 
astic, more admired for his witthanthe purity of 
his morals. He was the author of poems, and 
several histories; he died in 1762. 
M ARIKOWSKY,Martin, a physician ofHun- 
gary, eminent for his writings and practice ; he 
died in 1772. 
MARILLAC, Louis de, a French officer, 
raised by Louis XHI. to the rank of marshal of 
France, and afterwards found guilty of extortion 
and peculation, for which he was beheaded, in 
1632. 
MARIN, Michael Angelo, a French novel 
writer, whose works tend to promote the cause 
of virtue and religion ; lie died in 1767. 
MARINARI, Honorio, an Italian painter, pu- 
pil and imitator of Carlo Dolce; he died in 1715. 
MARINELLA, Lucfetia, an ingenious Vene- 
tian lady, who lived in the 17th century, and 
wrote a work called “ A Demonstration that 
the Women are more noble, more political, 
more courageous, more knowing, more virtuous, 
and better Managers, titan tiie Men.” 
MARINI, John Ambrose, a native of Genoa, 
and author of two Romances, which were very 
popular. 
MARINO, John Baptist, an Italian poet, of 
eminence, who went to France, and was patro- 
nised by queen Margaret, and Mary de Medicis. 
IDs works are numerous ; he ciiea at Rome, in 
1622. 
MARIO NUZZI, or MARIO DE FIORI, an 
eminent painter of tlowersand landscapes, died 
at Rome, in 1673. 
MARION, Francis, an active and successful 
partisan officer of the revolution, who for his 
activity, bravery, and usefulness, received the 
thanks of congress and was promoted to the 
rank of brigadier general; he died in 1795. 
MARIOTTE, Edme, a native of Dijon, known 
as an able mathematician, and learned ecclesi- 
astic ; he died in 1684. 
MARIUS CAIUS, a celebrated Roman, seven 
times consul. By a series of exploits, he be- 
came the most popular commander of Rome, 
but his disputes with Sylla proved fatal to the 
Roman people ; he died 86 B. C. 
MARIUS, Marcus Aurelius, a common soldier, 
who rose to the imperial purple of Rome. He 
»vas a man of astonishing strength of body ; but 
was slain by a soldier soon after his elevation. 
MARIVAUX, Peter Carlet de Chamblain de, 
a French author and writer of romances, born 
In 1688, died in 1763. The great characteristic of 
Loth his works was, to convey a useful moral 
under the veil of wit and sentiment. 
MARK, St., an evangelist, tho disciple of 
Peter, by whose direction he is supposed to have 
written his Gospel for the use of the Roman 
Citristians, in 72. 
MARK, pope, after Silvester I., in 1335; he 
died the same year. 
MARK ANTONY. See A NTON1US,Marcus. 
MARKHAM, Gervase, an English poet and 
miscellaneous writer, who lived in the reigns 
of Elizabeth, James L, and Charles I. 
MARKHAM, William, a nephew of Penn, 
was secretary and lieutenant governor of Penn- 
•Vlvaiiia : he died in 170-4. 
51A 
MARKLAND, Jeremiah, a very acute and 
learned English critic, born in 1693, died in 1776. 
MARLOE, Christopher, an Englislt dramatic 
author, born about 1562, and bred a student at 
the university of Cambridge; but afterwards, 
becoming a player, trod the same stage with the 
incomparable Shakspeare. He was nccountid 
an excellent poet in his time, even by Ben Jen- 
son himself; and Xleywood, his fellow-actor, 
styles hint the best of poets. He was murdered 
in 1593, in an affray. 
Ill AKLORAT, Augustin, an Augustine monk, 
of Lorraine, who embraced the tenets of the 
protestants, and was an eminent theological 
writer, he was murdered in 1662. 
M ARMION, Sheckerley, an English dramatic 
writer, born in 1602, died in 1639. 
MARMOL, Lewis, a Spaniard, taken prison 
er by the Turks, at Tunis, and kept in slavery 
8 years. He wrote a description of Africa. 
MARMONTEL, John Francis, a French 
novelist, admired at once for the vigour and 
the delicacy of his genius, was born at Bort, in 
1719. Seldom has wisdom been arrayed in t 
more charming dress than in his “ Morai Tales,’ 
Belisarius,” &c. He died in great retirement, 
but in a state bordering on want, in 1799. Three 
years before his death, being nominated to the 
legislature, he went to the Electoral Assembly, 
and, thanking his fellow-citizens for this mark 
I of respect, said to them, “You behold, my 
friends, a body enfeebled by age; but the heart 
of an honest man never grows old.” 
MARNEZIA, N. de Lezia, a member of the 
French convention, who reprobated the violence 
jof their proceedings, and retired to America, 
i lie was the author of several good works, and 
died in 1797. 
i MARNIX, Philip de, a native of Brussels 
I who warmly embraced the tenets of Luther 
He was afterwards consul at Antwerp, and died 
in 1598. 
MAROLLFS, Michael de, born in France, is 
1600, died in 1681. He attached himself to the 
translating of ancient Latin writers, was cer 
I tainly a man of great learning, and discovered 
all his life a love for the arts. lie collected 
about 100,060 prints, and these made one of tb« 
ornaments of the French king’s cabinet. 
MAROT, John, a French poet of some emi- 
nence, horn in Normandy, in 1403, died in 1523 
MAROT, Clement, son of the preceding, t 
celebrated French poet, and valet de chambre t< 
Francis I., born in 1495, died in 1544. 
MAROT, Francis, a French painter, the pu 
pil of la Fosse, died in 1719. 
MARGUARD-FREHER, a native of Augs 
burgh, counsellor of state to the elector palatine 
and professor ">f civil law at Heidelberg. Ii« 
wrote several works, and died in 1614. 
MARQUET, Francis Nicholas, a native of 
Nancy, eminent as a physician and botanist 
He wrote an account of the plants of Lorraine 
in 10 vols., and some other curious works; ii< 
died in 1759. 
MARRACCT, Luigi, a very learned Italian 
theological writer and antiquary, born in 1612. 
died in 1700. He was author of several piece* 
in Italian ; but the grand work, which has made 
him deservedly famous all over Europe, is, lua 
edition of the “ Koran,” in the original Arabic, 
with a Latin version, no.es, and confutation of 
his own. 
MARRIER, D. Martin, of Paris, made a r.t- 
rious collection of ecclesiastical writers. v\ U els 
tie published ; he died iu 1644. 
300 MA 
MARSAIS, Csesar Chesneau du, a French 
gtammurian and an eminent writer and Christ- 
ian. He wrote for the Encyclopedia, also on 
the Doctrines of the Gallican Church, “ True 
Principles of Grammar,” “ Logic,” &c., and 
died in 1750. 
MARSH, Narcissus, an eminent Irish prelate, 
and scholar, bishop of Armagh. He built a no- 
ble library at Dublin, endowed alms-houses, &c. 
He was an able orientalist and philosopher, and 
died in 1713. 
MARSH. Ebenezer Grant, professor of lan- 
guages and ecclesiastical history in Yale col- 
lege, died soon after his appointment to that 
station, in 1803. 
MARSHAL, Walter, an English divine, was 
ejected from his living, at Hursley, for lion-con- 
formity, and went to Gosport, where he preach- 
ed to a dissenting congregation. He wrote some 
religions works, and died in 1090. 
MARSHALL, Thomas, an English divine, 
and Celebrated critic,especially intheGothie and 
Anglo-Saxon tongues, born in 1621, died in 1685. 
MARSHALL, William, an able and eminent 
writer on “ Rural Economy” and statistics. He 
died in Yorkshire, in 1818. 
MARSHALL, Nathanael, D. D., an English 
divine, chaplain to George II., and canon of 
Windsor. He published sermons in 3 vols., and 
other works, in 1730. 
MARSHAM, sir John, a learned author, born 
in London, was one of the six clerks in chance- 
ry, member for the city of Rochester, and was 
knighted and made a baronet by Charles II. He 
is cr.ebrated for lii.s Chronological Dissertation, 
and died in 1685. 
MARS1GLI, Lewis Ferdinand, an Italian no- 
bleman, famous in letters and in arms, born at 
Bologna, in 1658, died in 1730. He was founder, 
in 1712, cf the academy of arts and sciences, at 
Bologna, called “ The Institute,” and author 
of a physical “ History of the Sea, and a De- 
scription of the Danube, from Vienna to Bel- 
grade.” 
M A RSILIUS. See MENANDRINO. 
MARSOLLIER, James, a French historian, 
wiiose works are still read and valued ; he died 
in 1724. 
MARSTON, John, an English dramatic au- 
thor, died about 1634. 
MARSY, Francis Marie de, a French author, 
who wrote an Analysis of Bayle, in 4 vols., for 
which he was sent to the Bastile. He was au- 
thor of many other works, and died in 1764. 
MARSY, Balthasar, an eminent sculptor, of 
Cambray, died in 1763. 
MARTEL, Francis, a surgeon, in the service 
of Henry IV., of France, author of an Apology 
for Surgeons, and other works, piinted at Paris, 
in 1635. 
MARTELIERE, Peter de la, an advocate, 
who distinguished himself in the celebrated trial 
between the university of Paris, and the Jesuits, 
he died in 1631. 
MARTELLI, Lewis, an Italian pott, died in 
1527 
MARTELLI, Peter James, author of seven 
volumes of prose and verse ; he was secretary 
to the senate of Bologna, and died in 1727. 
MARTENNE, Edmund, a Benedictine of St. 
Maur, author of a commentary on the Rules of 
St Benedict, and some other books; he died in 
1739. 
MARTIAL. D’Attvergne, a French poet, an j 
fhornf a historical poem on Charles VII., “ Ar- | 
lets de I/amour,” &c., died in 1508 
MA 
! MARTIALIS, Marcus Valerius, an ancient 
I.atin poet, born in Spain, A. 1>. 29. lie is ge 
ncraliy allowed to have excelled all those, vvlie 
j tiler ancient or modern, who have attempted 
the pointed epigram. He died at the age of 7L 
MARTIANAY, John, a Benedictine, vvhf 
ably edited the works of St. Jerome, in 5 vote 
folio, with a life of that father ; he died in 171' 
MART1GNAC, Stephen Algai, lord of, a 
French writer, who published the lives of the 
bishops of Paris, and translated Horace, Tj 
rence, Juvenal, Ovid, &c. ; he died in 16f8. 
MARTIN, St., was converted to Christianit- 
and became bishop of Taurus. He is regardr c 
as the apostle of Gaul. His confession of fain 
is still extant; he died in 397. 
MARTIN I., pope, caused the doctrines of the 
Monothelites to be condemned ; he died in (>f>o 
MARTIN II., pope, after John VIII., in 882 
he died two years after. 
MARTIN III., a native of Rome, pope aftet 
Stephen VIII. He was a benevolent pontiff, and 
founded several churches; he died in 94ti. 
MARTIN IV., a Frenchman, made pope aftet 
Nicholas III.; he died at Perouse, in 1285. 
MARTIN V., Otho Colonna, an illustrious 
Roman, made pope after the abdication of Gre- 
gory XII., in 1417 
MARTIN, Benjamin, one of the most cele 
brated mathematicians and opticians of the age, 
born in London, in 1704, and died in 1782. 
MARTIN, David, a learned French protestant 
divine, of most amiable manners, author of a 
“History of the Bible,” with 424 plates, also 
of sermons, Sec.; he died in 1721. 
MARTIN, Dom James, a Benedictine ol 
Languedoc, who wrote a treatise on the Religion 
of the ancient Gauls, a History of the Gauis 
and other works ; he died in 1751. 
MARTIN, Thomas, an English antiquarian 
He wrote the History of his native town, and 
was in possession of a large collection of anti 
quities, pictures, &c. ; he died in 1771. 
MARTIN, Claude, a native of Lyons, who 
went to India as a soldier, but left the army and 
remained in thatcountry. He became immense 
ly rich and built a magnificent edifice at Luck 
know. He then made a very curious, and vain 
able collection of the natural productions of 
the country, and died in 1799. 
MARTIN, Alexander, LL. I)., governor ol 
the state of North-Carolina, a senator in con 
gress from that state, died in 1807. 
MARTINDALE, Adam, an English mathe 
matician and divine, who was chaplain, in the 
family of lord Delaware. He was author of 
“Land Meter’s Vade Mecum, Almanacs, (fec- 
und died in 1700. 
MARTINEAU, Isaac, ajesuit, confessor and 
friend to the duke of Burgundy, and author ot 
Psalms of Penitence; he died in 1720. 
MARTINI, Raymond, a Dominican friar and 
great orientalist, wti; flourished in the 13th 
century. He was selected at Toledo, in 1250, to 
study Hebrew and Arabic, in order to confute 
the Jews and Mahometans. This lie attempted 
in a very learned work, called “ Pugio Fidei ’ 
MARTINI, Martin, a jesuit, long resident in 
China, where he wrote some valuable books, on 
the manners and habits of the Chinese, &e. ; 
he died in 1051. 
MARTINIERE, Anthony Augustin Bruzett 
de In, born in 1084, was secretary to the king of 
Naples, and geographer to me King of Spam, 
and di?u in 1749. 
nlART1N1US, Matthias, divinity orofessot MA 
at Paderborn, and -Bremen. He wrote a Phi i 
losophical Lexicon, and died in 1630. 
MARTINUSIUS, George, or VTISINO-| 
VI3CH, a native of Croatia, who from a lighter; 
of stoves, became a bishop, minister and friend! 
to the king of Hungary, and finally a cardinal. 
He was assassinated in 1551. 
MARTINELLI, a landsi ape painter of great 
eminence, born at Naples, in 1670, died in 1720. 
MARTYN, John, a botanical writer, born in 
London, in 1699, died in 1768. 
MARTYR, Peter, a Milanese, employed as a 
negotiator by Ferdinand of Spain. lie was au- 
thor of a History of the Discovery of America, 
&c., and died in 1525. 
MARTYR, Peter, a distinguished commenta- 
tor on the Bible, born at Florence, in 1500, died 
in 1562. 
MARUCELLI, John Stephen, an eminent 
Italian painter died in 1706. 
MARULLUS, Michael Tarchanistis, a very 
learned, but atheistical and blasphemous Greek, 
who left his nativecountry, and resided in Italy. 
He was drowned in 1500. 
MARULLUS, a poet of Calabria in the 5th 
century, who came to Padua, to wait upon 
Attila.* Marullus expected an ample reward for 
the flatteries with which he had filled his pane- 
gyric upon Attila; but when that prince was 
informed that the poet deduced his origin from 
Heaven, and styled him a god, he ordered both 
the verses and the versifier to be burned. Attila, 
however, forgave him. 
MARVELL, Andrew, a very ingenious poli- 
tical and critical writer and poet, born in 1620, j 
died in 1678. He manfully supported the reli- ; 
gious and civil liberties of his country, by his j 
writings and his parliamentary interest, against 
the arbitrary encroachments of the court on 
both; arid repeatedly declined ail inducements 
which the king offered him, to go over to the 
court party. 
MARVIELLES, N. de, a French officer, au- 
thor of some poetical pieces of merit, in Latin 
and French; he died in 1775. 
MARY, the mother of our blessed Saviour, 
was of the tribe of Judah, and of the royal 
house of David. 
MARY, wife ofCleophas, called in Scripture, 
the sister of the Virgin, and mother of the 
apostles James the Less, Simon, Jude, and 
Joseph. 
MARY, queen of England, eldest daughter 
of Henry VIII., and Catharine of Arragon. 
She was a learned woman, but bigoted in the 
popish superstition, exceedingly jealous, and 
violent and sanguinary in her resentments. 
During her reign, fire, faggots, and the stake, 
were the horrid means used to make proselytes 
to the Romish church. The sacrifice of the in- 
nocent lady Jane Grey and her husband, to a 
mean fit of jealousy, showed a degree of barba- 
rity rarely equalled in civilized life. She mar- 
ried Philip of Spain, whose coldness toward 
tier, together with the loss of Calais, is said to 
have so preyed on her mind, that she fell into a 
fever, of which she died in 1558. 
MARY, queen of England, wife of William 
III., was daughter of James II., by the daughter 
of lord Clarendon. She is represented as a meek, 
inoffensive character, little inclined to meddle 
with public affairs, and of a humane and bene- 
volent disposition; she died in 1694. 
MARY, daughter of Henry III., duke of Bra- 
bant, married Philip the Bold, of France, in 
.274. She was accused of poisoning one oUier 
MA 
i husband's sons, of which crime, she was, how- 
ever, probably innocent; she died in 1321. 
MARY, of Anjou, daughter of Lewis II., and 
j wife of Charles VII., of France. She was a 
woman of a very heroic character, and died in 
1463. 
MARY, daughter of Henry VII., of England, 
married Lewis XII., of France, and was gtand- 
tnother to the unfortunate lady Jane Grey ; she 
died in 1534. 
MARY THERESA, of Austria, daughter o' 
Philip IV., of Spain, married Lewis XIV., ot 
France, in 1660, and died in 16C3. 
MARY DE MEDICIS, daughter of Francis 
II., duke of Tuscany, was married to Hemy IV., 
of France, in 1600. She was banished by her 
son Lewis XIII, together with her favourites and 
attendants, and died in poverty, at Cologne, in 
1642. 
MARY LECZINSKA, daughterof Stanislaus, 
king of Poland, married Lewis king of France, 
in 1723, and is represented as a very amiable 
and virtuous princess ; she died in 1768. 
MARY, of Cleves, married Henry I., prince 
of Conde. She was loved with so much ardour 
'by the duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry lit., 
that when he came to the throne, he designed 
jto annul her marriage, and take tier himself; 
but her sudden death, probably by poison, at 
the age of 18, in 1574, left him disconsolate. 
MARY, of Arragon, daughter of Sancho 111., 
wife of Otho, was put to death in 998, for false- 
ly accusing, and destroying the count of Mo 
dena. 
j MARY, daughter of Charles, duke of Bur- 
gundy, married Maximilian, son of the emperor 
Frederic, and thus transferred the dominions 
of Burgundy to the house of Austria ; she died 
in 1482. 
MARY, of Austria, daughter of Philip, king 
of Spain, married, in 1521, Lewis, king of Hun- 
gary, who was slain at the battle of' Mohats. 
She was a woman of courage and firmness, and 
a great protector of literature; she died it! 1558 
MARY STIJART, queen of Scots, famous 
for her beauty, wit, learning, and misfortunes, 
daughter of Janies V., king of Scotland, suc- 
ceeded her father, in 1512, eight days after her 
birth. In 1558, she married Francis, dauphin, 
and afterwards king of France; by which 
means she became queen of Fiance This 
monarch dying in 1560, she returned into Scot- 
land, and married her cousin, H»nry Stuart, 
(lord Darnley,) in 1565; but excluding him from 
any share of the government (as 1c suspected) 
by the advice of Rizzio, an Italian musician, 
her favourite and secretary, the king, by the as- 
sistance of some of the principal nubility, sud- 
denly surprised them together, and Rizzio was 
slain in the queen’s presence, in 1566. The next 
year the king was blown up with gunpowder, 
in a private house, to which be had retired with 
a few friends. The earl of Bothwell, the new 
favourite of Mary, was undoubtedly the contri- 
ver of this murder; he was, however, acquitted 
by the nobles of his and Mary’s party ; and, in 
about two months after, the queen, to the as- 
tonishment of all Europe, married this ambi- 
tious villain. This shameful conduct occasion 
ed the revolt of the chief nobility, and her best 
subjects, by whom she was taken prisoner, com- 
pelled to resign the crown, and her son James 
VI., was crowned. The queen soon a 'ter es 
caped from prison and raised an army to oppose 
the regent, Murray, hut was defeated, and fled 
,to England, in 15138 where she was detained • 
302 MA 
prisoner, charged by her own subjects with the 
murder of her husband, king Henry. During 
the long imprisonment of the queen, she was 
justly considered as the head of the popish par- 
ty, who wished to see a princess of their per 
suasion on the throne of England. She counte- 
nanced, if she was not directly concerned in, the 
plots against the life of Elizabeth, who was re- j 
duced to the necessity of sacrificing her to lierl 
own personal safety. She was tried for a con- 
spiracy, condemned, and beheaded, in 1587. 
MARY, a French poetess, who resided in 
England, in the 13th century. Her poems on 
chivalry, &c., are preserved in the British mu- 
seum. 
MAS, Lewis du. See DUMAS. 
MASACCIO Thomas, an eminent Italian | 
painter, who /as regarded as the chief artist | 
of the secop ige of modern painting • he died I 
in 1443. 
MASCARDI, Augustine, a learned Italian je- 
suit, for whose benefit, pope Urban VII. found- 
ed a professorship. He was the author of many 
works, but always poor and in debt. He died 
iu 1640. 
MASCARON, Julius, bishop of Agen, and 
a most eminent French preacher, born in 1634, 
died in 1703. His eloquence was astonishing ; 
and it is related that his preaching had such an 
effect upon the Hugonots, that, of 30,000 Calvin- 
ists, which he found at his coming to the see of 
Agen, 28,000 forsook their church. 
MASCHERONI, Laurent, of Bergamo, an 
eminent mathematician, the well-known author 
of Compass Geometry, died at Paris, in 1800. 
MASCLEF, Francis, a French theologician, 
and canon of Amiens. He wrote a Hebrew 
grammar, and other books, and died in 1728. 
MASCRIER, John Baptist de, a French wri- 
ter, author of a description of Egypt, from Mal- 
let’s Memoirs, Christian Reflections, &c.; he 
died in 1700. 
MASENIUS, James, a jesuit, professor of 
eloquence and poetry, at Cologne, and author 
of a Latin poem on the Fall of Man, from 
which, it is said, Milton borrowed ideas; he 
died in 1681. 
MASHAM, lady Damaris, a very learned 
lady, who wrote a discourse concerning the 
Love of God. Besides learning, she possessed 
every other virtue, and died in 1708. 
MASIUS, Andrew, bom near Brussels, a very 
learned orientalist, who wrote a Syriac gram- 
mar, and translated pieces from the Syriac ; he 
died in 1753. 
MASKELINE, Rev. Dr. Nevil, a most emi- 
nent mathematician, and many years astrono- 
mer royal at Greenwich, was born in 1332, and 
educated at Cambridge. He determined the 
method of finding the longitude at sea by lunar 
observations. He published “ The Nautical 
Almanac," and several other scientific works, 
and died in 1811. 
MASO, Thomas, or FINIGUERRA, a gold- 
smith, of Florence, said to have invented the 
art ol taking impressions from engravings on 
copper, about 1480. 
MASON, Francis, a native of Durham, chap- 
lain to James I., and author of some valuable 
writings; he died in 1621. 
MASON, Sir John, a statesman of eminence, 
in the reign of Henry VIII., and his successors. 
Henry employed him on several embassies, and 
made him his privy counsellor. He maintained 
his influence at court under Edward, Mary, and | 
Elizabeth ; he died in 1566. j 
MA 
! MASON, John, a learned and pious dissent- 
■ing minister, author of Self Knowledge, Prac- 
I tical Discourses l'or Families, and other works. 
i He died in 1763. 
i| MASON, William, an excellent English poet 
[and divine, born in 1725, died in 1797. 
| MASON, George, an English writer, author 
j of “ Essays on Gardening“ Answer to Tom 
, Paine,” and other works ; he died in 1806. 
|| MASON, John, one of the early settlers of 
[Connecticut, distinguished for his successful ex- 
pedition against the Pequot Indians, of which 
jhe wrote an account; lie was commander of the 
'troops and lieutenant governor of the colony. 
He died in 1673. 
MASON, John, D. D., a native of Scotland, 
and a distinguished presbyterian clergyman, of 
New-York, was eminent for his learning,talents, 
and eloquence. He died in New-York, in 
1792. 
MASON, George, a distinguished statesman, 
of the state of Virginia, died in 1792. 
MASQUE DE FER, or IRON MASK, a per- 
son confined in the bastile, who always wore a 
mask with steel springs, which concealed his 
features, without preventing his eating. Though 
no person could ever discover who he was, it is 
certain from the treatment he received, that ha 
iwas a person of high birth. He died in 1708. 
and was buried privately, 
j MASSAC, John Baptist, an eminent French 
painter, born at Paris, died in 1767. 
MASSAN1ELLO, or ANELLO. See ANEL- 
LO. 
MASSARf, Lucio, a native of Bologna, emi- 
nent as a historical painter, died in 1633. 
MASSARIA, Alexander, a physician, born at 
Vicenza. He wrote “ Practice of Medicine,*’ 
and other works, and died in 1598. 
MASSASOIT, an Indian sachem, who resi- 
ded in Naraganset bay, when the pilgrims land- 
ed at Plymouth, in 1620. He was distinguished 
for his friendship to the whites, and for the good 
faith he always observed toward them. He 
died about the year 1655. 
MASSE, John Baptiste, a Parisian, miniature 
painter to the French king; lie died in 1767. 
MASSEI, Raymond, a physician, of Orleans, 
author of Ptean Aurelianus, and other works, 
about 1600. 
MASSENA, Andrew, prince of Esling, one 
of the most distinguished and fortunate of Buo- 
naparte’s field marshals. He was horn at Nice, 
iu 1758, and commanded in chief in the memo- 
rable compaign of Switzerland : when, at the 
battle of Zurich, he had to contend against the 
archduke Charles and marshal Suwaroff; yet, 
the fruits ofthiscainpaign were 70,000 prisoners! 
He ended his military career by the command 
of the army of Portugal, in 1810-11, and died 
in 1817. 
MASSEVILLE, Lewis le Vavasseur de, a 
native of Montebourg, an able topographical 
writer, and author of a History and Geograpiiy 
of Normandv ; he died in 1733. 
MASSIEU, William, an ingenious and 
learned French writer on classical antiquity, 
and author of an edition of Demosthenes, born 
iu 1665, died in 1722. 
MASSILLON, John Baptiste, a very cele- 
brated preacher, of France, and considered in 
that country as a consummate master of elo- 
quence, was born in 1663, died in 1742. 
MASSINGER, Philip, an excellent English 
dramatic poet, born in 1585, died in 1639. He 
was held in high esteem bv the poets of that  MA 
age. Ilis works were collected by Mr. Mason 
and Mr. Davies, in 1779. 
MASS1N1SSA, an African king, who became 
a most faithful ally of Rome, died in 149 H. C. 
MASSOLINO, de Panicale, of Florence, an 
admirable painter; he died in 1450. 
MASSON, Anthony, a French engraver, 
whose portraits were much admired, died in 
1702. 
MASSON, Innocent le, a Carthusian, who 
rebuilt the Grande Chartreuse, at Paris, when 
destroyed by fire; he died in 1703. 
MASSON, Anthony, a Minim, author of a 
History of the Deluge, and of Noah; he died 
in 1700. 
MASSON DES GRANGES, Daniel, a French 
ecclesiastic, authorof the “ Modern Philosopher, 
or the Unbeliever condemned at the tribunal of 
Reason ;” he died in 1760. 
MASSON, Papirius, a French annalist of good 
reputation. He died in 1611. 
MASSON, John, a reformed minister, origi- 
nally of France, but who fled to England to 
enjoy that liberty in religion which his own 
country refused him, and died in Holland, about 
the middle of the 18th century. 
MASSON, Francis, an eminent Scotch gar- 
dener and botanist. He visited the Cape of 
Good Hope, the West-Indies, Portugal, Madeira, 
and North-America, to collect plants for the 
royal gardens, and died at Montreal, in 1805. 
MASSUET, Rene, a learned French Bene- 
dictine, known by his edition of Iranaius, with 
learned dissertations, in 1710. 
MASTELLETA, John Andrew, a painter, of 
Bologna, born in 1577, died in a fit of melan- 
choly. 
MATANI, Anthony, an Italian physician, 
professor of medicine at Pisa, and author of se- 
veral learned works on his profession, he died 
in 1769. 
MATERNUS, DF, CILANO, George Christ- 
ian, author of a Dissertation on the Aurora 
Borealis, and other works,died in Lower Saxony, 
in 1773. 
MATHER, Richard, came to Massachusetts, j 
in 1635, and settled tiiere. He was an eminent 
divine, and author of several religious works; ! 
he died in 1099. 
MATHER, Samuel, sop of the preceding, I 
came with his father to New-England, but re- I 
turned to Great Britain, where he became a dis- 
tinguished preacher; he died in 1671. 
MATHER, Increase, D. D., brother to the j 
preceding, was for several years a clergyman ! 
of Boston, and afterwards, president of Har- 
vard college ; he was author of several works, 
and died in 1723. 
MATHER, Cotton, D. D., F. R. S., son of the 
preceding, was distinguished for his great learn- 
ing and piety, and maybe considered as the 
most eminent clergyman of his day in New- 
England. He was settled at Boston, where he 
died in 1727. His writings were numerous. 
M ATHER, Samuel, son of Dr. Cotton Mather, 
w-ns also a clergyman of Boston. He thed in 
1785 
MATHER, Nathaniel, an eminent English 
divine, settled at London, died in 1697. 
MATHER, Eleazer, first minister of North- 
ampton, Mass.,was born in 1637,and died in 1669. 
MATHIAS St., one of the twelve apostles, 
m the room of the traitor Judas. 
MATHIAS, son of Maximilian II., was era- 
peror of Germany, after Die brother Rodolphus ! 
1.1., in 1612. He died at Vienna, in 1616 
MA 
| MATHIAS CORVINUS, king of Hungary 
and Rohcmia, in 1458. He broke the conspiracy 
1 of Hungarian lords, who invited Frederic lil., 
to take possession of the crown. He was a 
great warrior, but a good and benevolent king, 
and introduced order, and reformed abuses 
among his subjects; he died in 1490. 
MATHIAS, Christian, a native of Holstein, 
professor of divinity and philosophy at various 
universities. He wrote Hisloria I’atriarcharuui 
&.c., and died in 1655. 
MATHON DE LA COUR, James, a French 
mathematician, and an active member of the 
academy at Lyons. He wrote Elements of Dyna- 
mics, and Mechanics, and other works, and died 
in 1770. 
MATHON DE LA COUR, Charles Joseph, 
son of the preceding, jv as distinguished at Paris 
for his literary labours, and the prizes he obtain 
ed in the various learned academies there. A 
mong his works, he wrote on the danger of 
reading books hostile to religion. He was exe- 
cuted in 1793. 
MATIGNON, James de, an able warrior, was 
commander-in-chief in Normandy, in 1572, and 
was made marshal by Henry III. of France; lie 
died in 1597. 
MATILDA, or MAUD, daughter of Henry I., 
king of England, married Henry IV., king of 
Germany, and was afterwards acknowledged 
queen of England ; but her conduct not suiting 
the nobles, she was deposed, and Stephen placed 
on the throne ; she died in 1167. 
MATSYS, Quintin, sometimes called the 
blacksmith of Antwerp, famous for having been 
transformed from a farrier to a painter by the 
force of love, and for the sake of a mistress ; 
became eminent in his new- profession, and died 
in 1529. 
MATTEI, Paolo da, a painter, of Naples, ce- 
lebrated for the correctness of his pieces, died 
in 1728. 
MATTHEW, or LEVI, a tax gatherer, be- 
came a discipie of our Saviour. He wrote his 
igospel about A. D. 04, and is supposed to have 
jsufl'ered martyrdom. 
MATTHEW CANTACUZENUS, son of 
:John, emperor of Constantinople, and partner 
on the throne with him in 1534. He composed 
Isome commentaries on Solomon’s Song. 
i MATTHEW, of Westminster, an English 
historian, of the 14th century, very much es- 
teemed for his veracity, acuteness, and dili 
gence. 
I MATTHEWS, Tobias, an chic and eloquent 
divine, in the reign of James I., was made bi- 
shop of Durham, and afterwards of York; he 
died in 1628. 
MATTHEWS, Thomas, a native of Glamor- 
ganshire, eminent as a naval commander; lie 
died in 1751. 
MATTHEWS, Samuel, governor of the co- 
lony of Virginia, in 1656, died in England, whiie 
residing there as the agent of the colony. 
MATTHEWS, John, an active friend of the 
revolution, a member of congress from South 
Carolina, during that struggle, and afterwards 
governor of that state; he died in 1802. 
MATTHIEU, Peter, a French histoiian, who 
became historiographer to Henry IV., and at- 
tended Lewis XIII. at the siege of Montauban. 
He wrote the history of France, and histories 
of several of tiie French kings ; be died in 1621 
MATTIIIOLUS, Peter Andrew, an able au- 
thor, born at Sienna. He published, in Italian 
isome valuable commentaries on Diuscoridcs 
304 MA 
His works were edited by Bartholin ; he died ini 
1577 
MATTI, Don Emanuel, a Spanish poet of 
eminence, member of the Arcadia, at Rome. 
Pope Innocent XII., made him dean of Alicant; 
he died in 1737. 
MATURINO, a native of Florence, eminent 
as a painter, was a pupil of Raphael, whose 
works he rivalled; lie died in 1527. 
MATY, Dr. Matthew, an eminent physician, 
critic, and miscellaneous w'riier, born in Hol- 
land, in 1718, but settled in England; lie was 
secretary to the Royal Society, and principal 
librarian of the British Museum. He died in 
1776. 
MATY, Paul Henry, M. A., F. R. S., son of 
the preceding. His whole life was taken up in 
literary pursuits. In January, 1782, he set on 
foot a Review of Publications, principally fo- 
reign ; and no man was better qualified for the 
employment. He was born in 1745, and died in 
1787. 
MAUCIIARD, Burchard David, professor of 
anatomy and physic, at Tubingen, and physician 
to the duke of VV irtemberg. He wpote various 
tracts on his profession, and died in 1751. 
MAUCROIX, Francis de, a Frenchman, fa- 
mous for his many translations from Greek and 
Latin authors. He was intimate with Boileau 
and Racine, and died in 1708. 
MAUDUiT, Michael, an eminent French di- 
vine, who wrote against atheists and deists, also 
a translation of the Psalms, &c.; he died in 1709. 
MAUDUIT, Israel, F. A. S., a political and 
miscellaneous writer, best known as author of 
“ Considerations on the German War,” &c., 
died in 1787. 
MAUGIN, John, of Anjou, translated Ma- 
chieval’s Discourses into French, about 1550. 
MAUPERTUIS, Peter Lewis Moreau de, an 
eminent French philosopher, born in 1698. In 
1736 lie was placed at the head of the academi- 
cians who were sent into the North by the king 
of France, in order to determine the figure of the 
earth, which was executed with great success. 
He died in 1759. 
MAUPERTUY, John Baptist Drouet de, a 
Parisian, was bred to the law, but afterwards 
took orders. He wrote his “ History of the Ho- 
ly Church at Vienne,” andother religious books, 
and died in 1730. 
MAUPiN, N. Aubigny, a celebrated singer at 
the Paris opera. She died in 1707. 
MAUR, St., a disciple of St. Benedict, who 
Jied about 584. A congregation bearing his 
name, was formed in France, in the 17th cen- 
tury, which has produced some learned men. 
MAUR, Don Charles de, an eminent mathe- 
matician and engineer, was employed in the 
Spanish army, and also in the construction of J 
canals and roads. He wrote Elements of Ma- 
thematics, and died in 1785. 
MAURAN, Peter, a leading man among thej 
Albigenses, in Languedoc, was condemned to I 
make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, because he; 
denied trail substantiation; he lived in the 13th 
century. 
MAUREPAS, John Frederic Pliillippeanx,i 
count of, a statesman, of France, eminent for 
bis genius activity, and piofound sagacity, was 
bom in 1701. and died in 1781. 
MAURICE, of Nassau, prince of Orange, 
succeeded bis father in the government of the 
Low Countries, in 1584. He added to his do- 
minions by conquest, and was considered the 
ablest general of bis time- he died in 1625. 
MA 
!| MAUlllOEAU, Francis, a French surgeon, 
who applied himself with success and reputa- 
tion to the disorders of women, and was at tlie 
| head of all the operators in obstetrics. One of 
I his works upon this subject has been translated 
jinto several languages. He died in 1700. 
I MAURITIUS TIBERIUS, a Cappadocian 
I who distinguished himself at the head of the Ro- 
man armies, and finally was made emperor, but 
dethroned and put to death by Phocas, in 002. 
MAUROL1CO, Francis, abbe of Santa Maria 
del Porto, in Sicily, and professor of mathema- 
tics there, was the author of several mathema- 
1 tical works; he died in 1575. 
MAURUS, Terentianus, a Latin poet in the 
time of Trajan. 
MAURY, Jean Siflfrein, an eminent preacher 
at Paris, distinguished at the commencement of 
the revolution, for his defence of the clergy and 
of royalty, in the states-general. lie was aftei- 
wards archbishop of Paris, and a cardinal, and 
died at Rome, in 1817. 
MAUSSAC, Philip James, president of the 
court of aids, at Montpellier, and an elegant 
Greek scholar and writer ; he died in 1650. 
MAUTOUR, Philibert Bernard Moreau de 
auditor of the Paris chamber of accounts, and 
member of the academy of inscriptions. He 
wrote some poems and other works, and died 
in 1757. 
MAXCY, Jonathan, D. D., professor of divi- 
nity, and president of Brown university, and 
afterwards president of Columbia college, South 
Carolina ; he died in 1820. 
MAXENTIUS, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 
son of Maximianus Hercules, declared himself 
emperor of Rome, in 303. He was defeated by 
Constantine, and drowned in the Tiber, in 312. 
MAXIMIANUS, Marcus Aurelius Valerius 
Hercules, a Roman emperor, who rose to that 
dignity from the rank of a common soldier. He 
was put to death by order of Constantine, ht3 
son-in-law, in 310. 
MAXIMIANUS, Galerius Valerius, a shep- 
herd, raised to the Roman throne by Dioclesian, 
who gave him his daughter in marriage ; he 
died in 311. 
MAXIMILIAN I., archduke of Austria, son 
of Frederic IV. He was elected king of the 
Romans, and afterwards emperor. He was un- 
steady in his attachments, and little to be de- 
pended upon in political affairs ; he died in 1519. 
MAXIMILIAN II.,son of Frederic !., was 
elected king of the Romans, in 1582, and two 
years after, succeeded his father as king of Hun- 
gary and Bohemia, and emperor of Germany. 
He was a peaceful and well disposed prince, and 
died in 1576. 
MAXIMILIAN, duke of Bavaria, deserved 
by his courage, the title of Defender of Germa- 
ny, by his wisdom, that of Solomon. He was 
raised to the dignity of an elector of Germany ; 
he died in 1651. 
MAXIMILIAN, Emanuel, elector of Bavaria, 
distinguished himself by his services in the cause 
of the emperor Leopold. His merits placed him 
at the head of the Hungarian army, and he was 
made governor of the Low Countries by the 
king of Spain ; he died in 1728. 
M AXIMILIAN, Leopold, elector of Bavaria, 
son of the emperor Charles VI!., died m 1777. 
MAXIMINUS, Caius Julius Verus, son of a 
peasant, rose by his valour to be emperor of 
Rome, in 255. He was a tyrant, and fell by as- 
sassination, in 256. 
MAXIMUS, Magnus, a Spaniard, proclaim? _ ‘ MA 
emperor of Rome by bis army, but he wasde-j 
fealed and beheaded by Theodosius, in 388. 
MAXIMUS,of Tyre, a Platonic philosopher,! 
who was at Rome in 146. His discourses still 
remain. 
MAXIMUS, a Cynic, tutor to the apostate 
Julian, whom he encouraged in his opposition 
to Christianity; he was put to death ill 366. 
MAY, Thomas, an English dramatic poet, 
and historian, born in 1594. We have several 
translations of his from Latin auihors, and other 
compositions of his own also in verse. But he 
was most famous for that of “ Lucan's Pharsa- 
lia;” and his own continuation of that poem 
to the death of Julius Caisar, both in Latin and 
English, has considerable merit. He died in 
1650. 
MAY, Lewis du, a protestant French histo- 
rian. lie wrote “ State of the German Em- 
pire,” and several other works, and died in 
1681. 
MAYENNE, Charles, of Lorraine, duke of, 
son of Francis, duke of Guise, and one ,of the 
most distinguished warriors of his time. He 
was, however,defeated by Henry IV., of France, 
who afterwards became his friend, and added 
the Isle of France to his government; he died 
in 1611. 
MAYER, John Frederic, a Lutheran divine, 
of Eeipsic, professor at Wittemberg and Ham- 
burg, and author of dissertations on the Scrip- 
tures ; he died in 1712. 
MAYER, Tobias, one of the greatest astro-i 
nomers and mechanics of his age, was born in 
Wirtemburg, in 1723, died in 1762, having pub-| 
lislied several excellent works. 
MAYERNE, Sir Theodore, an eminent phy-jj 
eicia.ii, born at Geneva. He became physician 
to Henry IV., of France, and afterwards to 
James I., of England, and his queen. His : 
works were printed ill folio; he died in 1635. 
MAYHEW, Thomas, was governor of Mar-! 
tha's Vineyard, and distinguished for his regard 
to the spiritual and temporal welfare of the In-1 
dians under his authority; he died in 1081. 
MAYHEW, Thomas, son of the preceding,! 
was the first clergyman of Martha’s Vineyard, 
and was distinguished for his ministerial labours 
among the Indians of that island. He pensned 
at sea. aged 37. 
MAYHEW, John, a son of the preceding, and 
a clergyman of Martha’s Vineyard, died in 
1689. 
MAYHEW, Experience, was also a minister 
among the Indians at Martha's Vineyard, and 
translated a part of the Bible into their lan- 
guage. 
MAYHEW, Jonathan, D. D., son of the pre- 
ceding, a distinguished American divine, set- 
tled at Boston, author of several religious works. 
He died in 1766. 
MAYNARD, Sir John, an eminent English 
lawyer, celebrated for his eloquence, died in 
1690. 
MAYNARD, Francis, a French poet of wit 
and gayety, secretary to queen Margaret, and! 
author of odes and songs, died in 1646. 
MAYNE, Dr. Jasper, an English poet andj 
divine, born in 1604. He wrote “ The City 
Match,” a comedy ; and “The Amorous War,” 
a tragi coinedv, and died in 1672. 
MAYNWARING, Arthur, an English po- 
litical writer and poet, born in 1668, died in 
1712. 
MAYO, Richard, an English divine, author 
of several works, died in 1695. 
ME 
[ MAYOVV, John, a learned English physician, 
1 celebrated as a chvinist, and lor his experiments 
I on air ; he died in 167U. 
MAZAR1), Stephen, of Lyons, a man whe 
greatly improved the manufactory of hats ; he 
died in 1736. 
MAZARINE, Julius, cardinal, and first mi- 
nister of state in France, to Louis XIV., born 
in 1602, died in 1661. 
MAZEAS, John Mathurin, professor in the 
college at Navarre, and a writer in mathema- 
tics ; he died in 1802. 
MAZELINE, Peter, a sculptor, of Rouen, 
whose works are still admired; he died in 
1706. 
MAZOCHI, Alexius Symmachus, an Italian 
I antiquary, died in 1771. 
| MAZUTER, Claude Lewis, a member of the 
French convention during'.he revolution His 
moderate, yet bold and firm conduct marked 
him for the guillotine, by which he suffered in 
| 1794. 
| MAZZUCHELLI, Grammaria, a nobleman, 
of Brescia, eminent as a philologist and histo- 
rian ; he died in 1765. 
MAZZUCHELLI, Peter Francis, an eminent 
painter, of Rome, died in 1616. 
MAZZUOLI, Francesco, or Parmesan, an 
eminent painter, born at Parma. He excelled 
in etching, of which he has been called ihe in- 
ventor, and was regarded as the rival of Cor- 
jregio; he died in 1540. There was another ar- 
I tist of the same name, in the 16th century, who 
excelled in historical pieces. 
MEAD, Matthew, an English dissenting di 
I vine, and author of some meritorious works, 
(died in 1699. 
! MEAD, Richard, a most eminent English 
physician, born in 1673, died in 1754. His“ Me- 
dical Works” were collected and published. 
Those for which he is most celebrated, ar>* on 
“ Pestilential Contagion,” and on “ Poisons.” 
During almost half a century he was at the head 
of his profession. He was a most generous 
patron of learning and learned men, in all sci- 
ences, and in every country. 
MEADOWCROFT, Richard, an English di 
vine and author, died in 1769. 
MECHAIN, M., of Lyons, an eminent astro- 
nomer, whose talents were usefully employed ; 
he died in 1805. 
MEDE, Joseph, B. D., an English author; 
his works aie chiefly on divinity; he died in 
1638. 
MEDICIS, Cosmo de, born at Florence, in 
1399, was a merchant, but bestowed vast ex- 
pense and attention in promoting learning and 
the sciences. He collected a fine library, and 
enriched it with rare manuscripts. He re- 
moved to Venice, where he was received as a 
king; but his countrymen soon recalled him; 
and in effect he presided over ihe common- 
wealth 34 years. He died in 1646, and over his 
tomb was inscribed. Father of the People, and 
Freer of his Country. 
MEDICIS, Lorenzo de, sitrnamed the Great 
and Father of Letters, was an illustrious grand- 
son of Cosmode Medicis, and born in 1448. He 
was a great merchant, and as great a statesman, 
equally fit to entertain an ambassador ns a fao 
tor. His public services so recommended him 
to the Florentines, that they declared him chief 
of the republic; and be was so universally es 
teemed by the princes of Europe, that they of 
ten made him the arbiter of ’heir differences 
He died in 1492. 
306 ME 
MED 1C IS, John, surnamed the Invincible, 
was in the service of Francis I., of France; lie 
died in 1536, aged 28. 
MED1C1S, Lorenzo de, an Italian, related to 
the great Cosmo. He caused Alexander de Me- 
dicis, the duke of Florence, to be assassinated 
in 1537. 
MEDICIS, Hippolyto de, natural son of Ju- 
lian, was, in 1529, raised to the rank of car- 
dinal, by his cousin, Clement VII., and sent le- 
gate to Germany. He possessed great talents 
as a negotiator, and military man; he died in 
1535. 
MEDICIS, Sebastian de, of tbe same illustri- 
ous family, was distinguished by his learning; 
lie died in 1580. 
MEDICIS, Peter de, of the same family, an 
eminent and highly celebrated painter, was born 
at Florence, in 1586. 
MEDINA, John Baptiste, a highly celebrated 
painter, born at Brussels, and created knight 
in Scotland ; he died in 1711. 
MEEN, Henry, an English divine, published 
* Remarks on the Cassandra of Lycophoron,” 
sue of the most obscure of the Greek poets; and 
died in 1817. 
MEGASTHENES, a Greek historian, about 
292 B. C. 
MEHEGAN, William Alexander, a French 
nistorian, who wrote “Picture of modern His- 
tory,” and other wrorks: he died in 1766. 
MEIBOMIUS, John Henry, a learned pro- 
fessor of physic at Helmstadt, his native place, 
was afterwards first physician at Lubec. He 
wrote some professional works, and died in 
1655. 
MEIBOMIUS, Henry, a German physician, 
born in 1638, and known by the publication of 
1 Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum,” a very 
useful collection. He died in 1700. 
MEIBOMIUS, Marcus, a very learned person 
of the same family, born in 1611, who published 
K Notes upon Diogenes Laertius,” &c., and 
died in 1711. 
MEIBOMIUS, Henry, a native of Helmstadt, 
celebrated for bis great knowledge in medicines, 
his general learning, and his critical powers; he 
died in 1625. 
MF.IR, George Frederic, a German philoso- 
phical writer, born in Saxony, in 1718, died in 
1777. 
MEISNER, Balthasar, a Lutheran divine, and 
theological professor at Wittemberg, was author 
of several books, and died in 1628. 
MEISSONIER, Justus Aurelius, of Turin, 
eminent as a painter, scuptor, goldsmith and ar- 
chitect, designer and goldsmith to the king of 
France ; he died in 1750. 
MELA, Pomponius, an ancient Latin geogra- 
phical writer, born in Spain, who flourished in 
the reign of the emperor Claudius. His 3 books 
of “ Cosmography, or De Situ Oibis,” have 
been thought worthy of the attention and la- 
bours of the ablest critics. 
MELANCTHON, Philip, a celebrated Ger- 
man divine, coadjutor with Luther in the Re- 
formation, and one of the wisest and greatest 
men of his age, born at Bretten, Feb. 16, 1497, 
died in 1560. 
MELANIPPIDES, two Greek poets of merit. 
One of them grandfather, flourished 520 B. C. 
the other his grandson, 400 B. C. Their works 
are lost. 
MELCHISEDECK, high-priest of God, and 
king of Salem, met Abraham after his defeat!! 
uf the king of Sodom, and gave him his blessing. |j 
ME 
MELCTHAL, Arnold de,one of tliefounders 
■ of Swiss liberty, in 1310. 
MELEAGER, a Greek poet of Syria, ISO B.C. 
i MELETIUS, bishop of Lycopolis, in Egypt, 
who founded a new sect, which supported the 
Arians. He died about A. I). 346. 
MELISSUS, a philosopher of Samos, who 
maintained that the universe is infinite, and 
immoveable, 444 B. C. 
MELITO, St., bishop of Sardis, in \s;a, :n 
170, and author of several works which are lost 
M ELITES, a Greek orator and poet, the ac- 
cuser of Socrates. His iniquity was discovered 
after the death of Socrates, and he was sen- 
tenced to death, 400 B. C. 
MELLAN, Claude, a celebrated French en- 
graver, invited to England by Charles II.; he 
died in 1688. 
MELLON, John, an American clergyman, 
settled at Lancaster, Mass., and afterwards at 
Hanover, N. H. ; he died in 1807. 
MELMOTII, William, a learned English 
lawyer, born in 1666. He wrote an admirable 
treatise “On the great importance of a religi- 
ous life,” and died in 1743. 
MELMOTII, William, son of the preceding, 
w'as born in 1710. He translated the epistles 
of “ Pliny” and “ Cicero” and wrote some 
elegant letters under the assumed name of sir 
Thomas Fibrosbone. He died in 1799. 
MELON, John Francis, secretary of the aca- 
demy at Bourdeaux, died in 1738. 
MELOT, John Baptist, a French writer of 
merit, member of the academy of inscriptions, 
and librarian to the king of France; he died in 
1760. 
MELVIL, sir James, author of some useful 
and entertaining memoirs of England and Scot- 
land, was born in 1530. He was privy coun- 
sellor, and gentleman of the bedchamber to 
Mary queen of Scots, till her confinement at 
Lockleven. lie died in 1606. 
MEMM1, Simon, a portrait painter, of Sienna, 
died in 1345. 
MEMNON, a Rhodian, general of Darius, 
opposed Alexander’s invasion. 
MENAGE, Giles, called the Varro of his time, 
w as bortt in France, in 1613, and died in 1692. 
He composed several works, the principal of 
which are “Originesde la Langue Francoise,” 
“ Miscellanea,” a collection of pieces in Greek, 
Latin, and French, prose and verse. 
MENANDER, an ancient Greek comic poet, 
born at Athens, in the 3d year of the 109th 
Olympiad. The kings of Egypt and Macedon, 
sent ambassadors to invite him to their courts, 
and even fleets to bring him over; but Menander 
preferred the free enjoyment of his studies to the 
promised favours of the great. Only four of 
his numerous comedies are preserved. He was 
accidentally drowned 293 B. C. 
MENANDR1NO, Marsilio, also called Mar- 
shals of Padua, the place of his birth, one of 
the most celebrated philosophers and lawyers of 
the 14th century. 
MENARD, Claude, a French magistrate, of 
Angers, and an eminent antiquarian ; he died 
in 1652. 
MENAR.D, Dom Nicholas Ilugues, a Bene- 
dictine of St. Maut, and an author, died in 1644. 
MENARD, Leo, a counsellor of Nismes, and 
author of a history of that place, died in 1767. 
MENASSEH-BEN-ISRAEL, a Portuguese 
rabbi, of the sect of the Pharisees, author of 
isome Hebrew works, died in 1660. 
j MENCKE,Otto, a learned German critic, born ME 
fn 1644, died in 1707. The most considerable 
of his works, and which is alone sufficient to 
perpetuate his name, is the “ Acta Eruditorum” 
of Leipsic. 
MENCKE, John Burchard, son of Otto, was 
born in 1674, and author of numerous learned 
works. He continued the “ Acta Eruditorum” 
25 years, and died in 1732. 
MENDAJORS, John Peter de, a Frenchman, 
author of a history of Gaul, died in 1747. 
MENDEZ PINTO, Ferdinand, a Portuguese, 
celebrated for his adventures, an account of 
which he published. He flourished in the 16th 
century. 
MENDEZ, Moses, an English poet, and dra- 
matic writer, died in 1758. 
MENDELSOHN, Moses, a Jew, of Berlin, 
acijitired a great literary reputation. 
MENDOZA, Gonzales Peter le, archbishop 
of Seville, served Ferdinand and Isabella with 
great ability, and died in 1495. 
MENDOZA, John Gonzales, an Augustine 
friar, sent by the Spanish king as ambassador to 
China, in 1584; he wrote a history of that 
country, in 1589. 
MENECRATES, a physician, of Syracuse,so 
proud of his success, that he assumed the tit 
of Jupiter. 
MENEDEMUS, a Greek philosopher, in the 
age of Alexander. 
MENEDEMUS, a Cynic philosopher, and a 
fanatic, who pretended to be sent from hell to 
notice the actions of mankind. 
MENESES, Alexis de, a Portuguese Augus- 
tine monk, made viceroy of Portugal, by Philip 
II. ; he died in 1617. 
MENESTRIER, John Baptist le, a French 
antiquarian, died in 1634. 
MENESTRIER, Claude Francis, a French 
jesuit, of astonishing memory, and author of a 
history of Lewis XIV., died in 1705. 
MENGOLl, Peter, a learned and popular 
lecturer on mechanics, at Bologna, died in 1690. 
MENGS, Antony Raphael, an eminent pain- 
ter, born in Bohemia, in 1726, died at Rome, in 
1779. He was also an author, and his works on 
taste, on painters, and the philosophy and pro- 
gress of the arts, were published at Parma, in 
1780. 
MENINSKI, Franciscus a Mesgnien, or ME- 
NIN, an eminent German orientalist; he died 
in 1698. 
MENNO, Simonis, an ecclesiastic, of Fries- 
land, and an anabaptist leader. His followers 
are still to be found in the Low countries, by 
the name of Mennonites. He died in 1565. 
MENOCHIUS, James, a civilian, of Pavia, 
of distinguished abilities, died in 1607. 
MENTEL, John, a printer, of Strasburg, and 
the first printer there. He published a Bible in 
1466, and died in 1578. 
MENTZEL, Christian, a German, celebrated 
for his knowledge in medicine and botany, died 
in 1791. 
MENZ1KOFF, Alexander, a Russian prince, j 
deeply concerned in the politics of the reign of j 
Peter II. He died in exile, in November, 1629.j 
He has been compared to cardinal VVolsey, foi l 
his rise from a very low origin, (that of a pastry! 
cook,) and his fall, accelerated by his impru- 
dence and ostentation. 
MENZINI. Benedict, an Italian poet, whose 
writings were much admired ; he died in 1704. 
MERCADO, Michael de, or MOERCATI, a 
Tuscan, and physician to pope Clement VIII.,1 
died in 1593. 
ME 
MERCATOR, Marius, an ecclesiastical au 
thor, and pupil of St. Augustine, died about 451 
MERCATOR, Gerard, one of the most famous 
geographers of his time, born in 151x2, died in 
1594. 
MERCATOR, Nicolas, an eminent mathe- 
matician and astronomer, was born at Holstein, 
in the beginning of the 17th century. He. pub- 
lished several works on astronomy and mathe- 
matics. 
MERCER, Hugh, a native of Scotland, was 
a brigadier general in the American army of the 
revolution, and was killed at the battled'Prince- 
ton, in 1777, while endeavouring to counteract 
the disorder into which his troops had been 
thrown by the enemy. 
MERCIER, Bartholomew, abbe of St. Legcr, 
and the learned author of several works, died 
in 1799. 
MERCIER, John, a celebrated philologer, of 
France, died in 1572. 
MERCURJALIS, Jerome, an Italian physi- 
cian, of great abilities, and author of several 
works, died in 1606. 
MERCY, Francis de, a Frenchman, and ge- 
neral in the Bavarian army, distinguished for 
his bravery, was killed in 1645. 
MERDDIN, son of Mervyn, a Welch poet, 
one of the three great bards of Wales, flourish- 
ed about 560. 
MERE, George Brossin, chevalier de, a French 
writer, admired for his rank and learning; he 
died in 1690. 
MERIAN, Maria Sibylla, a German lady, ce- 
lebrated for her skill in drawing ; she died in 
1647. 
MERLIN, Ambrose, a British writer, in the 
5th century. His history is somewhat fabulous. 
MEROVA3US, king of France after Clodion, 
in 448, and progenitor of the Merovingean race. 
MERRET, Christopher, an English physician 
and writer, died in 1695. 
MERRICK, James, an English divine and 
poet, and author of the poetical version of the 
Psalms, born in 1720, died in 1769. 
MERRY, Robert, an English poet, born in 
1755, emigrated to America on account of poli- 
tics, and died there in 1798. 
MERSENNUS, Marin, a celebrated mathe- 
matician and divine, died at Paris, in 1648. 
MERTON, Walter de, founder of the college 
at Oxford, which bears his name. He was lord- 
chancellor, and afterwards bishop of Rochester. 
He died in 1277. 
MERITLA, George, an Italian, a teacher of 
youth, and an author, died in 1496. 
MERULA, Paul, a learned Hollander, and 
professor of history at Leyden, died in 1607. 
MERVILLE, Michael Guvot de, a French 
journalist and bookseller, drowned himself in 
the lake of Geneva, in 1765. 
MERY, John, an eminent French surgeon, 
died in 1700. 
MESNAGER, Nicholas, employed by Lewis 
| XIV. in negotiating commercial affairs ; he died 
in 1714. 
I MESNARDIERE, Hippolytus Julius Pillet de 
I la, a French Poet, patronised by Richelieu ; he 
j died in 1663. 
j MESSALINA, Valeria, wife of the emperor 
Claudius, of infamous character, was put to 
death A. P. 46. Another of the same name 
was wife of Nero 
I MESSENGUY, Francis Philip, professor of 
belles lettres at Beauvais, and author of severm 
works, died in 1769. 
308  ME 
MESSENIUS, John, a learned Swede, and 
professor in the university at Upsal; he died in 
1030. 
MESSIER, Charles, a distinguished French 
astronomer, and a member of the National In- 
stitute, died in 1817. 
MESSIS, Quintin. See. MATSVS. 
MESTON, William, a Scotch poet, and pro- 
fessor of philosophy at Aberdeen, died in 1745. 
METASTASIO, Pietro Bonaventura, an ele- 
gant Italian poet, born in 1098, died in 1782. 
METELLI, Augustino, an Italian painter, ce- 
lebrated for his excellence in the perspective; 
he died in 1000. 
METELLUS, Q.. Caecilius, a celebrated Ro- 
man, called Numidicus, from the war he carried 
on against Numidia. 
METEREN, Emanuel Van, of Antwerp, 
wrote the history of the Low Countries, and 
died in 1012. 
METEZEAU, Clement, a Frenchman, of the 
reign of Lewis XIII., immortalized his name 
oy tire famous canal near Rochelle. 
METHOCHITUS, Theodore, an officer of 
die court of Andronicus, wrote a Roman histo- 
ty, and died at Constantinople, in 1332. 
METHODIUS, bishop of Tyre, suffered mar- 
tyrdom, at Chalas, in 311. 
METIUS, James, of Holland, was the inven- 
tor of telescopes with glasses. He flourished 
ibout 1000. 
METON, an Athenian, inventor of the gold- 
tn numbers, 432 B. C. 
METRODORUS, a disciple of Demetrius, 
tnd preceptor of Anaxarcbus, the philosopher, 
md Hippocrates, the physician. He taught the 
eternity and infinity of ihe universe. 
METRODORUS, an eminent philosopher and 
painter, was sent by the Athenians, to Paulus 
lEmilius, who, after having taken Perseus, king 
»f Macedon, demanded two men of them, the 
sue to instruct his children, and the other to 
yai nt his triumph. 
METTRIE, Julian Offray de la, a French 
physician, of impious sentiments, died in 1751. 
METZU, Gabriel, a Dutch painter of emi- 
nence, died in 1058. 
MEURSIUS, John, a learned Dutch critic, 
historian and antiquary, born in 1579, died in 
1039. He was the author of many valuable 
works. 
MF.USNIER, Philip a French painter, patro- 
nised bv Lewis XIV. and XV., died in 1734. 
MEYER, James, a Flemish historian, born in 
1491, died in 1552. 
MEYER, Felix, an eminent German land- 
scape painter, born in 1053, died in 1713. 
MEYER, Jeremiah, a miniature painter, born 
at Tubingen, in 1735. He went to England, and 
was placed under Zinche, whom he soon sur 
parsed. He was appointed painter in enamel 
to their majesties, was one of the first members 
of the royal academy, and died at Rouen, in 
1789. 
MEYER, Ileomanus, a native of Holland, 
was a distinguished minister of the reformed; 
Dutch church in New-York, and professor of! 
oriental literature, and assistant professor of! 
theology in that church ; he died in 1791. 
MEZERAI, Francis Elides de, an eminent! 
French historian, born in 1010, died in 1083. He, 
was extremely negligent in his person, and so 
careless in iiis dress that he might have passed 
for a beggar. He used to study and write by! 
candle light, even at noonday in summer, and 
always \t aited upon his company to the door. 
MI 
jwith a candle in his hand. He was secretaiy 
lot' tile French academy. As a historian, he id 
j valued for his integrity and faithfulness, but Ins 
style is neither polished nor accurate. 
| MEZ1UIAC, Claude Gaspar Bachet, sieur 
Ide, a jesuit, known as a poet in several lan- 
guages ; he died in 1G38. 
MICAH, the sixth of the minor prophets, pro- 
phesied of the Messiah. 
MIGAL, N., abbe, a celebrated French me- 
chanic, died in 1789. 
MICHAEL I., succeeded to the throne of 
Constantinople, in 811; he was amild and virtu- 
ous monarch. 
MICHAEL II., a Phrygian, of low descent, 
he persecuted the Christians, was an oppressive 
and unpopular monarch, and died in 829. 
MICHAEL III., surnamed the Drunkard, suc- 
ceeded to the throne in 842. His minority was 
jgoverned by his mother, a woman of great abili 
j ties. But when he assumed the reins of govern 
I ment, his profligate conduct produced his assassi- 
nation, in 807. 
MICHAEL IV., called the Paphlagonian, as- 
cended the imperial throne in 1034, but stung 
by remorse of conscience for the murder of the 
last emperor, lie retired to a monastery, in 1041, 
and died soon after. 
MICHAEL V., surnamed Calafates, suc- 
ceeded to the throne in 1041. He was a suspi- 
cious and cruel monarch, and had his eyes put 
out in 1042. 
MICHAEL VI., or Warrior, raised to the 
throne by the empress Theodora, he was un- 
popular, and resigned his crown in 1057. 
MICHAEL VII., Palsologus, was deprived 
of his throne by his mother, he afterwards re- 
ascended it, but retired to a monastery in 1078. 
MICHAEL VIII., Palarologus, was regent of 
the eastern empire, and taking advantage of lus 
situation, assumed the supreme power; he died 
in 1282. 
MICHAEL PALfEOLOGUS, son of Androni- 
cus the Eider, was in 1214, emperor under his 
father, and died in 1220. 
MICHAEL FOEDERWITZ, was elected 
czar of Russia, in 1913. He was a brave and 
prudent prince, and died in 1045. 
MICHAEL ANGELO, of Battles, a celebrated 
Roman painter, died in 1000. 
MICHAEL CERULARIUS, patriarch of 
Constantinople, in 1043 ; he prevented the union 
of the eastern and western churches, and was 
banished in 1059. 
MICHAEL ANGELO BUANAROTTI, an 
illustrious Italian painter, sculptor, and archi- 
tect, born in 1474, died at Rome, in 1564. He 
has the name of the greatest designer that ever 
lived. Being asked why he did not marry, lie 
answered, “ Painting was his wife, and his 
works his children.” The most celebrated of 
all his works, is his “ Last Judgment,” printed 
for pope Paul III. In architecture, he surpassed 
all the moderns, and as some think, the universi- 
ty also. St. Peters at Rome, the Capitol, and his 
own house, are proofs of his ability. He was 
also an excellent poet. 
MICHAEL ANGELO DU CARAVAGIO, a 
celebrated Italian painter, born in 1509, was a. 
first a day labourer, but seeing some painters at 
work on a wall which he had helped to raise, he 
was so charmed with their art, that he immedi- 
ately applied himself to the study of it, and in a 
j few years was admired as the author of a new 
i style of painting. His pieces are to be found in 
| most of the cabinets of Europe. 
309 _ __ mT 
MICHAELIS, John David, a very earned ' 
German writer on divinity, and the oriental' 
languages, was horn in 1717, and died in 1791.: 
His works are numerous, but his most celebrated 
Is “Introduction to the New Testament,” aj 
translation o which was published in English,! 
in 1701. 
MICHELI, Peter Anthony, an able botanist, 
of Florence, died in 1737. 
MICHELI, James Bartholomew, a Genevese, 
devoted to philosophical and mathematical pur- j 
suits; he died in 1766. 
MICKLE, William Julius, well knowninthe ; 
literary world, as tile translator of the “ Lusiad ] 
of Catnoens.” He was also author of the 
“Concubine,” a poem in the manner of Spen- 
ser, and “ Almada Hill,” a poem. He was 
born in 1734, and died in 1788. 
MICRELIUS, John, professor of divinity at 
Stettin, and a distinguished theological dispu- 
tant, died in 1658. 
MIDDLETON, Richard, of the order of the 
Cordeliers, distinguished for his learning, died in 
1304. 
MIDDLETON, William, a naval commander, 
who made a version of the psalms into Welch 
verse ; lie died in 1595. 
MIDDLETON, Thomas, a dramatic writer, 
died about 1630. 
MIDDLETON, sir Hugh, a citizen and gold- 
smith, of London, memorable for his public 
spirit in supplying that city with water ; he died 
in 1681. 
MIDDLETON, Dr.Conyers, a celebrated Eng- 
lish divine and critical author, born in 1683. 
In 1735, he published “ A Dissertation concern- 
ing the Origin of Printing in England,” showing j 
that it was first introduced by William Caxton, 
at Westminster. In 1741, came out his great 
work “The History of the Life of M. Tullius 
Cicero.” In 1743, he published “ The Epistles 
of “ M. T. Cicero to M. Brutus, and of Brutus 
to Cicero, with English notes to eacli epistle, 
logether with a prefatory dissertation,” &x. 
He died in 1750. 
MIDDLETON, Erasmus, an English divine, 
author of the “ Biographia Evangelica;” lie 
died in 1805. 
MIDDLETON, Arthur, a member and presi- 
dent of the convention of South-Carolina, at 
the commencement of the revolution; he died 
after 1776. 
MIDDLETON, Arthur, ainemberof congress 
from South-Carolina, in 1776, and a signer of 
tin; declaration of Independence; lie died in 1787. 
MIDDLETON, Thomas Fanshaw, I). I)., a 
distinguished English clergyman, and bishop of 
Calcutta, was the first English bishop in India. 
He was appointed in 1814, and died in 1822. 
MI EL, Jan, a celebrated Flemish painter, died 
.71 1664. 
M1ERIS, Francis, of Leyden, excelled as a 
painter, and died in 1681. 
MIERIS, William, son of Francis, was also 
an eminent painter, and died in 1747. 
MIFFLIN, Thomas, an early advocate of the i 
rights of the colonies, member of congress from | 
Pennsylvania, a major-general in the American ! 
army, and afterwards governor of the state of 7 
Pennsylvania; hr died in 1800. 
MIGNARD, Nicholas, a celebrated French 
painter, died in 1668. 
MIGNARD, Peter, first painter to the king 
\f France, and director and chancellor of thejj 
.oval academy of painting, born in 1610, died 
iii 1695. i| 
MI 
' MIGNON, Abraham, a German painter, whose 
]!pieces are admired, died in 1679. 
:| MELBOURNE, Luke, a divine and poet, au 
thor of “ Poetical Translation of the Psalms 
Ihe was born in 1667, and died in 1726. 
j MILDMAY, sir Waiter, was educated at 
I Cam bridge, and, in 1500, was appointed chan 
j cellor of the exchequer. He waa the founder of 
jEnianuel college, and died in 1589. 
| MILL, John, a very learned English divine, 
I'editor of a Greek New Testament, with various 
readings and critical notes; he was born in 1645, 
and died in 1707. 
MILL, Henry, an ingenious mechanic, was 
born in London, about 1680. In the science o. 
.hydraulics, he was probably unequalled. IP* 
died in 1770. 
i MILLAR, John, a popular professor of law, 
jat Glasgow, died in 1801. 
i MILLEDGE, John, a representative and se- 
nator in congress from Georgia, and afterwards 
governor of that state. He died in 1818. 
MILLER, Joseph, better known as Joe Miller, 
a comedian anS compiler of a celebrated jest- 
book. He was born in 1684, and died in 1738. 
MILLER, James, an English dramatic poet, 
born in 1703, died in 1744. He published seve- 
ral plays, and many occasional pieces of poetry, 
the most distinguished of which, is his “ Harle- 
quin Horace.’’ 
MILLER, Philip,an eminent English botanist, 
and author of the “ Gardener’s Dictionary,’ 
born in Scotland, in 1691, died in 1771. 
MILLER, lady, author of “Letters from 
Italy, in the years 1770-71.” “ Poetical Amuse 
ments at a Villa near Bath,” &c.; she died in 1781 
MILLER, Edward, M. D., author of several 
musical productions. He was father of the pro- 
fession in the north of England, and performed 
in the oratorios of Handel. 
MILLER, Edward, M. D., a native of Dela- 
ware, and professor of the practice of medicine 
in the college of physicians in New-York; he was 
a distinguished practitioner, and died in 1812. 
MILLES, Dr. Jeremiah, an eminent English 
divine and antiquary, born in 1713, died in 1781. 
He was dean of Exeter ; was ardently engaged 
in the Chattcrtonian controversy, and published 
the supposed Rowley’s poems. 
MILLET1ER, Theopilus Brachet, sieur de 
la, a lawyer, and afterwards a protestant di 
vine, and then a catholic; he died in 1665. 
Ml LLOT, Abbe de, author of several usefu< 
abridgments of history, Histories of France 
and England, Elements of General History, &.C., 
was born in 1726, and died in 1785. 
MILLS, Samuel J., an American clergyman, 
distinguished for his piety and steal in pro- 
moting the missionary cause in his country. He 
died on his return from Africa, \\ here he had 
gone as agent of the American colonization 
society, in 1818. 
MILNE, Dr. Colin, a divine and naturalist, 
author of “ A Botanical Dictionary,” “ Linnari 
|Institutiones Botanic*;” he died in 1815. 
i MILNER, Joseph, a divine, bom in 1744. He 
:became vicar of a church at Hull ; was nuthoi 
of “ An Answer to Gibbon’s attack of Christ- 
ianity,’’and “A History oftheChurchof Christ.” 
I MILNER, Dr. Isaac, brother of Joseph, was a 
I mathematical tutor at the university of Cam- 
| bridge. Mr. Wilberforce and Mr. Pitt were 
' among his pupils. He afterwards became dean 
I of Carlisle, continued his brother’s “ History 
of the Church of Christ,” and died in 1820. 
ij MILO, an athlete, of Crotona. celebrated foi 
310 ~ MI 
his prodigious strength. He was devoured by 
wild beasts, 500 B. C. 
MILO, Titus Annius, a Roman, who killed 
Clodius in the Appiau Way. 
MILTIADES, a famous Athenian general. 
He died 489 B. C. 
MILTON, John, a most illustrious English 
poet, and famous politician, was born in Lon- 
dnu, in 1608. In 1625, he was admitted of 
Christ’s college, Cambridge. His father designed 
him for the church, and he was himself inclined 
*to that profession for some time, but after he 
had taken the degree of M. A., in 1632, he left 
the university and returned to his father. During 
his retirement for five years, he enriched his 
mind with the choicest stores ofGrecian and Ro- 
man learning, making poetry his principal study. 
The poems entitled “ Comus,” “L’ailegro,” '-‘II 
Penseroso,” and “ Lycidas,” all written during 
this time, would have transmitted his fame to 
the latest posterity, if he had never produced 
any thing else. On the death of his mother, in 
1038, he visited foreign countries, and passed 
nearly two years in France aiyl Italy, where 
Undistinguished himself by his talents in poetry, j 
Milton returned to England, in 1659, and em- 
ployed himself in educating his sister’s two ' 
sons . and being solicited by several friends for! 
the same favour for their children, he took a 
handsome garden-house, in Aldersgate-street, 
fit for the purpose. Here he wrote many po- 
lemic and controversial tracts. In 1643, he 
married a daughter of Richard Powell, Esq. 
Fite had not lived with her husband much more i 
than a month, when, under a pretence of 
visiting her friends, she deserted him. About J 
two years afterwards, he was surprised by the 
entrance of his wife, who imploring pardon and 
reconciliation on her knees, was again received 
to his bosom. 
“ soon his heart relented 
Towards her, his life so late and sole delight, 
Now at his feet submissive in distress.” 
At the subversion of the monarchy by the death 
of the king, Milton, whose principles were j 
Itrongly republican, was taken into the service j 
of the commonwealth, and made Latin secre- 
tary to the council of state. In 1651, he pub- 
lished his celebrated piece entitled “Pro Populo 
Anglicano Defensio contra Claudii Salmasii 
Defensioncm Regiam which spread his fame 
over all Europe. While writing this, he lost 
his eyesight, which had been decaying several 
years. In 1652, he lost his wife ; but he imme- 
diately married a second. At the restoration, 
he was included in the general amnesty; and 
having married a third wife, removed to a house ! 
in tlie Artillery-walk. His circumstances were[ 
much reduced by losses at the resioration ; butj 
his principles not suffering him to seek or acceptj 
of any public employment at court, he satdown| 
to his studies, and applied himself diligently to 
finish his grand poem, “ Paradise Lost,” which 
was published in 1667, and in 1670, he published 
“ Paradise Regained,” to which was added 
>• Samson Agonistes, a dramatic poem.” In 
1669, he published his “ History of Britain,”; 
which had occupied him many years. He died 
of the gout, in 1674. 
MIMNERMUS, an ancient Greek amatory, 
poet and musician, flourished in the 37th Olym- 
piad. I 
MINELLIUS. John, a Dutch grammarian of 
note, died ill 1683. 
" MI 
MINOS, a fabulous son of Jupiter, and king 
of Crete; lie Jived 1432 II. C. 
MINOT, Lawrence, an English poet antewoi 
to Chaucer, supposed to have died about 1352. 
His poems were first discovered in manuscript, 
in the Cottonian library, and have since been 
presented to th,e public. 
MINOT,George Richards, a lawyer, of Massa- 
chusetts, author of a continuation of Hutchin- 
son’s History of Massachusetts, and of an Ac 
count of the Insurrection in that state ; he died 
in 1802. 
MINTO, Walter, a native of Scotland, was 
professor of mathematics and natural philoso- 
phy in Princeton college, New-Jersey; he died 
in 1796. 
MINUTIUS FELIX, a Roman orator in the 
3d century. 
MIRA BAUD, John Baptist, secretary of the 
French academy, and an author, died in 1760. 
MIRABEAU, Victor Riquetti, marquis de, 
of Paris, a man well known in the republic of 
letters, and one of the founders of the political 
sect called the Economists, of whose principles 
jDr. Adam Smith has made such good use. lie 
was also author of other works, and died in 
11790. 
I MIRABEAU, Ilonore Gabriel Riquetti count 
;tie, a celebrated French nobleman, born in 1749, 
5 died in 1791. A few hours before he died, he de- 
plored the fate of the French empire, exposed 
as it was to factions and intrigues of every 
kind. The French directory decreed a public 
mourning of eight days; and all the places of 
i amusement in Paris were shut on the day of his 
death. 
MIRABEAU, Boniface Riquetti, viscount de, 
served with distinction in America. He opposed 
!the French revolution, emigrated, and died in 
1792. 
MIRABELLA, Vincent, an Italian author, 
(died fn 1674. 
j MIRASUS, Aubertus, a learned German wri 
ter, died in 1640. 
| MIRANDULA, John Picus, earl of, an Italian, 
and a prodigy of learning, born in 1463, died in 
,1494. 
j MIRANDULA, John Francis Picus, prince 
!of, succeeded to the principality in 1499. lie 
wasa lover of learning, and was assassinated 
iin 1533. 
MIREVELT, Michael Jansen, a painter, of 
; Delft, died in 1641. 
I MISSON, Francis Maximilian, a distinguished 
; advocate, in the parliament of Paris, in favour 
'of the protestants, and author of “ Travels in 
Italy.” He died in 1721. 
MITCHEL, Jonathan, a distinguished Ame- 
rican clergyman, settled at Cambridgt, Mass 
he died in 1668. 
MITCHELL, Joseph, a dramatic poet born in 
j Scotland, in 1684, died in 1738. 
MITCHELL, John, M. D., an eminent Eng- 
lish botanist and physician. His botanical re- 
searches led him to America, in 1741, wl ere he 
resided several years. lie afterwards returned 
to England, and died there. 
MITHRIDATES, king of Pontus, a renowned 
general, and at first victorious over the Romans ; 
butbeing at length conquered by Pompey,he took 
poison, which proving ineffectual, he was slain, 
at his own request, by one of his attendants, 64 
B. C. aged 72. 
i MITTARELLI, John Benedict, of Venice, 
general of tneorder of the Calmudenses ; he died 
| ill 1777  ~ MO 
MOCEN1GO, Lewis, dogeof Venice, defeated; 
"h ; Turks in the celebrated battle of Lepauto, in! 
571, and died in 1576. 
MODREVIUS, Andreas Fricius, secretary of 
'he king of Poland, was a learned author of tiie 
•Olh century. 
MOEB1US, Godfrey, medicaUprofessor at Je- 
na, and the author of several medical works; 
he died in 1664. 
MOEBf US, George, professor of theology at 
Leipsic, and an author; he died in 1697. 
M< MNE, Peter le, an indifferent French poet, 
died in 1672. 
MOINE, Abraham le, a French divine, who 
left France, and became minister of a protestant 
congregation in London. He died in 1760. 
MOINE, Stephen le, a French protestant mi- 
nister, highly skilled in the Greek, Latin, and 
oriental languages, and professor of divinity at 
Leyden, born in 1624, died in 1689. 
MOINE, Francis le, an excellent French 
painter, born in 1688 He ran himself through 
with a sword, in a lit of lunacy, and died in 1737. 
MOIVRE, De. See DEMOIVRE. 
MOLA, Pietro Francesco, a Swiss painter of 
celebrity, died in 1665. 
MOL A,Giovanni Battista, an eminent painter, 
who studied at Paris, was born in 1620. 
MOLANUS, or VERMUELIN, John, an ec- 
clesiastic,and professor of theology at Louvaine ; 
he wrote several works, and died in 1585. 
MOLANUS, Gerald Walter, a Lutheran di- 
vine, abbot of Lockuin, and a correspondent of 
Bossuet; he died in 1722. 
MOLAY, James de, the 'ast grand master of 
the Templars. Philip the Fair, summoned him 
to Paris, where he came with 60 knights, who 
were seized and burnt alive in 1314. 
MOLES WORTH, Robert, viscount, an emi- 
nent statesman and political writer, under Wil- 
liam Hi., born in 1656, died in 1725. He wrote a 
celebrated “ History of Denmark.” 
MOLEVILLE, Bertrand de, a French states- 
man, and ministerof marine under Lewis XVI. 
He died in 1819. 
MOLIERE, John Baptist Pocquelin de, a 
comedian and dramatic poet, the restorer of co- 
medy in France, born in 1620. In 1653, he pro- i 
duced his first play, called “ L’Elourdi,” or the 
Blunderer, and continued the remainder of his 
life to write new plays, which were very greatly 
and very justly applauded : and if we consider 
the number of works which he composed while 
he was himself an actor, and interrupted by per- 
petual avocations of one kind or other, we must 
admire the quickness, as well as fertility of his 
genius. His last comedy was “ Le Malade Im- 
agin-aire,” or the Hypochondriac, and it was 
acted for the fourth time, Feb. 17th, 1673. On 
this very day Moliere died in his 53d year. 
MOL1ERES, Joseph Privat de, a French phi- 
losopher and professor in the royal college at Pa- 
ris. He wrote several works, and died in 1742. 
MOLINA, Lewis, a Spaniard of noble birth, 
and professor of divinity at Ebora ; he died in I 
1600 j 
MOLINAEUS, Carolus, or Charles DU MOU-I 
LIN,a famous lawyer,born at Paris,in 1500. He! 
wascalled the French Papinian,and died in 1566.| 
MOLIN2EUS, or DU MOULIN, Peter, apro- 
testant minister, of France, aftetwards profes-j 
sor of philosophy at Leyden. He died in 1656.| 
MOLINET, John, canon of Valenciennes, 
wrote several works, and died in 1607. 
MOLINET, Claude du, canon of St. Gene-! 
vieve,published several works, and died in 1687 j 
MO 
MOLINETTI, Anthony, a Venetian physician 
i of great reputation ; lie died in 1699. 
MOLINIER, John Baptist, a distinguished 
preacher, of Touiouse, and author of sermons ; 
lie died in 1745. 
MOLLINOS, Michael de, a Spanish ecclesias- 
tic, who caused great controversy in the church. 
He was founder of the sect called quietists, and 
died in 1696. 
MOLL, Herman, an eminent English geogra- 
pher, died in 1732. w 
MOLLER, Henry, a protestant, Hebrew pro- 
fessor at Wittemberg, and author of Latin 
poems, died in 1589. 
MOLLER, Daniel William, a celebrated tra- 
veller, and professor in Altorf university; lie 
died in 1712. 
MOLLER, John, of Sleswick, an able writer, 
died ini 1734. 
MOLLOY, Charles, an eminent Irish politi- 
cal and dramatic writer, died in 1767. 
MOLO, a learned rhetorician, who had Cicero 
among his pupils. 
MOLSA,Tarquina, a very accomplished lady. 
The senate of Rome passed a decree in which 
all her accomplishments are set forth, bestowing 
the right of citizenship on her and her family. 
She was born in 1542, and died in 1617. 
MOLSA, Francis Maria, an eminent Italian 
poet, died in 1544. 
MOLYNEUX, William, an excellent mathe- 
matician and astronomer, born in 1656, died in 
1698. 
MOLYNEUX, Samuel, an Englishman, born 
in 1689. He devoted his time to scientific pur- 
suits, until he was made one of the board of ad- 
miralty. 
MOLYNEUX, sir William, a gallant soldier 
in the service of Henry VIII. at the battle of 
Flodden-Field. 
MOMBRITIUS, Monimus, an Italian, and au- 
thor of the Lives of the Saints, printed in 1479. 
MOMPF.SSON, William, a divine and recto* 
of Cyam, in Derbyshire, at the time of the plagus 
which nearly depopulated that town in 1666 
During the calamity, he at the imminent risk of 
his life, performed the duties of a physician, 
legislator, and priest, in his atllicted parish. 
MONALDESCHl, Lewis, of Rome, author 
of Roman Annals, in Italian, died in 1380. 
MONALDESCHl, John, equerv of the quees 
of Sweden, was put to death in 1657, for writing 
an account of her intrigues. 
MONA MY, Peter, born in Jersey, a painte 
of sea-pieces, died in 1749. 
MONANTHEUIL, Henry de, professor of 
mathematics at Paris, in 1577; he translated 
Aristotle’s mechanics. 
MONARDES, Nicholas, a Spanish physician, 
who acquired great reputation by his practice, 
and works which he published: he died it 
1578. 
MONBODDO, James Burnett, lord, one of 
the lords of session in Scotland, and a philoso- 
phical and metaphysical writer, born in 1714, 
died in 1799. He wrote ” Dissertation on the 
Origin and Progress of Language.” and “ An- 
cient Metaphysics.” In the latter work, ho 
strenuously maintains that the ourang-outang, 
is a class of the human species ; he also endea- 
vours to establish the reality of mermaids and 
j other fictitious animals. 
MONBRON, N. Fougeret de, a Frenchman, 
! known for his virulence as an author; he died 
[in 1760. 
l( MONCEAUX, Francis de, born at Arrns, was 
312  MO 
ambassador of Alexander Farnese, to Henry 
IV. ; In; wrote several works. 
MONCKTON, Robert, a brigadier-general un- 
der Wolfe, in his expedition against Quebec, 
afterwards lieutenant-governor of Nova-Scotia. 
and governor of the colony of New-York ; lie 
died in 1782. 
MONCONYS, Balthasar de, a Frenchman,; 
who published his Travels in the East, in 1665.1 
MONCRIF, Francis Augustin Paradis de,! 
member of the French academy, wrote several | 
works, and died in 1770. 
MONDON VILLE, John Joseph Cassanca de, | 
a celebrated French musician, died in 1772. I 
MONGAULT, Nicolas Hubert, an ingenious! 
and learned French critic, editor of “ Tully’s 
Letters to Atticus, with a Translation and Com- 
ments born in 1674, died in 1746. 
MONIN, John Edward du, author of elegant 
poems, was assassinated in 1586. 
MONIS, Judah, a converted Jew, teacher of 
Hebrew at Harvard College, died in 1674. 
MONK, George, duke of Albemarle, a brave 
English general, restored Charles II. to his 
crown and kingdom. He was author of some 
political and military tracts. Born in 1608, died 
in 1670. 
MONK, Nicholas, brother of the preceding, 
and bishop of Hereford, died in 1661. 
MONK, the lion. Mrs., daughterof lord Moles- 
..rth, of Ireland, a celebrated poetess, died in 
i5. 
MONMOUTH, Janies, duke of, natural son 
f Charles II., king of England, born in 1649. 
He distinguished himself by his valour and mi 
litary skill, as lieutenant-general in the service 
of France. On his return to England, he was 
sent to quell an insurrection in Scotland, which 
he effected. Being a protestant, he was deluded 
into ambitious schemes for the exclusion of the 
duke of York. He conspired against his father 
and the duke, and, when the latter came to the 
crown with the title of James II., he openly ap- 
peared in arms. He was defeated, taken, tried 
for high treason, and beheaded in 1685. 
MON NIER, Peter le, professor ot philosophy at 
Paris, and author of several works, died in 1799. 
MONNOYE, Bernard de la, a noted French 
poet, born in 1641, died in 1728. 
MONNOYER, John Baptist, an eminent 
Flemish painter, born in 1635, died in 1699. 
MONRO, Dr. Alexander, an eminent physi- 
cian and anatomist, born in Scotland in 1697, 
died in 1767. His “ Osteology” has been trans- 
lated into several languages. 
MONRO, Alexander, D. D., a learned Scotch 
divine, and principal of the university of Edin- 
burgh, died in 1713. 
MONRO, Dr. John, an English physician, ce- 
lebrated for his skill in cases of insanity, born 
in 1715, died in 1791. 
MONSEY, Dr. Messenger, many years phy- 
sician of Chelsea hospital. In his character 
and humour, he resembled the celebrated dean 
Swift. He died in 1788, aged 96. 
MONSIGNORI, Francis, of Verona, an emi- 
nent painter, died in 1519. 
MONSON, sir William, a famous English ad- 
miral, and author of “Naval Tracts,” born in 
1569, died in 1642. 
MONSTRELET, Enguerand de, a French 
historian, died in 1453. 
MONT, Deodatede, an eminent French paint- 
er. a pupil of Rubens, died in 1634. 
MONTAGUE, Charles Grcville, governor of 
South Carolina, in 1766. died in 1784 
MO 
|j MONTAGUE, Richard, an English prelate 
! and chaplain of James I. He was an excellent 
Hscholar, and died in 1641. 
| MONTAGUE, Charles, earl of Halifax, a dis- 
tinguished wit and statesman under William 
i III., queen Anne, and George I., born in 1661, 
j:died in 1715. 
j| MONTAGUE, Edward, earl of Sandwich, an 
I illustrious Englisn general, admiral, and states- 
jnian, and a political and philosophical writer, 
II He was blown up in his ship, in an engagement 
I!with the Dutch, off Southwold bay, in 1672. 
MONTAGUE, lady Mary Wortley, a woman 
j of great talents, and an elegant writer. She 
| accompanied her husband in an embassy to 
Constantinople, about 1716, from which place 
| she wrote letters to Pope, Addison, and other 
! eminent literary men of the time, which are 
| very interesting, and contain many curious facts 
concerning the manners and politics of the 
Turks. She introduced inoculation for the 
smallpox into England, the benefit of which 
has extended to millions, and died in 1762. 
MONTAGUE, Edward Wortley, son of lady 
Mary, equally remarkable for his talents and 
eccentricities, was born in 1714, and died in 
1776. In his youth, he ran away from West- 
minster school, and apprenticed himself to a 
chimney-sweeper; he afterwards connected 
himself with a fisherman; he next became ca 
bin boy in a ship bound for Spain, and while in 
that country, was menial servant to a muleteer. 
In this situation he was discovered, and brought 
back to his friends. After receiving a suitable 
education, he visited the countries of the East, 
and contracted such a fondness for the manners 
of the people, that he spent the remainder of his 
life in strict conformity to them. He was au- 
thor of “ Reflections on the Rise and Fail of the 
Ancient Republics,” and “An Examination into 
the Causes of Earthquakes.” 
MONTAGUE, Elizabeth, a learned lady, au- 
thor of “ Essay on the Writings and Genius of 
Shakspeare, compared with the Greek and 
French Dramatic Poets ; with some Remarks 
upon the Misrepresentations of Mons. de Vol- 
taire.” She was born in 1P19, and died in 
1800. 
MONTAIGNE, Michael de, an eminent 
French writer, born in 1533, died in 1592. 
MONTALBANI, Ovid, professor of astrono- 
my at Bologna. He published several works, 
and died in 1672. 
MONTALEMBERT, Mark Rene, a distin- 
guished French general, and a man of learning ■ 
he died in 1799. 
MONTAMY, Didier Francis d’Arclais, lore 
de, of Normandy, employed in the service of 
the duke of Orleans, published a work on Co- 
lours, and died in 1765. 
MONTANI, Gemiano, mathematical profes 
sor at Bologna. He wrote several works, and 
died in the 17th century. 
MONTANUS, Benedict Arias, a learned 
Spaniard, whom Philip II. employed in the pub- 
lication of a new Polyglot bible ; he died in 
1600. 
MONTANUS, an ancient heresiarch among 
the Christians, and founder of a sect in the 2d 
century called the Montanists. They pretended 
to the gift of prophecy, and prohibited second 
marriages. 
MONTANUS, John Baptist, an Italian phy- 
sician, regarded by his countrymen as a second 
Galen, was author of severai works; born in 
’488, died in 1551. 
313  xrcyv—— 
MONTARRAGO, or' MASCARENHAS, 
Frere de, a learned Portuguese author, died in 
1730. 
MONT AULT, Philip de, duke of Noailles, 
renounced the protestant faith, and rose to high 
rank in the army; he died in 1684. 
MONTAUSIER, Charles de Sante Maure, 
duke de, peer of France. He was a man of in- 
tegrity and virtue, and died in 1690. 
MONTBEILLARD, Philibert Gueneau de, 
an eminent naturalist, of Namur, who assisted 
Buffon in his great work ; he died in 1785. 
MONTCALM, Lewis Joseph de St. Veran, 
marquis de, a brave generai. He fell on the 
field of battle with Wolfe, at the conquest of 
Quebec, in 1759. 
MONTCHRESTIEN DE VATEVILLE, An- 
thony, a French poet, engaged in the civil wars, 
was put to death in 1621. 
MONTECUCULI, count Sebastian, an Ita- 
lian. He poisoned the son of Francis I. of 
France, at the instigation of the wife of Henry 
II., brother to the murdered prince. He was 
put to death in 1536. 
MONTECUCULLI, Raynard de, a distin- 
guished general, born in 1608, died in 1680. 
MONTE MAYER, George de, a Castilian poet, 
in the reign of Philip II. of Spain, died in 1560. 
MONTENAULT, Charles Philip, a French 
writer, died in 1749. 
MONTESPAN, Athenais Mortimar, madaxne 
de, a celebrated French lady, wife of the marquis 
of Montespan, and one of the mistresses of Louis 
XIV. ; she died in 1717. 
MONTESQUIEU, Charles de Secondat, ba- 
ron de, an illustrious Frenchman, president of 
the parliament of Bourdeaux, born in 1689, died 
n 1755. His “ Spirit of Laws” has immortal- 
zed his name. 
MONTEZUMA, the last king of Mexico, was 
conquered by Cortez, and stoned to death by his 
own subjects in 1520. 
MONTFAUCON, Bernard de, a very learned 
French Benedictine, famous for his knowledge 
of ecclesiastic and pagan antiquities, born in 
1655, died in 1741. 
MONTFLEURY, Zachary Jacob, of Anjou, 
author of some tragedies, died in 1685. 
MONTFORT Simon, count de, a renowned 
Frencn genera,, slain at the siege of Toulouse 
by a stone thrown at him by a woman, in 1218. 
MONTGAILLARD, Bernard de, a mendicant 
friar. He was a celebrated preacher, but pros- 
tituted his eloquence to bloody purposes. He 
died in 1628. 
MONTGERON, Lewis Bassille Carre de, of 
Paris, was imprisoned for the fanaticism of his 
writings, and died in 1754. 
MONTGOLFIER, James Stephen, a French 
paper maker, inventor of air balloons, was born 
in 1747, and died in 1799. 
MONTGOLFIER, James, brother of the 
preceding, died in 1810, in the 70th year of his 
age. 
MONTGOMERIE, John, aid to George II., 
and afterwards governor of the colonies of 
New-York and New-Jersey; he died in 1731. 
MONTGOMERY, Richard, a major-general 
in the American army, fell in an attack upon 
Quebec, in 1775. 
MONTGOMERY, Gabriel de, count of, a 
French protestant nobleman of distinguished 
bravery. He was beheaded by order of Cathe- 
rine de Medjcis, in 1574. 
mwivfGON, Charles Alexander, a French! 
ecclesiastic, was spy to the duke of Bourbon,| 
TT) 
, and confessor to Phiiip V. of Spain; lie died in 
i 1770. 
MONTI, Joseph, professor of botany at Bo- 
, jiogna, died in 1750. 
i I MONTICELLl, Andrew, an admireil Italian 
'painter, died in 1710. 
| MONTIGNI, Stephen Migp.ol de, a French- 
man, eminent as a mechanic. He improved 
the French manufactures, and died in 176:1. 
MONTJOSIEU, Lewis de, born at llouergne, 
was the author of a curious book on the sculp 
ture of the ancients, published in 1049. 
MONTLUC, Blaise de, a brave Frenchman, 
who rose to be marshal of France. He distin- 
guished himself in various battles, and died in 
1577. 
MONTMAUR, Peter de, Greek professor in 
the royal college at Paris. He was successively 
a druggist, advocate, and poet, and died in 1048. 
MONTMORENCY, Matthew de, constable 
of France, of one of the most illustrious fami- 
lies of Europe. He married a natural daughter 
of Henry I. of England, and, for his second 
wife, the widow of Lewis VI. of France. He 
died in 1100. 
MONTMORENCY, Charles de, of the same 
family, was made marshal of France, and was 
at the battle of Cressy; he died in 1381. 
MONTMORENCY, Annede, a famous mar- 
shal of France, born 1495, was slain in the civil 
war against the Huguenots, 1507. 
MONTMORENCY, Henry de, second son of 
Anne, distinguished himself at the battle of 
Dreux, and took Conde prisoner. He was made 
a marshal of France, and, under Henry IV., 
constable ; he died in 1014. 
MONTMORENCY, Henry, son of the pre- 
ceding, was made admiral of France at the age 
of 18, and, by his valour, supported the honour 
of liis house ; he was beheaded for rebellion in 
1032. 
MONTPENSIER. Anne Marie Louisa d’Or- 
leans, dutchess de, inherited the boldness and 
intrigue of her father, and, during the civil 
wars, embraced the party of Conde ; she died 
in 1093. 
MONTPETIT, Arnold Vincent, an ingenious 
man, who left the law for painting, and that for 
the study of mechanics, in which he excelled ; 
he died in 1800. 
MONTPEZAT, Anthony de, a marshal of 
France, died in 1544. 
MONTROSE, James Graham, marquis of, 
memorable for his valour and military abilities 
as a general, and for his attachment to Charles 
I. and II. Being defeated by the parliamentary 
forces, he concealed and disguised himself; but 
being betrayed and delivered up, to the eternal 
disgrace of the Scots republicans, he was bang 
ed and quartered at Edinburgh, in 1050. 
MONTUCLA, Joseph de, a member of the 
French national institute. He was devoted to 
mathematical studies, had the good fortune to 
escape the storms of the revolution, and, in his 
old age, to receive a pension from Buonaparte. 
He died in 1800. 
MOODY, Joshua, a minister of Portsmouth, 
New-Ilampshire, afterwards settled at Boston ; 
be died in 1097. He suffered much persecution 
from the governor of New-Hatnpshire, for at- 
tempting to enforce strict church discipline, and 
afterwards at Boston, for opposing the violent 
but then popular measures against witchcraft 
MOORE, Philip, an amiable and exemplary 
man and divine, died in the Isle of Man, in 
1783. MO 
MOORE, sir Jonas, an able mathematician 
and an author, patronised by Charles L, died in 
1(581. 
MOORE, Robert, an eminent penman and 
writing master, died in England, in 1727. 
MOORE, Edward, an English fabulist and 
dramatic writer of eminence, born in 1712, died 
in 1757. 
MOORE, Francis, an ingenious English me- 
chanic, whose inventive talents raised him into 
eminent notice without the assistance of erudi- 
tion or of patronage. The machinery which 
he made, and which grew to such a magnitude 
in their scope and tendency as to attract the no- 
tice of the legislature, have very much improv- 
ed the mechanic arts and assisted the manufac- 
turer. He died in 1787. 
MOORE, Dr. John, was born in 1730, and edu- 
cated at Glasgow, where he studied medicine 
and surgery, and afterwards went abroad, and 
practised in the British army. In the year 177S 
he published “ A View of Society and Manners 
in France, Switzerland, and Germany,” and 
two years after a continuation of it, called u A 
View of Society and Manners in Italy.” He 
also published “ Medical Sketches ;” an excel- 
lent novel called “ Zeluco “ A View of the 
Cause and Progress of the French Revolution 
“ Edward,” a novel; a series of letters entitled 
“ Mordaunt; being Sketches of Life, Character, 
and Manners in various Countries.” Dr. Moore 
possessed great insight into human nature, and 
that happy union of acute discernment with a 
lively imagination, by which he was enabled to 
describe its intricacies with the greater pleasant- 
ry. He died in 1802. 
MOORE, sir John, K. B.. a gallant British 
general, arid eldest son of the preceding, was 
born at Glasgow, in 1761, and killed by a cannon 
ball, in the moment of victory achieved by the 
British troops under his command, at the battle 
of Corunna, Jan. 16, 1809. His whole life had 
been devoted to the service of his country. He 
has left a name that will be immortal in the mi- 
litary annals of his country. 
MOORE, John, D. D., archbishop of Canter- 
bury in 1783, died in 1805. 
MOORE, James, governor of the colony of 
South Carolina, and speaker of the house of 
assembly of that colony, in 1725. 
MOORE, sir Henry, a popular governor of 
the colony of New-York, died in 1769. 
MOORE, Benjamin, bishop of the episcopal 
church in the diocess of New-York, professor 
of rhetoric and logic in Columbia college, and 
president of that institution at the time of his 
death, which nappened in 1816. 
MOORE, Zephaniah Swift, D. D., a congre- 
gational clergyman in Massachusetts, was pro- 
fessor of languages in Dartmouth college, presi- 
dent of Williams college, and afterwards first 
president of the college at Amherst, Mass.; he 
died in 1823. 
MORABIN, James, authorof a life of Cicero, 
died at Paris, in 1762. 
MORALES, Ambrose, historiographer to the 
king of Spain, wrote a Spanish Chronicle, and 
died in 1590. 
MORAND, Sauveur Francis, a celebrated 
surgeon and medical writer; he died at Paris, in 
1773. 
MORAND, an ingenious architect, of Lyons, 
was guillotined in 1793. I 
MORANDE, N. Thevenot de, an unprincipled 
French writer; he was massacred at Paris, in: 
*82. * 
MO 
MORANDI, John Maria, of Florence, emi- 
nent as a painter, died in 1715. 
MORANT, Philip, M. A. and F. S. A., a learn- 
ed and indefatigable English antiquary and bio- 
I grapher, born in 1700, died in 1770. His writings 
were very numerous. 
MORATA, Olympia Fulvia, a learned Italian 
lady, who spoke Latin and Greek ; she died in 
1555. 
MORD AUNT, Charles, earl of Peterborough, 
a renowned English statesman, general, poli 
tical writer, and poet, born in 1658, died in 
1755. 
MORE, sir Thomas, chi ncellor of England in 
the reign of Henry VIII., was born in London, 
in 1480. After having teen long in habits of 
uncommon familiarity and confidence with the 
king, he was beheaded by his order, July 5,1435, 
on Tower-Hill. Sir Thomas More was author 
of many and various works. 
MORE, Henry, an English philosopher and 
poet, born in 1614, died in 1687. He possessed 
much natural enthusiasm, and was enraptured 
with the Platonic system. 
MORE, Alexander, a protestant divine, and 
divinity professor at Geneva, afterwards minis- 
ter of the reformed church at Paris. He was 
an eloquent preacher, and died in 1670. 
MORE, sir Francis, an English lawyer and 
author ; he died in 1621. 
MORE, John, a learned prelate of the English 
church, whose library was purchased by George 
II., and given to Cambridge university; he died 
in 1714. 
MORE, St. Antonio, a Dutch painter, died in 
1575. 
MORE, or MOORE, James, an English wri- 
ter, and a friend of the duke of Wharton ; he 
died in 1734. 
MORE, Henry, an English dissenting minis- 
ter, whose poems possess merit, died in 1802. 
MOREAU, James a French physician and an 
author, died in 1729. 
MOREAU, Victor, an advocate, and a gene- 
ral in the French army, was born at Morlaix, in 
1761. In 1803, he was banished by order of the 
first-consul, and visited the U. S. He after- 
wards joined the enemies of his country, and, at 
the battle of Dresden, was shot by a cannon-ball, 
which terminated his life on the 2d Sept., 1813. 
MOREAU, Jacob Nicholas, historiographer 
of France, and an able writer, he suffered on 
the scaffold in 1794. 
MOREELSE, Paul, a Dutch painter, died in 
1638. 
MOREL, the name of several celebrated 
printers to the kings of France, who, like the 
Stephenses, were also very learned men. 
MOREL, Andrew, an eminent Swiss anti- 
quary, died in 1703. 
MORELL, Dr. Thomas, a learned English 
divine, lexicographer, and classical editor, born 
in 1701, died in 1784. His chief work is an 
abridgment of “ Ainsworth’s Latin Dictionary.’ 
MORELY, lord, son of sir Thomas Parker, 
was a great favourite of Henry VIII,, and died 
in 1547. 
MORERT,Lewis, D D., author of a celebrated 
historical dictionary, born in 1643, died in 1680 
MORES, Edward Rowe, an eminent English 
antiquary, born in 1730, died in 1778. 
MORETT. an ingenious artist and goldsmith, 
I employed by Henry VIII. 
MORGAGNI, John Baptist, an Italian, emi- 
juent as an anatomist, died in 1771 
MORGAN, William, a native of Wale*,r« MO 
ed to the see of Landaff; he was zealously en- 
gaged in translating the Bible into Welch, and 
died in 1604. 
MORGAN, Mwynvawr, or the Courteous, a 
Welch prince and an able warrior ; he died in 
1001. 
MORGAN, prince of Powys, went on a pil- 
grimage to the Holy Land, and died in 1126. 
MORGAN, George Cadogan, a native of 
Wales, teacher of a dissenting congregation at 
Norwich, and an author; he died in 1798. 
MORGAN, John, M. D., F. R. S., a distin- 
guished physician, of Philadelphia, professor 
of the theory and practice of medicine in the 
medical school of that city, and afterwards 
chief physician to the general hospitals of the 
American army. He died in 1789. ,, 
MORGAN, Daniel, a brigadier-general, and a 
distinguished officer, of the American army, 
during the revolution, died in 1799. His servi- 
ces as an officer were highly important and duly 
appreciated by his countrymen. 
MORGUES, Matthew de, sieur de St. Ger- 
main, a French preacher of great eminence, 
born in 1582, died in 1670, leaving a “ History 
of Lewis the Just.” 
MOKHOFF, Daniel George, a very learned 
German critic, poet, and Latin historian, born in 
1639, died in 1691. 
MORICE, sir William, a learned Englishman, 
and secretary of state under Charles II. ; he 
died in 1676. 
MORILLO, Bartholomew, an admired Span- 
ish painter, died in 1085 
MOIUN, John Baptist, physician, and regius 
professor of mathematics at Paris, born in 1583, 
died in 1656. His “ Astrologia Gallica,” had 
■cost him thirty years’ labour, and was printed 
in 1661, with two epistles dedicatory; the one 
from the author to Jesus Christ, the other ad- 
dressed to the queen of Portugal. 
MORIN, John, a learned Frenchman, convert- 
ed from the protestant to the catholic faith. His 
works are numerous; he died in 1659. 
MORIN, Simon, a celebrated French fanatic, 
burnt alive at Paris, in 1663, for having assum- 
ed the title of the Son of God. 
MORIN, Stephen, a learned French theologi- 
cal and biblical writer, born in 1625, died in 1706. 
In one of his works he endeavours to prove 
that the Hebrew language is as old as the crea- 
tion, and that God himself inspired it into 
Adam. 
MORIN, Henry, also changed his religion, and 
died in 1728. 
MORIN, Peter, a learned French critic, em- 
ployed by the pope to superintend the editions 
of the Septuagint and the Vulgate; he died in 
1608. 
MORIN, Lewis, a French physician, and 
member of the academy of sciences, at Paris ; 
he died in 1715. 
MORIN, John, professor of philosophy, at 
Chartres, died in 1764. 
MORINIERE, Adrian Claude le Fort de la, 
author of several works, died at Paris, in 1696. 
MORISON, Robert, physician, and professor 
of botany at Oxford, born in 1620, wrote a 
“ History of Plants,” and died in 1683. 
MORISOT, Claude Bartholomew, a French 
writer, uied in 1661. 
MORLAND, Samuel, an eminent statesman, 
employed by Cromwell in several embassies. 
MORLAND, George, an exquisite painter, 
chiefly of rustic scenes, was born in Loudon, in 
1764. As a faithful copier of nature, it is uni- 
MO 
jjversally allowed none could excel him. For 
seven years of the prime of his life, he confined 
himself to picturesque landscape; hut, taking 
to an irregular course of drinking, he was led 
ijfrotn the woodside to the alehouse; his sheep 
were changed for pigs, and the field for the 
stable, lie had always favourites whom he pre- 
ferred, and would paint for none who did not 
hit his peculiar humour. His genuine pictures 
are in few hands, and his drawings are still 
more scarce. He died in 1804. 
MORLEY, Dr. George, bishopof Winchester, 
memorable for having negotiated with the Dutch 
for the restoration of Charles II., born in 1597 
died in 1684. 
MORLIERE, James Augustus de la, a French 
writer of romances, died in 1785. 
MORLIN, Joachim, a Lutheran divine, born 
in 1514; he was made bishop of Sambia, by 
the king of Poland. 
MORiVAC, Anthony, an eminent French ad 
vocate and an author, died in 1619. 
MORN’AY, Philipde, baron du PlessisMarly, 
an illustrious French protestant, a political and 
polemical writer, and privy councillor of Henry 
IV., born in 1549, died in 1628. His most im- 
portant work, and for which he has been most 
distingv..* led, is a book “ Upon the Truth of 
the Christian Religion,” in which he employs 
the weapons of reason and learning with great 
force and skill against Atheists, Epicureans, 
Heathens, Jews, Mahometans, and other Infi- 
dels. 
MOEOSONS, Francis, a Venetian, distin- 
guis d himself against the Turks, at the siege 
of Candia, and defeated them in a great naval 
battle. He died in 1699. 
MORRIS, Lewis, a native of Anglesea. About 
80 MS. volumes of antiquities, collected by him, 
are preserved. He died in 1765. 
MORRIS, Richard, an eminent critic and poet, 
was engaged in the publication of two editions 
of the Welch Bible ; he died in 1764. 
MORRIS, Robert Hunter, chief justice of 
New-Jersey, and lieutenant-governor of the co- 
lony of New-York ; he died in 1764. 
MORRIS, Lewis, a judge of the supreme 
court, and afterwards governor of the colony of 
New Jersey , he died in 1746. 
MORRIS, Robert, an eminent merchant, of 
Philadelphia, was a member of congress from 
Pennsylvania, in 1776 and one of the signers of 
the declaration of Independence. He was after- 
wards appointed treasurer of the United States, 
and rendered essential service to the country, 
during three years of the war, by his skill as a 
financier, ami by pledging himself individually 
for the public credit; he died in 1806. 
MORRIS, Gouverneur, a distinguished Ame- 
rican statesman and orator, was & delegate 
to congress from New-York, and to the con 
vention which formed the federal constitution. 
He was afterwards ambassador from the United 
States to France; and on his return from Europe, 
was chosen a member of the United States’ 
senate. He died in 1816. 
MORTIMER, John, author of an esteemed 
“Treatise on Husbandry,” died in 1736. 
MORTIMER, Thomas, grandson of the pre- 
ceding, a writer, of some eminence on commer- 
cial subjects, was born in London, in 1730. In 
1761, he published “Every Man his own Bro- 
ker,” and was the following year appointed 
vice-consul for the Austrian Netherlands; which 
situation he held till 1768. Helhen resumed his 
literary pursuits, and published “Elements of MO 
Commerce, Politics, and Finances “ An Epi- 
tome of Universal History and Biography;” a 
translation of M. Necker’s great work on the 
“ Finances of France ;” “ History of England,” 
to 1763 ; the “ British Plutarch ;” and a “ Gene- 
ral Dictionary of Commerce, Trade, and Manu- 
factures.” Mr. Mortimer died in 1809. 
MORTIMER, John Hamilton, an eminent 
English historical painter, born in 1739, died in 
1779. 
MORTON, Thomas, an English bishop, and 
chaplain to king James. He was esteemed for 
his benevolence and piety, and died in 1659. 
MORTON, James, earl of, a Scotchman, who 
promoted the reformation. He was made chan- 
cellor and regent of Scotland. His enemies at 
last condemned him for high treason, in 1681. 
MORTON,William, a barrister, distinguished 
in the civil wars, and in 1665, made justice of j 
the king’s bench. 
MORTON, John, rose by his abilities to the 
office of lord chancellor of England, and died in 
1500. 
MORTON, Nathaniel, one of the early settlers 
of Plymouth, author of a History of the Church 
of that colony, and of “ New-England’s Memo- 
rial,” published in 1669. 
MORTON, Charles, a native of England, 
came to America, and was settled as a minister 
in Massachusetts. He died in 1698. 
MORTON, Joseph, proprietary governor of 
South-Carolina, in 1682, and afterwards in 1685. 
MORTON, John, a member of congress from 
Pennsylvania, in 1776, and one of the signers off 
the declaration of Independence; he died in 
1776. 
MOSCHOPULUS, Emmanuel, a native of 
Crete, in the 14th century, and author of a Trea- 
tise on Grammar. 
MOSCIIUS, a Grecian pastoral poet of anti- 
quity, cotemporary of Bion and Theocritus. 
MOSELEY, Dr. Benjamin, an eminent Eng- 
lish physician, whose practice, however, chiefly: 
laid in Jamaica. On his return to England, he 
was made physician to Chelsea hospital. His; 
writings were chiefly on Tropical Diseases; and 
he was an inveterate enemy to vaccination; he 
died in 1819. 
MOSES, the great legislator of the Jews, was 
born in Egypt, 1571 B. C., and died at the age 
of 120. 
MOSES, Mendelshon. See MENDELSHON. 
MOSES, Miconti, a Spanish ralibi, of the 
14th century. 
MOSHE1M, John Laurence, an illustrious 
German divine, ecclesiastical historian, and 
critic, born in 1695, died in 1755. His “ Ecclesi- 
astical History, from the birth of Christ to the 
beginning of the 18th century,” is unquestiona- 
bly the best that is extant. 
MOSS, Robert, an English divine, and a po- 
pular preacher, was chaplain to king William 
and his two successors ; he died in 1729. 
MOSS, Charles, an English prelate and con- 
troversial writer, bishop of St. David’s, and af- 
terwards of Bath and Wells; he died in 1802. 
MOSSOP, Henry, an eminent English trage- 
dian, died in 1774. 
MOTHE LE V AYER, Francis de la,counsellor 
of state, and preceptor to the duke of Anjou, 
only brother to Lewis XIV., was born at Paris 
in 1588, and died in 1672. We have no French j 
author that approaches nearer to Plutarch than 
he. His Treatise concerning the education of j 
the Dauphin, and that ov Pagau Philosophy, are.j 
bis best performances. 
MO 
MOTHE LE VAYER, de Boutigne, master 
i of requests to the French king, and a writer of 
■ several works; lie died in 1585. 
MOTHERBY, Dr. George, an eminent Eng 
lisli physician, and celebrated as the author of 
“A New Medical Dictionary,” born in 1731, 
died in 1793. 
MOTTE, Anthony Houdart de la,an ingenious 
; French critic and miscellaneous author, horn st 
Paris, in 1672, died in 1731. His “ Discours sur 
Homere” is a masterpiece of elegance. His 
works consist of epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, 
lyric, pastoral, and fables; besides a vast varle- 
i ty of discourses, critical and academical, in 
prose. 
MOTTEUX, Peter Anthony, a French refu 
gee, settled in England, where he became an 
eminent dramatic writer, gave a very good ti ans- 
j lation of “ Don Ciuixotte,” and wrote several 
“ Songs,” “ Prologues,” “ Epilogues,” &c., 
! died in 1717. 
MOTTEVILLE, Frances Bertrand, dame de 
a celebrated French lady, born in 1015, died in 
i 1089, leaving a very agreeable work, under the 
title of “ Memcires pour servir a PHistoire d’ 
Anne d’Austria.” 
MOTTLEY, John, an English dramatic wri- 
ter, born in 1092, died in 1750. He wrote five 
plays, some of which met with tolerable suc- 
cess, and published a “ Life of the great Czar 
Peter.” 
MOUCHERON, Isaac, a Dutch painter, cele 
i braied for his landscapes, died in 1744. 
f MOUFET, Thomas, a medical writer, who 
first introduced chymical medicines in England; 
lie died about 1000. 
MOUHY, Charles de Fieux, a native of Met*; 
he wrote several romances, and died in 1784. 
