No. 3 PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION MEMORIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA MORTALITY OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 1915 PRUDENTIAL PRESS, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY The Text and Tables of This Publication Have Been Prepared BY FREDERICK L. HOFFMAN STATISTICIAN The Prudential Insurance Company of America Newark, N. J., June 1, 1915 INTRODUCTION Many attempts have been made to present in a concise and conclusive manner the available facts regarding the geographical distribution of disease. One of the earliest and most instructive efforts of this kind is contained in the Physical and Geographical Atlas of J. Keith Johnston, published in London, 1856. Most of the data used were derived from colonial medical reports and the British army and navy mortality experience throughout the world. About the same time an elaborate work was published by Boudin on the Geography and Statistics of Medicine and Epi- demic Diseases, in two volumes, with nine maps and numerous statistical tables. This work was largely based on the statistics of France, including colonial medical statistics, and on account of the extended treatment of special diseases, including climatological and population data, the work may properly be considered the first of its kind to subject the problem of mortality throughout the world to exact and analyt- ical methods. Nearly twenty years later, August Hirsch, a German, published a three-volume work on Geographical and Historical Pathology, which to this day con- stitutes the most useful source of information regarding the variations in disease inci- dence throughout the world and the historical accounts of epidemics, with, however, rather limited consideration of the statistical aspects of the problem and the rate of mortality. The work of Hirsch was translated into English and published by the Sydenham Society in 1883. Some specialized studies on the geographical distribu- tion of disease had been made in England before this time, and among these a fore- most place must be assigned to the work of Alfred Haviland, who, in 1875, published an elaborate work on the Geographical Distribution of Heart Disease and Dropsy, Can- cer in Females and Phthisis in Females, in England and Wales, illustrated by six small and three large colored maps. Another work by Haviland on the Geographical Distribution of Disease in Great Britain was published in London in 1892. In the same year, Andrew Davidson, M. D., late Visiting and Superintending Surgeon of the Civil Hospital, Mauritius, published a two-volume work on Geographical Pathology, or, more in detail, an inquiry into the geographical distribution of infective and climatic diseases, which from a practical point of view, with special reference to insurance, con- stitutes an exceptionally useful work of reference. The main sources relied upon in this work were the official mortality reports of different countries, army and navy medi- cal reports, colonial hospital reports, etc. For the United States the data used inDavid- son’s work are of rather limited practical utility. As early as 1840, a most interesting treatise had been published by the United States War Department, for the purpose of illustrating the geographical distribution of disease (January, 1819, to January, 1839), with special reference to army experience, and of practical application in the location of forts, barracks, etc. This early work was supplemented by a similar report pub- lished in 1856, which included the statistics of sickness and mortality in the United States Army during the period 1839 to 1854. A third report, published in 1860, included the army statistics of sickness and mortality for the five-year period 1855 3 to 1859. No equally extended consideration has oabsequently been given to the consolidated army mortality statistics, but die Army and Navy Medical Reports for more recent years contain a considerable amount of very useful information, including the experience gained in the military administration of non-contiguous American territory. The most recent work on the geography of disease is a treatise by Frank G. Clemow, M. D., published in Cambridge, England, 1903. This work is arranged on quite a different basis from that of the work of Davidson, in that the distribution of particular diseases is made the basis instead of the frequency of diseases in particular territory. Each of these methods has its own advantages, but from an insurance point of view, the one adopted by Davidson is to be preferred.* The normal premium rates charged by life insurance companies do not provide for the extra mortality generally experienced in tropical, semi-tropical, arctic or sub- arctic countries. It has, therefore, been customary from the earliest period of life insurance history to charge an extra premium on account of residence in sections known or assumed to be subject to a higher death rate than the normal rate common to the white population of European countries and North America. The practice of extra-rating was at first necessarily but a mere approximation, in the absence of accurate information, not only as regards the local mortality, but especially as regards the effect of local tropical or other health-injurious conditions on insured European and American residents. In course of time a considerable amount of actual experi- ence was had on the part of American and European companies transacting business in tropical and semi-tropical countries, but for reasons which hardly require extended consideration, the question of rating such applicants has remained largely a matter of individual judgment, with a due regard, of course, to the available experi- ence. In the case of most of the smaller companies, in any event, the number of applicants intending to reside temporarily or permanently in tropical or semi-tropical countries is quite small, so that the experience at best is not likely to represent more than a fragment of the total experience with this class of risks and as such it is rarely, if ever, in conformity to the expected mortality rate based on a large number of ex- ceptionally well-selected cases. Even in the case of so large a company as The Pru- dential, the number of applicants who in their application blank intimate the possibility or certainty of residence in tropical or semi-tropical countries, or in the arctic or subarc- tic regions, is relatively small. The case is quite different when a company establishes local agencies in such countries and secures a considerable amount of local business, the experience with which in time must, of course, represent the true effect of local climatic and other conditions on health and longevity as measurable by the usual methods of actuarial analysis. For this and other reasons, it has been found practically impossible to evolve a general and uniform rating system for companies not trans- acting business in foreign countries through local agencies, and the practice has continued of considering such applicants on their own merit, with a due regard to all the known facts of local mortality, disease liability, climatic effects, etc. Another very important factor which requires to be taken into consideration is the remark- able change for the better in the health conditions of nearly all tropical countries, *Mention requires to be made in this connection of an extremely valuable work, in three volumes, on the Medical Topography of the Iberian Peninsula, by Dr. P. H. Hauser, Madrid, 1913 (La Geografi Medica de la Peninsula Iberica). This work may be con- sidered a standard treatise on precise methods of scientific inquiry into the correlation of disease occurrence to topography, climate, etc. A large amount of statistical information regarding the health of Europeans in the tropics is contained in the annual medical reports on the German colonies, and in the selections from colonial medical reports published under the direction of the colonial secretary, London, at irregular intervals. See, also, the references to tropical mortality in my “Chances of Death and the Ministry of Health,*’ published for general distribution by The Prudential Insurance Company of America. 4 such at least as are under European or American administration. In appreciation of these facts, The Prudential commenced many years ago to acquire trustworthy in- formation regarding health conditions throughout the entire world, and, as far as practicable, this information has been utilized in arriving at equitable premium charges on account of such residence, modified from time to time in the light of ever-increasing knowledge and experience. It may be questioned whether any other company, sanitary institution or statistical branch of government has so thoroughly developed the basic sources of information regarding the geographical distribution of disease and the variations in the local death rate as has The Prudential. The Company has not only brought together practically all of the available information, but it has also standardized the data secured in a manner suitable for practical insurance purposes. In the present instance, on account of limitations of space, only the facts secured for the Western Hemisphere are presented, in sixty-five charts, arranged in a uniform manner, showing—aside from the fundamental geographical data and a map illustrat- ing, as far as possible, the local topography—the essentials of climate, the general death rate during the last twenty years, the mortality from principal causes for the last five years (including the percentage distribution and the death rates per 10,000 of population), the death rates from specific causes of local importance, and such spe- cial data as best indicate or emphasize local problems of health and acclimatization.