' 'V 
? FP. i rrp fird 
■ 
. i -7- '? 
.. - _ 
■ 5- A &. •> J ... THE HAPPY LITTLE CRIPPLE 
I'm thist a little crippled boy, an' never goin' to grow 
An' git a great big man at all!-'cause Aunty told me so. 
When I was thist a baby onc't I failed out of the bed 
An' got "The Curv'ture of the Spine"-'at's what the Doctor said. 
I never had no Mother nen-for my Pa runned away 
An' dassen't come back here no more-'cause he was drunk one day 
An' stabbed a man in thish-ere town, an' couldn't pay his fine! 
An' nen my Ma she died-an' I got "Curv'ture of the Spine!" 
I'm nine years old! An' you can't guess how much I weigh, I bet! 
Last birthday I weighed thirty-three I An' I weigh thirty yet! 
I'm awful little fer my size-I'm purt' nigh littler nan 
Some babies is! An' neighbors all calls me "The Little Man!" 
An' Doc one time he laughed an' said: "I s'pect, first thing you know, 
You'll have a little spike-tail coat and travel with a show!" 
An' nen I laughed-till I looked 'round an' Aunty was a-cryin'- 
Sometimes she acts like that, 'cause I got "Curv'ture of the Spine!'' 
I set, while Aunty's washin', on my little long-leg stool, 
An' watch the little boys an' girls a-skippin' by to school; 
An' I peck on the winder, an' holler out and say: 
"Who wants to fight The Little Man 'at dares you all today?" 
An' nen the boys climbs on the fence, an' little girls peeks through, 
An' they all says: " 'Cause you're so big you think we're 'feered 'o you," 
An' nen they yell, an' shake their fists at me, like I shake mine- 
They're thist in fun, you know, 'cause I got "Curv'ture of the Spine!" 
At evening, when the ironin's done, an' Aunty's fixed the fire, 
An' filled an' lit the lamp, an' trimmed the wick an' turned it higher, 
An' fetched the wood all in fer night, an' locked the kitchen door. 
An' stuffed the old crack where the wind blows in up through the floor, 
She sets the kittle on the coals, an' biles an' makes the tea, 
An' fries the liver an' the mush, an' cooks a egg fer me, 
An' sometimes-when I cough so hard-her elderberry wine 
Don't go so bad fer little boys with "Curv'ture of the Spine!" 
An' nen when she puts me to bed-an' 'fore she does she's got 
My blanket-nighty, 'at she maked, all good an' warm an' hot, 
Hunged on the rocker by the fire-she sings me hymns, an' tells 
Me 'bout the Good Man-yes, an' Elves, an' Old Enchanter spells ; 
An' tells me more, an' more, an' more, till I'm asleep, purt' nigh- 
Only I thist set up ag'in an' kiss her when she cry, 
A-tellin' on 'bout some boy's Angel-mother-an' it's mine! 
My Ma's a Angel-but I'm got "The Curv'ture of the Spine!" 
But Aunty's all so childish-like on my account, you see; 
I'm most afeerd she'll be took down-an' at's what bothers me! 
'Cause ef my good old Aunty ever would git sick an' die, 
I don't know what she'd do in Heaven-till I come, by an' by- 
Fer she's so ust to all my ways, an' ever'thing, you know, 
An' no one there like me to nurse an' worry over so I 
'Cause all the little childerns there's so straight an' strong an' fine 
They's nary angel 'bout the place with "Curv'ture of the Spine!" 
Reprinted from "Rhymes of Childhood" by James Whitcomb Riley 
Copyright 1890, by special permission of publishers, 
The Bobbs-Merrill Company. 4 
THE CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE 
CRIPPLED CHILD z 
A Study of American Social and Professional Facilities 
to Care for, Cure, and Educate Crippled Children; 
A Complete Bibliography of Literature Bear- 
ing on this Subject; and a Complete 
_ Directory of Institutions and 
Agencies Engaged in This 
Work 
Vby 
Henry Edward Abt 
Director, Bureau of Information of the 
International Society for Crippled Children. 
Published by 
The International Society for Crippled Children. 
Elyria, Ohio, 1924. Copyright, 1924 by 
The International Society for Crippled Children TO MY DEAR FATHER AND MOTHER The International Society for Crippled 
Children takes great pleasure in presenting 
this story of the work for the little unfortunates 
of the world to a sympathetic public. No com- 
prehensive study of the needs of the Crippled 
Child nor of the accomplishments of those in- 
terested in the great work has ever been made, 
arid the Society feels that a need exists for the 
data compiled in these pages. 
The officers of the 'Society have carefully 
examined the work and believe it to be a clear 
and concise statement of existing facilities as 
well as a worthy guide to those who may wish 
to help in the activity. The Society does not of 
course assume any responsibility for the cor- 
rectness or accuracy of the data included in 
these pages. The sources of such information 
however, were carefully investigated, and in 
every way were considered reliable. The 
gathering of these figures involved no small 
effort and while certain inaccuracies may have 
crept in, the Committee feels that the informa- 
tion is the best obtainable at this stage in the 
development of the Crippled Children work. 
No attempt has been made to promulgate 
any particular theory relative to the solution of 
the Crippled Child problem. The author has 
endeavored to present all phases of the work 
from an unbiased and non-partisan standpoint, 
and it is the sincere hope of the Publicity Com- 
mittee that this book will furnish inspiration at 
least, to many men and women not only to take 
up the work in behalf of the Crippled Children 
of the world, but in the words of our greatly 
beloved President Allen, to "Keep on keeping 
on." 
Respectfully submitted, 
THE PUBLICITY COMMITTEE. 
September 1st, 1924. TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Page 
Introduction by The International Society for Crippled Children VII 
Preface VIII 
PART I. A General Study of the Care, Cure, and Education of Crippled Children. 
Chapter I. Introduction 1 
/ 
Chapter II. History - 7 
Chapter III. Horw Children Become Crippled 11 
Chapter IV. Social Agencies - 17 
Chapter V. Legislation 29 
Chapter VI. Caring for and Treating Crippled Children 37 
Chapter VII. Educating Crippled Children 53 
Chapter VIII. Co-ordination ... 61 
PART II. A Survey of American Facilities To Care for, Cure, and Educate Crippled 
Children. 
Chapter IX. A Statistical Study 67 
Chapter X. A Study by Localities 73 
PART III. Directory of American Organizations and Institutions Founded Partially 
or Exclusively for the Purpose of Specifically Caring for, Remedying, or in other 
ways Aiding Crippled Children 85 
PART IV. Conclusion - 149 
PART V. Bibliography of Literature in the English Language concerning The Care 
and Education of Crippled Children 151 
Section I. Literature on The Care and Education of Crippled Children 160 
Section II. Literature concerning "Surgical" Tuberculosis in Children 183 
Section III. Miscellaneous Bibliography - 186 
APPENDIX 
Typical Legislation 194 
"Have Hope'', An Address by Edgar F. Allen 205 
Definition, Purpose, and Objective Plans of The International Society for Crippled 
Children 206 
The Activity of Social Organizations - 209 
"Suppose Nobody Cared"; by Wright Beach - 214 
Index 215 TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
Page 
The Happy Little Cripple Frontispiece 
Institutionalization is not necessary . 4 
Edgar F. Allen 16 
Ruth, aged 8 years, walked into Gates Hospital in this manner 41 
Ruth, age 8 years, eight months later 42 
Barstow Ward for Boys at the New Jersey Orthopaedic Hospital and Dispensary 44 
Heliotherapy Pavilion 48 
Heliotherapy Treatment 50 
This Cripple has learned to Overcome his Handicap 53 
A School Room for Crippled Children 54 
A School Chair for a Crippled Child 56 
Vocational Instruction lor Crippled Children 58 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children, San Francisco, California .. 88 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children, Shreveport, La 97 
New England Peabody Home for Crippled Children, Newton Center, Mass 100 
Davis Farm, Western Mass. ...: 102 
The Crippled Children School, Pittsfield, Mass 103 
The Twin Cities Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children, Minnesota 108 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children, St. Louis, Mo 110 
Betty Bacharach Home for Crippled Children, Atlantic City, N. J 112 
New Jersey Orthopaedic Hospital, Orange, N. J , 114 
Children's Country Home, Westfield, N. J 116 
The Administration Building of th'< New York State Hospital for Crippled Children, 
West Haverstraw, N. Y 128 
The Gates Hospital for Crippled Children, Elyria, 0 134 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children, Portland, Ore 137 
The Crippled Children's Hospital School, Memphis, Tenn 142 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children, Montreal, Canada. (Architect's drawing).... 148 
Mrs. Edith Reeves Solenberger 154 
Joe F. Sullivan 155 
Douglas Crawford McMurtrie 158 
The First Elks' Outing for New Jersey Crippled Kiddies 208 Preface 
In starting the investigation preliminary to this work the intention of 
the author was to submit a report to the Sociology division of the Department 
of Economics at Cornell University. The decision to prepare a compre- 
hensive study of the movement to aid crippled children resulted from the 
fact that I found that no analogous volume had been prepared for almost a 
decade; that the work being done had become vastly more extensive during 
that period; and that neither Miss Reeves, author of the Care and Education 
of Crippled Children in the United States, published in 1914, nor Mr. 
McMurtrie, who published a large number of hand-books on various phases 
of the subject, had devoted much attention to the distinct work being done 
in tuberculosis sanatoria and hospitals. 
After I submitted the preliminary draft of this book to Professor 
Willcox at Cornell University, the International Society for Crippled Chil- 
dren asked me to organize their Bureau of Information. A few weeks of 
this work were convincing as to the justification for the completion of such 
a book. Efforts to aid the juvenile handicapped had grown to such tremen- 
dous proportions during the past few years that individuals had entirely 
lost track of the scope of the movement, its significance, and phases other 
than those in which they were occupied. 
Statements and inquiries submitted to our office demonstrated the 
amazing degree to which ignorance prevailed. One leader of national 
prominence sent us the following statement prepared for the press, "Until 
the establishment of the Shriners' Hospitals there was no purely orthopedic 
hospital in this country except the Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Chil- 
dren at Atlanta, Ga." The fact is that the first orthopedic hospital in this 
country was opened by the New York Society for the Relief of the Ruptured 
and Crippled in 1863. 
Information presented in this volume has been gathered from a thorough 
survey of existing agencies for the aid of the juvenile physically handicapped. 
It has, been my aim to achieve accuracy as far as conditions permit; but I 
am also cognizant of the fact that no report of so comprehensive a nature 
can be either absolutely complete or correct. Every day brings new 
developments, and few local organizations make an effort either to keep the 
public or the International Society informed as to their current activities. 
It is the sincere hope of the author that this book will act as an impetus for 
those organizations and institutions, concerning whom we are not currently 
informed, to establish a new and better contact with the International office. 
I am deeply indebted to social workers, physicians and other good 
friends throughout the country for invaluable assistance in assembling the 
materials here presented. To acknowledge the kindness of all of those who 
have so generously furnished me with information, would be to fill the pages 
of this book with their names. I should particularly like to take this 
opportunity of expressing my appreciation to Dr. Walter Willcox, Professor 
of Economics at Cornell University; to Mr. Douglas McMurtrie, Mrs. Edwin 
(Edith Reeves) Solenberger, and Mr. Joe F. Sullivan, pioneers in the 
work to aid crippled children; to my very good friends, Mr. Edgar F. 
Allen, President, and Mr. James M. Bateman, Secretary, of the International 
Society for Crippled Children; to Miss Vivian Hackett, Office Secretary of 
the International Society; and to Miss Johanna Olschensky, librarian of the 
Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, in New York City. 
This book does not aim to be a final authority on medical details or 
methods of institutional operation. Medical theories, institutional details, 
and information of that type are included to give the reader a groundwork 
XI of fundamental knowledge concerning the actual nature of the work They 
fill the background of the broad panorama which I am endeavoring to bring 
to your attention. It is the movement itself-its scope, its unusual features, 
its sociological value, and its tremendous significance-that this book aims 
to describe. The author wishes to present the point of view of every or- 
ganization which believes it has found an expedient and satisfactory method 
of solving the crippled child problem. If criticisms are occasionally sub- 
mitted, they are presented in light of the experience of others who have 
found more satisfactory solutions to the particular phase of the work under 
discussion; and every suggestion is made in the spirit of helpful and 
constructive co-operation. 
XII PART I. 
A GENERAL STUDY OF THE CARE, CURE, AND EDUCA- 
TION OF CRIPPLED CHILDREN. CHAPTER I 
INTRODUCTION 
A HOT summer afternoon in 1863, a foreign represen- 
I \ tative to the United States, several members of the 
V 7 Cabinet, and the President of the United States are said 
to have been traversing one of the broad avenues of 
Washington. They were discussing matters of interna- 
tional importance. It was, therefore, somewhat surpris- 
ing to the others when Abraham Lincoln abruptly interrupted 
the conversation and left the group. Stooping at a nearby tree, 
the emancipator lifted a fallen baby bird to its nest. Returning 
to his associates, Lincoln remarked, "And now, gentlemen, 
continue."1 
Although one of the greatest leaders the world has ever 
known found time to give his attention to an unfortunate little 
bird, until the past century all humanity has carelessly and con- 
sistently neglected its own unfortunate crippled children. For 
centuries of the Christian Era men have declared, like Mr. 
Scrooge in Charles Dickens' immortal Christmas Carol, "What 
then, if he be like to die, he had better do it, and decrease the 
surplus population." Hundreds of millions of those declaring 
themselves followers of the Master who said, "Suffer little chil- 
dren to come unto me, for such is the kingdom of God,"2 and 
again, to the hunchback woman, "Woman, thou art loosed from 
thine infirmity,"3 have made crippled children public jests, 
exiles from society. 
The world has undoubtedly suffered greatly from this care- 
lessness. Hundreds, who might otherwise have contributed to 
the beauty of civilization, or have led their fellow men to new 
accomplishments, have been deprived of their birthright. In the 
past, only the wealthy cripples have had any opportunity for 
education. And even they have been handicapped by lack of 
orthopedic knowledge on the part of the medical profession. It 
is commonly believed that Lord Byron had a clubfoot. As a mat- 
ter of fact, the great poet might have lived to an advanced age 
and produced volumes of additional poetry, had he not received 
the attention of a "quack doctor." As a young boy, Byron wTas 
afflicted with "lameness due to a contraction of the tendon 
Achilles which compelled him to walk on the balls and toes of 
his feet. The foot (later) was considerably distorted so as to 
turn inward, a malformation which may have been caused alto- 
gether by the violence with which it was treated."4 "The lad at 
1. The author has searched unsuccessfully for the source of this anecdote. It is a 
storv he heard as a young child, and is one which he has never forgotten. It is 
very appropriately illustrative of the spirit of the movement to aid crippled children. 
2. St. Mark, Chapter X, 14. 
3. St. Luke, Chapter XIII, 12. 
4. John Cordy Jeaffreson, The Real Lord Byron, Vol. 1, London, 1G33, p. 35. 2 
Nottingham suffered much at the hands of a bone setter, Laven- 
den. . . . Blind to the nature of the case, the man did precisely 
as any other pretender of his kind would have done. . . . He 
rubbed the foot with oil, twisted it about with violence 
screwing and torturing bone and muscle into better behavior."1 
In the opinion of medical men, had Byron been given the proper 
care, his deformity might have been entirely cured. As walking 
was always painful for him because of his obesity, he continually 
dieted. The dieting reduced his resistance, which, had it been 
stronger, might have successfully combated the fever which 
carried him away on the battle fields of Greece at the age of 
thirty-six years. Thus was the world deprived of one great man 
through carelessness. 
The movement to care for and educate children, maimed or 
deformed by disease or accident, may be considered to have two 
aspects, the humanitarian and the sociological. This classifica- 
tion is recorded not because any such distinct cleavage exists, but 
to satisfy those who insist upon a mechanistic interpretation of 
life. Unless the "science" of sociology succeeds in making life 
more beautiful for its students, for the immediate spiritual hap- 
piness of the largest proportion of human beings, or for genera- 
tions to come, it is an inexcusable waste of time. Were life really 
the dismal mechanical existence that some of our sociological 
scholars are pleased to interpret, it would seem that this infor- 
mation had best be transmitted to as few humans as possible. If 
life, properly understood, were truly nothing but a birth-to-death 
struggle, devoid of joy or pleasure, it would seem that the 
"laissez-faire" policy of those who interpret it in this manner 
had best be extended to education and study of the sort they 
pursue. The popular proverb, "ignorance is bliss" is easily 
extended to this sort of knowledge, for the ignorant might then 
grasp their few momentary transports of ecstasy without realiz- 
ing their error. 
As a matter of fact, no such situation exists. The study of 
crippled children brings to the right-minded man an apprecia- 
tion of his own happy, healthy existence, a deeper understanding 
of the suffering and distress of his neighbors, leading to a deeper 
and finer emotional experience, as well as the knowledge of how 
to reduce and alleviate this suffering. 
Edgar F. Allen, known to the world as "Daddy," President 
of the International Society for Crippled Children, is a man who 
can testify to these facts from personal experience. He says, 
"In our work for crippled children we seek the sympathetic 
friendship of all who agree that human sympathy for human 
suffering is the motive spirit of civilization. The accomplish- 
ment of this object, this hope, and this aim is our desire, and we 
trust that the future will make it a reality in thousands of lives 
and hearts."2 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
1. John Cordy Jeaffreson, The Real Lord Byron, p. 77. 
2. From an address entitled Our Vision. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
3 
The humanitarian aspect of this movement, then, is as truly 
sociological as are the "scientific" facts which demonstrate 
conclusively the extent to which the number of social depend- 
ents is reduced. The vision of hundreds of thousands of men 
and women devoting their time and energy to the purpose of 
bringing happiness to the 350,000 or more crippled children of 
this continent, is indeed a hopeful sign for humanity and civiliza- 
tion. Progress may not be demonstrable in vital statistics, but 
the socializing of the most noble of human emotions, the parental 
instinct, and its extension to the care of infants and adolescents, 
utterly or partially helpless through no fault of their own, is an 
evidence of a forward trend of no small significance. 
It cannot be denied that charities frequently fail to strike at 
the heart of a social evil. To a certain extent this is true of the 
work under discussion. If living conditions among the poor were 
improved, many children would have better resistance to dis- 
eases of any sort. Education might eliminate much of the care- 
lessness that results in allowing an orthopedic disease to run too 
far for permanent cure. Much could be done to avoid traumatic 
(accidental) disabilities. A better quality of milk would reduce 
to a minimum the number of children afflicted with "surgical" 
tuberculosis. In recent years, much has been done and much 
has been planned to reduce these causative evils. 
The fact remains, however, that we have with us, and will 
probably always have with us, a number of crippled children. 
In 1916, twenty-seven thousand persons were afflicted in an 
epidemic of infantile paralysis1 (poliomyelitis). Eighty per 
cent of this number were under five years of age. Through the 
efforts of agencies to care for crippled children, a majority of 
these children have been saved from permanent disability. A 
century ago this same catastrophe would have added twenty 
thousand new names to the list of the nation's dependent 
cripples. 
Those who are turning their efforts toward aiding crippled 
children have not forgotten the wisdom of emphasizing preven- 
tion. The International Society for Crippled Children strongly 
advocates and subscribes to any program which will decrease 
the danger of bacterial infection from milk, or improve living 
conditions to avoid epidemics. Special orthopedic institutions 
and organizations are foremost in urging education to decrease 
those social relationships which may result in congenital deform- 
ities. All of these groups, however, recognize that for this 
problem, at least, the colloquialism "better late than never" is 
essentially true. Curative and educational measures justify 
themselves, if only to avoid unnecessary economic waste. 
With the objections outlined above, are frequently correlated 
questions as to whether special care and special education for 
1. Edna L. Foley, Home Nursing Care of Infantile Paralysis. The Nation's Health, 
Vol. V, No. 8, p. 503. August 15, 1923. A conservative estimate of 15,000 was sug- 
gested by Miss Helen Hare in A Study of Handicapped Children, June, 1919. Indianai 
University Studies, Vol. VI, No. 41. 4 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
INSTITUTIONALIZATION IS NOT NECESSARY. 
A Happy Christinas Party at the Crippled Children's 
School, Canton, Ohio, 1922. 
Reprinted by Courtesy of The Crippled Child OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
5 
crippled children are not wrong in that they result in institution- 
alizing the patients. Frequently this objection is well founded. 
There are still homes and hospitals devoid of most of those 
kindly features with which modern institutions aim to cheer 
their patients. There are still superintendents who dress the 
little ones in uniform and inflict that -disagreeable type of dis- 
cipline which results in sullen obedience. The author has been 
informed that uniform dress is less expensive than variety. 
What false economy! 
But it should be borne in mind at this point that the problem 
of the crippled is very different from that of the normal child. 
Unlike the latter, the crippled or deformed youngster is a lonely 
creature, unable to join in the sports of other children, and con- 
stantly reminded of his disability. This frequently develops an 
abnormal psychology, a morosenesS; self-consciousness, so af- 
fecting his point of view as to add to an unfortunate physique a 
mental peculiarity. Most of us, reading Byron's poetry, will 
distinguish from page to page, the effects of his mother's insult, 
"You lame brat."1 
A modern, properly conducted orthopedic school, convalescent 
home, hospital, or sanatorium will never result in "institutional- 
izing" its patients. On the contrary, the child is furnished with 
companions of his own age, similarly handicapped, able to de- 
velop with him games and sports in which a crippled child can 
participate. Thus during those formative years of his life, rare- 
ly reminded of his disability, the child develops a healthy, nor- 
mal psychology. 
The greatest advantage of special care lies in the fact that 
trained nurses and skilled orthopedic doctors are constantly at 
hand to reduce the child's handicap to a minimum, and possibly, 
in course of time, to cure it. Braces, frames, and casts must be 
properly adjusted to achieve their full effect, and too often the 
parent at home destroys their value through lack of skill. More 
will be said on this subject in a later section. 
This movement has a tremendous economic value. Thou- 
sands of men and women who otherwise, through no fault of 
their own, would become social dependents are being trans- 
formed into useful and constructive citizens of the community. 
As will be shown later, a majority of the institutions are teach- 
ing occupational therapy, and assisting their graduates with 
vocational guidance. It has been found that, except for those 
patients suffering from congenital disease, the intelligence of the 
crippled child is at least average. Some authorities maintain 
1. Byron is said to have replied: "I was born so, mother." See his drama The 
Deformed Transformed, Part 1, sc. i. .... ...... a.i, . 6 
that it is above average, and it is certainly true that the handi- 
capped youth, under proper guidance, will be particularly anxi- 
ous to overcome his disability by greater excellence of mental 
accomplishment.1 
There are six divisions of action which complete this move- 
ment. The first is to decrease, as far as possible, those causative 
influences and environmental conditions which are favorable to 
the creation of crippled children; the second, to locate and bring 
to the clinic or dispensary crippled children whom neighbors 
and ignorant or destitute parents are neglecting; and the third, 
to distribute these children, making surgical operation and acute 
hospital care available for those who are in need of treatment, 
and convalescent care available for those whose general physical 
condition should be improved preliminary to operation, or whom 
proper conditions of environment and treatment during an ex- 
tended period of time will improve or cure. 
The fourth step in this work is to insure crippled children the 
general and fundamental education which physical handicaps 
have for so long made impossible. In addition, they should be 
given the benefits of occupational therapy, vocational training, 
and vocational guidance and assistance. Fifth, it should be 
ascertained definitely that children leaving special institutions 
do not return to the unfortunate environmental conditions in 
which their affliction originally developed. Last, it should be 
the duty of every interested individual to arouse public senti- 
ment which will support legislation and make available funds to 
make possible the fulfillment of the five steps named above. 
Public co-operation should accompany all of this social machin- 
ery, and in addition there must be the all-important personal con- 
tact with the unfortunate little ones. The latter is a blessing to 
all those who participate, and is the most natural curative and 
cheering influence which can be afforded to the patients. 
In the course of this book we shall first step back and exam- 
ine those darker ages when physical imperfection was a horrible 
stigma. We shall examine in a cursory manner those physical 
conditions which cause children to be handicapped. We shall 
then follow the little cripple as he is carried to the modern 
clinic, subjected to modern miracles of surgery, brought to the 
cheerful convalescent home, where he perhaps stands erect for 
the first time in his life, and where he is brought from the dark- 
ness of ignorance and introduced to the delights of education; 
and we shall finally gaze upon him and his fellows as they step 
forth into life and find themselves fully able to cope with their 
problems as if they had never been prostrate. 
1. "Physical inferiority creates a mind on the defensive and desiring to attain 
success by other means than that which a poor physique renders impossible." 
Alexander Horwitz, M. D., The Cripple's Place in Society, Thru the Ages. The Nation's 
Health, Vol. V, No. 8, p. 511. 7 
CHAPTER II. 
HISTORY 
There was a great holiday in Babylon. Well might the 
Babylonians rejoice, for had not their valiant warriors conquered 
those Israelite dogs, those worshipers of the hated Jehovah! The 
great Nebuchadnezzar rose from his throne and, crossing the 
spacious imperial chamber, stepped upon the balcony, that he 
might gaze upon the returning hosts. From the narrow street 
below, shone the lately burnished spears of his victorious sol- 
diers. Column afrer column marched past their royal master, 
driving before them their reluctant Hebrew prisoners. Men, 
women, and children, thousands of new slaves to build the 
empire to new grandeur. Then came a group which caused 
Nebuchadnezzar to glare with anger, and shudder with fear. 
These crippled children, what demons had his soldiers brought 
with them! 
"Bring me the prisoners," he said, "that I may pick my slaves 
from among them. But bring me 'children in whom there is no 
blemish.' "J 
The Babylonians were not alone in their fear of cripples. 
Today we know that a child is crippled because disease has 
checked the natural development of a part of his physical organ- 
ism, or because he has been maimed by some unnatural environ- 
mental condition. But organic evolution did not enter the pop- 
ular consciousness until Darwin's Origin of Species and Descent 
of Man had extended the theory to animal and human life. 
Today the sociologist defines the cripple as "a person whose 
(muscular) movements are so far restricted by accident or dis- 
ease as to affect his capacity for self support,"2 but for genera- 
tions the cripple has suffered from popular superstition resulting 
in fear and contempt. 
Dr. Horwitz, assistant professor in the Orthopedic Surgery 
Department of St. Louis University, in an article entitled The 
Cripple's Place in Society Through the Ages, published in The 
Nation's Health of August, 1923, called attention to the fact that 
the word "cripple" is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word 
"creep." The word "dwarf," he points out, is closely akin to 
the Sanskrit word "dhvaras" meaning "evil one incarnate." The 
psychology behind this evolution of diction is obvious. The doc- 
tor lists four causes for the traditional dislike of the physically 
handicapped: 
1. A dislike of the imperfect, as among the Hebrews. 
2. The knowledge.that the cripple would be a burden upon 
the community, and be a poor soldier. 
1. See Daniel I, 4. 
2. Formulated by the Education Committee of Birmingham, England, whose sub- 
committee of inquiry took a complete census of cripples in Birmingham, 1911. Ac- 
cepted by most organizations as a standard definition. 8 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
3. The thought that an imperfect body necessarily harbors 
an imperfect mind. 
4. The fear of an evil spirit. 
Convinced that the cripple embodied an evil spirit, of ill 
omen to the community; that he would never be an asset to their 
armies; and that he was apt to become a social burden, our fore- 
fathers ostracized him, sacrificed him to their Gods, or aban-| 
doned him in his infancy. We note the following passage' 
among the laws governing the Levite priests, an early record of 
the fear and ostracism with which cripples were confronted 
among the Hebrews; "Whosoever he be in their generations that 
hath any blemish, let him not approach to offer the bread of his 
God. For whosoever man he be that hath a blemish, he shall 
not approach: a blind man, or a lame, or he that hath a flat nose, 
or any thing superfluous, or a man that is brokenfooted or 
brokenhanded or crookbackt, or a dwarf, or hath a blemish in 
his eye, or be scurvy, or scabbed, ... he shall eat of the bread 
of his God . . .Only he shall not go in unto the vail, nor come 
nigh unto the altar, because he has a blemish."1 
The Spartans exposed their unfortunate children in infancy. 
Roman law allowed the paterfamilias to destroy his children, 
but did not require any uniform procedure. The Romans made 
the first recorded provision to care for cripples. Pope Gregory, 
in 590 A. D., included them in his classification of infirm and 
destitute to be supported by public funds.2 
During the Middle Ages, two famous men who overcame 
their disabilities were "Hermann, the Cripple," a German who 
died in 1054, and a French poet, Paul Scarron, who died in 
1660. The first of these was entirely paralyzed, and found it 
almost impossible to speak. His greatest achievement was the 
production of a history of the German people during the tenth 
and eleventh centuries, entitled A Chronicle of the Six Ages of 
the World.3 
As a rule, however, medieval cripples, and particularly 
crippled children, were cruelly exploited for purposes of amuse- 
ment. The contemporary lack of a sense of social responsibility 
toward the handicapped has resulted in the survival of very 
little literature specifically demonstrating this situation, but 
much has come down to us in the fiction and drama. The courts 
of Europe were constantly entertained by deformed jesters and 
fools, and, in Italy, Roman beggars made slaves of crippled 
children to exhibit their deformities on the public roadways and 
gain the sympathies of pedestrians. Frequently these men would 
actually maim children, or increase their infirmity, that the 
appeal to sympathy might be more effective, and the profits 
resultantly greater.4 
1. Leviticus, XXI, 17-23. 
2. H. Hare. A Study of Handicapped Children, p. 5. (Ind. Univ. Studies.)-. Also H. 
K. Mann. The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. Vol. I, (590 A. D.- 
657 A. D.), pp. 194-195. 
3. Children's Hospital Journal, Huntington, W. Va., Nov., 1923, p. 4. 
4. H. Hare. A Study of Handicapped Children, p. 6. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
9 
Among the famous cripples of literature, the Hunchback or 
Notre Dame is a well known figure. According to Victor Hugo, 
the Hunchback was found by the Bishop of Notre Dame in the 
square outside of Notre Dame Cathedral in the year 1466, the 
child being then four years old. "Upon this bed it was custom- 
ary to expose foundlings of public charity."1 The author quotes 
the conversation of those who observed the deformed baby.2 
"It sees with but one eye; there is a wart over the other." 
"What do you predict from this pretended foundling?" 
"I think it would be better for the people of Paris if this sorcerer were 
laid on a fagot." 
"A fine flaming fagot." 
In Verdi's Rigoletto, the scene of which is Mantua, in the 
sixteenth century, we have a picture of the typical deformed 
court jester, the tool of his master, and the object of public jest.3 
Although orthopedic surgery did not always exist, in every age 
there have been healers who have effected cures with neurotic 
individuals through the exertion of psychological influence. 
Montaigne, in an essay entitled Cripples, mentions "a certain 
priest, who by words and gestures cured all sorts of diseases." 
He continues: "Riding the other day through a village about 
two leagues from my house, I found the place yet hot with the 
rumor of a miracle lately wrought there."4 
The essay, published in 1588, does not so much as suggest 
humanitarian kindness toward the deformed. In the sixteenth 
century, Luther advised that a rachitic baby be thrown into the 
river.5 
After a "moral holiday" of six centuries, the initial law pro- 
viding for some care of cripples was passed in England during 
the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1601). The first Poor Relief Act 
included cripples among those offered asylum care. It was not 
until two hundred and thirty years later that an institution 
exclusively for the care of crippled children was at last founded. 
"The Royal Bavarian School and Home for Crippled Children," 
a convalescent home, was opened in Munich by Johan Nepimak 
in 1832. This institution was taken over by the Bavarian authori- 
ties in 1844, and has since been operated by the state. From this 
beginning, the movement spread throughout Germany, France, 
England, Switzerland, and Italy, in the order named. In 1872 
the first effort toward the industrial education of crippled chil- 
dren was instituted by Pastor Hans Knudson, who founded an 
industrial school in Copenhagen, Denmark. 
In the United States, the Hospital for the Ruptured and 
Crippled was opened in New York City in 1863. Three years 
later the New York Orthopedic Hospital and Dispensary entered 
upon the same work. In Philadelphia, the Home of the Merci- 
ful Saviour, established in 1884, was the first American Home to 
1. Victor Hugo. Notre Dame de Paris, 1831. Translated by A. Alger, 1888, p. 217. 
2. Victor Hugo. Ibid, pp. 213-14. 
3. Richard Aldrich. Verdi: Rigoletto. Essay on the Story. New York, 1902. 
4. Michel de Montaigne. Essays, Vol. HI. 1588. Translated by Cotton, London, 1811. 
5. H. Hare. A Study of Handicapped Children, p. 6. 10 
care for crippled children. The pioneer school for crippled chil- 
dren was the Industrial School for Crippled and Deformed Chil- 
dren, established in 1893, for the purpose of making Boston 
cripples self-supporting. 
Although the movement had made considerable progress, the 
infantile paralysis epidemic of 1916 demonstrated clearly that 
facilities were as yet entirely inadequate. During the past eight 
years, nation-wide efforts of various fraternal and social organi- 
zations have increased greatly the number of convalescent 
homes, state hospitals, clinics and sanatoria. Writing in 1912, 
Mr. Douglas C. McMurtrie, for many years the leader in re- 
habilitation of cripples, remarked: "From a national stand- 
point, however, the situation is most unsatisfactory, all 
institutions being grouped around four or five cities. The grav- 
est defect is that immense sections, notably in the West and 
South, are without any provision whatever."1 
While there are still vast sections of this country in which 
there is little or no provision for the care and education of 
crippled children, twelve years have brought an extensive devel- 
opment in this work, and a significant improvement in the situ- 
ation. In the course of this volume we shall see how the Shrine, 
hundreds of Rotary, Kiwanis, Elks, and other clubs became inter- 
ested. In the more densely populated states adequate facilities 
are rapidly being developed; and the widespread interest in the 
movement promises well for future development in less populous 
areas. 
1. The Care of Crippled Children in the United States. 11 
CHAPTER III 
HOW CHILDREN BECOME CRIPPLED 
Medieval folk-lore informs us that two itinerant knights once 
chanced to meet at a crossroad. Suspended from a tree at the 
intersection, a splendid shield marked the domain of a third 
knight, a noble who was famous for deeds of valor. The trav- 
elers exchanged friendly greetings and introduced themselves. 
In the course of time the conversation turned to a discussion of 
the owner of the great shield above them. 
"I like the effect of the white design on a black background," 
exclaimed the first knight. 
"I beg your pardon," said his companion, "but it is black on 
a white background." 
"Sir, you contradict me! A black background, I say." 
"White!" 
"Black!" 
Therewith the knights drew their swords, each to punish 
the other for his impertinence. After a frightful duel, one was 
about to wound mortally his vanquished companion when a gust 
of wind reversed the great shield and showed it to be of opposite 
color combinations, one side being black on white and the other 
white on black. 
"Truth," says William James, "is always 'in so far forth.' " 
It depends on the position of the observer. So, in the question of 
how children become crippled, we find two positions: that of 
the sociologist, who emphasizes fundamental environmental con- 
ditions, and that of the physician, who presents the immediate 
clinical diagnosis. We further ascertain that among the physi- 
cians there is a wide diversity of opinion as to what constitutes 
the most frequent crippling cause. 
In this chapter, it is our aim to examine those immediate 
physical conditions which cause children to be physically hand- 
icapped. We do not pretend to interpret these phenomena from 
a medical point of view; but it is necessary for the sociological 
scholar of this philanthropic movement to have some slight 
acquaintance with the major types of crippling diseases and 
their comparative frequency. This, too, must be "in so far 
forth." 
The primary point of controversy relative to the compara- 
tive frequency of causative diseases involves a definition of what 
shall be called a crippled child, as distinguished from other 
classes of handicapped children. Some authorities include car- 
diac and pulmonary tuberculous patients in this classification; 
others would extend it to those children deficient in sight or hear- 
ing. For our purposes, it will be best to define a crippled child 
as "one, who by reason of congenital or acquired defects of 
development, disease, or trauma, is deficient in the use of its 
body or limbs."1 There are literally hundreds of other defini- 
1. Definition by Miss Mabel Smith, of the Ohio Department of Welfare, presented it 
a meeting of the Ohio Society for Crippled Children, June 15, 1921. 12 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
tions which might be adopted; but this emphasis on the actual 
deficiency cf function creates a group sufficiently limited and 
distinct in its needs to constitute a separate field of study. 
Miss Reeves divides crippled children into two classes, "the 
maimed and the diseased,''1 admittedly "the broadest'' possible 
classification. It would seem to exclude the rachitic children 
who probably suffer from a deficiency of certain chemical mate- 
rials, rather than from an active disease or resultant handicap 
and those children who become partially crippled as a result of 
poor posture or improper clothing. Among one hundred and 
ninety-seven school children recently examined in New York 
City, the following potential deformities were tabulated:2 
Those resulting from faulty shoes. . 87% 
Those resulting from faulty socks 29% 
Those resulting from faulty carriage ....27% 
A satisfactory classification would seem to be implied in Miss 
Smith's definition, quoted on the previous page. The diseased 
include the victims of "surgical'' tuberculosis and several less fre- 
quent active conditions. There is a group of congenitally 
crippled children; a group of traumatically crippled children; 
and a group of those suffering from acquired defects of develop- 
ment (the post infantile paralysis cases, the rachitic cases, and 
those environmentally crippled children referred to above.) 
Having arrived at a classification of these causative condi- 
tions, we are faced with the problem of deciding which of them 
is most frequent, and what are the relative frequencies of the 
others. Three surveys have presented widely varying conclu- 
sions: one in Birmingham, England, in 1911; one in Cleveland, 
Ohio, in 1916; and one in New York City, in 1920. The Bureau 
of Information of the International Society for Crippled Chil- 
dren recently conducted a survey of the percentage findings of 
the various institutions of the country. These, too, varied widely. 
"It depends on the position of the observer." 
The three censuses referred to above presented the following 
results, respectively: 
Birmingham 
1911 
(721 Cases) 
Infantile 
Paralysis 
24.3% 
"Surgical'' 
T. B. 
39.5% 
Rachitic 
10.1% 
Congenital Traumatic 
Others 
12.8% 
9.8% 
3.5% 
Cleveland 
1916 
(1707 cases) 
41.0% 
15.0% 
16.0% 
9.0% 
19.0% 
N. Y. City 
1920 
(386 cases) 
27.3% 
6.4% 
39.3% 
12.1% 
5.9% 
9.0% 
1, Care and Education of the Crippled Children of the United States, p. 20. 
2. Foot Defectiveness Among School Childri i, Public Health Report, Volume XXVI, 
No. 41 /Vpril 11, 1921. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
13 
These figures suggest several possible interpretations. The 
efforts of anti-tuberculosis agencies have undoubtedly reduced 
the frequency of.this disease in all forms during the past thirteen 
years. At the time of the Birmingham survey, the "dread 
plague," as it affected bones and joints, was generally considered 
the primary crippling cause. Another reason for the increase 
of infantile paralysis cases demonstrated above is the greater 
facility with which poliomyelitis is now diagnosed. A third 
cause for this discrepancy in the above statistics is the tremen- 
dous increase in the number of sanatoria and convalescent homes 
in which tuberculosis cases are cared for, resulting in a decrease 
in number of cases revealed in surveys of this type. Since 1904 
the number of sanatorium beds in the United States increased 
from 8,000 to over 66,000 in 1923, or more than eight times the 
original number.1 Another interpretation which will explain 
some of the variation in these censuses is the fact that Cleveland 
did not include rachitis, bringing the poliomyelitic and tubercu- 
lous percentages proportionately higher than New York City 
which did include this condition. A fifth explanation presented 
in the Wright Report of the New York City Survey suggests that 
the Birmingham survey was conducted in a manner not apt to 
locate readily all of the rachitic cases.2 If these should have 
been higher, the tuberculosis percentage again would have 
been proportionately lower. 
Eighteen orthopedic hospitals reported in the International 
Society Survey of 1924. Nine of them replied with estimated 
percentages. These were applied to their total capacities, with 
the following results: 
Infantile Paralysis 35.15% 
"Surgical" Tuberculosis 25.80% 
Congenital deformities 7.28% 
Traumatic deformities 7.01% 
Rachitic deformities 5.92% 
Osteomyelitis 3.00% 
Other conditions 15.84% 
Nine other hospitals reported quantities in a group of 5,171 
children, as follows: 
Infantile Paralysis 29.29% 
"Surgical" Tuberculosis 18.00% 
Congenital deformities 11.42% 
Rachitic deformities . 9.10% 
Traumatic deformities. 4.04% 
Osteomylitis, 3.67% 
Other conditions T., 24.48% 
1. Tuberculous Directory, National Tuberculosis Assoc., 1923. 
2. Henry C. Wright, Survey of Cripples in New York City, 1920. 14 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Fifteen convalescent homes reported the following percent- 
age findings on an average total capacity group of 923 children: 
"Surgical" Tuberculosis 54.37 % 
Infantile Paralysis 23.19% 
Congenital deformities 13.28% 
Rachitic deformities 6.13% 
Osteomyelitis 5.00 % 
Traumatic conditions 2.50% 
Other conditions 11.66% 
For the entire group of 6,507 children representing thirty- 
three institutions in seventeen states, the following percentages 
were tabulated: 
Infantile Paralysis 27.26% 
"Surgical" Tuberculosis 23.65% 
Congenital deformities 13.15% 
Rachitic deformities. 8.05% 
Traumatic conditions 4.20% 
Osteomyelitis - 3.67 % 
Other conditions 20.20% 
One other source of information is presented in the form of 
an Ohio Department of Health Report on 1,125 clinical orth- 
opedic diagnoses. The most frequent orthopedic diseases pre- 
sented are the following: 
Infantile Paralysis 41.20% 
Tuberculosis (all forms) 10.56% 
Traumatic deformities 10.30% 
Spastic paralysis.. 6.74% 
Clubfoot 4.35% 
Scoliosis 3.55% 
Congenital deformities 2.93% 
Rachitic deformities 2.04% 
Osteomyelitis 1.68% 
Other conditions 16.65% 
The primary conclusion to be drawn from these figures is that 
infantile paralysis now probably causes the crippled condition 
of more children than does any other disease. The only group 
which fails to demonstrate this fact is that of the convalescent 
institutions, probably because the reduction of surgical interfer- 
ence in bone and joint tuberculosis has filled these institutions 
with this class of patients requiring heliotherapy treatment and 
general convalescent care. Although it may be safe to approxi- 
mate the proportion of poliomyelitis at about one-third, the exact 
group division depends on the location, on the specific interest 
of the attending orthopedists, and on the time of investigation. 
Infantile paralysis is an epidemic disease, and new groups of 
after-care patients appear periodically. 
It is probably safe to conclude that "surgical" (bone and 
joint) tuberculosis is second in frequency among these diseases. Somewhat lower than infantile paralysis, the percentage of this 
cause is probably considerably higher than is indicated in the 
several reports here presented. There is always a large number 
of crippled tuberculous patients under care in the general and 
special sanatoria of the country. In thirty-one general sanatoria 
reporting in the International Survey, approximately 6.5% of 
the entire group of adult and juvenile beds represented were 
then devoted to children crippled by "surgical" forms of tuber- 
culosis.1 There are approximately 150 special tuberculosis 
institutions in this country which admit this type of patient. 
Furthermore, with the exception of one or two small infantile 
paralysis homes, the sanatorium is the only special institution 
exclusively devoted to a specified crippling disease. A number 
of such institutions are reserved for crippled children. Out- 
standing examples are the Seaside, a state institution at Niantic, 
Connecticut; the North American Sanitarium at Ventnor, New 
Jersey; and the Neponsit Beach Hospital, at Rockaway Beach, 
New York. 
Judging from the entire group of statistics, congenital 
deformities would seem to be third in frequency, slightly over 
one-tenth; rachitic deformities fourth; and trauma fifth. The 
high percentage of rickets in New York City may be ascribed to 
the fact that this condition results from malnutrition, a com- 
mon metropolitan phenomenon. Accepting this classification of 
causes, only peculiar local conditions can explain the variation 
in the Ohio report. It will probably be impossible ever to arrive 
at a permanent and specific tabulated classification of the fre- 
quency of various causative diseases among crippled children. 
The value of such a table would hardly justify the effort in- 
volved in acquiring the necessary statistics. But, as the needs 
involved in curing and preventing the several conditions vary 
according to the nature of the diseases, it is significant to know 
approximately in what order of frequency they may be found. 
Social agencies and institutions should be prepared to 
satisfy the various needs presented by all of these causative 
conditions. The prevailing orthopedic sentiment against surgi- 
cal interference in tuberculous cases makes necessary proper 
convalescent and heliotherapeutic facilities. Various types of 
therapy should be provided to restore the poliomyelitic patients 
to the use of their limbs. It is of primary importance that two 
groups should interest themselves in this problem: a non- 
professional group which will provide the resources to support 
these facilities, and a professional group which will operate 
them. In the next chapter we shall study the non-professional 
and professional social agencies. 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
15 
1. 204 in a group of 3.139 general sanatorium beds. 16 
"DADDY" 
Edgar F. Allen 17 
CHAPTER IV. 
SOCIAL AGENCIES 
The glowing sun lay close to the horizon as hundreds of 
Memorial Day merry-makers crowded onto homeward bound 
trolley cars at Elyria, Ohio, May 31, 1907. Two of the latter 
had covered more than half of the distance from the baseball 
field to the central part of the town when the motorman of the 
second car turned his head to address a member of the throng 
packed into the space behind him. In a second his vehicle had 
crashed into the car ahead. Several hours later the Elyria 
Evening Telegram printed the following account of the accident: 
•'A disastrous collision between two sections of the regular 
six o'clock run on the Cleveland and Southwestern occurred 
tonight a few minutes before six o'clock, on Middle Avenue 
between Fourth and Fifth Streets. The second car was following 
the first section at a rapid rate of speed. With a deafening 
crash the cars came together, the rear one rising upon the other 
and forcing its way into the front one a little above the floor, 
catching the ill-fated passengers, crushing feet and limbs 
At the hospital, the scene beggared description. Crowded and 
poorly equipped for such an emergency, the victims were per- 
force strewn upon mattresses on the floor-or anywhere they 
could be placed. Volunteer nurses tendered their willing, if 
inexpert, help. Homer Allen has a badly fractured arm and his 
feet are badly crushed." 
On June 3d, appeared this item: "A large concourse gath- 
ered at the home of E. F. Allen on Third Street to attend the 
funeral services of his son, Homer, yesterday afternoon, at 3 
o'clock." 
Out of this tragedy, fourteen years later, was born the 
International Society for Crippled Children. To Edgar F. Allen, 
the wealthy father of the deceased young man, this horrible 
catastrophe seemed a divine intercession. He first saw the need 
of an adequate hospital in Elyria. And in 1908, The Elyria 
Memorial Hospital opened its doors. Slowly there came to him 
another vision. He began to realize that there were helpless 
little ones with no facilities for care or education. And so, in 
1915, was erected a new building, adjacent to The Elyria 
Memorial Hospital. The Gates Hospital for Crippled Children 
had come into being. But "Daddy" Allen realized that this 
would not solve the problem of the crippled child. He saw that 
it was a responsibility of neighbors. He saw that other people 
must be interested. He spoke to nearby Rotary Clubs, and 
clinics were opened that the crippled children might be found 
and given the necessary attention. Each Rotarian was given the 
responsibility of following up two children. 
The new movement spready rapidly. In 1919, interested 
Rotary Clubs organized the Ohio Society for Crippled Children. 
Two years later, New York Rotarians had followed the example 18 
of Ohio. And soon there was in existence the International 
Society, a group of such organizations engaged in this work. 