MOULIN, Charles du. See MOLINASUS. 
MOULIN, Peter du, a French protestant di- 
vine and polemical writer, born in 1568, died in 
1058. 
MOULIN, Peter du, son of the preceding, 
chaplain to Charles II., of England, preoendary 
i of Canterbury, and a theological writer, born in 
1604, died in 1684. 
MOULIN, Lewis, brother of the preceding, 
was a violent independent; he wrote a work 
: dedicated to Cromwell, and died in 1680. 
MOULIN, Gabriel, a catholic minister, of 
Maneval, wrote a History of Normandy, 1631. 
MOULTRIE, John, an eminent physician, 
i of South Carolina, died in 1773. 
MOULTRIE, John, M. D., son of the preced 
ing, was also a distinguished physician of South 
Carolina, and afterwards lieutenant-govefnor of 
East Florida. 
MOULTRIE, William, a major-general in 
the American army, during the revo ution, and 
afterwards governor of the state of South Ca- 
rolina; he died in 1805. 
MOUNSEY. See MONSEY. 
MOUNTFORT, William, an English drama- 
tic writer and eminent actor, born in 1659, was 
assassinated in 1692. 
MOURET, John Josep,., a celebrated French 
musician, died in 1738. 
MOURGUES, Michael, a French jesuit, and 
author of a Treatise on French Poetry; iie died 
in 1713. 
MOURGUES, Matthew de, an ex-jesuit, and 
| author of controversial works; he died at Paris, 
jin 1670. 
j MOUVANS, Paul Richard, surnamed Le 
jj Brave, a protestant officer, was slain in the ci 
1 vil wars of France in 1568. 
317 MU 
MOXON, Joseph, hydrographer to CharlesII. 
of England he wrote mathematical and astro- 
nomical works, and died about 1700. 
MOYLE, Walter,a very ingenious and learned 
English political and miscellaneous writer, born 
in 1672, died in 1721. 
MOYSE, Henry, page to James I., a Scotch- 
man, died in 1630. 
MOZART John Chrysostom Wolfgang The- 
ophilus, a very celebrated German musician and 
composer, born at Saltzburg, in 1756, died in 
1791. 
MUDGE, John, M. D., F. R. S., w’ho, for his 
skill in the science of mechanics, was no less 
eminent than in that of medicine ; of which his 
improvement in the formation of reflecting tele- 
scopes, his excellent medical treatises, and long 
and extensive practice, bear ample testimony. 
He died in 1793. 
MUDGE, Zachary, an English divine, preben- 
dary of Exeter cathedral, died in 1769. Three 
of his sons, were distinguished for their genius 
and learning. 
MUDO, Hernandez, a Spanish painter of 
eminence; he was deaf and dumb, and was 
employed bv Philip II. 
MUEHLENBERG, II. M., D. D., pastor of 
the first Lutheran church in Pennsylvania, was 
distinguished for his learning. He died at Phila- 
delphia, in 1787. 
MUEHLENBERG, G. Henry Ernest, D. D., 
son of the preceding, w*as also a Lutheran divine, 
eminent for his literary and scientific attain- 
ments ; he died in 1815. 
MUET, Peter le, a French architect, and the 
author of valuable treatises on architecture ; he 
died in 1669. 
MUGGLETON, Lodovick, an English tailor 
of notorious fame as a schismatic, who damned 
all the world that differed from his strange mode 
of faith. He was born in 1607 ; his books were 
burnt by the hangman, himself pilloried and; 
imprisoned, and he died in 1697. 
MUIS, Simeon de, an eminent orientalist andi 
professor of Hebrew at Paris ; he died in 1664. 
MULGRAVE, Constantine Phipps, lord. See 
PHIPPS. 
MULLER, John, a celebrated engraver, who 
flourished about 1600. He studied under Golt- 
zius, w’hose manner he successfully imitated. 
MULLER, John. See REGIOMONTANUS. 
MUMMlUS, Lucius, a Roman consul, known 
for his triumph over Corinth, Thebes, tc. 
MUNCER,or MUNTZER, Thomas, a Saxon 
divine, one of the disciples of Luther, and chief 
of the German Anabaptists. In conjunction with 
Stork, he pulled dow’n all the images in the 
churches which Luther had left standing; and 
then, finding an army in his followers, he com- 
menced leveller, and openly taught that all dis- 
tinctions of rank were usurpations on the rights 
of mankind. At the head of 40,000 men, he 
ravaged the country. The landgrave of Hesse 
at length defeated him ; 7000 of the enthusiasts 
fell in battle, and the rest, with their leader fled: 
he was taken and beheaded at Mulhausen, in 
1525. 
MUNCKER, Thomas, a learned author, died 
in 1680. 
MUNDAY, Antony, a dramatic author, died 
in 1633. 
MUNDTNUS, a celebrated anatomist, was j 
born at Florence, and died in 1318. 
MUNICH, Burchard Christopher, of Olden- 
burgh, learned the art of war under Eugene and 
Marlborough. He distinguished himself in the 
MU 
, service of Peter I. of Russia, who made him a 
marshal; he died in 1767. 
MUNNICKS, John, professor of physic and 
botany at Utrecht, died in 1711. 
MUNSTER, Sebastian, a German Lutheran 
divine, eminent for his great knowledge in the 
Hebrew' and other oriental languages, the ma- 
thematics, and natural philosophy, and for a 
great number of works which he published on 
all these subjects, born in 1489, died in 1552. 
MUNTING, Abraham, a learned botanist, 
of Gronenger, died in 1683. 
MUNUS, Don Juan llaptista, a most volu- 
minous Spanish writer, who published 130 vols. 
of historical and other works, many original 
documents and letters of Columbus, Zimenes, 
&.C., and other productions relating to America, 
and was employed in 1779 by the king of Spain 
to write the History of the New World. He 
died at Madrid, about 1799. 
MURALT, Dealt Lewis de, a Swiss, who 
travelled over Europe, author of letters on the 
French and English ; he died in 1760. 
MURAT, Joachim, a soldier of fortune, who 
emerged from obscurity during the French re- 
volution, became a distinguished general in the 
armies of France, a duke and marshal of the 
empire under Napoleon, and afterwards king 
of Naples. He married a sister of Buonaparte; 
was with him in several of his celebrated cam- 
paigns, in Egypt, in Austria, and in Russia, and 
was shot by order of the allied sovereigns, Oct. 
1815. 
MURATORI, Lewis Antony, an eminen 
Italian antiquary, and Latin historian and cri 
tic, born in 1672, died in 1750. The principa, 
of his very voluminous works are, “ Rerum 
Italicarum Scriptures ab anno Era* Christiana 
500 ad 1500,” 27 vols. folio: “ Antiquitates 
Italics-, mcdii ASvfsive Dissertationes de Mori 
bus Italici Populi, ab Inclinatione Romani 1m 
j periiusque ad annum 1500." 6 vols. folio An 
| uali d’ltalia del principio dell’era volgare lino 
; all’ anno 1500,” 12 vols. 
MURETUS, Mark Antony, a very ingenious 
and learned French poet and critic, born wi 1526, 
died in 1585. 
MURILLO, Bartholomew’, a Spanish painter, 
whose pieces were so much admired as to obtain 
for him from the king, a patent of nobility ; he 
died in 1682. 
MURPHY, Arthur, a barrister at law, and 
celebrated dramatic and miscellaneous writer, 
born about the year 1727. At 19 years of age, 
he was sent to England, and intended for a 
mercantile life ; but literature and the stage 
drew his attention, and soon absorbed his mind. 
On the 18th of October, 1754, he made his lirst 
appearance at Covent Garden theatre, in the 
character of Othello; after which he confined 
himself to w’riting plays for others to act. His 
dramas are 22 in number, of which his tragedy 
of the Grecian Daughter and several comedies 
and farces, still keep possession of the stage, 
lie also w’rote a periodical paper in the manner 
of the Spectator, called “ The Grav’s Inn Jour- 
nal and toward the close of nis life published 
an excellent translation of “ Tacitus.” He died 
in 1805. 
MURRAY, James, earl of, natural son of 
James V. of Scotland. He was guilty of bar- 
barous conduct tow ards Mary, queen of Scots, 
who had ennobled him, and was shot in 1571. 
MURRAY, Thomas, a Scotch portrait paint- 
er, patronized by the royal family of England 
he died in 1724.'  MU ' 
MURRAY, William, a Scotch dissenting mi- 
nister, and an author; he died in 1753. 
MURRAY, James, a Scotch divine, refused 
preferment at home, settled in London, and died 
in 1753. Another dissenting divine of the same 
name wrote a history of the American war, and 
other works, and died in 1782. 
MURRAY, William, earl of Mansfield, born 
in 1705, died in 1793 In 1756 he was appointed 
t.t the office of lord chief justice of the King’s 
Bench, which he held for upwards of 30 years, 
with a splendour and reputation unrivalled. 
His judgments in that court were particularly 
fortunate; for, during the whole time of his 
presiding there, there were few or no instances 
of their being either arraigned or reversed. He 
thrice refused the office of lord high chancellor, 
and never took any grant or emolument from 
the king, for himself or any person belonging to 
him. 
MURRAY, Joseph, a distinguished lawyer, of 
New-York, known as the liberal benefactor of 
King’s (now Columbia) college, in that city. 
MURRAY, William Vans, an eminent law- 
yer, of Maryland, was a member of Congress 
from that state, and afterwards minister from 
the United States to the Batavian republic, and 
ambassador, with Messrs. Ellsworth and Davie, 
to France; he died in 1803. 
MURRAY, James, a native of Rhode-Island, 
was a distinguished officer in the British army 
in India, and rendered important services to 
that government; he died at Calcutta, in 1808. 
MURRAY, John, jun.,an eminent merchant, 
of New-York, distinguished for his philanthropy 
and benevolence. Many of the charitable in- 
stitutions of that city owe their origin to him. 
He died in 1819. 
MU RTOLA, Gaspard, an Italian poet, died at 
Borne, in 1624. 
MUSA, Anionius, a Greek physician, in the 
si rvice of Augustus, who first recommended 
the cold bath. 
MUSM3US, an ancient Greek poet, who lived 
before Homer, of whom we have nothing now 
remaining, except a poem on “ The Loves of 
Hero and Leander,” and the titles of some 
poems recorded by ancient authors. 
MUSCHENBROEOK, Peter de, a very distin- 
guished natural philosopher and mathematician, 
born at Utrecht, in 1692, died in 1761. 
MUSCULUS, Wolfgangus, a famous divine, 
born ih Lorraine. He left the Benedictines 
and embraced Luther’s doctrines, and promot- 
ed the reformation at Bern. He was a man 
of great learning and eloquence. He died in 
1553. 
MUSCULUS, Andrew, a Lutheran divine, 
and professor at Frankfort on the Oder; he died 
In 1580. 
MUSGRAVE, Dr. William, an eminent En- 
glish physician and antiquary, and secretary to 
the Royal Society, born in 1657, died in 1721. 
MUSIU3, Cornelius, professor of belles let- 
tres iri Flanders; he was cruelly put to death, 
on account of his religion, in 1572. 
MUS3ASA, a warlike princess, who succeed- 
ed her father as sovereign of Congo. She dress- 
ed in male attire, and often conducted her sol- 
diers to battle. She flourished in the 17th cen- 
tury. 
MUSSATI, Albertin, a historian and poet, of 
Padua, and minister to the emperor Henry VII.; 
he died in 16.36. 
MU3SO, Cornelius, a famous preacher, and 
member at' the oou aril (if Treat. His sermons1 
NA 
are curious, and contain quotations from Hornet 
as frequently as from the Scriptures, lie died 
at ltome, in 1574. 
MUSTAPHA I., succeeded to the Turkish 
throne in 1617, and was strangled in 1625. 
MUSTAPHA II., succeeded to the Turkish 
throne in 1695. He was an able warrior, but 
gave himself up to luxury, and was compelled 
to descend from the throne in 1703. 
MUSTAPHA III., ascended the throne in 
1757, and died in 1774. 
MUSURUS, Marcus, a celebrated Greek poet, 
and critic, to whom we are obliged for the first 
editions of “ Aristophanes” and “Athenams,” 
died in 1517. 
MUTIAN, Jeremy, an admired German paint- 
er, died in 1590. 
MUTIUS, Coffins Scaevola, an illustrious Ro- 
man, distinguished for his attack on Porsenna. 
MUTIUS, Hulric, historical professor at Basil, 
died in the 16th century. 
MUY, Louis Nicolas Victor, count de, a na- 
tive of Marseilles, his bravery raised him to be 
a marshal of France, and minister of war. He 
died in 1775. 
MUYS, William, of Sleenvick, was an able 
writer on philosophy and botany, and died in 
1744. 
MUZIO, Jerome, an Italian author, died in 
1576. 
MYDORGE, Claude, an able mathematician, 
of Paris, died in 1647. 
MYLNE, Robert, an architect, born at Edin- 
burgh, in 1734. He was employed in the erec- 
tion of Biackfriars’ Bridge, and was appointed 
surveyor of St. Paul’s Cathedral, died in 1811. 
MYN, Herbert Vander, a celebrated Dutch 
painter, died in 1741. 
MYREPSUS, Nicolas, a physician, of Alex- 
andria, of the 13th century. 
MYSON, a celebrated Greek philosopher, 
ra ked by some among the seven wise men. 
MYTENS, Arnold, an eminent Dutch painter, 
died in 1602. 
MYTENS, Martin, a Swedish painter, much 
respected by the emperor Charles VI., died in 
1755. 
N 
NABI-EFFENDI, a Turkish poet of great 
merit, of the 17th century. 
NABIS, king of Lacedcemon, noted for his 
cruelties, died 194 B. C. 
N ABONASSAR, a king of Babylon, supposed 
to be the Baladan of Scripture, founded that 
epoch which began 747 B. C. 
NABOPOLASSAR, king of Babylon, inva- 
ded and divided the kingdom of Syria 626 B. C , 
and died 21 years after. 
N7EVIUS, Cneius, of Campania, an ancient 
Latin poet, died 20315. C. 
NAIIUM, one of the minor prophets, in the 
reign of Hezekiah. 
NAIRON, Faustus, aMaronite, and professor 
of Syriac in the Sapienza college at Rome, died 
in 1707. He maintained that the Maronites had 
preserved inviolate the Christian faith. 
NALSON, Valentine, an English divine, and 
author of sermons, died in 1724. 
NALTON, James, was ejected for non-con- 
i fortuity in 1662, and died in 1663. 
j NANCEL, Nicholas de, a French physician, 
land author of some eminence, died in 1610. 
| NANFAN, John, colonial governor of New 
i York, about 170k. NA 
NANI, John Baptist, a noble Venetian states- 
man, and author of a“ History of Venice,” of 
much reputation, born in 1616, died in 1678. 
NANNIUS, Peter, professor at Louvain, wrote 
several works, and died in 1557. 
NANQ.UIER, Simon, a French poet of the 
J.6th century. 
NANTEUIL, Robert, a celebrated French de- 
signer and engraver to Louis XIV., born in 1630, 
died in 1678. 
NANTIGNI, Lewis Chazot de, a French 
writer, and author of “ Historical Genealogies 
of kings and emperors,” &c.; he died in 1755. 
NAOGEORGUS, Thomas, anativeof Bava- 
ria ; tie wrote satires against the papists, and 
died in 1578. 
NAPIER, John, lord, a Scotch nobleman, ce- 
lebrated as a philosopher and mathematician, 
and as the inventor of logarithms for the use of 
navigators, born in 1550, died in 1617. 
NARES, James, doctor of music, organist of 
the chapel-royal at St. James’, master of the 
children of the said royal chapel, and composer 
of divers anthems, whicn manifest the strength 
of his genius, and, together with his other 
works, will perpetuate his name, and rank him 
with the first in his profession ; lie was born in 
1715, and died in 1783. 
NARSES, king of Persia, died A. D. 303. 
NARSES, a Persian eunuch, who was in the 
service of tiie Roman emperors, and at the head 
of their armies defeated the Goths. He died in 
552. 
F ASH, Thomas, a satirist against the puri- 
tan-, and a dramatic writer, born about 1564. 
He settled in London, where he died in 1601. 
11 ASH, Richard, commonly called Beau Nash, 
or king of Bath, born at South Wales, in 1674, 
at d died at Bath, in 1761. 
NASH, Francis, a brigadier-general in the 
A nerican army, during the revolution ; he was 
Hi led at the battle of Germantown, in 1777. 
NASIN1, Joseph Nicholas,an Italian painter 
oi some celebrity ; he died in 1736. 
NASMITH, James, D. D.,an English divine 
and writer, died in 1808. 
NATALIS, Michael, an engraver, of Liege, 
eminent in his profession, died in 1570. 
NATHAN, a prophet in the age of David. 
NATHAN. Isaac, or Mordecai, the first who 
published a Hebrew concordance, which he com- 
pleted in 1448. 
NATTIER, John Mark le, a French painter, 
patronised by the French king ; he died in 1766. 
NATTIER, Lawrence, of Swabia, published 
a book on ancient gems, and died in 1763. 
NAUCLERUS, John, professorof law atTu- 
bingen, and an author, died in the 16th century. 
NAUDE, Gabriel, a learned Frenchman, 
treated with kindness by Richelieu and Maza- 
rin, died in 1653. 
NAUDE, Philip, born at Metz, was professor 
of mathematics at Berlin, and died in 1729. 
NAUNTON, sir Robert, a statesman, and 
secretary of state to James I. His “ Fragmenta 
Regalia” contains some curious anecdotes of 
the court of queen Elizabeth. Sir Robert died 
in 1633. 
NAVAGERO, Andrew, a noble Venetian, 
who was employed as ambassador to Francis I.; 
he died in 1529. 
NAVAGERO, Bernard, of the same family, 
was made a cardinal, and was present at the 
council of Trent; he died in 1565. 
NAVARRE, Peter, a famous warrior of the 
J6th century. 
NE 
NAVARETTA, Ferdinand, a Spanish Domi- 
nican, who, for his eloquence, was employed us 
a missionary in China, he died in 1089. 
NANARETTA, Balthasar, a Spanish Domi 
nican, and an author of tiie 16th century. 
NAVIER, I’eter Toussaint, a native of St. 
Dizier, eminent for his discovery of nitrous 
ether, and the combination of mercury with 
iron. He died in 1779. 
NAYLER, James, a remarkable enthusiast, 
born in 1G1G, he became a convert of tiie fam- 
ous George Fox toquakerism, and, commencing 
preacher, he set out for Bristol, attended by a 
numerous cavalcade singing, “ Holy, holy, holy, 
Lord God of Sabaoth ; Hosannah in the highest; 
holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Israel.” He was 
brought before parliament, tried and condemned 
as guilty of blasphemj, and sentenced to impri- 
sonment for life. But two years alter, he was 
liberated, and died in 1666. 
NEAL, Daniel, a non-conformist divine, borr. 
in 1678. In 1706, he was chosen pastor of an 
independent congregation in London. As a 
writer, his principal productions are, “A His- 
tory of New-England,” and “ A History of the 
Puritans.” He died in 1743. 
NEANDER, Michael, a learned protestant, 
born in Silesia, and rector of the university of 
llfeldt 40 years; he died in 1595. A physician 
.and author of the same name, died at Jena, in 
1581. 
NEARCHUS, one of Alexander’s captains, 
and who, under his command, navigated the 
Indian ocean. We have a very curious account 
of his “ Voyage from the Mouth of the Indus to 
Babylon.” Arrian, however, calls the veracity 
of Nearchus in Question. 
NEBUCHADNEZZAR I., or NABTIOI1A 
DONOSOR, of Nineveh and Bain .on, 
supposed to have been the founder of the king 
dom of Nineveh. 
NEBUCHADNEZZAR II., king of Babylon, 
supiiosed to have been a son of the former, lie 
was banished from the society of men, horded 
among wild beasts, and, after 7 years, was restor 
ed to his throne. He died about 562 B. C. 
NECHO,or the PH ARAOI1NECHO, of Scrip- 
ture, died about 600 B. C. 
NECK, John Van, an eminent Dutch painter, 
died in 1714. 
NECKER, Noel Joseph, of Flanders, obtained 
(celebrity in medicine and botany, and died in 
1793. 
NECKER, James, a native of Geneva, known 
as a financier. He went as ambassador to France, 
where, in 1765, he obtained the office of Syndic 
to the East India Company, and in 1775, was 
made director of the royal treasury ; was twice 
prime minister of France; but the revolution 
destroyed his popularity, and he retired to 
Switzerland, where he died in 1804, aged 72. 
He is author of a work on the Finances of 
France, and a Treatise on the Infiuence of Reli- 
gious Opinions. 
NECKHAM, Alexander, an Englishman and 
abbot of St. Mary’s, admired as a learned man 
and a poet ; he died in 1227. 
NECTARIES, made patriarch of Constanti 
nople by the younger Theodosius, in 381. Hav- 
ing governed the church with great piety, and 
abolished the use of confession in the East, he 
died in 397. 
NEEDH AMjMarehamont, an English politico, 
and satirical writer, born in Oxfordshire, in 1620, 
died in 1678. 
NEEDHAM, John Tuberville, an Engl*-* 
320 _ NE 
Roman catholic, educated at Douai. Thoughl 
a learned man, iie was superstitious; he died in S 
1781. 
NEEDLER, Benjamin, educated at Oxford, 
was an ejected non conformist, and died in 1682. 
NEEDLER, Thomas, an English writer, of 
the navy office, died in 1718. 
NEEFS, Peter, an admired Flemish painter, 
educated under Steenvvick. 
NEER, Arnold Van der, a celebrated Dutch 
painter, died in 1703. 
NEHEMIAH, a Jew. He was permitted to 
rebuild Jerusalem, and governed his nation with 
justice 30 years. lie died 430 B. C. 
NELLER, George Christopher, a learned di- 
vine, and counsellor to the elector of Treves; 
he died in 1784. 
NELSON, Robert, a learned and eminently 
pious English gentleman, born in 1656, died in 
1715. He published several works of piety, and 
left his whole estate to charitable uses. There 
is a great degree of excellence in all his writ- 
ings ; but his “ Companion for the Festivals and 
Fasts,” &c., will perpetuate his memory. 
NELSON, Horatio, viscount, an illustrious 
English seaman, fourth son of the Rev. Edward 
Nelson, was torn in 1758. He entered the navy 
St the age of 12, and, for his gallant conduct in 
several engagements, was at last created a vis- 
co mt, and his honours made hereditary in his 
family. He was killed in an engagement with 
the French and Spanish fleets, off Trafalgar, on 
the 21st Oct., 1805. 
NELSON, Valentine. See NALSON. 
NELSON, William, one of the judges of the 
colony of Virginia, president of the council, and, 
for a time, at. the head of the administration 
there; lie died in 1772. 
NELSON, Tnomas, a distinguished patriot 
of the revolution, and afterwards governor of 
the state of Virginia, he died in 1789. 
NELSON, Thomas, jun., son of the preced- 
ing, was a member of congress iri 1776, and one 
of I be signers of the declaration of I ndependence. 
NEMESIANUS, Aurelius Olyinpius, a cele- 
brated Latin poet, was born at Carthage, and 
flourished about the year 281. We have still i 
remaining a poem of this author, called “ Cyne- 
geticon,” and four eclogues. 
NF.MES1US, a Greek philosopher, who em- 
braced Christianity, and was made bishop of 
F.mesa, in Phoenicia, in the beginning of the 5th 
century. 
NEMOURS, Mary d'Orleans, a French lady 
of quality, born in 1625, and celebrated as au- 
thor of “Memoirs of the War of the Fronde;” 
site died in 1707. 
NENNIUS, an English historian, about the] 
beginning of the 9th century. His “ History of 
Britain” comes down to the 8th century. 
NEPER, John, lord. See NAPIER. 
NEPOS, Cornelius, a Latin historian, who 
flourished in the time of Julius C®sar. All 
that we have left of his at present is “ The 
Lives of the illustrious Greek and Roman Cap- 
tains.” He died in the reign of Augustus. | 
NEPOS, Flavins Julius, a Dalmatian, who,| 
by marrying the niece of the emperor Leo, ob- 
tained the Western empire. He was assassi- 
na'ed in 4S0. 
NERi, Philip de, an eminent Florentine his ! 
toririn. died in 1556. 
NERI, St. Philip de, a Florentine, celebrated! 
ast.be founder of a charitable order of priests;! 
he died in 1595. 
NERI, Pompeio, a Florentine, professor of I 
NE 
law at Pisa. He was a learned writer, and died 
in 1776. 
NERO, Claud. Dornit. Ciesar, emperor and ty- 
rant of Rome, slew himself in despair, A. I). (18. 
NERVA, Coceeius, a Roman emperor after 
Domitian, and a monarch of excellent charac- 
ter ; he died A. D. 98. 
NESBIT, Thomas, a Scotchman, skilled in 
antiquities and heraldry, died in 1725. 
NESLE, N. de, a native of Meanx, admired 
as a poet, died in 1707. 
NESSE, Christopher, a dissenting minister 
in London, born in 1021, died in 1705; leav'ng 
four volumes, entitled “ The Hi ory and Mys- 
tery of the Old and New Testament.” 
NESTOR, son of Neleus and Cloris, a great 
commander at the siege of Troy with Agamem- 
non, and highly esteemed for his wisdom and 
eloquence. Homer says lie lived 300 years. 
NESTOR, a monk of the convent of Petcher- 
sti, at Kiof, in Russia, born in 1050, died in 1115. 
His great work is his “ Chronicle which con- 
tains a series of the Russian annals from 858 to 
about 1113. Mr. Muller informs us, that “the 
labours of Nestor, and his three continuators, 
have produced a connected series of the Russian 
history, so complete, that no nation can boast a 
similar treasure for so long and unbroken a pe- 
riod.” 
NESTORIUS, a Syrian, bishop of Constan- 
tinople in 431. He was deposed for denying the 
incarnation of the Redeemer. 
NETSCHER, Gaspard, an eminent Polish 
painter, settled in Holland, born in 1036, died in 
IG84. 
NEUBAUER, Ernest Frederic, professor of 
theology, at Giessen, died in 1748. 
NEUBAUER, Francis, a Bohemian, a cele- 
brated musician, died in 1795. 
NEUHOFF, Theodore de, a German, born at 
Metz, better known by the style of Theodore I. 
king of Corsica. Being at Leghorn in 1736, he 
was encouraged by the English minister to go 
to Corsica, and head the malecontents against 
the Genoese government. At Tunis, he nego- 
tiated for arms and ammunition, and vessels, 
j with which he embarked for Corsica, where lie 
was crowned king of the island ; but the Gt 
noese having applied to the French, be was 
obliged to abandon Corsica in 1737. fie retired 
to England, and was for many years confined in 
the King’s Bench prison for debt. Being re- 
leased by an act of insolvency in 1756, he gave 
in a schedule the kingdom of Corsica, as his es- 
tate, to his creditors, and died in December ol 
the same year. 
NEUVILLE, Charles Frey de, a French je 
I suit, and an eloquent preacher, died in 1773. 
NEUVILLE, llidier Peter Chicaneau de, pro 
fesscr of history, at Toulouse, died in 1781. 
NEVE, Timothy, an English divine, died lr 
1798. 
NEVERS, Philip Julian Mazarine Mancin; 
duke de, nephew of cardinal Mazarine, wrote 
some poetry of little merit, and died in J707. 
j NEVISAN, John, an Italian lawyer, author 
of “Sylva Nuptiales he died in 1540. 
j NEWCOMB, Thomas, an English divine, 
poet, and translator, of considerable merit, who 
died about 1764, upwards of 90 years of age. 
NEWCOME, William, a learned prelate, 
j archbishop of Armagh, and author of various 
I theological publications ; he died in 1799. 
I NEWCOMEN, Matthew, a non conformist di- 
j vim, ejected in 1662, and one of the Westmir. 
| ste- assembly of divines; he died in 1666.  NI 
NEWELL, Samuel, one of the first Ameri- 
can missionaries to India; he died at Bombay, 
in 1821. 
NEWELL, Harriet, wife of the preceding, 
was a native of Massachusetts, and was born 
in 1793. She accompanied her husband to In- 
dia, and died at the Isle of France, in 1812. 
NEWLAND, Peter, a learned Dutchman, 
and an able professor of mathematics and phi- 
losophy, at Utrecht and Amsterdam ; he died in 
1794. 
NEWMAN, Francis, governor of the colony 
of New-Haven, died in 1661. 
NEWMAN, Samuel, an English divine, who 
removed to America in 1638, and settled in Mas- 
sachusetts. He published a concordance of the 
Bible, and died in 1663. 
NEWTON, John, an English mathematician, 
and chaplain to Charles II.; he died in 1678. 
NEWTON, Richard, a learned divine, and 
principal of Ilarthall; he died in 1753. 
NEWTON, Thomas, an English divine, au- 
thor of a history of the Saracens, and other 
works; he died in 1607. 
NEWTON, sir Isaac, a most celebrated Eng- 
lish philosopher and mathematician, and one of 
the greatest geniuses that ever appeared in the 
world, was born at Woolstrope, in Lincolnshire, 
in 1642, and died in 1727. His discoveries in op- 
tics, (particularly his invention or improve 
ment of the reflecting telescope,) and in otner 
branches of natural philosophy and the mathe- 
matics, are generally known. Of his numerous 
works, the most esteemed are, “Treatise on 
Optics,” and “ Naturalis Philosophise Principia 
Matbematica.” 
NEWTON, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Bristol, 
and dean of St. Paul’s, born in 1703, died in 
1782, having distinguished himself by publishing 
an edition, with annotations, of “ Milton’s Pa- 
radise Lost,” and “Paradise Regained;” but 
more by his learned and valuable “ Dissertations 
on the Prophecies.” 
NEWTON, John, an English divine, author 
of sermons and other valuable religious works; 
he died in 1807. 
NICAISE, Claude, a learned French anti- 
quary, born at Dijon. He published some works, 
and died in 1701. 
NICANDER, an ancient Greek poet and me- 
dical writer, of whose numerous works (for 
Fabricius has enumerated many) only two have 
reached us; his “Theriaca” and “ Alexiphar- 
rnaca.” These, however, are valuable remains, 
and place him in the <oremost rank of didactic 
poets, blending pretty equally amusement with 
instruction. He lived about 140 B. C. 
NICAUSIS, or BALKIS, was, according to 
the Arabians, the same person that is styled the 
queen of Sheba in the Scriptures. 
NICCOLLS, R’chard,an English poet of con- 
siderable merit, born in 1584. The most mate- 
rial of his works are, his additions to the Mirror 
for Magistrates, under the title of “ A Winter 
Night’s Vision, 1610 ;” to which he subjoined 
“ England’s Eliza,” &c. 
NICEPHORUS, Blemmidas, a monk, of 
Mount Athos, in the 13th century, who refused 
the dignity of patriarch of Constantinople. 
NICEPHORUS, Gregoras, a Greek historian, 
Dorn about the close of the 13th century. He 
compiled a history, from 1204 to 1341. 
NICEPHORUS, Callistus, a Greek historian, 
who flourished in the 14th century, and wrote 
an “ Ecclesiastical History,” in 23 books, 18 of i 
which are still extant, containing the trausac | 
NJ "" 
tions of the church from the birth of Christ tc 
the death of tire emperor Phocas, in tilO. 
NICEPHORUS, I., chancellor of theEastern 
empire, seized the throne in 802, and banished 
the empress Irene. He fell in battle. 
NICEPHORUS II., Phocas, a noble, so popu- 
lar, that his virtues elevated him to the throne, 
in 963. He was assassinated in 909. 
NICEPHORUS HI., a Roman general, raised 
to the throne of Constantinople by his army, in 
1078. He was deposed three years after. 
NICERON, John Francis, a French friar and 
celebrated philosopher and mathematician, born 
in 1013, died in 1046. 
NICERON, John Peter, commonly called fa 
therNiceron, a very eminent French biographer, 
born in 1085, died in 1738. He wrote “ Memoirs 
of Men illustrious in the Republic of Letters, 
with a critical Account of their Works,” tec. 
NICETAS, David,of theOth century, author 
of the Life of Ignatius, of Constantinople. 
NICETAS, surnamed SERRON, of Constan 
tinople, an eminent Greek commentator on sa- 
cred history, in the 11th century. 
NICETAS, Arhominates, a Greek historian, 
who wrote a “ History or Annals, from the 
death of Alexis Comnenus, in 1118, to that of 
Boudouin, in 1205,” and died in 1206. 
NICHOLAS, Abraham, an English penman 
of some note, died in 1744. 
NICHOLLS, Frank, physician to George II., 
of England; he wrote some medical works, and 
died in 1779. 
NICHOLS, Richard, povernorof the colonies 
of New-York and New Jersey, was distinguish- 
ed for the wisdom and prudence of his admi- 
nistration. He returned to England in 1667. 
NICHOLS, Dr. William, an English divine, 
and controversial writer, born in 1664, died ir, 
1716. 
NICHOLSON, William, a writer on mathe- 
matics, born in London, in 1753, was an inde- 
fatigable and enterprising man, but died poor, 
in 1815; having given to the world, “ An Intro- 
duction to Natural Philosophy,” “The Naviga- 
tor’s Assistant;" Memoirs and Travels ofcoun, 
Benyowsky“ A Dictionary of Chymistry” 
“A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chymistry, 
and the Arts.” 
NICHOLSON, sir Francis, lieutenant govern- 
or of the colony of New-York, and afterwards, 
successively, governor of Virginia, in 1690, of 
Maryland, in 1694, of Nova Scotia, in 1713, and 
of South Carolina in 1720. He died in London, 
in 1728. 
NICHOLSON, James, a captain in the Ame- 
rican navy, during the revolutionary war; lie 
was born in Maryland, in 1734. 
NICIAS, a renowned Athenian general, put 
to death by the Syracusans, 413 B. C. 
N1CODEMUS, a learned Jew, who visited 
our Saviour by night. 
NICOLAI, John, a French Dominican, and 
professor of theology, at Paris ; he wrote theolo- 
gical works, and died in 1673. 
NICOLAS, a proselyte, of Antioch, one of 
the seven deacons of the first church at Jerusa- 
lem. 
NICOLAS, St., bishop of Myra, lived in the 
age of Constantine the Great, and assisted at the 
Nicene council. 
NICOLAS I., surnamed the Great, was elect 
ed pope in 858. He was the cause of the schism 
between the Greek and Latin churches, and died 
| in 867. 
i NICOLAS 11., Gerard, of Burgundy, wai Nl 
elected pope in 1058. He extended the papal: 
power, and died in 1061. 
NICOLAS 111., JohuGaetan,was elected pope 
in 1277. He sent missionaries to Tartary, and 
died in 1280. 
NICOLAS IV.,N. de Rubeis, waselected pope 
in 1283. He was a man of learning, and died 
in 1292. 
NICOLAS V., Thomas de Sarzanne, an Ita- 
lian, was elected pope in 1447. He gained uni- 
versal respect for his wisdom and moderation, 
and died in 1455. 
NICOLAS, of Damascus, a philosopher and 
historian of the age of Augustus. 
NICOLAS, of Cusa, son of a fisherman, rose 
bv his merit, and was appointed ambassador by 
Eugenius IV., to several courts. He died in 
1454. 
NICOLAS, of Lyra, a Jew, converted to 
Christianity. He taught divinity with reputa- 
tion, and died in 1340. 
NICOLAS, of Munster, founder of a sect 
called the House of Love, died in 1540. 
NICOLAS, of Pisa, an eminent architect and 
sculptor, flourished in the 13th century. 
NICOLAS EYMERICK, a dominican, of Gi- 
ronne, and author of the Directory of the In- 
quisitors; he died in 1399. 
NICOLAS, Augustine, an advocate of Besan- 
con, and an author, he died in 1605. 
NICOLE, John, a French lawyer of some re- 
putation, died in 1678. 
NICOLE, Claude, usually called the Presi- 
dent Nicole, born in France, in 1611, died in 1685. 
His works consist of translations into French 
verse of several works of “Ovid,” “Horace,” 
“ Persiiis,” “ Martial,” “ Seneca the tragedian,” 
“Claudian,” and others. 
NICOLE, Peter, an eminent French divine. 
He was a Saxsenist, a man of great abilities, and 
left some works; he died in 1695. 
NICOLE, Francis, a distinguished French 
mathematician, died in 1758. 
N1COLL, John, M. D., a native of Scotland, 
was a distinguished physician of New York. 
From a sincere attachment to the constitution 
and discipline of the church of Scotland, he 
engaged in establishing a presbyterian church 
in New-York, to which he devoted a great part 
oi his estate. He died in 1743. 
NICOLO DEL ABBATE, a celebrated Ital- 
ian painter, of the 16th century. 
NICOLSON, William, archbishop of Cashel, 
in Ireland, born in 1655, died in 1727; distin- 
guished as a historian, critic, and antiquary. 
Ilis three books, called severally, “ The English, 
Irish, and Scottish Historical Libraries,” are 
works in very good esteem. 
NICOMEDES, a mathematician of the 2d 
century. 
NICON, patriarch of the Russian empire. 
His publication of the Bible in the Russian 
language created enemies among the clergy, and 
he was compelled to abdicate his office in 1679. 
NICOT, John, ambassador from France to 
Portugal. He wrote a French and Latin Dic- 
tionary, &c., and died in 1600. 
NIDHARD, John Everard, an Austrian Je- 
suit, was made inquisitor-general of Spain, and 
minister, and died in 1681. 
NiEUHOFF, John de, a Dutchman, and am- 
bassador from the Dutch East India Company 
to China, in the 17th century. 
NfEUWENTYT, Bernard, a learned Dutch- 
man, and the author of several mathematical : 
works, he died in 1730. 
—_ . __ 
l! NIGER,C. Pescennius Justus, governor of Sy- 
ria, proclaimed emperor of Rome by bis army, 
ill 193, but afterwards defeated and slain by Ins 
rival. 
NIGIDIUS FIGULUS, Publius, was one of 
the most learned authors of ancient Rome after 
Varro, a philosopher of the Pythagorean sect, 
and a great astrologer; he also applied himself 
to state affairs, and was a very able minister. 
He died in exile, 45 15. C. 
NIGRISOLI, Jerome, an Italian physician 
and author, died in 10(9. 
NILES, Samuel, an American clergyman 
settled at Braintree, Mass.; he died in 1762. 
NINUS, the founder of the Assyrian empire 
was sou of Belus, and husband of Semiratnis, 
to whom he left the kingdom, 2164 B. C. 
NIPHUS, Augustin, a famous philosopher, 
of Calabria, died in 1550. 
NISBET, sir John, lord advocate of Scotland, 
in the reign of Charles II. 
NISBET, Charles, I). D., a clergyman of Scot- 
land, was chosen first president of the college 
of Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, in 1783, and held 
that office, with reputation and success until his 
death in 1804. 
NIVELLE DE LA CHAUSSEE, PeterClaude, 
an admired French poet, died in 1754. 
NIVEIINOIS, Lewis Julius Mancini, duke of, 
minister of state, and ambassador abroad, ne- 
gotiated the peace of 1763, at London. He is 
known as a poet and a writer, and died in 1798. 
NIZOLIUS, Marius, an Italian grammarian 
of the 16th century. 
NOAH, son of Lantech, was saved from de- 
struction in the ark, built by the direction of 
God. He died 2029 B. C. 
NOAILLES, Lewis Antony de, cardinal and 
archbishop of Paris. Though by birth, duke of 
St. Cloud, he preferred the ecclesiastical state to 
political distinction ; he died in 1729. 
NOAILLES, Adrian Maurice, dukede, a dis- 
tinguished French military officer, was promo- 
ted to the rank of marshal, and died in 1766. 
NOBLE, Eustache de, a Frenchman, who 
by his abilities, rose to be procurer of the par 
liament of Metz. He wrote several works, and 
died in 1711. 
NOGAROLA, Isotta, a learned lady, of Ve 
rona, well acquainted with philosophy, theolo- 
gy, and the learned languages; she died in 1468. 
NOGAROLA, Lewis, a noble Venetian, was 
at the council of Trent; he died in 1559. 
NOINVILLE, James Bernard de, the author 
of several works, died tn 1768. 
NOIR, John le, an ecclesiastic of Sees, con- 
demned for heretical opinions. His works pos- 
sess great merit. He died in 1892. 
NOLDIUS, Christian, a Danish divine, and 
author, died in 1673. 
NOLIN, Denys, an advocate in the parlia- 
ment of Paris, quitted his profession for divini- 
ty, and died in 1710. 
NOLIN, John Baptist, a geographer, of Paris, 
died in 1762. 
NOLLET, Dominic, a Dutch historical pain- 
ter, died in 1736. 
NOLLET, John Anthony, a learned man and 
philosopher, whose experiments contributed 
much to the advancement of science. He died 
at Paris, in 1770. 
NOLLIKINS, Joseph Francis, a painter, of 
Antwerp, died in 1748. 
NONIUS, Marcel 1 us, a learned grammarian 
and peripatetic philosophic His works wer* 
printed in 1471. NO 
NONNIUS, Lewis, a learned physician at 
Antwerp, in the 17th century, and author of a 
famous treatise, entitled “ Dieleticon, sive de 
Re Cibaria.” He also printed a commentary 
upon the Greek medals, and those of Julius 
Casar, Augustus, and Tiberius. 
NONNIUS, Peter, or NUNES, a great mathe- 
matician, born in Portugal, in 1497. He was 
author of several mathematical works, and died 
in 1577. 
NONNUS, a Greek poet, surnamed Panopo- 
tites, from the place of Ins birth, being a native 
of Panopolis, in Egypt, where he was born in 
the 5th century. He is the author of a para 
phrase in Greek verse upon the gospel of St. 
John, the diction of which is perspicuous, neat, 
elegant, and proper for the subject. 
NOODT, Gerard, an eminent civilian, born 
at Nimeguen. His works are all on law sub- 
jects. He died in 1725. 
NORADIN, son of Sanguin, or Emadeddin, 
sultan of Aleppo and Nineveh. He attacked 
and defeated the crusaders, and died in 1174, 
universally respected. 
NOEDBERG, I. A., < haplaiu and companion 
of Charles XII., of Sweden, in all his military 
adventures. He died iti 1745. 
NORDEN, Frederick Lewis, born in Holstein, 
in 1708. He was a skilful navigator, a great 
designer, and a good mathematician. Having a 
strong desire to examine the wonders of Egypt, 
he went thither under ‘he patronage of the king 
of Denmark, and publiaited the result in “ Tra- 
vels in Egypt and Nubia.” Going afterwards 
to England, he was admitted a member of the 
R oval Society,and on this occasion gave the pub- 
lic “ Drawings of some Ruins and Colossal Sta- 
tues at Thebes, in Egypt, with an account of the 
same, in a Letter to the Royal Society.” He 
died in France, in 1742. 
NORDEN, John, an able topographer, and 
surveyor of the king’s lands, in the reign of 
James I.; he died in 1625. 
NORDEN FLEICHT, Chederig Charlotte de, 
of Stockholm, celebrated among the Swedes for 
her elegant poems ; she died in 1793. 
NORDENSCHOLD, a native of Sweden, and 
governor of Finland, known for his extensive 
knowledge of political economy; he died in 1764. 
NORES, Jason de, a native of Cyprus, who 
went to Padua, and taught philosophy. He died 
in 1590. 
NORGATE, Edward, an Englishman, and an 
ingenious artist, died in 1649. 
NORM ANT, Alexis, advocate of the parlia- 
ment of Paris, deservedly celebrated for liis love 
of justice; died in 1745. 
NORRIS, John, an Englishman, educated at 
Cambridge; he was a beuefactor to his College, 
and died in 1777. 
NORRIS John, a learned English divine and 
Platonic philosopher, moral writer, and poet, 
born in 1657, died in 1711. 
NORRIS, Henry, a learned cardinal, born at 
Verona, in 1631, distinguished himself by a 
“ History of Pelagianism,” and died at Rome 
in 1704. 
NORRIS, John, a merchant, of Salem, Mas- 
sachusetts, distinguished as one of the founders, 
and a liberal benefactor of the theological insti- 
tution at Andover, in that state; he died in 
1808. His wife, Mary, left by will, 30 000 dol- 
lars to the same institution, and a like sum to 
other religious objects. 
NORTH. Francis, lord Guilford, keeper oft 
tlte great seal, in the reigns nf m a. and'. 
NO ' 
James II., a great natuial philosopher, and au- 
thor of “ A Philosophical Essay on Music.” 
He was born about 1640, and died in 1665. 
NORTH, Dr. John, brother of the preceding, 
born in 1645, was a man of great learning an 
admirer of Plato, and published an edition of 
some of his pieces, viz. “ Socratis Apologia,’ 
“ Crito,” “ Phatdo,” &c. He died in 1683 
NORTH, George, M. A., an eminent English 
divine and antiquary, born in 1707, wrote a 
“ Table of English Silver Coins, from the Con- 
quest, to the Commonwealth, with Remarks,’ 
and died in 1772. 
NORTH, Frederick, earl of Guilford, better 
known as lord North ; the minister,under whose 
administration, England lost her American colo 
nies. He was born in 1732, and died in 1792 
having been blind several years. 
NORTON, lady Frances, an English lady, 
who wrote “ Applause of Virtue,” &.c. ; she 
died in 1720. 
NORTON, John, a writer in the reign of 
Charles II., who published “The Scholar’s 
Vade-mecum in which he attempted to alter 
the orthography and structure of the English 
language. 
NORTON, Thomas, an English lawyer and 
dramatic writer, assisted Sternhold and Hop- 
kins, in their noted version of the Psalms, 27 of 
which he turned into English metre. He died 
about 1600. 
NORTON, John, one of the early emigrants 
from Great Britain to America, and a distin- 
guished clergyman, in the infant colony of Mas- 
sachusetts : he died in 1663. 
NOSTRODAMUS, Michael, an able French 
physician and celebrated astrologer, was born 
in 1503, ar.d died in 1560. 
NOTT, Edward, governor of the colonv of 
Virginia, from 1705 until his death, the ensuing 
year. He was respected by the colonists, and 
his short administration was popular. 
NOUE, Francis de la, of Brittany, a colonist, 
engaged in the civil wars of France.; he was 
distinguished as a brave man, and was killed in 
battle in 1501. 
NOUE, Stanislaus Louis de la, of the same 
family, served with great reputation in the 
French army, and was killed in 1760. 
NOUE, Denis de la, an eminent printer, of 
Pans, died in 1650. 
NOUE, John Sauvre de la, of Meaux, a ce- 
lebrated actor and dramatic writer ; he died in 
1761. 
NOUE, N. la, a famous financier, of France 
in the 17th century. 
NOVARINt, Lewis, an ecclesiastic, of Ve- 
rona, and an author, died in 1650. 
NOVATIAN, a pagan philosopher of the 3d 
century, who was converted to Christianity, but 
founded a new heresy. His followers were 
called Novations. 
NOVATUS, a priest of Carthage, of great in- 
consistency of opinion, he died in the 3d cen- 
tury. 
NOWEL, Alexander, an English divine. His 
catechism, published in 1572, was extensively 
used, and much admired. He died in 1576. 
NOY, William, attorney-general in the reign 
of Charles I., celebrated for the manv valuable 
law books which he wrote. He was born it 
1577, and died in 1634. 
NOYES, James, a native of England, earn* 
to America in 1634, and soon after se. .'ed at 
Massachusetts, as pastor of aclinic! 
I there. He died in 16*6 OC~ 
NOYES, James, son of the preceding, was 
jellied, as a clergyman, at Stonington, Con- 
necticut. He died in 1719. 
NOYES, Nicholas, minister of a church at 
Salem, Massachusetts, died in 1717. 
MJCK, Anthony, a Dutch physician, and 
professor of anatomy at Leyden. 
NUGENT, Robert, earl of, an Irish catholic, 
who became a protestant, was promoted to 
office, and died in 1788. 
NUGENT, Thomas, LL. D., an Irishman, 
author of a French dictionary. His daughter 
was married to Edmund Burke. 
NUMA POMP1L1US, second king of Rome, 
known for the laws which he established, and 
his respect for religion. He died 672 B. C. 
NUMENIUS, a Greek philosopher of the 2d 
ientury, and a follower of Pythagoras and Plato. 
NUMERIANUS, Marcus Aurelius, son of the 
emperor Cams, succeeded his brother in 284, 
but was soon after assassinated. 
NUNEZ, Ferdinand, a Spanish critic, find 
professor of belles lettres, at Alcala and Sala- 
manca ; he died in 1552. 
NYE, Philip, an ejected non-conformist, died 
in 1672. 
NYE, Nathaniel, a mathematician, in the 
the reign of Charles II. 
NYMANNUS, Gregory, professor of anato- 
my and botany, at YVittemberg, died in 1638. 
O 
OAKES, Urian, an English clergyman, who 
settled in Massachusetts, and was chosen pre- 
sident of Harvard college; he died in 1681. 
OATES, Titus, an infamous character, whose 
public conduct may he found in every history ; 
of England under the reign of Charles 11. and 
James II. He was born in 1619, and died in 1705. 
OBADlAH,the fourth of the minor prophets. 
OBRECHT, Ulric, a learned German critic 
and Latin historian, horn in 1646, died in 1701. 
So extensive and various was his learning, that 
le has been styled “The Epitome of Human 
Science.” 
OBSEQUENS, Julius, a Latin critic, who 
flourished about the year 395, aud wrote a book 
“ De Prodigiis.’ 
OBSOP-EUS, John, a German physician and; 
critic, born at Brettin, in 1556, died in 1596. 
O' BURNE, James, a celebrated ventriloquist, 1 
born in Ireland, but for many years resident in 
England, died in 1796. 
OCCAM, or OCCIIAM, William, a famous; 
scholastic divine, of the order of Cordeliers, j 
who acquired so great a reputation as to be en- j 
itled, the Invincible Doctor; lie died in 1317. 
OCCLEVE, Thomas, an English poet, flour- 
ehed about i420. 
OOOUM. Sampson, a Monc-gan Indian, con- 
verted to Christianity, became a missionary! 
imnng the Western Indians; he died in 1792. 
OCELLUS, a Greek Pythagorean philoso-i 
jlier, surnatned T.ucanus, author of a celebrat- 
'd tract, called “ The Universe.” He flourished 
m b. c. 
OCIHNUS, Bernardin, an Italian, vicar-gene 
ral of the capuchin order. He changed his re- 
ligion several times, and died in 1564. 
OCKLEY, Simon, an eminent orientalist,1 
professor of Arabic in Cambridge, and author 
of 1 A History of the Saracens, from the death 
of Mahomet, in 632 to 705.” He was born in 
J07j, and died in 1720. 
OCTAVIA, daughter of Caius Octavin* sis-1 
Di- 
rer to Augustus Ciesar, wife of Mark Antony 
and one of the most illustrious ladies of ancient 
Rome for her wisdom and virtues, died II B. C 
OCT AVIA, the vvife of Nero, who divorced 
and put her to death. 
ODAZRI, John, a painter and engraver, of 
Rome, died in 1731. 
ODELL, Thomas, an English dramatic wri- 
ter, and deputy master of the revels, died in 
1749. He brought four dramatic pieces on ilia 
stage, which met with some share of success. 
ODENATUS, king of Palmyra, was assassin 
ated in 2G7, and his wife, Zeuobia, assumed the 
government. 
ODIN, a famous hero, who lived about 70 R. 
C. in the kingdom of Denmark. He was a war- 
rior, poet, priest, and monarch, and worshipped 
by his countrymen, as a god, after his deatn. 
ODO, Saint, abbot of Olngni, distinguished for 
his great learning and sanctity; be died in 943. 
ODO, of Kent, flourished in the 12th century, 
a very learned and eloquent Benedictine prior 
and abbot. He died in 1171, having composed 
many valuable works. 
CECOLAMPADIUS, John, a German divine, 
eminent among the reformers of the church, 
born in 1482, died, of the plague, in 1531. 
CECUMENIUS, a Greek writer of the 10th 
century. 
OFFA, king of Mercia, was the first who es- 
tablished the Peter-pence tribute; he died in 794 
OGDEN, Samuel, a learned and pious Eng 
lish divine, born in 1716, died in 1778. 
OGDEN, Matthias, an officer in the American 
army during the revolution, and afterwards a 
brigadier-general in the service of the United 
States; he died in 1791. 
J OGDEN, Jacob, a respectable physician, of 
New-York, in 1765. 
j OGILBY, John, an eminent geographer, cri- 
!tic, and poet, of Scotland, born in 1600. His 
'principal works are translations of “ Virgil,” 
and “ Homer,” and a versification of “ Esop's 
Fables;” an “Atlas,” comprised in several fo- 
lio volumes. He died in 1676. 
J OGILV1E, Dr. John, a divine of the church 
!of Scotland, born in 1733. He was greatly dis- 
tinguished for learning and piety, published 
many poems, and died in 1814. 
OGLE, Samuel, governor of the colony of 
Maryland ; he died in 1751. 
I OGLE, Benjamin, governor of the state of 
Maryland, died at Annapolis, in 1809. 
j OGLETHORPE, James, an able British ge- 
neral, and a distinguished philanthropist. lie 
served under prince Eugene, and in the senate 
jof his country, but is most renowned for hi? 
successful enterprise in Georgia, of which state 
he was the founder. He died, in England, in 
1785, at the age of 97. 
OISEL, James, professor of civil law, at Gro- 
ningen, died in 1686. 
OKOLSKI, Simon, a Polish author, tv iio died 
in the 17th century. 
OKSKI. Stanislaus, a Pole, who studied divi 
nitv under Luther and Melancthon, and after- 
wards turned catholic ; he died in the 16th cen 
turv. 
OLAF, a king of Norway in the 10th century, 
sent missionaries to Greenland to convert the 
natives. 
OLA HUS, Nicolas, a Hungarian bishop; lit 
wrote a chronicle of his time, and died in 1568. 
OLAUS, Magnus, archbishop of Upsal. if 
Sweden, and historian of the northern nations 
idied in 1555. “ OL 
OLAV1DES, N., count do, a native of Span- 
ish America, educated at Madrid, published the 
Triumph of the Gospel, and died in the reign 
of Charles III. 
OLDCASTLE, sir John, called the good lord 
Cobhain, the first author, as well as the first 
martyr, on the reformation from popery, was 
horn in the reign of'Edward HI. He was one 
of the leaders in the reforming party, who 
drew up a number of articles against the cor- 
ruptions which then prevailed among church- 
men, and denied the scriptural dominion of the 
pojie. As a heretic, lie was hung in chains 
alive upon a gallows, and fire being put under 
him. lie was burnt to death in 1418. 
OLDENBURG, Henry, a learned German 
gentleman, wito, being settled in London as 
consul for Bremen, became first secretary to tire 
Royal Society; to which office, lie applied him- 
self with extraordinary diligence, and began 
the publication of the u Philosophical Transac- 
tions,” with No. I, in 1664. He died in 1678. 
OLDENBURGEN, Philip Andrew, professor 
of history and law at Geneva, died in 1678. 
OLDERMAN, John, a German, and Greek 
professor at Helmstadt, wrote some valuable 
dissertations, and died in 1723. 
OLDFIELD, Anne, a celebrated English ac- 
tress, and accomplished woman, was born in 
1683, and died in 1730. 
OLDFIELD, T. P., an English youth of extra- 
ordinary genius, died iu 1804, in his 16th year. 
At tiie age of five and a half years his body was 
debilitated with sickness, but his mind presented 
the finest display of human perfection. He be- 
came a great proficient in mathematics, philoso- 
phy, astronomy, geography, history and paint- 
ing. His memory was extremely retentive. He 
never forgot any thing with which he was once 
acquainted, and he would frequently take admi- 
rable likenesses of persons who struck him from 
memory He was never known to be out of 
temper, and though he suffered an illness of 
ten years, never repined or seemed impatient. 
OLDHAM, John, an eminent English poet, 
was born in 1653. Iiis getiius lay chiefly in 
satire. He died in 1683. 
OLD1SWORTH, William, a political and 
miscellaneous writer, in the reigns of queen Anne 
and George I. He was one of tiie original au- 
thors of the “ Examiner,” published several 
other works, and died in 1734. 
OLDMIXON, John, an English historian and 
poet, a violent party writer, and a severe and 
malevolent critic, died iu 1742. Ho was a man 
of learning and abilities. 
OLDYS, William, Norroy king at arms, well 
versed in English antiquities, a correct writer, 
and a good historian, born in 1696, died in 1761. 
OLEARIUS, Godfrey, a learned German, and 
professor of divinity at Leipsic, died in 1713. 
OLEARIUS, Godfrey, a learned Greek pro- 
fessor and writer, born in 1672, and died in 1715, 
having published several works, and translated 
“ Stanley’s History of Philosophy” into Latin, 
With “ Notes and Dissertations” of his own. 
OLEARIUS, Adam, a German writer, and 
minister to tiie duke of Holstein; who having 
occasion to send an ambassador to the great 
duke of Muscovy, and tiie king of Prussia, ap- 
oointed Olearius secretary to tiie embassy. On 
nis return, he drew up “ A Relation of his 
Journeys,” which was published in 1656. He 
was horn in 1599, and died in 1671. 
O'LEARY, Arthur, a native of Ireland, who 
entered into tiie Franciscan order of Capuchins. 
OL 
Returning to Ireland, he soon distinguished him 
self by his writings, both on religious and poli- 
tical subjects, by which he gained the esteem of 
all parties, as a friend to freedom, liberality and 
toleration. His addresses to the catholics gained 
him the most flattering notice of the Irish go- 
vernment ; he died in London, in 1802, aged 73. 
OLEASTER, Jerom, a Portuguese Domini- 
can, was offered a bishopric, which he declined 
for the office of grand-inquisitor; lie died in 
1503. 
OLEN, an ancient Greek poet. His age is 
fabulous. 
OLESNIKI, Ibignetts, a noble Pole, was made 
cardinal, and died in 1455. 
OLIMPO, Balthasar, an Italian poet, of tiie 
16th century. 
OLIVA, Alexander, general of the Augustin 
monks, a celebrated cardinal, and learned theo- 
logical writer, was born in 1408. and died in 
1483. 
OLIVA, John, a learned ecclesiastic, of Ito- 
vigo, and secretary to the conclave; he died in 
1757. 
OLIVARES, Gasper de Guzman, count de, 
an illustrious Spaniard, minister under Philip V. 
He occasioned the total separation of Portugal 
front Spain, and died in 1643. 
OLIVER, Isaac, a celebrated English histori- 
cal and portrait painter, was horn in 1556, and 
died in 1617. 
OLIVER, Peter, an eminent English minia- 
ture painter, died in 1661. 
OLIVER, of Malmsbury, a Benedictine, was 
an able mechanic, but attempting to fly with 
wings which lie had made, he fell and broke his 
leg. He died in 1660. 
OLIVER, William, an able physician, of 
Bath, died in 1764. 
OLIVER, Claude Matthew, an advocate in 
the parliament of Aix, of great eloquence. He 
was an author of merit, and died in 1736. 
OLIVER, Daniel, a merchant, of Boston, 
eminent for piety and benevolence, died in 1732. 
OLIVER, Andrew, lieutenant-governor of 
the colony of Massachusetts, died in 1774. He 
rendered himself unpopular toward the close 
of his life by favouring the claims of the British 
government upon the colonies. 
OLIVER, Peter, LL. D., brother of the pre- 
ceding, was chief justice of Massachusetts, and 
like his brother, became extremely unpopular 
with the colonists. He retired to England, where 
he died,in 1791. 
OLIVER, Thomas, lieutenant-governor of 
Massachusetts, at the commencement of the re- 
volution. He espoused the cause of the mother 
country, and went to England, where he died. 
OLIVET, Joseph, a Frenchman, chiefly me- 
morable for an excellent edition of “ Cicero’s 
Works,” died in 1768. 
OLIVETAN, Robert, a relation of Caleric, 
who printed, at Neufcltatel, in 1535, the first 
Frencli translation of the Bible, from the He- 
brew and Greek texts. He was poisoned the 
ensuing year. 
OL1VEYRA, Chevalier Francis de, a noble 
Portuguese, employed in various embassies. 
His enlightened mind abandoned the popish re- 
ligion for the protestant. lie afterwards went 
to England and died in 1783. 
OLONNOIS, John David, a Frenchman fa- 
mous for his hold adventures on the ocean, in 
the !7tli century. 
CfLYB RIUS, Flavius Anicius, husband of the 
sister of Valenlinian 111 , was sent into Italy OP 
.gainst a rebel, whom he proclaimed emperor 
of the West. He afterwards deposed him and 
usurped the throne himself, and died in 472. 
OLYMPIODORUS, a peripatetic philosopher 
of Egypt, in the age of the second Theodosius. 
OLZOFFSKI, Andrew, a learned Polish di- 
vine, was ambassador to Vienna. He died in 
1678. 
OMAR I., caliph of the Saracens, the second 
after Mahomet, and one of the most rapid con- 
querors in modern history. He drove the Greeks 
from Syria and Phoenicia; Jerusalem was sur- 
rendered to him ; his generals took the capital 
of Pi rsia ; and soon after, Memphis and Alex- 
andria submitted to his victorious troops: and 
in this conquest, the famous Alexandrian libra- 
ry was burnt by these savages, who heated their 
stoves with its valuable books. He was assas- 
sinated by a Persian slave, in 643, the 10th year 
of his reign, and 63d of his age. 
OMAR II., 13th caliph of the race of tlieOm- 
atiades, succeeded to the throne in 717. He was 
•ruel to the Christians, and was assassinated 
n 720. 
OMEIS, Magnus Daniel, professor of belles 
ettres at Altorf, and author of several works ; 
lied in 1708 
ONESICR1TUS, a cynic philosopher, among 
he attendants of Alexander the Great. 
ONESIMUS, a Phrygian slave, converted to 
Christianity by St. Paul. 
ONKELOS, surnamed the Proselyte, a famous 
Rabbi of the first century, and author of the 
Chaldee Targum on the Pentateuch. 
ONOMACRITHS, a Greek poet, about 516 
B. C. The poems entitled Orpheus, are ascribed 
to him. . 
ONOSANDER, a Greek author who flourish- 
ed about A. D. 50, and wrote commentaries up- 
on “ Plato’s politics,” which are lost; but his 
name is particularly famous for his treatise “ Of 
the duty and virtues of the general of an army,” 
which lias been translated into several languages. 
ONUPHRIUS, Panvinius, a celebrated Augus- 
tine monk, horn at Verona, in 1529, who, apply- 
ing himself to the study of ecclesiastical history, 
continued the “ Lives of the Popes” begun by 
Platina. He acquired the title of tile father of 
history; and died in 1568. 
OORT, Adam Van, ail eminent painter, of 
Antwerp, was born in 1557. 
OOST, James Vail, a celebrated Dutch pain- 
ter, died in 1600. 
OPIE, John, an eminent English artist, and 
professor of painting, in the Royal Academy. 
He was not merely an excellent artist, but was 
also an admirable writer upon the art. He was 
born in 1761, was the son of a humble carpen- 
ter : he was drawn from his obscurity by the 
kind patronage of Dr. Wolcot (usually called 
Peter Pindar) and died in London, in 1807. 
OPITIUS, Henry, a Lutheran divine, and pro- ' 
fessor of oriental languages, at Keil; he died in 
1712. 
OPITIUS, Martin, a famous Silesian poet, 
styled the “Virgil” of Germany; he died in 
1639, aged 42 years. 
OPORlNUS, John, a famous German printer,) 
editor, and commentator on Greek and Latin 
authors, born in 1507, and died in 1568. 
OPPEDE, John Meviieir. baron d’, president 
of the parliament of Aix, made himself odious 
by the atrocities which he committed against 
theVaudois. He died in 1553. 
OPP1A V, a Greek poet and grammarian, who 
flourished about tiio year 220, under the emperor 
OR 
Caracalla, who gave him a crown ot' gold for 
every line of his poems, whence they got the 
title of golden verses. He died at 30 years of 
age. 
OPSOP/EUS, John, from a corrector of the 
press, became an eminent physician, and profes- 
sor of medicine, at Heidelberg; he died in 1(310. 
OPTATUS, an African bishop, who flourished 
in the 14th century, under the empire of Valenti- 
nian and Valens. lie wrote the “ History of the 
Donatists,” the “Sacred Geography of Africa." 
ORDORAN. a monk, at Sens, and an author, 
idied in the 14th century. 
ORELLANA, Francis, a Spaniard, who ac- 
companied Pizarro to Peru. He was the first 
European wno saw the great river Amazon, and 
perished, in 1550, in attempting to discover its 
mouth. 
ORGANA, Andrew, an eminent painter, poet, 
and architect, born at Florence, in 1329, and 
died in 1389. The greatest part of his paintings 
are at Pisa. In his picture of the universal 
judgment, he painted his friends in heaven, and 
his foes in hell. 
OR1BASIUS, an eminent physician and medi- 
cal writer, of the 4th century. He settled at 
Alexandria, in Egypt, and died in 370. 
ORIBASTIUS, of Pergamos, was physician 
to the apostate Julian. 
ORIGEN, an illustrious father of the Christ- 
ian church, and a man of great parts and learn- 
ing, born at Alexandria, about the year 185, and 
died in 254. 
ORiGEN, a Platonic philosopher, and the 
friend of Porphyry. 
ORIGNY, Peter Adam, author of a History 
of ancient Egypt,” died at Rheims, in 1774. 
ORKAN, son of Othoman, made himself em- 
peror of Turkey, in 1326, by destroying his elder 
brothers. He died in 1360. 
ORLANDI, Pelegrini Anthony, an eminent 
Italian bookseller, and the author of several 
works, died in 1730. 
ORLAY, Bernard Van, an eminent Dutch 
painter, and a disciple of Raphael, died in 1560. 
ORLEANS, Louis, of France, duke of, son 
of Charles V., was basely murdered by his un- 
cle John, duke of Burgundy, in 1407. 
ORLEANS, Charles, duke of, son of Louis, 
of France, was taken prisoner at the battle of 
Agincourt, and after a captivity of 25 years, in 
England, returned to France, and died in 1465. 
ORLEANS, Louis, duke of, prince of the 
blood, son of Philip, the regent, and an accom- 
plished scholar; he died in 1752. 
ORLEANS, Louis, an advocate, of Paris,who 
boldly defended the cause of the league against 
Henry IV. He died in 1627. 
ORLEANS, Peter Joseph, a French jesuit, 
and an author of several works, died in i698. 
ORLEANS, Philip Louis Joseph, duke of, 
i born in 1747. This prince was early addicted 
to low pleasures. After a short, but disgraceful 
service in the navy of France, he joined the 
factious and the vile in their schemes of revo- 
lution; and by his opulence and influence, 
greatly subserved their interests. He voted for 
the death of Louis XVI. with indifference, and 
was soon after himself accused, and led to the 
scaffold, in November, 1793. 
ORLEANS DE LA MOTTE, Louis Francis 
Gabriel de, bishopof Amiens, was a pious and 
charitable prelate, and died in 1774. 
ORME, Robert, author of a “ History of the 
military transactions of the British nation in 
Hindustan, from the year 1745,” and “ Ilis- 
327  OS 
torical Fragments of the Mogul Empire,” was 
aoru in India, in 1728, and died near London, in 
1801. He was, by some persons, complimented 
with the title of the British Thucydides. 
OROBIO, Balthasar, a Spanish Jew, who 
professed the Roman catholic faith, ana oecame 
professor of metaphysics at Salamanca , he died 
in 1687. 
ORONO, an Indian, chief of the Penohscot 
tribe, was faithful in his attachment to tne white 
people, and laboured to promote Christianity 
among his own. He died in 1801, aged 113. 
His wife died in 1809, aged 115. 
OROSIUS, Paul, a learned Spanish ecclesias- 
tic, who flourished in the5th century, and wrote 
a history under the title of “ Miseria Humana,” 
containing an account of the wars, plagues, 
earthquakes, floods, conflagrations, thunder and 
lightning, murder, and other crimes, which had 
happened from the beginning of the world to 
the year of Christ 416. 
ORPHEUS, of Thrace, an ancient Greek poet, 
who flourished before Homer, and before the 
siege of Troy. He was an excellent musician, 
poet and physician. 
ORSATO, Sertorio, an Italian writer, and 
professor of philosophy, at Padua; he died in 
1678. 
ORSATO, John Baptist, an eminent physician 
and antiquary, of Padua; he died in 1720. 
ORSI, John Joseph, an ingenious poet and 
philosopher,of Bologna; he died in 1733. 
ORSI. Francis Joseph Augustin, an able Tus- 
can writer, raised to the purple, bv Clement 
XIII. He died in 1761. 
ORTE, N. viscount d,’ governor of Bayonne, 
refused to put the protestants to deatli at the St. 
Bartholomew massacre. 
ORTELIUS, Abraham, a celebrated geogra- 
pher, of Antwerp, died in 1598. 
ORTON, Job, a dissenting minister, born at 
Shrewsbury, in 1717, and died in 1783. He wrote 
“Memoirs of Dr. Doddridge,” “Letters to a 
Young Clergyman,” and an “ Exposition of tire 
Old Testament.” 
ORVILLE, James Philip d’, a Dutch critic and 
author, died in 1751. 
OSBORN, sir d’ Anvers, governor of the 
colony of New-York, committed suicide a few 
days after his arrival in America, in 1759. 
OSBORN, John, a native of Massachusetts, 
distinguished as a poetical writer, died in 1753. 
OSBORNE, Francis, an Englisii writer of gr?at 
abilities, was bom in 1588. Of all his works, 
that best known is bis “Advice to a Son ’ He 
died in 1658. 
OSGOOD, Samuel, an officer of the revolu- 
tionary army, afterwards a member of congress 
from .Massachusetts, and post-master general of 
the United States ; he died in 1812. 
OSIANDER, Andrew, a Bavarian, one of 
Luther's first disciples, was a professor at Ko- 
nigsberg, and a voluminous writer. He died 
in 1552. 
OSIUS, bishop of Cordova, presided at the 
cc.uncil of Nice, in 325. 
OSIUS, or OSIO, Felix, professor of rhetoric 
at Padua, died in 1631. 
OSMAN I., sou of Aclimet I., succeeded to 
the Turkish throne in 1618. He introduced an 
Arab militia to replace the Janissaries; but tire 
latter hurled him from the throne, and put him 
to death, in 1622. 
OSMAN II., emperor of Constantinople in 
1754. died in 1757. 
OSMOND, St., made chancellor of England, 
or 
1 and bishop of Salisbury, by William the Con- 
queror, died in 1099. 
OSORIO, Jerome, a learned Portuguese di- 
vine, and an excellent writer, born at Lisbon, 
in 1500, and died in 1580. His diction is easy 
and elegant; for which reason he is called the 
Cicero of Portugal. 
OSORIO, Jerome, canon of Evora, and an 
author, died in the 16th century. 
OSSAT, Arnaud d\ a most celebrated French 
cardinal and statesman in tne reign of Henry 
IV., was born in 1536, and died in 160-1. His 
“ Despatches” are as useful to an ambassador 
who hopes to succeed in his ettrl jnt, as the 
Bible and the Corpus Juris to suc.i divines and 
lawyers as would succeed in their respective 
professions. 
OSS1AN, a Gaelic poet, supposed to have 
flourished in the ad century, and to have been 
the son of Fingal. His poems were translated 
by Mr. MTherson. in 1762. 
OSTADE, Adrian Van, an eminent painter, 
born at J.ubec, in 1610, and died in 1685. Na- 
ture guided his pencil ltr every thing he under- 
took. 
OSTERWALD, John Frederick, a celebrated 
Swiss protestant minister, born in 1663, and died 
in 1747. He was author of many excellent 
works, the best of which is his “ Instructions 
in the Christian Religion.’ 
OSTERVVY, Maria Van, a native of Delft, 
was an elegant artist, and died in 169.3. 
OSWALD, king of Northumberland, became 
a Christian, and was killed in battle, in 643. 
OSWALD, Erasmus, professor of Hebrew a' 
Fribourg, published a Hebrew translation of the 
New Testament, and (tied in 1579. 
OSYMANDYAS, an Egyptian king, the first 
who formed a public library. 
OTIIO, Marcus Salvius, emperor of Rome 
in 69. He held his office only three months. 
OTHO I., surnamed the Great, crowned etn 
peror of Germany in 936. He was a valiart 
prince, and died in 973. 
OTHO II., surnatnea the Bloody, was son 
and successor of Otho I.; he died in 983. 
OTHO III., only son of Otho II., was crown- 
ed emperor in 98", and died in 1002. 
OTHO IV., surnamed the Proud, son of Henry 
the Lion, duke of Saxony, was elected emperor 
in 1197, and died in 1218. 
OTHO, Venius, a Dutch painter of great end 
nence, born at Leyoen, in 1556. His genius was 
so active, that he at once applied himself to phi- 
losophy, poetry, mathematics, and painting, and 
acquired an excellence in all parts of the latter 
He died at Brussels, in 1634. 
OTHO, bishop of Frisengcn, and an author, 
died in 1158. 
OTIS, James, a lawyer, of Massachusetts, 
distinguished as a zealous defender if the rights 
of the colonies; he died in 179u 
OTIS, James, a distinguished lawyer, of Mas- 
sachusetts, and son ot tile preceding, was one 
of the most active and zealous friends of colo- 
inial rights in America. He became .tisane se- 
veral years previous to his death, and was killed 
Ijbv lightning, in 1783. 
| OTROKOTSKIFORIS, Francis, a Hunga- 
rian, and protestant minister. He embraced 
the Catholic faith, and died in 1718. 
| OTT, Henry, a learned Swiss divine, and 
[professor of Hebrew at Zurich ; he died in 
1682. 
! OTTER, John, author of Travels in Turkey 
&c., died in 1748. _ OW 
OTWAY, Thomas, an eminent English poet 
anti dramatic writer, born in 1651, had his edu- 
cation at Oxford, but, leaving the university 
without any degree, he went to London, and 
applying himself to the play-houses, both wrote 
and acted for a support, lie excelled in touch- 
ing the tender passions in tragedy, of which 
his “Orphan,” and “ Venice Preserved,” con- 
tain tiie strongest specimens. He died in 1085. 
OUDENARDE, Robert Van, a celebrated 
Dutch painter, died in 1743. 
OUDTN, Casimir, a learned French monk, 
born in 1638, and died in 1717, having published 
“A Supplement of the Ecclesiastical Writers 
omitted by Bellurminea work which did him 
much honour. 
OUDIN, Francis, a jesuit, author, and pro- 
fessor of theology at Dijon ; he died in 1752. 
OUD1NET, Mark Anthony, a French medal- 
ist, died in 1712. 
OUDR1, John Baptist, an admired French 
painter, died in 1755. 
OUGHTRED, William, an English divine, 
celebrated for his uncommon skill in the ma- 
thematics, born in 1573, and died in 1600. lie 
was the author of several valuable works. 
OUSEL, Philip, a native of Dantzic, was 
theological professor at Frankfort, on the Oder, 
and was well skilled in Hebrew. He died in 
1724. 
OUWALER, Albert, a historical painter, 
of Ilaerlem, died in 1515. 
OVERALL, John, bishop of Norwich, was 
born in 1559, and died in 1619. He had thecha- 
racter of being the best scholastic divine in the 
English nation. 
OVERBEKE, Bonaventure Van, of Amster- 
dam, an eminent designer and antiquarian, died 
in 1706. 
OVERBURY, sir Thomas, a polite English 
writer, born in 1581, was poisoned in the Tow- 
er, in 1613, by order of Robert Car, earl of Ro- 
chester, and the countess of Essex. He was 
the author of several works in verse and prose. 
OVID, Publius Naso, one of the finest poets 
of the Augustin age. born at Sul mo, in the year 
of Rome, 710. He was exceedingly amorous in 
his youth, and addicted beyond measure to wo- 
men. He wrote several works, the best of 
which is his Metamorphoses. He was exiled 
by Augustus, and died about 60 years of age. 
OVIEDO, John Gonsalvo de, a learned Span- 
iard. lie became the friend of Columbus, whom 
lit- accompanied in his second voyage to the new 
world. 
OWAIN, a prince of Powys, was slain in 
1114. 
O W AIN, son of Mexen Wledig, a brave war- 
rior, who became a saint in the British calen- 
dar. 
OWAIN, or OWEN TUDOR, lord Pen- 
mynydd, in Anglesea, married the widow of 
lleniy V., in 1420. His second son was the 
earl of Richmond, father of Henry VII. 
OWAIN C1VEILOG, a Welch warrior, who 
died in 1197. 
OWAIN GLANDWR, or OWEN GLEN- 
DOWER. the last of the Welch princes, was 
in the service of Richard II., but was disgraced 
by Henry TV. 
OWEN, Dr. John, an eminent English divine, 
among the independents, and sometimes styled 
t.ie oracle and the metropolitan of that sect, was 
born in 1616, and died in 1083. He was a very 
voluminous writer. 
OWEN, Joint, in Latin called Andoenus, an 
PA ' 
: eminent epigrammatist, born about 1550, and 
died in [london, in 1022. 
OWEN, Dr. Henry, a very celebrated Eng- 
lish divine, whose biblical knowledge was, por- 
: -baps, superior to that oi'any of bis cotemporaries. 
jHe was born in 1715, published many excellent 
|jworks of divinity, and died in 1795. 
| OWEN, George, an English physician and 
1 author, died in 1558. 
OWEN, Charles, an English dissenting di- 
vine, died in 1712. 
OWEN, John, an eminent English clergyman, 
one of the founders, and for many years secre- 
tary, of the British and Foreign Bible Society 
He died in 1822. 
OWTRAM, William, an eminent preacher 
and scholar, in the reign of Charles II. 
OXENBRIDGE, John, an eminent divine, 
and popular preacher, at Boston ; he published 
some religious tracts and sermons, and died in 
1G74. 
OXENSTIERN, Axel, prime minister to Gus- 
tavus Adolphus, deserved his elevation by his 
merit and abilities, and died in 1054. 
OZANHAM, James, an eminent mathema- 
tical writer, died at Paris, in 1717, .aged 77. 
OZELL, John, an English dramatic and mis- 
cellaneous writer. His plays, though all trans- 
lations, are very numerous. He died in 1743. 
P 
PAAS, Crispin, of Cologne, an eminent en- 
graver in the 17th century. 
PAAW, Peter, a physician and botanist, of 
Amsterdam, died in 1017. 
PABO, a British prince of the 5th century, 
and founder of the church of Mona. 
PACA, William, a member of congress from 
Maryland, and one of the signers of the declara- 
tion of Independence, afterwards governor of 
that state, and a judge of the district court of 
the United States for Maryland; he died in 1799. 
PACATIANUS, Titus Julius Marions, a Ro- 
man general, who revolted against the emperor 
Philip ; he was defeated and slain in 249. 
PACE, Richard, a learned Englishman, em- 
ployed in negotiations by Henry VIII. He was 
highly esteemed, and died in 1512. 
PACHECO, John de, marquis de Villena, the 
favourite of Henry IV. of Castile, and prime 
minister. He died in 1473. 
PACHYMERUS, George, an eminent Byzan- 
tine historian, flourished about 1280, and died in 
1310. 
PACIAUDI, Paul Marie, an able and learned 
antiquarian, of Turin ; he died in 1785. 
PACIFICUS, Maximus, of a noble family of 
Ascoli, in 1400, was an elegant Latin poet. 
PACIUS, Julius, an Italian, distinguished for 
his lectures on jurisprudence, died In 1035. 
PACORUS, son of Orodes, king of Parthia, 
defeated- the Roman genera‘1 Crassus. He was 
slain 39 B. C. 
PACUVIUS, Marcus, an eminent Latin tragic 
poet, in high reputation at Rome, about 154 11.C 
PADARN, a British bishop. He is one of the 
three blessed visiters, who first preached the 
gospel in Wales. 
PADERNA, Paul Anthony, of Bologna, an 
eminent painter, died in 1708. 
PADUAN, Lewis Leo, acquired celebrity 
as a painter and engraver of medals, and died 
in 1015. 
PADUANINO, Francisco, a historical pain 
ter, of Padua, died in 1017. __ PA 
PADILLA, Mary de, a Spanish lady, the 
favourite of Peter tiie Cruel, king of Castile. 
PAKZ Francis Alvarez, a Portuguese, bishop 
of Cornu ; he died in 1532. 
TAG AN, Peter, professor of poetry and his- 
tory, at Marpurg, died in 1576. 
FAGAN, Blaise Francis, count de, a valiant 
French officer and eminent mathematician, was 
born in 1604, and died in 1665. 
I’AGANl, Gregorio, a celebrated painter, of 
Florence, died in 1560. 
PAGANO, Paul, a distinguished painter, of 
Milan, died in 1716. 
PAGE, William, an English divine and au- 
thor, died in 1669. 
PAGE, John, governor of the colony of Vir- 
ginia, espoused the cause of the colonies at the 
commencement of the revolution, and was dis- 
tinguished as an ardent patriot. He was a 
member of congress, after the adoplion of the 
federal constitution, and governor of the state 
of Virginia. He died in 1808. 
PAGE, Benjamin, a distinguished physician, 
of Nevv-Hampshire, died in 1824. 
PAGE, John Odlin, son of the preceding, an 
eminent citizen of New-Hanipshire; he died in 
France, in 1811. 
PAGET, William, lord, ambassador to France, 
and secretary of state, in the reign of Henry 
VIII.; lie died in 1504. 
PAGI, John Baptist, of Genoa, an eminent 
painter and engraver, died in 1629. 
PAGI, Anthony, a famous French Cordelier, 
and one of the ablest critics of liis time, was 
bom in Provence, in 1624, and died in 1699. 
PAGI, Francis, nephew of the preceding, and 
author of “ A Chronological History of the 
Popes,” was born in 1654, and died in 1721. 
PAGN1NUS, Sanctes, a Dominican, of Lucca, 
well skilled in the learned languages; lie died 
hi 1536. 
PAINE, Thomas, a political writer, born at 
Thetford, England, in 1737, and bred a stay- 
maker : coming over to America, he contributed 
much to the revolution by a pamphlet entitled 
“ Common Sense;” in 1790, he went to London, 
and published “ The Rights of Man,” in an- 
swer to Burke. To avoid a prosecution, he 
went to France, and was chosen a member of 
the national assembly. He was thrown into 
prison by Robespierre, and narrowly escaped the 
guillotine. He returned to the United States, 
and died in 1809. 
PAINE, Robert Treat, LL. D., a distinguished 
lawyer, of Massachusetts, was a member of 
the first congress from that state, and cne of the 
signersof the declaration of Independence. He 
was afterwards one of the judges of the supreme 
court of Massachusetts. He died in 1814. 
PAINE, Robert Treat, son of the preceding, a 
distinguished poet, was born in 1773, and died 
in 1811. 
PAINTER, Gamaliel, an officer of the revo- 
lution, was one of the earliest settlers of Mid- 
dlebury, Vt., and held several important offices 
in that state; he died in 1819. 
PAJON, Claude, a French protestant divine, 
and author, died in 1685. 
PA.IOT, Lewis Leo, count of Osembray, a 
nobleman of great learning and abilities. He 
enjoyed the favour of Louis XIV., and died in 
PA KINGTON, Dorothy, an English lady, 
eminently distinguished fur her learning; she 
died in 1679. 
PAL-iEMON, CL Rhosmntus, a ootobrated 
PA 
grammarian, who taught at Koine, about A. II 
•10. His arrogance, however, surpassed his me 
rit. He asserted that learning was born when 
he was born, and would die when he died. 
PALA20L0GUS, Michael, emperor of the 
East, took Constantinople from the Latins, and 
put an end to their empire, lie died in 1263. 
a Greek philosopher, who 
lived before the Christian era. 
PALAFOX, John de, an illustrious Spaniard, 
appointed bishop of Los Angelos, in America, 
and distinguished for his benevolence to the na- 
tives; he died in 1659. 
PALAGE, N. de la Curne, a member of the 
French academy, and an author, died in 1781. 
PALAPRAT, Joint, of Toulouse, a distin- 
guished lawyer and poet, died in 1721. 
PALATI, John, a Venetian historian of the 
17th century. 
PALEARIUS, Aonius, an eminent Italian 
writer, was condemned at Rome as a heretic, 
and burnt to death in 1566, for saying that Lu- 
ther’s followers were to be commended in some 
degree 
PALEY, I)r. William, a learned divine, and 
elegant writer on ethics, was born in 17411, and 
died in 1805. He was archdeacon of Carlisle, 
sub-deacon of Lincoln, and rector of bishop 
Wenrmoutb. 
P ALFIN, John, of G bent, an eminent surgeon, 
and medical writer, died in 1790. 
PAL1NGENIUS, Marcellus, or PIERRE AN 
GELO MANZOLI, an Italian poet of the Kith 
century. 
PAL1SSY, Bernard de, a native of Agen, an 
eminent potter and chvmist. He was patronis 
ed by Henry III., and died about 1590. 
PALLADINI, Arcangela, an Italian huly of 
Pisa, celebrated as a portrait painter ; she died 
in 1022. 
PALLADINO, James, an ecclesiastical writer, 
called also James of Taranto, bis best work is 
a pious romance, published in 1572. 
PALLADIO, Andrew, a celebrated Italian 
architect in the Kith century. He immortali/.ed 
his name by four books of architecture. He 
was born in 1508, and died in 1580. 
I’ALLADlUS,of Cappadocia, a Greek bishop 
and anchorite, and author of a History of the 
Anchorites, or Hermits,” died in the 5tii centu- 
ry- 
PALLADIUM, Rutilius Taurus lEnnhan, a 
Latin author of a treatise “ De Re Rustica.” 
PALLAJUOLO, Anthony and Peter, two 
Florentine brothers, eminent as painters. They 
both died in 1498. 
PALLAS, a freedman of Claudius, wTho was 
put to death by Nero. 
PALLAS, Peter Simon, born at Berlin, in 1741, 
was bred to surgery and medicine, wrote seve- 
ral works on different subjects, and died in 1811 
PALLA VICINI, Anthony, of a noble Genoese 
family, employed by the pope in several embas- 
sies, was made a cardinal, and died in 1507. 
PALLAVICINI, Ferrante, an eccentric Ita- 
lian, distinguished for his learning and mental 
endowments. These lie prostituted to the basest 
of purposes, and was at last condemned to death 
in 1644, for satirizing the pope. 
PALLAVICINI, Sforsa, an eminent cardi- 
nal, who composed a “ History of the Council 
iof Trent,” in opposition to that by father Paul, 
was bom at Rome, in 1607, and died in 1667. 
ij PALLIOT, Peter, an eminent bookseller and 
i printer, of Paris, died in 1698. 
y PALLISEK, Sit Hugh, an Lkigluffi admiral.  PA 
known for his dispute with admirai Keppel in! 
the battle of Ushant, in 1778. He died governor: 
of Greenwich hospital, in 1786. 
PALLUEL, Francis Crette de, of Paris,j 
strongly attached to agricultural pursuits, died 
in 1799. 
PALMA, James, the Elder, an Italian painter, 
and a pupil of Titian, died in 1588. 
PALMA, James, the Younger, nephew of the 
preceding, a celebrated painter, died in 1628. 
PALMER, Samuel, an eminent printer, of 
London, in whose office the celebrated Dr. 
Franklin was sometime employed. He died in 
1732. 
PALMER, John, an actor of very considera- 
ble talents, belonging to Drury-Lane theatre, 
was born about 1742, and came on the stage in 
1762. In his profession he excelled. He died 
suddenly on the stage, immediately after utter- 
ing the words “ There is another and a better 
world,” in 1798. 
PALMIERI, Matthew, a Florentine, and a 
»oet of the 15th century, distinguished in the 
louncils of his country. 
PALONINI, Anthony, a Spanish ecclesiastic, 
known as a painter and a writer. 
PALSGRAVE, John, a learned English critic, 
grammarian, and dramatic writer, who flourish- 
id in the reigns of Henry VII., and Henry VIII. 
PALUDANUS, John, a Frenchman, and pro- 
fessor of divinity at Louvaine, was an able divine 
4ml writer ; he died in 1030. 
PALUDANUS, Bernard, professor of phi- 
losophy at Leyden, travelled over the four 
quarters of the globe, and died in 1634. 
PAMELIUS, James, a learned Fleming, and 
author of several works; he died in 1587. 
PAMMACHUS, St., a Roman senator, con- 
verted to Christianity, and who, by his conduct 
and writings, displayed great zeal in its favour. 
He died in 410. 
PAMPHYLIUS, a Macedonian, under Philip; 
he was an able painter. 
PAMPHYLUS, St., a priest, of Caisarea, in 
Palestine, who suffered martyrdom under Max- 
imin, in 308. 
PANAGIOTI, a Greek, of Chios, interpreter 
ko the grand seignor; he died in 1673. 
PANARD, Charles Francis, a French poet, 
beloved for his probity and the gravity of his 
manners; he died in 1765. 
f’ANCIROLLUS, Guy, a famous Italian law- 
yer, and writer on legal subjects, he died in 1599. 
FANCK.OUCKE, Andrew Joseph, a book- 
seller, of Lisle, and an indefatigable writer; 
he died in 1753. 
PANCKOUCKE, Charles Joseph, son of the 
preceding, followed his father’s profession, ac- 
quired celebrity in the typographical art, and 
died at Paris, in 1799. 
PANEL, Alexander Xavier, a native of 
Tranche Comte, of the order of the jesuits, be- 
came a preceptor to the royal family of Spain, 
and died in 1777. 
PANETIUS, a stoic, of Rhodes, who settled 
at Rome. He flourished about 150. 
PANIGAROLA, Francis, an Italian, and 
bishop of Asti, was sent into France, to support 
the interests of the league against Henry IV. 
He died in 1594. 
PANIN, Nakita Ivanowitz, count de, a Rus- 
sian statesman, and general in the armies of the 
c/.ar Peter, was horn at Lucca. He was an 
able statesman and general, and died in 1783 
PANINI, Paul, an eminent Italian painter, 
(hod iu 1758. 
PA 
1 PANNARTZ, Arnold, a German, wlio es- 
tablished a printing-press in Italy during rite 
| pontiiicate of Paul IJ. 
j PANNONIUS, James, or John, a Hungarian 
bishop, and author of poems; he died in 1472. 
PANOPION, a Roman, saved from death, by 
the fidelity of his servant. 
PANORMITA, Anthony, a Sicilian, who had 
such veneration for classical works, that he sold 
an estate to purchase a copy of Livy. He died 
in 1471. 
l’ANSA, C. Vibius, a Roman consul, killed 
in fighting against Antony. 
PANT2ENUS, a stoic, of Sicily, at the head 
of the Alexandrian school, in the reign of 
Commodus. 
PANTIN, William, a physician, of Bruges 
and a medical writer; he died in 1583. 
PANVINIUS. See ONUPHRIUS. 
PANZACIIIA, Maria Helena, an Italian lady, 
of noble birth, and a celebrated painter. She 
was horn in 1668. 
PAOLI, Sebastian, an ecclesiastic, of Lucca, 
skilled in antiquarian history; lie died in 1751. 
PAOLI, Hyacinth, a native of Corsica, who, 
in 1735, possessed great influence among his 
countrymen as a chief magistrate. 
PAOLI, Pascal de, a celebrated general of Cor- 
sica, born there in 1725, and died near London, 
in 1807. While endeavouring to rescue his 
native island from the tyranny of the Genoese 
government, and defending its liberties against 
Gallic encroachments and invasion, being over- 
powered by the French, he retired, in 1769, with 
a few followers, to England, where, in a few 
years, he ended his illustrious career. 
PAOLIJCCIO, Paul Anafeste, a noble Vene- 
tian, and the first doge of Venice, in 697- He 
died in 717. 
PAPERBROCH, Daniel, ajesuit, of Antwerp, 
and an author of learning and virtue ; he died 
in 1714. 
PAPHNUTIUS, bishop of Thebes, who op- 
posed the celibacy of the clergy, and warmly 
supported the cause of Athanasius, at the council 
of Tyre. 
PAPIAS, a bishop of Ilierapolis, author of 
the doctrine of the rnillenium. Some suppose 
him to have been a disciple of St. John. A 
grammarian of that name lived in 1053. 
PAPILLON, Thomas, a celebrated lawyer, 
of Dijon, died in 1596. 
PAPIN, Isaac, a French protestant divine, 
who after being engaged in controversy, joined 
the Roman catholics, in 1690. He died in 1709. 
PAPINIAN, a learned lawyer of the 3d cen- 
tury. He was put to death by Caracalla, for 
refusing to vindicate that tyrant’s murder of his 
brother Geta, in 212. His works on jurispru- 
dence are much esteemed. 
PAP1RIUS, Cursor, a Roman dictator, who 
triumphed over the Samnites. 
PAPIRIUS PRA2TEXTATUS, a Roman 
youth, and a senator, who refused to reveal to 
his mother the secrets of the Roman senate. 
PAPON, John Peter, a native of Pujet, was 
a priest of the oratory, and an author ; lie died 
in 1803. 
PAPPUS, a philosopher and author, of Alex- 
andria, of the 4th century. 
PAPYRIUS MASS’ON, John, alearned French 
lawyer and annalist, born in 1544, and died in 
1611. He was a voluminous writer. 
PARABOSCO, Girolamo, a comic writer, ot 
Placentia, of the 16th century. 
PARACELSUS, Aureolus Philippus The 1*A 
phrastus Bombastde Hoenheim, a famous Swiss 
physician, and medical and philosophical wri- 
ter, born in 1493. He studied alchymy, and pre- 
tended he was let into the secret of the philo- 
sopher’s stone. He wrought many extraordina- 
ry cures, but was almost always intoxicated, 
and died in 1541. 
PARADIN, William, a laborious French his- 
torian and writer; he died in 1582. 
PARAMO, Lewis de, a Spanish inquisitor, 
who, in 1588, published a curious and valuable 
account of the inquisition. 
PARCELLES, John, a native of Leyden, and 
an eminent painter, was born in 1579. 
PARClEUX.Anthonyde, a celebrated French 
mathematician and author, died in 1768. His 
nephew also professed equal abilities, and died 
in 1798. 
PARDIES, Ignatius Gaston, a French jesuit, 
distinguished in mathematics and philosophy ; 
he died in 1673. 
PARE, Ambrose, an eminent French surgeon 
and writer, died in 1590. 
PARE, David, a protestant divine, born in 
Silesia. The greater part of his life was em- 
ployed in controversy ; he died in 1622. 
PARE. Philip, one of the most laborious 
grammarians and critics that Germany evei 
produced, was born in 1576, and died in 1648. 
PARE, Daniel, son of the preceding, applied 
himself, vigorously to the study of the classics, 
and published several laborious pieces ; he was 
unfortunately killed by a gang of highwaymen, 
in 1645. 
l’AREJA, Juan de, a native of the West- 
Indies, and originally a slave to a painter, in 
whose art he deservedly became celebrated; he 
died in 1670. 
PARENNIN, Dominic, a French jesuit, who 
went as missionary to China, in 1698. He was 
well received by the emperor, and died there, in 
1741. 
PARENT, Anthony, a French mathemati- 
cian, and an author, died in 1716. 
PARFAIT, Francis, the historian of the 
French drama, died in 1698. 
PARIS, son of Priam, king of Troy, and me- 
morable in poetical history for carrying off 
Helen, the wife of Menelaus, king of Mycenai, 
in his absence, which occasioned the famous 
siege of Troy, wherein lie was slain, 1188 B. C. 
PARIS, Francis, a native of Chatillon, and 
an author, died in 1718. 
PARIS, Francis, an abbe at Paris, of the 
order of the Jansenists. He renounced the 
honours which he might have obtained, for the 
austerities of an ecclesiastical life, and died in 
1727. 
PARTS, Matthew, an eminent English histo- 
rian, was a Benedictine'monk, and flourished 
in the 13th century. He wrote a Universal 
History, from the creation of the world, to the 
year of his death, A. D. 1259. i 
PARISEAU, N., a native of Paris, and a 
distinguished dramatic writer, was guillotined | 
tn 1744. i 
PARKER, Matthew, the second protestant 
archbishop of Canterbury, was born in 1504. ] 
He was deeply versed in Saxon literature, and i 
the early English history; he published a work i 
on the antiquity of the. English church, &c., and i 
died in 1575. 
PARKER, Samuel, an English prelate, who i 
was made bishop of Oxford by James II. He 
sacrificed his religion to his interests, and died 
at 1687. 
TA 
11 PARKER, George, earl of Macclesfield, son 
of Parker, the first earl and lord chancellor of 
England, celebrated for his knowledge of lira 
thematics ; he died in 1766. 
PARKER, Richard, an Englishman, leader 
of the rebellion in the British fleet, at the None, 
in 1797, for which he was executed. 
PARKER, Thomas, first minister of New- 
bury, Mass., was a good scholar and zealous di- 
vine ; he died in 1677. 
PARKER, Samuel, D. D., a bishop of Mass., 
distinguished for his benevolence ; he died ir 
1804. 
PARKHURST, John, a learned divine, born 
in 1728. He died at Epsom, in 1797, leaving, 
among other works, “ A Hebrew and English 
Lexicon,” and “A Greek and English Lexicon 
to the New Testament.” 
PARKINSON, John, an eminent English bo- 
tanist, died about 1645. 
I’ARMEGIANO, an Italian painter, celebra- 
ted for the gracefulness of his figures; he died 
in 1540. 
PA11KMAN, Ebenezer, minister of Westbo- 
rough, Mass., and author of some sermons; ho 
died in 1782. 
PARMENIDES, of Elis, a Greek philoso- 
pher, who flourished 436 B. C. 
PARMENIO, one of Alexander's generals. 
PARMENTIER, Janies, a Frenchman, emi- 
nent as a painter, died in 1730. 
PARMENTIER, Jean, or Jehan, a native of 
Dieppe, a celebrated merchant and na\ igator, 
died in 1530. 
PARNELL, Thomas, a learned divine and 
ingenious poet, born in Dublin, in 1079, and died 
in 1717. He wrote “ The Hermit.” 
PARODI, Dominico, a painter, of Genoa, and 
an eminent statuary, died in 1740. 
PARR, Thomas, an Englishman, who lived 
in the reigns of ten sovereigns; he married his 
second wife when he was 120 years of age, had 
a child by her, and died in 1635, aged 152. 
PARR, Catherine, the last queen to Henry 
VIII., whose perfections, though a widow, at- 
tracted his heart, and whose prudence preserved 
her from the effects of his cruelty and caprice 
She survived the king, who left her a legacy of 
10001. She afterwards married sir Thomas Sey 
mour, and died in childbed, in 1548. 
PARRHASIUS, a celebrated painter,ofEplie- 
sus, who flourished about430B. C. 
PARRHASIUS, James, an Italian gramma- 
rian, who taught belles lettres and rhetoric at 
Milan ; he was born in 1740. 
PARROCEL, Joseph, an eminent French 
painter, died in 1704. 
PARRY, Richard, an English divine and au- 
thor, died in 1780. 
PARRY, Richard, an able divine, was made 
bishop of St. Asaph, in 1604. 
PARSONS, or PERSONS, Robert, an in- 
triguing English jesuit, in the reign of queen 
Elizabeth ; he sought the destruction of that 
princess, and the subversion of the protestant 
religion, and died in 1610. 
PARSONS, Dr. James, an excellent English 
physician and medical writer, born in 1705, and 
died in 1770. He wrote well on physic, anato- 
my, natural history, antiquities, languages, and 
the fine arts. 
PARSONS, William, an English comic actor, 
of the highest eminence, who trod the stage 45 
years, and died in 1795. 
PARSONS, Moses, a useful and beloved mi 
mstcr, of Byficld, Mass., died iu 1783. PA 
PARSONS, Jonathan, an eminent American 
clergyman, of Massachusetts, died in 1776. 
PARSONS, Samuel Holden, an eminent law- 
yer, of Connecticut, and a major-general in the 
American army during the revolution ; he was 
drowned near Pittsburg, in 1789. 
PARSONS, Theophilus, LL. D., a native of 
Massachusetts, was born in 1750. After leaving 
college, he devoted himself to the practice of 
law, and soon rose to the highest eminence in 
his profession. He was appointed chief justice 
of the state of Massachusetts, in 1806, and re- 
tained the office until his death, in 1813; during 
which time, he performed his official duties with 
an ability, fidelity, and integrity, rarely equal- 
led. 
PARTHENAY, Anne de, an illustrious lady, 
well skilled in Greek and Roman literature, and 
an ornament to the court of the dutchess of Fer- 
tara. 
PARTHENAY, John de. lord of Soubise, a 
heroic leader among tne protestants of France; 
lied in 1566. 
PARTHENAY, Catherine ie, daughter and 
Heiress of the preceding died in 1631. 
PARTRIDGE, Ralph, first minister atDuxbo- 
rough, Mass., died in 1658. 
PARTRIDGE, William, lieutenant-governor 
»f the colony of New-IIamoshire ; he died in 
1729. 
PARUTA, Paul, a noble Venetian, called the 
Cato of Venice, died in 1598. lie wrote several 
works. 
PAS, Manasses de, marquis de Feuquierres, 
distinguished for his valour in the field, was 
ambassador to Sweden and Germany, and head 
of the French army, in 1635. He died in 1640. 
PAS, Anthony de, marquis of Feuquierres, a 
famous French officer, died in 1711. 
PASCAL, Blaise, a Frenchman, highly emi- 
nent as a mathematical genius, born in 1623, 
and died in 1662. He wrote the “ Provincial 
Letters,” published in 1656, which have been 
translated into several languages. 
4PASCHAL I., St. Paschasius, a Roman, was 
elected pope in 817, and died in 824. 
PASCHAL II., Render, a Tuscan, was elect- 
ed pope in 1099, and died in 1118. 
PASCHIUS, George, professor of moral phi- 
Visopliv at Kiel, and an author, died in 1707. 
J? A SO R, George, a protestant, Greek profes- 
sor at Francker, and an author; he died in 1637. 
PASOR, Matthias, son of George, went to 
England and delivered lectures on the Orien- 
tal languages with great reputation. He died 
at Groninjer, in 1658 
P ASQU ALINO, a distinguished Italian paint- 
er, died in 1700. 
PASQUIER or PAQ.UIER, Stephen, a learn- 
ed French lawyer and poet; he wrote against 
the jesuits, and died in 1615. 
PASSEMANT, Claude Simeon, a celebrated 
constructer of optical and mathematical instru- 
ments; he died in 1769. 
PA8SERAT, John, a celebrated professor of 
eloquence, in the royal college at Paris, and one 
of the politest writers and most excellent critics 
of his time; he died in 1602. 
PASSER!, Giovanni Battista, a painter, and 
an author, died at Rome, in 1679. His nephew 
was also celebrated as a portrait painter, and 
died in 1714. 
PASSERI, Gio. Battista, an Italian antiquary, 
and an author, died in 1780. 
PASSERGTTI, Bartholomew, an admired 
Italian painter, died in " W5. 
PA ~ " 
PASSINELLI, Lorenzo, a celebrated pain 
ter, of Bologna, died in 1700. 
PASSIONEl, Domitiieo, an Italian cardinal, a 
learned man, and a distinguished patron of lite- 
rature, died in 1701. 
PATEL, a celebrated French painter, who is 
called by his countrymen, the French Claude. 
PATER, Paul, a Hungarian, was an able 
mathematical professor at Thorn and Dantzic, 
and died in 1724. 
PATER, John Baptist, a painter, of Valen- 
ciennes, died in 1736. 
PATERCULUS, Caius Velleius, an eminent 
Roman historian, lived 49 years, and died in the 
year of Rome 784, having left a “ History of 
Greece and Rome, from 168 B. C. to A. D. 8, 
in which many particulars are related wiiid» 
are not found elsewhere. 
PATERSON, Samuel, an eminent bibliogra- 
pher ; he wrote several works, the objects of 
which, were, public utility, sound policy, and 
moral admonition. He died in 1802, aged 74. 
PATIN, Guy, a French writer of much wit 
and learning, and professor of physic in the 
Royal College of Paris. His “ Letters,” pub- 
lished since his death, have made his name fa- 
mous. He died in 1672, aged 70. 
PATIN, Charles, second son of Guy Patin, 
published a great number of valuable works, 
and died in 1693. 
PATKUL, John Reginald de, a Livonian gen 
tleman, who resented the oppression which his 
country suffered from the Swedes. He was base- 
ly seized, and put to death, by order of Charles 
XII., in 1707. 
PATRICK, St., the apostle and guardian saint 
of Ireland, was, as is supposed, a native of 
Wales, or of Cornwall, who was seized by pi- 
rates and carried to Ireland, where he converted 
the inhabitants to Christianity; he died about 
460. 
PATRICK, Peter, a native of Thessalonica, 
in the age of Justinian, whom he served as am 
bassador. 
PATRICK, Samuel, an English divine, known 
for his edition of “Hederic’s Greek Lexicon.” 
PATRICK, Simon, a very learned bishop of 
Ely, died in 1707, having published many ser- 
mons, tracts against popery, and paraphrases 
and commentaries upon the Holy Scriptures. 
PATRIX, Peter, a French poet, favourite of 
thedukeof Orleans. lie wrote some licentious 
poems, of which he heartily repented before 
his death, which happened in 1672. 
PATRIZI, Francis, author of dialogues, its 
Italian, on the manner of studying and writing 
history; he died in 1494. 
PARTRIZl, Francis, a native of Istria, pro- 
fessor of philosophy, at Ferrara, Padua, and 
Rome. He wrote some Italian poems, and died 
in 1597. 
PATRU, Oliver, an eminent French lawyer. 
He introduced correctness and purity of lan- 
guage into pleadings, wrote several works, and 
died in 1681, aged 85. 
PATTEN, Thomas, an English divine, rector 
of Childrey, He published sermons and other 
religious works, and died in 1754. 
PATTERSON, William, a member of the 
senate of the United States, and governor of the 
state of New-Jersey, and afterwards a judge of 
the supreme court of the United States; he died 
in 1806. 
PATTISON, William, an English poet o. 
genius, died of want and the smallpox, at 
years of aga in '72ft. 
333 PA 
PATU, Claude Peter, of Paris, author of 
pome poems and dramatic pieces of merit; he 
died in 1757. 
PAUCTON, Alexis, a French mathematician, 
author of a treatise on weights and measures, 
and of other works, died in 1799. 
PAUL, Mark, or MARCO PAULO, a Vene- 
tian traveller, into China, in 1272, of which he 
published an account. 
PAUL, St., originallycalled SAUL, was a na- 
tive of Tarsus, in Cilicia, and educated among 
the Pharisees of Jerusalem, under the care of 
Gamaliel. He was imprisoned at Rome, and 
put to death by Nero, A. II. 66. 
PAUL I., pope after his brother Stephen II., 
in 757; he died 10 years aftet much respected 
for his wisdom and learning. 
PAUL II., Peter Barbo, a Venetian noble, 
elected pope after Pius It., died in 1471. 
PAUL III., Alexander Farnese, pope, memo- 
rable for refusing to divorce Henry VIII. of 
England, from his queen Catherine of Arragon; 
he died in 1549. 
PAUL IV., John Peter Caraffa, succeeded 
Marcellus II. on the papal throne, in 1555. He 
was very haughty and cruel toward the pro- 
testants, and died unlamented, iu 1559. 
PAUL V., Camillus Borghese, pope, after 
Leo XL, iu 1605. He embellished Rome with 
sculpture, aqueducts, and paintings, and died, 
greatly respected, in 1621. 
PAUL, Petrowitz, emperor of Russia, son of 
the great Catherine and Peter III. He married 
for his second wife a niece of the king of Prussia. 
Before he came to the throne, he visited most 
of the nations of Europe, to obtain such infor- 
mation as would be advantageous to his subjects. 
But he afterwards grew tyrannical, and banished 
a great number of persons to Siberia. He was 
assassinated in 1801. 
PAUL, a celebrated heresiarch, of Samosata, 
a city on the Euphrates. He was bishop of An- 
tioch, in 260 ; but avowing his belief that Jesus 
Christ was only a good man, endowed with 
great wisdom, he was deposed by the Synod of 
Antioch, in 270. 
PAUL, of Tyre, a rhetorician, who went as 
ambassador from his country to Adrian, A. D. 
120. 
PAUL, thesilentiary, a Greek writer, so called 
from the office he held in the palace of the em- 
peror Justinian 
PAUL, of Sancta Maria, a Jew, converted to 
Christianity. He became tutor to John II., 
king of Castile, and was appointed bishop of 
Carthagena, and then of Burgos. This learned 
prelate died in 1445. 
PAUL, deacon of Aquileia, was secretary to 
Didier, the last king of the Lombards. He was 
afterwards banished, but left his exile for the 
court of the duke of Benevento. He wrote some 
histories, and died in 801. 
PAUL, Father, a most illustrious person and 
universal scholar, but particularly skilled in the 
canon and civil law, and in physic. He wrote 
many political ami anatomical works; but is 
principally celebrated for his “ History of the 
Council of Trent,” the rarest piece of history 
the world ever saw. 
PAUL, an ecclesiastic, of Spain, author of 
“A History of the Spanish Fathers,” edited at 
Aniwerp, iu 1635. 
PAUL, a physician, of TF.gina, in the 7th cen- 
tury, an thor of several medical works. 
PAUL A, St., a Roman lady of noble birth, 
and great learning, woo euibumad CUrieiMttiU’, 
PA 
built a monastery at Bethlehem, and displayed 
all the virtues and mortifications of an ascetic 
life ; she died in 407. 
PAULET, William, Marquis of Winchester, 
son of sir John Paulet, one of the courtiers of 
Henry VIII., and of his three successors, lie 
declared that he retained his places by being a 
willow, and not an oak; he died in 1572. 
PAULI, Simon, was professor of medicine at 
Copenhagen, and physician to Christian V., 
who rewarded his services by making him a 
bishop. He wrote several books on his profes- 
sion, and died in 1G80. 
PAULIAN, Aiine Henry, a learned jesuif, of 
Nismes, who wrote largely on philosophy aim 
physic; he was born in 1722 
PAULINUS, St., a native of Bourdeaux. He 
married a Spanish lady, by whom he was per- 
suaded to embrace Christianity. He afterwards 
went tc Italy, where he was made bishop of 
Nola, and died in 431. 
PAULMIER I)E GRENTEMESNIL, Juliar 
de, a Frenchman, physician to Charles IX. 
whom he restored to health, lie was a ver* 
copious author in the line of his profession, and 
died in 1670. 
PAULMY, Mark Anthony Rene de Voyer, 
marquis de, distinguished as a man of letters, 
and for his valuable library. He was raised to 
the dignity of minister of state, and was the 
I author of several works ; he died in 1787. 
PAULZE, N., a Frenchman of great intelli- 
gence and erudition, made farmer-general of 
France. He formed a company for the im- 
provement of Guyenne. He was imprisoned 
during the revolution, and guillotined in 1794. 
PAUSAN1AS, an ancient Greek writer, who 
flourished in Cappadocia, about 170 A. I)., and 
has left us a curious “ Description of Greece.’’ 
PALTSANIUS, a Lacedtemouian, governor of 
the kingdom during his nephew’s minority. He 
made a secret treaty with the Persians, and 
took refuge in a temple to escape punishment; 
but his mother placed the first stone to secure 
him there, so that he was starved to death, 474 
B. C. 
PAUSIAS, a painter, of Sicyon, about 352 B 
C. He first applied colours to wood and ivory, 
by means of fire. 
PAUTRE, Anthony le, an architect, of Paris 
patronised by Lewis XIV. He was made s 
member of the academy of sculpture in 1671. 
am'. died a few years after. He contributed to 
the embellishment of Paris. 
PAUTRE, John, a relation of the preceding, 
was an eminent designer and engraver. His 
works appeared in three vols., folio, with mors 
than 1,000 engravings. 
PAUVV, N. de, a German, author of “ Re- 
cherches sur les Americaius, les EgyptienneS; 
les Chinoises, et les Grecs ;” he died in 1799. 
PAUW, Cornelius, a native of Utrecht, ein: 
nent for his learning. 
PAVILLON, Stephen, a French poet, ami 
advocate, of Paris, who received a pension from 
Lewis XIV.; he was born in 1652. 
PAVILLON, Nicholas, an eminent French 
ecclesiastic, made bishop ot Alet, by cardinal 
Richelieu. He was deposed, and died in exile, 
in 1677. 
PAYNE, Nevil, a dramatic author, in the 
reign of Charles II. He wrote several works 
and died in 1675. 
PAYNE, Roger, an English book-binder, of 
very singular habits. His workmanship was of 
mi superior a stylo, that load Spencer g@ve hint PK 
15 guineas for binding a volume. He always 
worked alone. He died in 1797. 
PAYS, Rene le, a French poet, well known 
at court by his miscellanies; he died in 1690. 
PAYSON, Phillip, D. D., minister of Chelsea, 
Mass., and a distinguished classical scholar; he 
died in 1801. 
PAZZI, James, a banker, of Florence, of an 
illustrious family. He headed the faction which 
opposed the Medicis, and conspired to seize 
upon the sovereign power of Italy; but was ta- 
ken and suffered death, about 1478. 
PEACOCK, Reginald, an Englishman, made 
duke of Gloucester, bishop of St. Asaph, and 
afterwards of Chichester ; but denying transub- 
stantiation, he was banished, and his books pub- j 
Iiclv burnt; he died in I486. ] 
PEAPS, William, a dramatic writer, of Eton, 
England, who wrote “ Love in its Ecstacy,” in 
1649. 
PEARCE, Dr. Zachary, bishop of Rochester, j 
author of several works, one of which is-a Com 
mentary, with notes, on the four Evangelists, | 
and the Acts of the Apostles ; he died in 1774, 
aged 84. 
PEARSON, John, an English prelate, chap- j 
lain to lord keeper Finch, and to lord Goring. [ 
He was afterwards made master of Trinity col- [ 
lege, and i3 particularly known for his “ Expo-1 
sition of the Creed;” he died in 1686. 
PECHANTRE, Nicolas de, a French poet, 
who three times obtained the laurel at the aca- [ 
demy of Floral games, and acquired great po- I 
pularitv : he died in 1709. 
PECIILIN, John Nicholas, a native of Ley- j 
den, and professor of medicine, at Kiel, and phy- [ 
sician to the duke of Holstein. He wrote many 
works on his profession, and died in 1706. 
PECHME.TA, John de, a Frenchman, profes- I 
sor of eloquence. He wrote a eulogium on Col- 
bert, and was a most amiable and friendly man. 
He died in 1785. 
PECK, Francis, an eminent English anti- 
quarv, biographer, and critic, was born in 1692, 
and died in 1743. He wrote several books; 
among which are the lives of Milton and Crom- 
well. 
PECKWELL, Hr. Henry, a very eminent 
English divine, and popular preacher among 
the Calvinistic methodists, was born in 1747, 
end died in 1787, having passed an active life in 
tii-- exercise and promotion of charity. 
PECQUET, John, a physician, horn at Dieppe, 
distinguished for having discovered tiie recepla- j 
tie of the chyle; he died in 1674. 
