WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 
Chicago, Ills., i892-’9jj. 
WAR DEPARTMENT EXHIBITS. 
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES ARMY. 
-No. 5. 
DESCRIPTION 
OF 
MICROSCOPES 
ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C 
FROM THE 
BY 
Surgeon JOHN S. BILLINGS, U. S. ARMY, 
CURATOR OF MUSEUM 
DIRECTION OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL, 
LOUIS A. LA GARDE, 
ASSISTANT SURGEON U. S. ARMY, IN CHARGE OF MEDICAL SECTION. 
CHICAGO, ILLS. 
>893-93- WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 
Chicago, Ills., 
WAR DEPARTMENT EXHIBITS, 
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES 
ARMY, 
No. 5. 
DESCRIPTION 
OH 
MICROSCOPES 
ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
FROM THE 
BY 
Surgeon JOHN S. BILLINGS, U. S. ARMY, 
CURATOR OF MUSEUM. 
DIRECTION OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL 
LOUIS A. LA GARDE, 
ASSISTANT SURGEON U. S. ARMY, IN CHARGE OF MEDICAL SECTION. 
CHICAGO, ILLS. 
1892-93. WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 
Chicago, Illinois, iBg2-’9j. 
Description of the Microscopes 
FROM THE 
ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
By Surgeon JOHN S. BILLINGS, U. S. A., 
CURATOR OF THE MUSEUM. 
The microscopes exhibited by the Army Medical Department are 
part of a collection which has been formed at the Army Medical Museum 
to illustrate the successive stages of development of the instrument, 
and of the various appliances connected with it, both optical and 
mechanical. The majority of the instruments exhibited are of foreign 
make, and it is desired to obtain specimens of old instruments from 
American makers to show what has been done in this direction in this 
country. 
Microscopes prom the Army Medical Museum 
1. Copy of the microscope of Hans Jansens, or Janssen, a spectacle- 
maker of Middleburg, Holland. About 1591. The first compound micro- 
scope made, consisting of two convex lenses connected by tubes roughly 
soldered and turned inside. This copy was made after the original at 
the instance of John Mayall, Jr., in 1891. Spec. 114, Misc. Sec. 
2. A compound microscope by Giuseppe Campani; the body-tube— 
with screw draw-tube carrying the eye lens—of ivory, screwing into a 
ring socket of horn, mounted within a silver ring connected with three 
silver scroll legs attached to ebony base, triangular in shape, with con- 
cave sides. There is an ivory rotating stage in the centre of the base. 
The name appears on the silver ring. A beautiful example of an early 
microscope, antedating, probably, Hooke’s, because it has no field lens 
to the ocular. About 1650. Spec. 792, Misc. Sec. 4 
3. Culpeper’s vertical tripod microscope; fish-skin cohered body 
socket. About 1740. Spec. 139, Misc. Sec. 
4. Very old solar microscope, with heliostat mirror and Wilson’s 
“ simple,” with six powers (probably dating soon after 1740), plane 
glass and long focus lens fitting in heliostat (for experiments on light), 
troughs, with four concave cells, two milled-head screws, and two 
plates for attaching heliostat. Spec. 108, Misc. Sec. 
5. Jones’s solar microscope (very good example), with sliding lens; 
Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, and long slide of six lenses; forceps, two milled- 
head screws, and two plates for attaching heliostat. About 1750. 
Spec. 109, Misc. Sec. 
6. Ellis’s aquatic microscope with Wilson’s' combined. Two Lieber- 
kiihns; three simple lenses, trough, three slides of objects, box of talc 
covers, and part of stage forceps. About middle of eighteenth century. 
Spec. 105, Misc. Sec. 
7. Old compound microscope, by J. Cuff; sliding Lieberkuhn; stage 
forceps; mirror; six lenses ; eyepiece screws in ; fishplate; animalcule 
stage; black and white disk; glass cell; two diaphragms for mirror. 
Set diagonally on wood tablet with drawer. Spec. 102, Misc. Sec. 
8. Old compound microscope, by Dollond, with rotating disk of 
lenses at nose-piece ; disk of diaphragms ; folding feet; compound eye- 
len to eyepiece; live-box; mirror with plaster plane. About 1757. 
Spec. 112, Misc. Sec. 
9. Jones’s improved aquatic microscope. Two Lieberkiihns; three 
simple lenses; cloth-covered stage and ordinary stage; animalcule 
trough. About 1770. Spec. 106, Misc. Sec. 
10. Very old “ Dellebarre,” simple and compound; two Lieberkiihns 
with lenses ; spring stage ; fish plate ; trough ; stage forceps ; forceps ; 
four slides of objects ; screw for fixing microscope on tree, etc.; box of 
talc covers; carrier for compound body ; carrier for simple lenses ; two 
diaphragms; flat and concave glass stage plates. About 1770. Spec. 
