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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
       Bethesda, Maryland
        Gift of
Edward B. Schlesinger, M.D.
Of 
 
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ANATOMICAL    PLATES
ARRANGED AS A COMPANION VOLUME FOR
"THE   ESSENTIALS   OF  ANATOMY"
                      (BY WILLIAM DARLING AND A. L. RANNEY)
AND FOR
ALL WORKS UPON DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY
COMPRISING
FOUR  HUNDRED AND THIRTY-NINE DESIGNS  ON STEEL BY PROF. J. N. MASSK OF PARIS, AND
          NUMEROUS DIAGRAMMATIC CUTS SELECTED OR  DESIGNED BY THE EDITOR
                      TOGETHER WITH EXPLANATORY LETTER-PRESS
EDITED BY
                   AMBROSE L. RANNEY, A.M., M.D.
Adjunct Professor of Anatomy and late Lecturer on Genlto-Urinary Surgery in the Med. Dept. of the University of the City of New York.  Resident
Adjunct ±>i ojesso j^  j^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^_^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ .^ ^.^ Qf ^ ^^ of Nm ^ Avthor of
                     "A Practical Treatise on Surgical Diagnosis," " The Essentials of Anatomy," etc.
          NEW YORK
G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS
     27 and 29 West 23d Steeet 
Copyright
By G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
Cnlm> 
^4-  *tf CU  y Q S*SL*+ 4~M$-o{ <nu*  ZAa-
EDITOR'S   PREFACE.
    The editor feels much gratification in being enabled to  present to the profession of the United  States an American edition
of the beautiful "Anatomical Atlas" of Professor J. N.  Masse, of Paris.  As a teacher of Anatomy, he  has felt  the want of such
a work to recommend to  his  pupils ; and, recalling to his mind the difficulties he  encountered himself, as a student, in the cul-
tivation of anatomical science, he is enabled to form a just estimate of the value of such an atlas.  There are, it is  true, already
in existence many valuable anatomical atlases.  These are, however, not only too voluminous  and too expensive  to  supply the wants
of* the great body of the profession, but, as  it has been observed  by the author, the different parts of the same organ being  often
represented  in  different cuts, the student, from his being thus  obliged, in  consulting them, to refer to different plates, becomes
confused, and is unable to form a correct idea of  the  true structure of the  organ which  he studies.   Again, from their  size, they
are only suited for consultation at home ; they cannot be carried into the anatomical theatre and the dissecting-room, which, in
the opinion of the editor, is a great  objection against their  use.  The form of this anatomical atlas enables  the student to make
it his constant  companion.  He places  it before his eye  as he listens to  the  demonstration of the professor in the lecture-room ;
and, on his return home, on  his examining  the  plates, the subjects of which  he has  heard  demonstrated, the  lesson taught by his
teacher is  forcibly  recalled to his mind.   In the dissecting-room, the atlas  serves as  a guide to the student in the prosecution of
his dissections; it  not only teaches him how to expose  the organs, the structure of  which he is investigating, but  the engravings
so clearly exhibit them to his eye, and the text furnishes such satisfactory information as to the name and locality of every part of
the structure he has  unveiled, that the necessity for  the assistance of a demonstrator  is, in  a great measure, obviated.  To the
physician  or surgeon who has no means of referring to the dead subject, this atlas will be found an  invaluable work for reference.
When the former wishes  to  refer to the  position of any particular viscus, and to study its relations, or when symptoms depend-
ing on nervous connection arise in disease which  he cannot explain, referring to this atlas,  all his difficulties are  removed.  When 
IV
EDITOR'S  PREFACE.
 the  latter prepares himself for the  performance of  a surgical operation, and when in vain he attempts to recall to his mind sur-
 gical relations long since seen, and now only confusedly  remembered,  referring to his atlas, the vision  of the past is recalled to
 the  mind in all its original  freshness, and with confidence he is enabled to perform his operation.   Such being the fact, invaluable
 as the  possession of this atlas  is to the medical student, it is, if possible, still more valuable to the country physician  and sur-
 geon ; and, from the very low price  at which it is furnished,  we are much mistaken if it does not obtain an extensive circulation.
     The  editor at first thought that he could improve the original text of Masse  by re-writing the descriptions of the*plates, and
 greatly extending them ;  but, having done this in several  instances, he found that descriptions, so conducted,  would require several
 pages of  letter-press.  By so extending  the  text, one of the great advantages of the work would be destroyed, that  of having the
 description and the plate placed on  opposite pages, and he therefore altered his  original intention.
     The execution of  this work may be considered  as a proud trophy to the arts of  the United States.  The engravings on steel,
 by Mr.  Ormsby, are most excellent.  Although Masse's Atlas  is justly considered one of  the most beautiful works ever published
 in Paris,  the most critical must admit that, in so far as the engraving is concerned, the American edition is,  to  say the least of it,
 fully equal to the  edition executed by the Parisian artists.
     The diagrammatic cuts which the editor has scattered throughout the volume are intended  to make certain  points in  anatomy
 plain which would otherwise be obscure even  in an  accurate representation of  the parts.  To the intelligent student,  such a draw-
 ing often   renders the  perfect  comprehension of a part possible, which was  previously beyond his grasp in spite  of  plates or dissec-
 tion.   For some of these, the  editor is indebted  to  the skill of friends in the  profession, or to other authors ;  but most  of  them
 are either entirely original, or so modified from old designs as to have lost their original appearance.
    The use of numbers  as  guides  to the text, in  place  of having the names printed upon each individual structure,  is not, in
 the opinion  of the editor, a  disadvantage.   While  it does not assist a  rapid review of a figure,  but rather hinders it,  this fact
 alone is the  best proof of the advantage of  the system.   Plates must be studied, and not merely glanced at, to be of value to the
 student;  and anything which tends to break up  a bad  habit, so easily formed  and so common among  beginners, should be
 encouraged rather  than deprecated.
    The Messrs.  Putnam  have fixed  the  price  of this work at about one-third the cost of the original  work of Masse, and which
 makes this, by far, the cheapest  atlas now in print.  Such liberality should, and  we have no doubt  will,  be met with a corre-
sponding support and patronage on the part  of the profession and the medical schools of the country.
156 Madison Ave., Feb. 15, 1881. 
INTRODUCTION.
  The interest which is attached to every depart-
ment of human knowledge has caused the means
for its diffusion to be greatly increased.   Art has
rendered to anatomical science, in particular, most
invaluable aid.   Our  museums  are, with justice,
proud of the wax  preparations  of Laumonier, of
Dupont, and of the elder Guy, their rival.   Anat-
omy owes much, also, to painting; and we take
great pleasure in here offering a tribute of respect
and  our sincere thanks to  M. Leveille, a young
artist whose skilful pencil, always directed by an
acquaintance with the subject, is destined to ren-
der to our science important assistance.   We are
happy to have it in  our  power to state that the
engravings  are  a faithful  representation  of his
drawings, and  contribute much to the value of
our work.
   The dead body, without doubt, is the true source
from which the physician should derive his knowl-
edge.   It is nature herself that he must observe
and  understand.  But he must know how to study
her;  and, in her absence, it is  useful to preserve
her  image.   The arts are  brethren, and  ought
mutually to  assist each other  in satisfying the
VI
INTRODUCTION.
wants and ministering to the  pleasures of man.
Every means must be employed to acquire knowl-
edge ; and we must be grateful to every variety
of talent which  furnishes us with those means.
If it be true  that dissecting manuals  and direc-
tions as to the mode of exposing organs placed at
the beginning of anatomical descriptions are use-
ful, it is  equally true that pupils almost never con-
sult them.  An  exact  and accurate design  of an
organ will quickly and clearly point out the  prep-
aration necessary for its exposition.  In this point
of view, it is our opinion that the Atlas will form
a necessary complement to works on  descriptive
anatomy.   To the physician, anatomy is not only
a science, it is also an art; and this  art,  which
constituted ihe glory of Dessault, of Boyer, of Du-
puytren, like  all  others,  must be learned.   With
regard to dissection, the directions are tedious and
fatiguing; a single sketch shows both the end and
the means.  Longum iter per prcecepta, breve per
exempla.
   It is often remarked that we retain the recol-
lection of objects in proportion to the amount of
trouble  we have had in  discovering  them.  It
would be  nearer the truth to say that we retain
them so much  the better, the  better they have
been prepared  and seen.  The object which is
only sought for does not meet the eye, and leaves
no trace in the mind.  It is with pain and sorrow
that one sees a number of pupils daily waste pre- 
INTRODUCTION.
Vll
cious hours in searching for organs which they
never display  in a proper manner;  so  that, after
much trouble,  they cannot but read with ennui the
description of an organ  badly prepared, imper-
fectly seen, and, consequently, difficult or  impossi-
ble to be recollected.   An Atlas, which the stu-
dent can carry with him into the dissecting-room,
and place by the side of his subject, will be a pow-
erful means of diminishing his labour and increas-
ing its value.
   When the subject is not before us, it is tedious
to read over a long, intricate, and dry description.
Study will become easy, however, when we have
before us a drawing  which  we  have  compared
with  the  original, and whose  accuracy we have
tested.  Students will appreciate this  benefit, es-
pecially when the  season of anatomical instruc-
tion has  expired, and the  time of examination
draws nigh.  When  this period arrives,  which
excites fears even in the minds of the best prepa-
red, they want to review in a few days, even in a
few moments, an  infinity of topics.  Then they
become excited ;  they wish to run over the multi-
plied  springs and wheel-work  of the human ma-
chine ; but the scalpel is too slow ; it rivets atten-
tion on some objects, and causes others to be neg-
lected.  The student, under these circumstances,
abandons  the dead  body, which only allows itself
to be interrogated by slowness and patience, and
has recourse to the large atlases.  It is often a
viii
INTRODUCTION.
difficult matter for him to procure these ; and even
if one should be at  hand, he is obliged to run over
the numerous designs, in which are  separately
represented the different elements of the same or-
gan.  This kind of dissection is generally tedious,
fatiguing, and, at such  a time, unprofitable.   An
atlas, to be valuable, must have  precision.   Too
great a number of  figures only produce prohxity
and confusion.
   We have  endeavoured to  combine accuracy
with precision.  In order to be up to  the present
state of the science, we have deemed  it our  duty
to consult the different atlases, and especially to ex-
amine minutely the discoveries of Scarpa, Arnold,
Breschet, Cruveilhier,  &c.; but, in availing our-
selves of these valuable resources, we have always
had our sketches taken from nature.   Aponeurol-
ogy, a part of anatomy still new, has been treated
with  care, and in  detail.   Neurology, that other
department of anatomy so difficult and so impor-
tant, has cost us much labour, and we flatter our-
selves that our pains will not be useless.  We have
profited by the researches we made some time ago
on the anatomy of the nervous centres, as well in
regard to position  as to structure, and we believe
that pupils  will, at last, advance with assurance
into the study of this curious world of thought.
   The methodical arrangement of the classic au-
thors is often the  reverse of the order that  must
be puiaued in dissection; so  that it may become 
INTRODUCTION.
IX
necessary to begin a description at the end, and
to finish it at the beginning.  The order that we
have followed in general is that  of nature, of dis-
section, and  of the anatomy of relation; but as
we have been obliged to sacrifice it, in some in-
stances, to the arrangement of the designs, we add,
at the  end  of the  Atlas, a table, which refers to
each figure in the  order of preparation.
   We have  b£en  careful to represent the  entire
organs.  For instance, to display the facial nerve,
it is not necessary to make  a particular drawing
of its superficial portion, and then to make five or
six more to exhibit its deeper branches.  Memory
requires conciseness of system.   The mind, dis-
tracted among several objects, without order, and
fatigued by the difficulties incurred in seeking them
out, catches at and retains  nothing more than un-
connected and confused ideas.
   It would be a strange error to suppose that we
have thought of withdrawing, for a single moment,
the student from the study of nature herself.   We
have  only  aimed  at rendering  her study more
prompt and  more  useful; and, at the same time,
we have endeavoured  to  facilitate  the  remem-
brance of many important and  various objects
when  they are no longer present to the sight.
  It is with the same view that we now publish
a Synoptic Anatomy.  By this sort of recapitula-
tion, the essential divisions, the order, the connex-
ion of facts, and their harmony with each other, are
INTRODUCTION.
exposed, and the mind is allowed to embrace the
whole of a science, at the same time that it renders
it easy for it to recover each fact which has come
within its comprehension.   The new inquiries on
aponeurology, on the nerves, on the  structure of
the nervous centres, which  are not found regis-
tered in classic works, not admitting of being de-
scribed  under the synoptic form, have compelled
us to give concise descriptions, which elsewhere
we have placed in connexion with the engravings
of the Atlas. 
CONTENTS.
                      OSTEOLOGY.
   PI. 1. Frontal—Parietal.
   PI. 2. Cranium in general.
   PI. 3. Occipital—Sphenoid—Temporal.
   PI. 4. Parietal—Ethmoid.
   PL 5. Vertebrae.
   PI. 6. Superior Maxillary—Palate-Nasal—Os Unguis—Os
 Malas—Vomer—Inferior Turbinated Bone—Inferior Maxil-
 lary Bone,  and Os Hyoides.
   PI. 7. Different sections of the Pace—Teeth.
   PI. 8. Vertebral Column in general—Ribs—Sternum—
 Thorax in  general—Clavicle.
   PI. 9. Bones  of the Hand—Femur—Patella—Tibia-
 Fibula.
   PI. 10. Scapula—Humerus—Ulna—Radius.
   PI. 11. Sacrum—Coccyx—Ilium—Pelvis in general.
   PI. 12. Bones of the Leg—Bones of the Foot.
   Pi. 13. Five diagrammatic figures.
                    ARTHROLOGY.
   PI. 14. Articulation of  the Lower Jaw—Articulation of
 the  first two "\%rtebra3 with each other and with the Os
 Occipitis.
   PI. 15. Articulations of the Pelvis,
   PJ. 16. Articulation of the Vertebras with the Ribs (Verte-
 bro-costal and Costo-transverse)—Articulations of the Ribs
 with  the Sternum (Sterno-costal)—Articulations of some
 Ribs with each other.
  PI. 17.  Articulation of the anterior part of the first two
 Vertebrae with each other and with the Os Occipitis, viewed
from behind—Articulation  of the  Vertebras in general.
  PI. 18.  Sterno-clavicular Articulation—Articulations of
the Shoulder—Articulations of the Elbow Joint.
          B                                 xi
xii
CONTENTS.
  PI.  19.  Tibio-tarsal  Articulation—Articulation of  the
Foot.
  PI.  20.  Coxo-femoral Articulation, or Hip Joint—Artic-
ulation of Knee—Tibio-fibular Articulation.
  PI.  21.  Ulno-radial Articulation—Radio-carpal Articula-
tion—Articulations of the Hand.

                      MYOLOGY.
  PI.  22.  Muscles of the  Head.
  PI.  23.  Muscles  of the Tongue—Muscles of the Velum
Palati—Muscles of the Larynx.
  PI.  24.  Muscles of the  Supra-hyoid and Infra-hyoid, and
lateral regions of the Neck—Muscles of the Pharynx—Mus-
cles of the Tongue.
  PI.  25. Muscles of the Eye—Pterygoid Muscles—Superfi-
cial Muscles of the Neck.
  PI.  26.  Muscles of the  Chest and Abdomen.
  PI.  27.  Diaphragm—Psoae,  Quadratus  Lumborum,  and
Iliacus Internus Muscles.
  PL  28.  Muscles  of the Genital Organs of the Female—
Triangularis Sterni—Deep Muscles of the anterior part of
the Neck—Inguinal Canal, viewed from before.
  PL  29.  Muscles of the Abdomen—Muscles of the Genital
Organs of the  Male.
  PL  30.  Superficial Muscles of  the posterior part of the
Trunk.
  PL  31.  Muscles of the  Shoulder and Arm.
  PL  32.  Deep Muscles on the posterior part of the Neck—
Intercostal,  Supra-costal, and Transverso-spinalis Muscles.
  PL  33.  Deep Muscles of the posterior part of the Trunk.
  PL  34.  Superficial  Muscles on the anterior part of the
Fore-arm—Deep Muscles on the anterior part of the Fore-
arm.
  PL  35.  Muscles on  the anterior and  inner part of the
Thigh.
  PI.  36.  Muscles on  the posterior part of the Lower Ex-
tremity. 
CONTENTS.
Xlll
  PL  37. Superficial Muscles  on the posterior part of the
Fore-arm—Deep Muscles  on the  posterior  part of the
Fore-arm—Muscles of the Hand.
  PL  38. Muscles of the Leg and Foot.
  PL  39. Sections of the Arm, Fore-arm, Thigh, and Leg
—Fasciae of the Abdomen.

                 APONEUROLOGY.
  PL  40. Fasciae of the Neck, Axilla, and Eye.
  PL  41. Deep Muscles of the Leg and Foot.
  PL  42. Fasciae of the Fold of the Groin, Pelvis, and Peri-
neum.
                 SPLANCHNOLOGY.
  PL  43. The Eye and its Appendages.
  PL  44. Bosom,  or Mamma—Tongue—Skin, Nails, and
Hair.
  PL  45. Fasciae of the Upper and Lower Extremity.
  PL  46. Cartilages of the Nose and Nasal Fossae.
  PL  47. Pharynx,   seen from behind—Larynx, Trachea,
and Bronchial Tubes.
  PL  48. Salivary Glands—Buccal and Pharyngeal Cavities.
  PL  49. Organs of Hearing.
  PL  50. Pleurae and Lungs—Right and Left side of the
Heart.
  PL  51. Stomach—Duodenum—Liver and Biliary Appa-
ratus.
  PL  52. Peritoneum.
  PI.  53. Heart.
  PL  54. Cardiac and Pyloric Orifices of the Stomach—In-
test ine.
  PL  55. Bladder,  Urethra, and Prostate Gland—Testicle
and Appendages.
  PL  56. Genital Organs of the  Male.
  PL  57. Small Intestine, and Caecum, laid open—Biliary
Apparatus and Pancreas—Spleen—Kidney and Supra-renal
Capsule.
  PL  58. Genital Organs of the Female.
xiv
CONTENTS.
              ANGEIOLOGY.   Arteries.
   PL 59. Vertebral   Artery—Arteries  of  the  Brain—
 Thoracic Aorta and its Branches,
   PL 60. External Carotid, Lingual, Internal Maxillary,
 Internal Carotid, Ophthalmic, &c, Arteries.
   PL 61. Heart, Arteria Innominata,Carotid and Subcla-
 vian, &c.
   PL 62. Diagrammatic cuts of Arteries.
   PL 63. Arteries of the Axilla,  Arm, and Hand.
   PL 64. Inferior Mesenteric,  and  Right and  Left Colic
 Arteries.
   PL 65. Superior Mesenteric Artery.
   PL 66. Cceliac Axis and its Branches.
   PL 67. Diagrammatic cuts of Arteries.
   PL 68. Abdominal Aorta and its Branches.
   PL 69. Arteries of the Lower Extremity.
   PL 70. Internal Pudic Arteries in the Male—Internal Pu-
 dic Arteries in the Female.
   PL 71. Internal Iliac Artery and its Branches—Perforat-
 ing Arteries of the Thigh.
   PL 72. Arteries of the Leg and Foot, viewed in front;—
 Scapular Arteries—Arteries on the  posterior  part  of the
 Arm, Fore-arm,  and nand.
                ANGEIOLOGY. Veins.
   PL 73. Superficial A'eins of the Upper Extremity.
   PL 74. Superficial Veins of the Head and Neck—Subcla-
 vian Veins—Vena Cava Superior.
   PL 75.  Vena Cava,  Superior and  Inferior—Subclavian
 Veins—Vena Azygos—Veins of the Uterus.
   PL 76. Diagrammatic cuts of Sinuses of Dura Mater.
   PL 77. Diagrammatic cuts of Veins and Thoracic Duct.
  PL 78. Vena Porta?.
  PL 79. Organs of Circulation in a Foetus.
  PL 80. Veins of the Spine.
  PL 81. Superficial Veins of the Abdomen, of the Lower
Extremity, and of the Genital Organs.
  PL 82. Sinuses of the  Dura Mater—Veins of Bones. 
CONTENTS.
XV
         ANGEIOLOGY.  Lymphatic Vessels.
  PL 83. Posterior and deep Lymphatic Vessels and Gan-
glia of the Lower Extremity.
  PL 84. Anterior and deep Lymphatic Vessels and Gan-
glia of the Lower Extremity.
  PL 85. Superficial Lymphatic Vessels and Ganglia of the
Lower Extremity, and lower half of the Abdomen.
  PL 86. Lymphatic Vessels and Ganglia of the Abdominal
Viscera.
  PL 87.  Lymphatic Vessels of the Upper  Extremity.
  PL 88.  Thoracic  Duct—Receptaculum Chyli—Lumbar
Plexus.
  PL 89.  Lymphatic Vessels of the Thoracic and  Abdom-
inal Viscera.
  PL 90.  Lymphatic Vessels  and Ganglia  of the Axilla,
Head, and Neck.

                    NEUROLOGY.

  PL 91.  Corpus Callosum—Fornix—Plexus Choroides,&c.
  PL 92.  Brain and Origin of the Cranial Nerves.
  PL 93.  Dura Mater.
  PL 94.  Third and Fifth Ventricles—Upper portion of the
Lateral Ventricles—Upper  surface of the Corpus Callosum
and Cerebellum—Vertical section of the Cerebrum in the
Median Line.
  PL 95. Cerebrum, viewed from below—Plexus Choroides
—Fornix, &c.
  PL 96. Different sections of the Cerebrum, Medulla Ob-
longata, and Nodus  Cerebri.
  PL 97. Different sections of the Cerebellum—View of the
interior of the Ventricles—Preparations of the Medulla Ob-
longata.
  PL 98. Different preparations of  the Medulla  Spinalis,
Medulla Oblongata, and Nodus Cerebri.
  PL 99. Transverse sections  of the Cerebrum—Vertical
section of a Lateral Lobe of the Cerebrum.
xvi
CONTENTS.
  PL  101. Lateral Ventricle of the Cerebrum—Cerebellum,
viewed from  below—Fasciculus of re-enforcement of the
Medulla Oblongata, &c.
  PL  102. Cervical Plexus (superficial portion).
  PL  103. Deep portion of the Cervical Plexus—Brachial
Plexus.
  PL  104. Facial Nerve — Auditory Nerve — Jacobson's
Nerve.
  PL  105. Deep Nerves of the Upper Extremity.
  PL  106. Superficial Nerves of the  Upper Extremity.
  PL  107. Intercostal Nerves, and branches of the Lumbar
Nerves.
  PL  108. Nerves of the Lower  Extremity.
  PL  109. Lumbar Plexus—Crural Nerve and its Branches.
  PL  110. Nerves of the posterior part of the Body.
  PL  111. Sacral Plexus—Sciatic  Nerve, &c.
  PL 112. Passage  of the  Cranial  Nerves through the
Foramina at the base of the Cranium—Nerves of the Eye.
  PL 113. Fifth pair of Nerves—Glosso-pharyngeal, Hypo-
glossal, &c.
  PL 114. Structure of the Brachial Plexus—Deep Cervical
Nerves, Supra-scapular,Circumflex—Nerves of the Fingers.
  PL 115.  Olfactory Nerve —Fifth Pair — Ganglion  of
Meckel,  or Spheno-palatine — Otic  Ganglion — Laryngeal
Nerves.
  PL 116. Great Sympathetic (lower portion).
   PL 117. Diagrammatic cuts of  Nerves (optic).
   PL 118. Diagrammatic cuts of Motor  Oculi  and Tri-
 geminus.
   PI. 119. Diagrammatic cuts of Facial and Auditory.
   PL 120. Diagrammatic cuts of  Auditory and Glosso-
 pharyngeal.
   PL 121. Diagrammatic cuts of  Pneumogastric.
   PL 122. Diagrammatic cuts of  Spinal Accessory,  and
 Hypoglossal.
   PL 123. Great Sympathetic (upper portion).
   PL 124. Eighth Pair. 
 
PI.  1.
             OSTEOLOGY, Plate 1.

   Fig. 1. Frontal bone [anterior surface).
   1.  Mesial line, on which we see the trace of the
 original division of the bone.—2.  Frontal eminence.
 —3.  Superciliary ridge.—4.  Portion of the curved
 temporal  ridge, to which the fascia of the temporal
 muscle is attached, and below which the temporal
 fossa is situated.—5. Nasal  notch, from the centre of
 which the nasal spine passes off.—6. Orbital arch,
 which presents at its inner third the  supra-orbital
 notch, through which a small artery and a branch of
 the ophthalmic division of  the fifth pair  of nerves
 pass,  and, at its extremities, the external and inter-
 nal angular processes are situated.
   Fig. 2. Frontal bone (posterior surface).
   1. A portion of the sagittal groove, which terminates
 anteriorly in the frontal spine.—2. Frontal fossa.—3.
 The convex cerebral surface of the orbital plate.
   Fig. 3. Frontal bone {inferior surface).
   1. Ethmoidal fissure, having in front the nasal spine,
 and the openings of the frontal sinuses; on the sides,
 portions of cellules, among  which  are two small
 grooves, 4 and 5, which contribute to form the inter-
 nal orbital * foramina, through which  the nasal divis-
 ion of the ophthalmic branch of the fifth pair of nerves
 and a small  blood-vessel pass.—2.  Orbital  plate.—3.
 Lachrymal fossa.—4'. Depression for the pulley of the
 superior oblique muscle.—5'. Surface which  articu-
 lates with the sphenoid bone  (on either side).
   Fig. 4. Parietal bone  of the eight side (ex-
 ternal surface).
   1. Parietal  protuberance.—2. Temporal  ridge, a
continuation of the ridge seen in Fig. 1 (4).
     * Called the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina.
PI.  2.
              OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 2.

  Fig. I. Head viewed from the  left side asd
FROM BKl'ORE.
  1. Temporal fossa.—2. Tempo-parietal suture.—
3. Spheno-parietal suture.—4. Fronto-parietal, or co-
ronal suture.—5. Spheno-temporal suture.—6. Zygo-
matic fossa.

  Fig. 2. Head viewed  from below.
  1. Arch of the palate and the point of union of four
sutures, where the point of a scalpel can touch five
bones, viz., the two upper maxillary, the two palate,
and  the vomer.—2. One of the posterior  openings
of the nasal fossa, separated from the opening of the
opposite  side by the vomer.—3. Pterygoid fossa.—
4. Pterygo-maxillary fissure. — 5. Zygomatic fossa,
bounded by the arch of the same name.—6. Foramen
ovale.—7. Petro-sphenoidal suture.—8. Foramen la-
cerum medium.—9. Foramen caroticum externum.—
10.  Jugular fossa.—11. Petro-occipital  suture.—12.
One of the condyles of the occipital bone.—13. Fora-
men magnum.

  Fig. 3. Base of the cranium viewed from above.
  1. Crista galli: there is seen, in front, the foramen
ccecum ;  on the sides, the ethmoidal grooves.—2.  Su-
ture of the frontal bone, with the lesser wings of the
sphenoid.—3.  The lesser wing of the sphenoid, at the
internal extremity of which is seen the optic foramen,
and beneath which there is placed the sphenoidal fis-
sure, or,  as it is called, the foramen  lacerum orbitale.
—4. Sella turcica, bounded by the four clinoid pro-
cesses and by the cavernous grooves.—5. Foramen ro-
tundum.—6. Foramen ovale.—7. Foramen  spinosum.
—8. Foramen lacerum medium.—9. Basilar groove.
—10. Meatus auditorius internus.—11.  Foramen la-
cerum jugulare.—12.  Anterior condyloid foramen.—
13.  Lateral groove, lodging lateral sinus. 
HUM
\"'
 
PL  3.
                  OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 3.

   Fig. 1. Occipital bone (external surface).
   On the median line there are seen, 1. The external occipi-
 tal protuberance.—2. The external occipital crest.—3. Fora-
 men magnum.—4. The inferior surface of the basilar process.
 On  each side, 5. The upper semicircular line ; 6. The lower
 semicircular line.—7. The condyle, before and behind which
 are  seen the condyloid  fossae.

   Fig. 2. Occipital bone (internal surface).
   1. Portion of the sagittal or longitudinal  sinus,  which is
 continuous  with, 2. The  lateral sinus.—3. Internal occipital
 crest.—4. Superior occipital fossa.—5. Inferior occipital fossa.

   Fig. 3. Sphenoid bone  (upper surface).
   1. Pituitary fossa, or sella turcica, which lodges the pituitary
 body.—2. Carotid or  cavernous  groove.—3.  Quadrilateral
 plate, which limits posteriorly the sella turcica.—4.  Lesser
 wing of the  sphenoid, or the process of Ingrassias, at the base
 of which is  found the optic  foramen and the  anterior  clinoid
 process.—5. Greater wing  of the sphenoid.—6.  Sphenoidal
 fissure.—7. Foramen rotundum.—8. Foramen ovale.—9. Fora-
 men spinosum.

   Fig. 4. Sphenoid bone  viewed from before.
   1. The beak or rostrum process of the sphenoid—2. Open-
 ing of the sphenoidal sinus.—3. Portion of the greater wing,
 called orbital process, and  which contributes to form the outer
 wall of the orbit.—4.  Portion of the  greater  wing,  named
 temporal process, and which contributes to form the  temporal
 fossa.—5.  Pterygoid process.—6. Hamular process.—7. Spi-
 nous process.—8. Vidian canal.—9.  Foramen rotundum.

   Fig. 5. Temporal bone  (external surface).
   1.  Portion of the temporal fossa.—2.  Zygomatic process.—
3. Portion of temporal curved ridge.—4. Glenoid or  articular
cavity.—5. Meatus auditorius externus.—6. Mastoid process j
and,  7.  Mastoid foramen.

  Fig. 6.  Temporal bone (internal surface).
  1.  Petrous portion.—2. Meatus auditorius internus.—3.
Styloid  process.—4. Portion of the groove  for the lateral
Binus.
*
                       PI.  4.

              OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 4.
   Fig. 1.  Parietal bone of the  right side (inter'
rial surface).
   1. Groove which lodges the middle meningeal ar-
tery and  its branches.—2.   Portion of the groove
which lodges the lateral sinuses.

   Fig. 2.  Ethmoid bone {upper surface).
   1. Crista galli.—2. Cribriform  plate  of the eth-
moid, grooved for the reception of the olfactory nerve,
perforated with foramina, which give passage to the
branches of this nerve.—3.  A  small groove, which
articulates with the frontal bone, and forms one of the
internal orbitary foramina* by which the nasal branch
of the ophthalmic division of the fifth pair of nerves
enters  the cranium.

   Fig. 3.  Ethmoid bone (inferior surface).
   1. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.—2. Middle
turbinated bone.

   Fig. 4.  Ethmoid bone (viewed from behind).
   1. Crista galli.—2.  Perpendicular plate.—3.  The
cribriform plate, arranged in the shape of a cross.—
4. Posterior ethmoidal cells.

   Fig. 5.  Ethmoid bone (viewedfrom before).
   1. Crista galli.—2. Perpendicular plate.—3. An-
terior ethmoidal cells.

   Fig. 6.  Ethmoid bone (external surface).
   1. Os planum, or lamina papyracea, constituting,
in a great measure, the inner wall of the orbit.

   Fig. 7.  Ethmoid bone (internal surface).
   1. Superior turbinated bone.—2. Superior meatus.
—3. Middle turbinated bone.