PECQUET, Anthony, a French writer, grand 
master of the water-works, and the forests of 
Rouen, and master of the military school there. 
He wrote several works on law, and died in 
1762. 
PEELE, George, an English poet and drama- 
tic writer, who fiourished in the reign of queen 
Elizabeth, and died about 1598. 
P EE RE WILLIAMS, William, an English 
law writer; lie died in 1736. 
PEGGE, Samuel, a learned antiquary, who 
published several works, and died in 1800,| 
aged 68. 
PE1RESC, Nicholas Claude Fabri, an illus-j 
trious antiquary, and patron ot learned men; 
he died in 1637, aged 57. 
PELAGIUS, the heresiarch, founder of the 
sect of Pelagians, was born in Britain, in the 5th 
century. 
PELAGIUS !., a native of Rome, elected 
pope, in 555. He was a moderate and pious 
PE 
| pontiff, and laboured to reform the habits of his 
clergy. 
PELAGIUS II., a Roman, who succeeded on 
I the papal throne after Benedict 1., in 578 in 
Ibis time, a plague raged at Rome of so fatal a 
| nature, that persons seized with it died sneezing 
and gaping. 
PELAGIUS, an illustrious Spaniard, related 
to the king of the Visigoths, and afterwauls 
king of Leon and Asturias; he died in 757. 
PELET1ER, Claude de, a Parisian, counsel- 
lor of the Chatelet, and of the parliament, pre- 
sident of the chamber of requests, provost of 
the merchants, and builder of the quay at Paris, 
which bears his name, and, finally, counsellor of 
state; he died in 1711. 
PELL, Dr. John, an English divine, and very 
!eminent mathematician; lie died in 1685. 
j PELLEGRIN, Simon Joseph, a French eccle- 
siastic and poet, who obtained, in 1704, the 
prize of the French academy for his poetical 
I epistle to the king; he died in 1745. 
j PELLEGRINI, Antonio, a native of Padua, 
[celebrated as a historical painter; he died in 
,1741. 
[ PELLEGRINO, or PELLEGRIN, TibaUli, 
jof Bologna, an eminent painter and architect, 
died in 1591, aged 70. 
| PELLEGRINO, of Modena, a celebrated Ith- 
jlian painter, bred under Raphael, was born in 
11511, and was killed in an affray. 
| PELLERIN, Joseph, a French antiquary 
[His cabinet of medals, &c., was purchased by 
[the king of France. He died in 1782, aged 99. 
j PELLETIER, John le, a native of Rouen, 
[learned in the languages, in mathematics, cliy- 
[mistry, astronomy, &c. He wrote the lives of 
[several persons, some religious works, and died 
! in 1711. 
PELLETIER, Gaspard, physician and coun- 
sellor, at Middieburg, in Zealand. He acquired 
[reputation in his profession, and published some 
[works on botany ; he died in 1659. 
PELLETIER, Bertrand, distinguished at Pa- 
ris for his knowledge of chymistry and phar- 
macy, and author of various disserlalions in 
the memoirs of the French academies, and of 
observations on arsenic; he died in 1797. 
PELLETIER, James, a French physician, 
and medical and mathematical writer; he died 
in 1582, aged 65 
FELLICAN, Conrad, a native of Alsace, who 
presided over the convent of Basle, but after- 
j wards embraced the tenets of Luther, and went 
[to Zurich, where he taught Hebrew. He died 
in 1556. 
! PELLISON-FANTANIER, Paul, a French 
writer, was born in 1624, and died in 1693. His 
chief works are “ A Commentary upon the In- 
jstitutes of Justinian,” and a “ History of the 
French academy, from its establishment to 1652.” 
PELLOUTIER, Simon, a protestant divine, 
born at Leipsic. He was member of the Berlin 
academy, and distinguished as an active pastor 
and an able writer ; he died in 1757. 
PELOPIDAS, a celebrated Theban warrior 
and statesman, the friend of Epaminondas 
he was slain in battle, 364 B. C. 
PEMBERTON, Henry, F. R. S., an English 
physician of eminence. He wrote on chymistry 
and philosophy, and died in 1771. 
PEMBERTON, Ebenezer, a distinguished 
American divine, and pastor of a church in 
Boston : he died in 1717. 
PEMBERTON, Ebenezer, D. D., son of the 
preceding, was in the ministry at New-York PE 
and afterwards in Boston; he published several'! 
sermons, and died in 1777. 
PEMBERTON,Thomas, a distinguished Ame- 
rican historian, born in 1728, and died in 1807.! 
He devoted himself to the history of his country, 
and wrote 15 historical and other manuscript 
volumes, which now belong to the Massachusetts 
Historical Society. 
PEMliLE, William, an English divine, who 
ranked high asa scholar, died in 1623. 
PEMBROKE, Thomas, au excellent English ■ 
oortrait and historical painter, died in 1730. 
PENDLETON, Edmund, an eminent lawyer 
and statesman, of Virginia, was distinguished 
for his supportof the rights of the colonies, and 
for hi3 patriotism during the war of the revolu- 
tion. He was a member of congress, in 1774, 
and afterwards a judge of the court of appeals 
in Virginia ; lie died in 1803. 
PENH ALLOW, Samuel, of New Hampshire, 
author of a “History of the early Indian War 
of New-Eugland ;” he died in 1726. 
PENN, William, a distinguished British ad-j 
miral, who commanded at the reduction of Ja-i 
maica, in 1655, and was knighted by Charles II., 
for his services ; he died in 1670. 
PENN, William, a distinguished quaker, 
founder and legislator of the colony of Pennsyl- 
vania, was born in London, in 1644. At the age 
of 24, he became a preacher among the qua 
kers. In 1681, Charles II., granted .Mr. Penn and 
his heirs, by letters patent, the province of Pcnn-j 
sylvania, and made them absolute proprietors 
and governors of that country. He died in 
England, in 1718. 
PENN, Thomas, son of William Penn, was 
born in 1702. For nearly fifty' years after the 
death of his father, he took an active and influ- 
ential part in the administration of Pennsylva- 
nia, and was distinguished for his liberality to 
the literary, charitable and religious institutions 
of that colony. He died in London, in 1775. 
PENN, John, a member of congress, from 
North Carolina, in 1776, and one of the signers 
of the declaration of Independence. 
PENNANT, Thomas, an English gentleman,! 
of eminent knowledge in natural history and' 
antiquities; he wrote a number of valuable! 
books, and died in 1798, aged 72. 
PENNI, Giovanni Francisco, an eminent Ita- 
lian painter, and disciple of Raphael; he died! 
in 1528, aged 40. 
PENNICUIK, Alexander, a Scotch physician, 
who published a topographical account of 
Tweedale; he died in 1722. 
PENNINGTON, lady, wife of sir Joseph, 
bai t.—Family misunderstandings having separ- 
ated her from her children, she wrote for their 
use. “ An unfortunate Mother’s advice to her 
absent Daughters,” a work of great merit; she 
died in 1783. 
PENNINGTON, Isaac, sonof a lord mayor of 
London, was converted by Fox, and became a 
zealous quaker. As a writer and travelling 
minister, lie was active in spreading the tenets 
lie hail embraced, for which lie was much per- 
secuted ; lie died in 1679. 
PENNY, Thomas, a celebrated English natu- 
ralist. who travelled over England and other 
countries, in search of botanical knowledge. 
PENROSE, Thomas, an English divine ami 
ingenious poet, died in 1779, aged 36. 
PENRIJDDOCK, John, a colonel during the: 
vivil wars, in the royal service, who was be-! 
headed in 1655. He was a man of great piety, 
and many virtues. 
PE 
j PENRY, John, or AP-HENllY, a ltrownist. 
[educated at Oxford. He wrote against episco 
pacy, under tlie name of Marlin Mar Prelate 
His writings were considered seditious, and iic 
was tried and executed in 1593. 
PENS, George, of Nuremberg, a very distin- 
guished painter and engraver, in the I6th cen- 
tury. 
PEPIN the Short, son of Charles Martel, the 
first monarch of the second French dynasty, was 
elected in 752. He was a heroic and firm prince, 
and died in 768. 
PEPIN the Fat, mayor of the palace, and 
governor of Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy 
He was a man of wisdom and vigour, and died 
in 714. 
PEPPERELL, sir William, a native of 
Maine, and lieutenant-general in the British ser 
vice; he commanded the expedition which took 
Louisburg, and died in 1759. 
PEPUSCH, Dr. John Christopher, one of the 
greatest theoretic musicians of modern times. 
He became, so early, a proficient on the harpsi- 
chord, that at the age of 14 he was sent for to 
court, and appointed to teach the prince, father 
of the king of Prussia. At 33 he went over to 
England, was retained at Drury-lane, and assist- 
ed in setting the operas which were performed 
there. He died in 1752. 
PEPYS, Samuel, a learned Englishman, 
known as the indefatigable secretary of the ad- 
miralty, in the reigns of Charles II., and ilia 
brother; he died in 1703. 
PER AND A, Santa, a native of Venice, and 
an eminent historical painter, died in 1738. 
PERAU, Gabriel Lewis Calabrc, a French 
ecclesiastic, of the Sorbonne, who wrote “ Lives 
of Illustrious Frenchmen,” and edited Bossuet’a 
works, &c. He died in 1767. 
PERCEVAL, Spencer, son of the earl of 
Egmont. was born in 1762. He was educated at 
Cambridge, and became an eminent lawyer 
An assassin named Bellingham, shot him with a 
pistol, in the lobby of the house of commons, 
in 1812. 
PERCIVAL, Dr. Thomas, an eminent physi- 
cian, and medical and miscellaneous writer, 
was born in 1740, and died in 1804, and left be- 
hind him an excellent moral character. 
PERCY, William, progenitor of the illustrious 
house of that name, and one of the courtiers of 
William the Conqueror. His descendants, dis- 
tinguished by their zeal in the cause of their 
sovereigns, were raised in 1377. to the rank of 
earl of Northumberland, by Richard II. The 
most celebrated among them was, Henry, sur- 
named Hotspur, who was at last defeated at 
the battle of Shrewsbury, in 1403. 
PERCY, George, succeeded capt. John Smith, 
as president of the colony of Virginia, in 1609, 
and was superseded the following year. 
PERCY, Thomas, bishop of Droinore, Ire 
land, was educated at Oxford, and died at Dro 
more, in 1811 ; he was author of several works. 
PERDICCAS, one of the generals and suc- 
cessors of Alexander; he was slain in his tent, 
by some of his officers, 321B. C. 
PEREFIXE, Hardouin de Beaumont de, 
archbishop of Paris, and author of a very ex- 
cellent “ History of Henry IV. of France ;” 
he died in 1670. 
; PER El RA-GOMEZ,George, an eminent Span 
: ish physician, author of a “Treatise to prove 
[ the Brute Creation to be mere Machines.” 
I PEREIRA DE FIGUE1REDO, Anthony, a 
I Portuguese divine, who took part iu the disuuM 
336 PE 
between the courts of Rome and Lisbon. He j) 
wrote a Translation ofthe Bible, in 23 vols. 8vo,! 
and other works, and died in 1797. 
PEREZ, Anthony, a Spanish writer, who] 
publish?'’ “Letters,” which are interesting ami 
well written ; he died in 1598. 
PERGOLESI, John Baptist, a celebrated mu- 
sician, composer arid poet, was born at Naples, 
in 1704. and died in 1737. 
PERIANDER, a tyrant of Corinth, a poli- 
tician and warrior, he died 588 B. C. 
PERIANDER, Giles, of Brussels, was pro 
fessor of belles lettres, at Mentz, and an author. 
He flourished about 1570. 
PERICLES, a celebrated Athenian statesman, 
arator, and general. He prided himself that he 
\ever caused any citizen to go into mourning. 
PERINGSKIOLL, John, professor of antiqui- 
ties, at Upsal, andsecretary and counsellor to the 
king of Sweden. He wrote on history and 
chronology, &c., and died in 1720. 
PERIZONIUS, James, a learned German, 
professor of eloquence, history and Greek, at 
Leyden. He published various works in Latin, 
on history, classical literature and antiquities, 
and died in 1717. 
PERKINS, William, a strict Calvinist, whose 
writings drew upon him the attacks of Armi- 
nius, which occasioned the calling ofthe Synod 
at Dordt, for the settlement of theological dis- 
putes ; he died in 1602. 
PERKINS,William, remarkable for longevity, 
died in New-Hampshire, in 1732, aged 116. 
PERNETY, James, historiographer, of Ly- 
ons, and member of the academy there. He 
was an able writer on history, education, &c., 
and died in 1777. 
PERNETY, Anthony Joseph, a Frenchman, 
librarian to the king of Prussia, author of a 
Dictionary of Painting, Sculpture, and Engrav- 
ing, and some other works. He was born in 
1716. 
PEROUSE, John Francis Galoup de la, a ce- 
lebrated French circumnavigator, was lost on 
his return from a voyage round the world, in 
1788. 
PERRAULT, Claude, physician and archi- 
tect; he published a book of the Five Orders of 
Architecture, and other works, and died in 1688. 
PERRAULT, Charles, brother of Claude, a 
celebrated French poet, biographer, and miscel- 
laneous writer ; he died in 1703, aged 77. 
PERREIR, ,Jean, an eminent naturalist, of 
France. He came to the United States in the 
pursuit of scientific research, and died at Nevv- 
York, in 1805. 
PERRIER, Charles, a French writer of lyric 
poems ; lie died in 1692. 
PERRIER, Francis, a Frenchman, who, from 
a beggar, became a most eminent painter and 
engraver ; lie died at Paris, in 1650. 
PERRON, James Davy du, a cardinal, emi- 
nent for great parts and learning; his talents 
were so great, that none durst dispute with him. 
He died in 1618. 
PERRON, Anquetil du, historiographer to the 
archives of foreign relations in Paris ; very ce- 
lebrated. He died in 1805, aged 73. 
PERRONET, John Rodolphus, an able and 
celebrated civil engineer, of France, member 
of many learned societies, and afterwards di- 
rector of the school of engineers, at Paris. He 
wrote on his profession, and died in 1794. 
PERROT, Nicholas, archbishop of Siponto, 
ar.d author of a commentary on Martial, he 
died in 1480. 
PE 
j! PERROT, Nicolas, sieur d’Ablaneourt, cele- 
| brated for his excellent translations into French 
|i°f the Greek arid Latin classics. He died in 
j 11664, aged 58. 
j PERROT, sir John, one of the favourites of 
jEdward VI., of England, was made knight of 
the Bath at his coronation. He was distinguish- 
ed as a naval officer, but was afterwards con- 
demned for high treason, and respited by Eliza- 
beth. He died in 1588. 
PERRY, captain John, a celebrated English 
'engineer, patronised by czar Peter, of Russia, of 
which country he wrote the history ; he died in 
1733. 
PERRY, Oliver Hazard, a captain in the 
American navy, distinguished by an important 
victory which he gained over the British naval 
force on lake Erie, in 1813. He died in 1820. 
PERSEUS, son of Philip, of Macedon, was 
defeated by Paulus zEmilius, his kingdom de- 
stroyed, and himself taken prisoner to Rome. 
168 B. C. 
PERSIUS, Aulus Flaccus, an ancient Latin 
poet and Roman knight, who wrote satires in 
the reign of Nero ; he died A. D. 62. 
PERTINAX, Publius Helvius, from an in- 
structor of youth, became a soldier, and on the 
death of Commodus, in 195, was raised to the 
imperial throne of Rome. He was afterwards 
assassinated. 
PF.RUGINO, Pietro, an Italian painter, who 
succeeded particularly in the elegant expression 
of his female figures; he died in 1524. 
PERUZZI, Balthasar, an Italian painter, who 
excelled in chiaro obscuro; he died poor, in 
1556. 
PESELLI, Pesello, an elegant historical paint- 
er, of Florence ; he died in 1517, aged 77. 
PESSELIER, Charles Stephen, a French 
financier, of great industry and abilities, mem- 
ber of many learned societies. He wrote on 
taxation, finances, &c., and died in 1763. 
PETAVIUS, Dionysius, or DENIS PETAN, 
a French jesuit, of great erudition, and an au- 
thor ; he died in 1652, aged 69. 
PETER, chief of the apostles, was son of 
John, and brother of Andrew, of the city of 
Bethsaida. He was a bold and powerful preach- 
er of the Gospel. Nero caused him to be cru- 
cified with his head down, A. D. 66. 
PETER, St., a bishop of Alexandria, and a 
learned and pious prelate. He suffered martyr- 
dom, in 311. 
PETER CIIRYSOLOGUS, St., archbishop 
of Ravenna, died in 458. 
PETER the Hermit, a French officer, of 
Amiens, who, quitting the military profession, 
commenced hermit and pilgrim. He travelled 
to the Holy Land, in 1093 ; after which, he re- 
ceived a commission from pope Urban II. to 
excite all Christian princes to a general war 
against the Turks and Saracens. The time of 
his death was about 1100. 
PETER HI., king of Arragon, married Con- 
stance, daughter of the king of Sicily, and, hav- 
ing formed the plan of seizins that kingdom, 
against the pretensions of Charles of Anjou, 
he caused all the French in that island to ha 
assassinated at the same time, which was done 
on Easter day, 1282. This massacre has since 
been called the Sicilian Vespers. 
PETER the Cruel, king of Castile, succeeded 
his father, Alphonso XL, in 1350. He was so 
wanton and cruel, that three days after he had 
niii nee I lanche, daughter of the duke of Bour- 
bon, lie repudiated her, with every mark of uis 
337  FE 
grace. Another of his queens was treated with 
equal indignity. He became odious to his sub- 
jects, and was killed by his brother, in 1369. 
PETER the Great, czar of Russia, who ci- 
vilized that nation, and raised it from ignorance 
and barbarism to politeness, knowledge, and 
power, was born in 1672. The history of his 
life and reign would demand a volume, and is 
so eventful, as to defy abridgment. He spared 
no pains nor fatigues to obtain knowledge which 
he thought would be beneficial to his subjects, 
and was emphatically and justly called the 
“ Father of his Country.” He died in 1725. 
PETER II , emperor of Russia, son of Alexis 
Petrowitz, succeeded the empress Catherine at 
the age of 15. He banished the favourite mi- 
nister, Menzikoff, and died in 1738, aged 15. 
PETER HI., emperor of Russia, ascended the 
throne in 1761. His attempts to reform his sub- 
jects proving abortive, he was dethroned by his 
queen, Catherine II., who assumed the reins of 
government. He died in 1762. 
PETER NOLASQUE, a native of Langue- 
doc, in the service of James, king of Arragon. 
He established the order of mercy, whose sole 
business was the redemption of Christian slaves 
from the power of infidels. He died in 1256. 
PETER of Sicily, author, in the 8th century, 
of a curious and interesting history of the Ma- 
nichees, in Greek and Latin, in 1604. 
PETER of Cluni, or, the Venerable, was 
a man of great learning, who granted a friendly 
asylum to the unfortunate Abelard, in 1130. He 
received pope Innocent II. at his abbey with be- 
coming magnificence. 
PETER, an ecclesiastic, preceptor, and then 
secretary, to William II., king of Sicily. He 
was invited to England by Henry II., and was 
made archbishop of Bath, and then of London. 
He died in 1200. 
PETER, the wild boy, a youth found in the 
woods in Hanover, in 1726, and carried to Eng- 
land by the order of queen Caroline; but no 
care nor pains could ever make him articulate a 
word ; he died in 1785. 
PETER LOMBARD. See LOMBARD. 
PETER MARTYR. See MARTYR. 
PETER D’OSMA, a Spanish ecclesiastic, in 
the 15th century, who was, perhaps, the fore- 
runner of the reformation, as he wrote and 
preached against the infallibility of the church 
of Rome. 
PETERS, Gerard, of Amsterdam, a distin- 
guished landscape painter, in the 16th century. 
PETERS, Bonaventure, of Antwerp, a paint- 
er, whose marine pieces are much admired; he 
died in 1652. 
PETERS, Francis Lucas, an eminent land- 
scape painter, born at Mechlin, died in 1654. 
PETERS, Hugh, a turbulent Englishman, 
who became an actor, then a bishop and lectur- 
er, then an adulterer, for which he was obliged 
to flee to America; but returned to England, 
where, for his violence against Charles I., he 
was hanged and quartered, in 1660. 
PETERS, Hugh, an English jesuit, known in 
history as the friend and confessor of James II., 
by whose advice the ruin of that monarch was 
hastened. 
PETERS, Charles, an English divine, cele- 
brated for his theological writings, died in 1777. 
PETHION DE V1LLENEUVE, Jerome, 
mayor of Paris, and member of the national 
convention. He was a violent opposer of roy- 
alty, and his influence hastened the downfall 
of Louis XVI. He permitted riot ami murder 
PE 
in the streets of Paris; but found an equal and 
a rival in Robespierre, who finally outlawed 
him, and set a price on bis head. lie perished 
by starvation, in 1793. 
PETIS DE LA CROIX, Francis, interpreter 
of the oriental languages to Louis XIV., born 
in 1654, and died in 1713, after having compiled 
several useful works relating tooriental history. 
PETIT, John Lewis, a celebrated surgeon, 
born in Paris. He was invited to visit the king 
of Poland, and afterwards went to Spain to at- 
tend on Ferdinand. He invented some valua- 
ble surgical instruments, and wrote on surgery, 
and died in 1750. 
PETIT, Peter, of France, celebrated for his 
mathematical and philosophical writings; lie 
died in 1667, aged 69. 
PETIT, Samuel, an eminent French scholar, 
and professor of theology, Greek, and Hebrew, 
at Geneva. He wrote on classical literature, 
and died in 1645. 
PETIT, Anthony, an eminent physician, al 
Paris, and afterwards at Orleans. He was a 
copious and learned writer on several parts of 
his profession, and died in 1794. 
PETIT, Peter, a learned Frenchman, born at 
Paris, was tile author of various works of great 
interest, and died in 1687. 
PETITOT, John, an eminent painter and 
chymist, born at Geneva, in 1607. To him is 
ascribed the invention of painting in enamel; 
he died in 1691. 
PETIVER, James, F. R.S., an English bota- 
nist. He collected a museum, for which sir 
Hans filoane offered 40001. He was author of 
several works on botany, and died in 1718. 
PETRARCH, Francis, an Italian, eminent 
for great parts and learning, and who has been 
called the father of modern poetry. At Vaucluse, 
near Avignon, in 1327,he commenced an amout 
with a young damsel named Laura, who lived 
in the neighbourhood, and whom he has made 
famous by his poetry. He died in 1374. 
PETRE, sir William, LL. 1)., he had the art 
to continue in power under the dissimilar reigns 
of Cromwell, Henry VIII., Edward VI.,and Wa- 
ry ; and under Elizabeth he was made secreta- 
ry of state. He was a man of great talents, and 
died in 1574. 
PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, a Roman senator, 
who assassinated Valentinian HI., and seized 
the throne, in 455. 
PETRONIUS ARBITER, Titus, a polite wri- 
ter of antiquity, who flourished in the reign of 
Nero. He was bled to death by order of Nero, 
A. 1). 65. 
PETTUS, sir John, deputy governor of the 
royal mines, and member of parliament, under 
Charles II. He wroteon mining, and on histo 
ry, and died in 1690. 
PETTY, sir William, an eminent English 
physician, but chiefly celebrated for his know 
ledge in mathematics and mechanics, and fra 
his writings upon political arithmetic ; he died 
in 1687, aged 64. 
PETYT, William, a native of Yorkshire 
eminent for his knowledge of ancient law, or 
which he wrote several works; he died in 1707 
PEUCER, Gaspard, an eminent phvsiciar 
and mathematician, professor of medicine, at 
Wittemberg. He was a Lutheran, and married 
Melancthon’s daughter. His opinions caused his 
imprisonment for 10 years, during which time, 
he wrote several learned works; he died in 
1602 
PEUTEMAN, Peter, a painter, of Rotterdam, 
338 PH 
who being in an anatomical room during an 
earthquake, was so frighted at the motion of 
the skeletons, that he died in 1692. 
PEUT1NGER, Conrad, a learned German, 
secretary of the senate of Augsburg, and an 
able negotiator. He published many learned 
works, and died in 1547. 
PEYER, John Conrad, a German physician, 
in the 17th century, distinguished for having 
first given an account of the intestine glands. 
PEYRERE, Isaac, a French heretical writer, 
born in 1594, and died in 1676. He believed that 
Adam was not the first man. 
PEYRESC. See PEIRESC 
PEYROUSE. SeePEROUSE. 
PEYSSONNEL, Charles, a French writer, 
who went secretary of an embassy to Constan- 
tinople, and was afterwards consul at Smyrna. 
He was a philosopher and antiquary, and wrote 
several learned dissertations ; he died in 1757. 
His son was also consul at Smyrna, and a man 
of science, and general information, and died in 
1790. 
PEZAY, Masson, marquis of, he instructed 
Lewis XVI., in military exercises, and was re- 
warded with the place of inspector-general of 
the coasts, but was afterwards disgraced, and 
died in 1778. 
PEZENAS, Esprit, a learned jesuit, professor 
of philosophy, and hydrography, at Marseilles. 
He died in 1776. 
PEZRON, Paul, a very learned and ingenious 
French historian and antiquary, born in 1639, 
and died in 1706. 
PFANNER, Tobias, called, from his extensive 
knowledge, the living Archives of the house of 
Saxony. He died in 1717. 
PFEFFERCORN, John, a famous converted 
Jew, who had nearly persuaded Maximilian to 
burn all books except the Bible. He wrote on 
the Scriptures, and died in 1520. 
PFEFFEL, author of “ A History of Germa- 
ny,” died at Paris, in 1807, aged 81. 
PFIEFFER, Augustus, a learned orientalist, 
professor of oriental languages at Wittemberg, 
Leipsic, and other places. He published several 
able works, and died in 1698. 
PFEIFFER, Lewis, a native of Lucerne, and 
a famous general in the service of Charles IX. 
of France, whose life he once preserved ; he 
died in 1594. 
PHAIDON, a native of Elis, the disciple of 
Socrates, and founder of the sect called Elean 
philosophers. 
PHAIDRUS, an ancient Latin author, ad- 
mired for the elegance of his language; he 
lived in the reign of Tiberius. 
PHzEDRUS, Thomas, professor of eloquence 
at Rome, early in the 16th century, and called 
the Cicero of his time. 
PHAER, Thomas, an English physician, who 
published various medical works, chiefly com 
piled from the French. He also translated a 
part of the zEneid ; he died in 1500. 
PHALAR1S, a celebrated tyrant of antiquity, 
born at Crete; he was particularly cruel to- 
ward his enemies. He was put to death by his 
subjects, in his brazen bull that Perillus made, 
and in which he was the first to suffer death, 
563 li. C. 
PHARAMONB, was first king of France, 
and institutor of the .Salique law, which pre- 
vents women from inheriting real estate. On 
this law is founded one which excludes females 
from inheriting the throne of France. He died 
in 428. 
PH 
PHARNACES, son of Mithridates, king of 
Pontus, revolted against his father. Caesar de- 
feated liim with such facility that he wrote to 
the senate only the following: “Yeni, vidi, 
vici.” 
PHERECRATES, a Greek comic poet, who 
flourished about 330 B. C. 
PI1ERECYDES, a philosopher, of Scyros, 
500 B. C., and master of the great Pythagoras. 
There was anotiier of the same name 456 B. C., 
author of “ A History of Athens.” 
PHIDIAS, the most famous sculptor of anti- 
quity, an Athenian, and cotemporary of the 
celebrated Pericles; he died in 432 B. C. 
PHILANDER, William, a Frenchman, arch- 
deacon of St. Antoninus. He wrote a commen- 
tary on Vitruvius, and another on Quintiilian; 
he died in 15G5. 
PIIILELPHUS, Francis, a learned Italian, au- 
thor of several works, professor of eloquence 
at Venice, and secretary of an embassy to Con- 
stantinople. His son Marius was also a man 
of learning, and died in 1480. 
PHILEMON, a comic poet, of Athens, flour- 
ished 274 B. C.; he is said to have died at 101 
years of age. 
PH1LETUS, a Greek poet and grammarian, 
of Cos, preceptor to Ptolemy Fhiladelphus. 
PHILIDOR, Andre Danican, the most skilful 
chess-player perhaps that ever was known. He 
was also an excellent musician, and produced 
many French dramatic pieces of considerable 
merit. He died in 1795, aged 69. 
PHILIP, St., a native of Bethsaida, was the 
first whom Jesus called to become his disciple. 
He was a fisherman, and left a family at home. 
Another of the same name, who was a deaeon 
in the church, converted a eunuch of Candace. 
PHILIP II., king of Macedon, and father of 
Alexander the Great, was equally renowned as 
a legislator, politician, and warrior. He was 
assassinated at a banquet, by Pausanias, a cap- 
tain of guards, 336 B. C. 
PHILIP V., king of Macedon, succeeded to 
the throne 220 B. C. His jealousy of the Ro- 
man power, and his alliance with Hannibal 
proved his ruin. His dominions were invaded 
by the consul Lsevinus, and he was conquered, 
lie put to death his eldest son, Demetrius, and 
died 178 B. C. 
PHILIP, Marcus Julius, an Arabian, who, 
from the rank of a common soldier, ascended 
the imperial throne of Rome, by the murder of 
the younger Gordian, in 244. He was assassi- 
sated in 249. 
PHILIP I., king of France, succeeded his fa- 
ther, Henry I., in 10(10. He was a wicked and 
ambitious prince. Dissatisfied with his queen, 
Bertha, he carried away Bertrande, wife of the 
count of Anjou, and married her. He was at 
war with England and the Flemings, and was 
defeated by both. He died in 1108. 
PHILIP II., surnamed Augustus, king of 
France, succeeded his father, Lewis VII.,in 1180. 
He was a wise and politic prince, an intrepid 
warrior, an enlightened legislator, and an im- 
partial judge. In conjunction with Richard I., 
of England, he made a crusade to the Holy 
Land, with 300,000 men, but, though victorious, 
he returned with little glory. He afterwards 
invaded England, and was crowned king, at 
London, but the nobles throwing off their alle- 
giance, he retired, and died in 1223. 
PHILIP III., or the Hardy, was proclaimed 
king of France in 1270, while in Africa, on a 
crusade with his father Lewis IX. He defeated 
339  PH 
the Saracens, and made a truce with them for 
10 years; he died in 1285. 
PHILIP IV., or the Fair, succeeded his father 
Philip III. He engaged in a long and bloody 
war with Edward 1., of England, the emperor 
of Germany, and the count of Flanders, at the 
same time. In a battle with the Flemings, 25,000 
of his enemies were killed, and an equestrian 
statue was erected to the monarch, in the church 
of Notre Dame, in honour of the victory; he 
died in 1314. 
PHILIP V., surnamed the Long, king of 
France, the son of Philip the Fair, succeeded 
to the throne in 1316. He made war against 
the Flemings, renewed the alliance with Scot- 
land, and banished the Jews from his kingdom. 
He permitted great cruelties against lepers, who 
were either put to death or confined ; he died 
in 1531. 
PHILIP DE VALOIS, first king of France, 
of the collateral branch of the Valois, ascended 
the throne in 1328. His elevation was disputed 
by Edward III., of England, and a terrible war 
ensued, in which, at the celebrated battle of 
Cressy, the French lost 80,000 men. Richard 
proposed to decide the war by single combat, but 
Philip declined. He died in,1350. 
PHILIP L, son of the emperor Maximilian, 
and Jane, queen of Spain, obtained the Spanish 
throne. He possessed but moderate abilities, 
and died in 1506, aged 28. 
PHILIP II., son of Charles V. and Isabella 
of Portugal, was made king of Sicily and Na- 
ples, in 1554. He was afterwards made king 
of England, by marriage with queen Mary; and 
two years after, ascended the Spanish throne, 
by the abdication of his father. He made war 
against France and England, and was unsuc- 
cessful. Though a man of great abilities, he 
was superstitious and cruel in the extreme; he 
died in 1598. 
PHILIP III., son of Philip II. and Anne of 
Austria, became king of Sonin at the age of 20. 
He cruelly banished all the Moors from his king- 
dom, and thus deprived himself of the arts and 
services of a million of his subjects. At the 
siege of Ostend, he lost 89,000 men, and the place 
was of no use to him when taken ; he died in 
1021. 
PHILIP IV., son of Philip III. and Margaret 
of Austria, became king of Spain, in 1621. He 
renewed the war with Holland, and also de- 
clared war against France, in both of which 
he was unsuccessful. The Portuguese rebelled 
against him, and after many bloody attempts to 
reduce them, he acknowledged their indepen- 
dence. This weak and effeminate monarch died 
in 1665. 
PHILIP V., duke of Anjou, son of Lewis, 
the dauphin of France, and Maria Anne, of I 
Bavaria, ascended the Spanish throne, in 1700. j 
His elevation was opposed by the archduke 
Charles of Austria, in which England, Holland, 
Savoy, Prussia, and Portugal joined him, and 
one of the most bloody wars on record ensued, j 
in which France finally joined the Spaniards. 
A peace was signed between the allied powers 
at Utrecht., in 1713. He died in 1746. 
PHILIP the Good, succeeded to the thronej 
of Spain, in 1419. He joined the English against 
France, but afterwards abandoned them, and 
joined the duke de Berri of France, against his 
brother Lewis XI., and engaged in all the tu- 
mults of war. He lost the title of Good, by burn- 
ing the town of Dinan, near Liege, and putting its 
Inhabitants to the sword ; he died in 1467. , 
PH 
PHILIP DIO DREUX, bishop of Beauvais, in 
France. He became a famous general, and 
joining the crusades, behaved with great val- 
our at the siege of Acre. He afterwards joined 
Philip Augustus against the English, and died 
in 1217. 
PHILIP, duke of Swabia, was elected em- 
peror of Germany, in 1198. He was a prince of 
great wisdom, and strong powers of mind; 
his memory is still respected in Germany. He 
died in 1208. 
PHILIP the Bold, sonofJohn,kingofFrance, 
and duke of Burgundy, was a brave and vir- 
tuous prince, but unfortunately so profuse in 
his expenses, that his body was seized after 
death, by his creditors, and it was with difficulty 
his dutchess could redeem it. He died in 1404. 
PHILIP of Orleans. See ORLEANS. 
PHILIP, infant of Spain, was placed in pos- 
session of the dutchies of Parma and Placentia, 
and after having signalized himself in war, he 
devoted himself to the prosperity and improve- 
ment of his subjects; he died, universally re- 
gretted, in 1705. 
PHILIP, governor of Jerusalem, in the time 
of Antiochus Epiphanes, behaved with great 
cruelty to the Jews, and compelled them to 
change their religion. He was put to death by 
his rival Lysias. 
PHILIP the Solitary, a Greek author, about 
1105. 
PHILIP, of the Holy Trinity, a French eccle 
siastic, who travelled into the Levant, Persia, 
and India, and afterwards visited all the con- 
vents in Europe ; he died in 1671. 
PHILIP, an Indian sachem, notorious for the 
bloody wats he waged with the early settlers 
of New-England, which had nearly extermina- 
ted the colonists. He was killed by them in 
1676, and his forces destroyed. 
PHILIPS, Thomas, a native of Ickford; 
he wrote the Life of Cardinal Pole, a work of 
great celebrity, in which he supports the princi- 
ples of the Romish church, and thus brought 
upon himself a host of opponents. He died at 
Liege, in 1774. 
PHILIPS, Fabian, a learned English anti- 
quary, who was a zealous supporter of Charles 
I., and strongly protested against his execution 
He died in 1690. 
PHILIPS, Edward, a nephew of Milton, 
born in 1630. He published several works, one 
of which was a dictionary entitled “ A New 
World of Words.” 
PHILIPS, Catherine, an English lady of 
great wit and accomplishments, chiefly distin- 
guished for her skill in poetry ; she died in 1664, 
aged 33. 
PHILIPS, John, an eminent English poet, 
died in 1708. 
PHILIPS, Ambrose,an English pastoral and 
dramatic poet, and political writer, died in 1749, 
aged 78. 
PHILLIPS, George, was the first minister of 
Watertown, Mass., and died in 1664. 
PHILLIPS, Samuel, a clergyman, at Ando- 
ver, Mass., wrote some sermons, and died 1771. 
PHILLIPS, John, LI,. D., a native of Mas- 
sachusetts, distinguished for his liberal endow 
ment of an academy at Andover, and another 
at Exeter. His brother Samuel joined him in 
his laudable undertakings. 
PHILLIPS, Samuel, LL. D.. a member of 
congress in 1775, and afterwards lieutenanT-to 
vernor of Massachusetts; he died in 1802. He 
was distinguished for his patriotism, integrity, 
340  PH 
and liberality to different religious and literary 
institutions. 
PHILLIPS, John, alawyer, of Massachusetts, 
was prcsiuent of the senate of that state, and: 
first mayor of the city of Boston. He died in 
1823. 
PIIILO, Judaeus, an ancient Greek writer, 
on moral philosophy, and of a noble family 
among the Jews, flourished at Alexandria in 
the reign of Caligula. He was twice sent by the 
Jews of that city to Rome, to plead their cause 
against Apion, and on his second mission is 
said to have become a Christian. 
PHILO, a grammarian, of Byblos, who trans- 
lated Sanchoniathon, from the Phoenician into 
Greek. 
PHILO, an architect, of Byzantium, 300 B. C. 
He is the author of a treatise on military ma- 
chines, &c. 
PHILOLAUS, of Cretona, an ancient philo- 
sopher of the Pythagorean school. He made 
the heavens his principal object of contempla- 
tion, and is generally supposed to have been the 
author of that system wiiich Copernicus after- 
wards revived, and which is now known to be 
the true system of astronomy. 
PHILOPCEMEN, of Megalopolis, celebrated 
as a general in the Achiean league, against the 
Spartans and AEtolians. He was poisoned by 
Dinocrates, 183 B. C. 
PHILOPONUS, John, an Alexandrian, au- 
thor of a Commentary on the Creation, and 
head of the tri-theists in the 7th century. 
PHILOSTORGIUS, an ancient ecclesiastical 
historian, who flourished in Cappadocia about 
the year 420. 
PHILOSTRATUS, Flavius, an ancient Greek 
sophist and critic, who wrote the Life of Apol- 
lonius Tyaneus, which is highly celebrated. 
He died in 2-14. 
PHILOXENUS, a dithyrambic poet, at the 
court of Dionysius, of Syracuse. He died 380 
B. C. 
PHILPOT, John, a native of Hampshire, a 
warm advocate for the reformation, was made 
archdeacon of Winchester, by Edward VI. ; but 
in the next reign, was convicted of heresy, and 
burnt at Smithfield, in 1555. 
PIIINEHAS, son of Elcazar, was commend- 
ed for his zeal in the cause of God, foi killing 
the Israelite and the Midianitish woman, who 
committed fornication in the camp of Israel, 
1455 B. C. 
PHIPPS, Constantine John, lord Mulgrave, 
an eminent English circumnavigator; he died 
in 1792, aged 46. 
PH IPS, sir William, governor of the colony 
of Massachusetts, was born of obscure parents, 
in 1650, and died in 1695. He was knighted for 
his success in obtaining a large property from a 
Spanish wreck, which laid the foundation of 
his fortune. 
PHLEGON, a native of Tralles, wrote se- 
veral works full of erudition. He was the eml 
peror Adrian’s freedman. 
PIIOCAS, a Chalcedonian noble, who seized 
on the empire of the East by the murder of the 
emperor Maurice and his children, in 602. Ile- 
raclius, governor of Africa, conspired against 
him, and cut off his head, in 610. 
PIIOCAS, John, a monk of the 12th century, 
born in Crete. lie built a small church on 
Mount Carmel, where he fixed his residence. 
He wrote a description of the Holy Land, &c. 
PIIOCION, a renowned Athenian general and! 
philosopher, the disciple of Plato. He was 
PI 
condemned on a false accusation of treason, by 
Itis ungrateful fellow-citizens, and put to death, 
by poison, 1118 B. C. 
PHOCYL1DES, a Greek poet, of Miletus, 
about 540 B. C. 
PHORMIO, a peripatetic philosopher, of 
Ephesus. 
PHORMIO, an Athenian general, who dis- 
played great bravery during the Peloponnesian 
war. He sold his property to supply the army 
but refused to be commander-in-chief. 
PHOTINUS, bishop of Sirmium, was depos- 
ed for supporting that Christ was only a man; 
he died in 570. 
PHOTIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, in the 
9th century, and the greatest man of the age in 
which he lived. Of iris works, the most consi- 
derableishis “Bibliotheca.” Hediedin 886. 
PIIRAATES III., king of Parthia, was mur 
dered by his two sons, 36 B. C. 
PIIRAATES IV., was raised to the Parthian 
throne by his father, whom he soon murdered ; 
but he at last perished himself by the hand of 
his own son. 
PHRANZA, George, a Greek author, who 
wrote a Chronicle of his own Times, to 1461. 
PIIREAS, or FREAS, John, an English wri- 
ter of the 14th century. 
PHRYNE, a celebrated courtezan, of Athens, 
the mistress of Prexiteles, 328 B. C. 
PHRYNICUS, a Greek orator, of Bithynia, 
under Commodus. 
PHRYNIS, a musician, of Mitylene, who is 
said to have added two strings to the lyre, 438 
B. C. 
PIA, Philip Nicholas, an eminent chymist, 
and chief surgeon of the hospital at Strasburg; 
he died in 1799. 
PIAZZI, Jerome Bartholomew, a historian 
of the “ Inquisition in Italy,” of which court 
he was formerly a judge; but became after- 
wards a convert to the church of England, and 
died at Cambridge, in 1745. 
PIAZETTA,John Baptist, a celebrated paint- 
er, of Venice, died in 1754. 
PI BRAG. See FAUR. 
PICARD, John, a French ecclesiastic. He 
acquired celebrity as an astronomer, and died 
in 1683. 
P1CART, Bernard, a very famous French en- 
graver ; he died in 1733, aged 60. 
PICART, Michael, professor of philosophy 
and poetry, at Altorf, died in 1620. 
PICCINI, Nicholas, an eminent musical com- 
poser, of Naples, died in 1S00. 
PICCOLOMINI, James, an Italian, made car- 
dinal by Pius II., was author of a history of his 
own times, and died in 1479. 
PICCOLOMINI, Alexander, an Italian, and 
archbishop of Patras, the author of dramatic 
pieces, &c., was the first who used the Italian 
language in philosophical subjects; he died in 
1578. 
PICCOLOMINI, Francis, of the same family, 
wrote Commentaries on Aristotle, and died in 
1604. 
PICIIEGRU, Charles, a distinguished French 
general, bom at Arbois, in 1761. lie subjugated 
Holland; was exiled to Cayenne, whence he 
escaped to England. He returned to Paris, in 
1804, where he was imprisoned, and died on 
the 6th of April. 
PICHON, John, a French jesuit, and author, 
| died in 1751. 
PICHOT, Peter, a physician of eminence ai 
Bourdeaux, in the 16lh century PI 
PICIIOU, N., a French poet, was assassinated 
in 1631. 
PICKERING, John, LL. D., an eminent law- 
yer, of New-Hampshire, was chief judge of 
the supreme court of that state, and afterwards 
judge of the district court of the United States 
for the district of New-Hampshire; he died in 
1805. 
PICTET, Benedict, a native of Geneva, and 
professor of divinity there, was a man of great 
ability, and a pious and vigilant pastor; he died 
in 1726. 
PICUS. See MIRANDULA. 
P1DOU, Francis, lord of St. Olon, a French- 
man, employed as ambassador to Madrid, and 
other courts ; he died in 1720. 
PIERCE, Edward, an eminent English paint- 
er, in the reign of Charles 1. and II.; lie died in 
1715. 
PIERCE, James, an eminent English presby- 
terian divine ; but, in consequence of his be- 
coming an Arian, he was expelled from his con- 
gregation, and died in 1730. 
PIERINO, dr I’JRINO DEL VAGA, a cele- 
brated Italian painter, and disciple of Raphael; 
he died in 1547, aged 47. 
PIERIUS. See VALERIANUS. 
PIERdUIN, John was 40 years minister at 
Chatel, in the diocess of Rheims, wrote several 
works, and died in 1742. 
PIERSON. Christopher, a celebrated painter, 
of the Hague, died in 1714. 
PIERSON, Abraham, a pious and learned 
minister, settled about 1640 at Southampton, 
L. 1., and afterwards in Connecticut. 
PIERSON, Abraham, a distinguished cler- 
gyman, of Connecticut, and first president of 
Yale college, died at Saybrook, in 1707. 
PIETRO 1)1 PETRI, a historical painter, of 
Rome, died in 1716. 
PIETRO DE LA FRANCISCA, a Florentine 
painter and writer, died in 1473. 
PIGALLE, John Baptist, an eminent sculp- 
tor, of Paris, died in 1785. 
PIGANIOL DE LA FORCE, John Aymar 
de, a French geographer of some eminence, died 
in 1753. 
PIGHIUS, Albert, a native of Kampen, and 
author of controversial works against the re- 
formers, died in 1542. 
PIGV''"JS, Stephen Vinand, a very learned 
Gerj| .annalist, born in 1520, and died in 1604. 
PUJNONI, Simon, an eminent Florentine 
painter, died in 1612. 
PIGNOR1US, Laurentius, a learned Italian, 
and an author, died in 1631. 
PIG RAY, Peter, an eminent surgeon, em- 
ployed in the armies of Henry IV. and Lewis 
XII I.; he died in 1613. 
PIKE, Zebulon Montgomery, a brigadier-ge- 
neral of the army of the United States, was 
killed at York, in Upper Canada, in an attack 
upon that place, in 1813. 
PILATE, Pontius, a Roman governor of Ju- 
dea, under whose administration our blessed 
Saviour suffered death. Pilate was removed 
from his government, and exiled to Gaul, where 
he hanged himself, A. D. 37. 
PILATRE DU ROSIER, Francis, a native 
of Metz, and one of the first who ascended in a 
balloon. In 1785, he and his friend, in an as 
cent from Boulogne, were killed, by falling to the 
earth from a height of 1500 feet. 
PILES, Roger de, an eminent French painter, 
and biographer, born in 1635, and died in 1709. 
PILK1NGTON. Laititia, an English wit andt 
n 
poetess, born in Dublin, in 1712, and di*d in 
1750. 
P1LON, Germain, a native of Maine, known 
as an able sculptor and architect, died in 1500. 
PILON, Frederic, an Irishman, who studied 
medicine, which he quitted for the stage. He 
afterwards became an author, and died iu 
1788. 
PILPAY, an Indian bramin, gymnosophist, 
and moral fabulist, flourished 230 11. C. 
PINASUS, Severinus, an eminent surgeon, of 
Paris, and author of a very curious Latin book. 
He died in 1619, aged 69. 
PINAS. John, an eminent painter, of Har- 
laem, in 1696. His brother James also acquired 
celebrity as a painter. 
PINDAR, of Thebes, prince of lyric poets, 
born somewhat above 500 years B. C. The 
grandeur of his poetry and his deep erudition, 
made Plato call him the Wisest, and the Divine; 
Aeschylus, the Great; and Athenaeus, the Most 
Sublime.' 
PINEAU, Gabriel du, of Angers, gained great 
celebrity at Paris as a lawyer, by his genius and 
eloquence. He was so universally respected, 
that he acquired the appellation of Father of 
the People. He died in 1644. 
PINEDA, John, a Spanish jesuit, who taught 
theology and philosophy in several colleges, 
and died in 1637. He wrote “ Commentaries on 
Job,” and a History of the Church. 
PINELLI, John Vincent, an Italian noble- 
man, celebrated for his love of letters, and lot 
the immense and valuable library that he form- 
ed ; he died in 1001, aged 68. 
PINET, Anthony du, a native of Besancon, 
who defended, in the 16th century the protest- 
ant tenets, which he embraced. 
PINET, N., a merchant, of Paris, to whose in- 
trigues was imputed the scarcity of grain iu 
1789. He was murdered the same year. 
PINGERON, I. C., a native of Lyons, and an 
author, died in 1795. 
PINGRE, Alexander Guy, librarian of St. 
Genevieve, celebrated as a philosopher and as- 
tronomer, was the author of various works, and 
died in 1796. 
PINKNEY, William, LL. D., a distinguish 
ed lawyer, of Maryland, was born in 1765. He 
was minister of the United States to the court 
of St. James; attorney-general of the United 
States; a representative in Congress; minister 
to St. Petersburg, and to Naples; and a mem- 
ber of the senate of the United States from Ma- 
ryland. In all these offices, he acquitted him 
self with distinguished ability. He died in 1822. 
PINON, James, of Paris, distinguished at the 
bar for his eloquence and integrity. He died in 
1641. 
PINSON, Richard, a native of Normandy, in 
theserviceof Caxton. He excelled as a printer, 
and printed the Magna Charta, and other books 
and died in 1530. 
PINTOR, Peter, a Spaniard, and physician 
to pope Alexander VII. He was an able 
and died in 1503. 
1’INTURICCIO, Bernardino, the inventor, in 
Italy,of a new way of painting, in the 15th cen- 
tury; he died in 1513, aged 59. 
PIPER, Francis le, an English painter of emi- 
nence, died in 1740. 
PIPER, count, counsellor of state to Charles 
Nil..of Sweden, was taken prisoner by the 
Russians, at the battle of Pultowa, and died in 
imprisonment, in 1716. 
PIRANESI', John Baptist, a celebrated archi  PI ~ 
ect and engraver, born at Venice, about 1711,jj 
tnd died in 1778. 
PIROMALLI, Paul, a Dominican, of Calabria, j 
sent missionary to the East. He was a learned 
man, and died in 1667. 
PIRON, Alexis, a French poet, and very keen 
satirist. He wrote some dramatic pieces, and 
died in 1773, aged 84. 
PISAN, Thomas, an astrologer, of Bologna, 
t is said he died in 1380, the very day he had 
foretold. 
PISAN, Christina de, daughter of the pre- 
ceding, was celebrated for her beauty and wit; 
she wrote “ A History of Charles V.,” and died 
in 1420. 
PISANI, Victor, a Venetian general; he dis- 
tinguished himself against the Genoese and 
Dalmatians, and died in 380. 
PiSCATOR, John Fischer, professor of the- 
ology, at Strasburg, was the author of valuable 
Commentaries on the Bible, and died in 1540. 
l’ISISTRATUS, an Athenian general, who, 
though he seized the sovereign power of his 
country, respected tiie laws and privileges of 
his fellow-citizens, and died 528 B. C. 
ITSO CNEIUS, a Roman consul, was ac- 
cused of poisoning Germanicus, upon which he 
destroyed himself, A. D. 20. 
PISSELEU, Anne de, a woman of great 
beauty, born in Picardy, wife of the duke of 
Etampes, and a courtezan to Francis I. Site 
died in 1576. 
P1STORIUS, John, a lawyer, of Nidda, who 
changed his profession and religion,and became 
counsellor to the emperor of Germany. He died 
in 1608. 
PITAU, Nicolas, a native of emi- 
nent as a painter and engraver, died in 1671. 
PITCAIRNE, Dr. Archibald, a physician and 
poet, born at Edinburgh, in 1652, and died in 
1713. His writings are chiefly medical and ma- 
thematical. 
PITCAIRNE, Dr. William, a very eminent 
English physician, president of the college, and 
F. R. S. He died in 1791, aged 80. 
PITHOU,or PITHCEUS, aFrench gentleman, 
of eminence in the republic of letters, born in 
1539, and died in 1596. He published several 
works, and was the first who made the world 
acquainted with the “Fables of Phatdrus.” 
PITHOU, Francis, of Troyes, procureur-ge- 
neral of the chamber of justice under Henry IV. 
He was a learned and an amiable man, and 
died in 1621. 
P1TISCUS, Samuel, a learned man, horn at 
Zutphen, author of various works, died in 1717. 
PITISCUS, Bartholomew, the learned author 
of “Thesaurus Mathematicus,” died in 1613. 
PITKIN, William, a judge and chief justice 
of the superior court of the colony of Connec- 
ticut ; he died in 1723. 
PITKIN, William, son of the preceding, was 
a judge and chief justice of tiie supreme court 
of Connecticut, and governor of that colony. 
He died in 1769. 
PiTOT, Henry, a celebrated French mathe- 
matician, and friend of the great Reaumur; he 
died in 1771. 
PITS, or PITSEUS, John, an English bio- 
grapher, born in 1560, and died in 1616. 
PITT, Christopher, an elegant English poet, 
and translator of “ Vida,” and “ Virgilwas 
horn in 1699. and died in 1748. 
PITT, William, earl of Chatham, a most 
illustrious English statesman, son of Bobert 
Pitt, esq. He was born in 1708, and died ini 
PL 
'1778. Of lord Chatham, his eloquence was one 
of the most striking characteristics, the music 
and majesty of his voice ; the persuasive grace- 
Iftilnessaud irresistible force of his action ; and 
his power of eye; all carried conviction with 
his argument. 
PITT, William, a celebrated statesman, se- 
cond son of the preceding, was born in 1759. 
His father taught him to argue with logical 
precision, and to speak with eloquence and 
force. At the age of 22, he acceptetl the office 
of chancellor of the exchequer, and under this 
administration, the American war was con- 
cluded. He died in 1806. 
PITTACUS, a native of Mitylene, and one 
of the seven wise men of Greece. He died 579 
B. C. 
PIUS I., St., succeeded to the popedom in 
142, and suffered martyrdom in 157. 
PIUS II., iEneas Sylvius Piccolomini. See 
A5NEAS SYLVIUS. 
PIUS III., Francis Thodeschini, succeeded 
Alexander XI. in the papal chair, in 1503, and 
died 21 days after. 
PIUS IV., John Angelo, cardinal de Medicis, 
brother to the marquis deMarignan, and not of 
the Florence family, succeeded to the popedom 
in 1559, and died in 1565. 
PIUS V., Michael Ghisleri, an Italian, of the 
Dominican order, was elected pope in 1566, and 
died in 1572. Under his auspices the celebrated 
battle of Lepanto was fought, in which the in- 
fidels were dreadfully defeated. 
PIUS VI., John Angelo Braschi, was born in 
1717, and succeeded Clement XIV., as pope, in 
1775; he rendered his name famous by draining 
the Pontine marshes. Buonaparte entered his 
slates, and made him purchase a peace by a 
contribution of several millions. He entered a 
second time, and made the pope a prisoner in 
his capital, carried him over tiie Alps to Va- 
lence, where he died in 1799, of excessive fa- 
tigue. 
PIVATI, John Francis, a Venetian lawyer 
known for his compilation of a Dictionary of 
the Arts and Sciences, 10 vols., in 1746. 
PIX, Mary, a dramatic writer of no mean ta 
lents, in the reign of William III. 
PIZARRO, Francis, a Spanish general, dis 
coverer and conqueror of Peru, in conjunction 
with Diego Almagro, a Spanish navigator. Al- 
magro, for revolting, was beheaded by Pizarro, 
who was assassinated by Almagro’s frieuds, in 
1541. 
P1ZZI, Joachim, a jesuit,of Rome, possessed 
genius as a poet, and vigour as a writer. He 
died in 1790. 
PLACCIUS, Vincent, an able German philo- 
Ioger, and an author, died in 1699. 
PLACE, Francis, an eminent English painter 
and engraver, died in 1728. 
PLACENTINUS, Peter, a German Domini- 
can, and an author, died in 1548. 
PLACETTE, John de la, a French protest- 
ant minister, who, on the revocation of the 
edict of Nantes, retired to Holland, and died in 
11718. 
PLANTIN, Christopher, a celebrated printer, 
I of Antwerp, who carried that art to great per- 
jfaction ; he died in 1598, aged 65. 
| PLANUDES, Maximus, a monk, of Constan- 
tinople, of the 4th century ; he wrote a curious 
|Life of /F.sop. 
| PLATER, George, a delegate to congress, 
from Maryland, judge of the court of appeals, 
and governor of that state; he died in 179-1 PO 
PLATINA, Bartholomew Sacchi, a learned 
Italian, and author of a History of the Popes, 
from St. Peter to Sextus IV. ; he died in 1481, 
ag. d 60. 
PLATO, a most illustrious philosopher of an- 
tiquity, died at Athens, 348 B. C., aged 81. His 
writings are very valuable; his language beau- 
tiful and correct; and his philosophy sublime. 
l’L A TOFF, count, hetman of the Cossacks 
in the service of Russia; he assisted in over- 
turning the seemingly invincible power of Buo- 
naparte ; he died, venerable in years and in ho- 
nours, in 1818. 
PLAUTUS, Marcus Accius, a comic writer, 
in Italy. He died about 184 B. C. 
PLAYFAIR, John, D. D., born near Dundee, 
In 1749, was professor of mathematics at Edin- 
burgh. He wrote on several subjects, and died 
in 1819. 
PLAYFORD, John, born in 1613, published 
an “ Introduction to the Skill of Music,” which 
succeeded so well as to go through many edi- 
tions. He died about 1693. 
PLEMPIUS, Vopiscus Fortunatus, a native 
of Amsterdam, and professor of medicine at 
Louvain ; lie died in 1671. 
PLESSIS RICHELIEU. See RICHELIEU. 
PLINY, Caius Secundus, the Elder, one of 
tile most learned of the ancient Roman wri- 
ters, born at Verona, about A. D. 23. He was 
suffocated by the sulphurous smoke of Mount 
Vesuvius, in his friend’s house near it, A. D. 79. 
He left a “ Natural History,” in 37 books. 
PLINY, Caicilius Secundus, the Younger, ne- 
phew of Hie preceding, born A. D.62, and died in 
113. He was an eminent lawyer and an elo- 
quent speaker. lie attained the dignity of con- 
sul, under Trajan, whose panegyric he pronoun- 
ced in the senate. 
PLOT, Dr. Robert, an eminent English phi- 
losopher and naturalist, died in 1696, aged 55. 
PLOTINUS, an illustrious Platonic philoso- 
pher. He died in 270, aged 66. 
PLOWDEN, Edmund, an eminent serjeant- 
at-law. He died in 1584, aged 67. 
PLUC-HE, Antony, a French writer on na- 
tural history. His “ Spectacle de la Nature,” 
is known to all the world. In English it is 
called “ Nature Displayed.” He died in 1761, 
aged 93. 
PLUKENET, Leonard, a well known Eng- 
lish botanist, and author, died in 1705. 
PLUMIER, Charles, a famous French bota- 
nist, employed by Lewis XIV. to visit the West 
Lillies in search of curious plants. He died in 
1706. 
PLUQUET, Francis Andrew, a native of 
Bayeux, arid professor of history at Paris. He 
was an able writer, and an elegant lecturer, and 
died in 1790. 
PLUTARCH, a great philosopher and histo- 
rian of antiquity, was born in Greece. His 
works have been divided into “ Lives” and 
“Morals;” and treasures of learning, wisdom, 
and history may be found in them. He died 
about A. D. 140. 
PLTJVINEL, Antony, grand chamberlain to 
Henry IV., of France, and his ambassador to 
Holland ; he died in 1620. 
POCAHONTAS, an Indian princess,celebra- 
ted in the annals of Virginia, for her heroic at- 
tachment to the colonists She married Mr. 
Kollo, an English gentleman, and from them 
are descended some of the most respectable fa- 
milies in Virginia. She died in England, in ; 
1616. 
PO 
. POCOCK, sir George, k. B., a gallant Englisn 
admiral, who immortalized his memory by the 
capture of the Havana, and by many other 
important services; lie died in 1792, aged 8d. 
POCOCKE, Dr. Edward, a most learned En- 
glish critic and commentator, and famous, par- 
ticularly, for his great skill in the oriental lan- 
guages; he died 1691, aged 87 
POCOCKE, Dr. Richard, bishop of Meath, 
in Ireland, and celebrated for his travels, of 
which he published an account in a Description 
of the East, with observations on Palestine. He 
died in 1765, aged 61. 
POERSON, Charles Francis, of Paris, an 
eminent painter, died in 1725. 
POGGIO BRACCIOLINI, John Francis, a 
Florentine, of great parts and learning. He wrote 
“ Moral Pieces, Orations, Letters,” and a His- 
tory of Florence. He died in 1459, aged 79. 
POILLY, Francis, a French engraver of great 
reputation, died in 1693. 
POINSINET, Anthony Alexander Henry, a 
I French dramatic writer, died in 1769. 
POIRET, Peter, a mystic enthusiast,of Moti, 
became minister of Heidelberg, and died in 
1719. 
POIRIER, Germain, a nalive of Paris, and a 
Benedictine, was a member of the national in- 
stitute, and died in 1803. 
POIS, Anthony le, professor to Charles III., 
duke of Lorraine; he was well skilled in anti 
quities, and died in 1578. 
POIS, Nicolas le, brother of Anthony, emi 
nent as a physician, and the author of valuable 
medical tracts, republished in 1736. 
POISLE, John, a counsellor in the parlia- 
ment of Paris, who acquired riches by his bri- 
bery and corruption, which procured his disgrace 
in 1582. 
POISSON, Nicholas Joseph, a French priest, 
admired for his eloquence; he was the friend 
of Descartes, and died in 1710. 
POISSON, Raymond, son of a mathemati- 
cian at Paris, was one of the first comedians 
of the French stage, and died in 1690. 
POISSON, Paul, son of the preceding, was 
eminent also as a comedian, and died in 1735. 
POiSSONNIER, Peter Isaac, a French phy 
sician, who acquired such reputation as a ntedi 
cal man, that he was sent to the court of Russia 
He died in 1797. 
POITIERS,Diana de, dutchess of V alentinois 
was sole mistress of Henry II. of France, and 
of the kingdom for many years. She died in 
1586. 
POIVRE, :N., went as missionary to China. 
After his return, he was employed by the go- 
vernment, and died in 1786. 
POLAN, Amand, a native of Silesia, and 
professor of theology at Basil, died in 1610. 
POLE, Reginald, cardinal, an eminent states- 
man, and archbishop of Canterbury, in the 
reign of queen Mary ; he died in 1558, aged 58. 
POLEMBERG, Cornelius, an eminent Dutch 
painter, died in 1660. 
I’OLEMON, a Greek philosopher, the disciple 
of Xenocrates, died 270 B. C. 
POLENI, John Marquis of Padua, eminent 
|as a professor of astronomy, and mathematics, 
died in 1761. 
| POLI, Martin, a distinguished professor of 
chymistry at Rome, died in 1714. 
i POLIDORO, 11a Caravaggio, an eminent 
i Italian painter, was assassinated by his servant, 
|in 1543, aged 4^. 
1 POLIER, Charles le, a native of Lausanne, 
344 PO 
was tutor to lord Tyrone’s children, and died in 
Ireland, in 1782. 
POLIGNAC, Melchior de, a great statesman, 
of France, under Louis XIV., and a cardinal; 
he died in 1741, aged 79. 
POLINIF.RE, Peter, a native of Coulonce, 
known as a mathematician, philosopher and 
chymist, was the first who read lectures, on those! 
sciences at Paris. He died in 1734. 
POLITI, Alexander, an Italian, professor of 
eloquence and Greek, at Pisa, he died in 1752. 
POLITIANO, Angelo, a most ingenious and 
learned historian, critic and poet, born in Tus- 
cany, in 1454, ami died in 1494. 
POLLIO, Cains Asinius, a celebrated Roman, 
the friend of Virgil and Horace, died A. II. 4. 
POLLOCK, Thomas, an eminent citizen of j 
North-Carolina, and for several years at the 
head of the colonial administration there ; he 
died about 1722. 
POLLUX, Julius, an Egyptian, in the reign 
of Commodus, and the author of “ A Greek 
Vocabulary.” 
POL YrENUS,a Macedonian, author of “ Stra- 
tagems of illustrious Commanders in War.” 
died in 164. 
POLYBIUS, an ancient Greek universal 
historian, born in Arcadia, about 200 B. C. He 
died at 82 years of age. 
POLYCARP, bishop of Smyrna, at the end 
of the 1st century, a disciple of St. John the 
Evangelist. He was burnt at Smyrna, A. D. 
167. 
POLYCLETUS, a sculptor, born at Sicyon. 
He flourished about 230 B. C. 
POLYDORE. See VIRGIL. 
POLYGNOTUS, a celebrated Greek paint- 
er, of Rhodes. 
POLYIIISTOR, or ALEXANDER CORNE- 
LIUS, author of a “Universal History,” flou- 
rished about 80 B. C. 
PQMBAL, Sebastian Joseph Carvalho, mar- 
quis de, a famous Portuguese minister of state; 
he died in 1782, aged 85. 
POMET, Peter, a druggist, of Paris, known 
to the world as the author of a “ General His- 
tory of Drugs;” he died in 1699, aged 41. 
POMEY, Francis, a jesuit, of Lyons, author of 
“A French and Latin Dictionary,” and other 
works; he died in 1673. 
POMFRET, John, an English divine, and a 
poet of considerable merit; he died in 1703, 
aged 36. 
POMPADOUR, Jane Antoinette Poisson, 
marchioness of, a beloved mistress of Louis XV. 
She died in 1764. aged 44. 
POMPEY, Cneius the Great, the renowned 
rival of Julius Ctesar. Being defeated by him, 
at the battle of Pharsalia, he fled to Egypt, 
where he was basely assassinated 48 B. C. 
POMP1GNAN, John James le Franc, mar- 
quis of, a French poet, little inferior to Racine. 
He pronounced a discourse in favour of Christ- 
ianity, before the French academy, in 1760, 
which drew upon him the ridicule of his associ- 
ates. He died in 1784, highly esteemed. 
POMPIGNAN, John George le Franc de, a 
learned French prelate, and brother of the pre-J 
ceding. He wrote various works, and died in 1790.! 
PAMPONATIUS, Peter, an eminent philo- 
lopher, born at Mantua, in 1462, and died in 
1525. He was almost a dwarf, yet possessed an 
exalted eenius. 
POMPONIUS. See MELA. 
POMPONIUS LrETUS, Julius, a learned phi- 
losopher, born it. *425, and died in 1495. j 
ro 
| PONA, John Baptist, an Italian, and the au 
itlior of several works, died in 1588. 
i PONA, Francis, a physician, of Verona, and 
jan author, died in 105i2. 
! PON1ATOWSKI. See STANISLAUS AU 
IGUSTUS. 
| PONS, John Francis de, a French ecclesiastic, 
of an illustrious family, was a learned author, 
and died in 1732. 
| PONT, Lewis du, a Spanish jesuit, whose 
meditations itave been published. lie died in 
1624. 
| PONT DE VESLE, Antony de Ferriol, count 
[ tie, a comic writer, was made intendant-general 
of Marine, and died in 1774. 
PONTANUS, John Jovian, a learned Italiaiv 
; was preceptor and secretary to Alphonso o. 
Arragon, and died in 1503. 
PONTANUS,or DUPONT,Peter, agramma- 
rian, of Bruges, though deprived of sight at the 
age of 3, he acquired great reputation as a 
teacher of belles lettres, at Paris, where he died 
in the 16th century. 
PONTANUS, James, a Bohemian jesuit, who 
taught belles lettres in Germany with great repu- 
tation, and died in 1626. 
| PONTANUS, John Isaac, historiographer to 
the king of Denmark, was the author of various 
i works, and died in 1640. 
j PONTAS, John, a learned French ecclesias- 
tic, and author, died in 1728. 
! PONTCHASTEAU, Sebastian Joseph de 
Cambout, baron de, a French author, nearly al- 
;lied to Richelieu. His acts of charity and de- 
jvotion were singular. He died in 1699. 
! PONTEDERA, Julian, pfttfessor of botany at 
Padua, and author of various works, died in 
1757. 
j PONTHIEU, Adelaide, a French lady, whose 
| adventures during the crusades under St. Louis, 
|have furnished a subject for a romance, a trage- 
idy and an opera. 
PONTOPP1DAN, Eric, a Danisb divine, who 
became bishop of Bergen, in Norway, died in 
1750. 
PONTORMO, James, a Floientine painter of 
eminence, died in 1556. 
I POOL, Rachel Van, a Dutch female painterof 
eminence, died in 1750. Her husband, Julian 
Pool, was also eminent in portraits, and died in 
1745. 
POOLE, Matthew, an English non-conformist 
minister, and celebrated critic and casuist, died 
in 1079, aged 55. He was author of several 
|useful works. 
i POPE, sir Thomas, an English statesman un- 
der Henry VIII., and Mary; memorable as the 
founder of Trinity College, Oxford; he died in 
11258, aged 50. 
| POPE, Alexander, a celebrated English poet 
land epistolary writer, born in 1688, and died in 
1744. 
POPHAM, sir Home Riggs, a distinguished 
English*naval officer; he died in 1820. 
POPHAM, sir John, an eminent English judge, 
was born in 1531; made chief justice of the 
King’sBench, in 1592; published “ Reports” and 
“ Cases” in the reign of Elizabeth, and died in 
1607. 
POPPLE, William, an English dramatic wri- 
ter, died in 1764. 
PORDAGE, John, an English enthusiast,dur 
ing the civil wars, died in 1670. 
PORDENONE, John Anthony Licinio, a 
celebrated Italian painter, and rival of the great 
Titian, died in 1540. Ills nephew, called the 
345 PO 
younger Pordenone. was also eminent in Hie art, 
and died in 1570. 
POREE, Charles, a French jesuit, and very 
great genius, born in 1675, and died in 1741. 
He was eloquent; a beautiful poet; and had a 
peculiar faculty of inspiring his pupils with the 
love of learning and virtue. He wrote several 
orations, comedies and tragedies, in Latin. 
PORPHYRY, of Tyre, a Platonic philosopher, 
of great fame among the ancients, born at Tyre, 
A. D. 233, and died at Rome, in 304. 
PORSENNA, king of Etruria, famous for his 
siege of Rome, in order to restore the exiled 
king Tarquin the Proud ; he died 506 B. C. 
PORSON, Richard, professor of the Greek 
language, in the University of Cambridge, was 
born in 1759; had the reputation of being the 
best Greek scholar in England ; yet his learning 
scarcely produced him a living. He died in 
1808. 
PORTA, Joseph, a native of Castel-Nuovo, 
celebrated as a painter, died in 1585. 
PORTA, John Baptist, a Neapolitan, of great 
learning, who invented the camera obscura. 
He wrote several works, and died in 1515. 
PORTA, Simon, or PORTIUS, a Neapolitan, 
distinguished for his learning, was professor of 
philosophy at Pisa, and died in 1554. 
PORTE, Joseph de la, a French author of va- 
rious works, died in 1779. 
PORTE, Peter de la, a domestic in the ser- 
vice of Louis XIV. He was concerned in the 
court intrigues, sent to the bastile, and died in 
16-1(1. 
PORTER, Francis, an Irishman, educated in 
France, afterwards divinity professor at Rome, 
and author of several works, died in 1702. 
PORTER, John, a clergyman, of Bridgewa- 
ter. Mass., and author of sermons; he died in 
,1802. 
PORTE3, Philip des, a French poet, who was! 
liberally rewarded by the monarchs of France 
for lus poetical works. He was an eminent 
friend of learned men, and died in 1606. 
PORTEUS, Dr. Beilby, bishop of London, 
was born in 1731, and died in 1809. His single 
sermons and charges are numerous, and his 
“ Lectures,” at St. James’ church, are well 
known. 
PORTU3, Francis, a native of Candia, edu- 
cated at the court of Hercules II., of Ferrara, 
lie taught the Greek language, embraced the 
protestant faith, and died in 1581. His son, 
VEinilius, was also an able Greek scholar. 
POltUS, a renowned king of India, con- 
quered by Alexander the Great, who was so 
charmed by his undaunted valour and fortitude, 
that he restored him his dominions, and became 
his ally. 
POS1D1PPUS, a comic poet, of Cassandra, 
flourished about 530 B. C. 
POSIDONIUS, an astronomer, of Alexandria, 
lived in the age of Fonipev. Another, a stoic 
philosopher, of Rhodes, lived 30 B. C. 
POSSEVIN, Antony, a jesuit, of Mantua, 
was distinguished as a preacher, and employed 
by the pope in embassies to different courts; he 
died in 1611. 
POST, Francis, an eminent painter, of Haer- 
lem, died in 1680. 
POSTEL, William, a French visionary, sent 
to the East by Francis I., to collect MSS He 
was afterwards professor royal of mathematics, 
and died in a monastery, in 1581. 
POSTHUMUS, Mar. Cass. Latienus, a Ro- 
man general, was made emperor, in 261, but 
PO ’ 
| was murdered, together with his sow, by his re- 
j hellions soldiers, in 267. 
POSTLETHWAYTE, Malachi, author of a 
much esteemed Commercial Dictionary, died in 
1707. 
POTAMON, a pliilosopher, of Alexandria, in 
the age of Augustus. 
POTE, Joseph, a respectable printer and book- 
seller, at Eton, and editor of several learned 
and valuable works; he died in 1787. 
POTEMKIN, Gregory Alexander, a Russian 
prince, descended from a Polish family. He 
was the favourite of the empress Catherine, 
and her war minister, and died in 1781. 
POTENGER, John, an English poet, and 
miscellaneous writer, died in 17113, aged 80. 
POTER, Paul, an eminent Dutch painter 
died in 1054 
POTT, John Henry, a learned German chy 
mist, author of several works published in 173? 
and 1741. 
POTT, John, a physician, was at the head of 
the administration of Virginia, in 1028, during 
the absence of the governor of the colony. 
POTT, Percival, F. R. S., a very eminent 
English surgeon ; he died in 1788, aged 75. 
POTTER, Christopher, an English divine, 
was distinguished for his loyalty during the civil 
wars, and died in 1646. 
POTTER, Francis, an English divine, emi- 
nent also as a painter, died in 1678. 
POTTER, Dr. John, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, a celebrated antiquary, critic, historian, 
and theological writer; he died in 1747, aged 73. 
POTTER, Robert, prebendary of Norwich 
cathedral, was born in 1721. A great part of 
his life was employed in the translation into 
English of the three great writers of the Greek 
drama. His translations are justly admired. 
He died in 1804. 
POUCHARD, Julian, a Frenchman, Greek 
professor in the royal college at Paris, died in 
1705. 
POUGET, Francis Ante, an able French di- 
vine, and doctor of the Sorbonne, died in 1723. 
POULLE, Lewis, preacher to the king, and 
abbe of Nogent. He was celebrated for his elo- 
quence, and also for his poetry; he died in 1781 
POUPART, Francis, a native of Mans, who 
studied philosophy at Paris, wrote several works, 
and died in 1709. 
POURBUS, Peter and Francis, father and son, 
two celebrated Flemish painters; the former died 
in 1583, the latter in 1622. 
POURCHOT, Edine, a Frenchman, and pro- 
fessor of philosophy at Paris, died in 1734. 
POURFOUR, Francis, a French physician, 
and a skilful herbalist, died in 1741. 
POUSSIN, Gaspar, a painter, whose land- 
scapes are much admired, died in 1675. 
POUSSIN, Nicolas, an eminent French land- 
scape and historical painter, born in Normandy 
in 1594, and died in 1665. 
POVVEL, David, a learned Welchman, the 
author of various works ; he died in 1590. 
POWELL, George, an eminent English ac- 
tor, and a dramatic writer; he died in 1714. 
POWELL, William Samuel, a learned Eng- 
lish divine, and theological writer, born in 1717, 
and died in 1775. 
POWELL, Foster, a celebrated English pe 
destrian; he died in indigence, in 1793. 
POWELL, John Joseph, an English barrister, 
a writer of some eminence on “ The Law of 
Mortgages,” <fcc.; he died in 1801. 
I POWHATAN, a powerful Indian chief in PR 
Virginia, notorious for his hostility to the Eng- 
lish. He was tile father of Pocahontas ; and, on 
her marriage, became reconciled to the whites, 
ami died in 1618. 
POWNALL, Thomas, an English antiquary, 
born in 1722, and died in 1805. He was called 
governor Pownall, having been governor of 
South Carolina, and other American colonies. 
POYET, William, a native of Angers, and 
chancellor of France, in 1538. He was dis- 
graced in 1545, and died in 1548. 
POYNINGS, sir Edward, a gentleman, of 
Kent, employed in the government of Ireland 
by Henry VII., where he displayed great courage 
and wisdom. • In the succeeding reign he was 
appointed governor of Tournay, in Flanders. 
POZZO, Andrew, a native of Trent, eminent 
as a painter and architect, died in 1709. 
POZZO, Modesta. See FONTE MODE- 
UATA. 
PRADON, Nicolas, a French poet, who af- 
fected to rival Racine ; he died in 1698. 
PRATT, Ephraim, of Plymouth, Mass., noted 
for longevity. He died in 1804, aged 116. He 
could then number nearly 1500 descendants. 
PRATT, Samuel Jackson, an English miscel- 
laneous writer, author of poems, novels, and 
some dramatic works; he died in 1814. 
PRATT, Benjamin, an eminent lawyer, of 
Massachusetts, and afterwards chief justice of 
the colony of New-York ; he died in 1763. 
PRATT, right hon. Charles, earl Camden, a 
most eminent English lawyer and statesman, 
born in 1713. In 1759, he was appointed attor- 
ney-general ; in 1762, he was called to the degree 
of serjeant-at-law, appointed chief justice of 
the common pleas, and knighted. His lordship 
presided in that court with a dignity, weight, 
and impartiality never exceeded by any of his 
predecessors; and, when John Wilkes, esq., 
was seized and committed to the Tower, on an 
illegal general warrant, his lordship, with the 
intrepidity of a British magistrate, and the be- 
coming fortitude of an Englishman, granted him 
a habeas corpus, and, on his being brought be- ■ 
fore the court of common pleas, discharged himj 
from his confinement in the Tower, in 1763, inj 
a speech that did him honour. His wise and 
spirited behaviour on this remarkable occasion | 
was so acceptable to the nation, that the city of 
London presented him with the freedom of their 
corporation in a gold box, and desired his pic- | 
ture, which was put up in Guildhall, with this j 
inscription:— 
Ilanc Iconem 
Caroli Pratt, Eq. 
Summi Judicis C. B. 
In Honorem tanti Viri, 
Anglic® Libertatis Lege 
Assertoris fidi. 
P. a. L. 
In Curia Municipal! 
Poni Jusserunt 
Nono. kal. Mart. A. D. MDCCLXIV. 
Gulielino Bridgen, Ar. Pr®. Urb. 
The corporations of Dublin, Bath, Exeter, and ' 
Norwich, paid him the like compliment. He | 
was created a peer of Great Britain, by the title 
of lord Camden, baron Camden in the county : 
of Kent; and July 30. 1766, he was appointed 
lord high chancellor of Great Britain. He con- i 
ducted himself in this high office so as to obtain 
the love and esteem of all parties; but when 
tiie taxation of America was In agitation, he:j 
PR 
declared himself against it, and, strongly oppos- 
ing it, was removed from his station, in 1770. 
He was appointed president of the council in 
1782, and resigned this office in March, 1783; 
but soon after resumed it, and held it till his 
death, 1794. 
PR AX AGORAS, a Greek historian, of Athena 
about 135. 
l’RAXEAS, author of a heresy, in the 2d 
century. 
PRAXITELES, a famous Greek sculptor, 
about 364 B. C. 
PREBLE, Edward, a captain in the Ameri- 
can navy, distinguished for his services and suc- 
cesses against the emperor of Morocco and the 
Bey of Tripoli, in 1803-4 ; he died in 1807. 
PREMONTVAL, Peter le Guay de, a mem- 
ber of the academy of sciences at Berlin, and 
author of various works ; he died in 1767. 
PRESTON, Dr. Thomas, an English drama- 
tic writer, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, died 
master of Trinity-hall, Cambridge, in 1598. 
PRESTON, John, master of Emanuel college, 
Cambridge, was an able writer in favour of the 
puritans, and died in 1628. 
PRESTRE LE. See VAUBAN. 
PRETI, Jerome, a native of Tuscany, dis- 
tinguished as a poet, died in 1626. 
PREVILLE, Peter Lewis Dubus de, a very 
eminent French comic actor, and the intimate 
friend of Garrick, was born in 1706, ar.d died 
in 1800. 
PREVOT D’EXILES, Antony Francis, a 
French writer, was educated among the Jesuits, 
but entered the army. He translated Richard- 
son’s novels into French, and died in 1763. 
PRIAM, the famous king of Troy, was slain 
by Pyrrhus 1184 B. C. 
PR.IC.7EUS, or PRICE, John, an Englishman, 
who became a Roman catholic, and Greek pro- 
fessor at Florence. He died in 1676. 
PRICE, sir John, an Englishman,well skilled 
in antiquities. He wrote a defence of British 
history in answer to Polydore Virgil, and died 
in 1553. 
PRICE, Rev. Dr. Richard, an eminent dis 
senting minister, universally known and ccle 
brated for his great abilities in arithmetical cal 
dilations, and for very numerous and valuable 
writings, theological, moral, and scientific ; he 
died in 1791, aged 68. 
[ PRICHARD, Rees, a native of Llandovery, 
jin Wales, was a poet, and rector of his native 
village ; he died in 1644. 
I PRIDEAUX, John, an English prelate, who, 
(from a kitchen boy, rose to the see of Worces- 
ter. He died in 1650. 
PRIDEAUX, Dr. Humphrey, an English di- 
jvine. historian, and critic, born in 1648, and died 
jin 1724. He was the autiior of several works. 
PRIE, N. de Bertolet, marchioness, an in- 
triguing female, and favourite of Bourbon, the 
prime minister of France ; she died in 1727. 
I PRIESTLEY, Dr. Joseph, a very celebrated 
dissenting clergyman, and a polemical and philo- 
sophical writer; he died in 1804. aged 71. 
| PRIEIJR, Philip, professor of belles lettresin 
the university at Paris, died in 1680 
1 PRIMATICCIO, Francesco, an eminent Ita- 
lian painter, who was extremely skilful in stuc- 
|co and basso relievo, and excelled chiefly in 
battle pieces ; he died in 1570, aged 80. 
j PR1MEROSE, Gilbert, a Scotch divine, and 
chaplain to James I.; he wrote various works, 
and died in 1642. 
j PRINCE DE BEAUMONT, madame le, a  PR 
French lady, long engaged in education,in Eng- 
land ; she died in 1780. 
PRINCE, John, an English divine, and an 
author, died in 1720. 
PRINCE, Thomas, one of the early settlers 
of Plymouth, came from England, in 1621, and 
was afterwards governor of Plymouth colony. 
He died in 1673. 
PRINCE, Thomas, an eminent American 
clergyman, settled at Boston ; he was author of 
a Chronological History of New-Engiand, and 
made large collections for a history of the coun- 
try. He died in 1758. 
PRINCE, Nathan, brother of the preceding, 
an eminent mathematicianand classical scholar, 
died in 1748 
PRINGLE, sir John, an eminent physician 
and medical writer, and president of the Royal 
Society, was born in 1707, and died in 1782. 
PRIOLO, Benjamin, author of a Latin histo- 
ry of France, from 1643 to 1664; he was the 
friend and associate of the duke de Rohan, and 
lied in 1667. 
PRIOR, Matthew, an eminent English poet 
and statesman, born in 1664. After having oc- 
cupied many high diplomatic posts and lucrative 
employments, he died fellow of St. John’s col- 
lege, Cambridge, in 1721. 
PR1SC1ANUS, an eminent grammarian of 
antiquity, born at Ca:sarea, but went to Con- 
stantinople, where he taught the principles of 
his art, and was in the highest repute, about the 
year 525. 
PR1SCILLIAN, a Spaniard, who became the 
chief of a sect in the 4th century, was beheaded 
in 384. 
PRITCHARD, Hannah, an eminent English 
actress, who excelled both in tragedy and com- 
edy ; she died in 1768, aged 57. 
PRITZ, or PRITIUS, John George, a pro- 
testant divine, professor of divinity, at Grips- 
walde, and one of the ministers of Frankfort, 
died in 1732. 
PROBUS, M. Aurel. Valer , a general, made 
emperor of Rome, in 276. He was successful 
against the Barbarians, but was murdered by 
his own soldiers, in 282. 
PROCACCINI, Camillo, a celebrated painter, 
of Bologna, died in 1626. His brother Julius, 
who died the same year, was celf Orated in the 
same art. 
PROCLUS, an eminent philosopher among 
the later Platonists, born at Constantinople, in 
410, and died in 485. 
PROCLUS, St., the disciple of Chrysostom, 
and patriarch of Constantinople, died in 447. 
PROCOPIUS, an ancient Greek historian, of 
Byzantium, who flourished in the 6th century. 
His history commences toward the end of the 
reign of Auastasius, emperor of the East, in 
407, and is carried down to the year 649. 
PROCOPIUS, a Greek historian, patronised 
by Belisarius and Justinian. 
PROCOPIUS, a Greek sophist, of Gaza, A. D. 
560. 
PRODICUS, a sophist of Cos, about 396, 
B. C. Socrates and Euripides attended his lec- 
tures at Athens. 
PROMETHEUS, the son of Japhet, and a 
great warrior, supposed to have been the first 
discoverer of the art of striking fire by flint and 
steel, which gave rise to the fable of his stealing 
fire from heaven. He flourished 1687 B. C. 
PltONAPlDES, a Greek poet, said to have 
been the master of Homer. 
PROPERTIUS, Sextus Aurelius, an eminent 
FT 
Roman elegiac poet, born about 59 F 'J.. and 
died 19 B. C. 
PROSPER, St., a Christian writer, of the 5th 
century, the disciple of Augustine, was an able 
advocate of the faith. 
PROTAGORAS, a Greek philosopher, ban- 
ished from Athens, for supporting atheistical 
principles. He died about 400 B. C. 
PROTOGENES, a famous painter, of Rhodes, 
cotemporary and companion oX Apelles, about 
300 B. C. 
PROVENZALE, Marcello, an eminent Ita 
lian painter, died in 1039. 
PRUDENT1US, Aur. Clement., a Spaniard, 
distinguished as an advocate and a poet. His 
Latin poems were published in 1GG7. 
PRUSIAS, a king of Bithynia, at whose 
court, Annibal took refuge. Prusias was put to 
death, 149 B. C. 
PRYNNE, William, an eminent English law- 
yerand voluminous writer, much distinguished 
in the civil commotions under Charles I., born 
in 1000. He published several books against 
what he thought the enormities of the age, and 
concerning the doctrine and discipline of the 
church. His “ Histriomastix,” which came out 
in 1632, giving great oll'ence to the court, he was 
committed prisoner to the Tower, and sentenced 
by the star-chamber to be fined 5000/. to the 
king, expelled the university of Oxford, and 
Lincoln’s-Inn, degraded from his profession of 
the law, to stand in the pillory and lose his ears, 
to have his book publicly burnt before his face, 
and to remain prisoner during life; the former 
part of this sentence was severely put into effect. 
He was, however, afterwards restored to liber 
ty, and held a seat in the house of commons 
till his death, in 1669. His greatest work goes 
under the title of “ Records.’ 
PRZIPCOVIUS, Samuel, a Socinian writer, 
expelled from Poland with his partisans, in 
1658, on account of his opinions. He died in 
1670. 
PSALM AN AZAR,George, the fictitious name 
of a very extraordinary person, born in one of 
the southern provinces of France, and designed 
for a friar; who, after various adventures, 
arrived at London, under the character of a 
Japanese converted to Christianity. lie died in 
1763. 
PSAMMENITUS, a king of Egypt, aftei 
Amasis, 525 B. C. 
PSAMMETICUS, a king of Egypt, win 
shared the sovereign power with eleven othei 
princes. He died 616 B. C. 
PSELLUS, Michael Constantins, a Greek 
writer, who flourished about 1105, was a good 
scholar, and an author. 
PTOLEMY LAGUS, cr SOTER, was one of 
the generals and favourites of Alexander the 
Great. He obtained Egypt as his share of the 
spoils, and died 285 B. C. 
PTOLEMY PIIILADELPHUS, son of the 
preceding, was a zealous patron of learned men, 
and died 246 B. C. 
PTOLEMY EVERGETES, son and succes- 
sor of Philadelphus, was a benevolent prince, 
and died 221 B. C. 
PTOLEMY PIIILOPATER, son of Ever- 
getes, died 204 B. C. 
PTOLEMY EPIPHANES, succeeded his fa- 
ther Philopater, and was poisoned by his suc- 
cessor Philoinetor, 180 B. C. 
PTOLEMY PIIILOMETOR, the nmrdere. 
of Epiphanes, was slain in battie, 146 B. C. 
PTOLEMY PHYSCON, succeeded bis bro ~ PU 
ther Philoirietor. He was tyrannical in his go- 
vernment, and died 116 B. C. 
PTOLEMY LATHYBUS, succeeded bis fa- 
ther Physcon, but was banished, and Lis bro- 
ther Alexander placed on the throne,after whose 
death he regained his power, and died 81 B. C. 
PTOLEMY AULETES, illegitimate son and 
successor of Lathyrus, died 51 B. C. 
PTOLEMY DIONYSIUS, sou of Auletes, 
married his sister Cleopatra, and murdered liis 
benefactor Pompey. He was drowned, 46 B. C. 
PTOLEMY, Claudius, a great geographer, 
mathematician, and astronomer, of antiquity, 
was born in Egypt, about A. D. 138, and flour- 
ished in tile reigns of Adrian and Marcus An- 
toninus. 
PUBLIUS SYRUS, a Syrian slave, set at 
liberty by Lis master, distinguished himself as a 
poet, 44 B. C. 
PUCCI, Francis, a noble Florentine. After 
changing his religious opinions several times, be 
was taken, while a protestant, and burnt at 
Rome, as a heretic, in 1600. 
PUFFENDORF, Samuel de, an eminent Ger- 
man civilian and historian, born in 1631, and 
died in 1694. Very numerous are the works of 
this learned and excellent mat»; but the most 
important, and what will immortalize his name 
is his treatise “ De Jure Natuia; et Gentium 
it is indeed a body of the law of nature and 
nations well digested, and, as some think, pre- 
ferable to Grotius’ book “ De Jure Belli et Pa- 
cis,” since the same subjects are treated in a 
more extensive manner, and with greater order. 
His other works are chiefly polemic. 
PUGATSCHEFF, Yemelka, a Cossack, who 
laid claim to the Russian throne, as the real Pe- 
ter III. He was taken and beheaded in 1775. 
PUGET, Peter Paul, one of the greatest pain- 
ters that France ever produced, born in 1623, 
am! died in 1694. 
PULASKI, count, a noble and distinguished 
Pole, who, after making great, but unsuccessful 
efforts for the freedom of Lis own country, of- 
fered his services to the United States, during 
tile revolution, and was appointed a brigadier- 
general in the American army. He waswound- 
at Savannah, and died soon after, in 1779. 
PULOHERIA, St., daughter of Arcadius, as- 
cended the throne with her brother. She was 
a patroness of learned men, was devout and ex- 
emplary in her conduct, and died in 454. 
PULCI, Lewis, an Italian poet, of a noble 
family of Florence, died in 1487. 
PUL1GO, or PUGLJO, Dominico, an eminent 
Italian portrait, painter, died in 1527. 
PULMANNUS, Theodore, properly POEL- 
MAN, a Dutch scholar, and an able critic, died 
in 1580. 
PULTENEY, William, earl of Bath, a cele- 
brated English senator and statesman, born in 
1682, died in 1764. He for many years lived in 
the very focus of popularity, and was respected 
as tlie chief bulwark against the encroachments 
of the crown : but, from the moment he ac- 
cepted a title, all his favour with the people was 
at au end ; and the rest of Lis life was spent in 
contemning tliat applause which he could tio 
loneer secure. 
PULTENEY, Richard, a celebrated English 
physician, the author of several works; lie died 
in 1801. 
PUNTORMO, Giacomo, an Italian painter, 
n hose pieces are much admired : he died iu 1558. 
PUllBACH, George, a learned German, emi- 
nent as a divine and philosopher died in 1462 
QU __ _ 
PURCELL, Henry, a very eminent English 
musician and composer, born in 1658, and died 
in 1695. 
PURCHAS, Samuel, alearned English divine, 
and compiler of a valuable collection of voy- 
ages; lie died in 1628, aged 51. 
PURVER, Antony, an Englishman, an extra- 
ordinary character, whose parents werequakers. 
He made a translation of the Bible from the 
original, after a labour of 30 years. He was 
highly respected as aquaker preacher, and lied 
in 1777. 
PUTEANUS, Erycius, properly VANDE- 
PUTTE, was born in Guelderland, and an emi 
nent scholar. He succeeded his master in the 
professors’ chair at Louvain, and died in 1646. 
PUTNAM, Israel, a major-general in the 
American army, during the revolution, dis- 
tinguished for his daring intrepidity in the early 
wars with the French and Indians, and during 
the whole revolutionary struggle. He died in 
1790. His reputation as an oflicer, was beyond 
suspicion, and his services were highly appre- 
ciated by Washington and his countrymen. 
PUTSCH1US, Elias, an eminent grammarian, 
of Antwerp, died in 1606. 
PUTTENHAM, George, born about 1530, 
was one of the gentlemen pensioners to queen 
Elizabeth. He died about 1600, leaving among 
other works “ The Art of Poesie ” 
PUY, Peter de, a very learned French anti- 
quary and historian ; he died in 1652, aged 69. 
PUY SEGUR, James deChastenet, lord of, a 
celebrated French general, who served his coun- 
j try 43 years, and died in 1682. 
PYE, Henry James, born in London, in 1745, 
was appointed poet Laureate, in 179-0, and in 
1792, one of the police magistrates ; he died in 
1813; and left many poems. 
PYLE, Thomas, M. A., a learned divine, 
born in 1674; he wrote much esteemed para- 
phrases on various parts of the Old and New 
Testament. He died in 1757. 
PYM, John, a celebrated English republican, 
distinguished for his virulence against Charles 1. 
He died in 1643. 
PYNAKER, Adam, a celebrated Dutch paint- 
er, died in 1673. 
PYRRHO, an eminent phifosopher, born at 
i Elis, flourished in the time of Alexander, about 
j the 110th Olympiad ; he was a sceptic. 
PYRRHUS, a king of Epirus, celebrated ns 
the friend and ally of the Tarentines. He was 
killed at Argos, 272 B. C. 
PYTHAGORAS, one of the greatest philoso- 
phers of antiquity, born at Samos, about 590, 
and died 497 B. C. His “ Golden Verses” are 
well known, and have been frequently pub- 
lished. 
PYTHEAS, a Greek philosopher, in the age 
of Aristotle. His discoveries about the differ- 
ent length of the days in various climates, ap- 
peared astonishing to the philosophers of his 
age. 
PYTHEUS, a rhetorician, of Athens, known 
as the rival of the great Demosthenes. 
a 
QUADRATUS, a disciple of the Apostles, and 
bishop of Athens, who composed an “ Apology 
for the Christian Faith,” and, presenting it to 
the emperor,stopped the persecution against the 
Christians, A. D. 125. 
QUA DRIO, Francis Xavier, a jesuit. who be- 
come a secular priest by consent of'the pope, 
died in 1756. QU 
Q.UAINI, Lewis, an Italian painter, died in 
1717. 
QUARLES, Francis, an English poet, born 
in 1592, and died in 1644. He wrote a comedy 
called “ The Virgin Widow,” and several other 
works. 
QUATROMANI, Sertorio, an Italian writer, 
of respectable abilities and learning, died in 
1606. 
QUELLIN, Erasmus, an eminent painter, 
and disciple of Rubens, was born at Antwerp, 
in 1607, and lived to a very old age. 
QUENSTEDT, John Andrew, a Lutheran 
divine, author of several theological works. 
He died in 1688. 
QUENTAL, Bartholomew du, a Portuguese 
catholic priest, distinguished for his piety and 
learning ; he died in 1698. 
QUERENGHI, Anthony,an Italian poet,died 
in 1633. 
QIJERLON, Anne Gabriel Meusnier de, an 
eminent scholar of Nantes, and a noted periodi- 
cal writer, died in 1780. 
QUERNO, Camillo, an Italian poet, and buf- 
foon to Leo X.; he died in 1528. 
QUESNAY, Francis, a French physician, 
who, from obscurity, rose to eminence in his 
profession; he published several medical works, 
and died in 1774. 
QUESNE, Abraham, marquis du, of Nor- 
mandy. He entered into the naval service of 
France, where he distinguished himself by a 
series of valorous and successful engagements; 
he died in 1688. 
QUESNEL, Pasquier, a celebrated priest of 
the oratory, in France, born at Paris, in 1634 ; 
he became the head of the sect of Jansenists; 
wrote many polemical books, and died at Am- 
sterdam, in 1719. 
QUESNOY, Francis, an eminent sculptor, 
died in 1644. 
QUEVEDO DE VILLEGAS, Francisco de, 
an eminent Spanish author, born in 1570, and 
died in’1645. He was one of the best writers 
of his age, and excelled equally in prose and 
verse. 
QUIEN DE LA NEUFVILLE, James le, a 
French author, whose death, in 1728, was caus- 
ed by excessive application to study. 
QUlEN, Michael de, a French Dominican. 
He was an able scholar, and well versed in ori- 
ental literature, and died in 1733. 
QUILLET, Claudius, a French physician, 
and ingenious Latin poet, born in 1602, and died 
in 5 66 i. 
QUIN, James, a very celebrated English co- 
median, born in London, in 1693, and died in 
1766. The prince of Wales, father to George 
III., appointed him to instruct his children in 
the true pronunciation of their mother tongue. 
QUIN AULT, Philip, a celebrated French 
dramatic poet, born at Paris, in 1635, *nd died in 
1688. 
QUINCY, marquis de, a French officer and 
engineer, author of “ The Military History of 
Louis XIV.” He died in 1720. 
QUINCY, Dr. John, an eminent English phy- 
sician and medical author, died in 1723. 
QUINCY, Edmund, a judge of the supreme 
court of the colony of Massachusetts, and agent 
for that colony at the court of St. James, died 
In London, in 1738. 
QUINCY, Josiah, an eminent lawyer, of 
Massachusetts, distinguished for his zeal and 
exertions in support of the rights of the colo- 
uics; he died in h <5. 
' RA 
1 QUINCY, Edmund, of Boston, author of ac 
agricultural trealise, died in 1788. 
QUINTILIAN, MarcusFabius, an illustrious 
Roman lawyer, rhetorician, and critic, born at 
Rome, A. D. 42, and died at 89 vears of age. 
QUINTIN. See MATSYS. ' 
QUINTINIE, John de la, a famous French 
gardener. He studied law, and practised wiib 
great reputation, but soon devoted himself en- 
tirely to agricultural pursuits, lie died after 
1700. 
QUINTUS CALABAR, a Greek poet, who 
wrote a large “ Supplement to Homer's Iliad,’ 
In which a relation is given of the Trojan war, 
from the death of Hector to the destruction of 
Troy. 
QUINTUS CURTIUS, Q. Curtius Rufus, 
author of a Latin history of Alexander the 
Great, which has at once immortalized the he- 
ro and the historian. He lived A. D. 380, and 
was probably a Roman. 
QUIRINI, Angelo Maria, a Venetian cardi- 
nal. He was no'iced and caressed by the learn- 
ed and good of the age, and respected for his 
benevolence, liberality, and learning, and died 
in 1755. His works are numerous. 
QUIROS, Fernand de, a Spanish navigator 
who discovered tne Society Islands, in 1605. 
QUISTORP, John, a Lutheran divine, the 
friend of the great Grotius, died in 1646. 
R 
RABAN-MAUR, Magnentius, a French di 
vine, of noble birth. His works on theology are 
numeious; he died in 856. 
RABAUD ST. ETINNE, John Paul, a pro 
testant minister. He was bold and eloquent in 
defence of Lewis XVI., and, for those senti- 
ments, was guillotined in 1793. 
RABEL, John, an eminent French portrait 
painter, died in 1603. 
RABELAIS, Francis, a celebrated French 
physician and satirist, died in 1553, aged 70. 
ilABIRlUS, a Latin poet, who celebrated the 
victory of Augustus at Actiutn. 
RABURN, William, governor of the state of 
Georgia, died in 1819. 
RABUTIN. SeeBUSSY. 
RACAN, Ilonorat de Bueil, marquis of, com 
mended for his pastoral poetry; he died in 1670 
RACCHETTI, Bernard, an Italian painter 
died in 1702. 
RACINE, John, an illustrious French dm 
matic poet; he died in 1699, aged 60. 
RACINE, Lewis, son of the poet, an eccle- 
siastic and author; he died in 1763. 
RACK, Edmund, an English author and pc-et. 
died in 1787. 
RACLE, Leonard, a French architect, of con- 
siderable distinction, died in 1792. 
R ADCLIFFE, Alexander, an English militaty 
officer, known as the writer of some poetic 
works of low humour, died in 1700. 
RADCLIFFE, Dr. John, an English physi- 
cian, of uncommon eminence, born in 1650 
and died in 1714. To him the university of Ox- 
ford is indebted for the library and infirmary 
which bear his name, and for an annual in- 
come of 6001. sterling, for two travelling fellow- 
ships. 
RADEGOX DE, St., a German princess, re- 
nowned for her personal charms, and devoted- 
ness to religious duties. At the age of 10, she 
renounced paganism for the Christian faith, by 
direction of Clotaire, who afterwards married 
350  ' RA 
her, and then, yielding to iter wishes, permitted 
her to retire to the seclusion of a monastery; 
she died in 587. 
R A DEMAKER, Gerard, a Dutch painter, died 
in 1711 aged 38. 
RAGOTZKI, Francis Leopold, prince of 
Transylvania, wrote an interesting memoir on 
the revolutions of Hungary, and died in 1735. 
RAGUEAU, Francis, professor of jurispru- 
dence at Bourses, and an author, died in 1605. 
RAGUENET, Francis, a learned ecclesiastic, 
of Rouen, contended for the superiority of the 
Italian, over French music, died in 1722. 
RAIKES,Robert,a printer and philanthropist, 
born in 1735. In 1781 he planned the institution 
of Sunday Schools, and died at Gloucester, iiis 
native place, in 1811. 
RAINALDt, Oderic, a priest of the oratory, 
died in 1670. 
RAINAUD, Theophilus, a jesuit, who taught 
belles lettres and theology, died in 1663. 
RAINE, Matthew, D. D., an English divine, 
master of the Charter-house school, died in 1810. 
RAINOLDS, John, an English divine, and 
dean of Lincoln, died in 1607. He was one of 
the divines employed in the translation of the 
Bible under James I. 
RALEIGH, sir Walter, an illustrious English 
navigator and historian, born in 1552. He did 
eminent services for queen Elizabeth, particu- 
larly in the discovery of the country now called 
Virginia, and in the defeat of the Spanish Ar- 
mada, and lived in full happiness and honour 
during her reign; but his sun set at her death. 
He was much persecuted on the accession of 
James, and accused of high treason. Though 
reprieved, he remained long a prisoner in the 
Tower. He was afterwards commissioned by 
the king to go and explore the golden mines of 
Guiana. But the Spaniards killed his eldest 
son, and prevailed on James to condemn sir 
Walter. lie was beheaded in 1018. 
RALPH, JameSj a voluminous writer, in po- 
etry, politics and history. He was an American 
by birth, but went over to England about 1729, 
and died in 1762. He wrote a history of Eng- 
land, commencing with the reign of the Stuarts, 
and many other works. 
RAMAZZINI, Bernardin, an Italian phy- 
sician and medical professor at Padua, a station 
filled by him with great applause though blind ; 
he died in 1714. 
RAMEAU, John Philip, an illustrious mu- 
sician, and writer on the principles of that art; 
he died in 1767, aged 84. 
RAMELLI, Felix, a native of Asti, an eccle- 
siastic, who became an eminent miniature por- 
trait painter. He died in 1740. 
RAMSAY, Charles Lewis, a Scotchman, au- 
thor of a Treatise on Short-hand writing, 1681. 
RAMSAY, Andrew Michael, a Scots histo- 
rian, and political and moral philosophy writer, 
Dorn in 1686, and died in 1743. 
RAMSAY, Allan, a celebrated Scots pastoral 
poet, born in 1696, and died in 1763. 
RAMSAY, David, M. D., an eminent physi- 
cian, historian and statesman, of South Caroli- 
na, and a member of congress from that state, 
died in 1815. He was distinguished for his pa- 
triotism during the revolution, no less than for 
his writings in after life. He published a Histo- 
ry of the Revolution in South Carolina; a Histo- 
ry of the American Revolution; a Lifeof Wash- 
ington, and several other valuable historical 
works. 
RAMSAY Martha L, wife of the preceding, 
RA 
and daughter of Henry Laurens, president of 
congress; she died in 1811. 
RAMSDEN, Jesse, an English artist, flour- 
ished in 1786. His improvements in various 
mathematical and optical instruments were very 
important to science. 
RAMUS, Peter, an eminent French professor 
ul philosophy, eloquence and mathematics, born 
in 1515, and fell in the massacre of Paris, in 
1572. 
RAMUSIO, John Baptist, a Venetian, am 
bassador to France, &c., and an author, died in 
1557. 
RANG, John, admired as a painter in Spain 
died in 1735. 
RANGE, Armand, John le Boutillier de, 
French ecclesiastic, well skilled in Grecian liter 
ature. In early life, an abandoned sensualist, 
but reformed, and died respected, in 17(10. 
RANDOLPH, Thomas, an able diplomatist 
in the reign of queen Elizabeth, died in 1590. 
RANDOLPH, Thomas, an English dramatic 
poet, born in 1005, and died in 1034. His 
“ Muse's Looking Glass,” a comedy, is wel’ 
known, and much admired. 
RANDOLPH, Edward, an agent of Great 
Britain to the American colonies, and a violent 
enemy to their interests, died in 1095. 
RANDOLPH, Peyton, an eminent lawyer, of 
Virginia, and first president of the American 
congress in L/4, died suddenly in 1775. 
RANDOLPH, Edmund, an eminent lawyer, of 
Virginia, and an active friend of the revolution, 
was a member of congress in 1779, afterwards 
governor of the state of Virginia, attorney-gen- 
eral, and secretary of state of the United States. 
In the last office, he lost the confidence of 
Washington, and resigned in 1795. He died in 
1813. 
RANNEUUIN, N., a celebrated engineer, oi 
Liege, died in 1708. 
RANS, Bertrand de, of Rheims, a hermit in 
1226, who imposed himself upon the people of 
Flanders, as the emperor Baldwin I, and suffer- 
ed death for it. 
RANTZAN, Josias, a Danish nobleman in 
the French service, died in 1645. Ghiefly 
known as the active agent by whom the pro- 
testant religion was established in Denmark. 
RAOUX, John, of Montpellier, eminent as 
a historical and portrait painter, died in 1734. 
RAPHAEL, d'Arezzio, an Italian painter, 
whose historical pieces and portraits are ad- 
mired, died in 1580. 
RAPHAEL, Sanzio, an illustrious painter and 
architect, of Italy, born in 1483, and died in 1520. 
By the general consent of mankind, he is acknow- 
ledged to have been the prince of modern paint- 
ers, and is often styled “ the divine Raphael.” 
As Raphael was the best painter in the world, 
so was he perhaps the host architect also: he 
was at least so admirable a one, that Leo X. 
charged him with the building of St. Peter’s 
church at Rome. 
RAPIIELENGIUS, Francis, a learned Flem- 
ing, was Greek professor at Cambridge, and 
afterwards professor of Hebrew and Arabic, at 
Leyden, died in 1597. 
RAPIN, Nicholas, a French poet, whose 
works were elegantly written, and who was 
ihe favourite of Henry HI; he died in 1609. 
RAPIN, Renatas, a French jesuit and critic, 
famous for his skill in classical learning, born 
in 1621, and died in 1687. 
RAPIN DE THOYRAS, Paul de, an eminent 
historiographer, bor. in Languedoc, in 1661, RA 
fled to England soon after the revocation of the! 
edict of Nantz. He went afterwards to Hol- 
land, and entered into the military service, 
but returned to England with king William, 
under whom he served and distinguished him- 
self at the battle of the Boyne, in Ireland, and 
at the siege of Limerick. He afterwards spent 
17 years in writing his “ History of England, 
down to the accession of William and Mary, in 
1689.” He died in 1725. 
RASLES, Sebastian, a French jesuit, who 
was a missionary among the Indians, and ac- 
quired great influence over them. He was a 
man of learning, and wrote “ A Dictionary of 
the Indian Language,” which is still preserved, 
lie died in 1724. 
RASTAL, John, an eminent English printer 
and author, died in 1536. 
RASTAL, William, an eminent English 
judge, in the 16th century, who published “An 
Abridgment of the Statutes of England.” 
RATER, Anthony, an eminent architect, of 
Lyons, died in 1794. 
RATRAMNUS, 'a monk of the 9th century, 
who wrote on predestination, and on transub- 
stantiation, was much quoted by the calvinists. 
RATTE, Stephen Hyacinth de, an eminent 
French astronomer, and an associate of the 
French National Institute ; he died in 1805. 
RAULIN, Joseph, a French physician and 
medical author of some note, died in 1784. 
RUAWOLFE. See RAWWOLF. 
RAVAILLAC, Francis, of Angouleme, the 
deliberate murderer of Henry IV., in 1610. 
RAVENNAS, Agnellus, or Andreas, an au- 
thor, who lived in the 9th century. 
RAVENSCROFT, Edward, a dramatic wri- 
ter, in the reigns of Charles II. and James II. 
RAVESTEYN, John, a Dutch painter, who 
flourished about 1560. 
RAVIUS, Christian, of Berlin, rvas one of 
the learned correspondents of queen Christina, 
and a professor of oriental languages at Utrecht, 
&c.; he died in 1667. 
ItAWLET, John, B. D., an English divine, 
died in 1686. 
RAWLEY, William, D. D., chaplain to 
Charles 1. and II., and also to the great Bacon, 
and the editor of his works; he died in 1687. 
RAWLINS, Thomas, an English engraver, 
and author of dramatic pieces, died in 1670. 
RAWLINSON, Thomas, was sheriff, and in 
1706, mayor of London ; he rendered his name ; 
memorable, by beautifying the Guildhall. 
RAWLINSON, Thomas, a learned English 
antiquary, died in 1725. 
RAWLINSON, Christopher, an eminent [ 
English antiquarian, and critical writer, born in 
1677, and died in 1732. 
RAWLINSON, Richard, an eminent Eng- 
lish antiquary, died in 1755, aged 65. 
RAWSON, Grindull, a very benevolent rni-j 
mister, of Blendon, Mass., died in 1715. 
RAWWOLF, Leonard, of Augsburg, who j 
travelled into Syria, Judea, and other eastern 
countries, engaged in botanical researches, died j 
in 1606. 
RAY, or WRAY, John, an eminent English ! 
divine, natural philosopher, natural liistorian j 
and critic; hedied in 1705. 
RAY, Benjamin, an ingenious and learned [ 
English curate, but ignorant of the world; he; 
died in 1760. 
RAYMOND, Robert, lord, chief justice of [ 
the kirg’s bench, and an eminent law reporter, J 
died it, 1733. ! 
BL 
RAYNAL, William Francis, a French jesuit, 
who distinguished himself as a liistorian and 
political writer, hut is chiefly known by iiis“ His- 
tory of the European Settlements in the East 
and West Indies.” 
ItAYNAHD, Theophilus, of Sospello, a jesuit. 
professor of belies lettres and theology, died 
in 1663. 
RAYSSIGUIER, N., a French dramatic wri 
ter, of about 1730. 
READ, Alexander, an eminent Scotch phy 
sician. He wrote on anatomical and medical 
subjects, and died in 1680. 
READ,John,adistinguished lawyer, of Massa- 
chusetts, died in 1749. 
READ, George, an eminent lawyer, of Dela- 
ware, was a member of congress from that 
state, and one of the signers of the declaration 
of American Independence. lie was afterwards 
a member of the senate of the United States; 
and died in 1798. 
REAL, Caisar Richard de St., a celebrated 
French writer on Roman history, philosophy, 
politics and morals, died in 1692. 
REAL, Gasper de, seigneur de Turban, au- 
thor of a valuable work on tile Science of Go- 
vernment ; he died in 1752. 
REAUMUR, Rene Anthony Ferehault sieur 
de, a French philosopher, born in 1683, and died 
in 1757. He wrote a great number of pieces 
upon the various branches of natural philoso- 
phy ; and gave a new construction to the ther- 
mometer, which bears his name. 
REBOULT, Simon, of Avignon, a historical 
writer, died in 1752. 
RECORDO, Robert, the first English writer 
on algebra, died in 1558. 
REDE, William, bishop of Chichester, in 
1369 ; was eminent as a mathematician. 
REDI, Thomas, a Florentine painter of emi 
nence, died in 1728. 
REDI, Francis, an Italian physician, natural 
philosopher, and poet, born in 1626, and died in 
1697. 
REDMAN, John, M. D., adistinguished physi- 
cian, and first president of the college of physi 
cians in Philadelphia, died in 1808. 
REDWOOD, Abraham, of Newport, known 
as a patron of learning, died in 1788. 
REED, Joseph, a dramatic writer of consider 
able merit, was born in 1723, and died in 1787. 
REED, Joseph, a patriot of the revolution, an 
jaid to general Washington, and afterwards ad- 
jutant general of the army ; afterwards president 
[of the state of Pennsylvania, died in 1781. In 
i 1778, an attempt was made by a British officer 
[to bribe him, to whom he nobly replied “That 
lie was not worth purchasing; but poor as he 
j was, the king of Great Britain was not rich 
[enough to buy him.” 
I REED, Isaac, an ingenious English miscella 
jneous writer, for many years editor of the Euro 
jpean magazine, died in 1807. He published lady 
| Montague’s poems, an edition of Shakspeare, 
| and several other works. 
| REESE, Thomas, an eminent American cler- 
[gyman, author of an “ Essay on the Influence of 
'Religion on Civil Society,” was pastor of a 
j church in South Carolina, and died in 1796. 
i REEVE, Clara, a lady of considerable literary 
[ talents, died at Ipswich in 1807, aged 70. Sli# 
[wrote many works. 
| REEVE, Tapping. I,L. D an eminent law 
; yer, of Connecticut, for many years a jnoge, ao. 
chief justice of the supreme court of that st»‘ t 
! he died in 1823.  RE 
REGA, Henry Joseph, professor of medicine,' 
at Louvain, and author of various treatises ofj 
merit: he died in 1754. 
REGIOMONTANUS, an illustrious German 
astronomer, whose real name was John Mulle- 
rus, died in 1476, aged 40. 
REGIS, Peter Sylvian, a French philosopher,! 
of ttte Des Cartes school, in 1665. He was a 
popular lecturer of that system, and published! 
several philosophical works. 
R EG1US, Urban, or LE ROY, a German, pro- 
fessor of poetry and rhetoric, was a convert to 
Luther’s opinions; he founded a reformed church 
at Augsburg, and died in 1541. 
REGNARD,John Francis,a celebrated French 
traveller, and one of the best comic writers af- 
ter Moliere.born at Paris,in 1647,and died in 1709. 
REGNAULT, Noel, a learned jesuit, of Ar- 
ras, died in 1762. 