To Mr. Allen goes the credit of finding a social vehicle for 
carrying the message of the crippled child. But "Daddy" had 
put into practice what predecessors had hoped for and attempted 
for years. As early as 1889 a group of Cleveland girls had or- 
ganized the Sunbeam Circle, which eleven years later had es- 
tablished the first kindergarten for crippled children at Alta 
House. In 1900 was organized in New York City, the Associa- 
tion for the Aid of Crippled Children. In 1914, a New Haven 
group had organized the Crippled Children's Aid Society, Inc. 
Thirteen years ago, one man assumed the task of calling the 
attention of his fellow citizens to the responsibility they were 
shirking. Mr. Douglas Crawford McMurtrie, at that time Direc- 
tor of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men in 
New York City, was certainly the pioneer in the movement to 
awaken the American public to the problem that was facing 
it. In the great metropolis, the Association for the Aid of 
Crippled Children co-operated with the Board of Education in 
transporting children to and from school, and maintained eight 
nurses, who endeavored to improve home conditions. A limited 
number of convalescent homes and orthopedic hospitals was 
caring for a few of the handicapped, but existing agencies were 
isolated exceptions. 
For a period of five years, Mr. McMurtrie published a pro- 
digious amount of literature urging education and better facili- 
ties. He aroused sufficient interest so that in 1912, the Russell 
Sage Foundation employed Miss Edith Reeves to make a personal 
survey of thirty- seven existing institutions. Two years later she 
published the first comprehensive study of the subject ever 
written, the Care and Education of Crippled Children in the 
United States. 
The infantile paralysis epidemic of 1916 lent a new impetus 
to the creation of organizations for the aid of cripples, and 
appropriation of time and money for this purpose by national 
fraternal and social organizations. During the years 1917-1919, 
all efforts turned to war work, and the post-war rehabilitation 
of crippled soldiers. But the great International organization 
was soon to take up its task. 
Today six types of social agencies assume the task of aiding 
their unfortunate little neighbors. There is first the International 
Society, a group of state and provincial societies which aim to 
increase non-professional interest in the problem. The central 
office forms a clearing house for the exchange of information; 
and a guiding factor to direct the efforts of the state societies 
toward sponsoring efficient and expedient legislation and operat- 
ing machinery. A second group is composed of the international 
social and fraternal societies whose member clubs are making 
themselves socially valuable by doing individual case work to aid 
local handicapped children or co-operating with existing agen- 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
19 
cies to locate the cases. Other such organizations have national 
programs for this type of work. 
A third type of social agency is the national philanthropic 
organization, which finds the problem of the crippled child a 
necessary part of its charitable program. A fourth group is the 
official state or national governmental agencies, whose duty is to 
promote education throughout their territory, or increase general 
welfare. A fifth group, the local philanthropic organizations, 
undertakes to solve the problem in a particular community. In 
addition to all of these, there are the local groups which select 
the problem of the crippled child as the object of their energies 
for a limited period, or to dispose of certain charitably endowed 
funds. 
The state societies of the International Society for Crippled 
Children are founded on the principle that there are three fun- 
damental divisions of the work for crippled children, "the lack- 
ing of any one of which, as we see it, makes impossible the sum 
total. They are these: 
"1. The Professional, which has to do with the hospitals, 
convalescent homes, orthopedists, the medical profession, the 
nurse, the Social Service worker and the schools. 
"2. The Financial, whereby the price of the cure must be 
available, which, we believe, should be the duty of the state 
through legislation, either direct from the state treasury or from 
charging the cost back to the county from which the child comes. 
Ninety per cent of the children lack the price of cure. 
"3. The Human. After the first two have been provided, 
there must be some organization, and we are thoroughly con- 
vinced that it should be a state organization which has a definite 
purpose and which has the interest of the crippled child at heart, 
adding the human touch in connection with the professional and 
financial, being an originating and policing agency, and seeing to 
it that the machinery set up should week by week, month by 
month, and year by year, function."1 
Aiming to form the third of these elements, there are at the 
present time ten state societies, the Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, New 
York, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and 
West Virginia organizations. Others are in the process of con- 
struction. Each of these groups has a president, one or more 
vice presidents, a secretary-treasurer, or separate officers for 
these positions, and in several states, "field" or executive secre- 
taries who devote all of their time to surveying the field of action, 
inciting new enthusiasm, and ascertaining that the work is pro- 
gressing. 
The individual club members pay dues to their local organi- 
zation, which are in turn sent to the state society headquarters. 
According to an Ohio estimate, the $4.00 per year Ohio dues are 
divided in the following manner: 
1. The Care, Cure and Education of the Crippled Child, a pamphlet published some 
years ago by the International Society for Crippled Children, p. 4. 20 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
$1.66 to office and executive secretary salaries. 
.56 to office expense. 
.66 to publicity. 
.60 to traveling. 
.50 to the International Society for Crippled Children. 
The following state society program was outlined in an 
address by Dr. E. H. Marshall, one of the leaders in the Illinois 
movement: 
1. Surveys of existing conditions in every county. 
2. The establishment of as many orthopedic centers scat- 
tered throughout the state as may be practical. 
3. The promotion of the establishment of special schools for 
crippled children through the aid of educational bodies. 
4. The establishment of a central headquarters bureau, 
which should act as a clearing house for information 
and initiate and co-ordinate local movements. 
5. To aid in the advancement of the science of orthopedics, 
the carrying on of necessary research, and the develop- 
ment of preventative measures; the improving of the 
science of hospital management and equipment pertain- 
ing to the care, cure and education of crippled children 
through affording means of exchange of information and 
ideas, and financial assistance wherever practical. 
The central binding agency to which these state societies 
contribute is headed by Mr. Allen. It is "a voluntary organi- 
zation, composed of State and Provincial Societies; individual, 
active, sustaining, associate, and life members; and public and 
private officials of organizations directly coming in contact with 
the care, cure, and education of crippled children, which was 
conceived in the mutual desire of its membership to promote the 
welfare of handicapped children. It is not a child-caring society, 
but one which seeks to promote that public intelligence and 
perfected co-operation with all child-caring agencies which 
will insure to crippled children everywhere the best medical 
attention and education suited to their needs. Above all, the 
International Society aspires, through personal contact with the 
crippled children and their parents to bring into the lives of these 
handicapped children the sunshine of normal human relation- 
ships and a realization that physical handicaps need not bar the 
way to success nor prevent the enjoyment of a happy, useful 
life."1 
In addition to the officers (president, vice-presidents, treas- 
urer, secretary, and executive secretary), there is a Board of 
Directors, an Advisory Council of recognized authorities in the 
various phases of this work, and six committees, namely, the 
Education, Finance, Legislative, Professional, Publicity, and 
Public Relations groups. The first of these aims to sponsor and 
co-operate with provincial and state society educational pro- 
1. Definition, Purpose, Objective Plans of the International Society for Crippled 
Children, published by a Special Committee, and issued June, 1924. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
21 
grams, and national and international organizations which aim 
toward the development of adequate facilities for the education 
of the crippled child. The Finance Committee prepares an 
annual budget for presentation to the Executive Committee, 
ascertains that this money is thereafter available, and endeavors 
to raise an endowment fund to insure permanence in the work of 
the society. The Legislative Committee co-operates with the 
state societies in endeavoring to secure effective state legislation. 
On the Publicity Committee are the Director of the Bureau of 
Information, the Editor of The Crippled Child, a bi-monthly 
magazine published in the interests of thei movement, and mem- 
bers in charge of Magazine, Rotary, Radio, Motion Picture, 
Educational, Professional, and Newspaper publicity. The Public 
Relations Committee achieves contact with other organizations, 
agencies, and institutions interested in this work. 
Among international social organizations whose member 
clubs are doing local case work or co-operating with existing 
agencies, are Kiwanis Clubs, the Benevolent Protective Order of 
Elks, the Exchange Clubs, the King's Daughters, and the Lions 
Clubs. The Kiwanis Clubs, whose membership includes over 
83,000 leading business and professional men in over 1,100 cities 
of the United States and Canada,1 have adopted an official 
program to aid under-privileged children. A special committee 
on Service to the Under-Privileged Child submitted the follow- 
ing recommendations to the 1924 convention of the organization: 
zation: 
1. That a Committee on Service to the Under-privileged 
Child, a future citizen, be appointed annually by the 
District Governor of each Kiwanis District. 
2. That a Committee on Service to the Under-privileged 
Child, a future citizen, be appointed annually by the 
president of each Kiwanis Club. 
3. That a club should not start any line of service to the 
under-privileged child until thoroughly informed regard- 
ing it. It should get the necessary information by 
appointing a special committee to gather and present it 
in the form of a report. It should find out what is being 
done It should get in touch with local, state, and 
national experts, social workers, college professors, 
health officers, and keep the matter before the attention 
of its members by special sessions and report. 
At the Eighth Annual Convention of Kiwanis Clubs, held in 
Denver, Colorado, July 16-19, 1924, one hundred and forty-five 
clubs were reported interested in physically defective, or crip- 
pled, children. This work ranges from isolated case-work to the 
endowment of orthopedic wards, as was done at the Memorial 
Hospital, in Johnstown, Pa., or supporting a central orthopedic 
1. Kiwanis Activities, Volume II, 1922-1923, p. 1. 22 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
hospital, as sixty per cent of the Kiwanis Clubs in Indiana are 
reported to be doing.1 
Elks' work, although by no means confined to New Jersey, is 
outstandingly extensive and effective in that State. The New 
Jersey States Elks' Association appointed a Crippled Kiddies' 
Committee, which in turn recommended that the Exalted Ruler 
of every Lodge in the State appoint a similar group. Surveys 
were made in the various localities, and contacts were established 
with the various functional state departments. A medical 
advisory board supervised the clinical work, the State Depart- 
ment of Labor made available their entire medical and rehabili- 
tation staff, equipment, facilities, and established clinics; the 
Department of Health offered the co-operation of Child Hygiene 
nurses for follow-up work; and educational facilities were pro- 
vided by the. Department of Education, under the state laws of 
1921. In June, 1924, fifty New Jersey Elks' Crippled Kiddies 
Committees, aided by the Department of Health, were holding 
clinics, providing braces, casts, and other necessities, operating 
convalescent homes, sending children to hospitals for care and 
treatment, conducting outings, and doing similar valuable work. 
Masons are another group of international scope aiding 
crippled children. The Nobles of the Imperial Shrine each pay 
an annual contribution of $2.00, which is being devoted to the 
erection of children's orthopedic hospitals throughout the United 
States. A Board of Trustees is now operating five institutions: 
the Shreveport, La.; Twin Cities (Minneapolis - St. Paul, 
Minnesota); San Francisco, California; Portland, Oregon; and 
St. Louis, Missouri, Shriners' Hospitals. In addition, there is the 
Mobile Unit, which holds clinics in the various Hawaiian Islands 
and sends the children to Honolulu hospitals, or gives them 
home treatment. Hospitals are under construction at Spring- 
field, Mass., and Montreal, Canada. Sites have been chosen in 
Chicago, Illinois, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
On May 1, 1924, in addition to 243 children which had been 
treated and dismissed by the Mobile Unit, 700 children had been 
received as patients in the various hospitals, and 500 had been 
dismissed, restored to normal condition or greatly improved.2 
In addition to the institutions operated by the central com- 
mittee, the Nobles of the Hella Temple, Dallas, Texas, maintain 
an orthopedic hospital for children, the Korsair Temple, at 
Louisville, Kentucky, plans to open a convalescent home, the Al 
Chymia Temple in Memphis, Tennessee, has erected an addition 
to the Children's Hospital School, operated by the King's 
Daughters Circle; and the Scottish Rite Masons of Atlanta, 
Georgia, operate the Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Chil- 
dren. This was the first Masonic institution for crippled children 
in existence, opened in 1915, a new building having been erected 
1. Annual Reports of Kiivanis Club Standing and Special Committees, Denver, June 
16, 1924. 
2. Report of the Board of Trustees of the Shriners' Hospitals for Crippled Children,. 
1924. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
23 
two years later. The Masonic hospitals, all of which have wait- 
ing lists, are open to patients of any creed or race, and have 
become a very important factor in the treatment of crippled 
children throughout the country. 
National organizations whose programs include aiding crip- 
pled children to various degrees, are the Russell Sage Founda- 
tion, the Rockefeller Foundation, the American Red Cross, local 
chapters of which are frequently doing active clinical work, the 
Salvation Army, the American Child Health Association, the 
American Orthopedic Association, the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, the American Hospital Association, the National Educa- 
tion Association, the National Welfare Association, the Depart- 
ment of Health, Washington, D. C., the National Tuberculosis 
Association, the Boy Scouts of America, and the Rockefeller 
Institute of New York City. 
The actual operative machinery which supports the care, 
cure, and education of crippled children is, in most states, in the 
hands of State Departments. The authority for their work will 
be studied in greater detail in the next chapter, but some account 
of their function is necessary in a discussion of social agencies. 
In Ohio, the work of State Departments is probably better 
developed and wider in scope than anywhere else in this country. 
When a Rotary Club or other agency wishes to hold a clinic, a 
public health nurse is generally furnished by the State Depart- 
ment of Health to proceed with follow-up work, and sometimes 
to assist at the clinic. One of the interested parties submits the 
child to the judiciary in the person of a judge of the Juvenile 
Court, who in turn may commit the child into the temporary 
custody of the State Department of Welfare. If the latter 
accepts the child, arrangements are made for care and treatment, 
the cost of which is paid from a rotating fund, and charged back 
to the county from which the child was received. As soon as the 
child is in the convalescent stage, the State Department of 
Education provides instruction, either at the bedside or at home. 
In other states, these departments function in this movement 
to varying degrees. State Boards of Control are frequently 
responsible for special institutions for crippled children. The 
judiciary is almost invariably responsible for commitment 
Some states, less active in work to aid crippled children, merely 
make appropriations to Departments of Health, or Public Wel- 
fare, a portion of which is to be devoted to the care of indigent 
handicapped children of all types. 
The Federal and State Rehabilitation Bureaus undertake the 
problem of placing cripples in suitable vocations at the end of 
their academic training. In Ohio, the Civilian Rehabilitation 
Service frequently receives direct co-operation from the teachers 
in the schools for crippled children, who ascertain to which 
vocation the pupils seem best fitted and make a report to the 24 
Director of the Service. The child is then frequently placed 
immediately upon graduation.1 
Local interested agencies vary in activity from providing 
complete clinical, educational, transportation, and convalescent 
facilities as does the Association for the Aid of Crippled Chil- 
dren, in New York City, to finding vocational opportunities. 
The Association in New York City, an organization with over 
three hundred members and many more contributors, on January 
1, 1924, had 3,024 cases under observation. A special bus, 
owned by the Society, brings the children to schools, hospitals, 
or clinics. Sixteen home nurses, employed by the Association, 
during the year 1923 made 44,509 home, hospital, and dispen- 
sary visits. A number of children are sent annually to the 
summer convalescent home at Tarrytown, New York. 
The Association for Crippled and Disabled, in Cleveland, 
Ohio, which in 1918 merged with the Sunbeam Association,2 con- 
ducts an Orthopedic Center, at which is located a branch of the 
Civilian Rehabilitation Service, The Sunbeam Shop, a salesroom 
for products made by the clients of the organization, the Sun- 
beam Training School and Workroom, a Home Industries 
Department, a Physiotherapy Department, a brace shop, and 
the headquarters of the following committees: The Committee 
on the Welfare of Cripples in Institutions, the Social Service 
Department, the Committee on Co-operation with the Public 
Schools, the Cleveland Chapter of the American Physiotherapy 
Association, and the Orthopedic Council, which furnishes pro- 
fessional advice whenever needed. 
An example of a local organization giving limited attention 
to the problem of the crippled child, is that of the Philadelphia 
North American. During the unusually hot summer of 1901, 
this paper opened a cottage on the beach at Atlantic City, New 
Jersey, for those children who ordinarily participated in its 
outings in Fairmont Park, but who were too weak to make the 
trip. A member of the editorial staff, feeling a keen sympathy 
for these little ones, held a party on his porch and charged for 
ice cream and lemonade. The proceeds were donated to the 
Outing Fund. The event was given some publicity, and soon 
"porch parties" became a city-wide fad. By the end of the 
summer, enough money had been received to open the North 
American Sanitarium in Ventnor, a suburb of Atlantic City. This 
institution eventually became an all-year-round "surgical" 
tuberculosis sanatorium for children, in which form it exists 
today. 
An example of a temporarily interested organization is the 
James Whitcomb Riley Memorial Association. Wishing to com- 
memorate the name of their great poet, the people of Indiana 
organized this corporation, which, in addition to receiving state 
aid, is raising funds by subscription to build a $2,000,000 chil- 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
'1. Under authority of an Act of Congress, H. R. 4438, and of State Legislation, April 
29, 1921, in House Bill 218. 
2. Formerly the Sunbeam Circle. Name changed in 1916. dren's hospital adjacent to the Robert W. Long Hospital, in 
Indianapolis. This institution will have a large orthopedic 
service. 
Temporary organizations have at times been created to con- 
duct surveys of cripples. Three of these surveys, the first held in 
Birmingham, England, in 1911; the second in Cleveland, Ohio, 
in 1916; and the third in New York City in 1919, have received 
international recognition. A fourth was undertaken by the 
Child Welfare Council of Toronto, Canada, in 1923. In addi- 
tion to many lesser surveys, conducted more or less compre- 
hensively by interested groups in smaller cities, an extensive 
investigation, which promises to be very significant to the entire 
movement, is now in progress in Chicago. 
Except for a census of the maimed and crippled, completed 
in Massachusetts in 1905, the Birmingham survey was the first 
investigation of this type ever conducted. The Massachusetts 
census merely attempted to ascertain the number of handicapped, 
whereas the British investigation arrived at some definite con- 
clusions regarding causative diseases, availability of facilities, 
and ratio of cripples to population. It was conducted by a 
special Sub-committee of Inquiry, working under the central 
Birmingham Education Committee, and was a model for the 
work conducted in Cleveland, five years later. 
The Welfare Federation of Cleveland appointed a special 
Committee on Cripples, in 1915, to survey conditions in that 
city. The work was assisted financially by the Sunbeam Asso- 
ciation, which also co-operated with active service. A house-to- 
house canvass, and' visits to 150,000 families located 4,186 
physically handicapped persons, of which 49% had been dis- 
abled in childhood.1 
On April 4, 1919, as a result of the efforts of the New York 
Committee on After-Care of Infantile Paralysis Cases, repre- 
sentatives of forty-one organizations, associations, and hospitals, 
appointed a Special Committee on Survey of Cripples, which 
undertook to survey six typical districts of the city. It was 
found that full information could be acquired only by question- 
ing domestic servants and janitors, in addition to the families in 
each home. Relatives were hesitant about disclosing the fact 
that one of their number was handicapped physically. This fact 
probably explains why so many local and less carefully con- 
ducted surveys show only a comparatively small number of 
cripples per thousand population. 
Canvassers in this survey were instructed to make as little 
use of the word "cripple" as possible. They were to state the 
purpose of their visit in other terms, make sure that the family 
visited understood that they were giving no financial assistance, 
promise that all information was to be confidential, credit no 
information from children, avoid using children as interpreters 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
25 
1. Education and Occupations of Cripples, Juvenile and Adult. A Survey of All of the 
Cripples of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1916, published N. Y. City, 1918. 26 
if possible, make note if persons interviewed were of extremely 
low grade mentally, become familiar with charitable organi- 
zations in the district, in order to be able to consult these for 
further information, and fill out cards with the following infor- 
mation concerning each case:1 
Name 
Sex 
Lives with 
Address 
Apartment 
Borough 
Block 
Color 
Case Number 
Age 
Time in U. S. 
Time in State. 
Birthplace of patient 
Birthplace of father 
Birthplace of mother 
Married or single 
Name of husband or wife 
Nearest relatives (names and ages of children) 
Name of last employer 
Name of Physician (last date) 
Name of hospital or clinic (last date) 
Church (last date) 
Transportation furnished by (walks, free bus, car line, etc.) 
Help needed (why), or vice versa 
General condition (good, fair, or infirm) 
Education (common school, high school, special, school for cripples, 
home teaching,.... private or public). 
(Date began-Date ended) 
Support before and after handicap. 
Income per week (Family, family pension, or assistance of relatives.) 
Name of relief institution, and dates. 
Name of canvasser, investigator, and agency. 
Date. 
Because the effort to aid the 350,000 physically handicapped 
children of this continent is a comparatively new field of philan- 
thropy and needs intensified activity, because cripples of any 
age are particularly difficult to locate, due to the traditional 
disgrace attached to this condition, because any worthy field of 
philanthropic endeavor is essentially the responsibility of 
neighbors, and because such service is highly valuable to the 
happiness of those who serve, the wide-spread participation of 
social agencies in the movement to aid crippled children is neces- 
sary and highly valuable to those who are aided and those who 
participate. 
1. Henry C. Wright, Survey of Cripples in New York City, N. Y., 1920. Printed 
and distributed by the New York Committee on After-Care of Infantile Paralysis Cases. 28 
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OUTLINE OF STATE LEGISLATION 29 
CHAPTER V. 
LEGISLATION 
Early in the fall of 1896, a group of staid adults, charity 
workers, and physicians, assembled in an open meeting of the 
Minnesota Conference of Charities and Corrections, were aston- 
ished to find themselves confronted by a twelve year old crippled 
child. The little girl, Jennie Haskins, by name, was pleading for 
the support of this body toward the erection of a state hospital for 
crippled children. The late Dr. Arthur J. Gillette, then a young 
and rising orthopedic surgeon, supplemented the little girl's 
address with a paper on the Duty of the State to the Crippled 
Child. Although the idea was a new one, the untiring efforts of 
the young orthopedist secured a hearing for it at the next session 
of the Minnesota Legislature. 
When the politicians met in April, the little girl and her 
professional friend once more delivered their pleas. They told 
of the little cripples for whom neither care nor education was 
available; and, forgetting political obligations and agreements, 
one after another the representatives rose and signified their 
approval of the first legislative act in the United States to provide 
care, education, and treatment for crippled and deformed chil- 
dren. On Apri1 23d, the Governor signed his name to Chapter 
289 of the Minnesota Laws of 1897, and a hospital was soon 
ready for occupancy. 
"Laws," say Professors A. W. Small and G. E. Vincent, "are 
regulative principles which shall secure that co-ordination of 
activities which is essential to social existence and growth. They 
are the embodiments of psychical modifications in social knowl- 
edge, feeling and volition."1 The enactment of laws to provide 
and regulate machinery for the care and education of crippled 
children was a natural result of increasing social interest in this 
problem. More than half of the states in the Union have already 
made some legislative provision for this purpose and agitation in 
others is aiming toward this end. 
From an economic standpoint such laws should aim first to 
avoid pauperization of the families of the children. It is advan- 
tageous neither to parents nor patients to make available an 
unlimited number of hospital beds free of charge. Even in states 
where provision has been made against such possibilities, parents 
have been known to attempt to use political influence to keep 
children in custody longer than is necessary. The result of this 
action is to deprive other and more needy little ones of remedial 
facilities and at the same time to pauperize the families thus 
aided. 
Such laws should distribute the public cost of these facilities 
as fairly as possible, both to relieve the state of a large burden, 
1. An Introduction, to the Study of Society. Ch. V, ss 194, 195, pp. 357-8. 30 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
and to apportion the charges according to the number of patients 
aided in the various districts. They should, at the same time, 
have the funds necessary for cure and education constantly avail- 
able, in order that local economic depression should not deprive 
the children of thoroughly necessary assistance. 
From the standpoint of the problem itself, legislative action 
to aid crippled children primarily should bring the facilities to 
the children. A single institution, scholastic or curative, located 
in a central portion of a state, will distribute the benefits of 
appropriations only to a small proportion of the needy ones. 
Such legislation should further avoid discouragement of private 
philanthropy. Too often public institutions or public subsidies to 
private organizations remove the inducement for private charity. 
Such legislation should be enacted in a form which will guaran- 
tee continuance of efforts to aid crippled children, regardless of 
economic conditions and regardless of political influences. Fin- 
ally, the possibility of political influence in the operation of such 
laws absolutely should be avoided. 
The Ohio plan, embodied in Senate Bill 174 and House Bill 
200, is the most successful and efficient system of legislation now 
in operation. It provides for the co-operation of individual phil- 
anthropists, official state departments, and professional social 
workers. Under Senate Bill 174, applications to the local juve- 
nile court for the care, treatment, and education of a crippled 
child may be made by parents, guardians, or other interested 
persons. The judge shall determine the degree to which parents 
are unable to pay for such treatment, and then make a report of 
his findings to the Department of Welfare. The latter may accept 
the child for temporary custody, and ascertain that the child is 
treated at the nearest of the ten Ohio orthopedic centers. 
Expenses incurred at the hospital are paid by the State Depart- 
ment from a rotating fund and charged back to the county in 
which the child resides. The latter charges the parents accord- 
ing to the findings of the juvenile court. 
Under House Bill 200, the state superintendent of public 
instruction may grant permission to any local board of educa- 
tion, which maintains special classes for cripples, to pay the 
board of a crippled child, who, in the judgment of the Board 
and the superintendent, cannot be daily transported to his home. 
This bill further provides that such Boards of Education shall 
pay for transportation of the crippled children in case they are 
unable to walk to the school building. Finally, House Bill 200 
states that upon petition of parents or guardians of crippled 
children in any school district, the Board of Education shall 
apply to the superintendent of public instruction for permission 
to establish a special class for these pupils. At the close of each 
school year the Boards of Education are to be refunded by the 
state the excess operating cost for such pupils, not to exceed 
$300.00 for the instruction of each, and $250.00 additional for 
those children boarded at the expense of the local school authori- 
ties. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
31 
These laws avoid pauperization by charging parents for care 
and treatment to the degree in which they are able to pay. They 
avoid overcentralization by leaving the question of where the 
child should be treated to the discretion of the Department of 
Public Welfare and by providing for district classes. They 
avoid unfair apportionment of expenses by charging the cost of 
care and treatment back to the counties in which the children 
reside. By the latter plan they avoid the pressure of political 
influence. There is ample encouragement for private philan- 
thropy in the need for orthopedic wards in local general hospi- 
tals. The state is not burdened with the expense of construct- 
ing large orthopedic or general institutions. 
There are four types of state legislation to provide operative, 
remedial, and convalescent facilities. There is first the Ohio, 
distributed and decentralized plan, described above. This type 
has recently been adopted in Pennsylvania1 and in North 
Dakota.2 Closely akin to the Ohio method is that of Michigan, 
Oregon, Kansas, and West Virginia, where patients are com- 
mitted in a like manner to one or more specified hospitals. The 
fault in these states lies in the attempt to include elements of the 
older system in the new plan. The purpose of supplying private- 
ly operated institutions with patients avoids the expense of con- 
structing state hospitals; but, in these states, fails from insuf- 
ficient decentralization to reach all of the cases. Following the 
original Minnesota plan of central state institutions are Wiscon- 
sin, Indiana, (original construction cost furnished by public 
subscription), Massachusetts, New York, Iowa, Minnesota, 
Nebraska, and North Carolina. Illinois, under the statutes of 
1917, will use the new Illinois Surgical Institute as a state center 
for this purpose. 
In Michigan, crippled children, whose parents or guardians 
are unable to provide treatment, are submitted to the probate 
court for investigation, and subsequently sent to the University 
of Michigan Hospital. The state bears the entire expense of 
treatment and care. The expense of returning children to their 
homes is paid by the hospital and charged to the state in the 
event that the superintendent is satisfied that parents or guar- 
dians are unable to assume this charge.3 A similar law provides 
that Oregon children should be committed for treatment to the 
University of Oregon Medical College.4 In Kansas such treat- 
ment is given at the Medical Department of the University of 
Kansas.5 Commitments to the latter institutions are made by 
the county commissions or officials, and expenses are charged 
back to county or city authorities. 
1. Commitment in Pennsylvania is direct to Institutional and educational facilities. 
The Department of Welfare is notified in all cases that such decrees have been put 
into operation. 
2. Pennsylvania General Assembly Act. No. 276, approved June 7, 1923, and North 
Dakota Senate Bill No. 176, approved 1924. 
3. Act No. 274, P. A. 1913, (Michigan). 
4. Session Laws 1917, Ch. 145, Code (1921) ss 8525-8537. (Oregon.) 
5. General Statutes, 1920. Ch. 121, ss.. 28-37. (Kansas.) 32 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Section 5-a, Chapter 22, Acts of the Legislature of 1917, in 
West Virginia, provides that it shall be the duty of the State 
Board of Control to admit indigent crippled children to the 
various State Minors' Hospitals for treatment free of charge. 
Minnesota legislation appropriates funds for the construction of 
the state hospital, and provides that the State Board of Control 
shall decide on admittances. The hospital, however, is free of 
charge, and restricted to indigent patients.1 Wisconsin pro- 
vides for the treatment of crippled children at the State Public 
School and Massachusetts provides for the admission of 
crippled children to the Massachusetts Hospital School for care 
and cure. Both of these institutions have separate hospital 
buildings. Indiana authorizes the Board of Trustees of the 
University of Indiana to establish and maintain a hospital for 
the treatment of children, after a commitment by judges of 
circuit, criminal, or juvenile courts upon the application of a 
citizen of the county in which the child is a resident.2 
The New York legislature has provided for the treatment 
of indigent crippled children at the state orthopedic hospital 
upon application of a county superintendent of the poor or a 
commissioner of charities.3 The famous Iowa Perkins Law of 
1915 provides that on complaint filed by any probation officer, 
school teacher, superintendent of the poor, or authorized 
physician, the judges of the juvenile courts shall conduct 
investigations of crippled or deformed children called to their 
attention. If the judge finds that the child can be remedied 
and that the parents are unable to pay expenses for such 
remedies, he shall enter an order sending this child to the 
hospital of the medical college of the University of Iowa for 
free medical and surgical treatment and care. This institution 
is now provided with distinct and extensive orthopedic facilities. 
Nebraska and North Carolina have state orthopedic hospitals 
conducted along the lines of the Minnesota institution. 
A fourth type of legislation for the care and cure of 
crippled children is the annual appropriation for this purpose 
turned over to specified agencies for disposal in this work. 
Appropriations of this type have generally been a compromise 
between the legislators and agencies urging the adoption of 
more extensive programs. In Florida, $10,000 a year was 
appropriated to State Board of Health orthopedic work after 
a failure to provide sufficient funds to erect a state orthopedic 
hospital authorized in an act of May 30, 1911.4 In New 
Hampshire, after the State Board of Charities had asked every 
legislature since 1906 for the small amount of $1000.00 
annually for this type of work, $2500 was finally granted in 
1. Minnesota Laws 1907, Ch. 81; 1909, Ch. 130; 1897, Ch. 289; and General Statutes 
1913, 4135-4138. 
3. Indiana, Acts, 1921, Ch. 226, p. 833. 
3. New York Charities Law 1909: Ch. 55; 1916, Ch. 118. 
4. Florida, Laws of 1911, Ch. 6133. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
33 
19191 and increased to $3000 in 1923. The legislature of 
Virginia annually appropriates to the State Board of Health 
$25,000 for the treatment of crippled children at the Medical 
College of the University of Virginia. 
Separate legislation for the custodial care of incurable 
crippled children exists in three states; Minnesota, which 
provides for such care at the State School for Feeble Minded; 
Connecticut, which appropriates funds to the Connecticut 
Children's Aid Society for custody of these children at the 
Crippled Children's Home at Newington;2 and Kansas, which 
provides for such care at the State Orphan's Home at Atchison.3 
Legislation providing state aid for sanatoria in a number of 
states indirectly supports the treatment of children crippled by 
"surgical" tuberculosis. In Connecticut, funds are annually 
provided for the maintenance of a special sanatorium at 
Niantic, for non-pulmonary tuberculous children. 
There are three types of legislative acts providing for the 
education of crippled children. The modern type is that of 
Ohio, described on page 30. There is also provision for bedside 
education, as in the Ohio bill. A third method is the establish- 
ment of a state school for crippled children, either in 
connection with convalescent or hospital facilities, or independ- 
ently. Following the Ohio model to a greater or lesser degree 
are Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New 
York, Oregon, and Wisconsin. Illinois House Bill No. 325 
(1923) is almost a replica of the Ohio legislation, except that it 
does not include the blind or deaf and makes no provision for 
bedside instruction. Boards of education and school directors 
of any district may apply to the Department of Welfare for 
not more than $300.00 a pupil per annum as excess cost for 
crippled children in special classes. In addition it is stipulated 
that truant officers or officers in each school district within the 
state shall report and enroll every crippled child within rhe 
meaning of the act. The district board of education is required 
to make special educational provision if one or more such chil- 
dren are found. 
Michigan legislation for district crippled children's classes 
stipulates a minimum of five pupils of this classification.4 
Missouri provides state aid for such classes. Section 178, 
Article IX, of the New Jersey school law provides in part that 
the Board of Education of every school district must provide 
specially adapted equipment and facilities for crippled children, 
and that if there are ten or more of such children, a special 
class or special classes must be organized. It is stipulated that 
such classes shall not exceed eighteen children. They must be 
financed by local authorities, as no state aid is provided. New 
York State has legislation providing for special classes for 
1. New Hampshire, Laws of 1919, Ch. 202. 
2. Parents pay as able, not to exceed $2.00 a week. 
3. General Statutes, Kansas, 1915, ss. 9703-9706. 
4. Senate Bill No. 297, Michigan Legislative Session of 1923. 34 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
crippled children. At the present time, a committee has been 
authorized to investigate the local situation with a view toward 
making further recommendations.1 
Minnesota, under the laws of 1921, Chapter 141, authorized 
school districts to establish classes for crippled children pro- 
vided that there were not less than five pupils of school age 
in each class. Boards of Education establishing such classes 
are to be paid $200.00 annually per pupil to cover the excess 
transportation and equipment, providing that the child attends 
school for a full nine month period. Should circumstances 
make it impossible for the child to continue classwork through- 
out the year, payments are to be made in proportion to the 
amount of attendance. Wisconsin school boards in large 
cities are authorized to provide transportation and lunches for 
crippled pupils. 
A stipulation in Mississippi school law provides transporta- 
tion for crippled children in that state. 
Bedside instruction is provided in Ohio, both at hospitals 
and at home. House Bill No. 200 provides that three hours of 
home instruction shall be counted as equal to the attendance of 
one child for two days at school. The Act, of course, limits 
such instruction to those patients who cannot, even with the 
help of transportation, be assembled. The Pennsylvania law 
includes the words "and provide suitable education." This 
bill is the most flexible of any of those under discussion and 
leaves a considerable latitude for the Juvenile Courts to insist 
on adequate care and education for these children. Minnesota 
is the only other state providing for the expenditure of funds 
for bedside instruction. The state hospital is made available 
for the "treatment, care and education of crippled and de- 
formed children." 
Massachusetts, Michigan, and Wisconsin have authorized 
state schools specifically for the education of crippled children. 
The Massachusetts institution is a combined orthopedic hos- 
pital, convalescent home, and school, both academic and in- 
dustrial. The Wisconsin institution is primarily a state public 
school for dependent children,2 but has special facilities to care 
for the crippled. Juvenile courts are empowered to commit 
children for treatment or education, and they are to determine 
the degree to which parents must pay for these facilities.3 A 
portion of the Michigan State Public School at Coldwater is 
devoted to the handicapped. An unusual law, relative to 
crippled children, is the Wisconsin statute of 1919 which pro- 
vides that midwives, physicians, parents, or guardians must 
register the birth of a congenitally deformed child within 
twenty-four hours. There is no analogous law in other states. 
Most of the legislation discussed in this chapter is too new 
to justify or condemn its content. The future success of those 
1. Educational Law, (New York) 1917, Chapter 559, Section 1020. 
2. Located at Sparta. 
3. School Laws, 1919, s. 573a. (Wisconsin.) laws modeled after Ohio Bills depends largely on the degree 
to which the public will support their continuance. Such 
statutes can easily become dead letters through lack of court 
applications and lack of petitions for public school classes. 
Their possibilities for efficiency with proper social co-operation 
are unlimited. Witness Ohio! The older legislation providing 
centralized facilities is rapidly proving itself inadequate for 
state needs. Two of the states which led the way with central 
orthopedic hospitals have already adopted laws to bring 
educational opportunities to the child in his own district. Other 
modifications in their plans must necessarily follow. It will 
be impossible for Minnesota to have special classes for crippled 
children located throughout the state and the only remedial 
facilities at Phalen Park. Similarly it would be ridiculous for 
Missouri to invest hundreds of thousands of dollars in a central 
hospital. Legislatures everywhere may well expect to be voting 
for a "decentralized" plan of orthopedic centers in the near 
future. More of this will be discussed in the next Chapter. 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
35 37 
CHAPTER VI. 
CARING FOR AND TREATING CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
Many, many years ago, our forefathers believed in miracles. 
They had read of how the great Red Sea had parted that the 
children of Israel might cross in safety, and how a rock had 
produced water that the Israelites might quench their thirst. 
Their theology was a strange mixture of belief in unseen spir- 
itual forces with thoroughly human attributes, and very literal 
interpretations of Biblical mythology. Then, in the course of 
time, came the mechanistic scientists who scoffed and "knew 
better than to believe such intangible nonsense." And now 
curiously enough, the scientists themselves produce the miracles, 
and make available for us the tangible evidence. 
The gateway to the wonderland of these miracles is the 
clinic or dispensary. The public health nurse, the social 
service worker, the Rotarian, Kiwanian, Elk, or other good 
friend, is the gentle guide. In the hospital are the magic wands 
and potions, and in the convalescent home or sanatorium, 
recoveries become accomplished facts. A few states have all 
of these progressive stages to care for their handicapped little 
ones; many have some; and a few have none of them. But the 
modern trend is a rapid development toward the completion of 
the magic pathway in every state and in every locality, for the 
plan has proved efficient and economical. 
The Clinic 
Professor A. G. Warner, in his standard wTork on American 
Charities, stated that "the dispensary or clinic is the mpst 
efficient method of hospital extension and forms a link between 
the sick poor and the professional staff The value of the 
clinic lies in tying up the social service to the medical treat- 
ment."1 The efficiency of a clinic may well be judged by the 
degree to which it conforms to this standard of achievement. 
Clinics vary from established institutional dispensaries to 
temporary investigating centers. Most of the large orthopedic 
hospitals or general hospitals with orthopedic services have 
out-patient departments at which are given free examinations 
and diagnoses. Most social organizations begin their work to 
aid crippled children by either one of two ways: by individual 
case-work, in which they bring the children to the nearby in- 
stitutional clinics; or by conducting a local survey and them- 
selves organizing a clinic, to which they bring the prospective 
patients. 
At the clinic the child is thoroughly examined. Trained 
nurses record the history of his disability, all information 
concerning his general physical condition, and those lesser 
defects which proper care and treatment may cure. These 
records may then be classified into five groups: 
1. pp. 296-297. CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
A. Urgent and hopeful. 
B. Hopeful but not urgent. 
C. Doubtful but at the same time hopeful of at least 
some relief. 
D. Hopelessly incurable. 
E. Slight deformities which may be cared for locally. 
Hospital stay or operation are not necessary for these 
cases.1 
The first group is immediately sent to hospitals for surgical 
or other necessary treatment. The second group, relatively 
less important, is given similar treatment upon the disposal of 
the first. Nurses maintain contact with the families of the third 
group, which receives attention after the first two. The only 
solution to the problem presented by the hopelessly incurable 
is to return them to their families or to commit them to perman- 
nent custodial institutions. The decision between these alter- 
natives will depend on the financial situation of the families 
involved, and the nature of the child's illness. 
The children of Group E are generally communicated with 
for further treatment at future clinics or at the dispensary 
headquarters, where braces are fitted, physiotherapy is pre- 
scribed or conducted, and general conduct is directed. The 
best clinics have a well balanced medical staff, a thoroughly 
competent orthopedist, and above all, an efficient group of 
social workers who follow up cases to ascertain that the 
treatment continues and that environmental conditions are 
favorable to the recovery of the child. 
The value of temporary or periodical clinics, such as are 
organized by local social organizations, is two-fold: first, they 
locate the children for treatment under existing laws and by 
existing facilities, and second, they advertise existing conditions 
to communities, that public interest may be stimulated toward 
more stringent enforcement of already enacted legislation, and 
the enaction of more efficient legislation if necessary. The 
danger to be avoided is the possibility of unorganized and poorly 
conducted clinics, resulting in filling hospitals with more cases 
than they properly can treat, and in a large loss of time and 
money on children who are not followed up. The experience 
of most organizations is that without public health nurse co- 
operation, a large number of cases will be diagnosed, and about 
fifty per cent never will reappear for treatment. For this 
reason, clinics always should be held in co-operation with 
departments of health or agencies existing for the care and cure 
of crippled children. 
No discussion of clinical facilities would be complete without 
mention of the famous clinics held under the auspices of the 
New York City Department of Health, in 1921 and 1922. Dr. 
Adolph Lorenz, an Austrian orthopedic surgeon, consented to 
38 
1. Prepared by The Ohio Department of Health. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
39 
examine a group of cripples, and on November 28th, after 
several days of publicity, twenty baby stations were thrown 
open for the examination of crippled children under sixteen 
years of age. Three cases were to be selected from each 
station for examination by Dr. Lorenz himself, and he promised 
to perform several of his operations, known as "bloodless 
surgery." On the appointed day, 2,113 children from every 
part of New York State and elsewhere appeared for examina- 
tion. Although only sixty of this large group could be examined 
by the visiting surgeon, the registration proved conclusively the 
existence of a great need for regular clinics of this type, and Dr. 
Lorenz agreed to conduct three public clinics each week at the 
Department of Health headquarters. The staff of employees 
consisted of the following:1 
1. A physician in charge. 
2. A technical orthopedist. 
3. An associate orthopedist. 
4. A consulting neurologist. 
5. Supervising inspectors and medical inspectors. 
6. The secretary of the physician in charge. 
7. A supervising nurse. 
8. Six trained nurses. 
9. Four stenographers. 
10. Two trained orderlies. 
Ninety preliminary clinics, twenty-nine Lorenz clinics, and 
six operative clinics were attended by 6,376 cripples of all ages. 
The most significant result of this work was the instantaneous 
and wide-spread enthusiasm which it produced. More than 
one-sixth of all of the cripples in the city had undergone exam- 
ination, and newspaper publicity had brought their condition 
to the attention of thousands of citizens who had never given 
thought to this movement before. As a result, hundreds of 
neglected crippled children and adults received necessary 
attention. 
Acute Hospital Care. 
The child has been thoroughly examined by expert clini- 
cians. The cause of his deformity has been diagnosed, and the 
time for treatment is at hand. Unfortunately, at this point our 
pathway divides, and two avenues arouse the perplexing ques- 
tion as to which is the more expedient, the general hospital or 
the special orthopedic institution. The number of the latter 
continues to grow, and every new building aggravates the 
controversy. The advocates of the special hospital maintain 
that: 
(1) Orthopedic and general surgery are definitely and 
necessarily divided and that the general hospitals too often 
make them one function. 
1. Jacob Sobel, M. D., Franklin B. Van Ward, M. D., and Walter I. Galland, M. D., 
The Lorenz Clinics at the Department of Health of New York City, Monthly Bulletin 
•of the Department of Health of New York City, Vol. XII, No. 5, May, 1922. 40 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
RUTH, AGE 8 YEARS, WALKED INTO GATES HOSPITAL IN THIS MANNER 
Reprinted by courtesy of Gates Hospital for Crippled Children, Elyria, Ohio. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
41 
IN EIGHT MONTHS AFTER OPERATION SHE LEFT STANDING ERECT, 
PROUD AND HAPPY 
Reprinted by courtesy of Gates Hospital for Crippled Children, Elyria, Ohio. 42 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
(2) Nursing and care for orthopedic cases must be special- 
ized beyond the capabilities of the general hospital. 
The general nurse does not understand the uses of the Brad- 
ford frame, or other details of special care for crippled children. 
(3) The management of a general hospital is not interested 
in orthopedic cases. They are anxious to have "blood and 
thunder surgery cases,"1 and find the routine orthopedic care 
monotonous. 
(4) Many of the beds in general hospitals are endowed by 
philanthropists who are anxious to have them annually avail- 
able for as large a number of patients as possible. They 
complain of the long term occupancy necessary for orthopedic 
cases. 
(5) Orthopedic cases seem to "develop" when there is an 
orthopedic hospital to treat them. The advertising value of 
such an institution is significant in locating cases for which 
treatment is necessary. 
(6) An orthopedic hospital is better fitted financially for 
research and scientific advancement in this field than is the 
general hospital. 
The International Society for Crippled Children and its 
.affiliated organizations stand definitely against the erection of 
further special institutions. They point out that: 
(1) The general hospital with special orthopedic services 
has a better balanced medical staff, which will care for all 
defects of the crippled child. There are generally complicating 
conditions correlated with the orthopedic defects, with which 
the general physician is best able to cope. 
(2) The orthopedic hospitals with complete operative 
facilities are not economical. They are generally erected in 
direct competition with existing orthopedic services and result 
in several partially filled institutions attempting to do the same 
work. New orthopedic facilities in general hospitals can be 
provided less expensively than new orthopedic hospitals. 
(3) The operative facilities of the orthopedic hospital are 
not used to their maximum possibilities. The average hospital 
period per patient in. three Shriners' institutions up to April, 
1924, was ninety-five and seven-tenths (95.7) days. There 
were, on that date, three hundred and fifty-six children on the 
waiting lists at Portland, "The Twin Cities," and San Francisco. 
With this infinitely slow turn-over (which, by the way, is rapid 
compared to some institutions), operative facilities lie idle much 
of the time The Minneapolis institution had performed only 
one hundred and seventy-five operatons since its opening 
(March 1923). 
The International Society favors the orthopedic service in 
the general hospital, with affiliated convalescent homes receiv- 
ing patients for the recuperative period. Approximately eight 
efficient convalescent buildings can be constructed for the price 
1. Gillette, A. J., State Hospital for Deformed and Crippled Children Would Be an 
Advantage, American Journal of Orthopedic Surgery, XIV, 259-264, May, 1916. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
of one orthopedic hospital, and patients can be moved through 
the general hospital in as little as fourteen days.1 
(4) General hospitals will provide efficient and competent 
orthopedic services in proportion to the degree to which money 
is made available for this purpose. In Ohio, North Dakota, and 
other states providing a source of funds for general hospital 
treatment, Uie difficulty of disinterested managements has been 
eliminated. Unfortunately, in past years, these institutions 
lacked appropriations to handle orthopedic cases. 
(5) Perhaps the greatest argument against the orthopedic 
hospital lies in its inability to solve the problem of the crippled 
child throughout the entire state. It is financially impossible to 
construct special institutions in enough centers to make facilities 
available for a very large proportion of the children of a state. 
The result of this situation is that large sums of money are spent 
in building central orthopedic hospitals and no funds remain 
to provide acute or convalescent services for most of the chil- 
dren in isolated communities. Only a relatively small number 
of parents bring their families to a distant city for the extended 
period of time necessary to orthopedic treatment. 
Generally speaking, the Ohio plan is gaining ascendancy 
throughout the country. The argument for orthopedic hospi- 
tals carries more weight in central large communities, such as 
New York City and Chicago, than in farming states where 
distances to central institutions are too great to make the latter 
very effective in solving the problem. In New York City, 
orthopedic hospitals are probably thoroughly justified, sharing 
medical staffs with the great general institutions, sending their 
patients to New Jersey and up-state convalescent homes for the 
post-operative period, and helping to solve the distinct problem 
of this great concentrated community. In Ohio and similar 
states, such institutions would only compete with the established 
general hospitals, and consume funds which would otherwise 
be used for much needed convalescent facilities. 