   Fig. 8.—1.  Crista galli.—2. Perpendicular plate
—3. The cribriform plate, with its foramina cut ver
tically.
           * Called the anterior ethmoidal foramen. 
PI. 3.
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PI.  5.
                 OSTEOLOGY,  Pl. 5.

     Fig. 1.  Atlas  (upper surface).
     I. Articular facette.—2. Anterior arch.—3. Poste
  nor arch.—4. Transverse process and  its foramen
  —5. Vertebral foramen.

    Fig. 2.  Atlas  (lower surface).
    1. Articular facette. —2. Small facette, which ai
  ticulates with the odontoid process of the axis.

    Fig. 3.  Axis (anterior surface).
    1. Body.—2. Odontoid  process.—3. Articular fa-
  cette.—4.  Transverse process.

    Fig. 4. Axis viewed from the right side.
    1. Body.—2. Odontoid  process.—3. Articular fa-
  cette.—4.  Transverse process.—5. Spinous process.

    Fig. 5. A cervical vertebra (upper surface).
    1. Body, and, 2.  The lateral ridges.—3. Transverse
 process, bifurcated, and perforated by a hole.__4.  Ar-
 ticular processes.—5.  Vertebral lamina.—6. Spinous
 process, bifurcated.

    Fig.  6. A  DORSAL  VERTEBRA  VIEWED  FROM  THE
 RIGHT SIDE.

    1. Body,  and, 2.  Costal articular semi-facette.—3.
 Vertebral pedicle.— 1. Upper articular process.__5.
 Transverse  process, with its costal articular facette.—
 6. Spinous proces ■.

   Fig. 7. A lumbar vertebra (upper  surface).
   1.  Transverse process.—2. Upper articular process,
and its apophysary tubercle.—3.  Spinous process.

  Fig. 8. A LUMBAR  VERTEBRA viewed from thk
right side.
  1.  Lower articular process.
PI.  6.
                  OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 6.
   Fig. 1.  Upper maxillary bone of the left side (external
 surface).
   1. Ascending or nasal process.—2 Nasal notch.—3.  Lower
 wall of the orbit.—4 and 5. Infra-orbital groove and foramen.
 —6. Canine fossa.—7. Malar process.
   Fig. 2.  Palate bone (external surface).
   1. Groove which contributes to form the posterior palatine
 canal.—2. Orbital process.—3. Sphenoidal process.—4. Notch
 which contributes to form the spheno-palatine foramen. This
 surface articulates with the upper maxillary bone.
   Fig. 3.  Palate bone (internal surface).
   1 and 2. Portions  of the inferior and middle meatus.—3.
 Orbital process.—4. Sphenoidal  process.—5. Portion  of the
 spheno-palatine foramen.—G. Tuberosity of the palate bone.
 This surface contributes to form the nasal fossae.
   Fig. 4.  Palate bone viewed from behind.
   1. Posterior border.—2. Orbital  process.—3. Tuberosity
 of the palate bone.—4. Palatine process.
   Fig. 5.  Os NASI VIEWED ON ITS OUTER SURFACE.
   Superiorly, the rough scabrous process by which it is ar-
 ticulated to the nasal process of the frontal bone is distinctly
 shown.
  Fig. 6. Os UNGUIS* viewed  on  its outer surface.
  This  surface is seen  divided by  a small spine;   to the
 right of which the smaller grooved division is placed.  This
 groove, joined to a  corresponding groove formed on the orbi-
 tal edge of the nasal process of the upper maxillary bone, forms
 the fossa  for lodging the lacrymal sac. The larger division,
 placed to the left of the spine, forms a part of the inner wall
 of the orbit, and is called orbital process.
   Fig.  7. Malar bone of right side (external surface).
   1. Malar hole.—2. Orbital process.
  Fig. 8. Vomer.—1. Upper border.—2. Wings, with a groove
between them for the rostrum of the sphenoid bone.
  Fig. 9. Inferior turbinated bone.
  Fig. 10. Inferior maxillary bone  (external surface).
  1.  External  oblique line.—2.  Mental foramen,  the  lower
orifice of the dental  canal.—3. Condyle.—4.  Coronoid process.
—5. Sigmoid notch.
  Fig. 11. Right half of the inferior maxillary bone (in-
ner surface).
  1.  Internal oblique line.—2. The alveolar foramen, the up-
per orifice  of the dental canal.
  Fig. 12.  Hyoid bone (anterior-  surface).
  1.  Body.—2. Great cornu.—3. Little cornu.
  * The lachrymal bone (called os unguis from its resemblance to a
finger-nail). 
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Pl.  7.
                 OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 7.
  Fig. I. Vertical section of the head, intended to show
THE OSSEOUS PORTION OF THE SEPTUM OF THE NASAL FOSSAE.
  1.  Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, which, in con-
nexion  with the vomer, forms the  septum narium.*—2.
Vomer.—3.  Sphenoidal sinus.
  Fig. 2. Vertical section  of the head, intended to show
THE EXTERNAL WALL OF THE NASAL FOSSiE.
  1.  Upper turbinated bone, beneath which is seen the su-
perior meatus ;  and behind the  meatus, 2. The  sphenoidal
sinus.—3. Middle turbinated bone, beneath  which is the mid-
dle meatus.—4.  Inferior turbinated  bone, beneath which is
the inferior meatus.—5. Frontal sinus.
  Fig. 3. Posterior openings of the nasal fossae  and the
ARCH  OF THE PALATE.
  1.  Posterior border of the vomer, which separates the nasal
fossae.—2. Pterygo-palatine foramen.—3. Vidian or pterygoid
foramen.—4. Pterygoid fossa.—5. Scaphoid fossa.—6. Inner
plate  of the pterygoid process.—7. External  plate.—8. Crucial
suture of the arch of the palate, and the place where the point
of a scalpel can touch five bones : the two palate, the two up-
per maxillary, and the vomer.
  Fig. 4. Vertical and transverse section of  the  nasal
FOSSjE.
  It presents, 1.  The upper turbinated bone.—2. The superioi
meatus.—3. Middle turbinated bone; and, 4. The middle me-
atus,  which communicates with the maxillary sinus.—5. The
lower turbinated bone ;  and, 6. The inferior meatus.
  Fig. 5. The outer table of both maxillary bones removed
to show the teeth in their sockets.
  Fig. 6. The outer table of both maxillary bones removed
to show the  teeth of the first and second dentition.
  Fig. 7. The teeth of both  maxillary bones are seen in front,
and the four incisors  and the two canine teeth of each jaw
are very plainly shown.
  Fig. 8. The teeth of the left side of each jaw are displayed,
and especially the canine, the bicuspidati, and the  large molar
teeth.
  * Although the perpendicular plate ol the ethmoid bone and the vomer are
only described in this fig. as forming the septum narium, were it not from  the
elevated spine which  arises from the junction  of the palatal processes of the
upper maxillary and palate  bones, it would be inferiorly imperfect. On thii
spine the lower edge of the vomer rests, and by it, below the vomer, the sep-
tum is formed.
Pl.  8.
                OSTEOLOGY,  Pl. 8.

  Fig. 1.  Vertebral column entire, seen from
the left side.
  1 and 2.  Two semi-facettes,  which articulate  with
the  head of the  rib.—3 and 4.  Two foramina,  each
resulting from  the union of  two vertebrae.—5.  Cervi-
cal  region and its  corresponding  curve.—6.  Dorsal
region and its  corresponding curve.—7.  Lumbar re-
gion and its corresponding  curve.—8. Sacrum.
   Fig. 2.  Sternum.
  1. Middle part of the sternum, and the trace of the
union  of the  two pieces of which it was  originally
composed.—2. Upper extremity, or manubrium  of
the sternum.—3. Fourchette,  or semilunar notch  of
the sternum.—4. Surface which articulates with the
clavicle.—5. Xiphoid appendix, or ensiform cartilage.
   Fig.  3. First rib (upper surface).
   1 and 2.  Tubercles for the attachment of the sca-
leni muscles.—3. Groove for  the subclavian  artery
—4. Head of the rib.—5. Tubercle and angle blend-
ed  together.
   Fig.  4. Second  rib (upper surface).
   Fig.  5. Middle rib.
   1. Head  of the rib.—2.  Neck.—3. Tubercle.—4.
Angle.
   Fig.  6. The twelfth rib, having neither angle
NOR TUBERCLE.
   Fig.  7. The chest entire.
   Its  component parts are:  behind, 1. The dorsal
 region of the  vertebral column ; before, 2. Sternum,
 and, 3. The costal cartilages ;  4 and 5. On each side,
 the twelve ribs. — 6. Line of union of a rib,  with its
 corresponding cartilage.
    Fig. 8. Left clavicle  viewed from below.
    Fig. 9. Left clavicle  viewed from above. 
Pl. 7
,Pl.K
 
                          Pl.  9.

                   OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 9.

   Fig. 1.  Bones of the carptts viewed from behind.
   These bones are arranged in two rows.   In the first row
 are,  1.  Scaphoid.—2.  Semilunar.— 3. Cuneiform.—4.  Pisi-
 form.  In the second row are, 5. Trapezium.—6. Trapezoid.
 —7.  Magnum.—8.  Unciform.

   Fig. 2.  Bones of the hand viewed in front.
   1.  Bones of the carpus.—2. Second metacarpal bone.  The
 last three are parallel to it;  the first is separated from it.—3.
 First phalanx of  the index finger.—4. Second phalanx.—5.
 Third phalanx. The thumb has no middle  phalanx.

   Fig. 3.  The bones of the hand viewed from behind.
   Fig. 4.  Patella viewed in front.

   Fig. 5.  Patella viewed from behind.
   1.  Articular facette.

   Fig. 6.  Femur (anterior surface).
   1.  Head of the femur.—2.  Neck.—3. Trochanter major.—
 4. Trochanter minor.—5.  Anterior part of the femoral trochlea.

   Fig. 7.  Femur viewed  from behind.
   1.  Digital cavity of the trochanter major.—2. Oblique line
 which unites the two trochanters.—3. Attachment of gluteus
 maximus.—4. Linea aspera of the  femur, on  which is seen
 the hole for the principal nutritious artery of the bone.—5.
 Internal  tuberosity. — 6.  External  tuberosity. — 7.   Internal
 condyle.—8. External condyle.

   Fig. 8. Upper extremity of the femur viewed from above.

   Fig. 9. Lower extremity of the femur viewed from below

   Fig. 10. Tibia viewed in front.
   1. Spine of the tibia.—2.  Internal tuberosity.—3. External
tuberosity.—4. Anterior tuberosity.—5. Crest of the tibia.-
6.  Internal malleolus.

  Fig. 11.  Fibula of right  side viewed in front.
  I. Head of the fibula.—2.  Lower extremity,  which forma
the external malleolar process —3. Articular facette.
Pl.  10.
                      OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 10.
     Fig. 1. Scapula (posterior surface).
     1. Supra-spinous fossa.—2 and 3. Spine of the scapula, and aero
   mion process. —4. Jnfra-spinous fossa.—5. Coracoid  process.—6
   Coracoid notch, through which the supra-scapular nerve passes.
     Fig- 2. Scapula (anterior surface).
     1. Sub-scapular fossa.—2. Spine of the scapula, terminating in
   the acromion.—3. Coracoid process.
     Fig. 3. External or axillary border of the scapula.
     1. Axillary border, or inferior costa.—2. Glenoid cavity, surmounted
   by the coracoid process (4).—3. Acromion process.
     Fig. 4. Humerus viewed in front.
     1. Head  and neck of the humerus.—2. Lesser tuberosity.—3.
   Greater tuberosity.—4. Bicipital groove.—5. Anterior surface of the
   humerus.—6. Coronoid cavity.—7.  Internal condyle.—8.  Trochlea,
   or pulley of the humerus.—9. Small head of the humerus.—10. Ex-
   ternal condyle.
     Fig. 5. Humerus (posterior surface).
,    1. Anatomical neck.—2. Surgical neck.—3. Posterior  surface.—
   4. Cavity for the reception of the olecranon.
     Fig. 6. Upper extremity of the humerus, composed of the
   HEAD AND THE TWO TUBEROSITIES.
     Fig. 1. Lower extremity of the humerus, composed of the
   TROCHLEA  AND INTERNAL CONDYLE, THE SMALL HEAD AND EXTER-
   NAL CONDYLE.
     Fig. 8. Ulna and radius in relation with each other, and
   viewed from behind.
     1. Ulna.—2. Radius.
     Fig. 9. Brachial extremity of the ulna vikwed in front.
     1. Great sigmoid cavity.—2. Small sigmoid cavity.
     Fig. 10.  Brachial extremity  of  thb ulna viewed  from
   WITHOUT.
     1. Olecranon process.—2.  Coronoid process.—3. Lesser sigmoid
   cavity.
     Fig. 11.  Brachial extremity  of  the ulna viewed from
   within.
     Fig. 12. Brachial extremity  of the radius.
     1. Head  of the radius.—2. Neck—3. Bicipital tuberosity.

     Fig. 13.  Carpal kxtremity of the  radius viewed from be
   low.  This figure shows the articular facettes formed on it for the
   reception of the scaphoid and semilunar bones of the carpus.
     Fig. 14.  Carpal extremity of the two bones of the fore-
   arm VIEWED FROM BELOW.
     1. Head of the Ulna.—2.  Styloid process of the ulna.—3.  Sty
    oid process of the radius. 
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Pl.  11.
                  OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 11.

   Fig. 1. Sacrum (anterior surface).
   1. One of the ridges which mark the point of union of two
 of the original pieces of the sacrum.—2.  One of the  anterior
 sacral foramina.—3.  Alae of the sacrum.—4.  Articular pio-
 cess of the sacrum.
   Fig. 2. Sacrum (posterior surface).
   1. Ridge of the  sacrum.—2. One of the posterior sacral
 foramina —3. Upper  orifice of the sacral canal.—4. Lower
 orifice.
   Fig 3. Coccyx (anterior surface).—1. Horn of the coccyx.

   Fig. 4. Os innominatum (external surface).
   1. Dorsum of the ilium.—2. Upper curved line, which indi-
 cates the extent of the origin of the gluteus medius muscle.—3.
 Lower curved line, which marks the extent of origin of the glu-
 teus minimus muscle.—4. Posterior superior spinous process
 of the ilium, forming the posterior limit of  the  crest of the
 ilium.—5.  Posterior inferior spinous process  of the ilium.—6.
 Great ischiatic  notch.—7. Spine of the  ischium.—8. Small
 ischiatic notch.—9.  Tuberosity of the ischium.—10.  Cotyloid
 cavity.
   Fig. 5. Os innominatum (internal surface).
   1. Internal iliac fossa.—2.  Articular portion, composed ol
 a surface invested with cartilage, and  a  tubeiosity intended
 for ligamentous attachments.—3.  Crest of the ilium.—4. An-
 terior superior spinous process  of the ilium.—5.  Anterior in-
 ferior spinous  process  of the  ilium.—6.  Ilio-pectineal emi-
 nence and surface of the pubes.—7.  Body of the pubes and
 its articular surface, contributing to form the symphysis pubis.
 —8. Point of union of the descending ramus of the pubes, and
 he ascending ramus of the ischium.—9. Obturator foramen.

   Fig. 6.  Pelvis in general.
   It is formed, behind, by the  sacrum and  coccyx; on the
sides, by the ossa innominata.
   1. Ilio-pectineal eminence.—2.  Horizontal ramus  of the
pubis.—3. Arch of the pubis.—4.  Superior opening, or brim
of the pelvis.
                        Pl.  12.

                  OSTEOLOGY, Pl. 12.

  Fig. 1. Upper extremity of the tibia viewed from above
  1. Spine of the tibia.—2. Internal articular facette.—3. Ex-
ternal articular facette.
  Fig. 2. Lower extremity of the tibia viewed from below.
  There is here seen an articular facette, consisting of two
portions, viz., a horizontal and a vertical.

  Fig. 3. The two bones of the leg viewed in front and in
their natural  position.
  They present, below, the cavity into which the astragalus
is received, formed on either by the two malleolar processes

  Fig. 4. Bones of the  left leg viewed from without.

  Fig. 5. Bones or the  tarsus viewed from above.
  These bones form two  rows.  In the first row are seen, 1.
Astragalus.—2. Calcaneum.   In the second row are seen, 3
Scaphoid.—4.  First  cuneiform.—5. Second cuneiform.—6
Third cuneiform.—7. Cuboid.
  Fig. 6. Right tarsus viewed  from without  and  from
above.
  1. Great process of the os calcis.—2. Calcaneo-astragaloid
hollow.
  Fig. 7. Right tarsus  viewed from within.
  1. Small process of the calcaneum.—2.  Head of the as-
tragalus, which joins the scaphoid.
  Fig. 8. Calcis (upper surface).  1, 2.—Articular surfaces.
  Fig. 9. Bones of the  foot viewed  from above.
  This figure presents successively, 1. Bones of the tarsus.
—2. The° five bones of  the metatarsus.—3.  The  first five
phalanges.—4. The second phalanges of the last four toes.—
5.  The last five phalanges.  The great toe has no middle
phalanx.
  Fig. 10. Bones of the right foot viewed from below.
  1. Internal  tuberosity of the calcaneum process of the  os
ealcis.—2. External tuberosity. 
Pl .11
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Pl.  13.
  Fig.  1.  A  diagram to  show the  carpal arch
(modified from Holden).
  1.  Trapezium.—2.  Scaphoid.—3. Pisiform.—4.  Un-
ciform.—5. The anterior annular ligament of the car-
pus,  underneath which the flexor tendons pass.

  Fig. 2. A DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE RADIO-CARPAL AND
inter-carpal articulations (modified from  Holden).
  1.  Pisiform.—2.  Cuneiform.— 3.  Semilunar.—4.
Scaphoid.—5. Unciform.—6.  Os magnum, showing its
globular  head.—7.  Trapezoid.—8.  Trapezium.—A.
Metacarpal  bone  of  little  finger.—B.  C.  D. Meta-
carpal  bones of three other fingers.—E. Metacarpal
bone of thumb, separated from the rest.—a. Line of
radio-carpal articulation.—b. Line of inter-carpal artic-
ulation.

  Fig. 3. A diagram to show the horizontal plane
OP THE ANKLE-JOINT AND THE CANAL OF THE TARSUS.
  1.  Tibia.—2.  Fibula.—3. Astragalus.—4. Os calcis.
—5.  Tunnel of the  tarsus, for the inter-osseous ligament
between the astragalus and os calcis.
  Fig.  4. The comparative  obliquity op the neck
OF THE FEMUR.
  1.  In the child.—2.  In the adult.—3. In old age.

  Fig.  5. A diagram to show the construction of
the nasal arch (horizontal section).
  N. N. The nasal bones.—S. M. The superior maxi-
millary bone.—F.  The spine  of the frontal bone.—E.
The  perpendicular plate of the  ethmoid.   Thus, four
bones help to sustain a weight when balanced upon the
bridge of the nose; hence its wonderful strength, when
the lightness of the nasal bones is considered.

   Fig. 6. A diagram to show the obliquity of the
pelvis to the spinal column (modified from Holden).
   It will be seen that the brim of the pelvis  lies 54°
below  the horizontal line drawn from the center of the
upper  surface of the sacrum, or 144° from a perpendicu-
lar dropped through the line of gravity of the spinal
column.   In the female, the total angle is about 140°.
In both  sexes, the line of gravity passes  through the
acetabulum, when the subject is in the erect posture. 
flS  3.
PLATE  13.
Fie  S.
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Pl.  14.
             ARTHROLOGY, Pl. 1.

  Figs. 1,  2, and 3. These three  figures represent
the temporo-rnaxillary articulation.
  Fig. 1.—1. External lateral ligament.—2. Stylo-
maxillary ligament.
  Fig. 2.—1. Internal lateral  ligament.—2. Stylo-
maxillary ligament.
  Fig. 3. The joint viewed from without, and
opened.
  1. The inter-articular fibro-cartilage.—2. The sty-
lo-maxillary ligament.
  Fig. 4.—1. Anterior occipito-atloid ligament, com-
posed of a middle band strong and narrow, and of a
posterior band weaker and broader.—2. The upper
part of the anterior common vertebral ligament.
  Fig. 5.—1. Occipito-axoid ligament.—2. The up-
per part of the posterior common vertebral ligament.
  Fig. 6 presents the posterior half of the foramen
magnum, and a portion of the vertebral canal, separ-
ated from the anterior half.
  1. Posterior occipito-atloid  ligament.—2.  One of
its borders, forming part of a foramen for the pas-
sage of the vertebral artery.—3. Membrane which
connects the first two vertebrae, occupying the situa-
tion of the  first of the ligamenta subflava.
Pl.  15.
            ARTHROLOGY, Pl. 2.

  Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Articulations of the pelvis.
  Fig. 1.—1. Termination of the  anterior common
vertebral ligament, which extends from the third cer-
vical vertebra to the sacrum.—2. Some fibres form-
ing the anterior membrane of the  sacrum.—3.  An-
terior sacro-coccygeal ligament.—4. Ilio-lumbar lig-
ament.—5. Saero-vertebral ligament.—6. Anterior
sacro-iliac ligament.—7.  Great, or posterior sacro-
sciatic ligament.—8. Lesser,  or anterior  sacro-sci-
atic ligament.
  Fig. 2.—1. Lower portion  of the common supra-
spinous ligament.—2. Posterior sacro-coccygeal lig-
ament.—3. Ilio-lumbar ligament.—4. Posterior sa-
cro-iliac ligament.—5. Sacro-spinous ligament.—6.
Great, or posterior sacro-sciatic ligament.—7. Less-
er, or anterior sacro-sciatic ligament.
  Fig. 3.  Symphysis pubis viewed in front.
  1. Fibres of the anterior pubic ligaments crossing
each other.—2. Superior ligament.—3. Inferior tri-
angular ligament.—4. Obturator membrane.—5. For-
amen for  the passage of the  obturator vessels  and
nerves.
  Fig. 4.  Symphysis pubis seen from behind. 
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Pl.  16.
             ARTHROLOGY, Pl. 3.

   Fig. 1.  Costo-vertebral articulations.
   1. One  of the inter-vertebral  substances.  The
 fibres are  seen crossing each  other, and extending
 from one vertebra to another.—2.  Stellate ligament
 of the costo-vertebral articulation.—3. Interosseous
 ligament of a costo-vertebral articulation.
   Fig. 2.  Costo-transverse articulation.
   1. Portion of the common supra-spinous ligament.
 —2. Posterior costo-transverse ligament.—3.  Ante-
 rior  costo-transverse  ligament. — 4. Inferior  costo-
 transverse ligament.
   Fig. 3. A vertebra, and the posterior portion of a
 rib, sawed horizontally, to  show, 1 and 2. The an>
 terior costo-transverse ligaments.
   Fig. 4. Chondro-costal  and chondro-sternal
 articulations, viewed in  front.
   1. A costal cartilage. — 2. Line  of union of this
 cartilage with  the rib.—3.  Anterior  ligament of a
 chondro-sternal articulation.—3'. Anterior membrane
 of the sternum, formed by the crossing and union of
 the  anterior ligaments. — 4. Chondro-xiphoid lio-a-
 ment.—5 and 6. Ligaments which unite the cartilages
 of the sixth, seventh, and eighth ribs at their middle.
 —7 and 8. Ligaments which unite  by their anterior
 extremity the cartilage of the seventh to the cartilage
 of the eighth rib, and the  cartilage of the latter to
 that of the ninth.

   Fig.  5. Chondro-sternal articulations, view-
 ed from behind.
   1. A chondro-sternal cartilage. — 2.  A posterior
ligament.—3. Membrane on the posterior surface of
the sternum.
Pl.  17.
            ARTHROLOGY,  Pl. 4.

   Fig. 1.—1. The deep bundle of the occipito-&x«
jid ligament.—2. One of the odontoid ligaments.—
3. Transverse ligament, composed of two bundles.
—4. The upper part of the posterior common verte-
bral ligament.

   Fig. 2. Articulation of the bodies of the ver-
tebrae.
   1. Middle portion of the  anterior common verte-
bral ligament.—2 and 3. Lateral portions of the same
ligament.—4. One of the stellated ligaments of the
costo-vertebral articulations.
   Fig. 3. Vertebral canal,  laid  open to bring into
view, 1.  The posterior common vertebral ligament.
   Fig. 4. The  upper  surface of  a  vertebra.
   1. Fibrous  portion  of the inter-vertebral sub-
stance.—2. Gelatinous portion of the same.
   Fig. 5. The vertebral canal, laid open to bring into
view the ligamenta subflava, attached to the  laminae
of the vertebrae.
   1. One of the ligamenta subflava.
   Fig. 6. A portion of the common  supra-spinous
ligament.—2. One of the inter-spinous ligamenta. 
PL 16.
t'l£  1
 
                        Pl.  18.

                  ARTHROLOGY, Pl. 5.

   Fig.  I. Sternoclavicular articulation viewed from be-
 hind.
   1. Posterior ligament.—2.  Fibres extending from one clavi-
 cle to the other, constituting the inter-clavicular ligament.—3.
 Costo-clavicular ligament.

   Fig. 2. Sterno-clavicular articulation viewed in front
   1. Anterior ligament. — 2. Inter-clavicular ligament.—3
 Costo-clavicular ligament.—4.  Joint opened, and  displaying
 the  inter-articular  fibro-cartilage.—5. One of the  anterior
 stellated ligaments.

   Fig. 3. Scapuloclavicular and scapulo-humeral articu-
 lation.
   1. Acromioclavicular articulation.—2 and 3. Coracoclavicu-
 lar ligament, composed of the conoid and trapezoid ligaments.
 —4. Coraco-acromial  ligament, or ligamentum proprium an-
 terius.—5.  Coracoid ligament, or ligamentum proprium pos-
 terius.*—6. Tendon of the biceps, surrounded by a sort of cap-
 sule.—7. Capsular ligament of the scapulo-humeral articula-
 tion, or shoulder joint.

   Fig. 4.—1. Glenoid cavity.—2. Glenoid ligament.—3.  Ten-
 don of the  biceps, continuous with the glenoid ligament.

   Fig. 5.  Elbow joint viewed  in front.
   1. Anterior ligament, composed of fibres passing  in various
 directions,  and continuous with  the lateral ligaments.—2. An-
 nular ligament of the radius.

   Fig. 6. Elbow joint from  behind.
   1.  Posterior ligament, composed of many bundles.—2. Ex
 lernal lateral ligament.

   Fig.  7. Elbow joint viewed from without.
   1.  External lateral ligament.—2. Part of the posterior liga
ment.

   Fig. 8. Elbow joint viewed from within.
  I. Internal  lateral ligament.—2. External lateral  ligament

     *  Often called the transverse or supra-scapular ligament.
PL  19.
                 ARTHROLOGY, Pl. 6.

  Fig. 1.  Ankle joint viewed in front.
  1. Anterior and inferior peroneo-tibial  ligament.—2.  An
terior ligament of the ankle joint.—3. Internal lateral liga
ment.—i.  External and anterior lateral ligament.—5. Exter-
nal  and middle lateral ligament.

  Fig. 2.  Ankle joint viewed from behind.
  1. Posterior and inferior peroneo-tibial ligament.—2. Fibres
extending between the malleoli, and serving to strengthen the
joint.—3.  Posterior ligament.—4 and  5. Fasciculi of the in-
ternal lateral ligament.*—6  External and posterior lateral liga-
ment.—7.  External and middle lateral ligament.—8. Small in-
ternal  ligament, uniting the os calcis to the astragalus.—9.
Posterior calcaneo-astragaloid ligament.

  Fig. 3. Dorsal ligaments of the tarsus and metatarsus.
  1 and 2. Fasciculi of ligamentous fibres, situated in the hol-
low  between  the calcis  and astragalus, and uniting them to
each other.—3. Calcaneo-scaphoid and calcaneocuboid liga-
ments, resembling the letter Y.—4.  Upper calcaneo-cuboid
ligament.—5. Scaphoid  bone, from which  proceed ligaments
to the calcis, to the three cuneiform bones, and to the cuboid.
—6. One of the dorsal ligaments of the cuneiform  bones.—7.
Ligament  extending from the internal cuneiform to the first
metatarsal bone.—8.  Second metatarsal  bone, from which
proceed three ligaments to the cuneiform  bones.—9.  Cuboid
bone, from which proceed ligaments to the third, fourth, and
fifth metatarsal bones.—10. Ligament from the third cunei-
form to the third metatarsal bone.—11. One of the ligaments
which unite the tarsal extremities of the metatarsal bones.

  Fig. 4. Plantar ligaments of the tarsus and metatarsus
  1. Calcaneo-scaphoid ligament.—2. Calcaneo-cuboid liga-
ment.—3.  Various ligamentous fasciculi, some of which are
a continuation of the tendon of the tibialis posticus.—4. Com-
mon transverse ligamentous fasciculi.—5. Ligament from the
internal cuneiform to the first metatarsal  bone.—6. One of
the  transverse ligaments which  unite the  tarsal extremities
of the metatarsal  bones. — 7.  Common transverse ligament
of the digital extremities of the metatarsal  bones.
  Fig. 5.—1.  Sesamoid bones of the metatarsophalangeal ar-
ticulation of the great toe.—2.  Anterior ligament of a phalan
geal articulation.
  Fig. G.—1 and 2. Lateral ligaments of a phalangeal articu
lation.
  Fig. 7.—1.  Lateral  ligament of a phalangeal articulation
      * The superficial (5) being called the deltoid ligament. 
T'1.18.
Pl 19

93 
Pl.  20.
                ARTHROLOGY,  Pl. 7.

  Fig. 1. COXO-FEMORAL ARTICULATION (or Mp joint).
  1.  Uio-fcmoral ligament.—3. Capsular ligament.

  Fig. 2. Hip joint with the capsular ligament removed.
  1.   Cotyloid ligament.—2. Tendon of the rectus femoris,
continuous with this ligament.—3. Inter-articular, or round
ligament.

  Fig. 3. Knee joint.
  1.  Tendon of the triceps extensor cruris.—2.  Ligamentum
oatellse.—3.  Internal lateral ligament of the patella.—4. In-
ternal lateral ligament of  the knee joint.—5.  External lateral
ligament anterior fasciculus.—6.  External  lateral ligament
outer fasciculus.

  Fig. 4. Knee joint from behind.
  1 and 2.   Tendons of the gastrocnemii divided.—3. Tendon
of the semi-membranosus divided, from which proceed three
fasciculi.—4. Tendon of the popliteus.—5. Posterior ligament.
—G.  Posterior border of the internal lateral ligament.—7.  Ex-
ternal lateral ligament.

  Fig. 5. Knee joint laid  open.
  1.  Ligamentum patellae divided  and turned downward.—2.
A small synovial bursa.—3 and 4.  External and  internal con-
dyles of the femur.—5 and 6. Anterior and posterior crucial
ligaments.—7 and 8. The semilunar fibro-cartilages.

  Fig. 0. Upper extremity of the tibia viewed from above.
  1 and 2.  Anterior  and posterior crucial ligaments divided.—
3. Internal iibro-eartilage.—4. External fibro-cartilage.

  Fig. 7. Peroneo-tibial articulations viewed in front.
  1.  Interosseous ligaments.—2. Opening which gives passage
to the anterior tibial vessels.—3.  Anterior  and superior pe-
roneo-tibial* ligament.—4.  Anterior and inferior peroneo-tibial
ligament.
* Another name for tibiofibular ligament.
Pl.  21.
                ARTHROLOGY,  Pl. 8.