REGNIER, Mathurin, a French satirical poei, 
and the first among the French who succeeded 
in satire; he died in 1613, aged 40. 
REGNIER DES MARETS,Seraphin,a French 
ahbc, and an eminent Spanish, Italian, and La- 
tin poet and translator, born in 1632, and died in 
1713. 
REGULUS, Marcus Attilins, a renowned Ro- 
man general and admiral; he was put to death 
25! B. C. 
REID, Dr. Thomas, professor of moral philo- 
sophy hi the university of Glasgow, and highly 
distinguished as a mathematician and metaphy- 
sician, horn in 1709, and died 1796. 
REIHING, James, of Augsburg, who, after 
violently opposing the tenets of Luther, warm- 
ly embraced them, arid became professor of the- 
ology at Tubingen. He died in 1628. 
REINBECK, John Gustavus, a protestant 
minister, of Germany, and author of treatises 
on Redemption, Marriage, Sermons, &c.; lie 
died in 1741. 
RE1NECCIUS, Reinier, professor of belles 
lettres, at Frankfort, where he died in 1595. 
REINER, Wenceslaus Laurence, a painter, 
of Prague, whose landscapes and battles were fi- 
nished in a very striking style ; he died in 1743. 
REINESIUS, Thomas, a learned. German 
physician and antiquary, born in 1566, and died 
in 1667. 
REINHOLD, Erasmus, an eminent astrono- 
mer and mathematician, of Germany, and pro- 
fessor at Wittemberg; he died in 1553. 
REISK, John, rector of the college of Wolf- 
fenbuttei, and an author, died in 1701. • 
REISKE, John James, of Leipsic, eminent 
as a critic ; he died in 1774. 
RELAND, Hadrian, a learned orientalist, and 
professor at Utrecht, died in 1718. 
REMBRANDT, Van Rein, a Flemish painter 
and engtaverof great eminence, born in 1606, 
and died in 1668. 
RE MI, or REMIGIUS, St., archbishop of 
Rlieims, the prelate who converted Clovis to 
Christianity; he died before 535. 
REM I, Joseph Honore, of France. He was 
author of several valuable works, and acquired, 
celebrity by his learning. 
REMIGIO FLORENTINE), a learned Domi- 
nican, of Florence, died in 1580. 
RF.MOND DE ST. MARD, Toiissaint, a 
French writer, who died in 1757. 
RENAU D’F.IJSAGARAY, Bernard, a ma- 
thematician, of France, who obtained distinc- 
tion in tiie improving of the construction of 
vessels; he died in 1719. 
RENAUDOT, Theophrastus, a physician, 
~ RE 
1 distinguished by being the first author of new s- 
j papers in France, in 1631; he (fil'd in 1653. 
i RENAUDOT, Eusebius, a celebrated French 
writer on oriental history and languages, torn 
j in 1646, died in 1720. 
jj RENNELL, Thomas, an Englishman, lamed 
lias a limner, and wrote poetry; he died in 1788. 
jj BEPTON, Humphrey, a distinguished Eng- 
jlish writer on landscape gardening, born in 1752, 
land died in 1818. 
j RESENIUS, Peter John, counsellor, and pro- 
fessor of moral philosophy, at Copenhagen; he 
died in 1688. 
I RESS1US, Rutger, a learned Greek professor, 
|at Louvain, highly commended by Erasmus; 
died in 1545. 
j RESTOUT, Peter, a respected advocate, at 
!Paris, died in 1764. He was distinguished by 
jhis learning and integrity. 
RESTOUT, John, an eminent painter, of 
I Rouen, died in 1768. 
{ RETZ, John Francis Paul deGondy, cardinal 
de. See GONDY. 
REUCHLIN, John, a learned German, born 
in 1450, died in 1522, was the first who intro- 
duced the study of the Hebrew among modern 
Christians, and author of the celebrated work 
entitled “ F.pistoite Obscurorum Virorum.” 
REUVEN, Peter, a Dutch painter, died in 
1718. 
REVELY, Willey, a very ingenious English 
architect, who published a collection of draw- 
ings, which are universally known to the lovers 
of art, and admirers of classic antiquity. He 
wms also the editor of the posthumous volume 
of Stuart’s “Antiquities of Greece,” and died 
in 1799. 
REVET, Edward, a comic writer, in the reign 
of Charles II. 
REY. William, of Lyons, eminent as a phy- 
sician, died in 1756. 
REYBRAC, Francis Philip de Laurens de, a 
learned and amiable Freneli prelate, and also a 
poet; he died inT782. 
REYHER, Samuel, professor of mathematics 
and jurisprudence, at Kiel, died in 1714. He 
translated Euclid into German. 
REYLOF, Oliver, of Ghent, eminent as a 
Latin poet; he died in 1742. 
REYN, John de, of Dunkirk, a pupil of Van- 
dyke, died in 1650. 
REYNA, Cassiodortts, a Spaniard, who trans- 
lated the Bible into Spanish, in 1569. 
REYNEAU, Charles Rene, an eminent French 
mathematician, and distinguished by two popu- 
lar productions ; he died in 1728. 
REYNER, Edward, an English non-conform- 
ist, and author, in 1627. 
REYNOLDS, Edward, was a member of the 
Westminster assembly, and one of the presbyte- 
rian ministers at the Savoy conference, yet l.e 
became bishop of Norwich. He was a strong 
calvinist, and died in 1676. 
REYNOLDS, sir Joshua, a most eminent 
English painter, and many years president of 
theRoyai Academy, born in 1723. The lectures 
that he delivered on the subject of his art will lie 
preserved to latest posterity, as models of com- 
position. His most famous paintings were “ The 
Infant Hercules,” “ Count Ugolino,” “Garrick 
between Tragedy and Comedy,” and “ Mrs. Fid- 
dorr- as the Tragic Muse.” He died in 1792. 
REYNOLDS, John, governor of the colony 
of Georgia in 1754. 
REYS, Antony dos, was chronologer of Por- 
tugal, and an ecclesiastic; he died in 1738. 
353 RI 
ItHADAMISTUS of Iberia, married Zenobia, 
and was put to death A. D. 52. 
RHAZIS, Mohammed Ebn Zacharia Abube- 
trial, a celebrated physician of the 10th cen- 
tury, the Galen of the Arabians, and the first 
writer on the small-pox, born iu 852, and died 
in 935. 
RHENANUS, Beatus, author of a history of 
Germany, and a Life of Erasmus, died in 1547. 
RHENFERD, James, professor of oriental 
languoges and divinity at Francker, died in 1712. 
RHESE, John David, of Anglesea, master of 
the Italian language; he died in 1609. 
RHETICUS, George Joachim, a German as- 
tronomer, died in 1576. 
RHODIGINUS, Ludovicus Ccelius, author of 
Antiqua; Lectiones, and other works, died at 
Padua, in 1525. 
RHODIUS,John, an eminentphvsician, author 
of several medical works, died at Padua, in 1859. 
RHODIUS, John, a Danish physician, and 
medical writer, born in 1587, and died in 1631. 
RHODIUS, Ambrose, professor of physic and 
mathematics, at Anglo, in Norway, died in 1633. 
RHODOMAN, Laurentius, historical pro- 
fessor at Wittemberg, and a writer of some 
celebrity ; he died in 1606. 
RHOTENAMER, John, an eminent painter, 
oorn at Munich, in 1564. The time of his death 
is unknown. 
R1BADENEIRA, Peter, a Jesuit, of Toledo, 
an elegant but superstitious writer, and professor 
of-rhetoric at Palermo; he died at Madrid, in 
1611. 
RIBERA, Anastasias Pantaleon de, a Span- 
ish satirical poet, who flourished about 1630. 
RIBERA, Joseph, called also Espagnolet, an 
eminent Spanish painter, died in 1656. 
R1CARD, John Marie, an advocate of the 
parliament of Paris, who died in 1678. 
IlICARD, Dominic, an ecclesiastic, of Tou- 
louse, who settled at Paris, where he published 
an elegant translation of Plutarch, and wrote 
the Sphere, a poem, in 8 cantos. He died in 
1803. 
RICAUT, or RYCAUT, sir Paul, an eminent 
English political writer and critic, but chiefly 
known by “ The Present State of the Ottoman 
Empire,” and a continuation of Knoll’s “His- 
tory of the Turks,” from 1623 to 1700, when he 
died. 
RICCATI, Vincent, a jesuit, professor of 
mathematics at Bologna, until the suppression 
of his order; he died in 1775. 
RICCI, Matthew, a jesuit, who went as a mis- 
sionary to China, where, by his address, he 
gained the favour of the emperor, and leave to 
build a church ; he died there in 1610. 
RICCI, Michael Angelo, a cardinal, born at 
Rome, and distinguished as an able mathemati- 
cian ; he died in 1682. 
RICCI, Lawrence, an illustrious Florentine, 
who embraced the order of the jesuits, of which 
he was general at the time of its suppression. 
He was imprisoned by order of Clement XIV., 
and died in confinement in 1775. 
RICCI, Sebastian, a distinguished Italian 
painter, who died at Venice, in 1734. His ne- 
phew, Mark, was eminent also as a landscape 
and historical painter; he died in 1730. 
R1CCIO, Dominico, an eminent painter, of 
Vern-ia, died in 1517. 
R id'10L1, John Baptista, an Italian astrono- 
mer and mathematician, and teacher of rheto- 
ric and philosophy, died in 1671. 
R1CCORONI, Lewis, of Modena, a celebra- 
RI 
ted actor, dramatic writer, and critic, born it 
1674, and died in 1753. 
RICHARD 1., kin" of England, surname* 
Cceur de Lion, succeeded ins father, Henry if., 
in 1189. In the beginning of his reign he let 
England for a crusade to the Holy Land, where, 
after displaying great bravery, lie defeated the 
infidels under Saladin, and embarked for Eu- 
rope. In his return lie was shipwrecked, taken 
prisoner, and held in captivity by the empetor 
Henry VI., until he was discovered and ran- 
somed by his subjects. He was killed while 
besieging Chalus, in 1199. 
RICHARD II., succeeded his grandfather 
Edward III., on tile throne of England, in 1377. 
His reign was disturbed by tile rebellions of Wat 
Tyler, and afterwards of his nobles, under Hen- 
ry of Lancaster, who defeated him and took 
him prisoner. He was deposed by parliament 
and killed in Pontefract castle, in 1400. 
RICHARD III., duke of Gloucester, and 
brother to Edward IV., obtained the throne by 
murdering his nephews, Edward V. and Richard 
duke of York. He was defeated and slain in 
the battle of Bosworth field, by Henry, earl of 
Richmond, his rival, in 1485. 
RICHARD I., surnamed the Fearless, duke 
of Normandy, succeeded his father William, 
in 942 ; he died in 999. 
RICHARD II., surnamed the Good, son of 
the preceding, succeeded his father as duke of 
Normandy : he died in 1027. 
RICHARD, Thomas, a Benedictine monk In 
the abbey of Tavistock, known as the transla 
tor of “ Boethius' Consolations of Philosophy,” 
about 1525. 
RICHARD, Martin, a native of Antwerp, 
although born with only a left arm, became a 
painter of eminence. He died in 1636. His 
brother David was also a painter of merit. 
RICHARD DE ST. VICTOR, a Scotchman, 
prior of St. Victor’s monastery, at Paris, died 
in 1173. 
RICHARD, N., a native of Dundalk, arch- 
bishop of Armagh, died, universally respected, 
in 1359. 
RICHARD, John, an ecclesiastic of Paris, 
died in 1586. 
RICHARD, Rene, a French ecclesiastic, dean 
of St. Opportune, at Paris, died in 1727. 
RICHARD, Charles Louis, a Benedictine 
author of sermons, Ate., died about 1790. 
RICHARDS, Nathaniel, a dramatic wrilet 
and a poet, in the reign of king Charles I. 
RICHARDS,James, an American missionary 
at the island of Ceylon ; he died in 1822. 
RICHARDSON, John, an English clergyman- 
educated at Oxford, afterwards bishop of Ardah. 
in Ireland, died in 1654. 
RICHARDSON, Jonathan, born about 1665, 
became a celebrated painter of heads, and wrote, 
in conjunction with his son, several works. He 
died in 1745. His son died in 1771. 
RICHARDSON, Joseph, an English lawyer, 
poet, and dramatic writer, born in 1756, and 
died in 1803. 
RICHARDSON, Samuel, an eminent Eng- 
lish printer, and inventor of a neculiar specie* 
of moral romance, which restored the lost credit 
of novel writing. He wrote “ Pamela,” “ Cla- 
rissa,” and “Grandison,” and many other 
books on different subjects. He was born in 
1689, and died in 1761. 
RICH ARDSON, William, a native of Scot 
land, and professor of classical literature at 
Glasgow, died iu 1814. El 
KICI1ELET, Caesar Peter, a French writer, J 
author of a Dictionary of the French language,; 
died in 1698. 
RICHELIEU, John Armand du Plessis de, a 
great cardinal and minister of state in France, 
born at Paris, in 1585, and died in 1642. He 
showed himself a patron of men of letters, and 
caused the arts and sciences to flourish in the 
kingdom. 
RICHER, Edmund, an eminent French theo- 
logical writer, possessed of great powers of 
mind and of a lively imagination. His writings 
drew on him the censures of the pope’s legate, 
and persecutions, which ruined his health ; he 
died in 1631. 
RICHER, John, a bookseller, of Paris, known 
as the first compiler of the Mercure Francois ; 
he died in 1665. 
RICHER, Henry, a native of Longueil, who 
devoted himself to literary pursuits at Paris; he 
died in 1748. 
RICHER D’ AUBE, Francis, author of an 
Essay on the Principles of Right and Morals, 
died at Paris, in 1752. 
RICHER, N.. a French philosopher, who 
first observed the shortening of the pendulum, 
in 1672; a discovery, which, in the hands of 
Newton and Heygens, led to the most astonish- 
ing truths. 
RICINIER, a Roman senator, who acquired 
great power as a general. He put to death 
Majorian, raised Severus to the throne, and after- 
wards dethroned Anthemius, his father-in-law. 
RICIUS, Paul, a converted Jew, professor of 
philosophy, at Paris, and afterwards physician 
to the emperor Maximilian. He w’as highly 
esteemed by Erasmus and other learned men. 
RICOBO NT, Antony, of Revigo, professor of 
eloquence, at Padua, and died there in 1599. 
RIDER, William, B. A., curate of St. Faith’s, 
and many years under-master of St. Paul’s 
school, published a “ History of England,” a 
“Commentary on the Bible,” and other works, 
and died in 1785. 
RIDGELY, Thomas, an eminent dissenting 
clergyman, author of a Commentary on the 
Assembly’s larger Catechism, died in i737. 
RIDLEY, Nicolas, bishop of London, one of 
the principal instruments of the reformation, 
who suffered martyrdom for it in the reign of 
queen Mary, was born in 1500, and burnt at 
Oxford, in 1555. 
RIDLEY, Thomas, a distinguished English 
civilian, was knighted, made masterin chancery, 
and vicar-general to the archbishop of Canter- 
bury : he died in 1626. 
RIDLEY, Gloster, an English divine, dra- 
matic and theological writer, born on board the 
Gloster Indiaman, at sea, in 1702, died at Poplar, 
in 1774. 
RIDLEY, James, son of the preceding, was 
author of “The Tales of the Genii,” and some 
Other literary performances; he died in 1765. 
RlDOLFl, Claudio, a historical and portrait 
painter, of Verona, died in 1644. 
RIDPATH, George, aScotchman, distinguish- 
ed for his attachment to protestantism, and for 
his bold opposition to the religious innovations 
of James II.; he died in 1717. 
RIEDE8EL, John Herman, baron de, a 
learned German, ambassador from the Prussian 
court to Vienna, died in 1785. 
RIEGLES, M., a native of Denmark, author! 
of a valuable history of his country, died in 1802. 
RIELEY, Henry, a physician, author of the; 
Anatomy of the Brain,” published in 1695. j 
Iil 
j RIENZI, Nicolas Gabrini de, a man who, 
I from a low situation, raised himself to sovereign 
authority in Rome, in the 14th century, was 
nnudered in 1354. 
RIGALITIUS, Nicolas, an ingenious French- 
man, distinguished for his great learning and 
industry ; he was librarian to the king, and coun- 
sellor of the parliament of Metz; lie died in 
1054. 
RIGAUD, Hyacynth, an eminent French 
painter, called the Vandyck, of France, born in 
1GG3, and died in 1743. 
RILEY, John, an English portrait painter, 
born in 1G46. On sir Peter Lely’s death he was 
made state painter, and died in 1G91. 
RIM1NALD1, Orazio, an eminent historica 
painter, of Pisa, died in 1638. 
RINALDO, Oderic, a native of Treviso ; he 
continued “ Baronins’ Annals,” and published, 
in Italian, an abridgment of the entire work. 
RINCON, Antonio del, an admired Spanish 
painter, died in 1500. 
RINGELBERGIUS, Joachim Furtius, an 
eminent writer on mathematics, born at Ant- 
werp. His German name was Storck ; he died 
in France, about 1536. 
RINUCCINI, Octavia, an Italian poet, bom 
at Florence, went to France, and is said to have 
there invented the opera ; he died in 1621. Hi 
poetry and operas are deservedly admired. 
RIOLAN, John, a physician, at Paris, autho: 
of several works on anatomy and medicine, died 
in 1605. His son John was also an eminent phy 
siciari, and professor of anatomy and botany. 
RIPLEY, George, an eminent English mathe 
matician and alchymist, died in 1496. 
R1PPERDA, John William, baron de, a na- 
tive of Groningen, who, when ambassador at 
Madrid, so pleased Philip V., of Spain, that he 
persuaded him to settle there, created him a 
duke and peer of the kingdom, and intrusted 
him with the departments of war, finance, and 
marine. Being afterwards disgraced, he went 
to Morocco, where he became a favourite of th» 
emperor, and a Mahometan ; he died in 1747. 
RISBECK, Gaspard, a German writer, au 
thor of Travels through Germany, and a Histo 
ry of Germany ; he died in 1786. 
RISDON, Tristram, author of a History of 
Devonshire, died in 1640. 
RISLEY, Thomas, an English dissenting 
clergyman, died in 1716. 
RITSON, Joseph, an English lawyer and an- 
tiquary, born in 1752, and died in 1803. He wrote 
songs, metrical romances, and some other 
books. 
RITTENHOUSE, David, an American phi- 
losopher, who, in the early part of his life, min- 
gled the pursuits of science with the active em- 
ployments of a farmer and a watch-maker. In 
1769 he was invited by the American philoso- 
phical society to join a number of gentlemen 
who were then occupied in making some astro- 
nomical observations, when he particularly dis- 
tinguished himself by the accuracy of his cal 
dilations, and the comprehension of his mind. 
|He afterwards constructed an observatory, 
.which he superintended in person, and which 
was the source of many important discoveries, 
as well as greatly tending to the general difl'u- 
jjsion of science in the western world. He suc- 
llceeded the illustrious Dr. Franklin in the office 
jof president of the philosophical society, and 
died in 1796, aged 64. 
| RITTERS HUS I US, Conradus, a Germ*,, 
licivilian, and law writer, born in 1560, and died __ RO 
in l613. He was a man of consummate learn-j 
ing, greatly skilled in the Greek aud Latin lan- 
guages, aud is said to have had Homer and He- 
siod so perfectly by heart, as once, in a conver- 
sation with a learned young gentleman, to have| 
expressed in the verses of Homer, all that ltej 
hail occasion to say. 
1UVALZ, Anthony, a painter, of Toulouse.! 
whose portraits and historical pieces were much 
admired ; he died in 1735. 
RIVARD, Francis, an eminent professor of 
mathematics at Beauvais, and an author, died 
in 1778. 
RIVARD, Anthony de, a French writer, emi- 
nent as a man of genius and information, the 
friend of Voltaire, d’Alembert, and Buffon. 
He died in Germany, in 1801. His writings are 
numerous. 
RIVET DE LA GRANGE, Anthony, a Be- 
nedictine, of Poitou, author of a History of 
France, died in 1749. 
RIVIERE, Henry Francis de la, a native of 
France, who embraced the profession of arms, 
but on account of an unfortunate marriage, re- 
tired to a monastery, where he died in 1743. He 
wrote two volumes of Letters. 
IUVINUS, Andrew, a physician, and profes- 
sor of poetry and philosophy at Leipsic, died in 
1656. 
RIVINUS, Augustus Quirinus, a professor of} 
medicine, and a distinguished physician atLeip- 
sic, died in 1722. 
RIZZIO, or RIZZI, David, an Italian musi- 
cian, attending the Piedmontese ambassador in- 
to Scotland, got into the queen’s favour, and was} 
made her secretary, and soon arrived at a very} 
high degreeof royal favour. However, in 1566,; 
certain nobles conspired against him, and dis-j 
patched him with great brutality in the queen’s; 
presence, with 56 wounds. 
ROBBINS, Chandlei, D. D., of Plymouth, 
Mass., was eminent in the ministry; he died in 
1799. 
ROBERT DE COURTENAY, French empe j 
ror of the East, in whose reign the empires of} 
Trehizond and Thessalonica were established; 
lie died in 1228. I 
ROBERT, elector palatine, chosen emperor 
of Germany, in 1400. He died, just as a pow- 
erful combination had been formed to deprive 
him of the crown, in 1410. 
ROBERT, king of France, surnamed the 
Wise, or the Devout, succeeded his father Hugh 
Capet, in 996. He refused the crown of the 
empire, and of Italy, preferring to reign over his 
native dominions, and to devote himself to the 
happiness of the French people. He died in 
1031. 
ROBERT of France, count d’Artois, brother 
of St. Louis, refused the empire of Germany, 
offered him by pope Gregory IX., and accompa- 
nied his brother to the Holy Land, where he 
behaved with great valour ; he was killed at the 
battle of Massourah, in 1250. 
ROBERT, count d’Artois, called the Good, 
or the Noble, son of the preceding, distinguished 
himself in an African expedition, and against 
the English and the Flemings. He was killed in 
a battle with the latter, in 1302. 
ROBERT of Anjou, succeeded his father, 
Charles the Lame, on the throne of Naples, in 
1309. He died respected by his subjects, and by 
foreign powers, in 1343. 
ROBERT the Magnificent, duke of Norman-} 
dy. was poisoned on his return from a pilgrim- 
age to the Holy Land, at Nicola, in Bitiiynia.j 
RO 
He was succeeded by bis soil William t!ie Con- 
queror, in 1035. 
ROBERT, surnamed Short Shanks, son of 
William the Conqueror, duke of .Normandy, 
displayed great valour in the Holy Wars; but 
on his return,he found himself deprived not on- 
ly of the throne of England, but of Normandy, 
by his brother Henry, who detained him a pri- 
soner until his death, in 1134. 
ROBERT BRUCE, a Scotch nobleman, who 
disputed the throne with John Baliol. By the 
aid of England he was deposed ; but aflerwaids 
appearing among his countrymen, he was una 
nimously elected king, and maintained his ele 
vation by his valour. He defeated the English 
at the famuus battle of Bannockburn, and died 
in 1329. 
ROBERT, Nicholas, an eminent painter, of 
Langres,whose birds and plants on vellum, were 
much admired ; he died in 1684. 
ROBERT DE VAUGONDY, N., a French 
geographer of eminence, died in 1766. 
ROBEItTELLO, Francis, professor of rheto- 
ric and philosophy, at Padua, and author of 
Commentaries on the Greek and Latin poets, 
died in 13ti7. 
ROBERTS, Barre Charles, an eminent Eng- 
lish scholar, died in 1810. 
ROBERTS, Peter, an English divine, emi 
nent as a writer on theological and other sub- 
jects, died in 1819. 
ROBERTS, Charles, of Virginia, remarkable 
for longevity; he died in 1796, aged 116. 
ROBERTSON, William,D. I).,an eminent di- 
vine, born in Dublin, afterwards settled in Scot- 
land, and died in 1783. 
ROBERTSON, George, an eminent English 
landscape painter, died in 1788. 
ROBERTSON, Dr. William, principal of the 
university of Edinburgh, and historiographer 
to his majesty, of Scotland, born in 1721, and 
died iu 1793. His iiistories of “ Charles V.,*’ 
of “ America,” and of “ Scotland,” will long 
continue to be read with pleasure, aud impress 
future ages with respect for the memory of the 
writer. 
ROBERTSON, Joseph, an eminent English 
clergyman, author of a translation of Telema- 
chus, and other works, died in 1802. 
ROBERVAL, Gilles Personne, sieur de, au- 
thor of a Treatise on Mechanics, was professor 
of mathematics at Paris, and died in 1675. 
ROBESPIERRE, Maximilian Isidore, a revo- 
lutionary monster, of France, was born at Arras, 
of a poor family, in 1759. At an early period 
of the French revolution he became the chief 
of the jacobins, and at length obtained the su- 
preme command in France. A confederacy was 
formed against him, and be was arrested in the 
national assembly, and executed in July, 1794. 
ROBIN HOOD, captain of a notorious band 
of robbers, who infested the forest of Sherwood, 
in Nottinghamshire, and from thence made ex 
cursionsto many parts of England in search of 
booty. He died in 1247. 
ROBINS, Benjamin, an English inathemati 
cian of great genius and eminence, born in 1707 
and died in 1751. He was engineer-general to 
the East India Company ; wrote “ New Princi 
pics of Gunnery;” and is considered as the real 
narrator of lord Anson’s “ Voyage round the 
World.” 
ROBINSON, Tankred, a distinguished phy- 
sician, author of an Essay on Natural History 
died in 1748. 
ROBINSON*. Anastasia, an eminent stage 
356 RO 
singer, who became afterwards countess of Pe- 
terborough, by marrying the earl, and died in! 
1750. 
ROBINSON, Robert, an English divine, who! 
published a translation of “ Saurin’s Salmons, 
and an “ Essay on the Composition of a Ser-j 
moil,” was born in 1735, and died in 1790. 
ROBINSON, Mary, an elegant English poet,' 
dramatist, and novelist, was born in 1758, and 
died in 1806. 
ROBINSON, Richard, a native of Yorkshire, 
prebendary of York, afterwards bishop of Kil- 
lala, and archbishop of Armagh, in Ireland, and 
created a peer, by the title of baron Rokeby ; he 
died in 1794. 
ROBINSON, Moses, a member of the United 
States senate, from Vermont, and governor of t 
that state ; he died in 1813. 
ROBINSON, Jonathan, chief justice of the j 
state of Vermont, and afterwards a senator in ! 
congress from that state ; he died in 1819. 
ROBINSON, John, a distinguished English ! 
clergyman, pastor of the English church at Am ! 
lierdarn, and afterwards at Leyden, and died 
there, in 1625. 
ROBINSON, Dr. John, a mathematician, pro-11 
fessor of natural philosophy, and afterwards of j; 
chyrnislry, at Edinburgh, was born in 1739. Hejj 
wrote “ Elements of Mechanical Philosophy,”! 
and died in Edinburgh, in 1805. 
ROCHEFORT, William de, a distinguished 
French writer, died in 1788. 
ROCHE FOUCAULT, Francis, duke of, an 
ingenious French writer, born in 1613, and diedj 
In 1680. 
ROCHESTER, John Wilmot, earl of, a very 
licentious wit and poet, in the reign of Charlesj 
II., born in 1648, and died in 1680. 
ROCHON DECHABANNES, Mark Anthony 
James, a French dramatic writer of merit, died { 
at Paris, in 1800. 
RODGERS,John, D. D., a distinguished Ame- 
rican clergyman, pastor of a presbyterian church 
in New-York, died in 1811. 
RODNEY, George Brydges, a most brave and 
successful English admiral, born in 1718, and 
died in 1792. 
RODNEY, Caesar, of Pennsylvania, one of 
the signers of the declaration of Independence. 
RODOLPH, duke of Swabia, was elected 
king of Germany, in 1077, by some German in- 
surgents. He was soon after killed in battle. 
RODOLPH I., of Hapsburg, surnamed the 
Clement, emperor of Germany, made war with 
the king of Bohemia, and obtained with victory, 
the cession of several of his provinces; he died 
in 1291. 
RODOLPH II. son of Maximilian II., king of 
Bohemia, Hungary, and the Romans, and elect- 
ed emperor in 1576. He was a weak and irreso- 
lute monarch, and suffered his kingdom to bej 
invaded by the Turks, and afterwards divided: 
by his brother, without courage to oppose the! 
one, or spirit to repress the other. He died in! 
1612. 
ROE, sir Thomas, an eminent statesman, sent1 
as ambassador by James I., to the court of the! 
great mogul, to that of the grand signior, and af-{ 
terwards to Sweden ; during his absence, he! 
made valuable collections of MSS. in the orien 
tal languages, which he presented to the Bod- 
leian library. He was afterwards a member of 
parliament and a privy counsellor, and died in 
1644. 
ROEMER, Olaus, a Danish astronomer, whoj 
was appointed teacher of mathematics to the. 
FvO 
|| Dauphin of France, afterwards professor of as- 
•tronomy at Copenhagen, and engaged in the ser- 
j vice of Christian V.; he died in 17 it). 
; ROENTGEN, N., a German artist, who was 
j employed by Catherine of Russia, in erecting the 
palace of Petersburg, died at the close of the 18ih 
century. 
I ROEPEL, Conrad, a painter, born at the 
Hague, whose fruit trees and flowers were much 
admired ; lie died in 1748. 
ROESTRATEN, Peter, an eminent portrait 
painter, of Haerlem, flourished about 11198. 
ROGER, first king of Sicily, conquered Apu 
lia, Calabria, and afterwards waged successful 
war against the Eastern empire ; he died in 
1154. 
ROGER, Charles, an eminent printer at Paris, 
jin the 16th century. 
| ROGER, Joseph Louis, a physician, of Stras- 
Iburg, died in 1761. 
j ROGER, prior of Hexham, author of a His- 
Itory of the Campaign of the Scotch Army undev 
iking David, about 1138. 
| ROGERS, John, an eloquent and zealous 
English divine, who suffered martyrdom at the 
{stake, at Smiihfield, in 1555, in the persecuting 
| reign of Mary. 
I ROGERS, John, D. D., a distinguished Eng- 
lish divine and controversial writer, canon and 
sub dean of Wells, and afterwards promoted to 
the living of St. Giles, London ; he died in 1729. 
ROGERS, Woods, an English circumnaviga- 
tor, and writer of his voyages round the globe ; 
he died in 1732. 
ROGERS, Nathaniel, a descendant of the 
martyr, was minister at Ipswich, Mass. ; he died 
in 1655. 
ROGERS, Ezekiel, first minister of Rowley, 
Mass., died in 1661. 
I ROGERS, John, a native of England, came 
jto America when young, and in 1682 was chosen 
president of Harvard college ; he died in 1684. 
{ ROGERS, William, D. D., a baptist clergy- 
!man, professor of English and oratory in the 
University of Pennsylvania ; lie died in 1824. 
ROGHMAN, Roland, a distinguished land- 
scape painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1686. 
ROHAN, Henry, duke of, peer of France, 
born in 1579. He distinguished himself as a 
warrior against LewisXIII., and also as apoliti- 
cal writer ; he died of wounds received in bat- 
tle, in 1638. 
ROHAULT, James, a French philosophical 
and polite writer, born in 1620, and died in 1675. 
ROLAND DE LA PLATIERE, I. M., a na- 
tive of Villefranche, removed early in life to 
Rouen, where he was soon noticed for his know- 
ledge of commerce and political economy, and 
for his writings. He was afterwards a minister 
of Lewis XVI., and a favourite of the people for 
a time, but was at length proscribed and fled 
from Paris. He committed suicide in 1793. 
ROLAND, Mary Jane Philipon, wife of the 
preceding, was a woman of strong mind, and 
eminent for her knowledge of the arts, her wit 
and learning. During her husband’s elevation 
she assisted him in the transaction of his busi- 
ness, and her house was the resort of the learn- 
ed, the powerful, and the intriguing. She was 
guillotined as an accomplice of the Girondists, 
in 1793. 
ROLAND D’ERCEVILLE, B. G., a learned 
and popular man, and president of the parlia- 
ment of Paris, fell a victim to the revolution, 
in 1794. 
ROLE, Michael, an eminent French roathe- 
357 RO 
niatician, author of a treatise on Algebra, and 
died in 1719. 
ROLLIN, Charles, a Frenchman, famous for 
eloquence and skill in the belles lettres, and as 
an author, was born in 1661, and died in 1741. 
ROLLINS, Reinhold Henry, a German phi- 
lologist, aut hor of Lives of Philosophers, Poets, 
&c., published in 1709. 
ROLLO,a Norvegian chieftain, who obtained 
the sovereignty of Normandy with the title of 
duke of Normandy, in 912; he was the ancestor 
of William the Conqueror, and died about 932. 
ROLLOCK, Robert, a native of Scotland, 
appointed by king James VI., the first principal, 
and professor of divinity, in the university of 
’Edinburgh ; he died in 1601. 
ROLT, Richard, a miscellaneous and dra- 
matic writer, died in 1770. 
ROMAINE, Rev. William, an eminent and 
very learned English divine, born in 1714, and 
died in 1795, having published many valuable 
theological works. 
ROMANELLI, John Francis, a painter, born 
at Viterbo, patronised by the pope, and elected; 
head of the academy of St. Luke, died in 1662. 
His son Urban, was also eminent as a painter, 
and died in 1682. 
ROMANO, Julia, an eminent Italian his- 
torical painter, and architect, and disciple of 
Raphael; he was born at Rome, in 1492, and 
died in 1546. 
ROMANES I., emperor of the East, was 
raised to distinction, by saving the life of the 
emperor Basil. He afterwards married a daugh- 
ter of Constantine X., who raised him as his 
associate to the throne. After exhibiting great 
military talents, united with humanity and be- 
nevolence, he was banished to a monastery, by 
his son Stephen, and died in 948. 
ROMANES II., the Younger, emperor of the 
East, a worthless, and effeminate prince, who 
died in consequence of his debauchery and in- 
temperance, in 963. 
ROMANES 111., emperor of the East, raised 
hirnself to the throne, by marrying the daughter 
of Constantine the Younger, in 1028. He was 
poisoned, and strangled at the instigation of his 
wife, in 1034. 
ROMANES IV., surnamed Diogenes, was 
taken prisoner, by a Turkish general, in 1071, 
and generously set at liberty by him. On his 
return to Constantinople, he found his throne 
usurped by Michael, the son of his predecessor, 
who defeated him in a subsequent battle, took 
him prisoner, and put out his eyes, which caused 
his death, in 1071. 
ROMANZOFT, N., marshal de, a Russian 
general, distinguished ns one of the greatest 
warriors of the age in which he lived. He 
defeated the. Turks at the battle of Ruth, leav- 
ing 100,060 of their army on the field; he died 
about 1787. 
ROMBOUTS, Theodore, a successful histori- 
cal painter, of Antwerp, died in 1637. 
ROME, DE L’ISLE, John Baptist, a native 
of France, distinguished by his devotion to the 
study of mineralogy and natural history, and by 
his writings on those subjects ; he died in 1790. 
ROMEYN, Theodoricus, an eminent Ameri- 
can clergyman, settled at Schenectady, New- 
York, and professor of theology in the reformed 
Dutch church ; he died in 1894. 
ROMEYN, John B., D. D., son of the pre- 
ceding. pastor of a presbyterian church in New- 
York, where he died In 1825. 
ROMILLY, John, an ingenious mechanic and 
RO 
clockmaker, of Geneva, author of the articles 
in the Encyclopedia, on clockinaking, and other 
writings, died in 1796. His sou, John Edine, 
I was a Calvinistic minister at Geneva and Lou- 
don, and the friend of d’Alembert, Rousseau, 
and Voltaire; he died in 1779. 
ROM1LLY, Sir Samuel, a learned English 
pleader at the chancery bar, and a most enlight- 
ened and effective member of the house of com- 
mons, was born in 1757. On the death of his 
wife, he became delirious, and destroyed him- 
self in 1818. 
ROMNEY, George, a celebrated English paint- 
er, was born in 1734, and died in 1802. 
ROMULUS, the founder, and first king of 
Rome, died 715 15. C., after reigning 38 years. 
RONCALLI, Christofano, a historical painter, 
of Pomerania, died in 1626. 
RONDELET, William,a distinguished French 
physician and anatomist, died in 1566. 
RONSARD, Peter de, a French elegiac and 
epigrammatic poet,of a noble family,died in 1585, 
aged 61. 
RONSIN, Charles Philip, an active and vio- 
lent partisan of the French revolution, minister 
I of war, and commaudei of the revolutionary 
army, he was guillotined in 1794. 
ROODSEUS, John Albert, an eminent por- 
trait painter, of Holland, died in 1674. 
ROOKE, sir George, a brave English admiral, 
died in 1708. 
ROOKE, Laurence, a distinguished English 
astronomer and geometrician, was professor of 
astronomy, and afterwards of geometry, at Gre- 
sham college, where he died in 1662. 
| ROOME, Edward, an English dramatic wri- 
; ter, died in 1729. 
ROORE, James, a native of Antwerp, distin- 
guished as a historical painter, died in 1747. 
ROOS, John Hendrick, an eminent portrait 
and landscape painter, of Ottenburg, born in 
1631. His two sons and his brother, were also 
respectable artists. 
ROOT, Jesse, a member of congress from 
Connecticut, and an officer in the revolutionary 
army, was afterwards chief justice of the su- 
preme court of that state. He published two 
volumes of Law Reports, and died in 1822. 
ROGUE, John de la, author of travels In 
Arabia Felix, Palestine, Syria, fee., died at 
Paris, in 1745. 
RORENMULLER, John George, a German 
divine and critic, professor of divinity at Er- 
jlangen ; he died in 1815. 
ROSA, Abba Cariera, a Venetian lady, cele- 
brated for her talents in crayon painting ana 
miniature, died in 1755. 
ROSA, Salvator, a painter. See SALVATOR. 
ROSAMOND, daughter of Walter de Clifford, 
lord Hereford, known in history as the beau- 
tiful mistress of Henry II., was poisoned by his 
queen. 
ROSCIUS, Quintus, a Gaul by birth, a cele 
brated comedian, died 61 B. C. 
ROSCOMMON, Wentworth Dillon, earl of, 
an English poet and critic, died in 1684, aged 51. 
He possessed the merit of being the only moral 
writer in the days of CharlesII. 
ROSE, George, an English statesman, presi- 
dent of the board of trade, and treasurer of the 
navy, was distinguished for his great industry 
and application to business, and for his writings 
on various subjects; he died in 1818. 
ROSE, Samuel, an English lawyer, author of 
a Life of Goldsmith, and editor of Comyn’s Re- 
ports and Digest; lie died in 1894. 
358 RO 
ROSEWELL, Thomas, an eminent dissent- 
ing clergyman in England, was educated at 
Oxford ; he died in 1691. 
ROSINUS, John, a learned German author, 
and preacher of the cathedral, at Naumberg, in 
Saxony, died in 1626. 
ROSOI, Barnaby Firrnin du, a French dra- 
matic writer, distinguished himself at the revo- 
lution, by his writings in favour of the unfortu- 
nate king, for which he was condemned and 
executed in 1792. 
ROSS, Alexander, teacher of an English 
grammar school, and chaplain to Charles I., and 
author of some religious tracts, died in 1654. 
ROSS, Alexander, a Scottish bishop and vol- 
uminous writer. He wrote “A View of all 
Religions,” and died in 1720, aged 80. 
ROSS, David, an eminent English actor, died 
in 1790, aged 62. 
ROSS, John, D. D., bishop of Exeter, died 
in 1792. 
ROSS, George, a member of congress from 
Pennsylvania, in 1776, and a signer of the de- 
claration of Independence. 
ROSSI, John Victor, or JANUS NICIUS, 
ERITHRAEUS, a Roman, of noble birth, who 
devoied himself to literary pursuits; he died 
in 1647. His writings were voluminous. 
ROSSI, Jerome, a native of Ravenna, physi- 
cian to Clement VIII., died in 1607. 
ROSSI, Bernard Marie de, a theological pro- 
fessor to the dominicans of Venice; he wrote 
on historical and antiquarian subjects, and died 
in 1775. 
ROSSLYN, Alexander Wedderburn, earl of, 
an eminent English lawyer, appointed solicitor 
and attorney general, and created baron Lough- 
borough. and made chief-justice of the common 
pleas, afterwards one of the ministry, and chan- 
cellor ; lie died in 1805. 
ROSSO, Le, or MASTER ROUX a self- 
taught artist, of Florence, who acquired cele- 
briiy as a painter, died in 1541. 
ROTARI, Peter, a celebrated portrait and his- 
torical painter, of Verona. He was patronised 
by the imperial family at St. Petersburg, in 1756. 
The time of his death is not known. 
ROTGANS, Luke, a native of Amsterdam, 
who, after being engaged two years in the wars 
of Holland, retired to his country seat, to devote 
himself to poetry. IIis epic poem in eight books, 
is admired by the Dutch ; he died in 1710. 
ROTHENAMER, John, an eminent historical 
painter, of Munich, patronised by the emperor 
Hodolph II.; he died in 1604. 
ROTHERAM, Dr. John, an English physi- 
cian, and experimental philosopher, died in 1787. 
ROTHERAM, John, an English divine and 
theological writer, died in 1788. 
ROTHMAN, Christopher, astronomer to the 
landgrave of Hesse, died in 1592. 
ROTRON, John de, a distinguished poet, dra- 
matic writer, and magistrate of Dreux, who lost 
his life in consequence of administering to the 
necessities of the poor, during the prevalence of 
an epidemic disease, in 1650. 
ROUBILLAC, Francis, a most eminent sculp- 
tor, whose chief works are in Westminster Ab- 
bey. He was born at Lyons, in France, but went 
over to England. He had also a turn for poetry, 
and wrote satires in French verse, died in 1762. 
ROUGHER, J. A., a distinguished French 
poet, born at Montpellier, was guillotined for 
the freedom with which he spoke of the atroci- 
ties of the French revolution, in 1794. 
ROUELLE, William Francis, lecturer on; 
RO 
chymistry, in the royal botanical garden at Paris 
died in 1770. 
ROUILLE, Peter Julian, a jesuit, of Tours, 
professor of theology and philosophy to his order, 
died at Paris, in 1740. 
ROUS. Francis, a violent fanatic of the com 
monwealth, speaker of Barebone’s parliament, 
and a favourite of Cromwell, who made him pro 
vest of Eton; he died in 1659. 
ROUSE, John, author of a Chronicle of the 
Kings of England, and other works, died in 1491. 
ROUSSEAU, James, a distinguished French 
painter, born at Paris, in 1630, and died in Lon- 
don, in 1693. 
ROUSSEAU, John Baptist, an illustrious 
French poet, born at Paris, in 1669, died in 1741. 
ROUSSEAU, John James, a celebrated phi 
losopher, and most eccentric genius, born at Ge 
neva, in 1711, and died in 1778. 
ROUSSEL, William, a Benedictine, of Cou- 
ches, in Normandy, who devoted himself tc 
literary pursuits at Rheims, died in 1717. 
ROUSSEL, Peter, a distinguished writer and 
physician, ofFrance, died atChateaudun, in 1803. 
ROUX, Augustin, a native of Gascony, who 
took his degrees in medicine at Bourdeaux, au- 
thor of Memoirs of Chymistry, &c.; he died in 
1776. 
ROWE, Nicholas, an English dramatic poet 
and translator, born in 1673, died in 1718. He 
wrote 8 plays, and gave the public an edition of 
Sbakspeare’s works, to which he prefixed an 
account of that great man’s life. 
ROWE, Elizabeth, an English lady, famous 
for her fine parts and writings, in verse and 
prose, born in 1764, died in 1737. She is chiefly 
celebrated for her “ Friendship in Death, in 20 
Letters from the Dead to the Living and her 
“ Letters Moral and Entertaining.” 
ROWE, Thomas, the husband of the preced 
ing, died in 1718, in the 28th year of his age. He 
commenced a translation of Plutarch’s Lives, 
which he did not live to finish. 
ROWE, Thomas, educated at Oxford, min- 
ister of Litchet, in Dorsetshire, afterwards a 
dissenting clergyman, died in 1698. 
ROWE, John, a popular English preacher, 
settled iri Staffordshire, and afterwards in Lon- 
don, died in 1677. 
ROWLAND, Henry, author of a History of 
the Island of Anglesey, died in 1722. 
ROWLAND, David S., an American divine, 
pastor of a congregational church at Windsor, 
Conn. ; he died in 1794. 
ROWLEY, Samuel, a dramatic writer, in the 
reign of Charles I. of England. 
ROWLEY, William, an eminent dramatic 
writer, and an actor,cotemporary and in friend- 
ship with Shakspeare, Jonson, &c. 
ROWLEY. Sen CHATTEIITON. 
ROWLEY, Dr. William, a physician, and a 
copious writer on medical subjects, unfortu- 
nately opposed himself to vaccination. He died 
in 1806, aged 63. 
ROWNlNG, John, an able mathematician, 
author of a compendious system of Natural 
Philosophy, died in London, in 1771. 
ROXANA, the daughter of Oxvartes, a Per- 
sian prince, and a prodigy of beauty, was mar- 
ried to Alexander the Great, and had a son after 
his death ; both mother and son were put to 
| death by Cassander, 323 B. C. 
ROXBURG, William, M. D. an eminent 
j botanical writer, of Ayrshire, went to India, 
( where he became keeper of the Botanical Gar- 
den, at Calcutta. He died at Edinburgh, in 1815 RU 
ROY, Julian le, a native of Tours, distin- 
guished for his great mechanical knowledge, 
died in 1759. 
ROYSE, George, II. D., an eminent English 
divine, chaplain to king William, provost of 
Orial college, and dean of Bristol, died in 1708. 
ROYSE, John, A. M., a popular preacher, 
under Cromwell, died in 1663. 
ROZEE, N., a lady of Leyden, who excelled 
in the use of her pencil, but finished her pictures 
with silk floss, instead of colours; she died in 
1682. 
ROZIER, Francis, D. D., an ecclesiastic, prior 
f Nanteuil, distinguished for his attachment 
to the study of agriculture, botany, chymistry, 
and natural history. Killed during the siege of 
Lvons, by the bursting of a bomb, when in bed, 
in 1793. 
RUBENS, sir Peter Paul, prince of the Flem- 
ish painters, born in 1577. He was sent by 
Isabella, ambassador to England, to negotiate a 
peace with Charles I., in 1630. The king knighted 
him for painting the banqueting-house. He died 
in 1640. 
RUBENS, Albert, son of the preceding, go- 
vernor of the Low Countries, died in 1657. 
RUCCELLAI, John, an ecclesiastic, of Flo- 
rence, of illustrious birth, ambassador from pope 
Leo X., to Francis I., afterwards governor of 
St. Angelo ; he died in 1526. 
RUCCELLAI, Bernard, a native of Florence, 
in the 15th century, author of “ Belluin Itali- 
cuin.” 
HUD BECK, Olaus, professor of medicine at 
Upsal, died in 1702. 
RUDDIMAN, Thomas, an eminently learned 
Scotchman, author of a Latin grammar, with 
valuable notes; he was born in 1674, and died 
in 1757. 
RUD1NG, Rogers, an English divine, author 
of “ Annals of the coinage of Britain and its 
dependencies;” he died in 1820. 
RUE, Charles de la, a Benedictine monk, 
eminent for his knowledge of Greek and He- 
brew, died in 1739. 
RUE, Charles de la, a French orator and po- 
et, born at Paris, in 1643, and died in 1725. 
RUFFHEAD, Owen, an English law and 
miscellaneous writer, and biographer of Pope, 
died in 1769. 
RUFF1, Anthony de, a learned counsellor, 
of Marseilles, of which place he wrote a Histo- 
ry ; he died in 1689. 
RUFINUS, a father of the church, the friend, 
and afterwards the antagonist of St. Jerome, 
died in 410. 
RUFUS, Ephesius, an ancient Greek anato- 
mical writer, whose works qre lost, and an able 
physician. 
RUGENDAS, George Philip, a celebrated 
painter, of Augsburg, died in 1742. 
RUGGLE, George, an English writer, author 
of a comedy, in Latin, performed before James 
I., in 1614 ; he died in 1640. 
RLTGGLES, Timothy, a native of Massachu- 
setts, was a brigadier-general under general Am- 
herst, and a brave and meritorious officer. At 
the revolution he joined the British, and died in 
Nova Beotia, in 1798. 
RUHNKENIUS, David, a native of Pomera- 
nia, professor of belles lettres and history, and 
librarian in Leyden university, died in 1798. 
RUINART, Thierry, a Benedictine monk, 
bo n at Rlteims, died in 1709. 
RULE, Gilbert, professor of philosophy, at 
Aberdeen, and principal of his college, and af- 
RU 
terwards of the university at Edinburgh, died 
in 1705. * 
RULIEREB, N. <1e, a learned Frenchman, 
author of an Account of the Revolution in Po- 
land, and other works, died in 1791. 
RULLAND, Martin, professor of medicine, 
at Lawingen, in Swabia, and physician to Ru- 
dolph II., died at Prague, in 1002. 
RUMFORD, count. See THOMPSON, Ben 
janiin. 
RUMPIIIUS, George Everard, a doctor of me 
jdiciue in Hanau university, distinguished as a 
botanist ; the time of his death is not known. 
1 RUMSEY, James, an ingenious mechanic, of 
|Virginia, who invented a mode of propelling 
boats by steam, in 1782. The experiments 
which were made, however, were not success- 
ful. He died at Philadelphia, about 1790. 
RUNDLE, Thomas, bishop of Derry, and an 
excellent theological writer, died in 1743. 
RUNNINGTON, Charles, an English ser- 
geant at law, died in 1821. He published Hale’s 
History of the common law, and several otiier 
valuable professional works. 
RUPERT, Prince, a brave German general, 
died in 1682, aged 63. 
RUREMOND, John William de, a French 
fanatic, who thought himself inspired and com 
missioned by heaven, to restore tile tenets of tilt 
anabaptists of Munster, was burnt about 1580. 
RUSCELL1, Jerome, a native of Viteibo, 
eminent for his learning, died in 1565. 
RUSH, Benjamin, M. D., LL. D., a distin- 
guished American physician and statesman, 
was professor of chymistry, and of the theory 
and practice of medicine, and of clinical medi- 
cine, in the medical school in Philadelphia. He 
was also a member of congress, in 1776, and a 
signer of the declaration of Independence, and 
physician-general of the middle department of 
the revolutionary army. Few men have been 
greater ornaments to the country than Dr. Rush, 
and very few have acquired greater reputatiou 
both at home and abroad. His writings, par- 
ticularly on professional subjects, are highly 
valued. He died at Philadelphia, in 1813. 
RUSHWORTH, John, an English gentleman, 
editor of some very useful historical collections, 
died in 1690, aged 83. 
RUSSEL, Alexander, physician to the Eng- 
lish factory at Aleppo, distinguished for hit 
abilities and learning both there and in England, 
died in 1770. 
RUSSEL, lord William, an eminent English 
patriot, was beheaded in 1683. 
RUSSEL. Francis, duke of Bedford, an Eng 
lisli nobleman, distinguished for his endeavours 
|to improve every branch of agriculture, lit 
died in 1802, -aged 37. 
RUSSEL, Richard, an eminent English pity 
sician, died in 1768. 
RUSSEL, Elizabeth, lady, wife of lord John, 
was distinguished by a well cultivated mind, anil 
a taste for literature ; she died about 1600. 
RUSSEL, Patrick, M. D., and F. R. S., an 
thor of a valuable treatise on the plague, an 1 
of some estimable works ott natural history ; he 
died in 1805. 
RUSSEL, William, LL. D., born in Scot- 
land, in 1746, and died in 1793, having published 
several works 
RUSSELL, Chambers, a judgeofthe supreme 
court of the colony of Massachusetts, and of the 
admiralty court of the province, died in Eng 
land, in 1766. 
RUSSELL, James, of Massachusetts, ho sus 
360 SA 
tained various civil offices in that state, with 
great reputation, and died in 1798. 
RUSSELL, Thomas, an eminent merchant, 
of Boston, died in 1796. 
RUST, George, dean of Connor, and bishop 
of Droinore, Ireland, died in 1670. 
RUTH, a woman of Moab, mentioned in the 
8crip'ures, who by marrying Boaz, became the 
progenitor of the royal race of David. 
RUTHERFORTil, Thomas, an English di- 
vine, and writer on natural philosophy, morals, 
and mathematics, died in 1771, aged 59. 
RUTILIA, a Roman lady, wife of M. Anna 
Cotta, celebrated as a woman of great virtue. 
RUT1I,[US RUFUS, Publius, a Roman con- 
sul, banished through envy, about 105 B. C. 
RUTIL1US, Claudius, a native of Toulouse, 
in the 5th century, wrote in elegiac verse. 
RUTLEDGE, John, a member of congress in 
1774, and afterwards governor of the state of 
South Carolina, was distinguished for his zeal 
and firmness in support of the rights of the 
colonies, during the revolution. He died in 
1800. 
RUTLEDGE, Edward, an eminent lawyer 
and patriot, of South Carolina, was a member 
of congress from that state, in 1774 and 1776, 
and a signer of the declaration of Independence. 
He was afterwards governor of South Carolina, 
and died in 1800. 
RUYSCH, Frederic, a very eminent Dutch 
anatomist, born in 1638, and died in 1731. 
RUYSDALL, Jacob, a celebrated Dutch land- 
scape painter, died in 1681, aged 45. 
RUYTER, Michael Adrian, a famous Dutch 
admiral, died in 1676, aged 69. 
RYAN, Lacy, an English dramatic writer, 
but more eminent as an actor, born in 1694. and 
died in 1760. 
RYCKHAERT, Martin, an eminent Dutch 
landscape painter, died in 1636. 
RYCQ.UIUS, Justus, of Ghent, professor of 
eloquence at Bologna, where he died in 1627. He 
wrote “ Capitolio Romano,” a valuable work. 
RYER, Peter du, a French dramatic writer, 
died in 1658, aged 53. 
RYKIUS, Theodore, professor of history at 
Leyden, died in 1690. 
RYLAND, John, a distinguished baptist 
preacher in England, author of “ Elements of 
Mechanics,” “Sermons,” &c.; he diedin 1792. 
R-YLANI), William Wynne, an eminent 
English engraver. He committed forgery, for 
which he suffered death in 1783. 
RYMER, Thomas, an excellent antiquary and I 
historian, died in 1713. 
RYSBRAC, John Michael, an eminent statua- 
ry, who died in London, in 1770. 
RYSBRAECK, Peter, an eminent landscape 
painter, of Antwerp, born in 1657. The tune 
of his death is uncertain. 
RYVES, sir Thomas, an eminent lawyer and 
miscellaneous writer in Latin, died in 1651. i 
RYVES, Bruno, a celebrated preacher, chap- ; 
lain to Charles I. ; he died in 1677. 
RYVES, Eliza, an Irish lady, celebrated as a 
poetess and miscellaneous writer, died in 1797. \ 
S 
SA, or SAA, Emanuel, a Portuguese jesuit,jj 
was professor of theology at Coimbra and at 
Rome; he wrote several valuable works, and 
died in 1596. 
SA DE MIRANDA, Francis, a native of Co-1 
Imbra, and professor of .jurispiudence at the; 
SA 
i university. He wrote satires, comedies, &c. 
I and died in 1558. 
j SAADAS GAON, a Jewish rabbi, author of 
j a hook on the Belief of the Jews, and other 
i! theological works, died in 943. 
! SAAS, John, a canon of the church of Rouen, 
■ jand librarian, died in 1774. He wrote an Abridg 
! ment of the French Historical Dictionary, and 
other books. 
SAAVEDRA, Michael de Cervantes, a cele- 
brated Spanish writer, died in 1616, aged 67. 
SAAVEDRA FAJARDO, Diego, a noble 
Spaniard, ambassador to Switzerland. He 
wrote “ Idea of a Polite Prince,” and other 
works, and died in 1770. 
SABAS, a famous sectarist, flourished about 
310. 
SABATEI-SEVI, a Jewish impostor, born 
at Smyrna, in 1626. He presented himself at 
Jerusalem, as the promised Messiah, and in- 
vited the Jews to salute their deliverer. Mul- 
titudes were so infatuated as to believe liis 
declarations, and receive him as the King of 
Kings. He was seized on his way to Constan- 
tinople, and imprisoned, and after embracing 
Mahometanism, died there in 1675. 
j SABBATHIER, Francis, a French miscella- 
j neous writer, whose works are numerous ; he 
died in 1807. 
SABBATHIER, Peter, a native of Poitiers, of 
the order of Benedictines, who was employed 
for twenty years in making a collection of the 
Latin versions of the Bible, which was publish- 
ed in 1743, under the title of “ Bibliorum Sacro- 
rum Latina: Versiones Antiquse;” he died in 
1742. 
SABELLICUS, Mark Antony Cocceius, a 
learned Italian, professor of belles lettres at 
Udina, and librarian to St. Marks at Venice, 
died in 1506. 
SABELLIUS, a noted African, founder of a 
sect in the 3d century, which denied distinc- 
tion in the Trinity. 
SABEO, Faustus, a native of Bresse, in the 
Venetian territory, distinguished as a poet, died 
about 1558. 
SABINA, Julia, wife of the emperor Adrian 
At the request of her husband she took poison, 
that siie might not survive him, and died in 138. 
SABINA, Aldus, a Latin poet in the age of 
Ovid. His works, which have all perished, 
were said to possess some merit. 
SABINES, Francis Floribus, a polite and 
learned Italian writer, author of Interpretations 
of the Civil Law, &c., died about 1547. 
SABINUS, George, an excellent modern La- 
tin poet. He settled at Frankfort on the Oder, 
where he was patronised by the elector of Bran- 
denburg, and the emperor Charles V.; he died 
in 1560. 
SABLIER, N., an eminent French writer, 
who published “ Essai sur les Languages,!’ and 
other works, and died at Paris, in 1785. 
SABLIERE, Anthony de Rainbouillet de la, a 
French poet, died in 1680. 
SACCHI, Andrea, an illustrious Italian his- 
torical painter, died in 1661, aged 62. 
SACCIIINI, Antoine Marie Gasper, a very 
eminent musician, born at Naples, in 1735, and 
died at Paris, in 1786. 
j SACHEVERELL, Dr. Henry, a divine of 
great celebrity in England, died in 1724, aged 52. 
SACHTLEVEN, Herman, a native of Rot- 
terdam, distinguished as a landscape painter, 
died in 1685. His relative, Cornelius, was also 
an eminent landscape painter. 
361 SA 
SACKVILLE, Thomas, lord Buckhurst, and 
earl of Dorset, was celebrated as a poet, and 
died in 1008, aged 72. 
SACKVILLE, Charles, earl of Dorset and 
Middlesex, a celebrated wit and poet, died in 
1700. aged 09. 
SACKVILLE, Edward, earl of Dorset, an 
English soldier, and an ambassador from Eng- 
land to the French court. He was afterwards 
president of the council, and lord privy seal, 
under Charles, and died in 1052. 
SACKVILLE, George, viscount, a lieutenant- 
general in the British service, and afterwards 
secretary of state for the colonial department, 
a id first lord of the board of trade, in the British 
cabinet, died in 1785. 
SACY, Lewis de, an advocate of the parlia- 
ment of Paris, author of a French translation 
of Pliny’s Letters, and other works, died in 1727. 
SADE, N. de, abbot of Ebreuil, and author 
of “ Memoirs of the Life of Plutarch,” died in 
1780 
SADELER, John, an eminent designer and 
engraver, of Brussels, patronised by the duke 
of Bavaria, lived about 1550. His brother and 
a nephew were also eminent artists. 
SADLEIR. sir Ralph, a statesman, born in 
1507, and died in 1587. 
SADLER, John, an English law writer, died 
in 1074. 
SADLER, Anthony, an English clergyman, 
chaplain to Charles II. after the restoration, 
died in 1080. 
SADOE, a famous Jew rabbi, and founder of 
the sect of the Sadducees; he flourished 220 
B. C. 
SADOLET, James, a polite and learned 
Italian writer and cardinal, died in 1547, aged 70. | 
SAGE, David le, a Free’ll poet, wrote epi-, 
grams, sonnets, elegies, &c , and died about 
1050. 
SAGE, Alian Rene le, an ingenious French 
dramatic poet and novelist, died in 1747, aged 
80. He wrote “ The Devil on two Sticks” and! 
“Gil Bias.” 
SAGE, John, a Scotch clergyman, bishop of I 
Edinburgh, died in 1711. 
SAGITTARIUS, Gaspard, professor of his-1 
tory in the university of Halle, and historian to]| 
the duke of Saxony, an able supporter of tliej 
doctrines of the reformation, and a writer. He! 
died in 1094. 
SAGREDO, John, a noble Venetian, ambas-! 
sador to various courts, and doge of Venice,' 
wrote a “ History of the Ottoman Empire,” 
in 1077. 
SAILLANT, N. du, a French officer, distin- 
guished at the beginning of the revolution, for 
his efforts in support of the monarchy. He was 
murdered with his followers at Vans. 
SAINT-AM AND, Mark Antony Gerard de, a; 
French traveller and poet, died in 1000. His best 
piece is an Ode on Solitude. 
SAINT ANDRE, Nathaniel, a Swiss, who 
went to England, and practised surgery andj 
iiiaiomv; he died in 1770. 
SAINT-AULAIRE, Francis Joseph de Beau- 
poil, marquisde, a French poet,who lived to near 
100 years, and wrote his best verses at 90 ; he 
died in 1742. 
SAINT-CLA1R, Arthur, a native of Scot- 
land, came to America, in 1755, and served in 
the British army under general Wolfe. At the 
beginning of the revolution, he joined the Ame- 
ricans, and was appointed successively a bri- | 
gadier aid major-general iu their army, ini! 
SA 
which he served with reputation and success. 
He was afterwards a member and president of 
congress, and governor of the United States 
territory north-west of the Ohio. He died in 
1818. 
SAINT-CYR, Tannequil de Bouchet, a brave 
French officer under diaries IX. He was made 
governor of Orleans, and was killed at tiie 
battle of Moncontour, in 1509. 
SAINT-CYRAN, John du Verger de Hou- 
ranue, abbot of, born at Bayonne, in 1581 ; he 
wrote many books, and died in 1643. 
SAINT-EVREMOND. See EVREMOND. 
SAINT-FOIX, Germain Francis Pouliain 
de, a French writer, born in 1703. He wrote 
“Turkish Letters,” “Historical Essays,” 
“Comedies,” &c., and died in 1776. 
SAINT-GELAIS, Octavian de, a French di- 
vine and poet, bishop of Angouieme, died iu 
150-2. 
SAINT-GELAIS, Melin de, son of the pre- 
ceding, a distinguished French poet, died in 1559. 
SAINT-GENNIEZ, John de, a clergyman, 
of Avignon, and author of some poetical pieces 
of great merit, died in 1003. 
SAINT GERMAIN, Robert, count de, a dis- 
tinguished officer iu the service of France and 
of Denmark. He was made a field marshal of 
Denmark, and was afterwards at the head of 
the French war department under Lewis XVI 
He died in 1777. 
SAINT-GERMAIN, N., count de, an im- 
postor, who pretended to have lived 2000 years, 
and to have set at the side of our Saviour at the 
marriage of Cana. He died in 1784. 
SAINT-IIYACINTHE, Themiseul de, a 
French writer, known by his quarrel with Vol- 
taire, and author of some romances, and other 
works, died in 1740. 
SAINT-JOIIN, Henry, lord viscount Boling- 
broke, a famous English philosopher, and poli- 
tician, born in 1G72, and died in 1751. He was 
secretary of war, and of state, to queen Anne. 
SAINT-JUST, Louis Leon de, one of the 
most violent and cruel of the French revolu- 
tionists, the associate of Robespierre. He gam 
ed the friendship of that monster by advocating 
and supporting his sanguinary measures, and 
deservedly perished with him on the scatfold, ir 
1794. He wrote “ Esprit de la Revolution.” 
SAINT-LAMBERT, Charles Francis de, a 
French poet and dramatic writer, the friend of 
Voltaire, died in 1802. He wrote the “ Seasons," 
a poem, “ Oriental Fables,” &c. 
SAINT-MARK, Charles Hugh le Fevre de, 
a French miscellaneous writer, died at Paris, 
in 1709. 
SAINT MARTIN, N., a French soldier and 
writer, author of a book “on Error and Truth,” 
and a “ Picture of Natural Order;” he died in 
18(14. 
S MNT-NECTAIRE, Magdalen de, a French 
heroine, famous for the defence of her castle 
against the superior forces of the enemy, in the 
wars of the protestants. 
SAINT-NON, John Claude Richard de, a 
counsellor of the parliament of Paris, and au- 
thor of a “ Voyage to Naples and Sicily,” and 
“ Julia,” a comedy; he died in 1791. 
SAINT-PAVIN, Denys Sanguiu de, a French 
ecclesiastic and poet, author of epigrams, son- 
nets, &c., died in 1670. 
SAtNT-PH ALIER, Frances Theresa Auntelo 
de, a French lady, who wrote the “ Confident 
Rival,” a comedy, and some poetical pieces 
died iu 1757 SA 
SAINT-PIERRE, Charles Irenseus Caste! de, 
a French ecclesiastic, distinguished as a politi- 
cian, and as a man of tetters, author of a “ Pro- 
ject for Universal Peace among the European 
Powers,” and other works, died In 1743. 
SAINT-PIERRE;- Eustace de, a famous pa- 
triotic citizen of Calais, who, in 1347, offered 
himself, the first of six, of the principal inhabi- 
ants, required by Edward III. to be given up to 
Ms discretion, as victims for their obstinacy in 
folding out the siege. By the entreaties of Ed- 
vard’s queen he spared their lives, and made 
item presents. 
SAlNT-PIERRE, Jacques Henri Bernardin 
Je, a very pleasing French writer, died in 1814, 
ged 77. His “ Studies .of Nature,” is deserv- 
vlly a popular work. 
SAINT-PREUIL, Francis de Jussac d’Em- 
u’sville de, a distinguished French officer, and 
,»vernor of Arras, died in 1641. 
SAINT-SIMON, Louis de Rouvroi, du1 e of, 
S French statesman, and ambassador to Spain, 
r\ 1721. His works have been published in 13 
»ols. 
SAINT-VINCENT, John Francis Fauris de, 
president of the parliament of Provence, died 
in 1798. 
SAINT-YVES, Charles, a skilful French oc- 
ulist, author of a valuable Treatise on the Dis- 
orders of the Eyes, died in 1736. 
SAINTE-ALDEGONDE, Philip de Marnix, 
lord du Mont, an eminent German statesman 
and patriot, and divinity and civil law writer; 
he died in 1598, aged 60. 
SAINTE-BEUVE, James de, a French eccle- 
siastic, and professor of divinity at the Sorbon- 
ne, died in 1677. 
SAINTE-MARTHE, in Latin, Sammartha- 
nus, the name of a family in France, which, 
from 1536 to the end of the 17th century, was 
fruitful in men of letters. 
SAINTE-PALAYE, John Baptist de la Curne 
de, a French antiquary, author of a valuable 
work on “ Ancient Chivalry,” and of a “ Uni- 
versal French Glossary,” in 40 volumes, died 
in 1781. 
S ALADIN, or SALAHEDDIN, a famous sul- 
tan of Egypt, equally renowned as a warrior 
and legislator; he died in 1193, aged 57. 
S ALA RIO, Andrew, an eminent painter, 
born at Milan, in 1487, died at Florence, in 1559. 
SALDEN, William, a native of Utrecht, was 
minister of the Hague church, and distinguish- 
ed as a theological writer ; he died in 1694. 
SALE, George, a learned Englishman, who 
died at London, in 1736. He translated the Ko 
ran, from tMe original, with notes. 
SALERNE, Francis, a French physician,who 
devoted himself to the elucidation of natural 
history. He wrote the “ Natural History of 
Animals,” &c., and died in 1760. 
SALESBURY, William, author of a Welch 
Dictionary, poems, and other works; he lived; 
in the beginning of the 17th century. 
SA1IAN, James, a jesuit, of A'dgnon, rectof 
of the college of Besancon, died in 1640. Hcj 
wrote several theological works. 
SALIMBENI, Venuri, a distinguished liisto-l 
rical painter, of Sienna, died in 1613. 
SALINAS, Francis de, a native of Burgos, 
who, although destitute of sight, was distin- 
guished for his knowledge of mathematics, 
Greek, Latin, and nmsic. He wrote a Treatise 
on Music, and died in 1590. 
SAL!NGUEUKA, a chief of the Ghibelins, 
who seized upon Ferrara, in 1195, and defied 
SA 
, I the power of the pope, and of the duke of Este 
! He was afterwards taken, and died in prison, in 
1240. 
i SALIS, Ulysses de, a noble Swiss, who dis- 
tinguished himself as an officer in the Venetian 
and French armies, and in aid of his native 
country. He died in 1074. 
SALISBURY, John, an English divine, in the 
reign of Stephen. His writings on subjects of 
antiquity and criticism, are curious and valua- 
ble. 
SALISBURY, Robert Cecil, carl of, an emi- 
nent English statesman, the son of lord Bur- 
leigh, was born in 1550. He was chancellor of 
Lancaster, principal secretary of state, and 
prime minister of England, under Elizabeth ; in 
which stations, as well as that of high treasurer, 
he behaved with uncommon prudence and saga- 
city. He died in 1012. 
SALLENGRE, Albert Henry de, a learned 
writer, born at the Hague, in 1094. He became 
an advocate of the court of Holland, and com- 
missary of the finances of the states-general, 
and died in 1723. 
SALLO, Dennis de, a French writer, famous 
as the inventor of literary journals, born in 1020, 
and died in 1009. 
SALLUST, Cains Crispus, a most celebrated 
Roman historian, born 85 B. C., and died at the 
age of 50. 
SALMANASAR, king of Assyria, who put 
| an end to the kingdom of Israel, by invading the 
; country, and carrying the people into captivity. 
| lie died about 714 B. C. 
j SALMASIUS, Claudius, or SAUMAISE, a 
French historian and critic, of most uncommon 
labilities, and immense erudition, born in 1588, 
land died in 1653, leaving works very numerous 
and various. 
j SALMEItON, Alphonsus, of Toledo, a zeal- 
jous follower of Ignatius Loyola, the founder of 
| the jesuits, distinguished for his learning. He 
wrote Commentaries on the Scriptures, &c., and 
Idled in 1588. 
| SALMON, William, an eminent empiric, au- 
thor of the “ Complete Physician,” and other 
works, died about 1700. 
i SALMON, Nathaniel, an English divine, bio- 
grapher, and antiquary, died in 1742. 
j SALMON, Thomas, an English writer, who 
| published a “ Geographical Grammar,” of some 
reputation, and died in 1743. 
I SALOMON, .1. P., the greatest performer on 
the violin in Europe, was born in Cologne, in 
11745, and died in London, in 1815. He brought 
into England the immortal Haydn, the most 
original, brilliant, and fertile musical genius the 
world ever produced. 
[ SALONINA, wifeofGallienus, distinguished 
| as a literary and benevolent princess ; she was 
murdered with her husband, in 268. 
SALTER, Samuel, D. D., an eminent English 
divine, prebendary of Norwich, died in 1778 
lie was distinguished for his eloquence, piety, 
and learning. 
SALTER” John, major-general of the English 
| forces, and lieutenant-colonel of the first regi 
rnent of foot. He was originally a private in 
the guards, and was commissioned by the great 
1 duke of Cumberland. He died in 1787, aged 78 
SALTONSTALL, Gordon, an American 
clergyman, afterwards governor of the colony 
of Connecticut, a man of genius, and of strong 
j discriminating powers of mind; hediedatNew- 
London, in 1724. 
SALTONSTALL, Richard, a distinguished 
363 ~ SA ' 
familiar literary intimacy with Garrick and 
Sterne. 
SANCHONIATHON, an ancient Phoenician 
philosopher and historian, flourished 760 B. C. 
BANCROFT, IJr. William, archbishop of 
Canterbury, born in 1616, and died in 1693. 
SANCTORIUS, a celebrated medical pro 
fessor, of Padua, who flourished in the begin- 
ning of the 17th century. 
SAN DRY, Paul, an English artist, distin- 
guished for hisaquatinta drawings, and a mem 
ber of the royal academy; he died in 1809. 
SANDRY, Thomas, brother to the preceding, 
was professor of architecture in the royal aca- 
demy, and died in 1798. 
SANDEMAN, Robert, a Scotchman, who, af- 
ter preaching his peculiar doctrines in London, 
came to America, and founded a sect, called 
Sandemanians. He died in Connecticut, in 
1772. 
SANDERS, Robert, an English writer, author 
of the “ Complete English Traveller,” the 
“ Newgate Calendar,” and other works, died in 
1783. 
SANDERS, Nicolas, professor of divinity at 
Louvain, and afterwards nuncio from Gregory 
XIII. to Ireland. He died in 1581. 
SANDERSON, Dr. Robert, bishopof Lincoln, 
a polemic writer and casuist, born in 1587, and 
died in 1663. 
SANDERSON, Robert, F. A. S., an English 
writer, distinguished as the continuator of 
Ryiner’s Foedera, from the 16th to the 20th vo 
lume, died in 1741. 
SANDRART, Joachim, a famous German 
painter, died in 1676, aged 70. 
SANDYS, Edwin, archbishop of York, born 
in 1519, and died in 1588. He was one of the 
nine protestant divines appointed by queen Eli- 
zabeth, who. were to hold a disputation against 
so many of {lie Romish persuasion before both 
houses of parliament at Westminster, in 1559. 
SANDYS, sir Edwin, second son of the pre- 
ceding, and an author, was born iu 1561, and died 
in 1629. 
SANDYS, George, brother of the pteceding, 
born in 1577, became a great traveller, and in 
1615, published an account of his travels. He 
was called by Dryden the best versifier of the 
age. He died in 1643. 
SANNAZARIUS, James, an excellent Latin 
and Italian poet, born at Naples, in 1458,and died 
in 1530. 
SANSON, Nicolas, a celebrated French geo- 
grapher, was born in 1600, and died in 1667. 
SANSOVINO, James, an eminent sculptor 
and architect, of Florence, died at Venice, in 
1570. His son, Francis, distinguished for his 
attainments in polite literature, wrote a chrono- 
logy of the world to 1582, and several other 
works, and died in 1536. 
SANTEUL, John Raptist de, a celebrated 
French poet, died in 1697, aged 67. 
SANTI DI TITI, an eminent historical and 
portrait painter, of Florence, died in 1603. 
SAPOR I., king of Persia, in 238. He ex 
tended his dominions by conquest, but was at 
last defeated and put to death in 273. 
SAPOR H. succeeded his father Hormisdas 
as king of Persia. He was a brave and success 
fill warrior against the Romans, but a violent 
opposer of the Christians. He died in 380. 
SAPPHO, a famous poetess of antiquity, who 
for excellence in her art, has been called the 
tenth muse, was born at Mitylene, in the isle of 
Lesbos, 610 B. C. She loved Phaon, who was 
SA 
magistrate, and judge of the supreme court of 
Massachusetts, died in 1756. 
SALVATOR, Rosa, an eminent Italian pain- 
ter, engraver, and poet, born in 1615, and died 
in 1673. 
SALV1, John, an eminent historical painter, 
born near Urbino, died in 1590. 
SALVI, Nicholas, a celebrated architect, of 
Rome, died in 1751. 
SALVIANI, Hippolitus, a physician at Rome, 
author of a Treatise on Fishes, and other works, 
including poems and comedies, died in 1752. 
SALVIANUS, a clear, elegant, and beautiful 
writer, and one of the fathers of the church. 
He wrote a treatise called “De Providentia Dei,” 
in eight books. He lived in the 5th century. 
SALVI ATI, Francis, an eminent painter, of 
Florence, died in 1563. 
SALVIATI, Joseph, a distinguished Venetian 
painter, whose designs and colouring were much 
admired ; he died iu 1585. 
SALVINI, Anthony Marie, an eminent Ita- 
lian scholar, professor of Greek at Florence, 
died in 1729. He translated the works of many 
distinguished Greek and Latin writers into 
Italian, and wrote some elegant sonnets, &c. 
SAMBUCUS, John, counsellor of state, and 
historiographer of the German empire, under 
Maximilian II. and Rodolphus II. He wrote 
“ Lives of tiie Roman Emperors,” “ History of 
Hungary,” and other works, and died in 1584. 
SAMMARTHANUS. See SAINTE-MAR- 
THE. 
SAMPSON, William, an English dramatic 
writer in the reign of Charles I. 
SAMPSON, Henry, M A., an English non- 
conformist divine, and afterwards a distin- 
guished physician at London, died in 1705. 
SAMSON, sou of Manoah, of the tribe of 
Dan. He is celebrated in Scripture for his ex- 
traordinary strength, which he exerted against 
the enemies of his country. Being betrayed 
and taken prisoner, he perished with 3000 of 
the Philistines, in the temple of Dagon, 1117 
B. C. 
SAMUEL, a prophet in Israel, celebrated 
for his piety and devotion to the service of 
God. He anointed Saul, and afterwards Da- 
vid, as kings over Israel, and died about 1057 
B. C. 
SAMWELL, David, surgeon on board the 
Discovery, at the time of capt. Cook’s death, 
and author of a minute account of that event, 
also of some Welsh poems; he died in 1799. 
SANADON, Noel Stephen, a learned jesuit, 
torn at Rouen, in 1676, and died in 1733. He 
wrote a translation of Horace, with notes. 
SANCHEZ, Antonio Nunes Ribeiro, an emi- 
nent Portuguese physician and ■writer, born in 
1699, and died in 1783. 
SANCHEZ, Thomas, an illustrious jesuit, of 
Spain, was born in 1551, and died in 1610. He 
was a man of great learning. 
SANCHEZ, Peter Anthony, a Spanish divine 
and theological writer, professor of divinity at 
Vigo, in Gallicia, died in 1806. 
SANCHO II., surnamed the Strong, king of 
Castile. He dethroned and banished his brothers 
from the kingdoms of Gallicia and Leon, and 
afterwards deprived his sisters of their patri- 
mony. He was assassinated in 1072. 
SANCHO, Ignatius, an extraordinary negro, 
born in 1729, on board a ship in the slave trade, 
and died in 1780. He lived under the patronage 
of the late duke of Montague. He was a man 
of great talents, and was in habits of the most 
364 SA 
so cruel to her, that she threw herself into the 
sea. 
SARASIN, John Francis, a French writer, 
born in 1604, was secretary to the prince of Con 
ti, and author of “ The History of the Siege of 
Dunkirk,” &c.; he died in 1654. 
SARAVIA, Adrian, a protaestant professor of 
divinity at Leyden, went to England, where he 
became canon of Canterbury, and died in 1611. 
SARBIEWSKI, Matthias Casimir, a jesuit. 
See CASIMIR. 
SARDANAPALUS, a dissolute king of As- 
syria, who, on a revolt of his subjects, set fire 
to his palace, and perished in the flames, 820 
B. C. 
SARGEANT, Nathaniel Pe-urlee, chief-jus- 
tice of Massachusetts in 1789, died in 1791. 
SARGENT, Winthrop, a soldier of the revo- 
lution, afterwards governor of Mississippi Ter- 
ritory, died in 1820. 
SARISBURY, John, a famous English histo- 
rian, critic, and philosopher, born in 1110, died 
in 1181. 
SARJEANT, John, an English secular priest, 
who went to Lisbon, where he became a catho- 
lic, and wrote against his former faith ; he died 
about 1670. 
SARPt. See PAUL. 
SARTO, Andrea del, a famous Italian paint- 
er, born in Florence, in 1478, and died in 1520. 
SATURNINUS, a heretic of the 2d century. 
He supposed the world was created by angels, 
and regarded the connexion of the sexes as cri- 
minal. 
SATURNINUS, Publius Sempronius, a Ro- 
man general, who assumed the imperial purple 
in 263, and was murdered by his soldiers in 267. 
Another of the same name was proclaimed em- 
peror by the Alexandrians, and soon after killed 
himself. 
SAUL, son of Cish, of the tribe of Benjamin, 
was anointed king of Israel, by the prophet 
Samuel, 1095 B. C. He killed himself after an 
unfortunate battle at Gilboah. 
SAUNDERS, Charles, a dramatic writer, in 
the reign of Charles II. The time of his death 
is not known. 
SAUNDERS, Richard, author of “ Astrolo- 
gical Judgment and Practice of Physic,” and 
other works ; he died in 1680. 
SAUNDERS, sir Edmund, chief justice of the 
Kins’s bench, in the reign of Charles II., was 
originally a strolling beggar about the streets. 
He was noticed and taught to write by an attor- 
ney’s clerk ; and in a few years became an able 
attorney, and a very eminent counsel; he died 
!tt 1683. 
SAUNDERS, John Cunningham, a very emi- 
nent and successful English oculist; he died 
suddenly in 1810, at the early age of37. 
SAUNDERS, William, a distinguished Eng- 
lish physician, author of several valuable medi- 
cal works, died in 1817. 
SAUNDERSON, Dr. Nicolas, an illustrious 
professor of the mathematics in the university 
of Cambridge, born in 1682. At 12 months old 
he lost his eyes by the small pox ; nevertheless 
he became a great mathematician ; he died in 
1739. 
SAURIN, James, an eminent Flemish divine, 
theological and controversial writer, born in 
1677, and died in 1730. He was possessed of 
great talents, to which were added, a fine ad- 
dress, a harmonious voice, and a most eloquent 
unaffected style. 
SAURIN, Josenh, a French mathematician. 
SA 
born in 5659. He was a member of the academy 
of sciences, and received a pension from the 
king. He died at Paris, in 17:57. 
SAURIN, Bernard Joseph, son of the pre 
ceding, was an advocate of the parliament of 
Paris, a distinguished dramatic writer, and the 
friend of Voltaire and Helvetius. He died in 
1781. 
SAUSSURE, Nicolas de, a distinguished 
French writer on agriculture, died in 1790. 
SAUSSURE, Horace Benedict de, a cele- 
brated naturalist, was born at Geneva, in 1740, 
and died in 1799. 
SAUVAGES, Francis Boissier de, a French 
physician, professor of botany and medicine, at 
Montpellier, died in 1707. He wrote several 
medical and botanical works, and his reputa- 
tion was so great, that he was called the Boer- 
haave of Languedoc. 
SAUVAL, Henry, an advocate in the parlia- 
ment of Paris, and author of a work, entitled 
“ The History of the Antiquities of Paris,” 
died in 1670. 
SAUVEUR, Joseph, a French mathemati- 
cian, born in 1653. He was honoured by the 
royal family, had prince Eugene among his 
pupils, at the age of 20, and was made professor 
of mathematics to the royal college. He died 
in 1710. 
SA V AGE, Richard, a celebrated English poet. 
He was the son of Anne, countess of Maccles- 
field, by the earl of Rivers. His mother was 
his enemy till his death, which was in 1743, in 
a jail at Bristol. His indiscretion was his ruin. 
SAVARY, James, an eminent Frencl/vvriter 
upon the subject of trade, died in 1692, aged 70. 
SAVARY, N., a celebrated French writer, 
author of “ Travels in Egypt,” a translation of 
the “ Koran,” with a “ Life of Mahomet,” and 
a “Dictionary and Grammar of the Arabian 
Language ;” he died in 1788. 
SAVERY, Roland, a celebrated French land- 
scape painter, he died in 1639. 
SAVILE, sir George, baronet; he acquired 
the deserved encomium of being an independent 
English patriot; and died in 1784, aged 59. 
SAVILE, sir Henry, a most learned English 
divine, historian and critic, born in 1549, and 
died in 1622. He was tutor in the Greek tongue 
to queen Elizabeth. 
SAVILE, sir George, marquis of Halifax, an 
eminent statesman, and political and moral 
writer, died in 1695, aged 65. 
SAVONAROLA, Jerom, a famous Italian 
monk, born in 1452, and died in 1498. 
SAVOT, Lewis, a French physician and an- 
tiquarian. He was physician to Lewis XIII. 
and wrote a “ Discourse on Ancient Medals,’• 
and other works. He died in 1640. 
SAWYER, sir Robert, an eminent English 
lawyer, and attorney-general. He was removed 
from his office, for opposing the arbitrary mea- 
sures of king James, and died in 1692. 
SAXE, Maurice, count de, marshal-general 
of the French armies, born at Dresden, in 1696, 
and died in 1750. He was one of the greatest 
and most successful generals of the age. 
j SAXO, Grammaticus, a Danish historian, 
who flourished in the 12th century, and died in 
1208. 
| SAY, Samuel, an English dissenting minister, 
and poetical critic, successor to Dr. Calamy, at 
jWestminster, died in 1743 
j SAYLE, William, first governor of the colony 
of Carolina, died the year after his arrival io 
!the country, in 1671. 
365  SC 
SCA3VOLA, Mutius, surnamed Cordus, a 
young Roman, famous for his courage and in- 
trepidity in the time of Tarquin the Proud. 
SCALA, Bartholomew, an Italian statesman 
and historian, born in 1424, and died in 1497. 
SCALA, Alexander, daughter of the pre- 
ceding, was distinguished for her beauty, her 
private virtues, and her knowledge of classical 
literature. She died in 1506. 
SCALIGER, Julius Caesar, an Italian phy- 
sician, and eminent I, a tin poet and critic, born 
in 1484, and died in 1558. 
SCALIGER, Joseph Justus, son of the pre- 
ceding, a great critical and historical writer, and 
ehronologer, born in 1540, and died in 1609. He 
was perfectly skilled in 13 languages. 
SCAMOZZI, Vincent, a native of Vincenza, 
the most celebrated architect of his time. He 
wrote in Italian, “ Ideas on Universal Archi- 
tecture,” in 10 hooks, and died in 1616. 
SCANDERBEG, or GEORGE CASTRIOT, 
king of Albania, a province of Turkey, in 
Europe, dependent on the Ottoman empire. He 
was born in 1404, and died in 1467. 
SCAPULA, John, a lexicographer, who was 
employed in the printing house of Henry Ste- 
phens, at Lyons, acquired a considerable sum by 
publishing an abridgment of a work his em- 
ployer was preparing for the press, in 1580. The 
time of his death is not known. 
SCARBOROUGH,sir Charles,an eminent Eng- 
lish physician and mathematician. He was phy- 
sician to Charles II. and his two successors, and 
succeeded 1);. Harvey as lecturer on the subjects 
of anatomy and surgery. He died in 1698. 
SCARELLA, John Baptist, an ecclesiastic, of 
Brescia, distinguished as the advocate of New- 
ton’s system, and as a writer on philosophical 
and theological subjects. He died in 1779. 
SCARRON, Paul, an eminent French comic, 
or rather burlesque writer and satirist, born in 
1610, and died in 1669. He was deformed, and 
of very irregular manners. 
SCHAAF, Charles, a learned German pro- 
fessor of oriental languages at Duisbourg, and 
afterwards at Leyden. He died in 1729. 
SCHACHT, Christian Paul, professor of me- 
dicine, botany, chymistry, and natural history, 
at Harderwyck, in Holland, his native p ace, 
died in 1800, aged 32. 
SCHAGEN, Giles, a celebrated portrait and 
historical painter. He resided for some time at 
Paris, and died in 1668. 
SCHAICK, Gonsen Van, was a brigadier-ge- 
neral in the United States army; he rendered 
important, service by an attack upon some In- 
dian settlements, in 1779, and died at Albany, 
in 1789. 
SCHALKEN, Godfrey, an eminent Dutch 
painter, born in 1643, and died in 1706. 
SCIIATEN, Nicholas, a German jesuit, au- 
thor of a “ History of Westphalia,” and other 
works ; he lived at the close of the 17tli century. 
SCHEELE, Charles William, an eminent 
chymist, born at Stralsund, in 1742, and died in 
1786. He wrote a valuable Treatise on Air and 
Fire. 
SCHEELSTRATE, Emanuel de, canon of St. 
John Lateran, and of St. Peter at Rome, died in 
1692. He wrote “ Antiquitates Ecclesiai Mus- 
trai<v,” and oilier works. 
SCHEFFER, John a German critic and anti- 
quary, born in 1621, and died in 1679. He pub- 
lished several valuable works. 
SCHKGK1NS, James, professor of philosophy 
and medicine, at Tubingen, died in 1587. Ai- 
SC " • 
I though blind, he pursued his studies and wrote 
several works. 
SCHEINER, Christopher, an eminent Ger- 
man mathematician and astronomer, tnemora 
[hie for having first discovered the spots on the 
the sun’s disc, was born in 1575, and died in 
1050. 
SCIIELHAMMER, Gouthier Christopher, 
professor of medicine, at Helmstadt, at Jena, 
and at Kiel, and physician to the duke of Hol- 
stein, died in 1716. 
SCHELLINKS, William, a native of Am- 
sterdam, eminent as a painter of landscapes, 
history, and sea views; he died in 1678. His 
brother Daniel excelled as a landscape painter; 
he died in 1701. 
SCHENCK DE GRAFFENBERG, John, a 
physician and medical writer, of Friburg, died 
in 1598. His son, John George, was also a phy- 
sician, at the Hague; he wrote some medical 
works, and died about 1620. 
SCHENCKIUS, John Theodore, professot of 
medicine at Jena, and a medical writer, died in 
1671. 
SCIIERTLIN, Sebastian, a distinguished ge- 
neral and soldier, in the service of several sove- 
reigns of Europe, particularly of Charles V., 
emperor of Germany, died in 1577, aged 82. 
SCllEUCHZER, John James, a physician, 
of Zurich, and professor of mathematics and 
medicine there. His reputation was so great, 
that Peter of Russia made him liberal offers to 
settle in that country His writings were nume- 
rous and valuable; he died in 1733. John, hi? 
brother, was also professor of medicine at Zu- 
rich, and died in 1738. 
SCHIAVONE, Andrea, a Venetian painter 
born in 1522, and died in 1582. 
SCHIAVONETTf, Lewis, born at Bassona 
in Venice, in 1765. He at first studied painting 
but afterwards took to engraving, in which hr 
greatly excelled ; he went to England, and diet 
in 1810. 
SCHICK ARD, William, professor of Hebrew 
at Tubingen, died in 1635. 
SCHI DONE, Bartholomew, an eminent paint- 
er, of Modena, died in 1616. 
SCHILLER, Frederic, a very distinguished 
German dramatist and miscellaneous writer, 
born in 1759, and died in 1805. 
SCHILLING, Drebold, author of a “ History 
of the Wars of the Swiss against Charles, duke 
of Burgundy,” lived in the 15th century. 
SCHLVCTINGIUS, Jonas de Bukowic, a na- 
tive of Poland, who was banished by the diet 
of Warsaw, on account of his Sociniati princi- 
ples. Ilis writings are chiefly theological. He 
died in 1661. 
SCHMIDT, George Frederic, an eminent en- 
graver, of Berlin, died in 1775. 
SCHMIDT, Erasmus, professor of mathema 
tics and of Greek, at Wiltemberg, died in 1637. 
SCHMIDT, Sebastian, professor of oriental 
languages at Strasburg, died in 1697. 
SCHMIDT, John Andrew, a Lutheran divine, 
and professor of theology, at Mariendal, died in 
1726. 
SCHNEBBELIE, Jacob, born in Westmin 
ster, in 1760, was bred a confectioner, but quit- 
ted it for the study of drawing, in which he ex- 
celled : he died in 1792. 
SCIIOEPFLIN, John Daniel, an eminent 
German philosopher, historiographer, and anti- 
quary. born in 1694, and died in 1771. 
SQHOMBERG, Henry de, governor of la 
Marche, and a distinguished French officer un- 
366  SC 
der Charles IX., died in 1599. His son of the] 
same name, also succeeded him in the govern-1 
merit of la Marche, and for his distinguished 
military services, was made a marshal of France, 
governor of Languedoc, and sent as ambassador 
to England and Germany. lie died in 1631. 
SCHOMBERG, Frederick Armand de, duke 
of, a distinguished German general, born in 
1608, and was shot in battle, in 1690. 
SCHOMBERG, Dr. Isaac, an English phy- 
sician and medical writer, died in 1761. 
SCHOMBERG, Alexander Crowcher, an emi- 
nent English writer on juridical antiquities, &c., 
born in 1756, and died in 1792. 
SCIIONER, John, a German philosopher, 
and professor of mathematics, at Nuremburg, 
wrote several mathematical works, and died in 
1547. 
SCHOOKIUS, Martin, professor of languages 
and philosophy at Utrecht, Groningen, Deven- 
ter, and Frankfort on the Oder, died in 1669. 
SCIIOONF1ELD, John Henry, an eminent 
German painter, died in 1689. 
SCHOOLJANS, Anthony, a native of An- 
twerp, distinguished as a painter, died in 1726. 
SCHOREL, John, a celebrated Flemish paint- 
er, died in 1562, aged 76. 
SCHOTTUS, Gaspard, a learned German je- 
suit, who resided at Palermo, and at Rome, died 
in 1666. His writings on various subjects were 
numerous and valuable. 
SCHOTTUS, Andreas, a very learned Greek 
critic, of Germany, born in 1552, and died in 
1629. 
SCHREVELIUS,Cornelius, a laborious critic, 
and Greek lexicographer, of Holland, died in 
1667, aged 52. 
SCHULEMBOURG, Matthias John, count 
of, a distinguished general in the service of the 
king of Poland, and afterwards of the Vene- 
tians, died at Venice, in 1743. 
SCHULTENS, Albert, a German divine, 
greatly distinguished as a Hebrew critic and 
orientalist; he died in 1741, aged 70. 
SCIIUBZE, John Henry, an eminent phy- 
sician, and professor of medicine at Halle, au- 
thor of a "‘Historyof Medicine from the Crea- 
tion to the year of Rome 535,” and other 
works : he died in 1745. 
SCHURMAN, Anna Maria, amost extraordi- 
nary German lady, a prodigy of her sex, born at 
Cologne, in 1607, and died in 1678. 
SCHURTZFLEISCH, Conrad Samuel, pro- 
fessor of history, poetry, and Greek, at Wit- 
temberg, and counsellor and librarian to the 
duke of Saxe VViemar, died in 1708. 
SCHUT, Cornelius, a distinguished painter, 
of Antwerp, the disciple of Rubens, died in 
1660. 
SCHUUR, Theodore Vander, an eminent 
painter, born at the Hague, in 1628, and died in 
1705. 
SCHUYLER, Peter, distinguished for his in- 
fluence over the five nations of Indians, in the 
state of New-York, was mayor of the city of 
Albany, and in 1719, as the oldest member of 
the council, was at the head of the government 
of New-York. 
SCHUYLER, Philip, a major-general in the 
American army, during the revolution, was a 
member of congress, and a senator of the Uni- 
ted States from the state of New-York. He died 
in 1801. 
SCHWARTZ, Bertholet,the inventor of gun- 
powder, was a monk of the order of Cordeliers, 
In the 13th oeutury, born at Friburg. He was 
sc 
j'an able chymist, and is said to have made the 
Ijimportant discovery while trying experiments 
on nitre. Roger Bacon is thought by some to 
have made the discovery previously, hut to have 
concealed it from the world. 
SCHWARTZ, Christopher,an eminentpaint- 
er, of Ingoldstadt, who was called the Raphael 
of Germany; he died in 1594. 
SCHWERIN, Christopher, count of, govern- 
or of Niess and Brieg, and a field marshal in the 
Prussian service, rose to the highest honours by 
his inert. lie fell at the battle of Prague, in 
1757. 
SCRYNDAL, Bernard, an admired Dutch 
painter, born at Ilaerlem, died in 1716. 
SCIOPPiUS, Caspar, a learned German wri- 
ter of the 17th century, called the Grammatical 
Cur, on account of his calumniating all men of 
eminence in learning; he died in 1649, aged 73. 
SCIPIO, Publius Cornelius, a renowned Ro- 
man general, surnamed Africanus, for his con- 
quests in that country. He was valiant, and ge- 
nerous to his prisoners. He died 180 B. C. 
SCIPIO, Lucius Cornelius, brother to the pre- 
ceding, obtained the surname of Asiaticus, front 
his conquests in Asia. 
SCIPIO NASICA, of the same family as the 
preceding, was distinguished for his success in 
Spain, and for his virtues. 
SCIPIO, Publius JEmilianus, obtained the 
surname of the second Africanus, from the final 
conquest of Carthage, 147 B. C. He afterwards 
destroyed Numantia, and enlarged the Roman 
dominions in Spain, and was found dead in his 
bed, 128 B. C. 
SCIPIO, Publius, father-in-law of Pompey, 
was defeated in Africa by Julius Casar. 
SCLATER, William, D. D., an English di- 
vine and poet, died in 1647. Another of the 
same name, was vicar of Pitminster, and a the- 
ological writer; he died in 1626. 
SCOPAS, a sculptor and architect, of Paros, 
430 B. C. His most admired works were a sta- 
tue of Venus, and the Mausoleum of Artemisia. 
SCOKZA, Sinibaldo, a Genoese painter and 
engraver, who excelled in landscapes and ani- 
mals. He died in 1631. 
SCOT, Reynolds, a learned English gentle- 
man, born in 1545, and died in 1599. 
SCOTT, Dr. John, a learned and pious Eng- 
lish divine, wrote “ The Christian Life,” and 
other works; he was born in 1638, and died in 
1694. 
SCOTT, Daniel, LL. D., an eminent English 
writer, chiefly on theological subjects, died in 
1759. 
SCOTT, Thomas, brother of the preceding, a 
distinguished dissenting minister, died in 1746. 
SCOTT, Thomas, B. D., an English cleigy- 
tnan, for many years preacher to the English at 
Utrecht, was assassinated in 1626. 
SCOTT, Samuel, a distinguished English 
painter, died in 1772. 
SCOTT, sir Michael, a brave soldier and offi- 
cer, in the service of Alexander III., of Scot- 
land, died in 1291. He was distinguished for 
his learning. 
SCOTT, David, a Scotchman, author of a 
“ History of Scotland,” a work of no great me- 
rit ; he died in 1742. 
SCOTT, John, a quakei, called the poet of 
Amwell, was born in 1730, and died in 1783. 
He published many poems. 
SCOTT, Thomas, D. I)., an English divine, 
chaplain to the Loch hospital, and rector of As- 
[jton Sanford, Bucks, distinguished for his Com SE 
mentary on the Bible, and other works; he died 
in 1821. 
SCOUGAL, Henry, M. A., professor of moral 
philosophy and theology at Aberdeen, died in 
1678, aged 28. 
SCREVEN, James, a brigadier-general of 
the militia of the state of Georgia, was killed 
by an invading party from Florida, during the 
revolutionary war, in 1778. 
SCRIBONIUS LARGUS, an eminent Roman 
physician, in the age of Augustus, and of Ti- 
berius. Some of his works are still extant. 
SCRIVERIUS, Peter, a poet and philologer, 
of Haerlem, died in 1653. 
SCROGGS, sir William, an English officer 
during the civil wars, afterwards knighted, and 
made chief justice of the king’s bench. He died 
in 1683. 
SCUDDER, Henry, a presbyterian clergyman, 
of England, author of “ The Christian’s Daily 
Waik.” He died before the restoration. 
SCC DERIS, George de, a French dramatic 
writer and poet, died in 1665. 
SOUDER.I, Madeleine de, sister of the pre- 
ceding, born at Havre de Grace, in 1607, became 
very eminent for her wit and her writings; she 
died in 1701. 
SCULTETUS, Abraham, professor of the- 
ology at Heidelberg, and a deputy from the 
university to the Synod of Dort. He died in 
1626. 
SCYLAX, a geographer, of Caria, who was 
employed by Darius in visiting and making ob- 
servations in India, 522 B. C. The invention 
of geographical tables is attributed to him. 
SEABURY, Samuel, D. D., an episcopal 
clergyman, bishop of Connecticut, and the first 
diocesan in the United States, published two 
volumes of his sermons, and died in 1796. 
SEAMAN, Lazarus, D. D., an English cler- 
gyman, distinguished for his exertions in favour 
of the parliament, during the civil wars. He 
was one of the divines of the Westminster 
assembly, and died in 1675. 
SEBA, Albert, author of a valuable work on 
Natural History, was born in East Friesland. 
SEBASTIAN, king of Portugal, succeeded 
his grandfather John HI. on the throne, in 1557. 
He was unfortunate in his wars, and was finally 
killed in the battle with the king of Morocco, 
in 1578. 
SEBASTIANO, called del Plombo, from an 
office given him by pope Clement VII. in the 
lead mines, was an eminent painter, born at 
Venice, in 1485, and died in 1547. 
SECKENDORF, Guy Lewis de, a very learn- 
ed German, born in 1626, and died in 1692. He 
wrote several books. 
SECKER,Thomas, archbishopof Canterbury, 
born in 1693, and died in 1768. His catechetical 
lectures and sermons, published after his death, 
are masterly compositions. 
SECONDAT DE MONTESQUIEU, John 
Baptist, son of the celebrated Montesquieu, was 
a counsellor in the parliament of Bourdcaux, and 
devoted himself to study and agriculture. He 
wrote a “ Memoir on Electricity,” &c., and died 
in 1796. 
SECOUSSE, Denys Francis, a French writer, 
author of “ Memoirs for the History of Charles 
the Bad,” “ Memoirs of Conde,” &c., died in 
1751. 
SECUNDUS, John, a celebrated Latin poet, 
born at the Hague, in 1511, anddied in 1536. 
SECUR1S, John, an English physician and 
medical writer, died about 1570. 
SE 
SEDAINE, Michael John, a dramatic writer, 
and an architect, born at Paris, in 1719, and died 
in 1797. 
SEDGWICK, Obadiah, an English clergy- 
man, distinguished tor his attachment to repub- 
lican principles, died in 1657. 
SEDGWICK,Theodore, LL.D., adistinguish- 
ed jurist of Massachusetts, was a representative 
and senator in Congress from that state, and 
afterwards a judge of the supreme judicial court 
of the state; he died in 1813. 
SEDLEY, sir Charles, an English wit and 
poet, born in 1639, anddied inl703. 
SEDULIUS, Cuecilius, an ecclesiastic, of the 
5th century, author of a poem on the life of 
Christ. 
SEED, Jeremiah, an English divine, and the- 
ological writer, died in 1747. 
SEE-MA-KOANG, a Chinese mandarin and 
philosopher, in the 11th century, who relin- 
quished all his public employments for solitude, 
where he devoted himself to study. He wrote 
a History of China, commencing with the year 
403 B. C., and other works. 
SEGAK, sir William, garter king at arms, 
and author of “ Honour, Civil and Military,’’ 
and some heraldic MSS. ; he died in 1633. 
SEGHERS, Gerard, an eminent Dutch paint- 
er, of Antwerp, died in 1641. His brother Da- 
niel, who was a jesuit, painted insects and flow 
ers inimitably ; he died in 1660. 
SEGNERI, Paul, a popular preacher and ac- 
tive missionary of the society of jesuits. He 
was chaplain to pope Innocent XII., and died 
in 1694. His writings were chiefly theological. 
SEGRA1S, John Itenaud de, a celebrated 
French poet and novelist, died in 1701, aged 77 
He was patronised by Mad. de la Fayette, in 
whose society he was treated with honourable 
distinction. 
SEGUI, Joseph, a French clergyman, distin 
tinguished as a poet; he was abbot of Genlis, 
and canon of Meaux cathedral. He died in 
1761. 
SEGUIER, John Francis, a distinguished 
French botanist, and president of the academy 
of Nismes, died in 1784. His writings on bota- 
nical and other subjects, are numerous. 
SEJANUS, TElius, the son of Seius Strabo, 
a Roman knight; he aspired to the imperial pur- 
ple, but failed, and was strangled in prison, 
A. D. 31. 
SELDEN, John, an English antiquary, histo- 
rian, anJ t«w writer, of most extensive learning; 
he diea in 1654, aged 70. Grotius styles him 
“ The glory of the English nation.” 
SELEUCUS NICANOR, a king of Syria, at 
the division of the provinces after the death of 
Alexander. He was assassinated 280 B. C. 
SELIM I., son of Bajazet II., ascended the 
throne of Turkey, after poisoning his father, and 
destroying his elder brother. He marched against 
Egypt, and destroyed the power of the Mame- 
lukes, and was equally successful against the 
Persians, but died while preparing to make war 
against the Christians, in 1520. 
SELIM II., grandson of the preceding,.suc- 
ceeded his father Solyman II., on the throne, in 
1566. He addicted himself to the pleasures of 
the seraglio, and died little respected, in 1574. 
SELIS, Nicholas Joseph, a distinguished 
French poet, born in 1737, died in 1802. He was 
the author of a “ Translation of Persius,” “ Re- 
lation of Voltaire’s Disorder, Confession, and 
Death,” and other works. 
SELKIRK, Alexander, a Scotch adventurer 
368 SE 
born about 1680. He made several voyages to 
the South Seas, in one of which, having a quar- 
rel with the commander, the latter set hint on 
shore on the island of Juan de Fernandez, with 
a few necessaries, where he lived 3 years, when 
in 1709, he was taken off by captain Woods 
Rogers, of Bristol. 
SELLER, Abednego, an English divine, and 
writer on religious subjects, died about 1720. 
SELL1US, Godfrey, a native of Dantzic, dis- 
tinguished as a geographical and historical wai- 
ter, died in 1767. 
SEMI RAMIS, queen of Assyria, famous for 
her extensive conquests. Herson Ninyascaus- 
ed her to be put to death, and ascended the 
throne. She flourished about 1215 B. C. 
SENACjJolm, physician to the king of France, 
counsellor of state, and superintendent of the 
mineral waters of the kingdom, died in 1770. 
He wrote several books on the subjects of an- 
atomy and medicine. 
SENAUDT, John Francis, a native of An- 
twerp, became a member and afterwards supe- 
rior of the oratory, died in 1672. He wrote a 
“ Treatise on the Use of the Passions,” “ Lives : 
of Saints and Illustrious persons,” &c. 
SENECA, Lucius Anna-us, a native of Cor- 
duba, celebrated as a pleader and orator in the 
Roman forum. 
SENECA, Lucius A nnteus, a celebrated Stoic 
philosopher and tragic poet, born at Corduba, 
in Spain, A. D. 12. He w'as preceptor to the 
tyrant Nero, by whom he was put to death A. I). 
05. 
SENECAI, or SENECE, Anthony Bauderon 
de, a French poet, died in 1737, aged 94. 
SENNACHERIB, a Syrian king, whose army, 
when besieging Jerusalem, was struck with a 
pestilence and destroyed. He escaped, and was 
afterw ards killed by his sons, 710 B. C. 
SENNERTUS, Daniel, an eminent physician 
and medical writer, of Germany, died in 1637, 
aged 65. 
SENNERTUS, Andrew', son of the preceding, 
professor of oriental literature at Wittemberg, 
died in 1619, aged 84. 
SEPULVEDA, John Genes de, a Spanish 
writer, historiographer to Charles V., known 
for liis attempted vindication of the cruelties of 
the Spaniards against the Indians, in answer to 
de la Casas, died in 1572. 
SERAPION, John, an Arabian physician and 
medical writer, flourished about 890. 
SERENUS SANMON1CUS, the preceptor 
of Gordian, w'as a physician and poet, of the 
3d century. He was put to death by Caracella. 
Another of the same name, wrote a Treatise 
on Conic Sections. 
SERGARDf, Lewis, an ecclesiastic, of Sien- 
na, author of some elegant Latin poems and sa- 
tires, died in 1726. 
SERGEANT, John, an American clergyman, 
and a missionary among the Indians, at Stock- 
bridge. Mass., died in 1749. 
SERGEANT, Jonathan Dickinson, an emi- 
nent law'yer, and member of congress during 
the revolutionary struggle, died at Philadelphia, 
in 1792. 
SERGIUS, a Syrian, patriarch of Constanti- 
nople, and head of a sect called the Monothe- 
lites, died in 638. 
SF.RLIO, Sebastian, an eminent architect, of 
Bologna, died in 1552. 
SERI! AN1TS, or DE S ERRES, John, a learn- 
ed French historical and theological writer, died 
in 1598, aged 50. 1 
" SE 
I SF.RRARIUS, Nicholas, a learned jesuit, and 
teacher of philosophy at Wurtzburg, died in 
1610. lie wrote “ Commentaries on the Bible,” 
&c. 
SERRES, Oliver de, a celebrated French agri- 
culturist, and superintendent of the plantations 
of Henry IV. He was the first who introduced 
the white mulberry into France, and wrote a 
treatise on that tree, and on silk. He died in 
1610. 
SERTORIUS, Quintus, a Roman general, 
who, alter serving under Marius and Cinna, re- 
tired to Spain, and declared himself independ- 
ent. He was defeated by Pompey, and killed 
by some of his officers, 73 B. C. 
SERVANDONI, John Nicolas, a distinguish- 
ed painter and architect, of Florence, died in 
176(i. 
I SERVETUS, Michael, a most ingenious and 
learned Spaniard, was burnt at the stake, in 
11553, aged 44. He was first a physician and 
'then a divine. 
] SERVIUS, Honoratus Maurus, a Latin gram- 
marian, author of a Commentary on Virgil in 
| tin; 4th century. 
| SERVIUS TULLIUS, sixth king of Rome, 
celebrated for his laws, on the subjects of rank 
land property. He was murdered by lrisson-in- 
Jlaw, the second Tarquin,534 B. C. 
| SESOSTRIS, a fabulous king of Egypt, who 
is said to have extended his conquests over va- 
rious parts of the world. He is supposed to 
| have destroyed himself, when oppressed with 
; tige and infirmity. 
| SESSA, an Indian philosopher, who is said 
! to be the inventor of the game of chess. The 
king of India was so pleased with his wisdom, 
'that he conferred on him the highest honours of 
his kingdom. 
! SESTO, Ctesare de, an eminent painter, of 
Milan, flourished about the beginning of the 
IGtli century. 
SETTLE, Elkanah, an English dramatic 
poet, died in 1724, aged 76. 
SEVERUS, Lucius Septimius, a Roman em- 
peror after Pertinax ; he died in Britain, in 211. 
Two other emperors of the same name perished 
by the hands of their enemies. 
SEVERUS, Cassius, a Roman orator, banish- 
ed by Augustus, on account of the severity of 
his satirical declamations. 
SEVERUS, Sulpitius, a historian, author of 
“ Ilistoria Sacra,” and called the Christian Sal 
lust; he died in 420. 
SEVERUS, L. Cornelius, a Latin poet,in the 
age of Augustus. 
SEVERUS, a heretic of the 2d century, who 
maintained the existence of a good and an evil 
principle. 
SEVIER, John, an officer of the revolutionary 
army, afterwards a member of congress, and 
governor of Tennessee, died in 1815. 
SEVIGNE, Marie de Rabutin, marquise de, 
a French lady, celebrated for her wit, and her 
wisdom. She left letters on various subjects, 
written in an inimitable style, and died in 1696, 
aged 70. 
SEVIN, Francis, keeper of the MSS. in the 
library of the king of France, wrote several 
works, and died in 1741. 
SEWALL, Samuel, a native of England, 
came to America in 1661, and after holding 
several important offices in Massachusetts, was 
made chief-justice of the colony, in 1718; he 
[died in 1730. 
SEWALL, Joseph, I). D., son of the pre 
369 " SF 
ceding, minister in Boston, of respectable attain- 
ments, died in 1769. 
SEWALL, Stephen, born in Massachusetts, 
in 1702, was a judge and chief-justice of the 
colony; lie died in 1760. 
SEWALL, Samuel, LL. D., an eminent law- 
yer, of Massachusetts, was a member of con- 
gress from that slate, and chief-justice of the 
supreme court, and died in 1814. 
SEWALL, Stephen, professor of the Hebrew 
language in Harvard college, died in 1804. He 
wrote a Hebrew Grammar, and a Dictionary of 
the Chaldee Tongue. 
SEWALL, Samuel, brother of the preceding, 
was distinguished as an ingenious architect. He 
died in 1815. 
SEWARD, Thomas, an English divine of 
most excellent character, born in 1708, and died 
in 1790. 
SEWARD, Anna, an excellent English poetess, 
died in 1809, aged 66. 
SEWARD, William, an English gentleman, 
who had a peculiar taste for making biographi- 
cal sketches of eminent characters in different 
ages and countries. He died in 1799, aged 52. 
SEWELL, William, a Dutch quaker, born 
in 1654, and died in 1720. He wrote a History 
of the Rise and Progress of the People called 
Quakers, and other books. 
SEWELL, George, an English dramatic poet,; 
physician, and miscellaneous writer, died in 
1726. 
SEXTUS EMPYRICUS, a Pyrrhonian philo- 
sopher, preceptor to the emperor Antoninus. His 
followers have received from him the name of 
Empyrics. Two of his compositions are extant. 
SEXTUS, a Stoic philosopher, preceptor to 
Lucius Verus, and to Marcus Aurelius. He was 
nephew to Plutarch. 
SCYDLITZ, Frederic William, baron de, 
one of the famous generals of Frederic the 
Great. After distinguishing himself in several 
battles, he died in 1773, and was honoured by 
the king with a statue at Berlin. 
SEYMOUR. Edward, viscount Beauchamp, 
and duke of Somerset, uncle and guardian of 
Edward VI., and protector of the kingdom of 
Great Britain, was executed, on a false charge 
of high treason, in 1552. His brother Thomas, 
admiral of England, had suffered on the same 
charge, three years before. 
SEYMOUR, Anne, Margaret, and Jane, dis- 
tinguished for their poetical talents, were the 
daughters of Edward, duke of Somerset. 
SEYMOUR, lady Arabella, daughter of the 
earl of Lennox ; she married William Seymour, 
without the consent of the king, who caused 
them both to be conveyed to the tower; her 
husband made his escape, but she died in prison, 
in 1615. 
SFONDRATI, Francis, a senator of Milan, 
and state counsellor, and ambassador of Charles! 
V., afterwards took orders, and became a car-j 
dinal. He wrote the “Rape of Helen,” and! 
died in 1550. One of his sons became pope un-l 
der the name of Gregory XIV. 
SFORZA, James, styled the Great, count de 
Conignola, a renowned warrior, born in 1369; 
he was drowned in 1424. 
SFORZA, Francis, natural son of the pre- 
ceding, an able statesman, and renowned gene- 
ral, died in 1466. 
SFORZA, Galeas-Marie, succeeded his father 
Francis, as duke of Milan, in 1466. By his 
ferocity and debauchery, he rendered himself 
■npopular and was assassinated in 1476. 
SII 
SFORZA, Catherine, a natural daughter of 
the preceding, was distinguished for her bravery 
and presence of mind. Alter heroically defend- 
ing her dominions, from repeated attacks, she 
was taken prisoner, and died about 1500. 
SFORZA, Isabella, of the same family as 
the preceding, was distinguished for her learn- 
ing ; she lived in the 16lh century. 
SHADWELL, Thomas, an English dramatic 
writer, historiographer, and poet laureat, born 
in 1640, and died in J092. 
SHADWELL, Charles, a dramatic writer, 
in Ireland, of considerable talents, died in 1720. 