Whether by special institutions or general hospitals, acute 
orthopedic work generally should be done in carefully selected 
centers. Ohio has ten of these chosen because of the presence 
of competent orthopedists, because they are centrally located 
for a particular group of counties, and because general environ- 
mental conditions, climate, and resources, are favorable. The 
availability of the orthopedic surgeon is a matter of great 
importance. He "acts as a mechanic to the human machine; 
he deals with its poise and movement; it is a part of his work 
to keep the axis true and the movement free in each of its 
joints; he watches and balances the output of power from the 
muscle groups and its transference through the tendons, and 
must see to the correct initiation and control of the movements 
of the limbs through motor and sensory nerves."2 The general 
43 
1. P atients at the Elyria Memorial Hospital are moved to the Gates (convalescent) 
Hospital after an average 16-day period. 
2. G. R. Girdlestone, The Care and Cure of Crippled Children, Part I, p. 30. 44 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
BARSTOW WARD FOR BOYS AT THE NEW JERSEY ORTHOPAEDIC AND DISPENSARY 
Reprinted from annual report by courtesy of the New Jersey Orthopaedic Dispensary, 
Orange, N. J. 45 
physician is often the ogre of normal children. To crippled 
children, the orthopedist is a Messiah. They welcome him with 
delight and suffer under treatment with unbelievable fortitude. 
It is within his power to recc nstruct them in the image of their 
normal playmates and they appreciate whatever he does for 
them. 
There are three types of orthopedic services: those operated 
by the state, as in Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, New York, North 
Carolina, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and West Virginia; those 
operated privately, but supplied with patients by state agencies, 
as in Ohio, Indiana, North Dakota, Michigan, Pennsylvania, 
Virginia, and Illinois; and those operated and supplied by 
private agencies, such as the Shriners' Hospitals, orthopedic 
services in general hospitals throughout the country, and special 
children's or general orthopedic hospitals. 
A special committee on Minimum Requirements for an 
Orthopedic Hospital, recently appointed by the Ohio Hospital 
Association, listed the following basic essentials for an ortho- 
pedic service:1 
1. Separate wards for children. 
2. Specially prepared orthopedic surgeon on 
hospital staff, or admitted to practice in 
the hospital. 
3. Special nursing service. 
4. Operating room. 
5. X-Ray and other laboratory facilities. 
6. Separate plaster room. 
7. A minimum of equipment for both surgical 
and non-surgical cases. 
8. Where tuberculous children are accepted, 
suitable provision for open-air treatment. 
Several of the special orthopedic hospitals have special 
training schools for nurses. There is coming to be recognized 
a need for special orthopedic training for all who participate in 
the actual treatment of the little ones. The Nebraska Ortho- 
pedic Hospital has a school of this type, special nurses' quarters, 
a medical library for their use, and a teaching staff of practicing 
specialists. 
An element of greatest importance in ail institutions where 
crippled children are cared for is the environmental atmos- 
phere. Many of the patients have suffered much pain, and 
their recovery is in a considerable degree dependent upon their 
psychological condition. The best institutions have an atmos- 
phere of hope, good will, cheery laughter, and essential 
comfort. The word "cripple" is unknown. Sunlight, fresh air, 
and pleasant surroundings, as well as toys, amusements, books, 
companionship, and bedside instruction in occupational therapy 
always should be made available in the greatest possible degree. 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
1. The\ Crippled Child, Vol). IT, No. 4, p. 4, l(ApriI, 1924)., and! Vol. II, No. 6, p. 10 
Gluly-August, 1924). Committee consisted of C. H. Pelton, M. D., Chairman, B. G. 
Chollett, M. D!., and B. W. Stewart. 46 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Convalescent Care. 
The depths of distress have been passed in safety and our 
pathway now leads to the convalescent facilities. "There are 
many patients who flounder aimlessly about clinics for weeks 
and months endeavoring to gain health, but who more often, 
because of lack of convalescent care, become one of the many 
'half cured'."1 In order, therefore, to avoid relapses, and also 
to relieve hospitals of long term convalescents, sanatoria, con- 
valescent hospitals, convalescent homes, "hospital-schools," 
and summer homes or camps have been established to care for 
crippled children. These are happy places, filled with new 
delights and characterized by hope and improvements. Pallid, 
frail children find themselves becoming robust and ruddy, and 
delight in using their new found muscular power in games and 
contests in which they believed they would never be able to 
engage. Maturing children, approaching adolescence, learn 
to read and write for the first time in their lives, and apply 
themselves to their lessons with a zeal unheard of in the public 
schools. 
The orthopedic convalescent hospitals differ from the con- 
valescent homes only in having available facilities for minor 
operations. They generally are operated in connection with 
general hospitals and retain their patients for shorter periods 
than do the homes. Most of the former are operated indepen- 
dently, although some of them are affiliated with general 
institutions. Caution as to atmosphere is essential in these 
institutions of longer residence. Uniform clothing is most 
undesirable and usually is avoided by obtaining contributions 
from friends or relatives of the patients. Little trinkets and 
new garments are greatly prized by younger children and help 
to avoid institutionalization. 
The Crippled Child has organized a "Round 'Robin," to 
which the children at a large number of convalescent homes 
contribute. The letters which are published periodically throw 
a considerable amount of light on the activities in which the 
patients are engaged. Marion Smith, secretary at the Hospital 
School in Jersey City, writes: "During last summer the Rotar- 
ians gave us a number of theater parties. At most of our 
entertainments they furnished professional talent, which we 
enjoyed very much The Rotarians also have a large radio 
installed." In another letter we are told:2 "We make mats, 
aprons, towels, tatting, lace. . .We have a good time Christ- 
mas. ... We had a Christmas tree. . .dresses, candy, dolls, 
games, handkerchiefs, and other things." 
A letter from Mary Harty, a Round Robin corresponding 
secretary at the Country Home for Convalescent Children, Prince 
Crossing, Illinois, reveals the extent to which the "ambulatory" 
patients enjoy themselves. "I suppose the first thing of im- 
1. Hortense Kahn, Standards of Care for Convalescent Children, p. 3. 
2. From the Youngstown, Ohio, City Hospital. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
47 
portance was the baseball game between our boys and the West 
Chicago team The score was eleven to ten in our favor. 
. . . .One day all of us older girls and boys went to the woods 
in our farmer's hay rack and had a wiener roast.1 Another 
time one of the nurses who used to be here took us for a 
picnic. . . ." 
For normal children these activities are a matter of course, 
a part of their routine experience. For crippled children they 
are generally a new privilege, one of many unprecedented 
opportunities. Some of the children at the Prince Crossing 
institution are Boy Scouts. Another group has organized an 
orchestra. An excellent library has available the best juvenile 
literature. The children learn to dance and weekly parties are 
enthusiastically anticipated. 
Closely akin to the convalescent homes are the institutions 
limited to specified diseases. The Reconstruction Home for 
Infantile Paralysis, in Ithaca, New York, is one of the very few 
institutions which exclusively care for otherwise normal chil- 
dren, suffering from the effects of poliomyelitis. A similar home 
in Elmira, New York, limits itself largely to rachitic and 
poliomyelitic children. In addition to these, there are special 
sanatoria for bone and joint tuberculous children, and general 
sanatoria, admitting this class of patients. 
Sanatoria are special institutions caring for patients afflicted 
with tuberculosis.2 They are of three types:3 
"1. Public institutions-including state, county, and muni- 
cipal. These are, in most instances, for local patients only. 
"2. Private institutions-operated by a non-official board 
or by an individual for commercial purposes and open to 
patients from any locality. 
"3. Semi-private institutions-operated by a non-official 
board and supported partly by private contributions or endow- 
ments, partly by fees of patients, and in some cases, partly by 
public funds. In most instances, admission of patients is 
restricted to certain groups of localities, or is otherwise limited." 
Earlier studies of efforts to aid crippled children failed to 
take into account the large number of these patients under care 
in the special tuberculosis institutions. Agencies to check this 
disease had aroused a national interest at least fifteen years 
before the movement to aid crippled children had gained an 
extensive following. The National Tuberculosis Association 
was founded in 1904, and was itself a merger of several national 
groups. The extensive preventative, clinical, and curative en- 
deavors which resulted from the efforts of this group had 
brought under sanatorium care hundreds of children, crippled 
by the progress of bone or joint tuberculosis. Although the 
development of convalescent homes has transferred some of this 
1. This institution includes a 90-acre farm which supplies fresh vegetables daily. 
2. To be distinguished from the "sanitarium," an institution for mental and nervous 
diseases. Originally these two words were interchangeable. The distinction was made 
through the influence of the National Tuberculosis Association. 
3. From the Tuberculosis Directory of the National Association, 1923, p. 4. 48 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
HELIOTHERAPY PAVILION 
Reprinted from annual report by courtesy of the New York State Orthopedic Hospital for Children, West Haverstraw, N. Y. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
49 
responsibility to special orthopedic agencies, there are still a 
large number of these patients in sanatoria and other tuber- 
culosis institutions. 
Efforts to check the progress of "surgical" tuberculosis have 
been more successful than most of the other branches of ortho- 
pedic work. The J. N. Adam Memorial Hospital at Perrysburg, 
New York, reports the following results in the treatment of 
"surgical" tuberculosis during a period of seven years:1 
Apparently recovered 66.1% 
Airested 18.3% 
Improved 8.6% 
Unimproved 5.8% 
Dead 9% 
Of 638 cases committed to hospitals or sanatoria by the 
Ohio Department of Public Welfare during a period of three 
years, the following results were achieved: 
Wholly cured 8.42% 
Greatly improved 46.31% 
Slightly improved 30.25% 
No relief 11.57% 
Deaths 3.45% 
The lower percentage of successful cures in Ohio may be ex- 
plained by a lack of special facilities and the inland situation of 
the state. The North American Sanitarium2 in Ventnor, Atlan- 
tic City, New Jersey, reports an average of 86% of its patients 
cured or greatly improved. 
In addition to salt water bathing facilities, the "helio- 
therapy," or sun treatment, has been found to produce remark- 
able results. This work was begun at Dr. Rollier's sanatorium 
in the Swiss Alps in 1903. It was introduced into this country 
at the J. N. Adam Memorial Hospital by Dr. John Pryor. It 
consists of exposure of the diseased part to sunlight for periods 
increasing from five minutes three times a day, to five, six, or 
seven hour periods. The exact results which take place are 
not understood, but there have been observed an increase in the 
pigmentation of the skin, a growth of hair, a general metabol- 
ism, a decrease in the number of respirations, with the increase 
in the depth of the individual respiration, a fall of blood pres- 
sure, and a stimulation of the nervous system indicating an 
improved general condition and a stronger resistance. It is 
important that this treatment should be given with judgment, 
as over-exposure or personal idiosyncrasy may result in sun- 
stroke, rising temperature, cardiac palpitation, insomnia, or 
nervousness.3 
Many of the special orthopedic institutions, almost all of the 
"orthopedic" sanatoria, and some of the general sanatoria have 
"sun porches" for heliotherapeutic treatment. The patients' 
daily schedules are divided so as to bring them to the porches 
1. 1913-1920. See Annual Reports. 
2. Named before the distinction of terminology was established. 
3. Gittings, Tuberculosis in Infancy and Childhood. 50 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
HELIOTHERAPY TREATMENT 
Reprinted by courtesy of the Crippled Children's Hospital School, Memphis, Tenn. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
51 
in rotating groups. The daily program at the North American 
Sanitarium, for example, is as follows: 
7 :00 A. M. Rising hour for out-of-bed patients. 
7:30 A. M. Breakfast. Recreation until 9:00 A. M. 
9:00 A. M. School for the older children. Heliotherapy 
treatment for the younger children. 
12:00 A. M. Dinner. 
1:30-3:30 P. M. The older children have heliotherapy. 
5:00 P. M. Supper. All children are in bed by 6:00 P. M. 
In addition to an academic teacher, occupational therapy is 
taught semi-weekly by a visiting teacher. Religious instruction 
is given every Tuesday afternoon. 
All tuberculosis institutions emphasize the necessity of fresh 
air. Dormitories are rarely heated, sleeping bags and army 
blankets being furnished during the winter months. A mini- 
mum of clothing, out-of-door recreation whenever possible, and 
a constructive diet are necessary to build up the tuberculous 
child and avoid pulmonary infection. 
Summer Camps. 
In localities lacking facilities for all-year convalescent care, 
summer camps frequently care for some of the children. They 
are inexpensively supplied and operated, and achieve sur- 
prisingly excellent results. The Crippled Child of January, 
1924, describes a summer camp constructed by the Rochester, 
New York, Rotary Club. The club was donated an old house 
and lot on the shore of a nearby lake. They met and proceeded 
to divide responsibilities, scrubbing, painting, wiring, and ren- 
ovating the building. They installed new plumbing and ob- 
tained a staff to operate the camp, including a teacher, furnished 
by the Rochester Board of Education. The article continues, 
"Forty quarts of milk a day were consumed last summer, and 
the children gained from three to nine pounds each, with the 
exception of one boy who was already much overweight. Eight 
little girls, and nine boys learned to swim." 
The average gain in weight per child during the summer of 
1923 at the Lake Allyn Summer Camp for Crippled Children, 
near Cincinnati, Ohio, was five and three-quarters pounds and 
the greatest individual gain was fifteen pounds. Summer homes 
are sometimes operated by institutions and frequently by or- 
ganizations. The New York City Association for the Aid of 
Crippled Children supplies Robin's Nest, a summer fresh air 
home at Tarrytown, New York. Rotary Clubs have made 
available a number of fresh air camps of the type described in 
this chapter. It is the custom of a number of Salvation Army 
branches to maintain summer camps where crippled children 
may be strengthened by the invigorating country environment.. 
The Outing Association for Crippled Children, in Chicago, 
operates a summer camp at Brown Lake, near the city; and the 
South Side Crippled Children's Aid Society, in the same city, is 52 
interested in Camp Happy Haven, located in northern Indiana. 
The Orange Fresh Air Home, at Bradley Beach, New Jersey, is 
supplied with children from the New Jersey Orthopedic Hos- 
pital at Orange. 
Custodial Institutions. 
Except for the unfortunately incurable children, the need 
for "asylum" or custodial homes for juvenile cripples is rapidly 
being minimized. During the early stages of orthopedic work, 
when orthopedists had not learned modern treatment for "sur- 
gical" tuberculosis (then by far the leading causative disease), 
a very large proportion of crippled children were considered 
beyond assistance. It then seemed most expedient to place 
many of them in custodial institutions where they would at least 
cease to be burdens to indigent families. Today, most of these 
patients are considered curable, and convalescent homes or 
■"boarding out" to families have supplanted almost entirely the 
necessity of asylum institutions. Most of these make efforts to 
furnish the children witU remedial treatment. There is still a 
need for custodial homes for the incurable children of states 
which have devoted all of their attention to remedial agencies, 
.and such institutions are now being planned. 53 
CHAPTER VII 
EDUCATING CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
"A graduate of the Spalding School for Crippled Children 
in Chicago, Illinois, is owner of a commercial printing establish- 
ment with two large motor presses and other modern equipment, 
all purchased through his own efforts."1 Joe Sullivan edited a 
newspaper at the age of twenty years.2 A one-armed Ohio 
youth operates a typewriter at the rate of 65 words a minute. 
Another Ohioan, paralyzed from the hips down at the age 
of twelve years, has completed a course in commercial illustrat- 
ing and now is prepared to provide valuable service to a local 
advertising agency.3 These selected examples illustrate the 
THIS CRIPPLE HAS LEARNED TO OVERCOME HIS HANDICAP 
goal of the magic pathway, the ultimate culmination to which 
the efforts of the co-ordinated machinery of this social move- 
ment are directed. The real handicap of the crippled child is 
not, in itself, his physical dissimilarity to other children, (for 
physical blemishes are soon submerged in prominence by excel- 
lences of personality) but his difficulty in rendering himself 
self-supporting and in obtaining contact with those intellectual 
pleasures which are made available through education. In the 
1. E. R. Solenberger, Public School Classes for Crippled Children, p. 32. 
2. See part V, p. 154. 
3. New Opportunities for Physically Handicapped Persons in Ohio, issued by The Civilian 
Rehabilitation Service, 1924. CARE, ('URE. AND EDUCATION 
54 
A SCHOOL ROOM FOR CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
Reprinted by courtesy of the Berkshire County Society for the Care and Education of Crippled and Deformed Children OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
55 
words of Edgar F. Allen, "cure them if we can, but educate them 
we must I"1 
In every phase of the work, the absence of education has 
retarded the cripple from assuming his normal place in society. 
Until less than twenty years ago the public was not educated to 
his needs. Less than fifty years ago ignorance resulted in 
superstition concerning the actual nature of the physically 
imperfect human being. In brief, the problem of the crippled 
child has been solved in the degree to which education, every- 
where, has supplanted ignorance. Education is both a medium 
and a goal, and its importance in this movement cannot be 
over-emphasized. 
It has been suggested frequently that special educational 
facilities for the crippled child are unnecessary. Crippled 
children are somehow educated in public schools when there 
are no special classes. Why provide extra funds for this pur- 
pose? Educators are faced with two distinct problems, the 
first being the education of children who are temporarily 
crippled, or "who differ only to a slight extent from the normal, 
sound child,"2 and the second is the problem of educating those 
children, incurable or severely handicapped by permanent de- 
formities. Special facilities are necessary for both types. 
Almost all crippled children are frequently deterred from 
regular school attendance, especially in bad weather. This is 
so because of frequent interruptions caused by correlated physi- 
cal weaknesses and necessary operations. Crippled children of 
both types referred to above have difficulty in reaching school 
buildings under any circumstances, and once arriving at the 
school they cannot return to their homes and back to the school 
in a normal luncheon recess period. This class of pupils 
should have one or two rest periods daily, as prescribed by 
physicians. They further should have opportunities for physio- 
therapy training and treatment. The seats provided for 
normal children will not fit the needs of a crippled child with 
one or several deformed limbs. Crippled children generally 
have difficulty in mounting stairways which have been erected 
for the use of normal children. Public school teachers, 
accustomed to the instruction of normal children, unwittingly 
make demands upon their handicapped pupils which constitute 
a severe physical strain. Each child of the second of the two 
types described above must have special pre-vocational and 
vocational training which will train him to the most expedient 
use of his deformed body in earning a livelihood. 
For centuries these problems prevented maimed or deformed 
little ones from receiving educational advantages. During the 
past twenty years the public has at last begun to realize the 
injustice of this condition, and special classes, special schools, 
or home instruction are rapidly developing. These special 
1. Education of Crippled Children, Elyria, Ohio, 1924.- 
2. Reeves, Care and Education of Crippled Children, p. 49. 56 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
facilities meet the difficulty of interrupted attendance by elastic 
curriculums, small classes, and attention to the needs of each 
pupil. Modern educational systems furnish taxis or busses to 
transport crippled children to the school buildings and hot 
lunches are provided to avoid the necessity of difficult home- 
ward journeys during the noon recess. Morning and afternoon 
rest periods are a part of the schedule, and in some institutions 
open air rest pavilions are available for the tuberculous pupils. 
Devised by the Superintendent of the New England Pea- 
body Home for Crippled Children. This device allows 
easy access to the desk for children with splints and stiff 
joints. 
SCHOOL CHAIR 
Open air school rooms have become increasingly common. 
Trained masseurs and physical instructors co-operate with 
school orthopedists in administering the various therapeutic 
treatments. 
School-room seats and desks are specially designed ad- 
justable to the needs of each deformed body. Elevators and 
inclining pathways have supplanted the difficult stairways. 
Railings are located conveniently to assist the little cripples in 
passage through the buildings, and floors are specially carpetted 
to prevent crutches from slipping. Several Boards of Educa- 
tion, providing special schools, require teachers who are to 
instruct these classes to spend a special eight-week period in 
preparation for these duties. Finally, to supply the needs of 
each pupil, manual training, domestic science, and pre-voca- tional preparation are emphasized in these schools. 
Education for crippled children is provided in hospitals, in 
convalescent institutions, in special school buildings, in special 
classes, in state schools, and at home. In hospitals and con- 
valescent institutions, bedside instruction is supplemented 
frequently by special school rooms or buildings for ambulatory 
patients. 
The leading controversial question among educators, as 
among hospitalization authorities, involves the relative ex- 
pediencies of centralized or decentralized facilities. As among 
the institutions caring for and curing crippled children, the 
weight of argument is with the decentralized plan. Parents 
will move their families to hospital facilities more readily than 
they will travel long distances for the purpose of living near 
central educational institutions. Moreover, it is an injustice to 
move the children of indigent families many miles from their 
parents for long periods of education. Centralized educational 
facilities simply do not function. Michigan, which has provided 
for a state public school with special provision for crippled 
pupils, has found it necessary to erect a number of local schools 
to solve the problem. The enrollment of crippled pupils at the 
State School, at Coldwater, has always been small. 
Until recent years the notable deficiency of the special 
educational systems for crippled children has been the fact that 
these advantages ceased upon the completion of eight grammar 
school grades of instruction. Several cities, including Chicago, 
Los Angeles, and Philadelphia are now extending these facilities 
to junior high school and senior high school education. It is to 
be hoped that this program will be adopted by other Boards of 
Education and that the universities will co-operate with the 
civilian rehabilitation bureaus to provide education for crippled 
advanced students. 
The instruction provided in the various occupational arts 
and sciences has physical as well as vocational value. In the 
convalescent and acute institutions it serves to provide an inter- 
esting and engrossing source of occupation for the children. 
It trains them in the use of muscles which might otherwise 
remain inactive. In addition, this instruction guides them to a 
source of permanent income. Some of the industries in which 
these children may be instructed are sewing, lace making, chair 
caning, burnt woodwork, stenography, typewriting, simple 
carpentry, pottery, basketry, brace making, cobbling, cooking, 
printing, bookkeeping, the manufacture of artificial flowers, 
millinery, knitting, leather work, crocheting, novelty, and favor 
making. Quoting from the 1922 annual report of the Massa- 
chusetts Hospital School, "When a child is admitted, doctors, 
nurses and teachers study his case from every point of view. If 
his disability is temporary, he is placed without loss of time in a 
class where he is enabled to keep well abreast of a child of his 
own age in a public school. If he is permanently crippled, he 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
57 58 
('ARE, ('URE, AND EDUCATION 
Reprinted by cMrt..y o. the B.rh.bU. C^SjcUty^ .he Care and Bd„e.«e» o. Crippled and 
VOCATIONAL INSTRUCTION soon finds work to which he is best adapted, voluntarily working 
side by side with the wage earners." 
Some classrooms provide long tables at which the children 
place themselves comfortably. Other facilities are very simple. 
A blackboard and a desk for the instructor complete the equip- 
ment. Periods are short, and are arranged in a rotating fashion 
to provide instruction for one group while a second group is 
given the various types of medical treatment suited to the needs 
of each child. Some institutions have their own libraries and 
furnish books for the pupils as they are needed. Many arrange 
with the local public libraries or book stores to supply texts 
and extra-class reading matter when called for by the teachers. 
Grading of students receiving bedside instruction, either at 
home or in institutions, is generally credited in a different 
manner from the class room system. One hour of such in- 
struction is credited as equal to two or sometimes three hours 
of normal education. This is done because the children are 
receiving individual and concentrated attention, and do much 
of the work by themselves under periodical guidance. 
When the crippled child has received remedial treatment, 
convalescent care, and has completed a thorough educational 
period, society has done all that it can to help him. If, after 
that time, business and professional men will consider him on 
his own merits and give him an equal chance to obtain employ- 
ment and demonstrate his fitness to cope with the problems of 
a normal life, the magic pathway is completed and the handicap 
is at an end. From that time on, the "cripple" joins with his 
normal companions to further the prevention of those conditions 
which are favorable to causing deformities in other children, 
and, like Michael Dowling,1 the great Minneapolis philan- 
thropist, is probably doubly active in aiding his less fortunate 
little brothers. Everyone concerned is happier. Progress has 
been achieved. 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
59 
1. The late Michael Dowling of Minneapolis, Minn., rendered great service by aiding 
crippled soldiers during the World War. He was himself a cripple, supported by 
two artificial legs and capable of using only one arm. Mr. Dowling passed away in 
1921. Some of his great fortune was left to the Dowling School for Crippled Children, 
in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 61 
CHAPTER VIII 
CO-ORDINATION 
Inter-dependence of units is characteristic of all society. 
Under normal conditions, it exists unnoticed and without special 
impetus. Under abnormal conditions, such as are correlated 
with the problem of the physically handicapped, the resulting 
isolation of individuals breaks otherwise normal social relation- 
ships. Thus, as we study the problem of the crippled child and 
learn of the various existing and potential facilities for its 
solution, we become more and more convinced that the keynote 
of all efforts in this field should be co-ordination between the 
various active agencies, and between their component units. 
The necessity for such guided and enlightened unity is pre- 
eminently discernible in this work because the needs of crippled 
children are so varied as to place demands on many diversified 
fields of social activity. There is a great army of pediatricians, 
orthopedists, and general physicians to whom the crippled child 
is but one of a great mass of individuals requiring physical and 
constitutional remedy. There are the doctors of preventive 
medicine and also the associated group of social hygienists, 
who are interested in improving public health by preventive 
measures. The physically handicapped form a distinct educa- 
tional problem. Similarly, those who aim to relieve destitution 
are constantly confronted with the necessity of aiding these 
cases. To those who provide vocational guidance and to those 
who operate industries, cripples have always been a problem. 
The great danger in these activities is that the ultimate 
solution will become a mirage to each crippled individual. 
Those who would aim to provide remedy without co-operating 
with educators to make available school facilities, place the 
child in the position of the prospector who has discovered gold, 
but has no means of transporting it to metropolitan markets. 
Those who would educate without co-operating with others who 
would relieve hunger, are equally culpable. Educational 
facilities which do not co-operate with the agencies which 
render vocational assistance are quite ineffective. 
The greatest degree of unity in this movement has been 
achieved within individual institutions. We find the orthopedic 
hospital, the special class, the social service department, the 
out-patient department, and the general advisory medical staff 
combined in the modern hospital school or orthopedic center. 
Here the local board of education furnishes teachers; the nurses' 
association provides social service workers; the local Rotary. 
Kiwanis, or Elks' Club discovers cases and achieves personal 
contact with the patients; and the convalescent, operative, and 
medical facilities are in co-ordinated service to the child. 
No such unity has as yet been achieved between national or 
local social agencies. The International Society for Crippled 62 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Children has made more progress in that direction than has any 
other agency in this field; and still it is far from a central bind- 
ing agency for all institutions and organizations. The Bureau 
of Information of this society was organized for the purpose of 
making possible those national contacts, and the Public Rela- 
tions' Committee is at present endeavoring to complete them. 
Some organization (similar to the National Tuberculosis As- 
sociation for those who are endeavoring to solve the tuberculosis 
problem) eventually must act as a central medium for the 
exchange of information and a stimulus to co-ordinated activity. 
It might very well be an existing group, such as the International 
Society, which may be supported and maintained by all interest- 
ed individuals and organizations in the United States and 
Canada. 
Hastings H. Hart, Director of the Department of Child- 
Helping of the Russell Sage Foundation, addressed the 1923 
convention of the International Society as follows: 'T want 
to say a word about co-operation. This is a tremendous move- 
ment. It is going to take a lot of money and interest. It ought 
to enlist the co-operation and good will of the entire community. 
I think that you can afford to put in a whole lot of effort to enlist 
the mutual co-operation of all the different agencies of people 
in your community. 
"Take this hospital proposition. If the Masonic organiza- 
tion is going to build hospitals for crippled children, and the 
Kiwanians and Rotarians are going to carry on clinic work, 
unless you are working together you are just as sure to get into 
an injurious competition as to go ahead. You have seen the 
jealousy that arises when two hospitals or two organizations 
have undertaken the same kind of philanthropic work. This 
can all be prevented by a spirit of conciliation before it be too 
late to accomplish that thing. 
"Now gentlemen, I congratulate you in this job, but you 
can't make a bigger mistake than to make this an organization 
of bachelors. If the women are not with you, you are going 
to let slip by you a whole lot. I have worked along these lines 
about fifty years. I find the co-operation of men and women 
in work for little children very essential, and you can't afford 
to go it alone. You wouldn't think of establishing a hospital 
and putting in it none but men nurses. You can't do it. The 
same holds true with regard to the organization. I am sure 
you are going to want the women."1 
Since the presentation of the speech quoted above, an 
agreement has been reached between the Shrine Hospital 
Committee and the International Society whereby several of 
the members of the former organization are representatives 
on the Advisory Board of the latter. Many Rotary Clubs have 
arranged for the co-operation of wives in the crippled children 
1. Hastings H. Hart, The Restoration of the Crippled Child. The Crippled Child, n. 
5, Dec. 1923. activities. Most of the present work of this organization is 
directed toward more complete national co-ordination. 
Intra-state, the co-ordination has been achieved to varying 
degrees of completion. The Illinois Society for Crippled 
Children, in a recently published program, planned to enlist 
the co-operation of all interested organizations, namely, the 
Illinois Department of Health, the Russell Sage Foundation, the 
Rockefeller Institute, the American Institute of Orthopedic 
Surgeons, the American Hospital Association, the National 
Education Association, the National Welfare Association, the 
American Red Cross, the American Legion, (for assistance in 
securing beneficial legislation), the Knights of Columbus (for 
the same purpose), and the Shrine. Representatives of the 
Shrine, the State Department of Health, and the Illinois Society 
met in Chicago in 1923 and planned the following program: 
1. The State Department of Health will concentrate on 
prevention. 
2. The Shrine will concentrate on providing hospital beds 
for the "operative" and convalescent patients. 
3. The Illinois Society will turn its attention to the ambula- 
tory patients. 
4. All three will co-operate in securing expedient legisla- 
tion.1 
In contrast may be cited a conference of orthopedic surgeons 
held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, March 24, 1924, under the 
auspices of the State Department of Welfare. An excellent 
group of suggestions was proposed, but no means was provided 
for putting them into operation. Accordingly, a second con- 
ference was held in the Senate Caucus Room, two months later. 
The meeting discussed the application of the Ohio plan in 
Pennsylvania, the function of the various professions and active 
social groups in completing this movement, the need of hospital 
beds in that state, and the necessity of avoiding pauperization. 
The group appointed a committee to meet monthly and form- 
ulate a program to be adopted by another conference to be 
called in December, 1924. The co-ordinated activities of 
Pennsylvania are now rapidly reaching efficiency and bringing 
that state to a place of leadership in the movement to aid 
crippled children. 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILI) 
63 
1. From an address by Dr. E. H. Marshall of the Illinois Society for Crippled 
Children. 64 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
When the first burst of Rotary enthusiasm brought Ohio 
into crippled child activities, co-ordination was sadly lacking. 
Clinics were held without public health nurse assistance or 
direction, and children were committed in wholesale lots to 
hospitals which were not ready to care for them. Family 
physicians were deprived of one pay case after another by free 
clinicians who examined children, diagnosed cases, and sent 
them to free remedial facilities regardless of whether they were 
able to pay or not. Had this in-co-ordinated activity continued, 
something similar to state medicine would have superseded 
private practice in Ohio, and all impetus for medical and sur- 
gical development would have disappeared. 
Through the efforts of the Ohio Society for Crippled Child- 
ren and the State Department of Health this disorganized and 
dangerous practice was first checked and finally corrected, 
until, at present, Ohio state departments and local social groups 
are working in harmony and handling the problem effectively. 
The co-operation of clinical facilities with family physicians 
cannot be too strongly urged. In the first place, the family 
doctor is in the best position to aid in arriving at a correct 
diagnosis of the case. In the second place, inasmuch as the 
medical profession as a group has rendered, without charge, 
unlimited social service in caring for destitute cases everywhere, 
it is only fair that indiscriminate free facilities should not 
deprive physicians of patients who can pay for their services. 
No physician should object to a second and assisting diagnosis 
of either free or pay patients. From the very beginning, how- 
ever, the family physician should be consulted, and given the 
opportunity of caring for all of those patients who can remuner- 
ate him for his services. A third reason for such co-operation 
is the desirability of making free services available for as many 
Indigent patients as possible, and not depriving them of these 
opportunities by using funds for less needy persons. 
The writer was astonished to find, in conducting the investi- 
gation preliminary to the preparation of this report, that 
institutions and organizations less than ten miles apart were 
utterly unaware of the existence of neighbor groups working to 
solve their problem. The desirability of interchange of in- 
formation; the necessity of avoiding ineffective, and sometimes 
conflicting, activity; the desirability of entirely fulfilling the 
needs of the crippled child, rather than holding before him a 
mirage and then failing completely to fulfill the promise thereby 
presented; and finally, the necessity of a policing group which 
also is able to stimulate activity wherever needed:-all these 
justify state and national organizations, whose object is to 
accomplish these purposes, specifically for the crippled child 
problem, and for this problem only. It is to be hoped that the 
International group and its member societies will accomplish 
that purpose. PART II 
A SURVEY OF AMERICAN FACILITIES 
TO CARE FOR, CURE, AND 
EDUCATE CRIPPLED 
CHILDREN 67 
CHAPTER IX. 
A STATISTICAL STUDY 
We are told that Rome was not built in a day. The move- 
ment to aid crippled children, however, has certainly undergone 
a phenomenal growth. So rapidly have these efforts spread 
in the decade which has elapsed since Miss Reeves produced 
her study of existing facilities, that a thoroughly accurate survey 
of all existing facilities has become practically impossible. 
When the Bureau of Information of the International Society 
for Crippled Children entered upon this task, the problem 
seemed to be a simple one to solve. Philanthropic agencies, 
local social groups, and known institutions were solicited for 
information. It seemed only a question of time until all cor- 
related data would be accumulated. 
Experience proved that this would not, and could not, trans- 
pire. New agencies seemed to be organized over night. Older 
organizations or associations would send partial answers to 
questions submitted. We would discover that institutions 
would expand bed capacities without informing us of the change 
in data. Perhaps the chief difficulty in correlating the data 
received was in the location of general hospitals providing 
orthopedic services. Notwithstanding all of these impediments 
to accuracy and completeness, the author has been able to 
provide a fairly comprehensive list of agencies and institutions. 
Although we present herewith a tabulated statement of our 
findings, readers are earnestly requested to call our attention to 
omissions and corrections. In turn we wish to emphasize, not 
the statistical details which are admittedly incomplete, but the 
general indications which may be interpreted. 
The Directory of active agencies printed in Part IV includes 
the following activities in the United States of America: 
40 special associations active in this work. 
92 orthopedic hospitals and general hospitals with orthopedic ser- 
vices, providing 5,381 beds for crippled children. 
6 additional orthopedic hospitals, the bed capacity of which was not 
ascertained. 
45 additional general hospitals providing orthopedic services but re- 
porting no limited bed capacity for juvenile cases. 
41 convalescent homes, convalescent hospitals, and special sanatoria 
provided with 2,449 beds for crippled children. 
4 additional convalescent institutions reporting no limited bed 
capacity for crippled children. 
15 summer homes and camps. Six of these have reported a total bed 
capacity of 239 crippled children. No information could be ob- 
tained concerning the capacity of the others. 
18 custodial institutions, fourteen of which reported a bed capacity of 
656. Four reported no bed capacity. 
82 special state and city public schools and private day schools are 
provided with facilities for the education of 6,225 children. 162 
classes are enumerated in 40 of these institutions. 68 
5 additional schools provided with special classes, data concerning 
which has not been obtainable. 
36 general tuberculosis sanatoria and hospitals reported a total bed 
capacity of 4,120 with 453 beds devoted especially to the care of 
crippled children. 
7 other general tuberculosis sanatoria with a total bed capacity of 506 
reported that they were caring for crippled children, but gave no 
figures as to the number of these cases. 
Thus, 382 special institutions and organizations were dis- 
covered in this survey. Undoubtedly there are numerous other 
general sanatoria and general hospitals providing for the care 
of crippled children in this country. Their omission is due to 
failure to respond to questionnaires, or to failure of neighbor 
agencies to report their existence and activities. We may 
conclude from these figures, first, that existing facilities for 
convalescent care of juvenile orthopedic patients are inade- 
quate. There are over twice as many beds available for 
operation and acute treatment as there are for convalescent 
observation and care. We may interpret, second, that any 
survey or local statistics relative to the frequency of "surgical" 
tuberculosis probably will be lower than the actual percentage, 
inasmuch as a considerable number of special institutions are 
devoted partially or exclusively to caring for all forms of this 
disease. The figures indicate that existing special educational 
facilities are caring for less than two per cent of the crippled 
children of the United States. An examination of the tables 
on pages 70 and 71 will demonstrate that activities to aid 
crippled children are largely concentrated in the central eastern 
coast states. There remains a great opportunity for missionary 
work in the territories west of the Mississippi River. 
Questions frequently are raised concerning the number of 
crippled children in the United States, and their frequency per 
thousand population. Various estimates have been made as 
to this ratio, some of them being the following: 
(1) The Birmingham (England) cripple estimate of 
1911: 5.7 per thousand population. 
(2) The New York City Special Committee which con- 
ducted the 1919 survey estimated the number of 
cripples at 6.9 per thousand population. 52% of 
these were under sixteen years of age. 
(3) The Cleveland, Ohio, survey of 1916 estimated a 
ratio of 6.2 cripples per thousand. Only 22% of 
these were children. 
(4) The Massachusetts census of 1905 recorded 5.7 
cripples per thousand of population. 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
69 
(5) The Toronto, Canada, survey of 1923 reported 2.16 
crippled children per thousand of population. 
Except in the Cleveland survey, most estimates suggest that 
about fifty per cent of all cripples are children under sixteen 
years of age. Assuming this ratio to be correct, we find the 
following ratios of juvenile cripples to population: 
1. New York City Survey 3.6 per thousand population 
2. Birmingham Survey 2.8 per thousand population 
3. Cleveland Survey 1.3 per thousand population 
4. Massachusetts Census 2.8 per thousand population 
5. Toronto Survey 2.1 per thousand population 
Average 2.5 per thousand population 
On the basis of these figures, there are approximately 
4,256,300 crippled children in the world; 342,500 in North 
America; and 264,276 in the United States. While the ratio 
seems to be fairly constant, it must be borne in mind that con- 
ditions in various localities will alter the proportion according 
to frequency of epidemics, efficiency of public health agencies, 
or other similar circumstances. 70 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Special Associations 
Orthopedic Services in 
Special and General 
Hospitals 
Convalescent Homes, 
Hospitals and Special 
Sanatoria 
Summer Homes and 
Camps 
Custodial 
Institutions 
State Public Schools, 
and Private Day 
Schools and Classes 
Other General 
Hospitals listed in 
Directory 
Tuberculosis Hospitals 
and Sanatoria 
listed in Directory 
No. 
No. Beds 
No. Beds 
No. Beds 
No. Beds 
No. Classes Pupils 
No. 
Beds for 
No. Crippled Total 
Children Capacity 
Alabama 
*1 
Arizona 
*1 
*1 
1 
*1 
*1 
2 
1 
10 
120 
*28 
*108 
Arkansas 
California 
3 
5 
224 
[*U 1 
14 
[*U 2 
*1 
1 
2 
T 
51 
18' 
*1 
*1 
Colorado 
30 
31 
Connecticut 
1 
- 
- 
1 
59 
*1 
1 
150 
135 
Delaware 
*1 
*1 
District of Columbia 
Florida 
Georgia 
2 
85 
Idaho 
Illinois 
4 
6 
1 
1 
277 
125 
100 
2 
155 
- 
- 
1 
24 
7 
58 
792 
*1 
2 
11 
106 
Indiana 
Iowa 
Kansas 
Kentucky 
Louisiana 
1 
1 
*1 
1 
*1 
*1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
6 
2 
3 
70 
50 
85 
60 
416 
141 
265 
1 
40 
- 
- 
10 
Maine 
*1 
2 
8 
287 
Maryland 
1 
[*U 3 
3 
54 
119 
165 
Massachusetts. _ _ 
3 
3 
- 
- 
[*U 1 
100 
2 
4 
1 
8 
17 
425 
435 
200 
*3 
*2 
1 
3 
[*1] 2 
1 
1 
7 
31 
18 
8 
10 
Michigan 
Minnesota 
368 
248 
415 
*1 
Mississippi 
Missouri _. 
2 
*1 
1 
330 
*3 
- 
- 
*4 
Montana 
Nebraska 
1 
100 
* Indicates institutions concerning whom no orthopedic capacity statistics have been available. 
CAPACITY AND NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS LISTED IN DIRECTORY PAGES 86 to 148 OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
71 
Special Associations 
Orthopedic Services in 
Special and General 
Hospitals 
Convalescent Homes, 
Hospitals and Special 
Sanatoria 
Summer Homes and 
Camps 
Custodial 
Institutions 
State Public Schools, 
and Private Day 
Schools and Classes 
Other General 
Hospitals listed in 
Directory 
Tuberculosis Hospitals 
and Sanatoria 
listed in Directory 
No. 
No. Beds 
No. Beds 
No. Beds 
No. Beds 
No. Classes Pupils 
No 
Beds for 
No. Crippled Total 
Children Capacity 
Nevada 
New Hampshire 
New Jersey _ 
2 
5 
*1 
15 
2 
135 
5 
470 
1*1] 2 
108 
1 
18 
1 
8 
144 
*1 
*1 
*260 
New Mexico 
New York 
9 
1 
1633 
80 
[*1] 9 
674 
[*3] 3 
75 
[*1] 3 
50 
42 
- 
2917 
*9 
12 
171 
815 
North Carolina _ 
North Dakota . . 
Ohio 
5 
15 
210 
4 
198 
[*U 1 
56 
1 
40 
11 
1 
38 
8 
645 
100 
*11 
[*1] 4 
83 
480 
Oklahoma 
Oregon _ _ _ 
2 
8 
120 
326 
Pennsylvania 
1 
5 
1*1] 1 
252 
22 
- 
- 
4 
225 
8 
21 
438 
*3 
*1 
Rhode Island . . 
South Carolina 
South Dakota 
Tennessee 
1 
1 
1 
38 
50 
1 
"T 
1 
1 
9 
35 
18 
25 
1 
*1 
13 
Texas 
*110 
Utah 
Vermont __ 
Virginia _ 
1 
1 
1 
[*31 2 
2 
15 
116 
50 
80 
Washington 
1 
1 
60 
West Virginia _ 
1 
Wisconsin 
----- 
- 
*2 
1 
45 
[*1] 2 
21 
488 
Wyoming 
Canada. 
1 
3 
*1 
1 
172 
1 
140 
- 
- 
1 
39 
1 
1 
15 
*3 
Hawaii 
Philinnine Islands 
15 
*1 
* Indicates institutions concerning whom no orthopedic capacity statistics have been available. 
CAPACITY AND NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS LISTED IN DIRECTORY PAGES 86 to 148 CHAPTER X 
73 
A STUDY BY LOCALITIES 
In endeavoring to survey efforts to aid crippled children 
throughout the United States and Canada, two questions must 
be kept in mind: first, the question of how well localities which 
are characterized by concentrated populations are provided 
with facilities to cure, care for, and educate crippled children; 
and second, how well crippled children of isolated communities 
are cared for. The fact that cities in many states are widely 
scattered and of small population may explain why facilities 
for the care and education of crippled children have developed 
more slowly than those in the more densely populated areas, 
but it does not to any degree reduce the problem. Rather this 
situation should be a stimulus to more concentrated activity. 
No attempt is made, either in this chapter, or in the direc- 
tory, to list all of the general hospital orthopedic wards or 
services in the United States. That would be a stupendous 
task, and never would be completed or up-to-date. Orthopedic 
services in general hospitals have been listed and referred to: 
first, if they demonstrate a particular arrangement of facilities 
provided for by legislation (as for example, in Ohio) ; second, 
if they happened to be called to our attention in the course of 
the survey; or third, if they are the sole agencies for the solution 
of the problem of a particular area. 
Because these general hospital facilities are not all known, 
it will be impossible to state the exact relation of hospital beds 
to population in every locality. Were this possible, it still 
would be necessary to demonstrate the fact that the proportion 
of crippled children to the entire population in every area, at 
the same time, remained constant. We know that this cannot 
possibly be true. Epidemic and other environmental conditions 
will lower or raise this proportion periodically. This study 
therefore will be confined to a general demonstration of existing 
methods of solving the problem of the crippled child in the 
various states or groups of states, and a general estimate of the 
degree to which existing agencies are competent. All popula- 
tion figures refer to the Census of 1920. 
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
The Northwestern Coast Area 
Combined area: 249,714 square miles. 
Washington population 1,356,621 
Oregon population 783,389 
Idaho population 431,866 
Total 2,571,876 74 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Two orthopedic centers, Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, 
Washington, are provided with the only facilities for aiding 
crippled children of this group of states. In addition to the 
Portland Shriners' Hospital with fifty beds, care is provided for 
crippled children at the University of Oregon Medical School 
under a legislative act which states that juvenile courts may 
commit indigent children to that institution for medical or 
surgical treatment. Due to a lack of facilities, a lack of local 
interest, and the long distances which the child must travel, 
only a very few patients have been treated under the terms of 
this act. In addition, the University has had some difficulty 
collecting from the counties, as is prescribed by the legislation. 
The situation will be relieved somewhat by the erection of a 
seventy-bed children's hospital, provided for in a legacy left 
to the University by the late Mr. F. S. Doehrnbecher. The 
Children's Orthopedic Hospital, of Seattle, is a center for Wash- 
ington. Idaho is forced to send patients to one of these two 
cities. There can be no question that many children in this 
wide area are suffering for want of readily available facilities. 
The Southwestern Coast Area 
Combined area: 266,987 square miles. 
California population 3,426,861 
Nevada population 77,407 
Total 3,504,268 
The problem in the southwestern coast region is closely 
analogous to that in the area directly north. Provision to care 
for the crippled children of San Francisco and Los Angeles is 
most satisfactory. In San Francisco is located a fifty-bed 
Shriners' Hospital, and the two hundred seventy-five-bed Child- 
ren's Hospital. Educational facilities are provided at both of 
these institutions. Drexler Hall, at Redwood City, and the 
Stanford Convalescent Home, at Palo Alto, provide convalescent 
care within fifty miles of the city. In Los Angeles, The Ortho- 
paedic Hospital School and its projected convalescent home 
will be fully adequate to the needs of the center and surrounding 
counties. At Santa Barbara, the Cottage Hospital is equipped 
to provide necessary care for children of the extreme southern 
coast region. The central inland portion of the state is provided 
with a hospital for joint tuberculosis at Springville and a 
well equipped general hospital at Fresno. In Nevada, however, 
an area of 110,690 square miles is without any special provision 
for the education or care of crippled children. For inland and 
northern California, special educational facilities are available 
no nearer than San Francisco, a maximum distance of nearly 
400 miles. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
75 
The Southwestern "Desert" States 
Combined area: 236,590 square miles. 
Arizona population 333,903 
New Mexico population 360,350 
Total 694,253 
In a distance of six hundred eighty-five miles between the 
borders of these neighbor states, one private institution, Dr. 
Charles Luken's Children's Home and Hospital, is the sole 
agency to aid crippled children. No special educational facili- 
ties whatsoever are provided. The situation speaks for itself. 
The Central Rocky Mountain States 
Combined area: 188,938 square miles. 
Colorado population 939,629 
Utah population 449,396 
Total 1,389,025 
About forty-seven per cent of the population of these two 
states is urban. Only two centers for the care and education 
of crippled children are provided: Salt Lake City, where the 
Children's Home acts as a convalescent hospital, and Denver, 
provided with the Children's Hospital. In Colorado Springs, 
Colorado, the Glockner Sanatorium and Hospital does some 
orthopedic work. Thus we may interpret that under normal 
conditions fully fifty per cent of the crippled children of the 
central Rocky Mountain States have no special care available 
within distances ranging from fifty to four hundred miles. No 
special education is provided for those indigent children who 
are unable to attend the public schools. 