* The literature of tropical mortality experience and extra-premium charges on account of residence in other sections of the world than the temperate zone is quite extensive but rather difficult of access to those interested in medical topography, the sanitary control of the tropics and the problem of the successful acclimatization of the white races in far southern latitudes. The following are the more important sources of information which will be found useful in the further study of the problems of mortality in the western hemisphere: Observations on the Importance in Purchases of Land, and in Mercantile Adventures, of Ascertaining the Rates or Laws of Mortality by Chronic Diseases and Hot Climates, London, 1826; On the Death Rate Among Assured Lives in the West Indies; Being the Experience of the Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society during Thirty Years, 1846-1876; An Investigation of the Rate of Mortality amongst Certain Assured Lives in India, with New Tables of Annuities, Assurances, etc., for Single Lives, C. Scotton Francis, Calcutta, 1850; Mortality of Europeans and Their Descendants in Jamaica, J. Marshall (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v. IV, p. 39, 1854); The Prospectuses of the Indian Life Assurance Offices, with Observations on Existing Tables of Mortality of Europeans in India, Calcutta, 1856 (reprinted from The Calcutta Review, No. XXXVII, March, 1853); Mortality of Europeans in the East Indies (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v. XI, p. 1, 1863, v. XII, p. 276, 1865, v. XIX, p. 281, 295, 1876); Experience of the Scottish Amicable in the *“The acclimatisation of the white race in the tropics is a question of vast importance. Upon it depend the control, government, and utilisation of the tropics. It is a very complex problem, and it has been much discussed. It is complicated by the controls exercised by race, diet, occupations, habits of life, and the like. To discuss it fully is impossible in this place. The gist of the matter is this; White residents from cooler latitudes on coming into the tropics must adjust themselves physiologically to the new climatic conditions. During this adjustment there is more or less strain on various organs of the body. The strain may be too severe; then the individual suffers. The adjustment is usually much retarded and hindered by a persistence in habits of food, drink, and general mode of life which, however well suited to the home climate, do not fit tropical conditions. During the adjustment, especially if complicated by irrational habits, the body is naturally sensitive to the new diseases to which it is exposed. Even should no specific disease be contracted, there are anaemic tendencies and other degenerative changes. Experience teaches that white men cannot with impunity do hard manual labour under a tropical sun, but that they may enjoy fairly good health as overseers, or at indoor work, if they take reasonable precautions. Acclimatisation in the full sense of having white men and women living for successive generations in the tropics, and reproducing their kind without physical, mental, and moral degeneration,—i. e., colonisation in the true sense,— is impossible. Tropical disease and death-rates, as has been abundantly shown, can be much reduced by proper attention to sanitary aws. so that these rates may be not much, if any, higher than those in the extra-tropics. And with increasing medical knowledge of the nature and prevention of tropical diseases, well as by means of modern sanitary methods, a white resident in the tropics will constantly become better able to withstand disease.” (“Climate,” by Robert De C. Ward, p. 203. New York, 1908.) 5 West Indies, J. Stott (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, V. XXI, p. 153,1878); Mortality of Assured Lives in the West Indies, S. C. Thomson (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v. XXI, p. 181, 1878, v. XXVII, p. 161, 1888); Mortality of Europeans in Tropical Africa, T. B. Sprague (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v. XXV, p. 437, 1886); Experience with Acclimatized Lives in the Tropics, Hardy and Rothery (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v. XXVII, p. 180, 1888); Experience of the Barbados Mutual Insurance Co. (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v. XXVII, p. 163, 1888); Experience of the Standard in the West Indies, G. F. Hardy and H, J. Rothery (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v. XXVII, p. 163, 1888); Mortality of Europeans in Various Unhealthy Districts, T. G. Lyon (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v, XXIX, p. 541, 1892); Note on the Rate of Mortal- ity in Sierra Leone (Trans. Actuarial Society of Edinburgh, v. 111, p. 365, 1895); Mortality of Government Officials on West Coast of Africa, J, R. Hart (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v, XXXIII, p. 307,1897); Tropical Hazards, or Life Insurance Risks in Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines, E. B. Phelps,New York, 1901; On the Rates of Mortality in Various Countries, More Especially in the Tropics, and the Extra Premiums for Resi- dence Therein, James Chatham (Trans. Actuarial Society of America, 1901); Extra Pre- miums on the Rates for Residence in Various Countries, Especially the Tropics, J. Chat- ham (Trans, Third International Actuarial Congress, p. 338,1901); On the Rate of Mor- tality in Various Countries, S. C. Thomson (Trans. Fourth International Actuarial Congress, p. 111, 1904); Mortality among Non-Caucasian Races, Arthur Hunter (Trans. Fourth International Actuarial Congress, p. 153,1904); Notes on the Mortality in India and Some Other Tropical Countries (Trans. Fourth International Actuarial Congress, p. 111, 1904); Resultat einer Untersuchung iiber die Sterblichkeit unter Skandinaviern im Kongo, 1878-1904, n.p. 1906; Canadian Vital Statistics, with Special Reference to the Province of Ontario (Jour, of Inst, of Actuaries, v. XL, p. 125, April, 1906); Mortality in Semi-Tropical and Tropical Countries: Rates of Premium Charged, and Valuation Basis for These Countries, Arthur Hunter (Trans. Actuarial Society of America, May, 1908); Observations on Improvement in Mortality in the Tropics, Arthur Hunter (Trans. Seventh International Actuarial Congress, v. 11, p. 165, 1912); The Mortality in the Tropics, with Special Reference to German Colonies, H. Braun (Trans. Seventh International Actuarial Congress, v. 11, p. 143, 1912); Influence of the Climate in the Dutch Indian Possessions and Colonies on Mortality, H. A. Berkhout (Trans. Seventh International Actuarial Congress, v. 11, p. 179, 1912). The climatological problems of the western hemisphere and their relation to topog- raphy and mortality have not received adequate consideration. Among the sources of information which will be found useful a brief reference is made to the following; James Lind, An Essay on Diseases Incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates, London, 1788; Janies Johnson, Influence of Tropical Climates on European Constitutions, New York, 1826; Sir James Clark, The Sanative Influence of Climate, London, 1846; James Macomb Smith, M. D., Dissertation on the Influence of Climate on Longevity, New York, 1846 (originally published in Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine); James R. Martin, The Influence of Tropical Climates on European Constitutions, London, 1856; Lorin Blodget, Climatology of the United States and of the Temperate Latitudes of the North American Continent, Philadelphia, 1857; Alexander Ramsay, A Bibliography, Guide and Index to Climate, London, 1884; J. Hann, Handbuch der Klimatologie (3 vols.), Stuttgart, 1887-1897; Win. Martin Conway, notes on mountain sickness in report on explorations in the Karakoram-Himalayas, London, 1894; Richard Ass- mann, Das KHma, Jena, 1894; S. Edwin Solly, Handbook of Medical Climatology, 6 New York, 1897; Weber and Hinsdale, Climatology (2 vols.), Philadelphia, 1901; G. M. Giles, Climate and Health in Hot Countries and the Outlines of Tropical Climatology, New York, 1905; Chas. E. Woodruff, The Effect of Tropical Light on White Men, New \ork, 1905; Robert De Courcy Ward, Climate Considered Especially in Relation to Men, New York, 1908; Catalogue of the Climatological and Meteorological Section of the International Exposition of Hygiene, Dresden, 1911; Chas. E. Woodruff, Medical Ethnology, New York, 1915. The best sources of information regarding general topography are: Reclus, The Earth and Its Inhabitants (North America, 3 vols., South America, 2 vols.); the Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society; Petermanns Mitteilungen; and the topographic atlas sheets and geologic folios of the United States Geological Survey, and the water-supply papers and river profiles of the same Survey. Finally, mention requires to be made of the soil-survey inves- tigations of the Bureau of Soils, which include the publication of maps showing the approximate distribution of different soil types, together with data regarding the mechanical analysis of soils and the correlation factors of climate. The most trustworthy and convenient source of general information regarding the weather and climate of the western hemisphere is the Atlas of Meteorology, with over four hundred maps, prepared by Bartholomew and Herbertson, published by the Geographical Institute of Edinburgh. It has well been said that “Attempts have been repeatedly made to classify diseases on a geographical basis, grouping those that have a universal distribution, those that are found mostly in cold or temperate climates, and those that occur mainly or solely in tropical or subtropical countries”; but the final conclusion regarding all such investigations has been that “any such classification can never, from