SHAKSPEARE, William, the lather of the 
English theatre, the great poet of nature, and 
the glory of the British nation, was descended 
from a reputable family at Stratford-on-Avon; 
he died in 1016, aged 52. 
SHARP, Granville, a very learned and pious 
man, born at Durham, in 1735, and bred to the 
trade of a linen-draper. He was the zealous 
and effective advocate for the abolition of Negro 
slavery ; promoted the distribution of the Scrip- 
tures; and was critically conversant with the 
Greek and Hebrew languages. He died in 1813. 
SHARP, James, archbishop of St. Andrew’s, 
born in 1618, and was assassinated, for his 
zeal in the cause of episcopacy, in Scotland, in 
1679. 
j SHARP, Dr. John, archbishop of York, and 
eminent as a theological writer; lie died in 1713, 
aged 69. 
SHARP, Thomas, D. D., son of the preceding, 
was prebendary of Durham, and archdeacon of 
Northumberland. He died in 1758. His writings 
are on biblical literature. 
SHARPE, Gregory, D. D., F. R. A. S. S ., an 
eminent English divine, died in 1771. He was 
distinguished for his knowledge of oriental litera- 
ture, and for his numerous writings. 
SHARRQCH, Robert, an eminent English 
;divine, prebendary and archdeacon of Wir.- 
jchester, &c., died in 1661. His writings on dif 
Iferent subjects were much esteemed. 
I SHAW, Dr. Thomas, an English divine and 
antiquary, and author of travels or observa- 
tions relating to several parts of Barbary and 
the Levant; be died in 1751, aged 59. 
SHAW, Dr, Peter, an English physician, and 
editor of Bacon’s philosophical works, died in 
1763. 
SHAW, Culhbert, an English poet, of very 
humble origin, but of superior attainments, and 
inferior to no writer of ancient or modern 
j times; he died in 1771. 
SHAW, John, an English clergyman, died in 
i 1689. 
I SHAW, Samuel, an English non-conformist 
divine and teacher, author of some religious, 
dramatic, and other works, died in 1696. 
SHAW, Stebbing, an English divine, born in 
1762, and died in 1803. He published several 
books. 
SHAW, George, an eminent English natu- 
ralist, and principal keeper of natural history in 
the British Museum, died in 1813. He wrote 
several books, on Zoology, &c. 
SIIEBBEARE, Dr. John, a native of Eng- 
land, bred an apothecary, and became eminent 
as a political writer, and died in 1788, aged 79. 
SHEFFIELD, John, duke of Buckingham, a 
celebrated general, critic, and poet, born in 1650, 
and died in 1721. 
SHELDON, Gilbert, archbishop of Canterbu- 
ry, born in 1598, and died in 1677. It app- -ed 
by his private accounts, that in 11 years uaA 
370 SH 
bestowed 66,000 pounds sterling, in public and 
private charities. 
SHELLEY, George, a celebrated English 
penman and writing master, died in 1736. 
SHENSTONE, William, an eminent English 
elegiac and pastoral poet, and a miscellaneous 
writer, died in 1763, aged 49. 
SHEPARD, Thomas, an English non-con- 
formist divine, became minister of Cambridge, 
Mass., and was author of many useful works; 
he died in 1649. 
SHEPARD, Thomas, son of the preceding, 
minister at Charlestown, Mass., died in 1677. 
SHEPREVE, John, an eminent English 
scholar and poet, was professor of Hebrew at 
Oxford; he died in 1542. 
SHERARD, or SHERWOOD, William, an 
eminent botanist and antiquarian, of England, 
who spent the greater part of his life abroad in 
pursuit of his private studies, and founded a 
professorship of botany at Oxford ; he died in 
r?28. 
SHERBURNE, sir Edward, an English wri- 
ter, and a distinguished loyalist in the civil wars, 
died in 1702. 
SHERBATOF, prince, a Russian nobleman, 
author of the “ Russian History,” a “Journal,” 
and the “ Life of Peter the Great,” and other 
works. 
SHERIDAN, Dr. Thomas, an Irish divine 
and schoolmaster, died in 1738. 
SHERIDAN, Thomas, son of the preceding, 
an eminent actor, a lecturer on oratory, and an 
orthoepist, died in 1788, aged 67. 
SHERIDAN, lit. Hon. Richard Brinsley, son 
of the preceding, distinguished as a dramatist, 
a wit, and an orator, died in 181(5, aged 65. 
SHERIDAN, Frances, mother of the preced- 
ing, an ingenious novelist and dramatic writer, 
died in 1767, aged 43. 
SHERLOCK, Dr. William, an eminent Eng- 
lish divine ; he wrote many controversial books 
and pamphlets, and died in 1707, aged 66. 
SHERLOCK, l)r. Thomas, bishop of London, 
son of the preceding, a controversial writer, died 
In 1761, aged 83. 
SHERLOCK, Richard, an English divine and 
theological writer, died in 1689. 
SHERMAN, John, a native of England, who 
vaine to America in 1634, was a distinguished 
preacher and mathematician; he died in 1685. 
SHERMAN, Roger, an eminent lawyer, of 
Connecticut, was a member of the first Ameri- 
can congress, one of the committee that drew 
up the declaration of Independence, andasign- 
cr of that instrument. He was also a judge of 
the superior court, and a senator in congress, 
from Connecticut. He died in 1793. 
SHERRINGIIAM, Robert, an able divine, au- 
thor of the “ King’s Supremacy Asserted,” and 
other works, died soon after the restoration. 
SH ERWIN, John Keyse, an English engraver 
of uncommon abilities, died in 1790. 
SHIPLEY,Jonathan, an English prelate, dean 
of Winchester, and bishop of St. Asaphs. lie 
was the author of some poems, particularly on 
the death of queen Caroline, some sermons, &c., 
and died in 1788. 
SHIPI'EN, Edward, the first mayor of Phila- 
delphia, and one of the first settlers of the state 
of Pennsylvania. 
SHIP PEN, Edward, LL. D., a distinguished 
lawyer of Philadelphia, was a judge and after 
wards chief-justice of the supreme court of 
Pennsylvania; he died in 1806. 
SlilPPEN, William, M. D., professor of ana 
SI 
i tomy in the Pennsylvania university, died in 
1808. During the revolutionary war, lie was 
i appointed director-general of the medical de- 
partment in the army. 
t SHIRLEY, sir Anthony, a native of England, 
t who, after travelling in the Low Countries, and 
visiting America, went to Spain, where he be- 
came a grandee of the kingdom, and admiral 
, of the Spanish fleet. He was the author of se- 
veral volumes of Travels, and died in 1640. 
SIHIILEY, Robert, brother of the preceding, 
went with sir Anthony into Persia, where he 
settled, and became a favourite of the emperor, 
who gave him his niece in marriage, anil sent 
him as his ambassador to Poland and England. 
He died in 1(527. 
SHIRLEY, Thomas, of the same family as 
the preceding, was physician to Charles II., and 
a philosophical writer ; he died in 1678. 
SHIRLEY, James, an English dramatic wri- 
ter and poetof eminence, b.rrn in 1594, and died 
in 1(5(59. In 1646 he published a volume of poems 
and 37 plays. 
SHIRLEY, William, governor of the colony 
of Massachusetts,and afterwards of the Bahama 
islands, died near Boston, in 1771. 
SHORE, Jane, the wife of a goldsmith, in 
London, and known in history as the beautiful 
and accomplished mistress of the voluptuous 
Edward IV. She outlived her beauty and po- 
pularity, and died in poverty, obscurity, and 
wretchedness, in the reign of Henry VIII. 
SHOVEL, sir Cloudesley, a gallant English 
admiral, born about 1650, and perished by ship- 
wreck, in 1705. 
SHOWER, John, an English non-conformist 
divine, author of Sacramental Sermons, and 
other works, died in 1718. 
SHREWSBURY, Elizabeth, countess of, for 
17 years keeper of the unfortunate Mary, queen 
of Scots, died in 1607. 
SHUCKFORD, Samuel, an English clergy- 
man, was chaplain to the king, and wrote a 
“ History of the World, Sacred and Profane,” 
and other works; he died in 1754. 
SHUTE, Josias, an eloquent and admired 
English preacher, died in 1643. 
SHUTE, Samuel, governor of the colony of 
Massachusetts,in 1716. He returned to England, 
and died there, in 1742. 
SHUTE, Daniel, D. D., minister of Hingham, 
Mass., and a member of the convention that 
adopted the constitution of the United States , 
he died in 1802. 
SHUTER, Edward, an excellent low come- 
dian on the London stage, died in 1776. 
SIBBALD,sir Robert, an eminent Scoth phy- 
sician, was professor of medicine at Edinburgh, 
and projector of the college of physicians, and 
of the botanical garden at that place. He died 
in 1720. 
SIBRECIITS, John, an eminent landscape 
painter, of Antwerp, died in 1703. 
SIBTIIORPE, Robert, prebendary of Peterbo- 
rough cathedral, distinguished for his zeal in fa- 
vour of Charles I., died in 1662. 
SIBTHORPE, Dr. John, avery learned natu- 
ralist, and regius professor of botany in the uni- 
versity of Oxford, died in 1796. 
SICINIUS DENTATUS, a warrior, sumam- 
ed, for his valour, the Roman Achilles. He 
fought and won 121 battles, and was murdered 
by Appius Claudius, 405 B. C. 
SICIOLANTE,Girolamo,a distinguished Ita- 
lian landscape and historical painter, died in 
1558. 
371 SI 
SIDNEY, Henry, an English statesman, the 
favourite of Edward VI., and his ambassador 
to France,and afterwards employed in the reigns 
of Mary and Elizabeth; he died in 1586. 
SIDNEY, sir Philip, an eminent English 
statesman, general, and poet, born in 1554, and 
died in 1536, of a wound received in battle. As 
he lay bleeding on the field, and was about to 
drink some wine which his attendants had 
brought him, he saw a wounded soldier, who 
was cairied by, look wishfully at it, he immedi- 
ately ordered it to be given to him, adding “ Poor 
fellow ! thy necessity is greater than mine.” 
SIDNEY, Algernon, an English patriot and 
political writer, was beheaded in 1683, aged 66. 
He left behind him, “ Discourses upon Govern- 
ment,” a valuable work. 
S1DONIUS APOLL1NARIS,a Roman,raised 
to the see of Auvergne against his will. He 
was a pious and exemplary prelate, wrote some 
epistles, poems, &c., and died in 1488. 
SIDONIUS, C. Collius Apollinaris, a very 
ingenious and learned ecclesiastic and epistolary 
writer on sacred and profane history, born at 
Lyons, in 430, and died in 487. 
SIGEBERT, king of the East Angles, was a 
munificent prince, and is mentioned with great 
praise by the venerable Bede, for his learning 
and piety. He abdicated his throne, and was 
afterwards assassinated, in 642. 
SIGEBERT, son of Clotaire I., inherited the 
Kingdom of Austrasia. He was a valiant prince, 
and was successful against the Huns and other 
enemies. He was assassinated in 575. 
SIGEBERT the Younger, son and successor 
of Dagobert, in the kingdom of Austrasia, died 
in 650, aged 20. 
SIGISMUND, king of Burgundy, was taken 
prisoner by Clodomir, a son of Clovis, who 
threw him, with his wife and family, into a: 
well, to perish, in 523. 
SIGISMUND, son of Charles IV., king of] 
Hungary, in 1386, and emperor of Germany, ini 
1410. He prevailed upon the pope to call the] 
council of Constance, in 1414, to settle the diffi- 
culties of the church, at which lie presided, and! 
at which were present 18,000 ecclesiastics, and! 
16,000 nobles; he suffered that council to burn] 
John Huss, and Jerome of Prague, after he had] 
given them a safe passport. 
SIGISMUND I., king of Poland, surnamed the 
Great, was elected to the throne in 1507. After 
restoring the ancient glory of Poland, and es- 
tablishing order, he defeated the Muscovites, 
and the Teutonic knights, and died in 1548, 
aged 82. 
SIGISMUND II., son and successor to the 
preceding, surnamed Augustus, died in 1572, 
without issue, and was the last of the race of 
Jasellons. 
SIGISMUND TIL, son of John III., king of 
Sweden, ascended the throne in 1578. He died 
after a long but troublesome reign, in 1632. 
SIGNORELLI, Luca, a very fine Florentine 
painter, died in 1521, aged 82. 
SIGOXIUS, Carolus, a learned Italian histo- 
rian and antiquary, died in 1534, aged 59. 
SILHUNETTE, Stephen do, comptroller- 
general, and private minister of France, died in 
1767. He wrote “General Ideas on the Chinese 
Government,” and some other works. 
SIGHTS ITALICIJS, Cains, a Roman author 
of an indifferent poem on the 2d Punic war, died 
A. D. 74, aged 75. 
SILVA, John Baptist, a native of Bourdeaux,] 
•ud an eminent physician of Paris, died in 1744. : 
SI 
He was author of a Treatise on Bleeding, and 
other works. 
SILVESTER I., was made pope in DM. Me 
laboured to establish order and tranquillity, in 
the church, and died in 385. 
SILVESTER II., Gerbert, a native of Au- 
vergne, distinguished for his learning, was tu- 
tor to Otho III., and to Robert, the son of Hugh 
Capet, became archbishop of Rheims and of 
Ravenna, and pope, after Gregory V., in 999. 
He died in 1003. 
SILVESTER, Israel, an eminent French cn 
graver, died at Paris, in 1691. 
SILVESTER, Louis, an eminent French 
painter, ennobled by the king of Poland, died in 
Paris, in 1760. 
SIMEON STYLITES, the founder of a sect 
of devotees, called Stylites. lie died in 4C1, 
aged 69, after having spent 47 years on the top 
of a column 60 feet high, exposed to the incle- 
mencies of tile air and the seasons, and often 
supporting himself for days on one foot. 
SIMEON METAPIIRASTES, secretary of 
state to Leo, and to Constantine Porphyrogcni- 
tus, in the 10th century, and author of the 
“ Lives of the Saints,” &c. 
SIMIANE, Charles John Raptist de, marquis 
of Pianeze, died in 1677. lie wrote a Treatise 
on the Truth of the Christian Religion. 
SIMLER, Josias, an eminent and able pro 
testant divine, of Switzerland, author of an 
“Abridgment of Gesner’s Bibliotheca,” and 
other works, died at Zurich, in 1576. John, of 
the same family, distinguished as a portrait 
painter, died in i748. 
SIMMONS, Samuel Foarl, an eminent Eng- 
lish physician, settled in London, where he be- 
came governor of St. Luke’s hospital, and after- 
wards physician to the king; he died in 1811. 
Ho wrote a Treatise on Consumptions, and 
other works. 
SIMON MACCABA2US, high-priest and ruler 
of the Jews, 143 B. C. After displaying his 
valour in repelling the Tyrians andSidonians, in 
obtaining a confirmation of the independence 
of his nation from the king of Syria, and de- 
feating the troops of Antiochus Soter, he was 
murdered 135 B. C. 
SIMON, surnamed Zelotes, an apostle of our 
Saviour, suffered martyrdom in Persia. 
SIMON, called the brother of Christ, was 
made bishop of Jerusalem, A. D. 62. He was 
crucified under Trajan, in 107. 
SIMON MAGUS, or the MAGICIAN, a 
Samaritan impostor, who pretended that he 
was the Son of God sent to the Jews, and the 
Holy Ghost to the Gentiles. He died A. I). 66. 
SIMON, Claude Francis, a painter, of Paris, 
author of “The Knowledge of Mythology,” 
and some comedies, died in 1767. 
SIMON,Thomas, an eminent English engraver 
in the age of Charles 1. His brother Abraham, 
was celebrated as a modeller in wax. 
SIMON, Richard, a French critic, and his- 
torian, born in 1633, and died in 1712. 
SIMON of Durham, a monk of Whitby, and 
afterwards of Durham, in the reign of Edward 
III. He wrote a Chronicle, which was published 
by Hearne, and died about 1356. 
SI MONET, Edmund, a jesuit, born at Lan- 
gres, in 1662, was professor of philosophy and 
theology at Rheims, and at Pont-a-Moitssnn ; he 
| wrote Institutes of Theology for the use of 
Schools, and died in 1733. 
SIMONIDES, a Greek poet and philosopher, 
who liourishi'd about 430 B. C. 
372 SK 
SljVIONNEAU, Charles, a French engraver, 
of some celebrity, died at Paris, in 1728. 
S1MONNEAVJ, Lewis, an eminent engraver, 
author of the history of Printing and Engraving, 
and the history of other Arts. 
SIMPLICIUS, a peripatetic philosopher, of 
Phrygia, who flourished about 450, and wrote 
commentaries upon several parts of Aristotle’s 
works. 
SIMPSON, Edward, D. D., an English di- 
vine, author of “ Universal Chronology” in 
Latin, died in 1652. 
SIMPSON, Christopher, author of a '‘Com- 
pendium of Practical Music,” died in 1662. 
SIMPSON, Thomas, an eminent professor of j 
mathematics in the academy at Woolwich, and 
F R. S., died in 1761, aged 51. 
SIMPSON, John, a Scottish divine, and di- 
vinity professor at Glasgow ; he was deposed 
and excommunicated for denying the doctrine of 
the Trinity, and died at Edinburgh, in 174-: 
SIMPSON, Robert, a distinguished mathe- 
matician, was professor of mathematics at j 
Glasgow. He published a Treatise on Conic 
Sections, a valuable edition of Euclid, and 
other works, and died in 1765. 
SINGLIN, Anthony, a French ecclesiastic, 
distinguished for his piety and learning, died in 
1664. His writings were on theology. 
SIRANI, John Andrew, an eminent painter, 
of Bologna, was a pupil of Guido; he died in 
1670. His daughter Elizabeth excelled as a his- 
torical painter; she died in 1664. 
SIR I, Vittorio, an Italian writer, who settled 
at Paris, and became historiographer to the king 
of France, died in 1685. 
SIRIES, Vioiante Beatrice, a native of Flo- 
rence, who acquired opulence and celebrity by 
her portraits, died about 1760. 
SIRLET, Flavius, a celebrated engraver on 
precious stones, died at Rome, in 1737. 
SIRMOND, James, a French Jesuit, and a 
voluminous theological writer, born in 1559, 
and died in 1651. 
SITGREAVES, John, an officer in the revo- 
’utiouary army, afterwards attorney, and judge 
>f the district court of the United States for 
N'orth Carolina; he died in 1801. 
SIXTUS I., pope after Alexander I., in 119, 
died in 127. 
SIXTUS II., an Athenian, pope after Stephen, 
i 267. He suffered martyrdom, in the reign of 
"alerian. 
SIXTUS III., pope after Ceiestinus I., in 432. 
I'e attempted to effect a reconciliation among 
| e churches of the East, and died about 440. 
SIXTUS IV., Francis Aibecola, son of afish- 
- nia.i, of Genoa, professor of divinity at Pa- 
! la, provincial of the order of Cordeliers, a 
i irdinal, and pope after Paul II. He was a 
j ttron of learning, and an author, and died in 
482. 
SIXTUS V., Felix Berotti, pope, born in 1521; 
is father, Francis Beretti, a poor vine-dresser,i 
: lable to maintain him, put him out to a farm-: 
! ■; Ire was noticed bv a Franciscan friar, for 
I is conversation and behaviour, and admitted! 
: s a lay-brother. He rose by degrees to be in-1 
qnisitor at Venice, but quarrelling with the se- 
nate, he was obliged to quit the territories of the I 
republic. He was afterwards made pope, and 
died iu 1590. 
SIXTUS, a Cordelier of Sienna, was an able 
1ivi ie. and a favourite with Pius V. He died, 
rli 17 >1 
SKELTON, John noet-laureat, ill the reign 
S'M 
;of Henry Vllt., and rector of Hiss, in Norfolk. 
| He was learned and ingenious, and died in 1529. 
| SKELTON, Philip, an eminent Irish divine, 
distinguished for Jits piety, learning, eloquence, 
|and benevolence. He is said to have sold his 
'library, in a time of famine, to supply his indi 
gent parishioners with breath He wrote seve 
ral theological works, and died in 1787. 
SKELTON, Samuel, ministerinSalem, Mass, 
died in 1034. 
SKINNER, Stephen, an eminent English anti 
quarv, and etymologist, died in 1667, aged 45. 
SLEIIJAN, John, an excellent German his- 
torian, and political writer, died in 1556, aged 50. 
j SLINGELAND, John Peter Van, a celebrated 
Dutch painter, died in 1691. 
SLOANE, sir Hans, baronet, an eminent phy- 
sician and naturalist, born at Killileagb, in Ire- 
land, in 1060, and died in 1752, having formed 
a valuable museum cf the rarest productions of 
nature and art. 
SLODTZ, Rene Michael, an eminent French 
sculptor, member of the French academy, and 
sculptor to tho king, died at Paris, in 1764. 
SLOUGHTER, Henry, governor of the colony 
of New-York, died shortly after his arrival in the 
country, in 1691. 
SLUYS, James Vander, a Dutch painter, 
born at Leyden, in 1660, and died in 1736. 
SMALBROKE, Richard, bishop of St. Da- 
vid’s, and afterwai is of Litchfield and Coven- 
try, died in 1749. He wrote a u Vindication of 
our Saviour’s Miracles,” a work of great merit. 
SMALCIUS,Valentine, a celebrated Socinian 
writer, died at Cracow, in 1622. 
SMALLEY, John, D. D., an eminent Ameri- 
can clergyman, settled at Berlin, Connecticut, 
died in 1820, aged 86. 
SMALLWOOD, William, a brigadier-gene- 
ral in the American army, during the revolution, 
and afterwards a member of congress, and go- 
vernor of the state of Maryland ; he died in 1692. 
SMALRIDGE, Dr. George, bishop of Bristol, 
and a very elegant theological writer, born in 
1666, and died in 1719. 
SMART, Christopher, an English poet and 
miscellaneous writer, horn in 1722, and died in 
1771. He published a translation of Horace in 
prose, and other works. 
SMEATON, John, a celebrated English me- 
chanic and engineer, died in 1792, aged 68. 
SMELLIE, Dr. William, a Scotch physician, 
and writer on midwifery, died in 1763. 
SMELLIE, William, a Scottish printer, F. R 
S-E., secretary to the society of Scottish anti 
quaries, and an author, died in 1795. 
SMIBERT, John of Boston, an eminent por- 
trait painter, in the 18th century. 
SMITH, sir Thomas, a learned English states- 
man, historian and critic, and secretary of state 
in the reigns of Edward VI. and Elizabeth ; he 
died in 1597, aged 65. 
SMITH, Miles, a learned English divine, 
bishop of Gloucester, died in 1624. He was 
well skilled in oriental languages, and assisted 
in translating the Bible, to which he wrote the 
preface. 
SMITH, John, an English divine, and a man 
| of great learning, died in 1652. 
SMITH, John, an excellent mezzotinto en 
'graver, in the reign of William of England, 
j SMITH,Dr.Thotnas, a learned English divine, 
;!historian,biographer, and critic, died in !7!0. 
j SMITH, John, an English divine, particularly 
[versed in septentrional literature, and ir. anti 
quities; he died in 1715. 
373  SM 
SMITH, Edmund, an English poet, and au- 
thor, died in 1710 
SMITH, William, an able scholar and divine, 
dean of Chester, died in 1787. He published an 
elegant translation of Thucydides, and of Lon- 
ginus, besides other works. 
SMITH, Adam, LL. D.,and F. R. S., ofLon- 
don and Edinburgh, one of the commissioners 
of tiie customs in Scotland, and formerly pro- 
fessor of moral philosophy, in tiie university of 
Glasgow ; iiedied in 1790, aged 67. 
SMITH, Charlotte, an excellent English po- 
etess, and a writer of novels of distinguished 
merit, died in 1806, aged 56. 
SMITH, George, a distinguished landscape 
painter, of Chichester, and an author, died in 
1776, aged 62. 
SMITH, John, one of the early settlers of 
Virginia, and for some time at the head of the 
colony, was distinguished for the variety of his 
adventures and employments, and for iiis bra- 
very as a soldier. He was eminently service- 
able in protecting and defending the settlement 
of Virginia from destruction by the Indians, 
and was only saved himself, when taken pri- 
soner by the timely interference of Pocahontas ; 
he died in 1631. 
SMITH, Thomas, was for a short time go- 
vernor of South Carolina, about 1693. 
SMITH, William, an eminent lawyer, and 
judge of the supreme court of the province of 
New-York, died in 1769. 
SMITH, William, son of tiie preceding, was 
also distinguished as a lawyer. He became 
chief justice of New-York, and afterwards held 
tiie same office in-.Canada. 
SMITH, Thomas, minister of Portland, Mass., 
died in 1795. 
SMITH, Josiali, of South Carolina, a distin- 
guished divine, died at Philadelphia, in 1781. 
SMITH, Samuel, an American historian, au- 
thor of a “ History of tiie Colony of New Jer- 
sey,” died in 1776. 
SMITH, Isaac, a patriot and officer of the 
American revolution, and a judge of the su- 
preme court of New Jersey, died in 1807. 
SMITH, William, D. D., a native of Scot- 
land, and provost of the College of Philadelphia, 
died in 1803. 
SMITH, Robert, D. D., an eminent clergy- 
vian of Pennsylvania, died in 1785. 
SMITH, John Blair, a distinguished Ameri- 
can clergyman, settled at Philadelphia, was Af- 
terwards, the first president of Union College, 
Schenectady, N. Y.; Iiedied in 1799. 
SMITH, Samuel Stanhope, I). D. LL. D., 
an eminent presbyterian clergyman, who was 
tiie founder, and first president of Hampden 
Sidney college, Virginia, and afterwards pro- 
fessor of moral philosophy and theology at 
Princeton college, and president of that institu- 
tion : lie died in 1819. 
SMITH, Israel, a representative and senator 
in corizress from Vermont, chief justice of the 
supreme court, and subsequently governor of 
tiiat state, died in 1810. 
SMITH, Robert, D. D., an episcopal clergy- 
man, and first bishop of tiie episcopal church in 
South Carolina, died in 1801. 
SMITH, Nathaniel, an eminent lawyer, was 
a member of congress from Connecticut, and a 
judze of the supreme court of tiiat state ; he 
died in 1822. 
SMITH, John, D. D., professor of Greek and 
the oriental languages, in Dartmouth college, 
New Hampshire, died in 1809. 
so 
SMITH, George William, lieutenant govern- 
or and afterwards governor of' the state of Vir- 
ginia, died in 1811. 
SMITH, Elihu H., a distinguished physician 
and poet, of New-York, died in 1708, aged 27. 
SMITH, James,.a lawyer, of Pennsylvania 
member of the memorable congress of 1776 
and one of the signers of the declaration of In 
dependence. 
| SMITH, Elizabeth, an English lady, of distin- 
guished talents and learning, died in 1806. 
SMITZ, Lewis, an eminent painter, of Dort, 
died in 1075. 
SMITZS, Gaspar, a Dutch portrait painter, 
died at Dublin, in 1089. 
SMOLLETT, Dr. Tobias, a physician, his 
torian, novelist and poet, born in Scotland, in 
1720, and died in 1771. 
SMYTH, James. See MOORE. 
SNELL, Rodolphus, professor of Hebrew 
and mathematics, at Leyden, and a writer on 
mathematical and philosophical subjects, died 
in 1013. His son Willebrord, who succeeded 
him in the chair of mathematics, in 1013, lirst 
discovered the true laws of refraction of light, 
and attempted to measure tiie eartli in the 
mode since adopted by Picard and Cassini; lie 
died in 1626. 
SNORltO, Sterlesonius, a native of Iceland, 
minister of state to one king of Denmark, and 
to three kings of Norway; was killed by an en 
emy, in 1241. He wrote a Chronicle of the Kings 
of Norway, &c. 
SNOY, Renier, a Dutch physician, and am- 
bassador to Denmark, and Scotland, wrote t 
“ History of Holland,” and died in 1537. 
SNOY, Lambert, author of a Genealogical 
History of the Low Countries, died in 1638. 
SNYDER, Simon, governor of the slate of 
Pennsylvania, died in 1819. 
SNYDERS, Francis, a famous Flemish paint- 
er, died in 1657, aged 78. 
SOANEN, John, an eminent French eccle- 
siastic, was bishop of Sencz ; lie was after 
wards deposed by the pope, and died in exile, 
in 1740. 
SOBIESKI, John III., king of Poland, the 
most renowned warrior of his time. His victo- 
ries obtained over the Tartars, and the Turks, 
procured him the crown. He was a friend of 
learning, and of learned men, and died in 1696, 
aged 66. 
SOCINUS, Lielius, founder of the Socinian 
sect, born at Sienna, in 1525, and died in 1562. 
SOCINIJS, Frustus, nephew of Ltelius, and 
head of the sect which goes by Ids name, was 
born at Sienna, in 1539, and died in 1604. 
SOCRATES, the greatest of all the ancient 
philosophers, born at Attica, 467 U. C., was 
put to death by tile Athenians, on a laise cnarge 
of Atheism, 400 R. C. 
SOCRATES, a native of Constantinople, 
wrote an Ecclesiastical History to the year 400. 
SOLANDER, Dr. Daniel Charles, an emi- 
nent naturalist, who went round the world with 
capt. Cook, was born in Sweden, in 1736. and 
died in 1782. 
SOLE, Anthony, an eminent landscape paint- 
er, of Bologna, died in 1677. His son Joseph, 
was also an eminent landscape and historical 
painter, and died in 1719. 
SOLIGNAC, Peter Joseph de la Pimpie, che- 
valier of, the secretary and friend of Stanislaus, 
king of Poland, and author of a “History of 
Poland,” died in 1773, aged 86. 
SOLIMENE, Francis, an ilHistrious Italian 
374  SO 
painter and poet, born at Naples, in 1657, and 
died in 1747. 
SOL1NUS, Caius Julius, a Latin gramma- 
rian, horn at Rome, about the middle of the 
3d century. 
SOLIS, Antonio de, an ingenious Spanish 
historian and dramatic poet, died in 1686. 
SOLOMON, son of David, was king of Israel 
after his father. He is celebrated for his wisdom, 
for his piety in early life, and the temple which 
he erected at Jerusalem, in honour of the God 
of Israel. He wrote the books of Proverbs, and 
Ecclesiastes, and the Canticles, and died 975 
B. C\, aged 58. 
SOLOMON BEN VIRGA, a Spanish physi- 
cian, and rabbi, of the 16th century, author of 
a History of the Jews, from the destruction of 
the temple to his own time. 
SOLOMON, Ben Job .Talla, a native of 
Africa, son of a prince of the country, who was 
taken and brought to America as a slave. He 
was ransomed by general Oglethorpe, sent to 
England, and from thence to his own country. 
While in Great Britain he was employed in 
translating Arabic MSS. and was much noticed 
by the great. 
SOLON, one of the seven sages of Greece, 
born at Athens, about the 35th Olympiad, and 
died in Cyprus, 558 II. C., aged 80. He distin- 
guished himself early, by the greatness of his 
courage, and the brightness of his parts, which 
advantages raised him to the government of his 
country. 
SOLYMAN I., emperorof theTurks, in 14C2. 
He was a brave prince, but addicted to pleasure, 
which hastened his end. He was dethroned and 
assassinated by his brother, in 1410. 
SOLYMAN II., surnamed the Magnificent, 
succeeded his father Selim I., in 1520. His reign 
was useful, splendid, and victorious, and was 
rendered so by his bravery and valour. He died 
in 1566, aged 76. 
SOLYMAN HI., emperorof Turkey, was an 
Indolent, superstitious prince, and died in 1691. 
SOMBREUIL, Francis Charles Virot de, a 
French general, who perished on the scaffold, 
together with his eldest son, in 1793, on account 
of his attachment to Lewis XVI. His second 
son, Charles, escaped, and after distinguishing 
himself in the Prussian armies, was taken pri- 
soner, and shot, in 1795. 
SOMERS, John, lord-chancellor of England, 
an able and eloquent pleader at the bar, an ho- 
nest statesman, and a patriot of the noblest and 
most extensive views. He was born in 1652, and 
died in 1716. 
SOMERVILLE, William, an English poet, 
died in 1743, aged 51. 
SOMMERY, N. Fontette de, a French lady, 
distinguished for her talents and writings, died 
in 1792. Her house was the resort of philoso- 
phers and learned men, who sought her society 
ami conversation. 
SOMMIER, John Claude, a French ecclesi- 
astic, author of a “ History of the Holy See,” 
for which he was made archbishop of Ctesarea, 
died in 1737. 
SOMNER, William, an eminent English an- 
tiquary, born in 1606, and died in 1669. 
SOPHOCLES, an ancient Greek tragic poet, 
born at Athens, 500 II. C., and died 410 B. C. 
He was archon, or chief magistrate of Athens. 
SOPHONISBA, daughter of Asdrubal, and 
wife of kingSyphax. On his death she married 
Massinissa, and being compelled to abandon him 
by Scipio, si-e poisoned herself, 203 B. C. 
SP 
SORANL4S, an Ephesian physician, who set- 
tled at Rome, under the emperors Trajan and 
Adrian. Some of his works are extant. 
SORBA1T, Paul, imperial physician, and pro- 
fessor of medicine at Vienna, wrote “ Commen- 
taries on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates,” and 
other works, and died in 1691. 
SORBIERE, Samuel, a French medical and 
miscellaneous writer, born in 1615, and died in 
1670. 
SORBONNE, Robert de, an eminent French 
divine, and founder of a college for divinity ami 
philosophy, at Paris ; he died in 1274, aged 73. 
SOREL, Agnes, themistressof Charles VII., 
of France, was distinguished for her beauty, 
strength of mind, and the influence she possess- 
ed over her lover, whom site incited to deeds of 
glory. She died in 1450. 
SORGII, Hendrick, an eminent Dutch painter, 
died in 1684. 
SORRI, Peter, an Italian painter, who died m 
1622. 
SOSIGENES, a famous Egyptian astronomer, 
inventor of the Julian calendar, flourished about 
46 B. C. 
SOSTRATES, an architect, of Cnidos, who 
built the celebrated tower of Pharos, flourished 
about 273 B. C. 
SOTADES, a Grecian poet, of Maronsea, in 
Thrace, was thrown into the sea in a leaden 
chest, for ridiculing Philadelphus, of Egypt, in 
a satirical poem. 
SOTIIEL, Seth, a proprietor and governor 
of North Carolina, and afterwards governor of 
South Carolina, died in 1694. 
SOTO, Dominic, a learned Dominican, con- 
fessor to Charles V., died in 1560. He wrote 
several theological works. 
SOUBISE, John de Parthenai, lord of, a dis- 
tinguished leader of the protestants, and cele- 
brated for his brave defence of Lyons, died in 
1566. 
SOUBISE, Benjamin de Rohan, duke of, a 
distinguished leader of the protestants, in the 
religious wars of France, died in 1640. 
SOUCIIAI, John Baptist, a French ecclesi- 
astic and writer, canon of Rodez, counsellor to 
the king, and professor of eloquence in the 
royal college, died in 1746. 
SOUC1ET, Stephen, a French jesuit, librarian 
to the college of Louis the Great, and author of 
“Astronomical Observations in China and In- 
dia,” and other works, died in 1744. His bro- 
ther Stephen Augustin, who died about the 
same time, was professor of theology, in the 
college of Louis the Great, and a poet. 
SOUFFLOT, James Germain, an eminent 
French architect, died in 1780. 
SOUTH, Dr. Robert, an English divine, and 
theological writer, of great learning, died in 
1716, aged 83. 
SOUTHERN, Thomas, an eminent English 
dramatic writer, died in 1746, aged 84. 
SOZOMEN, Hermias, an ecclesiastical histo- 
rian of the 5th century, born in Palestine, and 
died about 450. 
SPAGNOLETTO, Joseph Ribera, an emi- 
nent painter, born near Valentia, in 1589. He 
settled at Naples, where he was patronised by 
the great, and died in 1656. 
SPAGNOLI, Baptist, a general, of the Car- 
melites, distinguished for the wisdom of the re- 
gulations he introduced into his order, for his 
studious habits, and for his poetical writings, 
died in 1516. 
SPAIGIIT, Richard Dobbs, a member of con-  SP 
gross, and of the convention which formed the 
federal constitution, and afterwards governor of 
North Carolina, killed in a duel, in 1802. 
SPALLANZANI, Lazarus, an Italian writer, 
considered asone of the greatest naturalists of 
the age ; he died in 1799. 
SPANHEIM, Frederic, professor of divinity, 
at Geneva, and afterwards at Leyden, and a 
distinguished preacher, died in 1649. 
SPANHEIM, Ezekiel, an eminent writer on 
history and antiquities, born at Geneva, in 1629, 
and died in 1710. 
SPANHEIM, Frederic, brother to the pre- 
ceding, was a celebrated preacher at Utrecht, 
professor of divinity at Heidelberg, and after- 
wards of divinity and sacred history, at Leyden, 
lie died in 1701. 
SPARROW, Anthony, a pious and learned 
Englisii divine, made archdeacon, of Ludbury, 
and afterwards bishop of Exeter and Norwich ; 
he died in 1685. 
SPARTACUS, a Thracian shepherd, the con- 
queror of some of the Roman armies, was de- 
feated by G’rassus, 71 B. C. 
SPARTIANUS, ASlius, a Latin historian, au- 
thor of the “ Lives of the Roman Emperors, 
from Ua-sar to Dioclesian.” 
SPEED, John, an English chronologist, histo- 
rian, and antiquary, died in 1629, aged 74 
SPELMAN, sir Henry', an eminent English 
historian and antiquary, died in 1641, aged 80. 
SPENCE, Ferrand, au English writer, of the 
17th century. 
SPENCE, Joseph, an English poet and critic 
of eminence, was drowned in a canal in his 
garden, in 1768. 
SPENCER, William, an English writer, pub- 
lished an edition of Origen against Celsus, in 
1058, with annotations, and a Latin version. 
SPENCER, Dr. John, a very ingenious and 
learned English divine and critic, born in 1630, 
and died in 1695. 
SPENCER, Joseph, a brigadier and major- 
general of the American army, during the revo- 
lution, and a member of congress in 1779, died 
in 1789. 
SPENER, Philip James, a Lutheran divine, 
founder of the sect called Pietists, held some ec- 
clesiastical dignities at Berlin, and died in 1705, 
aged 76. 
SPENSER, Edmund, a celebrated English 
poet, died in 1598, aged 45. 
SPERLING, Otto, a distinguished physician, 
of Hamburgh, went to Copenhagen, as physician 
to tile king of Denmark. He wrote a “ Catalogue 
of the Plants of Denmark,” and died in pri- 
son, in 1681. 
SPERLING, John, professor of medicine, at 
Wittemberg, and a writer on medical subjects, 
died in 1658 
SPERONE, Speron, an Italian dramatic and 
miscellaneous writer, died in 1588, aged 88. 
SPIELMAN, James Reinliold, an eminent 
physician, and professor of medicine and cby- 
mistry at Strasburg, died in 1782. He publish- 
ed Elements of Chymistry, and other works. 
SPIERINGS, Henry, an eminent landscape 
painter, of Antwerp, born in 1633. 
SPIERS, Albert Van, an admired historical 
painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1718, aged 52. 
SPIGELIUS, Adrian,a native of Brussels,pro- 
fessor of surgery and anatomy at Padua, died 
in 1625. His works were published at Amster- 
dam. in 1645. 
SPILBERG, John, an eminent portrait and 
histotical painter, of Dusseldorf, died in 1691 
ST 
His daughter, Adriana, excelled as a {/aimer 
ill crayons. 
SPILBERG, George, a Dutch admiral, who 
defeated the Spaniards in the South Seas, about 
lGlfi. 
SPINCKES, Nathaniel, of Northamptonshire, 
an eminent non-juring divine, died in 1727, aged 
73. 
SPINELLO, Aretino, a Tuscan painter of 
great repute, born in 1328, and died in 1420. 
His son Paris was also an eminent painter, and 
is said to have painted Lucifer, in his picture of 
the fallen angels, in so hideous a form, that he 
was frightened at his own work, and affected in 
his senses ever after. He died in 1422, aged 56. 
SPINOLA, Ambrose, a famous Spanish ge- 
neral, died in 1030, aged 61. 
SPINOZA, Benedict de, born at Amsterdam, 
in 1638, was first a Jew, then a Christian, and 
lastly an atheist. He died in 1677. 
Sl’IRA, Francis, an eminent Venetian law- 
yer, in the ltith century. He was supposed to 
favour the tenets of the reformation, and com- 
pelled to make a recantation to save his life, 
which had such an effect upon his spirits, as to 
hasten his end. He died in 1548. 
SPON, Charles, an ingenious and learned 
French pnysician, died at Lyons, in 1684. He 
wrote Latin verses with ease and elegance, and 
corresponded with most of the learned men of 
Europe. 
SPON, James, son of the preceding, a cele- 
brated physician, historian, and antiquary, born 
at Lyons, in 1647, and died in 1696. 
SPONDANUS, John, or DE SPONDE, a 
learned man, born in Biscay, in 1557, author of 
a Commentary on Homer’s Writings, and other 
works, died in 1595. 
SPONDANUS, Henry, brother of the pre 
ceding, a French civilian and annalist, died in 
1643, aged 75. 
SPOTS WOOD, John, archbishop of St. An- 
drews, and an author, was born in Scotland, in 
1565, and died in 1639. 
SPOTSWOOD, Alexander, governor of the 
colony of Virginia, died in 1740. 
SI’ilAGG, Edward, a valiant English naval 
officer, who distinguished himself in the wars 
with the Dutch, and with the Algerines, was 
drowned in an engagement with Van Tromp, 
about 1673. 
SPRANGHER, Bartholomew, an eminent 
painter, of Antwerp, was patronised at Rome, 
by Pius V., and in Germany, by the emperor 
Rodolphus, by whom he was ennobled. He died 
in 1623. 
SPRAT, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Rochester, a 
historian and poet, died in 1713, aged 77. He 
wrote the “ History of the Royal Society,” and 
other works. 
SPRING, Samuel, D. D., a distinguished 
American clergyman, pastor of a presbyterian 
church, in Newburyport, Mass., died in 1819. 
SPROAT, James, D. D , an able and exem- 
plary clergyman, of Philadelphia, died in 1793. 
SPURSTOW, William, D. D., an English 
divine, and a member of the Westminster as- 
sembly of divines, died in 1666. 
SQUARCIONE, Francis, an Italian painter 
of great celebrity, died in 1474. 
SQUIRE, Dr. Samuel, bishop of St. David’s, 
a poetical, historical, and antiquarian writer, 
(died in 1766. 
j STAAL, madame de, a French lady of great 
wit, wife of an officer of the horse guards, and 
jauthor of comedies, memoirs. &c., di«d in 1750. ST 
ST A BEN, Henry a celebrated Flemish histor- 
ical painter, died in 1658. 
STACKIIOLSE, Thomas, a learned and pi- 
ous, but necessitous English divine, who first 
became noticed by a treatise “On the Miseries 
of the Inferior Clergy.” He died in 1752, aged 
72, leaving many other works. 
STADIUS, John, professor of history at Lou- 
vain, and afterwards of mathematics and his- 
tory at Paris, died in 1579. 
STAEL, Anne Louisa Germaine Necker, 
baroness de, was daughter of M. Necker, the 
celebrated French financier, born in Paris in 
1766. She wrote several books, and died in 
1817. 
STAFFORD, Antony, a learned English wri- 
ter, author of the “ Life and Death of Diog- 
enes,” and many other works: he died in 1641. 
STAHL, George Ernest, an eminent German 
chymist, and professor of chymistry at Halle; 
went to Berlin, where he was physician to the 
king, and counsellor of state; he wrote many 
valuable works, and died in 1734. 
STAHREMBERG, Conrad Balthasar, count 
de, governor of Vienna, celebrated for his brave 
defence of that city against the Turks, in 1683. 
He died at Rome, in 1687. 
STAHREMBERG, Guido Balde, count de, 
an Austrian general of great gallantry and merit, 
died at Vienna, in 1737. 
STALBENT, Adrian, a distinguished pain- 
ter, of Antwerp, died ip 1660. 
STAMPART, Francis, an eminent painter, 
born at A ntvverp, and settled in Vienna, died 
there in 1750. 
STANDISH, Miles, one of the Bttle band of 
Pilgrims, who first came to New England, and 
captain of the military forces of the infant col- 
ony of Plymouth, in the wars with the Indians, 
he died in 1656. 
STANHOPE, George, an English divine and 
theological writer, died in 1723, aged 68. 
STANHOPE, James, earl of, born in 1673, 
distinguished himself in the army, and was af- 
terwards made secretary of state under George 
I., ambassador to Vienna, first lord of the 
treasury, and chancellor of the exchequer; 
he died in 1721. 
STANHOPE, Philip Dormer, earl of Chester- 
field, one of the most celebrated wits of his age, 
an eminent statesman, political, epistolary, and 
miscellaneous writer, died in 1773, aged 79. 
STANHOPE, Charles, Earl, born in 1753, 
was a man of science and ingenuity; he died 
In 1816. His inventions were valuable. 
STANISLAUS, Leczinski, king of Poland 
and elector of Saxony, a most unfortunate, but 
virtuous prince. He wrote several books, and 
died in 1766. 
STANISLAUS AUGUSTUS PONIATOW- 
SKI, was the son of a Polish nobleman, born 
in 1732, died in 1798. He was elected king of 
Poland, in 1764, and deposed by Catherine, em- 
press of Russia, in 1795. 
STANLEY, sir Thomas, an elegant English 
writer, author of some poems, &c. 
STANLEY, Thomas, an English gentleman 
of prodigious learning, son of the preceding, 
born 1644, and died in 1678, leaving several val- 
uable books. 
STANLEY, John, an English musician, who 
was blind from the age of 2 years. He was 
organist of several churches, and at last mas- 
ter of the King’s band. He died in 1786, aged 
73. 
STANNINA, an eminent historical painter, 
ST 
of Florence, was patronised by the king of 
Spain and died in 1403. 
STANYHURST, Richard, a native of Dublin, 
distinguished as a divine, philosopher, poet, 
and historian. He was chaplain to the arch 
duke Albert of Austria, and died at Brussels, 
in 1618. 
STAPLETON, Walter, an English prelate, 
was bishop of Exeter, and treasurer of England. 
He founded Exeter college, Oxford, and was 
beheaded during an insurrection in London, in 
1326. 
STAPLETON, Thomas, an English clergy 
man, prebendary of Chichester, in the reign of 
Mary, and afterwards regius professor of di- 
vinity at Louvain, and canon of St. Peter’s, died 
in 1598. 
STAPYLTON, sir Robert, an English dra- 
matic writer, died in 1669. 
STARK, John, a general in the American 
army, during the revolution, distinguished for 
his activity, enterprise and courage, and for his 
important services in the war, died in 1822, 
aged 94. 
STAROVOLSKI, Simon, author of a Geo- 
graphical Account of Poland, and of the lives 
of 100 illustrious Polish writers, lived in the 
17th century. 
ST AT [R A, daughter of Darius, and wife of 
Alexander. She was murdered by Roxana, 
323 B. C. 
STATIUS, Publius Rapinius, an ancient Ro- 
man poet, born at Naples, about the beginning 
of the reign of Claudius; he lived 91 years. 
STAUNTON, sir George Leonard, was born 
at Galway, in Ireland, and bred to surgery and 
physic. He went to the West Indies, took to 
the law, and got rich. He was afterwards attor- 
ney-general at Grenada, secretary to lord Ma- 
cartney, when governor of Madras; and at 
length was created a baronet by the king. He 
died in 1801. 
STAVELY, Thomas, an English lawyer and 
writer, authorof the “ History of the Churches,” 
&c., died in 1683. 
STEBBING, Dr. Henry, an English divine, 
and theoligical writer, died in 1763. 
STEDMAN, John Gabriel, a native of Scot 
land, born in 1745, became an author, and died 
in 1797. 
STEELE, sir Richard, an English writer, and 
politician, was born in Ireland, but educated at 
London with Addison; he wrote many line 
books, and died in 1729. 
STEEN, John, a Dutch painter, born at Ley- 
den, died in 1689. 
STEENWICK, Henry, an eminent Flemish 
painter, died in 1603. 
STEEVENS, George, an ingenious critic and 
clasical scholar, was born at Stepney, in 1735, 
and died in 1800. 
STEFANESCHI, John Baptist, an eminent 
historical, and miniature painter, of Florence, 
died in 1659. 
STEINBOCK, Magnus, an illustrious Swede, 
who distinguished himself in the wars, under 
Charles XII., by his valour. In the absence of 
his master from Sweden, he governed the king- 
dom with unconimon wisdom and moderation. 
He died in 1717. 
STELLA, James, an eminent French paint- 
er, born at Lyons, in 1596, and died at Paris, in 
1647. 
STELLINI, James, an Italian ecclesiastic, 
distinguished for his learning, was professor of 
divinity at Padua, and died in 1770.  ST 
STENO, Nicholas, a distinguished Danish i 
anatomist, became an ecclesiastic in Italy, and 
was appointed by the, pope, apostolical vicarof 
Germany, and bishop of Titiopolis, in Greece; 
lie died in 1686. 
STEPHAN US BYZANTINES,an able Greek 
grammarian and lexicographer, who lived in the 
5th or 6tli century. 
STEPHEN, St., the first Christian martyr, 
lie was stoned to death by the Jews, A. D. 33, 
on a charge of blaspheming God and Moses. 
STEPHEN I., succeeded to the papal chair 
after Lucius, in 253. He suffered martyrdom in 
the persecution of Valentinian, in 257. 
STEPHEN 11., was chosen pope in 752. Be- 
ing attacked by the king of Lombardy, he ap- 
pealed for assistance to Pepin, king of France, 
who defeated the Lombards, and took from them 
25 towns, which he gave to the pope, and thus 
laid the foundation of the temporal power of the 
Holy See. Stephen died in 757. 
STEPHEN III., succeeded to the papacy in 
768, and died in 772. 
STEPHEN IV., was elected pope after Leo 
III., in 816, and died the next year. 
STEPHEN V., pope after Adrian III., in 885, 
died in 891. 
STEPHEN VI. was elected pope in 896. He 
caused the dead body of his predecessor, For- 
mosus, to be dug up, dressed in the pontifical 
robes, tried, and decapitated, for having been 
his enemy, which so disgusted the Romans, that 
thev revolted, and strangled him, in 897. 
STEPHEN VII., successor to Leo VI., died 
after a pontificate of two years, in 933. 
STEPHEN VIII., was elected pope in 939. 
He was insulted and disfigured by the Romans, 
and died in 942. 
STEPHEN IX., brother of Godfrey, duke of 
Lorraine, was chosen pope in 1057, and died 
the following year. 
STEPHEN of Muret, Saint, devoted himself 
to religious solitude, for 50 years, on the moun- 
tains of Muret, where he founded a monastery, 
and died in 1124. . 
STEPHEN I., St., king of Hungary, suc- 
ceeded his fatliet, Geisa, in 997. He introduced 
Christianity into his kingdom, made wise and 
wholesome laws for the benefit of his people, 
and died respected and regretted, in 1038. 
STEPHEN, a waivode of Moldavia, who in 
the 16th century expelled the lawful sovereign, 
of that country, and usurped his throne; he was, 
in consequence of his tyranny, murdered in his 
tent, with 2000 of his followers. 
STEPHEN, king of England, usurped the 
throne from Matilda, the lawful sovereign, who 
opposed him with various success; and after 
distracting the kingdom with civil wars, for a 
long time, he made an agreement by which he 
reigned peaceably the residue of his life, and 
left the crown to Henry, the son of Matilda, to 
the exclusion of his own son. He died in 1154. 
STEPHENS, Henry, a celebrated French 
printer, the founder of the family of that name, 
was born at Paris, and died at Lyons, in 1520. 
STEPHENS, Robert, son of the preceding, 
one of the best printers of his time, was born 
at Paris, in 1503, lived in intimacy at Geneva, 
with Calvin and others, whose works lie printed, 
and died there in 1559. 
STEPHENS, Henry, son of Robert, born at 
Paris, in 1528, and died in 1598. He was also 
a printer, aim considered the most learned of all 
his learned family. 
STEPHENS, Paul,son of Henry, distinguish-] 
ST 
Tunis' a man of learning, continued his father's 
business at Geneva, and died in 1027. 
STEPHENS, John, an English catholic, who 
espoused the cause of theexiled James II. After 
an act of amnesty had passed, he returned to 
London, where he distinguished himself as a 
writer. He died about 1726. 
STEPHEN'S, Robert, an eminent English an- 
tiquary, died in 1732. 
STEPNEY, George, an English poet, states- 
man, and political writer, died in 1707, aged 41. 
STERNE, Lawrence, an eminent writer, born 
in Ireland, in 1713, author of “Tristram Shan- 
dy,” “ Sentimental Journey,” and other works. 
He died in London, in 1768. 
STERNHOLD, Thomas, an English poet, 
celebrated for his version of king David’s 
Psalms, in conjunction with Hopkins; lie died 
in 1549. 
STESICHORUS, a Greek poet and statesman, 
born in the 37th Olympiad, and lived above 80 
years. 
STEUBEN, Frederic, William baron de, one 
of the distinguished foreigners, who volunteered 
their services in the cause of liberty, during me 
American revolution, was a major-general in 
the American army, during that period, and a 
brave, skilful, and valuable officer. He bad 
been an aid-de-camp of Frederic the Great, of 
Prussia, his native country, and possessed a 
knowledge of the military tactics of Europe, 
highly serviceable to the revolutionary army. 
He died at Steubenville, N. Y., in 1791. 
STEVENS, William Bagshaw, an English 
clergyman, author of “ Retirement,” a poem, 
“ Indian Odes,” &c., died in 1800. 
STEVENS. George Alexander, an English 
dramatic writer, died in 1784. 
STEVENS, Alexander, an eminent architect, 
died in 1796. The bridge over the Litl'ev, the 
aqueduct at Lancaster, and the locks in the 
grand canal of Ireland, are lasting monuments 
of his skill and ingenuity. 
STEVENS, Palamedes, an English painter 
of considerable merit, died in 1638. His brother 
Anthony, was a celebrated portrait painter, and 
died in 1680. 
STEVENS, Joseph, minister of Charlestown, 
Mass., died in 1713: 
STEVENS, Benjamin, D. D., an able minister 
of Kittery, Mass., died in 1791. 
STEVIN, Simon, a distinguished Dutch ma- 
thematician, and mathematical writer, died in 
1635. 
STEWART, sir James, a Scotch baronet, au- 
thor of a valuable “ Treatise on Political Eco- 
nomy,” and other works, died in 1789. 
STEWART, Matthew, professor of mathc- 
matiesat Edinburgh, and a mathematical writer, 
died in 1785. 
STIFELIUS, Michael, a protestant divine, 
of Germany, author of a Treatise on Algebra,” 
and another on the calendar, died in 1567. He 
predicted that the destruction of the world would 
happen in 1553, but lived to witness the fallacy 
of his calculations. 
STILES, Ezra, D. D., an eminent American 
clergyman and classical scholar, for many years 
president of Yale college, died in 1795. 
STILL, John, bishop of Bath and Wells, a 
verv early dramatic writer, died in 1607. aged 32. 
STILLING FLEET. Dr. Edward, bishop of 
Worcester, born in 1735, and died in 1699, great 
| ly distinguished by numerous polemic writings, 
| particularly “Origincs Sacra;:” a book of in- 
j estimable value. 
378 ST 
STILLINGFLEET, Benjamin, grandson of 
the preceding, a distinguished naturalist and 
poet, born in 1702, and died in 1771. 
STILLMAN, Samuel, D. I)., a distinguished 
baptist minister, settled at Boston, Mass., died 
in 1807. 
ST1TH, William, an American historian, 
president of the college of William and Mary, 
Virginia, until about 1740. 
STOB/EUS, John, a learned Greek writer, 
who lived in the 5th century. 
STOCK, Christian, a German orientalist, of 
great learning, was a professor at Jena; He 
died in 1733. 
STOCKADE, Nicholas de Kelt, an eminent 
portrait and historical painter, of Nimeguen, 
lived about 1614. 
STOCKTON,Richard,an eminent lawyer, and 
judge of New-Jersey, was a member of con- 
gress from that state in 1776, and one of the 
signers of the declaration of Independence ; he 
died in 1781. 
STODDARD, Solomon, an eminent clergy- 
man, of New-England, settled for nearly 60 
years at Northampton, Mass., and died in i729. 
STOFFLER.John,an eminent teacherof ma- 
thematics at Tubingen, wrote some books on 
that science and on astrology, and died in 1531. 
STOFFLET, Nicholas, a French private sol- 
dier, who at the beginning of the revolution, 
armed himself and his followers, in support of 
royalty, and supported himself against the for- 
ces of the convention. During two years he 
feme! it 150 battles, and his bravery generally en- 
sured success. He was at last prevailed on to 
lay down his arms, and afterwards on some 
frivolous pretext taken and siiot, in 1796. 
STONE, John,an eminent English painter, in 
• lie reigns of the two Charles’. He died in 1653. 
STONE, Edmund, a selftaught mathemati- 
cian, author of a “Treatise on Fluxions” and 
oilier mathematical works; he died about 1750. 
STONE, Nicholas, a distinguished English 
statuary, died in 1647. 
STONE, Samuel, an English divine who 
came to this country to escape persecution. He 
was one of the first ministers in Hartford, Con. 
and died there in 1033. 
STONE, John Haskins, a brave and zealous 
officer of tiie revolution, afterwards governor 
of the State of Maryland, died in 1604. 
STONE, Thomas, a member of congress in 
1776, from Maryland, and one of the signers of 
tiie declaration of Independence, died in 1787. 
STON E, David, a representative and senator 
in congress from North Carolina, and after- 
wards a judge and governor of that state. He 
died in 1818. 
STONEIIOUSE, sir James, an eminent En- 
glish physician, and afterwards a popular and 
eloquent preacher, died in 1795. In the early 
part of his life, lie was an infidel; but he re- 
nounced and wrote against his sceptical opin- 
ions. 
STORAGE, Stephen, a distinguished musi- 
cian and composer for the English theatre, was 
born in 1763, and died in 1790. 
STORCK, Nicholas, a nativeof Saxony, who 
in connexion with Muncer founded the sect of 
the Anabaptists in Moravia; he died at Munich 
about 1530. 
STORCK. See RFNGELBERGIUS. 
STORCK, Abraham, a Dutch painter, whose 
sea pieces and marine views were much admi- 
red : lie died in 1708. His brother was a good 
landscape painter. 
ST 
|| STOUFFACHER, Werner, one of the illus- 
jtrious band of Swiss heroes, who overturned 
Ijthe Austrian government of Switzerland, and 
' restored their country to its original ludepend- 
jence. 
| STOUGHTON, William, chief justice, and 
afterwards lieutenant governor of the colony of 
Massachusetts, died in 1701. 
STOW, John, an eminent English historian 
and antiquary, died in 1605, aged 80. 
STRABO, a native of Cappadocia, celebrated 
as a geographer and historian, died at the he 
ginning of the emperor Tiberius’ reign. 
STRADA, Famianus, a very ingenious and 
learned Italian jesuit, died in 1640. 
STRADA, John, or STRADANUS, a Flem- 
ish painter, born in 1536, and died in 1604. His 
hunting and historical pieces are much admired. 
STRAETEN, N. Vander, a celebrated Dutch 
landscape painter, born in 1680. 
STRAFFORD, Thomas Wentworth, earl of, 
See WENTWORTH. 
STRAHAM, William, a very eminent print- 
er, was born at Edinburgh, in 1715, and died in 
1785. 
STRAIGHT, John, an English divine antf. 
poet, was prebendary of Salisbury cathedral; 
he died in 1740. 
STRANGE, sir Robert, a celebrated liistori 
cal engraver, born in the island of Pomona, in 
Orkney, in 1721, and died in 1792. 
STRAUCHIUS, Giles, professor of divinity 
at Wittemberg, and afterwards professor of the- 
ology and rector of the university of Dantzic, 
died in 1682. 
STREATER, Robert, an eminent English 
historical painter, died in 1680. 
STREEK, Jurian Van, an admired Flenfish 
painter, died in 1678. His son. Henry, excelled 
as a historical painter ; he died in 1713. 
STR1GEL1US, Victorius, a teacher of theo- 
logy, and afterwards a professor of morality at 
Heidleberg, died in 1569. 
STROBELBERGER, John Stephen, an emi- 
nent German physician and piedical writer, died 
in 1630. 
STRONG, Joseph, a native of Carlisle, who, 
although blind from his infancy, was distin- 
guished for uncommon skill in mechanics. He 
died in 1798. 
STRONG, Nathan, D. D., an eminent Ame- 
rican clergyman, pastor of a congregational 
church in Hartford,-Conn., distinguished for his 
talents, eloquence, piety, and learning, died in 
1816. 
STRONG, Caleb, LE. D., unativeof Massa- 
chusetts, was born in 1744. lie was distinguish- 
ed in early life for his energy and zeal in defence 
of the rights of the colonies, and after a variety 
of public employments, was chosen a member 
of the senate of the United States, and govern- 
or of the state of Massachusetts. He was con- 
spicuous for the vigour of his intellect, the de- 
cision and energy of his character, and for his 
patriotism and integrity, and died in 1820. 
STRONG, Simeon, LL. D., a judge of the 
supreme court of the state of Massachusetts, 
died in 1805. 
STROZZ1, Titus and Hercules, father and 
son, were Latin poets, at Ferrara. The father 
died in 1502, the son, in 1508. 
STROZZI, Cyriaco, a peripatetic philosopher, 
born at Florence, in 1504, and died in 1565. 
STllOZZI, Julius, an Italian poet, author of 
a poem on the origin of Venice, and another 
(heroic poem ; he died in 1086 ST 
STROZZI, Nicholas, a distinguished poetand 
dramatic writer, of Florence, died in 1654. 
STRUDELL, Peter, an eminent German 
painter, died in 1717. 
STRUENSEE, count, a physician, who by 
his abilities, became the favourite and prime 
minister of the king of Denmark. He was 
ruined by the intrigues of the queen mother, 
and perished on the scaffold, in 1772. 
STRUTT, Joseph, an English artist, well 
known for the assiduity with which he traced 
antiquity ; he died in 1787, aged 53. 
STRUVIUS, George Adam, professor of ju- 
risprudence at Jena, and counsellor to the duke 
of Saxony, died in 1692. 
STRUVIUS, Burcard Gotthelf, son of the 
preceding, was employed at Jena, in his father’s 
profession, and was equally esteemed. He 
wrote a “ History of Germany,” and numerous 
other works, and died in 1738. 
STltUYS, John, a Dutchman, celebrated as a 
traveller. He wrote an account of his travels, 
and died about 1680. 
STRYPE, John an industrious English di- 
vine, biographer, and historian, died in 1737, 
aged 94. 
STUART, Robert, lord Castlereagh, marquis 
of Londonderry, an eminent English statesman 
and minister, for many years at the head of the 
British cabinet, and the representative of the 
nation at the continental meetings of the allied 
sovereigns ; died in Ireland, in 1822. 
STUART, Gilbert, an eminent historian, of 
Scotland, born in 1742, and died in 1786. 
STUART, James, commonly called Athenian 
Stuart, a very celebrated traveller, and delinea- 
tor of Athenian architecture, died in 1788, 
aged 76. 
STUBBE, Henry, a learned English contro- 
versial writer, and physician, was drowned 
near Bath, in 1676. 
STUBBS, George, an English divine, and 
able writer, author of the “ New Adventure of 
Telemachus,” and some elegant verses, lived 
about 1720. 
STUBBS, George, a celebrated painter and 
anatomist, died in 1806. 
STUCKIUS, John William, a native of Zu- 
rich, distinguished as an antiquary, and as a 
writer on antiquities, died in 1607. 
STUDLY, John, an English poet, and soldier, 
killed at the siege of Breda, while serving un- 
der prince Maurice, in 1587. 
STUKELY, William,an English divine and 
antiquary, of much celebrity, died in 1765. 
STUNICA, James Lopez, a Spanish divine, 
and philologer in the university of Alcala, died 
at Naples, in 1530. 
STURGES, Jonathan, LL. D., an eminent 
lawyer, and a strong advocate for the rights of 
the colonies; he was a member of the first 
congress in 1774, and afterwards a judge of the 
supreme court of the state of Connecticut, and 
died in 1819. 
STURMIUS, James, a learned German, who 
was employed as ambassador to the imperial 
court and to England. He contributed to the 
reformation in Strasburg, and died in 1553. 
STURMIUS, John an eminent German gram- 
marian and rhetorician, called the Cicero of 
Germany, died in 1589. 
STURMIUS, Leonard Christopher, an emi 
nem architect, of Altorf, published a course of 
architecture, and died in 1719. 
STURMIUS, John Christopher, professor of 
philosophy and mathematics, at Altorf, died in 
si; 
1703. Ilis mathematical and philosophical wri- 
tings are very numerous. 
STUVEL, Ernest, an admired painter, of 
Hamburgh, died in 1712. 
ST U Y V ESA NT, Peter, the last governor of 
the colony of New-York, while in the posses- 
sion of the Dutch, he surrendered the colony to 
the English, in 1064. 
SUARD, J. B. Anthony, a French writer, and 
editor of a journal opposed to the revolution, 
was distinguished particularly for bis transla- 
tions from the English ; he died in 1817. 
SUAREZ, Francis, a Spanish jesuit, was pro- 
fessor at Alcala, Salamanca, and Rome, and af- 
terwards professor of divinity at Coimbra, in 
Portugal. He wrote on metaphysics, morality, 
and theology, and died in 1017. 
SUBLEYRAS, Peter, a portrait and histori- 
cal painter, of Languedoc, died in 1759. 
SUBTERMANS, Justus, a celebrated paint 
er, of Antwerp, died in 1681. 
SUCKLING, sir John, an English poet and 
dramatic writer, died in 1641. 
SUE, John, a celebrated French surgeon and 
medical writer, died at Paris, in 1782. 
.SUE, John Joseph, brother of the preceding, 
was professor of anatomy at Paris, and a writer 
on anatomy and surgery. He died in 1792. 
SUETONIUS, Caius Tranquillus, a historian 
and biographer, born at Rome, and nourished 
in the reign of Vespasian. 
SUETT, Richard, an English comedian of 
merit, died in 1805. 
SUEUR, Nicholas le, or SUDORIUS, coun- 
sellor and president of the parliament of Paris, 
was assassinated by robbers, in 1591. 
SUEUR, Thomas le, of the order of Minims, 
was a celebrated teactrer of theology, philoso- 
phy, and mathematics at Rome, and preceptor 
to the duke of Parma, was born in Champagne, 
in 1703, and died at Rome, in 1770. 
SUEUR, Eustache le, one of the best French 
historical paintersof his time, died in 1655. 
SUFFREN, John, a French jesuit, confessor 
to Mary de Medicis. He wrote “ Annee Chre- 
tienne,” a work of great merit, and died in 1641. 
A French admiral Suffrcn, of the same family, 
died in 1789. 
SUGER, Abbe, abbot of St. Denis, and min- 
ister under Lewis VII., and Lewis the Gros, was 
distinguished for his talents ; he died in 1152. 
SU1CER, John Gaspard, a most learned di- 
vine, and author, born at Zurich, in 1620 and 
died in 1705. 
SUIDAS, author of a useful Greek Lexicon, 
flourished between 975 and 1025; his native 
country is not known. 
SULLIVAN, sir Richard Joseph, an English 
writer, and member of parliament, and author 
of an Analysis of the “ Political History of In- 
dia,” and several otlter works, died in 1806. 
SULLIVAN, John, LL. D., a distinguish- 
ed patriot and soldier of the revolution, was e 
major-general in the American army during that 
period, and afterwards a member of Congress, 
and a judge of the United States district court 
for New Hampshire. His services as an officer 
were numerous and important, he died in 1795. 
SULLIVAN, James, LL. I)., brother of 
the preceding, was an eminent lawyer, and a 
judge in the state of Massachusetts, and after- 
wards a member of congress, and governor of 
that, state; he died in 1808. 
SULLY, Maximilian de Bethune, baron o( 
Rosni, duke of, a marshal of France, prime 
minister to Henry IV., and one of the ablest and  SW 
most honest statesmen that France ever had. 
He died in 1641, aged 82. 
SULPICIA, a Roman poetess, who lived un- 
der the reign of Domitian, and has been called 
the Roman Sappho. 
SULPICIUS, Severus, an eminent ecclesias- 
tical historian, born in Aquitaine, in the 5th cen- 
tury. 
SULZER, John George, an eminent Swiss 
philosopher and ecclesiastic, professor of math- 
ematics at Berlin, died in 1779. He wrote 
“Moral Contemplations on the Works of Na- 
ture,” &c. 
SUMMERFIELD, John, A. M., a very elo- 
quent and popular preacher of the methodist 
episcopal church, died at New-York, in 1825, 
aged 27, having been a preacher 8 years. 
SUMNER, Increase, a judge of the supreme 
court, and governor of the state of Massachu- 
setts, died in 1797. 
SUMOROKOF, Alexander, the founder of j 
the Russian theatre, and a poet. He died in j 
1777, aged 50. 
SUPERViLLE, Daniel de, a protestant min- ! 
Is ter at the Walloon church, in Rotterdam, and j 
i theological writer, died in 1728. 
SURENHUSIUS, William, professor of He- ( 
brew at Amsterdam, in the 18th century. 
SUIHAN, John Baptist, a pious and benevo- j 
lent prelate, and an eloquent preacher, of Prov- ! 
ence, became bishop of Vence, and died in 1754. i 
SIJRIUS, Lawrence, an ecclesiastic, of Co- ( 
logne, and a theological writer, died in 1578. ! 
SURVILLE, Margaret Eleanor Clotilde de, 
* French poetess of the 15th century. Her lan- 
guage is now almost obsolete, but her writings j 
display great vigour of mind, and a fertile ima- 
gination. 
SUTCLIFFE, Matthew, a learned English ( 
divine, and controversial writer, was dean of 
Exeter, and founder of Chelsea college; he died 
about 1610. 
SUTTON, Thomas, a patriotic English gen- 
tleman, died in 1611, aged 79. 
SUTTON, Samuel, an English soldier and 
ingenious mechanic, died in 1752. 
SUWAROFF, Alexander, count Riminiski, 
a Russian general, celebrated for his inhumani- 
ty, was born in 1730, and died in 1800. 
SUZE, Ilenrictte de Coligne, countess de la, 
a celebrated French elegiac poetess, died in 
1673. 
SWAMMERDAM, John, an eminent Dutch 
naturalist, died in 1680. 
SWANEFELD, Herman, an eminent Flemish 
landscape painter, whose works are scarce and 
valuable, died in 1680. 
SWEDENBORG,hon. Emanuel, an eminent 
mathematical,philosophical,and mystical writer, 
died in 1772, aged 84. He was the founderof a 
sect which has become very numerous, and is 
called the New-Jerusalem church. 
SWIETEN, Gerard Van, an eminent German 
physician and medical author, died in 1772, 
aged 72. 
SWIFT, Dr. Jonathan, dean of St. Patrick’s, 
Hi Dublin, an illustrious political, satirical, and 
miscellaneous writer, and poet, died in 1745, 
aged 78. He was author of several singular 
books. 
SWIFT, Deane, a near relation of the pre- 
ceding, and author of an “ Essay on the Life, 
Writings, and Character of Dr. Jonathan Swift,” 
died in 1783. 
SWIFT, Job, D. D., a congregational minis- 
ter, of Bennington, Vermont, died in 1804. 
SY 
| SWIFT, Zephaniah, LL. D., a distinguished 
(lawyer, of Connecticut, was a member of con- 
gress from that state, and afterwards a judge 
and chief-justice of the supreme court. He 
(published a “ Digest of the Laws of Connecti- 
jcut,” and other valuable professional works, 
and died in Ohio, in 1823. 
j SWINBURNE, Henry, a judge of the prero- 
gative court of the archbishop of York, author 
of a “ Treatise on Testaments and Last Wills,” 
|&c., died in lf>20. 
j SWINBURNE, Henry, an English traveller, 
author of “ Travels in Spain,” and “Travels 
in the Two Sicilies,” died in 1803. 
SWINDEN, Tobias, an English divine, au- 
thor of a curious “ Inquiry into the Nature and 
Place of Hell,” died about 1720. 
SWINNOCK, George, an eminent English 
non-conformist divine, and writer, died in 1673. 
SWINTON, John, B. D., a celebrated Eng- 
lish antiquary, died in 1777. 
j SYBRECHT, John, a Flemish landscape 
(painter, died in 1703. 
I SYDENHAM, Thomas, an excellent English 
J physician, and medical writer, died in 1689. 
j SYDENHAM, Floyer, a learned and diligent 
man, but for want of patronage, he lived Fong 
in indigence, a disgrace to English opulence and 
1 humanity, and died in 1787. His fate is con- 
nected with the literary fund of Great Britain, 
I which has since risen to great celebrity, 
i SYDNEY. See SIDNEY. 
! SYLBURGIUS, Frederick, a learned German, 
■born in 1546. He wrote some Greek poems 
(published editions of Herodotus, Aristotle, &c., 
and died in 1596. 
SYLLA, Lucius Cornelius, a renowned Ro- 
man general and dictator, but the scourge of his 
country, died 78 B. C. 
SYLVESTER, Matthew, an English dissent- 
ing clergyman, settled in London, aiid died there 
in 1708. 
SYLVESTER, Joshua, an English poet, died 
in 1618. 
SYLVIUS, Francis, professor of eloquence, 
and principal of the college of Tournay, at Paris, 
died in 1530. 
SYLVIUS, Lambert, or VANDER BOSCH, 
a Dutch writer, author of the “Theatre of 
Illustrious men,” “History of his age,” and 
other works, died in 1688. 
SYLVIUS, Francis de le Boe, professor of 
medicine, at Leyden. In his lectures, he ably 
demonstrated the truth of Harvey’s discovery 
of the circulation of the blood. He died in 1672. 
SYLVIUS, James, or DUBOIS, an eminent 
French physician and professor, died in 1555. 
SYMMACHUS, Q. Aur. Avianus, a citizen 
and senator of ancient Rome, and consul in 
the year 391. He was a pagan, and a warm 
opposer of the Christian religion. 
SYMMES, William, D. D., a minister, of An- 
dover, Mass., died in 1807. 
SYMNUS, Thomas, a minister, of Bradford, 
Mass., and author of sermons, died in 1725. 
SYNCELLUS, a monk, of Constantinople, 
in 792, author of a chronography in Greek and 
Latin. 
SYNESIUS, of Cyrene, an ancient father and 
bishop of the Christian church, who flourished 
at the beginning of the 5th century. He wrote 
about 150 epistles on philosophical and poleml 
cal subjects, which are in high esteem with the 
learned. 
SYNGE, Edward, an eminent Irish prelale, 
bishop of Kaphoe, and archbishop of Tuam ; lie 
381 TA 
died in 1741. His father, uncle, and two sons, 
were bishops in Ireland. 
SYPHAX, a king of Numidia, who revolted 
from the Romans to the Carthaginians, and to 
Asdrubal, whose daughter he had married. He 
was defeated by Massinissa, and died in prison, 
201 B. C. 
T 
TABOR, John Otho, a native of Lusatia, be- 
came counsellor to the landgrave of Hesse Darni- 
stadt; he wrote several works on law, and died 
at Frankfort, in 1674. 
TABOUROT, Stephen, called Sieur des Ac- 
cords, a French writer, born in 1549, and died 
in 1590. 
TACCA, Peter James, a native of Carrara,dis- 
tinguished as an eminent sculptor, died at Flo- 
rence, in 1640. His son, Ferdinand, was also 
an excellent sculptor 
TACHARD, Guy, a French jesuit, sent as a 
missionary to Siam, in 1686. He wrote an ac- 
count of his voyages to that place, and died in 
1694. 
TACITUS, Cains Cornelius, a celebrated Ro- 
man historian, orator, and statesman, who flour- 
ished under Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. 
He was born A. L). 56, but the time of his death! 
is uncertain. 
TACITUS, Marcus Claudius, emperor of 
Rome, in 275, was a wise, benevolent, and pa- 
triotic monarch, and died in 276. 
TACKANASH, John, an Indian minister, of 
Martha’s Vineyard, cotemporary and colleague 
with Ilaacoomes, died in 1684. 
TACONNET, Touissant Gaspard, an eccen- 
tric character, of Paris, known as a player and 
dramatic writer, died in 1774. 
TACQUEJ, Andrew, a Dutch jesuit, emi- 
nent for his knowledge of mathematics, died in 
1660. 
TAFFI, Andrew, an artist, of Florence, emi 
neut for his designs in Mosaic, which he learned 
and introduced from some Greeks. He died in 
1294. 
TALBERT, Francis Xavier, an ecclesiastic, 
and canon of Besancon, author of several ele- 
gies, and some poetical pieces; he died in 1803. 
TALBOT, John, earl of Shrewsbury, a brave 
and warlike Englishman, who distinguished him- 
self in Ireland, and in the wars with France. He 
was called the Achilles of England, and died in 
1453. 
TALBOT, Peter, a native of Ireland, almo- 
ner to Catherine, wife of Charles II., and arch- 
bishop of Dublin, died in 1682. 
TALBOT, Richard, earl of Tyrconnel, bro- 
ther to the preceding, was made viceroy of Ire- 
land by James II., and died in 1692. 
TALBOT, Charles, earl and duke of Shrews- 
bury, was distinguished as the warm promoter 
of the revolution. He was afterwards viceroy 
of Ireland, and high-treasurer of England, and 
died in 1717. 
TALBOT, William, an English divine, was 
dean of Worcester, and successively bishop of 
Oxford, Saturn, and Durham ; he died in 1730. 
TALBOT, Charles, lord, son of the preceding, 
an eminent lawyer and statesman, was lord 
chancellor of England ; he died in 1737. 
TALHAIARN, a Welsh bard of the 6th cen- 
tury, who retired to the solitude of a hermitage, 
where he was visited and reverenced as a saint. 
TALIACOTIUS, Caspar, or TAGLIACO- 
CEI, a professor of medicine and surgery, at^ 
TA 
Bologna, famous as an anatomist, and chiefly 
celebrated, by bis skill in restoring lost parts of 
the face, particularly the nose. He died in 1553, 
aged 04. 
TALIESIN, a celebrated Welsh bard of the 
Gtli century. Some of bis compositions ate still 
preserved. 
TALLARD, Camille D’Hostum, count de, 
usually styled marshal Tallard, a brave French 
general, who was taken prisoner by the duke 
of Marlborough, in 1704. He died in 1728, aged 70. 
TALLIS, Thomas, one of the greatest mu- 
sicians that England ever bred, died in 1585. 
TAMERLANE, or T1MURBEG, or TIMUR 
the Lame, chain of the Tartars, who becaim 
formidable toward the end of the 14th century 
He was the son of a shepherd, and raised him 
self by his courage and prudence. He obtained 
so many victories, that iie boasted that he had 
three parts of the world under his power. He 
died in 1405. 
TANAGUIL, wife of Tarquin the Elder, 
persuaded her husband to settle at Rome, where 
lie was elected king. 
TANEVOT, Alexander, first commissary of 
the finances of France, died in 1773. He wrote 
two tragedies, besides fables, songs, epistles, &c. 
TANNER, Thomas, bishop of St. Asaph, and 
a learned antiquary, died in 1735, aged 61, leav- 
ing a very valuable work, which employed him 
40 years. 
TANSILLO, Luigi, an eminent Italian poet, 
author of“ Tears of St. Peter,” and other works, 
died about 1590. 
TANUCCI, Bernard, marquis de, a native 
of Tuscany, was professor of jurisprudence at 
the university of Pisa, and prime minister of 
Naples. For 50 years, he sustained that office 
with dignity, ability, and integrity, after which 
he resigned, and died in 1783. 
TAPLIN, William, a veterinary surgeon, 
and author of several publications connected 
with his profession ; he died in 1807. 
TAPPAN, David, D. D., a distinguished 
American clergyman, and professor of theology 
in Harvard college, Mass., died in 1S03. 
TARGE, I. B., professor of mathematics, and 
author of a General History of Italy, and other 
works, died at Orleans, in 1788. 
TARIN, Peter, a French physician, and me 
dical writer, whose works are much esteemed 
died in 17(51. 
TARLETON, Richard, a celebrated English 
jester and actor, and a dramatic writer, died in 
1589. 
TARPA, Spurius Manias, a learned Roman, 
who was appointed with others, by Augustus, to 
examine the compositions of cotemporary poets. 
TARPEIA, daughter of Tarpeius, the go- 
vernor of Rome under Romulus; she betrayed 
the city to the Sabines, and was killed by the 
bucklers of the enemy, which were thrown upon 
her as they eiitered the city. 
TARQ.U1N the Elder, fifth king of Rome, 
was elected on the death of Ancus Martins. 
He was a benevolent prince, highly distinguished 
for his improvements of the city, and for the 
dignity and importance he attached to the sen- 
ate and magistrates. He was assassinated 578 
B. C. 
TARQUIN the Second, or the Proud, king 
of Rome, a tvrant and usurper, died at the age 
of 90. 
TARRAKANOFF, N., princess of, daughter 
of Elizabeth, empress of Russia. She was seized 
at the age of 12, carried to Rome, and after 
38L2 TA 
wards brought back to tit. Petersburg in chains, 
and confined in a prison, where she was drown- 
ed by the sudden rise of the Neva, in 1777. 
TARRANT1US, Lucius, a Roman, the friend 
of Cicero. 
TARTAGLIA, Nicholas, an eminent mathe- 
matician, of Brescia, and author of an Italian 
translation of Euclid, &c.; he died in 1557. 
TARTINI, Joseph, an admirable musician, 
distinguished for his performances on the violin, 
died at Padua, in 1770. 
TARUFFI, Emilius, a distinguished land- 
scape painter, of Bologna, died in 1694. 
TASKER, William, an English divine and 
poet, died in 1800, aged 60. He was author of 
several works. 
TASMAN, N., a Dutch navigator, who dis- 
covered New Holland and New Zealand, in 
1642. 
TASSO, Bernardo, an Italian poet, author of 
Amadis, in 100 cantos, and some letters which 
are highly regarded by the Italians ; he died in 
1575 ' 
TASSO, Torquato, the prince of Italian po- 
ets, son of the preceding, died in 1595, aged 51. 
His works show him to have been a philosopher, 
orator, logician, critic, and poet, and excel- 
lent in every kind of composition. His life was 
a chain of miseries and woes. 
TASSONI, Alexander, a distinguished Italian 
poet, author of “the Rape of the Bucket,” a 
mock heroic poem, admired in Italy for its ele- 
gance and delicate humour. He died in 1635. 
TATE, Nahum, a dramatic poet, born at 
Dublin, in 1652, succeeded Shadwell as poet- 
laureat, and died in 1715. He and Dr. Brady 
wrote a version of the Psalms. 
TATIAN, a native of Assyria, a writer in 
defence of the Christians of the primitive 
church, flourished A. D. 170. 
TATISCHEF, Vassili, a Russian historian, 
who was employed thirty years in collecting 
materials for the history of his country, and 
died before his labours were completed, in 1750. 
TATIUS, king of the Sabines, took possession 
of the Roman capital, but afterwards shared the 
kingdom with Romulus. He was murdered at 
Lanuvium, 742 B. C. 
TATIUS, Achilles, an ancient Greek writer 
on mathematics, and author of a romance. 
TAUBMAN, Frederick, professor of belles 
Inures and of poetry at Wittemberg, and a 
favourite of the prince of Saxony, died in 1613. 
TA VANES, Gaspard de Sauiy de, a French 
general, who became an ornament to the mili- 
tary profession, and particularly distinguished 
himself at the battle of Rentis, and at the victo- 
ries of Jarnac and Moncontour. He saved the 
king of Navarre and the prince of Conde from 
the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and died in 
1573. His son, William, was governor of Bur- 
gundy, and died in 1633. 
TAVARONE, Lazarus, a distinguished Ge- 
noese painter, died in 1631. 
TAVERNER, William, an English dramatic 
writer, died in 1731. 
TAVERNIER, John Baptist, a Frenchman, 
famous for his travels, died in 1689, aged 84. 
TAYLOR, John, an eminent English critic 
and divine, died in 1766. His works are nume- 
rous and respectable. 
TAYLOR, Dr. Jeremy, bishop of Down and 
Connor, in Ireland, and a very eminent theolo- 
gical writer and controversialist, died in 1667, 
aged 54. i 
TAYLOR John, usually called the vvaterj 
TA 
poet, from his being bred a water man, wrote 
eighty books, and died in 1634. 
TAYLOR, Dr. Brook, a very able English 
mathematician, died in 1731, aged 46 
TAYLOR, Dr. John, a learned dissenting 
divine, who, among other works, published, a 
“ Hebrew and English Concordance,” a vuiua 
ble work; he died in 1761. 
TAYLOR, John, a learned English divine, 
a writer on civil law, and an antiquary. He 
died in 1766. 
TAYLOR, William, of North Carolina, re- 
markable only for longevity ; he died in 1794, 
aged 114. 
TAYLOR, George, a member of congress 
from Pennsylvania, and one of the signers of 
the declaration of Independence. 
TEILO, a British saint in the 5th century. 
It is said that he erected the church at Landaff 
into a bishopric, and founded a college at that 
place. 
TEISSIER, Anthony, a French writer, who 
left France for Russia at the revocation of tne 
edict of Nantes; he died at Berlin, in 1715, 
leaving numerous and valuable writings. 
TEKELI, Emmeric, a noble Hungarian, dis- 
tinguished for his brave and continued oppo- 
sition to the encroachments of Austria, died in 
1705. 
TELFAIR, Edward, a revolutionary patriot, 
and governor of the state of Georgia, died in 
1807. 
TELL, William, an illustrious Swiss patriot, 
and chief instrument of the revolution which 
delivered the Swiss cantons from the German 
yoke, in 1307. lie shot an apple oif the head 
of his son with an arrow, and soon after shot 
the tyrant who compelled him to do it. He died 
in 1354. 
TELLIER, Michael le, an eminent French 
lawyer, and secretary of statfi under Lewis 
XIII., and afterwards chancellor of the king- 
dom. He is known as a zealous enemy of the 
protestants, and by his influence caused the re- 
vocation of the edict of Nantes, and the violent 
measures that followed. He died in 1685. 
TELLIER, Francis Michael le, marquis de 
Louvois, son of the chancellor of Fiance, was 
made minister of war at the age of 23, and 
afterwards secretary of state. He was a states- 
man of splendid talents, who devoted himself to 
the glory and prosperity of France, and died in 
1691. 
TELLIER, Adrian le, a French lawyer, and 
member of the national assembly' and conven- 
tion. He was sent to Chartres, in 1795, to en- 
courage a more free circulation of corn, but 
met with such indignities from the populace, 
that he shot himself soon after. 
TELLIER, N. le, a faithful servant and 
constant attendant of the minister Barthelemy, 
in his exile and misfortunes, during the French 
revolution. 
TEMPESTA, Antonia, an eminent landscape 
painter, of Florence, died in 1630. 
TEMPLE, sir William, an eminent English 
statesman, and political and miscellaneous wri- 
ter, died in 1700. 
TEMPLEMAN, Dr. Peter, an eminent phy 
sician and medical writer, died in 1769. 
TEMPLEMAN, Thomas, an English writing 
master, who published engraved tables con- 
taining calculations of the number of square 
feet and population in the several kingdoms of 
the world. 
TENGIN, Peter Guerin de, a French ecclesi  TE 
astir, who was grand vicar of Sens, the envoy! 
of France, at Rome, archbishop of Embrun,| 
and of Lyons, a cardinal, and prime minister of 
France; he died in 1758. 
TENCIN, Claudine Alexandrine Guorsl de, 
sister of the preceding, was a member of the 
monastery, of Montfleuri. She exchanged the 
convent for the dissipations of Paris, and died 
in 1749. She wrote the “ Siege of Calais,” a 
romance, &c. 
TENIERS, David, a much admired Flemish 
painter, died in 1649 
TENISON, Dr. Thomas, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, and a celebrated polemic writer against 
popery, died in 1715. 
TENNENT, John, a physician, of Virginia, 
author of an Essay on Pleurisy, and the Vir- 
tues of the Snake Root, lived about 1736. : 
TENNENT, William, a distinguished divine, 
of Ireland, died in Pennsylvania, in 1743. 
TENNENT, Gilbert, a native of Ireland, son 
of the preceding, who came to America, when 
young, and became a highly distinguished and 
useful clergyman ; he died in 1765. 
TENNENT, William, brother to the prece- 
ding, was also a respectable and useful clergy- 
man in New Jersey ; he died in 1777. 
TENTZELIUS, Andrew, an eminent Ger- 
man physician, in the 17th century. 
TENTZELIUS, William Ernest, an eminent 
writer, of Thuringia, author of “ Saxonia N umis- 
matica,” and “ Supplimentum HistoritE Golli- 
ante,” both works of great merit, died in 1707. 
TERBURGH, Gerard, a Dutch painter, and 
a magistrate of Deventer, died in 1681. 
T ERENCE, Publius, a dramatic writer among 
tite Romans, born at Carthage, in the year of 
Rome 560. Being brought early to Rome among 
other slaves, he fell into the hands of a generous 
master, Terentius Lucanus, who gave him a j 
good education and his liberty. He was drowned : 
t59 B. C. 
TERPANDER, a poet and musician, of Les- 
bos, who added three to the four strings of the 
lyre, 675 B. C. 
TERRASSON, John, a French writer, author 
of a critical dissertation on Homer's Iliad, died 
in 1750, with the reputation of having been one 
of the best practical philosophers of his age. 
TERRASSON, Anthony, sonofthe preceding, 
was also a distinguished advocate, ami professor 
to the royal college. He wrote a “ History of 
Roman Jurisprudence,” and other works, and 
died in 1782. 
TERRAY, Joseph Marie,comptroller-general, 
minister of state, and director-general of build- 
ings, in France; and was a man of great in- 
tegrity, loyalty and patriotism. He retired from 
office, in 1774, with the respect of the virtuous, 
and died in 1778. 
TERTRE, Francis Joachim Duport du, a 
French writer, and professor of the learned! 
languages among the Jesuits, died in 1759. He 
wrote a “History of Famous Conspiracies,” 
and several other works. 
TERTRE, John Baptist, a Frenchman, who 
after serving as a soldier and sailor, joined the 
Dominicans, and came to America as amission- 
ary. He died in 1678, leaving a “ History of 
the Antilles, belonging to the French.” 
TERTULLIAN, Quintus Sept-imius Flo- 
rus, a ce’ebrated faiher and defender of the 
primitive Christian church, who flourished un-| 
der the reigns of the emperors Severus and| 
Caracal! a. 
TERWESTEN, Augustin, an eminent Dutch, 
TH 
: painter,died in 1711. His two brothers, Matthew 
and Elias, also excelled as painters. 
TESTA, I’eter, an Italian painter and engra- 
ver, who was drowned in the Tiber, in 1650. 
TESTELIN, Lewis, an eminent French his- 
torical painter, died at Paris, in 1655. His bro- 
ther Henry also excelled as a painter, and died 
in 1696. 
TESTI, Fnlvio, an Italian poet, and prime mi- 
nister to Francis, duke of Modena, died in 1646. 
| TESTZELL,John, a Dominican, of Germany. 
I He was commissioned to publish the indulgences 
of the holy see ; and the zeal with which he 
executed the duties of the office, caused the ani- 
madversions of Luther, and consequently, the 
|reformation. When charged with being the 
| cause of the disasters of tire church, he was so 
afflicted with the imputation, that he died of a 
broken heart, in 1519. 
TEXTOE. See TEXIEI. 
THACHEK, Thomas, a minister'in Boston, 
and eminent as a Hebrew scholar, died in 1678. 
THACHEK, Peter, minister of Milton, Mass., 
'and author of sermons, died in 1727. There 
were two other clergymen of the same name 
one minister in Boston, in 1723, the other of 
Middlebt. rough, Mass., in 1709. 
THACHEK, Oxenbridge, a learned man, and 
an author, died at Boston, in 1765. 
THACHEK, Peter, D. D., son of the pre- 
ceding, a minister of great celebrity in Boston, 
and author of sermons, &c.; he died in 1802. 
THAIS, a celebrated courtezan, of Corinth, 
who persuaded Alexander the Great to set 
Persepolis on tire. She afterwards married 
Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 
THALES, the chief of the seven sages of 
Greece, born at Miletus, 640 B. C., founded the 
Ionic sect of philosophers, and died 545 B. C. 
| THELLUSSON, Peter, a native of France, 
.who settled as a merchant in London, where he 
'made an immense fortune. He died in 1797. 
THEM1S1US, a Paphlagonian philosopher, 
prefect of Constantinople, died in 410. 
THEMISON, a physician, who lived before 
the Christian era, and founded a sect called Me- 
thodists in Medicine. 
THEMISTIUS, a Greek orator, Peripatetic 
philosopher, and critic, died in386. 
THEMISTOCLES, a renowned Athenian 
general, admiral and patriot, who gained the 
battle of Salamine against the Persians, was 
born in 530 B. C. Being banished by his un- 
grateful fellow citizens, he fled to Artaxcrxes, 
king of Persia; but to avoid taking up arms 
against his country, he slew himself 465 B. C. 
THEOBALD, Lewis, an English dramatic 
poet and critic, died in 1742. 
THEOCRITUS, a Greek pastoral poet, born 
at Syracuse, and flourished about 260 B. C. 
THEODATIUS, king of the Goths, was de 
feated by Belisarius, and put to death by his 
own soldiers, in 536. 
THEODORE 1., king of Corsica. See KEW- 
HOFF. 
THEODORET, bishop of Cyprus, an illustri- 
ous ecclesiastical historian, died in 457, aged 71 
TIIEODORIC, king of the Goths in Italy 
a renowned warrior and legislator, died in 526, 
aged 71. 
.THEODORES, a bishop of Cilicia, who died 
in 428. His works, some of which are extant, 
were condemned as heretical by a general couu 
cil. 
THEODOSIUS the Great, the last Roman 
emperor, a convert to Christianity and a re- TH 
nowned general and legislator, died in 395. His 
sons Av,;adius and Honorius, made a division 
of the empire into east and west; Arcadius be- 
ing the first emperor of the East, and Honorius 
of the West. 
THEODOSIUS the Younger, son of Arcadi- 
us, whom he succeeded in the empire of the 
East, and famous for a code of laws styled the 
Theodocian code, died in 450. 
THEODOTUS, a tanner, of Byzantium, who 
apostatized from the Christian faith, to save his 
life, and founded a new sect, which denied the 
divinity of Christ. Another of the same name, 
was the head of a sect, which maintained that 
the Messiah was inferior to Melchisedeck. 
TIIEOGNIS, an eminent Greek poet, who 
flourished about 550 B. C. 
THEON, a Greek sophist, author of a Trea- 
tise on Rhetoric. 
THEON, a mathematician, of Alexandria, in 
the age of Theodosius, wrote a Commentary on 
Euclid. 
THEOPHANES, George, a historian and 
ecclesiastic, of Constantinople, who was ban- 
ished into Samothrace, and died there in 818. 
THEOPHANES. Prokopowitch,metropolitan 
of Russia, and a historian ; he died in 1736. 
THEOPHILUS, a writer, and bishop of the 
imitive church, born and educated a heathen, 
nd afterwards converted to Christianity; he 
vied in 182. He was the first who applied the 
serin Trinity, to express the three persons in 
be Godhead. 
THEOPHRASTUS, a Greek Peripatetic phi- 
losopher, and moral writer, of Lesbos, died 288 
B. C. 
THEOPIIYLACT, a native of Constantino- 
ple, metropolitan of Bulgaria in the 11th century. 
He wrote a “ Commentary on the Gospels,” &c. 
THERAMENES, an Athenian philosopher, 
one of the 30 tyrants appointed by Sparta over 
Athens. He refused his assent to the cruel acts 
of his colleagues, for which he was condemned 
to death, and took poison, 403 B. C. 
THERMES, Paul de la Berthe, lord of, a 
celebrated French general, who distinguished 
himself in the wars of his country. He was 
ambassador to England, and died in 1562. 
THESPIS, a famous Greek tragic poet, and 
the first representer of tragedy at Athens. He 
carried his troop from village to village in a 
wagon, from which they performed their pieces. 
A'cestus was the first tragedy they performed 
at Athens, 536 B. C. 
THEVENOT, John, a French traveller. It 
is said that he was the first person who brought 
coffee into Paris. He died in 1667. 
THEVENOT, Melchisedeck, librarian to the 
king of France, and a celebrated writer of 
travels, died in 1691. 
THIELIN, John Philip, a nobleman of Mech- 
lin, distinguished as a painter, was born in 1613. 
TfllENY I., king of France, ascended the 
throne in 670, and died in 691, aged 39. 
THIERRY II. or IV., son of'Dagobert III., 
was taken from a cloister to ascend the throne 
of France; he died in 737, aged 25. 
THIERRY I., son of Clovis I., king of Aus- 
trasia, his reign was disturbed by invasions of 
the Danes, and quarrels with his brother; he 
died in 534, after a reign of 23 years. 
THIERRY II., king of Burgundy and Aus- 
trasia, and son of Childebert, was engaged in 
quarrels with his brother, whom he suffered 
to be put to death. He was poisoned by his 
mother-in law, in 613 
ilf~ 
THIERRY, of Niem, secretary to several of 
the popes, and author of a “ History of tlie 
Schisms of the Topes,” died in 1417. 
THIERRY, Henry, an eminent printer, of 
Paris, in the 15th century. His family, for 
several generations, were celebrated as printers. 
THIERS, John Baptist, a doctor of the Sor- 
bonne, and professor of belles lettres at Paris, 
died in 1703. 
TH1RLBY, Dr. Styan, a very ingenious and 
learned English critic, and editor of the works 
of Justin Martyr, died in 1753, aged 61. 
THOMAS, St., eurnamed Didymus, was a 
Galilean, and one of the apostles of our Saviour 
It is said that he suffered martyrdom in India. 
THOMAS, an obscure individual, who from 
a common soldier, obtained the command of 
the troops of Leo, the Armenian, and on his 
death, caused hirnself to be proclaimed empe- 
ror, but was executed in 823. 
THOMAS, James Ernest, an eminent land- 
scape painter, of Haglestein, died in 1653. 
THOMAS, William, D. D., an eminent Eng- 
lish prelate, bishop of Worcester, died in 1689. 
He wrote an “ Apology for the Church of Eng- 
land,” and other works. 
THOMAS, William, an English clergyman, 
grandson of the preceding, distinguished as a 
man of learning, a writer, and an antiquary, 
died in 1738. 
THOMAS, Anthony Leonard, professor in 
the college at Bouvais, was distinguished as a 
writer and poet. He was secretary to the duke 
of Orleans, and died in 1785. 
THOMAS, Elizabeth, an English poetess, 
known to the world by the name of Corinn-a, 
died in 1730. 
THOMAS, John, an Indian, of Natich, one of 
the first converts to Christianity from that tribe, 
died in 1727, aged 110. 
THOMAS, sir George, governor «*< -lie col- 
ony of Pennsylvania, and afterwards of the 
Leeward West India islands, died in I -ondon, 
in 1775. 
THOMAS, John, a distinguished A w’rican 
officer, in the wars with the French and Indi- 
ans, afterwards a major-general in the revolu- 
tionary army, died soon after his appointment 
to that office, in 1776 
THOMAS, Josiah, an English divine, and 
miscellaneous writer, died in 1820. 
THOMASIUS, James, professor of elo- 
quence, belles letters and philosophy, at Leipsic, 
died in 1684. His son Christian, professor of 
law at Halle, died in 1728. 
THOMPSON, Edward, an English naval offi- 
cer and poetical writer, author of “ The Sol- 
dier,” “ The Courtezan,” and other licentious 
poems, died in 1786. 
THOMPSON, Benjamin, count Rumford, 
wa3 born in New-Hampshire, became a colonel 
in the British army, and after peace, received 
the honour of knighthood. In the Bavarian ser- 
vice he was lieutenant-general, and a count of 
the Holy Roman Empire, and died near Paris, 
in 1814. He was a member of many scientific 
institutions, and did much to promote com- 
fort and convenience by his mechanical inven- 
tions and philosophical discoveries. 
THOMPSON, William, a minister, of Brain 
tree, Mass , died in 1666. 
THOMSON, James, an excellent British dra 
matic and pastoral poet, born at Ednanr, in 1700, 
and died in 1748. His “ Seasons,” and other 
works, are justly admired. 
THOMSON, Dr. William, a miscellaneous  TI 
writer and editor, of Scotland dicH 1817,j[ 
leaving several valuable boons |[ 
THORESBY, Ral h> an >' ent Engl..... to J 
pographer and antiquary, died in 1725. 
THOR1US, Raphael, an eminent French 
physician and medical writer, died of tiie 
plague in London, in 1629. 
THORNDIKE, Herbert, an English divine, 
prpbcndary of Westminster, and author of 
a Treatise on Weights and Measures, &c., died i 
in 1672. 
THORNHILL, sir James, an English histor- | 
ical painter, died in 1732. 
THORNTON, Bound, an ingenious English 
poet, essayist, miscellaneous writer, and trans- 
lator of Plautus, died in 1768. 
THORNTON, Mathew, a judge of the su- 
frreme court of New-Hampshire, was a mem- 
ler of congress from that state, and one of the 
signers of the declaration of Independence ; he 
died in 1803. 
THOU. See THUANUS. 
THOYNARD, Nicholas, a learned French- 
man, eminent for his knowledge of history and 
medals, died in 1706. 
THRASYBULUS, arenowned Athenian gen- 
eral and patriot, who delivered his country 
from the yoke of the 30 tyrants, was killed 
304 B. C. 
THUANUS, Jacobus Augustus, or THOU, : 
an eminent magistrate and historian, of France, 
died in 1617, leaving behind him a “General 
History of the World,” written in very clear 
and excellent Latin. 
THUCYDIDES, a celebrated Greek historian, 
of Athens; he wrote a “ History of Grecian 
Affairs in his own Times,” and died 391 B. O. 
THUIEE1ER, Dom. Vincent, a celebratedj 
French preacher, author of “ Letters on the Bull 
Unicenitus,” &c., died in 1736. 
TIIUNBERG, Charles Peter, an eminent 
Swedish botanist, the friend and pupil of Lin- 
naeus. After spending several years in Japan, 
Ceylon, and at the Cape of Good Hope, in mak- 
ing botanical researches, he was appointed pro- 
fessor of botany at Upsal, and died about 1799. 
TI1URLOE, John, secretary of state to the 
two protectors, Oliver ar.d Richard Cromwell, 
died in 1668. He w as a man of very amiable 
character, and exercised all possible moderation 
tow ard persons of every party. 
THURLOW, Edward lord, an eminent En- 
glish lawyer, was attorney and solicitor general 
to the king, a member of parliament, and lord 
high chancellor of England. He possessed a 
vigorous, and active mind, added to close appli- 
cation, which gave him a high rank among the 
professional men of his day. He died in 1806. 
THYSIUS, Anthony, a Dutch philologer, pro- 
fessor of poetry and eloquence at Leyden, and 
librarian to the university, died in 1670. 
TIAR1NI, Alexander, an eminent portrait 
and historical painter, of Bologna, died in 1668. 
■"IBALDl, Pelegrino, an eminent painter, 
-suiptor, and architect, of Bologna, was enno- 
»ied by the king of Spain for his merit, and died 
1592. His son Dominico, was also distin- 
guished as an architect, and died in 1583. 
TIBERIUS, Claudius Nero, emperor of Rome, 
after Augustus. He disgraced himself by de- 
bauchery and cruelty, and died A. D.37. 
TIBERIUS, Constantine, raised by his merit 
to the throne of the Eastern empire, became the 
father of his people, and is equally extolled for 
his valour, his love ol juslice, and his clemency; 
be died in 582. 
TU ' 
I TIBULLUS, Aulua Alliiiir v '•elebrated Latin 
elegiac poet and cr)tic< djt.ri .) rr 
| ■* .J,, Thomas, an English poet, and 
one of the writers in ilie spectator, «J it d in 17-JO. 
TICKELL, Richard, giandson of the former, 
a distinguished v. it and poet, and author of 
several works, died in 1793. 
T1DEMAN, Philip, a painter, of Hamburg, 
died in 1705. 
| TIEDEMANN, Dietrich, a native of Bremen, 
[was professor of Greek and Latin at Cassel, 
and afterwards of philosophy at JVlarpurg. His 
writings possess great merit, and indicate deep 
erudition. He died in 1803. 
! T1GNY, G. de, a French naturalist, autlior 
;of a valuable “Natural History of Insects,” 
died in 1803. 
TIGRANES, king of Armenia, who was con- 
quered by the Romans, but preserved his domi- 
nions by a bribe. Pompey afterwards conquered 
him, and sent him in chains to Rome. 
TILINGIUS, Matthias, an eminent physi- 
cian, and medical writer, of Westphalia, died 
in 1015. 
T1LLEMANS, Teter, a distinguished land- 
scape painter, of Antwerp, who went to Eng- 
land, where lie was patronised by the great, 
and died there in 1734. 
{ T1ELEMONT, Sebastian de Nain dc, a 
French writer, born in 1637, author of “ Histoire 
des Empereurs, et Ecclesiasliquelie died in 
1008. 
7’ILLET, N. du, a distinguished French agri- 
culturalist. He wrote several valuable w orks or. 
agriculture, and died in 1791. 
TILL!, John Tzerclaes, count de, a German 
officer, who distinguished himself in the war? 
with the Turks, and w-ith Denmark. He was 
at the head of the imperial armies, and was 
mortally wounded at lngoldstadt, in 1032. 
TILLI,Michael Angelo,physician to the grand 
duke, and professor in the university oi I’isa, 
died in 1740. 
T1LLOTSON, Dr. John, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, was the son of a clothier, and died in 
1C94. He published many valuable sermons. 
| TIMjEUS, a philosopher, of Locris, the pupil 
of Pythagoras, and author of a Treatise on the 
I Nature of the Soul. 
| T1MAGENES, a historian, of Alexandria, 
ille was a slave, in the service of Augustus, and 
'burnt his history of the reign of that emperor, 
when discarded from his protection. 
T1MOEEON, a renow ned Corinthian general, 
[and the deliverer of Syracuse from the yoke of 
|Dionysius the tyrant, died 337 B. C. 
| T1MON, an Athenian misanthrope, who de- 
clared himself the enemy of the human race, 
and said he loved Alcibiades, because lie would 
one day prove the ruin of Athens. 
TIMOTFO, da Urbino,an eminent landscape, 
historical, and portrait painter, of U rhino, dice 
in 1524. 
T1MOTHEUS, a musician, of Miletus, an 
thor of a poem in honour of Diana of th 
Ephesians, died 557 B. C. 
TIMOTHY, 1 lie disciple of St. Paul, and cm 
of the primitive heralds of the cross He was 
made first bishop of Ephesus, arid is said to have 
been stoned lo death for opposing the worship 
of Diana, A D. 97. 
TJNDAL, Dr. Matthew-, a most celebrated 
English polemical writer, died in 1733. 
T1NDAE, Nicholas, neplu w to the pieced 
ing, chaplain to Greenwich hospital, a n.iscel- 
aneotis waiter, Jsc . died in 1774. 
386  1SL_ 
TINDALL, William, an English divine and 
antiquary, and a miscellaneous writer, died in 
IHH. 
TINELLT,Tiberio, an eminent historical and 
portrait painter, of Venice, made a knight of St. 
Michael, by Louis XU., and died in 1C38. 
TINTORETTO, James, so called because he 
was a dier's son, for his real name was Giaco- 
mo Robusti, a famous Venetian historical paint- 
er, died in 1594. 
TIPPOO SAIB, succeeded his father Hyder- 
Ally, as king of Mysore, and of the Mahrattas, 
distinguished by his hostility and opposition to 
the Great Mogul, and to the English. He was 
the patron of literature and the arts, and was 
killed by the British, in the storming of Seringa- 
patarn, about 1799. 
T1RABOSC111, Jerome, a learned jesuit, was 
professor of rhetoric at Milan, and librarian to 
the duke of Modena. He wrote a “ History of 
Italian Literature from the days of Augustus,” 
a work of great merit, and died in 1794 
T1RAQUEAU, Andrew, an eminent French 
lawyer, counsellor of the parliament of Bour- 
deaux, and afterwards of Paris ; he was a vo- 
luminous writer, and died in 1574. 
TISSOT, S. A. D., a celebrated physician and 
medical writer, of Switzerland, died in 1797. 
TITIAN, orTITIANO, a celebrated Italian 
painter, died in 1576. 
T1TLY, Walter, an English writer, and an 
ambassador to Copenhagen, died in 1754. 
TITON DU T1LLET, Everard, a French 
Jesuit, distinguished for his learning, and for a 
orazen Parnassus, which he planned and erected 
in honour of Louis XIV. ; he died in 1762. 
TITUS, a Greek disciple of St. Paul, con- 
vened by him to Christianity, and made bishop 
of Crete, where he died. 
TITUS VESPASIAN, a Roman emperor, 
son of Ves-pasian. who once exclaimed, “ l have 
•ost a day !” because he could not recollect that 
he had done any remarkable good action on that 
day. He died A. I). 81. 
TIXIER, John, lord of Ravisy, called also 
RAV1SIUS TEXTOR. an elegant French sclio-j 
tar, and miscellaneous writer, died in 1522. 
TOALDO, Joseph, an Italian physician, and! 
teacher of mathematics in the university of j 
Padua; he published Journals on Astronomy; 
and Meteorology, and died in 1797. 
TOBIN, John, a solicitor in London, and a 
dramatic writer, died in 1804. 
TODD, Hugh, D. D., an English divine, author 
of a “ Description of Sweden,” and other works, 
died about 1710. 
TOIRAS, John Cavlard de St. Bonnet, mar- 
quis de, a distinguished French general, was 
marshal of France, and afterwards a general in 
the army of fhe duke of Savoy ; he was killed 
in the Milanese, in 1636. 
TOLAND, John, a very famous political, 
polemical, and miscellaneous w’riter, and anti- 
quary, died in 1722. 
TOI.LET, Elizabeth, an English lady, emi- 
nent for her knowledge of mathematics, and 
the languages; she wrote some poems, &.C., and 
died in 1754. 1 
TOLLtUS, Jacobus, a learned physician, of 
Jtreeht, became professor of Greek and elo- 
quence, at Brandenburg, and died in 1696. His 
brother Cornelius was professor of the same 
branches at Harderwyck. 
TOLF.MMEI, Claudio, bishop of Corsala, was 
listinguished as a poet and orator, and as a 
•earned man : he died iri 1-557. 
TO 
i TOMKINS, Thomas, a most eminent ami 
[distinguished artist in ornamental penmanship, 
jdied in 181(5. 
| TOMPION, Thomas-, a most eminent English 
watchmaker, died in 1(396. 
TOMPKINS, Daniel D., for many years 
governor of the state of New York, and after- 
wards vice-president of the United States dar- 
ling the administration of Mr. Monroe. He may 
[justly be ranked among the greatest and best 
friends of his country ; and his zeal and services 
in the war with Great Britain, deservedly ac- 
quired for him the esteem of every section of the 
union. He died in June, 1825. 
TONSTALL, Cuthbert, an English scholar, 
distinguished for his knowledge of mathematics 
and divinity, was made bishop of London, and 
of Durham, and lord privy seal, by Henry VIII., 
and died in 1559. 
TOOKE, George, an English soldier, who, 
during the civil wars, devoted himself to literary 
pursuits, and to poetry ; he died in 1675. 
I TOOKE, Thomas, a learned English teacher, 
master of a school at Bishop Stortford, which, 
[under his care, gained great celebrity ; lie died 
in 1721. 
| TOOKE, John Horne, an English politician 
and writer, author of “ Diversions of Purley,” 
&c.; he died in 1812. 
I TOOKE, Andrew, a learned English divine, 
and professor of geometry in Gresham college, 
died in 1731. 
| TOOKE, William, F. R. S., was bred a 
[printer, but at 27 obtained ordination, and be- 
came chaplain to the British factory, at St. Pe 
[tersburgh. After many years’ residence there, 
he returned to his own country, and passed a 
literary life; he died in 1820. 
TOPHAM, Thomas, an Englishman, cele 
brated for great personal strength, died in 1749. 
TOPHAM, Edward, an English writer, pro- 
prietor of a periodical paper called the “World,” 
and author of “ Letters from Edinburgh,” some 
dramas, &c.; he died in 1820. 
TOPLADY, Augustus Montague, a zealous 
and able Calvinistic divine, died in 1778. 
TORFzEUS, Thormodus, historiographer to 
the king of Denmark, author of a History of 
Norway, and other works, died in 1720. 
TORRE, N., a native of the Milanese, distin- 
guished as a chymist and a pyrotechnist. It is 
said that he discovered a method of preparing 
an unextiriguishable fire. He died in 1780. 
TORRENTIUS, Lawinus, a native of Ghent, 
eminent as a scholar, and as an ambassador, 
was made bishop of Antwerp, and died in 1595. 
TORRENTIUS, John, a very fine but. im- 
moral painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1640. 
TORREY, Samuel, minister of Weymouth, 
for 50 years, died in 1707. 
TORRICELLI, Evangeliste, an illustrious 
mathematician and philosopher, of Italy, died 
in 1647. 
TORY, Geoffrey, a professor of philosophy in 
the college of Burgundy, was afterwards a 
printer, and greatly improved the art; he died 
m 1550. 
TOSCANELLA, Paul, an eminent astrono- 
mer, who is supposed to have formed the first 
idea of a passage to the East, by the Cape oi 
Good Hope ; he died about 1490. 
TOSTATITS, Alphonso, a doctor, of Sala- 
manca, and bishop of A villa, distinguished for 
his eloquence and his writings, died in 1454. 
TOTH.A, king of the Goths, defeated the 
troop* of the emperor Justinian, obtained po»  TR ' ’ 
session of Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, 
and sacked Romo; he was afterwards killed in 
battle, in 552. 
TOTT1N, John, an eloquent and popular 
English preacher, died in 1775. 
TOULMIN, Joshua, an English Unitarian 
clergyman, author of the “Life of Sociuus,” 
“ Biography of Dr. Priestley,” and other works; 
he died in 1815. 
TOUP, Jonathan, a divine, and a very learned 
critic in the classics, died in 1785. 
TOURNEFORT, Joseph Pitton de, a famous! 
French botanist, and natural historian, died in 
1708. 
TOURNELY.lIonore, adistinguished French 
ecclesiastic, was professor of theology at Douay, 
and s popular preacher ; he died in 1729. 
TCURRETTE, Mark Anthony Lewis Claret 
de la an eminent French naturalist, who formed 
a valaable collection of insects and herbs, and 
cultivated not less than 3000 rare and choice 
plants in his garden. He died in 1793. 