  Fig. 1. Articulations of the two bones of the fore-arm
WITH EACH OTHER.
  1.  Interosseous ligament.—2. Round ligament, or the liga-
mentous  cord of Weitbrecht.—3. Annular ligament of the
radius.—4.  Anterior and inferior radio-ulnar ligament.

  Fig. 2.— 1. Upper extremity of the ulna.—2.  Annular liga-
ment which surrounds the neck of the radius.

  Fig. 3. Lower extremity of the two bones  of the fore-arm
viewed from below, to show the triangular ligament (1).

  Fig. 4. Anterior ligaments  of the lower extremity of the
fore-arm, of the carpus and metacarpus.
  1.  Anterior and inferior radio-ulnar ligament.—2. Anterior
ligament of the wrist joint. — 3. Radio-carpal,  or external
lateral ligament.—4. Ulno-carpal, or internal lateral ligament.
—5.  Pisiform bone, from which proceed numerous ligaments.
—6.  Os magnum,  from which ligamentous fibres proceed to
most of the bones of the carpus and metacarpus.—7.  Capsu-
lar ligament of the trapezium and first metacarpal bone.—8.
One  of the palmar ligaments,  which unite the upper extremi-
ties  of the last  four metacarpal bones.—9.  Common trans-
verse  palmar ligament.—10.  Lateral ligament of the meta-
carpo-phalangeal articulation of the  thumb.

  Fig. 5. Posterior ligaments of the lower extremity of the
fore-arm, of the carpus and metacarpus.
  1.  Posterior ligament of the wrist joint.—2  Radio-carpal,
or external lateral ligament.—3. Ulno-carpal, or internal lateral
ligament.—4.  Posterior carpal ligaments.—5. One of the pos-
terior ligaments of the carpus and metacarpus.—6. Ligament
passing from the trapezium to the second metacarpal bone.—
7. One of the dorsal ligaments, which unite the last four meta-
carpal bones.

  Fig. 6. This figure shows the lateral ligaments of the meta-
carpo-phalangeal articulation, and the phalangeal articulations
of one finger

  Fig. 7.  Shows, 1 and 2.  The  anterior ligaments of the
phalangeal^irticulations of a finger.

  Fig. 8.  Shows  the  lateral ligaments  of the metacarpo-
phalangeal and phalangeal articulations. 
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 3,
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 1
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Fig.8.
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Pl.  22.
               MYOLOGY, Pl.  1.

  Fig.  1. Head viewed  on the left side, and
SHOWING THE SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES.
  1. Epi-cranial aponeurosis, being the tendon which
unites the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipito-
frontales.—2 and 3. Frontal portion of this  muscle,
and its prolongation, the pyramidalis nasi.—4.  Occip-
ital portion.—5.  Auricularis  superior.*—0. Auricu-
laris posterior.—7. Auricularis anterior.—8. Orbicu-
laris palpebrarum.—9. Triangularis nasi.—10. Le-
vator labii superioris alaeque nasi.—11. Levator la-
bii  superioris.—12. Zygomaticus minor.—13. Zygo-
matics major.—14. Caninus, or levator anguli oris,
being the upper portion of the same fasciculas whose
lower portion forms, 15. The triangularis, or depress-
or  anguli oris.—16. Quadratus  menti,  or depressor
labii inferioris.—17. Levator menti.—18. Orbicularis
oris.—19. Buccinator.—20. Masseter.
  Fig.  2. Head viewed  on the left  side.
  1. Temporalis.—2.  Corrugator supercilii.—3. Su-
perior oblique and its pulley.—4.  Levator palpebrae
superioris.—5. Triangularis nasi.—6. Depressor alse
nasi or myrtiformis.—7.  Orbicularis oris, cut through.
—8. Caninus, continuous with the triangularis or de-
pressor anguli oris.—9. Quadratus menti, or depres-
sor labii inferioris.—10.  Buccinator, pierced by the
parotid, or Steno's duct.
   * 5, 6, and 7 are also called attollens, attrahens, and retrahens.
Pl.  23.
               MYOLOGY, Pl. 2.

  Fig. 1. The anterior part of the head has been sep-
arated from  the vertebral  column, and the  pliarynx
is opened to display the muscles of  the velum palati
and the posterior part of the larynx.
  1.  Levator palati.—2.  Circumflexus palati.*—3.
Azygos uvulae.—3'. Palato-glossus.—4.  Tonsil.—5.
Palalo-glossus.—6.  Palato-pharyngeus.—7. One of
the posterior  cricoarytenoid  muscles.—8.  Arytenoi-
deus, consisting of fibres crossing each other, and of a
fasciculus passing transversely.
  Fig. 2. This figure shows the upper muscles  of
the velum on a larger scale.
  1.  External pterygoid muscle.—2.  Levator palati.
__3 and  4. Circumflexus* palati of both  sides.—5.
Azygos muscle, composed of two fasciculi, called the
palato-staphylini.—6.  Upper extremity of the  mus-
cle called the palato-pharyngeus.
  Fig. 3. The tongue, as seen on its lower sur-
face.
   1.  Stylo-glossus muscle.—2. Hyo-glossus.—3. Lin-
o-ualis. — 4.  Lower extremity of one of the genio-
glossi of one  side, detached from the  genial process.
__7.  The groove which separates the two genio-glos-
si muscles.
   Fig. 4. A LARYNX FROM WHICH A PORTION OF THE
THYROID CARTILAGE HAS BEEN REMOVED, VIEWED LAT-
ERALLY.
   1.  Crico-arytenoideus posticus. — 2. Crico-aryte-
noideus lateralis.—3.  Thyro-arytenoideus.—4.  Some
fibres constituting a small muscle, called the aryteno-
epiglottideus.
          * Called, from its action, the tensor palati. 
4
-'SO 
Pl.  24.
Y-
-*\ i =j C /.     MYOLOGY, Pl. 3.

  Fig. 1.  Muscles of the supra and infra-hyoid
regions (right side.)
  1. Anterior belly, and, 2. Posterior belly of the di-
gastricus.—3. Myto-hyoid.—4. Stylo-hyoid.—5. Sty-
loglossus.—6. Stylo-pharyngeus.—7. Sterno-hyoid.
—8. Omo-hyoid.—9. Thyro-hyoid.—10. Sterno-thy-
roid.—11. Scalenus anticus.—12. Scalenus posticus.

  Fiy. Muscles  of  the  tongue (right side.)
  1. Styloid  process of  the  temporal bone.—2. Sty-
lo-hyoid.—3. (Genio-hyoid.J—4.  Stylo-pharyngeus.—
5. Stylo-glossus.—-6.  Hyo-glossus.—7.  Lingualis.—
8. Genio-hyo-glossus.-^ i&V ,

  Fig. 3.  Muscles of  the pharynx, seen on  the
RIGHT SIDE AND FROM BEHIND.
  1. Lower  portion of the thyro-hyoid muscle.—2.
Raphe of the muscles of the  pharynx viewed from
behind.—3.  Styloid process. — 4. Stylo-pharyngeus
muscle.—5.  Superior constrictor.— 6. Middle con-
strictor.—7.  Inferior constrictor.—8. Buccinato-pha-
ryngeal aponeurosis, or pterygo-maxillary ligament.
—9. Buccinator.—10. Parotid duct.—11 and 12. Sty-
lo-glossus and hyo-glossus muscles, cut through.—13.
Posterior fibres of the genio-glossus, continuous with
the superior  constrictor of the pharynx.—14. Genio-
hyoid.                                  , , r
   ■  r:  .    t ,-'   ■  /,-?-  ■ ■'■/ $u4*^^u,#*S jA-:.»
                  ^  i--:----     -' ,   V'';'  T^* V
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                     Pl. 25.

               MYOLOGY,  Pl. 4.

  Fig. 1. Right eye and its  muscles.
  1. Superior rectus.—2. Inferior rectus.—3. Inter-
nal  rectus.—4. Superior oblique, passing through its
pulley.—5. Inferior oblique.
  Fig. 2. Right eye viewed behind, with the four
straight muscles stretched out, and the two ob-
lique  MUSCLES  CONTINUOUS  BEHIND BY MEANS  OF
THEIR APONEUROSES OF INSERTION.
  Fig. 3. This figure shows the pterygoid muscles
of the left side.
  1. External pterygoid muscle.—2. Internal ptery-
goid.
  Fig. 4. Superficial muscles  of the neck (left
side).
  1. Platysma myoides.—2.  Some muscular  fibres
continuous with those of the platysma myoides, form-
ing the musculus risorius Santorini.—3. Sterno-clei-
do-mastoid.—4.  Trapezius.—5. Splenius.—6. Trian-
gular space, forming an  important surgical region,
bounded  in  front  by the sterno-cleido-mastoid, be-
hind by the  trapezius, and below by the clavicle. 
F.K  i
 
Pl.  26.
              MYOLOGY,  Pl. 5.

THE  MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE  ANTERIOR OF THE
                    TRUNK.
  1.  Pectoralis major, separated from the deltoid by
a small space.—2. Pectoralis minor.—3. Subclavius.
—4.  Serratus magnus. — 5. An internal intercostal
muscle.—6. Obliquus externus abdominis.—7. Ex-
ternal abdominal  ring. — 8. Obliquus  internus ab-
dominis.—9. Tendon of the obliquus externus, turn
ed down.—10. Cremaster.—11. Linea alba.
Pl.  27.
              MYOLOGY, Pl.  6.

  Fig. 1. Diaphragm.—2. Cordiform tendon.—3 and
4 Crura of the diaphragm.—5. Opening for the pas-
sage of the vena  cava  ascendens.—6.  Oesophageal
opening.—7. Aortic opening.—8. Arch for the pas-
sage of the psoae  muscles.—9. Ligamentum  arcua-
tum.—10. Psoas parvus.—11. Psoas magnus. 12.—
Quadratus lumborum.—13. Iliacus internus. 
1*1.26.
V\.27
 
Pl.  28.
               MYOLOGY, Pl. 7

  Fig. 1.  Muscles connected with  the female
GENITAL ORGANS.
  1. Erector clitoridis.—2. Constrictor vaginae.—3.
Transversalis perinei.—4. Sphincter ani.—5. Leva-
tor  ani.—6.  Clitoris.—7.  Meatus urinarius.
  Fig. 2.  Triangularis sterni.
  Fig. 3.  This figure displays the  muscles situated
on  the anterior part of the cervical portion of the
vertebral column.
  1. Rectus capitis anticus major.—2. Rectus  capi-
tis anticus minor.—3. Rectus capitis lateralis.—4 and
5. Inter-transversales cervicis.—6. Scalenus anticus.
—7. Scalenus posticus.
  Fig. 4. Inguinal canal viewed in front.
  1. Tendon of the external oblique, divided above
the fold of the groin, and turned downward and
outward.—2. Inter-columnar fascia.—3. Lower bor-
der of the  internal oblique.—4. Cremaster, whose
fibres are seen descending in loops on  the spermatic
cord.
Pl.  29.
              MYOLOGY, Pl. 8.

  Fig. 1.  Muscles of the abdomen.
  1. Obliquus internus abdominis, whose tendon is di-
vided into, 2. An anterior lamina, divided and turned
outward :  this portion, with the  whole of the  ten-
don of the external oblique, passes before the rectus,
and into, 3.  A posterior lamina, which extends  only
to the lower fourth of the rectus muscle, and which,
with the tendon  of the transversales,  passes behind
the rectus.—4. Transversalis abdominis, whose ten-
don is  divided into, 5. An upper lamina, which pass-
es behind the rectus muscle, in connexion with the
posterior  lamina of the obliquus  internus,  and  into,
6. An inferior lamina, which, at the point where the
posterior  lamina of the obliquus internus terminates,
passes in  front. — 7. Pyramidalis. — 8. Rectus. — 9.
Line a alba.
   Fig. 2.  Muscles  connected  with  the  male
genital  organs.
   1. Erector penis.—2. Acceleratores urinae, united
by a raphe.—3. Transversus  perinei, consisting of
two fasciculi.—4. Sphincter ani.—5. Levator ani. 
Pl.li'ii
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Pl.  30.
              MYOLOGY, Pl. 9.

 the superficial muscles situated on the pos-
          terior  PART OF  THE TRUNK.

  1. Trapezius. — 2.  Latissimus  dorsi. — 3. Teres
major.—4. Rhomboideus— 5. Levator anguli scap-
ulae.—6. Splenius.—7. Upper portion  of the com-
plexus.—8. Sterno-cleido-mastoid.—9. Deltoid, rais-
ed up
Pl.  31.
              MYOLOGY, Pl. 10.

  Fig. 1.—1. Deltoid muscle :  its tendon is continu-
ous with the brachial aponeurosis.
  Fig. 2. Posterior muscles of  the shoulder.
  1. Supra-spinatus. — 2. Infra-spinatus.—3.  Teres
minor.—4. Teres major.—5. Extremity of the latis-
simus dorsi.
  Fig. 3. Muscles on the anterior part of the
SCAPULA AND ARM.
  1. Sub-scapularis. — 2. Biceps flexor cubiti. — 3.
Coraco-brachialis.—4.  Brachialis anticus.—5. Ex-
tremity of the pectoralis major.—6. Teres major.—
7. Internal portion of the triceps extensor cubiti.—
8. Aponeurotic expansion of the biceps flexor cubi-
ti, which becomes blended with the  fascia of the fore-
arm.
   Fig. 4.—1. Lower extremity of the deltoid, em-
braced by the brachialis anticus, 2.
   Fig. 5. — 1. Portion of the deltoid. — 2. Triceps
extensor cubiti.—3. Middle, or long portion  of the
same muscle.—4. Outer portion.—5. Inner portion.
—6.  Anconeus 
I'i. JU.
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Pl.  32.
                MYOLOGY, Pl. 11.

   Fig. 1.—1. Splenius, occipital portion.—2. Cervi-
 i al portion of the same  muscle.—3, 3. Complexus.
  -4.  Trachelo-mastoideus.
   Fig. 2. Deep muscles of the posterior part of
 the neck.
   1.  Complexus.—2.  Trachelo-mastoideus.—3. Ob-
 liquus capitis inferior.—4. Obliquus capitis superior.
  -5. Rectus capitis major.—6. Rectus capitis minor.
   Fig. 3. This  figure  represents several vertebrae,
 and the posterior part of the corresponding ribs.   It
 ought to be examined after the various fasciculi which
 compose the sacro-spinalis.
   1. One of the supra-costal muscles, shown in its
 relations  with, 2. An external intercostal muscle.—
 3. An internal intercostal muscle.—4.  Five fasciculi
 of the transverso-spinalis muscle, arising from a single
 transverse process, and going to be inserted, success-
 ively, and in  the order of position, into  the  lamina
 of the vertebra  above, into the union  uf the lamina
 with the  spinous process of a second  vertebra, into
the base  of the spinous process  of a third, into the
middle  of the  spinous process of a fourth, and into
the summit of the spinous process of a  fifth vertebra
Pl.  33.
               MYOLOGY, Pl.  n.

 DEEP MUSCLES  ON  THE  POSTERIOR PART OF  THE
                       TRUNK.

   1. Serratus posticus superior. — 2. Serratus posti
cus inferior.—3.  Fascia which extends from the ser-
ratus posticus inferior to the splenius.—4. Splenius:
its occipital and its cervical fasciculus are distinct.—
5.  Sacro-lumbalis.—6.  Longissimus dorsi.—7.  Tho-
racic portion of  the  transverso-spinalis.—8.  Trache-
lo-mastoideus.—9. Transverso-spinalis, being merely
a portion of No. 6. — 10. Complexus.—11. Spinalis
dorsi of Winslow, formed by fasciculi extending from
the spinous processes of the upper lumbar to the spi-
nous processes of the lower dorsal vertebrae.*

 * The divisions and subdivisions which some anatomists adopt in
their descriptions of  the posterior spinal muscles are, in the opin-
ion of the Editor, of no practical value, and only tend to complicate
and render difficult what is really very simple.  Cruveilhier, dis-
carding the numerous subdivisions of anatomists, considers the long
muscles of the  back  as three in number, viz., the sacro-lumbalis,
the longissimus dorsi, and the transverso-spinalis; and Chaussier,
with more propriety and simplicity, considers allftf these as forming
only one muscle, which he names the sacro-spinal muscle: a mus-
cle which, from its action, may, with much propriety, be called  the
erector spina. 
I'132
Fi,. i.
n.->J.
 
Pl.  34.
               MYOLOGY, Pl. 13.

  Fig. 1. Superficial muscles situated  on the
ANTERIOR PART OF THE FORE-ARM.
  1. Pronator radii  teres.—2.  Flexor carpi  radialis.
—3. Palmaris longus.—4. Flexor carpi ulnaris, hav-
ing its upper extremity traversed by the ulnar nerve, 7.
—5. Supinator radii longus.—6. Flexor digitorum
sublimis.—7. Ulnar nerve.
  j?ig,  2.—1.  Flexor  digitorum sublimis.—2. One
of the tendons  of this muscle, split, to allow the pas-
sage of the corresponding tendon of the flexor pro-
fundus.—3. Supinator  radii longus.—4. Lower part
of the brachialis  anticus.—5.  Tendon of the biceps.
—6. Anterior annular ligament of the carpus.
  Fig.  3.  Deep  muscles situated  on the anteri-
or  PART OF THE  FORE-ARM.
   1. Flexor digitorum profundus.—2. Flexor longus
pollicis.—3. A small fasciculus of the same muscle.
—4.  Pronator quadratus.—5  and 6. Supinator lon-
gus and brevis.
                     Pl.  35.

              MYOLOGY,  Pl. 14.

  Figs. 1, 2. Muscles situated on the anterior
AND INNER PART OF THE THIGH.
  1 and 2. Psoas magnus  and iliacus internus, divi-
ded.—3. Sartorius — 4. Tensor  vaginae femoris.—
5.  Rectus femoris.—6. Vastus externus, or external
portion of the triceps extensor cruris.—7. Pectineus.
__8. Adductor longus.—9. Gracilis.
  Pigm 2.—1. Triceps extensor  cruris: the  rectus
femoris is divided.*—2. Adductor brevis.—3. Ad-
ductor magnus.—4.  Obturator externus.

  * By the term triceps  extensor cruris we understand one mus-
cle which is formed by the rectus femoris, the vastus externus, and
vastus internus of anatomists.  What is described as the crureus
is merely a portion of the vastus.  All of these muscles are insert-
ed into the tibia through the intervention of the patella and its lig-
ament, and hence the propriety of considering them as forming only
one muscle. 
»!.;{i
P1.35
 
Pl.  36.
              MYOLOGY, Pl. 15.

  Figs. 1, 2, 3. Muscles situated on the posteri-
or PART OF THE  LOWER EXTREMITY.
  Fig. 1.—1. Gluteus maximus.—2. Fascia cover
ing the gluteus medius.
  Fig. 2.—1. Gluteus  medius.—2. Pyriformis.—3.
Tendon of the obturator internus, above and below
which  are seen  the fibres of the gemellus superior
and of the gemellus inferior.—4. Quadratus femoris.
—5. Tendon of  the gluteus maximus, divided.
  ]?igm 3.—1. Pyriformis, divided.—2. Gluteus  min-
imus.— 3. Obturator  internus, accompanied above
and  below by the gemelli.—4.  Quadratus femoris.
—5. Adductor magnus.—6. Biceps flexor cruris.—
7. Semi-tendinosus.—8. Semi-membranosus.—9. In-
fernal  head of the gastrocnemius, by the side of
which is seen its external head.
Pl.  37.
              MYOLOGY, Pl. 16.

  Fig. 1. Superficial muscles  on the posterior
PART OF THE FORE-ARM.
  1. Extensor communis digitorum.—2. Extensor
minimi digiti.—3.  Extensor carpi ulnaris.—4.  An-
coneus.—5. Extensor carpi radialis longior andbre-
vior, whose tendons pass beneath the  tendon of the
extensor pollicis longus  muscle. — 6. Posterior, or
dorsal  annular ligament.
  Fig. 2. Deep  muscles on the posterior part
OF THE FORE-ARM.
  1. Supinator radii brevis.—2. Anconeus, raised up.
—3. Abductor longus pollicis.—4.  Extensor brevis
pollicis.—5. Extensor longus pollicis.—6. Extensor
proprius indicis, whose tendon becomes blended with
the corresponding tendon of the  extensor communis.
  Fig, 3.—1. Tendons of the long muscles of the
thumb, viz.,  flexor longus,  extensor  longus brevis,
and abductor longus pollicis.—2. Tendon of the pal-
maris  longus.—3.  Tendon of the flexor carpi ulna-
ris.—4. Abductor brevis pollicis.—5.  Opponens pol-
licis.—6. Flexor brevis  pollicis.—7.  Adductor pol-
licis.—8.  Palmaris  brevis. —9. Adductor  minimi
digiti.—10. Flexor brevis minimi digiti.—11. Oppo-
nens minimi digiti.
   Fig. 4. This figure displays the dorsal interosse-
 ous muscles, beneath the lower extremity of which
 are seen passing,  1, 2, and 3, the palmar interossei 
i'l   it)
Pl  3 7
Fig.  a.
 
■»'
                    Pl.  38.

              MYOLOGY, Pl. 17.

  Figs. 1, 2, 3. Muscles of the leg and foot.
  Fig. 1.—1. Tibialis  anticus.—2. Extensor pro-
prius  pollicis.—3. Extensor longus digitorum pedis.
—3'.  Peroneus tertius. — 4. Peroneus  longus. — 5.
Peroneus brevis.—6.  Extensor brevis digitorum.—
7.  Tendon of the peroneus tertius.—8.  Tendon  of
the peroneus  brevis.—9.  Tendon  of the peroneus
longus.—10. Dorsal annular ligament of the tarsus.
  Fig. 2.—1 and 2. Heads or origins of the gastroc-
nemius,  divided near their  upper extremities.—3.
Plantaris.—4 and 5. Heads of the gastrocnemius,  di-
vided near their lower extremities.—6. Tendo Achil-
lis.—7.  Soleus.—8.  Popliteus.
  Fig. 3.—1.  Flexor brevis digitorum.—2. Adduc-
tor pollicis.—3. Flexor brevis pollicis.—4. Adductor
minimi digiti.—5. Flexor brevis minimi digiti.
Pl.  39.
          APONEUROLOGY, Pl. 1.

  Figs. 1,2,3, and 4 are perpendicular sections of
the extremities, with a view to show the aponeurot-
ic sheaths of the muscles, and the relations of these
sheaths with the bones, the vessels, and the nerves.
  Fig.  1. Section  of the  right arm  near the
LOWER THIRD OF THE DELTOID.
  Fig. 2. Section of the fore-arm at its middle.
  Fig. 3. Section of the right thigh at  its mid-
dle.
  Fig.  4. Section of the right leg at its upper
third.
  Fig. 5. Superficial fascia of the abdomen.
  1. Superficial fascia of the abdomen.—2. Prolon-
gation of this fascia on the thigh.—3.  Its continuity
with the dartos.—4. Accessory suspensory hgament
of the penis, formed by the superficial fascia.
   Fig. 6.—1.  Superficial fascia, turned  down.—2.
Reflected layer of the superficial fascia, becoming at-
tached to the crural arch.—3. Tendon of the exter-
nal oblique.—4.  External abdominal ring, through
which  the spermatic cord passes.—5.  Fibres called
 the inter-columnar fascia, which strengthen this ring
 by connecting its pillars.—6. Linea  alba.—7. Ven-
 tral aponeurosis. 
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                          Pl.   40.

                  APONEUROLOGY  Pl. 2.

   Fig. 1.  Fasciae of the neck.   The platysma myoides is in thw
 figure raised with the fascia superficialis, which connects it to the
 muscle of the opposite side.
   1. Superficial layer of the cervical fascia.—2. Masseteric fascia.—
 3. Parotid fascia: a continuation  of the cervical fascia.—4. Supra-
 clavicular fascia: a continuation  of the cervical.—5.  Superficial
 portion of the cervical fascia, extending over the pectoralis major.—
 6. External jugular  vein, lying immediately on the sterno-cleido-
 mastoid,  and  seen  through the  superficial layer of the  cervical
 fascia.

   Fig. 2.  Fasciae of the neck.
   1. Middle portion of the cervical fascia.—2. Superficial layer of
 this fascia divided.—3. Middle layer, passing under the sterno-cleido-
 mastoid, and becoming  blended with the tendon of the  omo-hyoid,
 and  forming above, 4. The sheath of the great vessels of the neck.
 5. Sterno-cleido-mastoid, divided.—6. Portion of the cervical fascia,
 becoming attached to the lower jaw, and separating.—7. The paro
 tid gland, and, 8. The submaxillary gland.

   Fig. 3.  Fasciae of  the neck.
   1. Superficial portion of the cervical fascia, divided.—2.  Sterno-
 cleido-mastoid, divided.—3. Middle layer of the cervical fascia.—4.
 Deep layer of this fascia, extending into the chest, and becoming at-
 tached to the lower border of, 5. The thyroid body.

   Fig. 4. Prevertebral aponeurosis.
   1.  Prevertebral aponeurosis.—2.  Scalenus anticus, forming a prt
 (ection  behind this aponeurosis.—3.  Clavicle sawn through.—4.
 Sterno-cleido-mastoid, divided.

   Fig. 5. Fasciae of the axilla.
   1.  Pectoralis major, divided.—2. Pectoralis minor.—3. Aponeu
 rotic fasciculus, to which are attached, above and  below, 4 and 4'.
 Infra-clavicular fasciae.—5. Suspensory ligament of the axilla.

   Fig. 6. Fascia of the eve.
  1 and 2. Fascia? of  the  eye, continuous with the tarsal fibre-car-
 tilages.—3. Aponeurotic lamina connecting the muscles of the eye,
composed of one lamina  in the interval between the muscles, but
dividing into two lamella along their courses  to form their sheaths.
—4. Aponeurotic lamina  immediately investing the  sclerotic, and
terminating near its union with the optic nerve.—5. Optic nerve.
Pl.  41.
                  MYOLOGY, Pl. 18.


   Figs. 1, 2, 3,  and 4. Muscles of the  leg and
 FOOT.

   Fig. 1.—1. Popliteus.—2.  Flexor longus digito-
 rum pedis.—3.  Flexor longus pollicis.—4. Tibialis
 posticus.—5.  Flexor accessorius.—6.  Tendon of the
 semi-membranosus.

   Fig. 2.—1.  Flexor brevis pollicis.—2.  Adductoi
 pollicis pedis.* — 3. Transversus pollicis Dedis.—4.
 Tendon of the peroneus longus.

   Fig. 3.  This figure represents  the four dorsal in-
 terosseous muscles.

   Fig. 4. This figure represents the four plantar in-
 terosseous  muscles.

  * This is called by Cruveilhier the abductor pollicis; but, for the
reasons stated in the note, which may be referred to in the Editor's
edition of Cruveilhier's Anatomy, p. 288, we give it the name which
it generally receives from anatomists, viz., adductor pollicis pedis. 
ri to.
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Pl.  42.
                APONEUROLOGY, Pl. 3.
  Fig. 1. Fascia transversalis.
  1.  Rectus abdominis muscle.—2. Tendon of the external
oblique muscle reflected  down.—3. External portion of the
fascia transversalis. — 4  Internal  portion.—5. Upper orifice
of the inguinal canal.
  Fig. 2 and 3. Groin (fascia).
  Fig, 2.—1. Suspensory ligament of  the penis.—2. Crural
arch.—3. Gimbernat's ligament.—4. Cribriform fascia.—5. In-
ternal saphena vein.
  Fig. 3.—1. Aponeurotic layers, lying immediately upon the
femoral vessels.—2.  The falciform border of the fascia lata,
corresponding to the  termination of the internal saphena vein
  Fig. 4. Iliac fasciae, &c, &c. (right  side of the pelvis).
  1. Tendon ol  the  external oblique.—2. Ilio-pubic  band, or
ligament of Hesselbach.—3. Fascia iliaca.—4.  Tendon of the
psoas parvus.—5.  Ligament of Cooper.—6.  Femoral vessels
divided, on a level with the crural  ring.
  Fig. 5.  Superficial perineal fascia.
  1. Testicles drawn up to show  the posterior  prolongation
of the dartos.—2. Superficial perineal fascia.—3. Excavation,
the bottom of which  is formed by the levator ani.
  Fig. 6.  Deep perineal fascia.
  1.  Superficial perineal fascia divided.—2.  Deep  perineal
fascia, or  the  ligament of  Carcassone.—3.  Foramina for the
passage of the  dorsal vessels and nerves  of the penis.—4.
Bulbous portion of the urethra, divided.
  Fig. 7.  Fascia pelvica.
  1. Crural ring. — 2. Gimbernat's ligament.—3. Cooper's
ligament.—4.  Iliac fascia, forming the  external border of the
crural ring.—5. Rectum reflected down.—6.  Bladder reflected
down.—7.  Pelvic  fascia,  composed of fasciculi passing in
various directions.—8. Opening for the passage of the gluteal
vessels.—9.  Opening for the passage of the obturator vessels
and nerve.—10.  Anterior ligament of the bladder, formed by
the pelvic fascia.
A  43.
                SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 1.
  tig. 1. The eye and its appendages
  1 and 2. Punctalachrymalia.—3. Ocular portion of the con
junctiva.—4. Membrana nictitans.—5. Caruncula lachrymalis

  Fig. 2. It presents the tarsal cartilages, united at their ex-
tremities, 1  and 2, by fibrous tissue.—3  and 4. Meibomian
glands.

  Fig. 3—1.  Lachrymal gland.—2.  Lachrymal  sac, on the
external wall of which is seen the tendon of the orbicularis
palpebrarum muscle.—3. Nasal duct, opened from lachrymal
sac into the lower meatus of the nostril.—4. Inferior meatus.

  Fig. 4. Ball of the eye viewed sideways.
  1. Optic nerve.—SJ. One of the recti muscles : the tendons
of these muscles become blended with the sclerotic coat of
the eye.
  Fig. 5.—1. Sclerotic, cut away near the insertion of the optic
nerve, to show, 2.  The choroid coat, on the external surface
of which are seen the  ciliary nerves.—3. Ciliary ligament,
at which the choroid coat appears to terminate.—4.  Iris.

  Fig. 6. An eye,  from  which the sclerotic coat and thk
CORNEA HAVE  BEEN REMOVED, SEEN IN FRONT.
  1. Ciliary ligament.—2. Iris.—3. Pupil.

  Fig. 7. Iris viewed from behind.
  1. Folds of the choroid coat, called the ciliary processes.—
2. Pigmentum nigrum, covering the posterior surface of the
iris, constituting the uvea.—3. Pupil.

  Fig. 8. Vertical section of eye of the foetus magnified.
  1. Optic nerve.—2. Arteria centralis  retinae.—3. Sheath
of the optic nerve, continuous with the sclerotic.—4. Sclerot-
ic.—5. Transparent  cornea.—6.  Union of the sclerotic and
transparent cornea.—7.  Choroid.—8. Ciliary ligament,  con-
tinuous with the anterior part of the choroid.—9. Ciliary pro-
cesses, continuous with  the choroid coat, and, in fact, formed
by it.—10.  Iris.—11. Pupil.—12.  Retina.—13. Vitreous body.
—14. Hyaloid membrane.—15.  Hyaloid  canal,  containing a
large artery.—16.  Division of the hyaloid membrane into two
layers, which enclose the crystalline lens.—17. Space between
these two laminae and the crystalline lens, constituting the
canal of Petit.—18.  Crystalline lens, formed of a central nu-
cleus,  the liquor Morgagni, and of its proper capsule.—19.
Anterior chamber of the  eye, containing the aqueous humour,
enclosed in its proper membrane.—20  Posterior chamber. 
1*1  VI
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Pl.   44.
                SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 2.

