!'■ : t: ".■! >)'•'"'" III! Bedford Reports on Artificial Anatomy of Dr. Auzoux Wi&:& CvSfe-.- REPORTS ON THE ARTIFICIAL ANATOMY OF DR. AUZOUX, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY; CHEVALIER OF THE LEGION OF HONOUR, ETC., ETC., ETC. Itaque, ista naturoe rerum contemplatio, quamvis non faciat medicum, aptiorem tamen medicinae reddit." (Corn. Cels. Prafat.) PRINTED BY CHARLES VINTEN, 63 Vesey-Street, near Greenwich. 1840. •>^jf REPORTS ON THE ARTIFICIAL ANATOMY OF DR. AUZOUX, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology; Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, &c, &c, Sac " Itaque, ista naturae rerum contemplatio, quamvis non faciat medicum, aptiorem tamen medicinae reddit." (Corn. Cels., Prmfat.) N EW-YOR K: PRINTED BY CHARLES VINTEN, 63 Vesey-Street, near Greenwich. 1840. INDEX.. PAGE REPORT made to the Royal Academy of Medicine, 10th May, 1831, by Messrs. Adelon, Anthony Dubois, Itibes, H. Cloquet, Cruveilhier, Breschet and Baffos....... 5 REPORT of M. A. Passy to the Consul General, Session of 1835, ............................ 7 REPORT of Baron Charles Dupin, Member of the Institute, to the Central Committee on the Products of French In- dustry, ............................. 8 EXTRACT from the Report of Messrs. Portal and Dumeril 9 EXTRACT from the Report of Messrs. Boyer, Series and Geoffroy St. Hilaire, ..................... 10 OPINION of Professor Laennec, addressed to the Minister of the Interior, ........................ 10 CONCLUSIONS,........................ 10 EXTRACT from a Letter by Dr. Harlan, of Philadelphia, 11 PREFACE. IN presenting the following Reports, made to the learned societies in France, respecting the merits of Dr. Auzoux's splendid Artificial Anatomy, I wish merely to remark, that the names of the gentlemen forming the various committees, are among the first that France has produced in any age. It is unnecessary for me to dilate on the excellencies or public utility of this most extraordi- nary piece of mechanism ; it carries with it the impress of its own value. Anatomy can now become the pursuit of all,—and the time approaches when no individual will be considered as having completed his education without previously having learned something of the philosophy of his wonderful mechanism. Dr. Auzoux has succeeded in throwing a fascination around the study of Anatomy, which it never before possessed: free as he has made it from the loathesomeness of the dissecting room, it can be pursued by all classes of society without the fear of encountering the putrescent atmosphere of the dead. It shall be my effort to make Anatomy tributary to public instruction; and with this view, I shall devote my leisure hours in explaining the beauties and wonders of our physical organization. Private Classes will be formed for Students of Me- dicine. Gentlemen, not of the medical profession, and IV who are anxious to have a more minute knowledge of Anatomy than is consistent to present to a popular au- dience, will be arranged in classes, and instructed in the details of anatomical and physiological science. Classes will also be formed for members of the legal profession, who now will have an opportunity of acquir- ing, in a short time, such knowledge of the human structure as will essentially aid them in all questions of medical jurisprudence. G. S. BEDFORD, M. D. For further particulars apply at 695 Broadway. New-York, April 1st, 1840. REPORT MADE TO THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, BV Messrs. Adelon, Anthony Dubois, Ribes, H. CloqueTj Cruveilhier, Breschet and Baffos. Session, 10th May, 1831. Gentlemen, In the years 1822, 1823, and 1825, M. Auzoux submitted to your examination specimens of Artificial Anatomy, intended to represent the different parts which enter into the composition of the human body. You appointed, in order to render you an account of the la- bours of our collegue, Messrs. Dumeril, Beclard, H. Cloquet, Desgenettes, Breschet, Richerand, and Allard. This committee, fully capable by their profound attainments, to discharge the trust reposed in them, stated to you their opinion as to the great im- portance of M. Auzoux's discovery, and invoked for its distin- guished author your thanks; they observed, likewise, that M. Auzoux was entitled to the encouragement which the French Government always accorded to those who do honor to their country. " France," in the language of M. Allard, " has this day the advantage of surpassing all other nations in the art of Ana-tomical Imitations." Your favorable opinion, gentlemen, has been confirmed by the extraordinary anxiety evinced by the public institutions of al- most all civilized countries to obtain this wonderful Preparation. Your elogiums and the avidity with which these specimens have been sought after by Foreigners, have given a new impulse to the zeal o°f our collegue. We transcribe, with great pleasure, what was said in 1823 by the Medical Society of Emulation.