The Northern Rocky Mountain States 
Combined area: 244,911 square miles. 
Montana population 548,889 
Wyoming population 194,402 
Total 743,291 
St. Vincent's Hospital, at Billings, and The Butte Auxiliary, 
at Butte, Montana, would very nearly suffice to provide care 
and education for the crippled children of these two states if 
numerous organizations such as the one at Butte were con- 
stantly vigilant to find cases where such facilities were needed. 
Any inadequacy which may exist is due to the isolation of these 
communities rather than to the lack of sufficient hospital beds. 
A normal ratio of crippled children to population would bring 
the total number of crippled children of this area to less than 
300. 76 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
The Northwestern Mississippi Valley Region 
Combined area: 194,326 square miles. 
North Dakota population 645,680 
Northern South Dakota population 318,2731 
Minnesota population 2,387,125 
Total 3,351,078 
Until 1924, the Twin Cities, (St. Paul and Minneapolis) 
were the only ostensible orthopedic centers for this entire 
region. Of course the majority of crippled children, beyond a 
radius of one hundred miles from St. Paul, were entirely neg- 
lected. In the past year, the North Dakota legislature has 
passed an act which provides for treatment of crippled children 
at any general hospital in the state upon commitment by 
district courts. Charges are to be referred to the counties in 
which the children reside. This legislation will function 
efficiently in proportion to the degree to which organized 
society is interested sufficiently to discover cases and bring them 
to the attention of judicial magistrates. Similar educational 
legislation should be enacted. The entire state of South Dakota 
still is devoid of special orthopedic facilities. In St. Paul and 
Minneapolis, the Shriners' Twin Cities Hospital, the Dowling 
School, the projected University of Minnesota Hospital and its 
convalescent institution, and the State Hospital will be adequate 
for the needs of this locality. In addition, the legislature of 
1921 authorized subsidies for special schools for crippled child- 
ren throughout the state. There remains only the need for 
social co-operation in organizing these classes and schools, and 
legislation which will make available the cost of remedying and 
caring for juvenile cripples in isolated community general 
hospitals. 
The Central Western Mississippi Valley Region 
Combined area: 172,474 square miles. 
Southern South Dakota population 318,2731 
Nebraska population 1,296,372 
Iowa population 2,404,021 
Total 4,018,666 
Both Iowa and Nebraska have attempted to solve the pro- 
blem of the crippled child by selecting state orthopedic centers. 
Southern South Dakota is dependent upon these two insti- 
tutions for such services. In Iowa, children are committed by 
juvenile courts to the University Hospital at Iowa City. Educa- 
tional facilities in both of these states are greatly needed. 
Interested parties in Iowa are reported to be agitating for a 
1. When <states are divided into two areas, the population and area of each section 
is approximated at one-half the total figure. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
77 
state school, but it is sincerely hoped that they will reconsider 
this intention and turn their efforts toward the enaction of 
legislation for a de-centralized plan. In Nebraska, the Omaha 
Rotary Club has expressed its intention of endeavoring to 
interest public sentiment in additional local facilities which will 
supplement the State Hospital at Lincoln. 
The Western States of the South 
Combined area: 335,953 square miles. 
Texas population 4,661,027 
Oklahoma population 2,028,283 
Total 6,689,310 
Until recently, this tremendous area was provided with only 
one orthopedic center, namely Oklahoma City. Children at 
this city are cared for in general hospitals and educated at the 
only special day school for crippled children in the South (The 
Andrew Parsons School for Crippled Children). The Hella 
Temple of the Imperial Shrine opened an orthopedic hospital 
at Dallas in 1924, providing the first orthopedic center in Texas. 
The El Paso Rotary Club has become interested in the situation 
and will exert efforts to bring about the enaction of expedient 
legislation. The Homan Sanatorium, at El Paso, is constructing 
a new building which will provide heliotherapy for juvenile 
bone and joint tuberculosis. This region, representing a 
maximum direct traveling distance of 1310 miles, presents a 
tremendous and interesting problem, to which those agencies 
interested in the crippled children movement should give their 
attention. 
The Southwestern Mississippi Valley Region 
Combined area: 151,564 square miles 
Kansas population 1,769,257 
Missouri population 3,404,055 
Total 5,173,312 
These two states slowly are awakening to the needs of the 
crippled child. Facilities in St. Louis are excellent. A 
Shriners' Hospital, The Children's Hospital, Washington Uni- 
versity, Barnes Hospital, and a private sanitarium (practically 
all of which are provided with convalescent and educational 
facilities) are adequate to the needs of the city and surrounding 
counties. An act providing for local special classes has result- 
ed in the establishment of these facilities in Kansas City and 
the formation of plans for special schools in St. Louis. Social 
co-operation should organize these groups elsewhere in the 
state. The Kansas Legislature (of 1923) defeated a similar 78 
bill1, but probably will be asked to reconsider this decision at 
a future meeting. At Topeka, the Capper Fund for Crippled 
Children has been active in making possible treatment for over 
one hundred children in various parts of the state. 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
The Central States of the Mississippi Valley 
Combined area: 92,019 square miles. 
Illinois population 6,485,280 
Indiana population 2,930,390 
Total 9,415,670 
The two states represented in this region are similar in that 
activities to aid crippled children in both of them are at the 
present time centralized, and different in that Indiana is 
directing its efforts toward further and more complete central- 
ization, whereas Illinois is striving in the opposite direction. 
Indianapolis is the Indiana orthopedic center, and will be still 
more so when the new James Whitcomb Riley Hospital has 
been completed. Chicago has been the Illinois orthopedic 
center, and will continue to develop new facilities to solve its 
individual problem. But the efforts of the Illinois Society for 
Crippled Children have succeeded to the extent of recently 
bringing about the enaction of a de-centralized school law, and 
will eventually develop orthopedic services in local hospitals 
throughout the state. In the city of Chicago, in addition to the 
services provided by the various general institutions, the Home 
for Destitute Crippled Children is a special orthopedic hospital 
which employs convalescent facilities at Prince Crossing, Illinois. 
The Shriners are erecting a special institution at the outskirts 
of the city. The public school system is well equipped to 
provide elementary and high school education for cripples. 
Social co-operation, rendered in Illinois by Rotarians, is pro- 
vided in Indiana largely by Kiwanis Clubs. 
The Northern States of the Mississippi Valley 
Combined area: 114,046 square miles. 
Michigan population 3,668,412 
Wisconsin population 2,632,067 
Total 6,300,479 
It is interesting to note that a horizontal line drawn through 
the center of these two states will divide them approximately 
into active and inactive belts. Michigan is by far the more 
advanced of the two in facilities to aid crippled children. The 
chief orthopedic center of the state is naturally Detroit, where 
activities center around the Children's Hospital of Michigan. 
State aided special classes, are located at the Leland School for 
1. Recommended by the Children's Code Commission. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
79 
Crippled Children, of Detroit, and in Saginaw and Grand Rapids 
schools. Convalescent homes are located at Farmington 
(affiliated with the Children's Hospital of Michigan) and at 
Port Huron. Rotarians have organized the Michigan Society 
for Crippled Children and clinics have been held throughout 
the state. Legislation provides for commitment of indigent 
crippled children to the University Hospital at Ann Arbor, for 
treatment, and to the State Public School at Coldwater, for 
education. The Michigan Children's Aid Society frequently 
renders service by "placing" handicapped juveniles in "board- 
ing homes." 
Wisconsin legislation closely resembles that of Michigan in 
providing for education at the State Public School at Sparta, 
and treatment at the State (The Bradley Memorial) Hospital 
at Madison. Milwaukee is the only other orthopedic center in 
the state. The northern and less populous areas of both states 
present the same problem as those of the Rocky Mountain 
Region, namely, the task of locating the little ones in isolated 
communities and making facilities available at sufficiently con- 
venient distances to ensure effectiveness. 
The Northeastern Mississippi Valley 
Area: 41,040 square miles. 
Ohio population 5,759,394 
Ohio probably cares for and educates as large a proportion 
of her crippled children as does any state in the country. This 
is due to advanced legislation and the widespread social interest 
of Rotary Clubs (who have organized the Ohio Society for 
Crippled Children), and Kiwanis Clubs, which are active in 
co-operating with agencies throughout the state. Although 
there is not a single special orthopedic hospital in the state, 
legislation making available the price of care and cure has 
thrown open the doors of general hospitals everywhere. Toledo, 
Cleveland, Elyria, Akron, Dayton, Lima, Cincinnati, Columbus, 
Canton, and Youngstown all function as orthopedic centers. 
Local clinics are held periodically, and patients are treated at 
the nearest available facilities. Public school classes for 
crippled children have been organized in all of the cities named 
above, and in addition at Ashtabula, Barberton, Piqua, and 
Springfield. This state is still in need of further convalescent 
facilities and at least one custodial institution for incurable 
crippled children. 
The Central Eastern States of the Mississippi Valley 
Combined area: 106,790 square miles 
Kentucky population 2,416,630 
Tennessee population 2,337,885 
West Virginia population 1,463,701 
Total 6,218,216 80 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
The states of this region have several characteristics in 
common. They all are attempting to solve the problem of the 
crippled child on a partially de-centralized plan. Rotary Clubs 
in all three have organized State Societies. All of them are 
confronted with the problem of bringing patients for treatment 
from isolated mountain communities to cities. In Kentucky, 
Louisville is the outstanding center, crippled children receiving 
treatment at the Louisville Children's Free Hospital and the J. 
N. Norton Memorial Infirmary. The Korsair Temple of the 
Imperial Shrine is building a home which will provide the 
needed convalescent care. In Tennessee, Memphis is the out- 
standing center and also serves several of the central states of 
the South. Nashville is provided with a convalescent home 
which aids in solving the problem of that city. West Virginia 
is the only one of these states in which legislative action has 
been directed toward orthopedic services. The West Virginia 
legislature has provided for the admission of crippled children 
at the several state Minors' Hospitals (Welch, McKendrie, and 
Fairmont). In addition, excellent facilities exist at Huntington 
and Wheeling. The characteristic deficiency of all three states 
is the lack of special educational facilities. Future efforts of 
state societies and all interested individuals probably will be 
turned toward the establishment of special classes in public 
schools. 
The Central States of the South 
Combined area: 147,065 square miles. 
Arkansas population 876,102 
Louisiana population 1,798,509 
Mississippi population 1,790,618 
Total 4,465,229 
This entire region is served by one center, namely, the 
Shriners' Hospital at Shreveport, Louisiana. While the latter 
institution is rendering a great service, it should not be made to 
bear the responsibility for a territory of this size. Aside from 
the fact that a few patients from northern Mississippi and 
western Arkansas are sent to the Children's Hospital School at 
Memphis, Tennessee, no other special facilities are in existence 
in any of the central southern states. There are no special 
classes and no active social organizations attempting to solve 
the problem. 
The Southeastern Coast States 
Combined area: 253,334 square miles. 
Alabama population 2,348,174 
Florida population 968,470 
Georgia population 2,895,832 
South Carolina population 1,683,724 
North Carolina population 2,559,123 
Total 10,455,323 OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
81 
Two centers, Atlanta, Georgia, and Gastonia, North Caro- 
lina, serve this group of states. In Atlanta and surrounding 
counties, The Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children and 
the National Surgical Institute (Decatur) serve the community 
in a satisfactory manner. In North Carolina, the State Ortho- 
pedic Hospital, at Gastonia, is adequate to local needs. In 
southern North Carolina, the Greensboro Crippled Children's 
Commission is active in providing care for crippled children of 
the immediate locality. In South Carolina, a small state 
appropriation provides for the care of crippled children in 
several general hospitals. Absolutely no special educational 
facilities are available in this region. As in other parts of the 
South, distances between centers must be reduced if the problem 
of the crippled child is to be solved. 
The South Central Eastern Coast States 
Combined area: 57,394 square miles. 
Delaware population 223,003 
Virginia population 2,309,187 
Maryland population 1,449,061 
District of Columbia ....population 437,551 
Total 4,418,802 
Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D. C., and Richmond 
and University (Charlottesville), Virginia, serve as orthopedic 
centers for the south central eastern coast states. Baltimore is 
well equipped to provide for the treatment of Maryland 
crippled children, but one or two special scholastic classes 
might well be established at several other local centers. In 
Virginia, the Crippled Children's Hospital, at Richmond, and 
the University Medical College, at Charlottesville, provide for 
treatment of patients in the eastern counties. The recently 
organized Virginia Society for Crippled Children is faced with 
the problem of stimulating interest in the provision of special 
education throughout the state, and additional orthopedic 
services in western cities. Both Delaware and Washington, 
D. C., are in need of educational facilities for crippled children. 
The North Central Eastern Coast States 
Combined area: 102,642 square miles. 
New Jersey population 3,155,900 
New York population 10,385,227 
Pennsylvania population 8,720,017 
Total 22,261,144 
This densely populated area is by far the most active region 
of the country in efforts to aid crippled children. In New 
Jersey, fifty Elks' Lodges, and numerous Rotary and Kiwanis 
Clubs are devoting their attention to solving the problem of the 
crippled child. Legislation has provided for local classes for 82 
crippled children and orthopedic hospitals are located at 
Newark, Orange, and Trenton. A number of New York City 
and Philadelphia institutions have located summer homes at 
Atlantic City, Bradley Beach, Oakhurst, and elsewhere along 
the Atlantic Coast. Special convalescent homes are located 
at Atlantic City and Englewood. A state organization of all 
facilities may be expected to aid in the co-ordination of all these 
activities in the near future. 
The State of New York must be divided into two sections, 
Greater New York City and vicinity, which presents a distinct 
and individual problem, and the remainder of the state. In 
New York City, every possible facility is available. Three 
special orthopedic hospitals, orthopedic wards in a large 
number of general hospitals, 101 special hospital and public 
school classes for crippled children, an active and efficient local 
Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, an interested and 
active Rotary Club and affiliated convalescent homes and 
hospitals distributed throughout Long Island, New Jersey, and 
Connecticut,-all combine to render aid to the juvenile handi- 
capped of the great metropolis. New York State also is well 
equipped to care for its crippled children. A State Hospital 
at West Haverstraw cares for indigent patients. Elmira, 
Ithaca, Utica, Buffalo, and Syracuse, all act as orthopedic 
centers. The legislature has provided for local special educa- 
tion, and has recently appointed a special committee to investi- 
gate and report on further necessary facilities. Co-ordination 
between active agencies is developing in a thoroughly satis- 
factory manner. The New York State Society for Crippled 
Children is an active organization which co-operates with other 
existing agencies everywhere and the New York State Elks' 
Association is endeavoring to lend assistance. At the present 
time, the Elks are conducting a survey with a view toward re- 
vealing opportunities for further service. No more satisfactory 
co-ordinated efforts to aid crippled children can be found any- 
where in the world. 
The problem of the crippled child in Pennsylvania, like New 
York, must be viewed both as one of several large cities, and 
one for the state as a whole. As in the two neighbor states, 
crippled child activities are developing rapidly and in a co- 
ordinated manner. The recent conference at Harrisburg 
brought all agencies, including the Pennsylvania Society for 
Crippled Children, the State Departments, and the various 
institutional organizations, into close contact. In Philadelphia 
and Pittsburgh, special orthopedic institutions are well equipped 
to handle the problem. Orthopedic services in Philadelphia 
are soon to be increased by another unit of the Shriners' Hos- 
pitals. As a result of a recent law providing for judicial 
commitment to any hospitals for treatment whenever necessary, 
orthopedic beds are provided in general hospitals in the less 
populous sections of the state. The only outstanding deficiency 
in Pennsylvania provision to aid crippled children is that of 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
83 
local special education. It is to be hoped that steps soon will be 
taken to establish these special classes and schools everywhere. 
The New England States 
Combined area: 66,424 square miles. 
Rhode Island population 604,397 
Connecticut population 1,380,631 
Massachusetts population 3,852,356 
Vermont population 352,421 
New Hampshire population 443,083 
Maine population 768,014 
Total 7,400,902 
Of the New England States, Massachusetts is at present the 
most active in this movement. Institutional care is splendidly 
developed in this state at the New England Peabody Home, the 
Massachusetts Hospital School, the Boston Children's Hospital 
(and convalescent home), The New England Home for Little 
Wanderers, and Convalescent Home of the Berkshire County 
Society for Crippled Children, and the Sol-e-Mar Hospital. 
Inasmuch as the entire Massachusetts solution of this problem 
has been developed along institutional lines, and inasmuch as 
almost every one of these institutions, possesses well equipped 
schools, special classes are not greatly needed in that state. 
The Industrial School for Crippled and Deformed Children 
suffices to fulfill the needs of Boston. 
Rhode Island, at present depending largely on Massachusetts 
for facilities to aid crippled children, might well support several 
special classes, and perhaps one or two institutions for crippled 
children. New Hampshire has similarly been depending upon 
Massachusetts institutions for these services, and should develop 
an expedient and de-centralized program for aiding these cases. 
Vermont activities have, to a large extent, been conducted by 
the State Board of Health, and have been directed toward the 
after-care of infantile paralysis. This state also is very much 
in need of special facilities, the only active institution in the 
state being a private home for after-poliomyelitic children, at 
Proctor. Connecticut is the only state providing special state 
sanatoria for bone and joint tuberculosis in children. A state 
custodial institution for juvenile cripples is maintained at 
Newington. Connecticut social interest in the care, cure, and 
education of the crippled child is awakening slowly. 
Maine orthopedic centers are located at Portland and 
Bangor. The outstandingly active institution is the Children's 
Hospital at Portland. In 1924, Mr. Arthur H. Taylor, of the 
American Child Health Association, entered upon a program tO' 
(1) secure a census of cripples in the state; (2) study available 
facilities; and (3) stimulate interest and enthusiasm in various, 
localities in the problem of the crippled child. In the process. 84 
of this work, Rotary Clubs, the State Department of Health, 
The Children's Hospital at Portland, the Boy Scouts, and the 
State Department of Education co-operated. An attempt was 
made to duplicate the Ohio program by the establishment of ten 
clinic centers, namely, Sanford-Springvale, Augusta, Lewiston, 
Waterville, Skowhegan, Bangor, Houlton, Presque-Isle, and Ft. 
Fairfield. At the time of writing, organization of Rotary Club 
Crippled Children's Committees continues, and three successful 
clinics already have been held. Rotarians assisted in the 
transportation to Portland of cases needing hospital care. It 
may reasonably be expected that Maine activities will develop 
along the lines of those in process in Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, 
and other states in which facilities are "brought to the child." 
In this work, provision for special classes probably will follow 
the completion of clinical and social organization. 
CANADA 
Canadian efforts to aid crippled children have developed 
only in the border provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and Alberta. 
These facilities are still in the embryonic stage, and special 
education is provided only in Toronto. Outstanding institutions 
are the Hospital for Sick Children, and The Toronto Orthopae- 
dic Hospital at Toronto, The Home for Incurable Children at 
the same city, The Children's Memorial Hospital at Montreal, 
The Protestant Hospital at Ottawa, and The Junior Red Cross 
Children's Hospital at West Calgary, Alberta. The Shriners 
are erecting a fifty-bed Hospital for Crippled Children at 
Montreal. PART III. 
DIRECTORY 
OF 
AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS 
FOUNDED PARTIALLY OR EXCLUSIVELY 
FOR THE PURPOSE OF 
SPECIFICALLY CARING FOR, REMEDYING, 
OR IN OTHER WAYS AIDING 
CRIPPLED CHILDREN. 86 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
The preparation of this directory necessitated that inquiries 
be submitted to practically every known philanthropic and 
medical organization in this country. After an investigation 
covering a period of almost a year, some of these groups have 
not yet responded. Those institutions and societies concerning 
which we have been unable to obtain any detailed information 
are marked with asterisks (*). It is sincerely to be hoped that 
they will communicate with the Bureau of Information of the 
International Society for Crippled Children to make further 
data available for future editions of this work. 
ALABAMA 
BIRMINGHAM.-The Children's Hospital. 
A fifty-bed general children's hospital. This institu- 
tion does not have a special orthopedic ward, but receives 
crippled children when no extra-state facilities have been 
provided. 
No other facilities have been discovered in Alabama. 
ARIZONA 
PHOENIX.-The East Farm Sanatorium. 
Capacity: 120 beds. A tuberculosis sanatorium pro- 
vided by the United States Bureau of Indian affairs. This 
institution reported 10 crippled children afflicted with 
"surgical" tuberculosis. 
PRESCOTT.-St. Luke's Home.* 
There is also a convalescent summer home connected 
with this institution. 
ARKANSAS 
LITTLE ROCK.-The Little Rock General Hospital. 
16 beds for white and 12 for colored persons. Admits 
a few children suffering from "surgical" tuberculosis. This 
is the only Arkansas group reported. 
CALIFORNIA 
ANAHEIM.-The Crippled Children's Relief Association. 
Mrs. M. E. Canby, Secretary, 236 West Center Street. 
A non-professional organization which furnishes full 
treatment and necessary surgery to rehabilitate crippled 
children without charge wherever necessary. Organized 
in 1921. 
GLENDALE.-Glendale City Schools. 
In 1923 the Board of Education provided two home 
teachers, who instructed thirty children. Medical atten- 
tion is given the children at the Los Angeles Orthopaedic 
Hospital School. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
87 
LOS ANGELES.-The Children's Hospital Society. 
Vermont Avenue and Sunset Boulevard. 
Orthopedic ward: 34 beds. A 108-bed general chil- 
dren's hospital. The Los Angeles Board of Education 
provides a teacher for the instruction of patients. A 
separate building is equipped for clinical treatment and 
diagnosis. A local Girls' Club supports a department of 
occupational therapy. 
The Crippled Children's Guild. 
In 1911, a Sabbath School Class, led by Mrs. E. T. Ross, 
entered upon the task of providing braces for indigent 
crippled children. Later a permanent "brace fund" was 
established. A clinic was opened at 1022 South Figueroa 
Street in 1917, in co-operation with Dr. Charles L. Lowman, 
of the orthopedic clinic at the University of California. 
The society, which has since grown into a large organiza- 
tion, soon re-organized as "The Crippled Children's Guild," 
and now has chartered eight auxiliary groups, some of 
them in other localities. Operated by the central or 
Alpha Auxiliary are the Surgical Dressing Auxiliary; the 
South Berendo Street Auxiliary, which provides wheel 
chairs; the Bay Cities Auxiliary (which plans to provide a 
convalescent home for the Orthopaedic Hospital School) ; 
the Women's University Club Auxiliary, which has fur- 
nished the Infant Ward of this institution; the Immanuel 
Presbyterian Auxiliary, which provides mats, covered 
pillows, parasols for wheel chairs, and personal gifts to 
the Hospital School; the Anaheim Auxiliary, which sends 
orthopedic cases from their city; and the Pour Les Petites 
Auxiliary, which aids financially and, with personal service. 
Sixteen unchartered groups contribute funds to the central 
organization. The Crippled Children's Guild aims to pro- 
vide social co-operation for the Los Angeles Orthopaedic 
Hospital School in every possible way. A Tea-House is 
conducted on the grounds of the institution, proceeds from 
which are turned over to the Los Angeles Orthopaedic 
Foundation. 
Los Angeles General Hospital. 
A 1200-bed general hospital with facilities for treating 
crippled children. Forty or more such cases are generally 
being cared for. The city schools provide a teacher for 
the children, and the institution itself is maintained by the 
county. 
The Orthopaedic Foundation. 
An organization of seventeen prominent and influential 
business men, incorporated January 4, 1918, which ad- 
ministers and controls the Los Angeles Orthopaedic Hos- 
pital School. One of this group, Mr. John Brockman, 
provided the property on which this institution is situated. 88 
('ARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
The Orthopaedic Hospital School. 
2400 South Flower Street. 
Capacity: 60 beds. An orthopedic hospital, dis- 
pensary and school. This institution is rated by the 
American College of Surgeons as a Class A Hospital. An 
ambulance service brings patients to a special adjoining 
building for the Out-Patient Department. (Address, 2422 
Palm Drive). The Los Angeles Board of Education pro- 
vides a teaching staff for the school department. (Average 
enrollment: 40). Clinics are held at the Out-Patient 
Department Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. The Hospital- 
School is an orthopedic center for southern California, one 
hundred and fourteen California towns being represented 
on the clinic register. 
The Orthopedic Section of the Manual Arts High School.* 
PALO ALTO.-The Stanford Convalescent Home.* 
REDWOOD CITY.-Drexler Hall. 
Capacity: 14 beds. A school and convalescent home 
for indigent crippled girls from 4 to 16 years of age, sup- 
ported privately by Mrs. Elise A. Drexler. At the school, 
standard elementary education, household economics, and 
sewing are taught. The institution has an attending 
physician and provides bus transportation service for its 
patients. 
SAN FRANCISCO.-The Children s Hospital. 
A 275-bed general hospital admitting women and chil- 
dren. Juvenile ward for 40 orthopedic cases. A full 
time school teacher is provided by the San Francisco Board 
of Education. This hospital is operated by a staff of Lady 
Managers and a Board of Trustees. It is supported by 
profit on pay patients and contributions from individual 
philanthropists and the San Francisco Community Chest. 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
19th and 20th Aves., Lawton & Moraga Sts. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
89 
Capacity: 50 beds. An orthopedic hospital under the 
supervision of the central Shriners' Hospital committee. 
The Shriners' Hospital was opened June 16, 1923, and had 
eighty-three children on its waiting list on March 31st of 
the following year. Located at the outskirts of the city, 
the site is valued at $50,000, and buildings and equipment 
over $276,000. School instructors are provided by the San 
Francisco Board of Education. Dr. Walter I. Baldwin is 
chief surgeon, and Mrs. Gertrude R. Folendorf is superin- 
tendent. 
SANTA BARBARA.-The Open Air School. 
800 Santa Barbara Street. 
Capacity: 21 children. A day school for children af- 
flicted with various types of tuberculosis. Operated by the 
Santa Barbara Visiting Nurses' Association. 
The Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital. 
Third Avenue and Bath Street. 
A general hospital with special orthopedic services. An 
orthopedic clinic is held every month and about forty-eight 
resulting orthopedic operations are conducted annually. 
Patients are received from the Santa Barbara Visiting 
Nurses' Association through the Cottage Hospital dispen- 
sary. Dr. Franklin R. Nuzum, Medical Director. 
SPRINGVILLE.-The Tulare-Kings Joint Tuberculosis Hospital. 
A county hospital for the treatment of joint tuber- 
culosis. This institution will open a new children's build- 
ing before October, 1924. The present total capacity is 
108 beds. Children are to be given instruction in the main 
building from 8 to 12 A. M. upon completion of the new 
unit. The Tulare-Kings Hospital is operated and super- 
vised by a county Board of Supervisors and is supported by 
both the county and the state. 
COLORADO 
COLORADO SPRINGS.-The Glockner Sanatorium and Hos- 
pital. 
Capacity for children: 25 beds. This institution is a 
general hospital with special sanatorium facilities for 
tuberculous children. About ninety per cent of the 
juvenile patients suffer from this disease. Surgical treat- 
ment is provided when necessary. 
DENVER.-The Children's Hospital.* 
Meeker School.* 
50th St., near Lowell. 
LA JUNTA.-The Mennonite Sanatorium. 
A tuberculosis institution reporting five juvenile bone 
and joint cases. 90 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
CONNECTICUT 
BRIDGEPORT.-Public School Class for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 18 pupils. Opened September 10, 1924. 
Bus transportation is financed by the local Rotary Club. 
Milk is served during the morning and afternoon recesses. 
Luncheon is provided at noon. One hour following the 
noon recess is devoted to a rest period. The Bridgeport 
Junior League has furnished special equipment for a 
corrective health room. 
MERIDEN.-The Meriden Sanatorium. 
A state 195-bed sanatorium for all forms of tuberculosis 
in children. This institution reports thirty-one crippled 
cases. 
NEW HAVEN.-The Crippled Children's Aid Society, Inc. 
30 Howe Street. 
A non-professional organization associated in Novem- 
ber, 1914. The first floor of the New Haven Orphan 
Asylum is operated as a convalescent home by this society. 
The resident crippled children receive schooling three 
hours daily, instructors being furnished by the New Haven 
Board of Education. The society sponsors a clinic held 
every Saturday morning at the home of Dr. Carl W. Henze. 
A "Building Fund" provides for a future special institution. 
NEWINGTON.-The Newington Home for Crippled Children, 
Inc. 
Capacity: 150 beds. 
A custodial institution, partly supported by the state, 
and partly by the Connecticut Children's Aid Society. 
Formerly known as the Virginia T. Smith Home. (Opened 
1896.) Sends children to hospitals in Hartford for opera- 
tion. The Children's Aid Society maintains a summer 
home at which some of these wards are given vacations. 
Conducts school from kindergarten through high school. 
NIANTIC.-The Seaside. 
A state sanatorium for children afflicted with "surgical" 
tuberculosis. Capacity: 59 beds. The State Department 
of Education furnishes a teacher for the instruction of the 
patients at this institution. Under the management of the 
State Tuberculosis Commission. Heliotherapy treatment 
is provided whenever necessary. 
WILTON.-St. Elizabeth's House.* 
DELAWARE 
WILMINGTON.-The Children's Hospital.* 
Sixth and French Streets. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 
91 
WASHINGTON.-The American Red Cross (National Head- 
quarters). 
The American Red Cross recommends to its local chap- 
ters that they aid in bringing cases of crippled children to 
corrective facilities. They further recommend that Junior 
Red Cross auxiliaries be authorized to finance cases when 
such treatment is approved by a recognized corrective 
agency. Chapters of the national organization may fur- 
nish such aid when no other agency exists to accomplish 
this end. 
The organization further recommends that such services 
be rendered only when no other agency exists to do so, 
when the division manager is satisfied that such service is 
of proper standard, when it has the approval of the local 
medical society in writing, and when it does not conflict 
with other services that the chapter is rendering. 
The Children's Hospital.* 
The Department of Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. 
The Office of Indian Affairs conducts a number of 
sanatoria for tuberculous Indians. Most of these institu- 
tions have some crippled children under treatment. A 
school for juvenile physically handicapped Indians is being 
planned. 
Washington Council of Social Agencies. 
Room 330, Star Building. 
This organization conducted a survey of Washington 
crippled children in 1923, in co-operation with the local 
Kiwanis Club and the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society. 
Fifteen cases received treatment at the Children's Hos- 
pital through the beneficence of the Kiwanis Club. 
FLORIDA 
JACKSONVILLE.-The Children's Home Society of Florida. 
A home finding society which frequently transfers to 
general hospitals crippled children, brought to its attention. 
GEORGIA 
ATLANTA.-National Headquarters, Board of Trustees, Shri- 
ners' Hospitals for Crippled Children. 
The National Surgical Institute. 
Capacity for crippled children: 25 beds. This is a 
special hospital for surgical treatment. Most of the cases 
cared for are orthopedic. 
DECATUR.-The Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 60 beds. On September 1, 1915, under the 
auspices of the Scottish Rite Masons of Atlanta, two small 92 
('ARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
cottages on Hill Street, in Decatur, converted into tem- 
porary hospitals for twenty children, were opened. A 
drive for funds to construct a new hospital building netted 
$22,000 in 1917. Albert Steiner, one of the members of the 
Rite, contributed $25,000 more. The new building was 
opened in August, 1919, and was equipped with an operat- 
ing room, dental room, X-Ray apparatus, sterilizing outfit, 
and every facility for efficient orthopedic work. Dr. 
Michael Hoke is Chief Surgeon. The cost of maintenance 
is met by subscription from Masons and outside interests. 
All patients are indigent cases, between one and sixteen 
years of age. This institution is an orthopedic center for 
the south-eastern group of states. 
IDAHO 
No activities. 
ILLINOIS 
CHICAGO.-The Children's Memorial Hospital. 
735 Fullerton Ave. 
A general children's hospital with a capacity for 50 
juvenile orthopedic patients. This institution is affiliated 
with the University of Chicago and has separate out- 
patient and heliotherapy departments. The largest num- 
ber of orthopedic cases are therefore "surgical" tubercu- 
losis. 
Cook County Hospital. 
West Harrison and South Wood Sts. 
A Cook County institution providing approximately 32 
beds for juvenile orthopedic cases. The institution has 
heliotherapeutic, out-patient, and physiotherapeutic de- 
partments. 
The Fallon (Public) School. 
Enrollment: 235 children. Instruction in household 
arts, manual training, and physical education are provided 
by the Board of Education. In addition to the first eight 
grades, an ungraded high school course is given. 
The Frances Juvenile Home Association. 
433 East 42nd Street. 
Capacity: 24 beds. A home for little girls afflicted 
with venereal disease. The Chicago Board of Education 
supplies a teacher for the instruction of children under 
care. There are a few cripples in this group. 
The Heme for Destitute Crippled Children. 
1653 Park Ave. 
Capacity: 105 beds. Contrary to its name, this institu- 
tion, founded in 1891, is an orthopedic hospital and trans- 
fers patients to the Country Convalescent Home at Prince 
Crossing as soon as they have passed the operative or acute OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
93 
stage of their affliction. The Home for Destitute Crippled 
Children is affiliated with Rush Medical College. Children 
over eleven years of age are ineligible for admission and 
children past twelve years of age cannot be retained in the 
Home, except by permission of the House Committee. 
Epileptics, idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded children, and 
those with contagious diseases will not be admitted. Ad- 
mission is made only upon application of parents and the 
approval of the superintendent. 
In addition to bedside instruction by Chicago Public 
School teachers, there is an excellent occupational therapy 
department. The Home is badly in need of new buildings, 
and these are being planned. 
The Jahn (Public) School. 
Classes for crippled children with a membership of 65 
pupils instructed by 4 teachers. 
The Sarah Morris Children's Hospital. 
29th St. and Lake Michigan. 
A general children's hospital affiliated with The Michael 
Reese Hospital of Chicago. A limited orthopedic service 
is provided. 
The Outing Association for Crippled Children.* 
The Salvation Army, Inc. 
719 N. State Street. 
The Salvation Army unit of Chicago maintains a camp 
for poor mothers and children at Upper Lake, Wisconsin. 
During the summer of 1924, ten days were allotted to fam- 
ilies in which there was a crippled child. It was necessary 
for such families to present a medical certificate that no 
communicable disease was present. Ten wheel-chairs 
were borrowed from The Jesse Spalding School for Crip- 
pled Children, and the Chicago Municipal Sanatorium 
provided a nurse. Twenty-two families received vacations 
in this manner. The Salvation Army plans to continue 
this arrangement annually. 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
The Shriners' Hospital Committee has selected a site 
at Oak Park and Belden Avenues upon which a fifty-bed 
unit of the Shriners' group of children's orthopedic hos- 
pitals will be erected. Plans for this institution are now 
nearing completion. The site is valued at $43,000. 
The South Side Crippled Children's Aid Society.* 
The Jesse Spalding (Public) School for Crippled Children. 
Miss Jane Neil, Prin. 1623 W. Park Ave. 
Membership: 374 pupils, 17 teachers. The curriculum 
includes the first eight grades and an ungraded high school 
course. The Board of Education provides special teachers 
of physical education, manual training, and household arts. 94 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Special schools and classes for cripples. 
Enrollment: 987 pupils. Bus services and luncheons 
furnished by the Chicago Board of Education. Located in 
four general public school buildings and one special school. 
A two-year commercial course, a one-year college course, a 
special pre-vocational and vocational division and a stand- 
ard elementary and high school curriculum are offered by 
these classes and schools. Efforts are also made to provide 
industrial and physical rehabilitation. 
St. Luke's Hospital. 
A 367-bed general hospital with special orthopedic 
services. Capacity for crippled children: 40 beds. 
The Sumner (Public) School. 
Enrollment: 65 crippled children. 4 teachers. 
The Surgical Institute of Illinois. 
This institute is to be a part of the Group Hospital to be 
provided by the State of Illinois. Crippled Children will 
be received under an Act of 1917 (C. 23 Sec. 79) providing 
for such commitments. 
The Taylor (Public) School 
Enrollment: 50 crippled children. 2 teachers. 
The Visiting Nurses' Association. 
104 S. Michigan Ave. 
An organization of nurses including a special depart- 
ment for orthopedic physiotherapy. The members of the 
latter conduct follow-up work in the homes of those suffer- 
ing from the effects of acute anterior poliomyelitis and any 
of the other crippling conditions except "surgical" tubercu- 
losis; administer physiotherapeutic treatment in the public 
schools; and attend and assist at hospital and dispensary 
clinics. 
HERRIN.-Public School Class for Crippled Children. 
Efforts are now under way to establish a special class 
for crippled children in Herrin, Illinois. Application has 
been made to the Department of Welfare, under the recent 
law providing for such classes. 
OTTAWA.-The Ottawa City Hospital. 
Braces are fitted and medical advice is given every 
month at an orthopedic clinic held at the Ottawa City Hos- 
pital. Public Health and school nurses co-operate with 
follow-up work. 
PEORIA.-Board of Education. 
Provides home instruction for three crippled children, 
PRINCE CROSSING.-The Country Home for Convalescent 
Children. 
Capacity: 95 beds. A convalescent home situated on 
an extensive estate with an attached farm which provides OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
95 
fresh vegetables. All of the patients are indigent cases, 
received in groups three or four times a year from the Home 
for Destitute Crippled Children, in Chicago. Approxi- 
mately 85% of the children are bone or joint tuberculosis 
cases. The children of this institution produce exception- 
ally fine handicraft articles which are sold at an annual 
bazaar on the grounds. A teacher resides at the Home. 
A separate isolation hospital is located some distance from 
the main building, and is used for contagious diseases. 
ROCKFORD.-The Rockford Municipal Sanatorium. 
Box 148. W. C. Tampkins, Supt. and Director. 
A municipal sanatorium (total capacity 70 beds) with 
a capacity for 16 children. Reported six juvenile cases 
afflicted with bone or joint tuberculosis. 
SPRINGFIELD.-St. John's Sanitarium. 
Crippled Children's Department and School. 
Capacity: 60 beds. A private convalescent home for 
crippled children. This institution has complete equip- 
ment for possible cure or correction. The State Course of 
Elementary School Study, sewing, reed work, making of 
rugs, typewriting, and book-keeping are taught in the 
school. Weekly clinics are held for the patients. 
URBANA.-The Outlook Sanatorium. 
Capacity: 36 beds. A private sanatorium. This in- 
stitution reports five "surgical" tuberculosis children under 
care. 
INDIANA 
INDIANAPOLIS.-The Indianapolis Foundation. 
Conducted a survey of crippled children in 1923, co- 
operating with the Public Health Nursing Association and 
the Community Fund. The Foundation at present main- 
tains a full time nurse for crippled children, under the 
direction of the Public Health Nursing Association. 
The James Whitcomb Riley Hospital (not yet completed). 
A general children's hospital with a 125-bed juvenile 
orthopedic service. The total capacity of this institution 
will be from 350 to 500 beds. The hospital has been built 
largely with the aid of private contributions, but will be 
maintained by the State of Indiana. A legislative Act of 
1921 empowers the juvenile courts to commit indigent 
crippled children to this institution. The cost of these 
buildings and grounds will be over $2,000,000. The 
Kiwanis Clubs of Indiana will provide an endowed ward. 
This institution will be an orthopedic center for the entire 
State. 
The Social Service Department of the University of Indiana. 
The Indiana University Social Service Department, 
affiliated with the School of Medicine, receives crippled 96 
children and adults for follow-up work, after discharge 
from the James Whitcomb Riley, Robert W. Long, and 
City Hospitals. 
IOWA 
IOWA CITY.-The University Hospital. 
Juvenile orthopedic service: 100 beds. A general 
hospital (total capacity, 160 beds) with a special group of 
wards for children, reserved as a State orthopedic center. 
This institution is a part of the State University and is 
obligated to care for and treat crippled children committed 
by juvenile courts under the State Laws of 1915. 
KANSAS 
ATCHISON.-The State Orphanage. 
The Kansas legislature of 1915 provided for a state 
custodial institution to be erected on the grounds of the 
State orphanage. While this was never carried out, a 
very small number of these children are cared for at the 
main institution. 
LAWRENCE.-The University of Kansas Medical Department.* 
TOPEKA.-The Capper Fund for Crippled Children. 
A permanent fund, founded by Senator Arthur Capper, 
and at present administered by Mr. C. Van Natta. The 
administrative organization is composed of volunteer work- 
ers who find crippled children and bring them to hospitals 
for remedial care. This fund had aided approximately 
one hundred children up to July, 1924. Mr. Van Natta 
hopes in time to be able to use some of these resources to 
build an orthopedic hospital or a convalescent home for 
the crippled children discharged from general hospitals. 
KENTUCKY 
COVINGTON.-The Kentucky Society for Crippled Children. 
Dr. John E. Sullivan, President. 
Affiliated with the International Society for Crippled 
Children. 
LOUISVILLE.-The Children's Free Hospital. 
226 East Chestnut Street. 
Capacity: 70 beds. An orthopedic hospital for chil- 
dren. The Louisville Board of Education has maintained 
a teacher for the instruction of these children since 1914. 
In 1922 a class room was established. The Board of 
Education furnishes text books, and the hospital manage- 
ment furnishes the school room, heat, and some of the 
tables and chairs. Occupational therapy is taught three 
afternoons a week. All cases are kept in an observation 
('ARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
97 
ward for two weeks after admission, to avoid epidemics. 
A social service department investigates and follows up 
cases. Clinics are held semi-weekly. This institution 
serves as an orthopedic center for the state of Kentucky, 
many of the patients coming from the mountains for 
remedy. 
The King's Daughters Home for Incurables. 
Stevens and Norris Avenues. 
Capacity for crippled children: 10 beds. A custodial 
home for indigent incurables. An elementary school class 
furnishes education for seven of the younger children. 
Occupational therapy is provided. 
The Korsair Convalescent Home for Crippled Children. 
The Charities Committee of the Korsair Temple of the 
Imperial Shrine is preparing to open a 40-bed convalescent 
home for crippled children. This institution will receive 
patients as soon as funds are completely assembled. The 
Home is to cost $90,000 and the grounds will cover 6^ 
acres. 
The J. N. Norton Memorial Infirmary. 
A 110-bed general hospital. This institution does not 
have specifically assigned beds for orthopedic cases, but 
always has a considerable number of children for acute 
orthopedic attention. The Infirmary is operated by the 
Episcopal Church of Louisville, and receives most of its 
juvenile orthopedic cases from the mountains of Kentucky. 
LOUISIANA 
SHREVEPORT.-The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 50 beds. An orthopedic hospital for chil- 
dren, opened in September, 1922, and dedicated in April, 
1923. Under the supervision of the central Shriners' Hos- 
pital committee. Dr. Herbert A. Durham is chief surgeon 
and Miss Byrd Boehringer is superintendent. The buildings 
of this institution are valued at over $227,000, and the site 
at $35,000. The Shreveport Shriners' Hospital is an or- 
thopedic center for Alabama, Mississippi, northern Texas 
and Louisiana. 98 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
MAINE 
BANGOR.-Bangor Hospital.* 
The Bangor Hospital provides orthopedic services. 
FAIRFIELD.-The Central Maine State Sanatorium. 
Capacity: 143 beds. A state tuberculosis sanatorium. 
Reported three children afflicted with bone or joint tuber- 
culosis. 
GREENWOOD MOUNTAIN.-The Western Maine State Sana- 
torium. 
Capacity: 114 beds for adults and 30 beds for children. 
A state tuberculosis sanatorium. Reported five children, 
crippled by "surgical" tuberculosis. 
PORTLAND.-The Children's Hospital. 
Capacity: 85 beds. The orthopedic center for the state 
of Maine. An orthopedic hospital. This institution is 
supported partly by state funds and partly by endowments. 
Clinics are held daily except Sundays and Holidays. 
Founded in 1908. 
MARYLAND 
BALTIMORE.-The Children's Hospital School. 
Greenspring Road. 
Capacity: 54 beds. A convalescent orthopedic hos- 
pital and school. From 15 to 20 children receive daily 
instruction in a school room provided by the institution. 
Maintenance is provided partly by the state, partly by the 
city of Baltimore, and partly by individual contributions. 
Major operations are frequently done at the Johns Hop- 
kins Hospital. The capacity of this institution will be 
increased to 120 beds sometime during the Fall of 1924. 
The James Lawrence Kernan Hospital and Industrial School of 
Maryland, for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 60 beds. Opened 1895. Hospital, School, 
and Nurses' Home at "Radnor Park," Hillsdale, Maryland. 
The City Branch and Dispensary, 2000 N. Charles St., 
Baltimore. 
An orthopedic hospital and school for children. At 
least 25 beds constantly are maintained for indigent pa* 
tients. Private patients are admitted only upon applica- 
tion to the surgeon-in-chief. The main institution is 
located on a 63-acre estate known as Radnor Park. The 
Kernan Hospital specializes in bone tuberculosis cases. 
MASSACHUSETTS 
BALDWINVILLE.-The Hospital Cottages for Children. 
Capacity: 140 beds. An orthopedic hospital and pri- 
vate school for crippled and defective children. The 
institution is supported by the income from a permanent OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
99 
endowment and supervised by the Massachusetts State 
Commission on Mental Diseases. Educational facilities 
include classes from the Kindergarten to the Ninth Grade. 
BOSTON.-Boston Home for Incurables.* 
2049 Dorchester Avenue. 
The Children's Hospital. 
300 Longwood Ave. 
The Children's Hospital of Boston maintains an ortho- 
pedic ward for 65 children. A special Orthopedic Out- 
Patient Department diagnoses and commits many of these 
cases to the hospital. An affiliated Home at Wellesley 
Hills provides convalescent care for these crippled Chil- 
dren. Children over 12 years of age not accepted. Special 
clinics treat acquired deformities and correct faulty 
postures. 
The Children's Mission to Children. 
20 Ashburton Place. 
A non-professional organization operated and super- 
vised by a board of 15 directors. This society specializes 
in aiding post-operative children who need continued care 
in specially selected and equipped foster homes. The 
Children's Mission is at present caring for about 40 juvenile 
cripples who attend hospital clinics at such intervals as the 
doctor may request. Instituted in 1849. 
Harvard Infantile Paralysis Commission. 
Founded in 1916 as a result of the national epidemic 
of that year. The Commission surgeon and entire per- 
sonnel hold annual and semi-annual clinics for complete 
examinations in Haverhill, Lawrence, North Adams, 
Springfield and Webster. Its purpose is to study the cause 
and mode of transmission of infantile paralysis. Treat- 
ment is generally administered at the Children's Hospital. 
The House of the Good Samaritan. 
A hospital specializing in chronic medical, cancer, and 
orthopedic cases. These were the first general hospital 
orthopedic wards in the country. Capacity for crippled 
children: 13 beds. 
The Industrial School for Crippled and Deformed Children. 
241 St. Botolph Street. 
Capacity: 125 pupils. A private day school for crippled 
children founded in 1893. Three motor omnibusses bring 
the children to school. A hot dinner is served at noon. 
Elementary grade work from the first to the eighth grade, a 
two-year Junior High School course, progressive manual 
training, and occupational therapy throughout the grades 
form the curriculum of this institution. Rest periods are 
provided for as prescribed by physicians. 100 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
THE PRESENT PEABODY HOME, OAK HILL, NEWTON CENTER, MASS 
Reprinted by courtesy of the New England Peabody Home for Crippled Children. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
101 
The Massachusetts General Hospital. 
A 485-bed general hospital, which operates a very 
limited orthopedic service for children. This is a private 
institution, supported by voluntary contributions, and 
admitting only indigent patients. The hospital holds 
daily clinics. An occupational therapy department in- 
structs patients. 
The New England Home for Little Wanderers. 