  Fig. 1. The mamma, or organ of lactation
  1.  Skin.—2.  Areola.—3, 3, 3, 3.  Masses  of fat, some of which
sdhere to  the skin, others are connected with the lobules of the
mammary  gland.—1.  Mammary gland.—5. Nipple.—6. Lactiferous
ducts.—7.  Ampulla of one of these ducts.

   Fig. 2.  Structure of the skin viewed  through a  micro-
scope, according to Brkschkt.
  1.  Dermis.—2. Epidermis arranged in layers.—3. Papilla arran-
ged in pairs, forming the ridges of the skin.—i.  Nerves of the papil-
la.—5. Sudoriferous glands emerging between two papillae.—C. Su-
doriferous  gland and duct seen entire:  the duct opens in the  in-
terspace between a pair of papillae.—8. Apparatus for the secretion
of the colouring matter of the skin, terminating in a number of small
ducts.—9.  Colouring and epidermic matter gradually deposited in
layers to form the epidermis.—10,10. Absorbent vessels.—11. Biood
vessel.

  Fig. 3. Thumb cut vertically.
   1.  Nail.—2. Epidermis continuous with the nail.—3. Dermis.—
4. Groove  of the dermis, in which the posterior extremity of the nail
terminates.—5. Subcutaneous adipose tissue.—6. Ungual phalanx.

  Fig. 4. End of a thumb from which the epidermis has been
removed.
   1.  Matrix  of the nail.—2. Papillary body of the nail.—3. White
spot destitute of papilla?.

   Fig. 5. Vertical section of a hair taken from the muzzle
OF AN OX,  ACCORDING TO GaULTIER.
   1.  A hair  split.—2. Membrane of the follicle.—3.  Blood-vessel
entering the follicle by its orifice.—4. The same vessel clipping down
in the follicle to  reach the base of the hair.—5. The cavity of the
hair, with  its base resting on a small reddish conoid body.—G. The
root of the follicle, formed by nervous filaments.—7. Small hairs.—
8. Sebaceous follicles, which supply the entrance of the bulb of the
hairs.
  Fig. 6. The tongue (dorsum).
  I  Foramen coecum.—2, 2. Caliciform papillae, arranged  in the
form of the letter V.—3, 3, 3, 3. Conical papillae.—4, 4, 4, 4. Lines
Conned by  filiform papillae.—5. Glands at the base of the tongue.—
C, 6, 6. Glosso-epiglottic ligaments.

  Fig. 7. Transverse vertical section of the tongue.
  1. Envelope of the tongue.—2. Median cartilage.—3, 3.  Genio-
hyo-glossi muscles.—4. Proper vertical fibres.—5, 5. Vertical fibres
continuous with the preceding fibres, and with those of the genio-
hyo-glossi muscles.—6. Dots, representing longitudinal fibres cut.—
7, 7. Transverse fibres.
                       Pl.  45.

            APONEUROLOGY,  Pl. 4.

   Fig. 1. FaSCI/E  of the  upper  extremity.
   1.  Fascia covering the deltoid.—2.  Brachial apo
iieurosis.—3. Aponeurosis of the fore-arm.—4.  Fas-
ciculus which passes from the biceps to the fascia of
the fore-arm, and strengthens it.—f>. Palmar fascia.
—6.  Palmaris brevis.

   Fig. 2.—1. Dorsal annular ligament of the carpus.
—2.  Dorsal fascia of the hand.

   Fig. 3. Fasciae of  the lower extremity.
   1.  Fascia of the gluteus maximus.—2. Fascia lata.
—3.  Fascia of the tensor vaginae femoris.—4. Apo-
neurosis of the leg.—5.  Dorsal fascia of the foot.

   Fig. 4. Annular ligament of the instep, formed of
two bundles crossing each other.

   Fig. 5. Plantar  fasciae.
   1.  Middle fasciculus and its terminating bands.—
2. External fasciculus.—3. Internal  fasciculus. 
Pl i-4
P1.4 5.
 
                        Pl.  46.

                SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 4.
  Fig. 1.  Cartilages of the nose.
  1. Lateral cartilage.—2. Outer branch of the cartilage ol
che opening of the nostril.—3. Cartilage of the ala of the nose
 -4. Skin of the ala of the nose.

  Fig. 2.  Cartilage of the openings of the nostrils.
  1. Outer branch—2. Inner branch.

  Fig. 3.  Lateral cartilage of the nose separated.

  Fig. 4.  Cartilage of the septum.
  1. Caudal prolongation.

  Fig. 5.  Vertical section of  the nasal fossae to sho\
the cartilage of the septum.
  1. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.—2. Vomer.—3.  Cai
tilage of the septum.—4. Upper  wall of  the nasal  fossae.—£
Orifice of the sphenoidal sinus, situated in the nasal fossae.-
6. Sphenoidal sinus.—7. Lower wall of the nasal fossae.

  Fig. 6.  Outer wall of the nasal fossae, the turbinate.
BONES, AND MEATUSES.

  1. Upper turbinated bone, and, 2. Upper meatus.—3.  Mid
die turbinated bone, and, 4. Middle meatus: it presents th.
orifice of the maxillary sinus.—5.  Inferior  turbinated bone,
and, 6. Inferior meatus.—7. Orifice of the Eustachian tube.

  Fig. 7.  The turbinated bones cut to show the communi-
cation of the meatuses.
  1. Posterior ethmoidal cells, communicating with the up-
per meatus, near which is seen, 2. The sphenoidal  sinus.—3.
Anterior  ethmoidal cells, communicating with the  middle
meatus, which latter also communicates with, 4. The frontal
sinus, and with, 5.  The maxillary sinus.—6. Inferior meatus,
communicating with, 7. The lachrymal canal, and presenting
behind, 8.  The Eustachian tube.
Pl.  47.
                SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 5.
  Fig. 1. Pharynx opened from behind.   It is removed frort
the vertebral column.
  1. Internal pterygoid muscle.—2. Stylo-pharyngeus muscle
—3 and  4. Posterior openings of the nasal fossae.—5. Velum
palati and uvula.—6.  Anterior pillar, and, 7.  Posterior pillar
of the velum, forming, with  the  base of the tongue, 8.  The
amygdaloid fossa.—9.  Posterior opening of the mouth.—10.
Base of the tongue.—11.  Upper opening of the larynx.—12.
Posterior surface of the larynx.—13. Commencement of the
trachea.

  Fig. 2. Thyroid cartilage.
  1. Oblique line.—2. Great  cornu.—3.  Small cornu

  Fig. 3. Cricoid cartilage.
  Fig. 4. Arytenoid cartilage  viewed from behind.

  Fig. 5. Epiglottis.
  Fig. 6. Larynx, cut vertically, and viewed from within.
  1. Upper ligament  of the  glottis of the left side.—2.  In-
ferior ligament  of the glottis.   These ligaments form  the
chordae  vocales.—3. Ventricle of the larynx,  called  saccula
laryngea.
  Fig. 7. Larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes, viewed in
FRONT.
  1. Hyoid bone.—2.  Thyro-hyoid membrane.—3.  Thyroid
cartilage.—4. Crico-thyroid membrane.—5. Cricoid cartilage.
—6. Trachea.—7 and 8. Two cartilaginous rings.—9. Mem-
brane which separates them.—10. Right bronchus and its di-
visions.—11. Left bronchus.
  Fig. 8.  Larynx,  trachea,  and commencement of  the
bronchi, viewed from behind.
  1. Upper opening of the larynx.—2 and 3. Lateral grooves
of the larynx.—4. Fibrous membrane  of the  trachea, inter-
spersed  with small glands, beneath which  is seen,  5.  The
muscular fibres;  beneath  this last are seen, 6 and 7. Smali
fibrous bands, which fold, 8. The mucous membrane seen be-
tween them. 
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Pl.  48.
          SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 6.

  Fig. 1. Salivary glands.
  The body of the jaw-bone cut near the symphysis
on the right side, and at its union with the  ramus.
The tongue is drawn out of the mouth.
  1. Sterno-cleido-mastoid.—2. Masseter.—3.  Par-
otid  gland  and the duct of Steno.—4. Accessory
gland, adherent to Steno's duct.—5. Glands  around
this canal near its termination.—6. Genio-hyo-glossus
muscle.—7. Mylo-hyoid muscle, divided.—8. Exter-
nal portion  of the sub-maxillary gland.—9. Internal
portion of this gland. —10.  Duct of Wharton.—11.
Sub-maxillary  ganglion, which inosculates with the
lingual nerve. —12. Sub-lingual gland,  and duct of
Rivinus.
  Fig. 2. View of the mouth.
  The right  side  of the lower jaw sawn  near the
symphysis, and removed.  The right cheek is remo-
ved, and the pharynx opened on the same side.
  1. Arch of the palate.—2. Velum palati.—3.  Uvu-
la.—4. Posterior pillar.—5. Anterior pillar of the
velum palati.—6. Tonsil.—7. Tongue.—8.  Epiglot-
tis, beneath which is seen the upper opening of the
larynx.
Pl.  49.
              SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 7.
  Fig. 1.  Pinna of the ear invested with integument.
  1. Helix.—2. Groove of the helix.—3. Antihelix.—4. Fossa
lavicularis.—5. Tragus. —6. Antitragus. —7. Concha. — 8
Lobule.
  Fig. 2.  Proper  muscles  of the pinna.
  1. Process of the helix, from  which proceeds a ligament
and the anterior auris muscle.—2. Great muscle of the helix.
—3. Small muscle of the helix.—4. Muscle of the tragus.—5.
Muscle of the anti-tragus.
  Fig. 3.  Cartilage of the pinna (internal surface).
  1. Transverse muscle of the pinna.
  Fig. 4.  External ear, pinna,  and meatus  auditorius  ex-
ternus.
  1. Pinna, viewed in profile and from  behind.—2. Osseous
portion of meatus auditorius.—3. Cartilaginous portion.—4.
Membranous portion.
  Fig. 5.—i. Bony ring of the tympanum, distinctly seen in
the foetal scull.—2. Membrana tympani.
  Fig. 6.  Inner wall of the tympanum.
  1. Osseous projection of the aqueduct of Fallopius.—1'. Con-
tinuation of the aqueduct of Fallopius.—2. Fenestra ovalis.—
3. Promontory.—4. Fenestra rotunda.—5. Canal for the ten-
sor tympani muscle.—6. Eustachian tube. — 7. Orifice of the
mastoid cells.—7'. Mastoid cells.—8. Canal of the pyramid.
  Fig. 7.  Bones of the ear.
  1.  Malleus.—2. Incus. — 3.  Orbiculare.—4. Stapes.—o
Base of the stapes.
  Fig. 8.  Muscles of the tympanum.
  1. Tensor tympani.—2. Laxator tympani.—3. Stapedius.
  Fig. 9.  Internal ear or labyrinth.
  1.  Fenestra ovalis.—2.  Wall  of the vestibule, into which
the fenestra ovalis leads.—3.  Fenestra rotunda, which leads
into the scala tympani  of  the cochlea.—4. Superior semicir-
cular  canal. — 5.  Inferior semicircular canal.—6. Horizontal
semicircular canal—7.  Cochlea.
   Fig. 10. Cochlea, where the outer wall has been removed
to show the gyrations.
   1.  Lamina gyrorum.—2. Lamina spiralis.—3.  Scala tym-
pani.—4. Scala vestibuli. 
Pl  ',8.
Pl. V).
Kff.i.
07211056 
Pl.  50.
          SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 8.

   Fig. 1. Right side of the heart seen in front
  proper fibres).
   1.  Right auricle, above which is seen the vena ca-
 va superior.—2. Right ventricle.—3. Pulmonary ar-
 tery.
   Fig. 2. Left side of the heart seen in front
 (^proper fibres).
   1.  Left  auricle and pulmonary veins. — 2.  Left
 ventricle.—3. Aorta.
   Fig. 3. Vertical section of the chest, with a view
 to show the course of the pleurae.
   1. Heart and pericardium.—2  and 3. Tissue of the
 two lungs.—4. The  pleura of the right side, traced
 from  the junction of the ribs and costal cartilages, is
 seen,  after investing these cartilages, to be reflected
 on the posterior surface of the sternum, and to form,
 with the pleura of the left side,  behind this bone, 5,
 the anterior mediastinum;  it then invests the peri-
 cardium, 6, the anterior part of the root of the lung,
 the entire surface of the right lung, 7, the posterior
 part of the root of the lung, from which it is reflect-
 ed to  invest the sides of the vertebral column, so as
 to form, with the  pleura of the opposite side, 8, the
 posterior mediastinum, in which  is seen the oesopha-
 gus and numerous vessels; it then invests the inter-
 nal surface of the ribs, and returns to its point of de-
 parture, 4, thus forming a shut sac.
   Fig. 4. Larynx, trachea, pericardium, and lungs
VIEWED IN FRONT.
   1. Larynx. — 2. Trachea. — 3 and 4. Lungs.—5,
Pericardium.—6.  Vena cava superior.—7. Arteria
innominata.—8. Primitive carotid  artery of tne left
Bide.—9. Left subclavian artery.
                    Pl.  51.

         SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 9.

  Fig. 1. The stomach and the duodenum viewed
IN front, and the liter from below.
  1. Stomach.—2. Great  cul-de-sac.—3.  Small  cul-
de-sac.—4. Cardiac  orifice,  or cardia.—5.  Pyloric
orifice.—6. Duodenum.— 7. Head of the pancreas,
defined by the vena  porta and superior mesenteric
artery, which also define the extent of the duodenum
as they pass in front  of it.—8 and 9. Portions of the
large intestine.—10.  Portion  of the great omentum.
—11. Lower surface of the great lobe of the liver.
—12. Course of the vena cava inferior.—13. Longi-
tudinal fissure, or fissure of the umbilical vein, con-
taining the remains of  this vein, now converted  into
the  round  ligament.—14. Transverse fissure, con-
taining the sinus of the vena portae, branches of the
hepatic artery and hepatic duct.—15. Gall bladder,
terminating in the cystic duct, which unites with the
hepatic duct to form, 16. The ductus communis cho-
ledochus.—17. Trunk  of the vena portae.—18. He-
patic artery.—19. Lobulus quadratus.—20.  Lobulus
Spigelii.—20'. Left lobe.
  Fig. 2. Stomach,  from which  the mucous mem-
brane has been removed, to show the arrange-
ment OF  ITS FLESHY  FIBRES.
  1 and 2. Small fibrous bands, from the oesophagus
to the small curvature.—3. Muscular fibres passing
in various directions. 
Pl. 50.
Pl 51.
2  ;.::, ->... Sis,
 
Pl. 52.
                SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 10.
  The peritoneum.  The abdomen is opened on the right side
  The. peritoneum, traced from, 1, the umbilicus,  invests, 2
the anterior wall of the abdomen, and passing  from thence
it is reflected on the lower surface of, 3, the diaphragm, and
forms, 4, the suspensory ligament of the liver ;  at 5  the pe-
ritoneum is reflected from  the diaphragm on this latter organ,
and covers, 6, its superior surface.—7 represents the gall blad-
der, and a part  of the inferior  surface of the liver.   As the
peritoneum passes from the liver to the stomach, it forms, 8,
the anterior layer of the gastro-hepatic omentum  ; as it passes
from the stomach to the spleen, it forms, 9, the anterior layer
of the gastro-splenic omentum.  It enters, in the form of a
cul-de-sac, 10,  the foramen of Winslow : the anterior wall
of this cul de-sac is formed by the reflected portion of the
anterior layer of the gastro-hepatic omentum, while the pos-
terior layer is formed by the process of the peritoneum, which
enters by the foramen of Winslow.  These two layers sep-
arate  at, 11, the small curvature of the stomach, cover the
anterior  and posterior surfaces of this organ, and come to-
gether again at,  12, the great curvature, and form,  13, the
ga-tro colic,  or  great  omentum.  This is reflected  upon it-
self, and terminates  by dividing at, 14, the transverse co-
lon (cut through).  The two layers cover the colon, the one
above the other below, and then, in reuniting, form, 15, the
transverse meso-colon.  The two layers separate above, 16,
the duodenum.  The  upper layer covers, 17, the pancreas,
and ascends to the foramen of Winslow, and of itself forms,
after  this division,  the posterior wall of, 18, the cavity ol
the omentum.   The lower layer, 19, reaches, 20, the small
intestine, invests it, and  forms,  21, the mesentery.   After
having formed the mesentery, it turns upon itself, goes down
and covers, 22, the sigmoid flexure of the colon, and, 23, a
part of the rectum ; is reflected from the rQCtum to cover the
upper part of the posterior wall of the vagina, so as to form,
24, the posterior ligament of  the uterus.  It then surrounds,
25, the womb, and tonus, on each side, 26, the broad ligaments
(one of these ligaments is  cut).   From the womb, it passes on
the posterior wall of,  27, the bladder, forming, 28, the  ante-
rior ligaments of the uterus, returns to the umbilicus (its point
of departure), surrounding the urachus and umbilical arteries,
as it forms, 30, the superior ligaments of the bladder.
Pl.  53.
               SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 11.

  Fig. 1. Heart viewed in front.
  1.  Right  auricle.—2. Right  appendix  auricula?.— 3  Vena
cava superior.—4. Vena cava  inferior.—5. Left auricle.—b.
Left  appendix  auriculae.—7 and 8. Pulmonary veins. —9.
Auriculo-ventricular furrow, in which are seen the coronary
vessels.—10.  Groove which separates the two ventricles.—
11. Right ventricle.—12.  Pulmonary artery. —13. Left ven-
tricle.—14.  Aorta.
  Fig. 2. Right side of the heart laid open so  as to dis-
play THE INTERIOR.
  1.  Cavity of the auricle.—2.  Fossa ovalis.—3. Eustachian
valve.—4. Orifice of the great  coronary  vein.—5.  Cavity  of
the ventricle presenting the various orders of columns carneas.
—6.  One of the folds of the tricuspid valve.—7. Pulmonary ar-
tery, with two of its sigmoid valves.

  Fig. 3. Left side of the heart laid open.
  1  Cavity of the auricle, at the upper part of which are seen
the pulmonary veins.—2.  Cavity of  the ventricle.—3. Mitral
valve.—4. Aorta, at the origin of which are seen two sigmoid
valves.
  Fi<r. 4. Heart, with its serous membrane and fat  re-
moved to display the muscular  fibres.
  1  Fibres common to the two auricles.—2. Proper fibres
of the right auricle.—3. Proper fibres of the left auricle.—4
Fibres common to the two ventricles- - 5. Foramina,  which
give passage to the coronary vessels.—6.,Point of the heart
where the  common fibres, superficial at first, are seen to col-
lect in a spiral form, enter into the interior of the wall of the
heart, and become deep seated.—7. Raphe, where the common
superficial  fibres, anterior and posterior, are seen to cross each
other, and  become deep seated.—8 and 9. Orifices of the pul-
monary artery and aorta. 
pi. r.v
Fig 1
Hg.3.
Pis.
mm  \VA^iir   >'■    k^^'^

Jlr, %>, j
37 
Pl.  54.
          SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl.  12.

  Fig. 1. A  portion of the internal surface of the
oesophagus  and stomach.
  1. Smooth mucous membrane  of the oesophagus.
—2. Surface of the stomach.—3.  Line  of separation
of the oesophagus and stomach, marked by inequali-
ties corresponding to the cardiac  orifice.

  Fig. 2. Valve of the Pylorus.
  Fig. 3.—1. Convolutions  of the small intestine.—
2. Ccecum, receiving  the small intestines, and pre-
senting the appendix vermiformis. — 3. Ascending
colon.—4. Transverse colon.—5.  Descending colon.
—6. Sigmoid flexure of the colon.—7. Commence-
ment of the rectum.—8.  One of the appendices epi-
ploicae of the large intestine.
Pl.  55.
              SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 13.

  Fig. 1. Profile view of the bladder from the right side
  1. Muscular fibres passing in various directions.—1'. Neck
of the bladder—2 and 3. Ureters.—4. Urachus.—5. Vesiciila
seminalis.—6. Prostate gland.—7. A portion of the urethra.

  Fig. 2. The lower part of the bladder, and the urethra
opened from above and from before.
  1. Trigone vesicale, bounded by the urethra, and by, 2 and
3. The openings of the ureters.—4. Vesiciila seminalis.—5.
Prostate.—6. One of  Cowper's glands.—7. Verumontanum,
or urethral crest, where the  two orifices of the ejaculatory
ducts and the ducts of the prostate enter the urethra.—8 and
9. Two small cavities, known under the name of the lacunae
of Morgagni.
  Fig. 3.  Genital organs : envelopes of the testicle.
  1. Skin of the scrotum.—2. Dartos.—3. Lamella, which de-
scends  from the  circumference of the  external  abdominal
ring.—4. Muscular fibres of the cremaster, forming the tunica
erythroides.—5. Fibrous coat.—6. Tunica vaginalis, or serous
coat. — 7. Testicle, enveloped  in the tunica  albuginea. —8.
Epididymis. — 9. Vas  deferens. —10. Artery  which accom-
panies it.—11.  External abdominal ring.—12. Inguinal canal
laid open : the spermatic cord is seen passing beneath the
obliquus internus.

  Fig. 4.  Testicle cut vertically.
  1. Substance of the testicle, as if divided by bands.—1'.
Tunica albuginea.—2. Tubuli seminiferi.—3.  Corpus High-
morianum.—4. Ducts passing from the corpus Highmorianum,
and going to, 5. The globus major.of the epididymis.—6. Body
of the epididymis.—7. Globus minor.—8. Vas deferens. 
Pl.r.j.
P1..j5.
 
Pl.  56.
         SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 14.

  Genital Organs.   Pelvis divided in the median
line, and laid open from the right side.
  1. Vertebral column.—2. Termination of the large
intestine. — 3. Bladder.—4. Ureter.—5 and 6. Vasa
deferentia.—7. One of the vesiculae seminales, open-
ing into the vas deferens to form, 8. The ductus ejac-
ulatorius communis.—9. Prostate.—10. Membranous
portion of the urethra.—11. Triangular ligament.—
12. One  of Cowper's glands.— 13.  Urethra. — 14.
Bulb of the urethra.—15. Glans penis.—16.  Septum
scroti: the  right testicle and its envelopes have been
removed. — 17. Skin of the penis. — 18. Prepuce.—
18'. Fraenum preputii.—19. Corpus cavernosum, cut
so as to show its membrane, its structure, and its ar-
tery.—20. Septum pectiniforme of the corpus caver-
nosum.
Pl.  57.
         SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 15.

  Fig. 1. Portion of the small intestine open
ED TO SHOW THE VALVULjE CONNIVENTES,  OR THE
VALVES of Kerkringius.
  Fig. 2. CcECUM LAID OPEN.
  1.  Lower extremity of the small intestine.—2. Ap
pendix vermiformis.—3. Orifice of this appendix.—
4. Opening of the small intestine in the ccecum.—c
and 6. Segments of the ilio-coecal valve, or the valve
of Bauhin.
  Fig. 3. Spleen.
  1 and 2.  Fissures which are sometimes observed
upon its borders. — 3 and 4. Two  of the vascular
apertures, by whose union is formed the fissure of
the spleen.
  Fig. 4. Biliary and pancreatic ducts viewed
IN FRONT.
  1. Duodenum. — 2. Gall bladder laid open. — 3.
Small valvular  folds.—4.  Cystic duct.—5. Hepatic
duct.—6. Ductus communis choledochus.—7. Pan-
creas.— 8. Head of the pancreas. — 9. Pancreatic
duct, or the canal of Wirsung.
  Fig. 5.—1. Supra-renal capsule. — 2. Kidney.—
3. Ureter.—4 and 5. Renal artery and vein.
  Fig. 6. Kidney cut through the middle.
   1.  Cortical substance. — 2. Cone of tubular sub-
stance, terminating by a papilla which is embraced
by a  calyx. — 3. A calyx  laid open.—4.  Pelvis.—5.
Ureter. 
pi  51;
Pl 57
 
Pl. 58.
                SPLANCHNOLOGY, Pl. 16.
  Fig. 1.  Genital organs of the female.
  1. One of the broad ligaments of the uterus.— 2. Round
ligaments.—3. Round ligament, terminating in a pes anserinus.
—4. Ovary and  its ligament.—5. Fallopian tube, terminating
in its fimbriated extremity.—6. Body of the womb.—7. Neck
—8. Os Tineas.

  Fig. 2.  The posterior half of the  uterus after a  per-
pendicular TRANSVERSE SECTION OF IT HAS BEEN MADE.
  1. Cavity of the body of the uterus : it is  continuous with,
2. The cavity of the Fallopian tubes, and, 3. The cavity of the
neck.  In this  last cavity there is seen an arborescent pro-
jection, called the arbor vitae of the womb.—4. Ligament of
the ovary.

  Fig. 4.  Womb divided into two  lateral halves : the left
HALF IS HERE SHOWN.  The BLADDER, THE URETHRA, THE VA-
GINA, AND THE RECTUM ARE OPENED.
  1. Bladder.—2. Urachus.—3. Anterior ligament of the blad-
der.—4.  Urethra.—5.  Rectum. — 6.  Lacunas at the  inferior
extremity of the rectum.—7.  Fallopian tube.—8. Ovary.—9.
Uterus :  the peritoneum  is seen  to envelop it, and  to  pass
from thence  on  the bladder and on the  rectum.—10.  Vagina.
—11 and  12. Anterior and posterior pillars of the vagina.—
13.  Clitoris.

  Fig. 5.  ExTERAL GENITAL ORGANS.
  1. Mons Veneris.—2.  Labium major.—3. Labium  minus
at its upper extremity it  divides into two folds, one of which
terminates below the clitoris ; the other unites with a similar
fold of the labium minus  of the opposite side, to form a sort
of prepuce to the  clitoris.—4. Clitoris, of which only the an-
terior extremity is seen.—5. Vestibule.—6. Meatus urinarius
—7. Entrance of the vagina.—8. Fourchette.—9. Fossa navic-
ulars.—10. Anus.—11. Perineum.

  Fig. 6.—1 and 2. Labia  minora.—3. Clitoris, root, body, and
glans.—4. Suspensory ligament of  the  clitoris.— 5.  Corpus
cavernosum,  in its course to terminate in the glans clitorkiis
Pl.  59.
                  ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 1.
  Fig. 1. Arteries of the cerebrum,* cerebellum, &c, &c.
  1. Anterior lobe of the brain—2. Posterior lobe.—3. Fissure
of Sylvius.—4. Pons Varolii.—5. Cerebellum.—6. Medulla ob-
ongata.—7. Trunk of the internal carotid artery, cut.—8. Pos-
terior communicating artery.—8'. Artery of the choroid plexus
(one part of the middle lobe is  removed).—9. Anterior cere-
bral artery.—10. Anterior cerebral artery after it has become
united to the corresponding artery of the opposite side by the,
11. Anterior communicating artery.—12. Vertebral artery.—
13.  Posterior and inferior cerebellar artery.—14.  Basilar ar-
tery.—15. Anterior and inferior cerebellar artery. —16.  Su-
perior cerebellar artery.—17.  Posterior cerebral artery, anas-
tomosing with the internal carotid by means of the posterior
communicating artery.  Between it and  the  superior cere-
bellar artery is seen the third pair of nerves.
  Fig. 2. Vertebral  and cervicalis profunda arteries. A
LATERAL VIEW OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND A PORTION OF
THE BASE OF THE CRANIUM.
  1.  Portion  of the subclavian artery.—2. Common trunk of
the vertebral artery and of the cervicalis  profunda.t—3. Ver-
tebral artery in the canal formed by  the transverse processes.
—4. Vertical curve of this artery. — 5. Horizontal curve.—
6. Vertebral  artery within the  cranium. — 7. Basilar artery
and its branches.—8.  Cervicalis profunda.—9 and 10. Anas-
tomoses between this artery  and the vertebral.—11. End of
the transverso-spinalis muscle.
  Fig. 3. Arch  and thoracic portion of the aorta.   The
ribs have been sawn through  near the vertebral column.
  1. Trachea.—2 and 3. Bronchi.—4.  CEsophagus.—5. Arch
of the aorta.—6. Arteria innominata.—7. Primitive left carotid.
—8. Left subclavian.—9. Superior intercostal, arising from a
common trunk with the inferior thyroid. J—10. Thoracic  aorta.
—11 and 12. Oesophageal arteries.—13 and 14. Bronchial ar-
teries.—15. One of the inferior intercostal arteries.—16. In
tercostal branch.—17. Dorsal branch.—18. Spinal branch.
  Fig. 4.  Spinal arteries.   The body of the vertebras is re-
moved, and the  vertebral canal is opened in front.
  1. Spinal marrow, with its membranes in the vertebral canal.
—2. An intercostal artery.—3. A spinal artery entering through
an  intervertebral  foramen,  and furnishing branches to the
walls of the canal, to the spinal marrow, and to its membranes.
  * See diagram of circle of Willis (Plate 62).   .
  t The arteria cervicalis profunda does  not arise in common with tne
vertebral artery, as here described; on the contrary, it arises as an inde-
pendent branch, and usually comes off from the subclavian artery, as it
Ties under cover of the scalenus anticus.   t This is not its usual origin. 
m. :>•<<■
I '^5i  •%//  Av\  >"—
Pl v>
 
Pl.  GO.
                 ANGEIOLOGY,  Pi.. 2.

  Fig. 1.  Lingual artery.  The  inferior  maxilla is sawn
through.
  1. Os Hyoides.—2. Hyo glossus, divided to show the course
of the lingual artery.—3, 3. Stylo-glossus  muscle.—4.  Genio-
glossus.—5. External carotid artery.—6.  Lingual artery.—7.
Dorsal artery of the tongue.

  Fig. 2. Internal  Maxillary artery.* The right side of
the cranium has been removed, all  the upper part of the in-
ferior maxilla, the external table of  the rest of the bone, and
the outer wall of the  orbit.
  1. External carotid artery.—2. Occipital artery and its mas-
toid branch.—3. Posterior auricular  and the stylo-mastoid
branch.—4. Superficial  temporal and  the anterior  auricular
branches.—5. Middle temporal artery.—6. Internal maxillary
artery, which gives off the meningea media, which enters the
cranium by the foramen spinosum,  and the meningea parva,
which  enters by the foramen lacerum jugulare. — 6'. Divis-
ion of the middle  meningeal artery.—6",  6". Anterior menin-
geal branches, furnished by the ophthalmic artery. —6'", 6'".
Divisions of the posterior meningeal within the cranium.—7.
Inferior dental.—7'. Same artery in the dental canal.—8. Mas-
seteric.—9. Pterygoid.—10. Buccal.—11. Facial, anastomo-
sing with  the  buccal. —12. Alveolar and posterior dental
branches.—13. Infra-orbital.—13'. Same artery, as it appears
on  the face, passing through the infra-orbital foramen.—14,
14.  Deep  temporal.—15. Internal  maxillary  in its  passage
through the pterygo-maxillary fissure.

