Father Penn and John Barleycorn By HARRY MALCOLM CHALFANT Editor American Issue—Penn’a Edition THE EVANGELICAL PRESS HARRISBURG, PA. Copyright 1920 by Harry M. Chalfant. Drawn by FI. J. Sinclair. TO MY WIFE. PREFACE. Thousands of volumes have been written tell- ing the story of the rise and fall of the slave trade in America. The man who would write on that subject finds every conceivable pathway well trodden before he comes to it. It is not so with the history of the rise and fall of the liquor trade. Much has been written of a scientific, po- litical and economic character. But from an historical standpoint this volume is essentially pioneer work. It has been the writer’s aim to adhere strictly to the spirit of the historian, avoiding every ap- pearance of preachment, lecture and scientific treatise. He has undertaken his task with the belief that the day will come when students will search as eagerly for the facts concerning the rise and suppression of the liquor traffic as the historian of today searches for the facts con- cerning the rise and suppression of human slav- ery. In every paragraph of this book effort has been made to furnish an answer to those who in the coming years shall aim to discover why strong drink was outlawed in this day and gen- eration. 5 6 Preface. The accomplishment of prohibition has not been the work of a year, nor a decade, nor even a generation. It has not been the work of any one group of persons nor of any one agency. Self-sacrificing men and women laid the founda- tions for victory at a time beyond the memory of any living man. The soldiers who died de- fending Paris in the Autumn of 1914 were just as essential to the final triumph over Germany as those who held the firing line on Armistice Day four years later. In this volume the object has been to give just recognition to those ear- nest patriots who saw the triumph from afar and by their works and faith helped to bring it a little nearer. The author is under obligation to numerous friends for helpful suggestions, especially to Rev. Michael J. Fanning. Grateful acknowl- edgement of the courtesies extended by the li- brarians of the Historical Society of Pennsyl- vania is, also, made. The outstanding temperance organizations whose work in recent years made prohibition possible have been the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. There has been included, therefore, in the Ad- denda a Who’s Who of the principal workers of these organizations. It is of necessity incom- Preface. 7 plete, but is published with the thought that it may prove helpful to future writers seeking light on the workers of this generation. Certain statistics which may not be of interest to the average reader are given also in the Addenda. H. M. C. Philadelphia, July 1,1920. CONTENTS. PAGE I. A Flying Start 13 II. The Original Pennsylvania Prohibition- ist 24 III. Colonial Legislation 36 IV. The Whiskey Insurrection 45 V. A Trio of Pioneers 52 VI. Beginnings of Organized Effort 62 VII. Taking a Plebiscite 76 VIII. A County Option Experiment 82 IX. A Hero of Two Wars 90 X. A New Army in Action 95 XI. Regulation at Its Best 102 XII. A Fruitless Campaign 114 XIII. Second War for Local Option 121 XIV. No-License Campaigns 133 XV. Winning National Prohibition 151 XVI. The Moral Suasionists 163 XVII. Attacking from Many Angles 169 XVIII. The Party Method 177 XIX. The White Ribboners 185 XX. The Church in Action 202 XXI. The Press and the Problem 223 XXII. The Strength of the Foe 233 XXIII. Glimpses at the Ledger 246 XXIV. Outlawed 252 Addenda 255 9 ILLUSTRATIONS. Moving Out Frontispiece Penn’s Brewery 16 An Indian Resolution 32 Title Page Benezet’s Book 53 Bullet in Bible Opposite 148 10 INTRODUCTION. Prohibition throughout the world depends largely upon its success or failure in America. America has been the sociological laboratory in which the varied schemes of dealing with the traffic have been tried out. The failure of all conceivable plans of regulation have been dem- onstrated in our country just as has been dem- onstrated the success of prohibition in limited areas. Its success as a national measure is now being proven in the furnace of experience. The history of the development of temperance reform, especially in the Thirteen Original States, involving the story of Colonial experi- ences and customs, the ghastly record of the drink trade in connection with the Indian Tribes, and the efforts to remedy the evils of drink by drastic supervision of its sale, is of vital importance to the whole world, now seek- ing to be free from the oppression of Drink. No state presents a more significant and illuminat- ing record of achievement and failure than does Pennsylvania, and Mr. Chalfant has placed stu- dents of two continents under obligation to him for so thoroughly and accurately recording the 11 12 Introduction. history of that state in her struggles with the alcohol problem. For three centuries, Pennsylvania tried to abolish the evils of the drink by selling liquor. She only aggravated them. The liquor dealers of that state were the first to break out in open armed rebellion against the