161 South Huntington Ave. 
A convalescent home operated by a child-placing 
organization with branches in various parts of New Eng- 
land. Capacity for crippled children: 6 beds. The other 
beds are devoted to delicate children. 
CANTON.-The Massachusetts Hospital School. 
Capacity: 300. A state orthopedic hospital, convales- 
cent home and special school. Hospital facilities for 100 
patients provide medical, surgical, and nursing care. In 
addition to the standard public school curriculum, music, 
domestic science, cobbling, sewing and other various 
industrial and vocational preparatory subjects are taught. 
Indigent children are admitted directly on a voluntary 
basis upon application of parents or guardians. A number 
of the admittances are private or "pay" patients. When 
parents are unable to pay, the charges are referred to the 
county or city in which the child previously resided. 
EGYPT.-Children's Sunlight Hospital.* 
Dreamwold Village. 
MARBLEHEAD.-Children's Island Sanitarium.* 
NEW BEDFORD.-St. Luke's Hospital.* 
NEWTON CENTER.-The New England Peabody Home for 
Crippled Children. 
Brookline Street. 
Capacity: 100 beds. A custodial institution which pro- 
vides hospital care, convalescent facilities, and education. 
In 1894, Mrs. M. H. Peabody, formerly superintendent of a 
children's infirmary, became interested in a crippled boy 
suffering from badly frozen feet. Mrs. Peabody found 
that no facilities existed for the custodial and remedial 
care of such cases. Accordingly, she began to collect 
money for the erection of such a home. Mrs. Peabody had 
collected $210.00 when she moved away from the state, 
but Mrs. E. B. Kellogg took over the campaign, and a home 
was opened on June 2, 1894. The Davis Farm at Weston, 
Massachusetts, was leased by this institution in 1899. A 
home was purchased in Hyde Park, Massachusetts, in 1904. 
The New England Peabody Home was one of the first 
institutions in this country to provide heliotherapy treat- 
ment, instituting these facilities in 1913. In 1922, a 
legacy by Mr. Charles Wright, of Boston, made possible 102 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
DAVIS FARM, WESTON, MASS., WHERE THE HOME WAS SITUATED IN 1895 
the purchase of the present buildings at Newton Center. 
Broad glass enclosed porches, two airy well lighted wards, 
a modern operating room on the third floor, facilities for 
an open-air school, and pre-vocational education are among 
the features of this institution, one of the best of its kind 
in this country. The proceeds from the management of a 
. tea-room and gift shop, on the estate, assist in supporting 
the home. An adjacent farm provides fresh vegetables 
for meals. Indigent crippled children are admitted upon 
applications signed by the family physicians. 
PITTSFIELD.-The Berkshire County Society for the Care of 
Crippled and Deformed Children. 
A non-professional organization, the object of which 
is to "offer the crippled child the very best physical care, 
and educational and industrial training, and to develop the 
child into a self supporting and responsible citizen." This 
society was organized in 1916 at a meeting of fifty promi- 
nent citizens of Berkshire County. It aimed to make 
possible educational and convalescent facilities for the 
children then being cared for by the orthopedic services 
of the (Pittsfield) House of Mercy Hospital. 
A summer camp was organized in 1917 near Sprague 
Cottage on the estate of Mrs. Frederick S. Coolidge. 
During the following year Mrs. Coolidge endowed the 
organization with $50,000 to establish the work perman- 
ently. "Upway Field" and Sprague Cottage were pre- 
sented to the Society by Mrs. Coolidge. In 1918 "Upway 
Field" was opened as a convelescent home and school for 
crippled children. The summer camp is annually conduct- 
ed near the Home, and on the Coolidge estate. All 
operative work is done at the House of Mercy Hospital, OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
103 
THE CRIPPLED CHILDREN'S SCHOOL, PITTSFIELD, MASS. 
Reprinted by courtesy of the Berkshire County Society for Crippled and Deformed Children. 104 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
and children are generally supplied from the Out-Patient 
Department of that institution. The Society also endeavors 
to take part in the physical education of the children of 
Pittsfield. Posture defects are corrected at the Pittsfield 
public schools. A posture class at the House of Mercy 
Hospital fulfills the same service. 
"Upway Field" and the Crippled Children's School. 
Capacity: 38 beds. (See Berkshire County Society for 
Crippled Children.) Printing, wood-working, metal work, 
hand work, basketry, cobbling, rug-making, weaving, chair- 
caning, and gardening are taught at the school in addition 
to standard academic education. 
SOUTH DARTMOUTH.-The Sol-e-Mar Hospital. 
Capacity: 48 beds. An orthopedic hospital, a branch 
of St. Luke's Hospital, at New Bedford. A schoolroom in 
the hospital building provides education in the standard 
elementary school curriculum. This institution is supported 
privately, and is operated and supervised by a Board of 
Managers. 
SPRINGFIELD.-The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 50 beds. The corner stone for this institu- 
tion was laid August 26, 1924. Local social agencies are 
co-operating in making possible this institution by render- 
ing generous financial support. The Kiwanis Club donated 
an operating room; The Springfield Automobile Club 
contributed $4,000 to install elevators, and the Springfield 
Radio Club will install a valuable radio set. The hospital 
will be one of the units under the supervision of the central 
Shrine hospital committee. 
TEWKSBURY.-The State Infirmary. 
This institution reports seven children under care re- 
ceiving treatment for "surgical" tuberculosis. 
WELLESLEY HILLS.-The Convalescent Home of the (Boston) 
Children's Hospital. 
Capacity: 75 beds. A home providing convalescent 
care for the juvenile orthopedic patients of the Children's 
Hospital at Boston. 
MICHIGAN 
ANN ARBOR.-The Michigan Society for Crippled Children. 
Bell Telephone Building. 
Mr. Hugh E. Van de Walker, President. Miss Alberta 
Chase, Executive Secretary. Affiliated with the Inter- 
national Society for Crippled Children. 
The University of Michigan Hospital. 
Michigan Statute Number 274 (1915) provides that 
crippled children may be committed to the University of 
Michigan Hospital by probate courts for necessary medical OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
105 
and surgical treatment. The University of Michigan 
(General) Hospital always has a large number of juvenile 
patients committed under the terms of this legislative act. 
COLDWATER.-The State Public School. 
Capacity for crippled children: 50 beds. This institu- 
tion is a temporary home and school for dependent children 
from infancy to 14 years. The total capacity of the school 
is 400 pupils, but the average enrollment is only about 200. 
A superintendant, school principal, and 12 matrons are in 
charge. Daily medical attendance is provided. Crippled 
children are cared for under the State laws of 1915. 
DETROIT.-The Children's Hospital of Michigan. 
Farnsworth and St. Antoine Streets. 
A general children's hospital. Total capacity (includ- 
ing the Convalescent Home) : 125 beds. From 20 to 30 
beds are available for orthopedic cases. The Children's 
Hospital is a merger of the former Children's Free Hos- 
pital of Detroit and the Michigan Hospital School of Farm- 
ington. An efficient Social Service Staff conducts follow-up 
work and co-operates with the Visiting Nurses' Association 
in locating cases. The Hospital is equipped with X-ray 
and Out-Patient Departments. After-care is provided at 
the Farmington Convalescent Home. This institution 
publishes The Hospital-School Journal, edited by Joe F. 
Sullivan. 
The Detroit Tuberculosis Sanatorium. 
12th St. and Tuxedo Ave. 
A private sanatorium provided with a thirty-bed chil- 
dren's unit. The management reports four juvenile 
"surgical" tuberculosis cases. 
The Leland (Public) School for Crippled Children. 
1395 Catherine St. 
Capacity 300 pupils. In January, 1910, a school tor 
crippled children was organized by the Board of Education 
in the city of Detroit. A special class room was set aside 
for this use in the Harris (public) School. In September 
1910, two class rooms in the Clinton School building sup- 
planted the earlier organization. A third room was opened 
in January, 1914. The new Leland School was opened in 
February, 1919, provided with a large kindergarten, a 
room for mentally subnormal children, a well equipped 
domestic science room, and large, well lighted dining room, 
and an industrial room where wood work, book binding, 
sewing, weaving, and other occupational arts are taught. 
An orthopedic clinic, at which all applicants for admis- 
sion are examined by the surgeon in charge, is held every 
Tuesday morning. A special clinic for physio-therapeutics 
was opened in May, 1913. The school is aided by the State 
of Michigan under Senate bill number 297. Special trans- 
portation is provided. 106 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
The Sigma Gamma Clinic for Crippled Children. 
1415 St. Antoine St. 
A public dispensary for crippled children under the au- 
spices of the Sigma Gamma Association. This organization 
is provided with a special building and in addition plans 
soon to build a 50-bed convalescent home near the city of 
Detroit. Close co-operation is maintained with the Michi- 
gan Society for Crippled Children, the Children's Hospital 
of Michigan, and the Leland School. 
FARMINGTON.-The Convalescent Home of the Children's 
Hospital of Michigan. 
Total capacity: 100 beds. Capacity for crippled 
children: 80 beds. The Convalescent Home is a merger of 
several older institutions. The Michigan Crippled School 
of Farmington absorbed the Van-Leuven Browne School 
for Crippled Children in 1915. These institutions com- 
bined as the Michigan Hospital School, later merged with 
the Children's Free Hospital of Detroit to form the present 
Children's Hospital of Michigan. The new Home was 
opened May 10, 1923. 
GRAND RAPIDS.-Blodgett Memorial Hospital. 
16 beds for children. No special assignment of beds is 
maintained for juvenile orthopedic cases, but the hospital 
reports that 514 of these were treated during 1923. Well 
organized social service and physiotherapy departments 
co-operate with the local orthopedic surgeons. 
The Mary Freebed Guild operates a clinic for indigent 
children in this institution and endows a number of special 
beds which care for the cases received in this manner. 
The Sligh Memorial Children's Hospital.* 
Not yet opened. 
The Stocking (Public) School for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 75 pupils. This school was recently opened. 
Bus and taxi transportation are provided for the pupils. 
A Lunch Room provides meals during the noon recess. 
Daily rest periods are a part of the schedule. Physio- 
therapy and occupational instruction are included in the 
curriculum. The School is operated by the Grand Rapids 
Board of Education. 
HOWELL.-The Michigan State Sanatorium. 
Total Capacity: 238 beds. A state tuberculosis insti- 
tution. The sanatorium accepts only a very small number 
of children crippled by "surgical" tuberculosis, reporting 
two in the International Society Survey. 
LANSING.-The Michigan Children's Aid Society. 
Headquarters: 225 S. Capital Ave. 
A private organization which investigates broken 
families and places out children in "boarding homes." OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
107 
Children are first studied in a "Receiving Home," examined 
at a clinic, and then placed with suitable families. A 
number of these homes are specifically for convalescent 
cases. The Society frequently sends crippled children to 
the University Hospital, at Ann Arbor, providing conva- 
lescent care subsequent to the necessary treatment or 
operation. 
NORTHVILLE.-The Detroit Municipal Sanatorium, Children's 
Department. 
A 100-bed municipal tuberculosis sanatorium, reporting 
25 juvenile "surgical" tuberculosis cases. 
PORT HURON.-Camp Okawana. 
Capacity: 35 beds. A recently organized convalescent 
home for crippled children. 
SAGINAW.-The Moore School. 
West Side, Corner Court Ave. and Harrison St. 
Enrollment, 10 crippled children. Class opened April 
1924. 
Saginaw County Society. 
An outgrowth of the Rotary Clinic for crippled children 
held in 1922. Membership includes many local societies 
and individuals. 
MINNESOTA 
LAKE PARK.-The Sand Beach Sanatorium. 
Sanatorium for open air treatment of tuberculosis, with 
a small capacity for "surgical" tuberculosis cases. 
MINNEAPOLIS.-The Michael J. Dowling (Public) School for 
Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 200 pupils. The first Dowling School was 
opened May 3, 1920, under the direction of Mrs. Julia L. 
McGrew, principal. An average enrollment of 125 stu- 
dents was reported for the year 1923-24. A new building 
will be ready September 2, 1924. The Board of Education 
appropriated $75,000 for the new buildings and $15,000 
for the site. In addition, Mr. William H. Eustis donated 
twenty-one acres on the west bank of the Mississippi River 
for this purpose. The University of Minnesota provided 
forty-one additional acres for an adjacent convalescent 
hospital. The school is assisted by the Minnesota Legis- 
lative Appropriation providing an extra subsidy of $250.00 
annually for each crippled pupil. Auto busses bring the 
children to school, hot lunches are served at noon, milk or 
cocoa are served during recess, a physiotherapist admini- 
sters corrective exercises, and daily rest periods are in- 
cluded in the schedule. 108 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
The Twin Cities Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 55 beds. A unit of the Shriners' group of 
orthopedic hospitals for children, under the supervision of 
the central Shrine Committee. The site, overlooking the 
Mississippi River, is valued at over $30,000. The buildings 
and equipment are valued at over $227,000. Dr. 
Wallace H. Cole is Chief Surgeon, and Miss Caroline B. 
Hallberg is Superintendent. The hospital was opened in 
March, 1923. 
The University of Minnesota Medical School. 
A gift of funds and grounds by Mr. William H. Eustis 
has made possible the establishment of a fifty-bed hospital 
for crippled children, on the University campus, in 1917; 
and a convalescent hospital of approximately one hundred 
beds near the Dowling School. 
ST. PAUL.-The Department for Incurables of the Minnesota 
School for Feeble-Minded.* 
The State has made provision for the care of incurable 
crippled children at this institution. 
NOPEMING.-The Nopeming Sanatorium. 
A 200-bed tuberculosis sanatorium which reported that 
it was caring for 12 children suffering from "surgical" 
tuberculosis at the time of the survey. 
PUPOSKY.-The Lake Julia Sanatorium. 
A 48-bed sanatorium reporting six "surgical" tubercu- 
losis children under care. 
PHALEN PARK.-The Minnesota State Hospital for Indigent 
Crippled and Deformed Children. 
An orthopedic hospital, with capacity of 210, establish- 
ed in 1897, as a result of the first legislative action in the 
United States to aid crippled children. The initial appro- 
priation was secured through the efforts of the late Dr. 
Arthur J. Gillette. At the present time, Dr. Carl C. 
Chatterton is Chief of Staff, assisted by a visiting staff of 
thirty-five physicians and surgeons, and a resident medical 
and surgical staff composed of University of Minnesota OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
109 
students. The institution has physiotherapy, occupational 
therapy, and dental departments. A school department is 
supervised by the State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion. Shop-work and newspaper work are taught as a part 
of the industrial education. A library supplies the patients 
with reading matter. Religious instruction is provided for 
Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish patients. 
MISSISSIPPI 
JACKSON.-The Mississippi Children's Home Society. 
Crippled children coming to the attention of the 
Mississippi Children's Home Society are sent to the Shriners' 
Hospital at Shreveport, Louisiana, or the Crippled Chil- 
dren's Hospital School at Memphis, Tennessee, for treat- 
ment. Sixty-nine juvenile orthopedic cases were committed 
to hospitals during the year, 1923. 
SANATORIUM.-The Mississippi State Sanatorium. 
Total capacity: 415 beds. The State Tuberculosis 
Sanatorium reported eight crippled children afflicted with 
bone or joint forms of this disease under care at the time of 
the Survey. 
MISSOURI 
KANSAS CITY.-The Linwood Presbyterian Home and School 
for Crippled Children. 
The only orthopedic institution in the United States 
operated and maintained by a religious organization. 
Linwood was founded by the Rev. Dr. Harry Clayton 
Rogers. The Kansas City school board furnishes a 
teacher for the instruction of a special class of indigent 
pupils, and provides funds made available by Missouri 
legislation for this purpose. 
The Mercy Hospital.* 
A general hospital with orthopedic services for children. 
ST. LOUIS.-Barnes Hospital.* 
The Robert Koch Hospital. 
A tuberculosis institution which reported ten tubercu- 
lous crippled children, all colored. 
McLain's Orthopedic Sanitarium. 
903-915 Aubert Avenue. 
A private institution operated by an incorporated 
company, capitalized at $150,000. The number of patients 
varies from 250 to 400. Patients are received from every 
part of the United States and Canada. 
Public Schools for Crippled Children. 
A school building will be constructed in the near future 
to provide kindergarten and elementary instruction for 
crippled children. Clinic rooms, physical training rooms, 
playrooms, a kitchen, and a dining room will be provided. 110 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Transportation will be supplied by Board of Education 
busses. 
Plans for a smaller school to educate crippled colored 
children are now under way. These institutions will be 
ready in 1925. 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
Kings Highway and Clayton Avenue. 
Capacity: 80 beds. This is the largest of the hospitals 
operated by the central Shriners' Hospital Committee, and 
is to be increased to 107 beds by September 1, 1924. 
Opened April 13, 1924. Dr. LeRoy C. Abbott is Chief 
Surgeon. The buildings and equipment are valued at 
nearly $400,000.00. Clinics are held Tuesday, Wednesday, 
and Friday of each week. The children attend school in 
a special school room daily except Saturdays, Sundays, and 
holidays. Rest periods are prescribed from 1 o'clock to 
2 o'clock every afternoon. Handwork, raffia weaving, 
radio construction, and embroidery work, together with a 
standard academic curriculum are taught by the school 
instructors. The hospital is open to indigent patients only. 
The St. Louis Children's Hospital.* 
The Washington University Medical Hospital.* 
MONTANA 
BILLINGS.-St. Vincent's Hospital.* 
St. Vincent's Hospital serves as an orthopedic center for 
the northern Rocky Mountain states. 
BUTTE.-The Butte Auxiliary for the Rehabilitation of 
Crippled Children. 
31 East Copper Street. 
A social (non-professional) organization which raises 
funds by subscription for the purpose of sending crippled children to the orthopedic wards at Billings for correction. 
During the year 1923, three free clinics were held, at which 
Dr. Allard, medical advisor to The Auxiliary, examined 
300 children. The society has employed a special trained 
nurse to follow up cases after they leave the hospital and 
to administer necessary muscular treatment. Miss Eliza- 
beth Pithoud, who fills this position, gives from ten to 
twenty treatments a day. In addition, homes are visited 
for the instruction of the parents in the administration of 
physiotherapy. The Butte Auxiliary charges parents for 
services in the degree to which they are able to pay. Fully 
fifty per cent are unable to pay, or able to pay only a small 
percentage of the expenses. 
NEBRASKA 
LINCOLN.-The Nebraska Orthopedic Hospital. 
Capacity: 100 beds. A state institution and orthopedic 
center. A special orthopedic training school for nurses is 
operated in connection with the hospital. Dr. J. H. Matthai 
is superintendent. All beds are reserved for indigent 
patients. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE 
MANCHESTER.-The New Hampshire Children's Aid and 
Protective Society. 
Organized in 1914. The purpose of this Society is to 
protect children from physical and moral abuse and neg- 
lect. From time to time, crippled children are given 
financial aid for hospital treatment. 
NEW JERSEY 
ATLANTIC CITY.-The Betty Bacharach Home. 
Longport. 
Capacity: 40 beds. A convalescent home opened May 
11, 1924. Children of any creed or color are admitted. 
The Home is equipped with a complete operating room, an 
ambulance, and individual rooms for nurses, masseurs, and 
doctors. The institution was provided largely through the 
generosity of the New Jersey Elks' Clubs. Local mer- 
chants have contributed generously toward its maintenance. 
The Children's Seashore House. 
Chelsea. 
Capacity: 300 beds. Founded in 1871. Only a por- 
tion of this convalescent home is open during the winter. 
The number of orthopedic cases varies. Approximately 
90% of these are afflicted with bone or joint tuberculosis. 
The Jewish Seaside Home. 
Capacity for children: 40 to 45 beds. A convalescent 
home for children up to five years of age, and women over 
14, regardless of disease. 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
111 112 
('ARE, ('URE, AND EDUCATION 
BETTY BACHARACH HOME, ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. 
Reprinted from Report of the Crippled Kiddies' Committee by courtesy of the New Jersey Elks' Association OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
113 
The North American Children's Sanitarium. 
Ventnor. 
Capacity: 40 beds. A children's sanatorium founded 
by the Philadelphia North American in 1901 (See Chapter 
IV.) At the present time this newspaper supports ten 
beds, the remainder being maintained by public subscrip- 
tion or pay patients. The children are isolated for two 
weeks after admission. A special teacher employed by 
the institution provides instruction to rotating groups of 
pupils. Heliotherapy treatment and salt water baths are 
provided. Only patients suffering from bone or joint 
tuberculosis are admitted. The Sanitarium does not have 
a resident physician, but is visited periodically by Philadel- 
phia orthopedists. Staff affiliations are maintained with 
Atlantic City specialists. 
Summer Home of the (Philadelphia) Widener Memorial 
School. 
Capacity: 100 beds. 
BRADLEY BEACH.-The Orange Fresh Air Home. 
Capacity for crippled children: 8 beds. A summer 
home which provides convalescent care for groups of 
patients from the New Jersey Orthopedic Hospital 
(Orange, N. J.). Cases are kept from two to ten weeks, 
as necessary. 
ELIZABETH.-The Elizabeth General Hospital. 
Ward for crippled children: 10 beds. Total capacity: 
200 patients. 
The Society for the Relief of Crippled Children.* 
ENGLEWOOD.-The Daisy Fields Home and Hospital for 
Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 18 beds. A custodial home and convalescent 
hospital. Opened June 9, 1893. Attending physicians 
treat all resident children at bi-monthly clinics. Incurable 
cases not admitted. Only children from 4 to 14 years are 
received. Operative work is done at the Englewood Hos- 
pital and the New York Post-Graduate Hospital. An Out- 
Patient Department is affiliated with the Hospital. 
JERSEY CITY.-Headquarters New Jersey Elks' Association 
Crippled Kiddies Committee. 
Public School Number 36. 
Capacity: 144 pupils. A public day school for crippled 
children. The Board of Education supplies four busses for 
transportation. Luncheon is prepared at the school and 
provided free of charge at noon. 
NEWARK.-The City Dispensary. 
Three orthopedic clinics are conducted weekly by the 
City Dispensary. 114 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
THE NEW JERSEY ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL 
Reprinted from Annual Report by courtesy of the New Jersey Orthopaedic Hospital and Dispensary, Orange, N. J, OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
115 
The Hospital of St. Barnabas. 
A general hospital equipped with facilities for ortho- 
pedic services. 
The Hospital, Home and School for Crippled Children. 
Clifton and Park Avenues. 
Capacity: 62 beds. Incorporated in 1892. An ortho- 
pedic hospital provided with school, social service, and out- 
patient departments. In addition to instruction given to 
fifteen ambulatory patients in the hospital schoolroom, 
bedside instruction is provided for bed patients. Teachers 
are furnished by the Newark Board of Education. A 
legacy of $290,000 by the late Mrs. Elizabeth Laninger 
Howell has provided for new and improved buildings which 
will soon be erected. 
OAKHURST.-The Summer Home of the Crippled Children's 
East Side Free School. (See Crippled Childrens' East 
Side Free School, New York City). 
ORANGE.-The New Jersey Orthopaedic Hospital and Dis- 
pensary. 
179-181 Lincoln Avenue. 
Capacity for children: 34 beds. Opened in 1903. An 
orthopedic hospital and out-patient department. Bedside 
and school room instruction are provided by a teacher 
supplied by the Orange Board of Education. Instruction 
in basketry, chair-caning, loom weaving, sewing, leather 
work, knitting, and similar arts is directed by a special 
teacher of occupational therapy. 
Patients are charged according to their ability to pay, 
and additional funds for maintenance are obtained from 
donations. The present well equipped buildings were 
opened in 1918. Convalescent care for juvenile patients is 
provided at the Children's Country Home of Westfield, 
New Jersey, and during the summer months additional beds 
are available at the Orange Fresh Air Home, at Bradley 
Beach, New Jersey. 
SCOTCH PLAINS.-The Bonnie Burns Sanatorium. 
Total capacity: 260 beds. A tuberculosis institution 
accepting a small number of juvenile patients, crippled by 
"surgical" forms of this disease. 
SPRING LAKE.-The Ann May Memorial Homeopathic Hos- 
pital. 
Capacity; orthopedic ward for children: 8 beds. Or- 
thopedic clinic weekly. 
TRENTON.-The Trenton Orthopaedic Hospital and Dispens- 
ary. 
177-179 Brunswick Avenue. 
Capacity: 21 beds. The hospital retains the corporate 
name of "The Orthopedic Clinic," organized in 1917. A 116 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
seven-bed hospital in connection with this clinic was or- 
ganized in August, 1922. This institution was increased 
to its present capacity less than two years later. Clinics 
are held by the Out-Patient Department, Tuesday and Fri- 
day afternoons. A Welfare Nurse, employed in the 
dispensary, conducts follow-up and various other types of 
social service. This is a private institution supported by 
public subscriptions. 
WESTFIELD.-The Children's Country Home. 
Capacity: 50 beds. The Westfield Country Home was 
opened for the care of children sent by the Tribune Fresh 
Ai" Fund, in 1891. The Home was later used as a summer 
convalescent home for crippled children from various hos- 
pitals. In 1922, the Westfield institution merged with the 
New Jersey Orthopaedic Hospital to serve as an all-year 
children's convalescent home. During the following year, 
the Home built a three-story addition containing seven 
rooms and two baths, for staff and servants, a large sun and 
schoolroom, an open sun porch, modern baths, a new and 
up-to-date kitchen, pantries, a laundry, and a vapor heating 
system. About eighty per cent of the patients convalescing 
at this institution are crippled by various forms of "sur- 
gical" tuberculosis. 
NEW MEXICO 
ALBUQUERQUE.-The Children's Home and Hospital.* 
A private orthopedic institution conducted by Dr. 
Charles E. Lukens. 
NEW YORK 
ALBANY.-The Pine Hills Sanatorium. 
A 75-bed tuberculosis institution admitting juvenile 
patients crippled by "surgical" tuberculosis. One of these 
cases was reported at the time of the Survey. 
AMITYVILLE.-The Brunswick Home for Idiotic, Epileptic, 
Paralytic, and Feeble-Minded Children.* OF THE CRIPPLED CHILI) 
117 
AMSTERDAM.-The Montgomery County Sanatorium. 
A 12-bed, county tuberculosis sanatorium reporting two 
juvenile tuberculous orthopedic patients. 
ARVERNE.-The Seaside Home for Crippled Children.* 
A summer home for the juvenile physically handicap- 
ped. No recent information has been available concerning 
this institution. 
AUBURN.-The Sunnycrest Sanatorium. 
A 38-bed sanatorium reporting two juvenile patients 
afflicted with "surgical" tuberculosis. 
BROOKLYN.-The Brooklyn Association for Improving the 
Condition of the Poor. 
104 Livingston Street. 
This association aids crippled children annually by 
appropriating a stated sum of money to the Long Island 
College Hospital for orthopedic service. 
The Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. 
Committee for the Crippled: 60 Schermerhorn Street. 
This Bureau assists in the support of an orthopedic 
clinic, corrective gymnasium, and brace shop at the Brook- 
lyn Hospital. Transportation to clinics is also provided. 
Teachers are sent to instruct home-bound cripples in various 
types of hand-work. 
The Brooklyn Hospital. 
A 300-bed general hospital which includes an ortho- 
pedic ward providing for the care of 10 children. 
The Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn. 
Classon and St. Marks Avenues and Prospect Place. 
A 333-bed general hospital. Orthopedic clinics are 
conducted Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of each week. 
Kings County Hospital. 
Clarkson and Albany Streets. 
Two public school classes for crippled children are 
conducted at this institution. Public School Number 91, 
comprising the juvenile orthopedic patients of this institu- 
tion, and St. Giles Hospital, consists of a total of 51 
children. 
The Long Island College Hospital. 
Henry, Pacific, and Amity Streets. 
Total capacity of two roof wards for orthopedic chil- 
dren: 40 beds. Total capacity of this hospital: 500 beds. 
Total orthopedic service: 40 neds. These children are 
given school instruction by a teacher provided by the New 
York Board of Education and affiliated with Public School 
Number 29. The Long Island College Hospital receives 
liberal funds for the care of crippled children from the Fox 
Foundation, distributed by the Association for Improving 
the Condition of the Poor. Out-patient and social service CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
118 
departments conduct careful follow-up and home visiting 
services. 
Public School Classes for Cripples 
Two classes at Public School Number 10, Seventh 
Avenue, 17th Street, and Prospect Avenue, 22 children. 
Three classes at Public School No. 15, Third Avenue, 
State, and Schermerhorn Streets, 74 children. 
One class at Public School No. 17, Driggs Avenue and 
North Fifth Street. 
Two classes at Public School No. 26, Quincy Street near 
Ralph Avenue, 41 children. 
Three classes at Public School No. 30, Conover, Sullivan, 
and Wolcott Streets, 55 children. 
Five classes at Public School No. 34, Norman Avenue, 
Eckford, and Oakland Streets, 119 children. 
Two classes at Public School No. 35, Decatur Street and 
Lewis Avenue, 40 children. 
One class at Public School No. 47, Pacific and Dean 
Streets, near Third Avenue, 23 children. 
One class at Public School No. 107, Eighth Avenue, 13th 
and 14th Streets, 24 children. 
Two classes at Public School No. 150, Sackman Street 
south of Belmont Avenue, 27 children. 
Four classes at Public School No. 158, Belmont Avenue 
and Ashford Street, 66 children. 
Six classes at Public School No. 162, St. Nicholas Ave- 
nue and Suydam Street, 147 children. 
One class at Public School No. 168, Throop Avenue, 
Bartlett and Whipple Streets, 26 children. 
One class at Public School No. 181, New York and Til- 
den Avenues, 29 children. 
Two classes at Public School No. 183, Riverdale Avenue 
and Douglas Street, 29 children. 
One class at Public School No. 184, Newport Avenue 
and Stone Street, 18 children. 
Two classes as Public School No. 186, Nineteenth Ave- 
nue and 76th Street, 47 children. 
St. Giles Hospital. 
President Street. 
Public School Number 91 for crippled children is 
divided between St. Giles and Kings County Hospitals, (see 
latter). 
BUFFALO.-The Children's Hospital. 
A 135-bed general children's hospital with special 
orthopedic services. Clinics are held daily at the Dispens- 
ary. 
The City Hospital.* 
Separate wards for tuberculous children. The Crippled Children's Guild. 
487 Niagara Street. 
A non-professional association for the aid of crippled 
children organized May 27, 1908. Incorporated June, 
1910. This organization operates a custodial and con- 
valescent home for crippled children at the above address. 
The Society functions through executive committees, 
namely, the House, Medical, Investigating, Shut-in, Follow- 
up, Membership, Educational, Industrial, Press, Sewing, 
Calendar, Mending, and Purchasing Committees. 
The Crippled Children's Guild Home. 
487 Niagara Street. 
Capacity: 40 beds. A custodial and convalescent home. 
This institution was opened in January, 1910, and moved 
to its present quarters in 1911. A school annex was built 
in 1916. An average enrollment of thirty pupils who re- 
ceive instruction is divided into two classes under the super- 
vision of the Buffalo Board of Education. About half of 
the children at the Home are supported by parents or 
friends, a number by public funds, and a few entirely by the 
Crippled Children's Guild. Children are admitted after 
having been recommended by investigating committees of 
the Guild. 
Public School Number 59; Annex for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 100 pupils. Enrollment: 36 pupils. A 
recently organized public day school (March 4, 1924), for 
crippled children. Two city-owned and operated busses 
provide transportation. Hot luncheons are served by the 
City Hospital. A general rest period is required following 
the luncheon recess. Others are given rest periods to fit 
individual needs. 
CANANDAIGUA.-The Memorial Hospital. 
Orthopedic capacity for children: 27 beds. A general 
hospital. 
CHAPPAQUA.-The Convalescent Home of the New York 
Children's Aid Society.* 
CLAVERACK.-The Lulu Thorley Lyons Home for Crippled 
and Delicate Children. 
This institution is used as a summer home for the Wal- 
ter Scott Free Industrial School of New York City. The 
Home was given to the school by Mr. and Mrs. Charles 
Thorley in 1904, in memory of their daughter, Mrs. Lulu 
Thorley Lyons. The pupils of this school receive four 
month vacations annually. The extensive grounds and 
gardens at Claverack furnish produce for meals at the 
Home and also for lunches at the school during the winter 
months. 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
119 120 
('ARE, ('ERE. AND EDUCATION 
ELMIRA.-The Children's Reconstruction Home. 
536 Maple Avenue. 
Capacity: 35 beds. A special convalescent institution 
chiefly for poliomyelitic and rachitic children. The Home 
was purchased and equipped by the Elmira Rotary Club. 
A charge of $20.00 a week is made for each patient. 
Sometimes funds are provided for the care of indigent 
patients by local social organizations. Sixteen of the 
thirty-five children are attending school in a special school 
room in the Main building. A teacher is furnished by the 
Elmira Board of Education. The State orthopedic surgeon 
visits this institution every month, and prominent local 
practitioners form the visiting medical staff. There are no 
resident physicians at this institution. 
FARMINGDALE.-The Nassau County Sanatorium. 
A 125-bed tuberculosis institution which reports four 
juvenile bone and joint cases. 
FAYETTVILLE.-The Hillcrest Pavilion (near Syracuse). 
At present this institution has very few crippled chil- 
dren, the largest number being cardiac cases. Prepara- 
tions are under way to construct a new and separate 
building to be used as a Summer Home for approximately 
fifteen crippled children of Syracuse. The Rotary Club of 
Syracuse and the Hillcrest authorities will co-operate to 
maintain the Pavilion. The Syracuse Board of Education 
furnishes a teacher for open-air instruction. 
GARDEN CITY.-The House of St. Giles, The Cripple.* 
No recent information concerning this institution has 
been obtainable. At the time of the New York City Survey, 
a 50-bed convalescent hospital was at Garden City operated 
by the Brooklyn institution of the same name. A school 
annex to Public School Number 34, Queens, furnished 
academic instruction. Children were admitted through 
the City institution, or through commitment by Poor Law 
Officers of New York City or Nassau County. A new in- 
stitution of 125 beds was planned. 
HOLCOMB.-The Oak Mount (Ontario County) Sanatorium. 
A 24-bed sanatorium reporting three juvenile patients 
of the orthopedic types. 
HOLTSVILLE.-The Suffolk Sanatorium. 
A 90-bed sanatorium reporting three juvenile orthopedic 
patients. 
ITHACA.-The Reconstruction Home for Infantile Paralysis. 
Capacity: 27 beds. This is a practically self-support- 
ing after-care home, opened July 11, 1920. Patients from 
Tompkins, Chemung, and Steuben Counties are charged 
$17.00 a week and those from other parts of the state 
$20.00. Occasionally the Rotary Club, Red Cross Chapter, 
fraternal, or church organizations of nearby cities pay for OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
121 
the treatment of individual indigent patients. During the 
f rst year after the Home was opened, the Ithaca Red Cross 
Chapter assumed responsibility for six children. Academic 
instruction is provided in a separate school building by a 
teacher furnished by the Ithaca Board of Education. The 
State orthopedic surgeon visits the Home monthly. 
NEW YORK CITY.-The Association for the Aid of Crippled 
Children. 
Room 908, 105 East 22d Street. 
A non-professional organization organized in 1900. 
Ten groups, namely, the Ways and Means, Executive, 
Nurses', Publicity, Membership, Fresh Air Work, Educa- 
tion, Junior Auxiliary, Transportation, and Junior Com- 
mittees direct all activities of the Association. The Fresh 
Air Work Committee sends rotating groups of children to 
the Robin's Nest Convalescent Home at Tarrytown for 
vacations from early in April throughout the summer 
months. During the summer of 1923, a total of nineteen 
other organizations received children committed by the 
Association for convalescent care. 
The first New York City class for crippled children was 
organized by the Education Committee of this organization 
in 1900. The Association now co-operates with the De- 
partment of Physical Training of the Board of Education 
in improving orthopedic conditions. Members of the Com- 
mittee visit special classes for crippled children once each 
month of the year. Under the auspices of the Nurses' 
Committee, visiting nurses locate cases and bring them to 
hospitals and out-patient facilities for dispensary and hos- 
pital care. Membership in the Association is of six 
classes: Member, Associate Member, Contributing Mem- 
ber, Sustaining Member, Patron, and Benefactor. There 
are nearly a thousand persons in this entire group. Trans 
portation is furnished to clinics and hospitals by a specially 
constructed twelve-passenger Packard bus. This service 
was made possible through the generosity of the New York 
City Rotary Club, together with the proceeds of a Rainbow 
Ball, held by the Junior Committee in 1923. During the 
year 1923, fifty-three other organizations referred cases to 
the Association for follow-up. Branch offices of this or- 
ganization are maintained in various parts of the city. 
Bellevue Hospital. 
Foot of East 26th Street. 
The central institution of the Bellevue and Allied Hos- 
pitals group, supported partially by the City of New York, 
partially by endowments, and partially by compensation 
cases. Other members of the group are the Gouverneur, 
Harlem, Fordham, and Neponsit Beach Hospitals. Capa- 
city of the Bellevue Hospital: 1700 beds. Orthopedic 
capacity for children: 60 surgical beds, 30 infantile par- 122 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
alysis cases, 100 bone tuberculosis cases. A roof ward is 
provided for the latter. Occupational therapy and gen- 
eral instruction are given under the New York Board of 
Education. Two classes are affiliated with Public School 
No. 40. Orthopedic clinics are held by the Out-Patient 
Department. 
The City Hospital.* 
Welfare Island. 
Two public school classes (P. S. No. 6) are conducted 
for crippled children. (See Metropolitan Hospital for 
Crippled Children). 
The Crippled Children's East Side Free School. 
157 Henry Street. 
Capacity: 225 pupils. (Public School No. 75). Early 
efforts to educate crippled children in New York City were 
carried on by the Emanuel Lehman Foundation. In 1900, 
a special school was opened at the above address by the 
Crippled Children's East Side Free School Association. At 
a later date the New York City Board of Education under- 
took to provide and support teachers and transportation. 
The Association, which is supported by the Federation of 
Jewish Charities, furnishes the building, meals, medical 
care, two trained nurses who supervise semi-weekly bath- 
ing and give daily treatments, supplies braces, plaster 
casts, bread and milk between meals, and supports home 
visits. A special manual training teacher for boys, and a 
sewing teacher for girls instruct in occupational prepara- 
tion. A summer home is maintained at Oakhurst, New 
Jersey. 
The Darrach Home for Crippled Children.* 
118 West 104th Street. 
Capacity in 1920: 16 beds. No recent information 
concerning this institution has been obtainable. In 1920 it 
was a private custodial home supported by voluntary con- 
tributions, by interest on investments, and by limited fees 
for board. A summer home was maintained at Groton, 
Connecticut. Weekly corrective exercises were adminis- 
tered by a special teacher. 
The Federation of Associations for Cripples.* 
The Fifth Avenue Hospital. 
Enrollment: 13 children. The New York City Board 
of Education conducts one class for crippled children 
(affiliated with Public School No. 101, 111th Street, West 
of Lexington Avenue) at this hospital. 
The Fordham Hospital. 
Southern Boulevard. 
One class for 3 crippled children at this institution. 
The Gouvernor Hospital. 
One of the hospitals allied to Bellevue. The out- 
patient department conducts orthopedic clinics. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
123 
The Hospital for Joint Diseases. 
1919 Madison Avenue. 
Capacity: 275 beds (103 for children). A hospital 
which extends treatment for acute or chronic joint diseases 
or any deformity, to all persons regardless of age, race, 
creed, or color. A new building has recently been com- 
pleted, accomodating two hundred ward and seventy-five 
private patients. Instruction is furnished by teachers 
provided by the Board of Education. A dispensary and 
roof solarium will be among the features of the new hos- 
pital. Clinics for scoliosis and infantile paralysis in school 
children are held every afternoon from 1 to 5 o'clock. 
Children remain under isolated observation for two weeks 
before admittance to the general wards. The Social 
Service Department provides home treatments for children 
unable to attend clinics. 
Hospital of the New York Society for the Relief of the 
Ruptured and Crippled. 
307-321 East 42d Street. 
Capacity: 250 beds. This hospital was opened in 1863, 
the first orthopedic institution in the United States. Cur- 
able children are accepted into the hospital for treatment 
after examination at the Out-Patient Department. The 
hospital and Out-Patient Department are supported by 
voluntary contributions and by those patients who are able 
to pay for services. Efforts are being exerted to finance an 
affiliated convalescent home. Instruction is furnished by 
institutional and Board of Education teachers. Miss 
Reeves commented that this institution represented "the 
acme of achievement in orthopedic hospital construction in 
America."1 
The House of the Annunciation for Crippled and Incurable 
Children.* 
Broadway and 156th Streets. 
No recent information concerning this institution has 
been available. In 1920, nineteen out of twenty-four 
cases were crippled children. Only crippled and incur- 
able girls between the ages of four and sixteen years were 
accepted. The House of the Annunciation served princi- 
pally as a convalescent home for St. Luke's Hospital 
patients. A nurse was employed by the institution to give 
scholastic instruction. St. Elizabeth's House at Wilton, 
Connecticut, was used as a summer home for these children. 
The Home was conducted by Protestant Episcopal Sisters 
of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and was 
supported by contributions, legacies, and a limited income 
from parents of patients. 
The House of the Holy Comforter for Incurables.* 
139th Street and Riverside Drive. 
Incorporated 1880. Although no recent information 
Care arid Education of Crippled Children in the United States, p. 15. 124 
('ARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
could be obtained concerning this institution, we learn from 
Miss Reeves' study1 that is was a free custodial home for 
indigent Protestant incurables. Out of 78 inmates, 15 
were crippled children. A teacher was provided by the 
Home. 
The Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. 
245 East Twenty-third Street. 
In addition to maintaining the most complete library 
on the subject of the juvenile handicapped in this country, 
the Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men assists 
cripples in obtaining employment. Many crippled chil- 
dren receive assistance through this medium upon gradua- 
tion from school. This organization is distinguished by 
the fact that Douglas Crawford McMurtrie was formerly 
Director. 
The Metropolitan Hospital. 
Welfare Island. 
The Board of Education conducts one class for crippled 
children at this hospital, affiliated with Public School 
Number 82. 
The Montefiore Home Hospital. 
Greenhill Road near Jerome Avenue. 
This hospital is reserved for patients suffering from 
chronic diseases. The total capacity is 75 beds, of which 
40 are for children. About one-quarter of the latter may 
be classified as cripples. New York Public School Classes, 
Numbers 1 and 56, are conducted at this institution. 
The New York Orthopaedic Dispensary and Hospital. 
420 East 59th Street. 
Total capacity: 100 beds. An orthopedic hospital opened 
in 1866. This institution, in addition to being very well 
equipped for orthopedic care, maintains a very large dis- 
pensary service. Occupational therapy and public school 
instruction are provided, (three classes, affiliated with 
Public School No. 59). Convalescent care for children is 
furnished at the Country Branch, at White Plains, New 
York. "Surgical" tuberculosis cases are sent direct to 
White Plains, unless operation is necessary, in which case 
they are treated at the hospital and then removed to the 
convalescent home. The hospital is supported by contri- 
butions and recompense from patients, and several beds 
are endowed by the Orthopaedic Guild, the Orthopaedic 
Hospital Sewing Society, and the Junior Guild. Vigorous 
follow-up work is carried on by dispensary nurses. 
New York City Special Schools and Classes for Crippled 
Children. 
In addition to the instruction of 533 children in twenty- 
two hospital classes, and 1981 children in 79 special public 
1. Care and Education of Crippled Children in the United States. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
125 
school classes, the New York Department of Education 
provides home teachers for 173 helpless cripples. The 
Occupational Therapy Society of New York co-operates by 
providing an occupational teacher for home-bound chil- 
dren. Milk is furnished at the schools through the School 
Children's Welfare League. 
Two classes at Public School No. 3, 157th Street, east 
of Courtlandt Avenue, 17 children. 
One class at Public School No. 6, Madison Avenue and 
Eighty-Fifth Street, 17 children. 
Two classes at Public School No. 11, Woodside Avenue 
and Third Street, 35 children. 
Two classes at Public School No. 21, Central, Folsom, 
and Fosdick Avenues, 51 children. 
Three classes at Public School No. 27, 41st Street east 
of Third Avenue, 133 children. 
One class at Public School No. 30, 88th Street, east of 
Third Avenue, 24 children. 
Two classes at Public School No. 38, Ann's Avenue and 
Rae Street, 46 children. 
Four classes at Public School No. 41, Greenwich Ave- 
nue west of Sixth Avenue, 97 children. 
One class at Public School No. 54, 104th Street and 
Amsterdam Avenue, 19 children. 
Five classes at Public School No. 57, Boston Road, 
Bronxdale, 122 children. 
One class at Public School No. 58, 52d Street between 
Eighth and Ninth Avenues, 25 children. 
One class at Public School No. 62, Leggett Avenue and 
Fox Street, 24 children. 
Four classes at Public School No. 68, 128th Street 
between Lenox and Seventh Avenues, 96 children. 
One class at Public School No. 70, 213 East 75th Street, 
18 children. 
Two classes at Public School No. 93, Amsterdam Ave- 
nue and 93d Street, 46 children. 
Two classes at Public School No. 189, 189th Street and 
Amsterdam Avenue, 54 children. 
The Post Graduate Hospital. 
Second Avenue and Twentieth Street. 
This institution has one large orthopedic ward and 
three smaller wards for that purpose. All children dis- 
charged from these wards as well as those attending the 
Orthopedic Clinic are visited in their homes by volunteer 
nurses, who ascertain that after-treatment is continued. 
The Rhinelander School for Crippled Children.* 
350 East 88th Street. 
Capacity: 115 pupils. (Classified by the Board of 
Education in conjunction with the Crippled Children's East 
Side Free School as Public School Number 75.) A special 
school formerly maintained exclusively by the Children's 126 
CAKE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Aid Society. The Board of Education now furnishes 
teachers; the Children's Aid Society provides the building, 
luncheons, and summer vacations at Bath Beach; and the 
Association for the Aid of Crippled Children provides 
nurses to do follow-up work. An open air school room is 
used for the bone and joint tuberculous cases. 
The Walter Scott Free Industrial School for Crippled 
Children. 
55 West 68th Street. 
Capacity: 50 pupils. Opened in 1900 by Mrs. Arthur 
Elliot Fish in memory of her son, Gilbert Austin, to care for 
and educate crippled children of poor parents who could 
not provide transportation to public schools. Instruction 
is provided in manual training, industrial arts, and the 
academic curriculum of the public schools. In 1904, Mr. 
and Mrs. Charles Thorley presented the school with the 
Lulu Thorley Lyons Summer Home at Claverack. Liberal 
endowments have provided for a new building now under 
construction. (See Claverack-Lulu Thorley Lyons Home). 
St. Luke's Hospital. 
Cathedral Heights, Amsterdam Avenue and 113th 
Street. 
A general hospital equipped with facilities to care for 
eighteen juvenile orthopedic cases. The orthopedic service 
is aided by the Margaret J. P. Graves Fund for Crippled 
Children. 
NIAGARA FALLS.-The New York State Elks Association. 
Crippled Children's Committee. 
Frank Armstrong, Chairman. 
OLEAN.-The Rocky Crest Sanatorium. 
A 45-bed sanatorium reporting two crippled children 
under treatment for "surgical" tuberculosis. 
PERRYSBURG.-The J. N. Adam Memorial Hospital. 
Capacity for children: 125 beds. A hospital for the 
treatment of incipient and other forms of tuberculosis. 
This institution has specialized in so-called "surgical" 
cases since the introduction into this country of helio- 
therapeutic treatment by Doctors Hyde and Pryor of the 
Adam Hospital. At the present time, Dr. Horace LoGrasso 
is continuing this specialized work. The hospital is a 
Buffalo City Institution, and schooling is carried on by 
instructors furnished by the Buffalo Board of Education. 