  Fig. 3. Internal maxillary artery entering the spheno
PALATINE FORAMEN, WHICH NAME IT TAKES
  1. Pterygoid process.—2. Infra-orbital artery --3. Palatine.
—4. Vidian, or pterygoid.—5. Pterygopalatine

  Fig.  4. Ophthalmic artery.  The outer wall of the orbit is
removed, and the carotid canal laid open.
  1. Anterior dental  artery in its canal.—2. Posterior dental
branches.—3. Internal  carotid.—4. Ophthalmic—5. Arteria
centralis  retinas.—6.  Lachrymalis.—7. Muscular branch.—8.
Supra-orbital.—9.  One of the long ciliary arteries.—10. An an-
terior ciliary artery.—11. Ethmoidal arteries.—12. Palpebral.
—13. Termination of the ophthalmic artery in the frontal and
nasal brancnes.
  Fig. 5.  Ophthalmic artery, the eye being  removed.
  1. Ophthalmic—2.  Inferior muscular branch.- 3.—Superioi
palpebral.—4  [r'erior palpebral.
                 * See diagram on Plate 67.
Pl.  61.
              ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 3.
HEART, ARCH  OF  THE  AORTA, ARTERIA  INNOMINATA,
    CAROTID AND SUBCLAVIAN ARTERIES,* &C, &C.

   The sternum is sawn through, and the  thorax is
opened on the left side.
   1.  Heart. — 2. Left  coronary  artery. — 3. Right
coronary artery.—4. Pulmonary  artery, cut through.
—5.  Arch of the aorta.—6.  Arteria innominata.—7.
Right primitive  carotid.—8. Left subclavian artery.
—9.  Division of the arteria innominata into the right
primitive  carotid and  right  subclavian.—10. Divis-
ion of the primitive carotid into external and inter-
nal  carotid. —11. Superior thyroid artery  and  its
principal branches.—12. Lingual artery.—13. Facial
artery.—14.  Inferior palatine artery.—15.  Sub-men-
tal artery.—16. Inferior coronary artery.—17. Supe-
rior  coronary artery.—18. One  of the  branches of
the  lateralis nasi.—19. Occipital artery.—20.  Pos-
terior auricular  artery.—21. Ascending pharyngeal
artery.—22. Division of the external carotid artery
into  internal  maxillary and  superficial temporal.—
23.  Transverse facial artery.—24.  One of the anterior
auricular  branches.—25.  Middle  temporal  artery.—
25'.  The arteria  cervicalis  ascendens, a  branch of the
inferior thyroid  artery.—26.  Vertebral artery.—27.
Place where the vertebral  artery enters the  canal  of
the transverse processes.—28.  Superior intercostal ar-
tery.—29. The supra-scapular artery.—30.  The trans-
versalis colli artery.—31. Internal mammary artery.—■
32.  Anterior mediastinal artery.—33. Superior phre-
nic artery.
* See diagrams on Plate 62. 
Pl  I-.11
l'l  til
 
I
                      Pl.  62.

  Fig. 1.  A. DIAGRAM  OF THE CAROTID ARTERIES AND
THE BRANCHES OF THE EXTERNAL CAROTID (after  Wih
son).
  1. The  common carotid.—2.  The external carotid.
—3. The internal carotid.—4. The  carotid foramen in
the petrous portion of the temporal bone.—5. The su-
perior thyroid artery.—6.  The lingual  artery.—7. The
facial artery.—8. The mastoid artery.*—9. The occipital
artery.—10. The  posterior auricular artery.—11. The
transverse facial artery.—12. The internal maxillary ar-
tery.—13.  The  temporal  artery.—14.  The  ascending
pharyngeal artery.

  Fig. 2.  A DIAGRAM OF THE ARTERIES OF THE BASE OF
THE BRAIN—THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS (after \VilS01l).

  The branches of the arteries have references only on
one side, on account of their  symmetrical distribution.
1.  The vertebral arteries.—2. The two anterior spinal
branches,  uniting to form a single  vessel.—3.  One  of
the posterior spinal arteries.—4. The  posterior menin-
geal artery.—5.  The inferior cerebellar artery.—6. The
basilar artery, giving off its transverse branches to either
side.—7. The superior cerebellar artery.—8. The pos-
terior cerebral artery.—9. The posterior communicating
branch of the internal carotid artery.—10. The internal
carotid artery, showing the curvatures it makes within
the skull.—11.  The ophthalmic  artery divided across.
—12.  The middle cerebral  artery.—13. The anterior
cerebral  arteries connected  by,  14. The anterior com-
municating artery.
* More often a branch of the superior thyroid artery.
  Fig. 3.  A DIAGRAM OF THE  LARGE VESSELS OF THE
THORAX AND THEIR RELATIONS (after Wilson).

  1.  The  ascending aorta.—2.  The arch.—3.  The
thoracic portion of the  descending aorta.—4. The ar-
teria  innominata  dividing  into,  5, the right carotid,
which again divides at 6 into the external and internal
carotid ; and' 7, the  right  subclavian artery.—8. The
axillary artery ; its extent is  designated  by a  dotted
line.—9.  The  brachial  artery.—10.  The  right  pneu-
mogastric nerve running by the  side  of  the common
carotid, in front of the right subclavian artery, and be-
hind the root of the right lung.—11. The  left common
carotid, having to its outer side the left pneumogastric
nerve, which crosses  the arch of the  aorta, and, as it
reaches its lower border, is seen to give off the  left re-
current nerve.—12. The left subclavian artery, becoming
axillary, and brachial in its course, like  the artery of
the opposite side.—13.  The trunk  of the  pulmonary
artery connected to the  concavity of the arch  of  the
aorta by a fibrous cord,  the remains  of the  ductus ar-
teriosus.—14.  The  left pulmonary  artery.—15. The
right  pulmonary  artery.—16.   The trachea.—17. The
right bronchus.—18. The left  bronchus.—19, 19. The
pulmonary  veins.  17, 15,  and 19, on the right side,
and 14, 18, and 19, on the left, constitute the roots of
the corresponding lungs, and  the relative position of
these vessels is carefully preserved.—20.  Bronchial ar-
teries.—21, 21. Intercostal arteries ; the branches from
the front  of the aorta above and below the  number 3
are pericardiac and oesophageal branches. 
PLATE  62.
Fig.  i.
Fig. 2.
F;g.  1..
 
Pl.  63.
             ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 5.

  Figs. 1  and 2. Arteries  of the axilla, arm,
AND  HAND.
  Fig.  1.  Scalenus anticus muscle, behind which
passes the subclavian artery.—2 and 3. Anterior tho-
racic arteries. — 3'. Acromial artery. — 4. External
mammary artery. — 5.  Posterior branch of the sub-
scapular artery.—6. Anterior branch of the same ar-
tery.—7 and 8. Anterior circumflex artery.—9. Pos-
terior circumflex artery.—10.  Brachial artery.—11.
Superior profunda artery.—12. Inferior profunda.—
13. Radial artery.—14. Anterior radial recurrent.-—
15. Ulnar  artery.—16. Anterior ulnar recurrent.—
17. Posterior ulnar recurrent.—18. Interosseous ar-
tery.
  Fig. 2.—1. Ulnar artery.—2. Anterior interosse-
ous.—3. Posterior interosseous.—4.  Superficial pal-
mar  arch.—5. One of the collateral branches of the
fingers.—6 and 7. Two digital arteries.—8.  Radial
artery. — 9. Superficialis vote.— 10. Deep  palmar
arch.—11.  A posterior perforating artery.—12. One
of the anterior perforating  arteries.
PL  64.
             ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 6.

  Right and  Left  Colic Arteries.   The small
intestine is here removed.
  1. Large intestine.—2.  Aorta.—3.  Superior me-
senteric artery.—4. One of its branches for the small
intestine, cut near its origin.—5. Superior right colic
artery, or colica media, a branch of the superior mes-
enteric  artery.—6. Arch formed by the middle colic
artery.—7. Inferior right  colic, or colica dextra.—
8. Inferior mesenteric artery.—9. Superior left colic.
—10. Middle left colic.—11. Inferior left colic [these
three branches are often  described as forming  the
colica sinistra].—12 and 13. Superior haemorrhuidal
arteries. 
Pl.tVi
l'l.c-l.
 
PL  65.
             ANGEIOLOGY,  Pl. 7.

  Superior Mesenteric Artery.   The small intes-
tines are drawn downward and to the left, the large
intestines are raised upward and to the right.
  1. Small  intestines.—2. Ccecum. — 3.  Appendix
vermiformis coeci.—4. Ascending colon.—5. Trans-
verse colon.—6. Superior mesenteric artery, giving
off from its convexity the arteries of the small intes-
tines, which form a sort of network before they reach
the intestine. — 7. Superior right colic  artery. — 8.
Middle colic [both  7 and 8  form really the middle
colic arteries].—9. Inferior colic, or colica dextra.
PL  66.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 8.

                 CC3LIAC AXIS.*
  The liver is.elevated so as to show its lower sur-
face.
  1. Liver.—2.  Gall bladder.—3. Cord, or, as it is
called, the rounded ligament, the remains of the um-
bilical vein.—4. Stomach. — 5.  Commencement of
the duodenum.—6. Spleen.—7. Pancreas.—8. Cce-
liac axis.—9. Coronary artery of the stomach, giving
origin to the oesophageal branches, and passing along
the small  curvature  of the stomach. —10. Hepatic
artery.—11. Pyloric artery. —12. Gastro-epiploica
dextra,  passing  down behind the duodenum, and
along the great curvature of the stomach.—13.  Cys-
tic artery.—14. Splenic artery.—15. Flexuous line,
showing the course of the splenic artery behind the
stomach.—16. Gastro-epiploica sinistra.—17 and 18.
Vasa brevia.
         * See diagrammatic figure in Plate No. 67
* 
L.65.
IH.lib.
 
Pl.  67.
   Fig.  1. A DIAGRAM OF  THE  INTERNAL MAXILLARY
 ARTERY, ITS DIVISIONS AND BRANCHES (after WilSOll).
   1. The external carotid artery.—2.  The trunk of the
 transverse  facial artery.—3,  4.  The two   terminal
 branches of the external carotid.—3.  The temporal ar-
 tery ;  and 4.  The internal maxillary, the first or  max-
 illary portion of its course ; the  limit  of this portion is
 marked by an arrow.—5.  The second, or pterygoid por-
 tion, of the artery ; the limits  are  bounded by the ar-
 rows.—6. The third or pterygo-maxillary portion.  The
 branches of  the  maxillary portion  are, 7.  A tympanic
 branch.—8. The arteria meningea magna.—9. The arte-
 ria meningea parva.—10. The inferior dental artery. The
 branches of  the second  portion are wholly  muscular,
 the ascending ones being distributed  to the  temjioral,
 and the descending to the four  other muscles, the two
 pterygoids, the masseter and buccinator.  The branches
 of  the pterygo-maxillary portion of the artery are, 11.
 The alveolar or superior dental artery.—12. The  infra-
 orbital  artery.—13. The posterior  palatine.—14. The
 spheno-palatine or nasal.—15.  The  pterygo-palatine.
 —1G. The Vidian.—* The  remarkable bend which the
 third portion of the artery makes as it turns inwards to
 enter the pterygo-maxillary fossa.
   Fig. 2. A DIAGRAM  OF  THE RIGHT  SUBCLAVIAN  AR-
 TERY and its branches (after Wilson).
   1. The arteria innominata.—2. The right carotid.—3.
 The first portion of the subclavian artery.—4. The sec-
 ond portion.—5.  The  third portion.—6. The vertebral
 artery.—7. The inferior thyroid.—8. The thyroid axis.
 —9. The superficialis  cervicis.—10. The profunda cer-
 vicis.—11. The posterior scapular or transversalis colli.
 —12. The supra-scapular.—13. The internal  mammary
 artery.—14.  The superior intercostal.
   Fig. 3. A DIAGRAM  OF THE  ABDOMINAL  AORTA AND
 its branches (after Wilson).
   1. The phrenic arteries.—2.  The  creliac  axis.—3.
 The gastric  artery.—4. The  hepatic  artery, dividing
 into the  right and   left hepatic  branches.—-5.  The
 splenic artery, passing outward to the spleen.—G. The
suprarenal artery of the right side.—7. The right renal
artery,  which is longer than the left,  passing outwards
to the right kidney.—8. The lumbar  arteries.—9.^ The
 superior mesenteric artery.—10.  The two  spermatic ar-
 series.—n.  The  inferior  mesenteric  artery.—12. The
 sacra media.—13. Th-e  common  iliacs.—14. The in-
ternal iliac of the right side.—15.  The external iliac
artery.—1G.  The epigastric  artery.—17. The circum-
flex ilii artery.—18. The femoral artery.
  Fig. 4.  A  DIAGRAM  OF  THE ILIAC  ARTERIES AND
their branches (after Wilson).
  1.  The aorta.—2. The left common iliac artery.—3.
The external iliac.—4.  The epigastric artery.—5. The
circumflex ilii.—6.   The internal iliac  artery.—7.  Its
anterior trunk.—8.   Its posterior trunk.—9.  The um-
bilical artery giving  off (10)  the  superior  vesical
artery.—11.  The internal pudic artery passing   be-
hind  the  spine  of  the ischium (12) and lesser sacro-
ischiatic ligament.- -13. "The  middle  hemorrhoidal  ar-
tery.—14. The ischiatic artery,  also  passing behind  the
anterior  sacro-ischiatic ligament to  escape  from  the
pelvis.—15.  Its  inferior vesical branch.—1G.  The ilio-
lumbar, the first branch of the posterior trunk (8) as-
cending  to inosculate with  the circumflex  ilii artery
(5) and form an arch along the  crest of the ilium.—17.
The obturator artery.—18. The lateral sacral.—19. The
gluteal artery, escaping from the pelvis through the  up-
per part of the great  sacro ischiatic foramen.—20. The
sacra media.—21.  The right common iliac  artery  cut
short.— 22.  The femoral artery.
  Fig. 5.  A  DIAGRAM OF  THE BRANCHES OF THE  CG3-
liac axis (after Wilson).
  1.  The liver.—2.  Its transverse fissure.—3.  The gall-
bladder.—4. The  stomach.—5. The entrance of  the
oesophagus.—G.  The  pylorus.—7. The duodenum,  its
descending portion.—8. The transverse  portion of  the
duodenum.—9.  The pancreas.—10.  The spleen.—11.
The  aorta.—12.  The cceliac  axis.—13. The gastric ar-
tery.—14.  The hepatic artery.—15.  Its pyloric branch.
—16. The gastro-duodenalis.—17. The gastro-epiploica
dextra.—18. The pancreatico-duodenalis,  inosculating
with a branch from the superior mesenteric ail cry.—19.
The division of  the hepatic  artery  into its  right  and
left branches ; the  right giving off  the  cystic branch.
—20. The splenic artery, traced by dotted lines behind
the stomach to the spleen.—21. The  gastro-epiploica
sinistra, inosculating along the great  curvature of  the
stomach  with the  gastro-epiploica dextra.-.—22.  The
pancreatica magna.—23. The vasa bnvia to  the great
end of the stomach, inosculating with branches of  the
gastric  artery.—24.  The  superior  mesenteric artery,
emerging from  between the  pancreas and the trans-
verse portion of the duodenum. 
I'l.ATE  67.
r>«   /.
F/c
f/G  2.
F/G  5,
 
PL   68.
             ANGEIOLOGY, Pl.  10.

             ARTERIES  OF THE ABDOMEN.*

   1. Diaphragm.—2. Kidney.—2'. Supra-renal cap-
sule.—3.  Aorta.—4. Coeliac axis (cut).—5. Superior
mesenteric artery (cut).—6. Inferior mesenteric arte-
ry (cut).—7.  Superior capsular artery;  the  middle
comes from the aorta, the inferior from the renal ar-
tery.—8.  Renal artery.—9. One of the spermatic ar-
teries.—10. One of the lumbar arteries.—11.  One of
the phrenic arteries.—12. Middle sacral artery.—13.
Division of the aorta into  the  primitive iliacs.—14.
Division of a primitive iliac artery into the external
and internal iliacs :  the latter is  frequently earned the
hypogastric artery.—15. Circumflex iliac   -16. Epi-
gastric artery.
* See diagrammatic figure in Plate No. (£
Pl.  69.
                 ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 11

  Fig. 1. Arteries of the thigh.
  1. Sartorius, cut.—2. Ring of the adductor magnus, through
which the femoral artery passes.—3. Superficial femoral ar-
tery.—4. Superficial epigastric.—5. Profunda.—5', 5', 5'. Per-
forating arteries.—6. Internal circumflex artery.—7. External
circumflex.—8. Great, or superficial muscular artery.—9 and
10.  External pudic arteries.—11. The termination of the fem.
oral in the popliteal artery.

  Fig. 2. Popliteal artery, and the arteries  on the pos-
terior PART OF THE LEG
  1. Popliteal  artery. — 2 and 3.  Arteries which supply the
gastrocnemii, the musclts here cut, and their bellies removed.
—i and 5. Superior  internal articular arteries.*—6. Superior
external articular artery.—7. Inferior internal articular artery.
—8. Inferior external articular artery. — 9. Division  of the
popliteal artery into, 10. Anterior tibial artery, and, 11. Per-
oneo-tibial artery.t—12. Peroneal artery.—13. Posterior tibial
artery.

  Fig. 3. Sole of the foot.
  1. Posterior tibial artery.—2. Internal plantar artery.—3.
External plantar.—4. Plantar arch.—5. Perforating artery.—
6. One of the collateral branches.—7. Division of a collateral
into two branches.—8. Anastomosis of one of those branches
with a neighbouring  branch, and, 9. Division of this anas-
tomosis into two  digital branches.—10. Anastomosis  of two
digital branches.—11. Termination of two digital branches in
the  form of an arch, and the arterial plexus which  results
from it.

 * The upper internal articular artery, indicated in t\i\s Jig. by 4, is frequently
wanting.  Anatomists in general, even when this branch is present, describe
only one internal articular, viz., the vessel designated by Jig. 5.
 t Anatomists frequently describe the popliteal artery as dividing, at its ter-
mination, into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries; 12, the peroneal ar-
tery, being considered a branch of the posterior tibial. 
I'l.l.H.
Pl.r.M
Fly. l.
( 
PL  70.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 12.

   Fig. 1. Internal pudic arteries  in  a male.
   1. Gluteus  maximus, cut.—2.  Great sacro-sciatic
ligament, cut.—3. Small sacro-sciatic  ligament.—4.
Sphincter ani.—5. Transversus perinei.—6. Erector
penis.—7. Accelerator urinae.—8. Urethra, enclosed
in the corpus  spongiosum urethra.—9. Dartos.—10.
Trunk of the pudic artery.—11 and 12. Inferior hae-
morrhoidal  arteries.— 13.  Perineal  branch. — 14.
Deep artery of the penis.—15. Arteria transversalis
perinei.—16. Arteria dorsalis penis.—17. Artery of
the corpus cavernosum.
   Fig. 2. Internal pudic arteries  in  a  female.
   1. Gluteus maximus muscle.—2. Sphincter ani.—
3. Constrictor vaginae. — 4.  Meatus urinarius.— 5.
Clitoris. — 6. Pudic artery. — 7 and 8. Inferior hae-
morrhoidal arteries.—9. Inferior,  or perineal branch.
—10. Superior branch, or branch of  the clitoris.—
11. Dorsal artery of the clitoris.—12.  Artery  of  the
corpus cavernosum.
Pl.  71.
              ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 13.

  Fig. 1.  Arteries op  the pelvis.*
  1. Termination of the aorta.—2. Middle sacral ar-
tery.—3. A lumbar artery. — 4. Primitive iliac.—5,
External iliac.—6. Circumflex iliac.—7. Epigastric*.
— 8.  Remains of the umbilical artery of the foetus,
converted into a ligament.—-9. Obturator.—10. Ve-
sical.—11. Ilio-lumbar.—12 and 13.  Lateral sacral
arteries.—14. Gluteal  artery.—15. Middle haemor-
rhoidal.—16.  Internal pudic.—17. Sciatic.
  Fig. 2.  The obturator artery, dividing outside the
pelvis into two branches, which encircle the obtura-
tor foramen.
  Fig. 3.  The gluteal and sciatic arteries with-
out the pelvis.
  The gluteus maximus and medius muscles are di-
vided and turned aside.
  1. Gluteal artery.—2. Branch to the gluteus max-
imus.—3, 4, and 5. Deep branches, situated between
the  gluteus medius and minimus.—6. Sciatic artery.
—7 and  8. Internal pudic  artery.—9. Internal cir-
cumflex, a branch of the profunda femoris.—10 and
11.  Two perforating arteries of the arteria profunda
femoris.
* See diagrammatic figni-u in Plate No. 67. 
i;: .70
Pl 71
rV.i.
 
PL  72.
             ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 14.
  Fig. 1.  Scapular arteries.
  1. Levator angulae scapulae.—2. Rhomboideus.—3.
Supra-spinatus.—4.  Infra-spinatus.—5. Teres major
and latissimus dorsi.—6. Internal portion of the tri-
ceps extensor cubiti; the other two portions are re-
moved.— 7. Anconeus, cut.— 8. Posterior scapular
artery, the terminating branch of either the cervica-
lis superficialis, or of the transversalis colli.—9. Su-
pra-scapular artery, or  transversalis humeri. —10
Posterior branch  of the sub-scapular  artery.—11.
Posterior circumflex artery. —12. Superior profun-
da.—13. Posterior interosseous artery. —14. Poste-
rior radial recurrent.—15. Branch to the posterior
muscles of the fore-arm, a division  of the posterior
interosseous artery.
  Fig. 2.—1. The arteria interossea perforans, form-
ed by  the arteria interossea media,  which perforates
the interosseal ligament  immediately above the pro-
nator quadratus, and which supplies the muscles on
the lower and back part of the fore-arm, and also the
back of the carpus.—2. Carpal portion of the radial
artery, passing beneath the extensor muscles of the
thumb, and entering the first  interosseous space.—
3. Arteries of the carpus. — 4. Collateral artery of
the first interosseous space, commonly called the ar-
tery of the metacarpus.—5. Collateral artery of the
third interosseous  space, communicating at its upper
extremity with, 6. A posterior  perforating ;^ at its low-
er extremity with, 7. An anterior perforating artery.
  Fig. 3. Anterior tibial and arteria  dorsalis
pedis.
  1. A branch of  the superior external articular ar-
tery.—2.  Anterior tibial artery.—3. Anterior tibial
recurrent artery. — 4. External malleolar  artery.—
5. Internal  malleolar.—6.  Tarsal artery.—7. Meta-
tarsal artery.—8. Collateral artery of the second in-
terosseous space.
PL  73.
             ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 15.

  Fig. 1.  Superficial veins op the upper extrem-
ity.
  1.  Axillary vein.—2. Cephalic vein.—3.  Superfi-
cial  radial vein.—4. Median cephalic. — 5. Basilic
vein. — 6.  Posterior  ulnar.—7. Anterior ulnar.—8.
Median basilic.—9. Median vein.
  Fig. 2.—1. Superficial radial vein.—2. Cephalic
vein  of the thumb.—3.  Posterior ulnar.—4. Vena
salvatella.
  Fig. 3.  Veins at  the bend of the arm.
  1.  Opening made in the brachial aponeurosis, which
permits us to see the brachial artery and its accom-
panying veins, and the median nerve situated on its
inner side.—2. Cephalic vein.—3.  Superficial radial
vein.—4. Median cephalic.—5. Basilic vein.—6. Pos-
terior ulnar.—7. Anterior ulnar.—8.  Median basilic.
—9.  Median vein. 
Pl l-l
l-'iu 3.
Pl  73
 
PL  74.
             ANGEIOLOGY, Pl.  16.

 superficial  veins of the head and neck, subcla-
   vian veins, vena cava superior,  &c. : the tho-
   rax IS OPENED.

   1. Pericardium, opened. —2. Right  auricle. —3.
 Portion of the vena cava superior, contained within
 the pericardium.—4. Same vein without the pericar-
 dium.—5.  Vena azygos.—6. Trunk of the internal
 mammary vein of the right side.—7.  Right subclavi-
 an  vein.—8.  Internal jugular.—9. Thyroid  vein.—
 10. Common trunk of the supra-scapular and pos-
terior^ scapular veins.—11. Facial vein.—12. Anas-
tomosis with the ophthalmic vein.—13.  Frontal vein.
—14. Occipital vein.—15. Superficial temporal vein.
—16. Axillary vein.—17. Cephalic vein.
Pl.  75.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 17.

  Fig. 1.*—1.  Right auricle of the heart.—2. Vena
cava superior. — 3. Internal mammary  vein  of the
light side. — 4.  Mediastinal vein.—5. Right subcla-
vian vein.—6. Internal jugular.—7. External jugular.
—8. Left subclavian vein.—9. Middle thyroid vein.
—10. Left internal mammary vein.—11. Left inter-
nal jugular.—12. External jugular.—13. Great left
superior intercostal vein. —14 and 15. Branches of
anastomoses between two intercostal veins.—16. Se-
mi-azygos vein.—17. Vena cava inferior. — IS. He-
patic veins.—19.  Common  trunk of the spermatic
veins.—20. Capsular vein. — 21. Renal vein. — 22.
Branch of communication between  a branch of the
renal vein  and the primitive iliac vein.—23 and 24.
Lumbar veins.—25. Primitive iliac vein.—26. Exter-
nal iliac vein.—27.  Internal iliac, or hypogastric vein.
—28 and  29. Lateral sacral veins.—30. Middle sa-
cral vein.
  Fig. 2. — 1.  Superior vena cava. — 2. Vena azy-
gos. — 3.  Great superior intercostal vein of  the left
side.—4 and 5.  Branches which  supply  the place ol
the vena semi-azygos.—6. Terminating  branches of
the vena azygos.—7. Vena cava  abdominalis.—8, 9,
and 10. Intercostal veins, opening, the first into the
vena azygos, the second into the great intercostal
vein of the left side, and the third into the vein which
supplies the place of the vena azygos.
  Fig. 3.  A uterus, intended  to show the sinuses of
the uterus.
♦See diagrammatic cut in Plate No. 77. 
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     3d' tiX'-fi
Fig :i
 
Pl.  76.
              ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 18.

  Fig. 1.  A DIAGRAM OF THE VENOUS SINUSES OF THE
DURA  MATER,  AS  SEEN  ON  A  VERTICAL  SECTION
THROUGH THE CRANIUM.
  1. Superior longitudinal  sinus.—2. Inferior longitu-
dinal sinus.—3.  Straight  sinus, connecting (1)  and (2)
and  receiving  the  venae  Galeni  (11).—4. Torcular
Herophili, where four sinuses meet.—5, 5. Lateral sinus,
pursuing  a curved  irregular course.—6.  Superior pe-
trosal sinus, joining the lateral (5) with the cavernous
sinus (8).—7.  Inferior petrosal sinus, joining the caver-
nous sinus (8) and the jugular vein (9).—8.  Cavernous
sinus.—9.  Internal jugular  vein formed by two sinuses
(5 and 7).—10.  Occipital sinus.—11. Venae  Galeni.—
12.  Vein passing from the  nasal cavity to the superior
longitudinal sinus.—13. Foramen ccecum.
  Fig. 2.  A DIAGRAM OF THE VENOUS SINUSES OF THE
DURA MATER,  AS  SEEN  ON  A  HORIZONTAL  SECTION
THROUGH  THE CRANIUM.
  A.  Anterior fossa of skull.—B.  Middle  fossa.—C.
Posterior  fossa.—F.  S. Frontal  sinus.—1.   Torcular
Herophili.—2,  2.   Lateral  sinuses.—3,  3.   Occipital
sinuses,  enclosing  the foramen  magnum.—4. 4.  Su-
perior petrosal sinuses.—5, 5.  Inferior petrosal sinuses.
—6.  Transverse  sinus.—7, 7. Cavernous sinuses.—8.
Circular sinus.—9,  9.  Opening of internal jugular vein
of either  side.—10. Ophthalmic  vein, communicating
with  the  cavernous sinus.—11, 11. A branch between
the  occipital (3) and  inferior petrosal  sinuses (5).—
12,  12.  Veins passing through the posterior condyloid
foramina to the lateral sinuses. 
PLATE  /6.
Fig. 1.
Fig. u
F S
 
Pl.  77.
               ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 19.

   Fig 1. A DIAGRAM OF THE AZYGOS VEINS AND THE
LARGE  VEINS  OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN  (after
Wilson).
   1. Superior vena cava.—2. Left innominate vein.—3.
Right innominate vein.—4. Right subclavian vein.—5.
Right internal jugular vein.—6. Right external jugular
vein.—7. Right anterior jugular vein.—8. Inferior vena
cava.—9. External iliac vein.—10.  Internal  iliac vein.—
11. Common iliac vein (of the  two sides).—12. Lumbar
veins.—13.  Spermatic vein.—14. Renal vein.—15. Right
vena azygos, arising from the lumbar veins.—16. Hepat-
ic veins, opening into the vena cava.—17. Intercostal
veins, opening into the right vena azygos.—18. Left vena
azygos.—19. A point of origin of  the vena  azygos from
the left renal vein.—20. The left vena azygos,  crossing
to empty into the right vena azygos.—21. The superior
intercostal vein of the left side, communicating  with the
left vena azygos and  opening into the  left innominate
vein.

   Fig.  2.  A  DIAGRAM OF  THE PORTAL VEIN  AND ITS
tributaries  (after Wilson).
  1.  The inferior mesenteric vein; it is traced by means of
dotted lines behind the pancreas (2) to terminate in the
splenic vein (3).—4. The spleen.—5. Gastric  veins, open-
ing into the splenic vein.—6.  The superior mesenteric
vein.—7. The descending portion of the duodenum.—8.
Its transverse portion, which is crossed by  the superior
mesenteric vein and by a part of the  trunk  of the supe-
rior  mesenteric artery.—9.  The portal  vein.—10. The
hepatic artery.—11. The ductus communis choledochus.
—12. The divisions of the duct and vessels at the trans-
verse fissure of the liver.—13.  The cystic duct leading
to the gall-bladder.x
  Fig. 3. A DIAGRAM OF THE THORACIC DUCT, SHOWING
ITS COURSE,  RELATIONS, AND TERMINATION  (after Wil-
son).
  1.  The arch of the aorta.—2. The thoracic aorta.—3.
The  abdominal  aorta ;  showing its  principal branches
divided near their  origin.—4. The arteria innominata,
dividing into the right  carotid and right subclavian ar-
teries.—5. The left carotid.—6. The left subclavian.—7.
The superior cava, formed by the union of 8,the two venae
innominate; and these by the junction, 9, of the internal
jugular and subclavian vein at each side.—10. The great-
er vena azygos.—11.  The termination of the lesser in
the greater vena azygos.—12.  The receptaculum chyti;
several lymphatic trunks are seen opening into it.—13.
The thoracic duct, dividing opposite the middle of the
dorsal vertebrae into two branches which soon reunite;
the course of the duct behind the arch of the aorta and
left subclavian artery is shown by a dotted line.—14.
The duct making its turn at the root of the neck and
receiving several lymphatic  trunks previously to termi-
nating in the posterior aspect of the junction of the in-
ternal jugular and  subclavian vein.—15.  The termina-
tion of the ductus lymphaticus dexter. 
PLAT.E 77-
Fig. i.
Fig. 2.
Fic, 3.
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Pl.  78.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 20.