— " We cheerfully accord to M. Auzoux the thanks due to his zeal in the cause of science;—his patience, his ingenious essays, and the brilliant results accomplished by his perseverance and pro- found knowledge of Anatomy." After five years of arduous toil, M. Auzoux submitted to the Academy, at its session of 25th May, 1830, a new specimen of Anatomy, for the examination of which you appointed Messrs. A. Dubois, Ribes, Adelon, Cruveilhier, Breschet, H. Cloquet, and myself. ( 6 ) It was not to any slight modifications, or additions of little importance, that our collegue devoted himself; he so far :e- modeled his previous efforts that nothing was preserved but tlie modus faciendi. M. Auzoux has designed an Adult, five feet 6ix inches in height, and imposed upon himself the task of deli- neating the minutest details of our physical structure. This new model, compared with what he had yet done, or even with the complete specimen submitted to your examination in 1825, and which was deemed worthy of high praise, presents, nevertheless, such great improvements, that it is difficult to con- ceive it to be the work of the same artist. The forms have been completely changed, the details more than doubled; and by means of ingenious sections, M. Auzoux has succeeded in exhi- biting all that relates to myology, angeology. neurology, and splanchnology; even the bones themselves are so naturally re- presented, that it is not easy to distinguish them from the veri- table bones of the Cadaver. The minutest parts of the human system—the most delicate as also the most voluminous—the soft. as well as the hard—the superficial and profound—are exhibited with the greatest accuracy in their forms, colors, and connec- tions. We do not consider it necessary to enter into an analysis of all these details; we prefer, rather, to draw your attention to certain parts, which have more especially attracted the notice of your committee. The representation of the Heart is exceedingly happy; by means of a section made in the inter-auricular and inter-ventri- cular partition, this organ is divided into two halves: upon each half are two cavities, which may be opened so as to bring into view the valves—all these parts re-unite so exactly, that the traces of division can scarcely be recognized—and in the entire they exhibit a heart of the natural size, whence are seen the vessels, which either originate from this organ or are returned to it. All these vessels being traced from their origin to their termination it is easy to study their different branches, their nu- merous anastamoses, and their relations with the different organs. The preparation of the Head, in which are found the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and nasal fossa?, with the muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves, which accompany these parts, or which are distributed there, has appeared to your committee to offer an accuracy in detail which has never been equalled. The Brain, Spinal Marrow, and Great Sympathetic Nerve, have been represented with all their details in so perfect a man- ner as to leave nothing to be desired. Your committee are happy in being able to announce the entire realization of the hopes, which you were induced to cherish, not only by the reports of preceeding committees, those of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and of the Medical Society of Em- ulation, but by the testimony of many distinguished physicians whose opinions had been requested. M. Auzoux has rendered a great service to practitioners, who, ( 7 ) after having completed their studies on the Cadaver, will be en- abled to review in a very brief time all tiiat they had previously learned. Surgeons remote from large cities will be especially benefitted by the opportunity afforded them of studying the re- lations of the various parts. This preparation will be of essential utility in public demon- strations. In Schools of Anatomy, for example, where there i^ a deficiency of subjects, the professor can describe the course and relation of blood vessels, nerves, &c. There is a natural repugnance to the study of Anatomy in persons who are not called to it by the necessity of their pro- fession. However, for years past it has been desirable that the youth of our country, in completing their education, should have some idea of human organization. The utility of this study has been felt by the Prince whom France has called to the throne— by his particular desire his son prosecuted a course of Anatomy. Your committee, gentlemen, have the honor to suggest that thanks be returned to M. Auzoux, with the assurance that the Royal Academy is well satisfied with his labours, and that he be included in the approaching election. The committee further propose, that the present report be sent to athe Minister of the Interior, with the opinion that these preparations should be in- troduced into the Royal Colleges, Schools of Medicine, and other public establishments. The Academy, moreover, voted that one of M. Auzouz's pre- parations be purchased and placed in the Session Chamber. Perpetual Secretary of the Royal Academy of Medicine, (Signed) Pariset. Paris, 10th May, 1831. The Royal Academy adopted the report and its conclusions.