An adjacent farm supplies vegetables and produce. A 
few cases of osteomyelitis and rickets are accepted. 
PORT JEFFERSON.--St. Charles Hospital for Crippled 
Children.* 
No responses have been received from questionnaires 
submitted to this hospital. According to a report received 
from the New York State Board of Charities, it is a division OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
127 
of the Brooklyn Home for Blind, Crippled and Defective 
Children, with a capacity of 300 beds. This institution 
was established in 1907 by the Roman Catholic Orphan 
Asylum of Brooklyn. Admission is achieved through the 
latter organization. Both convalescent care and operative 
treatment are available. Separate buildings are main- 
tained for the defective children, some distance from the 
hospital in which orthopedic cases receive care. 
POUGHKEEPSIE.-The Samuel W. Bowne Memorial Hospital. 
A special hospital for the treatment of tuberculosis. 
Fifty-two beds are reserved for children. At the time of 
the International Society Survey, seven of these children 
were reported to be crippled by "surgical" cases. 
ROCHESTER.-The Rochester Guild for Crippled Children.* 
Municipal Building, Board of Education Rooms. 
An incorporated body which aims to aid crippled chil- 
dren of Monroe County. 
The School for Crippled Children.* 
Enrollment: 80 pupils. 
Sunshine Camp.* 
A 20-bed convalescent home for the crippled children 
of Rochester. 
ROCKAWAY BEACH.-The Neponsit Beach Hospital for 
Children. 
Mohawk Street. 
Capacity: 120 beds for bone and joint tuberculosis. 
This is one of the hospitals allied to Bellevue, to which it 
was transferred by the Association for Improving the 
Condition of the Poor of New York City several years ago. 
No follow-up work is done by this institution when patients 
are discharged, but names are turned over to the Depart- 
ment of Education for this purpose. Teachers are furnished 
by the latter. 
ROCKAWAY PARK, LONG ISLAND.-The Convalescent 
Home for Hebrew Children. 
Capacity: 286 beds. This institution is affiliated with 
the Federation of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, 112 Fifth 
Avenue, New York City. About one-fourth of the conval- 
escents are orthopedic. 
ROME.-The Oneida County Sanatorium. 
A 180-bed general hospital and sanatorium which re- 
ported five juvenile tuberculous orthopedic cases. 
SOUTHAMPTON.-The Southampton Fresh Air Home for 
Crippled Children. 
A private institution which receives twenty-five selected 
crippled children for convalescent care during the summer 
months. 
STATEN ISLAND.-The Sea View Hospital. 
A 1,000-bed orthopedic hospital and sanatorium. 100 
orthopedic juvenile cases. School facilities are provided 128 
('ARE, ( URE. AND EDUCATION 
ADMINISTRATION BLDG., NEW YORK STATE ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN 
Reprinted from Annual Report by courtesy of the New York State Orthopedic Hospital, West Haverstraw, N. Y. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
129 
for fifty patients by the New York City Department of 
Education. The Hospital is supported by the City of 
New York. 
SYRACUSE.-The Onondaga County Sanatorium. 
A 169-bed sanatorium with heliotherapy pavilion for 
children. In July, 1924, fifteen juvenile cases were re- 
ceiving this treatment. 
TARRYTOWN-ON-THE-HUDSON.-Robin's Nest. 
Capacity: 35 beds. A summer convalescent home for 
crippled children, at present affiliated with the Association 
for the Aid of Crippled Children of New York City. 
Founded in 1891, incorporated Oct. 9, 1901. 
TENAFLY.-The Happyland Fresh Air Home for Crippled 
Children* 
UTICA.-The Children's Hospital Home of Utica. 
Capacity: 15 beds. This convalescent hospital was 
formerly known as the Children's Home of Utica, and 
located at 437 Genesee Street. On May 1, 1924, the Home 
was closed, and crippled children transferred to a tempor- 
ary residence at New Hartford, New York. New buildings 
are under construction near Utica. The institution is sup- 
ported by an endowment and by a county income of $15.00 
per week for each child. The Utica Board of Education 
furnishes a teacher for the instruction of the children. 
The New York State Society for Crippled Children. 
Arthur S. Cotins, President. 
Affiliated with the International Society for Crippled 
Children. 
VALHALLA.-Grasslands Hospital. 
Capacity for crippled children, 15 beds. A 400-bed 
general hospital with orthopedic service for children. The 
local board of education provides two teachers for the 
instruction of children. The institution is supported by 
Westchester county. 
WATERTOWN.-The Watertown City Hospital. 
A general hospital equipped with an orthopedic ward 
for ten children. 
WEST HAVERSTRAW.-The New York State Orthopedic 
Hospital for Children. 
Capacity: 200 beds. Founded 1899. A state ortho- 
pedic hospital for indigent children only. Cases are re- 
ferred to this institution by State, County, or City Poor 
Officers. Special school buildings are maintained adjacent 
to the hospital. Mechanotherapy, hydrotherapy, and helio- 
therapy departments provide specialized treatment. 130 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
WHITE PLAINS-The Blythedale Home. 
Capacity in 1920: 44 beds. A convalescent hospital 
founded by the Visiting Guild for Crippled Children of 
New York City. Supported partially by voluntary con- 
tributions, partly by the Federation of Jewish Philanthropic 
Societies, and partly by the City of New York. Girls from 
4 to 16 years of ?ge and boys from 4 to 10 years, of any 
creed, are admitted. Almost all of the children are crip- 
pled by bone tuberculosis. Minor operations are per- 
formed at the Home. All cases are examined at the 
Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled, preliminary to ad- 
mission. The Association for the Aid of Crippled Children 
investigates homes of children who are about to be dis- 
charged. 
The Country Branch and Industrial School of the New 
York Orthopaedic and Dispensary and Hospital. 
Capacity: 130 beds. Opened July, 1904. Four classes 
for crippled children, affiliated with New York City Public 
School No. 192, Amsterdam Avenue and 136th Street, are 
provided at this institution. This is a convalescent home, 
and receives "surgical" tuberculosis cases admitted to the 
city institution. 
St. Agnes Hospital for Crippled and Atypical Children. 
Capacity for crippled children: 125 beds. This is a 
combined general and orthopedic hospital, maintained by 
the Order of Sisters of St. Francis. Most of the children 
are committed by Poor Law Officers of New York City and 
Westchester County. Academic instruction is provided in 
four public school classes for crippled children affiliated 
with Public School No. 192, Amsterdam Avenue and 136th 
Street, New York City. 
NORTH CAROLINA 
GASTONIA.-The North Carolina Orthopedic Hospital.* 
Capacity for crippled children: 60 beds. A state 
orthopedic hospital, opened in 1922. 
GREENSBORO.-The Crippled Children's Commission, Inc. 
An incorporated association founded in 1920, which 
maintains 20 beds for crippled children at St. Leo's (Roman 
Catholic General) Hospital. A free clinic is held weekly 
at the office of the Medical Director. The organization is 
partially supported by the Greensboro Community Chest. 
NORTH DAKOTA 
No special institutional activities. 
OHIO 
AKRON.-The Akron City Hospital. 
525 East Main Street. 
A general hospital. Orthopedic ward for children: 6 
beds. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
131 
The Children's Hospital (and Mary Day Nursery) 
A general children's hospital. Capacity for juvenile 
orthopedic cases, from twelve to eighteen beds. Bedside 
instruction for crippled children is provided by the Akron 
Board of Education, under the terms of Ohio House Bill 200. 
Public School Class for Crippled Children.* 
The Rotary Camp for Crippled Children. 
Akron Rotarians have provided a camp to care for 
rotating groups of crippled children throughout the summer 
months. 
The Springfield Lake Sanatorium.* 
Extensive facilities for the heliotherapy treatment of 
"surgical" tuberculosis in children. Juvenile bone and 
joint cases are cared for under the direction of Dr. Hyde, 
formerly of the J. N. Adam Memorial Hospital, at Perrys- 
burg, New York. 
ASHTABULA.-The Ashtabula General Hospital. 
Lake and Mary Streets. 
Capacity for crippled children: 4 beds. 
Public School for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 16 pupils. Taxis furnish transportation. 
Hot lunches are provided at noon. Standard academic and 
vocational instruction are provided. 
BARBERTON.-Public School Class for Crippled Children.* 
BATAVIA.-The Lake Allyn Summer Camp for Crippled 
Children. 
Capacity: 56 beds. A summer camp maintained by the 
Cincinnati Rotary Club. 
CANTON.-The Aultman Hospital.* 
Public School Class for Crippled Children.* 
CINCINNATI.-The Bethesda Hospital.* 
The Children's Hospital of the Protestant Episcopal Church.* 
The Cincinnati General Hospital. 
Capacity for crippled children: 25 beds. Orthopedic 
clinics are held semi-weekly. A public school class is 
operated by the Cincinnati Board of Education. The Hos- 
pital is supported by the City. 
The Jewish Hospital. 
Capacity for crippled children: 10 beds. A general 
hospital. 
The Cincinnati (Public) School for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 250 pupils. Transportation is provided by 
motor busses and special street-car service. Meals are 
served at noon. Rest periods are enforced daily, as pre- 
scribed by physicians. This school has eight graded classes. 132 
CLEVELAND.-The Association for the Crippled and Disabled. 
2233 East 55th Street. 
In 1916, the Welfare Federation of Cleveland directed 
a survey of cripples and subsequently recommended that 
a central organization be established to co-ordinate work 
for the handicapped. In 1889 was founded the Sunbeam 
Circle of Cleveland, which endeavored to provide social 
co-operation for Lakeside Hospital. In 1900, this organ- 
ization opened the first kindergarten for crippled children 
in Ohio. Transportation to the kindergarten and later to 
the Willson School for Crippled Children continued to be 
furnished by the Circle. The name of this organization 
was changed to the Sunbeam Association, in 1916, and, two 
years later, it merged with the new Association for the 
Crippled and Disabled. As a result of the beneficence of 
Mrs. Dudley S. Blossom, this organization was able to open 
the Cleveland Orthopedic Center in 1922. Located at the 
center is the Cleveland office of the Rainbow Hospital 
(South Euclid) ; the Cleveland office of the Civilian Re- 
habilitation Service; the headquarters of Rotary Service to 
Crippled Children of Cuyahoga County; and the offices of 
the Orthopedic Council, a professional advisory body of 
orthopedic surgeons. All activities of the Association are 
conducted by volunteer departments. 
The City Hospital of Cleveland.* 
Fairview Park Hospital. 
3305 Franklin Avenue. 
A general hospital with a capacity for five crippled chil- 
dren, or more if necessary. 
Holy Cross House for Crippled and Invalid Children. 
Capacity: 40 beds. A custodial home for indigent 
girls. The Home is operated and supervised by Sisters of 
the Transfiguration of the Episcopal Church. Supported 
by voluntary contributions and the Cleveland Community 
Fund. The children are sent to the Sunbeam School for 
academic education. 
Lakeside Hospital. 
Capacity: 289 beds. A general hospital provided with 
14 orthopedic beds. Orthopedic clinics are held Tuesday, 
Thursday, and Saturday. 
Mt. Sinai Hospital. 
Total capacity: 250 beds. A general hospital. No 
special assignment of orthopedic beds. 
Rosemary Cottage for Crippled Children. 
6i/2 Euclid Avenue. 
Capacity: 24 beds. A convalescent home for Catholic 
children. Massage, muscle training, and occupational 
therapy are provided. 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
133 
St. Luke's Hospital. 
Capacity for crippled children: 10 beds. A general 
hospital. An orthopedic clinic is held daily at the Out- 
Patient Department. 
St. Vincent's Charity Dispensary. 
Capacity for crippled children: 8 beds. A general 
hospital. 
The Sunbeam (Public) School for Crippled Children.* 
A new institution superseding the former Willson 
School. No replies have been received to questionnaires 
submitted to Sunbeam, but 1923 reports demonstrate a 
capacity for 170 pupils. 
COLUMBUS.-The Children's Hospital. 
A 24-bed general children's hospital. Orthopedic 
capacity: 7 beds. 
The Franklin County Sanatorium. 
A 100-bed tuberculosis institution reporting 10 juvenile 
"surgical" tuberculosis cases. 
Grant Hospital.* 
Mount Carmel Hospital.* 
Public School Class for Crippled Children.* 
The State Department of Education. 
Division of Special Classes. Mrs. Hazel C. Hadley, 
Director. Established under the provisions of House Bill 
No. 200. During the year 1923, 645 pupils were enrolled in 
38 special classes for crippled children. Five of these were 
located at hospitals. 
The State Street Dispensary. 
A free orthopedic clinic is conducted at this dispensary 
by Dr. Steinfeldt. An attending physiotherapist administers 
treatments. Cases are received from the District Nurses' 
Association and from general attendance. 
The University Hospital. (Ohio State University)* 
DAYTON.-The Barney Community Center. 
536 Center Street. 
Provides convalescent care for crippled children 
through adjacent Rotary House. 
The Miami Valley Hospital. 
A general hospital. At the present time this institu- 
tion does not assign specific beds for juvenile orthopedic 
cases. A special building to contain from twenty-five to 
thirty beds for crippled children is now being planned. 
Over 50% of the cases treated during 1923 were ortho- 
pedic. Orthopedic clinics are held Wednesday and Satur- 
day of each week. CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
134 
GATES HOSPITAL FOR CRIPPLED CHILDREN OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
135 
Rotary House. 
536 Center Street. 
Capacity: 24 beds. A convalescent home which was 
donated to the Barney Community Center by the Dayton 
Rotary Club. The Club provided equipment, and the 
Center employs two special nurses. Opened in 1922, this 
home has cared for more than 2,000 children. The home 
co-operates with the Miami Valley Hospital. 
The Stillwater Sanatorium. 
An 80-bed tuberculosis sanatorium reporting three 
juvenile bone and joint cases. School work is conducted 
under the supervision of the County Superintendent of 
Schools. 
Public School Class for Crippled Children.* 
ELYRIA.-The Edgar F. Allen Foundation. 
903 Lorain County Bank Building. 
The Board of Trustees of the Elyria Memorial Hospital, 
looking forward to the time when the funds of this institu- 
tion would have a surplus, established the Edgar F. Allen 
Foundation, the income from which is to be used for the 
following purposes: 
(a) The operation, maintenance, and extension of 
the Gates Hospital for Crippled Children. 
(b) The construction, operation, and maintenance of 
a convalescent home to supplement the work of 
the Gates Hospital for Crippled Children. 
(c) The general extension of the work to aid crippled 
children locally, throughout the State of Ohio, the 
United States, and the entire ivorld. 
The resources of this rapidly growing fund are to be 
devoted toward these ends in the order named above. 
The Elyria Memorial Hospital. 
Organized 1908 (See Chapter IV.) A general hospital 
which owns and controls Gates Hospital for Crippled Chil- 
dren. Operative work is done in the Elyria Memorial 
Hospital, where patients are retained from one to two 
weeks subsequent to admission. 
The Gates Hospital for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 50 beds. Opened in 1915. The convales- 
cent orthopedic department of the Elyria Memorial Hos- 
pital. In addition to a resident orthopedic surgeon, Dr. 
Walter Stern, of Cleveland, visits the hospital every month. 
Weekly clinics are held at the Elyria Memorial. Instruc- 
tion is provided under the terms of Ohio Legislation. This 
institution is a convalescent hospital and retains patients 
only for the necessary period of treatment. Tuberculous 
bone and joint children receive daily heliotherapy treat- 
ment. 136 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
The International Society for Crippled Children. 
Edgar F. Allen, President. 
903 Lorain County Bank Building. 
The Ohio Society for Crippled Children. 
Executive offices, 903 Lorain County Bank Building. 
Mr. Omar Caswell, Cincinnati, President. 
LIMA.-The Garfield School. 
Capacity: 22 pupils. A Public School class for crip- 
pled children operated by the Lima Board of Education. 
Crippled children are transported to school by taxi service. 
Meals are served at the school during the noon recess. 
Army cots are provided for rest periods. Six grammar 
school grades are represented. 
St. Rita's Hospital.* 
A general hospital with orthopedic service. 
PIQUA.-Public School Class for Crippled Children. 
SOUTH EUCLID.-The Rainbow Cottage. (Hospital) 
Summer capacity: 100 beds. Winter capacity: 50 
beds. A convalescent hospital. Children under twelve 
years of age in need of convalescent care are sent to this 
institution from Cleveland hospitals. No major operations 
are performed. Approximately two-thirds of the beds are 
used for orthopedic cases. The South Euclid Board of 
Education provides a teacher for the instruction of patients. 
The Hospital receives support from the State (through the 
Department of Welfare-see Legislation), the County, the 
local Community Fund, and the local Kiwanis Club. 
SPRINGFIELD.-The District Tuberculosis Sanatorium. 
A 60-bed sanatorium caring for occasional bone and 
joint cases. 
Public School Class for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 25 pupils. Transportation and noon meal 
facilities are provided. 
The Springfield City Hospital. 
A general municipal hospital supported by the city, 
private patients, and endowments. An orthopedic service 
for 6 children. 
TOLEDO.-The Lucas County Hospital. 
A 240-bed general hospital and sanatorium. Seventy 
beds are available for bone and joint tuberculous children. 
St. Vincent's Hospital. 
30 beds for crippled children. A general hospital with 
orthopedic wards. These patients are retained only for 
the period necessary to acute hospital care. The Toledo 
District Nurses' Association, 1903 Monroe Street, provides 
for the transportation of the children to and from the hos- 
pital. Discharged cases are followed up and home treat- OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
137 
ment administered. This organization, with the assistance 
of the Rotary Club, provides a teacher for the home 
instruction of those children who cannot attend school. 
The Toledo Hospital. 
Total capacity: 135 beds. A general hospital with no 
specified number of beds set aside for crippled children. 
The Charles Feilbach School for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 176 children. Automobile busses transport 
children to the school. Milk is served during the morning. 
Hot lunches are served during the noon recess followed by 
a required one-half hour rest period. 
The Toledo Society for Crippled Children.* 
An incorporated organization, associated to make 
Toledo Rotary work for crippled children permanent. 
YOUNGSTOWN.-St. Elizabeth's Hospital. 
A general hospital with an orthopedic capacity for 10 
children. 
The Youngstown Hospital Association. 
A 250-bed general hospital with a 30-bed ward for 
crippled children. The Board of Education operates a day 
school at the hospital, following the Public School Course. 
OKLAHOMA 
OKLAHOMA CITY.-The Andrew Parsons School for Crippled 
Children. 
Capacity: 100 children. This school is operated by the 
Oklahoma Board of Education. Pupils are transported to 
school in busses. A cafeteria meal service is available 
during the noon recess. Rest periods are required as 
prescribed by physicians. 
OREGON 
PORTLAND.-The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 50 beds. This institution is a unit of the 
group under the supervision of the Central Shriners' Hos- 
pital Committee. It is situated on a ten-acre tract, over- 
looking the Columbia River and facing Mt. Adams and Mt. 138 
Saint Helena. Dr. R. B. Dillehunt is Chief Surgeon, and 
and equipment are valued at over $257,000. The site is 
valued at $18,000. 
The University of Oregon Medical School. 
A recent gift of $200,000, by the late Mr. F. S. Doern- 
becher, has provided for the construction of a seventy-bed 
hospital, which will be used for sick and crippled children. 
Under the laws of Oregon, indigent crippled children will 
be sent to this institution for treatment, all expenses being 
charged back to the county in which they are residents. 
Miss Letha Humphrye is Superintendent. The buildings 
Only a small number of children are receiving treatment 
under this law at present. 
PENNSYLVANIA 
ALLENTOWN.-The Good Shepherd Home. 
Capacity for crippled children: 60 beds. This institu- 
tion is a custodial home for crippled, blind, and epileptic 
orphans, destitute children, old people, and aged or dis- 
abled ministers, regardless of creed, color, money, or 
nationality. The juvenile inmates attend Allentown public 
schools. 
JOHNSTOWN.-The Conemaugh Valley Memorial Hospital. 
A 150-bed general hospital. The Johnstown Kiwanis 
Club maintains a 20-bed orthopedic ward for children. 
Patients are retained only for the necessary period of treat- 
ment, during which time no scholastic instruction is 
provided. 
LEETSDALE.-The D. T. Watson Home for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 32 beds. A convalescent home which re- 
ceives patients from several Pittsburgh hospitals. 
PHILADELPHIA.-The Hahnemann Hospital. 
15th Street. 
A general hospital providing orthopedic services. 
The Home of the Merciful Saviour for Crippled Children. 
4400 Baltimore Avenue. 
Capacity: 75 beds. A custodial home which accepts 
indigent white children from six years up. Opened in 
1882, incorporated 1884. Treatment is provided by a 
physiotherapy department, and minor operations are 
performed by visiting specialists. The Home is supported 
by voluntary contributions and endowments, no charge 
being made to inmates. Children needing sea air are sent 
to the Children's Seashore House at Atlantic City. 
The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. 
A general 553-bed hospital reserving 36 beds for ortho- 
pedic cases. The Philadelphia Board of Education fur- 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
139 
nishes a teacher for the education of crippled children. 
Both an orthopedic gymnasium and an occupational 
therapy department are provided. The Hospital is sup- 
ported by the State, by income from investments, and by 
endowments. 
The House of St. Michael and All Angels. 
Capacity: 50 beds. A custodial institution which pro- 
vides care and education for negro crippled children, from 
3 to 13 years of age. The Home is operated by the Sisters 
of St. Margaret. Necessary operations are performed at 
the University Hospital. 
The Philadelphia Home for Incurables. 
48th Street and Woodland Avenue. 
A custodial institution opened November 8, 1877, to 
care for incurable women. The present buildings were 
erected in 1880. A cancer annex was opened in 1897. In 
1895 the Children's House was made available. About 40 
incurable children (most of whom are crippled) are cared 
for at this institution. 
The Philadelphia Orthopaedic Hospital and Infirmary for 
Nervous Diseases. 
Northwest corner 17th and Sumner Streets. 
Opened 1868. Total capacity: 136 beds. Both ward 
and private patients are cared for. An extensive dispen- 
sary service includes massage, electric treatment, and 
exercises. A majority of the cases are orthopedic. 
Public School Classes for Crippled Children. 
As early as 1914, special classes for crippled children 
were operated by the Philadelphia Board of Education. 
Twenty-one such classes are now being conducted. Trans- 
portation is being furnished by twelve auto busses. Noon 
meals are provided through a special fund managed by the 
Division of Medical Inspection and financed by donations. 
Several high school classes are included in the group. 
The regular Philadelphia school curriculum is accompanied 
by industrial training. 
Revere Public School, 6 classes .enrollment 127 
Meade Public School, 2 classes enrollment 52 
Northwest Public School, 1 class enrollment 11 
McCall Public School, 5 classes enrollment 97 
Germantown Public School, 1 class enrollment 25 
Kenderton Public School, 3 classes enrollment 50 
Brown-Crispin Public School, 2 classes, enrollment 42 
Horn Public School, 1 class enrollment 24 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
A tract of sixteen acres has recently been purchased by 
the Board of Trustees of the Shriners' Hospitals for the 
erection of a 50-bed Philadelphia unit of this group. A 
construction contract will be let before 1925. 140 
The Widener Memorial School for Crippled Children. 
North Broad Street and Olney Avenue. 
Opened in 1906. Capacity: 100 beds. The Widener 
Memorial School, a convalescent hospital and industrial 
school, was founded by Mr. P. A. B. Widener as a memorial 
to his wife and his eldest son. Another son, Mr. George 
Widener, and a grandson, Henry Elkins Widener, were lost 
at the time of the Titanic disaster, and the School has prac- 
tically become a family memorial. In addition to the 
standard curriculum of the Philadelphia public schools, 
extensive and comprehensive industrial and vocational 
preparation is included in the curriculum. The institution 
is supported by the income from a trust fund provided by 
Mr. Widener. Only permanently, but not helplessly, 
crippled children are admitted. Parents or guardians 
must transfer custody of the child to the trustees of the 
institution until he shall reach his majority. Patients are 
discharged when they become self-supporting, generally 
from 18 to 21 years of age. A summer home is maintained 
at Atlantic City (Longport). 
PITTSBURGH.-The Allegheny General Hospital. 
Stockton Avenue, N. S. 
A general hospital (opened 1886) with special wards 
for juvenile orthopedic cases. Convalescents are sent to 
the D. T. Watson Home at Leetsdale. 
The Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. 
De Sota Street above Fifth Avenue. 
A general children's hospital providing special ortho- 
pedic facilities. In addition to an orthopedic dispensary, 
the present buildings include a 34-bed juvenile orthopedic 
ward. The new buildings, now in preparation, will make 
available about 80 beds assigned for this purpose. 
The Industrial Home for Crippled Children. 
1426 Denniston Avenue. 
Capacity: 80 beds. Founded in 1902. (Alterations 
soon to be made will increase the capacity to 100 beds). A 
convalescent hospital and industrial school. To be admit- 
ted, children must be from 5 to 12 years of age, residents 
of Pennsylvania, and must show promise of improvement 
under treatment, in order to receive education and train- 
ing which will fit them to become self-supporting. Mr. 
and Mrs. Charles V. Slocum are joint superintendents. The 
home has provided a splendid printing press, which has 
enabled the staff to provide instruction in typesetting. 
Classes in manual training, cooking, sewing, dressmaking, 
piano, typewriting, and stenography have been organized. 
A school orchestra has furnished pleasure to the children 
and at the same time, is an excellent educational medium. 
One of the most commendable features of this institution is 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
141 
the fact that a system of self-government has been installed 
in all departments. Student administration of discipline 
has been found to be a very happy way of avoiding institu- 
tionalization. 
The South Side Hospital. 
20th and Mary Streets. 
A general hospital provided with a 20-bed orthopedic 
service for children. Bi-weekly orthopedic clinics are 
held. 
SEWICKLEY.-The Sewickley Fresh Air Home for Convales- 
cent and Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 40 beds. For children from 3 to 12 years. 
Opened 1897. Since 1909 this institution has received 
orthopedic cases only. An orthopedic surgeon visits the 
Home weekly. All operations are performed at the Alle- 
gheny General Hospital at Pittsburgh. Vocational train- 
ing and gardening are taught by visiting volunteer teachers. 
SHARON.-The Bual Hospital. 
A general hospital with a 20-bed orthopedic service for 
children. 
WILKINSBURG.-The Columbia Hospital. 
A 188-bed general hospital operated and supervised by 
the University of Pennsylvania Women's Association. The 
majority (about 82%) of the patients are pay cases. A 
10-bed orthoped'> service is provided for children. 
WILLIAMSPORT.- ihe Pennsylvania Society for Crippled 
Children. 
A. H. Standish, President. 
Affiliated with the International Society for Crippled 
Children. 
YORK.-The York Hospital and Dispensary. 
A general hospital. No orthopedic wards are specially 
assigned, but periodical orthopedic clinics are held, at 
which visiting surgeons examine the children of York and 
surrounding counties. 
RHODE ISLAND 
CUMBERLAND.-The Rotary Convalescent Camp. 
The present capacity of this institution is 12 beds, soon 
to be increased to 22. The Rotary Club of Pawtucket pur- 
chased a farm (1924) which is to be used for convalescent 
children. Two buildings are located on this site, one of 
them to be used as a dormitory, and the other to be 
equipped as a play house. The farm is equipped for 
summer camping. 
EAST GREENWICH.-The Crawford Allen Memorial Hos- 
pital.* 
(A branch of the Rhode Island Hospital). 142 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
CRIPPLED CHILDRENS' HOSPITAL SCHOOL, MEMPHIS, TENN. 
Reprinted by courtesy of the Crippled Children's Hospital 
School, Memphis, Tenn. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
143 
PAWTUCKET.-The Memorial Hospital.* 
A general hospital with an orthopedic service for 
children. 
TENNESSEE 
MEMPHIS.-The Crippled Children's Hospital School. 
2009 Lamar Avenue. 
Capacity: 38 beds. An orthopedic and convalescent 
hospital and school for crippled children. The institution 
is supervised by Dr. Willis Campbell, who sometimes trans- 
fers patients to his Hospital for Crippled Adults when they 
have passed the age of fourteen years. Patients are gener- 
ally admitted through Dr. Campbell's Clinic at Memphis. 
The Crippled Children's Hospital School was incorporated 
in 1918, and opened in 1919 by the "Good Deeds Circle" of 
the Kings Daughters. In 1920, the Shriners of the Al 
Chymia Temple added the O. K. Houck Memorial 
Building. In addition to surgical and medical treatment, 
the hospital has made particular provision for occupational 
therapy, and a dental clinic. The School is provided with 
a classroom at which the ambulatory patients attend daily. 
A special teacher furnishes bedside instruction. Most of 
the patients receive treatment and care gratis, small 
amounts sometimes being charged for board. 
NASHVILLE.-The Davidson County Tuberculosis Hospital. 
A hospital for the treatment of tuberculosis, accepting 
any form of this disease. At the time of the International 
Society Survey, 13 crippled juvenile patients were under 
treatment for bone or joint infections. 
The Junior League Home for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 9 beds. A convalescent home, operated and 
supported by the Nashville Junior League. Dr. A. G. 
Nichol, who is in charge of the institution, holds periodical 
clinics throughout the state. A clinic is held at the Home 
every Wednesday afternoon. 
The Tennessee Society for Crippled Children. 
T. Graham Hall, President. 
Affiliated with the International Society for Crippled 
Children. 
TEXAS 
DALLAS.-The Hella Temple Hospital. 
Capacity: 50 beds. An orthopedic hospital opened in 
1924 by the Hella Temple of the Imperial Shrine. 
EL PASO.-The Homan Sanatorium for the Treatment of Tuber- 
culosis. 
Capacity: 110 beds. This is a private tuberculosis in- 
stitution accepting all forms of this disease. A new build- 
Children. 144 
ing is now being erected, which will have a roof pavilion 
for heliotherapy. All facilities will be available for the 
treatment of "surgical" tuberculosis in children. 
UTAH 
SALT LAKE CITY.-The Children's Home of the Primary. 
Association of the Latter Day Saints' Church. 
Capacity: 35 beds. A convalescent hospital which acts 
as an orthopedic center for the state of Utah. 
VERMONT 
PROCTOR.-Ormsbee House. 
Capacity: 18 beds. A private convalescent home for 
after-care of children crippled by the effects of infantile 
paralysis. Both boys and girls from six to twelve years 
of age are admitted. A teacher provides instruction in an 
academic curriculum of six elementary school grades. The 
home is entirely supported by one individual. 
VIRGINIA 
RICHMOND.-The Crippled Children's Hospital. 
The Crippled Children's Hospital is a co-operative 
organization of four institutions. White patients under 7 
years of age are admitted for orthopedic care at the Dooley 
Hospital. White patients, from 7 to 14 years, are admitted 
at the Memorial Hospital. All colored children are treated 
at St. Philip's Hospital. After necessary operative and 
acute treatment of these institutions, children are trans- 
ferred to a 25-bed joint convalescent home. 
The first steps to provide care for crippled children 
followed the infantile paralysis epidemic of 1916-17. Dr. 
W. T. Graham, of Richmond, and the Richmond Instructive 
Visiting Nurse's Association, opened an orthopedic clinic. 
Six months later, the Medical College of Virginia made this 
a part of their Out-Patient Department. An orthopedic 
service was soon established at Memorial Hospital, aided by 
a State appropriation. The opening of a summer camp for 
crippled children in 1923 was followed by the establish- 
ment of the Convalescent Home. Clinics throughout the 
state provide patients for this organization. 
UNIVERSITY.-The University of Virginia Hospital. 
A 260-bed general hospital provided with an orthopedic 
service for 15 patients. Orthopedic dispensary clinics are 
held three times weekly. During the winter months, daily 
classes in an academic and handicraft curriculum are in- 
structed by a volunteer teacher. This instruction is sup- 
ported by volunteer gifts of money and material. 
The Virginia Society for Crippled Children. 
Dr. L. T. Royster, President. 
CARE, CURE. AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
145 
Affiliated with the International Society for Crippled 
Children. 
WASHINGTON 
SEATTLE.-The Children's Orthopedic Hospital. 
The capacity: 116 beds. This hospital is an orthopedic 
center for the State of Washington, and provides orthope- 
dic, medical, and surgical facilities. The Seattle Board of 
Education furnishes teachers for the instruction of patients. 
RIVERTON.-The Riverton Sanatorium. 
A 60-bed sanatorium which admits juvenile patients 
crippled by bone or joint forms of tuberculosis. Only one 
of these children was under care at the time of the Inter- 
national Society Survey. 
WEST VIRGINIA 
FAIRMONT.-The Fairmont Hospital.* 
A general children's hospital with an orthopedic service. 
HUNTINGTON.-The Huntington Children's Hospital. 
Fifth Avenue and Eleventh Street. 
A hospital for the treatment of crippled, sick, ill- 
nourished, and deformed children. This institution pub- 
lishes the Children's Hospital Journal. The Hospital has 
no endowment and is not operated for profit. Twenty-two 
surgeons offer their services free of charge in charity cases. 
Most of the income is obtained from voluntary contribu- 
tions. This organization was founded in 1921, as a result- 
of the efforts of Miss Mary E. Veach, head of the Hunting- 
ton Red Cross Chapter. 
McKENDRIE.-The State Minors' Hospital. 
A children's hospital provided with a 30-bed orthopedic 
service. 
WELCH.-The Welch Hospital.* 
A children's hospital provided with an orthopedic 
service. 
WHEELING.-The Ohio Valley General Hospital. 
A general hospital provided with a 20-bed orthopedic 
service for children. This institution receives excellent 
clinic co-operation from local social organizations, including 
the Rotary and Quota Clubs. 
The West Virginia Society for Crippled Children. 
President, Mr. Otto Schenk. 
Affiliated with the International Society for Crippled 
Children. 146 
CARE, CURE. AND EDUCATION 
WISCONSIN 
BAYFIELD.-The Pureair Sanatorium. 
A tuberculosis institution with special facilities for the 
care of children crippled by "surgical" tuberculosis. A 
quartz lamp has recently been provided for this service. 
BURLINGTON.-Camp for Crippled Children.* 
Brown's Lake. 
A summer camp for crippled children maintained by 
the Outing Association for Crippled Children, of Chicago, 
Illinois. 
KENOSHA.-Willow Brook. 
Capacity: 38 beds. The Kenosha County sanatorium 
for the treatment of tuberculosis. At the time of the Inter- 
national Society Survey, one child afflicted with "surgical" 
tuberculosis was reported under care. 
MADISON.-The Bradley Memorial Hospital. 
A 350-bed state general hospital with orthopedic facili- 
ties for 40 children. A teacher is provided for scholastic 
instruction. Clinics are held every week. 
MILWAUKEE.-The Milwaukee Children's Hospital. 
17th and Grand Avenues. 
A 125-bed general children's hospital with a 40-bed 
orthopedic service. Opened in 1894. Four floors are 
devoted to part-pay and free patients. An occupational 
therapy department and a solarium are available for the 
crippled children. New buildings were opened in Novem- 
ber, 1923. 
SPARTA.-The State Public School for Dependent and Neg- 
lected Children. 
Enrollment of crippled children (1924) : 45. Admits 
crippled children under the statutes of 1919. Crippled 
children who are in need of operation are treated at the 
State Hospital, at Madison, and returned to the School for 
convalescence. In addition to a standard scholastic curri- 
culum, instruction is provided in domestic science and 
manual training. 
UPPER LAKE.-The Salvation Army Camp. 
(See Chicago: The Salvation Army.) 
WAUWATOSA.-The Muirdale Sanatorium. 
A 450-bed tuberculosis institution provided with separ- 
ate cottages for children. At the time of the International 
Society Survey, 20 crippled children were being treated for 
bone and joint infections. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
147 
CANADA 
ALBERTA 
WEST CALGARY.-The Junior Red Cross Children's Hospital.* 
ONTARIO 
OTTAWA.-The Protestant Hospital.* 
A general hospital provided with an orthopedic service. 
TORONTO.-The Home for Incurable Children. 
Capacity: 39 beds. A custodial home for incurable 
children, many of whom are crippled. The Toronto Board 
of Education provides a teacher for the instruction of these 
patients. Mental and manual training are included in this 
curriculum. 
The Hospital for Sick Children. 
67 College Street. 
A 226-bed general hospital for children with 112 beds 
reserved for surgical cases. An extensive orthopedic ser- 
vice is provided both in the main hospital and in the Out- 
Patient Department. 
The Lakeside Home. 
The Island. 
Capacity: 140 beds. A convalescent home, receiving 
children from the Sick Children's Hospital. Used only 
during summer months. 
Perth Avenue School. 
Capacity: 15. Class for crippled children opened at 
this school September, 1920. A regular public school 
course is followed in addition to instruction in various arts 
and crafts. 
Toronto Orthopedic Hospital. 
100 Bloor Street West. 
10 beds reserved for crippled children. Free patients 
are accepted up to 20 per cent of the total accommodation. 
Braces made at workshop on the premises are sold to pa- 
tients practically at cost. 
WINDSOR.-The Ontario Society for Crippled Children. 
Mr. Arthur S. FitzGerald, President. 
Affiliated with the International Society for Crippled 
Children. 
QUEBEC 
MONTREAL.-The Children's Memorial Hospital. 
Cedar Avenue. 
A 130-bed general children's hospital specializing in 
orthopedic cases. A very active social service department 
ascertains that casts and braces are obtained, conducts 
follow-up work, arranges summer outings, provides for 
home or hospital massage treatment, and assists at daily 
clinics. 148 
The Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children. 
Capacity: 50 beds. Cornerstone laid May 29, 1924. 
One of the units under the supervision of the Central 
Shriners' Hospital Committee. This hospital probably will 
be opened before 1925. 
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 
MANILA.-The Mary Chiles Christian Hospital. 
This hospital, a general missionary institution supported 
by Masonic organizations, is planning to provide an ortho- 
pedic service of 15 beds. 
The Philippine Islands Anti-Tuberculosis Society. 
An organization which maintains a sanatorium for the 
treatment of tuberculosis in children and adults. Bone and 
joint cases are admitted, but no separate facilities are 
provided. 
HAWAII 
HONOLULU.-The Mobile Unit of the Shriners' Hospitals for 
Crippled Children. 
This unit tours the islands and holds clinics for crippled 
children, providing home treatment or sending patients to 
the Kauikeolani Hospital at Honolulu for treatment when 
necessary. This work was begun in January, 1923. 
Architect's Drawing PART IV 
CONCLUSION 151 
PART IV. 
CONCLUSION 
What does it all mean? Let us step aside from society's 
aspect of this highly economically valuable movement which, 
born half a century ago, has spread not merely through our 
country, but from "pole to distant pole", and try to determine 
why does, or indeed, why should the individual participate. 
Let us first ask, "Why do we feel a spiritual kinship, something 
more than a mere pity, for children?" And secondly, "what 
is particularly significant about the development of this feeling 
toward crippled children?" 
It seems to the writer that Wordsworth has offered us the 
nearest clue to answer the first of our questions. 
"Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting: 
Heaven lies about us in our infancy!"1 
Somehow, the child seems to bring into this world a portion 
of that spiritual beauty which we spend the latter part of our 
lives seeking to retrieve. And though he be crippled or normal, 
the child's blessed privilege of escape from life, as it is carica- 
tured in our ridiculous little world, to life as it really is in the 
realms of imagination,-to spiritual reality-is a thing we envy, 
and vicariously appreciate. "The myths of children contain the 
germs of poetry."2 
All that is fine in us, then, feels a kinship to children. And 
this leads us to our second question, "What is particularly 
significant about the development of this feeling toward crippled 
children?" It was a surprise to the human race to discover 
that a deformed body did not imply an evil spirit. So is it an 
excellent influence on us individually to discover in the deformed 
child the spirituality of normal children. We see how unim- 
portant the body, its shape, its form, its beauty, or its ugliness, 
are as compared to true reality. 
You call me "Cripple Billy", 
And I guess that is my name, 
But the cripple part 
Is not my heart 
My legs are all that's lame. 
The Billy part is me, sir, 
Just a lively wiggling boy 
'Cause a happy face 
Doesn't need a brace 
When bandaged up with Joy. 
1. Wordsworth. Ode on Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early 
Childhood. Stanza V. 
2. F. C. Prescott, The Poetic Mind, Ch. IV. The Imagination in Childhood, p. 54, 152 
The inside isn't crippled 
That's the Billy part, you know, 
Just the body part 
And not the heart 
Is all that didn't grow.1 
"Is there progress?" If, in reading this book, you have 
seen with me the vision of the prostrate child, kicked and scuffed 
for twenty centuries of the Christian era, and for twenty cen- 
turies before, spurned and ridiculed because of deformities for 
which he is not responsible; and if you have seen with me the 
vision of our new era, physicians, surgeons, social organizations 
and institutions, contritely joining hands that they may lift their 
little friend to his proper place in society, that they may give 
him his birthright-I say if you have seen that panorama which 
this book has attempted to describe, can you ask: "Is there 
progress?" 
Organic progress seems to have been a gradual elevation of 
self consciousness. The amoeba knew not, and "knew not that 
it knew not." And the human being, knowing itself, is conscious 
of its aspirations, and is blessed with a certain spirituality. The 
movement we have been discussing calls to our attention the 
fact that society, too, is becoming self conscious, conscious of 
its aspirations and its unity. A new stage of progress is being 
achieved. Through the medium of our spirituality, and perhaps 
particularly through the striking spirituality of the physically 
handicapped, we are achieving a new humanity. 
1. Allen A. Stockdale, All Straight Inside. The entire poem was published in The 
Crippled Child, Nov., 1923. PART V 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE IN THE ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE CONCERNING THE CARE AND EDUCATION 
OF CRIPPLED CHILDREN. 154 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES 
Since the publication of Mr. Douglas Crawford McMurtrie's 
Bibliography of the Education and Care of Crippled Children 
in 1913, no comprehensive grouping of literature on this subject 
apparently has been prepared. As a result, in attempting to 
present a complete reading guide for workers in this field, the 
author has been compelled to rely on Mr. McMurtrie's book; the 
Hospital Library Bureau of the American Conference for Hos- 
pital Service, in Chicago; the National Health Library, in New 
York City; the New York Academy of Medicine Library; the 
Cleveland Academy of Medicine Library; the public libraries of 
Chicago, New York City, Elyria (Ohio), and Ithaca (New 
York) ; the Cornell University Department of Hygiene; and the 
libraries of the International Society for Crippled Children, 
Elyria (Ohio) ; and the Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men 
in New York City, for this information. If articles or books on 
the subject have been omitted it is due to the fact that none of 
the above named organizations has them listed. 
Mrs. Edith Reeves Solenberger 
The only comprehensive printed study of orthopedic institu- 
tions as a group was T^he Care and Education of Crippled Chil- 
dren of the United States, by Edith Reeves, published by the 
Russell Sage Foundation, in 1914. Miss Reeves, now Mrs. 
Edwin Solenberger, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was born at 
Carthage, South Dakota, May 21, 1886. She graduated from OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
155 
JOE F. SULLIVAN 156 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
the State University, at Vermilion, in 1906 and continued her 
studies in Economics, social sciences, and English at Radcliffe 
College, where she received an A. B. degree in 1907 and a 
Master of Arts degree in 1910. Miss Reeves taught in the 
English Department of Mount Holyoke College for one year and 
spent two years as a holder of a graduate fellowship offered at 
Radcliffe by the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs. 
After several years of research concerning state enforcement 
of labor laws, Miss Reeves produced Labor Laws and their En- 
forcement, printed by the Women's Educational and Industrial 
Union of Boston. In November, 1910, Dr. Hastings Hart, Direc- 
tor of the Department of Child-helping of the Russell Sage 
Foundation, invited her to become a special agent on his staff 
to prepare a study of curative and educational facilities for 
crippled children. 
Miss Reeves was married to Edwin D. Solenberger, General 
Secretary of the Children's Aid Society of Pennsylvania, in 1913. 
Her special interest in crippled children continued to find 
expression in shorter articles and a bulletin pn Public School 
Classes for Cripples in the United States, printed by the United 
States Bureau of Education in 1918. At present, Mrs. Solen- 
berger is serving on a committee of the Council of Social 
Agencies which is considering the development of the employ- 
ment bureau service for cripples in Philadelphia. She is also a 
special member of the Advisory Committee of the International 
Society for Crippled Children. 
The first extensive appeal for the education of crippled 
children was published in the form of a book, by Joe F. Sullivan, 
entitled The Unheard Cry. This man, afflicted with infantile 
paralysis at the age of four years, has never since been able to 
walk. He attended public school and high school in Arkansas 
and became editor of his home newspaper at the age of twenty 
years. He was elected mayor of his city three months before 
he was twenty-one. Refusing re-election to the office, he 
planned to attend the state university, and discovered to his 
dismay that there was not a single university in the country in 
which a wheel chair student could attend classes. There were 
no elevators, and there were no special facilities for the educa- 
tion of cripples. 
Mr. Sullivan reported this situation in an article printed in 
the Memphis Commercial Appeal in 1913, under the caption of 
The Cry of the Cripple. Within several weeks, the editor of 
this paper had received hundreds of letters advancing further 
information concerning the plight of the physically handicapped, 
and Joe Sullivan provided articles on the subject every 
Sunday for four months. These were incorporated in The 
Unheard Cry, published the following year. The author of 
that book later became educational director of The Michigan 
Hospital School, and is at the present time editor of four 
magazines, including Real Courage, The Crippled Child, and 
the Hospital School Journal. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
157 
Douglas Crawford McMurtrie, for many years the national 
leader in the crippled children movement, has made available 
more information on this subject than any other individual. He 
was born at Belmar, New Jersey, July 20, 1888, and was 
educated at the Hill School, Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and at the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
In 1910, he was asked by an officer of the Association for 
the Aid of Crippled Children to advise regarding the conduct 
of a financial campaign in the interests of that organization, 
which desired to extend its work. As a result, he wrote for the 
Association a story called Jimmy's Fight for Independence 
which was published as a booklet, and used in the campaign. 
It has since been reprinted many times in various publications. 
When Mr. McMurtrie undertook to write this story, he had 
never seen a crippled child at close range, but he spent consider- 
able time in the schools for crippled children while gathering 
the material for his account and thus became interested in the 
work. 
After writing another story for the same association, called 
Dorothy's Idea,, he was asked to prepare a publication of miore 
serious and informative character for distribution at the child 
welfare exhibit held in New York in 1910. He imagined it 
would be easy to locate the data on which to base a statement 
regarding the development and present status of work for 
crippled children. To his surprise, he found this was not the 
case. The catalogue of the New York Public Library disclosed 
one item-in German-on crippled children. The Library of 
Congress catalogue gave three references. In other great 
libraries the story was the same. 
Here was a subject of great importance (at least to thou- 
sands of crippled children) which had evidently been given 
almost no attention so far as gathering information was con- 
cerned, and making it available to workers in the field. There 
had been almost no interchange of experience between organi- 
zations at a distance from each other. Each might make the 
same mistakes to learn the same lessons. 
Mr. McMurtrie felt sure that useful information could be 
gathered and codified. The first effort must of necessity be 
directed toward discovering and listing all existing sources of 
material. This resulted in the publication, in 1913, of his 
Bibliography of the Care and Education of Crippled Children. 
He carried on an extensive correspondence with the institutions 
for crippled children in Europe and in America and, from each 
one discovered, he inquired whether they knew of any others. 
In this way, the circle constantly widened. 
In the course of this correspondence, much material came 
into his hands, and on this he based a number of articles which 
appeared in the various medical journals-the only available 
channel of publication though the articles were not of a medical 
nature. Feeling the lack of a periodical devoted to the interests 158 
('ARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
DOUGLAS CRAWFORD McMURTRIE OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
159 
of cripples, he founded and edited the American Journal of Care 
for Cripples, the first issue iof which appeared in 1914. Need- 
less to say, the publication of this journal involved a regular 
deficit, but it served a useful purpose. 