  Vena  portae.*
  1. Liver.— 2. Gall-bladder, continuous with  the
cystic and hepatic ducts, and the ductus communis
choledochus.—3. Hepatic artery.—4.  Vena cava in-
ferior.—4', 4'. Pancreas divided at the point of union
of its head with the body.—5, 5.  The two lower por-
tions of the duodenum.—6, 6, 6, 6.  Convolutions of
the  small intestines.—7. Ccecum and ascending colon.
—8. Descending colon, sigmoid flexure, and com-
mencement of  the rectum.— 9. Spleen. — 10.  Sto-
mach, turned over.—11, 11. Veins of the small intes-
tine.—12. Right colic vein.—13. Great mesenteric
vein.—14(  14. Splenic vein.—15. Inferior mesente-
ric, opening into the splenic vein.—16. Inferior gastric
vein.—17. Superior gastric vein, opening into, 18. The
trunk of the vena portae.—19. Sinus of the vena por-
tae.—20. Remains of the umbilical vein.—21.  Re-
mains of the ductus venosus, the vessel which in the
fcetus forms a  direct communication between  the
umbilical vein and the vena cava inferior.
* See diagrammatic cut in Plate No. 77.
Pl.  79.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 21.

  Fig. 1.  Foetal circulation.
  1. Foetal surface of the placenta, where the rami-
fications of the umbilical arteries and vein are seen,
covered by the envelopes of the fcetus.—2.  Chorion.
—3. Amnion. — 4. Umbilical cord.—5. Separation
of the vessels of the cord, on entering the abdomen
at the umbilicus, into the two arteries and vein.—-6.
Umbilical vein. — 7. Anastomosis of the umbilical
vein with the sinus of the vena portae.—8. Trunk of
the vena portae. — 9.  Ductus  venosus.—10. Anasto-
mosis of the ductus venosus with the vena cava infe-
rior.—11. Vena cava inferior above the diaphragm.
—12. Right auricle of the heart.—13. Right ventri-
cle.—14. Ascending portion of the aorta.—15. Vena
cava superior.—16. Pulmonary artery.—17. Branch
of the pulmonary artery, divided.—18. Ductus arte-
riosus.—19. Descending aorta.—20. Abdominal por-
tion of the aorta.—21,21.  Primitive iliac arteries.—
22, 22. Umbilical arteries, which form in the fcetus
a continuation of the internal iliacs.
   Fig. 2. Heart and principal blood-vessels.
   Right auricle opened.
   1. Vena cava inferior.—2. Eustachian valve.—3.
Foramen of Botal, or foramen ovale, which forms a
communication in the fcetus between the two auricles.
—4. Vena cava superior. — 5.- Ventricles.—6. Pul-
monary artery.—7. Ductus arteriosus.—8.  Aorta.
   Fig. 3. Thymus oland. 
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Fig. 2
 
Pl.  80.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 22.

  Fig. 1.  The posterior superficial spinal veins.
  1. A posterior costo-transverse ligament.—2.  An
external intercostal muscle.—3. A dorsal vein, anas-
tomosing with those which are above and below, and
with those of the opposite side, to form a net-work,
which extends the entire length of the vertebral col-
umn.
  Fig. 2. The anterior internal spinal veins.
  This is a view of the posterior surface of the body
of the vertebrae.  The posterior half of the vertebral
canal is removed.
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1. Anterior longitudinal sinuses.—2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2. Anterior transverse sinuses.—3, 3, 3.
External veins, communicating with the internal veins
of the vertebral canal.
  Fig. 3. Posterior internal  spinal veins.
  The anterior half of the vertebral canal is removed.
  1, 1, 1, 1. 1, 1. Posterior longitudinal sinuses.—2.
2, 2, 2, 2, 2. Posterior transverse  sinuses.—-3, 3, 3.
Intercostal veins, communicating with  the  internal
veins of the vertebral canal.
                    PL  81.

            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 23.

  Fig. 1.—1. Internal  saphenous vein.—2.  Super-
ficial epigastric vein.—3.  Dorsal vein of the penis.—
4.  Large branch of the saphenous  vein.
  Fig. 2.—1. Internal saphenous vein,on the internal
side of the leg.—2.  Internal saphenous vein, on the
dorsum of the foot.
  Fig. 3.  Venous arch resulting  from the anastomo-
sis of the two saphense.
  Fig. 4.—1. External saphenous vein.—2.  Internal
saphenous. 
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Pl.  82.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 24.

  Fig. 1.  Sinuses of the  falx cerebri.
  1. Superior longitudinal  sinus.—2. Inferior longi-
tudinal sinus. —3. Straight sinus.—4. Vena Galeni.
—5. Torcular Herophili.
  Fig. 2.  Sinuses at the base of  the cranium.
  1. Opening of the superior longitudinal sinus into
the torcular°Herophili. — 2.  Horizontal portion of
the lateral sinus.—3. Oblique portion.—4. Sinus of
the internal jugular vein, where the inferior petrosal
sinus opens into it.—5.  Superior petrosal sinus.—6.
Cavernous sinus.—7.  Transverse sinus. — 8. Coro-
nary sinus.
  Fig. 3.  Torcular Herophili opened from be-
hind.
  1. Superior longitudinal sinus.—2. Orifice of the
straight sinus.—3, 3. Orifices of the  occipital sinus-
es.—4, 4. Lateral sinuses.
   Fig. i. Parietal bone where the  external table has
been removed to  show the long sinuses, or venous
.janals.
   Figs. 5 and 6. Os brachii and ulna, sawn for the
same purpose.
   Fig. 7. Sinus  of the vertebrae.
   Body of the vertebra is  sawn transversely.
   1, 1, 1,  1.  Longitudinal sinuses laid open.—2. An-
terior transverse sinus, into which a sinus of the body
of the vertebra opens. —3. Posterior transverse si-
nus.— 4( 4.  Lateral transverse sinuses. — 5, 5. Ex-
ternal veins communicating with the vertebral si-
nuses.
                    Pl. 83.

            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 25.

the posterior deep lymphatic ganglia, and ves-
         sels of the lower  extremity.

  Fig. 1. — 1. Posterior tibial vein. — 2. Peroneal
vein.—3. Popliteal vein.—4, 4. Posterior tibial lym-
phatic vessels.—5. Peroneal lymphatic vessel.—6, 6,
6.  Popliteal lymphatic ganglia and vessels.
  Fig. 2. The superficial muscles on the posterior
part of the thigh and hip are removed.
  1,  1. Popliteal lymphatic ganglia and vessels.—2,
2.  Deep lymphatic  vessels. — 3.  Sciatic lymphatic
ganglia  and vessels.—4. Gluteal lymphatic  ganglia
and vessels. 
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Pl. 84.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 26.

 THE ANTERIOR DEEP LYMPHATIC GLANDS, AND VES-
         SELS OF  THE LOWER EXTREMITY

  Fig. 1.—1. Anterior tibial vein.—2, 2. Deep lym-
phatic vessels.—3. Anterior tibial ganglion.—4. Su-
perficial lymphatic vessels of the thigh.
  Fig. 2. — L Femoral vein. — 2. Vena profunda
femoris.—3.  External iliac vein.—4. Internal iliac,
or hypogastric vein.—5. Vena  cava inferior, or ab-
d°mmal_vena cava-~ 6>6- DeeP lymphatic vessels of
the thigh.—7. Deep inguinal ganglia.—8. External
iliac lymphatic ganglia and vessels.—9. Internal iliac
lymphatic ganglia and  vessels.—10. Lumbar lym-
phatic ganglia and vessels.
Pl. 85.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 27.

  Fig. 1. Lymphatic vessels of the foot.
  A great many take their origin on  the dorsal sur-
face, and accompany the internal saphena vein.
  Fig. 2. Superficial lymphatic vessels of the
lower extremity,  and lower half of the  ab-
dominal WALLS.
  1. Superficial lymphatic vessels of the lower ex-
tremity, which accompany the internal saphena vein.
—2. Inguinal lymphatic glands.—3. Lymphatic ves-
sels of the  lower half of the abdominal walls. — 4
Lymphatic vessels of the scrotum and penis.
  Fig. 3. Superficial lymphatic  vessels of the
POSTERIOR PART OF THE LEG.
  They accompany  the external saphena vein in
great numbers.

  Fig. 4. Superficial lymphatic  vessels of the
UPPER PART OF THE  THIGH, HIP,  AND  LOINS. 
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fig. 2

 
Pl.  86.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 28.

 LYMPHATIC GANGLIA AND VESSELS OF THE ABDOM-
                  INAL VISCERA.

  1, 1.  Lymphatic vessels of the small intestines,
called the lacteal or chyliferous vessels.—2,  2. Me-
senteric ganglia. —3,  3. Lymphatic vessels of the
large intestines.—4, 4. Mesocolic ganglia.—5. Com-
mon lacteal vessel opening into the thoracic duct.__
6. A lymphatic vessel of the spleen.—7. A lymphatic
vessel of the pancreas.—8, S. Lymphatic vessels of
the  inferior surface of  the liver.
Pl. 87.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 29.

  Fig. 1. Superficial lymphatic vessels of the
UPPER EXTREMITY.
  1. One of the superficial veins of the fore-arm.—
2, 2. Superficial lymphatic vessels of the fore-arm
and arm.—3. Lymphatic ganglia of the axilla.
  Fig. 2. Deep lymphatic vessels  and ganglia
OF THE UPPER  EXTREMITY.
  1, 1, 1. Deep veins of the fore-arm.—2. Lymphat-
ic vessels which accompany them. — 3. Lymphatic
ganglia at the bend of the arm.—4, 4. Brachial veins.
—5, 5. Lymphatic vessels which accompany them.—
6. One of the ganglia situated in the course of these
vessels.—7.  Axillary ganglia. 
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Pl. 88.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 30.

              THORACIC DUCT,* &C.

  1. Vena cava superior.—2. Vena azygos.—3. Tho-
racic duct.—4. Part of the hypogastric plexus, com-
posed of vessels and ganglia.—5. External iliac plex-
us.—6.  Lumbar plexus.—7. Commencement of the
thoracic duct, generally called the receptaculum chyli,
or the reservoir of Pecquet.—8. Common centre of
the lacteals, opening into the thoracic duct.—9, 9. In-
tercostal lymphatic vessels.—10, 10. Deep lymphatic
vessels of the lungs.—11. Thoracic duct, opening into
the left  subclavian vein.—12. Great lymphatic vein,
opening into the right  subclavian vein.
* See diagrammatic cut in Plate No. 77.
Pl. 89.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 31.

LYMPHATIC VESSELS OF  THE THORACIC AND ABDOM-
                 INAL  VISCERA.

  1. Lymphatic ganglia and vessels  of  the  lower
part of the trachea.—2.  Heart and its lymphatic ves-
sels.—3, 3. Lungs and the superficial lymphatic ves-
sels.— 4.  Liver and lymphatic vessels of its  upper
surface.—5. Stomach and  lymphatic vessels  of its
upper surface.—6. Lumbar lymphatic ganglia and
vessels.—7. Uterus and  its lymphatic vessels.—8, 8.
Ovaries, broad ligaments, and their lymphatic vessels. 
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Pl. 90.
            ANGEIOLOGY, Pl. 32.

LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND GANGLIA OF  THE AXILLA,
                HEAD, AND  NECK.

  1. Primitive  carotid artery.—2.  Internal jugulai
vein.—3. External jugular vein.—4. Axillary artery.
—5. Axillary vein.—6. One of the lymphatic vessels
of the thoracic parietes.—7.  Lymphatic ganglia and
vessels of the axilla.—8, 8, 8. Superficial lymphatic
vessels of the cranium.—9, 9, 9. Superficial lymphat-
ic vessels of the face.—10. Parotid ganglia.—11.
Submaxillary ganglia.—12, 12. Lymphatic  ganglia
of the neck.
Pl.  91.
             NEUROLOGY, Pl. 1.

  Fig. 1. Corpus callosum.
  The cerebrum is cut horizontally, on a level with
the upper surface of the corpus callosum on the left
side, a little below it on the right.
  1. The white or medullary substance is separated
from the corpus callosum and turned back.—2. Cen-
trum ovale of Vieussens, formed by the upper surface
of the corpus callosum, and by the  mass  of white
substance in each hemisphere.—3. Corpus callosum.
—4. Raphe of the corpus callosum, or longitudinal
tracts.
  Fig. 2. Fornix,  &c.
  The corpus callosum is removed.
  1. Reflected portion of the corpus callosum. — 2.
Lamina of the septum lucidum, divided, forming the
fifth ventricle.—3.  Fornix.—3'. Foramen of Monro,
by which the choroid  plexus of the lateral ventricles
oecomes continuous with that of the pia mater lining
the third ventricle.—4. Choroid  plexus.—5.  Poste-
rior extremity of the corpus callosum. — 6.  Digital
cavity. — 7. Hippocampus  minor.—8.  Corpus stria-
tum.—9. Taenia semicircularis.—10. Thalamus ner-
 vi optici. 
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PL  92.
             NEUROLOGY, Pl. 2.

  Fig. 1. Brain {upper surface).
  1. Great fissure of  the  brain.—2.  Right  hemi-
sphere.—3.  A simple convolution. *—4. A compound
convolution. — 5.  A  simple   anfractuosity.f—6.  A
compound anfractuosity.
  Fig. 2. Cerebrum, cerebellum, nodus  cerebri,
AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
  1. Commencement of the longitudinal fissure.—2.
Anterior lobe. — 3. Fissure of Sylvius.—4. Middle
lobe.—5. Commissure of the optic nerves.—6. Tu-
ber cinereum and infundibulum.—7. Corpora mam-
miliaria.— 8. Crura cerebri, called the anterior pro-
longation of the nodus cerebri.—9. Pons Varolii.—
10.  Cerebellum.—11. Termination of  the lobules of
the superior surface.—12. Lobulus nervi  pneumo-
gastrici.—13. Lower vermiform process.— 14. Cor-
pus pyramidale.—15. Corpus olivare.—16. Corpus
restiforme.—17. Olfactory  nerve.—18. Optic nerve.
—19. Third pair of nerves, or motores oculorum.—
20. Fourth  pair of nerves, or pathetici.—21. Fifth
pair, or trigemini.—22. Sixth pair, or abducentes.—
23. Seventh pair,  composed of the facial and audi-
tory nerve, the seventh and eighth of modern anato-
mists.— 23'. Glosso-pharyngeal and pneumo-gastric
nerves.—24. Spinal accessory. — 25.  Hypo-glossal
nerve.
          * A convolution is often called a " gyrus."
          t Often called a "sulcus."
Pl. 93.
             NEUROLOGY, Pl. 3.

  Fig. 1.  Dura Mater.
  The cranium opened by a vertical and a horizontal
section.*
  1. Falx cerebri. — 2. Superior longitudinal sinus.
—3. Inferior longitudinal sinus. — 4. Straight sinus.
—5. Confluence of the sinuses, the torcular  Hero-
phili.—6.  Tentorium cerebelli.—7.  Right side of the
small circumference of the tentorium cerebelli. — 8.
Left side of the same circumference. — 9. Termina-
tion of this circumference at the anterior clinoid pro-
cess.— io. Termination of the great circumference
at the posterior clinoid process.
  Fig. 2. Dura mater.
  The tentorium  cerebelli  is removed on the right
side.
  1.  Falx cerebri.—2. Superior longitudinal sinus,
opened. — 3.  Torcular Herophili. — 4. Left side of
the tentorium cerebelli.—5. Falx cerebelli.
          * See diagrammatic cuts on Plate No. 76. 
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Pl.  94.
                NEUROLOGY, Pl. 4.

  Fig. 1. Third  and fifth ventricles.   Upper portion op
THE LATERAL VENTRICLES. UPPER SURFACE OF THE CEREBELLUM.
  1. The two laminae of the septum lucidum, which enclose a
space, the fifth ventricle, or ventricle of Cuvier.—2. The pedi-
cles of the anterior pillar of the fornix, divided and turned
over.—3.  Anterior commissure.—4. Commissura  mollis.—5.
Third ventricle.—6. Posterior commissure.—7. Pineal gland
and its pedicles.—8. Tuberculaquadrigemina.—9. Corpus stri
atum.—10. Lamina cornea of the taenia semicircularis.—11.
Taenia semicircularis.—12. Thalamus nervi optici—13. Upper
surface of the cerebellum.—14. Superior  vermiform process.

  Fig. 2. Vertical section op the brain in the median line.
  1. Corpus callosum.—2. Peduncle of the corpus callosum.—
3. Great convolution of the cerebrum, overlapping the corpus
callosum, and forming what is sometimes called the labium
corporis callosi.—4. Septum lucidum.—5.  Anterior commis-
sure._6. Fornix.—7.  Foramen of Monro—8. Commissura
mollis.—9. Thalamus nervi optici.—10. Pineal gland, and its
anterior and posterior  prolongations.—11. Tubercula quadn-
gemina —12. A deep anfractuosity, which separates the pos-
terior lobe from the middle.*—13. Valve  of Vieussens.—14.
Lineuetta laminosa.-15. Arbor vitas.—16. Fourth ventricle.—
17 Lamina at the base of the fourth ventricle.—18. Posterior
cord of the spinal marrow.—19. Anteroposterior fibres of the
anterior pyramids.—20. Nodus  cerebri.+—21. Cerebral pro-
longation of the  nodus cerebri.—22. Aqueduct of Sylvius.—
23  Mammillary  eminence.—24. Tuber  cinereum.—25. Pitui-
tary body and infundibulum.— 26. Commissure of the optic
nerves.—27. Lamina which closes  the third ventricle in front.
* The calcarine fissure.         t Called also the pons Varolii.
Pl.  95.
             NEUROLOGY, Pl. 5.

  Fig. 1. Brain studied from  below upward.
  The middle lobes of the cerebrum are removed.
  1. Olfactory nerve.—2.  Anterior perforated sub
stance. — 3.  White substance lying in contact with
the lower part of the corpus striatum ;  below this is
found the group of convolutions which correspond
to  the  cornu  ammonis  and  pes accessorius. — 4.
Group of convolutions which correspond to the low-
er portion of the corpus striatum. — 5, 5.  Great  an
fractuosity which terminates them.—6. Optic nerve.
__7. Crus cerebri.—8. Fasciculus traversing the  no-
dus cerebri, and becoming continuous with the crus
cerebri.—9. Corpus pyramidale. —10. Crossing of
these bodies.—11. Tuber cinereum, continuous above
with the commissure of the optic nerves.—12. Low-
er  portion  of the corpus striatum.— 13. Posterior
perforated substance. —14. Origin of the fifth pair
cf  nerves.
   Fig. 2. Velum interpositum and choroid plexus.
   1. Velum interpositum.—2, 2. Choroid plexus of
the lateral ventricles.—3, 3.  Choroid plexus of the
inferior surface  of the velum interpositum.—4. Pin-
eal gland.
    Fig. 3. Corpus  callosum.—fornix.
    1.  Corpus callosum.—2. Anterior commissure —
 3.  Fornix.—4.  One of  the divisions  of the  anterior
 pillar.— 5. Lyra. — 6.  Posterior extremity of the
 corpus callosum.—7. Corau ammonis, cut.—8.  Di-
 gital cavity.—9.  Hippocampus minor. 
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Pl.  96.
                   NEUROLOGY, Pl. 6.

  Fig. 1.  Transverse section of the cerebrum in front ov
THE ANTERIOR COMMISSURE.
  The anterior lobes are removed.
  1.  Commissure of the  optic  nerves.—2.  Lamina which
closes the third ventricle in front.—3. Anterior commissure,
traced into the substance of the corpus striatum.—4. Anterioi
part  of the fornix.—5.  Remains of the septum lucidum.—6.
Corpus callosum.—7. Space between the upper surface of the
corpus callosum and the reflected portion of the hemispheres.
—8.  Choroid plexus.—9. Upper  portion, and, 10.  Lower por-
tion of the corpus striatum, separated by the inner capsule.—
11. Continuity of the crus cerebri with  the white substance
of the corresponding hemisphere of the cerebrum.—12. Fissure
of Sylvius.
  Fig* 2.  Transverse  section of the cerebrum on a line
WITH THE  COMMISSURA MOLLIS.
  The posterior part of the brain is removed.
  1.  Pituitary body.—2. Infundibulum.—3. Mammillary emi-
nences.—4. Third ventricle.—5. Commissura mollis.—6. Fifth
ventricle.—7. Corpus callosum.—8. Lateral portion of the for-
nix.—9.  Choroid plexus. —10. Thalamus  nervi optici.— 11.
Upper portion, and, 12. Lower portion of the corpus striatum.
—13. Section of the crus cerebri and optic nerve.—14. Group
comprehending  the  corpus fimbriatum, the cornu  ammonis,
and the fascia dentata.

  Fig. 3.  Transverse section of the cerebrum  before the
ANTERIOR  COMMISSURE.
  The posterior part of the brain is removed.
  1.  Reflected portion of the corpus callosum.—2. Fifth ven-
tricle.—3. Corpus callosum.—4.  Continuity of the corpus cal-
losum with the crus cerebri, which divides the gray substance
of the corpus striatum  into two portions.—5.  White central
portion of the hemisphere and  its prolongations.

  Fig. 4.  Vertical  section of the right lobe of the cere-
bellum, TO SHOW THE ARBOR VIT^E.
  1. White central spot,  or trunk  of the arbor vitae.—2. Corpus
rhomboideum.—3, 3, 3.  Branches and ramifications of the ar-
bor vita.
Pl.  97.
                   NEUROLOGY, Pl. 7.

  Fig. 1. Cerebellum.
  The lobules of its upper surface are removed.          .
  1 Communication between the third and fourth ventricle.—.*.
Posterior commissure.—3. Tubercula quadngemina. — 4. Process
of the inferior tuberculum quadrigeminum.—5. Processus a cere-
hello ad testes. —6. Commissure of the valve of Vieussens —7
Fourth pnir of nerves.-8. Valve of Vieussens—9. Liiiguetta lami-
nosa which covers it in part.—10  Central white substance of the
cerebellum.—11. Lobe of  the circumference.

  Fig. 2. Cerebellum.
  The central white substance  is removed as far as  the  corpus
rhomboideum, and the ventricle is laid open.
  1. Processus a cerebello ad testes: the fibres of the two processes
are seen to form  a commissure beneath the tubercula quadrigemi-
na.—2. Valve of Vieussens divided, and its two laminae displayed.—
3  Free extremity of the  lower vermiform process in the fourth ven-
tricle.—4.  Lobule of the medulla oblongata.---5. Corpus rhomboi-
deum.—6.  Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle.—7. Interior of
this ventricle.
  Fig. 3. View of the Ventricles.
   The parts are separated.
  1. Fifth  ventricle.—2.  Anterior pillar  of the fornix, divided into
two pedicles: the fissure which these pedicles leave between them
is called the valve.—3. Anterior commissure.—4. Infundibulum.—
5. Third ventricle.—6. Aqueduct of Sylvius, or, as it is frequently
named, the iter a tertio ad quartern ventriculum.—7.  Fourth ventricle.
—8. Calamus scriptorius.

  Fig. 4. Anterior wall of the fourth ventricle.
  1. Roots of the auditory nerve.—2. Lamina cornea of the fourth
ventricle.—3. Mammillary projection which bounds this ventricle.

  Fig. 5. Posterior part of the thalamus nervi optici, and
the corpus callosum viewed in profile.
   1. Tenia semicircularis.—2. Posterior extremity of the thalamus
nervi  optici.—3.  Corpus geniculatum externum.—4.  Small white
cord arising from the thalamus.—5. Corpus geniculatum internum.
—6. Tubercle situated in the neighbourhood of the corpora genicu-
lata.—7. Tubercula quadrigemina.—8. Fourth pair of nerves.—9.
Crus cerebri.—10. Crus cerebelli, cut. —11. Corpus restiforme.—
12. Lateral bundle of the isthmus.

  Fig. 6. The fibres of the pons Varolii are cut to show the continuity
of the  lateral fasciculus of the pons Varolii with the fibres of the
spinal marrow.
  1. Corpus Olivare.—2. Lateral fasciculus of the pons Varolii. 
Pl. 96.


P1.97.
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Pl. 98.
                    NEUROLOGY, Pl. 8.
   Fig. 1. Anterior surface of the nodus cerebri and sriNAi
 MARROW.—DURA MATER, LIGAMENTUM DENTICULATUM, &C
   1. Dura mater.—2. Ligamentum dcnticulatum.—3,3,3. Tooth-like
 processes.—4. One  of the spinal nerves.—5. Hypo-glossal  nerve.—
 G. Eighth pair of the old anatomists: glossopharyngeal, pneumo-
 gastric, and spinal accessory.—7. Seventh pair:  facial and auditory.
 —8. Fifth pair.—9. Sixth pair.—10. Third pair.—] 1. Bundle  of lower
 spinal nerves, forming the cauda equina.—12. Lumbar, or lower en-
 largement of the spinal marrow.—13. Middle,  or cervical  enlarge-
 ment.—14.  Upper, or occipital enlargement.—15. Anterior median
 groove.—16. Antero-lateral groove.—17. Corpus olivare.—18.  Cor-
 pus pyramidale.—19. Nodus cerebri.—20. Crura cerebri.
   Fig. 2. Spinal marrow on a larger scale.
   1. Dura mater.—2. Ligamentum denticulatum.—3. Anterior root
 of a spinal nerve, divided.—4.  Anterior root.—5. Posterior root and
 ganglion.—6. Anterior groove.—7. Antero-lateral groove.
   Fig. 3. Posterior surface of the spinal  marrow, &c.
   1. Posterior furrow.—2.  Calamus scriptorius.—3. Posterior col-
 umn of the spinal marrow.—4. Division of the posterior column by
 a groove.—5. Mammillary enlargements of the posterior column.-—
 6. Corpus restiforme.
   Fig. 4. Structure of the medulla oblongata.
   1. Anterior pillar of the spinal marrow, divided into two portions,
 which surround the corpus olivare, and which reunite beyond it.—
 2. Lateral column, divided  into two portions, one of which passes
 behind the corpus olivare, the other passes behind the anterior col-
 umn to interlace with a similar portion of the opposite side.—3. In-
 terlacement.—4. Posterior fibres coming to the corpus olivare from
 the anterior and lateral pillars.—5, 5.  Corpora pyramidalia, resulting
 from the crossing  of fibres, and from fibres from the anterior pillars.
 —6, 6. Fasciculi formed by the union of the anterior and posterior
 columns of the spinal marrow, continuous with, 7, 7.  The crura
 cerebri.
  Fig. 5. Vertical section of the corpora olivaria.
  1.  Outer layer of the corpus olivare.—2. Corpus dentatum.—3.
 Central nucleus.
  Fig. 6. Vertical section of the  nodus cerebri and medulla
 oblongata.
  1.  Longitudinal fibres, separated from each other in the substance
 of the nodus cerebri.—2. White cord, which seems to proceed from
 the corpus olivare.—3. Black substance of the crus cerebri.
  Fig. 7, 8, 9. Sections of the spinal marrow below the me.
dulla oblongata.
  Fig. 10. Section on a level with the decussation.
  Fig. 11. Section of the middle  part of the medulla  ob-
longata.
  Fig. 12. Section at the  union of nodus cerebri and medul-
la oblongata.
Pl.  99.
                   NEUROLOGY, Pl. 9.

   1.  Corpus callosum, turned aside.—2. White line, situated
 at the union of the corpus callosum with the radiating fibres
 of the crura cerebri,  on the outside of the corpora striata.—
 3, 3.  Lamina of the septum lucidum, enclosing a fissure called
 the fifth ventricle.—4. Anterior commissure.—5. Pedicles of
 the fornix, cut.—6. Commissura mollis.—7. Third ventricle.—
 8. Pineal gland, turned aside  to bring into view, 9. Its proper
 commissure.—10. The posterior commissure of the brain.—
 11. Tubercula quadrigemina,  eminences named the nates  and
 testes.—12. Prolongation of the superior  tuberculum quad-
 rigeminum, cut, passing beneath the white external layer of
 the thalamus nervi optici.  The upper portion of the thalamus
 nervi optici is removed.—13.  Tubercle, from which arise  the
 fibres subjacent to the above-named prolongation—14. White
 external lamina of the thalamus  nervi  optici.—15. Anterior
 pedicle  of the pineal gland.—16.  Taenia semicircularis.—17.
 Corpus striatum, the upper part of which  is cut off and re-
 moved.—18. White fibres of  the crus cerebri, traversing  the
 corpus striatum.

   Fig. 2. Inferior and  posterior portions of the lateral
 ventricles.
   1. Cornu ammonis, or pes Hippocampi. — 2.  Its eminence.
 —3. Corpus fimbriatum.—4. Hippocampus  minor and  digital
 cavity.

   Fig. 3.—1. Corpus fimbriatum, turned outward.—2. Fascia
 dentata.

   Fig. 4. Nodus cerebri and  medulla oblongata.
   1. Nodus cerebri.—2, 2. Crura  cerebri.—3, 3. Crura cere-
 belli.—4. Fifth pair of nerves.—5.  Fibres of the nodus cerebri,
 passing in various directions.—6. Corpus pyramidale.—7. Cor-
 pus olivare.—8. Processus arciformes.

  Fig. 5. Nodus cerebri, the superficial fibres of which
 ARE REMOVED.
  The deep white fibres are seen intimately blended with the
gray substance, and forming a sort of raphe.