the nature of things, be of a final character, and that no disease can be said to have a permanent geographical distribution.” This, perhaps, is best illustrated by the former frequency of yellow fever in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, where the disease has not occurred for nearly a hundred years. The same conclusion applies to leprosy, which, though largely confined to tropical countries, is yet met with under exceptional con- ditions in such far northern localities as Iceland and the maritime provinces of Canada. The 'present contribution to the study of the geographical distribution of disease through- out the western .hemisphere is, therefore, bid tentative in character, and no data or con- clusions are to be considered as final. Life insurance companies are concerned with both the existing state of facts and the more or less prevalent tendencies towards changes in the mortality rate in the future. Such changes are to-day recognized as primarily conditioned by methods and means of public and corporate sanitary control. The classical illustration of this principle for all time will be the marvelous achievement atPanama underthe direction of Major-General Dr. C. W. Gorgas, now Surgeon-General of the United States Army. The numerous tables of special disease frequency indicate, practically throughout the western hemisphere, a tendency towards a lower death rate, and as its equivalent, a marked measure of progress towards the control of the more or less preventable diseases. The most convincing proof of what is being done in this direction under intelligent corporate management is the evidence presented in the annual report of the medical department of the United Fruit Company for the year 1914. Equally suggestive is the sanitary progress of Hawaii, chiefly as regards the health improvement of the Asiatic and Portuguese laborers employed on the sugar plantations of the several islands. In proportion as the problems of medical climatology and topography are better understood, the larger question of successful acclimatization 7 is conditioned by time alone. As a first requirement, however, towards a further improvement in the death rate, it is of the utmost importance that the essential facts of mortality and disease distribution should be made better known and more thoroughly understood. The hope may therefore be indulged in that the present work may contribute towards this end, to the measurable advantage of the general population and the direct benefit of the policyholders of life insurance companies, present or prospective, who, because of residence in the now less healthful semi-tropical and tropical regions of the western hemisphere, are rightfully required to pay a larger premium than is charged to the policyholders of more temperate latitudes. The present investigation would not have been possible but for the hearty cooperation of the medical officers and registration officials of the governments represented in the published results. In some cases extensive original research was necessary and a considerable portion of the data is entirely new and not otherwise available. It is clearly recognized that the returns for a number of countries are wanting in accuracy and completeness, and it requires to be said that the crude death rates for all countries are but an approximate indication of comparative health conditions throughout the Western Hemisphere. Absolute accuracy is at present not obtainable and for this reason the calculation of standardized death rates has not seemed advisable. Exceptional caution is necessary in the interpretation and use of crude death rates for administrative divisions in which the population consists largely of natives, or negroes, or East Indians, as the case may be. The climatologi- cal averages practically all represent original recalculations of monthly averages by standard methods, to provide uniformity. The Philippine Islands have been included in the Western Hemisphere mortality as a matter of convenience, on account of their being a non-contiguous possession of the United States. It is to be hoped that in course of time a corresponding tabulation of the mortality of the Eastern Hemisphere will be found practicable, so that at least the general mortality statistics of the en- tire civilized world may be made conveniently available for life insurance purposes. The Prudential Insurance Company op America Newark, N. J., June 1, 1915. 8 LIST OF CHARTS . MORTALITY STATISTICS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE LIST OF CHARTS Chart Number Page 105 Alaska 14 106 Canada—British Columbia 15 107 Newfoundland and Labrador 16 108 Greenland 17 109 Canada—Maritime Provinces 18 110 Canada—City of Quebec 19 110 a Canada—City of Montreal 20 111 Canada—Province of Ontario 21 112 Canada—Province of Alberta 22 113 U. S. of America—Pacific Coast States 23 114 U. S. of America—Mountain States 24 115 U. S. of America—North Central States 25 116 U. S. of America—New England and Middle Atlantic States 26 117 Bermuda 27 118 U. S, of America—Southern States 28 119 Hawaii 29 120 Mexico—City of Mexico 30 121 British Honduras 31 122 Cuba 32 123 Cuba—City of Habana 33 124 Jamaica 34 125 Porto Rico 35 126 Danish West Indies 36 127 British West Indies—Antigua and Barbuda 37 128 British West Indies—St. Kitts-Nevis and Anguilla 38 129 British West Indies—St. Lucia 39 130 British West Indies—Barbados 40 131 British West Indies—St. Vincent 41 132 British West Indies—Grenada 42 133 British West Indies—Trinidad and Tobago 43 134 British Guiana 44 135 Dutch Guiana 45 136 Venezuela 46 10 MORTALITY STATISTICS OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE LIST OF CHARTS—Continued Chart Number page 137 Salvador 47 138 Nicaragua 48 139 Costa Rica 49 140 Panama Canal Zone—-Employees 50 141 Panama Canal Zone—Civil Population 52 142 U. S. of Colombia—City of Bogota 53 143 Ecuador—Cities of Quito and Guayaquil 54 144 Peru—City of Cuzco 55 145 Bolivia—City of La Paz 56 146 Brazil—City of Sao Paulo 57 147 Brazil—City of Para 58 148 Brazil—City of Bahia 59 149 Brazil—City of Bello Horizonte 60 150 Brazil—City of Rio de Janeiro 61 151 Brazil—City of Curityba 62 152 Brazil—City of Pelotas 63 153 Paraguay 64 154 Uruguay 65 155 Uruguay—City of Montevideo 66 156 Argentina—Province of Tucuman 67 157 Argentina—City of Santiago del Estero 68 158 Argentina—City of Rosario de Santa Fe 69 159 Argentina—City of Buenos Aires 70 160 Argentina—Province of Buenos Aires 71 161 Chile 72 162 Falkland Islands 73 163 Philippine Islands 74 164 Philippine Islands—City of Manila 75 165 Climate of the Western Hemisphere—Temperature 76 166 Climate of the Western Hemisphere—Rainfall 77 167 Mortality Rates of North and Central America 78 168 Mortality Rates of South America 80 11 Panama Canal Zone Civil Population 12 Panama Canal Zone Employees Chart No. 105—ALASKA Capital, Juneau Latitude, 58° 19' N. Longitude, 134° 28' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE Temperature GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS ' Jan. to Apr~to JulyTo 0^, March* June Sept. Dec.* Annual Southeastern Alaska 29.1 46.8 53.8 35.6 41.3 Southern Alaska 23.5 43.3 52.2 29.4 37.1 Alaskan Peninsula and Aleutian Islands 28.7 40.5 50.8 34.5 38.6 Western Alaska 4.7 35.0 49.2 16.1 26.3 Yukon Basin —5.2 40.9 50.2 5.2 22.8 Arctic Alaska —14.5 17.5 35.3 —4.9 8.4 Rainfall Southeastern Alaska 14.2 10.3 16.5 22.7 63.7 Southern Alaska 13.1 11.9 20.1 17.3 62.4 Alaskan Peninsula and Aleutian Islands 12.2 10.0 12.5 18.2 52.9 Western Alaska 3.7 3.6 10.3 4.1 21.7 Yukon Basin 1.3 2.8 5.4 1.6 11.1 Arctic Alaska 0.7 1.0 3.2 2.0 6.9 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1904-1914 U. S. Army—Alaska Stations Rate per 1,000 Average Enlisted Year Strength Deaths Men 1904 730 5 6.85 1905 854 8 9.37 1906 805 6 7.45 1907 847 3 3.54 1908 1,015 10 9.85 1909 1,064 2 1.88 1910 1,081 3 2.78 1911 1,119 7 6.26 1912 1,197 7 5.85 1913 1,141 5 4.38 1914 TABLE D—MORBIDITY RATE BY MILITARY STATIONS, 1901-1909 and 1911 Mor- Total Total bidity Mean No. of per Strength Cases Cent. Fort Egbert 772 632 81.9 Fort W. H. Seward.. 1,440 942 65.4 Fort Davis 808 489 60.5 FortLiscum 1,100 641 58.3 Fort Gibbon 1,421 761 53.6 Fort St. Michael. .. . 916 399 43.6 Fairbanks 22 4 18.2 TABLE E—MORBIDITY BY SEASONS 1901-1909 Mor- Total Total bidity Mean No. of per Strength Cases Cent. January-March.... 5,071 786 62.0 April—June 5,023 761 61.1 July-September. ... 5,546 951 68.6 October-December.. 5,622 894 63.6 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1904-1911 U. S. Army—Alaska Stations Rate per 10,000 PerCent. Enlisted of All Deaths Men Causes Accident and other violence 17 22.6 38.6 Circulatory diseases 6 8.0 13.6 Tuberculosis 4 5.3 9.1 Digestive diseases 3 4.0 6.8 Nervous diseases 3 4.0 6.8 Alcoholism 3 4.0 6.8 Pneumonia 2 2.7 4.6 Nephritis 2 2.7 4.6 Other causes 4 5.3 9.1 TABLE F—MORBIDITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1904-1911 Rate per 1,000 Enlisted Cases Men Accident and other violence... . 1,221 162.5 Digestive diseases 660 87.8 Venereal diseases.. . 409 54.4 Nervous diseases 234 31.1 Alcoholism 214 28.5 Bronchitis 204 27.2 Other respiratory diseases 177 23.5 Sources: Reports of the Surgeon-General, U. S. Army. Bulletins of the U. S. Geological Survey, on Alaska. Original data furnished by the U. S. Weather Bureau. *—means temperature below zero. 14 Chart No. 106—BRITISH COLUMBIA Capital, Victoria Latitude, 48° 25' N. Longitude, 123° 23' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Vancouver) Temper- Rain- Relative ature fall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. .. 37.9 19.0 83 April—June 52.7 7.6 69 July-September... . 60.2 6.4 75 October-December. 