authority of the government. They followed this by staining the whole subsequent history of the state with dis- honor, with crime, with scandal and corruption. The trade dies hard, just as its twin evil slavery died hard. The Eighteenth Amendment is a victory of the people over a sinister and well organized interest. Slavery, throughout the thousands of years of its existence, was never perpetuated for the benefit of the slave or of the people, but solely for the benefit of the man who carried the lash. Just so, the liquor traffic has never been perpetuated for the benefit of the drunkard or the people, but solely for the benefit of those who profited privately by its sale. This carefully written history of the story of the drink in the Keystone state is a most valua- ble contribution to the literature of the reform, not only for its historical value in America, but as an illuminating record of experience for the peoples of other lands who are longing to be free from Drink Oppression, just as America is now free. William E. Johnsox. I. A FLYING START. Just when John Barleycorn began business on Pennsylvania soil is difficult to determine, but he was on the ground early and had a flying start. The Swedes were the first comers to this land of hope and freedom, but their sway was of short duration and uneventful. After strug- gling along for seventeen years, the feeble col- ony at Upland, on the banks of the Delaware river, was conquered by the Dutch, in Septem- ber, 1655. That the liquor traffic already had secured a foothold is indicated by the fact that the director appointed by the Dutch was in- structed to observe “the published ordinances against the sale of strong drink to the Indians also, the ordinances against “running about in the country and drinking on, or profaning, the Sabbath day.” Before the close of that year Pennsylvania’s first liquor revenue law was promulgated and a schedule of taxes levied.1 A duty was also laid on imported liquors. 1. Nead: Charter to Wm. Penn, Appendix. 13 14 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. The Dutch retained control of the colony for only nine years and were in turn ousted by the English in 1664. On September 22, 1676, the Duke of York put into operation his “Book of Laws.” In dealing with the traffic in strong drink it contained the following paragraphs :2 “That no person whatsoever shall henceforth un- dertake the Calling or work of Brewing Beere for Sale, but only such as are known to have Sufficient Skill and knowledge in the art or Mistery of a Brewer. “Every Person licensed to keep an Ordinary (Inn) shall always be provided of strong and wholesome Beer, of four bushels of malt at least to a Hoggshead which he shall not Sell at above two pence the quart under penalty of twenty Shillings, for the First Offence, forty shillings for the Second, and loss of his License. “No Person whatsoever from henceforth shall Sell, Truck, Barter, give or deliver any Strong Liquors to any Indian, directly or indirectly, whatsoever known by the name of Rum, Strong waters, wine Brandy Spirrits, or any other Strong Liquors under any other name whatsoever; Under the Penalty of forty Shill- ings for one pint and so proportionately for greater or lesser quantities so Sould, Bartered, given or de- livered as aforesaid. ’ ’ William Penn arrived in 1682 to take charge of the colony. He was one of God’s noblemen, one of the great benefactors of the ages. He left a lasting impression for good not only in 2. Nead : Charter to Wm. Penn, Appendix. A Flying Start. 15 the infant colony but on the nation of which it was later to be a vital part. What is said, therefore, concerning his relation to the drink traffic is not to be construed as reflecting in any way upon his lofty character but as throwing light upon the customs and habits of the age in which he lived. Penn deplored the excessive use of strong liq- uor, but drank it in moderation, and had no hesi- tancy in promoting it as a commercial proposi- tion. He thought he saw on the banks of the Delaware river a land that could in course of time be made to rival Prance in the production of rare wines, and hence he zealously urged the importation and cultivation of grape vines.3 He hoped to see within a brief time the colony flour- ishing with great and productive vineyards, but his ambitions in this particular direction were never realized. Not long after his arrival in the colony Penn determined to build for himself, on the banks of the Delaware river, a mansion worthy of one who enjoyed his financial and political standing. In planning for this house, which was after- wards built at Pennsbury, Bucks county, he wrote a letter to James Harrison, in 1684, in 3. Fisher: The True William Penn, Page 278. 16 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. PENN'S BUEW-IIOUSE. From History Bucks County Toy Davis. A Flying Start. 17 which he said:4 “I would have a kitchen, two larders, a wash house, a room to iron in, a brew house and a Milan oven for baking, and stabling for twelve horses.’