  Fig. 6.—1. Crus cerebri, divided, and passing beneath the
thalamus nervi  optici. — 2.  Posterior part  of the thalamus
nervi optici, continuous with, 3.  The optic nerve.—4, 4, 4.
Radiating crown of Reil. The upper part of the corpus stri>
atum is removed. 
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                      Pl. 100.
   Fig.  1.  A DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE COURSE OP  THE
 LARGE AND SMALL PETROSAL AND VIDIAN  NERVES.
   A.  Otic ganglion.—B. Meckel's ganglion.—C.  An-
 terior  surface of the petrous  portion of the temporal
 bone.—D.  The apex of the petrous portion, where the
 internal carotid artery  enters  the  cavity of the  cra-
 nium.—E.  The base of  the petrous portion, where the
 external auditory canal enters it,  and to which the
 pinna is attached.—F. The superior border of the pe-
 trous portion, which separates the middle and posterior
 fossa? of the interior of the cranium.
   1. The facial nerve entering the internal auditory
 canal on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of
 the temporal bone—as shown by the line being dotted.
 —2. The nerve following the  curve of the aqueduct of
 Fallopius within  the  temporal  bone.—3.  The  nerve
 escaping from the base of the skull,  and the temporal
 bone as well, by means of the  stylo-mastoid foramen.—
 4.  The large petrosal nerve, arising from the fa-
 cial nerve within  the aqueduct of Fallopius, escaping
 into the cavity of the cranium by means of the  hiatus
 Fallopii (at 4), then leaving the cranial  cavity by the
 foramen basis cranii (foramen  lacerum medium)  (at C),
 then entering the  Vidian  canal (9), in company with a
 filament from the  carotid plexus (8), to form the Vidian
 nerve (10), and,  finally,  terminating  in  Meckel's gan-
 glion  (B).—5.  The  small petrosal  nerve,  arising
 from the  facial nerve in the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius,
 then entering the cavity of the cranium  through the
 foramen for the small  petrosal nerve (at 5), then leaving
 the cranial  cavity by the foramen ovale (7), and going to
 the otic ganglion (A).—6. The foramen lacerum medium.
 —7. The foramen ovale.—8. The carotid filament, which
 helps to form the Vidian nerve (10).—9. The Vidian
 canal.—10.  The  Vidian  nerve,  formed  by the large
 petrosal nerve and a filament from the carotid plexus.
  Fig.  2. A diagram  to snow the general course
 of the motor and sensory nerve-fibres within  the
 cerebrum,  crus. AND pons varolii (after Seguin).
  P. Parietal lobe of cerebrum.—F.  Frontal lobe of
 cerebrum.—M. Motor fibres.—T.  Temporo-sphenoidal
 lobe of  cerebrum.—O.  Occipital lobe of cerebrum.—S.
 Sensory fibres (dotted).—C. Q.  Corpora quadrigemina.
—O. T. Optic thalamus.—N. L.—Nucleus lenticnlaris
(a part of the corpus striatum).—N.  C. Nucleus cauda-
tus  (the part  of the corpus striatum  seen on the floo_
of the lateral ventricle of the brain).—1.  The sensory
portion of the medulla, pons Varolii, and crus cerebri
(the fibres of the tegmentum cruris).—2. The motor
portion of the same (the fibres of the basis cruris).
  This drawing shows the general distribution of the sen-
sory fibres to the occipital and temporo-sphenoidal, and of
the motor fibres to the parietal and frontal lobes. It also il-
lustrates the general relation of both the motor and senso-
ry fibres of the cerebrum to the basal ganglia (optic thala-
mi and corpora striata) and to the corpora  quadrigemina.
  Fig. 3. A diagram to show the relation of the
OPTIC  NERVE TO  THE OPHTHALMIC  ARTERY  IN  THE
OPTIC FORAMEN.
  N.  Optic nerve.—N. Ophthalmic artery.
  Fig. 4. A  DIAGRAM TO  SHOW THE DECUSSATION OF
MOTOR  NERVE-FIBRES IN  THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
(after Seguin).
  P. V.  Pons Varolii.—M. O. Medulla oblongata.—
O. Olivary body.—A.  P. Anterior pyramid of the me-
dulla oblongata.—S. C.  Spinal cord.—D. The point of
decussation of the motor fibres of the medulla oblongata.
  In this diagram,  the fact is shown that some of the
fibres of  the anterior pyramid, occasionally, do  not
decussate,  but pass  directly  down  the spinal  cord.
These  fibres  comprise the so-called  " direct bundle."
The fibres which do decussate are called, in  contradis-
tinction  to the  direct bundle,  the " crossed bundle."
The relative  proportion  of the size of these two  bun-
dles (crossed and  direct)  vary very much in different
individuals.   The experiments of Flechsig have demon-
strated  that, while  the direct  bundle may possibly be
absent, it may sometimes exceed in size the crossed  bun-
dle.  This variation is important as tending  to explain
the occurrence of those rare cases of  hemiplegia upon
the same side as the exciting lesion within the  cerebrum.
  Fig. 5. A  DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE  GENERAL
COURSE OF THE  MOTOR  AND SENSORY FIBRES OF  THE
spinal cord  (after Brown-SSquard).
  M. Motor fibres.—S. Sensory fibres.—D. Point of de-
cussation of the motor fibres in the medulla oblongata.
This diagram shows that the motor fibres  decussate  only
in the medulla oblongata, while the sensory fibres decus-
sate at their point of attachment to the spinal cord.  The
ganglion on the sensory fibres is also shown.
  Fig. 6.  A DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE RELATION OF  THE
OPTIC NERVE  TO BLOOD-VESSELS WITHIN THE ORBIT.
  The  nerve  is seen to  be surrounded  by the ciliary
aTteries.   In  the center of the nerve is seen the arteria
centralis  retinae. 
T>LATE  100.
Fig.  i.
Fig.
Fig. 3.
NASAL SIDE
 OF OPTIC
 FORAMEN.
OPTIC NERVE.
OPHTHALMIC
       ARTERY.
Fig. 4
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MEDULLA   | 
Pl. 101.
            NEUROLOGY, Pl.  11.

  Fig. 1. The  internal part of the thalamus nervi
optici is scraped off and removed.
  1. A  fasciculus of increase from the medulla ob-
longata, to become blended in the thalamus nervi op-
tici.—2. Crus cerebri.—3. Mammillary eminence, by
pursuing a curved direction, becoming continuous
with the thalamus nervi optici.—4. Pedicle of the
anterior pillar of the fornix, continuous with the mam-
millary  eminence. — 5. Anterior commissure. — 6.
Corpus callosum.—7. Septum lucidum, divided.—8.
Corpus striatum.—9. Taenia semicircularis.—10. Up-
per part of the thalamus nervi optici.— 11. Pineal
gland and its two prolongations. — 12.  Tubercular
quadrigemina.—13. Valve of Vieussens.—14. Fourth
ventricle.
  Fig. 2. Lateral ventricles of the cerebrum.
  1. Upper portion of a lateral ventricle. — 2.  Pos-
terior portion, or digital cavity. — 3. Hippocampus
minor.—4. Lower portion. — 5.  Cornu  ammonis.—
6. Plexus choroides.—7. Corpus fimbriatum.
  Fig. 3. Lower surface of the cerebellum.
  1. Upper vermiform process. — 2. Lower vermi-
form process.—3. Lobule of the medulla oblongata,
or  amygdala. — 4.  Lobule of the pneumo-gastric
nerve. — 5, 5. Other lobules. — 6, 6. Lobules of the
circumference.
   Fig. 4. Medulla oblongata turned upward.
   1,1. Auditory nerves.—2, 2. Lobules of the pneu-
mo-gastric nerves. — 3.  Lower  vermiform process.
—4, 4. Valves  of Tharin.
Pl.  102.
            NEUROLOGY, Pl.  12.

       cervical plexus, superficial portion*

  1. Temporal branch of the fifth pair.—2.  Poste-
rior branch of the second cervical nerve.—3. Inferior
branch of the facial nerve.—4. Auricular branch of
the cervical plexus.—5. Great mastoid branch.—6
Small mastoid branch.—7. Other posterior recurrent
branches. — 8. Spinal accessory nerve. — 9.  Supra-
acromial branch.—10. Supra-clavicular branch.—11.
Middle  cervical branch. — 12.  Superficialis colli.—
13. Anastomoses of the cervical plexus with the fa-
cial nerve 
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Pl.  103.
              NEUROLOGY, Pl.  13.

 DEEP  PORTION OF THE CERVICAL  PLEXUS, AND THE
                   BRACHIAL PLEXUS.
   The thorax is laid open on the right side.
   1. Facial nerve.—2. Pneumo-gastric nerve.—3. In
 ternal carotid artery.—4.  Spinal accessory nerve.—
 5. Anastomoses  of the spinal accessory nerve with
 the cervical plexus.—6. Hypo-glossal nerve, dividing
 into the hypo-glossal nerve proper and  the descen-
 deris duodecimi. — 7.  Anterior branch  of the first
 cervical nerve,  anastomosing with the  hypo-glossal
 nerve and with the pneumo-gastric.—8. Descending
 cervical branch of the cervical  plexus,  anastomosing
 with the corresponding branch of the hypo-glossal.—
 9. Phrenic  nerve.—10, 10. Deep cervical branches
 of the cervical plexus.— 11. Brachial plexus. — 12.
 Branch  to the subclavius muscle, sending a filament
 to the phrenic nerve.—13. Anterior thoracic branch-
 es. —14. Lateral thoracic branch, or the branch of
 the serratus magnus. —15, 16,  and 17.  Subscapular
 branches going to the  subscapularis, latissimus dorsi,
 and  teres major muscles. — 18.  Axillary artery, sur-
rounded by a sort of sheath formed by  branches go-
 ing tc the arm.—19. Brachial branches.
Pl.  104.
                 NEUROLOGY, Pl. 14.

  Fig. 1. Facial nerve after it has emerged from the aque-
duct op Fallopius, &c.
  1.  Posterior branch  of the second cervical nerve.—2, 2.
Mastoid  branches  of the cervical plexus.— 3. Trunk of the
cervical plexus, giving  origin to one of the mastoid branches
of the cervical plexus, to the auricular, and  middle cervical
branch.—4. Malar filament of the orbital branch of the superior
maxillary nerve.—5. Infra-orbital nerves.—6. Frontal branch
of the fifth pair.—7. Twig from the lachrymal branch.—8. Buc-
cal branch of the inferior maxillary nerve.—9.  Superficial tem-
poral branch of the same nerve.—10. Mental branch of the
dental nerve.—11. Hypo-glossal nerve.—12. Trunk of the fa-
cial nerve, giving  off the posterior auricular twig, a twig to
the posterior belly  of the digastric muscle, and the  stylo-hyoid
twig, and then dividing into temporal, orbital, nasal, buccal,
inferior maxillary,  and  cervical twigs.
  Fig. 2.  Facial  nerve in the aqueduct of  Fallopius
Meckel's ganglion, otic ganglion, ganglion of Andersh,
&c, &c.
  1.  Fifth  pair.—2. Spheno-palatine, or  Meckel's ganglion.—
3. Vidian branch of this ganglion, and  its division into a crani-
al filament, which  inosculates with the facial nerve, and into
a carotid filament, which inosculates with the sympathetic on
the walls of the internal carotid artery.—4. Lingual branch of
the fifth pair, receiving the  inosculating twig given  off from
the facial when lodged  in the aqueduct of Fallopius, and called
the chorda tympaui.— 5. Otic ganglion aca its twig, by means
of which it communicates with Jacobson's nerve and with
the facial.—6. Facial nerve, and the  twig which  it receives
from the auditory nerve.—7. Twig of communication with the
facial. — 8. Origin of the chorda tympani. — 9. Inosculation
with the glosso-pharyngeal.—10. Inosculation with the pneu-
mo-gastric.—11. Glosso-pharyngeal nerve, and its slight en-
largement,  known by the name of the ganglion of Andersh,
from which the nerve of Jacobson ascends into the  tympanum.
—12. Ascending branches of the superior cervical ganglion,
inosculating with  and  constituting the  carotid plexus, from
which proceed a filament which inosculates  with the Vidian
nerve, and another filament which inosculates with Jacobson's
nerve.
   Fig. 3. Auditory nerve.
   The lamina of bone which conceals the labyrinth is removed
   1. Facial nerve, and its inosculation  with the  cranial fila-
ment of the Vidian.—2. Chorda tympani, between the incus
and the handle of the malleus.—3. Auditory nerve.—4. Branch
to the cochlea.—5. Branch to the vestibule and semicircular
canals.                 -------- 
Pl 103.  ■
PL 104

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Pl,  105.
             NEUROLOGY, Pl.  15.

     deep  nerves  of the upper extremity.

  The flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flex-
or digitorum sublimis are cut through.
  Fig. 1.—1. Brachial artery.—2. Radial artery.—
3. Ulnar artery. — 4.  Musculo-cutaneous nerve.— 5.
Median nerve. — 6. Branch to the deep muscles on
the anterior  surface of the fore-arm,  or the interos-
seous nerve.—7. Cutaneous palmar branch.—8. Di-
vision of the  median nerve into two branches, which
in their turn subdivide.—9. Ulnar nerve.—10. Divis-
ion of the palmar branch of the ulnar nerve into, 11.
Superficial palmar  branch, and  into,  12. Deep pal-
mar branch. — 13. Radial nerve, and its subdivision
into, 14. Anterior branch, and into, 15. Posterior
branch.
  Fig. 2. Radial  nerve.
  The triceps extensor cubiti  and  the  superficial
muscles on the dorsal surface of the fore-arm are di
vided.
  1. Radial nerve. — 2. Posterior branch of the ra-
dial nerve, dividing into superficial and deep branch
es,
Pl.  106.
             NEUROLOGY,  Pl. 16.

   Fig. 1. Superficial  nerves of the upper ex-
 PREMITV.
   1. Basilic vein.—2. Cephalic vein.—3. Cutaneous
 branch of the radial nerve. — 4. Superficial portion
 of the musculo-cutaneous nerve.—5, 5.  Divisions of
 this nerve.—6. Internal cutaneous  nerve.—7. Exter-
 nal branch of the same  nerve. — 8. Internal branch.
 — 9.  Accessory branch of the internal  cutaneous
 nerve.—10.  Cutaneous  branch  of the median nerve.
 —11.  One of the  collateral branches  of the median
 nerve.
  Fig. 2.—1, 1. Cutaneous filaments  of the circum-
 flex nerve.—2,  2. Cutaneous branches of the radial.
 —3, 3. Branches of the internal cutaneous nerve.—
 4, 4.  Branches of  the external  cutaneous nerve.—5.
 Inosculation of this nerve with the radial.—6. Dor-
 sal  branch of the ulnar nerve, dividing into two col-
 lateral branches, one for the ulnar  border of the lit-
 tle finger, the other for the  last two interosseous spa-
 ces.—7. Anterior branch of the radial nerve, having
 reached the dorsal  surface, dividing into  two branch-
es, one for the external border of the thumb, the oth-
er for the first two interosseous spaces.—8. Inoscu-
lation between  the radial and ulnar nerves.—9. Di-
vision of one of the collateral branches into two digi-
tal twigs. 
11.105
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Pl.  107.
            NEUROLOGY, Pl.  17.

  Intercostal Nerves.  The pectoralis major and
minor muscles are removed.   The obliquus externus
and rectus abdominis  are divided, and removed in
some places.
  1. Axillary vein : the artery is removed.—2. Por-
tion of the brachial plexus and two thoracic branch-
es.—3. Brachial twig of the first intercostal nerve.—
4. Brachial twig of the second intercostal nerve.—5.
Inosculation between two branches.—6.  Division of
an intercostal branch into, 7. A superficial branch,
and, 8. A deep branch.—9. Gluteal branch of the
twelfth  intercostal nerve. —10. Termination of the
ilio-scrotal branch of the lumbar plexus.—11. Ingui-
no-cutaneous branch.—12. Twig of the genito-crural
branch.— 13, 13. Portions of the  deep nerves  after
they have become superficial.
Pl.  108.
             NEUROLOGY,  Pl. 18.

  Fig. 1. The gluteus maximus is divided at its
LOAVER PORTION. *
  1. External saphenous vein.—2.  Posterior cutane-
ous branch.—3.  External saphenous nerve.—4.  In-
osculation of the external  saphenous nerve with  a
twig of the external popliteal trunk.
  Fig. 2. — 1. Anterior tibial artery. — 2.  External
popliteal nerve, and its division into, 3, 3. Musculo-
cutaneous branch, and into, 4. Anterior tibial nerve.
—5. Division of the musculo-cutaneous branch into
two superficial dorsal branches of the foot, one for
the inner border of the great toe, the other for the
two middle interosseous spaces.—6. Division of the
anterior tibial nerve  into two deep dorsal branches.
—7. Termination of the external saphenous nerve.
  Fig. 3. Plantar nerves.
  The adductor pollicis and flexor brevis digitorum
muscles are divided.
  1. Posterior tibial nerve, and its division into, 2.
Internal plantar nerve, and  into, 3. External plantar
nerve. — 4. Division of the internal  plantar nerve
into four collateral branches.—5. Division of the ex-
ternal plantar nerve into a superficial and into a
deep branch. 
Pl .107
Pl 108.
 
PL  109.
             NEUROLOGY, Pl. 19.

   Fig. 1. Lumbar plexus.
   1. Twelfth intercostal nerve.—2. Lumbar portion
of the  great sympathetic. — 3.  Sacral  plexus. — 4.
Lumbar plexus.—5. Ilio-scrotal branch.—6.  Ingui-
no-cutaneous branch.—7.  Genito-crural branch.—8.
Anterior  crural nerve. — 9. Obturator  nerve.—10.
Lumbo-sacral nerve.
   Fig. 2. Anterior crural nerve  and its bran-
ches.
   1. Femoral vein.—2. Femoral artery.—3. Anterior
crural  nerve. — 4. Musculo-cutaneous branch. — 5.
Branch to the sheath of the vessels. — 6, 6. Internal
saphenous vein.—7, 7, 7. Saphenous nerve.—8. Inner
division of the musculo-cutaneous branch of the  ex-
ternal popliteal trunk.—9.  Branch of internal saphen-
ous nerve.
Pl.  110.
            NEUROLOGY, Pl. 20.

nerves  situated on the posterior part of the
                    trunk.

  Portions of the trapezius, splenius, complexus, tra-
chelo-mastoideus, latissiinus dorsi, and gluteus max-
imus muscles, &c, &c, are removed.
  1, 1, 1. Posterior twigs of the superficial branches
of the intercostal nerves.—2. Posterior branch of the
first cervical nerve, or sub-occipital. — 3. Posterior
branch of the second cervical nerve.—4.  Inoscula-
tion of this branch with the great mastoid branch.—
5, 5. Posterior branches of two cervical nerves. —
6. Intercostal branch.—7. External twig of a dorsal
branch. — 8. Internal twig of a dorsal branch. — 9.
Posterior branch of a lumbar nerve.—10. Posterior
branch of a sacral nerve. 
Fl. 109.
P1.110

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Pl. 111.
              NEUROLOGY, Pl. 21.

  Fig. 1.  Sacral  plexus.
  The pelvis and vertebral column are divided at
the median line.   The pelvic viscera are divided and
drawn down.
  1.  Branch of the anterior crural nerve.—2.  Obtu-
rator nerve.—3.  One of the sacral ganglia  inoscula-
ting with  one of the sacral nerves. — 4. Lumbosa-
cral nerve.—5.  Sacral plexus, and, 6.  Its numerous
branches. — 7. Pudic nerve. — 8.  Upper branch of
the pudic nerve.—9. Lower branch.

  Fig. 2.  Sciatic nerve.
  The gluteus  maximus  and  medius,  the biceps,
gastrocnemii, and soleus  are  divided, and in  part
turned aside.
  1. Upper gluteal nerve.—2. Inferior gluteal nerve.
—3.  Sciatic twig.—4.  Cutaneous nerve.—5.  Pudic
nerve. — 6.  Sciatic  nerve. — 7. External  popliteal
nerve.—8. Internal popliteal nerve.

  Fig. 3.  The soleus muscle is removed.
  1.  External saphenous  nerve, divided.—2.  Poste-
rior tibial nerve.
Pl.  112.
                 NEUROLOGY, Pl. 22.

  Fig. 1. Passage of the cranial nerves through the fo-
ramina AT THE BASE OF THE CRANIUM.
  1. Tentorium cerebelli.—2. Nervous twig of the tentorium
cerebelli.—3.  Internal carotid artery.—4. Pituitary  body and
infundibulum. — 5.  Bulb of the  olfactory  nerve. — 6. Optic
nerve, or second pair.—7. The third pair,  or motores oculo-
rum.—8. Pathetici, or fourth pair.—9. Trifacial, or fifth pair.
—10.  Abducentes, or sixth pair.—11. Facial nerve, or portio
dura of the seventh pair.—12. Auditory nerve, or portio mollis
of the seventh pair.—13. Glosso-pharyngeal nerve, or first di-
vision of the eighth pair.—14. Nervus vagus, or pneumo-gas-
tric, or second division of the eighth pair.—15. Spinal acces-
sory, or nervous accessorius of Willis, or third division of the
eighth pair.*—-16.  Hypo-glossal, or ninth pair.—17. Vertebral
artery.—18. Occipital foramen, or foramen magnum.

  Fig. 2. Nerves of the eye.
  The roof of the orbit is removed.
  1. Outer wall  of the orbit.*—2. Crista galli.—3. Foramina of
the cribriform plate of the  ethmoid bone.—4.  Optic nerve.—
5. Internal carotid artery.—6. Third pair of nerves.—7. Upper
branch of this nerve.—8. Inferior branch of the same nerve.—
9. Lenticular ganglion, which receives, from behind, two roots,
and which gives off, before, the ciliary  nerves.—10.  Ciliary
nerves,  which are seen on the choroid, the upper portion of
the sclerotic being removed.—11. The fifth pair of nerves.—
12. Ophthalmic branch.—13. Nasal branch of the ophthalmic.
—14.  Two ciliary nerves, coming from the  nasal branch.—15.
Division of the  nasal branch.—16, 16. Sixth pair of nerves;
the external rectus is drawn in a direction outward by a hook.

  Fig. 3. Third and sixth pair of nerves.
  The eye is reflected  forward.
  1. Third pair of nerves.—2. Upper branch of this nerve, re-
ceiving an inosculating twig from the sixth pair.—3. Interim
branch of the same nerve, and its division into three branches.
—4. Twig of the inferior branch going to the inferior  oblique
muscle of the eye.—5.  Sixth pair of nerves.

  * As modern anatomists, with much propriety, consider the sev-
enth pair of Willis as constituting two pairs, aiill the eighth of the
same anatomist as forming three pairs, the cerebral nerves are now
described as constituting twelve instead of nine pairs.  The  portio
dura the seventh, the portio mollis the eighth, the glosso-pharyngeal
the ninth, the pneumo gastric the  tenth, the  spinal accessory the
eleventh, and the  hypo-glossal the twelfth. 
Pl.lli
Pl  112
Pi-
Vi'jl. .V
Fis.a.
Fig. 3.
 
Pl.  113.
                NEUROLOGY, Pl. 23.
  Fig. 1. Ophthalmic branch of the fifth pair.
  1. Skin of the forehead, turned down.—2. Optic ncive.—3
Third pair of nerves.—4. Fourth pair, or pathetici.—5. Oph-
thalmic branch.—6. Lachrymal twig.—7. Inosculation of the
fourth pair with the lachrymal branch.—8. Frontal nerve.—9.
Nasal nerve.—10. Internal filament of the nasal nerve.

  Fig. 2. Superior  maxillary  branch of the fifth pair,
&c.,'&c.
  1. Lachrymal twig of the ophthalmic branch.—2. Orbital
twig of the superior maxillary branch.—3. Ganglion of Meck-
el, or spheno-palatine ganglion, receiving, from  above, two
filaments from the maxillary nerve ;  giving off,  below, the
palatine nerves ; behind, the Vidian, or pterygoid.—4. Crania]
filament of the Vidian nerve.—5 Carotid filament of the same
nerve.—6. Posterior dental branches.—7. Twig to supply the
gums.—8. Anterior dental twig.—9. Inosculation  of the den-
tal nerves and the net-work which results.—10. Division of the
superior maxillary branch into the infra-orbital nerves.—11.
External branches of the inferior maxillary branch of the fifth
pair. —12. Superficial temporal nerve. —13. Inferior dental
nerve, cut.—14. Lingual nerve, and its  inosculation with the
corda tympani. — 14'. Sub-maxillary ganglion. —  15. Glosso-
pharyngeal nerve.—15'. Spinal accessory nerve.—16.  Pneumo-
gastric nerve.—17. Hypo-glossal nerve.—18.  Internal carotid
artery.

  Fig. 3. Inferior maxillary branch of the fifth  pair.
  1. Inferior branch in the foramen ovale.—2. Temporal nerve.
—3.  Branch  passing to the external pterygoid muscle.—4.
Buccal nerve.—5. Masseteric nerve.—6.  Superficial temporal
nerve, and its inosculations with the facial nerve.—7. Dental
nerve.—8. Mental branch.—9. Lingual nerve, and its inoscu-
lation with the chorda tympani.—10. Internal pterygoid nerve.
Pl.  114.
             NEUROLOGY,  Pl.  24.

  Fig. 1. Brachial  plexus.
  1 and 2.  Fifth and sixth cervical nerves (anterioi
branches).—3. Cord resulting from their inosculation,
and dividing into, 4. Musculo-cutaneous,  or external
cutaneous nerve, and into, 5. Median twig.—6. Eighth
cervical, and, 7. First dorsal nerve.—8. Cord result-
ing from their inosculation, dividing into, 9. Median
twig; into, 10. Ulnar nerve, and sometimes into, 11.
Internal cutaneous nerve. —12. Accessory nerve of
the internal cutaneous. — 13.  Median nerve. — 14.
Seventh cervical nerve, lying between the other di-
visions of the brachial plexus, and assisting in its for
mation.—15.  Lateral thoracic  branch.—16. Radial
nerve.
   Fig. 2. — 1.  Trapezius  muscle, turned over. — 2.
Rhomboideus. — 3. Spinal accessory nerve. — 4, 4.
Deep cervical branches  of the cervical  plexus and
of the brachial plexus.—5. Supra-scapular nerve.—
6. Circumflex nerve.
   Fig. 3. — 1, 1. Palmar  digital nerves of a finger.
— 2, 2. Nervous arches  formed by the inosculation
of two digital nerves.

   Fig. 4.—1, 1. Dorsal digital nerves of a finger.—
2,2.  Dorsal branches furnished by the palmar nerves.

   Fig. 5.—1.  Palmar nerve. — 2.  Dorsal branch of
a palmar nerve.—3.  Dorsal nerve, inosculating with
the dorsal branch of the palmar nerve. — 4.  Ungual
twig of the palmar nerve. 
I'1.113
Pl. 114
Fis. i.
ii'   !lf 
Pl.  115.
                NEUROLOGY, Pl. 25.

olfactory nerve,  trigeminus, inferior maxillary branch.
                   laryngeal nerves.
  Fig. 1. Olfactory nerve, naso-palatine nerve, &c.
  1. Divisions of this nerve on the septum of the nasal fossae
 —2. Internal filament of the nasal branch of the ophthalmic.
—3. Naso-palatine nerve.—4. Other branch of the septum.

  Fig. 2. Inferior maxillary nerve viewed from without.
  The zygomatic arch is removed.
  1. Masseteric branch.—2,2. Buccal branch.—3. Divisions of
this branch on the external surface of the buccinator muscle.
—3'. Branch to the external pterygoid muscle.—4. Deep tem-
poral branches.—5. Superficial temporal branch, anastomosing
with the facial nerve.—6. Facial nerve.—7.  Inferior dental
branch.
  Fig. 3. Lenticular ganglion.  Fifth pair of nerves view-
ed FROM WITHIN.   OTIC GANGLION.
  1. External divisions of the olfactory nerve.—2. Fifth pair
of nerves, its ganglion, and its division into three branches.—■
3. External filament of the nasal branch of the ophthalmic.—
4.  Spheno-palatine  ganglion, or the ganglion  of Meckel. —
5, 5, 5. Nasal ramifications of the spheno-palatine and  pala-
tine nerves.—6. Palatine nerves.—7.  Lingual branch of the
fifth, and its inosculation with the chorda tympani.—8. Inferior
dental nerve and its inosculating filament.—9. Superficial tem-
poral branch.—10. Pterygoid branch of the inferior maxillary
nerve.—11. Otic ganglion.—12. Filament from this ganglion,
which goes to the Eustachian tube, and to the mucous  mem-
brane  of the nasal fossae.—13. Petrosal branch, inosculating
with the Vidian.—14. Filament of the internal muscle of the
malleus.—15. Filament distributed to the coats of the internal
maxillary artery,  and which inosculates with the superficial
temporal nerve.— 16. Facial nerve. — 17.  Chorda tympani,
passing between  the handle  of the malleus  and the  lower
branch of the incus.
  Fig.  4.—1. Superior laryngeal nerve.—2. Inferior laryngeal
nerve,  or recurrent. — 3. Inosculation of the two  laryngeal
nerves.
Pl.  116.
             NEUROLOGY,  Pl.  26.

GREAT SYMPATHETIC, INFERIOR PORTION.--THORACIC,
 LUMBAR, AND SACRAL GANGLIA, SOLAR PLEXUS, &C.

   1, 1, 1.  Three thoracic ganglia and their inoscula-
tions with the intercostal nerve.—2, 2. Aortic branch-
es.—3, 3.  Branches of the pulmonary plexus, belong-
ing to the right pneumo-gastric nerve, cut.—4. Great
splanchnic nerve.—5. Small splanchnic nerve.—6, 6.
Solar  plexus.—7.  Semilunar ganglion of the  right
side.—8.  Pneumo-gastric nerve of the right side.—
9.  Pneumo-gastric of the  left side, giving numerous
branches to the anterior surface  of the stomach.—10.
Supra-renal plexus.—11. Renal plexus.—12. Nerves
distributed to a  portion of  intestine. — 13.  Aortic
plexus.—14.  Spermatic plexus.—15, 15.  Two lum-
bar  ganglia ;  their inosculations with the  lumbar
nerves  and with the aortic plexus shown.—16, 16.
Two sacral ganglia:  these sacral ganglia inosculate
with each other,  and  with filaments of  the  sacral
nerves, from which inosculation plexuses arise, which
accompany the arteries of the  pelvis. —17.  Sacra]
plexus. 
Pl .115.
Fie.i

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M


^yrJ'j/fJfT'
 xxife^m
Pl.llC,
1 'it^^^y
 
Pl.  117.
   Fig.  1.  A  DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE METHOD OF DIS-
TRIBUTION OF THE FIBRES OF EACH  OPTIC TRACT.

   A.  Outer fibres of each tract, going to outer or tem-
poral half of the corresponding retina.—B. Inner fibres
of each tract, decussating and  going to the nasal side
of the opposite retina.—E. Optic nerve, in front of the
chiasm.—C'.-C.  The optic chiasm.—D. Retina, show-
ing the two lateral halves supplied from two sources.
—D'.-E'.  Spot, where pressure would  produce  blind-
ness of the temporal half of  corresponding  eye and
nasal  half of opposite  eye.—A.'-B.'  Region,  where
pressure would produce blindness of both halves  of one
retina, since  both  the decussating  and direct  fibres
would be impaired.—B'.  or  C. Spots,  where pressure
would produce  blindness  of  the  nasal half only of
each retina.—C. C. Spots, where pressure would pro-
duce blindness of the temporal half only of  the  retina
of the same  side; or,  if both be pressed upon,  blind-
ness in the outer half of both retinae.—B'. C.  C. C.
Region, which, if destroyed, would  cause total  blind-
ness.
  Fig. 2.  A DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE LIMITS OF COLOR
PERCEPTION BY  THE RETINA.
  In this  diagram, the results of the researches of the
German investigators have  been so clearly defined by
Dr. Hirschberg  as to simplify the examination of the
retina, and enable any deviation from its normal con-
dition to be perceived and recorded.
----------stands for the limit of vision for white objects.
-----------"           "'         "   blue    "
— ._.—  "           "         "red     "
...........   "           "         "   green   "
P.           "     for the papilla of the retina.
  The letters on the color lines indicate the color which
each represents.
  The center of  the diagram, from which  the  lines
diverge, corresponds to the " macula lutea," the center
of the "yellow  spot  of Somniering "; while the num-
bers on the lines  are placed at equal degrees from the
center, to enable the  oculist to designate  the  exact
situation of special points of interest pertaining to any
ophthalmoscopic examination. 
PLATE  117.
Fig. 1.
 
Pl.  118.
Fig. 1. A DIAGRAM OF THE COURSE OF THE FIBRES OF THE OPTIC NERVB
                   in the retina (after Weber).

  P. The papilla, where the optic nerve enters.—M. The macula lutea.


Fig. 2. A DIAGRAM  SHOWING THE AXES OF ROTATION OF THE EYEBALL
                           (after Fick).

  The black lines indicate the direction of the power applied by each
of the six ocular muscles.  The dotted lines indicate the axis of  rota-
tion of the eyeball.  The axis of rotation for the rectus externus and
rectus internus muscles,  being perpendicular to the page,  cannot  be
shown in the diagram.
  Straight
movements
To elevate and adduct the eye.
  Oblique
movements.
A TABLE SHOWING THE ACTION OF THE OCULAR MUSCLES.

                                                    Rectus
        To elevate the eye.........................\ superior.
                                                   Obliquus
                                                    inferior.

                                                    Rectus
        To depress the eye.........................\ inferior.
                                                   Obliquus
                                                   superior.

        To abduct toward the nasal side...........  J  Rectus
                                                 ) internus.

        To abduct toward the malar side...........I  Rectus
                                                 I externus.

                                                    Rectus
                                                   superior.
                                                    Rectus
                                                   internus.
                                                   Obliquus
                                                   inferior.