42.9 24.0 91 Annual 48.5 57.0 79.5 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY AGE, 1902-1911 Rate per Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Under 3 163,919 4,685 28.6 3-9 384,544 937 2.4 10-19 431,650 1,223 2.8 20-39 1,287,540 5,835 4.5 40-59 562,891 4,795 8.5 60-69 93,914 2,011 21.4 70-79 31,522 1,480 47.0 80-89 6,014 670 111.4 90 and over. . . 592 91 153.7 All ages 2,962,586 21,727 7.3 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 „ , Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1891 98,173 750 7.6 1892 106,221 757 7.1 1893 114,269 827 7.2 1894 122,317 836 6.8 1895 130,365 735 5.6 1896..: 138,413 1,020 7.4 1897 146,462 1,013 6.9 1898 154,511 1,340 8.7 1899 162,560 1,415 8.7 1900 170,609 1,494 8.8 1901 178,657 1,460 8.2 1902 200,039 1,655 8.3 1903 221,421 1,572 7.1 1904 242.803 1,734 7.1 1905 264,185 1,603 6.1 1906 285,567 1,778 6.2 1907 306,949 2,396 7.8 1908 328,331 2,537 7.7 1909 349,714 2,784 8.0 1910 371,097 3,221 8.7 1911 392,480 3,660 9.3 1912 413,863 4,313 . 10.4 1913 435,246 4,619 10.6 1914 456,629 3,974 8.7 TABLE E—FATAL ACCIDENTS IN MINING Coal Mines, 1891-1914 Rate pef Number 1,000 Year Employees Killed Employees 1891 3,094 15 4.85 1892 2,854 _ 6 2.10 1893 2,844 16 5.63 1894 2,929 4 1.37 1895 2,924 10 3.41 1896 2,753 9 3.27 1897 2,433 6 2.47 1898 2,988 7 2.34 1899 3,780 11 2.91 1900 4,031 17 4.22 1901 3,974 102 25.67 1902 4,011 139 34.65 1903 4,264 42 9.85 1904 4,453 37 8.31 1905 4,407 12 2.72 1906 4,805 15 3.12 1907 6,059 31 5.12 1908 6,095 18 2.95 1909 ’. .. 6,418 57 8.88 1910 7,758 28 3.61 1911 6,873 16 2.33 1912 7,130 28 3.93 1913 6,443 27 4.19 1914 ... Metal Mines, 1901-1914 1901 3,948 14 3.52 1902 3,345 12 3.55 1903 2,476 18 7.27 1904 3,306 14 4.23 1905 3,596 14 3.89 1906 3,718 17 4.57 1907 3,697 20 5.41 1908 3,537 21 5.94 1909 3,037 15 4.94 1910 3,107 13 4.18 1911 3,241 17 5.25 1912 3,402 8 2.35 1913 4,305 13 3.02 1914 table c—mortality from principal causes 1902-1911 Rateper Percent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Accident 3,536 11.9 14.8 Heart diseases.. 2,666 9.0 11.1 Tuberculosis... 2,146 7.2 9.0 Pneumonia 1,728 5.8 7.2 Urinary diseases 982 3.3 4.1 Cancer 977 3.3 4.1 Other causes.. . 11,886 40.1 49.7 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, 1902-1911 .. , Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Victoria 289,505 4,167 14.4 Vancouver 811,478 8,114 10.0 Kootenay 423,075 3,701 8.7 New Westmin- ster 347,125 2,529 7.3 Nanaimo 295,341 1,475 5.0 Yale 441,288 1,932 4.4 Comox 111,841 405 3.6 Chilliwack 66,998 200 3.0 Cassiar 175,715 417 2.4 TABLE G—PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY FROM ACCIDENTS, 1911 Deaths Per Cent. Railroads, landslides, etc... 117 22.1 Drowning 101 10-0 Mines and quarries 59 11.1 Other causes -50 17.2 Sources: Annual Reports of the Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in the Province of British Columbia. Annual Reports of the Minister of Mines. Reports of the Meteorological Service of Canada. 15 Capital, St. Johns Latitude, Chart No. 107—NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR 47° 35 ' N. Longitude, 52° 45' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (St. Johns) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (PerCent.) January—March. . . . 24.7 16.1 70 April-June 41.9 12.9 83 July-September. . . . 57.0 10.0 84 October-December.. 37.5 18.4 85 Annual 40.3 5.7.4 81 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS Newfoundland and Labrador, 1901-1914 Rate per 10,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1901 220,984 687 31.1 1902 223,182 739 33.1 1903 225,380 769 34.1 1904 227,578 698 30.7 1905 229,776 804 35.0 1906 231,974 1,113* 38.4 1907 234,172 801 34.2 1908 236,370 802 33.9 1909 238,568 737 30.9 1910 240,767 696 28.9 1911 242,966 697 28.7 1912 245,484 714 29.1 1913 248,004 720 29.0 1914 249,733 628 25.1 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES Newfoundland, 1899-1914 Rate per v 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1899 210,000 3,560 17.0 1900 214,838 3,497 16.3 1901 217,037 3,816 17.6 1902 219,236 3,695 16.9 1903 221,435 3,835 17.3 1904 223,634 3,699 16.5 1905 225,833 3,850 17.0 1906 228,032 5,656* 19.8 1907 230,231 3,997 17.4 1908 232,430 4,015 17.3 1909 234,629 3,558 15.2 1910 236,828 3,544 15.0 1911 239,027 3,809 15.9 1912 241,535 4,024 16.7 1913 244,055 4,332 17.8 1914 245,784 3,797 15.4 Labbadob, 1900-1914 1900 3,947 11 2.8 1901 3,947 34 8.6 1902 3,947 39 9.9 1903 3,946 74 18.8 1904 3,945 81 20.5 1905 3,944 54 13.7 1906 3,943 66* 13.4 1907 3,942 105 26.6 1908 3,941 95 24.1 1909 3,940 93 23.6 1910 3,939 82 20.8 1911 3,939 82 20.8 1912 3,949 93 23.6 1913 3,949 85 21.5 1914 3,949 82 20.8 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS Newfoundland and Labrador, 1907-1911 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Labrador 19,701 457 23.2 St. Johns, E. and W 222,857 4,685 21.0 Bay-de-Verde. . 50,655 1,009 19.9 Port-de-Grave.. 35,388 684 19.3 Harbor Grace. . 60,360 1,148 19.0 Carbonear 25,480 451 17.7 Trinity 109,072 1,846 16.9 Bonavista 112,141 1,794 16.0 Ferryland 28,888 450 15.6 Burin 56,892 863 15.2 Borgeo and La Poile. 38,177 544 14.2 Placentia and St. Mary’s... 79,605 1,123 14.1 Fogo _ 40,607 553 13.6 Harbor Main.. . 47,381 637 13.4 St.Barbe 50,067 654 13.1 Fortune Bay. . . 48,729 605 12.4 Twillingate. . . . 110,304 1,308 11.9 St. George’s 56,542 569 10.1 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES Newfoundland and Labrador 1C0T-1911 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Tuberculosis of the lungs. . . . 3,733 31.3 19.3 Nervous dis’ses. 2,337 19.6 12.1 Old age 1,915 16.1 9.9 Digestive dis’ses 955 8.0 4.9 Pneumonia. . . . 797 6.7 4.1 Heart diseases.. 756 6.3 3.9 Other causes. . . 8,887 74.5 45.8 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY AGE, 1907-1911 (Exclusive of Labrador) ,, . Kate per Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Under 1 40,004 4,886 122.1 1-4 133,621 1,967 14.7 5-9 147,934 676 4.6 10-14 131,979 515 3.9 15-19 124,236 880 7.1 20-29 196,854 1,887 9.6 30-39 132,213 1,165 8.8 40-49 109,337 948 8.7 50-59 80,008 1,079 13.5 60-69 47,630 1,712 35.9 70-79 22,759 1,912 84.0 80 and over. . . . 6,570 1,296 197.3 All ages 1,173,145 18,923 16.1 Sources; Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Births, Marriages and Deaths, Newfoundland. Reports of the Meteorological Service of Canada. *The data for 1906 include 15 months. 16 Chart No. 108—GREENLAND Capital, Godliavn Latitude, 69° 14/ N. Longitude, 53 38 W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Godthaab) Temperature Rainfall (Degrees) (Inches) January—March 14.9 5.9 April-June 32.7 4.8 July-September 41.4 8.8 October-December. . . 23.7 6.5 Annual 28.2 26.0 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX 1901-1910 Natives of North Greenland Males Rate per Total LOOO Ages Population Deaths Pop. 5 and under 3,964 281 70.9 6-15 6,293 49 7.8 16-35 8,735 173 19.8 36-55 4,487 123 27.4 56 and over 1,116 108 96.8 Unknown.. 998 ... .... All ages. 25,593 734 28.7 Females 5 and under 3,729 247 66.2 6-15 6,409 61 9.5 16-35..... 9,930 125 12.6 36-55 6,066 ~ 111 18.3 56 and over 2,157 159 73.7 Unknown.. 1,096 .... .... All ages.. 29,387 703 23.9 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1895-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1895.. 11,141 227 20.4 1896 11,266 255 22.6 1897 11,391 354 31.1 1898.. 11,516 371 32.2 1899 11,641 351 30.2 1900 11,766 301 25.6 1901 11,893 289 24.3 1902 12,050 245 20.3 1903 12,207 316 25.9 1904 12,364 270 21.8 1905.. 12,521 278 22.2 1906.. 12,678 344 27.1 1907 12,835 344 26.8 1908 12,992 359 27.6 1909.. 13,150 427 32.5 1910 13,308 325 24.4 1911 13,466 531 39.4 1912 13,555 369 27.2 1913.. 13,648 359 26.3 1914 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1901-1910 Natives of North Greenland Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 348 25.3 April-June 330 24.0 July—September 417 30.3 October-December.. . . 342 24.9 Annual 1,437 26.1 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1901-1910 Natives of West Greenland Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop Causes Respiratory dis’ses 1,005 84.9 31.9 Infantile diseases. . 520 43.9 16.5 Accident 405 34.2 12.8 Nervous diseases... 255 21.5 8.1 Stomach diseases. . 215 18.2 6.8 Other causes 755 63.8 23.9 TABLE F—OCCUPATION (Census of 1911) Native Males of Greenland Number Per Cent. Sealing.. 2,228 73.7 Fishing 322 10.6 Commerce, shipping.. . 192 6.3 Church and school.... 178 5.9 Other occupations. . . . 105 3.5 Total occupied 3,025 100.0 Sources: Statlstisk Aarbog for Kongeriget Danmark. Folketa llingen i Gronland, 1911. Sammemdrag af Statistiske Oplysninger om Gronland, 1912. 17 Chart No. 109—MARITIME PROVINCES, CANADA St. John, New Brunswick Latitude, 45° 14' N. Longitude, 66° 3' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (St, John, N. B.) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. . . . 22.7 11.6 79 April-June 47.5 10.7 76 July-September 59.8 10.2 81 October-December.. 37.3 12.0 80 Annual 41.8 44.5 79 Halifax, N. S. January-March... . 25.1 15.6 88.4 April-June 48.2 12.9 78.5 July-September. . . . 62.5 12.2 88.2 October-December.. 38.9 16.5 86.5 Annual. . 43.7 57.2 85.4 TABLE C—Continued Nova Scotia, 1910-1912 Per Ct. Rate per 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Tuberculosis... 2,933 18.3 21.6 13.1 Nervous dis’ses. 2,663 18.4 17.7 11.8 Pneumonia. . . . 1,844 13.0 12.0 8.2 Circulatory dis. 1,700 12.0 11.0 7.6 Stomach and in- testinal dis’es 1,658 12.2 10.3 7.4 Cancer 1,098 6.9 8.0 4.9 Accident and other violence 1,001 10.6 2.8 4.5 Other causes. . . 9,586 62.8 67.0 42.5 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1910-1912 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. St. John, N. B.. 127,533 2,190 17.2 Centra! Nova Scotia 299,553 4,968 16.6 Northern Nova Scotia 386,910 5,914 15.3 Cape Breton Island 365,957 5,539 15.1 Western Nova Scotia 423,211 6,062 14.3 Prince Edward Island* 182,215 1,990 10.9 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES St. John, N. B., 1891-1914 „ . Rate per v t, , • 1,000 'ear Population Deaths Pop. 1891 39,179 818 20.9 1892. 