— It remarked, however, that the committee had not insisted suffi- ciently on the advantages of M. Auzoux's preparation in warm climates ; that if it were useful to students practitioners, and scientific men in those countries in which human dissections were comparatively easy, it was of indispensable necessity in those latitudes in which the dissection of the dead could not be prosecuted without compromising the health of the living. p (Signed) Gueneau de Musst, 10th May, 1831. REP ORT By M. A. Passy, to the Consul General. Skssion of 1835. T wish to apprise you of a new and singular enterprise, which has just enriched this department. Doctor Auzoux has estab- ( 8 ) lished manufactories for the making of Anatomical preparations in his native place, St. Aubin d' Ecroville. He employs sixty workpeople, of all ages; and with their ordinary labour, con- sisting of painting and sculpture, he unites particular instructions, which, together with his assiduous care, serve at once to de- velope the intelligence and morality of those he employs. If a stranger were accidentally to visit his manufactories, remote as they are from large cities, and ask what object was to be answered by the industrious efforts of those around him, he would be astonished to learn, that, in the midst of the forest as it were, people were devoting themselves to the most extraordinary and learned occupation. If he were to enter the workshops, he would hear the pure language of Anatomy ; he would be amazed to find children explaining the most surprising operations of the mechanism of life. I would propose that the sum of three thousand franks be appropriated for the purchase of an Anatomical Preparation of M. Auzoux; that it be placed in the Amphitheatre of this city, and be used in the public demonstrations of Anatomy. REPORT By M. Baron Charles Dupin, Member of the Institute, to the Central Committee on the Products of French Industry. The study of Anatomy is an object of disgust to the generality of people, and contact with the dead subject, lothsome to all, prevents those not of the medical profession from prosecuting the interesting subject of human Anatomy. M. Auzoux, for public lectures and isolated study, has super- seded, by a composition at once flexible and solid, which receives and preserves the most delicate impressions, the necessity of encountering the impurities of the dissecting room; he has ex- hibited, by sub-divisions extremely numerous, the different parts of the human body, which, collectively, present in the most perfect manner natural man. In its ensemble, this preparation presents the Anatomical Subject deprived of the integuments and cellular tissue; and exhibits true to life the muscles, aponeuroses, cartilages, nerves, viscera, and blood vessels, with their form, colour, and natural positions. In the examination in detail, each piece, retained by two clasps, is removed, and presents separately the limb, organ, viscuB, muscle, nerve, or blood-vessel, which it may be desirous of examining. The heart and brain are susceptible of being opened and examined in their minutest structures, and their entire interior is fully revealed. ( 9 ) The Academies of Science and Medicine have passed high encomiums upon this admirable production, so just'-y appreciated by foreigners. In Great Brittain, the invention of M. Auzoux has sufficed to have revoked, as hereafter useless, the law which prevents the selling of dead bodies, a law which has given rife to the most atrocious crimes. The French Government have caused these inimitable preparations to be placed in the Military Hospilals of Instruction, and in the majority of the Schools oi Medicine ; and their usefulness has been extended to the colo- nies. Numbers of these models have been orden d for Russia, Turkey, the East and West Indies, Italy, Mexico, St. Domingo, and they have served to found Schools of Medicine in Cairo, Constantinople, Persia, Syria, &c. It will be readily shown, by the following fact, with what rapidity the knowledge of Anatomy is exiending itself; the work- men employed by M. Auzoux, even the mort illiterate, are all in a condition to teach this science. One of his pupils, taken from the country to work at his preparations, and who scarcely knew how to read, has become in three years a learned Anatomist; he now resides at Cairo, and is eminently distinguished—he is not yet twenty years of age. The preparation of M. Auzoux will enable Professors to im- part the highly interesting science of Anatomy to the people at large. At the last exhibition of the products of French industry, the wonderful models of M. Auzoux were submitted to public exami- nation. They were objects of great attention on the part of the King, the Members of the Council, of all the public journals, and especially of the citizens, whose anxiety to examine the prepara- tions was such, that the Administration was under the necessity of adopting measures to check the impulse which M. Auzoux's happy and°natural delineation of the human subject had created. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Session, 10th April, 1835. Extract from the Report by Messrs. Portal and Dumeril. It is extremely desirable that the people generally should know something of their wonderful organization. Can it be supposed that an educated man of the present day would be content to remain ignorant of the manner and means ob various movements, and of the organs by which his sensation* and principal functions are produced 1 A 1 tins can be learnen, without encountering the loathsomness of the dissecting room, from the admirable preparation introduced to the public bv M. Auzoux No one can now complain that he does not enjoy abuu- ( io ) dant opportunity to become intimately acquainted with the intri- cacies of his own extraordinary mechanism. ROYAL INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. Extract from the Report of Messrs. Boyer, Serues, and Geoffhoy Saint-Hilaire. A general knowledge of the parts comprising the human system will one day form an important branch of education a- mong all classes of society. Sooner or later this will be insisted upon ; but in no way can this study be adapted to the people at large but through the resources of the splendid invention of M. Auzoux. OPINION OF PROFESSOR L^NNEC, Addressed to the Minister of the Interior. I have examined in detail the Artificial Anatomy of M. Au- zoux, and I can attest to its excellence as well as utility. If its originator could place it at a price which would enable the various Anatomical Theatres to provide themselves with it, the following advantages would result:— 1.—The time ordinarily allotted to the study of Anatomy would be considerably abridged. 2-—There would be a great diminution in the number of subjects necessary for dissection, for the student having previ- ously become thoroughly acquainted with the form and relations of the various organs by studying the preparation of M. Auzoux, could soon perfect himself on the Cadaver. 3.-~-The student would have an opportunity of refreshing his recollection with regard to the various points in Anatomical science, which he may have forgotten. 4.—The entire freedom of this Preparation from the loth- someness of the dissecting room, would prove attractive to such pupils as are not over zealous in their labours. (Signed) Ag. Lennec, D.M., Professor in the Medical Society of Paris, and in the College of France. CONCLUSIONS. The following conclusions are derived fW m the Reports which have been made with regard to my Artificial Anatomy to the ( 11 ) Royal Academy of Medicine, to the Institute, and to the Medical Society of Emulation:— 1.—That this Preparation has the advantage of abridging the time usually devoted to the study of Anatomy. 2.—That it furnishes to students and practitioners an oppor- tunity of renewing their knowledge of this interesting study. 3.—That it will render the study of Anatomy practicable to all classes of society. 4.—It will furnish the means of prosecuting Anatomical re- searches in those countries in which the warmth of the climate, or the prejudices of the people, are adverse to human dissection. 5.—It affords the opportunity of studying Anatomy during all seasons of the year and under every circumstance. 6.—It exhibits, at the same time, and on the same subject, in the standing position, all the parts which enter into the com- position of the human body, together with their natural colour, relations, situations, figure, extent, and attachments. 7.—It contributes to the perfection of the fine arts, by render- ing the study of Anatomy less disgusting and more easy. 8.—It is capable of accomplishing the hopes long since ex- pressed by learned men, who have devoted themselves to the education of youth, that the study of Anatomy should form a part of public instruction. Such were the wishes of Decartes, Montesquieu, Bossuet, Demarsais, and of all those whose busi- ness it has been to preside over public instruction. M. Auzoux. The following is an Extract from a *Letter written by Dr. Harlan, of Philadelphia, dated—Paris, May 10th, 1839. " Among the improvements in Anatomy, I ought to mention the gratification that I experienced in attending the lectures of Dr Auzoux, who, for the benefit of the fastidious, has succeeded in divesting Anatomy of all its disgust and horror, and rendered it a pursuit even for ladies ; a number of the most respectable of whom were constant attendants of his demonstrations, which are made entirely from artificial subjects, m which each portion is separate, marked with names or numbers, and in which there is one advantage it possesses over the real subject—that all the relative positions of muscle, tendon, nerve, blood-vessel, and bone are beautifully displayed." * See Medical Examiner, No. 28, vol. 2. • ■■ \mwr 1 TO: "*J; '.<:• .'I'll mm