                                                    Rectus
                                                   inferior.
                                                   _ Rectus
                                                 j  internus.
                                                 |  Obliquus
                                                 [ superior.

                                                    Rectus
                                                   superior.
                                                    Rectus
                                                  externus.
                                                   Obliquus
                                                   inferior.

                                                 j   Rectus
                                                   inferior.
        To depress and abduct the eye.............^  Rectus
                                                  externus.
                                                  Obliquus
                                                 , superior.
To depress and adduct the eye.
To elevate and abduct the eye...............
 Fig. 8. A DIAGRAM OF THE COURSE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE FIFTH
                 CRANIAL OR TRIGEMINUS NERVES.

  1, The crus cerebri.—3.  The sensory root of the nerve.—3. The mo-
 tor root of the nerve.—4. The Gasserian ganglion, upon the motor root
 only.—5. The ophthalmic nerve, passing through the sphenoidal fissure.
 —6. The superior maxillary nerve, passing through the foramen rotun-
 dum to enter the  spheno-maxillary fossa.—7. The inferior maxillary
 nerve, passing through the foramen ovale in company with the motor
 root, which soon joins it.—8. A filament sent backward to the tentorium
 cerebelli.—9. The frontal nerve.—10. The lachrymal nerve.—11.  The
 nasal nerve.—12. The  supra-orbital nerve, passing through the fora-
 men of the same name.—13. The supra-trochlear nerve.—14. The long
 ciliary nerves to the iris.—15. The lenticular,  or ciliary  ganglion.—
 16.  The temporo-malar nerve, showing its  division into the temporal
 branch and the malar branch.—17.  The  spheno-palatine nerves, uoing
 to Meckel's ganglion.—18. The posterior dental nerves, given off just
 before the sup. maxillary nerve enters the infra-orbital  canal, after
 passing through the spheno-maxillary fossa.—19. The anterior  dental
 nerves, given off in the  antrum.—20. The naso-palatine nerve, escaping
 at the  anterior palatine foramen.—21. The anterior palatine nerves,
 after escaping from the posterior palatine foramen.—22. The deep tem-
 poral nerve.—23.  The  masseteric branch.—24. The buccal  branch,
 which  often also supplies the external pterygoid muscle.—25. The pte-
 rygoid branch, going chiefly to the internal pterygoid muscle.—26. The
 posterior palatine nerves, after  escaping from  the posterior palatine
 foramen, going to the  muscles of  the soft palate.—27. The auriculo-
 temporal  nerve, splitting and thus embracing the  middle menin-
 geal artery.—28. The gustatory or lingual nerve, distributed to the an-
 terior two-thirds of the tongue.—29. The inferior dental nerve, passing
 through the inferior dental canal, beneath the teeth of the lower jaw.—
 30.  The mylo-hyoid nerve, a branch of the inferior dental nerve.—31.
The chorda tympani nerve, joining the gustatory nerve, and, possibly,
 bringing to it 4116 perception of  taste.—32.  The middle meningeal ar-
 tery.—33.  The fibres goingto the carotid and cavernous plexuses of the
 sympathetic  system.—34.  The  Vidiau nerve, going from Meckel's gan-
 glion to the Vidian canal.
                  GANGLIA OF THE FIFTH NERVB.

  L. The lenticular ganglion, sending fibres to iris and ciliary mus-
cle.—C. The Gasserian ganglion.— O. The otic ganglion, lying on the
inferior maxillary nerve below the foramen ovale.—S. The submaxil-
lary ganglion,  connected  with the gustatory and chorda tympani
nerves.

Fig. 4. A DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE NERVE DISTRIBUTION TO THE INTEG-
                 UMENT OF  THE HEAD AND FACE.

  1. Eegion supplied by the supra-orbital branch of the 5th nerve.—2.
Region supplied by the supra-trochlear branch of the 5th nerve.—3.  Re-
gion supplied by the infra-trochlear branch of the 5th nerve.—4.  Re-
gion supplied by the infra-orbital brunch of the 5th nerve.—5. Region
supplied by the buccal branch of the 5th nerve.—6. Region supplied
by the mental branch of the 5th nerve.—7. Region supplied by the su-
perficial cervical from the cer. plexus.—8. Region supplied by the great
auricular from  the cer. plexus.—9. Region supplied  by the temporo-
malar, a branch of the 5th nerve.—10. Region supplied by the lachry-
mal, a branch of the 5th nerve.—11. Region  supplied by  the auriculo-
temporal, a branch of the 5th nerve.—12.  Region supplied by the great
occipital (a spinal nerve).—13.  Region supplied by the small occipital
from the cer.  plexus.—14. Region supplied by the  supra-clavicular
nerve from the cervical plexus. 
PLATE  II8.
Fig. i.
OBL.Sl/P.
r.iNF.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. x.
r.exr,   r.sup.  r.lfJT
         r imf
14- \ 
Pl.  119.
  Fig. 1. A diagram of the course and distribution
OF THE FACIAL OR SEVENTH CRANIAL NERVE.
  1.  Main trunk of nerve  in internal auditory canal.—
2.  Branches of communication with auditory nerve.—
3.  Orifice of aqueduct of Fallopius.—4.  Large petrosal
nerve.—5. Small  petrosal  nerve.—6. External petrosal
nerve.—7. Filaments to the laxator tympani muscle.—
8.  Chorda tympani nerve.—9.  Stylo-mastoid foramen.
—10. Posterior auricular nerve.—11. Filament supply-
ing  the  stylo-hyoid and  digastric  muscles.—12.  The
temporo-facial division of the nerve.—13. The temporal
branches.—14.  The  malar branches.—15. The infra-
orbital branches.—16.  The buccal branches.—17.  The
supra-maxillary   branches.—18. The   infra-maxillary
branches.—19.  The   cervico-facial   division.—20.
'' Intumescentia gangliformis "—the seat  of  origin of
the petrosal nerves.

  Fig. 2.  A diagram of  the spiral canal  of  the
cochlea (as shown on a transverse section).
  S.  V. The  scala  vestibuli.—S. M. The  scala media.
—S.  T.  The scala tympani.—1. Membrane of Reissner.
2.  "Organ of Corti," covered by the "Membrana  tec-
toria," or "Membrane  of Corti."—3. Membrana basi-
laris.—4.  Ligamentum  spiralis,  extending the whole
length of the spiral canal of the  cochlea.—5. Upper
layer of  the  lamina spiralis ossea.—6. Lower  layer of
the lamina spiralis ossea.—7.  A nerve filament  escaping
from the central canal of  the modiolus, and going to
the  organ of Corti.—8.  A  ganglion attached to the
nerve filament called the "ganglion spirale."
  Fig. 3. A diagram to  show  the  relations  be-
tween THE FACIAL NERVE AND  SOME OF THE PORTIONS
OF THE FIFTH CRANIAL NERVE.

  A.  Gasserian  ganglion.—B.  Ophthalmic  nerve.—
C. Superior maxillary nerve.—D. Inferior maxillary
nerve (sensory  portion.)—E. Inferior maxillary nerve
(motor  portion.)—M. Meckel's  ganglion.—1. Facial
nerve entering the aqueduct of Fallopius.—2.  Intumes-
centia ganglif ormis (an enlargement on the nerve).—
3. Facial nerve, following the curve of the aqueduct of
Fallopius.—4.  Facial  nerve,  escaping  from the stylo-
mastoid foramen.—5. Large petrosal branch, joining
carotid filament (11) to form the Vidian nerve, and en-
tering the  Vidian canal.—6. Small petrosal  branch,
going to "Otic ganglion" (10).—7. Chorda tympani
nerve, escaping from the  "canal of  Huguier" after
winding over the upper border of drum membrane of
ear (9).—8.  Gustatory nerve, joining with the  chorda
tympani nerve.—9.  External drum  membrane  of  the
ear.—10. Otic  ganglion.—11.  Filament from  carotid
plexus to form the Vidian nerve. 
PLATE  I 19.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
Fig.  3.
 
Pl. 120.
  Fig. 1.  A DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE THE MECHANISM
OF HEARING.

  A. The auditory canal (the arrow showing the waves
of sound entering.)—B. The cavity of the middle ear,
or "tympanum."—C. The utricle, communicating with
the semicircular canals.—D. The saccule,  communicat-
ing with the scala vestibuli of the  cavity of the coch-
lea.—E.  The Eustachian tube, allowing of the entrance
of air into the middle ear  from the pharynx.—1.  The
membrana tympani, which first receives the  vibra-
tions of the waves  of sound.—2. The chain of bones,
which transmit these vibrations to the membrane cover-
ing the fenestra ovalis (annular ligament of the stapes.)
—3. The  membrane, covering the fenestra ovalis.—4.
The foramen rotundum, where the waves of sound return
to the cavity of the middle ear and are lost (membrana
tympani secondaria).-—5. The ampullae of the semicircu-
lar canals.—6. The semicircular canals.—7. The "scala
vestibuli" of  the cochlea.—8.  The cupola, at the apex
of the cochlea where the scala vestibuli and the scala
tympani of the cochlea join each other.—9. The "scala
tympani," leading downward from the cupola of the
cochlea to the foramen rotundum.—10. Internal  audi-
tory canal, where the auditory nerve enters.
  Fig. 2. A DIAGRAM OF THE COURSE AND DISTRIBUTION
OF THE EIGHTH CRANIAL OR AUDITORY NERVE.
  1. Auditory nerve entering the meatus auditorius in-
ternus.—2.  Communicating  filaments  to the  facial
nerve given off in the internal auditory canal.—3. Fila-
ments, given  off to supply the  cochlea.—4. Filaments
given off to supply the posterior semicircular canal.—5.
Filaments  given  off to supply the saccule.—6.  Fila-
ments  given  off  to  supply the utricle.—7. Filaments
given off to supply the external semicircular canal.—8.
Filaments  given  off to  supply the  ampullae of  the
superior semicircular canal.

  Fig. 3. A DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE COURSE AND DISTRI-
BUTION OF  THE NINTH CRANIAL  OR GLOSSO-PHARYNGEAL
NERVE.

  1. Filaments of origin—extending  into the medulla
oblongata.—2.  The  jugular foramen, through  which
the nerve escapes from the  cranium.—3. The jugular
ganglion, developed upon the nerve in the jugular fora-
men.—4. The " ganglion of Andersch " or the "petrous
gauglion."—5.  The auricular branch, deriving  a fila-
ment  also from the  pneumogastric  nerve.—6. A com-
municating branch to the pneumogastric nerve.—7. A
communicating branch to the  sympathetic nerve.—8.
The tympanic branch or "Jacobson's  Nerve," dis-
tributed  to  the  middle  ear.—9.  A communicating
branch to  the carotid plexus of the sympathetic.—10.
The tonsillar branches, distributed  to the tonsil.—11.
A portion  of the pharyngeal plexus, formed also  by
the pneumogastric  nerve.—12.  The  lingual branches,
distributed to the mucous membrane and the papilhe
of the base and sides of the tongue. 
PLATE 120.
Fig. i.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
 
PL 121.
    Fig. 1.  A DIAGRAM  SHOWING  THE BRANCHES OF DIS-
  TRIBUTION AND OF COMMUNICATION OF THE TENTH CRA-
  NIAL OR PNEUMOGASTRIC NERVE.
             CERVICAL  PORTION OF NERVE.
    1.  The filaments of origin of the pneumogastric nerve.
  —2.  The spinal accessory nerve, escaping from the me-
  dulla  oblongata  below the pneumogastric nerve.—3.
  The upper communicating filament between the pneu-
  mogastric and the spinal accessory nerves (often absent).
  —4. The "ganglion of the root," situated in the jugular
  foramen.—5. The  jugular  foramen, showing the trans-
  mission  of three nerves.—6.  The  communicating fila-
  ment between  the pneumogastric and  the glosso-pha-
  ryngeal nerves.—The glosso-pharyngeal nerve,  from its
  point of origin  to its escape from the cavity of the cra-
  nium.—8. The  "ganglion of the trunk" of the  pneu-
  mogastric nerve.—9. The lower filament of communica-
  tion between the pneumogastric and  spinal accessory
  nerves, which probably  controls  the muscles of the lar-
  ynx concerned  in phonation and respiration.—10. The
  communicating filament from the  arcade, formed by the
  first and second cervical nerves.—11. The communicat-
  ing filament from the facial nerve, which helps to form
  the auricular branch of the pneumogastric,  or "Arnold's
 nerve."—12. The three sets of filaments which join the
 pneumogastric nerve to the superior  cervical ganglion of
 the sympathetic system.—13. The auricular branch  of
 the pneumogastric, or " Arnold's nerve," partly formed
 by the facial filament (11).—14.  The branches to the
 "pharuygeal plexus," formed also, in part, by the glos-
 so-pharyngeal.—15.  The superior laryngeal nerve, sup-
 plying the mucous lining of  the  larvnx  and the crico-
 thyroid  muscle.—16.  The "depressor  nerve of  the
 heart," formed  by  two  roots, one  from the pneumo-
 gastric, and the  other from the superior laryngeal nerve.
 —17. The inferior  or recurrent laryngeal nerve, wind-
 ing  around  an   artery (19), and  then returning  to the
 larynx to supply the  muscles of  phonatiou.—18. The
 cervical cardiac  nerves (sometimes three in number) go-
ing to the cardiac  plexus.—19. The subclavian artery
(if on the right  side), and  the arch of the aorta (if on
the body).
  Fig. 2. Thoracic and abdominal  portion of the
NERVE.
  20. The thoracic cardiac nerves, assisting to form the
cardiac plexus.—21. The filaments of communication
between the pneumogastric nerve and the thoracic gan-
glia of the sympathetic system.—22.  The branches giv-
en off by the pneumogastric nerve to assist in forming
the posterior pulmonary plexus.—23.  The branches giv-
en off to assist in forming the anterior pulmonary plexus.
—24. The branches which form the oesophageal plexus,
and which assist in the performance of the third period
of the act of  deglutition.—25.  The, gastric branches,
supplying the  coats of the stomach.—26. The  hepatic
branches, accompanying the portal system of veins.—27.
—The intestinal branches, controlling, to a large extent,
the peristaltic action of that canal.—28. Branches which
can be traced to the kidneys, the spleen, and the supra-
renal capsules. 
Fig.  i.
PLATE 121.
Fig.  2.
 
Pl.  122.
   Fig.  1. A DIAGRAM TO  SHOW THE COURSE AND DIS-
 TRIBUTION  OF  THE  ELEVENTH  CRANIAL OR  SPINAL
 ACCESSORY NERVE.

   1. The accessory portion of the nerve arising from the
 medulla oblongata.—2.  The spinal portion of the nerve
 arising from  the  spinal cord (cervical region).—3. A
 filament arising from the  1st  and  2d cervical  nerves
 and joining the spinal portion of the spinal accessory
 nerve,  before passing through the foramen magnum.—
 4. The  foramen magnum,  showing the spinal portion
 of the nerve  entering  the cranium.—5. The  jugular
 foramen, showing the spinal and  accessory portions of
 the nerve communicating as  they pass through  it.—6.
 The large filament going to the pneumogastric nerve to
 supply the muscles of the larynx, and  a  small filament
 returning to  the trunk  of the  spinal-accessory nerve
 from the  pneumogastric nerve.—7, 8, 9. Filaments of
communication between the spinal-accessory nerve  and
the 3d,  4th,  and 5th  cervical nerves.—10.  Muscular
branches  to   the  sterno-cleido-mastoid   muscle.—11.
Muscular  branches  to the  trapezius muscle.—12 Com-
municating filaments from the cervical plexus  of nerves.
  Fig. 2. A DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE  COURSE AND DIS-
TRIBUTION OF THE TWELFTH CRANIAL  OR HYPOGLOSSAL
NERVE.

  1. Trunk  of hypoglossal  nerve, escaping from the
medulla oblongata.—2.  Anterior condyloid foramen.—
3. Filaments of communication to the pneumogastric
nerve.—4. Filaments of communication to the superior
cervical ganglion of the sympathetic system.—5. Fila-
ments of communication  to the  1st and 2d  spinal
nerves of the cervical region. — 6.  The  descendens
noni nerve,  forming a loop with the communicans noni
nerve (19), and giving off  muscular branches from the
loop.—7.  Muscular filaments to the thyro-hyoid muscle.
—8. Muscular filament  to the genio-hyoid  muscle.—9.
Muscular  filament  to the genio-hyo-glossus muscle.—
10.  Muscular filament to the hyo-glossus muscle.—11.
Muscular filament to the stylo-glossus muscle.—12. The
occipital  artery, around which  the hypoglossal nerve
winds before  reaching the tongue.—13. A branch of
the communicans noni nerve, derived from  the 2d cer-
vical  nerve.—14.  A branch of the  communicans noni
nerve, derived from the 3d cervical nerve.—15. A mus-
cular branch to the omo-hyoid muscle  (anterior belly).
—16.  A muscular  branch to the sterno-hyoid muscle.
—17. A muscular branch to  the sterno-thyroid muscle.
—18. A  muscular branch  to the  omo-hyoid muscle
(posterior belly).—19. The communicans noni nerve,
joining the descendens noni nerve to form a loop. 
PLATE  122.
Fig. i.
Fig. 2.
 
PL  123.
                NEUROLOGY, Pl. 33.
  Fig. 1. Great sympathetic,  superior  portion.—Cardiac
NERVES AND PLEXUS.
  The pericardium is laid open.
  1. Superior cervical ganglion.—2, 2. Twigs of this ganglion,
which inosculate with the spinal  accessory.—3, 3. Inoscula-
tions  with two of the cervical nerves.—4. Inosculation with
the pneumo-gastric nerve.—5. Upper branches of the superior
cervical ganglion.—6. Inosculation with Jacobson's  nerve.—
7.  Inosculation with the otic ganglion.—8. Inosculation with
the sixth  pair of nerves. — 9. Inosculation  with the  Vidian
nerve. — 10.  Spheno palatine ganglion, or the ganglion of
Meckel, giving off the Vidian nerve posteriorly;  superiorly,
two branches, which inosculate with the  superior maxillary
nerve, and inferiorly, two inferior branches (palatine nerves).
—11.  Pharyngeal and carotid branches.—12. Glosso-pharyn-
geal nerve.—13.  Pharyngeal plexus.—14. Lingual nerve of the
fifth pair.—15. Hypo-glossal nerve.—16. Carotid branches.—
17. Superior cardiac  nerve.—18. One of the cardiac  branches
of the pneumo-gastric nerve.—19. Middle cervical ganglion—
20. Superior branches of this ganglion:  one is continuous with
the superior cervical ganglion, two others inosculate with the
cervical nerves.—21. Middle cardiac nerve, re-enforced by  a
very  thick twig, arising from the twig  of communication he-
tween these two ganglia.—22. Inosculation of this nerve with
the inferior laryngeal  of the pneumo-gastric. — 23. Inferior
cervical ganglion.—24.  Inosculation with the nerves of the
brachial plexus—25. Branches  which enter the canal of the
vertebral  artery.—26  Branches which inosculate  with the
middle cervical ganglion, some passing before, others behind
tlfe subclavian artery.—27. Inferior cardiac nerve.—28. Inos-
culation of the pneumo-gastric with the cardiac nerves.—29.
Cardiac nerves in front of the aorta.—30. Cardiac nerves be-
tween the aorta and pulmonary artery.—31. Cardiac nerves
between the pulmonary artery and trachea.—32.  Tracheal
branches of the  pneumo-gastric, and their inosculations with
the cardiac nerves.—33. Anterior cardiac plexus.—34.  Pos-
terior cardiac plexus. —35, 35. Two thoracic ganglia.— 36.
Aortic branches of two ganglia.—37. Inosculation of a thoracic
ganglion  with  one  of  the intercostal nerves. — 38.  Great
splanchnic nerve.
Pl.  124.
                NEUROLOGY, Pl.  34.

  Eighth pair  of nerves  of Willis, which  includes tii
glosso-pharyngeal, pneumo-gastric, and spinal accessory,
or the ninth, tenth, and eleventh  pairs of the modern ar-
rangement.
  The chest is opened, the stomach and the right lung are
drawn forward, the internal jugular vein is removed, and the
foramen lacerum jugulare is opened  from without.
  1.  Larynx.—2. Thyroid body.—3.  Trachea.—4. Arteria in
nominata, dividing into the right subclavian, which is cut, and
into  the right primitive carotid, which  divides into external
and internal carotid.—5. Right lung.—6. Stomach.—7.  Solar
plexus. — 8. Glosso-pharyngeal nerve,  ganglion of Andersh,
Jacobson's nerve, and  the  inosculating twig with the facial
nerve.—9. Various other filaments of the  glosso-pharyngeal
and lingual filaments.—10. Lingual branch of the fifth pair.—
11. Hypoglossal nerve.—12. Spinal accessory nerve.—13. Di-
vision of thic< nerve into a  muscular branch, and the nervus
accessorius ad  par vagum.—14. Nervus vagus,  or pneumo-
gastric nerve. —15.  Pharyngeal twig,  uniting  with the fila-
ments of the glosso-pharyngeal and great sympathetic to form
the pharyngeal  plexus.—16. Superior laryngeal twig,  divided
into  external and internal  laryngeal. —17, 17,  17. Cardiac
branches.—18.  Origin of the inferior laryngeal, or  recurrent
nerve:  it passes  behind the  right subclavian artery, on the
right side, and on the left behind the  arch of the aorta, and re-
appears at the  lower part of the neck.—19. Lower cervical
ganglion of the sympathetic  nerve, with its numerous branches.
—20. Tracheal twigs of the pneumo-gastric.—21. Pulmonary
plexus, formed by  twigs of the pneumo-gastric, recurrent,
and  great sympathetic. — 22.  (Esophageal branches. — 23.
Pneumo-gastric of the right side,  terminating in  the  solar
plexus.—24. Pneumo-gastric of the left side, expanding into
numerous branches on the anterior surface of the stomach,
and giving off some  branches to the solar plexus.—25.  Solai
plexus. 
I'l.l'Xl,
 
 
TABLE
INDICATING THE ORDER IN WHICH THE  FIGURES ShPULD  bb can
              SULTED AND THE ORGANS DISSECTED.
PL 1.  Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.
PL 4.  Fig. 1.
PL 3.  Fig. 1, 2, 5, 6, 3, 4.
PL 2-  Fig. 2, 3, 8, 7, 4, 5, 6.
Pl- 2-  Fig. 1, 2, 3.
Pl- 6.  Fig  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
Pl- ~.  Fig  1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 7, 5, 6.
Pl- 6.  Fig. 12.
Pl- 5.  Fig. 5,  1,2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.
Pl- 8.  Fig. 1, 5, 3, 4, 6,2, 7.
Pl. 11. Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Pl. 10.  Fig. 1,  2,  3, 4,  5,  6, 7, 8,  9, 10,  11,  12, 13, 11
Pl. 9.   Fig. 1,  2,  3, 6,  7,  8, 9, 4.  5, 10,  11.
Pl. 12.  Fig. !, 2,  3, 4,  8,  6,  7, 5, 9,  10.
Pl. 14.  Fig. 1, 2,  3.
Pl. 17.  Fig. 2, 3,  4, 6,  5
Pl. 14.  Fig. 4, 5.
Pl. 17.  Fig. 1.
Pl. 14.  Fig. 6.
Pl. 16.  Fig. 1, 2,  3, 4, 5.
Pl. 15.  Fig. I, 2,  3, 4.
Pl. 18.  Fig. 1, 2,  3, 4, 5,  6,  7, 8.
Pl. 21.  Fig. 1, 2,  3, 4, 5,  6,  7, 8.
Pl. 20.  Fig. 1, 2,  3, 4, 5,  6,  7.
Pl. 19.  Fig. 1, 2,  3, 4, 5,  6,  7
Pl. 22.  Fig. 1, 2.
Pl. 25.  ""• *»• '■  2. 4
TABLE
Pl.	24.	Fig. 1, 3, 2.
Pl.	23.	Fig. 1, 2, 3. 4.
Pl.	26.	
Pl.	28.	Fig. 4.
Pl.	29.	Fig. 1.
Pl.	27.	
Pl.	28.	Fig. 2, 3.
Pl.	29.	Fig. 2.
Pl.	28.	Fig. 1.
Pl.	30.	
Pl.	33.	
Pl.	32.	Fig. 1, 2 *
Pl.	31.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Pl.	34.	Fig- 1, 2, 3.
Pl.	37.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4
Pl.	36.	Fig. 1, 2, 3.
Pl.	35.	Fig. 1, 2.
Pl.	38.	Fig. 1, 2, 3.
Pl.	41.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Pl.	40.	Fig. 6, 1, 2, 3,
Pl.	45.	Fig. 1, 2.
Pl.	39.	Fig. 1, 2, 5, 6.
Pl.	42.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4,
Pl.	45.	Fig. 3, 4, 5.
Pl.	39.	Fig. 3, 4.
Pl.	44.	Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5,
Pl.	43.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4,
Pl.	46.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4,
Pl.	49.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4,
Pl.	48.	Fig. 1, 2.
Pl.	47.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4,
Pl.	44.	Fig. 1.
Pl.	50.	Fig. 3, 4.
Pl.	53.	Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4
Pl.	50.	Fig. 1, 2.
Pl.	52	
Pl.	51.	Fig. 1, 2.
Pl.	54.	Fig 1, 2, 3.
 
TABLE.
 Pl. 57.  Fig. 1,2,3,4,5,6
 Pl. 56.
 Pl. 55.  Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.
 Pl. 58.  Fig. 1,2, 3,4,5,8.
 Pl. 61.
 Pl. 60.  Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4,  5
 Pl. 59.  Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4-
 PL 63.  Fig. 1, 2.
 PL 72.  Fig. 1, 2.
 Pl. 66.
 Pl. 65.
 Pl. 64.
 Pl. 68.
 Pl. 71.  Fig. 1, 2, 3
 Ph 70.  Fig. 1, 2.
 Pl. 69.  Fig. 1, 2, 3.
 Pl- 72.  Fig. 3.
 Pl. 74.
 Pl. 73.  Fig. 1, 3, 2
 Pl. 78.
 Pl. 75.  Fig. 1, 2, ?
 Pl. 81.  Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.
 Pl. 80.  Fig. 1, 2. 3.
 Pl. 79.  Fig. 1, 2, 3.
 Pl- 82. Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, &
 Pl. 85. Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4
 Pl. 84. Fig. 1, 2.
 Pl. 83. Fig.  1, 2
 Pl. 86.
 Pl. 89.
 Pl. 88.
 Pl.  87.  Fig. 1, 2.
 Pl.  90.
 PL  93.  Fig.  1, 2.
PI. 92.  Fig.  1.
Pl. 91.  Fig.  1, 2.
Pl. 94.  Fig.  1.
Pl. 97.  Fig.  1, 2, 3,4.
TABLE
Pl. 96.
Pl. 92.
Pl. 96.
Pl. 95.
Pl. 101.
Pl. 99.
Pl. 97.
Pl. 94.
Pl. 101.
Pl. 99.
Pl. 98.
Pl. 102.
Pl. 103.
Pl. 114.
Pl. 106.
Pl. 105.
Pl. 114.
Pl. 107.
Pl. 109.
Pl. 111.
Pl. 108.
Pl. 111.
Pl. 108.
Pl. 111.
Pl. 108.
Pl. 110.
Pl. 112.
Pl. 113.
Pl. 112.
Pl. 104.
PL 113.
Pl. 115.
PL 104.
PL 124.
Pl. 123.
Pl. 116.
Fig. 1, 6, 2, 3.
Fig. 2
Fig. 4, 5.
Fig. 1, 2, 3.
Fig. 1, 2.
Fig. 1.
Fie. 5. 6
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3, 4.
Fig. 2, 3, 4.
Fig. 1,2,3, 4.5,6,7,8,9,  10,11.
 Fig.  1, 2
Fig. 1, 2.
Fig. 1, 2.
 Fig. 3, 4, 6

 Fig. 1, 2
 Fig. 1.
 Fig. 1.
 Fig. 2.
 Fig. 2.
 Fig. 3.
 Fig. 3.

 Fig  1.
 Fig.  1.
 Fig. 2, 3.
 Fig.  I.
 Fig  2, 3.
 Fig. 2, 3, \.
 Fig. 2, 3. 
THE       ESSENTIALS       OF      ANATOMY.

                       PREPARED AS A TEXT-BOOK FOR  STUDENTS  AND  A  WORK OF REFERENCE FOR THE
                                                         ii EN Ell A L FRA CTFTIO N ER.


          By  WILLIAM DARLING,  M.D., F.R.C S,  Professor of Anatomy,  and  A. L RANNEY, A.M , M.D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of

                                Anatomy  in the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York.



                                                     OCTAVO, CLOTH EXTRA, $4.00.



      The work will be especially valuable  to many  members  of the profession and for use as a text-book, as it is based on the lectures

of  Prof. Darling, whose method of instruction is  characterized  by great  originality and by an  attractive system  which has been well

recognized.

      The main divisions of  the work are as follows :


      Part I.—GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY, with definitions of the terms used and their application.

      Pakt II.—OSTEOLOGY.  Giving a  description of each bone and tables of the important points pertaining to each.

      Part III.—MYOLOGY.  Including the origin  and  insertion of  muscles, with their physiological action, nerve supply, and surgical  importance,
classified both separately and in groups.

      Pakt IV.—ANGIOLOGY.   Describing the origin, distribution, and surgical relations  of the various vessels  of the body.

      Pakt V.—NEUROLOGY.   A tabulated arrangement of the nerves of the human body, and the chief points  in the gross anatomy of the cerebro-
spinal axis.

      Part VI.—SPLANCHNOLOGY.  Comprising a description of the various organs of the body in such a form as to assist the memory of students
and to aid easy reference.

      Part VII.—ANATOMY OF THE PERINEUM  OF THE MALE AND FEMALE, with reference to the surgical importance of each.



                                     EXTRACTS  FROM THE  OPINIONS OF PRACTICAL INSTRUCTORS.

      I have examined " Essentials of Anatomy," by Drs. Darling and Ranney, and am so well pleased with it that I shall speak approvingly of it and add it to the lists of
books recommended to students. The  skill of a  veteran teacher is displayed in arranging facts for ready access, and a prodigality  of words has not rendered it diilicidi  to
find what one wishes when wanted.  It is a capital book for ready reference while seeking information for practical use. A'convenient book to have ready at hand —
Yours respectfully, C. L. Ford, Professor of Anatomy, University of Michigan and Long  Island College Jlosjiital. lirooklyn, N. V.

      Used as the authors designed as the complement of present standard text-books—it will prove exceedingly valuable, both to students who need to be told what
is important and what not, and to practitioners who desire a work to which they can easily and quickly refer.  I shall recommend  it to  our students.—Vours  very tndv
J. F. Baldwin, Professor of Anatomy,  Columbus Medical College, Columbus, Ohio.                                                                       ■*'

      I have carefully examined Prof. Darling's " Essentials of Anatomy," which you so kindly sent to me, and it gives me pleasure to say that I regard it as a valuable
addition to anatomical text books.  I rind it accurate, systematically arranged and eminently practical.  As a book of reference it will be found very valuable to the busy
practitioner.- Most sincerely yours, S. H. Weeks, Professor of Anatomy, Medical School of  Maine.                                                          ■*

      I regard the work as one of great value, especially to the student.  It is superior to any work yet published on Anatomy, in its classifications and tabulations bv
which it offers great aid to memory, which is a very desirable feature in all works upon Anatomy.—Yours truly, L. W. Uinuua.m, Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Uni-
versity of Vermont, Burlington, Vt._______________________
G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS,  Publishers,  New York.