* A picture of his brew house is still extant. Thus there came into existence the first Penn- sylvania brewery of which history accords us any information. How long it stood, what its product was and what consequences resulted therefrom must be left to the imagination of the reader. History does record, however, the sad fact that William Penn, Jr., the son of the founder became addicted to the use of strong drink and led a life which brought great distress to the elder Penn in his latter days. Drinking was common among all classes. Rare, indeed, was the man who had the temerity to enter any protest against the habits of his neighbors or his friends. Malt liquor was made in the principal towns in small quantity. It early became an article of export from Philadel- phia. Concerning the manufacture and use of beer, Penn said in a tract which he issued in 1685:5 4. Davis: History of Bucks County. 5. Pennsylvania Magazine. 18 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. “Our Drink has been Beer and Punch made of Hum and Water: Our Beer was mostly made of Molasses, which well boyled, with Sassafras or Pine infused into it, makes very tollerable drink; but now they made Mault and Mault drink begins to become common, especially at the Ordinaries and the Houses of the more substantial People. In our great Town there is an able Man, that has set up a large Brew House, in order to furnish the People with good Drink, both there and up and down the River. ’ ’ The importation of rnm from the West Indies was a considerable item of commerce. Repeated efforts were made to develop a wine-making in- dustry of commercial proportions, but little ever came of it. From the earliest days of the col- ony, however, the making of whisky was very general. Most farmers had their own private stills. It was given to farm hands freely, and it was not an unusual thing for them to accept whisky as pay for their labor. Drinking customs in colonial days received only scant attention in the literature which has come down to us. Nevertheless a paragraph here and a sentence there may be found which throw light on the subject. Among the events which brought the people together in large num- bers were public sales, weddings and funerals. Excessive drinking and drunkenness were quite common upon such occasions. The Yearly Meetings of the Quakers gave A Flying Start. 19 early attention to this situation and entered protest in the form of resolutions.6 In 1726 the Yearly Meeting adopted a resolution condemn- ing the giving of liquor at public sales. In 1743 a petition was sent up to the Assembly com- plaining against the habit of furnishing liquor at public sales, declaring that excessive drink- ing “frequently produced swearing, quarreling and other scandalous enormities, and, moreover, was often the cause that poor people gave ex- travagant prices for unnecessary things, where- by families were much oppressed and sometimes ruined. ’ ’ In 1736 the Yearly Meeting adopted a resolu- tion condemning the giving of drams to chil- dren, on the ground that it created an appetite for strong drink. Resolutions were also adopted by the same body against the “too fre- quent use of liquor. ’ ’ It seems passing strange to us of this day that the excessive use of liquor at funerals became so common as to make such events seem more like a drunken picnic than an event of sorrow. The body of the dead usually lay in state for several days in order that distant friends and relatives might be notified and have sufficient time to journey to the funeral. It was deemed a matter 6. Scarf and Westcott: History of Philadelphia. 20 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. of hospitality and courtesy to furnish food and drink in abundance upon such occasions. The only reason conditions at weddings were less obnoxious than at funerals was because the event did not require the same length of time in bringing it to a conclusion. There is enlightment in a letter written by Edward Shippen, one of the first Speakers of the Colonial Assembly. It was a message to his son and is descriptive of the drinking habits of the young men of that day, against which he warned his boy. The warning was evidently ef- fective, for the young man afterward became a Justice of the Supreme Court. In that letter the young men are described as meeting to- gether around a table, eating and drinking until they were intoxicated, thereby causing sorrow and distress in their families. The liberal use of intoxicants was by no means confined to the male sex. In 1733 a woman was found dead as a result of excessive drinking. The editor of the Pennsylvania Gazette, taking this as a topic, wrote as follows: “It is now become the practice of some otherwise discrete women, instead of a draught of beer and toast or a chunk of bread and cheese, or a wooden noggin of good porridge and bread, as our good old English cus- tom is, or milk and bread boiled, or tea and bread and butter, or milk, coffee, etc., they must have their two A Flying Start. 