113, Misc. Sec. 
11. Small portable botanical microscope, made by W. & S. Jones, 
Holborn, London. Fine adjustment at back; one Lieberkuhn; one 
high power; three lateral swinging lenses in cells; live-box; stage 
forceps ; three slides of objects. Latter part of eighteenth century. 
Spec. 110, Misc. Sec. 
12. Brock’s portable compound microscope, with four lenses; screwed' 
on box. About 1800. Spec. 107, Misc. Sec. 13. Harris’s portable ‘ ‘ opaque ” microscope, in case; three Lieber- 
kiihns with lenses ; one simple lens; forceps ; trough ; object-holders. 
About 1820. Spec. 111, Misc. Sec. 
14. Dollond’s simple and compound microscope. Pillar on folding- 
tripod base; inclining cradle-joint top of pillar. Square section limb 
carrying sliding bar at top for simple lens and compound body; stage 
cliqo on two rods ; extra stage on pivot carrying large glass. White 
and black ivory disk. Stage condenser on gimbal and pivot arm ; dia- 
phragm (coned); live box; simple lens ; high power ; disk of six lenses 
on revolving nose-piece ; two lenses with Liebei-kuhns ; separate Lieber- 
kiihn on rod ; frog plate ; ivory box of talc disks and brass rings for 
objects; brass slide with four glass concave disks for wet objects ; 
micrometer ruled on glass; stage micrometer ; compound body with 
eyepiece. About 1825. Spec. 168, Misc. Sec. 
15. Microscope, by Carpenter & Westley. Very early model issued 
by the firm. Rack-moving stage (coarse adjustment), fine adjustment 
top of limb as in Oberhauser’s; one eyepiece ; disk of diaphragms ; 
spring stage; stage condenser. About 1835. Spec. 104, Misc. Sec. 
16. Smaller “ Andrew Ross & Co.” (No. 65). Early type of “ Ross ” 
continued by Ross till after the death of T. Ross. Eyepiece ; disk of 
diaphragms sliding in movable plate beneath stage ; straight arm slid- 
ing on tail-piece to carry dark wells ; two dark wells ; polarizer fitting 
beneath stage in moving plate; analyzer fits over eyepiece. 1830 to 
1840. Spec. 101, Misc. Sec. 
17. Large old “Andrew Ross & C 0.,” with fine adjustment acting at 
back of limb. Hinged heel-piece to foot. Polarizer screwing on bent 
arm sliding on tail-piece. Analyzer fitting over eyepiece ; dark well on 
stem fitting on bent arm on tail-piece ; disk of diaphragms fitting 
beneath stage with short cylindrical tube. About 1840. Spec. 99, 
Misc. Sec. 
18. Large old “Andrew Ross & Co.” microscope; body-tube worked 
by rack on limb extending nearly the whole length at the back; focus- 
ing in front of body-tube at nose-piece ; double nose-piece ; achromatic 
condenser with centering screws and rack-work, fitting beneath stage 
by three projections corresponding to slots in the flange of condenser; 
polarizer; analyzer fitting in adapter at lower end of draw-tube. About 
1843. Spec. 100, Misc. Sec. 
19. J. L. Riddell’s binocular microscope in which “ behind the ob- 
jective, and as near thereto as practicable, the light is equally divided 
and bent at right angles, and made to travel in opposite directions by means of two rectangular prisms ; ” made in 1852 by Grunow Brothers, 
New Haven, Connecticut. Spec. 117, Misc. Sec. 
20. Binocular inverted microscope of J. and W. Grunow, New York; 
made with two prisms only, modified from the earlier plan of Riddell; 
two sets of eyepieces ; 1, \ and objectives; achromatic condenser ; re- 
flecting prism instead of mirror; a modification of H. L. Smith’s 
illuminator for opaque objects. 1854. Spec. 118, Misc. Sec. 
22. Baker’s travelling microscope devised by Moginie. Body slides 
in a tube attached to a stem which carries at its lower end a small 
stage and mirror; a fine adjustment is worked by a milled head-screw 
at its summit, and near to this is attached a pair of legs which form 
with the stem a firm tripod support. About 1860. Spec. 116, Misc. 
Sec. 
23. Large monocular microscope made by Joseph Zentmayer, of 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Spec. 120, Misc. Sec. 
24. Student microscope made by Joseph Zentmayer, of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania. 1876. Spec. 119, Misc. Sec. 
25. Inverted chemical microscope constructed by Nachet et Fils, 
Paris, on a plan devised by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, of Louisiana, for 
the purpose of viewing objects from their under side when heat or 
reagents are applied to them. Spec. 122, Misc. Sec.