39,332 818 20.8 1893 39,485 755 19 1 1894 39,638 643 16.2 1895 39,791 678 17.0 1896 39,944 736 18.4 1897 40,097 837 20.9 1898 40,250 .670 16.6 1899 40,403 743 18*4 1900 40,556 786 19 4 1901 40,711 712 17.5 1902 40,891 714 17 5 1903 41,071 777 18.9 1904 41,251 751 18.2 1905 41,431 754 18.2 1906.. 41,611 752 18 1 1907 41,791 792 19 0 1908 41,971 785 18.7 1909 42,151 782 18.6 1910 42,331 776 is!s 19H 42,511 760 * 17 9 1912 42,691 654 15.3 1913 43,112 817 19 0 1914 Nova Scotia, 1909-1914 1909 483,594 6,978 14 4 1910 486,870 7,120 14.6 19H 492,338 8,237 16.7 1912 496,423 7,126 14 4 1918 497,666 7,225 14 5 1914 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES St. John, N. B., 1901-1914 Tuberculosis of the Lungs Cancer Rate Per Rate per V , 10,000 10,000 Year Deaths Pop. Deaths Pop. 1901 90 22.1 44 10 8 1902 81 19.8 37 9 0 1903 67 16.3 37 9 0 1904 87 21.1 39 9 5 1905 86 20.8 43 10 4 1906 69 16.6 37 8 9 1907 67 16.0 34 8 1 1908 60 14.3 29 6 9 1909 93 22.1 32 7 6 1910 81 19.1 36 8 5 1911 79 18.6 36 8 5 1912 78 18.3 40 9 4 1913 66 15.3 38 8 8 1914 Nova Scotia, 1903-1914 1909 922 19.1 323 6.7 1910 859 17.6 349 7 2 1911 968 19.7 371 7.5 1912 794 16.0 378 7.6 1913 794 16.0 348 7 0 1914 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES St. John, N. B., 1903-1912 „ „ „ Per Ct. Rate per 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Nervous dis’ses. 517 27.2 21.9 13.8 Tuberculosis... 505 23.5 24.2 13.4 Heart diseases.. 450 25.1 17.8 124) Stomach and in- testinal dis'es 315 15.2 14.6 8.4 Pneumonia.... 282 14.0 12.7 7.5 Cancer 173 7.4 8.9 4.6 Accident 137 10.1 3.2 3.6 Other causes.. . 1,378 67.9 62.5 36.7 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS Rate per 1,000 Population Jan. to April to July to Oct. to March June Sept. Dec. St. John, 1908- 1912. 17.1 20.3 14.7 19.0 Nova Scotia, 1910-1912... 16.6 15.4 14.6 14.4 r -°f the/^ovln«al Board of Health, New Brunswick. Reports of the Deputy Registrar-General of the Province of Nova Scotia, relating to the Registration of Births, Marriages and Deaths. Reports of the Meteorological Service of Canada. marriages ana *Data for 1913 and 1914 only. 18 Chart No. 110—CITY OF QUEBEC, CANADA Latitude, 46° 48' N. Longitude, 71° 13' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) Relative January-March.. . . 14.0 10.8 77.8 April—June 48.6 9.1 70.8 July-September.... 62.4 11.6 75.9 October-December. 30.3 9.4 81.6 Annual 38.8 40.9 76.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY' FROM ALL CAUSES 1894-1914 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1894 62,225 1,577 25.3 1895 63,366 1,457 23.0 1896 63,432 1,325 20.9 1897 63,500 1,755 27.6 1898 63,626 1,539 24.2 1899 63,626 1,515 23.8 1900.. 68,840 1,611 23.4 1901 68,840 1,441 20.9 1902 69,595 1,291 18.6 1903.. 70,204 1,219 17.4 1904.. 70,819 1,246 17.6 1905.. 71,439 1,369 19.2 1906.. 72,034 1,388 19.3 1907 74,390 1,391 18.7 1908.. 73,333 1,529 20.9 1909.. 76,000 1,488 19.6 1910 77,100 1,555 20.2 1911 78,190 1,507 19.3 1912 80,000 1,527 19.1 1913 82,000 1,668 20.3 1914 84,000 1,784 21.2 CAUSES, 1907-1911 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Stomach and in- testinal diseases.. 2,124 56.0 28.4 Tuberculosis 805 21.2 10.8 Nervous diseases. 702 18.5 9.4 Pneumonia 447 ~ 11.8 6.0 Circulatory dis’ses 355 9.4 4.8 Cancer 209 5.5 2.8 Bronchitis 204 5.4 2.7 Urinary diseases.. 196 5.2 2.6 Other causes 2,428 64.1 32.5 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM INFANTILE DIARRHOEA BY SEASONS, 1908-1911 January-March 152 9.8 Deaths Per Cent. April-June. April-June 182 11.8 July-September 1,001 65.0 October-December 206 13.4 Annual 1,541 100.0 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES; Number of Deaths ). 1901-1914 Rate per 10,000 Population Year Tuberculosis Cancer Diphtheria 1901 153 38 20 Tuberculosis Cancer Diphtheria 22.2 5.5 2.9 1902 174 44 6 1903 150 38 18 25.0 6.3 0.9 21.4 5.4 2.6 1904 131 31 11 1905 126 30 36 18.5 4.4 1.6 17.6 4.2 5.0 1906 138 25 40 1907 160 39 22 19.2 3.5 5.6 21.5 5.2 3.0 1908 139 33 17 1909 191 42 19 1910 163 44 28 19.0 4.5 2.3 25.1 5.5 2.5 21.1 5.7 3.6 1911 152 51 23 1912 149 45 22 19.4 6.5 2.9 18.6 5.6 2.8 1913 175 49 18 1914 218 60 11 21.3 6.0 2.2 26.0 7.1 1.3 Sources: Annual Reports of the Board of Health of the Province of Quebec. Reports of the Meteorological Service of Canada. 19 Chart No. 110 a—CITY OF MONTREAL, CANADA Latitude, 45° 30' N. Longitude, 73° 35' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE ’ Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.. 16.6 11.4 80.1 April-June 53.2 9.6 66.6 July-September.. 65.0 10.2 71.3 October-Decem’r 33.6 9.8 77.1 Annua! 42.1 41.0 73.8 TABLE B—Continued Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1909 395,000 8,703 22.0 1910 455,800 10,211 22.4 1911.. 470,480 9,974 21.2 1912 484,400 9,685 20.0 1913.. 515,700 11,097 21.5 1914 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-19X4 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1891 218,208 5,391 24.7 1892 224,816 5,507 24.5 1893.. 231,500 5,782 25.0 1894 241,748 6,594 27.3 1895 249,000 6,179 24.8 1896 256,470 5,622 . 21.9 1897 264,164 6,035 22.8 1898.. 272,089 5,622 20.7 1899 280,251 6,871 24.5 1900 288,658 7,351 25.5 1901 297,317 6,915 23.3 1902 277,829 6,275 22.6 1903.. 286,163 6,954 24.3 1904 294,748 6,895 23.4 1905.. 303,590 6,971 23.0 1906 350,538 8,041 22.9 1907 366,915 8,280 22.6 1908 380,000 8,723 23.0 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1907-1911 Rate per Per Ct 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Stomach and intestinal dis. 10,676 54.7 48.5 23.3 Nervous dis’ses 4,597 23.3 21.2 10.0 Tuberculosis. . 4,474 20.5 22.7 9.8 Pneumonia . .. 3,909 20.2 17.6 8.5 Heart diseases. 2,114 9.4 11.0 4.6 Urinary dis’ses 1,893 9.2 9.1 4.1 Accident 1,661 11.5 4.6 3.6 Cancer 1,332 5.0 7.9 2.9 Bronchitis.... 1,012 4.8 5.0 2.2 Other causes... 14,223 71.6 66.0 31.0 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY SEX 1907-1911 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Males 1,033,000 23,775 23.0 Females.. .1,035,200 22,116 21.4 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 Number of Deaths Rate per 10,000 Population Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Typhoid Year of Lungs Cancer Typhoid Fever op Lungs Cancer Fever 1901 647 196 130 21.8 6.6 4.4 1902 664 158 86 23.9 5.7 3.1 1903 633 206 80 22.1 7.2 3.1 1904 384 180 94 13.0 6.1 3.2 1905 554 167 55 18.2 5.5 1.8 1906 631 213 130 18.0 6.1 3.7 1907 663 234 122 18.1 6.4 3.3 1908 711 230 126 18.7 6.1 3.3 1909 645 267 212 16.3 6.8 5.4 1910 785 292 192 17.2 6.4 4.2 1911.. 737 309 124 15.7 6.6 2.6 1912 894 331 90 18.5 6.8 1.9 1913 897 283 106 17.4 5.5 2.1 1914 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1907-1911 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 11,178 21.6 April-June 10,950 21.2 July-September.. 13,528 26.2 October-December 10,235 19.8 Sources: Annual Reports on the Sanitary State of the City of Montreal. Reports of the Meteorological Service of Canada. 20 Chart No. 111—PROVINCE OF ONTARIO, CANADA Capital, Toronto Latitude, 43° 40' N Longitude, 79° 24' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Toronto) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. .. . 24.5 6.1 82 April-June 53.0 8.7 71 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1911 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes July-September. . .. 66.8 8.9 74 October-D ecem ber.. 38.2 7.1 81 Nervous dis’ses. 15,774 12.9 10.1 Stomach and in- testinal dis’es 13,457 11.0 8.6 Annual 45.6 30.8 77 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Tuberculosis. . . 12,065 9.8 7.7 Pneumonia. . . . 11,301 9.2 7.2 Heart diseases.. 11,043 9.0 7.1 Accident 7,877 6.4 5.0 Kate per v 1,000 Year Population Deaths . Pop. 1891 2,114,321 21,257 10.1 Cancer 7,463 6.1 4.8 Urinary diseases 5,716 4.7 3.7 Other causes.. . 72,009 58.6 45.8 1892 2,121,183 22,891 10.8 1893 2,128,045 22,713 10.7 1894.. 2,134,907 22,412 10.5 1895 2,141,769 22,330 10.4 1896 2,148,632 24,629 11.5 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1907-1911 1897 2,155,495 27,198 12.6 1898 2,162,358 25,838 11.9 Total Rate per Population Deaths 1,000 Pop. Eastern 2,172,859 31,673 14.6 1899 2,169,221 27,747 12.8 1900. ... 2,176,084 28,543 13.1 Central 4,498,348 63,650 14.1 Southern 4,382,614 56,325 12.9 1901 2,182,947 28,500 13.1 1902 2,216,979 26,713 12.0 North and West 1,222,223 15,076 12.3 1903 2,251,011 28,399 12.6 1904 2,285,043 29,600 IS.O 1905 2,319,076 29,748 12^8 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS, 1907-1911 1906 2,353,109 31,244 13.3 1907 2,387,142 31,756 ’ 13.3 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 42,707 13.9 April-June 39,058 12.7 July-September 39,079 12.7 October-December 35,861 11.7 1908 2,421,175 30,947 12.8 1909 2,455,208 30,792 12.5 1910 2,489,241 31,332 12.6 1911 2,523,274 31,878 12.6 1912 2,582,500 32,150 12.4 1913 2,642,000 34,317 13.0 Annual 156,705 12.8 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1, 1901-1914 v Typhoid 1 ear Tuberculosis Cancer Fever Number of Deaths Rate per 10,000 Population Typhoid Tuberculosis Cancer Fever 1901 3,243 1,094 500 1902 2,694 1,048 392 14.9 5.0 2.3 1903 2,723 1,156 391 1904 2,877 1,253 482 12.2 4.7 1.8 12.1 5.1 1.7 12.6 5.5 2.1 1905 2,667 1,224 446 1906 2,911 1,411 891 11.5 5.3 1.9 12.4 6.0 3.8 1907 2,530 L 329 520 1908 2,511 1,348 662 1909 2,378 1,597 669 10.6 5.6 2.2 10.4 5.6 2.7 1910 2,291 L 587 706 1911 2,353 L 602 637 9.7 6.5 2.7 9.2 6.4 2.8 1912 2,250 1,778 483 1913 2,294 1,806 446 1913 2,294 1,806 446 1914 9.3 6.3 2.5 8.7 6.9 1.9 8.7 6.8 1.7 Sources: Annual Reports relating to the Registration of Births, Marriages and Deaths in the Province of Ontario. Reports of the Meteorological Service of Canada. 