When the war began in Europe, Mr. McMurtrie followed 
closely, and reported in the columns of the Journal the work 
being done for the rehabilitation of disabled soldiers. He wrote, 
as one of the Columbia War Papers, an essay entitled The War 
Cripple, which was frequently re-issued and used as a text- 
book of the Surgeon-General's office of the army. He was next 
called to establish the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and 
Disabled Men, of which he became director. As a result of his 
experience in this work, he wrote The Disabled Soldier, pub- 
lished by the Macmillan Company in 1919. After two years in 
this position, he returned to give his full attention to his own 
printing business. 
Mr. McMurtrie was president of the Federation of Associa- 
tion for Cripples. All his work in connection with cripples has 
been for several years on a volunteer basis. 
For a general study of the tuberculosis phase of this work, 
the reports of the Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis, 
held in Chicago in 1908, Dr. Gitting's Tuberculosis in Infancy 
and Childhood, and Kelynack's work by the same name, are 
recommended. Dr. Rollier's own pamphlets and the publica- 
tions of the J. N. Adam Memorial Hospital at Perrysburg, New 
York, present a thorough study of heliotherapy. Perhaps the 
only other consistent writer who has published a large amount 
of literature bearing on the movement to aid crippled children 
is Edgar F. Allen, founder and president of the International 
Society for Crippled Children. Mr. Allen was born in Newton- 
ville, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, May 8, 1862. His 
father and mother were both teachers, and his grandfather 
taught at the Allen School, founded by George Allen, a great- 
uncle. When Mr. Allen was seventeen years old, he moved 
with his father to Cleveland, Ohio, and eventually became 
president of the Cleveland Cedar Company of that city. He 
transferred his home to Elyria in 1906, to obtain the benefit of 
the country air for his children, Frank and Homer. The latter 
was killed a year later, and Mr. Allen sold out his business to 
turn his attention to the Elyria Hospital.1 Later he founded 
the great movement which he now heads. 
Fiction has been sparse in its treatment of the problem of the 
crippled, but no study of the bibliography of this subject would 
be complete without mention of Charles Dickens' great contri- 
butions to all philanthropy and to crippled children in particular. 
No one can read the Christmas Carol or Our Mutual Friend and 
fail to feel a sincere sympathy for little Jennie Wren or Tiny 
Tim. It may well be recommended that the education of any 
sociologist is incomplete until he is familiar with the peculiarly 
appealing'work of this great Englishman. 
1. See Chapter IV. 160 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
AMERICAN AND ENGLISH LITERATURE ON THE CARE 
AND EDUCATION OF CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
Adair, Forrest Carrying the hospital to the crip- 
pled child. Trained Nurse and 
Hospital Review, 69:19-21 July 
1922. 
Shriners' hospitals for crippled 
children. Nat. Health 4:237-39 
April 1922. 
Adams, E. Year's observation in orthopedic 
surgery. New York Med. Jour. 
Ill :938 May 29, 1920. 
Alger, L. C. Hospital for after-care of infantile 
paralysis. (Fl. pl.) Mod. Hosp. 
9:166-170 Sept. 1917. 
Allen, D. K. Orthopedic surgery in American 
and British Hospitals. Northwest 
Med. 18:258 Dec. 1919. 
Allen, E. F. Education of crippled children, 
1924. 
International society for crippled 
children. The Public Health Nurse, 
p. 412 Aug. 1924. 
Objectives of the International 
Society for crippled children, 
Elyria, Ohio, 1923. 
Ohio plan for care of crippled chil- 
dren. Nat. Health, 4:114-115 Feb. 
1922. 
Problem of the crippled child. 
Crippled Child 2:5-6, Mar. 1924. 
Allison, Nathaniel Relation of the crippled child to the 
community from an orthopedic 
standpoint. Jour. Mo. State Med. 
Assn., St. Louis, 2:226-227, 1913. 
Angove, Percy Education an individual life pro- 
cess. Why discriminate against the 
crippled child? Crippled Child 2:6, 
10. Apr. 1924. 
Prerequisites and special training 
needs for a teacher of crippled 
children. Crippled Child 2:6-7 
May-June 1924. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
161 
Bagenal, P. H. Kavanagh's conquest. 19th Century 
93:305-316, Feb. 1923. 
Baker, S. J. Reconstruction & the child. Amer. 
Jour. Pub. Health 9:185 Mar. 1919. 
Barnard, H. D. Surgical aspect of the treatment of 
crippled children. Hosp. & Nurses 
Rev. 3:37-39 May 1924. 
Barnes, Mabel I. New field of work for crippled chil- 
dren. Amer. Jour. Care Cripples 
1:73-75. 
Barrow, Franklin G., Uncrippling the cripple. The Nurse, 
M. D. 2:425 June 1915. 
Basden, H. S. Educative convalescence as initi- 
ated at the Heritage Craft School, 
Chailey, Sussex, Eng. Country Life 
3:22-24. June 1916. 
Bateman, W. H. Cure of crippled children. British 
Med. Jour. 2:3069, Oct. 25, 1919. 
Baxler, D. E. After-care, treatment, and manage- 
ment of infantile paralysis cases as 
conducted by the New York Com- 
mittee. Trans. Amer. Hosp. Assn. 
19:41-47, 1917. 
Beach, J. W. Rotary clubs and the crippled child. 
Hosp. School Jour. 11:8-10, Mar.- 
Apr. 1923. 
Beavan, Margaret Work of the Leasowe Hospital for 
children suffering from surgical 
tuberculosis. Child 10:108, 1919. 
Bertrand & Chamberlain Twin Cities unit Shriners' Hospitals 
for crippled children (II.) Hosp. 
Buyer 1:53-54, May 1923. 
Biggs, H. M. Poliomyelitis, acute anterior. New 
York Dept, of Health, Circular No. 
25, 1920. 
Binger, Mary L. Orthopaedic nurse and the crippled 
child. Hosp. & Nurses' Rev. 2:131 
Jan. 1924. 
Blanchard, W. Problem of the crippled child. 
Chicago Med. Rec. 43:99-104, 1921. 
State care of crippled children. 
Chicago Med. Rec. 36:162-167, 
1914. 162 
Bodine, William L. Child on the crutch. Ladies' Home 
Jour. 26:56 Sept. 1909. 
Bond, Wallace O. Education and care of crippled 
children in Denmark. Daily Con- 
sular and Trade Reports, Copen- 
hagen, Apr. 13, 1911. 
Boorstein, S. W. Tent hospital for paralyzed chil- 
dren. Mod. Hosp. 8:330-333 May 
1917. 
Use of a tent in treating anterior 
poliomyelitis. (II.) Mod. Hosp. 
10:49 Jan. 1918. 
Brace, C. Loring Day schools for crippled children. 
Charities Review, 10:79-83 April 
1900. 
Bradby, M. K. Apprenticeship of crippled chil- 
dren. Charity Organization Review 
16:85-92. 
Bradford, E. H., Education of crippled children, 
and others Amer. Phys. Ed. Review 3:187-207 
Sept. 1898. 
Brentnail, E. S. Abuse of passive movements. Lan- 
cet 1:198 Jan. 24, 1920. 
Breuer, Libuse A. Bakule School-a new system of 
vocational training. The Popular 
Educator 41:76. 
Browne, B. V. Cripple not an invalid. Van Leuven 
Browne national magazine 5:7-8 
October 1916. 
Education of crippled children. 
Kind. Mag. 29:127 Jan. 1917. 
My work for crippled children. 
World's Work 26:77-81, May 1913. 
Buck, Mertrice McRea Work for the deformed. Crafts- 
man 121:193-204 May 1907. 
Burt, C. L. Ex-service man's crippled child. 
Spec. 27:742-743 Dec. 3, 1921. 
Butler, R. B. New York Rotary idea; a statement 
of its work with crippled children. 
Crippled Child 2:9 Mar. 1924. 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
163 
Campbell, W. C. Work of the Crippled Children's 
Hospital School. Mod. Hosp. 
15:424-425 Nov. 1920. 
Chapman, May J. School in the hospital for ruptured 
and crippled children. Hosp. Soc. 
Ser. 6:7-11 July 1922. 
Charles, Elizabeth Rundle Cripple of Antioch. New York, 
1S74. 
Chatterton, C. C. Hospital for crippled and deformed 
children, its purpose and work. 
Proc. Minnesota Bd. of Control and 
Child Welfare Bds. 1919. p. 100- 
102. 
State institutions for indigent crip- 
pled children. Nation's Health. 5: 
688-90, Oct. 15, 1923. 
Chollett, B. G. Progress in care and education of 
crippled children in Ohio under 
new laws. Jour. A. M. A. 79:1297- 
1299 Oct. 1922. 
Christianar, Alice Special problems in the education 
of crippled children. Hosp. Soc. 
Ser. 9:358 June 1924. 
Sunbeam school: a public school 
for crippled children. (II.) Nat. 
Health 6:303-305, 360 May 1924. 
Claxton, Lileon Visit to a school for crippled chil- 
dren (New York City). Kind. Re- 
view, 9:375-79 Feb. 1909. 
Claxton, P. P. (Letter to the editors) Van Leuven 
Browne National Mag., 5:2, Nov. 
1916. 
Cook, M. L. Physically handicapped child. 
Amer. Phys. Educ. Rev. 26:267- 
274, 1921. 
Cotting, Francis J. Address before the medical com- 
mittee of the Industrial School for 
Crippled and Deformed Children 
(Boston). Abstract. Am. Jour. Orth. 
Surg., 6:734-737 Dec. 30, 1908. 
Craiger, M., & Description of new building for 
Heidelberg, M. G. deformities and joint diseases. (II. 
Fl. pl.) Mod. Hosp. 8:83-90 Feb. 
1917. 164 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Creamer, Mrs. D. B. Work of the Widener Memorial 
Industrial Training School for Crip- 
pled Children. Nat. Educ. Assn. 
Jour. 1:821-823 Apr. 1917. 
Dank, M. C. Toy making for handicapped chil- 
dren. (II.) Man. Train. 23:198-201, 
Dec. 1921. 
Davis, Gwilym G. The education of crippled children. 
Amer. Jour, of Care for Cripples, 
1:5-13, 1914. 
Read before the Orthopedic sec- 
tion of the New York Academy 
of Medicine, Dec. 4, 1913. 
Education of crippled children. 
Amer. Jour, of Care for Cripples, 
2:11-14, 1915. 
Presidential address before the 
American Orthopedic Association. 
Reprint by permission from the 
Amer. Jour, of Orthopedic Sur- 
gery, Philadelphia, 1914-15. 
Also in Health of School Chil- 
dren, compiled by W. H. Heck, p. 
126-29 (United States Bureau of 
Education Bulletin, 1915 No. 50). 
Also, Med. Rec. 85:175, 1914; also, 
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Dreyfus, Jenny M. Crippled children's driving fund, its 
work and scope. New York, 1906. 
Dunham, H. G. After care of infantile paralysis 
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230, 1923. 
Eberle, Louise (The) maimed, the halt, and the 
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1922. 
Edson, Andrew W. Education in the public schools of 
the deaf, the cripples, and the men- 
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59. 
Elmer, W. G. Prevention of contagious and infec- 
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Elmslie, Reginald C. Care of invalid and crippled chil- 
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165 
Emerson, W. R. P. Physical defects in children; re- 
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Amer. Jour. Dis. Child. 21:282-295 
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Ewerhardt, F. H. Gymnastics in relation to crippled 
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Read before the American Phy- 
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Fairbank, H. A. T. Orthopedic points in childhood. 
(II.) Practitioner, 109:51-56 July 
1922. 
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Soc. Work 1920. p. 224-230. 
Physically deficient child. Proc. 
Eighth Annual Conference on the 
education of backward, truant, de- 
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Boston, 1911. pp. 90-93. 
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Fiske, James Porter Care of crippled children of the 
poor by the State of New York. 
New York Med. Jour. 79:282-283, 
1909. 
Flexner, Simon Poliomyelitis: nature and mode of 
transmission. 
Foley, E. L. Crippled child as a public health 
nursing problem. Pub. Health 
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Home nursing care of infantile 
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5:503-505, Aug. 1923. 
Franklin, L. M. New York orthopedic dispensary 
and hospital. (II. plans) Brickb. 
25:62-64, pl. 33-36, March 1916. 
New York Orthopedic Hospital has 
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311-316 May 1916. 
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Frauenthal, H., & Infantile paralysis, 1914. 
Manning, J. 166 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Frazer, K. Guildhall conference on crippled 
children. School Hyg. 12:35-39, 
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Frost, Wade H. Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis) 
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Fuessle, N. A. Making new lives for children (II.) 
Colliers 52:21, Mar. 14, 1914. 
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recent innovations and methods of 
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Preventing rickets in New York 
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Gillette, A. J. State hospital for deformed and 
crippled children would be of ad- 
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1909. 
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1920. 
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May-June 1922. 
Watson, Ann Robinson Cry of the cripple. Orthopaedic 
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White, J. M. Present status of crippled children 
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Wight, Lucy O. How a real hospital started and 
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5:148, 1903. 
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CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
183 
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IN CHILDREN. 
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OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
185 186 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
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Foot defectiveness among children. Pub. Health Report, 
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Fourth International Congress on School Hygiene, Buffalo, 
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Handicapped-by one of them. Atlantic Monthly, Boston, 
320-329, 1911. 
Heritage craft schools for crippled boys and girls: exhibition 
and sale of work. Brit. Med. Jour., Lond., 1:1215, 1911. 
Home for crippled children. Am. Jour. Nursing 24:578- 
579, Apr. 1924. 
Home for cripples. (II.) Nat. Month. 29:22-24, Mar. 1920. 
Home for Destitute Crippled Children of Chicago. Juvenile 
Court Record, Chicago. 13-14, Oct. 1901. 
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note on the dedication of James Lawrence Kernan Hospital and 
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Jour., Chicago 56:1823, 1911. 
Hospital School Journal. Vol. I, 1912 to date. Pub. by the 
Children's Hospital of Michigan. 
Hundredth child. Survey 49:507-509, Jan. 15, 1923. 
Importance of special schools for crippled children. Crip- 
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Infantile Paralysis. Message to parents and patients. Pre- 
pared by the committee on after-care and study of infantile 
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Institute for crippled children in Germany. Jour. A. M. A. 
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Institution for the crippled. (Plans for Sir William Tre- 
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International exposition of cripple aid. (Note on the section 
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189 
International Society for Crippled Children: constitution and 
by-laws adopted by the society in conference at Elyria, Ohio, 
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Jewelry trade class for cripples. Survey, New York, 318- 
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(plate) Build. News Sept. 20, 1916, p. 285. 
Little cripples at Munich. Dublin University Magazine 80: 
322-328, 1872. 
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1923. 
Liverpool County Hospital for chronic diseases of children. 
(Heswall Lancet, Lond., 1:1675, 1907. 
Manchester cripples. Lancet, Lond., 1:1755, 1904. 
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Meeting of the International Society for Crippled Children at 
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Michigan Hospital School for Crippled Children. Trained 
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Michigan society for crippled children is organized (con- 
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1923. 
National conference of Charities and Corrections. Proc. 
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66; 1907, p. 26. 
Nature, manner of conveyance and means of prevention of 
infantile paralysis. Address before New York Academy of 
Medicine, 1916. 
Nebraska opens orthopedic hospital. Mod. Hosp. 4:283, 
Apr. 1915. 
Need for a unified program for the care and rehabilitation of 
crippled children in New York State. Health News (N. Y. 
Dept, of Health) 18:140-44, June 1923. 
Needs of school for deformed children. (Note on needs of 
Boston Industrial School for Crippled and Deformed Children.) 
Boston Medical and Surgical Jour., 165-849, 1922. 
New buildings for cripples. (Donation of new building to 
the Destitute Home for Crippled Children, Chicago). Medical 
Record, New York, 66:222, 1904. 
New east side school for cripples. (Filing of plans for east 
side free school for crippled children, New York). Medical Re- 
cord, New York, 70:421-422. 
New freedom. Crippled Child 2:7, 11, May-June 1924. 190 
CARE, CURE. AND EDUCATION 
New York Hospital for the care of crippled and defective 
children. Abstract of work during 1903. • Medical Record, 
New York, 65:383, 1904. 
New York Orthopedic Dispensary and Hospital established 
near White Plains, New York, its county branch and industrial 
school. (Pl.) Amer. Arch. 109:2099, Mar. 15, 1916. 
New York State after-care of infantile paralysis victims; 
2500 patients treated 146 free clinics. State Char. Aid Assn. 
News 6:6-7 Nov. 1917. 
New York State Library, Bulletins of legislation. Albany, 
New York, crippled children. 
1897 no. 9 p. 2660 
1900 no. 13 p. 1137 
1901 no. 15 p. 4067, 4068, 4074 
1903 no. 21 p. 2316 
1903 no. 22 p. 2174 
1904 no. 24 p. 2174 
1905 no. 28 p. 2174 
1906 no. 32 p. 2174 
1907 no. 36 p. 2174 
New York State poliomyelitis after-care clinics. New York 
City Dept. Health-Month. Bull. n. s. 13:19-20, Jan. 1918. 
On the care and treatment by the state of crippled and de- 
formed children. Editorial. New York Med. Jour. Jan. 30, 
1904. 
Orthopedic Hospital School Messenger, Los Angeles, Calif. 
(Published Quarterly). 
Pennsylvania, Department of Welfare, Directory of Chil- 
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Philadelphia Home for crippled children. Charities Rev., 
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Physically handicapped children. Report of a survey in 
Toronto, undertaken by the Child Welfare Council of Toronto, 
1923. 
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Proposed plan of organization for care of Ohio crippled chil- 
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Public clinic for cripples and what it revealed in an Ohio 
town. Charities, New York, 10:158-159, 1903. 
Reconstruction Home for Crippled Children, Ithaca, New 
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15, 1922. 
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1911. 
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Self-supporting cripples. (Note on the work of the institu- 
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1924. 
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75:780-782, 1901. 
OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
191 192 
Widener Memorial Industrial School for Crippled Children. 
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2:116-120 Jan. 1924. 
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in Children 
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18, Jan. 5, 1917. 
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tuberculosis. St. Bartholomew's hospital journal, (London), 
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500, Feb. 1924. 
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children, Leasowe, Brit. Med. Jour. 2:665, 1919. 
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Mod. Hosp. 21:155-60, Sept. 1923. 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION APPENDIX 194 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
TYPICAL LEGISLATION 
Centralized Plan-Minnesota Legislation 
STATE HOSPITAL FOR CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
THE FIRST LEGISLATIVE ACT IN UNITED STATES 
TO PROVIDE FOR 
THE CARE, EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CRIPPLED 
AND DEFORMED CHILDREN. 
CHAPTER 289--LAWS OF 1897 
An Act to provide for the care and treatment of crippled and 
deformed children. 
Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota: 
Section 1. That the board of regents of the state univer- 
sity are hereby authorized and empowered to make provision 
for the care and treatment in some hospital or hospitals within 
ten miles of the state university for any indigent children who 
may have resided within the state of Minnesota not less than 
one (1) year, who are crippled or deformed or are suffering 
from disease through which they are likely to become crippled 
or deformed. They shall make provisions for the maintenance 
and care of such children on such terms as may be agreed upon 
between the said board of regents and the managers of such 
hospital or hospitals. 
Section 2. The children so provided for shall receive 
medical and surgical treatment by the members of the staff of 
the medical college of the university, and the members of said 
staff shall receive no extra compensation for such medical or 
surgical treatment. 
Section 3. The said board of regents shall adopt such 
rules and regulations as they may deem proper and necessary 
for the admission, discharge, care, treatment and government 
of such children. 
Section 4. There is hereby appropriated out of any money 
in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of five 
thousand dollars ($5,000) for the fiscal year ending July, 
thirty-first (31st), eighteen hundred and ninety-eight (1898), 
and the sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000) for the fiscal year 
ending July thirty-first (31st) eighteen hundred and ninety-nine 
(1899), or so much thereof as may be necessary for the use of 
the board of regents in carrying out the provisions of this act. 
Section 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from 
and after its passage. 
Approved April 23, 1897. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
195 
LAWS REGULATING HOSPITAL FOR INDIGENT CRIPPLED 
AND DEFORMED CHILDREN. 
(General Statutes of Minnesota, 1913) 
4135. Establishment and Location.-That there is hereby 
established a state hospital for indigent crippled and deformed 
children of the state of Minnesota, which shall be known as the 
"State Hospital for Indigent Crippled and Deformed Children," 
and such hospital is hereby located upon the following described 
lands in the city of St. Paul, county of Ramsey and state of 
Minnesota, to-wit: (Lands described in the preamble of the act). 
4136. Control and Management-Who May be Admitted. 
-Said hospital shall be under the control and management of 
the State Board of Control, and said Board of Control is hereby 
authorized and empowered to make provision for the care and 
treatment in such hospital of indigent children who may have 
resided within the state of Minnesota for not less than one year, 
who are crippled or deformed, or are suffering from disease 
through which they are likely to become crippled or deformed, 
and such board is authorized and empowered to make the 
necessary contracts for the maintenance and care of such chil- 
dren in said hospital. 
4137. Rules and Regulations-The said State Board of 
Control shall adopt such rules and regulations as said board 
may deem proper and necessary for the admission, discharge, 
care, treatment and education of such children. 
4138. Sanitarium and School-This section appropriates 
$55,000.00 for the purpose of constructing and equipping (on 
certain lands described) "a fresh air sanitarium and educational 
and industrial school building at Phalen Park, St. Paul, for the 
indigent crippled and deformed children of the state of Min- 
nesota, and to care for and educate such other indigent crippled 
persons as are unable to support themselves, and may be ad- 
mitted to such institution by the Board of Control of the State 
of Minnesota." 
Recent Centralized Plan-Indiana Legislation 
(Chapter 266, Acts 1921, Page 833). 
An Act, authorizing and directing the board of trustees of 
Indiana University to establish and maintain a hospital for the 
treatment of children afflicted with diseases, defects or physical 
deformities which may be relieved or improved by proper 
medical and surgical attention, to construct and equip the 
necessary buildings and making appropriations therefor, and to 
receive and accept gifts and donations, providing for the 
admission and commitment of children thereto and the method 
by which costs incurred in the care and treatment of certain 
children shall be paid, and providing appropriations for main- 
tenance. 196 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
(H. 418. Approved March 11, 1921.) 
James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children 
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the 
State of Indiana, that the board of trustees of Indiana University 
is hereby authorized and directed, to establish, in the city of 
Indianapolis, a hospital to be known as the James Whitcomb 
Riley Hospital for Children for the treatment of children af- 
flicted with any disease, defect or physical deformity, which 
may be relieved or improved by proper medical and surgical at- 
tention. The said board of trustees is authorized to construct 
and equip the necessary buildings, with accommodations for not 
less than two hundred (200) patients, with offices, quarters for 
officers, nurses and employes, and other necessary appurte- 
nances. Such buildings shall be specially designed and equipped 
for the application of the most approved methods in the 
diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of afflicted 
children, and shall be located in convenient proximity to the 
Robert W. Long hospital, and the Indiana university school of 
medicine, on a site now owned by the State of Indiana, and 
under the control of the said board of trustees, or on a site 
which may hereafter be acquired by said board of trustees for 
the purposes of this act. 
Hospital to be Department of Indiana University. 
Section 2. This hospital for children shall be a depart- 
ment of Indiana university, and shall be under the direction and 
control of the trustees of said university, the board of trustees of 
which is hereby authorized and empowered to adopt and apply 
rules and regulations for its proper management, to employ, 
discharge for sufficient cause, and fix the compensation of the 
superintendent, who shall be responsible to said board of 
trustees for the proper administration of said hospital, and the 
care and treatment of the afflicted children committed to it. 
The said board of trustees shall also fix the number and compen- 
sation of the assistant medical, and executive officers, nurses 
and employees, and shall provide the food, heat, light and medi- 
cal and surgical equipment, appliances and supplies, necessary 
for the proper and best treatment of the afflicted children com- 
mitted to the said hospital. 
Rules and Regulations for Admission. 
Section 3. Any child, under sixteen (16) years of age, 
having a legal settlement in any county of the state, and afflicted 
with a defect, disease or deformity, presumably curable or 
improvable by skilled medical and surgical treatment, or needing 
special study for diagnosis, may be admitted to the said hospital, 
treated therein and discharged therefrom, under such rules and 
regulations as may be adopted by the management of the same, 
and approved by the board of trustees of said university. 
Commitment by Judge of Circuit, Criminal or Juvenile Court. 
Section 4. The judge of any circuit, criminal or juvenile 
court of the State of Indiana is hereby empowered to commit OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
197 
to said hospital any child, under sixteen (16) years of age, 
having a legal settlement in any county of this state in which 
said judge has jurisdiction, who shall appear to the satisfaction 
of such judge, after a public hearing, to be suffering from a 
disease, defect or deformity, which may be benefited by treat- 
ment in the said hospital, and whose parent or legal guardian 
is not financially able to defray the necessary expenses of such 
treatment. Such hearings shall be had in a summary manner 
on a petition filed before such judge, by a citizen of the county 
in which said child has a legal settlement, and shall be had in 
the presence of the parent or legal guardian of such child, whose 
attendance may be enforced by said judge, and in the presence 
of the prosecuting attorney of said county. Such judge may, 
in his discretion, have such child examined by one or more 
reputable physicians, who shall make and file a written report 
of the history, condition and probable results of the treatment 
of such child. If such judge shall find on hearing, that such 
child is a proper subject for treatment in said hospital, and shall 
commit the same thereto, he shall cause the clerk of said court 
to make an application for the admission of such child to said 
hospital, on a form to be furnished by the superintendent there- 
of. If such application be accepted by the superintendent of 
said hospital, he shall notify such clerk of that fact, and when 
the patient may be received, and thereupon said judge shall 
provide some suitable person to accompany said child to said 
hospital, and to deliver the same to the superintendent thereof. 
All costs of such proceeding shall be paid on order of the judge 
by the county from which such commitment is made. 
Cost of Care and Treatment. 
Section 5. The cost of care and treatment of any such 
child, committed to the said hospital as aforesaid, under the 
foregoing section, shall be paid by the county in which the 
afflicted child has a legal settlement. The management of the 
hospital shall keep an accurate account of the cost of such 
treatment, and a properly certified statement thereof shall be 
rendered quarterly to the auditor of the State of Indiana, who 
shall issue his warrant on the treasurer of state for the amount 
thereof, to be paid out of any funds in the general fund in the 
state treasury not otherwise appropriated, payable to the 
treasurer of the board of trustees of Indiana university. The 
treasurer of the State of Indiana shall then reimburse the 
general fund for the amount so paid out, by collecting from the 
proper county a like amount or amounts in the next succeeding 
semi-annual settlement with such counties. No compensation, 
however, shall be charged or allowed to the physician, surgeon, 
or nurse for the treatment or care of any such patient, other 
than the compensation paid therefor by Indiana university. 
All funds paid to the treasurer of the said board of trustees, by 
the treasurer of state for the several counties, as herein provided, 
shall constitute a fund, to be used for the maintenance of the 
hospital, as such board may direct. 198 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Donations and Bequests. 
Section 6. The board of trustees of Indiana university is 
hereby authorized and empowered to receive, accept, hold and 
apply, any donations or bequests of funds or property from 
individual citizens, societies and organizations, which may be 
tendered in good faith for the purpose of assisting in the con- 
struction, extension, equipment and maintenance of the said 
hospital, to the end that its benefits may be extended to the 
largest possible number of afflicted children of the state. 
Suggestions for Construction from James Whitcomb Riley 
Memorial Association. 
Section 7. This hospital for children, as a department of 
Indiana University, shall be under the direction of the board of 
trustees of said university; and in the construction, equipment 
and direction of said hospital the board of trustees of said 
university shall receive and consider such suggestions and 
advice as may be tendered by the James Whitcomb Riley Mem- 
orial Association. 
Training School for Child Nursing and Social Service. 
Section 8. Said board of trustees is also hereby authorized 
and empowered to establish and maintain in connection with 
said hospital a training school for child nursing, and an out- 
patient and social service department, for the purpose of 
conserving the health of the children of the state. 
Appropriation. 
Section 9. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions 
of this act, there is hereby appropriated out of any funds in the 
state treasury not otherwise appropriated the sum of one hun- 
dred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125,000.00), for the 
purpose of the construction and equipment of the necessary 
building or buildings, and the additional sum of seventy-five 
thousand dollars ($75,000.00) annually, for two fiscal years for 
equipment and maintenance, and fifty thousand dollars ($50,- 
000.00) annually thereafter, for the maintenance of said 
hospital, the first of said annual appropriations to be available 
when said hospital is completed and ready for the admission of 
patients. 
Repeal. 
Section 10. All laws or parts of laws in conflict herewith 
are hereby repealed. 
Partially Centralized Plan-West Virginia Legislation 
Section 5-a, Chapter 22, 
Acts of the Legislature of 1917. 
"It shall be the duty of the state board of control to make 
suitable rules and regulations requiring the superintendents of 
the state hospitals established under the provisions of section 
one of chapter fifty-seven of the acts of one thousand eight 
hundred and ninety-nine, to admit to said hospitals for surgical 
or orthopaedic treatment and care children who are deformed, OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
199 
crippled or otherwise defective. Said rules and regulations 
shall provide for the treatment of such children at said hospitals 
free of charge, when it is shown that the parents or guardians 
of such children are citizens of West Virginia, and are finan- 
cially unable to procure or provide for said children surgical and 
orthopaedic treatment and care." 
Decentralized Plan-Ohio Legislation 
(House Bill No. 200) 
To amend sections 7755, 7756, 7757, 7760 and 
7761, General Code, and to add sections 
7755-1 to 7755-5 inclusive, 7761-1 and 7763-5 
to the General Code, relating to special 
classes for the blind, deaf and crippled, to 
state subsidies for the same and to the trans- 
portation and tuition of such children. 
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio: 
Section 1. That sections 7755, 7756, 7757, 7760 and 7761 
of the General Code be amended, and that supplemental sec- 
tions 7755-1 to 7755-5 inclusive, 7761-1 and 7763-5 of the 
General Code, be added to read as follows: 
Section 7755. The superintendent of public instruction 
may grant permission to any city, village or rural board of 
education, upon its application, to establish and maintain a class 
or classes for the instruction of deaf or blind persons over the 
age of three, or of crippled persons over the age of five. 
Section 7755-1. The superintendent of public instruction 
may grant permission to any board of education which main- 
tains a class for the instruction of crippled persons, upon its 
application, to pay for the board of any crippled persons, resi- 
dents of the state and non-residents of the school district, who 
•are being educated in such class, provided that such persons in 
the judgment of the board of education and the superintendent 
of public instruction cannot be transported from their respect- 
ive homes to and from such class. 
Section 7755-2. If a child resident of one school district 
attends a class for the blind, deaf, crippled or those of defective 
mentality in another, the board of education of the district in 
which he resides may pay his tuition in a sum equal to the tuition 
in the district in which such class is located for a child of normal 
needs of the same school grade. The board of education of the 
district in which such child resides may afford or pay for his 
transportation to the class in the other district; and the board of 
education of the district in which the class which he attends is 
located may provide his transportation to the class. Upon 
direction of the superintendent of public instruction the board 
of education of the district in which such child resides shall pay 
for his transportation and tuition. 
Section 7755-3. In case a child is so crippled that he is 
unable to walk to the school to which he is assigned the board 200 
of education of the district in which he resides shall provide 
for his transportation to such school. This section shall apply 
whether there is a special class for crippled children to which 
he is assigned or not. In case of dispute whether the child is 
able to walk to the school or not, the district health commissioner 
shall be judge of such ability. 
Section 7755-4. In case there are in any school district 
crippled children not able even with the help of transportation 
to be assembled in a school and instruction for these children is 
provided in the home, these children shall be counted under 
the provisions of section 7757, General Code, counting however 
three hours of instruction of such children by a teacher provided 
by the board of education as equal to the attendance of one 
child for two days at school. 
Section 7755-5. If a child is handicapped by two of the 
defects mentioned in section 7755, General Code, the superin- 
tendent of public instruction may allow him to be counted as a 
full-time pupil among those with each kind of defect in 
determining the state's contribution to the classes for such 
children, provided the types of work and attention necessary 
for both types of children are afforded him. 
Section 7756. Upon petition of the parents or guardians 
of crippled children in any school district of the respective ages 
named in section 7755, General Code, the board of education of 
the given district shall apply to the superintendent of public 
instruction for permission to establish a special class for such 
children, and if such is granted shall establish such class not 
later than the beginning of the following school year upon the 
standards prescribed under section 7761, General Code; if a 
board of education fails to perform its duty under this section, 
the provisions of section 7610, General Code, shall apply as to 
the acts relating to such special class. 
Section 7757. At the close of each school year the board 
of education of each school district in which any such classes 
for the education of the deaf, blind or crippled are maintained, 
shall certify to the auditor of state the names and residences of 
the persons instructed in such special classes and the period of 
time each was instructed and the names and residences of the 
persons boarded at the expense of the board of education and 
the period of time each was boarded; and the amount expended 
for special appliances and for the excess of current operating 
cost of the education of such pupils above the current operating 
cost of the education of an equal number of pupils of normal 
needs of the same school grades in the district for the same 
period of time; and thereupon the auditor of state shall draw 
his warrant upon the treasurer of state in favor of such board 
deaf or crippled pupil given instruction in such classes within 
said district for nine months during the said school year, and a 
said purposes, but not to exceed three hundred dollars for each 
of education in an amount equal to that expended for the afore- 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
201 
proportionate amount for each deaf or crippled pupil given 
instruction therein for a part of said school year more or less 
than nine months, and not to exceed three hundred and seventy- 
five dollars for each blind person given instruction in such 
classes within said district for nine months during said school 
year, and a proportionate amount for each blind person given 
instruction therein for a part of said school year more or less 
than nine months, and two hundred and fifty dollars additional 
for each blind or crippled person boarded at the expense of such 
board of education for nine months during said school years and 
a proportionate amount for each blind or crippled person so 
boarded for a part of said school year more or less than nine 
months. 
Current operating cost under the terms of this section shall 
be exclusive of any changes for rental and maintenance or 
operation of buildings. No charge shall be made against such 
schools for the deaf, crippled or blind for expenditures other 
than transportation which would have been incurred had such 
special classes not been in operation. The superintendent of 
public instruction shall be the final authority in deciding all 
questions relative to what constitutes special appliances and 
current operating cost under the terms of this section. 
Section 7760. Any person of sound mind, who, by reason 
of defective hearing, or vision or by reason of being so crippled 
as to be physically unable to properly care for himself without 
assistance, cannot properly be educated in the public schools as 
other children shall be considered deaf, blind or crippled within 
the meaning of sections 7755 and 7757, General Code. 
Section 7761. The superintendent of public instruction 
shall at the close of each school year require from each board of 
education of a school district, conducting such schools for deaf, 
blind and crippled persons, a financial statement showing 
expenditures during the preceding school year for special 
appliances and for the excess of current operating cost of such 
pupils above the current operating cost of the education of an 
equal number of pupils of normal needs of the same school 
grades in the same school district for the same period of time 
during said school year. 
The superintendent of public instruction shall select some 
competent person or persons to inspect all classes established 
under section 7755, General Code, at least once a year, and to 
report concerning the instruction in such classes, the conditions 
under which they are maintained and the conditions under 
which such blind and crippled persons are boarded. 
The superintendent of public instruction shall prescribe 
standard requirements for day schools for the deaf, blind, and 
crippled, which receive state aid, which requirements shall 
include the conditions under which such schools are conducted, 
the methods of instruction and supervision, the qualifications of 
teachers and the conditions and terms under which they are; 202 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
employed, the special equipment and agencies for instruction 
provided, and the conditions of the rooms and buildings in which 
the schools are held, and he shall prescribe conditions under 
which blind and crippled persons may be boarded at the expense 
of a board, of education. 
Section 7761-1. The superintendent of public instruction 
shall have authority to arrange a plan of co-operation among 
boards of education which maintain special classes for the blind, 
for investigation into broader opportunities for the future em- 
ployment of the pupils and better methods for their instruction. 
The cost of such investigation shall be charged to the current 
operating cost of the school for the blind. The superintendent 
of public instruction shall prescribe minimum standard require- 
ments concerning the extent of such co-operation and the general 
methods of such investigation. 
Section 7763-5. In the case of a blind, partially blind, 
deaf or crippled child or a child of defective mentality, an 
excuse granted under section 7763 or 7763-4, General Code, on 
the ground of bodily or mental condition shall not be a valid 
excuse from attendance by the child upon a day school for the 
blind, deaf, crippled or those of defective mentality or from 
attendance at a state institution for the care and instruction of 
the blind, deaf, crippled or those of defective mentality unless 
in the case of a day school there are factors in the child's 
condition or the means of reaching the school which make 
attendance at such a special class impracticable. If there is a 
day school for children handicapped in one of the above respects 
in the school district, or in another district and transportation to 
such class by school conveyance or common carrier is provided 
by a board of education or other agency, the superintendent of 
schools shall be the judge of the practicability of the child's 
attendance at such school adapted to the needs of children 
handicapped in the particular respect. 
Section 2. That original sections 7755, 7756, 7757, 7760 
and 7761, of the General Code, be and the same are hereby 
repealed. 
RUPERT BEETHAM, 
Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
CLARENCE J. BROWN, 
President of the Senate. 
Passed April 29, 1921. 
Approved May 14, 1921. 
HARRY L. DAVIS, Governor. 
Filed in office of Secretary of State, May 17, 1921. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
203 
(Ohio Senate Bill-174) 
Section 1352-4. The actual traveling expenses of any 
dependent, neglected crippled or delinquent child and of the 
agents and visitors of said board shall be paid from funds 
appropriated to said board, but the amount of board, if any, paid 
for the care of such child and the expense for providing suitable 
clothing and personal necessities, mental, medical, surgical, 
dental and optical examination and treatment including massag- 
ing and other beneficial treatment and braces, artificial limbs 
and accessories and their upkeep and for the education when 
necessary of a crippled child, shall be charged by the board of 
state charities to the county from which such child is committed 
or transferred as provided in sections 1352-3, 1352-5 and 1352-8. 
The treasurer of each county, upon the warrant of the county 
auditor, shall pay to the treasurer of state the amount so charged 
upon the presentation of a statement thereof. The sum so 
received by the treasurer of state shall be credited to the fund 
appropriated for the purpose of maintaining the child placing 
work of the board. 
Section 1352-8. In order to provide suitable medical and 
surgical treatment and education when necessary, of crippled 
children whose parents or guardians fail or are financially 
unable to provide such treatment, the board of state charities is 
authorized and empowered to receive into its custody such 
children. Application for such care, treatment, and education 
shall first be made to the juvenile court by a parent, guardian or 
some interested person. If such court is of the opinion that such 
child is in need of treatment and education, and find that the 
parent or guardian fails to provide it, he may make an order to 
that end; or if the parent or guardian is financially unable to pay 
all or a part of the expense of such treatment, the court shall 
make a proper finding and decree. In either case the court 
shall at once forward a copy of the decree and a statement of 
facts to the board of state charities, and such board shall, when 
able to do so under this act, accept such child for care as here- 
inbefore provided. Upon receipt of notice from such board that 
such child can be given suitable treatment the court shall then 
commit such child to such board and provide for its con- 
veyance in charge of a suitable person to the place designated 
by such board for treatment. The expenses of conveyance shall 
be paid by the county or by the parent or guardian as the court 
may direct. Such commitment shall be temporary and shall be 
only for a period necessary for the treatment of such child. 
Section 1352-9. The board of state charities shall arrange 
for the treatment and education of crippled children committed 
to it by the juvenile court. The expenses for board, clothing 
and personal necessities and for mental, medical, surgical, dental 
and optical examination and treatment, including massaging 
and other beneficial treatment and braces, artificial limbs and 
accessories and their upkeep, and for education when necessary 
shall be paid out of funds appropriated to the use of the board 204 
. CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
of state Charities by the general assembly; but the board of 
state charities may require parents or guardians to pay the state 
for such expenses when in its judgment such action is just. 
Such board shall exercise close supervision over such crippled 
children while patients in such hospitals and may at any time 
terminate any contract so made when in its judgment such 
action should be taken. Each child shall be visited as fre- 
quently as necessary and proper by a representative of such 
board who shall prepare and present to the board a written 
report concerning the progress of such patient. 
Section 1352-10. Whenever it appears that a crippled 
child has been successfully treated, or that it cannot be further 
benefitted by such treatment, the board shall order its discharge 
and thereupon its guardianship and responsibility shall cease. 
After such a child has been in the care of the board of state 
charities in accordance with this act for more than one year the 
parent or guardian, with the approval of the juvenile court, 
may cause its release from the supervision of the board of state 
charities. 
Appropriative Legislation-New Hampshire 
Chapter 202 
Joint Resolution providing for medical and surgical treatment 
for indigent crippled and tuberculous children. 
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives in General 
Court concerned: 
That the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars for each of the 
fiscal years 1919 and 1920, be appropriated for medical and 
surgical treatment of indigent crippled and tuberculous chil- 
dren, such sums to be expended under the direction of the 
state board of charities and correction, and the governor is 
hereby authorized to draw his warrant for the same. 
Approved March 28, 1919. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
205 
"HAVE HOPE" 
An Address by Edgar F. Allen 
Detroit, 'Michigan 
Feb. 20, 1924. 
My message tonight is not intended for the grown-up people 
in this room, except as through them it may be broadcasted to 
the world. It is for the children, and especially for that group 
that, as we see it, have not had a fair chance in life. To all 
children, wherever you may reside, love and greetings. 
This is to let you know that there is in existence now, an 
organization known as the International Society for Crippled 
Children, which Society aspires to assume a responsibility. It 
wishes to be instrumental in effecting good; intelligent in the 
application of help to those who are themselves helpless. It 
wishes to see repaired the tragedies of nature and accidents 
which are registered in the bodies of little children. It wishes 
to see that the bent are straightened, the broken repaired, the 
weak strengthened, and all educated. It wishes to see measures 
taken through science and education looking to the prevention of 
the causes which have to do with the making of this condition in 
children. 
In our work for crippled children we seek the co-operation, 
support and help of all organizations, societies, and individuals 
who agree with us, that human sympathy for human suffering 
is the motive spirit of civilization. 
This society is made up of men and women from many states 
and provinces, who are meeting in the city of Detroit to plan 
ways and means to correct the wrongs and give to you all as 
far as is humanly possible, health and education. This message 
is also to the parents of such children, because it is not only the 
object of this Society to build brighter souls in sounder bodies, 
but to kindle the flame of hope in the hearts of parents. 
Hope is the word-poor is he indeed who has not felt the 
warm impulse of that force of all human endeavor-Hope. 
It is written that faith is the evidence of all things unseen; 
hope is the evidence of all things both seen and unseen. 
The men and women who are devoting their time and 
strength to this work are not in any way looking for material 
reward. To children and parents of children, we would have 
you believe that in this work we are attempting, that we are 
now, and always will be, debtors to you, not you to us. It is 
simply a translation of the Golden Rule into deeds. 
We undertake it with the thought uppermost in our minds 
as expressed in Lowell's beautiful poem, "The Vision of Sir 
Launfal." 
"Not what we give, but what we share, for the gift without 
the giver is bare. Who gives of himself and his alms feeds three, 
-himself, his unfortunate neighbor, and me." 
Have hope. 206 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
DEFINITION, PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE PLANS OF THE 
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
ISSUED BY THE PROBLEMS COMMITTEE JUNE, 1924 
Introduction. 
There are in North America at least three crippled children 
for every thousand of population. By crippled child is meant 
one "whose muscular movements are so far restricted by acci- 
dent or disease as to affect his capacity for self support." 
Except in a few large cities this great army of handicapped 
children has received little constructive attention. Humani- 
tarian considerations as well as the tremendous economic loss 
which these children represent, demand the most careful atten- 
tion to the problems of the care, cure and education of the 
crippled children and to the prevention as far as possible of 
such handicaps in the future. 
In April, 1919, the Ohio Society for Crippled Children was 
organized. A program has been worked out in that state in 
co-operation with others interested, which is accomplishing 
much for the care, cure and education of crippled children. 
Similar societies have been organized in other states and in 
Canada, and these societies have now joined together to form 
the International Society for Crippled Children. 
Definition. 
The International Society for Crippled Children is a vol- 
untary organization composed of State and Provincial Societies; 
individual, active, sustaining, associate and life members; and 
public and private officials of organizations directly coming in 
contact with the care, cure and education of crippled children, 
which was conceived in the mutual desire of its membership to 
promote the welfare of handicapped children. It is not a child 
caring society, but one which seeks to promote that public 
intelligence and perfected co-operation with all child caring 
agencies and which will insure to crippled children everywhere 
the best medical attention and an education suited to their needs. 
Above all, the International Society aspires, through personal 
contact with the crippled children and their parents, to bring 
into the lives of these handicapped children the sunshine of 
normal human relationships and a realization that physical 
handicaps need not bar the way to success nor prevent the 
enjoyment of a happy, useful life. 
It is the purpose of the International Society for Crippled 
Children to serve as a medium through which all may co-operate 
who wish to assist in preventing and repairing the tragedies of 
nature and of accident which are registered in the bodies of 
little children. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
207 
Operative Plans. 
Any statement of operative plans for the International 
Society for Crippled Children must necessarily give full con- 
sideration to the newness of the work, visualize the magnitude 
of the problem in all its complexities, and recognize that as yet 
methods and facilities employed are in the flux of constant 
evolution and improvement and therefore plans must be suf- 
ficiently flexible to allow frequent readjustments to meet gen- 
eral and particular problems and conditions as they arise. 
Experience suggests that the society shall: 
1. Assist state and provincial societies, official and volun- 
tary agencies, and all organizations and institutions for 
crippled children in the development of workable local 
programs. 
2. Collect and make available as complete information as 
possible regarding the problems of the crippled child 
and the best methods for solving these problems. 
3. Carry on a general campaign of public education to 
establish a widespread understanding of the problems 
of the crippled child to the end that more liberal support 
may be assured. 
Some of the Problems of the 
Crippled Children Movement. 
1. The function and the best methods of conducting diag- 
nostic clinics for crippled children. 
2. The most effective method of following up these clinics 
so that as many children as possible may receive the 
physical and surgical treatment which the clinic may 
show that they need. 
3. The best method for supervising the care of the child 
immediately before, during and after acute surgical 
treatment while still in the hospital. 
4. The function of the convalescent home as a means of 
relieving the general hospital. 
5. The function of the special hospital for crippled children 
as compared with the general hospital relieved by a 
convalescent home. 
6. The most effective method of making available to as 
many crippled children as possible outside of hospitals 
and convalescent homes the benefit of physiotherapy. 
7. The best methods of making available for crippled chil- 
dren the benefits of academic and vocational education. 
8. The best methods of bringing to crippled children per- 
sonal contacts with those interested in their care, cure 
and education so that normal social relationships may 
be developed. 208 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
"FIRST ELKS' OUTING FOR NEW JERSEY CRIPPLED KIDDIES." 
(Courtesy of New Jersey Elks' Association) OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
209 
THE ACTIVITY OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS. 
BENEVOLENT PROTECTIVE ORDER OF ELKS 
In the State of New Jersey the Elks' Clubs lead in activities 
to aid the crippled child. Two years ago the Clubs chartered 
a steamer on the Delaware River to entertain crippled children 
for one entire day. The Brothers of this order were so im- 
pressed by the possibilities in rehabilitation work that interest 
spread throughout the state. A State Crippled Kiddies Com- 
mittee was appointed to achieve contact with existing organiza- 
tions and agencies. The following lodges are active at the 
present time: 
City 
Lodge 
Chairman Crippled 
Kiddies Com. 