21 or three drams in the morning b}r which as I believe, their appetite for wholesome food is taken away, and their minds stupefied, so that they have no longer that prudent care for their families to manage well the business of their station, nor that regard for reputa- tion which good women ought to have. And though they find their husbands ’ affairs every day going back- ward, through their negligence and they themselves want necessaries; though there be no bread in the house and the children almost barefoot this cold weather, yet, as if drinking rum were part of their re- ligious worship, they never fail their constant daily sacrifice. ’ ’ Wine was accounted as having a diplomatic value, providing always, of course, that it did not get mixed up with the wrong brain. Upon one occasion Benjamin Franklin, with certain other prominent citizens of Philadelphia, was commissioned to wait upon Governor Clinton of New York, with the hope of borrowing some cannon for the public defence of Pennsylvania. Concerning that visit Franklin says :7 “He at first refus’d us peremptorily; but at din- ner with his council, where there was great drinking of Maderia wine, as the custom of that place then was, he softened by degrees, and said he would lend us six. After a few more bumpers he advanc’d to ten; and at length he very good naturedly conceded eighteen. ’ ’ Who ever heard of rum as an indue ment to lure men to attend divine service ? And yet the 7. Franklin’s Autobiography, Page 198. 22 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. same writer8 tells of a place where it was used for that purpose. In 1755 Franklin was com- missioned by the Governor of the Province to raise an army and move to the defence of the settlements in the neighborhood of Bethlehem. The Indians had burned Gnadenhiitten, a Mora- vian village on the present site of "Weissport, Carbon county, and had massacred the inhabit- ants. This was considered a good location for one of the new forts. Consequently Franklin assembled his soldiers at Bethlehem,—there be- ing something over 500 of them,—and marched to the locality where the new fort was to be erected. In his “Autobiography” he describes various events in connection with this work, one paragraph of which reads as follows: “We had for our chaplain a zealous Presbyterian minister, Mr. Beatty, who complained to me that the men did not generally attend his prayers and exhorta- tions. When, they enlisted, they were promised, be- sides pay and provisions, a gill of rum a day, which was punctually serv’d out to them, half in the morn- ing, and the other half in the evening; and I observ’d they were punctual in attending to receive it; upon which I said to Mr. Beatty: ‘ It is, perhaps, below the dignity of your profession to act as steward of the rum, but if you were to deal it out and only just after prayers, you would have them all about you.’ He liked the tho’t, undertook the office, and, with the help 8. Franklin’s Autobiography, Page 264. A Flying Start. 23 of a few hands to measure out the liquor, executed it to satisfaction, and never were prayers more generally and more punctually attended; so that I thought this method preferable to the punishment inflicted by some military laws for non-attendance on divine service. ’ ’ How much liquor was consumed in those days one cannot conjecture. But that the quantity was sufficiently large to excite comment is shown by a brief item appearing in the Pennsylvania Gazette, November 7,1728, which states that the importation of rum the previous year was 223,- 500 gallons, while that exported amounted to only 11,400 gallons. Commenting on this the editor said: “So that by a modest computation there has been consumed in one year at least twenty-five thousand pounds in rum. This excessive drinking of rum, as it has slain its thousands is likely to destroy its ten thou- sands for by its corrosive and fiery property, it de- bauches the stomach, dries up the radical moisture, poisons the juices, inflames the blood, unsheaths the bowels, debilitates the nerves and stupefies the brain. ’ ’ II. THE ORIGINAL PENNSYLVANIA PROHIBITIONIST. Pennsylvania’s original prohibitionist was the Red Man. He could grow maize, hut in his blissful ignorance he had no knowledge of how to get “red eye” out of it. He was, therefore, of necessity a total abstainer. The coming of the pale face resulted in the introduction of rum, and rum meant disaster and death to the aborigines. There were some Indians in Vermont and others in the Southwest who had knowledge of how to manufacture a crude liquor,1 but among the tribes of Pennsylvania there was no drink which would produce intoxication. Hence, the early settlers found here a people among whom there was no drunkenness. They found a people free, also, from the vices and loathesome dis- eases which were prevalent among nations ad- dicted to the use of alcoholic beverages. It was a sad day for the American Indian when civilization in its westward course found him; for, alas, that civilization was not all good. 1. Johnson: The Federal Government and the Liquor Traffic. 24 The Original Pennsylvania Prohibitionist. 