21 Chart No. 112—PROVINCE OF ALBERTA, CANADA Capital, Edmonton Latitude, 53° 33' N. Longitude, 113° 30' W. Altitud Longitude, 113° 30' W. Altitude, 2,158 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE (Edmonton) Relative TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1905, 1907-1909, 1911 January—March.. 14.4 1.4 78 April-June 48.9 6.3 66 July—September.. 58.1 6.0 68 October—DecemT 27.5 2.8 78 Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Rate per Per Ct. 10,000 Pop. of All Stomach and in- testinal dis’sesl,l4l 8.5 9.6 10.7 Pneumonia 878 7.2 6.5 8.2 Tuberculosis... 824 5.7 7.5 7.7 Annual 37.2 16.5 73 Accident 710 7.8 2.3 6.6 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES Nervous dis’ses. 692 5.4 5.5 6.5 Typhoid fever.. 518 5.1 2.6 4.9 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1900 50,544 542 10.7 1901 73,022 510 7.0 1902 95,500 919 9.6 1903 117,978 876 7.4 1904.. 140,456 1,027 7.3 1905.. 162,934 1,141 7.0 1906.. 185,412 1,091 5.9 1907.. 213,422 1,578 7.4 1908.. 245,663 2,188 8.9 1909.. 282,775 2,662 9.4 1910.. 325,493 3,526 10.8 1911 374,663 3,618 9.7 1912 431,262 4,232 9.8 1913.. 496,411 4,432 8.9 1914 1900-1914 Heart diseases.. 422 3.5 3.0 4.0 Other causes 5,500 38.8 49.0 51.4 TABLE D—■] -MORTALITY BY SEX , 1907-1909, 1911 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Males 755,147 6,192 8.2 Females.. . 522,454 4,493 8.6 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1907-1911 Bate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 3,250 9.0 April-June 3,215 8.9 July-September 3,729 10.3 October-December 3,030 8.4 Annual 13,224 9.2 Sources: Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture of the Province of Alberta Reports of the Meteorological Service of Canada. Chart No. 113—PACIFIG COAST STATES, UNITED STATES San Francisco Latitude, 37° 47' N. Longitude, 122° 26' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (San Francisco) TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) 1900-1914* Rate per 1,000 January—March. .. . 51.4 15.8 77 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1900 823,932 14,136 17.2 April—June 56.0 0.8 76 July—September. .. . 58.2 0.2 83 1901 933,367 15,208 16.3 1902 1,005,437 16,331 16.2 October—December.. 55.6 4.9 75 1903 1,077,508 17,109 15.9 1904 1,149,582 17,065 14.8 Annual 55.3 21.7 78 1905 1,224,658 17,708 14.5 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1912f 1906 2,482,916 32,997 13.3 1907 2,628,942 36,928 14.0 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes 1908 3,423,794 42,613 12.4 1909 3,588,864 43,548 12.1 Tuberculosis. .. 35,869 17.4 14.0 Accident and 1910 3,760,934 46,211 12.3 1911 3,925,002 47,245 12.0 other violence 28,334 13.8 11.1 Heart diseases.. 28,327 13.8 11.1 1912.. 4,109,128 49,126 12.0 1913 4,258,771 52,350 12.3 Pneumonia 18,497 9.0 7.2 Bright’s disease. 15,848 7.7 6.2 Cancer 15,120 7.4 5.9 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE Apoplexy 12,615 6.1 4.9 Infantile diar- DIVISIONS, 1907-1912+ Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. rhoea 7,395 3.6 2.9 Other causes.. . 94,165 45.8 36.7 California 14,115,623 196,443 13.9 Oregon 663,319 6,921 10.4 Washington... . 5,783,743 52,806 9.1 TABLE MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSESj (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Tuberculosii S, 1906-1914f Year Population Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Tuberculosis Deaths Rate 1,517 7.5 1,606 7.6 2,240 6.9 2,542 7.5 2,753 7.3 2,782 7.1 2,197 7.8 3,512 8.2 Cancer Pneumonia Deaths Rate 2,210 10.9 2,464 11.6 2,870 8.8 2,720 8.0 3,315 8.8 3,482 8.9 3,646 8.9 3,869 9.1 1906 2,034,859 1907 2,125,238 652 3.2 4,402 21.6 545 2.6 4,674 22.0 1908 3,244,412 1909 3,397,971 821 2.5 5,705 17.6 753 2.2 5,872 17.3 1910 3,760,934 831 2.2 6,380 17.0 1911 3,925,002 1912 4,109,128 695 1.8 6,676 17.0 640 1.6 6,562 16.0 1913 4,258,771 579 1.4 6,873 16.1 Source: United States Mortality Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics, Bureau of the Census. *l9OO-1905 includes the cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, Fresno and Ala- meda, Calif., Portland, Ore., Seattle and Tacoma, Wash.; 1901-1905, in addition, Spokane, Wash.; 1906-1907 the State of California and the above-mentioned cities of Washington and Oregon; 1908-1913 the States of California and Washington and the city of i, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, Fresno and Ala- Portland, Ore. 11906-1907 includes only the State of California; 1908-1912, in addition, the State of Washington and the city of Portland, Ore lOregon is represented only by the city of Portland. 23 Chart No. 114- MOUNTAIN STATES, UNITED STATES Denver Latitude, 39° 41' N. Longitude, 104° 57' W. Altitude, 5,270 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE (Denver) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.. 37.6 1.8 53 April-June 56.3 4.9 50 July-September.. 68.8 5.6 53 October-Decem’r 40.5 1.9 55 Annual 50.8 14.2 53 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1907-1912* Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Tuberculosis. .... 12,761 18.0 14.4 Accident and oth- er violence 9,887 14.0 11.1 Pneumonia 8,918 12.6 10.0 Heart diseases... . 6,071 8.6 6.8 Bright’s disease.. . 5,099 7.2 5.7 Infantile diarrhoea 3,877 5.5 4.4 Cancer 3,591 5.1 4.0 Apoplexy 2,902 4.1 3.3 Other causes 35,760 50.3 40,3 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1906-1914* Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1906 615,570 9,788 15.9 1907.. 725,712 11,079 15.3 1908.. 751,973 10,923 14.5- 1909.. 778,234 11,040 14.2 1910 1,558,737 19,140 12.3 1911 1,608,219 18,709 11.6 1912 1,662,096 17,975 10.8 1913.. 1,707,185 19,674 11.5 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY ADMINIS- TRATIVE DIVISIONS, 1907-1912* Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Colorado4,753,755 64,830 13.6 Utah 1,155,813 11,945 10.3 Montana. . 1,175,403 12,091 10.3 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1906-1914* (Rate per 10,000 Population) Pneumonia Cancer Typhoid Fever Ygar Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1906 1,043 16.9 316 5.1 345 5.6 1907 1,133 15.6 346 4.8 400 5.5 1908 1,185 15.8 402 5.3 304 4.0 1909 1.165 15.0 419 5.4 241 3.1 1910 1,713 11.0 759 4.9 627 4.0 1911 1,910 11.9 816 5.1 406 2.5 1912 1,812 10.9 849 5.1 246 1.5 1913 1,983 11.6 866 5.1 335 2.0 1914 TABLE F—MORTALITY FROM TUBER- CULOSIS, 1906-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Colorado Montana and Utah .Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1906 1,710 27.8 1907 1,819 25.1 1908 1,927 25.6 1909 1,917 24.6 1910 1,809 22.5 506 6.7 1911 1,811 21.8 600 7.7 1912 1,745 20.2 627 7.8 1913 1,642 18.6 654 7.9 1914 Source: United States Mortality Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics, Bureau of the Census. *The data for years previous to 1910 relate only to Colorado; the data for 1910 and later years include, in addition, Montana and Utah. 24 Chart No. 115—NORTH CENTRAL STATES, UNITED STATES Chicago Latitude, 41° 53' N. Longitude, 87° 36' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Chicago) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (PerCent.) January—March. . . . 32.6 6.8 77 April-June 57.2 10.8 72 July—September. . . . 71.2 10.5 72 October-December.. 41.4 6.7 76 Annual 50.6 34.8 74 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1891-1914* 1907-1912 Rate per Per/{“t- J qqq 10,000 of All Year Population Deaths Pop. Deaths PoP- Causes 1891.. 3,279,510 49,833 15.2 Tuberculosis... 144,581 14.4 10.9 1892. 3,367,446 46,977 14.0 Heart diseases.. 125,004 12.5 9.5 1893.. 3*457,648 48,063 13.9 Pneumonia 115,570 11.5 8.7 1894 3,550,212 43,849 12.4 Accident and - 1895.. 3,638,202 45,867 12.6 other violence 99,509 9.9 7.5 1896 3,728,771 43,986 11.8 Bright’s disease. 81,433 8.1 6.2 1897 3,822,035 40,959 10.7 Infantile diar- -1898 3,918,109 50,967 13.0 rlloea. 72,030 7.2 5.5 1899 4,017.128 57,792 14.4 Cancer 71,518 7.1 5.4 1900 6,64T682 95,747 14.4 Apoplexy 64,050 6.4 4.9 1901 6,736,900 92,460 13.7 Other causes. . . 548,078 54.7 41.4 1902 6,832,120 90,794 13.3 . 1903 6 341 93 723 13 o TABLE D—MORTALITY BY ADMLNIbTRATIVE 1904. ... i'' . ' . 1905 7,142,184 96,482 13.5 Total 1,000 1906 7,257,832 99,669 13.7 Population Deaths Pop. 1907 8,549,827 121,874 14.3 Kansas (cities). 643,136 9,594 14.9 1908 10,978,967 145,593 13.3 Illinois (Ch’go). 13,237,710 196,929 14.9 1909 15,862,728 208,785 13.2 Kentucky 5,614,274 77,107 13.7 1910 18,422,126 249,568 13.6 Missouri 10,615,795 145,584 13.7 1911 22,933,359 294,408 12.8 Michigan 16,754,344 225,805 13.5 1912 23,559,619 301,545 12.8 Ohio 19,225,464 254,997 13.3 1913 23,764,782 335,857 13.1 Indiana 16,181,459 210,271 13.0 1914 .... Wisconsin 11,698,560 136,361 11.7 Minnesota. .. . . 6,335,884 65,125 10.3 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES. 1901-1914 Number of Deaths Rate per 10,000 Population Tuber- Typhoid Tuber- Typhoid Year culosis Pneumonia Cancer Fever culosis Pneumonia Cancer Fever 1901 10,145 8,787 3,712 2,359 15.1 13.0 5.5 3.5 1902 9,848 8,180 3,888 2,689 14.4 12.0 5.7 3.9 1903 10,434 8,824 4,184 2,269 15.1 12.7 6.0 3.3 1904.. 11,366 9,195 4,277 2,105 16.2 13.1 6.1 3.0 1905 10,936 8,223 4,431 1,947 15.3 11.5 6.2 2.7 1906 11,068 8,734 4,637 2,069 15.2 12.0 6.4 2.9 1907 13,575 11,856 5,639 2,269 15.9 13.9 6.6 2.7 1908 15,879 11,656 7,693 2,534 14.5 10.6 7.0 2.3 1909 22,936 18,190 11,518 3,719 14.5 11.5 7.3 2.3 1910 26,186 22,361 13,730 4,902 14.2 12.1 7.5 2.7 1911 33,523 25,264 15,860 5,422 14.6 11.0 6.9 2.4 1912 32,482 26,243 17,078 4,499 13.8 11.1 7.2 1.9 1913 32,070 26,572 18,006 5,041 13.5 11.2 7.6 2.1 1914. . Sources; United States Mortality Statistics, 1900-1913, Division of Vital Statistics, Bureau of the Census. For the earlier years, the reports of the boards of health of Michigan and the city of Chicago, *The data include Michigan and the city of Chicago from 1891, Indiana from 1900, Kentucky and Missouri from 1907, Ohio from 1909, Minnesota and the cities of Kansas from 1910, Wisconsin from 1911, and for 1913 the data for Omaha are included. 