TOURVILLE, Anne Hilarion de Costentiri 
de, a celebrated French admiral, who distin- 
guished himself against the Algerines and Span- 
iards, and afterwards defeated the combined 
fleets of England and Holland. He was made 
a marshal of France, and died in 1701. 
TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE, a mulatto, 
of St. Domingo, who rose to command in the 
French army under Rochambeau. He possessed 
unbounded influence over the blacks of that 
island, and became the head of all power, civil 
and military, among them. In the exercise of 
his authority he formed a constitution, and 
adopted the wisest and most humane regula- 
tions. He was treacherously betrayed, and im- 
prisoned by the French, and died, not without 
suspicion of violence, in 1803. 
TOWERS, Dr. Joseph, an eminent English 
dissenting minister, and an able writer in the 
various departments of theology, criticism, biog- 
raphy, politics, and law ; he died in 1799. 
TOWNLEY, Charles, an eminent English 
antiquary, celebrated for his collection of verses, 
medals, and other antiquities, and for the taste 
and zeal he displayed in collecting them. He 
died in 1805. 
TOWNSEND, Joseph, an English clergyman, 
author of a “ Journey through Spain,” “ A 
Guide to Health,” and several other works; he 
died in 1810. 
TOWNSON,Thomas, D.D., an eminent Eng- 
lish divine, celebrated for his discourses on the 
four Gospels, and other religious works, died in 
1792 
TOZZETTI, John Targioni, an eminent bo- 
tanist and physician, of Florence, was pro- 
fessor of botany at that place, and a member of 
several learned societies of Europe. He was 
the first who introduced inoculation into Tus- 
cany, and died ir 1780. 
TRACY, Uriah, an eminent lawyer, of Con- 
necticut, and a member of the senate of the 
Uni ten States, from that state, died in 1807. 
TRADESCANT, John, a Dutchman, who 
settled in England, as superintendent of the 
gardens of Charles I., and known as one of the 
first collectors of medals, and objects of natural 
history. He died in 1G52. 
TRAJAN, M. Alpir.us Crinitus, a Roman 
emperor, celebrated in history for his mild and 
equitable government, and for his valour in the 
field, died in 117 
TRALLIAN, Alexander, a celebrated Greek] 
writer on p'nvsic, flourished about 550. 
TR 
TRAPEZUNTIUS, Georgius, a Greek and 
Latin critic and commentator, born in Crete, 
and died in 1485. 
TRAl’P, Joseph, an English divine and poet- 
he translated Virgil's Aineid in blank verse, and 
died in 1747. 
TRAVERSARI, Ambrose, a monk, born near 
Florence, in 138G. Me translated Diogenes La- 
ertius into Latin, which is acknowledged to pos 
sess some merit. 
TRAVIS, George, an English divine and con- 
I irovcrsial writer, was archdeacon and preben- 
darv of Chester, and died in 1797. 
TREADWELL, John, LL. D., lieutenant- 
governor, and governor of the state of Con- 
necticut, died in 1823. Me was distinguished 
for his sound judgment, strict integrity, and ar 
dent piety, and was a good citizen and an up 
right magistrate. 
TREAT, Robert, deputy governor in 1G7G, and 
afterwards governor of the colony of Connec- 
ticut ; lie died in 1710. 
TREAT, Samuel, an eminent clergyman, of 
New-England, son of the preceding, died in 1717. 
I TREMANE, Nicholas and Andrew, twins, 
'born in Devonshire: they were alike in features, 
and, though at a distance, and without any in- 
telligence given, they equally desired to walk, 
sit, eat, and drink at the same times, and were 
both slain together in battle, in France, in 1502. 
THEM BLEY, Abraham, a native of Geneva 
author of “ Instructions on Natural Religion,” 
and other works, died in 1784. 
TREMELLIUS, Immanuel, a Jew, who was 
converted to Christianity, and became a protest- 
ant divine, and professor of Hebrew at Heidle- 
berg, and afterwards at Sedan. Me published 
a translation of the Bible, and died in 1580. 
TREMOILLE,orTRIMOUILLE,Louisdela, 
viscount de Thouars, a French general, who 
was distinguished no less by his valour and suc- 
cess in the field, than by his ability as a nego- 
tiator and ambassador; he fell at the battle of 
Pavia, in 1525. 
TREMOLLIERE, Peter Charles, an eminent 
French painter, died at Paris, in 1739. 
TRENCHARI), John, an illustrious English 
patriot and political writer, died in 1723. 
| TRENCK, Francis, baron de, a Prussian no- 
bleman, who was imprisoned for his imprudent 
conduct, and afterwards published his memoirs, 
containing an account of his sufferings and ad- 
|ventures. He was guillotined in France, in 
1794. 
TRESHAM, Henry, a painter and poet, born 
in Ireland. He was a member of the Royal 
Academy, in London, arid wrote, among other 
pieces, “The Sea-Sick Minstrel;” he died in 
1814. 
TREVISANI, Francis, an eminent landscape 
and historical painter, of Trieste. He settled, 
and died at Rome, in 1746. 
TREVIS1, Jerome, a native of Trovisi, dis 
tinguished as a painter, died in 1544. 
TRIMMER, Sarah, an English lady, eminent 
for her exertions in support of Sunday schools, 
and other religious institutions, died in 1810. 
TRISSINO, John George, an eminent Italian 
poet, died in 1550. 
TR1VULCE, John James, a native ot Milan, 
who being banished his country, entered into 
the service of Charles VIII., king of France, 
and was made a marshal of the kingdom. He 
repeatedly distinguished himself in battle, and 
died in 1518. 
TROGUS POMPEIUS, author of a History of 
388  TU 
the World, to the age of Augustus, lived about 
41 B. C. 
TROMMIUS, Abraham, a native of Gronin- 
gen, author of a Greek Concordance of the Old 
Testament, died in 1719. 
TROMP, Martin Happertz, a native of Brille, 
who signalized himself in the naval service of 
his country, and was made admiral of Holland. 
He fought more than JO naval battles, and was 
killed in an action with the English, in 1653. 
TROMP, Cornelius, son of the preceding, also 
distinguished himself in the naval service of 
tiie republic, and in 1770 succeeded Ruyter, as 
admiral of the fleets of the United Provinces. 
He died in 1691. 
TRONCHIN, Theodore, an eminent physician, 
of Geneva, a pupil of Boerhaave, died in Paris, 
in 1781. He wrote some medical books. 
TROOST, Cornelius, a historian and painter, 
of Amsterdam, died in 1750. 
TROTT, Nicholas, LL. D., governor of the 
Panama Islands, and afterwards a judge in 
South (Carolina; he died in 1740. 
TROWBRIDGE, Edmund, one of the most 
distinguished lawyers of New England, was 
attorney-general, and afterwards a judge of the 
colony of Massachusetts; he died in 1793. 
TROY, Francis de, an eminent painter, of 
Toulouse, and a professor and director of the 
academy of painting, died in 1730. 
TROY, John Francis, son of the preceding, 
rvas also distinguished as a painter. lie died at 
Home in 1752. 
TROYEN, Rombrud, an excellent Flemish 
painter, died in 1650. 
TRUBLET, Nicholas Charles Joseph, a 
French writer, author of “ Essays on Litera- 
ture and Morality,” and other works; he died 
in 1770. 
TRUCHET, John, a native of Lyons, distin- 
guished for his knowledge of geometry and hy- 
draulics, died in 1729. 
TRUMBULL, William, LL. D., an English 
statesman, was ambassador to France, and 
afterwards secretary of state ; he died about 
1700. 
TRUMBULL, Jonathan, one of theroosi dis- 
tinguished patriots of the revolution, was an 
eminent lawyer of Connecticut, and held suc- 
cessively the offices of chief-justice of the su- 
preme court, lieutenant-governor, and governor 
of that state. He died in 1785. 
TRUMBULL, Jonathan, son of the preceding, 
an aid and secretary to general Washington, at 
the commencement of tiie revolution ; was af- 
terwards a member of the house of represen- 
tatives in congress, and speaker of that body; a 
member of the United States senate, and lieu- 
tenant-governor of tiie state of Connecticut. 
He died in 1809, respected by all who knew 
him, for his mild and amiable deportment, and 
for his integrity and independence. 
TRUXTON, Thomas, an American naval 
officer, born on Long Island, N. Y., in 1V55, dis- 
tinguished for his services during Hie revolution, 
and afterwards in the war with France; lie 
died in 1822. 
TRUSLER, Dr. John, an English bookseller 
and compiler, died in 1820. 
TRYPHIODORUS, an ancient Greek poet, 
the time of his death unknown. 
TUCKER, Abraham, a curious and original 
thinker, and author of “the Light of Nature 
Pursued,” died in 1775. 
TUCKER, Dr. Josiali, dean of Gloucester j 
•lied in 1799. He was eminently distinguished! 
TU "* 
if by a vigorous, comprehensive, ami independent 
| mind. 
I TUCKER, John, D. D., minister of Newbury 
i | Mass., and author of sermons, died in 1792. 
f TUCKEY, James Hingston, an English na- 
I va! officer, and nauticai writer, died in Africa, 
'! while exploring the river Congo, in 1816. 
J TUDELA, Benjamin, of, a celebrated Rabbi 
of the 12th century, and an author of travels. 
| TULDEN, Theodore Van, an eminent paint- 
er and engraver, of Bois-le-duc, died in 1676. 
TULL, Jethro, a gentleman of Oxford, in- 
ventor of the drill plough, and the first writer 
perhaps, ancient or modern, who ever success- 
jfully attempted to reduce agriculture, to certain 
and uniform principles; he died in 1740. 
I TULLUS HOSTILIUS, the third king of 
I Rome, a renowned warrior who was destroyed, 
Iwith his whole family, by a fire, pretended to 
|eome from heaven, but in reality the effects of a 
Iconspiracy of Ancus Martius, his successor, 
640 B. C. 
TULLY, Thomas, an English divine and 
theoiogical writer, was made head of St. Ed- 
mund hall, and dean of Kippon ; he died in 1676. 
TULLY, George, a relative of the preceding, 
author of a “ Discourse on the Government of 
the Thoughts,” and several other works, died 
in 1695. 
TULLY. See CICERO. 
TUNSTALL, James, an eminent English di- 
vine, and a writer on religious and other subjects, 
died in 1772. 
TURBIDO, Francis, a distinguished histori- 
cal painter, of Verona, died in 1581. 
TURELL, Ebenezer, a minister of Medford, 
Mass., died in 1778. 
TURENNE, Henry de la Tour d’ Auvergne, 
viscount de, a renowned marshal of France un- 
der Louis XIV., wasi-killed atSaltzbach,in 1675. 
TURGOT, Michael Stephen, president of the 
parliament of Paris, died in 1751. He con- 
tributed much to adoTn Paris, and to promote 
the comfort of its inhabitants. 
TURGOT, Anne Robert James, an eminent 
French statesman;,'was intendant of Limoges, 
and afterwards comptroller general of finances 
In both stations, he exerted all the energies of 
his powerful mind, for the public good ; but his 
plans were frustrated by his enemies, and caused 
his resignation. He died in 1781. 
TURNEBUS, Adrian, a French critic, distin- 
guished for his learning and critical knowledge, 
was nrofessor of Greek at Paris; he died in 1565. 
TintNER, William, an eminent English cler- 
gyman, who at the period of the reformation 
warmly embraced the doctrines of the reformers, 
for which he was imprisoned by Gardiner, but 
was afterwards released, and raised to eccle- 
siastical honours under Elizabeth ; he died in 
1568. 
TURNER, Thomas, an aide divine, chaplain 
to Charles I., and dean of Rochester, and of 
Canterbury, died in 1672. 
TURNER, Francis, son of the preceding, was 
bishop of Rochester, and afterwards of Ely. At 
the revolution, he refused to take the oaths to 
William, and was deprived of Ids preferment. 
He died in 1700. 
TURNER, Robert, an English divine, who 
left tiie kingdom on account of his attachment 
to the Romish church, and was afterwards 
made canon of Breslaw, and died in 1597 
TURPIN, F. H., professor of belles lettres at 
Caen, and afterwards at Paris, died in 1799. He 
wrote the lives of the great Conde, of Marshal 
389 UB 
Choiseul, and of Mahomet, a Universal History, 
and several other works 
TURRETIN, Benedict, professor of theology 
at Geneva, and author of a defence of the Ge- 
nevese translation of the Bible, died in 1631. 
TURRETIN, Francis, son of the preceding, 
was professor of theology at Geneva, and after- 
wards an ambassador from the republic to Hol- 
land. He died in 1737. His writings were 
chiefly theological. 
TURRETIN, John Alphonsus, son of the 
preceding, professor of ecclesiastical history at 
Geneva, was distinguished for his great learning, 
and died in 1737. He wrote an “ Abridgment of 
Ecclesiastical History,” and other works. 
TUSSER, Thomas, a writer on agriculture, 
died in 1580. 
TVVEDDELL, John, an accomplished scho- 
lar, of Northumberland, born in 1769, and died 
at Athens, in 1799. 
TWINING, Thomas, a worthy divine, and 
enlightened scholar, born hi London, in 1735, 
and died in 1804. He was also a great proficient 
in music. 
TW1SS, William, a distinguished presbyte- 
rian divine, was president of the Westminster 
assembly of divines, and rector of St Andrew’s, 
Ilolborn. His writings, were on theological 
subjects. He died in 1615. 
TYE, Christopher, a celebrated composer of 
church music, in the 16th century. 
TYERS, Thomas, a political and miscellane- 
ous writer. He published a series of “ Politi- 
cal Conferences,” which are very highly es- 
teemed, and died in 1787. 
TYLER, John, a distinguished revolutionary 
patriot, of Virginia, and afterwards governor of 
that state; he died in 1813. 
TYNDALL, William, a most zealous Eng- 
lish reformer, memorable for having made the 
first English version of the Bible. lie suffered 
death as a heretic, in 1536. 
TYNTE, Edward, governor of the colony of 
South Carolina, died in 1710. 
TYRANNION, a surname of Theophrastus, 
a celebrated grammarian and critic, of Pontus, 
who flourished about 50 B. C. 
TYRTA2US, a Greek poet, born at Miletus, 
flourished about the 25th Olympiad. 
TYRWHITT, Thomas, a celebrated critic 
and antiquary, author and editor of several 
learned works, and one of the many commen- 
tators on Shakspeare. He died in 1786. 
TYSILIO, a Welsh bard of the 7th century, 
author of a Chronicle of Britain. 
TYSON, Edward, a distinguished English 
physician, settled in London, became physician 
to Bethlehem and Bridewell hospitals, and died 
in 1708. 
TYTLER, James, a learned Scotchman, one 
of the editors of the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 
and aut hor of several valuable works. He died 
at Salem, Mass., in 1804. 
TYTLER, William, a Scottish writer on vari- 
ous subjects of the belles lettres. He died in 1792. 
TYTLER, Dr. Henry William, author of se- 
veral works, died at Edinburgh, in 1808. 
TZETZES, Johannes, a celebrated gramma- 
rian, of Constantinople, who died about the 
end of the 12th century. He wrote some valu- 
able books. 
U 
UBALDINA, Pctruccio, a celebrated illumi- | 
nator on vellum, who flourished early m then 
16th ccnturv. II 
UR 
| UDINO, John d’, an Italian painter, the dis- 
ciple of Raphael, was admired for his landscapes 
and animals ; lie died in 1504. 
UGHELLI, Ferdinand, a native of Florence, 
distinguished for iiis learning and his virtue, 
published some works, and died at Rome, in 
1670. 
ULACQ, Adrian, a native of Ghent, author 
of a Treatise on Trigonometry in Latin, lived 
in the 17th century. 
ULFELD CORNIFIX, count de, a Danish 
nobleman, who incurred the displeasure of 
Frederic III., and in his flight from Copenha- 
gen, perished of cold, in 1664. 
ULLOA, Dom Antonio de, an eminent Span- 
iaid, died in 1796. When only 18 years old, he 
was sent, with other gentlemen, to Quito, in 
South America, for the purpose of ascertain- 
ing the figure of the earth; on his return to 
Europe, lie was taken prisoner and carried to 
England, where he was elected F. R. S. He 
was again sent to America, as governor ot 
Louisiana. 
ULLOAY PEREIRA, Lewis de, a Spanish 
poet, governor of the province of Leon, died in 
1660. 
ULPIAN, Domitius, an eminent lawyer, and 
minister of state to the emperor Alexander 
Severus. He was very hostile to the Christians, 
and was assassinated in 226. 
ULRICA, Eleonora, daughter of Charles XI. 
of Sweden, born in 1688. Site was proclaimed 
queen in 1719, and died in 1741, much respected. 
ULUG-BEIG, a Persian prince, celebrated 
for his knowledge of astronomy, and as a learned 
author. He was killed by his own son, in 1449, 
after a reign of 40 years. 
UNDERHILL, John, one of the first colonists 
of New England, distinguished for his bravery 
and good conduct, in the expedition against the 
Pequot Indians, in which he accompanied cap- 
tain Mason, lie died in 1726. 
UPTON, James, an English scholar, head of 
Taunton grammar school, in Somersetshire, 
published some valuable works, and died in 
1749. His son James was rector of Rissington, 
and prebend of Rochester; he wrote “ Obser- 
vations on Shakspeare,’’ and published some 
other works, and died in 1760. 
URBAN l., pope after Calixtus l., in 223, and 
beheaded 7 years after. 
URBAN II., Oddon, was elected pope in 1088, 
and died in 1099, respected for his wisdom, 
moderation, and courage. 
URBAN III., Hubert Crivelh, was chosen 
pope in 1185, and died two years after. 
URBAN IV., James Pantaleon, a native of 
Troyes, was made pope in 1261, and died in 
1204. 
URBAN V., William de Grimoald, elected 
pope in 1362 after Innocent VI. He was the first 
pope who resided at Rome, and was the pat in 
oflearned and religious bodies, founded chinches 
and colleges, aid corrected abuses. lie died at 
Avignon, in 1370. 
URBAN VI., Bartholomew Prignano, was 
elevated to the popedom by the populace, m 
1378, and died in 1389. 
URBAN VII., John Baptist Castagna, was 
elected pope in 1590 and died twelve davs after. 
URBAN VIII., Maffeo Barberini, elected 
pope in 1023 ; he was an excellent poet, and 
died in 1044. 
j UROrEUS, Codrus Anthony, a most learned 
I and unfortunate Italian, who died in 1500. His 
works consist of speeches, letters, and poems. 
390 VA 
URSINS, Anne Mary de la Tremouille, lady 
tf honour to the queen of Spain, and a woman 
if great powers of mind, died at Koine, in 1722. 
URSINUS, Zachary, a native of Breslau, was 
a disciple of Melancthon, and divinity professor 
at Heidelberg, and afterwards at Neustadt; he 
died in 1583. 
UKSLNUS, John Henry, a Lutheran divine, 
eminent for his learning in sacred and profane 
history, died at Ratisbon, in 1667. 
URSINUS, George, a Danish divine, author 
of u Hebrew Antiquities,” a work of merit. 
URSUS, Nicholas Raymarus, a very famous 
Danish astronomical writer, died in 1600. 
USHER, James, archbishop of Armagh, in 
Ireland, illustrious for piety and learning, died 
in 1656. 
USHER, John, lieutenant-governor of New 
Hampshire, retired to New York at the com- 
mencement of the revolution, as a friend to the 
British, and died there. 
UTENBOGAERT, John, one of the thief 
•upporters of the Remonstrants, author of an 
Ecclesiastical History, &c.; he died at the 
Hague, in 1644. 
UTENHOVIUS, Charles, a native of Ghent, 
author of Latin poems, died in 1600. 
UXELLES, Nicholas Chalons du Ble, mar- 
quis de, a French general, distinguished for his 
defence of Mayence, during a seige of 56 days, 
was afterwards marshal of France, and died in 
1730. 
V 
VACHER. N\, a French surgical writer, died 
in 1760. 
VACHET, John Anthony le, a French eccle- 
siastic, distinguished for his piety and charity, 
died in 1681. 
VACHET, Peter Joseph de, a French eccle- 
siastic, known as the author of some Latin 
poetry, of merit, died about 1655. 
VACQUERIE, John de la, first president of 
Ihe parliament of Paris. He is celebrated for 
bis firmness in opposing some unpopular mea- 
sures of Louis XI. 
VACQ.UETTE, John sieur du Cardonnoy, a 
Frenchman, distinguished for his knowledge of 
jurisprudence, and for his poetical writings; he 
died in 1739. 
VADE, John Joseph, a distinguished French 
poet, died in 1757. 
VADIAN, Joachim, a native of Switzerland, 
eminent for his knowledge of mathematics, 
ph.losophy, medicine, and literature generally; 
he died in 1551. 
VAiLLANT DE GUELL1S, or VALENS, 
bishop of Orleans, died in 1587. He wrote a 
Latin poem, and other works. 
VAILLANT, Sebastian, a distinguished 
French botanist, and botanical writer. He was 
director of tire royal gardens, and died in 1722. 
VAILLANT, Walleran, an eminent French 
ps.nter and engraver, who died at Amsterdam, 
in 1677. 
VAILLANT, John Foy, an antiquary and 
medalist, to whom France was indebted for the 
science of medals, and Louts XIV. for one 
half of his cabinet; he died in 1706. His son 
John was also a medalist and an author ; he 
died in 1708. 
VAISSETTE, don Joseph, a French ecclesi- 
astic. author of a “ History of Languedoc,” and 
several other works ; he died in 1756. 
VALADE, James Francis, an intelligent 
Frunch printer and bookseller, died in 1784. 
___ VA 
I VALART, Joseph, a translator of the New 
jTestament, and of Cornelius Nepos, &c.; iie 
died in 1779. 
VALAZE, Charles Eleonore Dufriche, a 
French soldier and lawyer, who was a member 
of the convention, and distinguished for his 
hostility to Lewis XVI. He was marked bv 
Marat i'or execution, and condemned, but killed 
himself, in 1793. 
VALDO, Peter, a Frenchman, who in 1160, 
became the founder of a sect, called Vaudois. 
Lewis VII. attempted in vain to restore them to 
the Catholic church, and his son Philip Augus- 
tus, with the same pious view, pul 7000 to the 
sword. His followers though scattered, still 
exist. 
VALENS, Flavius, son of Gratian, shared 
the imperial throne with his brother. He was 
defeated and burnt to death in a tower, where 
he had taken refuge, by the Goths, in 378. 
VALENTIN, a pope of Rome, died in 827. 
VALENTIN, a heresiarch of the 2d century, 
an Egyptian by birth, and a follower of Plato’s 
philosophy ; he died in 1G0. 
VALENTIN, Basil, the assumed name of a 
Benedictine of the 16th century, distinguished 
as an able chymist. His works have been trans- 
lated into Latin and English, from the German. 
VALENTIN, Moses le, a painter, celebrated 
for l.is concerts, players, and low scenes, died at 
Rome, in 1632. 
VALENTIN, Michael Bernard, a botanist, 
and professor of medicine at Gressin. He wrote 
on botanical and medical subjects, aud died in 
1729. 
VALENTINE, daughter of theduke of Milan, 
and wife of Lewis, duke of Orleans, died in 
1408. 
VALENTINIAN I., a son of Gratian, and 
possessor with his brother Valeris, of the impe- 
[rial throne. He defeated the Germans, and 
.‘other neighbouring nations, and died in 375. 
VALENTINIAN II., son and successor of 
the preceding, was dethroned by Maximus, re- 
instated by Theodosius, emperor of the East, 
and afterwards strangled by one of his own ge- 
nerals, in 392. 
VALENTINIAN III., Flavius Placidus, was 
acknowledged emperor, when only six years 
old ; during his minority, his mother ably main- 
tained the dignity of the empire, but afterwards 
his dissipations led to his destruction in 455. 
VALERIANUS, Publius Licinius, emperor of 
Rome, in 253. After persecuting the Christians, 
and fighting the Goths and Scythians, he was 
defeated and taken by the Persians, and flayed 
alive, in 263. 
VALERIANUS, Pierius, an ingenious Ita- 
lian philosopher and critic, died in 1558. 
VALERIUS MAXIMUS, a Latin historian. 
His works are dedicated to Tibeiius, in whose 
age he flourished. 
VALESIO, Francis, a Spanish physician and 
medical writer, who lived about the middle of 
the 17th century. 
VALESIUS,"an Arabian, who, in the 3d cen- 
tury became the founder of a new sect. 
VALESIUS, Ilenricus, or HENRY HE VA- 
LOIS, a French critic, of great abilities and 
learning, died in 1676. 
VALESIUS, Adrian, or ADRIEN DE VA- 
LOIS, brotiier of the preceding, and a verv 
learned critic and historian ; he died in 1692. 
VALETTE PARISOT, John de la, grand 
master of Malta, in 1557. He is distinguished 
(for his brave and successful defence of Malta,  VA ' 
against Solymuri II., with 80.000 men. He died 
in 1568. 
VALETTE, John Lewis de Nogaret, duke 
d’Epermon, a celebrated French general, the 
friend and faithful servant of Henry III. and 
IV., and of Lewis XIII., by whom he was re- 
spected and honoured, in the highest degree. 
He died in 1642. 
VULGULIO, Charles, an Italian, known as 
a translator of some of Plutarch’s works, lived 
about 1507. 
VALIN, Rene Joshua, a learned writer, of 
Rochelle, died in 1765. 
VALINCOUR, John BaptistHenry du Trous- 
set de, a French writer, born in 1653; he was 
successor to Racine as historiographer to Lewis 
XIV., and died in 1730. 
VALKENBURGH, Theodore, an eminent 
painter, of Amsterdam, died in 1721. 
VALLA, George, professor of medicine and 
belles lettres at Venice, died in 1460. 
VALLA, Laurentius, an Italian critic, of great 
parts and learning, died in 1465. 
VALLE, Peter de la, a native of Rome, who 
published a very interesting account of Ms 
“Travels in Egypt, Turkey,Persia, and India.” 
He died in 1652. 
VALLEE, Geofroi, a French writer, author 
of a work entitled “ Beatitude des Chretiens,” 
which drew upon him the censures of the in- 
quisition. He was burnt at Paris, in 1574. 
VALLEE, Simon, an eminent French en- 
graver, in the reign of Lewis XIV. 
VALLEMONT, Peter le Lorraine de, a French 
ecclesiastic, author of “Elements of History,” 
and other works; he died in 1721. 
VALLIERE, Louise Francoise, duchesse de 
la, wife of the duke of Orleans, and mistress of 
Lewis XIV. She spent the last 35 years of her 
life in a cloister, in acts of piety and devotion, 
and died in 1710. 
VALLISNIERRI, Anthony, an Italian natu- 
ralist, and professor of medicine at Padua. He 
wrote several medical works, and died in 1730. 
VALOIS. See VALES1US. 
VALOIS, Yves de, a jesuit, born at Bour- 
deaux, in 1694, was professor of hydrography at 
Rochelle. The time of his death is not knowrn. 
VALSALVA, Anthony Marie, an eminent 
physician and anatomical writer, died in 1723. 
VALVERDA, John, a Spanish physician, 
distinguished as having introduced anatomy 
into Spain, from Ttaly. He lived about 1580. 
VANAKEN, Joseph, an eminent painter, of 
Antwerp, died in 1749. 
VANBRUGH, sir John, an excellent English 
dramatist, and architect, died in 1726. 
VAN-CEULEN, Ludolph, a distinguished 
mathematician, of Leyden, in the 17th century. 
VAN-CLEVE, Joseph, an eminent French 
sculptor, died in 1733. 
VANCOUVEUR, George, a captain in the 
English navy, who performed a voyage of dis- 
covery to the north Pacific ocean, and round’ 
the globe, in 1790-95, to ascertain the existence, 
if any, of a navigable communication between 
the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. 
He died in 1797. 
VANDALE, Anthony, a learned Dutch phy- 
cian and critic, died in 1708. 
VANDEN-ECKOUT, Gerbrandt, a historical; 
and portrait painter, of great merit, at Amster-j 
dam, died in 1674. 
VANDEN-VELDE, Adrian, a painter, of! 
Amsterdam, died in 1672. 
VANDEN-VELDE Isaiah, an eminent, 
VA 
Flemish painter, died about 1640. His brothers, 
John and William, were also eminent artists. 
The former excelled as an engraver, and the 
latter as a painter. 
VANDER-DOES, Jacob, a Dutch landscape 
painter, who died at the Hague, in 1673. 
VANDEll-HEYDEN, John, an eminent 
painter, died at Amsterdam, in 1712. 
VANDER-KABEL, Adrian, a painter and 
engraver, who excelled in sea views, and land- 
scapes ; he died at Lyons, in 1695. 
VANDER-LINDEN, John Antonides, a learn- 
ed professor of medicine, at Leyden, died in 
1614, having written many medical books- 
VANDER-MEER, John, a Dutch landscape 
painter, who excelled in battles and sea pieces 
itedied in 1690. 
VANDER-MERSCH, general of the insur- 
gents of Brabant, in 1789, against the imperial 
forces. He distinguished himself by his valour 
and prudence, and died in 1792. 
VANDER-MEULIN, Anthony Francis, a 
distinguished painter, of Brussels, who accom- 
panied Lewis XIV., in his military expeditions, 
and gave accurate representations of his sieges 
and battles. He died at Paris, in 1690. 
VANDER-MONDE, Charles Augustin, aphy 
sician and medical writer, was censor royal of 
the university of Bologna, and died in 1762. 
VANDER-MONDE, N., a French mathema- 
tician, died in 1796. 
VANDER-NEER, F.glon, an eminent painter 
of Amsterdam, died in 1697. 
VANDER-SPIEGEL, an eminent and useful 
Dutch statesman, died in 1800. 
VANDER-ULFT, James, a painter, and bur- 
gomaster of Gorcum, his native town, born in 
1627. 
VANDER-VELDE. See VANDEN-VELDE 
VANDERWERF, Adrian, an eminent Dutch 
historical and portrait painter, died in 1727. 
VANDTEST, Adrian, a Dutch landscape paint- 
er, who settled in England, in the reign of Charles 
II., and died in 1704. 
VANDYCK, sir Anthony, an illustrious his- 
torical and portrait painter, born at Antwerp, in 
1599. He travelled much, but flourished chiefly 
in England, in the service of Charles I., who 
knighted him, and gave him his own picture set 
round with diamonds ; he died in 1641. 
VANDYCK, Peter, an eminent Dutch histo- 
rical and portrait painter, died at the Hague, in 
1758. 
VANE, sir Henry, a famous English states- 
man, and a political and theological W’riter, was 
beheaded on a charge of treason, in 1662. 
VAN-EFFEN, Just, a native of Utrecht, 
known as the translator of “ Robinson Crusoe,” 
and other works ; he died in 1735. 
VAN-EVERDINGEN, Albert, an eminen 
landscape painter and engraver, of Alkmaer 
died in 1675. His brothers, John and Cesar, 
were also excellent artists. 
VAN-EYCK, John, called John Bruges, a 
Flemish painter, and inventor of the art of 
mixing colours with oil, flourished in the 15ti. 
century. 
VAN-IIUYSUM.John, a Dutch painter, fam 
oils for landscapes, flowers, and fruit pieces,’ 
he died in 1749. 
; VANIERE, James, a French jesuit, and fam 
ous Latin poet, died in 1739. 
i VANINI, Lucilio, a most determined Atheist, 
! who settled in France, and was burnt for blas- 
phemy, in 1619. 
! VAN-KEULEN, John, a Dutchman, vi ho ____ VA 
edited the “ Fittmbeau de ia Mer,” at Anister I 
dam, in 1687. 
VANLOO, John Baptist, a French historical 
and portrait painter, died in 1745. 
VANLOO, Charies Andrew, a native of Nice, 
who settled at Paris, where he was highly dis- 
tinguished as a painter; he died in 1765. 
VAN-MENDER, Charles, a Flemish Histori- 
cal and landscape painter, died in 1606. 
VAN NESS, William W., a very eminent 
lawyer, of New-York, and a judge of the su- 
preme court of that state, died at Charleston, 
S. C., in 1823, aged 48. 
VANNI, Francis, a painter and architect, of 
Sienna, died at Rome, in 1609. 
VANN1US, or VANNI, Francisco, an Italian j 
Historical painter, died in 1610. | 
VANN1US, Valentin, a native of Sw'abh. 'j 
distinguished for his writings in defence of the | 
Lutheran tenets, in 1557. 
VAN-OBSTAL, Gerard, an eminent Flem- 
ish sculptor, died in 1668. 
VAN-OORT, Adam, a Flemish painter, of 
eminence, died in 1641. 
VAN-OOST, James, a Flemish histories., 
landscape, and portrait painter, died in 1713. 
VAN-ORLAY, Bernard, an eminent Flemish 
painter, died in 1550. 
VAN-OSTADE, Adrian, an eminent painter, 
of Lubeck, died at Amsterdam, in 1689 His 
brother Isaac was also an artist. 
VANSOMER, Paul, a native of Antwerp, 
known as a painter, lie resided for some time 
in England, and died in 1621. 
VAN-SWIETEN. See SWIETEN VAN. 
VAN-TULDEN, Theodore, a painter and en- j 
graver, horn at Bois le Due, in 1620; he w as a | 
pupil of Rubens. 
VAN-UDEN, Lucas an eminent landscape ] 
painter, of Antwerp, died in 1660. 
VARCIII, Benedict, professor of morality at j 
Padua, was distinguished for the purity and ele- 
gance of his language, and for his writings; 
lie died in 1666. 
VARDES, Francis Rene du Bee, marquis de, I 
one of the favourites of Lewis XIV. He indis- I 
creetly betrayed the secret debaucheries of his : 
master, for which he was disgraced, and exiled; j 
nut was afterwards pardoned, and died at Paris, I 
in 1688. 
VARENIUS, Augustus, an eminent Luthe- ! 
ran divine, of Lunenbuig, celebrated for his i 
profound knowledge of the Hebrew. It is said j 
that he could repeat the Hebrew bible by heart. ; 
He died in 16.84. 
VARENIUS, Bernard, an eminent Dutch I 
geographer, whose “ Geographia Universalis” 
was translated into English, by sir Isaac New- 
.on ; he died in 1660. 
VARENNE DE FENILLE, P. C., a distin- 
guished French agriculturalist, was guillotined 
during the revolution, in 1794. 
VARGAS, Aiphnnso, a native of Toledo, and: 
archbishop of Seville ; he died in 1366. 
VARGAS, Francis, an eminent Spanish law’-j 
yer, was ambassador at several courts, under! 
Charles V., and Philip II., and afterwards ;t 
counsellor of state in Spain ; he died in a mon- 
astery, in 1560. 
VARGAS, Lewis de, an eminent painter, of 
Leville, died in 1590. 
VAKIGNON, Peter, a distinguished French I 
architect and mathematician, w'as professor of j 
mathematics, at tbe college of Mazarine, and! 
an able writer on tnat science ; he died in 1722. j 
VARILLAS, Anthony » historical ; 
VA ‘2 
I and political writer, died in 1606. He was con- 
sidered unworthy of credit, 
j VARIUS, a la'tin poet, the friend of Horace. 
Some fragments of his poetry remain. 
VARNUM, James Mitchell, a brigadier-gen- 
eral of the American revolutionary army, after- 
wards a member of congress, and a judge of 
the north western territory of the United States; 
he died in 1789. 
VARRO, a poet of Gaul, who wrote a poem 
on the war of the Sequani, and some other 
works. 
VARRO, Marcus Terentius, usually styled 
the most learned of the Romans, was born 28 
B. C. He was SO years old when he wrote his 
(three books, “ De Re Rustics,” which are still 
j extant. 
■j VASA. See GUSTAVUS. 
j VASARI, George, a Florentine painter, died 
in 1578. He wrote a history of the lives of 
the most excellent painters, sculptors, and 
chitects from 1300 to 1570. 
VASCONCELI.OS, Mici'gjii, a Portuguese 
statesman, devoted to the interests of Spain, 
was murdered during a political convulsion, 
and his body treated with ignominy, in 1640. 
VASCOSAN, Michael de, an eminent French 
printer, settled at Paris, and died in 1576. 
VASSEL1ER, Joseph, a iicentious French 
poet, died in 1800. 
VASSOR, Michael le, a French writer, died 
in England, in 1718, aged 71. 
VATABLUS, Francis, a native of Picardy, 
and professor of Hebrew, in the royal college, 
|died in 1547. 
VATER, Abraham, an eminent German phy- 
sician and anatomist, famous for ids anatomical 
I preparations, which form a cu rious cabinet at 
IWirtemburgh. He died in 1751, aged 67. 
j VATTEL, N., a native of Switzerland, dis- 
jtinguished for his valuable writings on juris- 
prudence and metaphysics. His “Right of 
jNations,” has given him great celebrity, and a 
|rank with Grotius and Puffendorf, among the 
writers on Natural Law'. He died in 1770. 
I VATTEL, Emerde, a celebrated Swiss writer 
on metaphysics and jurisprudence; he died in 
,1767. 
| VAVASSEUR, Francis, a French jesuit, dis- 
tinguished as a teacher of rhetoric and belles 
lettres, at Paris, and as a lecturer on the Scrip- 
tures; he died in 1681. 
I VATJRAN, Sebastian le Prestre, seigneur de, 
|a famous French engineer, who wrote a “Trea- 
tise on Fortification ;”,iie died in 1707. 
! VAUCANSON, James de, a native of Greno- 
ble, distinguished for His knowledge of ruc- 
|chanics, died in 1782. 
j VAUDREUIL, marquis de, a brave and ener- 
Igetic French officer, governor of Canada, died 
I in 1725. 
j VAUGF.LAS, Claude Favre, lord de, a most 
accurate and elegant French writer and critic, 
died in 1650. 
VAUGHAN, sir John, lord chief justice of 
the common pleas, in the reign of Charles II., 
died in 1674. 
VAUGHAN, George, lieutenant-governor of 
the colony of New Hampshire, died in 1724. 
VAUMORIERE, Peter Dortique Sieur, de, a 
jnative of France, author of romances, &c., died 
I ir 593. 
| VAUVENARGTIES, Luke Cbapier de, a 
'French waiter, author of “ Introduction to the 
[Knowledge of the Human Mind,” a work of 
j merit; he died in 1747. VE 
VAUVILLIERS, John Francis, professor of 
Grceic in the royal college of France, for 20 
years. Being opposed to the revolution, he left 
his country and went to Russia, where he died, 
in 1800. He published “ Letters ou Horace,” 
“ Essay on Pindar,” &c. 
VAUX, Nicholas, lord, an Englishman, who 
was knighted for his valour at the battle of 
Stoke. He wrote some poems, and died in 1522. 
VAUX, Thomas, lord, contributor to a me- 
trical miscellany, called the “ Paradise of Dain- 
ty Devices;” he died in 1555. 
VAUX, Noel Jordan de, a celebrated French 
general, made governor of Corsica, in 1769, and 
completed the conquest of that island; he was 
afterwards raised to the dignity of marshal of 
France, and died in 1788, having been present 
at 19 sieges and 14 battles. 
* VAYER. See MOTHE LE VAYER. 
VECELLT, Francis, an able Italian artist, 
brother of Titian. 
VEENINX, John Baptist, of Amsterdam, dis- 
tinguished as a painter, died in 1600. 
VEGA, Lopez Felix de, a Spanish divine, and 
a dramatic poet of great fertility of genius ; he 
died in 1635. 
VEGETIUS, Flavius Renatus, a Roman, 
who flourished in the 4th century, author of 
“ Military Institutions.” 
VHGIO. See M A FF/EUS. 
VEIL, Charles Marie de, a Jew, of Metz, 
was converted to Christianity by Bossuet, and 
made canon of St. Genevieve. After lecturing 
on theology at Angers, he went to England, 
where he joined the anabaptists, and became a 
preacher of that persuasion. He wrote Com-|j 
mentaries on the Scriptures, and died abouti 
170(1. 
VELASQUEZ, Don Diego de Sylva, a dis- 
tinguished Spanish painter, the pupil of Herre- 
ra and Pacheco; he died in 1600. 
VELLEIUS. See PATERCULUS. 
VELLUTELLO, Alexander, of Lucca, au- 
thor of some commentaries on the works of 
Dante, and of Petrarch, died about 1000. 
VELLY, Paul Francis, a jesuit, of Nismes, 
who wrote a “ History of France,” a candid 
and accurate w-ork ; he died in 1759. 
VELSERUS, Mark, a distinguished civilian, 
of Augsburg, author of “ Rerum Augusto-Vin- 
deliearum he died in 1614. 
VELTHEIM, A. F., count, a native of Bruns- 
wick, an eminent mineralogist, and author of 
several valuable works on mineralogy: he died 
in 1801. 
VELTHUYSENjLambert.of Utrecht, known 
as the defender of the opinions of Descartes! 
against Voet. He wrote on philosophy, theolo i 
gy, and medicine, and died in 1085. 
VENUE, Henry Francis de, a French ecclesi 
astic, author of “ Dissertations and Analysis on 
the Old Testament,” deservedly commended by 
Calmet; he died in 1749. 
VENDOME, Ctesar, duke de, son of Henry 
IV., w’as governor of Bretagne, and a brave and 
virtuous prince; he died in 1665. 
VENDOME, Lewis Joseph. duKe de, a fa- 
mous French general, who, in consequence of 
his great victories, w'as created a prince of the 
Blood, by Philip V. ; he died in 1712 
VENDOME, Philip de, brother of the preced- 
ing, distinguished himself in the army under 
Lewis XIV., and died in 1727. 
VENEL, Gabriel Francis, of Pezenas, an 
able physician, and professor of medicine at 
Montpellier, where he died in 1770 
VE 
VENERON I, an Italian grammarian and lex 
icographer, in the 17th centurj 
VENET1ANO, Dominic, a Venetian histori- 
cal painter, who was assassinated by Andrea del 
Castagtio, to wiiom he had communicated the 
art of painting in oil, in 1470. 
VENETTE, Nicolas, a French physician, au- 
thor of some medical treatises, &c.; he died in 
1693. 
VENIERO, Dominic, a Venetian poet, some 
of whose works were of an immoral tendency, 
died in 1581. His three brothers, Jerome, Fran- 
cis, and Lewis, were poets, and prose writers. 
VENIUS. SeeOTHO. 
VENN, Henry, an English divine, author of 
the “Complete Duty of Man,” “ Sermons ou 
Various Subjects,” &c.; he died in 1796. 
VENNER, Tobias, an English physician, au- 
thor of “ Via Recta ad Longam Vitam,” and 
other medical works, died in 1000. 
VENNER, Thomas, a noted fanatic in the 
time of Cromwell and Charles II., was origin- 
ally a trinecooper. His followers were called 
fifth monarchy men. He was executed with 
12 of his associates, in 1001. 
VERDIER, Anthony du, a native of Mont- 
brisson, historiographer of France, and author of 
a “ Biography of French Authors,” died in 100(1. 
VERDIER, Caisar, 'T Moliers, near Avignon, 
was eminent as an anatomist, and wrote on 
anatomical and medical subjects; he died in 
1759. 
VERDUC, Lawrence, an able surgeon, of 
Toulouse, died in 1095. His son, John Baptist 
i was a pnysician, and author of “Operations of 
ISurgery.” 
j VERE, Edward, earl of Oxford, was one of 
the judges of the unfortunate Mary of Scotland, 
|and a conspicuous actor in the defeat of the 
iSpanish Armada. He wrote some poetry, and 
died in 1004. 
VERE, sir Francis, a renowned English gen 
eral under queen Elizabeth, who defended Os- 
tend for the Dutch, with 1700 men, against the 
Spanish army of 12000 ; he died in 1008. 
VERE, Horace, brother of the preceding, 
also a general in the English army, was created 
baron Tilbury by Charles I., for his meritori- 
ous services, and died in 1635. 
VERELST, Simon, a French painter, who ex- 
celled in flower pieces and fruits, died in 1710. 
VERGENNE3, Charles Gravier, count de, 
an eminent French statesman, died in 1787. As 
secretary of state for foreign affairs to Louis 
X'7' he assisted the Americans in their strug- 
gle for independence. 
i VERGER DE HAURANE, John du, abbe de 
ijSt Cyran an eminent French ecclesiastic, who 
[formed a new system of faith, which becoming 
popular, drew on him the resentment of Riche- 
lieu Ho died in 1643. Jansen, Arnauld, 
Pascal, &c., were among his pupils and friends 
VERGIER, James, of Lyons, possessed great 
poetic talents, but was too dissipated and licen 
tious to obtain distinction. He was killed by 
robbers, at Paris, in 1720. 
VERGIL, Polydore, an Italian priest who 
settled in England, became an author, and died 
in 1555. 
VERGNE, Louts Elizabeth, de la, a French 
general, who served under Lewis XV. in Flan- 
ders, with great reputation, was the friend of 
learned men, and author of numerous works. 
He died in 1782. 
VERGN1A1JD, Peter Victorin, an advocate, 
of Bourdcaux, was a member of the nationa’ YE 
assembly, and active in recommending violent 
measures. He fell under the displeasure of 
Robespierre, and suffered on the scaffold, in 
1793. 
VERHEYEN, Philip, professor of anatomy 
in tiie college at Louvain, and author of some 
medical works, died in 1710. 
VERKOLIE, John, an eminent Dutch painter 
and engraver, died in 1693. 
VERMANDER, Charles, a Flemish painter 
and poet, died in 1607. 
VERMEYEN, John Cornelius, surnamed the 
Bearded, a Dutch historical and portrait painter, 
who attended the emperor Charles V., and drew 
his encampments, sieges, and battles on the 
spot; lie died in 1559. 
VERNES, Jacob, a divine, and an author, of 
Geneva, died in 1788. 
VF.RNET, Joseph, a most eminent marine 
arid landscape painter, of France, died in 1789. 
VERNEIJIL, Catherine Henrietta de Balzac, 
marquise de, a French lady, who captivated the 
heart of Henry IV., and, after his marriage to 
Mary de Medicis, conspired to dethrone him. 
She was exiled, and died in 1633. 
VERNEY, Guicliard Joseph du, professor of 
an-itomy at Paris, of great celebrity, died in 
1739. 
VERNON, Edward, a renowned English ad- 
miral, died in 1757. 
VERNULAEUS, Nicholas, professor of belles 
lettres, at Louvain, and an author, died in 1649. 
VERONESE. Paul Caliari, a native of Vero- 
na, greatly distinguished as a painter, died at1 
Venice, in 1588. 
VERONESE, Alexander Turchi, a painter, of. 
Verona, died at Rome, in 1670. 
VERONESE, Carlo, a Venetian, respectable! 
as an actor and dramatic writer, at Paris, died 
in 1760. 
VERROCHIO. Andrew, a Florentine sculp- 
tor and painter the first who found out the art j 
of taking and preserving the likeness of the 
face, by moulding off tiie features in plaster of 
Paris ; he died in 1488. 
VERSCHURING, Henry, a Dutch historical 
and landscape painter, was drowned in 1690. 
VERSE, Noel Auberl de, a theological writer, 
of Mans, who embraced the tenets of Calvin, 
and afterwards became a Roman catholic; lie 
died in 1714. 
VERSKOVES, James Francis, a Flemish 
artist, who settled in England, and died in 1749. 
His vases and figures, in wood and ivory, were 
much admired. 
VERSTEGAN, Richard, a writer on English 
antiquities, and the etymology of old English 
words ; lie died in 1625. 
VERT, Dorn Claude de, an Italian, ecclesi- 
astic, devoted himself to the ceremonies of the 
church of Rome, of which he wrote a history ; 
he died in 1708. 
VERTOT D’AUBOErF, Rene Aubert de, 
an agreeable and elegant Frencli historical wri- 
ter, died in 1735. 
VERTUE, George, a celebrated engraver and 
antiquary, of Westminster, died in 1757 j 
VERUS, Ceionius Commodus, soni 
of AElins, distinguished himself against the; 
barbarians in the East, in the time of Maieas; 
Aurelius, with whom he shared the throne. He4 
died at the age of 39. 
VERWEY. John, a learned Dutch author,! 
■lied at the Hague, in 1690. 
VESAiilUS, Andrew, a celebrated Flemish! 
anatomist and physician, died in 1674. 
VI 
| VESPASIAN, Titus Flavius, a geneial m the 
I Roman army, was proclaimed emperor, A. I) 
;69; his reign was marked hy wisdom, modera- 
tion and firmness. He died A. D. 79. 
j VESrUTIUS. SeeAMERICUS. 
j VICARS, John, an English divine, who wrote 
jin favour of the presbyterians; he died in 1652. 
| VICANY, Thomas, of London, the first ana- 
Jtomicai wriler in the English language, lived 
; about 1550. 
| VICENTE, Giles, a famous dramatic poet, 
j of Lisbon, in the 16th century. 
VICO John Baptist, professor of rhetoric, in 
the university at Naples, died in 1740. 
j VICQ D’AZIR, Felix, a very celebrated phy- 
sician, of Paris, died in 1794. 
j VICTOR E., pope after Eleutherus, in 193, 
Isuffered martyrdom, in 202. During his age, 
| violent disputes arose about the proper tune for 
! Easter. 
VICTOR II., Gibeliard, elected pope after 
Leo IX., in 1055, and died two years after; he 
was an active pontiff. 
VICTOR III., Didier, was elected pope in 
1086, and died 1C87. 
VICTOR, Sextus Aurelius, a Roman histo- 
rian, who flourished under the emperors Con- 
stantins and Julian. 
VICTOR, Amadeus, duke of Savoy, and first 
i king of Sardinia. He abdicated the throne in 
favour of his son, and died in 1732. 
VICTOR, Benjamin, a dramatic writer, died 
in 1779. 
VICTORIES or VETTORIN, Peter, a very 
i; learned Florentine, died in 1585. 
| VICTOR1US, Benedict, was professor of me- 
dicine at Bologna, and a medical writer; he 
died in 1552. His uncle Lionel, was also pro 
; lessor of medicine at Bologna, and died in 1530. 
|| VIDA, Mark Jerome, an illustrious Latin 
|poet, died in 1566. 
V1ETA, Francis, master of requests to queen 
Margaret, born in 1540, and died in 1603. He 
| was celebrated as a mathematician, and was 
the first who used letters in algebra. 
V1EUSSENS, Raymond de, a distinguished 
French physician and medical author, died in 
1715. 
VIGAND, or WTGAND, John, a Lutheran 
divine, who was engaged in the publication of 
“ The Centuries of Madgeburgh,” an important 
work ; he died in 1587. 
V1GIL1US, an African bishop, about 484. He 
ably opposed the heretics of his age. 
ViGILlUS, made pope by the wife of Jus- 
tinian, in 537. He was afterwards banished 
from Rome, and died in 555. 
VIGNES, Peter des, of Capua, rose from ob 
scurity to be chancellor of the German empire. 
He was accused of an attempt tb poison bis 
|sovereign, for which his ey#s were put out. He 
| killed himself in prison, rn 1249. 
j VIGNOLE, James Baroggio, an eminent 
Italian architect, died in 1573. 
; VIGNOLES, Stephen de, better known b 
Vtlie name of la IS re, was one of the ablest ge- 
inerals in the service of Charles VII.; he tfted 
4 in 1447. 
[j VIGNOLKS, Alphorsode, a French theologi- 
teal writer, who, as a Calvinist, fled to Prussia on 
■ the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and was 
||made director of the royal academy at Berlin 
I lie died in 1744. 
j V1LLALPANDU55, John Baptist, ajesuit, of 
I Corduba, author of “Desultory Coma- xturiei 
[Ion Ezekiel," died in 1608. 
395 _• VI 
VILLARET, Claude, an actor on the French 
stage, author of a “ History of France,” and 
other works ; he died in 1766. 
VILLARS, Andrew de Brancas de, a French 
general, who espoused the interests of the league 
against Henry IV., but afterwards abandoned 
it; lie was taken prisoner and murdered, in 
1595. 
VILLARS, Louis Hector,marquis and duke 
of, marshal of France, and one of the greatest 
generals of his time, died in 1734. 
V1LLEFORE, Joseph Francis Bourgoin de, 
a Frenchman, devoted to literary pursuits, and 
publisher of various works on history ; he died 
in 1737. 
VILLENA, marquis of, a Spanish poet, who 
translated Virgil’s ABneid into Spanish verse, 
and died in 1434. 
VILLENEUVE, Gabrielle Susanne Barbot 
de, a celebrated French novel writer, died in 
1755. 
VILLERS, Charles Francis Dominic de, a 
distinguished French writer, professor of phi- 
losophy at Gottingen, and a refugee during the 
revolution, died in 1815. 
V1LLETTE, Charles, marquis de, a French 
writer, and a member of the convention, died in 
1793. 
VILLIERS, George, duke of Buckingham, a 
great statesman, and the favourite of two kings, 
was assassinatedin!628. 
VILLIERS, George, duke of Buckingham, 
son of the preceding, a very distinguished states- 
man, poet, and dramatic writer, died in 1688. 
VILLOISON, John Baptist Gaspard d’Ansse 
de, a learned French critic and antiquary, pro- 
fessor of Greek, in France, died in 1805. 
VILLOTTE, James, a French jesuit, who 
travelled into Armenia, and published Commen- 
taries on the Gospels, &c. ; he died in 1743. 
VINCENT, Thomas, an English non-con- 
formist divine, author of an “ Explanation of 
the Catechism,” and other religious tracts, died 
in 1671; 
VINCENT, Nathaniel, an English dissenting 
divine, and author of sermons, &c.; he died in 
1697. 
VINCENT, William, D. D., a very learned 
English divine, died in 1815. 
VINCI, Leonard, an illustrious Italian paint- 
er, died in 1520. 
VINER, sir Robert, a goldsmith and banker, 
of London, who lent the administration of' 
Charles II. considerable sums of money. 
VINER, Charles, an eminent English law 
writer, died in 1757. 
VINES, Richard, one of the assembly of di- 
vines, under the presbyterian government, dis- 
tinguished as a Greek scholar and philologist, 
and was very eminent as a preacher ; he died 
in 1655. 
V INNIT JS, Arnold, professor of law at Ley- 
den, and author of Commentaries on the Insti- 
tutes of Justinian ; he died in 1657. 
VIOT, Marie Ann Henrietta Payan de l’Es- 
tang, of Dresden, a lady, so distinguished for 
learning and wit, and for the versatility of her 
genius, that she was honoured with a seat in 
the academy of Nismes, and died in 1802. 
V1RGI1.H S, Publius Maro, the most excel- 
lent of all the ancient Roman poets, was born 
at Andes, near Mantua, 70 B. C., in the consul- 
ship of Pompey and Crassus, and died 18 B. C. 
VIRGINIA, daughter of Virginius, was stab- 
bed to the heart by her father, to prevent the 
violence which Appius meditated against her 
VO 
person. This created a revolution, about 450 
B. C. 
VISCONTI, Ennius Quirinus, an eminent 
Italian antiquary, and writer on antiquarian 
subjects, keeper of the museum at lJaris, died 
in 1818. 
VITELLIO, or VITELLO, of Poland, author 
of a Treatise on Optics, in the middle of the 
13th century. 
VITELLI, Paul, an excellent general, was, 
by the Florentines, ungratefully put to death, 
in 1499. 
VITELL1US, Aulus, a Roman emperor 
whose reign was marked by every species of li 
centiousness ; he was assassinated, A. D. G9. 
VITRINGA, Campegio, a native of Fries 
land, was professor in the university of Frane 
ker, and a learned author; he died in 1722. 
VITRUVIUS, Marcus Pollio, a Roman archi 
tect, who flourished about 15 B. C. 
VIVALDI, Antonio, a famous Italian musi 
cian, died in 1743. 
VIVARES, Francis, a most ingenious and 
celebrated landscape engraver, died in 1780. 
VIVENS, Francis de, a French physician, 
and an author, died in 1780. 
VIVES, John Lewis, a learned Spaniard, who 
wrote some theological and other works, and 
died in 1540. 
VIVIANI, Vincent, a famous mathematician, 
of Florence, and author of many valuable 
works. He was the pupil and friend of Galileo, 
and died in 1703. 
VIVIEN, Joseph, a painter, of Lyons, diet 
in 1735. 
VLODOMIR, grand duke of Russia, was de 
bauched in his youth, but in 989 he embracer 
Christianity, and was regarded, after his death 
by his subjects, as an apostle and a saint. 
VOETIUS, Gisbert, a learned divine, profes 
sor of theology and of oriental languages a 
Utrecht, for 40 years, died in 1677. His son 
Paul, was professor of law at Utrecht, and an 
thor of some valuable works ; he died in 1667 
John, the son of Paul, was professor of law at 
Leyden, and died in 1714. 
VOGLERUS, Valentine Henry, a physician, 
and medical writer, of Helmstad’t, died in 1677. 
VOIGT, Godfrey, a learned Lutheran dr 
vine, born at Misnia, and died at Hamburgh, in 
1682. 
VOISENON, Charles Henry de Fusee de, s 
French ecclesiastic, who left his profession and 
became a dramatic writer ; he died in 1775. 
VOISIN, Joseph de, of Bourdeaux, a divina 
and theological writer, died in 1685. 
VOISIN, Daniel Francis, counsellor of the 
parliament of Paris, and chancellor of France, 
eminent for his talents, integrity, and virtue ; he 
died in 1718. 
VOITURE, Vincent, a polite and elegant 
French miscellaneous writer, and poet, died in 
1648. 
VOLDER, Burchel de, of Amsterdam, pro- 
fessor of philosophy and mathematics at Ley- 
den, where he died in 1709. 
VOLKOF, Feodor, a most excellent actor, 
the Garrick of Russia, whose talents for the 
slage were as great as those of Sumorokof fot 
dramatic composition ; he died in 1763. 
VOLMAR, Isaac, a German statesman, who 
wa3 ambassador at the conferences before the 
peace of Westphalia; he died in 1662. 
VOLNEV, Constantine Francis Chassebeuf 
de, a distinguished and voluminous French ivri- 
!tcr, died in 1802.  VVA 
VOLTAIRE, Mat .e Francis Arouet de, gen- 
tleman of the bedchamber, and historiographer 
to tlie king of France, a most celebrated French 
historian, philosopher, dramatic writer, and 
epic poet, died in 1788. 
VON DEL. Justus, or Josse du, a Dutch poet, 
of very considerable eminence, died in 1679, 
aged 91. 
VOP1SCUS, Flavius, a Syracusan, who lived 
in the reign of Dioclesian, author of the lives 
of Aurelian, Tacitus, &c. 
VOltSTIUS, Conrad, a learned German pro- 
testant divine and polemic writer, died in 1622. 
VORSTIUS, rElius Everard, professor of 
medicine at Leyden, died in 1624. 
VORTIGERN, a renowned British chief, 
who, for his valour, w'as elected king of South 
Britain. He was burnt in a castle which he had 
built in North Wales, in 484. 
VOS, Martin de, a historical painter, of Ant- 
werp, died in 1604. 
VOSSIUS, Gerard John, a very learned pro- 
fessor of chronology and eloquence, at Leyden, 
and of hisLory, at Amsterdam, where he died 
in 1649. 
VOSSIUS, Francis, brother of the preceding, 
author of a poem on a naval victory obtained 
by Van Tromp, died in 1645. 
VOSSIUS, Dionysius, son of Gerard John, 
celebrated for his learning, though he died at 
the age of 22, in 1633. 
VOSSIUS, Isaac, younger brother of the pre- 
ceding, a man of great learning, died in 1688- 
VOSSIUS, Gerard, another brother, was emi- 
nent as a critic, and died in 1640. Matthew, 
also a brother, wrote a valuable “ Chronicle of 
Holland,” and died in 1646. 
VOSSIUS, Gerard, a Homan catholic divine, 
died at Liege, in 1609. He edited and enriched 
wiili notes, the works of Gregory Thaumatni- 
gus, Ephrem Syrus, and some pieces of Chry- 
sostom and Theodore!. 
VOSTERMAN, a famous Du toll landscape 
painter, died in 1693. 
VOUET, Simon, a celebrated historical and 
portrait painter, of Paris, died in 1641. 
VROON,Henry Cornelius, a celebrated Dutch 
painter. The time of his death is not known. 
W 
WAGE, Robert, a native of Jersey, canon of 
Bayeux, and a poet, flourished in the 12th cen- 
tury. 
WADING, Peter, a native of Ireland, who 
joined the jesuils, and was professor of theology 
at Prague, and at Louvain ; he died in 1644. 
WADING, Luke de, an Irish cordelier, au- 
thor of “Annals of his Order,” &c., died in 
16.7.7. 
VVA DSWORTH, Thomas, an English divine, 
respected for his learning, piety, and charity, 
died in 1676. 
WADSWORTH, Benjamin, an American 
clergyman, distinguished for his piety and learn- 
ing, was president of Harvard college. He died 
in 1737. 
WADSWORTH, Jeremiah, an active and 
energetic officer of the revolution, and a mem- 
ber of congress from Connecticut; he died about 
1804. 
WAFFER, Lionel, an English surgeon, who 
published an account of his voyages to the South 
Seas, in 1699. 
WAGENSEIL, John Christopher, a very 
learned German polemical writer died in 170,7. 
WA 
WaGN'ER, John .lames, a Swiss physician 
autlior of “ Historia N’aturalis Helvetia: Curio 
sa,” died in 1695. 
WAGSTAFEE, Thomas, an English prelate, 
and an author, died in 1712. 
WAILLEY, Noel Francis de, a distinguished 
French philologist, died in 1801. 
WAKE, Isaac, English ambassador to Ve- 
nice, Savoy, and France; he died in 1632 
WAKE, Dr. William, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and a most celebrated polemical writer, 
died in 1737. 
WAKEFIELD, Robert, an eminent English 
divine, was Hebrew professor at Oxford, and 
author of some theological works; he died in 
1537. 
WAKEFIELD, Gilbert, an eminent polemi- 
cal and classical writer, died in 1301. 
WALDECK, Christian Augustus, prince of 
a distinguished Austrian general, died in 1709. 
WALDO, Peter, a merchant, of Lyons, was 
the founder of the sect called Waldenses, in the 
12th century. 
WALES, William, a very distinguished wri- 
ter ort mathematics, and secretary to the board 
of longitude; he went round the world with 
captain Cook, in his first voyage, and died in 
1799 
WALES, Samuel, D. D., a distinguished 
American clergyman, professor of divinity in 
Yale college ; he died in 1794. 
WALKER, Clement, celebrated for his deter- 
mined opposition to Cromwell’s authority, lie 
died in the tower, in 1651. 
WALKER, Edward, an English author, was 
made secretary at war to Cliaries 1., in 1(139, 
and at the restoration, a clerk of the piivy 
council; he died in 1676. 
WALKER, Adam, a lecturer in philosophy, 
born in Westmoreland, and bred a weaver, lie 
passed some time as writing-master and ac- 
countant at Macclesfield, and afterwards tra- 
velled as a lecturer. He died in 1821. 
WALKER, Robert, principal painter to Oli- 
ver Cromwell, died just before the restoration. 
WALKER, George, a celebrated Irish divine 
who was killed at the battle of the Boyne, in 
1690. 
WALKER, George, F. R. S., a dissenting 
minister of eminence, who published the first 
part of a Treatise on Conic Sections, and died 
in 1807. Of a petition for recognising Ameri- 
can independence, drawn up by him, Mr. Burke 
declared, that he would rather have been the 
author of that piece, than of all his own com- 
positions. 
WALKER, John, an eminent writer on 
English grammar and elocution, and author of 
“A Pronouncing Dictionary of tiie English Lan- 
guage;” he died in 1807. 
WALKER, John, D. D., an English divine, 
rector of St. Mary’s, Exeter, where he died, in 
1725. 
WALKER, William, an English divine the 
preceptoi of sir Isaac Newton, and author of 
several useful works on grammar, logic, &c.- 
he died in 1684. 
WALKER, Samuel, an English divine, au 
thor of some sermons, died in 1761. 
WALKER, Obadiah, an English papist, who 
wrote a violent pamphlet against Luther: he 
died in 1698. 
M ALL, Martin. M. D.. an English physician, 
and a medical writer, died in 1776. 
WALLACE, sir William, a gallant general 
of the Scots, who endeavoured to rescue his WA 
country from the English yoke, but being be- 
trayed into the hands of the English, by sir John 
Monteith, in whom he had confided, he was 
condemned and executed as a traitor, in 1303. 
WALLER, Edmund, an eminent English 
poet, and political writer, died in 1687. 
WALLEY, Thomas, an English clergyman, 
who came to America, in 1663, and was settled 
in Barnstable, Mass., where he was eminently 
useful. He died in 1679. 
WALLEY, John, a judge of the superior 
court of the colony of Massachusetts, died about 
1700. 
WALLIS, John, an eminent English mathe- 
matician, died in 1703. 
WALLIS, Dr. George, an English medical 
writer, poet, and satirist, died in 1802. 
WALLIUS, James, a native of Courtrai, 
celebrated among the jesuits for his learning 
and his talents as a Latin poet, died in 1680. 
WALPOLE, sir Robert, earl of Orford, a very 
eminent statesman and political writer, was 
prime minister under George I. and H.; he died 
in 1745. 
WALPOLE, Horace, earl of Orford, youngest 
sou of the preceding, died in 1797. lie was the 
author of numerous publications. 
WALSH, William, an English critic and 
poet, the friend of Dryden, and the patron of 
Pope ; he died in 1708. 
WALS1NGHAM, Thomas, a Benedictine 
monk, historian of France, in the 15th century. 
WALSTEIN, Albert, duke of Friedland, a 
distinguished German officer, remarkable for 
his popularity among his soldiers. He was 
murdered by order of the emperor, in 1634. 
WALSYNGHAM, sir Francis, a great states- 
man in the reign of queen Elizabeth, author of 
an excellent treatise, called “ The Complete Am- 
bassador;" he died in 1589. 
WALTER. See ROBINS. 
WALTER, Thomas, a popular American 
Clergyman, in Massachusetts, died in 1725. 
WALTER, Nehetniah, came to America 
from Ireland, when young, was educated at 
Harvard college, and afterwards ordained as 
pastor of a church, at Roxbury, Mass.; he died 
in 1750. 
WALTER, Thomas, a distinguished botanist, 
of South Carolina, author of “ Flora Carolini- 
ana ho died about 1799. 
WALTERS, John, M. A., a Welsh divine, 
rector of Llandocan, and author of an English 
and Welsh Dictionary, and some other works ; 
he died in 1797. 
WALT HER, N., a native of Nuremberg, 
known as the first who discovered the astro- 
nomical refraction of light; he flourished in the 
16th century. 
WALTHER, Michael, professor of divinity 
at Ilelmstadt, and author of “ Harmonia Bibli- 
ca,” &c.; he died in 1662. 
WALTHER, Christopher Theodosius, a Ger- 
man missionary to Tranquebar, and an author; 
he died at Dresden, in 1741. 
WALTHER, Augustin Frederic, professor 
of anatomy at Leipsic, and author of some 
medical treatises; he died about 1735. 
WALTON, Brian, bishop of Chester, and 
editor of the Polyglott Bible in 6 volumes ; lie 
died in 1661. 
WALTON, Izaak, author of the “Complete 
Angler," and other works, died in 1683. 
WALTON, sir George, an English admiral, 
died til 1740. 
WALTON, George, a distinguished and active j. 
WA 
patriot, of Georgia, during the revolution, .v» 
a member of congress, in 1776, and one of tin 
■signers of the declaration of Independence. Ho 
was afterwards chief-justice of Georgia, a 
member of the senateof the United States from, 
and governor of, that state. He died in 1804. 
WANLEY, Nathaniel, vicar of Trinity 
church, in Coventry, author of a curious book, 
entitled “The Wonders of the little World 
he died about 1690. 
WANLEY, Humphrey, son of the preced 
ing, was librarian to Lord Oxford He tra- 
velled through England in search of Anglo 
Saxon MSS., and died in 1726. 
WANSLEB, John Michael, a German, who 
was employed by Ludolf, to print his rEthiopic 
dictionary. He afterwards visited Egypt on ; 
Christian mission, and published an account of 
that country. He died in 1679. 
WANTON, William, governor of the colo- 
ny of Rhode Island, died in 1737. 
WANTON, John, succeeded the preceding, 
as governor of Rhode Island, in 1734. 
WANTON, Gideon, governor of Rhode 
Island, died in 1767. 
WANTON, Joseph, also governor of Rhode 
Island, died in 1780. 
WARBURTON, William, bishop of Glou- 
cester, a very eminent theological writer, critic, 
and controversialist; he died in 1779. His 
works are very numerous. 
WARD, Samuel, D. D., an English divine, 
who suffered great persecution during the civil 
wars, and died in consequence of hard treat- 
ment, in 1643. 
WARD, Seth, bishop of Salisbury, famous 
for his skill in mathematics and astronomy ; lie 
died in 1689. 
WARD, John, LL. D., an eminent English 
critic and antiquary, died in 1758. 
WARD, Samuel, author of a “Modern Sys 
tern of Natural History,” a work of merit; he 
died in 1790. 
WARD, Edward, generally called Ned, a bur- 
lesque writer, of England, died in 1731. 
WARD, Nathaniel, first minister of Ipswich, 
Mass., was a native of England, and came to 
America to avoid religious persecution. He 
afterwards returned to England, and died there, 
in 1653. 
WARD, Richard, governor of the colony of 
Rhode Island, in 1740. 
WARD, Thomas, son of the preceding, was 
secretary of Rhode Island, and a distinguished 
scholar ; he died in 1760. 
WARD, Samuel, brother of the preceding, 
chief-justice and governor of Rhode Island, and 
a member of the continental congress ■ he died 
in 1776. 
WARD, Henry, one of the most active revo- 
lutionary patriots of Rhode Island, and sec re _ 
tary of the colony ; he died in 1797. 
WARD, Artemas, a member cf congress in 
1774, and one of the oldest major generals in 
the American army; he died in 1800. 
WARD, William, a distinguished English 
missionary, in the East Indies, who died there 
in 1623. 
WARE, sir James, a celebrated antiquary 
and historian, of Ireland, died in 1666. 
WARE, James, a very eminent oculist in 
London, died in 1815. His success in extract- 
ing the cataract has very rarely been equalled. 
WARGENTIN, Peter, a learned Swede, who 
published Tables for computing the Eclipses or 
(Jupiter's Satellites, and died in 1783.  WA 
VVARHAM, William, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and lord chancellor of England, undei 
Henry VII. and VIII. ; ho died in 1532. 
WARHAM, John, first minister of the church 
in Windsor, Conn., died in 1670. 
WA1HN, John, a native of Liege, famous as 
an engraver and sculptor, his two busts of 
Henry XIV. in bronze, and of cardinal Riche- 
iieu in gold, are greatly admired. He died in 
1672. 
WARING, Edu ard, an eminent English ma- 
thematician, author of “ Miscellanea Analy- 
tiea,” and other works; he died in 1798. 
WARNER, William, author of a historical 
poem, called Albion’s England; he died in 1609 
WARNER, Ferdinando, LL. D., an English 
divine, celebrated for his theological, biographi- 
cal, historical, and medical writings ; he died in 
1768. 
WARNER, John, P.D., son of the preceding, 
was chaplain to the English embassy at Paris, 
and died in 1800. He wrote a learned Treatise 
on the pronunciation of Greek, and translated 
the “ Life of Friar Gerard” from the Spanish. 
WARNER, Richard, a learned English bo- 
tanist and botanical writer, died in 1775. 
WARREN, James, a distinguished and effi- 
cient friend of the American revolution, presi- 
dent of the provincial congress, after the death 
of general Warren, and, for a short time, pay- 
master-general of the army. He died in 1808. 
WARREN, Joseph, an eminent physician, of 
Iloston, vvas early distinguished as one of the 
most vigilant and energetic friends of American 
rights in the colonies, and is revered for his ser- 
vices at tile trying period previous to the revo- 
lution. He was appointed major-general in the 
American army, and was killed at the battle of 
Bunker’s Hill, in the 35th year of his age. 
WARREN, Mercy, of Massachusetts, wife 
of the preceding, authoress of a “ History of 
the American Revolution,” and some poetical 
pieces ; she died in 1814. 
WARREN, John, M. P., brother of genera! 
Joseph Warren, was a distinguished physician, 
of Boston, and professor of surgery and anatomy, 
in Harvard college ; he died in 1815. 
WARREN, sir John Borlase, baronet, an am- 
bassador from England to Russia, and a distill-1 
guished English admiral; he died in 1822. 
WARTON, Thomas, an English divine, and 
professor of poetry at Oxford ; he died in 1745. 
WARTON, Thomas, a celebrated English 
biographer, annotator, antiquary and poet, be- 
came poet laureat of England, in 1785, and 
died in 1790. 
WARTON, Dr. Joseph, brother of the pre- 
ceding, a learned divine, and an ingenious poet 
and critical writer, died in 1800. 
WARWICK, Richard Nevil, earl of, a fam- 
ous general and statesman, who acquired the 
title of Kingmaker, from the versatility of his, 
conduct, and the success that attended it, in the 
civil war between Henry VI. and Edward IV. 
He died in 1471. 
WARWICK, sir Philip, an eminent English 
writer in the time of the civil wars. His princi- 
pal work is “ Memoirs of the reign of Charles 
I. He died in 1682. 
WASER, I. II., an ecclesiastic of Zurich, 
was beheaded for some strictures on the admi- 
nistration of public affairs, in 1780. 
WASER, Anna, daughter of a senator at 
Zurich, a miniature painter ; she died in 1713. 
WASHBURN, Joseph, minister of a church 
in Farmington, Conn, died in 1805. 
I WASHINGTON, George, a most consum- 
mate general, statesman and patriot; one of tin- 
founders of the American republic; tire first 
president of the federal government; and one 
of the few who have been great, without being 
criminal. He died in 1799, aged nearlv 68 Ilia 
fame is imperishable. 
WASHINGTON, William, a remote rela- 
tive of the preceding, was also a distinguished 
officer of the revolution. He died in 1810. 
WASSE, Christopher, author of a translation 
of Grotius’ Catechism into Greek verse, he 
died in 1690. 
WATELET, Claude Henry, a French au- 
thor, member of the academy, and of several 
foreign learned societies; he died in 1786. 
WATERLAND, Dr. Daniel, an eminent 
English divine and polemical writer, died in 
17-10. 
WATERLOO, Anthony, a native of Utrecht, 
eminent as a painter in tire 16tli century. 
WATRIN, Henriette, Helen, and Agatha, 
three sisters of Verdun, who perished on the 
scaffold, in 1793, for strewing flowers in the 
way of the king of Prussia as he entered theii 
town. 
WATS, Gilbert, D. D., of Yorkshire, trans- 
lated into English “Davila’s History of the 
Civil Wars,” and died in 1657. 
WATSON, John, an English divine, author of 
a Latin tragedy called Absalom; he died in 15te9. 
WATSON, Thomas, M. A., an English non- 
conformist divine, and theological writer, died 
in 1673. 
WATSON, James, a native of Aberdeen, emi- 
nent as a painter, died in 1728. 
WATSON, David, M. A., of Brechin, in 
Scotland, was professor of philosopy at St. An- 
drews, and author of a prose translation of 
Horace. He died a victim to licentious habits, 
in 1756. 
WATSON, Robert, was professor of logic, 
rhetoric, and belles letters, at St. Andrews, ana 
afterwards principal of the college. He wrote 
a History of the Reign of Phil ip ill. of Spain, 
and died in 1780. 
WATSON, John, an English divine, and au- 
thor of a “ History of Halifax,” died in 1783. 
WATSON, colonel Henry, a celebrated eng.- 
neer in the service of the East India Company, 
and of eminent skill in naval architecture, died 
in 1786. 
WATSON, Henry, a native of London, emi- 
nent as a lecturer in anatomy, and as a medical 
writer ; he died in 1793. 
WATSON, sir William, an eminent physi- 
cian, of London, author of various tracts cn 
electricity ; lie died in 1787. 
WATSON, Richard, a celebrated English 
prelate, who became bishop of Llandaff; he 
wrote, among other works, an answer to Paiirj’s 
Age of Reason, called an Apology for the Bible, 
and died in 1816. 
WATT, James, F. R. S., LL. D., born at 
Greenock, was bred a mathematical instrument 
maker. He improved the steam engine, and 
invented a new micrometer and machine for 
drawing in perspective; lie died in 1819. 
WATTEAU, Anthony, a famous French 
painter, died in 1721. 
WATTS, Isaac, a dissenting divine, philoso 
plier, poet, and mathematician, of uncommon 
genius, and celebrity, died in 1748. 
WAYNE, Anthony, a major-general in the 
American army, during the revolution, distin- 
guished for his patriotism, brav***-" »nd skill, 
399 ” WE 
and for his important services; he afterwards 
had command of the western army, and in a 
contest with the Indians, gained a complete 
victory. He died in 1796. 
WEARE, Mesheck, a judge and chief-justice 
of New-Hampshire, and afterwards president 
of that state ;” he died in 1786. 
WEAVER, John, a famous English dancing- 
giaster, and writer on his art, died about 1730. 
WEBB, Philip Carteret, a very distinguished 
English antiquarian and law writer, died in 
1770. 
WEBB, Daniel, an Englishman, author of 
some esteemed “ Dissertations on Music, Poetry 
and Painting;” he died in 1798. 
WEBB, John, an American clergyman, set- 
tled at Boston ; he died in 1750. 
WEBB, Benjamin, a celebrated and inge- 
nious penman, of England, died in 1774. 
WEBBE, Samuel, a most admirable compo- 
ser of music, died in 1816. 
WEBBER, Samuel, D. D., a native of Mas- 
sachusetts, professor of mathematics and natu- 
ral philosophy in Harvard University, and 
afterwards, president of that institution; he 
died in 1810. 
WEBSTER, William, an able English wri- 
ting master, author of a Treatise on Arithme- 
tic, &e. ; he died in 1744. 
WEBSTER, Dr. Charles, an eminent physi- 
cian and medical writer, born at Edinburgh, in 
1759, ar.d died in 1795. 
WEBSTER, Samuel, D. D., minister of Sal- 
isbury, Mass., died in 1796. 
WEBSTER, John, one of the principal set- 
tlers of Hartford, was governor of Connecticut, 
in 1656; he removed to Massachusetts, and 
dieil there in 1665. 
WECHEL, Christopher, an eminent printer 
at Paris, died in 1581. 
WEDGWOOD, Josiah, F. R. and A. SS. to 
whose indefatigable labours England is indebt- 
ed for the establishment of the pottery of Staf- 
fordshire. He died in 1795. 
WEEVER, or WEAVER, John, an English 
antiquary, and an author of worth; he died in 
1632. 
WEIMAR, Bernard, duke of Saxe, a distin- 
guished general under Lewis XIII.; he died in 
1639. 
WELBY, Henry, a noted eccentric charac- 
ter, of Lincolnshire, who confined himself in an 
obscure house in London, where he remained 
unseen by any one, until his death, in 1636, a 
period of 44 years. 
WELDE, Thomas, first minister of Roxbury, 
Mass., died in England, while there as an agent 
of Massachusetts. 
WELLENS, James Thomas Joseph, was 
bishop of Antwerp, and distinguished for his 
learning and virtues ; he died in 1784. 
WELLER, Jerome, a native of Freyberg, the 
friend and favourite of Luther, and a theologi- 
cal writer: he died in 1572. 
WELLER, James, professor of theology at 
iVittemberg, where he died, in 1664. 
WELLES, Samuel, M. A., an English divine, 
distinguished for his usefulness during the civil; 
wars, and for his eloquence as a preacher; he 
died after the restoration. 
WELLES, Noah, D. D., an American divine, 
and controversial writer, settled at Stamford, 
Conn.: he dipd about 1776. 
WELLES, Thomas, one of the first colonists 
of Hartford, and governor of the colsmy of Con 
necticut; he died in 1660. 
WE 
WELLS, Edmund, ILL., professor of Greek 
in the university of Oxford, lie wrote nume- 
rous pamphlets against the dissenters, and a 
work of merit ori the Geography of the Bible, 
&c., and died in 1730. 
WELLS, William Charles, an American 
physician, who joined the British in the revolu 
tion, and died in England, in 1817 
WELLS, John, an eminent lawyer, of New - 
York, died in 1823. 
WELLWOOD, James, M. A., a native of 
Perth, author of several religious tracts, died 
in 1(580. 
WELLWOOD, Dr. Thomas, a native of Edin- 
burgh, who published “Memoirs of England 
from 1588 to 1688 he died in 1716. 
WELSTED, Leonard, an English poet, dra 
matist, and miscellaneous writer, died in 1747. 
WENCESLEUS, son of Charles IV., empe 
ror of Germany, succeeded his father in 1378, 
he was deposed in 1400, and died king of Bohe 
mia, in 1419. His character was that of a de- 
bauched, capricious, and cruel prince. 
WENTWORTH, Thomas, earl of Stafford, 
a celebrated statesman under Charles I., was 
beheaded on a false charge of treason, in 1641. 
WENTWORTH, Benning, first governor of 
the colony of New-Hampshire, died in 1770. 
WERDMULLER, John Rodolph, a historical 
and landscape painter, of Zurich, was drowned 
in 1668. 
WERENFELS, John James, a German di 
vine, author of some sermons and homilies ; he 
died in 1655. His son Peter, was professor of 
theology at Basil, and died in 1703. 
WERENFELS, Samuel, son of Peter, was a 
professor at Basil, highly respected for his learn- 
ing and his virtues; he died in 1740. His works 
are chiefly on theology, philosophy, and philo 
logy. 
\VERFF, Adrian Vander, a historical and 
portrait painter, of Rotterdam, died in 1727. 
His brother Peter, was also eminent in histori- 
cal pieces, and died in 1718. 
WERNER, Abraham Gottlieb, a very emi- 
nent. mineralogist, born in Upper Lusatia, in 
1750, and died in 1817. 
WESENBEC, Matthew, professor of law, at 
Jena, and at Wittemberg. where he died in 1586. 
WESLEY, Samuel, an English divine and 
poet, died in 1735. 
WESLEY, Samuel, son of the preceding, and 
a poet also, died in 1739. 
WESLEY, John, brother of the foregoing, 
celebrated as the founder of the sect called 
methodists ; he died in 1791. 
WESLEY, Charles, brother of the preceding, 
a minister also among the methodists, and of 
respectable talents as a scholar and a poet; he 
died in 1788. 
WESSELLUS, John, a learned ecclesiastic, 
of Groningen, who was regarded by many as the 
forerunner of Luther; he died in 1489. 
WEST, Dr. Gilbert, a learned English writer, 
author of several valuable works ; he died in 
1756. 
WEST, Thomas, an English antiquary, and 
an author, died in 1779. 
WEST, Benjamin, a very eminent painter, 
born in Pennsylvania, in 1738. His parents 
were quakers. Going to England, he met with 
great encouragement in his art, and became 
president of the Royal Academy of London. 
He died in 1820. 
WEST, John, governor of the colony of Vir- 
ginia, in 1635. 
400 WH 
WEST, Samuel, D. D., an American clergy- 
man, settled at Boston , he died in 1808. 
WEST, Joseph, was governor of South Caro- 
lina in 1671, and in subsequent years. 
WEST, Francis, a magistrate, and governor 
of the colony of Virginia, in 1626. 
WEST, Samuel, I). D., an American minis- 
ter, settled at New-Bedford, died in 1807. 
WEST, Benjamin, an eminent lawyer and 
member of congress from the state of New- 
Hampshire; he died in 1817. 
WEST, Benjamin, LL. D., professor of ma- 
thematics and natural philosophy in the col- 
lege at Providence Rhode Island; he died in 
1813. 
WEST, James, M. A., was one of the joint 
secretaries to the British treasury', for about 20 
years, and some time president of the Royal 
Society ; lie died in 1772. 
WEST, Richard, an English lawyer, was 
made lord chancellor of Ireland, in 1725, and 
died the year after. 
WEST, Elizabeth, a native of Edinburgh, 
who became known for her eccentricities and 
mystical opinions ; she died in 1735. 
WESTERLO, Eilardus, D. D., a native of 
Holland, came to America, in 1760, as pastor of 
the Dutch church in Albany, and was highly 
esteemed and distinguished as a preacher ; lie 
died in 1790. 
WESTFIELD, Thomas, a native of Ely, 
was made archbishop of St. Albans, and soon 
after, bishop of Bristol. He was so eloquent 
and pathetic a preacher, that he was called toe 
weeping prophet; he died in 1644. 
WESTON, Richard, an English thread lio- 
«ier, who became eminent as a horticulturalist, 
*nd published some useful tracts On that sub- 
ect; he died in 1806. 
WESTEIN, John Rodolphus, a native of 
Basil, where he was professor of Greek and of 
theology. He published several valuable works, 
and died in 1711. His brother John Henry, was 
celebrated in Holland as a printer, and a man 
of erudition ; he died in 1726. 
■WESTEIN, John James, a very learned di- 
vine and author, born at Basil; he died in 1754. 
WHALLEY, Peter, an English divine, and 
eminent critic, and commentator on Shaks- 
peare and Ben Jonson ; he died in 1791. 
WHARTON, George, an Englishman, who 
lost extensive property in the civil wars, in con- 
sequence of his attachment to the royal cause, 
was made a baronet at the restoration, and died 
in 1681. 
WHARTON, Anne, an English lady, distin- 
guished for her learning, and for her poetical 
productions; she died about 1685. 
WHARTON, Henry, an English divine and 
historian of uncommon abilities, died in 1695. 
WHARTON, Philip, duke of, an English 
nobleman of most eccentric character, went to 
France, and engaged in the Pretender’s interest, 
for which he was attainted of high treason, but 
died in Spain, in 1731. 
WHATELEY, William, an English divine, 
who wrote, among other things, an exposition 
of the ten commandments; he died in 1613. 
WHEARE, Degory, master of Gloucester 
Hall, Eng., and author of a “ Dissertation de 
Ratione et Methodo legendi Ilistorias.” He 
died in 1647. 
WHEATLEY, Charles, an English divine 
and theological writer, died in 1742. 
WHEATLEY, Francis, an eminent painter, 
born in London, in 1747, and died in 1801. 
WII 
WHEATLEY, Phillis, an African girl, who, 
while a slave, wrote a volume of poems oi con 
siilerable merit; sire died in 1784. 
WHEELER, sir George, an English divine, 
author of a journey into Greece, and other 
works; he died in 1724. 
WHEELOCK, Eleazar, D. D., an American 
clergyman, first president of Dartmouth college, 
died in 1779. 
WHEELOCK, John, LL. D., son of the pre- 
ceding, was an officer in the army of the revo- 
lution, and served with reputation. He was af- 
terwards for many years president of Dartnroutii 
college, and died in 1817. 
WHEELWRIGHT, John, the founder and 
first minister of the church at Exeter, Mass., 
greatly distinguished for his learning and piety’; 
lie died in l(i80. 
WHELPLEY, Samuel, an eminent Ameri- 
can clergyman, settled at New-York, and died 
in 1817. He wrote a “ Compend of Ancient 
and Modern History,” and other works. 
WHELPLEY, Philip Melancthon, a distin 
guished presbyterian clergyman, who settled at 
New-York, and died in 1824. 
WHICHCOT, Benjamin, an eminent English 
divine and theological writer, died in 1G83. 
WHIPPLE, William, a member of congress 
from New Hampshire, in 1776, and one of the 
signers of the declaration of Independence ; lie 
died in 1785. 
WHISTON, William, an English divine and 
mathematician, successor to sir Isaac Newton, 
as professor of mathematics at Cambridge ; he 
died in 1752. 
WHITAKER, William, an English polemic 
divine, and controversial writer against popery, 
died in 1595. 
WHITAKER, John, an able English histo- 
rian, theoiogist, critic, politician and poet; lie 
died in 1808. 
WHITAKER, Edward W., an English di- 
vine, who was principally instrumental in es- 
tablishing “The Refuge for the Destitute.” He 
died in 1818; leaving some valuable theological 
works, and an “ Abridgment of Universal His- 
tory.” 
WHITBREAD, Samuel, an English politi 
tician, and member of Parliament, highly dis 
tinguished for his talents and eloquence; he 
died in 1815. 
WHITBY, Daniel, an English divine, author 
of more than 40 works, which display a fund 
of sense and learning; he died in 1726. 
WHITE, Henry Kirke, a very ingenious poet, 
the son of a butcher, at Nottingham, was taken 
into the office of an attorney, where he studied 
Latin and Greek. He died in 1806. 
WHITE, Thomas, a learned English divine, 
the founder of Sion college, London, and a hos- 
pital, at Bristol; he died in 1622. 
WHITE, sir Thomas, born at Reading, was 
apprenticed to a tradesman in London, and 
afterwards became lord mayor, in 1553, aged 61, 
when he received the honour of knighthood 
The time of his death is not known. 
WHITE, Joseph, a learned English divine, 
professor of Arabic at Oxford university ; he 
died in 1814. His writings, which are nume- 
rous, indicate great talents and erudition. 
WHITE, Peregrine, the first descendant of 
the Pilgrims in New England ; he was torn at 
Plymouth, in 1620, and died in 1704. 
WHITE, Anthony Walton, an officer of the 
army during the American revolution, died ia 
1803. WI 
WHiTETjohn, a bishop in the reign of Eli-1 
labeln. deposed for preaching a seditious ser- 
mon , ne died in 1559. 
WHITE, Richard, an English miscellaneous 
writer, died in 1612. 
WHITE, Francis, bishop of Ely, under Janies 
L, and author of some sermons and tracts , he 
died in 1637. 
WHITE, Thomas, lecturer of St. Andrew’s, 
and author of the “ Art of Divine Revelation;” 
he lived about the time of Charles 1. 
WHITE, Thomas, or Albius, a Roman ca- 
tholic priest, principal of a college at Lisbon, 
and esteemed as an able scholar ; he died in 
1676. 
WHITE, Jeremy, chaplain to Cromwell, and 
celeorated for his wit and vivacity. He wrote 
in favour of universal salvation, and died in 
1707. 
WHITE, Robert, an eminent engraver of 
portraits, died in 1704. 
WHITE, Nathanael, pastor of a dissenting 
congregation in London, and a pupil of Dodd- 
ridge; he died iri 1783. 
WHITEHEAD, Paul, an English poet of con- 
siderable talents, died in 1774. 
WH ITEIIEAD, William, author of the “ Ro- 
man Father,” “Creusa,” and other writings; 
lie died in 1785. 
WHITEHEAD, John, was first a methodist 
preacher, then a quaker, and at last applied 
himself to Physic, at L ondon. He published a j 
Life of Wesley, and died in 1804. 
WHITEHURST, John, F. R. S., a most in- 
genious writer on mechanics, hydraulics, &c. ; 
he died in 1788 
WIIITELOCK, sir James, an able English 
lawyer, was chief-justice of the king's bench, 
and eminent as a Latin scholar; he died in 
1632. 
WIIITELOCK, Bulstrode, a celebrated Eng- 
lish lawyer and statesman, under Oliver Crom- 
well ; he died in 1676. 
WHITFIELD, Henry, a distinguished Eng- 
lish clergyman, who was for some time settled 
in Connecticut, but returned to England, and 
died there, about 1650. 
WHITFIELD, George, a native of England, 
celebrated as a preacher among the methodists; 
he died in 1770. 
WHITGIFT, Dr. John, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, died in 1604. 
WHITING, Samuel, an American clergy- 
man, settled at Lyme, Mass., died in 1679. 
WHITTINGHAM, William, an English pre 
late, dean of Durham ; he translated the Ge- 
neva Bible into English, and died in 1579. 
WHITTINGTON, Robert, author of several 
useful English school books, died in 1560 
WHITTINGTON, sir Richard, a wealthy 
citizen of London, sheriff, in 1393, and after- 
wards lord mayor of that city. lie is celebrated 
for his extensive charities, and also for various 
amusing stories fabricated of him. 
WHITTLESEY, Samuel, an American cler- 
gyman, settled at Wallingford, Conn., died in 
1752. 
WICKAM, William. See WYKEHAM 
WICKLIFFE, John dc, professor of divinity 
In the university of Oxford, and father of the 
reformation of the English church from popery; 
he died in 1384 
WICC1UEFORT, Abraham, a Dutch states- 
man and historian, famous for his embassies 
aud his writings ; he died in 1682. 
WIDA, Herman de, a German divine, the 
Wl 
associate of Luther, Melancthon, and Bucer, in 
effecting tiie reformation ; lie died in 155-2. 
WIELAND, Christopher Martin, a German 
poet, whose works made 42 volumes; he died 
in 1813. 
WIGGLES WORTH, Edmund, D. D., a dis- 
tinguished American clergyman, and professor 
of divinity in Harvard college; he died in 17(i5. 
WIGGLES WORTH, Edward, D. D., son of 
the preceding, was also professor of divinity in 
Harvard college ; he died in 1794. 
WIGGLES WORTH, Michael, a minister of 
I Malden, Mass., distinguished as a poet; he died 
in 1703. 
WILD, Robert, D. D., an English ejected 
non-conformist, and a miscellaneous wrilcr ; he 
died in 1079. 
WILD, Henry, a journeyman tailor, born at 
Norwich, England, who, from a strong desire of 
knowledge, and love of study, became a pro- 
jdigy of Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic learn- 
ing ; he died in 1733. 
YVILDBORE, Charles, an eminent selftaught 
English mathematician, who, in 1780, became 
the editor of the “Gentleman’s Diary;’’ he 
died in 1803. 
WILDE, William, an eminent English law 
yer, created a baronet, made one of the judges 
of the common pleas, and afterwards promoted 
to the king’s bench. He published “ Yelver- 
| ton’s Reports,’’ and died in 1079. 
WILDMAN, John, an able political writei 
and negotiator, in the service of Cromwell. 
WILKES, Thomas, an Augustine monk, an 
thorof a “ History of England from William I. 
| to the end of the first Edward's reign.” 
\ WILKES, John, a famous English politician, 
I and an elegant scholar. He was a member of 
parliament, lord mayor of London, and after- 
wards held the office of chamberlain. He died 
| in 1797. 
WILKIE, William, a Scotch divine and poet, 
died in 1772. 
WILKINS, John, bishop of Chester, a most 
ingenious and learned theologian, critic aud 
mathematician; he died in 1972. 
WILKINS, David, D. D., F. A. S., keeper of 
the archiepiscopal library, at Lambeth, and an 
eminent antiquary; he died in 1745. 
WILKINSON, Henry, one of the assembly 
of Westminster divines, was professor of di- 
vinity at Oxford, and ejected at the restoration, 
for non-conformity; he died in 1675. 
WILKINSON, Henry, espoused the popular 
cause during the civil wars, and was appointed 
professor of moral philosophy at Oxford, from 
which he was ejected at the restoration ; he died 
in 1690. 
WILKINSON, Jemima, a religious enthu- 
siast, founder of the sect called Shakers, died in 
1819. She claimed that she had been raised 
from the dead, aud that she was invested, by 
divine authority, with the power of working 
miracles, and the authority of teaching in re- 
ligion. 
WILLAR. Robert, an English physician, and 
writer on medical and other subjects; he died 
in 1812. 
WILLARD, Samuel, a distinguished Arne 
rican clergyman, settled at Boston ; he was 
vice president of Harvard college, and died in 
1707. 
WILLARD, Joseph, D. D., LL. D., a popular 
and learned preacher, of Massachusetts, after- 
wards president of Harvard college ; he died in 
IHtH. • ' WI 
WILLARD, Josiah, & native of Massachu- 
tetis, and secretary of that colony ; he died in 
1756 
WILLEMET, Remi Peter Francis, a French 
physician, who died in 1790, at Seringapatam, 
where he resided as first physician to Tippoo 
Fain. 
WILLIAM I., surnamed the Conqueror, was 
the son of Robert I. of Normandy. He ascended 
the English throne on the death of Edward the 
Confessor, in 1066, and after the battle of Has- 
tings, in which was slain, Harold, his competi- 
tor, with 50,000 English. His reign was at lirst 
oppressive and unpopular, but before his death 
in 1087, he was regarded more favourably by 
his people. 
WILLIAM II., surnamed Rufus, succeeded 
his father, William I., in the absence of his 
elder brother, and became a persecutor of the 
clergy, and an oppressor of his subjects. He 
was accidentally shot by one of his courtiers, 
while hunting, in 1100. 
WILLIAM III. of Nassau, prince of Orange. 
He acquired the English crown by the defeat of 
liis tather-in law, James II., in 1689, and died; 
in 1702. He was great as a politician, and for- 
midable as a general. 
WILLIAM son of Florent IV., count of 
Holland, crowned king of the Romans, in 1247 
lie was assassinated in 1255. 
WILLIAM, St., distinguished himself by his 
valour against the Saracens under Charlemagne, 
and died in 812. 
WILLIAM LONGSWORD, son and suc- 
cessor of Rollo, first duke of Normandy, and 
had the reputation of being an able and active 
general; he was murdered in 942. 
WILLIAM DE NANGIUS, a monkish his- 
torian of St. Denys, in the 14th century. 
WILLIAM of Malmsbury, a monk, and an 
English historian, flourished in 1140. 
WILLIAM of Newbury, a monk, and an 
English historian of his own time, flourished in 
1197. 
WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, duke of Cumber- 
land, second son of George II., and a very dis- 
tinguished general, died in 1765. 
WILLIAMS, John, archbishop of York, and 
lord keeper under James I.; he was an eminent 
theological writer, and died in 1650. 
WILLIAMS, sir Charles Hanbury, an Eng- 
lish minister plenipotentiary at the court of Ber- 
lin, who published various poems, remarkable 
for ease and vivacity; he died in 1759. 
WILLIAMS, Anna, a poetess and miscella- 
neous writer, born in South Wales; having lost 
her sight, she was supported by Dr. Johnson till 
she died, in 1783. 
WILLIAMS, John, an ingenious mineralo- 
gist, and author of a ‘ History of the Mineral 
Kingdom," &c.; he died in 1795. 
WILLIAMS, John, an able divine, was 
bishop of vmicnesier, and wrote several con-! 
troversia! tracts ; he died in 1709. 
WILLIAMS, Daniel, D. D., an English cler-j 
gyman, who settled at Dublin, and after re- 
maining there 20 years, returned to London; 
he died in 1716. 
WILLIAMS, William, a distinguished min- 
ister, of Hatfield, Mass., died about 1746. 
WILLIAMS, Solomon, D. D., a minister of 
Lebanon, Conn., died in 1769. 
WILLIAMS, Francis, a native of England, 
was the first governor of the infant colony of 
New- Hampshire; he died after 1641. 
WILLIAMS, fl vger, one of the early colo- 
<VI 
jnistsof New-England, afterwards the founder 
of the colony of Rhode Island, of which he be- 
came president; he was an eminent clergyman, 
a man of strong intellect, great learning, and 
uncommon energy, and died in 1683. 
WILLIAMS, William, a member of con- 
gress from Connecticut, in 1776, and one of the 
signers of the declaration of Independence; he 
died in 1811. 
WILLIAMS, Samuel, LL. D., professor of 
mathematics and natural philosophy in Harvard 
college, and author of a “History of Vermont 
he died in 1817. 
WILLIAMS, David, an English deistical 
preacher, and author of “ Lectures on Educa- 
calion,” and other works ; he died in 1816. 
WILLIAMS, John, a clergyman, of Deerfield, 
Massachusetts. He with his family, and many 
of his parishioners, were taken prisoners by the 
Indians in 1704; his wife and two children were 
murdered, and the remainder of the party car- 
ried to Canada, and after two years of privation 
and suffering were ransomed. He returned to 
Deerfield, and died there in 1729. 
WILLIAMS, Elisha, an American clergy- 
man, and president of Yale college; he died in 
1750. 
WILLIAMS, Ephraim, an officer of the 
American army, in the French war, was killed 
|in a skirmish with the enemy in 1755. He was 
j the founder of Williams' college in Massachu- 
setts. 
| WILLIAMS, Otho Holland, an officer of tha 
American army, during the revolution, and dis- 
jtiuguished for his services, particularly at the 
battles of Guilford and Eutaw Springs; he was 
! promoted to the rank of a brigadier general, and 
1 died in 1794. 
1 WILLIS, Thomas, a very eminent physician, 
I of London. He wrote several works on the 
science of medicine, and died in 1675. 
WILLIS, Browne, LL. I)., an English an- 
tiquary, who wrote several works, and died in 
1760. 
WILLOUGHBY, Francis, a celebrated Eng- 
lish naturalist, died in 1672. 
WILMOT, John Eardley, an English mis- 
cellaneous writer, died in 1815. 
WILSON, Florence, a learned Scotchman, 
who taught philosophy in the college of Navarre, 
;at Paris : he died in 1557. 
WILSON, John, an English stocking-weaver, 
(who became a popular lecturer on botany; he 
|died in 1750 
j WILSON, Richard, an eminent English land- 
| scape painter, who was called the English 
j Claude; he died in 1782. 
j WILSON, Arthur, an English hislorian and 
j dramatic writer ; he died in 1052. 
| WILSON, Thomas, LL. D., bishop of Sodor 
Hand Man, an excellent prelate, and an eminent 
writer in theology ; he died in 17U> 
1 WILSON, Thomas, D. D., son of the pre- 
I ceding, was an author; he died in 1784. 
| WILSON, Benjamin, F. R. S., an eminent 
; English painter, and writer on subjects of natu- 
ral philosophy ; he died in 1788. 
| WILSON, John, one of the early settlers of 
, New England, and first minister of Boston, 
| Massachusetts : he died ‘n 1667. 
WILSON, Matthew, D. D., a distinguished 
prcsbyterian clergyman, of the state of Dela- 
, ware ; he died iri i790. 
j WILSON, Alexander, a distinguished nalu- 
| ralist, author of “ American Ornithology,” in 
■ 7 volumes 4to: he died in 1813.  WI _ 
WILSON, LL. D., an eminent lawyer, of 
Pennsylvania, was a member of congress from 
that state, and one of the signers of the decla- 
ration of Independence. He was afterwards 
a judge of the supreme court of the United 
Flutes, and professor of law in the university 
of Pennsylvania. He died in 1798. 
W1MPINA, Conrad, professor of divinity at 
Frankfort. He wrote in defence of the papal 
power, against Luther, and died in 1531. 
WINCHELSEA, Anne, countess of, author 
of some poems, which are written in an elegant 
manner ; she died in 1720. 
WINCHESTER, Thomas, D. D., author of 
a tract on the 17th article of the church of Eng- 
land ; he died in 1780. 
WINCHESTER, Elkanah, an American di- 
vine, of the 18th century, author of a work in 
defence of the doctrine of universal salvation. 
WINCKELM ANN, John, a German polemic 
writer, died in 1626. 
WINCKELMANN, Abbe John, an eminent 
German writer on subjects of taste and art, was 
assassinated in 1768. 
WINDHAM, Joseph, an eminent English An- 
tiquarian, died in 1810. 
WINDHAM, William, a celebrated English 
orator and statesman, was secretary at war. 
and afterwards secretary of state for the war 
department, in the British cabinet, and a mem- 
ber of parliament; he died in 1810. 
WINDER, William H., a lawyer, of Mary- 
land; and during the second war with Great 
Britain, a brigadier-general in the army of the 
United States; he died in 1824. 
WIN HER, Levin, a soldier of the revolution, 
and subsequently governor of the stateof Mary 
land ; lie died in 1819. 
WING, Vincent,a famous astronomer and as- 
trologer, who published “ The Celestial Har- 
iri my of the Visible World,” and other works; 
he died in 1668. 
WINGATE, Edmund, an English writer on 
arithmetic and the mathematics ; he died in 
1656. 
WINGFIELD, Edmund Maria, a governor 
of the colony of Virginia, soon after its settle- 
ment : Dc returned to England in 1608. 
W1VSCHOMB, John, commonly called Jack 
of Newbury, an English clothier, in the time 
of Henry VIII., famed for his opulence and loy- 
alty. 
W1N3EMIUS, Peter, historiographer to the 
states of Holland, and professor of history and 
eloquence at Franeker; he died in 1644. 
WINSLOW, James Benignus, an eminent 
Danish anatomist. He wrote several anatomi- 
cal and other works, and died in 1760. 
WINSLOW, Edward, one of the pilgrims 
who landed on Plymouth rock, in 1620. He was 
afterwards governorof the colony of Plymouth, 
and particularly instrumental in its preserva- 
tion. His marriage was the first that was cele- 
brated in New England. He died in 1655. 
WINSLOW, Josiah, a son of the preceding, 
was also governor of the colony of Plymouth, 
and was distinguished for his talents, energy, 
*nd usefulness in. the colony; he died in 1680. 
WINSLOW, John, a descendant of the pre- 
ceding, had a high military reputalion in the 
colonies, and was a major-general in the British 
colonial service. He died in 1774. 
WINST\NLEY, William, an English bio- 
grapher, was otiginallv a barber, and lived in 
me reigns of Cha-les It. and James 11. 
WINSTON, Thomas, an English physician, 
\VI 
land professor at Gresham college ; lie died in 
' 1G55. 
1 WINTER, George Simon, a German writer 
on the veterinary art, in the 17th century, 
i WINTHROP, John, emigrated from Great 
Ilritain, with the first colonists of Massachu- 
setts, and was chosen the first governor of that 
'colony He was a man of strong mind, strict 
integrity and prudence, and of great, wealth, 
and was devoted to the prosperity and service 
of the infant settlement. He died in 1649. 
WINTHROP, John, F. R. S., a son of the 
preceding, and governor of the colony of Con- 
necticut, died in 1676. He was a man of great 
learning and talents, and an independent and 
upright magistrate. 
WINTHROP, Fitz John, F. R. S., son of the 
preceding, and distinguished, like his father, for 
ids learning and piety. He was governor of the 
colony of Connecticut, and died in 1707. 
WINTHROP, John, F. R. S., son of the pre- 
ceding, distinguished in Connecticut for his ta- 
lents and acquirements. He went to England, 
and died there in 1747. 
WINTHROP, John, LL. D., F. R.S., profes- 
sor of mathematics and natural philosophy in 
Harvard college; he died in 1779. 
WINTHROP, James, EL. D., son of the pre- 
ceding, distinguished for his devotion to literary 
pursuits. He was librarian of Harvard college, 
and died in 18-21. 
WINTLE, Thomas, a learned English di- 
vine, and theological writer; he died in *814. 
His writings were numerous. 
WINTOWN, or WYNTOWN, Andrew, 
canon of St. Andrew’s, and author of a curious 
chronicle of Scotland ; he died about 1400. 
WINTRINGHAM, sir Clifton, baronet, an 
eminent English physician and medical writer; 
he died in 1794. 
WINWOOD, sir Ralph, secretary of state in 
the reign of James I., and an author; he died 
in 1617. 
WIRLEY, William, Rouge croix pursuivant, 
an English antiquary and heraldic writer, died 
in 1618. 
WIRSUNGITS, John George, professor of 
anatomy at Padua, where, in 1642, he disco- 
vered and explained the pancreatic duct. 
WISCHART, William, D. D , a Scotch di- 
vine, was principal of Edinburgh university, in 
1716. His “ Theologia” is regarded as a valuable 
system of divinity. He died in 1727. 
WISCHEART, an enlightened and benevo- 
lent prelate, of Scotland : he became bishop of 
Edinburgh, and died there in 1669. 
WISCHER, Cornelius, a Dutch engraver, in 
Ihe 17th century. His brother John, and his 
relations Lambert and Nicholas, weio also emi- 
nent artists. 
WISE, Francis, an eminent English divins 
and antiquary, died in 1767. 
WISE, John, an American clergyman, who 
settled at Ipswich, Mass , died in 1725. 
WISSING, William, an excellent Dutch por- 
trait painter, died in 1687. 
W1SSOWATIUS, Andrew, grandson ot 
Faustus Socinus, and head of the the Socinians 
in Poland, died in Holland, in 1668. 
WISTER, Caspar, M. I)., an eminent Ame- 
rican physician, was professor of chymistrv 
land physiology, and afterwards of anatomy and 
surgery, in the college at Philadelphia. He 
wrote a “ System of Anatomy,” and other 
works, and <1 ied in 1818. 
j W1TASSE, Charles, a French ecclesiastic, 
404  wo 
lentilled “The Religion of Nature delineated, 
one of the best written hooks in the English 
'language. He died in 1724. 
I WOLLEBIUS, John, a divine of Basil, au- 
thor of “ Compendium Theologia',” a work of 
merit ; he died in 1029. 
WOLMAR, Melchior, a native of Switzer- 
land, celebrated as the teacher of Calvin and 
Beza, in the Greek language; he died in 1561. 
WOLSELEY, Robert, an English author, 
was a supporter of Cromwell, and an envoy to 
Brussels, and died in 1693. 
WOLSEY, Thomas, prime minister of Henry 
VIII. who, from being the son of a butcher at 
Ipswich, mse to be archbishop of York, chan- 
cellor of England, cardinal of St. Cicily, and 
legate, a latere. He died in 1530. 
WOLSTONECRAFT. See GODWIN. 
WOLTERS, Henrietta, a lady of Amster- 
dam, eminent as a miniature painter ; she died 
in 1741. 
WOLZOGEN, Lewis de, a divine of Am- 
sterdam, and a zealous partizan of the Socini- 
ans; he died in 1690. 
WOMACK, Lawrence, D. D., bishop of St 
Davids. He wrote various tracts against the 
Calvinists, and died in 1685. 
WOOD, Isaac, an English painter in oil, and 
black lead on vellum ; he died in 1752. 
WOOD, James, professor of divinity and 
provost of the college at St. Andrews ; Rewrote 
against the independents, and died in 1664. 
WOOD, Anthony, an eminent English anti- 
quary, and biographer ; he died in 1695, leav- 
ing some valuable works. 
WOOD, Robert, under secretary of state and 
an author, died in 1771. 
WOOD, James, an officer of the American 
army, during the revolution, and afterwards 
governor of the state of Virginia ; he died in 
1813. 
WOODALL, John, an eminent English sur- 
geon and writer : he died in 1638. 
WOODBRIDGE, Benjamin, D. D., a native 
of England, and a distinguished clergyman in 
that country, was the first graduate at Harvard 
college, Mass. After leaving college, he return- 
ed to England, and died there in 1684. 
WOODCOCK, Elizabeth, a poor inhabitant 
of Impington, near Cambridge, remarkable for 
having existed eight days and nights without 
food, and buried in snow, in February, 1799. 
She died in July, aged 42. 
WOODCOCK, Robert, an eminent English 
musician, and composer of music, who excelled 
also as a painter of sea pieces, died in 1728. 
WOODFORD, Samuel, an English divine, 
and a writer of sacred poetry, died in 1700. 
WOODHEAD, Abraham, an English divine 
who was converted to the Roman Catholic 
faith, and wrote several pamphlets in favour of 
the tenets he bad adopted ; he died in 1678. 
WOODHOUSE, James, aprofessor of chym- 
istrv, in the University of Pennsylvania, died 
in 1809. 
WOODVILLE, Elizabeth, widow of sir John 
Grey, captivated the heart of Edward IV., who 
married her. She died in a monastery, where 
she was confined by her son-in-law, Henry VII. 
WOODVILLE, Wiliiam, an eminent En- 
glish physician, and medical writer, died in 1805. 
WOODWARD, Bezaleel, professor of math- 
ematics and natural philosophy, in Dartmouth 
college, died in 1804. 
WOODWARD, John, an English natural 
philosopher and physician, died in 172«. 
WO 
and professor oftheology at Paris, and author of j 
seveial works; he died in 1716. 
WITHERS, George, a pastoral poet, and a j 
partisan of Cromwell ; he died in 1667. 
WITHERING, Dr. William, an eminent | 
phvsician and botanist, died in 1799. 
WITHERSPOON, John, D. D., LL. D., was 
a native of Scotland, and a very distinguished 
clergyman of that country. He accepted the 
presidency of Princeton college, and came to 
America, in 1768. Here he entered zealously 
into the views and interests of tire colonists, 
was sent as a delegate to congress in 1776, and 
signed the declaration of Independence. When 
a degree of public tranquillity was restored, he 
resumed tire station of president of the college, 
the exercises of which had been interrupted bv 
the war, and retained the office until his death 
in 1794. 
WITSIUS, Herman, a very learned and emi- 
nent Dutch divine; he died in 1708, having 
published several important works. 
WITT, John de. See DE WITT. 
WITT, Emanuel de, an eminent Flemish 
painter of architecture; he died in 1692. 
YV1TTICH1US, Christopher, a native of Si- 
lesia. professor of mathematics and theology 
at different periods, in four universities. He 
died at Leyden, in 1687. 
WODHULL, Michael, an English writer of 
poems, died in 1816. 
WOFFINGTON, Margaret, an eminent Irish 
actress celebrated for beauty of countenance, 
and elegance of form, as well as good sense and 
general merit in her profession; shedied in 1760. 
WOIDE, Dr. Charles Godfrey, a native of 
Poland, one of the librarians of the Rritish 
museum, a most learned grammarian and lexi- 
cographer of the Egyptian language, and editor 
of the famous Alexandrian New Testament. 
He was chaplain of the Dutch chapel in Savoy, 
and died in 1790. 
WOLCOT, John, M. D., of Devons, in Eng., 
a very eminent and ingenious satirist, wlto pub- 
lished his works tinder the name of Peter Pin- 
dar. He died in 1819. 
WOLCOTT, Roger, chief judge of the supe- 
rior court, and governor of the colony of Con- 
necticut ; lie died in 1767. 
WOLCOTT, Erastus, son of the preceding, 
was a brigadier-genera! in the American revolu- 
tionary army, and a judge of the superior court 
of Connecticut; he died in 1793. 
WOLCOTT, Oliver, LL. D., a son of Roger, 
was a distinguished patriot of the revolution, a 
member of congress in 1776, and a signer of the 
declaration of Independence, and afterwards 
lieutenant-governor and governor of Connecti- 
cut ; he died in 1797. 
WOLFE, Janies, a renowned English officer, 
who was slain at the conquest of Quebec, in 
1759, aged 34. At the decisive moment which 
assured victory to his troops. Roused from 
fainting in the’ last agonies, by the sound of 
‘They run!” he eagerly asked who rani and 
being told, tire French, and that they were 
defeated, he said, “ Then I thank God I die 
contented ;” and almost instantly expired. 
WOLFF, Christian, an eminentGerman law- 
yer, philosopher, and political writer; he died 
in 1754. 
WOLFF, Jerome, a native of the Grisons, 
principal of the college of Augsburgh, and an 
author ; he died in 1581. 
WOLLASTON, William, an English gen- 
tleman, distinguished as a writer, by a treatise 
405 WR 
WOODWARD, Henry, a very celebrated 
English comedian, was born in London, in 
U17, and died in 1777. He was the author of 
a farce, called “ Marplot in Lisbon,” and the 
“ Man’s the Master,” a comedy. 
WOOLLETT, William, a most eminent En- 
glish historical and landscape engraver, de 
servedly esteemed the first in his profession ; 
he died in 1785. 