25 In it were many men who were wicked at heart and victims, not only of drunkenness, but of vile diseases which accompanied that vice. To these men the native was an object to be exploited. They felt at liberty not only to debauch and ruin him but to destroy his race if they might thereby get gain. Rum offered them the opportunity. Soon after his arrival in the colony William Penn wrote a letter to his friend Henry Saveli,2 in which he describes the natives as “proper & shapely, very swift, their language lofty. They speak little, but fervently & with Elegency. They believe a Deity & Immortality without ye help of Metaphisicks & some of them admirable sober, though ye Dutch & Sweed and English have by Brandy and Rum almost Debaucht all and when drunk ye most wrechted of spec- tacles. ” The degradation following the use of rum by the Indians beggars description. Many of them died from exposure while drunk and murders were very common among them. Whisky be- came a leading factor in nearly all the mas- sacres. The most vivid description of an Indian carousal, due to liquor, which we have found in the annals of early Pennsylvania history ap- pears in Benjamin Franklin's “Autobiog- 2. Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. I, Page 68. 26 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. raphy.”3 In October, 1753, in company with other commissioners he went to Carlisle to con- clude a treaty with the Delawares, Shawonese, Twightwees, Owendats, and the Six Nations. The commissioners forbade the sale of any liq- uor to the natives until the treaty should be con- cluded, after which the rum was freely given them. What followed that night is described by Franklin as follows: “In the evening, hearing a great noise among them, the commissioners walked out to see what was the mat- ter. We found they had made a great bonfire in the middle of the square; they were all drunk, men and women, quarreling and fighting. Their dark-colored bodies, half naked, seen only by the gloomy light of the bonfires, running after and beating one another with firebrands, accompanied by their horrid yellings, formed a scene the most resembling our ideas of hell that could well be imagined; there was no appeasing the tumult, and we retired to our lodging. ’ ’ He then goes on to tell how an Indian orator the next day endeavored to excuse the use of rum by saying that the Great Spirit had de- signed it for some purpose and evidently it was for the Indian to get drunk with, whereupon Franklin said: “And, indeed, if it be the design of Providence to extirpate these savages in order to make room for cul- 3. Franklin : Autobiography, Page 216. The Original Pennsylvania Prohibitionist. 27 tivators of the earth, it seems not improbable that rum may be the appointed means. It has already annihi- lated all the tribes who formerly inhabited the sea- coast. ’ ’ The Indian was not insensible to his weakness and his degradation through drink. A Mora- vian missionary4 meeting one of the natives at Pittsburgh in the early days asked him his name. The Indian replied: ‘ ‘ My name is Black Fish; when at home with my nation I am a clever fellow and when here a hog.” The same authority says that he frequently saw Indians in the various parts of the state resist for days the temptations of traders to make them drink in order that the trader might get some undue advantage of them. Some of these early Moravian missionaries, for zeal, courage, and common sense, have never been surpassed in the history of Christian enter- prise. And they were much beloved and recog- nized as friends by the Red Man. However, the fruit of their labors was often marred or de- stroyed by the whisky peddler. A sad illustra- tion of this defeat of their efforts was to be found in the case of Teedyuscung.5 He was noted for his physical prowess and his unusual 4. John Heckwelder: Indian Customs. 5. Kulp : Historical Essays. 28 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. mental qualities. Some few years after liis ac- ceptance of the Christian faith he became a noted chief among the Delawares. Because of Teedyuscung’s great influence with his people, the colonial government courted his friendship and built him five houses on the present site of the city of Wilkes-Barre. They were the first dwellings erected by white people in the Wyoming Valley. While he lived Teedyuscung was of great service to the settlers, for whom he seems to have had a real affection; but, unfortunately, the white man’s whisky had enchained him and he lapsed from his Christian faith. In 1763 he was burned to death in his house while under the influence of drink. This was truly a tragedy not only for the Indian chief himself but for the col- ony. His downfall and death opened the door for more troubles, and massacres, which he if alive might have prevented, were soon inflicted upon the settlers. In the first sentence of this chapter the Indian is declared to have been the original Pennsyl- vania prohibitionist. That was literally true. We can show from records of that day that he was actually the first man to enter protest with the government against the continued sale of whisky. The colonists were making laws to pro- The Original Pennsylvania Prohibitionist. 