25 Chart No. 116—NEW ENGLAND AND MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES City of New York Latitude, 40° 43' N. Longitude, 74° O' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (New York) Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) Realtive TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1912 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes January-March. .. . 34.7 10.1 70 April-June 59.5 10.9 69 July-September. .. . 71.7 10.0 71 October-December.. 44.7 9.9 70 Tuberculosis... 271,558 16.5 10.5 Pneumonia. . . . 265,126 16.1 10.3 Heart diseases. . 246,439 14.9 9.6 Annual 52.7 40.9 70 Bright’s disease. 182,475 11.1 7.1 Accident and other violence 181,427 11.0 7.0 Infantile diar- TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914* rhoea 170,577 10.3 6.6 Apoplexy 144,135 8.7 5.6 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. Cancer 128,774 7.8 5.0 Other causes. . . 985,164 59.6 38.3 1891 12,102,369 238,668 19.7 1892 13,155,457 262,663 20.0 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE 1893 13,384,623 256,432 19.2 1894 13,614,954 245,208 18.0 DIVISIONS, 1907-1912 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. 1895 13,846,477 250,446 18.1 1896 14,079,061 252,217 17.9 1897 14,313,002 244,665 17.1 Virginia(7cities) 955,806 19,848 20.8 Dist. of Colum- 1898 14,548,334 244,556 16.8 1899 14,785,089 252,836 17.1 bia 1,976,378 37,769 19.1 1900 15,534,664 284,431 18.3 1901 15,835,512 274,703 17.3 West Virginia (1 city).- 125,870 2,199 17.5 New Hampshire 2,579,844 43,859 17.0 Delaware(lcity) 265,977 4,474 16.8 Rhode Island., . 3,228,287 52,188 16.2 1902 16,136,363 264,582 16.4 1903 16,437,216 272,472 16.6 1904 16,738,069 290,487 17.4 1905 17,076,788 287,627 16.8 1906 25,375,646 417,738 16.5 Maine 4,444,671 71,364 16.1 New York 54,180,990 861,778 15.9 Maryland 7,754,365 122,886 15.8 Vermont 2,132,477 33,719 15.8 1907 25,919,534 432,724 16.7 1908 26,483,873 413,052 15.6 1909 27,048,216 413,790 15.3 1910 27,911,442 449,770 16.1 Massachusetts. 20,010,591 316,043 15.8 Connecticut.... 6,648,729 102,312 15.4 New Jersey... . 15,029,275 225,010 15.0 Pennsylvania... 45,746,396 682,226 14.9 1911 28,644,239 435,987 15.2 1912 29,072,352 430,352 14.8 1913 31,375,957 466,642 14.9 1914. TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914* Number of Deaths Rate per 10,000 Population Tubehcu- Typhoid Tubehcu- Typhoid Year eosis Pneumonia Cancer Fever losis Pneumonia Cancer Fever 1901 32,641 29,521 11,240 3,898 20.6 18.6 7.1 2.5 1902.. 30,342 27,071 11,348 3,781 18.8 16.8 7.0 2.3 1903 31,452 27,723 12,060 3,681 19.1 16.9 7.3 2.2 1904 33,858 31,880 12,673 3,581 20.2 19.0 7.6 2.1 1905 33,400 28,497 13,301 3,448 19.6 16.7 7.8 2.0 1906 45,594 40,855 18,197 7,639 18.0 16.1 7.2 3.0 1907 ' 46,036 44,244 19,221 7,174 17.8 17.1 7.4 2.8 1908.. 44,838 38,998 19,518 5,907 16.9 14.7 7.4 2.2 1909 44,196 43,442 20,666 4,673 16.3 16.1 7.6 1.7 1910 46,080 48,444 22,350 5,335 16.5 17.4 8.0 1.9 1911 46,356 44,944 23,024 4,844 16.2 15.7 8.0 1.7 1912 44,052 45,054 23,995 3,925 15.2 15.5 8.3 1.4 1913 47,042 48,121 25,959 4,622 15.0 15.3 8.3 1.5 1914 Sources: United States Mortality Statistics, 1900-1913, Division of Vital Statistics, Bureau of the Census. For the earlier years the reports of the boards of health of the several States. *The data include from 1891 the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and the District of Columbia; from 1892 Maine; from 1900 to 1905 the city of Baltimore; from 1906 Maryland and Pennsylvania; from 1910 seven cities of Virginia, Wheeling, W. Va„ and Wilmington, Del.; and in 1913, in addition, the entire State of Virginia. 26 Chart No. 117—BERMUDA Capital, Hamilton Latitude, 32° 17' N. Longitude, 64° 46' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Hamilton) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (PerCent.) January-March. . . . 62.5 12.7 81.4 April-June 69.6 n.3 83.7 "Uly—September 78.9 13.5 82.0 Uctober—December.. 68.4 14.4 80.6 Annual 69.9 51.9 82.0 TABLE B—Continued ., Kate per Year Population Deaths 1,000 Pop. 1903 17,826 475 26.6 1904 17,972 447 24.9 1905 18,118 416 23.0 1906 18,264 469 25.7 1907 18,410 373 20.3 1908 18,556 422 22.7 1909 18,702 368 19.7 1910 18,848 502 26.6 1911 18,994 448 23.6 1912 19,140 345 18.0 1913 19,286 337 17.5 1914 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES, 1891-1914 Year Rate per Population Deaths 1,000 Pop. 15,013 333 22.2 ™ 15,265 374 24.5 |3"3 15,517 298 19.2 15,769 391 24.8 1335 16,021 379 23.7 !333 16,273 347 21.3 16,525 368 22.3 73"3 16,777 348 20.7 !333 17,029 362 21.3 17,281 394 22.8 17,535 421 24.0 17,680 469 26.5 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1911 Rate per Per Ct. of Stomach and ill- Deaths 10,000 Pop. All Causes testinal dis’es 320 34.2 15.1 Nervous dis’ses. 276 „ 29.5 13.1 Tuberculosis... 237 25.3 11.2 Heart diseases.. 195 20.9 9.2 Urinary diseases 123 13.2 5.8 Pneumonia.... 114 12.2 5.4 Other causes.. . 848 90.7 40.2 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Yea, Typhoid Fever Dysentery Cancer 1 Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1902 6 3A 7 4-° 9 5.1 Jgn! 27 15.3 6 3.4 9 5.1 S 5 2.8 0 0.0 11 6.2 Sot 19 19.6 6 3.3 15 8.3 1900 11 6.1 1 0.6 12 6.6 1907 10 5'5 14 7‘7 11 6.0 1900 14 7.6 6 3.3 8 4.3 1900 9 4.9 7 3.8 10 5.4 1910 3 I-6 9 4.8 16 8.6 1911 4 2.1 6 3.2 7 3.7 1q{J 10 5.3 19 10.0 6 3.2 iqio 3 1.6 1 0.5 12 6.3 1914 4 2 1-° 13 6.7 table e—mortality by administrative DIVISIONS, 1907-1911 Total Rate per Population Deaths 1,000 Pop. nandys 13,747 377 27.4 evonshirg 6,209 160 25.8 'Warwick 6,246 146 23.4 Pembroke 33,340 758 22.7 W)uthampton... 3,917 84 21.4 Hamilton 6,660 137 20.6 p'George’s.. . . 10,965 215 19.6 8,845 171 19.3 3,581 65 18.2 TABLE G—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES BY RACE, 1907-19X1 Total Rate per Population Deaths 10,000 Pop. Tuberculosis... .White. . 33,145 34 10.3 ....Colored. 60,365 203 33.6 Pneumonia White 30 9.1 Colored 84 13.9 Bronchitis White 11 3.3 Colored 39 6.5 Dysentery White 10 3.0 “ Colored 37 6.1 Cancer White 25 7.5 Colored 22 3.6 TABLE P—MORTALITY BY RACE, 1902-1911 Rate per . Population Deaths 1,000 Pop. rVJfte 65,515 1,330 20.3 117,855 3,059 26.0 TABLE H—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX, 1902-1911 Males Females Aees t, , ■ „ Rate per Rate per t. 6 ropulation Deaths 1,000 Pop. Population Deaths 1,000 Pop 15 a! 15 31,074 1,128 36.3 31,766 996 31.4 45 39,946 461 11.5 42,463 372 8.8 65 13,826 353 25.5 14,552 262 18.0 and over... 3,784 345 91.2 5,959 461 77.4 . 88,630 2,293* 25.9 94,740 2,095* 22 1 ♦g. ce: Report of the Registrar-General of Bermuda. lx male and four female deaths occurred at ages unknown. 27 Chart No. 118—SOUTHERN STATES, UNITED STATES New Orleans Latitude, 29° 58' N. Longitude, 90° 5' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (New Orleans) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. . . . 61.3 11.0 78 April-June 75.2 19.2 75 July-September. . . . 81.5 20.5 81 Octobei^-December.. 63.0 10.3 ' 78 Annual 70.3 61.0 78 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1900-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1900 843,664 22,949 27.2 1901 863,748 22,371 25.9 1902 890,834 22,070 24.8 1903 911,921 21,662 23.8 1904 932,010 20,003 21.5 1905 953,800 20,545 21.5 1906 1,013,729 22,371 22.1 1907 1,056,346 24,277 23.0 1908 1,230,393 25,725 20.1 1909 1,265,528 25,230 19.9 1910 1,483,618 31,458 21.2 1911 1,559,743 33,576 21.5 1912 1,605,066 33,452 20.8 1913 1,920,961 37,427 19.5 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY RACE, 1908-1912 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. White 4,621,466 77,523 16.8 Colored 2,427,876 69,325 28.6 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, 1907-1912 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. South Carolina (Charleston). 177,538 5,354 30.2 Texas (3 cities). 502,314 11,448 22.8 Georgia (2ci ties) 680,541 14,533 21.4 Louisiana (New Orleans) 2,025,486 43,107 21.3 Florida (2 cities) 245,810 5,102 20.8 Alabama (3 cities) 694,435 14,144 20.4 North Carolina (7 cities) 464,846 9,458 20.4 Tennessee (3 cities) 1,192,113 24,204 20.3 TABLE C—MORTALITY PROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1912 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Tuberculosis... 16,411 27.4 12.9 Bright’s disease. 11,113 18.6 8.7 Pneumonia. . . . 10,604 17.7 8.3 Heart diseases. . 9,506 15.9 7.5 Accident and other violence 9,024 15.1 7.1 Infantile diar- rhoea 7,497 12.5 5.9 Apoplexy 4,615 7.7 3.6 Cancer 4,214 7.0 3.3 Other causes.. . 54,366 91.0 42.7 TABLE F—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Malaria Tuberculosis Pneumonia Cancer Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 484 5.7 604 7.2 2,964 35.1 1,307 15.5 458 5.4 1902 474 5.5 518 6.0 3,127 36.2 1,438 16.6 523 6.1 1903 464 5.1 487 5.3 2,879 31.6 1,257 13.8 554 6.1 1904 481 5.2 475 5.1 3,376 36.2 1,618 17.4 563 6.0 1905 471 4.9 448 4.7 3,342 35.0 1,425 14.9 628 6.6 1906 469 4.6 401 4.0 3,205 31.6 658* 15.3 640 6.3 1907 697 6.6 380 3.6 3,227 30.5 831* 19.0 732 6.9 1908 577 4.7 446 3.6 3,516 28.6 770* 17.3 846 6.9 1909 587 4.6 376 3.0 3,302 26.1 655* 14.5 818 6.5 1910 674 4.5 421 2.8 4,237 28.6 2,881 19.4 1,019 6.9 1911 836 5.4 451 2.9 4,263 27.3 2,805 18.0 1,066 6.8 1912 550 3.4 425 2.6 4,251 26.5 2,662 16.6 1,113 6.9 1913 671 3.5 408 2.1 4,801 25.0 2,910 15.1 1,324 6.9 1914 Source: United States Mortality Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics, Bureau of the Census. Note.