WOOLSTON, Thomas, an English divine, 
author of several works filled with heterodox 
sentiments and absurdities. He died in prison, 
in 1733, w-here he had been sentenced for pub- 
lishing a blasphemous work. 
WOOSTER, David, a major-general in the 
American revolutionary army, was killed by the 
British troops in an invasion of Connecticut, in 
WOOTON, John, a famous English painter 
of landscapes, horses, and dogs, for the latter 
of which he was often paid 40 guineas. He 
died in 1765. 
WORCESTER, Samuel, D. D., an American 
clergyman, settled in Massachusetts, particular- 
ly distinguished for his zeal and activity in pro- 
moting the cause of missions. He died in 1821. 
WORLIDGE, Thomas, an engraver and por- 
trait painter, who died in 1766. 
WORMIUS, Olaus, a learned physician and 
medical writer, of Denmark, died in 1634. 
WORMIUS, William, son of the preceding, 
was a professor of medicine, historiographer to 
the king, counsellor of state, &c.; he died in 
1724. 
WORSDALE, James, an English painter and 
dramatic writer, died in 1767. 
WORSLEY, sir Richard, a native of the 
Isle of Wight. He purchased, in various parts 
of Europe, a fine collection of statues, and other 
antiques, of which he published a description; 
he died in 1805. 
WORTHINGTON, John,LL. D., an eminent 
'awyer, of Massachusetts, died in 1800, aged81. 
WORTHINGTON, William, an English di- 
vine and theological writer; he died in 1778, 
aged 75. 
WORTHINGTON, John, D. D., an English 
divine and theological writer; he died in 1671 
WOTTON, Edward, an eminent physician, 
of London, died in 1555. 
WOTTON, sir Henry, an eminent English 
statesman and poet; he died in 1639, leaving 
many writings. 
WOTTON, William, an English divine, cri- 
tic, histqrian, and miscellaneous writer, of great 
learning; he died in 1726. 
WOTY, William, a very ingenious English 
poet ; he died in 1791. 
WOUTERS, Francis, a Dutch landscape 
painter, whose pieces were greatly admired ; 
.he died in 1659. 
WOUVERMANS, Philip, an excellent Dutch 
landscape painter; he died in 1688, aged 68. 
WOWER, John, of Hamburgh, distinguish- 
ed as a politician, and as a man of literature ; 
he died in 1612. 
WRAGG, William, an eminent lawyer, of 
South Carolina, who left the country at the 
commencement of the revolution, and perished 
on his voyage to England, in 1777. 
WRANGEL, CharlesGustavus, marshal and 
constable of Sw eden, and highly distinguished 
for his valour ; he died about 1676. 
WRAY, Daniel, a learned English antiqua- 
ry. died in 1783. 
WREN, Matthew, an English prelate, was 
WY 
bishop of Hereford, and author of some con- 
troversial tracts ; he died in 1667. 
WREN, Matthew, son of the preceding, was 
secretary to James, duke of York and an au- 
thor ; lie died in 1672. 
W'REN, sir Christopher, a most illustrious 
English architect and mathematician, died in 
1723, aged 91. Under his direction, and from 
his designs, were rebuilt the cathedral of St. 
Paul, the parochial churches, and other public 
buildings, which had been destroyed by the con- 
flagration of the city of London. 
WRIGHT, Nathad, a learned English law- 
yer, who became lord keeper of the great seal, 
and died in 1721. 
WRIGHT, Samuel an eloquent dissenting 
minister, who settled in London ; he wrote some 
sermons, &c., and died in 1746. 
WRIGHT, sir James, chief justice and go- 
vernor of the colony of Georgia, at the beginning 
of the revolution ; he was the last royal governor 
of that colony. 
WRrGHT, Joseph, a very distinguished En- 
glish painter, who died in 1797. He was particu- 
larly famous for producing extraordinary effects 
of light. 
WRIGHT, Edward, a mathematician, of 
Cambridge, who wrote various works on Navi- 
gation ; he died about 1620. 
WIUGHT, Edward, an English writer, au- 
thor of an account of Lord Macclesfield's trav- 
els, in 1720. 
WRIGHT, Abraham, an English clergyman, 
and theological writer; he died in 1690. 
WTUGHT, Paul, an English divine, and au- 
thor, who died in 1785. 
WURMSER, Dagobert Sigismund count, 
field marshal in the service of Austria; he was 
an officer of distinguished valour and abilities, 
and died in 1797. 
WYAT, sir Thomas, one of the most learn 
ed and accomplished persons of his time, and 
much in favour with Henry VIII., who employ- 
ed him on several embassies. He wrote poetry, 
and was the first of his countrymen who versi- 
fied any part of the book of Psalms. He died 
in 1541, aged 38. 
WYATT, sir Francis, governor of the colony 
of Virginia, in 1621. 
WYATT, James, an eminent English archi 
tect, for some time president of -the Royal aca- 
demy, died in 1813. 
WYCHERLEY, William, an eminent En- 
glish comic poet, was born in Shropshire, in 1640, 
and died in 1715. 
WYCKE, Thomas, a native of Haerlem, em- 
inent as a painter of marine view-s ; he died in 
1686. His son John excelled in painting battles 
and horses ; he died in London, in 1702. 
WYKE11AM, William of, was bishop of 
Winchester in the reiens of Edward 111.. Rich- 
ard II., and Henry IV., and secretary of state 
to the first of these monarchs. He was like- 
wise an eminent architect, founder of St. Mary 
of Winchester’s college at Oxford, and of a no- 
ble school at Winchester, and died in 1404. 
WYLLYS, George, a native of England 
came to Connecticut in 1638, was elected a ma 
gistrate, and afterw-ards governor of the colony; 
he died in 1644. 
WYLLYS, Samuel, son of the preceding, 
was a magistrate in the colony of Connecticut, 
and a useful and pious man ; he died in 1709. 
WYLLYS, Hezekiah, son of Samuel, a mcr 
chant, of Hartford, was elected secretary o 
Connecticut, and died in 1734. 
406 XI _ 
WYLLYS, George, son of the preceding, 
was also secretary of the colony of Connecti- 
cut, for nearly 60 years. He died in 1796. 
WYLLYS, Samuel, son of the preceding,! 
was an officer of the American army during 
the revolution, and afterwards secretary of Con- j 
necticut; he died in 1823. 
WYNANTZ, John, an eminent Flemish! 
landscape painter ; he died in 1670. 
WYNDHAM, sir William, a celebrated En-I 
glish statesman, was chancellor of the exche-| 
fjuer, in 1713, and died in 1740. 
WYNDHAM, Henry Penruddoch, an English 
antiquarian, author of a “Tour through Mon- 
mouthshire, and Wales,” and other works; he 
died in 1819. 
VVYNTOWN, Andrew, a Scottish writer of 
the 14th century, who published a “ Chronicle 
of Scotland” in rhyme. 
WYTHE, George, an eminent lawyer and 
statesman, of Virginia, and one of the most ar- 
dent patriots of the revolution. He was a 
member of congress in 1776, and one of the 
signers of the declaration of Independence, and 
afterwards chancellor of his native state. He 
died in 1806. 
WYTMAN, Matthew, an eminent Dutch 
painter of landscapes, animals, and conversa- 
tions ; he died in 1687. 
WYVIL, Robert, bishop of Salisbury; he 
presided over his see 46 years, and died in 1375. 
X 
XACCA, an Indian philosopher, who flour- 
ished, it is said, a thousand years before the 
Christian era. His memory is held in great 
veneration in China. 
XACCA, Erasmus, a Sicilian of the 17th cen- 
tury, known as a Latin author. 
XANTIPPE, wife of Socrates, remarkable 
for her inoroseness and violence of temper. 
XANTIPPUS, a Lacedatmonian general, who 
rendered important services to the Carthaginjans, 
by whom he was afterwards basely destroyed. 
XAUPI, Joseph, a French ecclesiastic and 
author, who died in 1778. 
XAVIER, Jerome, a jesuit, who was a mission- 
ary in the East Indies, and died at Goa, in 1617. 
XENOCRATES, a celebrated Greek philoso- 
pher, who died 314 B. C. 
XENOPHANES, a Greek philosopher in the 
aye of Socrates. 
XENOPHON, an illustrious Athenian philo- 
sopher, soldier and historian ; he died in the j 
105th Olympiad, leaving behind him many ex-1 
cellent works. 
XENOPHON of Ephesus, the author of a! 
romance in 5 books; he flourished in the begin- 
ning of the 4th century. 
XERXES 1., king of Persia, memorable forj 
the great army with which he entered Greece,: 
amounting to 5,283,220 souls, exclusive of wo- 
men, eunuchs, and other aujndants. This 
multitude was stopped at Thermopylae by thej 
valour of 300 Spartans under king Leonidas.[ 
He whs murdered in his bed, 464 B. C. 
X1MENES, Francis, archbishop of Toledo, 
eminent as a statesman, warrior, and patron of 
learning; he was at the head of the Spanish go-' 
vernment many years, and died in 1517. 
XIMENES, Roderick, a native of Navarre,' 
and author of a Spanish history was archbishop! 
of Toledo, about 1250. 
XIMENES, Joseph Albert, a Spanish eccle-j 
Bias ic, prior general of the Carmelites ; he died 
in 174-1. | 
ZA 
XYLANDER, William, a German, translator 
of several Greek authors; he died in 1576. 
XYPHILIN, John, a patriarch of Conslanti- 
[ nople, died in 1075. 
Y 
| YALDEN, Thomas, an English divine and 
poet, died in 1736. 
|| YALE, Elihu, a native of Connecticut, who 
! accumulated a large fortune, in the East Indies, 
went to England, and became governor of the 
East India company. He was a liberal bene- 
J factor of the college in New Haven, that bears 
jhis name, and died in 1721. 
| YART, Anthony, a French divine and a poet, 
jborn in 1709. 
i YATES, Robert, chief-justice of the state of 
[Nevv-York, died in 1801. 
I YEAMANS, sir John, governor of the colony 
I of South Carolina; was removed from office, 
I but resided in the colony until his death, 
j YEARDLY, sir George, a prudent, humane, 
and faithful governor of the colony of Virginia; 
he died in 1626 
YEARSLEY, Anne, well known in the 
poetic world as a self-instructed votary of the 
Muses, and as the Milkwoman of Bristol ; she 
died in 1806, leaving many poems. 
YORKE, Philip, earl of llardwicke, lord high- 
chancellor of England, and one of the ablest 
and most upright lawyers of the age; he died 
in 1764, aged 74. 
YORKE, Charles, son of the preceding, was 
made lord high chancellor in the room of lord 
Camden, and died suddenly, three days after, 
in 1770. He was an elegant and profound scholar. 
YOUNG, Edward, an English poet and divine, 
died in 1765. He wrote “Night Thoughts,” 
and other works. 
YOUNG, sir William, a member of the Eng- 
lish parliament, and of the royal academy, and 
governor of the Island of Tobago; he died in 
1814. He wrote a “ History of Athens,” tiie 
“Rights of Englishmen,” and several other 
works. 
YOUNG, Arthur, son of the preceding, was 
a distinguished agriculturalist, and author of the 
“Farmers’ Calender,” the “ Annals of Agri- 
culture,” &c.; he died in 1820. 
YOUNG, Patrick, a Scotchman, eminent as a 
Greek scholar ; he died in 1652. 
YOUNG, Robert, an eminent printer, of Edin- 
burgh, died in 1655. 
YRIARTE, Don John d’, a very learned 
Spanish author and librarian to the king; he 
died in 1771. 
YSE, Alexander de, a protestant professor of 
theology, in Dauphine, and a theological writer; 
he lived in the time of Louis XIV. 
YVON, Peter, a native of France, celebrated 
as a preacher among the Labadists, and a wri- 
ter on mystical subjects. 
Z 
ZABARELLA, Francis, better known as 
cardinal de Florence, was greatly respected for 
his learning and virtues, and died in 1417. 
ZABARELLA, Bartholomew, nephew of the 
preceding, was professor of law at Padua, and 
afterwards archbishop of Florence ; he died in 
1442. 
ZARABELLA, James, son of the preceding, 
was professor of philosophy at Padua, and pub- 
lished Commentaries on Aristotle’s works he 
died in 1589. 
407 ZE 
ZACAGNI, Lawrence Alexander, a native] 
of Rome, who devoted himself to literature; 
he died about 1720. 
ZACUIAS, Paul, a native of Rome, and phy- j 
sician to pope Innocent X.; he published some 
medical works, and died in 1659. 
ZACUTUS, or LUSITANUS, an eminent 
Jewish physician and ftiedical writer, born at 
Lisbon ; he died in 1641, aged 66. 
ZALEUCUS, a legislator of Locris, in Italy, 
500 B. C. 
ZALUSKI, Andrew Chrysostom, was bishop 
of Warmia, and grand chancellor of Poland ; 
he died in 1711. 
ZAMOSKI, John, an illustrious statesman 
and general, of Poland, and chancellor of that 
kingdom. On the death of Battori, in 1586, he 
declined an offer of the crown, and died in 
1605. 
ZAMPINI, Matthew, known for his writings 
in the cause of the league, in 1581. 
ZANCH1US, Basil, an ecclesiastic, of Berga- 
mo, who wrote Latin poems, and died in 1560. 
ZANCHIUS, Jerome, a native of Alzano, 
was professor of theology at Heidelberg, and a 
learned, benevolent, and pious man; he died 
in 1590. 
ZANNICHELLI, John Jerome, a distin- 
guished physician and botanical writer, of 
Venice ; he died in 1729. 
ZANNONI, James, a physician, of Bologna, 
celebrated also as a botanist; he died about 
1682. 
ZANOTTI, John Peter, an eminent painter, 
of Paris. 
ZANOTTI, Francis Maria Garazzoni, profes- 
sor of mathematics at Bologna, and secretary to 
the senate. He published some poetical and 
philosophical works, and died in 1777. 
ZANZALUS, James, an obscure monk in 
the 6th century, who became founder of the 
sect of the Jacobites. They hold the perfection 
of the Gospel to be the strict observance of fasts. 
ZAPOLSKI, John de, vaivode of Transyl- 
vania, was elected king of Hungaria, in 1526, 
and died in 1540. 
ZAPPI, John Baptist Felix, a Roman lawyer 
and poet; he died in 1719. 
ZARATE, Augustin de, a Spaniard, sent to 
Peru, in 1543, as treasurer-general. He pub- 
lished a “ History of the Discovery and Con- 
quest of Peru,” a work of merit. 
ZARLINO, Joseph, a Venetian, who wrote 
with great skill and judgment on music; he 
died in 1599. 
ZATCH LEEVEN, Herman, a native of 
Rotterdam, was an eminent painter of land- 
scapes : he d'ed in 1685. 
ZAZIUS, Hulric, of Constance, known for 
his abilities as professor of law. He died in 
1539. 
ZACHARIAH, one of the minor prophets, 
who prophesied in the reign of Darius Hystas- 
pes, in so plain a manner of the Messiah, that 
liis language appears more like that of a histo- 
rian, than of a prophet. 
ZEGEDIN, Stephen, of Hungary, was one of 
the first, disciples of Luther, and wrote several 
theological works; he died in 1572. 
ZEILLER, Martin, a German author, who 
died in 1661. 
ZELL, Ulric, an eminent painter at Cologne, 
about 1477. 
ZELOTTI, John Baptist, a distinguished 
Italian painter, the pupil of Titian ; he died in 
1592. 
zo 
1 ZENO, a stoic philosopher, born in Cyprus, 
was founder of that sect, which took its name 
from a portico called Stoa, whence he delivered 
his harangues, and strangled himself, 204 B C. 
aged 98. 
ZENO, the Isaurian, emperor of the East, 
died in 491, detested for his cruelty and de- 
bauchery. 
ZENO, Apostolo, a Venetian of illustrious 
birth, distinguished for his learning; he was a 
poet, and historian to Charles VI., and died in 
1750. His works are numerous and popular. 
ZENOBIA, queen of Palmyra, and by her 
valour, empress of the East, in opposition to 
three successive Roman emperors. She wa9 
subdued by Aurelian, after an obstinate de- 
fence, and died in 280. 
ZEPHANIAH, one of the 12 minor prophets 
in the reign of king Josiah, died 024 B. C. 
ZERUBBABEL, was permitted by Cyrus to 
rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. He restored 
the plundered vessels, and dedicated the nev 
edifice, 515 B. C. 
ZEUXIS, a very famous painter, of Herac 
lea, who flourished about 350 B. C. He paint 
ed some grapes so natural, that the birds came 
and pecked them. 
ZIANI, Sebastian, doge of Venice, who 
lived inthe 12th century, and is celebrated for his 
munificence in adorning his city with splendid 
edifices, and the works of art. 
ZIEGLER, James, professor of theology 
and mathematics at Vienna; he died in 1549. 
ZIEGLER, Gaspar, professor of law at Wit 
temberg, and an author; he died in 1690. 
ZIEGLER, Bernard, professor of theology at 
Leipsic, and much esteemed by Luther an-' 
Melancthon ; he died in 1556. 
ZIETTEN, John Joachim Van, a distin 
guished Prussian general, who died in 1786. 
ZIMMERMANN, Matthias, a German divine 
and theological writer, died in 1689. 
ZIMMERMANN, John George, first physi 
cian to his Britannic majesty for Hanover, bu. 
more eminent as a philosopher; he died in 1795 
leaving several valuable writings on various 
subjects. 
ZIMMERMANN, Eberhard Augustus Wil 
Main Von, a learned and distinguished German, 
was professor of natural philosophy in the col 
lege at Brunswick. He wrote a “ Poetical Pur- 
vey of the Present State of Europe ;” a “ Gen 
eral Survey of France, and of the United State.* 
of America;” and numerous other works, and 
died in 1815. 
ZINEK, Christian Frederick, an admirabl* 
enamel painter, of Dresden, who went to Eng 
land, and was patronised by the royal family 
he died in 1767, aged 83. 
ZINGIIA, queen of Angola, in Africa, in the 
17th century. 
ZINZENDORF, Nicholas Lewis, court, a 
German, who was chief of the sect called Me 
ravians ; he died in 1760. 
ZINZEKLING, Justus, a learned antiqua>. 
of Holland, in the 17th century. 
ZISCA or Z1SKA, John de Troeznou, a 
famous Bohemian patriot, who defended his 
country against the emperor Sigismund, ana 
performed prodigies of valour, alter he had lost 
both his eyes. He died in 1424. 
ZIZ1M, or ZEM, son of Mahomet II., co* 
tended with Bajazet his brother, for the Ott» 
man throne, but being defeated, he fled ai 
died at Rome, in 1497. 
ZOE, fourth wife of Leo VI., and mothei t 
408 ■ ZO 
Constantine, during whose minority in 912, she' 
ably governed 
ZOE, daughter of Constantine XL, a cruel! 
ami debauched princess ; she died in 1050. 
ZOILUS, a Greek rhetorician and critic, 
flourished about 270 B. C. 
ZOLLIKOFER, George Joachim, a protes- 
tant divine, of Switzerland, died in 1758. His 
devotional exercises and sermons have been 
translated into English. 
ZGNARAS, John, a Greek historian, who 
wrote “ Annals from the Creation of the World, 
down to the year 1818,” about which time he 
died. 
ZONEA, Victor, an Italian mathematician 
l:i the 17th century, who made valuable im- 
provements in mechanics. 
ZOPPO, Mark, a historical and portrait 
painter, of Bologna, who died in 1517. 
ZOI’YRUS, a Persian noble, who assisted 
Darius in the conquest of Babylon. 
ZOROASTER, or ZERDUSHT, a celebrated 
Persian philosopher, the reputed founder of the 
Magian religion. He predicted, it is said, the 
coming of the Messiah, in plain words; and the 
wise men from the East, who saw and followed 
Ins star, were his disciples. 
ZOSIMUS, St., a Greek, who became pope 
in 417, and died the year after. 
ZOSIMUS, an ancient Greek historian of the 
Roman empire, flourished about 410. 
ZOUCH, Richard, a learned civilian, of Wilt- 
shire, who published many esteemed works, 
and died in 1660. 
ZOUCH, Thomas, D. D., an English clergy- 
man, who was offered the bishoprick of Carlisle, 
but declined it on account of his age. He died 
in 1816, leaving numerous works. 
ZOUST, Gerard, a German, celebrated for his 
tewuracv in portrait painting; he died in 1681. 
ZY 
ZUBLEY, John Joachim, P. D , an eminent 
clergyman of Georgia, was a native of Switzer- 
land, and came to America about 1700. He died 
in Savannah, in 1781. 
ZUCCHERQ Tadeo, an Italian historical 
and portrait painter ; lie died in 1506. 
ZUCCIIERO Frederic, an eminent painter, 
and brother of Taddeo: he died in 1609, aged 
03. 
ZUINGLIUS, Ulricus, of Switzerland, an 
able and zealous reformer of the church ; he 
was killed in a skirmish with his popish oppo- 
nents in 1531. 
ZUMBO, Gaston John, a sculptor, of Syra- 
cuse ; he died at Paris, in 1701. 
ZUR-LAUBEN, Beat de, known as an able 
negotiator from the canton of Zug, at the court 
of Lewis XIII.; he died in 1663. 
ZUSTRUS, Lambert, a painter of merit, the 
pupil of Titian. 
ZWINGER, Theodore, born in Zurgan, in 
1534; he published an enormous compilation, 
entitled “ Le Theatre de la Vie Humaine,” in 
8 folio volumes, and died In 1588. 
ZWINGER, Theodore, grandson of the last, 
.’•as a pastor and a physician at Basil; he died 
in 1629. His son John, was professor of Greek 
there, and died in 1696. 
ZWINGER, Theodore, son of John, was pro- 
fessor of medicine and eloquence at Basil, where 
he died in 1724. 
ZYLIUS, Otho, a jesuit, born at Utrecht, au- 
thor of “Lives of Saints,” &c.; he died in 
1655. 
ZYPASUS, or VANDEN ZYPE, Francis, a 
learned theologian, and writer on civil law, 
was born at Malines, in 1570, and died in 1650. 
His brother Henry was an ecclesiastic, and 
abbot of St. Andrew, near Bruges ; he died in 
1659, leaving several works of merit. A 
CONCISE ACCOUNT 
OF 
THE HEATHEN DEITIES, 
AND OTHER 
FABULOUS PERSONS, 
WITH Tt^E 
HEROES AND HEROINES OF ANTIQUITY. 
AN 
yF/OLUS, the god of the winds. 
yEO'US, one of the four horses of the sun. 
yESCULA'NUS, a Roman god of riches. 
yESCULA'PIUS, the god of physic. 
yETHAL'IDES, a son of Mercury. 
yE'THON, one of the four horses of the sun. 
yET'NyEUS, a title of Vulcan. 
yETO'I.OS, a son of Endvmion and Diana. 
AGAAJEM'NON, brother to Menelaus, chosen 
captain-general of the Greeks at the siege ol 
Troy. 
AGANiP'PE, daughter of the river Permes- 
sus, which flows from mount Helicon. 
AGE'NOR, the first king of Argos. 
AGENO'RIA, the goddess of industry. 
AGELAS'TUS and AGESILA'US, names 
of Pluto. 
AGLA'IA, one of the three Graces. 
A'JAX, one of the most distinguished princes 
and heroes at the siege of Troy. 
ALRU'NEA, a famous sybil of Tripoli. 
ALOI'DES, a title of Hercules. 
ALCI'NOUS, a king of Corcyra. 
ALCl'ONEUS, a giant slain by Hercules. 
ALCl'OPE, a favourite mistress of Neptune. 
ALCME'NA, the wife of Amphitryon. 
ALEC'TO, one of the three Furies. 
ALEC'TRYON, or GAL'LUS, a favourite 
of Mars. 
AL'MUS, and ALUM NUS, titles of Jupiter. 
ALO'A, a festival of Bacchus and Ceres. 
AI.CE'US, a giant who warred with Jupiter. 
AMALTHyE'A, the goat that suckled Jupiter. 
AMBARVA'LE, a spring sacrifice to Ceres. 
AMBKO'SIA, the food of the Gods. 
AM’MON, a title of Jupiter. 
AMPIHARA'US, son of Apollo and Hyperm- 
nastra, a very famous augur. 
AMPHIME'DON, one of the suitors of Pa 
nelope. 
AMPHI'ON, a famous musician 
AM PH I TRITE, the wife of Neptune. 
AMYN'TOR, a king of Epirus. 
ANAC'REON, a lyric poet of Greece. 
ANA'TIS, the goddess of prostitution. 
ANCCE'US, a king of Arcadia. 
ANDRO’GEUS. the son of Minos. 
ANDROM'ACHE, the wife of Hector. 
ANDROM'EDA, the daughter of Cepheus 
land Cassiope, who, contending for the prize ol 
yEN 
A B'ARIS, a Scythian, priest of Apollo. 
ABEO'NA, a goddess of voyages, &c. 
ABRF.TA'NUS, a surname of Jupiter. 
A'BRON, a very voluptuous Grecian. 
ABY’LA, a famous mountain in Africa. 
ACAN'THA, a nytnph beloved by Apollo. 
ACAS'TUS, the name of a famous hunter. 
ACF/TUS, one of the priests of Bacchus. 
ACHAS'MENES, the first king of Persia. 
ACHA'TES, a trusty friend of yEncas. 
ACIl'ERON, a son of Titan and Terra, 
changed into a river of hell for assisting the 
Titans, in their war against Jupiter. 
ACHIL'LES, son of Peleus, king of Thrace, 
and Thetis, a goddess of the sea, who, being 
dipped by his mother in the river Styx, was in- 
vulnerable in every part except his right heel, by 
which she held him; after signalizing himself 
at the siege of Troy, for his valour, as well as 
cruelty, he was at length killed by Paris with 
an arrow. 
ACIDA'LIA, and ARMA'TA, names of 
Venus. 
ACIDA'LUS, a famous fountain of Bceotia. 
A'CIS, a Sicilian shepherd, killed by Polyphe- 
mus, because he rivalled him in the affections 
of Galatea. 
AC'MON, a famous king of the Titans. 
AC'RATUS, the genius of drunkards at 
Athens. 
AC'TyEON, a celebrated hunter, who, acci- 
dentally discovering Diana bathing, was by her 
turned into a stag, and devoured by bis own 
hounds 
ADME'TUS, a king of Thessaly. 
ADO'NIS, the incestuous offspring of Ciny ras 
and Myrrha, remarkably beautiful, beloved by 
Venus and Proserpine. 
ADRAS'TEA, the goddess Nemesis. 
Ai'ACUS, one of the infernal judges. 
yE'GA, Jupiter’s nurse, daughter of Olenus. 
yEGE't'S, a king of Attica, giving name to 
the yEgcan sea by drowning himself in it. 
yEGI NA, a particular favourite of Jupiter. 
yE'GIS, a Gorgon, whom Tallas slew. 
yE'GLE, one of the three Hesperides. 
yE'GON, a wrestler famous for strength. 
yEGYP'TUS, son of Neptune and Lybia. 
yEL'LO, one of the three Harpies. 
yENE'AS, son of Anchises and Venus. BA 
beauty with the Nereides, was by them bound 
to a rock, and exposed to be devoured by a sea 
monster; but Perseus slew the monster, ami 
■ married her. 
ANGE'RONA, the goddess of silence. 
AN'NA, the sister of Pygmalion and Dido. 
ANTCE'US, a giant, son of Neptune and 
Terra ; he was squeezed to death by Hercules. 
AN'TEROS, one of the names of Cupid. 
ANTE VER'TA,a goddess of women in labour. 
AN'THIA, and ARGi'VA, titles of Juuo. 
AN'UBIS, an Egyptian god with a dog’s head. 
AON'IDES, a name of the Muses. 
APATtJ'HIA, and APHRODETIS titles of 
Venus. 
A'PIS, son of Jupiter and Niobe, called 
also Serapis and Osiris: he first taught the 
Egyptians to sow corn and plant vines: after 
his death they worshipped him in the form of 
an ox, a symbol of husbandry. 
ARACH'NE, a Lydian princess, turned by 
Minerva, into a spider, for presuming to vie 
with her at spinning. 
ARETHU'SA, the daughter of Nereus. 
ARGENTENUS, and AJSCULA'NUS, gods 
of wealth. 
AR'GO, the ship that conveyed Jason and his 
companions to Colchis, and reported to have 
been the first man of war. 
AR'GONAUTS, the companions of Jason. 
AR'GIJS, sou of Aristor, said to have had a 
hundred eyes; also an architect, who built the 
ship Argo. 
ARIAD'NE, daughter of Minos, who, from 
love, gave Theseus a clue of thread to guide 
him out of the Cretan labyrinth : being after- 
wards deserted by him, site was married to 
Bacchus, and made his priestess. 
ARIMAS'PI, a warlike people of Scythia. 
AREON, a lyric poet of Methymna. 
ARISTEE'US, sou of Apollo and Cyrene. 
ARiSTOME'NES, a cruel Titan. 
ARtSTOPH'ANES, a comic poet, born at 
Limlus, a town of Rhodes. 
AR'TEMiS, the Delphic sybil; also Diana. 
ASCLE'PiA, festivals of Aesculapius. 
ASCO'LIA, feasts of Bacchus, celebrated in 
Attica. 
ASTF/RIA, daughter of Ceus. 
ASTRAPCE'L’S, and ATABY'RUS: Jupiter. 
ASTR.E'A, the goddess of justice. 
ASTROL’OGUS, a title of Hercules. 
ASTY'ANAX, the only son of Hector. 
ASTYPALCE'A, daughter of Phoenix. 
A'TE, the goddess of revenge. 
ATLAN'TES, a savage people of Ethiopia. 
AT'LAS, a king of Mauritania. 
AT'ROPOS, one of the three Fates. 
AVER'NUS, a lake on the borders of hell. 
AVERRUNC'US, a god of the Romans. 
AUGF/AS, a king of Elis, whose stable of 
3000 sxen was not cleansed for 30 years, yet 
Hercules cleansed it in one day. 
A'VISTUPER, a title of Priapus 
AtIR'EA, a name of Fortuna. 
AIJRO'RA, the goddess of the morning. 
AUTO LEON, a general of the Crotonians. 
AUTUM'NUS, the god of fruits. 
B 
BAC'CHUS, the god of wine. 
BAP'TA, the goddess of shame. 
BARBA'TA, a title of Venus and Fortuna. 
BAS'SAREUS, a title of Bacchus 
CA 
BAT'TLJS, a herdsman, turned by Mercury 
into n loadstone. 
BAU'CIS, an old woman, who, with her hus- 
band Philemon, entertained Jupiter and Mer- 
cury, travelling over Phrygia, when all others 
refused. 
BELLER'OPHON, son of Glaucus. king of 
Ephyra, who underwent numberless hardships 
for refusing an intimacy with Stlienobcea, the 
wife of Promts, king of Argos. 
BELLO'NA, the goddess of war. 
BERECYN'THIA MA'TER, a title of Cyhele. 
BERENI'CE, a Grecian lady, who was the 
only person of her sex permitted to see the 
Olympic games. 
BER'GION, a giant, slain by Jupiter. 
BIB'EJA, the wife of Duillius, who first insti- 
tuted a triumph for naval victory. 
Bl'CEPS, and BEFRONS, names of Janus. 
BISUI/TOR, a name of Mars. 
BI'THON, a remarkably strong Grecian. 
BOEI'NA, a nymph rendered immortal for 
her modesty and resistance of Apollo. 
BO'NA DE'A, a title of Cybele and Fortuna. 
BO'NUS DAEMON, a title of Priapus. 
BO'REAS, son of fEstneus and Heribeia, 
generally put for the north wind. 
BRE'VIS, a title of Fcrtuna. 
BREAREUS, a monstrous giant, son of Titan 
and Terra : the poets feign him to have had a 
hundred arms and fifty heads. 
BRI'MO, and BUBAS'TIS, names of Hecate. 
BRISE'IS, daughter of Brises, priest of Ju- 
piter, given to Achilles upon the taking of Lyr- 
nessus, a city of Troas, by the Greeks. 
BRON'TES, a maker of Jupiter’s thunder. 
BRO'THEUS, a son of Vulcan, who threw 
himself into mount AJtna, on account of ilia 
deformity. 
BRUMA'LIA, feasts of Bacchus. 
BE BO'NA, the goddess of oxen. 
BUSl'RIS, a son of Neptune, and a most cruel 
tyrant; he was slain by Hercules. 
BYB'LIS, the daughter of Miletus. 
C 
CABAR'NT, priests of Ceres. 
CABERf, priests of Cybele. 
CA'BRUS, a god of the Phaselitse. 
CA'CUS, a son of Vulcan. 
CAD'MUS, son of Age nor and Telephessa 
who, searching in vain for his sister, built the 
city of Thebes, and invented 16 letters of the 
Greek alphabet. 
CADU'CECJS, Mercury’s golden rod or wand. 
CAECA, and CONSERVATRIX, titles of 
Fortuna. 
CfEC'TJLUS, a robber, son of Vulcan. 
CEE'NEUS, a title of Jupiter. 
CAL'CHAS, a famous Greek soothsayer. 
CALIS'TO, the daughter of Eycaon. 
CALLEOPE, the muse of heroic poetry. 
CALYP'SO, daughter of Oceanus and Thetis, 
who reigned in the island of Ogygia, where she 
entertained and became enamoured of Ulysses, 
on his return from Troy. 
CAM'BUES, a gluttonous king of Lydia. 
CAMBY'SES, the son of Cyrus, and king of 
the Medes and Persians. 
CAMCE'NA, and CA RNA, goddess of infants. 
CA'NES, a title of the Furies. 
CANO'PlJS,an Egyptian god. 
CAIt'DUA, a household goddess. 
CARMEN'TA, a name of Themis. 
CAR'NA, a Roman goddess 
411  CY 
CARYA'TIS, a title of Diana. 
CAS'PH, a people of Hyrcania, who were 
said to siarve their parents to death when 70 
years old, and to train up dogs for war. 
CASSAN'DRA, a daughter of Priam and He- 
cuba, endowed with the gift of prophecy by- 
Apollo. 
CASTAL'IDEB, the Muses, from the fountain 
Castalius, at the foot of Parnassus. 
CA'TIUS, a tutelar god to grown persons. 
CAS'TOR, son of Jupiter and Leda, between 
whom and his brother Pollux immortality was 
alternately shared. 
CE'CROPS, the first king of Athens. 
CELCE'NO, one of the three Harpies. 
CEN'TAURS, children of Ixion, half men, 
half horses, inhabiting Thessaly. 
CEPH'AEUS, the son of Mercury and Hersa. 
CE'PHEUB, a prince of Arcadia and Ethiopia. 
CERAU'NJUS, a title of Jupiter. 
CER'BERUS, a dog with three heads and 
necks, who guarded the gates of hell. 
CEKEA'LIA, festivals in honour of Ceres. 
CE'RES, the goddess of agriculture. 
CE'RUS, or SE'RUS, the god of opportunity. 
Cl IA l/C EA, festivals in honour of Vulcan. 
CHAR'ITES, a name of the Graces. 
CHA'RON, tile ferryman of hell. 
CHJME'RA, a strange monster of Lycia, 
which was killed by Bellerophon. 
CHI'RON, the preceptor of Achilles. 
CHRO'MIB, a cruel son of Hercules. 
CHRYSAO'RIUS, a surname of Jupiter. 
CHRY'SIS, a priestess of Juno at Argos. 
CIR'CE, a famous enchantress. 
CIR'RHA, a cavern of Phocis, near Delphi, 
whence the winds issued which caused a divine 
rage, and produced oracular responses. 
CITHCE'RIDES, a title of the Muses. 
C1?AIJ'SINA, a name of Venus. 
CLAIJ 'SIUS, orCLU'SIUS, a name of Janus. 
CLEGME'DES, a famous wrestler. 
Clil'O, the muse presiding over history, and 
patroness of heroic poets. 
CLO'THO, one of the three Fates. 
CLYTEMNES'TR A, daughter of Jupiter and 
Leda, killed by her son Orestes, on account of 
her adultery with JEgislhus. 
COCY'TUS, a river of hell, flowing from Styx. 
COLLl'NA, the goddess of hills. 
COMPITA'LIA, games of the household gods. 
CO'MUS, the god of festivals and merriment. 
CONCOR'D!A, the goddess of peace. 
CONSERVA'TOR, and CUS'TOS, titles of 
Jupiter. 
CON'SUS, a title of Neptune. 
CORTl'NA, the covering of Apoilo’s tripos. 
CORYBAN 'TES, and CURE'TES, priests of 
Cybele. -f 
CRE'ON, a king of Thebes. 
ORl'NIS, a priest of Apollo. 
CRINIS'SUS, a Trojan prince, who could 
Change himself into any shape. 
CRCF.'SUS, a rich king of Lydia. 
CRO'NIA, festivals in honour of Saturn. 
CTES'IBUS, a famous Athenian parasite. 
CU'NIA, the goddess of new-born infants. 
CU'PID, son of Mars and Venus, the god of 
love, smiles, &c. 
CY'CLOPS, Vulcan’s workmen, with only 
one eye in the middle of their forehead. 
CYB'F.LE, the wife of Saturn. 
CYC'NUS, a king of Liguria; also a son of 
Neptune, who was invulnerable. 
CYLLfi'NIUS, and CAMIL'LUS, names of 
Mercury. 
' 1)1 
CYNOCEPH'AH, a people of India, said to 
have heads resembling those of dogs. 
CYN'THIA, and CYN'THIUS, Diana, axil 
Apollo. 
CYPARISSiB'A, a title of Minerva. 
CYP’RIA, CYTHERE'A, titles of Venus. 
D 
DjEDA'LTON, the son of Lucifer. 
DAJD'ALUS, an artificer of Athens, who 
formed the Cretan labyrinth, and invented the 
auger, axe, glue, plumbline, saw, and masts and 
sails for ships. 
DA'MON, the sincere friend of Pvthias. 
I)A''MON BO'NUS, DITHYRAM'RUS, and 
DIONYS'lUS, titles of Bacchus. 
DA'JS’AE, the daughter of Acrisius, king of 
Argos, seduced by Jupiter in the form of a goiden 
shower. 
DANA'IDES, or BE'LIDES, the50 daughters 
of Danaus, king of Argos, al! of whom except 
I Hypermnestra, killed tiieir husbands, the sons 
of their uncle Aigyptus, on the marriage night: 
they were therefore condemned to draw water 
out of a deep well with shieves, so that their 
labour was without end or success. 
DAPH'NE, a nymph beloved by Apollo. 
DAR'PANUS, the founder of Troy. 
DA'RES, a very ancient historian who wrote 
an account of the Trojan war. 
DE'A SYR'IA, a title of Venus. 
DE'CIMA, a title of Lachesis. 
DEIANI'RA, the wife of Hercules. 
DEIDA'MIA, daughter of Lycomedes, king 
of Scyros, by whom Achilles had Pyrrhus, 
whilst he iay concealed in women’s apparel, in 
llie court of Lycomedes, to avoid going to the 
Trojan war. 
DEIOPE'A, a beautiful attendant on Juno. 
DEIPH'OBE, the Cumean sybil. 
DEIPH'OBUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba. 
DE'LIA, DE'LHJS, Diana and Apollo. 
DE'LOS, tlie island where Apollo was born. 
DEL'PHI, a city of Phocis, famous for a tem- 
ple and an oracle of Apollo. 
DEL'PIHCUS, DIDYMiE'US, titles of Apollo. 
DEM'A DEB, an Athenian orator. 
PER'BICES, a people near the Caspian sea, 
who punished all crimes w'ith death. 
DEUCA'LION, son of Prometheus, and king 
of Thessaly, who, with his wife Pyrrha, was 
preserved from the general deluge, and repeopled 
the world. 
DEVER'RA, the goddess of breeding women. 
DIAG'ORAS, a Rhodian, who died for joy, 
because his three sons had on the same day 
gained prizes at the Olympic games. 
DIA'NA, the goddess of hunting, &c. 
DI'DO, daughter of Belus, the founder and 
queen of Carthage, whom Virgil fables to have 
burnt herself through despair, because jEntaa 
ieft her. 
DI'F.S, and DIES'PITER, titles of Jupiter. 
PIN'DYME, DINDYM F.'NE, titles of Cy hole. 
DIOME'DES, a king of A’tolia, wiio gained 
great reputation at Troy, and, accompanied by 
Ulysses, carried off the Palladium also, a tyrant 
of Thrace. 
I DIO'NE, one of Jupiter’s tnislresses. 
DIONYS'f A, feasts in honour of Bacchus. 
| DIOSCU'Rl, a title of Casior and Pollux. 
I DI'HyE, a title of the Furies. 
I DIB, a title of Pluto, 
i DIBCOR'Dl A, the goddess of coutei tion. 
412 FA 
DOMIDU'CA, a title of Juno. 
DOMIDU'CUS, and DOMI'TIUS, nuptial 
gods. 
DOM INA, a title of Proserpine. 
DRY'ADES, nymphsofthe woods and forests. 
E 
ECill'ON, a companion of Cadmus. 
EC'HO, daughter of Aer and Tellus, who 
pined away for love of Narcissus. 
EDON'IDES, priestesses of Bacchus. 
EDU'CA, a goddess of new born infants. 
EGE'RIA, a title of Juno; also a goddess. 
ELEC'TRA, a daughter of Agamemnon and 
Clytemnestra, who instigated Orestes to revenge 
their father’s death on their mother and her 
adulterer zEgisthus. 
E'LEUS, and ELEUTHE'RIUS, titles ef 
Bacchus. 
ELEUSIN'IA, feasts in honour of Ceres and 
Proserpine. 
ELO'IDES, nvmphs of Bacchus. 
EMPU'SJE, a name of theGorgons. 
ENDYM'ION, a shepherd of Caria, who, for 
insolently soliciting Juno, was condemned to a 
sleep of 30 years ; Luna visited him by night in a 
cave of mount Latruus. 
ENIA'LIUS, a title of Mars. 
EN'YO, the same as Bellona. 
EPE'US, the artist of the Trojan horse. 
EPIG'ONES, the sons of the seven worthies 
who besieged Thebes a second time. 
EPILiE'NEA, sacrifices to Bacchus. 
EPISTRO'PHIA, and ERYCI'NA, titles of 
Venus. 
EPi/.EPH'RII, a people of Locris, who pun- 
ished those with death that drank more wine 
than physicians prescribed. 
ERA'TO, tile muse of love poetry. 
ER'EBUS, an infernal deity, son of Chaos and 
Nox ; a river of hell. 
ER’EANE, a river whose waters inebriated. 
ERIOTHO'NIUS, a king of Athens, who, 
being lame and very deformed in his feet, in- 
vented coaches to conceal Ids lameness. 
ERIN'NYS, a common name of the Furies. 
E'ROS, one of the names of Cupid. 
EROS'TRATUS, the person who, to perpetu- 
ate his natn3, set fire to the celebrated temple of 
Diana at Ephesus. 
ETE'OCLES, and POLYNICES, sons of 
Oedipus, who violently hated, and, at last killed 
each other. 
EVAD'NE, daughter of Mars and Thebe, 
who threw herself on the funeral pile of her 
nusband Cataneus, from affection. 
EUC'RATES, a person remarkable for shuf- 
fling, duplicity, and dissimulation. 
EUMEN'IDES, a name of the Furies. 
EUPHROS'YNE, one of the three Graces. 
EURO'PA, the daughter of A gen' r, who it 
tesaid was carried by Jupiter, in the form of a 
white bull into Crete. 
EURY'ALE, one of the three Gorgons. 
EURYD'ICE, the wife of Orpheus. 
F.URYM'ONE, an infernal deity. 
KUTER'PE, the muse presiding over music 
EUTHY'MUS, a very famous wrestler. 
F 
FAB'ULA. the goddess of lies. 
FABULI'NUS, a god of infants 
GY 
FA'MA, the goddess of report, &c. 
FAS'CINUM, a title of Priapus. 
FATES, the three daughters of Nox and Ere- 
bus, Clothos, Lachesis, and Atropos, entrusted 
with the lives of mortals, &c. 
FAU'NA, and FAT'UA, names of Cybele. 
FAU'NUS, the son of Mercury and Nox, and 
father of the Fauns, rural gods. 
FEB'RUA, FLOR'IDA, FLUO'NIA, titles of 
Juno. 
FEB'RUA, a goddess of purification. 
FEB'RUUS, a title of Pluto. 
FELI'CITAS, the goddess of happiness. 
FER'CULUS, a household god. 
FERE'TRIUS, and FULMINA'TOR, titles 
of Jupiter. 
FERO'NIA, a goddess of woods. 
FESSO'NIA, a goddess of wearied persons. 
FID'IUS, the god of treaties. 
FLAM'INES, priests of Jupiter, Mars, Sec. 
FLO'RA, the goddess of flowers. 
FLUVIA'LES, or I’OTAM'IDES, nymphs ot 
rivers. 
FOR'NAX, a goddess of corn and bakers. 
FORTU'NA, or FOR'TUNE, the goddess of 
happiness, &c., said to be blind. 
FU'RIES, or EUMEN'IDES, the three daugh- 
ters of Nox and Acheron, named Alecto, Me- 
gtera, and Tisiphone, with hair composed of 
snakes, and armed with whips, chains, &c. 
G 
GALATE'A, daughter of Nereus and Doris, 
passionately beloved by Polyphemus. 
GAL'II, castrated priests of Cybele. 
GAL'LUS, or ALEC'TRION, a favourite of 
Mars, and changed by him into a cock. 
GAME'LIA, a title of Juno. 
GAN'GES, a famous river of India. 
cupbearer of Jupiter. 
GELASl'NUS, tlie god of mirth and smiles. 
GELO'NI, a people of Scythia, who used to 
paint themselves in orderto appear more terrible 
to their enemies. 
GE'NK, guardian angels. 
GE'NIUS, a name of Priapus. 
GER'YON, a king of Spain, who fed his oxen 
with human- flesh, and was therefore killed by 
Hercules. 
GLAUCO'PIS, a name of Minerva. 
GLAUCUS, a fisherman, made a seagod by 
eating a certain herb: also the son of Ilippolo- 
chus, who exciianged his arms of gold for the 
brazen ones of Diomede. 
GNOS'SIS, a name of Ariadne. 
GOR'DIUS, a husbandman, but afterwards 
king of Phrygia, remarkable for tying a knot of 
cords on which the empire of Asia depended, in 
so very intricate a manner, that Alexander the 
Great, unable to unravel it, cut it to pieces. 
GOR'GONS, the three daughters of Phorcys 
and Ceta, Medusa, Euryale, and Stheno, who 
could change into stone those whom they looked 
on; Perseus slew Medusa, the principal of 
them. 
GORGOPII'ORUS, a title of Pallas. 
GRA'CF.S, Aglaia, Thalia, and Eupbrosvne, 
the daughters of Jupiterand Eurynonte; atten- 
dants on Venus and the Muses. 
GR ADI'VUS, a title of Mars. 
GY'GES, a Lydian, to whom Candaules, king 
of Lydia, showed his queen naked, which so 
incensed her that she slew Candaules, and mar- 
ried Gyges: also a shepherd, who by means ot a 
ring could render himself invisible. HO 
II 
HA'DES. a title of Pluto. 
HAMAXO'BII, a people of Scythia, who lived 
In carts, and removed from place to place, as 
necessity required. 
HARMO'NIS, a famous artist of Troy. 
HARPAL'YCA, a very beautiful maid of 
Argos. 
HAR'PIES, three monsters, Aello, Celoeno, 
and Ocypete, with the faces of virgins, bodies 
of vultures, and hands armed with monstrous 
claws. 
HARPOC'RATES, the Egyptian god of si- 
lence. 
HE'BE, the goddess of youth. 
IIE'BRUS, a river in Thrace. 
HECA'LIUS, a title given to Jupiter by The 
sens. 
IIEC'ATE, Diana’s name in hell. 
HEC'TOR, a son of Priam and Hecuba, and 
the most valiant of all the Trojans. 
HEC'UBA, the wife of Priam. 
HEGE'SIUS, a philosopher of Cyrene, who 
described the miseries of life with such a gloomy 
eloquence, that many of his auditors killed 
themselves through despair. 
IlEL'ENA, the wife of Menelaus, the most 
beautiful woman in the world, who, running 
away with Paris, occasioned the Trojan war. 
HEL'ENUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba. 
HEL'ICON, a famous mountain of Bceotia, 
dedicated to Apollo and the Muses. 
H ERA'IA, sacrifices to Juno. 
HER'CULES, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, 
remarkable for his numerous exploits and dan- 
gerous enterprises. 
IIERIBE'IA, the wife of Astreus. 
HER'MJE, statues of Mercury. 
HER'MEB, a name of Mercury. 
H ERMI'ONE. a daughter of Mars and Venus, 
married to Cadmus; also a daughter of Mene- 
laus and Helena, married to Pyrrhus. 
HE'RO, a beautiful woman of Sestos, in 
Thrace, priestess of Venus; Leander, of Abydos, 
loved her so tenderly, that he swam over the 
Hellespont every night to see her ; but being at 
lengih unfortunately drowned, she threw her- 
self into the sea, through despair. 
HEROD'OTUS, a very famous historian of 
Halicarnassus. 
IIEROPHTLA, the Erythraean sybil. 
IIERSILl'A, the wife of Romulus. 
HES'PERUS, or VESPER, the evening star. 
IIES'PERIDES, the daughters of Hesperus ; 
jEgle, Arethusa, and Hesperethusa, who had a 
garden bearing golden apples, watched by a 
dragon, which Hercules slew, and bore away the 
fruit. 
H E'SUS, a name of Mars among the Gauls. 
HIP'PIAS, a philosopher of Elis. 
HIPPOCAM'PI, Neptune’s horses. 
HIP'POCRENE, a fountain at the bottom of 
mount Helicon, dedicated to Apollo. 
HIPPOL'YTUS, the son of Theseus and An- 
tiope or Hippolyte, who refused intimacies with 
his stepmother Phatdra. At the request of Di-I 
ana, Aesculapius restored him to life, after he1 
had been thrown from his chariot, and dragged 
through the woods till he was torn in pieces. 
II! I’PO'NA, the goddess of horses and stables. 
HISTO'RIA, the goddess of history. 
HORTEN'SIS, a name of Venus. 
IIO’RUS, a title of the sun. 
HOSTILl'NA, a goddess of corn i 
IX 
I HY'ADES, the seven daughters of Atlas an3 
JEthra ; Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, Pasithoc, 
| Plexaris, Pytho, and Tvche. They were changed 
I by Jupiter into 7 stars. 
IIY'BLA, a mountain in Sicily, universally 
famous for its thyme and bees. 
HY'DRA, a serpent, which had seven heads, 
or as some say, nine, others fifty, killed by Her- 
cules in the lake Lerna. 
HYGE'IA, the goddess of health. 
HYL'LUS, the son of Hercules and Dejanira. 
HY'MEN, the god of marriage. 
HYPE'RION, a son of Ccelus and Terra. 
HYPSIP'YLE, a queen of Lemnos, who was 
banished for preserving her father when all the 
other men of the island were murdered by theii 
kindred. 
I 
IAC'CHUS, a name of Bacchus. 
IAN'THE, the beautiful wife of Iphis. 
IAP'ETUS, a son of Caelum and Terra. 
IAR'BAS, a cruel king of Mauritania. 
ICA'RIUS, the son of Oebalus, who, having 
received from Bacchus a bottle of wine, went 
into Attica, to show men the use of it; but, 
making some shepherds drunk, they thought he 
had given them poison, and therefore threw him 
into a well. 
IC'ARUS, the son of Daedalus, who, flying 
with his father out of Crete into Sicily, and 
soaring too high, melted the wax of his wings, 
and fell into the sea, thence called the Icarian 
sea. 
I'D A, a mountain near Troy. 
IDiE'A MATER, a name of Cybele. 
IDjE'I DACT'YLI, priests of Cybele. 
IDA'LIA, a name of Venus. 
ID'MON, a famous soothsayer. 
IDO'THEA, Jupiter’s nurse. 
IL'IONE, the eldest daughter of Priam. 
ILIS'SUS, a river in Attica. 
I'LUS, the son of Tros and Callirrhoe, from 
whom Troy was called Ilium. 
IMPERA'TOR, a name of Jupiter. 
IN'ACIHS and I'SES, names of lo. 
I'NO, daughter of Cadmus and Hermiones, 
and wife of Athamas. 
INTERCIDO'NA, a goddess of breeding wo- 
men. 
INTERDU'CA, and JU'GA, names of Juno, 
IN'UUS, and INC'UBUS, names of Pan. 
I'O, daughter of Inachus, transformed by Ju- 
piter, into a white heifer; but afterwards, 
resuming her former shape, was worshipped 
as a goddess by the Egyptians, under the name 
of Isis. 
IPH'ICLUS, the twin brother of Hercules. 
IPHIGE'NIA, daughter of Agamemnon and 
Clytemnestra, w’ho, standing as a victim ready 
to be sacrificed to appease the rage of Diana, 
was, by that goddess transformed into a white 
hart, carred to Tauris. and made her priestess. 
I'PHIS, t prince of Cyprus, who hanged him- 
self for love; also a daughter of Lygdas. 
IPIITTUS, son of Praxnnides, Who instituted 
Olympic games to Hercules. 
l'RIS, the daughter of Thaumas; she was 
Juno’s favourite companion, and her messenger 
on affairs of discord, &c. 
I'TYS, the son of Tereus and Progne, mut 
dered and served up by his mother at a banquet 
before Tereus, in revenge for his having forcibly 
defioured her sister Philomela. 
IXI'ON, the son of Phlegyas, who was fasten- MA 
ed in hell to a wheel perpetually turning round, 
for boasting that he had lain with Juno. 
JAN'ITOR, and J UNO'N IUS, titles of Janus. 
JA'NUS, the first king of Italy, son of Apollo 
and Creusa. 
JA'SON, a Thessalian prince, son of Alison, 
who bv Medea’s help brought away the golden 
fleece from Colchis. 
JOCAS'TA, the daughter of Creon, who un- 
wittingly married her own son CEdipus. 
JU'NO, the sister and wife of Jupiter. 
JU'NO INFER'NA, a name of Proserpine. 
JUNO'NESS, guardian angels of women. 
JU'PITER, a son of Saturn and Ops, the su- 
preme deity of the heathens. 
JU'PITER SECUN'DUS, a name of Neptune. 
JU'PITER TER'TIUS, INFER'NUS, or 
STY'GIUS, several appellations given to Pluto. 
JUVEN'TA, a goddess of youths. 
L 
LA'CHESIS, one of the three Fates. 
LACIN'IA, and LUCIL'IA, titles of Juno. 
LAC'L'U'RA, or LACTUCI'NA, a goddess of 
corn. 
LASSTRIG'ONES, cannibals of Italy, who 
roasted and ate the companions of Ulysses. 
LA'IUS, a king of Thebes, killed unwittingly 
by his own son CEdipus. 
LA'MIAJ, a name of the Gorgons. 
LAOC'OON, a son of Priam, and high-priest 
of Apollo; he and his two sous were killed by 
serpents for opposing the reception of the wooden 
horse into Troy. 
LA'PIS, or LAPID'EUS, titles of Jupiter. 
LA'RES, sons of Mercury and Lara, worship- 
ped as household gods. 
LATERA'NUS, a household god. 
LAVER'NA, a goddess of thieves. 
LEAN'DER. See Hero. 
LE'DA, daughter of Thestias, and wife of 
Tyndarus, seduced by Jupiter in the shape of a 
iwan. 
LEMONT'ADES, nymphs of meadows, &c. 
LE'NAD, priestesses of Bacchus. 
LER'NA, a marsh of Argos, famous for a 
hydra, killed there by Hercules. 
LE'THE, a river of hell, whose waters caused 
a total forgetfulness of things past. 
LEVA'NA, a goddess of new born infants. 
LIBITI'NA, the goddess of funerals. 
IA'NUS, son of Apollo and Terpsichore. 
LUBEN'TIA, the goddess of pleasure. 
LU'CIFF.R, son of Jupiter and Aurora, made 
the morning star. 
LU'NA, Diana’s name in heaven. 
LUPERCA'LIA, feasts in honour of Pan. 
LUPER'CI, priests of Pan. 
LYCA'ON, a king of Arcadia, turned by Ju- 
piter into a wolf. 
M 
MATA, loved by Jupiter, and by him turned 
Into a star to avoid Juno’s rage. 
MANAGENE'TA, a goddess of women in 
labour. 
MANTU'RA, a goddess of corn. 
MANTUR'NA, and ME'NA, nuptial god- 
desses. 
MARENA, MEI/ANIS, MER'ETRIX. MI- 
GONl'TIS, and MUR'CIA, titles of Venus 
MARS, the god of war. 
~ NO 
MAUSO'LUS, a king of Caria, who had a 
most magnificent tomb erected to him by his 
wife Artemisia. 
MEDE'A, daughter of AUtes, king of Colchis, 
a famous sorceress, who assisted Jason to obtain 
the golden fleece. 
MEDITRI'NA, a goddess of grown persons. 
MEDU'SA, tlie chief of the three Gorgons. 
MEGAi'RA, one of the three Furies. 
MEGALEN'SIA, festivals in honour of 
Cybele. 
MEGA'RA, the wife of Hercules. 
MELANI'RA, a name of Venus. 
META AH, nymphs of the fields. 
ME'LIUS, a name of Hercules. 
MELO'NA, the goddess of honey. 
MELPOSl'ENE, the muse of tragedy. 
MEM'NON, a king of Abydos. 
MENALA'US, a famous Centaur. 
MENELA'US, the husband of Helena. 
MEN'THA, a mistress of Pluto. 
MEN'TOR, the governor of Telemachus. 
MER'CURY, the messenger of the gods, in- 
ventor of letters, and god of eloquence, mer- 
chandise, and robbers. 
MER'OPE, one of the seven Pleiades. 
Ml'DAS, a king of Phrygia, who entertaining 
Bacchus, or, as some say, Silenus, had the power 
given him of turning whatever he touched into 
gold. 
MI'LO, a wrestler of remarkable strength. 
MIMAL'LONES, attendants on Bacchus. 
MINER'VA, the goddess of wisdom. 
MI'NOS, a king of Crete, made, for his extra- 
ordinary justice, a judge of hell. 
MIN'OTAUR, a monster, half man, half beast. 
MIN'Y/E, a name of the Argonauts. 
MNEMOS'YNE, the goddess of memory. 
MO'MUS, the god of raillery, wit, &.c. 
MONE'TA, a title of Jurio. 
MOR'PHEUS, the god of sleep, drqarns, &c. 
MORS, the goddess of death. 
MUL'CIBER, a title of Vulcan. 
MU'SES, nine daughters of Jupiter and Mne- 
mosyne, born on mount Pierius, mistresses of all 
the sciences, presidents of musicians, and poets, 
and governesses of the feasts of the gods ; Cal- 
liope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Poly- 
hymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania. 
MU'TA, the goddess of silence. 
N 
NAHNIA, the goddess of funeral songs. 
NA'IADES, nymphs of rivers, &c. 
NARCIS'SUS, a very beautiful youth, who, 
falling in love with his own shadow in the 
water, pined away into a daffodil. 
NA'TIO, and NUNDl'NA, goddesses of in- 
fants. 
NEM/E'A, a country of Elis, famed for a 
terrible lion killed there by Hercules. 
NEM'ESIS, the goddess of revenge. 
NEP'TUNE the god of the sea. 
NE'REIDES, sea nymphs. 
NE'RIO, the wife of Mars. 
NICEPH'ORUS, a title of Jupiter. 
NI'NUS, the first king of the Assyrians. 
NI'OBE, daughter of Tantalus and wife of 
Amphion, who, preferring herself to Latona, 
had her 14 children killed by Diana and Apollo, 
and wept herself into a statue. 
NO'MIUS, a name of Apollo. 
NOX, the most ancient of all the deities; she 
/was even reckoned older than Chaos. 
415 PII 
O 
OB'SEQUENS, a title of Fortuna. 
OCCA'TOR, the god of harrowing. 
OCE'ANUS, an ancient seagod. 
OCYP'ETE, one of the three Harpies. 
CED'IPUS, son of Laius and Jocasta, and 
king of Thebes, who solved the riddle of the 
Sphinx, unwittingly killed his father, married 
his mother, and at last ran mad, and tore out 
his eyes. 
OM'PHALE, a queen of Lydia, with whom 
Hercules was so enamoured, that she made him 
submit to spinning and other unbecoming offices. 
OPER'TUS, a name of Pluto. 
OPI'GENA, a name of Juno. 
OPS, a name of Cybele. 
ORBO'NA, a goddess of grown persons. 
ORES'TES, tbe son of Agamemnon. 
ORl'ON, a great and mighty hunter. 
OR'PHEUS, son of Jupiter and Calliope, w'ho 
had great skill in music, and was torn in pieces, 
by the Maenades, for disliking the company of 
women after the death of his wife Eurydicc. 
ORYTHI'A, a queen of the Amazons. 
OSI'RIS. See Apis. 
P 
PAC'TOLUS, a river of Lydia, with golden 
Bands and medicinal waters. 
PA2'AN, and PHCE'BUS, names of Apollo. 
PA'LES, the goddess of shepherds. 
PALIL'fA, feasts in honour of Pales. 
PALLA'DIUM, a statue of Minerva, which 
the Trojans imagined fell from heaven, and that 
their city could not be taken whilst that remain- 
ed in it. 
PAL'LAS, and PY'LOTIS, names of Mi- 
nerva. 
PAN, the god of shepherds. 
PANDO'RA, the first woman made by Vul- 
can, and endowed with gifts by all the deities ; 
Jupiter gave her a box containing all manner 
of evils, war, famine, &c. with hope at the 
bottom. 
PAN'OPE, one of the Nereides. 
PA'PHIA, a title of Venus. 
PAR'CAS, a name of the Fates. 
PAR'IS,or AL'EXANDER.son of Priam and 
Hecuba, a most beautiful youth, who ran away 
with Helena, and occasioned the Trojan war. 
PARNAS'SUS, a mountain of Phocis, famous 
for a temple of Apollo, and being the favourite 
residence of the Muses. 
PAR'TUNDA, a nuptial goddess. 
PASTOPH'ORI, priests of Isis. 
PAT'AREUS, n title of Apollo. 
PATELI'NA, a goddess of corn. 
PATULA'CIUS, a name of Janus. 
PATULE'IUS, a name of Jupiter. 
PAVEN'TIA, and POLI'NA, goddesses of in- 
fants. 
PEG'ASUS, a winged horse belonging to 
Apollo and the Muses. 
PELLO'NIA, a goddess of grown persons. 
PENA'TES, small statues or household gods. 
PENEL'OPE, daughter of Icarus, celebrated 
for her chastity and fidelity during the long ab- 
sence of Ulysses. 
PER'SEUS, son of Jupiter and Danae, who 
performed many extraordinary exploits by 
means of Medusa’s head. 
PHASCASIA'Nl, ancient gods of Greece. 
PY 
PHA'F.TON, son of Sol (Apollo) and Cly- 
niene, who asked the guidance of liis father’* 
chariot for one day, as a proof of his divine de- 
scent ; hut unahle to manage the horses, set the 
world on fire, and was therefore struck hy Ju 
piter with a thunderbolt into the river Po. 
PHAL'LICA, feasts of Bacchus. 
PHILAM'MON, a skilful musician. 
PHILOME'LA, daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens, who was ravished by her brother-in- 
law, Tereus, and was changed into a nightin- 
gale. 
PIIIN'EAS, son of Agenor, and king of Pa- 
phlagonia, who had his eyes torn out by Boreas, 
but was recompensed with the knowledge of 
futurity; also a king of Thrace, turned into a 
stone by Perseus, by the help of Medusa’s head. 
PHLEG'ETHON, a boiling river of hell. 
PHLE'GON, one of the four horses of Sol. 
PHLEG'Y-iE, a people of Boeotia, destroyed 
by Neptune, on account of their piracies and 
other crimes. 
PHCE'BAS, the priestess of Apollo. 
PHCE'BUS, a title of Apollo. 
PHCE'NIX, son of Amyntor, who, being false- 
ly accused of having attempted the honour of 
one of his father’s concubines, was condemned 
j to have his eyes torn out; but was cured by 
|Chiron, and went with Achilles to the siege of 
Troy. 
PICUM'NUS, a rural god. 
PILUM'NUS, a god of breeding women. 
PIN'DUS, a mountain of Thessaly. 
PI'THO, a goddess of eloquence. 
PLE'IADES, the seven daughters of Atla* 
and Pleione ; Mala, F.lectra, Taygete, Asterope, 
Merope, Ilalcyone, and Celceno; they were 
changed into stars. 
PLU'TO, the god of hell. 
PLU'TUS, the god of riches. 
POL/LUX. See CASTOR. 
POLY IV A MAS, a famous wrestler. 
POLYIVIUS, a famous prophet and physi- 
cian. 
POLYHYM'NIA, the muse of rhetoric. 
POLYPHF/MUS, a monstrous giant, son of 
Neptune, witli but one eye in the middle of hit 
forehead. 
POMO'NA, thegoddessof fruits and autumn 
I’OSE'IDON, a name of Neptune. 
PRASNESTl'NA, a name of Fortuna. 
PRjES'TF.S, a title of Jupiter and Minerva 
l’RAXIT'ELES, a famous statuary. 
PRI'AM, son of Laomedon, and father of Fa- 
ns, Hector, tec.; he was the last king of Troy. 
PUOG'NE, wife of Tereus, king of Thrace, 
and sister to Philomela; she was turned into a 
swallow. 
PROME'THEUS, son of iapetus, who anima- 
ted a man that he had formed of clay, with fire, 
which, by the assistance of Minerva, he stole 
from heaven, and was therefore chained by Ju- 
piter to mount Caucasus, with a vulture conti- 
nually preying on his liver. 
PROPYLA’/A, a name of Hecate. 
PROS'ERPINE, the wife of Pluto. 
PRO'TEUS, a seagod, who could transform 
himself into any shape. 
PSY'CHE. the goddess of pleasure. 
IPYI/ADES, the constant friend of Orestes. 
PYR'AMUS, and THIS'RE, two lovers, of 
Babylon, who killed themselves with the same 
sword, and occasioned the turning the berries 
|of the mulberry-tree, under which they died, 
|from white to red. 
jj P YRCE'TIS, one of the four horses of the Suit.  SY 
PYR'RHUS, son of Achilles, remarkable for 
nis cruelty at the siege of Troy. 
PYTHON, a huge serpent, produced from the 
mud of the deluge, which Apollo killed, and, 
in memory thereof, instituted the Pythian 
games. 
PYTHORIS'SA, the priestess of Apollo. 
Q 
QUAD'RIFRONS, a title of Janus. 
QUI'ES, a goddess of grown persons. 
QUIETA'LIS and QUIETUS, names of 
Pluto. 
QUINQUATRIA, feasts of Pallas. 
R 
RECTUS, a title of Bacchus. 
RE'DUX and RE'GIA, titles of Fortune. 
REGI'NA, a title of Juno. 
RHADAMAN'THUS, one of the three infer- 
nal judges. 
RIIE'A, a title of Cybelc. 
RIIE'A-SYI/VIA, the mother of Romulus. 
ItOBI'GUS, a god of corn. 
ROMU'LUS, the first king of Rome. 
RU'MINA, agoddessof new born infants. 
RUNCI'NA, the goddess of weeding. 
RUSI'N A, a rural deity. 
S 
SABA'ZIA, feasts of Proserpine. 
BA'LII, the 12 frantic priests of Mars. 
SALMONE'US, a king of Elis, struck by a 
thunderbolt to hell for imitating Jupiter’s thun- 
der. 
SA'LUS, the goddess of health. 
SANC'US, a god of the Sabines. 
SA'TOR and SORRITOR, rural gods. 
SATURNA'LIA, feasts of Saturn. 
SATUR'NUS, or SAT'URN, the son of Cce- 
lum and Terra. 
SAT'YRS, the attendants of Bacchus, horned 
monsters, half men, half goats. 
SCY'RON, a famous robber of Attica. 
SETA, and SEGETIA, goddesses of corn. 
SEL'LI, priests of Jupiter. 
SEN'TA, a goddess of married women. 
SERA PIS. See APIS. 
SILE'NUS, the foster-father and companion 
of Bacchus, who lived in Arcadia, rode on an 
ass, and was drunk every day. 
SI'MIS, a famous robber, killed by Hercules. 
SIS'YPHUS, the son of jEoIus, killed by The- 
seus, and doomed incessantly to roll a huge 
stone up a mountain in hell for his perfidy and 
numerous robberies. 
SOL, a name of Apollo. 
SOM'NUS, the god of sleep. 
SPHINX, a monster, born of Syphon and 
Echidna, who destroyed herseif because CEdi- 
pus solved the enigma she proposed. 
STA'TA, a goddess of grown persons. 
STEN'TOR, a Grecian, whose voice is report- 
ed to have been as strong and as loud as the voi- 
ces of 50 men together 
STHE'NO, one of the three Gorgons. 
STYX, a river of hell. 
SUA'DA, a nuptial goddess. 
SUMMA'NUS, a name of Pluto. 
SY LVA'NUS, a god of woods and forests. 
SY'RENS, seamonsters. 
VU ' 
v 
TA’CITA, a goddess of silence. 
TANTALUS, a king of Paphlagonia, who, 
serving up to table the limbs of iiis son Pelops, 
to try the divinity of the gods, was plunged to 
the chin in a lake of hell, and doomed to ever- 
lasting thirst and hunger, as a punishment for 
his barbarity and impiety. 
TARTA'RUS, the place of the wicked in hell 
TAU'RUS, the bull under whose form Jupi- 
ter carried away Europa. 
TELCHI'NES, priests of Cvbele. 
TELEMA'CHUS, the only son of Ulysses. 
TEM'PE, a most beautiful valley in Thessaly, 
the resort of the gods. 
TER'MINUS, the god of boundaries. 
TERPSICIIO'RE, the muse of music, &c. 
TER'ROR, the god of dread and fear. 
THA'LIA, the muse of comedy. 
THE'MIS, the daughter of Ccelum and Terra, 
the goddess of laws, oracles, &c. 
THES'PIS, the first tragic poet. 
THE'TIS, daughter of Nereus and Doris, and 
goddess of the sea. 
THYR'SUS, the rod of Bacchus. 
TI'PHYS, the pilot of the ship Argo. 
TISIPH'ONE, one of the three Furies. 
TI'TAN, son of Caelum and Terra, and the 
elder brother of Saturnus, or Saturn. 
TMA'RIUS, a title of Jupiter. 
TRITON, Neptune’s trumpeter. 
TRl'TONIA, a name of Minerva. 
TRO'lLUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba. 
TROY, a city of Phrygia, famous for holding 
out a siege of ten years against the Greeks, Jju 
they at last captured and destroyed it. 
TUTELI'NA, a goddess of corn. 
TY'RO, one of the Nereids. 
U 
ULYS'SES, son of Laertes and Anticlea, and 
king of Ithaca, who, by his subtlety and elo- 
quence, was eminently serviceable to the Greeks, 
in the Trojan war. 
UNX'IA, a title of Juno. 
URA'NIA, the muse of astronomy. 
V 
VACU'NA, the goddess of idle personal 
VAGITA'NUS, a god of little infants. 
VALLO'NIA, a goddess of valleys. 
VENl'LIA, a wife of Neptune. 
YE'NUS, the goddess of love, beauty. 
VERGIL'LE, a name of the Pleiades. 
VERTICOR'DIA, a name of Venus. 
VERTUM'NUS, the god of the spring 
VESTA, the goddess of fire. 
VIA'LES, deities of the highways. 
VIBIL'IA, the goddess of wanderers. 
VIRGMEN'SIS, a nuptial goddess. 
VIR'GO, a name of Astrea and Fortune. 
VIRI'LIS, and VISCA'TA, titles of Fortune 
VIRI'PLACA, an inferior nuptial goddess, 
who reconciled husbands to their wives; a tem- 
ple, at Rome, was dedicated to her, whither the 
married couple repaired after a quarrel, and re- 
turned together friendly. 
VITU'LA, the goddess of mirth. 
VOLU'SIA, a goddess of corn. 
VUL'CAN, the god of subterraneous fire. 
417  ZA 
X 
XAN'THUS, one of the horses of Achilles, 
born of the harpy Celoeno, a river near Troy, 
called also Scamander. 
Z 
ZA'CEtEUS Na title of Bacchui. 
ZK 
ZEPH'YRUS, son of Alolus and Aurora, who 
passionately loved the goddess Flora, and is put 
lor the west wind. 
ZE'TES and CA'LAIS, sons of Boreas and 
Orythia, who accompanied the Argonauts, and 
drove the Uarpies from Thrace. 
ZE'TUS, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, very 
expert in Music. 
ZE'US, a title of Jupiter A SHORT 
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 
OF SOME OF THE MOST , 
iimmm umm 
IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD. 
AL 
ADAMS, John, late president of the United 
States, was born at Boston, about 1735, and 
bred to the bar, of which lie became a distinguish- 
ed member. He was conspicuous as one of the 
first and most decided opponents of the encroach- 
ments of the British government, on the lights 
and liberties of the colonies, and as one of the 
most energetic friends of the revolution. Ue 
was a member of the continental congress in 
177b, and one of the signers of the declaration 
of Independence. He was afterwards sent as 
minister from tile congress to Holland, and was 
acknowledged in that character by the states. 
While he retained that station, he rendered im- 
portant services to his country by procuring 
loans, and concluding treaties of amity and com- 
merce. Toward the close of the revolutionary 
war, he was appointed, together with Dr. Frank- 
lin, Mr. Jay, and Mr. Laurens, commissioner 
for negotiating a peace with Great Britain ; with 
this view he repaired to Baris, where with his 
colleagues, he had the high honour of procuring 
the recognition of the entire independence of 
the colonies by that power, and of signing a 
treaty ot peace to that effect. He was afterwards 
the first ambassador from the United States to 
Great Britain. On the adoption of the constitu- 
tion of the United States, Mr. Adams was chosen 
first vice president, and on the retirement of ge- 
neral Washington at the close of his second pre- 
sidential term, he succeeded him as president 
of the United States. Mr. Adams has resided 
as a private citizen on his estate at Q.uincy,| 
since his retirement from the presidency, lie 
has written an able defence of the constitution 
of the United States. 
ADAMS, John Ouincy, is the son of the pre- 
ceding, and was born atiiuincy, about 17b5. He 
has long been engaged in public life, as the re- 
presentative of Massachusetts, in the United 
States senate, and of his country, as her am- 
bassador at several of the European courts. Ue| 
was one of the commissioners, who signed the 
treaty of peace with Great Britain, at Ghent, in 
1815. The following year he was appointed 
secretary of state under Mr. Monroe, and dis- 
charged the duties of that office, for eight years, 
with distinguished reputation and ability. Mr. 
Adams is now president of the United States, 
for the term of four years, from the 4th day of 
March, 1825 
ALEXANDER, Paulowitz, emperor of Rus- 
sia, is the eldest son of Paul I. He was born 
December 22, 1777, and married to Elizabeth 
Alexiowna, princess of Baden, in 1793. He 
ascended the throne in 1801, and was-crovvned 
AN 
at Moscojv the same year. The first acts of hi* 
reign, were distinguished for their wisdom and 
lenity. He ordered the recruiting for the army 
to be discontinued, the public taxes to be dimin- 
ished, tile situation of the exiles to be examined, 
and their miseries alleviated ; he abolished tire 
censorship of writings, and gave liberty to the 
press; he corrected the administration of jus- 
tice ; established a uniformity of weights and 
measures, throughout his empire ; encouraged 
learning and science, and patronized literary 
men; and also liberally endowed schools and 
universities, in different parts of the empire. 
The invasion of Russia in 1812, by Napoleon, 
and the subsequent events which resulted in the 
defeat and dethronement of that emperor, are 
familiarly known; they were such as greatly 
to elevate the character and influence of Alex- 
ander, and to place him first on the list of Euro- 
pean sovereigns. Later events, however, have 
contributed farther to develope his character; 
they have shown him haughty, ambitious, and 
tyrannical; the champion of legitimacy; the 
enemy of liberal principles of civil government, 
and the decided opponent of reform. He is now 
the most efficient member of the Holy Alliance. 
ANGOULEME. Louis Anthony de Bourbon, 
due d’, dauphin of France, is the oldest son of 
Charles X., king of France, and of Maria 
Theresa, princess of Savoy. He was born at 
Versailles, in 1775, and in early life was distin- 
guished for his mild and amiable disposition, 
and for his studious habits. At the beginning 
of the French revolution, he emigrated with his 
father to the court of Turin, where for some 
time he devoted himself to his studies. He 
afterwards commanded a corps of emigrants in 
Germany. In 1799, he married the only daugh- 
ter and surviving child of Louis XVI., his pa- 
ternal uncle. For several years he resided at 
different European courts, as the interest or in- 
clinations of the sovereigns permitted, until 1800, 
when he visited England, where he remained 
until the accession of Louis XVIU. to the 
throne. As lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 
he was taken prisoner by marshal Grouci. y, 
when Buonaparte returned from Elba, but was 
permitted by the emperor to retire. Since that 
time he has only appeared in public, as com- 
mander of the French armies, in the late inva- 
sion of Spain. He is heir apparent to the French 
throne. The duke and his dutchess are said to 
be extremely devout, but not sufficiently tolerant 
toward the protestants of the kingdom. 
ANGOULEME, Maria Theresa Charlotte, 
dutchess d’, is the sole surviving child of Lcui* 
419 BA 
XVI . and his queen Maria Antoinette; she mar- 
ried the duke in 1799. The unparalleled mis- 
fortunes of her early life, have rendered her 
melancholy, both in appearance and in reality; 
bite has drank too deep of the bitter cup of 
affliction, ever to forget it; and the traces of her 
unexampled misery, are probably indelible. She 
is however distinguished for her piety, benevo- 
lence and humanity. The events of her life, 
are identified with the history of France, and 
of the revolution. On the return of Buonaparte 
from Elba, she retired to Bourdeaux, where she 
was received witli acclamations ; but being af- 
terwards deserted by the inhabitants, she em- 
barked on board an English vessel for London, 
from which place she joined Louis XVHI. at 
Client; she returned to Paris after tiie battle of 
Waterloo ; she has had no children. 
B 
BADEN, Charles Louis Frederick, duke of, 
was born in 1786, and married in 1806 to a cousin 
of the empress Josephine, and the adopted daugh- 
ter of Napoleon. He succeeded to the dukedom 
of Baden, in 1810. During the wars on the con- 
tinent, he served with reputation, in several 
campaigns under Buonaparte, by whom he was 
highly esteemed. The misfortunes of the em- 
peror, however, and the disasters of the Russian 
campaign, led him to form new connexions with 
the other sovereigns of Europe ; lie joined the 
allies, fought against the emperor, and was re- 
warded by the allies, with an accession of terri- 
tory. He is one of the few German princes, who 
has given a constitution to his people, founded on 
the same basis as that of the kingdom of VVir- 
temburg. 
BAILL1E, Joanna, is a single lady, who re- 
sides chiefly in her native country, Scotland. 
She is distinguished for her talents and writings, 
and has published a series of plays in several 
volumes, illustrative of the strong passions of 
the mind. She has also written a collection of 
metrical legends of eminent characters in one 
volume. 
BARBAULD, Anna Letitia, is the daughter 
of the Rev. John Aiken, an English dissenting 
clergyman, and wile of the Rev. R. Burbauld, 
master of a school in Norfolk. She was born in 
the year 1734, and was early instructed in the 
Latin and Greek languages by her father. This 
lady is distinguished for her learning, as well as 
for her numerous writings, which have gained 
her great celebrity. She is now far advanced in 
life, and yet retains great vigour both of intellect 
and of body. Asa writer of prose, she has sur- 
passed almost every female of her time, and is 
equalled for elegance of diction, and soundness 
of sense, by few of tire other sex. 
BATHURST, Henry, earl, was born in 1762, 
and succeeded his father, who was several years 
lord chancellor of England, as earl, in 1794. As 
a member of the house of commons, he was 
honoured with the confidence of Mr. Pitt. He 
was made a commissioner of the admiralty, in 
1783, and lord of the treasury, in 1788, and lias! 
subsequently held several other important offices, I 
the duties of which, he has discharged with 
ability. He is now secretary of state for the! 
colonial department, and one of the tellers of ‘ 
the English exchequer. 
BEETHOVEN, Ludwig Van, was born at 
Boun, in the electorate of Cologn, in 1772,: 
and at the early age of eleven, gave evidence 
of those great musical talents, both as a com- 
pose! and performer, lor which he has bcec 
BE 
since so much distinguished. In 1792, he was 
sent by the elector of Cologn, to Vienna, to 
study the theory of music, under the cele- 
brated Haydn ; lie has continued to reside in 
that city since, under the patronage of several 
distinguished noblemen, by whom he is muni- 
ficently supported. His works are far too nu- 
merous to be mentioned here; they are uni- 
versally known, and are admitted to be produc- 
tions of the highest order: many of them will 
be heard with delight, after the overtures, even 
of Mozart. Beethoven is extremely deaf; this, 
together with a degree of inattention to the or- 
dinary rules of politeness in private life, has de- 
tracted somewhat from his reputation. He is 
however, said to possess a nice sense of honour 
and of moral rectitude, and an extensive ac- 
quaintance with literary and scientific subjects. 
BERNADOTTE, John Baptist Julius, now 
Charles John, king of Sweden, is the son of a 
citizen of Pau, in Bearn. He was born January 
26,1764, and after receiving a limited education, 
commenced his career, as a private soldier in a 
regiment of royal marines, at the beginning of 
the French revolution. His activity and valour 
soon raised him from obscurity; in 1792, he at- 
tained the rank of colonel, and the next year, 
that, of general of brigade. From that time, hit 
reputation as an officer rapidly increased, and 
his promotion in the French service, conse- 
quently followed. He was appointed ambas- 
sador from France to Vienna, and to the Hague; 
commander-in-chief of the army of the west, 
and minister of war. Buonaparte made him a 
marshal of the empire, and gave him the princi- 
pality of Ponte Corvo. lie was also decorated 
with the order of the Eagle by the king ol 
Prussia, and witli tiie insignia of several otliei 
orders, by different princes. Until 1810, he was 
actively and successfully engaged as a general 
officer, under Napoleon, and maintained the re- 
putation of a brave, skilful, and efficient com- 
mander. He was also distinguished no less lor 
Ids humanity and moderation, than for his va- 
lour and energy. This fact, so loreign to the 
characters of the other French marshals, en- 
deared him to the people of those countries 
through which the vicissitudes of war led him, 
and contributed in a great degree to his present 
elevation. On the deposition of Gustavus Adol- 
phus, in 1810, the throne of Sweden was with- 
out an heir, and he was selected by the principal 
inhabitants of that country, to supply the va- 
cancy. He was accordingly proclaimed by the 
states of Sweden, crown prince of that king- 
dom, August, 1811, and adopted by Charles XU 1. 
as his son. On receiving intelligence of that 
event at Paris, he solemnly renounced the catho- 
lic religion; hastened his departure from France, 
and made his public entrance into Stockholm 
on the 1st of November following. From that 
jtime to the present, he has been devoted to the 
interests and prosperity of his adopted country, 
[and he has gained the confidence and esteem of 
jhis subjects by his exertions for their welfare. 
In 1813, Sweden entered into the coalition 
against France, and the crown prince was ap- 
'poiuted to command the right wing of the alliid 
army, consisting of nearly one hundred thousand 
men ; with litis force he gained several impor- 
jtant victories, and contributed to the overblew 
of Napoleon. On the death of Charles XIII.. 
February ,7i It, 1818, the crown prince was ele- 
vated to the throne of Sweden, and has mi c* 
been acknowledged by all the great powvis of 
Euroue as sovereign of that kingdom. 
420 BO 
BERTRAND, count Henry Gratian, is des- 
ceuded from a respectable family in Touraine. j 
He took the oath of fidelity to Napoleon, and 
served as a general of artillery in the camp of 
St. Outers, in 180(5. The succeeding year he 
was aid de-camp to the emperor, and in that ca- 
pacity, acted a distinguished part in most of the 
campaigns of that period. In the battles of-Aus- 
terlitz, and Friedland, he signalized himself as 
a biave and skilful general, and as a firm friend 
of the emperor ; and he so far succeeded to his 
confidence and favour, that he was named grand 
marshal of the palace. Marshal Bertrand was 
engaged in the memorable campaign of Russia, 
and the severe actions that ensued. He then 
retired with the emperor to Elba, and, while 
there, was his confidential friend and adviser. 
On the return of Buonaparte from that island, 
Bertrand accompanied him as his first minister, 
was with him during the important events of 
the “ One hundred days,” and after the battle 
of Waterloo, and the second abdication of the 
emperor, retired with him on hoard the Bellero- 
phon, to share the banishment of his sovereign, 
to the island of St. Helena. Too much praise can- 
not be given to the gratitude and fidelity which 
induced this noble minded man, to quit his native 
country, and all the prospects of ambition, that 
he might soften the captivity of his fallen sove- 
reign. 
BLOOMFIELD, Robert, a distinguished Eng- 
lish poetical writer, was born in the county of 
Suffolk, in the year 177(5. His father was a 
mechanic of middling circumstances, and with a 
large family dependant on him for support; he, 
of course, was enabled to give his children hut a 
limited and common education. The death of 
this parent compelled .Mr. Bloomfield, when a 
lad of eleven years old, to accept the employ- 
ment of a farmer’s boy. In the intervals of bis 
labours, his native genius prompted him to pe- 
ruse such books and newspapers as came within 
his reach, and even then, he wrote a small po- 
em which was published in the London Maga- 
zine. He now turned his attention to poe- 
try during the hours of relaxation from labour, 
and composed many excellent pieces ; the prin- 
cipal of which, the “ Farmer’s Boy,” as a de- 
scriptive poem, possesses greatmerit; it has ful- 
ly established the claim of the author to the ti- 
tle of poet, and stamped his name with the ho- 
nour of genius. He has also published songs, 
ballads, and other pieces ; and the “ Banks of 
Wye,” a poem. 
BOLIVAR, Simon, is the most brilliant star 
in Colombian history, and indeed in the history 
of modern revolutions ; and, to whatever it may 
be ascribed, whether to accident, good fortune, 
or personal merit, or to all combined, he has 
raised himself to an eminent station in the list 
of successful heroes and remarkable men. He 
was born at Caraccas, about the year 1785, and 
s said to be descended of a noble and wealthy 
family of that place. After completing his stu- 
dies at Madrid, where he received his education, 
he resided for some time at Paris, where he was 
intimate with Humboldt and Bonpland, and 
then travelled through England, France, and 
other countries of Europe. Before he returned J 
to America, he had formed the design of de- 
voting himself to the cause of South American j 
independence, and he returned in season to 
join Miranda and his associates, just as he had 
unfurled the standard of liberty in Venezuela.; 
Being dissatisfied, however, with the general 
system of measures pursued by the patriot party,| 
iil) 
he for a time, avoided taking any active part, 
hut the time soon arrived, when he felt it his 
duty not to be kept inactive by a mere difference 
of opinion ; he then joined the anny and engaged 
in the contest, with a zeal and patriotism, that 
raised him to popularity and influence. From 
that day to this, his history is before the world ; 
it has been a succession of splendid achieve- 
ments, which have gained for his name a mer- 
ited place on the same tablet with that of 
Washington. The brightest records of ancient 
or modern fame, have nothing prouder to offer. 
Time must show, whether lie will complete the 
parallel with his illustrious model, which may 
thus far be run with so much apparent justice 
Bolivar, was in his early career, unfortunate as 
a soldier; he has however triumphed over iiis 
disasters. For a considerable time he was su- 
preme dictator, with all the army at his com- 
mand; but when a favourable opportunity pre- 
sented, he voluntarily relinquished bis power, 
and returned to the rank of a private citizen. 
As president of the republic of Colombia, he 
has proved himself equally eminent as a states- 
man, as well as a soldier. He has recently ex- 
hibited his magnanimity, and disinterestedness, 
by relinquishing supreme authority in an adjoin- 
ing state, for whose liberties ho had been con 
tending; and by declining to accept a present of a 
million of dollars, which had been voted him, by 
the congress of Peru, for his patriotic services. 
There is reason to believe that he is about to 
attempt the liberation of Brazil from the domi 
nation of a Portuguese dynasty. 
An American gentleman, in a letter from 
Lima, thus speaks of him : 
“ General Bolivar, or, as he is always called, 
the Libertador, is about 5 feet 7, slender in his 
person, and, as the “Hero of the Equator,” 
which the Americans call him, might he sti|>- 
posed to be rather dark in his complexion. His 
countenance, always of a serious cast, yet not- 
withstanding the mouztachio on his upper lip, 
not ferocious, as many represent hint; his eyes, 
dark hazel, are expressive and penetrating : he 
reads English, but does not speak more than rt 
few words. French he speaks fluently, though 
not correctly. Apologizing one day for my 
imperfect knowledge of French and Spanish ; 
he said, “ O, no matter, never regret it, your own 
fine idiom is the only one worth speaking ; all 
that is liberal, all that is noble, is to be found in 
that. It is the language of liberty.” He talks 
a great deal, and with apparent frankness, and 
without premeditation. He seems fond of so- 
cial life, and never balks a party by going away 
prematurely, &c. On two occasions I have been 
with him in large parties, once at a ball and 
supper, where he staid from eight in the evening 
to live in the morning talked the whole time ; 
at supper, gave toasts and made speeches, and 
after supper danced a waltz with a handsome 
girl. At a breakfast on Washington’s birth day, 
the day he selected for his visit to the frigate 
United States, which lasted from eleven to three, 
he gave several toasts and speeches, in one of 
which he exalted the United Stares as infinitely 
surpassing every nation of ancient and modern 
times, in knowing how to unite the most entire 
liberty with the most perfect order, intelligence, 
and liberality. 
His ambition appears to be of a lofty and fine 
description. He wishes to go down as the asserter 
and founder of South American Independence, 
and satisfied with an ample private fortune, dis- 
dains ail accession of wealth. Ills favourite  BO 
projects are a canal across the isthmus, and the 
establishment of a congress at Panama, to con- 
sist of a grand federative council, to decide on 
all disputes between the different states; to 
have an army which they shall call out when 
either of the states or any foreign power com- 
mits an aggression. After settling the affairs of 
these countries, and establishing their peace and 
independence, it is his wish to travel through 
the United States and England, for both of 
which countries he has a high admiration. His 
enmity against the Spaniards, nourished in the 
bloody war of Venezuela, is irreconcilable. All 
his connexions were murdered by them, except 
an uncle whom he basin Spain.” 
BOYER, John Peter, president of the island of 
Hayti, is a native of St. Domingo. Of his birth 
and early life, we are unable to give any par- 
ticulars. He is said to be well educated, and it 
appears that he must long have possessed con- 
siderable influence in his native island, as on 
the death of Petion, he was elected president 
of the republic, without opposition. Since the 
death of Christophe, he has extended his au- 
thority over the whole island, and united all the 
inhabitants under his government. Boyer lias 
recently procured, by negotiation, the recogni- 
tion on the part of France, of the independent 
sovereignty of the whole island. So far as we 
are acquainted with the acts of his administra- 
tion, he has given evidence of a strong mind, 
and of talents for governing, which might be 
coveted by some of the more legitimate sove- 
reigns of Europe. 
BRYANT, William Cullen, a poet of con- 
siderable eminence, was born in the town of 
Cornington, Massachusetts. His father was a 
respectable physician of that place. After com- 
pleting his preparatory studies, he became a 
member of the Williamstown collece, and re- 
mained there two years. He then commenced 
his professional studies, read law in an office 
at Northampton, and settled as a lawyer in 
Great Barrington. His amiable character, and 
social qualities have obtained for him the re- 
gard of a large circle of friends; while his pure 
taste and cultivated genius have excited admi- 
ration on both sides of the Atlantic. He now 
resides at New York, and is an editor of the 
Atheneum Magazine (1825.) 
BUONAPARTE, madam Letitia Romalina, 
mother to the late emperor of France, was born 
at Ajaccio, in Corsica, 1750, and in 1767 married 
an assessor to the tribunal of that island. On 
the death of her husband, she was left with a 
numerous family, and without a fortune. She, 
however, succeeded in gaining powerful friends 
and protectors, to some of whom she was in- 
debted for the elevation of her family. On the 
invasion of Corsica by the English, she removed 
to Marseilles, and from thence to Paris, where 
she resided until the downfall of the emperor. 
During the greater part of that period, she 
lived in all the splendour and luxury of a court, 
and received from the French people, that 
homage which was due to the mother of their 
sovereign. But the elegance which surrounded j 
this lady had no charms for her, and it was said, 
that she was constantly advising Napoleon to 
recollect, that the day of trial might come, when j 
the dazzling glory with which he was encircled, 
might pass away. Since the abdication of the 
emperor, madam Buonaparte has resided in the 
states of the church, with her sons Lucien and 
Louis. 
BUONAPARTE, Joseph, brother to Napo- 
bu 
leon, was born at Ajaccio, Jan. 7, 1768, and re- 
moved with tiis family to Fiance, in 1793. The 
next year lie married a mademoiselle Clary, sis- 
ter to the present queen of Sweden. He was 
appointed by his brother a commissary in the 
army ; and by the republic ambassador to Home, 
in 1797. On his return, he was chosen a depu- 
ty to the council of Five Hundred, and secreta- 
ry to that body. After the revolution of the ISth 
Brumaire, his brother named him counsellor 
of state, and minister plenipotentiary to nego- 
tiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the 
United States. He signed the treaty of Lune- 
ville, in 1801, and soon after concluded a peace 
with Great Britain, at Amiens. He was nomi- 
nated president of the senate, by the emperor, 
and honoured with the titles of prince and grand 
elector of the empire. This was but the prelude 
to farther advancement; he was raised to the 
rank of general and commander-in-chief of the 
army of Naples, and lastly named lieutenant- 
general of that kingdom, which he had invaded 
at the head of a powerful army. On the 13th of 
Feb., 1800, king Ferdinand left Naples for Sicily, 
and the next day Joseph entered the city and 
took possession of the palace. He was soon af- 
ter proclaimed king of Naples, and formally 
elevated to that dignity. As sovereign of the 
kingdom of Naples, he became subservient to 
the views and policy of Napoleon. He suppres- 
sed the religious orders, seized upon their pro- 
perty, and converted their lands to the public 
use. He also abolished the feudal rights, and 
created a new order, called the order of the Two 
Sicilies. He was likewise accused of resigning to 
pleasure, hours which should have been devoted 
to business, and of preferring a voluptuous and 
ostentatious life, to the welfare and respect of 
his subjects. His administration, however, was 
far from being either tyrannical or cruel, and his 
people complained rather of his prodigality of 
expenditure, and the burthen of the public tax- 
es, than of his vices or injustice. In the yea» 
1808, he was proclaimed king of Spain and th* 
Indies, by Napoleon, and he immediately quit 
ted Napies, for his new monarchy. The civil 
wars which ensued in Spain, the interference of 
the English, and the victories of Wellington, 
caused his overthrow in that kingdom, and bin 
retreat from it, in 1813. He returned to France 
and on the invasion of Russia, in 1814, he wa» 
appointed by the emperor, lieutenant-general of 
the empire, and commandant-general of the na 
tional guards, and confidential adviser to the 
empress Maria Louisa, then invested With tin. 
regency. Being afterwards overpowered by the 
allied army, he left the kingdom, and retired to 
Switzerland; and on the final abdication if Na 
poleon, he came to the United States, fie has 
since resided as an American citizen, in tli-i state 
of New-Jersey, and lias acquired the confidence 
and esteem of the inhabitants of that star-, and 
of the country'. His wife resides with ho; twi 
daughters in the vicinity of Frankfort. 
BUONAPARTE, Lucien, was born in 1775 
and went to France in 1793. He was firA 
| employed as a commissary of stores, in Belgium 
I ami did not commence his political career until 
j 1797. He was then sent as a deputy to the coun- 
cil of Five Hundred, and, while a membet of 
that body, was distinguished for his moderation 
and love of justice. Perceiving that the then 
:! government was tottering, and that a change 
of affairs was approaching, Lucien wrote to 
j.his brother, then in Egypt, advising him of the 
istateof parties in France, and urging liis re torn BU 
and on the arrival of Napoleon, he acted a prin- 
cipal part in the revolution which elevated his: 
brother to the first consulship. His services on 
that occasion were rewarded by an appointment 
to the ministry, and by embassies abroad, in 
which he amassed immense wealth. He was 
said to have been opposed to the elevation of 
Napoleon to the throne ; in consequence of 
which, a coolness ensued between the brothers 
which was so far increased by a subsequent 
marriage of Lucien, that he was ordered to quit 
France. He retired to Milan, and afterwards to 
Rome. Subsequently he embarked for the Uni- 
ted States, was taken prisoner by a British fri- 
gate, and sent to England, where he continued 
until 1814. On the return of Buonaparte from 
Elba, he repaired to his assistance, and took an 
active part in the affairs of that period. Since 
the abdication of the emperor, he has resided at 
Rome. He has been created prince of Cunino, 
by the pope. 
BUONAPARTE, Louis, third brother of Na- 
poleon, was born in the year 1778. He entered 
young into the military service, was with his j 
brother in the campaigns of Italy and Egypt, 
and returned from the latter country with des- 
patches for the directory. When Napoleon was 
proclaimed emperor, lie was made a constable ; 
of the empire, and governor-general of Pied- | 
mont. In 1805, he succeeded Murat in the go- j 
vernment of the city of Paris ; he afterwards I 
took command of the army north, and on the j 
4th «f June, 1800, he became king of Holland. 
Louis was distinguished for his mild and gentle 
disposition, and for his love of justice. He made 
his administration, so far as was in his pow’er, 
beneficial to his people; he diminished the tax- 
es of the country, secretly encouraged trade, and, 
generally adopted such measures as acquired for 
him the character of a good prince. His policy ! 
so far interfered with the views of Napoleon, 
that he was compelled to relinquish the throne, 
and he retired to Gratz, in Styria, and afterwards | 
to Rome, w’here he now resides. He has recent- ! 
ly published an interesting work, relative to his 
reign over Holland. 
BUONAPARTE, Jerome, the younger brother j 
of Napoleon, was born in 1784, and educated in ; 
France. He went to St. Domingo with Le Clerc, j 
as a lieutenant, and soon afterwards was ap- j 
pointed to the command of a frigate. Buona J 
parte had so high an opinion of his nautical ta- j 
lents that he made him an admiral; he, how- j 
ever, was soon dissatisfied, and transferred him j 
to the army, ■where he rose to the command of i 
a division. About the year 1801, Jerome visited j 
the United States, and while here, he married a j 
Miss Patterson, daughter of a very respectable I 
gentleman of Baltimore. Napoleon compelled! 
him to divorce this lady, with a view of marry- 
ing a princess of the house of Wertemburg.j 
This marriage took place in 1807, and he now 
resides with his family in the territory of Wer- 
temburg, under the title of count of Montfort. j 
BURR, Aaron, late vice-president of the Uni-1 
ted States, was born at Fairfield, in Connecticut,1 
in 1749, and educated at Princeton college, in 
New Jersey, of which his father was president.' 
At the age of twenty-five he was aid-de-camp 
to general Putnam, and he was afterwards lieu- 
tenant-colonel in one of the twelve regiments 
of the new levy, in the revolutionary war. 
During the whole of that war he was distin ' 
guished for his bravery, talents, and liberality. 
At the close of the war he applied himself i.o ; 
of the law, and was soon called toji 
CA ‘ 
|| the bar, where he rose to the highest rank of 
!|| professional eminence. He was afterwards 
i chosen a member of the United States senate 
; from the state of New-York, and subsequently 
vice-president of the United States. A dispute 
; of a political nature, led to a personal encounter 
between colonel Burr arid general Alexander 
Hamilton, in which tho latter was mortally 
wounded. This event, and a charge of high 
treason against the United States, for which lie 
was tried and acquitted, have destroyed the cha- 
racter and influence of colonel Burr, and cast a 
stigma upon his reputation. For several years 
after the above event, he resided in Europe. 
He has now, however, returned to America, and 
resides in the city of New-York. 
C 
CALHOUN, John C., is a native of South 
Carolina, and was born in the district of Abbe- 
ville, about the year 1781. His father emigrated 
I from Pennsylvania to South Carolina, anterior 
;to the revolution, and was an ardent whig dur- 
ing that struggle. Mr. Calhoun laid the founda- 
tion of his classical attainments under the tuition 
|of the Rev. Hr. Waddel, after which he became 
ja student at Y'ale College, and graduated with 
| much distinction for his proficiency in rneta- 
| physics, mathematics, and the sciences gene- 
| rally; and with a high reputation for his talents. 
At this period, Dr. Dwight foretold the political 
eminence which he would one day attain. Mr. 
Calhoun prepared himself for the practice of 
'law, attended the lectures of judge Reevp, at 
iLitchfield, Conn., and soon after, rose to the 
!|first grade in his profession. In a short time he 
became a member of the legislature of his native 
!state, where he attracted great confidence, and 
in two years he was elected to congress. Of this 
I body, Mr. Calhoun was an able, an eloquent, 
and a leading member, until the close of the 
|year 1817, when he was appointed secretary at 
war. in this capacity, “his attention was ac- 
!lively directed to the great and important object 
jof the general defence,” and his active mind 
!seems to have pervaded and analyzed the great 
and complicated mass of our national interests, 
land to have formed almost anew creation in 
| the military' department of the government.” 
In March, 1825, Mr. Calhoun was elected vice- 
I president of the United States. He was a lead- 
ing, decided, and able advocate for the late war, 
jaud has ever been a uniform advocate tor in- 
ternal improvements, and also for a navy, “ as 
j the appropriate armour for a free people, with- 
out endangering their liberty.” As a statesman, 
| Mr. Calhoun is an ornament to his country , as 
a patriot, he is ardent and independent; and his 
colloquial powers are of the first order. 
CAMBACERES, John James Regis de, was 
born at Montpellier, of a respectable family, in 
1751!, and educated for the bar. His talents soon 
gave him reputation, and in 1792, he was nam- 
ed a deputy to the national convention, and, in 
that capacity, voted for the death of the king. 
He was afterwards president of the council of 
Five Hundred, and minister of justice. On the 
elevation of Napoleon to the first consulship, 
Cambacercs was created second consul, and, in 
that office, devoted himself to the organization 
of the courts of justice. As emperor, Napoleon 
named him arch-chancellor of the empire, and 
a member of the legion of honour. He was in- 
defatigable in the service of the emperor, who 
423 ' CA 
initiated him in all his secrets, and on several 
occasions, in the absence of Napoleon, he was 
intrusted with the control of affairs. In 1814, 
he was created grand dignitary of the order of 
the iron crown, and president of the council of 
regency, during the campaign of Russia. After 
the abdication of Buonaparte, he sent in his ad- 
hesion to the king; but on the return of that 
monarch from Elba, he resumed his offices of 
arch-chancellor and minister of justice. On the 
final return of Louis XVIII., he was banished 
as a regicide, but has been since suffered to re- 
turn to Paris, where lie now lives in a very re- 
tired manner. He published, in 1794, his project 
for a civil code, which ha3 since served as a ba- 
sis of the Napoleon code. 
CAMBRIDGE, Adolphus Frederick, duke of, 
is the youngest son of the late king of Great 
Britain, and was born in 1774. He was educa- 
ted at Gottingen, and when he came of age, 
was made a colonel, and created duke of Cam- 
bridge, with a stipend of 12,0001. a year. In 
1803 he was sent with 14,000 men to defend 
Hanover; but not succeeding, he returned to 
England. He then took his seat in the house 
of lords, and was promoted in the army to the 
rank of field marshal. In 1818 ho married the 
princess Augusta, niece of the landgrave of 
Hesse, bv whom lie lias a son. Since his mar- 
riage bis yearly allowance has been doubled. 
CAMPBELL, Thomas, a distinguished poeti- 
cal and miscellaneous writer, was born at Glas- 
gow, in the year 1777, and received his education 
at the university of that city. In 1799, he pub- 
lished “ The Pleasures of Hope,” a poem of 
great merit, and which has passed through seve- 
ral editions. He subsequently travelled on the 
continent, and on his return settled in London. 
He has since written “ Gertrude of Wyoming,” 
and other poems, and “ Annals of Great Britain 
fro.n the accession of George III. to the peace 
of America. Mr. Campbell is the author of 
several articles on poetry and belles letlres in 
the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, and is now editor 
of the London New Monthly Magazine (1825.) 
CANNING, George, Rt. Hon. The father of 
this gentleman, a native of Ireland, having dis- 
pleased his friends by marriage, was left to pro- 
vide for himself, and died in early life, leaving 
his family destitute. Mr. Canning was educated 
by his relations, at Eton and Oxford, where lie 
gained several prizes. He afterwards went to 
the Temple to study law, and after completing 
his studies, was returned a member of parlia- 
ment for Newtown, in the Isle of Wight. The 
minister, Mr. Pitt, soon discovered his abilities, 
and offered him the place of under secretary of 
state, in the administration, which, in 179(5, he 
accepted. From that time, lie supported Mr. 
Pitt until his death; he then joined Mr. Percival, 
and was made secretary of state for foreign af- 
fairs. In this capacity, his conduct to lord Cas- 
tlereagli, brought on a duel between them, in 
which he was wounded, and for which he lost 
his place. He afterwards came into parliament 
from Liverpool ; was sent as ambassador to 
Lisbon, and on bis return was made president 1 
of the Board of Control for India Affairs. Mr. i 
Canning is now secretary of state for foreign 
affairs, and leader of the administration party < 
in the house of commons. He is said to have i 
been a contributor to, and perhaps proprietor i 
of, the Quarterly Review. 
CANTERBURY, Charles Manners Sutton, i 
archbishop of, is the grandson of John, duke of 
Rutland, and son of lord George Manners. He|: 
CM 
jivas born in 1755. and educated at Cambiidge, 
where lie took his first degree in 1777. He was 
soon made dean of Windsor, and in 1791, raised 
co tlie bishopric of Norwich. On the death of 
the late primate, Dr. Sutton was, by the influ- 
ence of the king, nominated to till the vacancy, 
fie is said to be a prelate of great learning, con- 
, ciliating habits of life, of an amiable character, 
and well calculated to fill the highest episcopal 
dignity of the realm. His only son, is now 
speaker of the house of commons. 
CAREY, William, EL. D., baptist missionary 
at Bengal, was originally a shoemaker. In his 
twenty-fourth year he was ordained as a clergy- 
man, and in 1793, was sent as a missionary t« 
India. On his arrival there, he immediately 
made himself master of the Bengalee, Sanscrit, 
and Mahratta languages, and is now professor of 
those languages, in the college of Fort William, 
at Bengal. Dr. Carey, with his associates, has 
been assiduous in printing and publishing the 
Scriptures, in different languages and dialects of 
India, and in promoting the spread of the Gospel 
in that country. He is now far advanced in life, 
yet still .continues his labours and usefulness, 
with all the zeal and energy of an apostle of the 
primitive church. 
CATALAN!, Angelica, madam, is probably 
the most distinguished female singer of the age. 
She was born near Rome, in 1782, and educated 
in a convent. Her father who was a si! vet smith, 
becoming embarrassed in his pecuniary affairs, 
his daughter became a public singe) it Milan, 
at the age of fifteen, and was highly applauded 
by the Italian and French critics and journals. 
On her first appearance in England, in 1806, she 
was found superior to all the continental pane- 
gyrics, and has never since ceased to be greatly 
admired. Her voice is singularly powerful, and 
equally melodious in the high and low tones. 
Her figure is finely formed, and her deportment 
majestic. She is still heard with delight, both 
in Great Rritain and on the continent. 
CHANTREY, Francis, an eminent F.nglisb 
sculptor, was born at Norton, in Derbyshire, in 
the year 1782. His father dying when he was 
quite young, he was educated by his mother, 
and in early life gave indications of his genius, 
by making models in clay. His friends had 
chosen the law as a profession for him, and he 
was on his way to Sheffield, to enter an office, 
when he chanced to look at some figures in the 
shop of a carver and gilder, which immediately 
induced him to change his pursuits. He there- 
fore became an apprentice to the carver, and 
resided with him three years; during which he 
devoted himself to drawing, modelling, and 
studyingfrom nature. He then went to London, 
where he soon attracted attention, and obtained 
extensive employment. His first public work, 
was a statue of the king in Guildhall. He has 
since established his reputation, by several 
splendid specimens of his genius. In 1818, Mr. 
Chantrey visited Italy, and contracted an inti- 
mate friendship with ills great rival Canova. 
CIIAPTAL, John, count de Chanteloup, was 
born at Montpellier, in the year 1755. He stu- 
died medicine and natural philosophy 
young, and, before the French revolution, was 
distinguished as a physician and chymist. At 
the beginning of the revolution he headed a mob 
in Montpellier, and took possession of the citadel 
in 1791 In 1793, he was called to Paris by the 
committee of safety, to be consulted as a chy- 
mist, relative to tile production of saltpetre, 
and the making of gunpowder, and he so fat 
424  CH ' 
succeeded in improving the manufacture of that 
article, as to produce all that was wanted for the 
use of the French army, consisting of 1,400,(190 
men. It may safely be said, that if any man 
contributed more than another to prevent the 
republic from being overrun, at that time, it was 
M. Chaptal. He was rewarded for his servi- 
ces by the directory with the professorship of 
chymistry, in the university of Montpellier. He 
was afterwards, under Buonaparte, made minis 
ter of the interior. In that situation, he paid 
great attention to the manufacturing establish- 
ments in France, and to the means of promoting 
education. He was a devoted friend to Napoleon 
during his reign, and since his abdication has 
lived as a private citizen. His writings have 
been very numerous, principally on chymical 
mbiects. 
CHARLES X., king of France, was born Oct. 
), 1757. He married, in 1773, Maria Theresa, 
af Savoy, by whom he had three children, a 
daughter, who died young, the present due d’An- 
gouieme, and the late ducd’Berri. In his youth, 
the king was gay and extravagant; he was, 
however, amiable in his disposition, and a pat- 
ron and protector of men of letters. From the 
beginning of the revolution he was decidedly 
opposed to any reform, and soon emigrated with 
his family. He went to Turin, and, in 1791, 
joined his brother, the late king Louis XVIII., 
and prepared to assist in invading France. The 
events of this period of his life are matters of 
history, and do not need repetition here. Fail- 
ing in his projected invasion of France, he re- 
tired to Westphalia, and afterwards to Great 
Britain, where he resided until the restoration 
of his family. In 1814, he returned to France, 
and took up his residence in the Thuilleries, as 
lieutenant-general of the kingdom in the absence 
of his brother; and by his affable deportment and 
condescending manners, contributed not a little 
to reconcile the French to a change of govern- 
ment. On the death of his brother, he succeed- 
ed to the throne under the title of Charles X. ; 
he was recently crowned at Rheims, with all 
the parade and splendour of modern extrava- 
gance. The general policy of his administra- 
tion has been the same as that, of his predeces- 
sor, since his elevation to the throne. He has, 
however, abolished the censorship of the press, 
and done some other acts indicative of sounder 
views of government, than were entertained 
during the last reign. 
CHARLES LOUIS, of Lorraine, archduke 
of Austria, was born in the year 1771. He be- 
gan his military career under the prince of Co- 
bourg, in Brabant, and was soon afterwards 
made governor and captain-general of the low 
countries, and field marshal of the empire. 
This prince commanded with great reputation 
and glory in the war against revolutionary 
France, and in a succession of campaigns, and 
during a series of severe actions with the first 
French generals of the age, proved himself not 
only a match for them, but almost the only 
general capable of successfully opposing them. 
Our limits will not allow us to recapitulate his 
victories; we can only say, that whether oppos- 
ing Moreau on the Rhine, Buonaparte in Italy, 
or Massena in Switzerland, he displayed great 
military talents, and acquired great glory. Ow- 
ing to the intrigues of the Austrian court, he 
was induced to resign his military command, 
and he was made minister of war. In 1805, he 
resumed the command of the army of Italy, and 
the next year he was made Austrian genernlis-l 
CL ' 
simo of the army. After the peace with France, 
he had an interview with Napoleon, and repre- 
sented him at the marriage ceremony with the 
arch dutchess Maria Lonisa, at Vienna. Prince 
Charles now resides at Vienna, devoted to mili- 
tary and literary studies. 
CHATEAUBRIAND, Francis Augustus, vis- 
count de, was born in 1769, of an ancient fami- 
ly in Brittany. Ho entered into the military 
service in 1786, but his regiment revolting at 
the beginning of the revolution, he came to 
America, and spent some time among the In- 
dians of the western wilderness, studying the 
character of that people, and viewing the beau- 
ties of nature in their original state. He re- 
turned to Europe in 1792, and from a sense of 
duty, enlisted under the banner of the French 
princes. In tlieir service he was severely 
wounded, and confined to his bed for three 
years; this ruined his finances, and compelled 
hint to resort to his pen for support. He pub- 
lished his Essay on Ancient and Modern Revo- 
lutions, and afterwards his Genius of Chris- 
tianity, works which have been much read and 
admired. Napoleon wished to attach him to 
his interests; and for a short time succeeded; 
but on the death of the duke d’ Enghein, he re- 
signed his employments. He then travelled in 
Italy, Greece, and the Holy Land; and has since 
published his travels in those countries. During 
the residue of the reign of Napoleon, he lived 
a private life ; but on the restoration of the 
Bourbons, he was created a viscount, and nam- 
ed minister to Sweden. He was afterwards 
minister to Berlin, president of the electoral 
college of the department of Loiret, and minis- 
ter of state. He has lately resigned his offices 
in consequence of a quarrel with the ministry. 
CLARENCE, William Henry, duke of, is the 
third son of his late majesty, George III. He 
was born in 1705, educated for the navy, and 
sent to sea at an early age Having served his 
time as a midshipman, he was gradually pro- 
moted to the command of a frigate, and recently 
to the station of admiral of the fleet. In 1789, 
he was created duke of Clarence, and St. An- 
drews, with an income of 12,0001. per annum. 
In 1814, he commanded the royal yacht, which 
conveyed Louis XVIII. to France and a throne. 
He married in 1818, a sister of the duke of Saxe 
Meiningen. 
CLARKSON, Thomas, a distinguished En- 
glish philanthropist, was born in the year 1761, 
and educated at Cambridge, where he had a 
high reputation. In 1785, Mr Clarkson composed 
a prize essay in Latin, on the question, “ Is it 
just to make men slaves against their will?’* 
a translation of which he afterwards published 
This was, probably the first effectual step toward 
the suppression of the African slave trade ; and 
seems to have stimulated its author to those 
great exertions, which so materially contributed 
to the English act of abolition. From this time, 
Mr. Clarkson relinquished his professional pur- 
suits, and devoted his whole time to this great 
object. He connected himself with Mr. VVilber- 
force and others, and formed a society for the 
abolition of the African slave trade; he also wrote 
and published several works on tile subject; had 
several interviews with Mr. Pitt, and the privy 
council; and after years of unwearied exertion, 
has accomplished the great object he had in 
view. He has lived to witness the triumph of 
principle, and of humanity, andtosee his name 
placed among the benefactors of the human 
race. CL 
CLAY, Henry, was born in April, 177G, and 
is a native of the county of Hanover, in Virginia. 