Asbury Park 
Lodge No. 128 
A. S. Burton 
Atlantic City 
Lodge No. 276 
Hugh P. Genoe 
Bayonne 
Belleville 
Bergenfield 
Bloomfield 
Lodge No. 434 
Lodge No. 1123 
Lodge No. 1477 
Lodge No. 788 
John A. Flood 
Boonton 
Bound Brook 
Bridgeton 
Lodge No. 1405 
Lodge No. 1388 
Lodge No. 733 
Elmer W. Romine 
Burlington 
Lodge No. 996 
W. B. Sprowles 
Camden 
Lodge No. 293 
S. F. Ludlow 
Dover 
East Orange 
Lodge No. 782 
Lodge No. 630 
Fletcher L. Fritts 
Elizabeth 
Lodge No. 289 
Thomas Collins 
Englewood 
Freehold 
Hackensack 
Lodge No. 1157 
Lodge No. 1454 
Lodge No. 658 
Fernando Wood 
Hoboken 
Lodge No. 74 
Samuel J. Marshall 
Irvington 
Jersey City 
Lodge No. 1254 
Lodge No. 211 
Arthur Jockel 
Kearny 
Lodge No. 1050 
John Blirer 
Lakewood 
Lodge No. 1432 
Wm. H. Savage 
Lambertville 
Long Branch 
Lodge No. 1070 
Lodge No. 742 
J. H. Brelsford 
Madison 
Lodge No. 1465 
H. J. Hall 
Millville 
Lodge No. 580 
Eugene Gallagher 
Montclair 
Lodge No. 891 
A. Gould Harrison 
Morristown 
Lodge No. 815 
George T. Allen 
Mount Kelly 
Lodge No. 848 
Robert Peacock 
New Brunswick 
Newark 
Nutley 
Lodge No. 324 
Lodge No. 21 
Lodge No. 1290 
F. M. Hoffman 
Orange 
Lodge No. 135 
John F. Coen 
Passaic 
Paterson 
Penns Grove 
Lodge No. 387 
Lodge No. 60 
Lodge No. 1358 
Louis J. Bowers 210 
CARE, CURE, AND EDUCATION 
Perth Amboy 
Louge No. 784 
Charles R. Simmen 
Phillipsburg 
Lodge No. 395 
Jesse H. Rubert 
Plainfield 
Lodge No. 885 
P. Edward Wish 
Rahway 
Lodge No. 1075 
J. M. Urmston, Sec'y. 
Red Bank 
Lodge No. 233 
John P. Mulvihill 
Ridgewood 
Lodge No. 1455 
I. B. Kaiser 
Rutherford 
Lodge No. 547 
Claude R. Pooler 
Somerville 
Lodge No. 1068 
W. Greasheimer 
South Orange 
Lodge No. 1154 
L. M. Demarest 
Summit 
Trenton 
Lodge No. 1246 
Lodge No. 105 
J. J. McNulta 
Union Hill 
Lodge No. 1357 
John M. Bussow 
Vineland 
Lodge No. 1422 
Charles W. Ackley 
Weehawkin 
Lodge No. 1456 
ROTARY CLUBS 
Harry E. Bischoff 
The major membership of the State Societies of the Inter- 
national Society for Crippled Children is composed of Rotary 
Clubs. The State Societies are almost entirely supported by 
these organizations who are worthy of every commendation for 
their invaluable services to this movement. Officers and mem- 
bers of State Societies follow: 
ILLINOIS 
President-Darby A. Day, Chicago. 
1st Vice Pres.-Emerit E. Baker, Kewanee. 
2nd Vice Pres.-Daniel S. Wentworth, Chicago. 
Secretary-Paul A. Westburg, Chicago. 
Treasurer-Harry S. Kramer, St. Louis. 
Field Sec.-J. M. Gucker, Chicago. 
OHIO 
President-Omar H. Caswell, Cincinnati. 
1st Vice Pres.-Geo. C. Mitchell, Coshocton. 
2nd Vice Pres.-S. H. Squire, Elyria. 
Secretary-Gardner Lattimer, Columbus. 
Treasurer-S. H. Squire, Elyria. . 
MICHIGAN 
President-H. E. Van de Walker, Ypsilanti. 
Vice President-Robert Orr, Lansing. 
Secretary and Treasurer-Paul H. King, Detroit. 
Executive Sec.-Alberta E. Chase, Ann Arbor. 
NEW YORK 
President-Arthur S. Cotins, Utica. 
Vice President-Harlan H. Horner, Albany. 
Secretary-Godfrey Morgan, Buffalo. 
Treasurer-Edson Tilton, Waverly. 
ONTARIO 
President-Arthur S. FitzGerald, Windsor. 
1st Vice Pres.-Robert L. Stratton, Brantford. 
2nd Vice Pres.-Dr. John H. Howell, Welland. 
Secretary-Douglas Richardson, Walkerville. OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
211 
PENNSYLVANIA 
President-A. H. Standish, Williamsport. 
Vice Pres.-Wm. B. Robinson, Pittsburgh. 
Secretary-James E. Marshall, Butler. 
Treasurer-Geo. C. Blair, Wilkinsburg. 
KENTUCKY 
President-John E. Sullivan, Covington. 
. 1st Vice Pres.-C. T. Roszell, Lexington. 
2nd Vice Pres.-Sam E. Murray, Franklin. 
Secretary-Julius G. Ellis, Louisville. 
Treasurer-Wm. Hoppenjans, Covington. 
TENNESSEE 
President-T. Graham Hall, Nashville. 
1st Vice Pres.-John J. Heflin, Memphis. 
2nd Vice Pres.-R. Gwynn Brock, Chattanooga. 
Secretary-Frank St. John, Johnson City. 
Treasurer-Robert S. Henry, Nashville. 
VIRGINIA 
President-Dr. L. T. Royster, Charlottsville. 
1st Vice Pres.-E. Watts Ellerson, Richmond. 
2nd Vice Pres.-L. B. Hindman, Roanoke. 
Secretary and Treasurer-C. G. Maphis, Charlottsville. 
WEST VIRGINIA 
President-Otto C. Schenk, Wheeling. 
1st Vice Pres.-Robert C. Miller, Fairmont. 
2nd Vice Pres.-Fred Udy, Bluefield. 
Secretary-Edward A. Kreutzer, Wheeling. 
Treasurer-Paris Bell, Spencer. 
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
Officers 
President-Edgar F. Allen, Elyria, O. 
Vice Presidents-Ed. R. Kelsey, Toledo, O. 
Wm. B. Robinson, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Dr. John E. Sullivan, Covington, Ky. 
Arthur S. FitzGerald, Windsor, Ont. 
Executive Secretary-Harry H. Howett, Elyria, O. 
Secretary-Jas. M. Bateman, Cleveland, O. 
Treasurer-H. E. Van de Walker, Ypsilanti, Mich. 
KIWANIS INTERNATIONAL 
There are one hundred and forty-five Kiwanis Clubs in the 
United States and Canada which are interested in crippled child 
"case work." The following is a division of these clubs into 
their respective districts:1 
1. Annual reports of Kiwanis Club Standing and Special Committees, Denver, June 
16, 1924. 212 
CAKE, CUKE, AND EDUCATION 
Alabama and Florida. 4 
California 4 
Washington, D. C 2 
North and South Carolina 2 
Colorado and Wyoming 1 
Georgia 6 
Illinois and East Iowa 12 
Indiana 34 
Kentucky and Tennessee 5 
Louisiana and Mississippi 1 
Michigan 3 
Minnesota and the Dakotas 2 
Missouri and Kansas 3 
Montana 2 
Nebraska and Iowa 1 
New England 0 
New Jersey 8 
New York 6 
Ontario and Quebec 8 
Pacific Northwest 4 
Ohio 12 
Pennsylvania 5 
Southwest 1 
Texas and Oklahoma 3 
Utah and Idaho 2 
West Canada. 2 
West Virginia 3 
Wisconsin and Upper Michigan 9 
145 
THE SHRINERS 
Requirements for Admission to 
Shriners' Hospitals for Crippled Children 
The purpose of these hospitals is to provide free and skilled 
attention to crippled children whose parents or guardian are 
unable to pay for such service, and whose disabilities can be 
sufficiently improved to enable them to be self-supporting in 
after life. 
To obtain admission, the child must be a cripple, not over 14 
years of age. If he is suffering primarily from some other 
medical or surgical condition, he cannot be accepted. Second, 
he must be of sound mind, that is, as intelligent and mentally 
active as the average child of his age. Children over 5 years 
of age, who have never learned to talk, who still cannot feed 
or otherwise care for themselves, can very rarely be benefitted 
by treatment. Third, he must, on examination by the Chief 
Surgeon, be found to have a condition which can be cured or 
corrected to such an extent as to render the child self-supporting 
in after life. This necessitates a thorough preliminary examina- 
tion by the Surgeon before the child is admitted for treatment OF THE CRIPPLED CHILD 
213 
or operation. Fourth, he must have an application blank prop- 
erly filled out and signed. This calls for the family data and 
age of the child; a doctor's certificate stating that the child is 
of sound mind and giving his diagnosis of the condition. Also 
the signed statement and the parent's or guardian's agreement 
with the hospital to surrender the child to be treated as its 
officials deem best in the interest of the child, and to provide 
railroad fare to and from the hospital. 
"When desiring to have a crippled child treated, write to the 
Superintendent of the Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children, 
requesting an application blank, which must then be signed by 
a Shriner and sent to Potentate of nearest Temple for endorse- 
ment. Also you must have a doctor's history and physical 
examination, made by your family physician. A blank form 
for this examination will accompany the application blank. 
This must be made out in addition to the diagnosis put on the 
application form."1 
1. Requirements for Admission, published by the various Shriners' Hospitals. 214 
"SUPPOSE NOBODY CARED" 
A Message to Rotarians 
"Suppose Nobody Cared" for little Sue 
Who lives in the shack in the rear, 
In a noisome room o'er filled with gloom 
Where all is dark and drear. 
"Suppose Nobody Cared" because her legs 
Are limp and useless things 
That fail to answer to her will 
Or blast the hope she clings. 
That God may take those lifeless things, 
Like weights that hold her tight, 
And send by dear old Santa Claus 
New limbs to make life bright. 
"Suppose Nobody Cared," and little Sue 
Was left to pine alone 
On Christmas day when all is gay 
In the joy of the happy home; 
Would you feel the thrill of the nobler love 
That Yuletide typifies 
Nor sense a loss from its precious store 
To know that frail Sue lies 
A hand outstretched in mute appeal 
For a bit from that precious store 
Where the gift of the giver returns to him 
Grown greater by score upon score? 
Yes, somebody cares, little Sue, 
Strong men of Rotary 
Who share your troubles, everyone, 
And hope to set you free 
To take your part in joys of life 
And live in thankfulness, 
To fill a place made just for you 
Of happy usefulness. 
Will you give just a mite to little Sue 
O, so little she asks of you; 
In the name of the Christus glorified 
By Rotary service true? 
-WRIGHT BEACH. 215 
INDEX 
Acute hospital care, 6, 39-46 
Adam, J. N., Memorial Hospital, Perrysburg, N. Y., results in treatment of "surgical" 
tuberculosis, 49; description of, 126. 
Akron City Hospital, Akron, Ohio, 130 
Alabama, facilities in, 80, 86 
Al Chymia Temple of the Shrine co-operates with Kings Daughters in Memphis, Tenn., 22 
Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburg, Pa., 140 
Allen, Crawford, Memorial Hospital, East Greenwich, R. I., 141 
Allen, Edgar F., 17, 18, 20; quoted, 2, 53; address by, 205; biography, 159 
Allen, Edgar F., Foundation, 135 
Allen, Homer, 17 
Alta House, Cleveland, Ohio, location of early kindergarten, 18 
American Child Health Association, 23 
American Hospital Association, 23 
American Medical Association, 23 
American Orthopedic Association, 23 
American Red Cross, 23, 91 
Anterior Poliomyelitis, 15 (see Infantile Paralysis) 
Arkansas, facilities in, 80, 86 
Arizona, facilities in, 75, 86 
Ashtabula General Hospital, Ashtabula, Ohio, 131 
Association for the Crippled and Disabled, Cleveland, Ohio, 24; activities of, 132 
Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, New York City, activities of 28, 121; or- 
ganized, 18 
Associations, number of, 68 
Aultman Hospital, Canton, Ohio, crippled children activities, 131 
Babylon, attitude toward crippled children, 7 
Bacharach, Betty, Home for Crippled Children, Atlantic City, N. J., Ill 
Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Mo., 109 
Barney Community Center, Dayton, Ohio, activities to aid crippled children, 133 
Bedside instruction for crippled children, 59 
Bellevue Hospital, New York City, crippled children activities, 121 
Berkshire County Society for the Care of Crippled and Deformed Children, Pittsfield, Mass., 
102 
Blythedale Home, White Plains, N. Y., 130 
Birmingham (England) Survey, 12, 13, 25, 48; estimate of number of cripples, 68 estimate 
of number of crippled children, 69; definition of cripple, 7 
Blyethdale Home, White Plains, N. Y., 128 
Board of Education, Peoria, Hl., activities to aid crippled children, 94 
Bonnie Burns Sanatorium, Scotch Plains, N. J., 115 
Bowne, Samuel W., Memorial Hospital, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 127 
Braces, must be properly adjusted, 5 
Bradley Memorial Hospital, Madison, Wis., 146 
Brooklyn Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, Brooklyn, N. Y., 117 
Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, Brooklyn, N. Y., 117 
Brunswick Home for Idiotic, Epileptic, Paralytic, and Feeble-Minded Children, Amityville, 
N. Y„ 116 
Bual Hospital, Sharon, Pa., 141 
Butte Auxiliary for the Rehabilitation of Crippled Children, Butte, Mont., 110-11 
Byron, George Gordon (Lord), 5; the lameness of, 1-2 
California, facilities in, 74, 86 
Camp for Crippled Children, Burlington, Wise., 146 
Camp Okawana, Point Huron, Mich., 107 
Canada, facilities in, 84; 147-148 
Canvassers in New York City Survey, 25-26 
Capper Fund for Crippled Children, Topeka, Kan., 77; description of. 96 
Causative conditions, the position of the sociologist, 11-12; the position of the physician, 
11-12 
Central Maine State Sanatorium, Fairfield, Maine, 98 
Charities, effectiveness of, 3 
Children's County Home, Westfield, N. J., 116 
Children's Free Hospital, Louisville, Ky., 96 
Children's Home and Hospital, Albuquerque, N. M., 116; Utica, N. Y., 129 
Children's Home of the Primary1 Association of the Latter Day Saint's Church, Salt Lake 
City, Utah, 144 
Children's Home Society of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla., 91 
Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio, 131; Birmingham, Ala., 86; Boston, Mass., 99; Buffalo, 
N. Y., 118; Columbus, Ohio, 133; Denver, Colo., 89; Pittsburgh, Pa., 140; of Michigan, 
Detroit, Mich., 105; Portland, Maine, 98; San Francisco, Calif., 88; Washington, D. C., 
91; Wilmington, Del., 90; of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Cincinnati, Ohio, 131 
Children's Hospital School, Baltimore, Md., 98 
Children's Hospital Society, Los Angeles, Cal., 87 
Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, 92 
Children's Memorial Hospital, Montreal, Canada, 147 
Children's Mission to Children, Boston, Mass., 99 
Children's Orthopedic Hospital, Seattle, Wash., 73; description of, 145 
Children's Reconstruction Home, Elmira, N. Y., 120, 47 216 
Children's Seashore House, Atlantic City, N. J., Ill 
Child Welfare Council of Toronto, Canada, survey of crippled children, 25; 69 
Chiles, Mary, Christian Hospital, Manila, P. I., 148 
Cincinnati General Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, 131 
Cincinnati School for Crippled Children, Cincinnati, Ohio, 131 
City Dispensary, Newark, N. J,, 113 
City Hospital, Buffalo, N. Y., 118 
City Hospital of Cleveland, Ohio, 132 
City Hospital, New York City, N. Y., 122 
Cleveland, Ohio, survey of cripples, 12, 25; estimate of number of cripples, 68; estimate of 
number of crippled children, 69 
Clinics, 6, the nature and types of, 37-38; value of, 38; dangers of, 38, 64; success of those 
held by Dr. Lorenz, 39; staffs, 39 
Colorado, facilities in, 75, 89 
Columbia Hospital, Wilkinsburg, Pa., 141 
Congenital deformities, sometimes accompanied by mental deficiencies, 5; frequency of, 
12, 13, 14 
Conemaugh Valley Memorial Hospital, Johnstown, Pa., 138 
Connecticut Aid Society, maintains home for crippled children, 33 
Connecticut, facilities in, 83; 90 
Convalescent care, 46-51; the nature of, 46; effects on children, 46, hospitals, 46, un- 
desirability of uniform dress, 46, homes, the atmosphere of, 46-47, number of institu- 
tions, 67 
Convalescent Home of Boston Children's Hospital, Wellesley Hills, Mass., 104 
Convalescent Home of the Children's Hospital of Michigan, Farmington, Mich., 106 
Convalescent Home for Hebrew Children, Rockaway Park, N. Y., 127 
Convalescent Home of New York Children's Aid Society J Chappaqua, N. Y., 119 
Convalescent Home, Tarrytown, N. Y., 24 
Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Hl., 92 
Country Branch and Industrial School of the New York Orthopedic Dispensary and Hospital, 
White Plains, N. Y., 130 
Country Home for Convalescent Children, Prince Crossing, HI., 94-95 
Cripple, etymology of, 7 
Crippled Child, bi-monthly magazine, 21 
Crippled children, intelligence of, 5 (see education of) ; permanency of, 3; psychologically 
different from normal children 5; effect of studying them, 2; early attitude to, 7-8; 
definition, 7-11; classes of, 12 
Crippled Children's Aid Society, New Haven, Conn., organized, 18; description of, 90 
Crippled Children's Commission, Inc., Greensboro, N. C., 130 
Crippled Children's East Side Free School, New York City, 122; Summer Home, 115 
Crippled Children's Guild, Buffalo, N. Y., 119 
Crippled Children's Guild, Los Angeles, Calif., 87 
Crippled Children's Hospital, Richmond, Va., 144 
Crippled Children's Hospital School, Memphis, Tenn., 143. 
Crippled Children's Relief Association, Anaheim, Calif., 86 
Crippled conditions, the frequency of, 12-15 
Crippled soldiers, post-war, rehabilitation of, 18 
Custodial Institutions, provided for by legislation, 33; need for being rapidly minimized, 52; 
number of, 67 
Darrach Home for Crippled Children, New York City, 122 
Darwin, Charles, extended theory of evolution to animal and human life, 7 
Davidson County Tuberculosis Hospital, 143 
Delaware, facilities in, 81, 90 
Denmark, first school for crippled children (1872), 9 
Department of Health, Washington, D. C., 23 
Department for Incurables of the Minnesota School for Feeble Minded, 108 
Department of Interior, aids Indian crippled children, 91 
Detroit Municipal Sanatorium, Detroit, Mich., 107 
Detroit Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Northville, Mich., 105 
Dickens, Charles, The Christmas Carol, quoted, 1; references to crippled children, 159 
District of Columbia, facilities in, 81, 97 
District Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Springfield, Ohio, 136 
Dowling, Michael J., School for Crippled Children, Minneapolis, Minn., 107 
Drexler Hall, Redwood City, Calif., 88 
Dwarf, etymology of, 7 
East Farm Sanatorium, Phoenix, Ariz., 86 
Economic value of this movement, 5 
Economic waste, the avoidance of, 3 
Education, of the public, 3 
Education of Crippled children, importance of, 6, 53; former lack of, 55; why needed, 54; 
present limits of, 55; fourth step in this movement, 6 
Elks Clubs, 21; activities in the state of N. J., 22, 113, 209; activities in New York State, 
126; activities nationally, 37, 61 
Elizabeth General Hospital, Elizabeth, N. J., 113 
Elyria Memorial Hospital, Elyria, Ohio, opened, 17; facilities to aid crippled children, 135 
Elyria Evening Telegram, quoted, 17 
Elyria, Ohio, trolley accident of 1907, 17 
England, movement to aid crippled children, 9 
Environmental conditions, the importance of, 6 
Evil spirits, thought to be incarnate in cripples, 8 
Exchange clubs, 21 217 
Fairmont Hospital, Fairmont, W. Va., 145 
Fairview Park Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, 132 
Fallon Public School, Chicago, Ill., 92 
Federation of Associations for Cripples, New York City, 122 
Feilbach, Chas., School for Crippled Children, Toledo, Ohio, 137 
Fields, Daisy, Home and Hospital for Crippled Children, Englewood, N. J., 113 
Fifth Avenue Hospital, New York City, 122 
Florida, facilities in, 80, 91; legislation, annual appropriation, 32; State Board of Health 
participation of, 32 
Fordham Hospital, New York City, 122 
France, movement spread to, 9 
Frances Juvenile Home Association, Chicago, Ill., 92 
Franklin County Sanatorium, Columbus, Ohio, 133 
Garfield School, Lima, Ohio, 136 
Gates Hospital for Crippled Children, opened, 17; description of, 135 
Georgia, facilities in, 80; 91-92 
Germany, movement spread to, 9 
Gillette, Dr. Arthur J., secured first legislation, 29 
Glockner Sanatorium and Hospital, Colorado Springs, Colo., 89 
Good Shepherd Home, Allentown, Pa., 138 
Governmental agencies, participation of, 22 
Gouvernor Hospital, New York City, 122 
Grasslands Hospital, Valhalla, N. Y., 129 
Grant Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, 133 
Gregory, Pope, included cripples in classification of those to be supported by public funds, 8 
Hahnemann Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., 138 
Happyland Fresh Air Home for the Crippled Children, Tenafly, N. Y., 129 
Hart, Hastings H., quoted, 62 
Hawaii, facilities in, 148 
Hebrews, attitude toward cripples, 8 
Heliotherapy treatment, history, 49; introduction at the J. N. Adam Memorial Hospital, 
149; the nature of, 49 
Hella Temple Hospital, Dallas, Texas, 22; description of, 143 
Hermann, the cripple, 8 
Hillcrest Pavilion, Fayettville, N. Y., 120 
Holy Cross House for Crippled and Invalid Children, Cleveland, Ohio, 132 
Homan Sanatorium for the Treatment of Tuberculosis, El Paso, Texas, 143-44 
Home for Destitute Crippled Children, Chicago, Ill., 92 
Home for Incurable Children, Toronto, Canada, 147 
Home of the Merciful Savior, Philadelphia, Pa., establishment of, 9-10; description of, 138 
Horwitz, Dr. Alexander, 7'; quoted, 6 
Hospital care, the thircj step in this movement, 6 
Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York City, 123 
Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, 147 
Hospital of the New York Society for the Relief of the Ruptured and Crippled, New York 
City, first orthopedic institution in the United States, est. 1863, 9; description of, 123 
Hospital of St. Barnabas, Newark, N. J., 115 
Hospital Home School for Crippled Children, Newark, N. J., 115 
Hospital, The Robert Koch, St. Louis, Mo., 110 
Hospitals, general providing for crippled children, number of, 67-68 
House of the Annunciation for Crippled and Incurable Children, New York City, 123 
House of St. Giles, Garden City, N. Y., 120 
House of the Good Samaritan, Boston, Mass., 99 
House of the Holy Comforter for Incurables, New York City, 123 
House of St. Michael and All Angels, Philadelphia, Pa., 139 
Hugo, Victor, quoted, 9 
Humanitarianism of this movement, 3 
Hunchback of Notre Dame, 9 
Huntington Children's Hospital, Huntington, W. Va., 145 
Idaho, facilities in, 73, 92 
Illinois, facilities in, 78, 92-95; legislation, 31-33 
Illinois Society for Crippled Children, organization, 19; committees, 21; program for co- 
ordination, 63; directory of officers, 210 (see State Society of International Society for 
Crippled Children.) 
Indiana, facilities in, 78, 95; legislation, 31; Act of 1921 quoted in full, 196-198 
Indianapolis Foundation, Indianapolis, Ind., 95 
Industrial Home for Crippled Children, Pittsburgh, Pa., 140 
Industrial School for Crippled and Deformed Children, Boston, Mass., established 1803, 10; 
description of, 99 
Infantile Paralysis, epidemic of, (1916), 3, 10, 18; frequency of, 12; (reconstruction), 
homes rarely found, 14-15, 47 
Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, New York City, 124 
Institutionalism, should be avoided, 5 
International Society for Crippled Children, Elyria, Ohio, survey of agencies and institutions, 
the difficulty of, 67, 136; supports preventive measures, 3; organized, 18; the nature of, 
18-20; achieves co-ordination, 62; definition, purpose, and objective plans, 206, 11, 63; 
recommendations of, 40-43; officers, 211 (see State Societies) 
Iowa, facilities in, 76, 96; legislation, 31 
Italy, movement spread to, 9 
Jahn Public School, Chicago, HL, 93 
James, William, quoted, 11 218 
Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N. Y., 117 
Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, 131 
Jewish Seaside Home, Atlantic City, N. J., Ill 
Junior League Home for Crippled Children, Nashville, Tenn., 143 
Junior Red Cross, Children's Hospital, West Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 147 
Juvenile courts, in Ohio, 23 
Kansas, facilities in, 77, 96; legislation, 31 
Kentucky, facilities in, 79, 96-97 
Kentucky Society for Crippled Children, Covington, Ky., 96; organization of, 19; directory 
of officers, 211 (see State Societies of International Society for Crippled Children) 
Kernan, James Lawrence, Hospital, Baltimore, Md., 98 
Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., 117 
King's Daughters Circle, 22, 97 
Kiwanis Clubs, 21; participation in the movement, 37, 61; service to the underprivileged 
child, 21; directory of crippled child activities, 211-212 
"Knudson, Pastor Hans, founded industrial school in Copenhagen, Denmark, 9 
Koch, Robert, Hospital, St. Louis, Mo., 109 
Korsair Temple, of the Shrine, Convalescent Home, 22; description of, 97 
Laissez-faire policy, 2 
Lake Allyn Summer Camp for Crippled Children, Batavia, Ohio, accomplishments of, 51; 
description of, 131 
Lakeside Home, Toronto, Canada, 147 
Lakeside Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, 132 
Lake Julia Sanatorium, Puposky, Minn., 108 
Leander, Nottingham bone setter, 1-2 
Legislation: Typical centralized plan, 194-198; partially centralized plan, 198; decentralized 
plan, 199-204; appropriative, 204; public sentiment should support, 6; the danger of, 
29; types of, 31; by states, outline of, 34-35 
Leland School for Crippled Children, Detroit, Mich., 105 
Lincoln, Abraham, 1 
Lions Clubs, 21 
Little Rock General Hospital, Little Rock, Ark., 86 
Living conditions, the improvement of will decrease epidemics, 3 
Local groups, the function of, 19 
Local social agencies, 24 
Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., 117-118 
Long, Robert W., Hospital, Indianapolis, Ind., 24-25 
Los Angeles Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif., 88 
Louisiana, facilities in, 80, 97 
Lucas County Hospital, Toledo, Ohio, 136 
Lulu Thorley Lyons Home for Crippled and Delicate Children, Claverack, N. Y., 119 
Luther, Martin, attitude toward crippled children, 9 
McLain's Orthopedic Sanitarium, St. Louis, Mo., 109 
McMurtrie, Douglas Crawford, 154; pioneer in movement to aid crippled children, 18; 
quoted, 10; biography, 157 
Maine, facilities in, 83, 98 
Marshall, Dr. E. H., state society program, 20 
Maryland, facilities in, 81, 98 
Masonic Orders, the activity of, 22 
Massachusetts, census of lame and crippled (1905) 25; estimate of number of cripples, 68; 
estimate of number of crippled children, 69; facilities in, 83, 98-104; legislation, 31-34 
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., 101 
Massachusetts Hospital School, Canton, Mass., 101 
May, Ann, Memorial Homeopathic Hospital, Spring Lake, N. J., 115 
Medieval attitude toward cripples, 8-9 
Memorial Hospital, Canandaigua, N. Y., 119 
Memorial Hospital, Johnstown, Pa., 21 
Memorial Hospital, Pawtucket, R. I., 143 
Mennonite Sanatorium, La Junta, Colo., 89 
Meriden Sanatorium, Meriden, Conn., 90 
Metropolitan Hospital, New York City, 124 
Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, Ohio, 133 
Michigan Children's Aid Society, Lansing, Mich., 106 
Michigan, facilities in, 78, 104-107 
Michigan Society for Crippled Children, Ann Arbor, Mich., 104; organization, 19; directory 
of officers, 210 (see state societies of International Society for Crippled Children) 
Michigan State Sanatorium, Howell, Mich., 106 
Milk, the bacterial infection of, 3 
Milwaukee Children's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wise., 146 
Minnesota Conference, Charities and Corrections, meeting of (1898), 29 
Minnesota, facilities in, 76, 107; legislation, 31-32, 33-34; enacted first legislation 1897, 29; 
Acts of 1897 and 1913 quoted in full, 195 
Minnesota School for Feeble Minded, Department for Crippled Children, 108 
Minnesota State Hospital for Indigent Crippled and Deformed Children, Phalen Park, Minn., 
34; description of, 108 
Mississippi Children's Home Society, Jackson, Miss., 109 
Mississippi, facilities in, 80, 109; legislation, 34 
Mississippi State Sanatorium, Sanatorium, Miss., 109 
Missouri, facilities in, 77, 109 
Montaigne, M. de. Essay on Cripples, 9 219 
Montana, facilities in, 75, 110 
Morris, Sarah, Children's Hospital, Chicago, Ill., 93 
Montefiore Home Hospital, New York City, 124 
Montgomery County Hospital, Amsterdam, N. Y., 117 
Mt. Carmel Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, 133 
Mt. Sinai Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, 132 
Movement to Aid Crippled Children, development of, 9-10 
Muirdale Sanatorium, Wauwatosa, Wise., 146 
Nassau County Sanatorium, Farmingdale, N. Y., 120 
National Education Association, 23 
National philanthropic organizations, functions of, 19 
National Surgical Institute, Atlanta, Ga., 91 
National Tuberculosis Association, the inception of, 47-49 
National Welfare Association, 23 
Nebraska, facilities in, 76, 111; legislation, 31 
Nebraska Orthopedic Hospital, Lincoln, Neb., Ill 
Nebuchadnezzar, 7 
Nepimak, Johan, 9 
Neponsit Beach Hospital, Rockaway Beach, N. Y., 15; description of, 127 
Nevada, facilities in, 74 
New England Home for Little Wanderers, Boston, Mass., 101 
New England Peabody Home for Crippled Children, Newton Center, Mass., 101-102 
New Hampshire Children's Aid and Protective Society, Manchester, N. H., Ill 
New Hampshire, facilities in, 83, 111; legislation, 32; appropriative Act of 1919 quoted in full, 
204 
Newington Home for Crippled Children, Newington, Conn., 90 
New Jersey, facilities in, 81, 111-116; legislation, 33; co-operation of state departments, 22, 
113 
New Jersey Elks, list of lodges aiding crippled children, 209-210 
New Jersey Elks' Association, Committee for Crippled Kiddies, 22 (see Elks' Clubs) 
New Jersey Orthopedic Hospital, Orange, N. J., 52; description of, 115 
New Mexico, facilities in, 75, 116 
New York City Department of Education, 18; special schools and classes for crippled children, 
124-125 
New York City Survey of Cripples, 12, 25-26; estimate of number of cripples, 68; estimate 
of number of crippled children, 69 
New York Committee on Aftercare of Infantile Paralysis Cases, fostered survey, 25 
New York Elks' Association Crippled Children Committee, Niagara Falls, N. Y., 126 (see 
Elks' Clubs) 
New York, facilities in, 81, 116-130; legislation, 31-35 
New York Orthopedic Hospital and Dispensary, New York City, established 1866, 10; de- 
scription of, 124 
New York State Society for Crippled Children, 129; organization, 19; directory of officers, 210 
New York State Orthopedic Hospital for Children, West Haverstraw, N. Y., 129 
Nopeming Sanatorium, Nopeming, Minn., 108 
North American Sanitarium, Ventnor, Atlantic City, N. J., 15; history of, 25; results in 
treatment of "surgical" tuberculosis, daily program, 49-51; 113 
North Carolina, facilities in, 80, 130; legislation, 31 
North Carolina Orthopedic Hospital, Gastonia, N. C., 130 
North Dakota, facilities in, 76, 130 ; legislation, 31 
Norton, J. N., Memorial Infirmary, Louisville, Ky., 97 
Oak Mount Sanatorium, Holcomb, N. Y., 120 
Objections to the aid of crippled children, 3-5 
Occupational therapy, 5 
Ohio, co-operation of social agencies, 64; Department of Health report of 1125 orthopedic 
diagnoses, 14; assists at clinics, 24; Civilian Rehabilitation Service, 24; Department 
of Public Welfare, 24; report on the treatment of 638 cases of "surgical" tuberculosis, 
49; Department of Education, 24; legislation, Senate Bill, 174, House Bill, 200, de- 
scription, 30; advantages of, 31-34; facilities in, 79, 130-137 
Ohio Society for Crippled Children, organized, 17; organization, 20; disposition of dues, 20; 
136; directory of officers, 207 (see State societies) 
Ohio Valley General Hospital, Wheeling, W. Va., 145 
Oklahoma, facilities in, 77, 137 
Oneida County Sanatorium, Rome, N. Y., 127 
Onondaga County Sanatorium, Syracuse, N. Y., 129 
Ontario Society for Crippled Children, Ontario, Canada, 147; organization, 20;' directory of 
officers, 210 
Open Air School, Santa Barbara, Calif., 89 
Orange Fresh Air Home, Bradley Beach, N. J., 51; description of, 113 
Oregon, facilities in, 73, 137; legislation, 31-34 
Oregon Medical College, receives crippled children under Oregon legislation, 32 
Ormsbee House, Procter, Vt., 144 
Orthopaedic Foundation, Los Angeles, Calif., 87 
Orthopaedic Hospital School, Los Angeles, Calif., 87-88 
Orthopaedic Section of the Manual Arts High School, Los Angeles, Calif., 88 
Orthopedic hospitals, early number of, 18; present number of, 67-68: special, advantages 
and disadvantages of, 39-43; institutions and organizations, urge prevention, 3, 61; 
diagnoses, classifications of 38 
Orthopedics, former lack of knowledge of, 2 
Osteomyelitis, frequency of, 13-14 
Ottawa City Hospital, Ottawa, Ill., 94 220 
Outing Association for Crippled Children, Chicago, III., maintains summer camp, 51, 93 
Outlook Sanatorium, Urbana, Ill., 95 
Parental instincts, socialization of, 3 . 
Parents, sometimes destroy value of braces, frames, and casts, 5-6 
Parsons, Andrew, School for Crippled Children, Oklahoma City, Okla., 137 
Pennsylvania Conference of Orthopedic Surgeons, 63 
Pennsylvania Conference of Social Agencies, 63-64 
Pennsylvania, facilities in, 81, 138-141 
Pennsylvania Society for Crippled Children, Williamsport, Pa., organization, 19; directory of 
officers, 211 (see State societies) 
Perth Avenue School, Toronto, Canada, 147 
Philadelphia Orthopedic Hospital, 139 
Philadelphia Home for Incurables, 139 
Philadelphia North American, founded home for crippled children, 24 
Philanthropic organizations, 19 
Philippine Islands, Anti-Tuberculosis Society, Manilla, P. I., 148 
Phoenix, Ariz., facilities in, 86 
Pine Hills Sanatorium, Albany, N Y., 116 
Poliomylelitis (see Infantile Paralysis) 
Poor Relief Act of 1601, offered cripples asylum care, 9 
Post-Graduate Hospital, New York City, 125 
Posture deformities, 12 
Potential deformities, 12 
Prescott, Ariz., facilities in, 86 
Prevention, 6; possibilities of, 3; social and professional agencies urge, 3; co-operation for, 
49 
Progress, demonstrated by this movement, 3, 152 
Protestant Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 146 
Public Health Nurses, participation of, 37 
Public school classes for crippled children, Akron, Ohio, 131; Ashtabula, Ohio, 131; Barber- 
ton, Ohio, 131; Bridgeport, Conn., 90; Brooklyn, N. Y., 118; Buffalo, N. Y., School No. 
59, 119; Canton, Ohio, 131; Chicago, Ill., 94; Cincinnati, Ohio, 131; Coldwater, Mich., 
34; Columbus, Ohio, 133; Dayton, Ohio, 135; Glendale, Calif., 86; Herrin, Ill., 94; 
Jersey City, N. J., School No. 36, 113; New York City, 124-125; Philadelphia, Pa., 139; 
Piqua, Ohio, 136; Rochester, N. Y., 127; Saginaw, Mich., 107; Sparta, Wise., 34; Spring- 
field,' Ohio, 136; St. Louis, Mo., 109 
Pure Air Sanatorium, Bayfield, W'isc., 145 
Rachitic deformities, frequency of, 2, 15 
Rainbow Cottage, South Euclid, Ohio, 136 
Reconstruction Home for Infantile Paralysis, Ithaca, N. Y., 47, 120-121 
Reconstruction Home, Elmira, N. Y., (see Children's Reconstruction Home) 
Reeves, Edith (see Solenberger, Mrs. E. R.) 
Rehabilitation service, federal and state, 23-24 
Rhinelander School for Crippled Children, New York City, 125 
Rhode Island, facilities in, 83, 141 
Riley, James Whitcomb, Memorial Association Hospital, 24-25, 95; poem, The Happy 
Little Cripple, opposite frontispiece 
Robin's Nest, Tarrytown, N. Y., convalescent home, Association for the Aid of Crippled 
Children, 24; description of, 129 
Rochester Guild for Crippled Children, Rochester, N. Y., 127 
Rockefeller Foundation, 23 
Rockefeller Institute, 23 
Rockford Municipal Sanatorium, Rockford, Ill., 95 
Rocky Crest Sanatorium, Olean, N. Y., 126 
Roman, beggars, made slaves of crippled children, 8-9 
Romans, attitude toward cripples, 7-8 
Round Robin, organized in Elyria, Ohio, 46 
Rosemary Cottage for Crippled Children, Cleveland, Ohio, 132 
Rotarians, participation of, 37, 61, 210 
Rotary Camp for Crippled Children, Akron, Ohio, 131 
Rotary Club, of Rochester, N. Y., typifies personal service, 51 
Rotary Convalescent Camp, Cumberland, R. I., 141 
Rotary House, Dayton, Ohio, 135 
Royal Bavarian School and Home for Crippled Children, 9 
Sage, Russell, Foundation, 18, 23, 156 
Saginaw Society for Crippled Children, Saginaw, Mich., 107 
Salvation Army, The, 23; Chicago, Ill., 93; Camp, Upper Lake, Wise., maintained by 
Chicago Branch, 146; sometimes maintains summer camps, 51-52 
Sand Beach Sanitarium, Lake Park, Minn., 107 
Sanatoria, characteristics and equipment, 50; beds, the increase of, 14 and 15; "Surgical"' 
tuberculosis in, 47, 14 and 15; types of, 47 
Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, Calif., 89 
Scarron, Paul, French poet, 8 
School-buildings for crippled children, the importance of elevators or inclining pathways. 
55; other requirements, 55-59 
School-room seats for crippled children, 56 
Schools for crippled children, the necessity of decentralization, 57 
Sjcott, Walter, Free Industrial School for Crippled Children, description of, 126; Convalescent 
Home of, 119 
Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children, Decatur, Ga., 23; description of, 91 
Seaside, The, Niantic, Conn., 14; description of, 90 221 
Sea View Hospital, Staten Island, N. Y., 127-128 
Sewickley Fresh Air Home for Convalescent and Crippled Children, Sewickley, Pa., 141 
Shriners, the activities of, 23 
Shriners' Hospitals Central Committee represented on Advisory of the International Society 
for Crippled Children, 62 
Shriners' Hospitals, Chicago, Ill., 93; description of, 83; Honolulu, H. I., Mobile Unit, 23; 
description of, 148; Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 23; description of, 148; Philadelphia, Pa., 
23; description of, 139; Portland, Ore., 23, 137 ; description of, 137; St. Louis, Mo., 23; 
description of, 110; San Francisco, Calif., 22, 74; description of, 88; Shreveport, La., 
22; description of, 97; Springfield, Mass., 22; description of, 104; Twin Cities, St. Paul, 
Minn., 23; description of, 108 
Sigma Gamma Clinic, Detroit, Mich., 106 
Sligh Memorial Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Mich., 106 
Small, Prof. A. W., quoted, 29 
Smith, Miss Mable, quoted, 11 
Social agencies, types of, 18-26 
Social co-operation, a pleasure to participating individuals, 6; how conducted, 6 
Social Service Department, University of Indiana, 95 
Social Service, the significance of, 26; co-operation of agencies, 61 
Sociology, the justification for, 2 ; humanitarian aspect of, 2 
Society for the Relief of Crippled Children, Elizabeth, N. J., 113 
Solenberger, Mrs. E. R., surveyed and reported on existing institutions, 1902, 18; quoted, 
12; biography, 154-156 
Sol-e-Mar Hospital, South Bartmouth, Mass., 104 
South Carolina, facilities in, 80 
South Dakota, Northern, facilities in, 76; Southern, facilities in, 76 
Southampton Fresh Air Home for Crippled Children, Southampton, N. Y., 127 
South Side Crippled Children's Aid Society, Chicago, Ill., description of, 93; interested in 
summer camp, 51 
South Side Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa., 141 
Spalding, Jesse, Public School for Crippled Children, Chicago, Ill., 53; description of, 93 
Spartans, attitude toward cripples, 8 
Special care, advantage of, 5 
Special Orthopedic Training Schools for Nurses, 45 
Special schools and classes for cripples, (see Public school classes) 
Springfield City Hospital, Springfield, Ohio, 136 
Springfield Lake Sanatorium, Akron, Ohio, 131 
Stanford Convalescent Home, Palo Alto, Calif., 74; description of, 88 
State Infirmary, Tewkesbury, Mass., 104 
State Minors' Hospital, McKendrie, W. Va., 145 
State Orphanage, Atchinson, Kan., 96 
State Public School, Coldwater, Michigan, 105; Sparta, Wis., 34, 146 
State societies of the International Society for Crippled Children, officers of, 210; function, 
19 
State Street Dispensary, Columbus, Ohio, 133 
St. Agnes Hospital for Crippled and Atypical Children, White Plains, N. Y., 130 
St. Charles Hospital for Crippled Children, Port Jefferson, N. Y., 126-127 
St. Giles Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., 118 
St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Youngstown, Ohio, 137 
St. Elizabeth's House, Wilton, Conn., 90 
St. John's Sanitarium, Springfield, Ill., 95 
St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Mo., 110 
St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago, Ill., 94 
St. Luke's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, 133 
St. Luke's Hospital, New Bedford, Mass., 101 
St. Luke's Hospital, New York City, 126 
St. Luke's Home, Prescott, Ariz., 86 
St. Rita's Hospital, Lima, Ohio, 136 
St. Vincent's Charity Dispensary, Cleveland, Ohio, 133 
St. Vincent's Hospital, Billings, Mont., 110 
St. Vincent's Hospital, Toledo, Ohio, 136 
Stillwater Sanatorium, Dayton, Ohio, 135 
Stocking School for Crippled Children, Grand Rapids, Mich., 106 
Suffolk Sanatorium, Holtsville, N. Y., 120 
Sullivan, Joe F., biography, 155-156 
Summer Camps, 51; number of, 67 
Summer Home of the Widener Memorial School, Atlantic City, N. J., 113 
Summer Home of the Crippled Children's East Side Free School, Oakhurst, N. J., 115 
Sumner Public School, Chicago, Ill., 94 
Sunbeam Association, Cleveland, Ohio, merged with the Association for Crippled and Dis- 
abled Children, 24; assisted survey financially, 26 
Sunbeam Circle, organized, 18 
Sunbeam School for Crippled Children, Cleveland, Ohio, 24; description of, 133 
Sunbeam Shop, Cleveland, Ohio, 24 
Sunnycrest Sanatorium, Auburn, N. Y., 117 
Sunshine Camp, Rochester, N. Y., 51; description of, 127 
Surgical Institute of Illinois, Chicago, HL, 94 
"Surgical" Tuberculosis, frequency of, 12-14; treatment of, 49 
Survey of cripples, 25 
Surveys, discrepancy between, 13 
Survey information cards, 26 222 
Switzerland, movement spread to, 9 
Taylor Public School, Chicago, Ill., 94 
Tennessee, facilities in, 79, 143 
Tennessee Society for Crippled Children, Nashville, Tenn., organization, 19; description of, 
143; directory of officers, 211 (see State societies) 
Texas, facilities in, 77, 143 
Toledo Hospital, Toledo, Ohio, 137 
Toledo Society for Crippled Children, Toledo, Ohio, 137 
Toronto, Canada, Survey of Crippled Children, 25; estimate of cripples, 68; estimate of 
crippled children, 73 
Toronto Orthopedic Hospital, Toronto, Canada, 147 
Traumatic deformities, frequency of, 12-15 
Trenton Orthopedic Hospital and Dispensary, Trenton, N. J., 115-116 
Tuberculosis sanatoria, number providing for crippled children, 68 
Tulare-King Joint Tuberculosis Hospital, Springville, Calif., 89 
Uniform dress, the undesirability of, 5, 26 
University Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, 96 
University Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, 133 
University of Indiana, maintains James Whitcomb Riley Hospital, 32 ; Social Service Dept., 95 
University of Iowa, maintains State Hospital 32 
University of Kansas Medical Department, Lawrence, Kan., 96 
University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Mich., receives children under terms of 
Michigan legislation, 31; description of, 104 
University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minn., children committed to by 
juvenile courts, 74, 108 
University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Ore., 138 
University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., 138 
University of Virginia Hospital, Charlottsville, Va., 144 
University of Virginia Medical College, Charlottsville, Va., 32-33 
Upway Field and Crippled Children's School, Pittsfield, Mass., 104 
Utah, facilities in, 75, 144 
Verdi, Rigoletto, deformed court jester, 9 
Vermont, facilities in, 83, 144 
Vincent, Prof. G. E., quoted, 29 
Virginia, facilities in, 81, 144-145; annual appropriations, 32 
Virginia Board of Health, participation of, 32 
Virginia Society for Crippled Children, Charlottsville, Va., 144; organization, 19; directory of 
officers, 211 (see State societies) 
Visiting Nurses' Assn., Chicago, 94 
Vocational education, 58 
Warner, Prof. A. G., quoted, 37 
Washington Council of Social Agencies, Washington, D. C., 91 
Washington, facilities in, 73, 145 
Washington University Medical Hospital, St. Louis, Mo., 110 
Watertown City Hospital, Watertown, N. Y., 129 
Watson, D. T., Home for Crippled Children, Leetsdale, Pa., 138 
Welch Hospital, Welch, W. Va., 145 
Welfare Federation of Cleveland, 19, 25 
West Virginia, facilities in, 79, 145; legislation, 31; Act of 1917 quoted in full, 198 
West Virginia Society for Crippled Children, Wheeling, W. Va., 145; organization, 19; 
directory of officers, 211 (see State societies) 
West Virginia State Minors' Hospital, receives crippled children under West Virginia 
legislation, 32 
Widener Memorial School for Crippled Children, Philadelphia, Pa., 139-140; Summer Home, 
113 
Willow Brook, Kenosha, Wise., 146 
Wisconsin, facilities in, 78, 146; legislation, 31-32 
Wyoming, facilities in, 75 
York Hospital and Dispensary, York, Pa., 141 
Youngstown Hospital Association, Youngstown, Ohio, 137