29 tect the Indian, but refused to give up their own habit of drink in order to strengthen the move- ment for the protection of the other fellow. While William Penn was deploring the debauch- ery of the natives through illicit liquor selling he was arranging to have a private brewery built for himself. On the other hand the Indian chiefs were not asking that liquor be withheld from the tribe, while they be furnished with a supply for pri- vate consumption. For the sake of the common good they abstained from liquor drinking in many cases. To the utmost of their ability they protested to the authorities against its sale in their midst. One of the first historians of the State,6 whose work was written during the Revolution, tells us that as early as 1668 the Indians living along the Delaware river requested “absolute prohi- bition, upon the whole river of selling strong liquors to the Indians generally. * ’ Continuing, this early writer says: * ‘ Their ignorance of the nature and effects of drunk- enness, to which at first they were absolute strangers, rendered them less prepared to resist the temptation. Nevertheless, this request of an absolute prohibition of the sale of strong liquor among them shows their sense of the introduction of the temptation, their 6. Robert Proud : History of Pennsylvania. 30 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. weakness to resist it, and the best means with them to resist the consequences of it; which request afterward was, from time to time, frequently and earnestly re- peated by the different nations in these parts, before they were much corrupted by this and other European vices. ’ ’ In May, 1704, the chief of the Conestogoes complained to the government at Philadelphia7 about the great quantity of rum that was being sold to his people, saying that they were being ruined by it. They were under threat of war at that time and there was great danger that they would be 11 Surprised by their enemies when be- side themselves with drink and so be utterly de- stroyed.’ ’ A council was held in Philadelphia in June, 1706, between the colonial authorities8 and the chiefs of the Conestagoes, Shawanois and Gana- wonse tribes. These Indians lived in the lower Susquehanna valley. The Minutes of the Pro- vincial Council contain the following paragraph bearing on the subject in hand: 11 They further desired that none might be suffered to go up into the country beyond their towns to meet the Indians returning from hunting, for they sus- tained great damage by that practice, by being made drunk at their return before they get home to their 7. Colonial Records, Vol. II, Page 141. 8. Colonial Records, Vol. II, Page 248. The Original Pennsylvania Prohibitionist. 31 wives, and so were imposed on and cheated by the traders of the fruits of all their labor. ’ ’ In the Colonial Records9 there is printed in full a resolution which was signed by 100 In- dians at a council held at Allegheny, March 15, 1737. They entered into an agreement that in each of their towns they would smash all casks and pour out the rum in the presence of all the inhabitants of the village. This they solemnly agreed to do for a period of four years. If Car- rie Nation, smashing the saloons of Kansas with her little tomahawk, needed any precedent for her conduct, she would have found it in the ac- tion of the Pittsburg Indians, the original Penn- sylvania prohibitionists. Four years later the appeal from the Indians in the Allegheny region was emphasized by the Shawonese and the Mingoes complaining about the rum which was being brought into their midst in the Western section of the state. Shikellamy was one of the famous chiefs of colonial days. His home was at Shamokin. Upon one occasion10 he sent a deputation of his tribe to confer with Conrad Weiser, the famous Indian agent and interpreter. These repre- sentatives told Weiser about English traders of- 9. Colonial Records, Vol. I, Page 549. 10. Colonial Records. 32 Father Penn and John Barleycorn. Indian Resolution Respecting Rum, 1738. Allcghcnia, March 15, 1737—S. This Day wc held a Council, and itt is agreed by the Sbeynars in General, that what ever Rum is in our Townes shall be broak and spilt, and nott Drunk, and however shall bring any Rum, or any sort of strong Liquor into our Townes, Ind" of or white man, Lett it be more or less, itt shall be all broak and spilt in the Presence of the Whole Townes, where so ever it is Brought, and four men is ap- pointed for Every Town two see that their is ao Rum or strong Li- quor Brought into our Townes, and to Have it for the Tarme of four (Years from Date. Laypareawah Opeiiasas Son, Newchuoner D’bt. King, COYEACOLINNE, CHIEF COUNCIL, Tecomtuk, WOWEARTHA, Mesginaeiatiie, WOWEAIIOMER, Kusshentiiek, Parquartiier, Kissiiecotteler, JIesiicope Coppa, Cutter cowg iter, Moucottawa Tiiu.mer, Ql aiatiiek, f Opeimasiiam'a, Masharcowtiieter, WOYVECOMER, Sheuwe Coppa, Vengaf.owah, Capanether, I’enquar, Opethumer, Sen’r, Noyettkanger, Catpetanne, Mau\vethe\y, Soper, WeSCOPEPETHER, ReLARCOWAH, BoCKOMKR, Oboytiiegua, Okeshot, Wetiiiockome/ Morcotawasse, George Miranda, WocOSt CKSIIANKR, Nesiiewquakts, OpEMAT