His father, a respectabfe baptist clergyman, 
died when lie was very young, leaving his tamiiy 
in pecuniary means, somewhat limited. His 
education was not that of a scholar; but at an 
early age as a clerk in the chancery office ai 
Richmond, Mr. Clay attracted the attention of 
chancellor Wythe, in whose house he found an 
asylum and a honre, an instructor and patron, 
under whose auspices he soon acquired a pro- 
ficiency in the law. He removed to Lexington, 
Ky., in 1797, and there was successful in his 
profession, and soon became distinguished as a 
politician. From 1799 until 1806, he was a 
leading and eloquent member of the house of 
representatives of Kentucky, at which time he 
was elected a member of the senate of the 
United States. After this, he was successively 
chosen a member of the legislature of His adopted 
state; of the senate of the United States; and 
in Nov. 1811, a member of the house of repre- 
sentatives of the United States, and was imme- 
diately chosen speaker of that body. This office 
lie held until his recent appointment of secre- 
tary of state, at the commencement of Mr. 
Adams’ administration. Mr. Clay’s political 
career has been popular. In every appointment 
which lie has held, he has acquitted himself 
with dignity and firmness, and lie has acquired 
the reputation of a zealous patriot; a statesman, 
sound, prompt, and sagacious ; and a brilliant 
and forcible orator. 
CLINTON, De Witt, son of James Clinton, 
a major-general in the revolutionary army, was 
born in thecounty of Orange, state of New-York, 
in the year 1709. He was educated at Columbia 
College, and after receiving tile honours of the 
university, commenced the study of the law, in 
1786, and was admitted to the bar. He was se- 
cretary to his uncle, governor George Clinton, 
who appointed him secretary of the university, 
and of the board of fortifications of New-York. 
He was elected a member of the legislature, 
ticin the city of New-York, in 1797, without 
opposition, and soon after was chosen a member 
of the senate. Mr. Clinton was afterwards a 
member of the council of appointment, in 1802 
a senator in congress, and was from 18011 to 
1807 mayor of the city of New-York. During 
this time, he was for nine months a senator in 
tile legislature, and member of the council of 
appointment. In 1808 he was again chosen 
mayor of the city of New-York, and received 
Hie appointment of regent of the university. 
During Mr. Clinton’s public life, much of his 
attention has been bestowed upon subjects rela- 
tive to the public health and internal improve- 
ments generally, and when the law was passed, 
n 1817, authorizing the junction of the Western 
mid Northern lakes and the Hudson river, by ca- 
nals, Mr. Clinton was appointed commissioner. 
In 1811 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the 
state of New-York, and recommended as a 
candidate for president of the United States, by 
a majority of the members of the legislature,! 
ind from that time until 1815, was again mayor 
of the city of New-York. He was elected, in 
1817. governor of the stateof New-York, almost 
without opposition, and was re-elected in 1824. 
In the great and growing state of which Mr. Clin 
ton is a native, his name, his genius, and his ser- 
vices, are stamped upon many monuments of 
public munificence; and the promptitude, so- 
lidity and talent exhibited in his public career 
evince that his energy is equal to any occurrence. 
cu 
CORBETT, William, is the son of a farinct 
in Surrey. His father taught liim arithmetic, 
and to lead and write, and educated him as a 
farmer. Early in life, lie left his father and 
went to London, and afterwards enlisted in a 
regiment destined to Nova Scotia, where he re- 
sided six years. During this time, he devoted 
all his leisure to the cultivation of his mind. In 
1792, he came to America, here he commenced 
author, and under the name of Peter Porcupine, 
wrote a series of essays, which exhibited his 
powers, and enraged his opponents. Being 
prosecuted for a libel and amerced in 5000 dollars 
damages; he left the country and returned to 
England, where he commenced his Political 
Register, which he extended to forty volumes. 
In this paper he attacked the administration w ith 
his whole energies, and with such effect, as to 
incur the vengeance of the ministry. Mr. Cobbett 
visited America again in 1817, and returned to 
England in 1819. lie still continues his writings, 
which are already numerous. In dry humour, in 
pointed sarcasm, and in the power of casting ridi- 
cule upon an opponent, he is almost unrivalled. 
Mr. C. is said to be preparing for publication, a 
History of the Persecutions of the late Queen. 
CONGREVE, sir William, was born in the 
year 17G0, and entered young into the artillery, 
of which his father was an officer of rank. lie 
applied himself assiduously to the service, and 
soon distinguished himself by his mechanical 
genius, and by his important improvements. 
The principal of these, is the rocket, known by 
the name of the Congreve Rocket, which, as a 
formidable means of military annoyance, is 
generally admitted to be more efficient Ilian al- 
most any other. This he invented in 1808 ; it 
is now adopted generally in the armies of the 
military powers of Europe. Sir William lias pub- 
lished several scientific works, which prove him 
a man of extraordinary talents. He is said to be 
high in favour with the present king George IV 
CONSTANTINE, grand duke of Russia, is 
the second son of Paul I. He married, in 1798, 
a princess of Saxe Cobourg, who has since re- 
turned to her family. In 1799, he served under 
general Suwarrow, and behaved with great 
bravery. He was in the battle of Austerliiz, 
opposed to Bernadotte, and distinguished him- 
self by his gallant resistance to the French. 
During the invasion of Russia, he was actively 
engaged, and in the subsequent campaigns ; and 
he entered Paris with the allies. He is now 
'viceroy of Poland, under Iris brother Alexander, 
j COOPER, sir Astley Paston, F. R. S., is one 
;of the most distinguished surgeons and medical 
writers in Great Britain. Few possess an equal 
share of science and practice, and none enjoy a 
higher reputation for that spirit of liberality and 
philosophy, which ought to characterize the 
member of a learned profession. He is a mem- 
ber of (he Royal Society, a surgeon of Guy’s 
I Hospital, and president of the'Medical and Ciii- 
jrurgical Society. His writings, which are nu 
merous, are considered standard works by the 
| members of the profession. He has lately been 
appointed surgeon to the king, and created a 
i baronet. 
| CUVIER, baron de, was horn at Montbeliard 
’in 1769, and educated at Stutgard, where he be- 
jeame acquainted with the language, Ihe litera- 
j11 n re, and the sciences of Germany. He arrived 
I j in France at the beginning of the revolution, and 
I was soon distinguished among scientific men. 
j! He was one of the first members of the French 
llinstitute; and is perpetual secretary of the 
426 ' ’ DE 
academy of physical science, and professor of 
natural history to the college of France. Baron 
Cuvier is one of the most distinguished natural- 
ists of the present age ; and to profound know- 
ledge, he has the art of expressing his ideas with 
great clearness and elegance. His writings are 
very numerous, on scientific and miscellaneous 
subjects. He is one of the editors of the Jour- 
nal des Scavants. 
D 
D'ARBLA Y, madame, is the daughter of Dr. 
Burney, and is better known by her maiden 
name, of Miss Frances Burney. This lady has 
deservedly attracted public attention, and gained 
a high reputation for herself, by her writings. 
She unquestionably ranks among the first female 
novel writers of the age. Her first work was 
Evelina, published in 1777. To this succeeded 
Cecilia and Camilla; she has also written a 
tragedy, which has been performed on the Eng- 
lish stage, and recently a novel called the Wan- 
derer, or Female Difficulties. Madame D’Arblay 
is now a widow, and resides, since the death 
of her husband, in England. 
DAVID. This celebrated French painter has 
been greatly distinguished for his zeal and atro- 
city as a revolutionist. He was a member of 
the national convention, and voted for the im- 
mediate death of Louis XVI.; and he was the 
constant associate and intimate friend of Robes- 
pierre and Marat. After the fall of the former, 
he was arrested and imprisoned, but his merit 
as an artist, probably saved his life. He is ac- 
knowledged to be the first French painter of the 
present day. Ilis pictures of the “ Death of 
Marat,” of the Sabines, and of the coronation 
of Napoleon, are considered as admirable speci- 
mens of the art. As a regicide, David has been 
banished, since the return of Louis XVIIL, and 
now resides in Bruxelles. 
DAVY, sir Humphrey. This distinguished 
philosopher, who has done so much to enlarge 
the bounds of chymical science, was born at 
Penzance, in the year 1779, and receiver the 
rudiments of education at the school in that 
place. At. the age of 15, he was placed as a pupil 
with a Mr. Borlase, an excellent surgeon and 
accomplished scholar, with whom he resided 
several years, during which time, he laid down 
for himself, and pursued a course of study, 
which made him master of the leading princi- 
ples of botany, anatomy, and physiology, the 
simple mathematics, natural philosophy, and 
chymistry. The latter study, however, was 
most congenial to his taste, and some early dis- 
coveries in that science, drew him from obscuri- 
ty, and devoted him for life, to the pursuit of 
his favourite science. He soon after published 
his “ Researches Chymical and Philosophical,” 
and was chosen professor of chymistry in the 
royal institution. His most brilliant discoveries 
were subsequent to this period. Our limits will 
Slot permit us to mention them. The most im- 
portant, however, to the cause of humanity, as 
well as of science, was the invention of the 
safety lamp, which has proved of immense 
benefit to the English miners. Sir Humphrey 
is now president of the Royal Society, and a 
member of most of the philosophical societies 
of Europe. His writings are numerous, and of 
great importance to the cause of science and 
philosophy. 
DECAZES, duke, was born in 1780. At an 
early age he was a judge of the tribunal of the 
_ EM ' 
Seine, and in 1810, was appointed counsellor 
of the court of appeals. In 1815, he put him- 
self at the head of a company of national 
guards, in support of the royal cause, and 
vehemently opposed the restoration of Buona- 
parte. On the return of the king, he was appoint- 
ed prefect of police and a member of the council 
of state, and soon after, he was made minister 
of police in the room of Fouche. He was after- 
wards created a count, removed from the minis- 
try of police, to that of the home department, 
and in 1818, created adukc, and sent as minister 
from Louis XVIil. to Great Britain. He is 
now one of the ministry, and president of the 
council. His measures have been generally cal- 
culated for the prosperity of France, and his 
speeches in their defence, have been received 
with respect, by the patriot, and the man of 
letters. 
DESEZE, Raymond, the intrepid and eloquent 
defender of Louis XVI. at the bar of the French 
national convention, was born at Bourdeaux, in 
1750, and educated for the bar from his earliest 
years. His professional success was unusually 
rapid. Having been engaged in a defence which 
had attracted the attention of the fashionable 
world, he so far suceeeded, as to gain the esteem 
and patronage of the count de Vergennes 
With his influence, he removed to Paris, where 
he soon gained the reputation of the most elo- 
quent advocate of France. He was imprisoned 
for his defence of his unfortunate sovereign, 
and narrowly escaped death ; lived in retirement 
during the reign of Napoleon, and was only 
rewarded for his loyalty, on the restoration of 
the Bourbons. 
E 
EDGEWORTH, Maria, is the daughter of 
Richard Lovell Edgeworth, esq., of Edgeworth- 
town, Ireland, a gentleman distinguished in the 
literary world for his talents aqjj writings. The 
daughter is said to excel her parent in talents ; 
she has devoted herself to literary pursuits, with 
zeal and ardour. One of her objects has been 
to perfect the system of female education, in 
which she has in part succeeded. As a novel 
writer, she ranks among the most eminent; and 
the Irish character has never been drawn with 
equal truth and spirit by any other writer. Her 
publications, which are numerous, have been 
well received on both sides of the Atlantic. 
ELDON, the earl of, is the son of a Mr. Scott 
of Newcastle, and was born in 1750. He was 
educated at Oxford, entered at Middle Temple, 
in 1772, and called to the bar at the usual period. 
His first efforts were far from successful, but the 
encouragement he received from lord Thurlow, 
induced him to proceed, and he then rose into 
repute. He was in 1783, chosen a member of 
parliament, and soon after attorney-general. In 
1799, he was appointed chief-justice of the com- 
mon pleas, and raised to the peerage. Two 
years after, he was made lord chancellor of 
Great Britain, an office which he still retains. 
He has accumulated an immense fortune by his 
profession, and has been created an earl. 
EMMET, Thomas Addis, esq., is a native of 
Dublin. His father was an eminent physician, 
of that city, and the son was educated for that 
profession, and took a doctor’s degree at Edin- 
burgh ; but on the death of a brother, who had 
risen to eminence as a barrister, he quitted the 
practice of medicine for that of the law, and 
soon obtained great celebrity as a lawyer in Dub 
427 FE 
lin. Mr. Emmet was one of the leading mem- 
bers of the society of united Irishmen, and was 
appointed a member of the Irish directory, which 
waste be substituted for the existing government. 
Ills safety being stipulated for by the man who 
betrayed the plot, he was exiled from the British 
dominions. He then established himself in 
New-York, where he now practices with great 
reputation and success. 
ERSKINE, Thomas, lord, is the third son of 
the late earl of Buchan, and was born in Scot- 
land, in 1750. After completing his education, 
under the care of one of the most accomplished 
scholars of Scotland, he entered the navy, which 
he soon exchanged for the army, in which he 
served several years. The demands of an in- 
creasing family, and the scantiness of his in- 
come, as an officer, induced him to make choice 
of a profession, and in 1777 he commenced his 
legal studies. The next year he was called to 
the bar. Here he soon had an opportunity of 
displaying his transcendant talents, and his first 
effort was considered a masterpiece of forensic 
eloquence. From that moment his success was 
certain, and his subsequent exertions have only 
realized the expectations formed by those who 
then heard him. As an eloquent and accom- 
plished advocate, he unquestionably stood first 
at the English bar. Lord Erskine became a 
member of the house of commons, in 1783, was 
created a peer in 1800, and raised to the dignity 
of lord high chancellor of the realm ; which of- 
fice he resigned, on his friends going out of ad- 
ministration. 
F 
FELLENBERG, 51., a celebrated agricultu- 
ralist and instructor, w7as born at Berne, in Swit- 
zerland, in 1771. lie is a great-grandson, by the 
mother’s side, of admiral Van Tromp. He was 
Very carefully educated, and, in early life, tra- 
velled in France, Switzerland, and Germany, as- 
suming the garb and appearance of a labourer, 
thathe might better acquaint himself with men, 
and their wants. He was of great use in pre- 
serving tranquillity, by his influence, in his na- 
tive country, after the conquest of the French, 
in 1798. He soon withdrew from public affairs, 
and having formed an acquaintance with the 
celebrated Peslalozzi, bought a large farm at 
Hofwyl, about6 miles from Berne, which he cul- 
tivated in the most approved manner, to serve 
as a model for the neighbourhood, and which is 
tilled by the scholars in his school of industry. 
He also established a school, in which he has 
very successfully attempted a new system of 
education, and which lias attracted great atten- 
tion in Europe. 
FERDINAND IV., king of the Two Sicilies, 
the third son of Charles III. of 8pain, w as born 
in Naples the 12th of January, 1751. His natural 
disposition was mild and amiable, and in early 
life was exhibited in acts of charity and benevo- 
lence, which rendered him the idol of the people 
of Naples. His father succeeding to the throne 
of Spain in 1759, Ferdinand was declared king 
of the Tw7o Sicilies, and during his minority, 
was placed by his father under a regency. He 
married in 17fi8, Mary Caroline, sister of the 
emperor Joseph II., who soon acquired an al- 
most uncontrolled ascendancy over him, wilich 
she used to effect her own political purposes. 
From the beginning of the French revolution, 
Ferdinand has been involved in disputes and 
wars, w7ith one or another of the [lowers of 
~ FE 
(Europe; and since then, has experienced *11 
(the vicissitudes of fortune, from victory ai d 
conquest to defeat and disgrace. He has re- 
Ipeatedly been driven from his capital, and com- 
(pelled to take shelter in Sicily; he has s< < n 
;that capital threatened with bombardment and 
pillage, by a foreign foe, and saved from that 
fate, only by bribery and corruption; he has 
seen his empire wrested ftom him by an enemy, 
himself dethroned, and Murat, the brother of 
that enemy, seated on his throne; lie has seen 
himself deserted by bis own subjects, and at the 
mercy of a neighbouring power ; and when re- 
stored to his throne, and to the plenitude of hif 
authority, he has again seen his people revolt- 
ing against a reign distinguished only for its 
tyranny, bigotry, and oppression, and demand- 
ing of their sovereign a constitutional form of 
government, and mild and equal laws, and has 
found himself obliged to yield to their demands. 
The interference of the Holy Alliance lias rescu- 
ed him from the influence of his subjects, and 
again placed him on an absolute throne. He 
now holds despotic dominion over his subjects, 
supported by an Austrian armed force within 
his territory, and liable on the removal of that 
force, to the vengeance of an injured, oppressed, 
and insulted people. 
FERDINAND VII., king of Spain and the 
Indies, is the son of Charles IV. of Spain, and 
was born the 13th of October, 1784 He was 
created prince of Asturias, when only six years 
of age, and succeeded to the throne by the abdi- 
cation of his father in his favour, in 1808. The 
incidents of his eventful reign, have been marked 
by the stupidity and bigotry, which so eminently 
characterize this sovereign. Soon after he 
ascended the throne, he was persuaded to leave 
his dominions, and meanly submit himself to 
the power of Napoleon, that he might obtain 
from that emperor a recognition of his title; 
when in his power, he was made a prisoner to 
France, forced to relinquish his sceptre uncon- 
ditionally, to his father, by w'honi it was resign- 
ed to Buonaparte, and for five years kept in 
custody in the interior of France. On a change 
of affairs in France, he was suffered to return 
to his dominions. Before he left his kingdom, 
he had authorized the convocation of a cortes, 
and he had solemnly promised to maintain them 
in their privileges, and to approve their acts. 
No sooner, however, had he returned to Spain, 
than he refused to sign a constitution enacted 
by the cortes, he declared null all their acts 
done in his absence, he restored the inquisition, 
ordered the monks who had been serving in the 
army during the revolution, to return to their 
monasteries, and denounced all those who had 
taken the oath of allegiance to Buonaparte. He 
even went farther, and condemned to exile and 
imprisonment the most patriotic members of 
the cortes, wdio had struggled during his im- 
prisonment, to support his throne, a d preserve 
it unimpaired until his restoration. During his 
reign, the inhabitants of his South American 
colonies have disclaimed allegiance to his throne, 
emerged from their vassalage, and become sove- 
reign and independent states. His subjects too 
at home, tired of his despotism, have within a 
few7 years resisted his authority, convoked anew 
the ancient cortes of the kingdom, and re-estab- 
lished a constitution, to which Ferdinand w as 
obliged to swear fidelity or lose his crown. The 
principles of the allied sovereigns, and the arms 
of France have interfered, to check the progress 
lof correct principles of civil government, and “ ' FR 
Ferdinand is once more permitted to triumph 
over the wishes of his subjects. He holds his 
sceptre, however, by a precarious tenure; he 
has lost the confidence and good will of his sub- 
jects, and there now exists, from one end of 
Spain to the other, a rooted distrust of him, 
which is but too well justified by his former! 
conduct, probably, should the French army be; 
withdrawn from his kingdom, his throne would 
be shaken to its foundation, by his oppressed 
subjects. 
FERDINAND III., grand duke of Tuscany, 
and archduke of Austria, was born in the year 
1769. He is a son of the late Leopold, emperor 
of Germany, and brother of the present empe- 
ror of Austria. Tuscany was granted him by 
his father, and he was created grand duke in 
1791. Distinguished by his protection of letters, 
and the mildness of his administration, he has 
shown himself more desirous to maintain peace 
in his states, than to involve them in war, for 
what are now styled the essential principles of 
government. He was, therefore, the first of the 
princes of Europe, to recognise the French re- 
public. This of course involved him in difficulty 
with neighbouring powers, who compelled him 
to change his policy, and adopt a system, whichj 
resulted in his expulsion from ids state. He has 
been re-established in Tuscany, since the abdi-[ 
cation of Buonaparte, and yet retains his autho-J 
rity in that state. 
FESCH, cardinal, uncle of Napoleon, late| 
emperor of France, was born at Ajaccio, in 
Corsica, in 1763, and educated for the church.j 
An ardent partizan of French revolutionary 
principles, he threw of his clerical dress, and 
entered the army. In 1796, he became com-1 
missary general in the army of Italy, under Na-1 
poleon, and in that office he acquired a large j 
fortune. Afterthis, he resumed the ecclesiastical j 
profession, was appointed archbishop of Lyons, I 
and in 1803, obtained a cardinal’s hat. lie was 
toon after sent ambassador to Rome, where he 
resided until the coronation of the emperor, 
when he accompanied pope Pius VII. to Paris, 
to assist in that ceremony. He was the same 
year appointed grand almoner of France, and a 
principal officer of the legion of honour. In 
1806, he was nominated by the elector, arch- 
chancellor of the Germanic empire, his coadjutor 
and successor. He afterwards fell into disgrace 
with Buonaparte, for opposing his violent treat- 
ment of the pope, and retired to his see in Lyons, 
\yhere lie resided in great splendour, until 1814. 
On the downfall of his nephew, he went with 
his sister Madam Letitia Buonaparte to Rome,! 
where he lived in retirement, until the return; 
from Elba. He then resumed Ins dignities ini 
France for a short period, but again took up his 
residence at Rome after the battle of Waterloo. 
FRANCIS II., emperor of Austria, and son 
of Leopold II. of Spain, was born in February, 
1768. In June, 1792, he was crowned king of 
Hungary ; in July, elected king of the Romans ; 
sad in August of the same year, he was crown- 
ed king of Bohemia. In 1804, he took the title 
of hereditary emperor of Austria. Francis is 
not willing to relinquish the rights of despotism ; 
yet his mildness of temper, and his attachment 
to his subjects are remarkable. He is an effi-- 
cieut member of the “ Holy Alliance.” 
FREDERICK VI., king of Denmark, son of j 
Christian VIE, was born in January, 1768. He) 
distinguished himself by the probity, justice, and] 
p df iri'v of his administration while regent, and) 
since L8U8, when he ascended the throne, his[ 
CK 
reign has afforded an example of political and 
religious liberty, singular in a country, the con 
stitution of which is almost wholly at the dis- 
posal of the sovereign. 
FREDERICK WILLIAM III., king of Prus- 
sia, born in August, 1770, succeeded his father, 
Frederick William II., November, 1797. His 
early life was much devoted to the interests of 
Prussia; but since his alliance with Alexander 
of Russia, the character of Frederick seems to 
have been changed ; the promises made to his 
subjects during his turbulent wars withJFrance, 
have been broken, and Frederick, backed by the 
arrives of the “ Holy Alliance,” defies the dis- 
content and anger of his people. 
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS I., son of Frede- 
rick Christian, was born December, 1750 ; be- 
came elector of Saxony in 1768, and in 1777, 
elector of Bavaria, by the death of Maximilian. 
In 1791, the crown of Poland was proffered him 
in the name of the Polish nation, which he de- 
clined accepting, at the desire of his subjects. 
In 1806, Saxony was constituted a kingdom, and 
Frederick elected king. He became a member 
of the Germanic body in 1812. Taken prisoner 
I by the armies of France, Russia, and Prussia 
I in 1813, he was obliged to relinquish large por- 
tions of his territory, and, by order of the king 
of Prussia, he acceded to the “ Holy Alliance” 
in 1817. 
G 
GALL, Dr., is now a resident of Paris, and 
[was born in Wertemburg, in 1758. With hiiC 
[originated the science of craniology, which lias 
found so many advocates in Germany, Paris, 
[England, and the United States, 
j GALLATIN, Albert, a native of Genova, 
came many years since to the United States. 
For subsistence he became a French teacher, 
but afterwards connecting himself with Mr. 
Jefferson, he rose to high employments in this 
country. He was appointed secretary of the' 
treasury; and, in 1813, was sent to conclude a 
peace between the United States and Great 
Britain ; failing in this he returned in 1814 ; in 
1815, he was appointed minister to Paris, and 
afterwards went to London on public business. 
GALT, John, an extensive and observant 
traveller, and an author of considerable talent, 
was born in Greenock, 1779. He has published 
the “ Life of Benjamin West, Esq.;” the “Life 
and Administration of Cardinal Wolsey;” 
“ Annals of the Parish,” and many other 
works. 
GEORGE IV., king of i.ieat Britain and Ire- 
land, son of George III., was born August 12th, 
1762, on the 17th of that month was created 
prince of Wales, and earl of Chester. He con- 
nected himself with Mr. Fox and the popular 
party, in 1783, and in the same year, having 
taken his seat in parliament,supported Mr. Fox’s 
celebrated India bill. In 1795 he married the 
princess Caroline of Brunswick, and, in 1810, 
in consequence of the king’s indisposition, ho 
was appointed regent, and continued closely at- 
tached to the Pitt party. He succeeded his fa- 
ther in 1820. His attempts to procure a divorce- 
ment from the queen, produced an extraordina- 
ry feeling of indignation throughout the kingdom, 
which only subsided at her death, which took 
place soon after. 
GERARD, M., acelebraled painter, was boro  GO 
at Rome,in 1770; he is now a resident of France, 
and chief pa.liter to the king. 
GIFFORD, William, editor of the “ London 
Quarterly Review,” was born in 1757. When 
he had learned to write and cipher, he was put 
on board a coasting vessel, where he remained a 
year. He afterwards was bound an apprentice 
to a shoemaker, where he continued till he was 
twenty years of age, when his talents were dis- 
covered, and he was sent to Oxford. He per- 
formed two tours afterwards on the continent, 
as tutor to lord Bclgrave, who, on his return, 
placed him in a state of independence. He has 
published a translation of the “ Satires of Juve- 
nal;” the “ Baviad;” the “ Matviad ;” and 
some other works. 
GILLIES, John, a native of Brechin, was 
born in 1750, and educated at the university of 
Glasgow. His great work, the “ History of An- 
cient Greece,” and the “ History of the World 
from Alexander to Augustus,” have gained him 
the reputation of a correct historian. He has 
also published other works of merit, and now 
resides in London. 
GISBORNE, Rev. T., an English curate, and 
distinguished moral writer. Among his works 
are “ The Principles of Moral Philosophy,” an 
“ Inquiry into the Duties of the Female sex,” 
and “ A Familiar Survey of the Christian Re- 
ligion,” fee. 
GLOUCESTER, duke of, son of the late duke 
of that name, was born at Rome, and succeeded 
to his father’s title in 1805. In politics, the duke 
has generally voted with the whigs, and during 
the queen’s trial, he supported her as a much 
injured and oppressed woman. He has lately 
acted much in public life. He was educated at 
Cambridge, and is now chancellor of that uni- 
versity. 
GODOI, Don Manuel, prince of peace, was 
born at lladajoz, in Spain, in 1764, of a poor fa- 
mily. From one of the king’s body guards, liv- 
ing on a pay of twenty cents a day, he became 
a favourite of the king and queen, was made 
prime minister, and, besides being invested with 
all the titles and honours his majesty could be- 
stow, the king gave him his cousin in marriage. 
His ambition and influence were unlimited, nor 
did Godoi finish his career of artifice and in- 
trigue, till Buonaparte, in 1808, became king of 
Spain. 
GODWIN, William, son of a dissenting cler- 
gyman,was himself a preacher of that persuasion 
for some years. In 1792, as the author of “ Po- 
litical Justice,” he inculcated some doctrines, 
both on religion and politics, which gave great 
offence. Me has since been a political and mis- 
cellaneous writer, and has acquired much cele- 
brity by his masterly examination of Malthus’ 
11 Theory of Population,” “ Fleetwood,” “ Man- 
deville,” “ Life and Age of Geoffrey Chaucer,” 
and “ Caleb Williams,” are from his pen. Be- 
sides these, he has written many useful books 
on education, and is now a juvenile bookseller 
in London. 
GORTHE, baron, a most celebrated German 
writer was born at Frankfort, in 1749. In 1782, 
he was ennobled, and as baron Gorthe was named 
president of the ducal chamber. Gorthe, in his 
own country, is almost worshipped, and abroad 
his reputation is high as a poet, and as a scholar. 
His works are voluminous, the first of which 
was the “ Sorrows of Werter.” f 
GOOD, Dr., a man of distinguished talents, 
and eminent as a physician, he resides in Lon- 
don. Besides many other wot Us, he lately pub- 
HA 
fished the “ Study of Medicine,” and a “System 
of Nosology.” both of which have been re- 
published in this country. 
GOUVION, St. Cyr, count, one of the best 
French tacticians, was an officer under Louis 
XVI., and acquired great reputation as a soldiei 
under Buonaparte, who appointed him a mar- 
shal. When Louis XVIII. returned to France, 
he created him a peer. He is now at the head 
of the war depnriment. 
GRAFTON, duke of, was born in 17G0. He 
was closely attached to Mr. Pitt, is now one of 
the whig party, and was actively engaged for the 
queen, during her trial. 
GRANT, Mrs., author of “ Memoirs of an 
American Lady,” “ Letters from tire Moun- 
tains,” &x. She was born at Glasgow, in 1756 ; 
and when a child, spent some years in this 
country with her father, who was a Britisli 
officer stationed among the Mohawks. 
GRFNVILLE, lord, was born in 1769, and 
educated at Oxford, where he studied law for a 
short time, and afterwards devoted his life to 
politics. He for some time supported Mr. Pitt 
in his administration. He was afterwards a 
member of parliament, and for a short time 
speaker of the house of commons. When Mr. 
Pitt’s interest declined, lord Grenville joined 
Mr. Fox in the opposition, and has since acted 
mostly with that body. 
GROS, M., a historical painter, a pupil of 
David, and one of the best masters of the French 
school. 
GROUCHY, marshal, born at Paris, in 1766. 
was once a lieutenant of the body guards of 
Louis XVI., afterwards under Napoleon; ha 
acquired great reputation as a general, and 
rendered important services to France. By 
Buonaparte he was made a count, and after- 
wards marshal of the empire. His attachment 
to Napoleon however has been doubted, and it 
is certain that during the battle of Waterloo, he 
was within hearing of the canonade with 40,000 
men. Soon after the return of the king, Grouchy 
came to the United States but lately obtained 
permission to return to France. 
GIJSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, ex-king of Swe 
den, was born November, 1778, and succeeded 
his father, Gustavus III., in 1792. At the com 
mcnccment of his reign, he resolved to follow 
the pacific system of his father. But he refused 
to marry Catharine Paulovvna, of Russia, after 
wards queen of Wertemburg, although he went 
to St. Petersburg!] writh that object; this, and his 
refusal to recognise Buonaparte as emperor of 
France, was sufficient to involve him in his 
after difficulties. A coalition of France, Russia, 
Prussia, and Denmark, was formed in 1809, 
against Sweden, and the fear, anxiety, and dis 
content manifested in all classes of the Swedes 
on this account, wouid have terminated in a 
civil war, had not Gustavus been seized, and 
required to abdicate the throne. He now re 
sides at Basle, in Switzerland. 
H 
HALL, Rev. Robert, a Baptist minister, and 
not only one of the most eloquent dissenting 
ministers of his time, but an able polemical 
writer, was born in England in 1766. He wai 
some time a minister at Cambridge, but his de- 
clining health has obliged him to retire to 
Leicestershire. 
HARDKNBERG, prince, was born in llano 
ver, 1750. After the Margravate of Anspacl 
430 HO 
and Bareuth was sold to Prussia, M. Hardenberg 
was employed to assimilate their laws and 
government to those of Prussia. He is now 
chancellor of state, minister ot war, and mem- 
ber of the cabinet of the king ot Prussia, who 
gave him the rank of prince. He is considered 
one of the ablest statesmen ot Europe. 
HASTINGS, marquis of, born 1754, and as 
lord Rawdon, is well known in this country as 
a general in the British service during the revo- 
tionary war. His career since has gained him 
much popularity. In 1805, he was sent as com- 
mander-iu-chief, into Scotland ; and in 1822, he 
returned to England from India, where lie had 
been for some years as governor-general. 
HAZLITT, William, the son of a dissenting 
minister, was originally an artist, but, relin- 
quishing the pencil for the pen, has become con- 
siderably distinguished as an author. Besides 
many other works, he has written “ Lectures 
on tlie English Poets,” “ Political Essays, with 
Sketches of Public Characters,” “ Lectures on 
the English Comic Writers,” and “Characters 
of Shakspeare’s Plays.” 
HEATH, James, an eminent engraver, of 
England, was born in 1757. He lias engraved 
several beautiful prints, which have gained him 
great reputation ; his son, Charles Heath, is con- 
sidered one of the best engravers of his time. 
HENRY, Dr. William, born in Manchester, 
Eng., has acquired much celebrity as a chymist. 
His works have all been well received. Among 
them, are “ Elements of Experimental Chymis- 
try,” and “ A General View of the Nature and 
Objects of Chvmistry.” 
HESSE CASSEL, elector of, was born June, 
1743. He is one of the most illiberal monarchs 
of the present day. After the battle of Jena, 
Buonaparte took from him his electorate, to 
which he did not return till after the coalition, 
into which he entered, was victorious over 
France. 
HOBHOU3E, John Cam, was educated at 
Trinity College, Cambridge, and soon after tra- 
velled into Greece and some provinces of the 
Turkish empire, in company with lord Byron. 
He has written an “ Account of a Journey into 
Albania and other provinces in the Turkish Em- 
pire,” a volume, illustrative of lord Byron’s 
“ Childe Harold,” and some other works. In 
a reply to lord Erskine, he offended the house of 
commons, for which he was imprisoned ; but 
he was soon after elected a member of the 
house he had offended, and is an intimate friend 
of sir F. Burdett. 
IIOFLAND, Mr. and Mrs., the former a land- 
scape painter, and the latter an author, each 
uniting considerable talents in their profession. 
Among the works of Mrs. Holland are “The 
Bon of a Genius,” “ Says she to her neighbour, 
what?” “Ellen the Teacher,” “ The Sisters,” 
and the “ Officer’s, Clergyman’s and Merchant’s 
Widow.” Many of her works are designed 
for vouth, and nil are strictly moral. 
HOGG, James, the Ettrick shepherd, is the 
son of a respectable farmer and sheep dealer in 
Scotland, who was ruined when the subject of 
this article was a child. At seven years of age 
he became a cowherd, and afterwards a shep- 
herd. During this period he suffered many 
hardships. “ Time after time,” says he “ I had 
but two shirts, which often grew so bad, that 
when I put them on they hung in long tatters as 
far as my heels.” At eighteen years of age, he 
could hardly read, and in writing a le'teratthat 
time, he says, “ I had actually forgot how to 
HY 
'make sundry letters of tlie alphabet.” When 
jhe was nineteen, he hired himself as a shepherd, 
to a gentleman, with whom he lived nine years. 
Here he had access to many valuable boo.ts, 
and aspired to be an author. In 1793, ho wrote 
“ An Address to the Duke of Buccleug.i m 
beha’f o’ mysel’ an’ ither poor fo’k.” His iirst 
printed work appeared tit 1801, and soon after, 
he published the “ Mountain Bard,” by which, 
and a work on sheep, he became master of 
nearly three hundred pounds ; a sum which, he 
says, made him “perfectly mad.” Butin three 
years he was pennyless, and in 1810, in utter des- 
peration, he took his plaid about his shoulders, 
set out for Edinburgh, and forced himself into no- 
tice as a literary character. His works, among 
which are the “Oueen’s Wake,” “ The Pilgrims 
of the Sun” “ Mador of the Moor,” “The Brow- 
nie of Bodsbeck,” and “Winter Evening Tales,” 
have nearly all been published in the U. States. 
HOME, sir Everard, is not only one of the 
principal operative surgeons, but is a writer of 
considerable eminence, in London. He has 
written on the “ Properties of Pus,” “ Practical 
Observations on the treatment of Strictures in 
the Urethra,” “Observations on Cancers,” 
“ Lectures on comparative Anatomy,” &c. 
I1UFELAND, Dr., the most celebrated of 
German physicians, is professor of the university 
of Jena, and physician to the king of Prussia. 
He has published many works on medicine, 
among which, the most curious is the “ Art of 
prolonging Human Life,” by means of which, 
he is of opinion that the age of man may be ex- 
tended to two hundred years. 
HUMBOLDT, baron, Frederick, one of the 
most indefatigable and intelligent of modern 
travellers, was born at Berlin, in 17C9. He has 
visited Holland, Italy, Switzerland, Cuba, South 
America, and the United States; tew have 
encountered toil and danger more readily, in 
pursuit of a favourite object; or looked upon 
the works of nature with a more observant eye. 
Baron Humboldt has published several volumes 
of travels, and is known as a botanist and 
mineralogist. He is now supposed to be in the 
East Indies. 
HUNT, Leign, a nephew of the late Benja- 
min West, was born in England, in 1784. As 
a poet and prose writer, he lias exhibited con- 
siderable talents; among iiis works are “The 
Feast of the Poets,” “ The Descent of Liberty,” 
“Foliage,” a translation of the “ Aminta of 
Tasso,” “The Round Table,” &c. For a 
time he was editor of a paper, called the “ Ex- 
aminer," and for a libel published in it on the 
prince regent, he was once sentenced to two 
years imprisonment. 
HUTTON, Dr. Charles, born at Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne, in 1737. Although since the age of 
eighteen, he has always been a schoolmaster 
he has become eminent as a mathematician. 
Among his works are “ Elements of Conic Sec- 
tions,” “ A Mathematical and Philosophical 
Dictionary,” and “ A new course of Mathema- 
tics.” He now resides at Woolwich. 
HYDE DE NEUV1LLE, count, the son of 
an Englishman, a resident of France. De Neu 
viile was a principal agent of the exiled Bour- 
bons after the establishment of the consulship,, 
and had the boldness to propose to Buonaparte 
to restore the exiled family. For this, and some 
unsuccessful intrigues, an order was issued for 
his arrest; but he escaped, and fled, finally, to 
this country, and resided in the vicinity of New 
York, for several years. After the restoration  JA 
of Louis XVIII., he returned to France, and for 
his fidelity to the Bourbons, lie was rewarded 
with the title of count, and the place of ambas- 
sador to the United States. He has lately re- 
turned to Paris. 
I 
IRVING, Washington, was born in the city 
of New-York, about the year 1783, was educated 
at Columbia College, and while there he amused 
the town occasionally by some effusions which 
appeared in one of the papers of the time. He 
had commenced the study of the law, when in 
1805, his studies were interrupted by decaying 
health ; he immediately sailed for Europe, and 
at the expiration of two years, having visited 
many of the most impoVtant places on the con- 
tinent, he returned through England to his na- 
tive city. Alter completing his studies, he was 
admitted to the bar; but preferring other pursuits 
to the details of the law, he devoted himself to 
literature, and in 1807, in connexion with Mr. 
Paulding and Mr. Verplanck, the most amusing 
and popular periodical publication of the times, 
was produced under the title of “ Salmagundi.” 
In 1810, Mr. Irving published “ Knickerbocker’s 
History of New-York,” and the fame of it! 
established the reputation of its author. Duringl 
the late war, Mr. Irving was military secretary,! 
and aid-de-cain'p to the governor of the state| 
of New-York ; and in 1815, he went to Eng- 
land, and hns since resided in Europe. Since 
his arrival in England, he has added much to 
his literary reputation, both there, and in his na- 
tive country, by several volumes under the titles 
of‘‘The Sketch Book,” “Bracebridge Hall,” and 
“ Tales of a Traveller.” Mr. Irving is now en- 
gaged at Paris, in editing an extensive collec- 
tion of English and American literature. 
J 
JACKSON, Andrew, was born in the (then) 
VVraxaw settlement, South Caro'ina, in the year 
1707, and is of Irish parentage. He enlisted in 
the service of his country at the age of fourteen, 
and after fighting bravely, was wounded and 
taken prisoner. After his release, he studied 
at a flourishing academy in the settlement, 
prepared himself for the bar in Salisbury, in 
North Carolina, was admitted to it, and settled 
himself at Nashville, in Tennessee, where he 
was so successful in his practice, that he was 
soon appointed attorney-general for the district. 
At a state convention in 1796, Mr. Jackson was 
much distinguished, and he was that year 
elected to congress, after being a member of 
each house one year, he resigned his seat, 
esteemed for the soundness of his understand- 
ing, and the moderation ofhis demeanour. He 
was then for a short time a judge of the su- 
preme court of Tennessee. At the commence- 
ment of the late war he was a major-general of 
militia in Tennessee, and by an energetic ad 
dress to the militia of his division, he drew 2500 
volunteers to his standard. These were dis 
banded in the spring of 1813. General Jackson’s 
military career since, is well known ; in his va- 
rious campaigns, he has proved himself a most 
skilful commander, a vigilant disciplinarian, atidj 
a dauntless soldier. He was sent by government! 
to receive the Floridas from Spain, as coinmis j 
tinner, and afterwards was appointed governor 
of these provinces. General Jackson was elect j 
•d a senator to congrqa from Tennessee, where' 
JE 
lie lias since held a seat, and lie was a promt 
nent, although unsuccessful candidate for ih* 
presidency, in opposition to Mr. Adams. 
JAM IESON, Robert, an eminent mineralogist, 
and a resident of Edinburgh, where he is a pro- 
fessor of natural history, president of the Wer- 
nerian Society, and lecturer in mineralogy. His 
largest work is a “ System of Mineralogy,” 3 
vols. 8vo. Among other works which he has 
published, is a “ Treatise on the external, chymi- 
cal, and physical character of Minerals and 
“ Outlines of the Mineralogy of the Scottish 
Isles.” 
JAY, John, was born in the city of New- 
York, on the 1st of December, old style, in 1745. 
He was educated at Columbia College, and was 
afterwards admitted to the bar, where he attain- 
ed great and deserved reputation as a lawyer. 
He was elected by the citizens of New-York, to 
the first American congress, in 1774, and after 
having been re-elected the two succeeding years, 
he was chosen president of congress, in 1776. 
He was afterwards appointed a member of the 
convention of New-York, and after the organ - 
ization of that government, was appointed 
chief-justice of the state. In 1778, he was 
minister plenipotentiary to the court of Spain, 
and in 1782, was appointed one of the com- 
missioners to negotiate a peace with England, 
and a treaty was signed in Sep. 1784, when he 
returned to New-York. After this, he was at 
the head of foreign affairs until the organiza- 
tion of the government, when he was appointed 
chief-justice of the United States ; while in 
this occupation, he was engaged with Mr. Madi- 
son, and colonel Hamilton in writing the Fede- 
ralist. As envoy-extraordinary to Great Britain, 
he negotiated and signed the treaty which tears 
his name, and on his return in 1795, he found 
himself elected governor of the state of New- 
York. This office he held until 1807, when 
declining are-election, and also the situation of 
chief-justice of the United States, to which he 
had been appointed, he retired from public life 
to his farm at Bedford, N. Y., still the friend of 
his country, but wholly unambitious of further 
honours or distinctions. He is one of the most 
worthy men who were bred in the school of the 
revolution ; and is conspicuous alike for the 
soundness ofhis judgmentand his legal acquire- 
ments. His piety is undoubted, and the wanton 
malice, and rancorous endeavours to injure bis 
name, he has viewed with the complacency of 
a Christian. 
JEFFERSON, Thomas, was born in Chester- 
field county, Virginia, on the 2d of October, 1743, 
and was educated at William and Mary College. 
He was a pupil in the office of chancellor Wythe, 
and was a distinguished member of the Virginia 
legislature in 1709, where In? continued three 
years, and afterwards was a delegate, and took 
a most conspicuous stand in the congress at 
Philadelphia. Here he drew up that gigantic 
and spirited article, the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. After this, from 1779 to 1781, he was 
governor of Virginia, and at the conclusion of 
peace, was appointed, with Dr. Franklin and 
Mr. Adams, minister plenipotentiary to Europe 
He returned in 1789, and was appointed secre 
tarv of state, which office he resigned in 1790, 
[and retired to private life. Mr. Jefferson was 
! elected vice-president in 1797, and for the eight 
years succeeding Mr. Adams’ administration, he 
was president of the United Slates. He then 
withdrew from public life, and retired to Mon- 
j tictdlo- During Mr. Jefferson's political caret*.  KE 
he was distinguished as a sound legislator and 
statesman, unyielding in his determination, and 
a firm patriot. In private life, he is said to be 
benevolent, humane, and affable. He is presi- 
dent of the American Philosophical Society, 
and is a member of several literary societies in 
Europe and America. He published “ Notes on 
Virginia” in 1781, which has lately been re- 
published : it was also translated in France, 
and published in 1784. 
JEFFERY, Francis, a celebrated literary and 
legal character of Edinburgh, where he was 
born, in 1773. In 1814, he visited the United 
States, and married a Miss Wilkes, of New- 
York. Mr. Jeffery is most generally known as 
a literary character, and this reputation he has 
acquired as editor of the Edinburgh Review. 
This office, however, he has declined the present 
vear (1825.) 
JOHN VI., king of Portugal, was born in 1767, 
and in 1792 became regent of the kingdom. At 
the outset of his administration as regent, he of- 
fended both Buonaparte and Spain, and these 
soon combined to manifest their disaffection. 
Napoleon made demands of the regent which 
were not complied with, and he then declared 
that the house of Braganza had ceased to reign. 
Tile regent immediately sailed for the Brazils, 
and reached Rio Janeiro in safety. In March, 
1810, he succeeded his mother, as king of Portu- 
gal. Though he had somewhat ameliorated the 
situation of the Brazilians, the government con- 
tinued despotic, till, in 1820, he took the oath as 
constitutional sovereign. In July, 1821, he re- 
turned to Portugal, and appears to be on the best 
terms with the cortes, the people, and the new 
order of things. 
JOURDAN, marshal count, an eminent mili- 
tary commander, was born at Limoges, in 1762. 
He served in the United States in the regiment 
of Auxerrois, from the age of 16 to the close of 
the revolutionary contest. In 1793 he command- 
ed the army of the North, and defeated the 
prince of Saxe Cobourg, and compelled him to 
abandon the blockade of Maubeuge. At the 
head of the army of the Moselle, in 1794, he de- 
feated the allies, under Cobourg, and the entire 
conquest of the Netherlands was the conse- 
quence. As a member of the council of Five 
Hundred, in 1797, he manifested a decidedly re- 
publican spirit, and was soon chosen president 
of the council. In July, 1800, he was sent as 
administrator to Piedmont, and by his judicious 
government did himself much honour. In 1803, 
he was at the head of the army of Italy, and, in 
1804, was appointed marshal and grand officer 
of the iegion of honour. After this he was sent 
Into Spain with Joseph Buonaparte, as his ma- 
jor-general and military counsellor. He assented 
to the return of the Bourbons, was created a 
knight of St. Louis, and in 1819, became a mem- 
ber of the house of peers. 
K 
KEAN, Edmund, an actor, born in London, 
in 1787. As an actor, Mr. Kean’s talents and 
powers rank him among the first of his profes- 
sion. But a late trial has rendered the infamy 
of his character as conspicuous as are his talents 
as a performer. It is said, notwithstanding the 
disgrace in which he left the stage in this coun- 
try, in 1822, that he is about making the United 
States another visit. 
KEMBLE, Charles, an actor of great merit 
a* a tragedian, and one of the first eoraic actors. 
> LA 
was born in Wales, in 1775. His wife, Mrs. M. 
T. Kemble, is an actress of considerable ability. 
They are both engaged at the Covent Garden 
Theatre, and both have written several plays. 
KETT, rev. Henry, was educated at Oxford, 
and is a fellow and tutor of Trinity College, and 
one of the king’s preachers at Whitehall. He 
has published many works, among which are 
“Sermons at the Bampton Lectures;” “Element* 
of General Knowledge a translation of Cha- 
teaubriand’s “ Beauties of Christianity;” and 
“ The Flowers of Wit.” 
KING, Rufus, is the son of Richard King, a 
merchant, of Scarborough, in Maine, and was 
born in 1755. He graduated at Harvard College, 
Cambridge, and completed his studies in the law 
in the office of the late chief-justice Parsons. 
While a student, he volunteered his services in 
the cause of his country under general Sullivan, 
who soon appointed him his aid, and served 
with much ardour and alacrity in the enterprise 
against the British on Long Island. In 1784, 
he was a delegate to the congress then sitting at 
Trenton, and in 1787, bore a conspicuous part in 
the general convention at Philadelphia. In 1788, 
Mr. King removed to New-York, and was elect- 
ed to the legislature in 1789, and also a senator 
to congress. He represented the United States 
at the English court from the last year of presi- 
dent Washington’s administration to the year 
1803, with much honour to himself and his coun- 
try, when he returned home. In 1813, he was 
again chosen senator to congress, which office 
he continued to fill with undiminished esteem 
and applause. Mr. King in his public life, has 
displayed a sound mind, and discriminating 
judgment, and is a profound statesman, civilian, 
and orator. He has recently been appointed by 
president Adams, minister to England. 
KNIAZIEWICZ, general, a native of Poland, 
who first distinguished himself in the gallant 
struggles made by the Poles, in 1794, to ex- 
pel their Russian tyrants. He commanded, un- 
der Zajonczek, at the combat of Gulkow ; and 
at the fatal battle of Macejorrice, he seconded 
Kosciusco with the utmost intrepidity and intel- 
ligence. As second in command of the Polish 
legions in the French service, he repeatedly dis- 
tinguished himself, and afterwards, at the head 
of the Polish legion on the Rhine, he contributed 
his services to the gaining of the victory of Ho- 
henlinden. Napoleon, in 1803, sent him the 
decoration of a commander of the legion of ho- 
nour, and he has since been a lieutenant-general 
in the army of Poland. 
KONOVN1TZIN, lieutenant-general in the 
Russian service, born in 1764. He was employ- 
ed in the war against Sweden, and, in 1812, 
fought gallantly at Witepsk, at Smolensko, at 
Borodino, and at Krasnoi; and was rewarded 
with the cross of several orders 
h 
LABILL ARDIERE, M., a native of Alencon, 
and eminent as a botanist. His enthusiasm has 
led him to visit many parts of Europe, Asia, and 
America; and on returning from one of his ex- 
peditions abroad, he found himself in possession 
of a herbal of fourthousand plants, three-fourths 
of which were new discoveries. He has pub- 
lished the most ample collection of the plant* 
of New Holland, that has appeared. 
LABRADOR, Don Pedro Gomez, formerly 
minister of Charles IV. at the court of Florence. 
By invitation of Ferdinand VII., he accot^pa- 
433 LA 
nied him to Bayonne, where he held a confer- 
ence with Champagny relative to the proposals 
offered by Napoleon lor the acceptance of Fer- 
dinand. Don I’etro attended Ferdinand in his 
• ixile, and on his return to Spain, in 1814, that 
prince nominated him counsellor of state, as 
well as ambassador to France, and his repre- 
senlativeat the congress of Vienna; in all which 
situations, he distinguished himself by his diplo- 
matic talents. 
LACEPEDE, count, a distinguished natu- 
ralist, and a pupil of Daubenton and Buffon. He 
is also a politician. In 1796, he was appointed 
a member of the National Institute, and in 1799, 
Napoleon called him to the conservative senate, 
of which he became president, in 1801. He 
afterwards was a member of the grand council 
of administration, arid was soon chosen presi- 
dent of the senate. He accepted the dignity of 
peer of France offered to him by Napoleon, 
which was confirmed by Louis, in 1819. He 
has published many works, among which is an 
edition of the “Works of Buffon,” with notes, 
a Biography of the Author, and a Discourse on 
the progress of the Natural Sciences, by himself. 
LA CHATRE, the duke de, was born in 
Berry, about 1750. He accompanied Louis 
XVII [. in his exile from France, and was his 
particular confidant. In 1805, Louis nominated! 
him his agent at the court of England, where he| 
remained after the restoration of the Bourbons,! 
with the title of French ambassador. The duke 
returned to France in 1816, and in 1817, was 
appointed a member of the chamber of peers. 
LACROIX, M. Sylvester, is considered in all 
respects, the ablest mathematician in Europe, j 
and his publications are numerous and valuable.! 
In 1782, he was appointed professor of inathe-| 
inatics in the naval academy of Rochefort, and 
also a member of the French Institute, and of 
the legion of honour, in 1799. 
LAFAYETTE, Gilbert Mottier, marquis de, 
was born on the 6th of September, 1757, at the 
Chateau de Chavagnac, in the department of 
Haute Loire, and was the inheritot of a princely 
fortune, and descended from distinguished ances- 
tors. At seven years of age, he entered the 
•'tf.iege of Louis le Grande, at Paris, and com- 
menced his literary education. Here the lovely 
but ill-fated Antoinette, the late queen of France, 
took him under her immediate patronage, and 
at a very early age, he rose to the rank of a 
commissioned officer in the king’s guards. In 
1774, he married the countess de Noilles. At 
nineteen years of age, he sailed for America,! 
and landed on the shores of South Carolina-! 
This illustrious friend had become an advocate 
of the colonies, and felt all that ardour in the 
cause of liberty, which has not deserted him in 
maturer years. La(jpyette had watched atten- 
tively the momentous controversy between 
Great Britain and her oppressed subjects, and 
resolved to make any sacrifice in their cause. 
He made known his intention to Dr. Franklin, 
then our commissioner in France, who laid be- 
fore him the disastrous state of the country. 
“ The more hopeless your cause,” said he, “the 
more occasion is there for my assistance, the 
more honour shall I acquire by bestowing it.” 
He immediately equipped a vessel for this en- 
terprise at his own expense, and severing the 
ties which would have detained him in his na- 
tive country, he sailed for the United States. 
Arrived at Philadelphia, he presented himself 
before congress. “lam come,” said he, “to 
request two favours of this assemblage of patri 
LA 
ots. One is tliat I may serve in your army, tha 
other, that I receive no pay.” He was imme- 
diately received into the family of Washington, 
and congress in July following, tendered him a 
commission of major-general. Soon after, learn- 
ing the embarrassments of the army, he gave 
Washington 60,000 francs (about 11000 dollars) 
to procure supplies; by which generous act, 
Washington was so affected, that he embraced 
Lafayette with tears of joy and affection. At 
the battle of Brandywine, the marquis exhibited 
full evidence of his bravery and military char- 
acter, and in this bloody contest was wounded. 
After his recovery he joined general Green, in 
New-Jersey, and was at the head of 2000 men, 
whom he had formed, clothed, armed, equipped 
and disciplined himself. He was afterwards 
actively employed in different parts of the coun- 
try, till 1779, wiien he returned to France, his 
object to obtain assistance for his adopted coun- 
try. In this he succeeded, arid in May, 1780, he 
returned with the joyful intelligence, that a 
French fleet and army would soon arrive on 
our coast. He immediately resumed his com- 
mand, and in the campaigns of 1780 and 1781, 
he displayed the most consummate generalship 
in preserving his little army, then opposed ta 
lord Cornwallis, till the siege of that general at 
Yorktown, where, collected and undismayed, 
he shared largely in the honours of the day. In 
November, 1781, the contest in which he had 
been so nobly engaged, drawing near a com- 
pletion, Lafayette signified his intention of re- 
turning to his country. After the conclusion ol 
peace, in August, 1784, general Lafayette again 
visited the United States, and several of the 
larger cities, in some of which the freedom of 
the city was presented him; he returned to 
France, in December following. 
General Lafayette was a member of the As- 
sembly of Notables at Versailles, in 1787, and 
in 1789 he was elected a member of the States 
General, made president of that assembly, and 
commandant of the national guards. In this 
capacity, his influence was exerted in favour 
of lenient measures; and he did much to pre- 
vent the mob of Paris from running into tho'se 
horrid excesses, which were afterwards com- 
mitted. He acted a conspicuous part on the 
day the constitution was adopted, and soon after 
resigned his command. In 1792, he was called 
again into service ; but on that memorable day, 
the 10th of August, when the royal family fled 
i to the national assembly for safety, he opposed 
the fury of the mob, was deprived of command, 
a price was set on his head, and he was obliged 
jto fly l'.is country for safety. He was thrown 
{into prison by the king of Prussia, and after- 
; wards chained and imprisoned by the emperor 
of Austria in the citadel at Olmutz. Ilis estate 
| was confiscated. In prison, he was subjected 
I to the most barbarous treatment, and frequently 
threatened with an ignominious death. Great 
exertions were made to obtain his liberation 
without effect, until, in 1797, in settling terms of 
peace with Austria, Buonaparte expressly stipu- 
lated that Lafayette should be set at. liberty, arid 
in 1799, after the overthrow of the French direc- 
jtory, he returned to France, and settled at La 
Grange, about 40 miles from Paris. Previous to 
Buonaparte’s first abdication, he was elected to 
the chamber of deputies, and there proposed a 
voteof permanent session, which was passed, and 
in consequence, the emperor found himself u nder 
the necessity of abdicating the throne*! From 
that period to the time of his embarkation for 
434  LA 
she United States, with the exception of his 
having been once again elected to the chamber 
of deputies, general Lafayette spent most of his 
time in the pursuits of agriculture at La Grange. 
When he expressed his intention of again visit- 
ing the United States, every heart beat high 
with joyful anticipation. He declined the offer 
of a national ship of the line to convey him 
across the Atlantic, which, together with a for- 
mal invitation to visit the United States, was 
voted him by congress, and arrived in the har- 
bour of New-York on the 15th of August, 1824, 
in the ship Cadmus. The next day he was re- 
ceived in the city with the most enthasiastic de- 
monstrations of joy and respect, by an immense 
concourse of citizens. After making a complete 
tour through the United States, being received 
every where with the highest marks of gratitude 
which a free people could bestow, he sailed 
again for his native country, on the 7th of Sep- 
tember, 1825, in a ship fitted out by government 
for that purpose, and called the Brandywine, in 
honour of his bravery in that memorable battle. 
In gratitude for his former services, with a be- 
coming munificence, congress soon after his 
arrival passed a vote granting general La- 
fayette 200,000 dollars from the treasury, and 
a township of land, to be located in any of the 
lands belonging to the United States. 
LAHARPE, general, was, in the early part 
of his life, a barrister in his native province, 
the Pays de Vaud. He was invited to Russia 
by Paul I., where the emperor Alexander was 
his pupil. Afterwards, while a resident of 
France, he was commissioned by the executive 
directory of Switzerland to prepare that country 
for a revolution, which he accomplished by 
means of writings and proclamations, with so 
much zeal and activity, that he was presented 
with a gold medal by the new government, to 
express the gratitude of the Pays de Vaud. Hap- 
pening to be at Paris during the eventful year 
1814, Alexander decorated him with the orders 
of Russia, and gave him the rank of general in 
his army. He is now in retirement in Switzer- 
land. 
LALLY TOLLENDAL, marquis, was born 
at Paris, 1751. In 1789, he was one of the 
most popular members of the constituent as- 
sembly, and supported the famous declaration 
of the rights of man, that was proposed by La- 
fayette. In 1792, he exerted himself with ener- 
gy in defence of Louis XVI., and since the re- 
storation. has been a member of the privy 
council of Louis XVIII. 
LAMARQ.UE, count, was born at St. Sever, 
in 1770. At the head of two hundred grena- 
diers, he marched against Fontarabia, and by a 
masterly coup de-main, he took the place, de- 
fended by eighty pieces of cannon, and made 
one thousand eight hundred men prisoners. In 
1801, he was made general of brigade, and dis- 
tinguished himself at the battle of Hohenlinden. 
After this, he took the island of Caprea from 
the English, was at the battle of Wagram, 
where he had four horses killed under him; he 
served in Russia, and in Spain, in 1812, and in 
1814, was created a knight of St. Louis. After 
the return of Louis XVHI., he took refuge in 
Brussels, and afterwards passed into Austria. 
LAMETH, count, Alexander de, a knight of 
Malta, was born in France, in 1757, and as abi- 
de camp to general Rochambeau, served in the 
revolutionary war of this country, with great 
zeal and energy. In 1781, he was a deputy to 
the States General from Poronue, and embraced 
LA ' 
the popular side at the coininencemeut of the 
French revolution. In 179-2, he joined the army 
of Lafayette, fled with him and was thrown 
into prison by the Austrians. lie obtained liber- 
ty to return to France in 1800, and was succes 
sively named prefect of the Lower Alps, of the 
Rhine and Moselle, and of La Somme, and was 
also created knight of St. Louis, and appointed 
lieutenant-general in the army. In 1819, lie was 
el&ted to the chamber of deputies, and has con- 
stantly proved himself a zealous friend ofliberty. 
Ttte political career of his brother, the count 
Ckarles de Lametb, much resembles bis own. 
He served in America with reputation; was a 
deputy to the States General, in 1789, and joined 
the army of Lafayette, in 1792. He commanded 
in Spain in 1812 and 1813, and on his return 
to France in 1814, was appointed lieutenant- 
general. In 1807, as aid-de-camp to general 
Murat, he was distinguished by his bravery at 
the battle of Heitsberg, where he was wounded. 
LANCASTER, Joseph, famous as the invent- 
or, and successful promulgator of a new system 
of instruction. He was born in England, in 
1771, was bred and still maintains the habits 
and manners of a quaker. Disappointed in his 
expectations in his native country, he left Eng 
land in disgust, and came to the United States 
about 1817, where his fame procured him friends, 
and his industry rendered him useful. He has 
recently gone to South America, where, under 
the liberal patronage of Bolivar, his prospects 
of success are most flattering. 
LAPLACE, marquis, a geometrician of high 
celebrity, was born in 1749. He was president 
of the conservative senate in 1803, and in 1814, 
gave his vote for the dethronement of Napoleon, 
for which the king gave him the title of a peer. 
M. Laplace, holds the first rank among French 
mathematicians, and, in his “ Exposition of the 
System of the World,” he has powerfully con- 
tributed to advance the boundaries of a science 
that has so often employed the industry of the 
most profound geniuses of the world. 
LASCASAS, count de, is descended from an 
ancient Spanish family, and is distinguished as 
the faithful and spirited friend of Napoleon, 
whom he accompanied to St. Helena, and who, 
during his reign, loaded Lascasas with favours. 
Lascasas has published a Narrative of his Resi- 
dence at St. Helena, and also, under the name 
of Lesage, “A Historical and Geographical 
Atlas.” 
LAVALETTE, count, was born in 1769, at 
Paris, of obscure parents. To Baudelocque he 
was indebted for a superior education. He was 
destined for the church, but, having finished his 
education, he studied the law. But the revolu- 
tion interrupted his pursuits. As an officer in 
the national guards, in August, 1792, he edea- 
voured to defend the palace of the Thuilleries ; 
afterwards he enrolled himself in the legion of 
the Alps, and served in the army of the Rhine 
and that of Italy, with such distinction, that 
Buonaparte made him his aid-de-camp, and en- 
trusted him with his secret correspondence. He 
gave him madamoiselle Beauharnois, the niece 
of his wife, Josephine, in marriage, to draw the 
ties of attachment closer between them. Lava- 
Iette accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt, and 
after the establishment of the consulship, was 
appointed postmaster-general and counsellor of 
state; he was subsequently made a count, and 
a commander of the legion of honour. For the 
extraordinary vigilance and activity of his mea- 
sures to accelerate he progress of Napoleon, 
435  LU 
on his return from Elba, he was created a peer 
of France. But on the return of the king, he 
was brought to trial, as an accomplice of Napo- 
leon, and condemned to death. He, however, 
escaped %n prison in disguise, by the assis- 
tance of his srife, and fled to Munich, where he 
has since found an asylum and powerful friends. 
Madame Lavalette was crually retained some 
time in prison, having been accs.«iary to the! 
escape of her husband ; a treatment which dis-l 
ordered her senses, and she has since been a| 
confirmed lunatic. 
LAWRENCE, sir Thomas, the successor of 
sir Benjamin West, as president of the Royal 
Academy at London, is now about fifty-eight 
years of age, and was born at Bath. He first be- 
came distinguished by his portraits of the Kem- 
ble family, and in a few years he began to ob- 
tain the highest patronage, and no exhibition 
was considered complete or interesting, without 
some of his pictures. The personal character 
of sir Thomas Lawrence accords with his pro- 
fessional talents, and he possesses much native 
modesty, and suavity of manners. He is painter 
to George IV. 
LEOPOLD, prince of Saxe Cobourg Saalfeld, 
was born in 1790, and entered into the Austrian 
army, where he distinguished himself on seve- 
ral occasions, and attained the rank of lieute- 
nant-colonel. He visited England in 1814, in the 
suite of the sovereigns of Russia and Prussia. 
The intended marriage between the prince of 
Orange and the princess of Wales having been 
broken off) prince Leopold was the protestant 
selected to espouse her, and they were married 
in 1817. By the preliminaries of their marriage, 
the prince was entitled to an income of more 
than 260,000 dollars, (beside an outfit to the same 
amount,) about 222,000 dollars of which was to 
remain with him in case he survived her. He 
was naturalized by an act of parliament pre- 
vious to his marriage, and was appointed a 
colonel and field-marshal. The death of the 
princess Charlotte has reduced him to the rank 
of a commoner, in England. 
LESLIE, professor of the university of Edin- 
burgh, is a native of Scotland, and a profound 
mathematician and chvmist. He has invented 
several valuable philosophical instruments, has 
published several scientific works, and is a con- 
tributor to the Edinburgh Review. 
LOCKHART, John G., a native of Scotland, 
was born about, the year 1792; he is a lawyer, 
and resides at Edinburgh. He is a popular au- 
thor, and is supposed to have written Peter’s 
Letters, and also a leading writer for Black- 
wood’s Magazine. Among his best perform- 
ances, is Reginald Dalton. About four years 
since he married the eldest daughter of sir 
Walter Scott. His works, which are numerous, 
are distinguished for masculine and original 
talent; but are deficient in elegance and refine- 
ment. He is, however, one of the most eminent 
writers of the day. 
LUCCA, the dutchess of, formerly Maria Loui- 
sa, of Bourbon, infanta of Spain, was born at 
Madrid, in 1782. She married Don Louis de 
Bourbon, eldest son of the duke of Parma, and 
in 1801, by political events, they were called to i 
reign over the kingdom of Etruria. In 1803, 
her husband’s death left her regent of that king- 
dom. Her court became by degrees one of the 
most brilliant in Europe. But, in 1807, the king 
of Spain having ceded her kingdom to Napoleon, 
she retired to the court of her father. She as- 
serted before the congress of Vienna, her rights 
~~ MA 
to the estates of Parma, Placentia,and Guastalla, 
but obtained only the principality of Lucca, of 
which she took possession in 1817. 
M 
MACANZA, Don Pedro, a peculating minis- 
ter, descended from an ancient Irishfaniily, and 
was born about 17G0. He rose rapidly into the 
jlavour of Ferdinand, who appointed him mi- 
ll,ister of grace and justice. To him is attribu- 
ted ill' crime of having been the principal 
prompter ot the monarch to destroy the liberties 
of Spain. He issued the edict prohibiting the 
exiles who espoused the cause of Joseph from 
entering the peninsula, and afterwards com 
menced the persecution of the patriots. But he 
was soon discovered to have been guilty of the 
grossest bribery and corruption, and he was 
thrown into prison, from which, after two years, 
he was allowed to retire lo an estate in Castile, 
where he now lives, despised by all parties. 
MADALINSKI, general, the patriotic Pole, 
who had the honour of being the first to raise 
the standard of liberty against the Russians, in 
1794. He had long held a secret correspondence 
with Kosciusco, and, when the order was giv- 
en for dishanding the Polish army, he collect- 
ed his regiment of seven hundred men, de- 
feated the scattered Russian detachments, and 
succeeded in joining Kosciusco, had been 
appointed generalissimo,) at Racovv, though pur 
sued by seven thousand Russians. He distin- 
guished himself in several battles, particularly 
in the defence of Warsaw. He still resides it 
Poland, beloved and respected by his country- 
men. 
MADISON, James. Thecareerof thisstates- 
man commenced at the close of the revolutiona 
ry war. When the public ni'nd was chiefly oc- 
cupied with the formation of a national con- 
stitution, Mr. Madison vigorously co-operated 
with the principal men of the country, and in 
the meeting at Annapolis, and the convention 
in Philadelphia, he ranked high among the lumt 
naries of the day. He participated in the dis- 
cussions relative to the constitution, and furnish- 
ed many able papers for the “ Federalist." Af- 
terwards, Mr. Madison was a member of the 
legislature of Virginia, and subsequently was 
elected to congress, and in both these bodies he 
was an able advocate for the people. He was 
appointed secretary of state by Mr. Jefferson, 
and in this capacity displayed much talent as a 
statesman and logician. Mr. Madison was elect- 
ed president in 1809, and was re-elected in 1813. 
In affairs of state his reserve was habitual; he 
seldom yielded to expediency, and his honesty 
as a statesman, it is believed, was never doubt- 
ed. Mr. Madison is a native of Virginia, where 
he now resides, and is about seventy years of 
age. 
MAHMOUD II., sultan or emperor of the 
Turks, was born in 1784, and succeeded his bro- 
ther, Mustapha IV., in 1808. At the time he be- 
came emperor, troubles and dangers the most 
appalling,existed in the interior of his dominions, 
while a war with Russia and the Servians, 
threatened the dissolution of his empire. He 
was compelled to submit to a burdensome peace 
with Russia, but by his prudence and energy, 
and the wisdom of his policy, he successively 
reduced to obedience the pachas of Romelia 
Widdin, Bagdad, Damascus, and the beys of 
Egypt; released the city of Mecca from the Wa- 
habees, and conquered the Servians. But ilia 
436  MA 
present contest with the Greeks, and the barba- 
rous massacres he has permitted, exhibits the 
Moody tyranny of his government; his internal 
administration is exercised with excessive rigour. 
MANCHESTER, duke of, was born in 1768. 
Although his father was a strong oppositionist, 
he joined the ministry, and was appointed lieu- 
tenant governor, and afterwards governor of 
Jamaica, where he now resides. 
MANUEL, M., one of the most eloquent and 
intrepid of the defenders of French liberty, was 
born in the department of the Lower Alps, in 
1775. In 1815, lie was a member of the chamber 
of deputies, convoked by Napoleon, and after- 
wards, strongly contended for the rights of the 
younger Napoleon, and moved a spirited protest 
against the force employed by the allies to re- 
store the Bourbons. In 1818, he was re-elected to 
tile chamber of deputies, and lias since held a 
seat there. In point of argument and elocution, 
•e is one of the most formidable opponents of 
the ministry. 
MARET, duke of Bassano, enjoyed the confi- 
lence and friendship of Napoleon, from the time 
tie was made consul to his abdication. He was 
made secretary of the council of state, and was 
employed in negotiating the treaty of Presburgh ; 
in 1811, he was made minister of foreign affairs, 
and created duke of Bassano; in 1812, he nego- 
tiated treaties with Austria, and Prussia ; and in 
1813 and 1814 was entrusted with various impor- 
tant missions. He was banished by Louis, and is 
•now a resident at Gratz, in Syria, occupied in the 
education of his children. He was born at Di- 
jon, in 1758. 
MARIA LOUISA, late empress of France, is 
daughter of Francis II. of Austria, and was 
born in 1791. The younger branches of the 
imperial family had been taught to think of 
Napoleon with so much horror, that the princess 
fainted at the first suggestion of her marriage to 
him ; but at length she yielded to the entreaties 
of her father, and to state policy, and afterwards 
became sincerely attached to him. They were 
married in 1810. During the absence of Buona- 
parte in the campaigns of 1812, and 1813, she was i 
placed by him at the head of the French go- 
vernment as empress-regent, and in that capa- 
city, she went in state to the senate, and de- 
manded a levy of 190,000 men. On setting out 
for the army in 1814, Buonaparte took, as it! 
afterwards proved to be, his final farewell of her. 
The officers of the national guard of Paris, 800 
in number, were summoned to the great saloon 
of the Thuilieries, to receive the solemn deposit 
which Napoleon entrusted to their honour, in 
the persons of his wife and child. “ I confide,” 
said he, and he spoke it in a tremulous accent, 
“ my wife and child to my faithful citizens of 
Paris, thus giving them the dearest mark of con- 
fidence, which I have in my power to bestow." 
On the 29th of March, the day before the battle! ( 
of Paris, the empress fled to Blois, and in May, i 
went to Vienna. The principality of Paima,! I 
had in the mean time been secured to her by; ! 
treaty, and in 1817, she took possession of this; i 
as princess of Parma, but her court is neither; 
numerous nor splendid. Her son was sepa-j 
rated from her in 1815, and has not since been! ' 
under her care. j l 
MARINO, Don Santiago, one of the most'i 
intrepid and indefatigable generals, who have j< 
fought for the independence of South America.j!t 
lie is of a rich family, and was born in the pro-;lf 
vince of Oumana. lie espoused the cause of; r 
liberty at an early period, and at the town of |jr 
MA 
■jMatarin, where he was enabled to procure a 
: supply of provisions and horses, and keep up a 
1 correspondence with the revolted colonies, he 
sustained the place against Montaverde, twice 
routing his array with immense loss, and at a 
third attack, completely defeating him. Marino 
soon after joined Bolivar, aud has been engaged 
in many of the battles since that period. 
MARMONT, duke of Ragusa, who has im- 
mortalized his name by his bravery and milita- 
ry talents, and stained it by being the first to de- 
sert his benefactor, was born at Chatilion upon 
the Seine, in 1774, and was educated for the ar- 
my. This he entered in 1792, and was present 
in the first campaigns of the armies of the Alps, 
and of Italy. He then became aid-de-camp to 
Buonaparte, and displayed much courage and 
talent at the battles of Lodi, Castiglione, and 
St. George. In 1798, he was made a brigadier- 
general for his conduct at Malta. In Dalmatia, 
die routed, with a handful of troops, the Russians 
and Montenegrins, and for this he was rewarded 
with a dukedom. He compelled Wellington to 
raise the siege of Badajoz, took the command 
of an army in Germany, and contributed at the 
victories of Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, and 
[others. He was made a marshal on the field of 
Znaim, where he had been victorious, and in 
1814, shared in the laurels gained at Brienne, 
Champ Aubert, Vauchamp, and Montmiraii. 
Here ends the glory of his career. In the re- 
jtreat, on Paris, Marmont, finding himself in a si- 
tuation in which he could pursue his own views 
without accountability to Buonaparte, negotia- 
ted with the allies, and separated his division 
from the rest of the army. Louis rewarded so 
valuable a subject with a peerage, and has since 
appointed him one of the four marshals of the 
royal guard and a commander of St. Louis. 
MARSHALL, John, was born in Virginia, 
about the year 1756, and wentthrough the usual 
course of classical education in a private semi- 
nary. He shared in the dangers and fatigues of 
the army during the revolutionary war, and was 
under the immediate command of Washington, 
jafter which he studied the law, and soon after, 
he was elected to the legislature, and then was 
a member of the executive council. In a short 
time he was at the head of his profession ; was 
a member of the Virginia convention, in 1788, 
and generally represented the city of Richmond 
in the legislature of the state, until in 1797, he 
was prevailed on to accept the appointment of 
an envoy to France, with Messrs. Pinckney and 
Gerry. Mr. Marshall shared largely in the trans- 
actions and honours of this embassy. After his 
return, he had been a short time a distinguished 
member of congress, when he was appointed se- 
cretary of state by Mr. Jefferson. He soon after 
received the appointment of chief-justice of the 
United States., which high office he has since 
continued to fill with dignity and reputation, and 
is alike conspicuous for his sound judgment and 
luminous mind. Judge Marshall has published a 
Life of Washington, in five volumes, 8vo, and is 
now employed in revising it for a second edition. 
MATURIN, rev. C. R., born in Ireland, in 
1782, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, 
where he obtained several prizes and medals as 
the reward of his acquirements,and yet was there 
more remarkable for his indolence and melan- 
choly, than for his talents. But, by the misfor- 
tunes of his father, he was compelled to provide 
for himself, and he sought for a resource in lite- 
rary labour. Under the assumed name of Den- 
nis Jasper Murohy, he produced “ The Fatal 
4*P MI 
Revenge,” “The Wild Irish Boy,” and “ The 
Milesian Chief.” “ Bertram,” a tragedy, through 
the interest of Lord Byron, was brought out at 
Drury-lane, and its success established the fame 
of its author. He has since published two finely 
written works : “Women, or Pour et Contre,” 
and “ Melmoth, the Wanderer.” 
MAXIMILIAN I., king of Bavaria, was born 
in 1756, and succeeded his uncle, Charles Theo- 
dore, as elector of Bavaria, in 1799. He early 
d isplayed the qualities of a wise and good prince; 
he introduced various popular reforms in his 
states, and abolished the oppressive privileges 
and immunities of the nobles and clergy. In 
1306, he joined Napoleon, with an army of25,000 
Bavarians, against Francis II., and at the con-| 
elusion of peace, was elevated by his potent 
ally, to the dignity of king of Bavaria, and the] 
Tyrol and other provinces were added to his] 
territory. Maximilian remained faithful to his 
engagements with Napoleon till the disastrous 
campaign in Russia compelled him to join the 
subsequent alliance against France. After the 
genera! peace of 1814, he purchased for himself 
new titles to the affections of his people, by 
giving them a representative government, and 
placing them in the rank of free nations. 
METTERNICH-W1NEBOURG, prince, com- 
menced his political career as ambassador to 
various courts of the highest rank, and was born 
in Austria,in 1775. While ambassador to France, 
he ingratiated himself greatly with Napoleon, 
and obtained an advantageous peace'with him, 
at the conclusion of the war which commenced]] 
in 1809, between France and Austria. On his 
return, Francis made him minister of foreign 
atfairs, and afterwards prime minister. lie 
afterwards followed his sovereign ti> Paris, and 
signed the treaty of 1814, after the success of 
the allies. He accompanied the king of Prussia, 
and emperor of Russia to England, and received 
the degree of doctor of laws from the university 
of Oxford, and on his return to Vienna, was 
’•aised to the dignity of a prince, and received 
the lordship and estates of Arnvar, in Hungary. 
He assisted at the congress of Vienna, and also 
at that of Aix la Chappelle, and there is scarcely 
a prince in Europe from whom he has not re- 
ceived some token of distinction and esteem. j 
M1LORADOWITCH, count, one of the best 
of the Russian generals, was employed in the 
campaign against the Turks, in 1789, and against 
the Poles in 1794 and 1795. lie possessed the 
entire confidence of Suwarrow, and was at the 
head of his advanced guard, in 1799. lie com- 
manded a division at Austerlitz, and in 1812, 
was again appointed to the command of the 
Russian advanced guard, and greatly distinguish- 
ed himself in the action near Krasnoy, and Wi- 
azma. At the battle of Leipsic he led the Rus- 
sian and Prussian reserves, and took a conspi- 
cuous part in the campaign of 1814. 
MINA, Don Francisco Espoz y, was born in 
Navarre, in 1782. He is one of the most distin- 
guished Spanish patriots: brave, active, and in- 
defatigable, at the head of Guerilla corps during 
the war against the French, his exploits were so 
successful that he was often denominated king 
of Navarre. Mortified to find that he had only- 
been labouring to re-establish despotism, and the 
division of troops of which he had been ap- 
pointed general having been dismissed, he gain- 
ed over the garrison of Pampeluna, and was on 
the point of proclaiming the constitution, when 
his plan was betraved. He fled lo France; but 
when the standard of freedom was raised at 
' ~ MO 
Cad>z, he hurried back to Navarre, and took a 
leading part in the struggle. After the king had 
submitted to the new order of things, Mina was 
appointed captain-general of Navarre, and af- 
terwards, taking command of the army destined 
to act against a formidable insurrection in Cata- 
lonia, he completely subdued it. He is regarded 
as the most experienced general in Spain, and 
as the sheet-anchor of the constitutional cause. 
MONCEY, marshal, duke Conegliano, was 
born at Besancon, in 1754. In 1793 heconunand- 
ed a corps in the army of the Pyrenees, and in 
1794 was raised to general of brigade, and soon 
after to the rank of general of division, lie 
served with distinction during the war with 
Spain ; in 1795 commanded the army of the 
Eastern Pyrenees, and afterwards greatly distin- 
guished himself in the campaign of Italy. In 
1804 he was made marshal of France, and grand 
officer of the legion of honour. He served in 
the campaigns of 1812 and 1813, and, as second 
in command of the Parisian national guard at 
the attack of the allies on Paris, he displayed 
much presence of mind and firmness of purpose. 
After the return of Louis he was made minister 
of state, knight of St. Louis, and peer of France. 
But, as he accepted a peerage of Napoleon, in 
1815, he has since only been restored to his titles. 
MONROE,James,was born in Virginia,is now 
(1825) about 67 years of age, and resides at 
Loudon, in his native state. Ardently devoted 
to his country, he took part in the revolution 
| when a youth, and his undaunted courage was 
evinced on more than one occasion. He was 
devoted to Washington, an admirer and imita- 
tor of Jefferson, and a friend and companion of 
Madison. Mr. Monroe was a member of the 
old congress, and was instrumental in the for- 
mation of the constitution. lie was a success- 
ful lawyer, and in the legislature of Virginia 
and in the new congress, he was an intelligent, 
active, and efficient member. France, Spain, 
and Great Britain have been the theatres of his 
diplomatic career. He was successively secre- 
tary of state, and of war, and his constancy 
and capacity in the one, and vigour and firmness 
in the other, were alike conspicuous. Mr. Mon- 
roe was elected to the presidency in 1817, and 
had a most difficult part to perform ; but it will 
be difficult to find a real blemish in his adminis- 
tration, and in the course of it, he has proved 
himself a benefactor of his country, and a wor- 
thy patriot. He was re-elected president in 1821, 
and in 1825 was succeeded by Mr. Adams. 
MONTGOMERY, James, an excellent poet, 
was born in Ayrshire, in 1771, and is the son of 
a Moravian minister. He was early devoted to 
poetry, ami, as early as twelve years of age, 
iiad written three volumes. His education was 
limited, but he acquired a knowledge of the 
;Greek, Latin, French, and German languages, 
in Yorkshire. He went to London, and fot 
sometime was in the shop of a bookseller; af- 
terwards he became the publisher of a paper in 
Sheffield, entitled “ The Iris.” For some pieces 
which happened in this, he was twice imprison- 
ed, and while incarcerated, published “ Prison 
Amusements.” In 1806, he published “ The 
Wanderer of Switzerland,” and other poems, 
which rose in popularity, and established his re- 
putation. He has since published “ The West 
Indies,” “The World before the Flood,” “ Songs 
of Zion,”’ &.C. He still resides at Sheffield, is yet 
the conductor of “ The Iris,” and is considered 
an amiable and pious man. 
MONTHOLON, marquis, celebrated for hi* MO 
unshaken and generous adherence to the fallen 
fortunes of his illustrious master, entered the 
French army at the age of fifteen, serving under 
Buonaparte, from whom he received a sword, 
for his services on the memorable 18th Brumaire. 
lie was aid de-camp to marshal Berthier before 
he was twenty-one years of age, and in that ca- 
pacity distinguished himself at the battles of 
A usterliu, Wagram, Jena, and Friedland. He 
commanded in the department of the Loire, 
when he received the news of the emperor’s ab- 
dication: with his wife and children, he volun- 
tarily partook of the ex-emperor’s imprisonment 
at St. Helena, and continued with him till his 
decease. He is now arranging for the press, 
memoirs dictated to him by his late sovereign. 
MOORE, Thomas, one of the first of British 
poets, was born in Ireland, and was educated 
at Trinity College, Dublin. He went to’Lon- 
don, with a view of making the law his pro- 
fession, and was called to the bar. It was then 
that he translated the Odes of Anacreon; these 
met with so favourable a reception, that he 
ibandoned the law, and devoted himself to 
literature. Under the name of Little, he pub- 
lished a volume of poems, which were justly 
censured for their licentiousness. He visited 
the United States in 1805, but his prejudices did 
not allow him to form a favourable opinion of 
our country. Since his return, in 1800, he has 
published “ The Two-penny Post-bag“The 
Fudge family in Paris;” “The Loves of the 
Angels ;” and “ Laila Uookh,” an oriental ro- 
mance, which unites the purest and softest 
tenderness with the loftiest dignity, and in every 
page, glows with all the fervour of poetry. 
MORE, Mrs. Hannah, was born near Bristol, 
about the year 1750, and is the youngest of five 
sisters. At Bristol, her taste and knowledge 
acquired her the friendship of Dr. Stonehouse, 
who encouraged her to write, and corrected all 
her early effusions. The “ Search after Hap- 
piness,” her first publication, was favourably 
received ; and site soon after published several 
other pieces. In 1782, she published her “ Sa- 
cred Dramas.” Site retired about 1798, to 
Somersetshire, witlt Iter sisters, where they 
established charity schools among the colliers, 
witl much advantage to them. She has con- 
tinued since to give her productions to the 
world, and besides many others, has published 
‘Thoughts on the Manners of the Great;” 
“ Strictures on the Modern System of Female 
Education ;” and being consulted on the subject 
of the education pf the princess Charlotte, pro- 
duced “ Hints toward forming the character of 
a young Princess,” which was highly approved 
of, and received with royal approbation. This 
excellent woman, who has constantly been la- 
bouring to benefit mankind, has been many 
years confined to her bed by an excruciating 
disease ; but in this situation, she has produced 
some of her best works, among which are 
‘ Ocelebs in Search of a Wife,” “ Practical 
Piety,” “ Christian Morals,” “ Essay on the 
Character and Writings of St. Paul,” and 
“ Moral Sketches of Prevailing Opinions and 
Manners.” Amongst her most intimate friends, 
Mrs. More has numbered Dr. Porteus, Dr. Beat- 
tie, Mrs. Montague, Dr. Johnson, Sir Joshua 
Reynolds, and Mr. Garrick. 
MORGFIEN, Raphael, an eminent professor 
of the graphic art, and one of the first European 
engravers, was born at Naples, in 1756, and was 
a pupil under the celebrated Volpato. Among 
She most remarkable of his works, are the 
OP 
Transfiguration, from Raphael; a Magdalen, 
from Murillo; a Head of the Saviour, front da 
Vinci; the Monument of Clement XIII., from 
Canova; and Theseus vanquishing the Mino- 
taur. 
MORILLO, Don Pablo, a man of courage and 
talent, was originally a serjeant of artillery in 
the Spanish marines, but distinguished himself 
so much during the war between Spain and 
France, that in the course of it he was promoted 
to be a general. In 1815, he was placed at the 
head of an expedition against South America, 
consisting of twelve thousand men. He was 
at first successful: Carthagena surrendered to 
him after a siege, during which he confiscated 
the property of the Venezuelans, and committed 
many cruelties. New Granada was afterwards 
reduced, and again Morillo had recourse to the 
system of bloodshed and pillage. These events 
roused the spirits- of Bolivar, Paez, and Aris- 
tnendi, and Morillo was several times defeated, 
he was driven from Granada, and a great part 
of Caraccas. In 18-20, having heard of the revo- 
lution, he returned to Spain, joined the patriots, 
and for a time was the political chief of Madrid. 
But he has been removed, and appears to be 
viewed with suspicion by the liberal party. 
MOSTONSKI, count Thaddeus, an illustrious 
patriot of Poland, was born at Warsaw, in 1790. 
When Stanislaus was compelled to accede to 
the confederation ofTargowitz, and consequent- 
ly to the overthrow of Polish liberty, Mostonski 
fled to Paris, became connected with the Giron- 
dist party, and obtained a promise of assistance 
for the Poles; but the triumph of the jacobin 
party put an end to his prospects; he returned 
to Poland, took an active part with his coun- 
trymen in their efforts to expel their oppressors, 
and when no hope was left of saving his country, 
he refused to fly from Warsaw, was taken pri- 
soner, and was some time confined at St. Peters 
burgh. He afterwards resided in Franco, till, 
in 1815, he was recalled to Poland by Alexander, 
appointed minister of the home department, and 
of police. 
N 
NESSELRODE, count Charles Robert de, se- 
cretary for foreign affairs, and privy counsellor 
to the emperor of Russia, was born in Livonia, 
about the year 1770. This minister stands high 
in the confidence of his sovereign, and has often 
received marks of his esteem. He accompanied 
the emperor into France in the campaign of 
1814,and was one of the four plenipotentiaries 
that signed the treaty of quadruple alliance, at 
Chaumont, in March, of that year. All the notes 
and addresses of the emperor, at this period, 
bear his signature, and were mostly drawn up 
by him. After a short stay in Paris, he repaired 
to Vienna, to assist in the conference relative to 
the future constitution of Germany. And after- 
wards, in 1815, lie was one of the committee 
that signed the declaration or profession of faith 
of the several powers with respect to Buona- 
parte. 
O 
OPIE, Mrs., was born in 1771. She is the 
daughterof Dr. Alderson, an eminent physician, 
of Norwich. This lady early evinced superior 
talents, bv composing poems and descriptive 
pieces, a. an age when young ladies Ifave not 
usually finished their education. In 1798 she  PA 
married Mr. Opie, a celebrated painter, and soon 
after his death, in 1808, she published a memoir 
of his life, prefixed to the lectures he had read 
at the Royal Academy. By this and other publi- 
cations, she has acquired considerable reputa- 
tion, both as a prose and poetical writer. 
ORANGE, the hereditary prince of, is the son 
of the king of the Netherlands. He was born 
in 1792. In 1811, he became a colonel .in the 
British army, and served with Wellington in 
Spain. He was promoted to the rank of general 
in 1814, and was present at all the important 
battles in the peninsula. At the battle of Wa- 
terloo, he commanded the Dutch troops with his 
accustomed gallantry, and was severely wound- 
ed. In 1816, he married a sister of the emperor 
Alexander of Russia. 
ORLEANS, the duke of, is a descendant of 
Henry IV., whose virtues he imitates. He was 
born in October, 1773, and life was dis- 
tinguished for his sedate character, and for his 
prudence and moderation. As due de Chartres, 
lie was a soldier in the armies of the republic 
for a short time, but was soon proscribed. He 
then escaped, travelled in disguise through dif- 
ferent parts of Europe, and at one time filled the 
professorship of mathematics at Reichman, in 
the Grisons country, under a borrowed name. 
He afterwards visited the United States, with 
his brothers, and returned to Europe to assist 
his mother. In 1800, he took up his residence in 
England. He married a daughter of the king 
of Naples, and now lives in Paris. He is heir, 
in no very remote degree, to the throne of 
France. 
OWEN, Robert, esq., a native of Great Bri- 
tain, was born to a moderate fortune, and edu- 
cated as a manufacturer. With a benevolent 
disposition, and a powerful understanding, he 
has devoted his life to the study of plans for 
ameliorating the condition of the poor. With 
this view, he has formed an establishment in 
Scotland, called New Lanark, in which his plans 
have been crowned witn success. His principle 
seems to have been taken originally from the 
Moravian settlements, but with this difference, 
that among them, property is in common, but, 
on Mr. Owen’s plan, only such things are in 
common, as tend to general advantage. Mr. 
Owen is about forming a similar establishment 
in this country. How far his plan will succeed 
here, or as a public system, elsewhere, remains 
to be seen. By his mode of living, he anticipates 
a saving of several thousand dollars per anuum, 
to every association formed on his plan. 
P 
PAEZ, general, is a native of Caraccas, and 
was born in 1787, of poor, but respectable pa- 
rents. In early life he was employed as a su- 
perintendant of the flocks of an establishment 
in Barinas. When the first struggle for liberty 
took place in Caraccas, he joined the royalist 
party, and fought on their side until the cruel- 
ties of his associates filled him with disgust, 
lie then left them with a body of cavalry, and 
joined the patriots in New Grenada, where he 
performed such prodigies of valour, in opposing 
Morillo, that he was made a brigadier-general, 
and afterwards general of division. The libe- 
ration of the Colombian republic, by the victo- 
ry of Carabobo, crowned his glory. Baez is of 
a robust constitution, and possesses great mus- 
cular activity and power. He Hves as frugally 
as his soldiers, always divides his booty with 
ro ' 
them, and often, after fighting with them during 
the day, amuses himself by dancing with them 
at night. 
PARRY, Edward William, a captain in the 
English navy, was born in the year 1790. He 
was placed in the navy when quite young, and 
gradually rose to the rank of first lieutenant, 
with a high reputation as an officer. Captain 
Parry has distinguished himself, as commander 
of an English squadron fitted out on a voyage 
of discovery to the north pole, by.successfully 
penetrating into the PoIarSea as far as the llOiii 
degree of west longitude, and wintering on one 
of the newly discovered islands, for this, he, 
and the men under his command, received the 
parliamentary reward of 5,000/. Captain Parry 
is now absent on a third voyage to the polar re- 
gions. It is to be hoped that the long agitated 
question of a northwest passage, front the At- 
lantic to the Pacific, will be put to rest on his 
return. 
PEPE, general William, is a native of Cala- 
bria, and was born in the year 1783, of one of 
the most respectable families of that country. 
He received his education in the military college 
of the province, and entered into the army of his 
country, then declared a republic by the Fl ench. 
He afterwards joined the French, and was ac- 
tively employed in all the campaigns of thatna 
tion in Italy. He subsequently returned to Na 
pies, and was appointed aid-de-camp to king 
Joachim, and general of brigade. He continued 
in the service of that sovereign until his down- 
fal, and remained inactive after that event until 
1818. He was then employed by Ferdinand, 
with a high military rank, in suppressing the 
dreadful system of brigandism and robbery 
which then prevailed in that country. General 
Pepe has gained his principal reputation hv head- 
ing the late revolutionary movements in Naples, 
and by procuring a constitutional form of govern- 
ment for that country. The interposition of an 
Austrian armed force, has defeated the patriotic 
views of this officer, and compelled him to retire 
to England, where lie now resides. 
PERCIVAL, James G., a poet and scholar, 
alike distinguished for genius and the accuracy 
of his learning. He was born in Berlin, Conn., 
about the year 1795. He was graduated at Yale 
College in 1815, and commenced the practice of 
medicine in 1820. He published his first work 
at New-Ilaven, in 1820, and two numbers of 
Clio soon after. In 1804, he published a hand- 
some edition of his works, which was repub- 
lished the same year in London. He was 
appointed a professor at West Point by the 
government, in 1824, which he was obliged to 
relinquish on account of his health, and was 
soon after employed as surgeon in connexion 
with the recruiting service at Boston. Tit is 
situation he soon left, to devote his attention 
more exclusively to literary pursuits. He is a 
regular writer for the Boston Literary Gazette, 
and his poetry in that is received with general 
admiration. He resides in his native village, 
(1825,) and is engaged in editing some works 
for the press. His disposition is melancholy and 
retiring, and his career has been marked with 
traits of great eccentricity. He is, however, a 
man of singular elevation and purity of char 
acter in private life. 
PORTER, Jane, and Ann Maria. These la 
dies are sisters, and daughters of sir Robert Por- 
ter. They have long held a high rank among 
the female novel writers of the day. The for- 
mer has written “ Thaddeus of Warsaw," “ Th« 
440 ' SC 
Scottish Chiefs,” and other works, which have1 
boen well received by the public, and very ex- 
tensively read. The younger sister has publish- 
ed “ The Hungarian Brothers,” “ The Recluse 
of Norway,” and more recently the “ Fast of 
St. Magdalen.” Until the appearance of that 
splendid series of works, the Waverly novels, 
these sisters had gained a great degree of popu- 
larity. They have, however, with others, been 
obliged to yield to the unrivalled merits of the 
“ Great Unknown.” 
a 
Q.UIROGA, generai Antonio. This distin- 
guished Spaniard is indebted for his reputation, 
to Ills recent patriotic efforts in favour of the 
liberty of his country. When he commenced 
the daring task of limiting the powers of his 
sovereign, and assembling the constituted but 
almost obsolete authorities of the kingdom, he 
was but a colonel in the Spanish army. He was 
placed at the head of those troops, who, at Ca- 
diz, declared in favour of a free constitution, 
and he issued several spirited proclamations, and 
look every measure in his power to ensure suc- 
sess to the cause in which he had embarked. 
Q.uiroga, with his associates, had the happi- 
ness to accomplish their glorious purposes; to 
»ee a cortes assembled, a constitution adopted, 
and the government organized under that con- 
stitution. Subsequent events have destroyed 
Ihe prospects of the liberal party in Spain, and 
tompelled Quiroga to take up his residence in 
England. 
R 
ROSCOE, William, esq., a distinguished Eng- 
lish writer, was born of humble parents, from 
Whom he received but a common education, and 
articled to an attorney in Liverpool. His ardent 
mind led him to devote all his leisure time to the 
study of the classics, and he soon made himself 
acquainted with the ancient and modern lan- 
guages. Mr. Roscoe was early celebrated both 
as a prose and as a poetical writer; but the 
work which gained him the greatest reputation, 
was his “ Life of Lorenzo de Medici;” a work, 
which for purity .and elegance of style, and ex- 
tensive research, has seldom been surpassed. 
He has also been the great mover and supporter 
of several public works in Liverpool; so much 
§o, that his name is identified with the prosperi- 
ty and even existence of that city. 
S 
SAN MARTIN, general Don Juan, was bom 
in the midst of the Andes, and sent to Madrid 
for education. He entered the army in 1808, and 
displayed great valour in defending the indepen- 
dence of his country under the banners of the 
cortes. After the dissolution of that body he 
quitted Sj.«in for Buenos Ayres, and immediate- 
ly joined the patriot forceS"of that country. As 
an officer of the patriot army he has gained se- 
veral important victories, and contributed much 
•o the independence of the South American 
states. He is now at the head of the independ- 
ent government of Peru. 
SCOTT, Sir Walter, one of the most distin- 
guished and prolific writers of the present day, 
was born at Edinburgh, in the year 1771, and 
Educated, first at the high school of that city, 
and then at the university, under professor 
SI 
Stewart. The reputation of this gentieman is 
well known on both sides of the Atlantic ; as a 
poet, he may justly be ranked above most of his 
cotemporaries. His first literary attempt, was 
a translation of two ballads, from the German, 
“ The Chase,” and another. In 1802, he pub- 
lished his “ Border Minstrelsy,” a work which 
opened to him a most brilliant literary career. 
Mr. Scott has since published, “ The Lay of the 
Last Minstrel,” “Marinion, or Flodden Field,” 
“The Lady of the Lake,” “The Vision of 
Don Roderick,” “ Rokeby,” and other poems. 
He has also been employed to edit the works of 
Swift, Dryden, and other distinguished authors. 
Sir Walter Scott’s talents, however, are not 
confined to poetry. He is understood to be the 
author of “ Paul’s Letters,” and of the histori- 
cal department of the recent volumes of the 
Edinburgh Annual Register; and he is generally 
believed to be the author of the popular series 
of novels, known by the name of the Waverley 
novels. These alone would have placed the 
name of Scott among the great men of the age. 
With his other productions, they will perpetuate 
his reputation, so long as talents are esteemed, 
or fine writing admired. Sir Walter is clerk of 
the court of sessions of Scotland, for which he 
receives about 1,5001. sterling per annum. He 
resides at Edinburgh during the session of the 
court, and the rest of his time at his splendid 
seat at Abbotsford, 40 miles from Edinburgh 
He has been from infancy quite lame; in his 
manners he is perfectly simple and unostenta- 
tious. He has four children ; one of whom is 
married to the celebrated professor Lockhart. 
SEDGWICK, Catharine, author of two very 
popular novels, the “New-England Tale” and 
“ Redwood,” is the daughter of judge Sedgwick, 
and was born at Stockbridge, Mass., in the year 
1793. She is deservedly ranked among the most 
elegant prose writers of the day ; and is under- 
stood to be now (1825) engaged in the prepara- 
tion of a series of Tales, founded on scenes in 
New-England. 
SENEFELDER, Alois, was born at Munich, 
and placed for education in the university of 
Ingoldstadt, as a student of jurisprudence. To 
him the arts are indebted for the invention of 
lithography; a process, by means of which 
books may now be embellished with prints, 
without incurring such an expense as to place 
them beyond the reach of persons of small for- 
tunes. An accurate account of the inventor 
and the invention, may be found in the 5th 
volume of the supplement to the Encyclopaedia 
Britannica. We can only say, that he received 
the first suggestions of this useful art, from an 
accidental discovery, and that he brought it to a 
degree of perfection, by successive experiments, 
which will make it of great service to mankind 
Lithography lias since rapidly extended, and 
been applied to a variety of purposes, connected 
with the arts, in different parts of the continent, 
and in Great Britain. 
SIDDONS, Mrs., is the daughter of Mr. R. 
Kemble. She was born about the year 1749. 
This lady commenced her career as a singer, 
but she soon relinquished that employment, and 
attempted tragedy. On her appearance at 
Drury-lane theatre in <1782, her success was 
complete; the public were astonished at her 
powers, and she was acknowledged to be the 
first tragic actress of the age. For more than 
twenty years she retained her high rank as an 
actress, and continued during that period, to 
enchant the lovers of the drama. She also 
441 TA 
possesses considerable merit as a sculptor. Mrs. 
Siddons has accumulated an ample property, 
with which she has retired from the stage to 
the quiet of domestic life. 
SOUTHEY, Robert, esq., was born at Bristol, 
in the year 1774. He was educated at West- 
minster school, and at Oxford, and was designed 
for the ministry, but his partiality for the French 
revolution inspired him with other thoughts. 
For some office, which he held under his go- 
vernment for a short time, he receives a pension 
of 2001. a year ; this has converted him from an 
admirer of French republican principles, to a 
zealous writer in the Quarterly Review. From 
1795, when he first appeared before the public 
as an author, this gentleman has been devoted 
to literary pursuits. His poetical and prose writ- 
ings are very numerous. He is the author of 
“ Thalaba the Destroyer,” “Madoc,” a poem, 
“ Espriellas Letters,” “The Curse ofKehama,” 
“Lileof Nelson,” “ Life of Wesley,” “Remains 
of Henry Kirk White,”- “ Roderic, the last of 
the Goths,” and many other works, and he is 
still employed as a writer. 
SPURZHE1M, Dr., a celebrated physiologist, 
was born near Treves, in 1776, and educated at 
Vienna, where he studied under the celebrated 
Dr. Gall, the founder of the science of crauiology. 
In Great Britain, in conjunction with Dr. Gail, 
he published the result of his inquiries, in “ The 
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous Sys- 
tem,” and several other works. 
STEWART, Dugald, esq., a distinguished 
metaphysician, and professor of moral philoso- 
phy in the university of Edinburgh, was born 
in that city, in 1753. His writings have gained 
him a high reputation at home and abroad; 
among them are his “ Elements of the Philoso- 
phy of the Human Mind,” “ Outlines of Moral 
Philosophy for the use of Students,” &c. 
SUSSEX, the duke of, is the fourth son of 
George III., and was born in 1773. He received 
the latter part of his education at Gottingen, 
and afterwards travelled in Italy. In that coun- 
try he contracted a marriage with lady Augusta 
Murray, according to the Romish church, and 
on their return to England, they were married 
in Hanover Square. This marriage has since 
been annulled, as violating the royal marriage 
act. The duke has entered much into public 
life, particularly by accepting the office of presi- 
dent of various societies. He is grand-master 
of the society of freemasons in England. Ilis 
annual income is fixed at 12,0001. 
T 
TALLEYRAND, Perigord, prince de. This 
celebrated nobleman, who is perhaps the most 
considerable politician in Europe, was born in 
the year 1754, of one of the most ancient fami- 
lies "in France. He was educated for the church, 
and in 1788 was made bishop of Autun. His 
inclination and talents, however, led him to en- 
gage in political life; at the beginning of the 
revolution he became a member of the legisla- 
tive assembly, took an active part in its delibe- 
rations, and was sent as the agent of that body, 
on a secret mission to England. On his return, 
his influence rapidljjjincreased, and he was 
made minister for foreign affairs. He took an 
active part in the elevation of Buonaparte to 
the consulship, and under the consular govern- 
ment was employed as a minister and diploma- 
tist. In 1802, the pope granted a brief, which 
rctsored him to a secular life, and legitimatedj 
TH 
, a marriage which lie had contracted. In 1801, 
, he was named high chamberlain, and in I8o0, 
i created prince of Beneventum, in Naples. On 
the approaching downlal of Napoleon, Talley- 
rand began to intrigue against him, and provide 
for himself. He was in consequence reinstated 
as minister for foreign affairs, by Louis XVIII., 
and sent as his plenipotentiary to Vienna. He 
is now in private liie, an active and attentive 
observer of the political affairs of Europe. Pro- 
bably no man living has taken a more active part 
in the political changes which have occurred 
in Europe during the last thirty years, or gained 
a higher reputation for talents, intrigue, and 
political cunning. 
TALMA, M. This distinguished and admi- 
mirable actor, was born at Paris, in 1706. He 
attended for some time the classes of declama- 
tion in the royal school of Paris, and soon ob 
tained an order for his appearance on the stage 
and in a short time took the lead in his profes- 
sion. Madam de Stael says of him, “Talma 
may be cited as a model of power, and of dis- 
cretion in the use of it, of simplicity and true 
grandeur. His attitudes recall to mind the fine 
statues of antiquity; and the expression of his 
face and every look, ought to be the study of 
our best painters. There is in the voice of this 
man a magic, which I cannot describe ; which, 
from the moment when its first accent is heard, 
awakens all the sympathies of the heart; ail 
the charms of music, of painting, of sculpture, 
and of poetry; but, above all, the language of 
the soul." Talma has succeeded in acquiring 
such dignity of mien, and grandeur of deport- 
ment, that the emperor Napoleon seriously took 
lessons of him, the better to support his own 
dignity on all great occasions, it may be added, 
that these great cotemporaries loved each other 
almost to idolatry. The wife of Talma is also 
possessed of considerable theatrical reputation, 
both in tragic and comic parts. Her health, 
however, has compelled her to relinquish the 
stage since 1810. 
TEIGNMOUTH, lord, was born in Devon- 
shire, in 1754, and sent early to India, as a wri- 
ter in the service of the East India Company 
While in that country, he was intimate with 
Mr. Hastings, and under his government filled 
several important offices. In 1793, he succeeded 
to be governor of Bengal. From his different 
employments in India, he realized a handsome 
fortune, with which he returned to England, 
where, in 1797, he was created a peer by the 
title of baron Teignmouth. He was the inti- 
mate friend of sir William Jones, whose life 
and works he has published. Lord Teignmouth 
is distinguished for his piety and benevolence; 
he was one of the founders, and is now presi- 
dent of the British and Foreign Bible Society'. 
THENARD, M. This celebrated French 
chymist was born in 1777. He early applied 
himself to the study of chymistry, and with such 
success, that at the age of 20, he was a chymical 
teacher in the principal public laboratories of 
Paris, and at the polytechnic school. When he 
was 26, he was made professor of chymistry in 
tile college of France, and he soon after suc- 
ceeded the celebrated Fourcroy, as a member 
of the Institute. In conjunction with Gay- 
Lussac, he published in 1810, a highly interest- 
ing work, entitled “ Physico Chymical Enqui- 
ries.” He has also distinguished himself by 
several other scientific publications. 
THORVALDSEN, Albert, was born at Co- 
penhagen in lie is the son of an Icelander 
442  WE 
who lived in that city. From his infancy he 
was fond of the comparatively rude carvings 
of his father, who was a stonecuttter, and who 
had the sagacity to perceive the talents of his 
son. He accordingly placed him in the free 
drawing-school at Copenhagen. After display- 
ing great talents there, particularly in modelling 
in clay, and receiving several prizes, he was sent 
to Rome, where he resided for some time, giv- 
ing the most assiduous attention to his favourite 
pursuits His first production there, was a mo- 
del of Jason, which was considered a master- 
piece. fie was afterwards commissioned to 
execute the Jason in marble, and from that time 
has been constantly employed. He lias produ- 
ced several other valuable works. Since the 
dcatii of Canova, Thorvaldsen and Chantrey 
may be considered as being at the head of modern 
sculptors. 
TRUMBULL, John, author of M'Fingal, 
was born in 1750, in Watertown, Conn. His 
father was the congregational clergyman of that 
place. He was graduated at Yale College, in 
1707, and was admitted to the bar in Connecticut, 
in 1773, but soon after entered into the office of 
John Adams, at Boston, as a student. Here he 
took a lively interest in the passing scenes in 
politics, and often was a contributor to the 
papers with great effect. He has resided at 
Hartford, Conn., since 1781, has passed through 
a career of high success at the bar, and from 
1801 to 1819, was a judge of the superior court 
in his native state. In 1820, he revised hisseve- 
ral works, and an edition of them was pub- 
lished, for which he received a liberal compen- 
sation. At the age of seventy-five, his conver- 
sation is still marked with all that wit and 
vivacity which have distinguished him. 
W 
WELLINGTON, the duke of, fourth son of 
the late earl of Mornington, was born in Ireland, 
May, 1769. He was first placed at Eton school, 
and then sent to the military school of Angers, 
in France. He entered the army as an ensign, 
and rose by interest and purchase, to the rank 
of lieutenant-colonel, in 1793. The next year 
he commanded abrigadeon the continent under 
the duke of York. In 1797, he accompanied 
his brother, lord Wellesley, to India, where he 
rose to tile rank of major-general, and to be 
governor of Seringapatam. On his return to 
England, in 1805, he married a lady of the fa- 
mily of lord Longford, was sent to Ireland, as 
secretary of state under the duke of Richmond, 
and subsequently elected a member of parlia- 
ment. In 1809, lord Wellington, then sir Arthur 
Wellesley, was ordered to the Peninsula, as 
commander in chief of the British forces; and 
it is to his great talents, and brilliant successes, 
in Spain and Portugal, that he is principally 
indebted for his distinguished military reputa- 
tion. During the time he commanded in those 
countties, he was constantly opposed to Masse- 
tia, Marmont, and Soult, three of the most dis- 
tinguished French generals; and on all occa- 
sions, he proved himself their equal as a general 
and as a commander. For his services there, he 
was created duke of Rodrigo, with the rank of a 
grandee of Spain, by the Spanish regency, and 
was successively made an earl and a marquis, 
by his own government, with a pension of 
4.(IDOL per annum, and a present from parlia- 
ment of 200,0001. In 1813, after the disasters 
of Buonaparte in Russia, lord Wellington forced 
WI 
tile passage of the Bidassoa and entered Prance. 
The restoration of the Bourbons following, and 
peace taking place soon after, he returned tc 
England, and was rewarded for his services 
with a dukedom, and a gift from parliament o 
400,0001. In July, he was nominated ambassa 
dor-extraordinary to France, and was then sen 
to the congress at Vienna. He was there on tl. 
return of Napoleon from Elba, and was instant 
ly nominated by the allied sovereigns, generalis 
simo of the European troops. In this capacity 
I he gained the memorable victory at Waterloo 
which crowned his fame and put an end to th 
wars that had so long desolated Europe. He i3 
now a field marshal of the forces, master general 
of the ordinance, &c. A part of the money 
voted him by parliament, amounting in all to 
more than 600,0001., has been appropriated to 
the purchase of an estate, on which is to be 
erected for him, a splendid mansion at the public 
expense. 
WILBERFORCE, William, esq., a member 
of the English parliament, was born in York- 
shire, in the year 1759, and educated at Cam- 
bridge, where he became the intimate friend of 
the late English prime minister, Mr. Pitt. Mr 
Wilberforce is particularly distinguished for the 
active part he has taken in the abolition of the 
African slave trade. His unshaken persever- 
ance, his untiring zeal, and his unbounded 
philanthropy on this important subject, as well 
as on other occasions, entitle him to the highest 
expressions of applause and gratitude from all 
good men. 
WILKIE, David, esq. This distinguished 
painter is a native of Scotland, and was born in 
1785. Having early displayed a talent for draw- 
ing, he was sent at the age of fifteen to the 
academy at Edinburgh, where he continued 
several years. He went to London in 1805, and 
was elected a member of the Royal Academy, in 
1812. He is said to be highly successful in paint- 
ing scenes of domestic life, in the manner of 
Hogarth, and like that great painter seems never 
to omit the most trifling circumstance, which 
can tend to exhibit the spirit of the scene which 
he means to represent. 
WILLIAM FREDERICK, king of the Nether- 
lands, is the son of the stadtholderof the United 
Provinces, who was expelled from his country 
by the French, in 1795. He was born at the 
Hague, in 1772, and married, in 1791, a princess 
of Prussia. For several years he commanded 
the Dutch troops opposed to France, but was 
compelled to abandon his country, and retired 
to England. In 1813, he was invited by a depu- 
tation from Holland, to assume the stadtholder- 
ship, but was saluted by the populace as sove- 
reign prince. The congress of Vienna added 
he Netherlands and Luxemburg to his domi- 
lions, and raised him to the rank of king 
Since the restoration of peace, he has given his 
sanction to a new constitution, which had been 
approved by the states-general, and has since 
been employed in reducing to order the discor- 
dant materials of his kingdom. 
WILLIAM FREDERICK, the present sove- 
reign of Wirtemburg, was born in 1781. He 
married, in 1810, the princess Charlotte of Ba- 
varia, against his inclination, and solely in 
compliance with the wishes of Napoleon. His 
marriage has since been dissolved by the pope. 
While prince royal of Wirtemburg, he com- 
manded the troops of his own country in the 
allied army, and gave proofs of talents and bra- 
very on several occasions. He succeeded hit ' YO 
father in 1810, at a time when the crown was 
engaged in disputes with the representatives of 
the people. He has since given his people a 
liberal constitution of government. 
WORDSWORTH, William, esq. This dis- 
tinguished English poet was born in the year 
1770, and educated at Cambridge. He was in 
early life an enthusiast in the cause of liberty; 
and, in consequence of his political views, he 
at one time contemplated an establishment in 
the United States, with his friend, Mr. Coleridge 
and others. Mr. Wordsworth is considered as 
at the head of what is termed the Lake School 
of poetry; a poetical style of writing, novel and 
simple in the extreme, which has been assailed 
by the weapons of ridicule, satire, and argument; 
but which has nevertheless found many admir- 
ers and imitators. Mr. Wordsworth has pub- 
lished -l The White Doe of Rylstone,” “ Peter 
Bell,” “The Wagoner,” and many other poems. 
Y 
TURK, the duke of, is the second son of his 
YO 
late majesty, George 111. He was born in 1703, 
and educated by the same instructors as hit 
brother, the present king of England He was, 
when young, presented to the lay bishoprick of 
Osnaburg, and made grand master of the ordei 
of the Bath, by his father. Being destined for 
the army, lie was sent to Germany, where he 
obtained a knowledge of the language and tac- 
tics of the country. He was subsequently sent 
to the continent as commander of the British 
forces, and was for some time employed there 
in the military movements of that period. Ne- 
ver, however, much to his credit as a soldier or 
officer. On one occasion, he was compelled to 
capitulate to the French. On the investigation 
of the charges against him for malversations in 
office, by the house of commons, he resigned 
his commission, but has since been reinstated. 
He was created duke of York and Albany in 
1784. In 1791 he married a daughter of Frede- 
rick William, king of Prussia. The duke is 
heir presumptive to the throne of England os 
the death of the present king. Andrus & Son, Universal biographical dictionary, I<|MP Dlumai 3001 162 
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