—The tables include from 1900 to 1905 the cities of Mobile, Ala., Jacksonville and Key West, Fla., Atlanta and Savannah, Ga., New Orleans, La., Raleigh, N. C., Wilmington, N. C., Charleston, S. C., Memphis and Nashville,Tenn., and San Antonio, Tex.; from 1906, in addition, Galveston, Tex.; from 1908, in addition, Birmingham and Montgomery, Ala., and Knoxville, Tenn.; from *l9lO, in addition, Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, Greenboro and Winston, N. C.; and from 1911, in addition,El Paso, Tex.; in 1913 in addition, all municipalities of North Carolina having more than 1,000 inhabitants, Augusta, Ga. and Pensacola, Fla. ‘lncludes only New Orleans, La., and Memphis, Tenn. 28 Chart No. 119—HAWAII Capital, Honolulu Latitude, 21° 18' N. Longitude, 157° 51' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Honolulu) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March 71.0 11.0 72 April-June 75.0 5.9 68 July-September 78.1 4.2 69 Uctober-December.. 74.3 10.0 70 Annual 74.6 31.1 70 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1911 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Tuberculosis... 1,763 18.7 11.9 Pneumonia. . . . 1,613 17.2 10.9 Nervous dis’ses. 1,602 17.0 10.8 Stomach and in- testinal dis'ses 1,437 15.3 9.7 Heart diseases.. 877 9.3 5.9 Diarrhoeal dis’es 740 7.9 5.0 Accident 686 7.3 4.6 Urinary diseases 619 6.6 4.2 Typhoid fever.. 562 6.0 3.8 Other causes... 4,972 52.8 33.2 table b—mortality from all causes v 1900-1914 Rate per CaLeaf . 1,000 n'a'' Population Deaths Pop. |9°° 154,001 2,376 15.4 IU01 157,790 3,029 19.2 t*02 161,581 2,578 16.0 ™ 165,372 2,657 16.1 169,163 2,781 16.4 I"®5 172,954 2,686 15.5 JJJJ6 176,745 2,854 16.1 j™7 180,536 3,065 17.0 I""8 184,327 2,820 15.3 188,118 2,801 14.9 193,014 3,194 16.5 196,805 3,102 15.8 200,596 3,128 15.6 217,744 3,543 16.3 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY RACE 1900-1910 Rate per Total - 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Hawaiians 307,072 11,281 36.7 Portuguese. . . . 208,870 2,768 13.3 Japanese 774,335 9,970 12.9 Chinese 260,907 2,597 10.0 Part Hawaiians. 111,933 983 8.8 All others 239,379 3,242 13.5 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS. 1900-1910 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Kalawao C’nty* 10,800 1,231 114.0 Honolulu C’nty 772,908 13,884 18.0 Maui County.. 310,773 4,671 15.0 Hawaii County. 562,233 8,112 14.4 Kauai County.. 245,782 2,943 12.0 TABLE G—LEPER SETTLEMENT OF MOLOKAI 1870—1914 Lepers Leper Admission p • . Admitted Rate per r-enod to Molokai 10,000 Population iS~1879 1,495 23.8 Jeon'1889 1,988 24.3 O'1899 1,276 11.7 1900-1910 805 4.5 I9li_igi4 311 3.8 TABLE F—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Year JuV,!ln" Tuberculosis Typhoid Fever Leprosy Cancer Plague Malaria , Q";" ' Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 328 20.8 106 6.7 lono 276 i7-1 91 5.6 80 5.0 34 2.1 37 2.3 71 4.4 lonf 309 18-7 144 8.7 49 2.8 34 2.1 36 2.2 30 1.8 366 21.6 174 10.3 56 3.3 40 2.4 10 0.6 29 1.7 loos 302 47-5 125 7.2 64 3.7 39 2.3 13 0.8 17 1.0 367 20.8 75 4.2 58 3.3 43 2.4 28 1.6 10 0.6 341 18.9 125 6.9 56 3.1 51 2.8 32 1.8 4 0.2 185t 20.1 54f 5.9 41 2.2 52 2.8 7 0.4 23 1.2 345 18.3 149 7.9 45 2.4 70 3.7 0 0.0 3 0.2 ]qi, 330 17.2 111 5.8 68 3.5 70 3.6 11 0.6 1 0.1 iqjg 382 19.5 76 3.9 47 2.4 107 5.5 6 0.3 0 0.0 lq!2 363 18.2 42 2.1 50 2.5 75 3.8 6 0.3 1 0.1 lqr? 341 16.8 51 2.5 48 2.4 78 3.8 8 0.4 0 0.0 414 18.5 56 2.5 59 2.7 115 5.2 3 0.1 0 0.0 Source; Reports of the President of the Board of Health of the Territory of Hawaii. Includes the leper settlement of Molokai. Toxx months only. Chart No. 120—CITY OF MEXICO Latitude, 19° 2G' N. Longitude, 99° 8' W. Altitude, 7,350 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January—March.... 56.8 0.9 50 April-June 64.4 6.5 53 July—September. . . . 61.8 14.0 70 Octobei^-December.. 56.6 2.5 64 Annual 59.9 23.9 59 TABLE B—Continued Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1897 354,484 17,866 50.4 1898 359,064 18,025 50.2 1899 363,818 19,246 52.9 1900 368,898 19,852 53.8 1901 379,115 21,744 57.4 1902 389,232 19,486 50.1 1903 399,547 17,025 42.6 1904 409,766 16,565 40.4 1905 419,983 19,783 47.1 1906 430,200 19,322 44.9 1907 440,417 20,013 45.4 1908 450,634 21,949 48.7 1909 460,851 21,193 46.0 1910 471,066 20,061 42.6 1911 481,283 19,956 41.5 1912 491,500 20,663 42.0 1913 481,000 19,115 39.7 1914 TABLE B—MORTALITY PROM ALL CAUSES, 1891-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1891 328,392 15,343 46.7 1892 332,419 17,359 52.2 1893 336,446 20,495 60.9 1894 340,473 15,974 46.9 1895 344,502 14,538 42.2 1896 349,419 16,842 48.2 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1908-1912 Males Rate per Females Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 10,000 of All stomach and intestinal Deaths Deaths Pop. Deaths Pop. Causes diseases 26,723 13,100 119.8 13,623 108.0 25.7 Pneumonia 13,380 7,308 66.8 6,072 48.1 12.9 Nervous diseases 7,148 4,109 37.6 3,039 24.1 6.9 Epidemic(except fevers) 6,310 3,122 28.5 3,188 25.3 6.1 Bronchitis.... 6,147 3,134 28.7 3,013 23.9 5.9 Tuberculosis of lungs... 5,917 3,814 34.9 2,103 16.7 5.7 Liver diseases 5,484 3,018 27.6 2,466 19.5 5.3 Accident 3,661 2,971 27.2 690 5.5 3.5 Other causes 29,052 15,263 139.5 13,789 109.3 28.0 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX, 1908-1912 Males Rate per Females Rate per 1,000 _ 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Population Deaths Pop. Under 20 477,425 25,604 53.6 532,305 23,860 44.8 20-49 548,556 22,390 40.8 625,105 14,463 23.1 50-69 60,061 5,809 96.7 90,680 6,573 72.5 70 and over.. . . 7,773 2,036 261.9 13,425 3,087 229.9 All ages .... 1,093,815 ■ 55,839 51.0 1,261,515 47,983 38.0 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhus Smallpox Syphilis* Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 1,379 36.4 12 0.3 1902 1,338 34.4 40 1.0 104 2.7 1903 515 12.9 216 5.4 91 2.3 1904 248 6.1 102 2.5 1905 389 9.3 157 3.7 120 2,9 1906 1,230 28.6 549 12.8 160 3.7 1907 671 15.2 460 10.4 190 4.3 1908 743 16.5 ’ 465 10.3 138 3.1 1909 583 12.7 544 11.8 164 3.6 1910 798 16.9 90 1.9 162 3.4 1911 933 19.4 390 8.1 175 3.6 1912 375 7.6 429 8.7 172 3.5 1913 146 3.0 326 6.8 147 3.1 1914. — TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS, 1908-1912 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January—March 26,834 45.6 April—June 27,869 47.3 July—September. . . 24,455 41.5 24,664 41.9 Annual 103,822 44.1 Sources: Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana. Boletin del Consejo Superior de Salubridad. (Publicacion Mensual.) *No data are available for 1901 or 1904 30 Chart No. 121—BRITISH HONDURAS Capital, Belize Latitude, 17° 29' N. Longitude, 88° 12' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Belize) TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX Temperature Rainfall (Degrees) (Inches) 1907-1911 Males January-March 76.9 12.1 April-June 81.4 23.1 Rate per Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Under 15 39,251 1,219 31.1 July-September 82.4 22.7 October-Decem her 76.4 24.7 15-49 51,456 944 18.3 Annual 79.3 82.6 50-69 8,500 351 41.3 70 and over. ... 1,423 149 104.7 All ages 100,630 2,669f 26.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. Under 15 38,748 1,072 27.7 Females 1891 37.5* 15-49 49,536 792 16.0 50-69 8,298 282 34.0 1892 38.3* 1893 41.0* 70and over. .. . 2,088 162 77.6 All ages 98,670 2,310f 23.4 1894 ...... 36.7* 1895..’ 33,873 1,029 30.4 1896 34,474 977 28.3 1897 35,075 1,013 28.9 1898 35,676 1,146 32.1 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, 1902-1911§ 1899 36,277 1,191 32.8 1900 36,878 890 24.1 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. 1901 37,479 1,069 28.5 1902 37,776 1,058 28.0 Toledo 29,706 977 32.9 Orange Walk... 43,375 1,219 28.1 Corozal 42,235 1,160 27.5 1903 38,074 1,043 27.4 1904 38,372 989 25.8 Cayo 25,372 674 26.6 1906 38,968 1,228 31.5 1907 39,266 941 24.0 1905. .• 38,670 1,331 34.4 Stann Creek... . 31,465 754 24.0 Belize 101,509 2,321 22.9 1908 39,564 1,010 25.5 1909 39,862 964 24.2 TABLE F—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES 1910 40,160 1,052 26.2 1911 40,458 1,012 25.0 (Rate per 10,000 Population) 1901-19141f 1912 40,756 1,015 24.9 1913 41,054 1,080 26.3 Tuberculosis Dysen- Year Malaria of Lungs tekt Cancer 1914. 1901 94.3 15.9 9.0 2.7 1902 88.7 13.3 9.9 2.1 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1911 1903 87.0 10.0 13.9 0.8 1904 81.2 9.6 12.6 2.1 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes 1905 93.4 13.6 13.4 1.8 1906 96.1 9.6 16.8 1.5 1907 75.6 7.9 13.0 1.8 Malaria 1,373 68.9 27.6 Digestive dis’ses 648 32.5 13.0 Respiratory dis- 1908 67.0 9.1 13.7 2.0 1909 78.8 11.0 13.1 1.0 eases 439 22.0 8.8 Circulatory dis- 1910 57.3 11.5 14.7 1.0 1911 66.0 12.4 14.6 2.0 eases 285 14.3 5.7 Tuberculosis... 275 13.8 5.5 Nervous dis’ses. 256 12.8 5.1 Dysentery 207 10.4 4.2 1912 53.0 10.6 14.0 2.7 1913 1.2 1914. Other causes... . 1,496 75.1 30.1 Sources: Reports of the Registrar-General of British Honduras. Medical Reports of British Honduras. Actual number of deaths not given. Rates from Medical Report of British’Honduras for 1899. flncludes six deaths, ages unknown. (Includes two deaths, ages unknown. §Except 1905, 1906 and 1909. ‘ Actual number of deaths from special causes not given in the reports. 31 Chart No. 122—GUBA TABLE A—CLIMATE (Habana) TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES Relative iQrtfi—loin Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) Per Cent. January—March 71 8 6 8 78 7 Rate per 10,000 Pop. OfAU January marcn 7d.5 Deaths Wh;te Co]ored Causes April—June 78.8 14.5 72.9 . July-September. .. . 81.8 17.8 75.9 Stomach and in- October-December.. 74.9 12.7 76.1 testinal dis es. 34,865 33.5 33.7 22.5 Nervous dis es. . 17,317 15.2 20.3 11.2 Annual 76.8 51.8 74.6 Tuberculosis of lungs 16,188 13.8 19.7 10.4 Heart rh senses 12181 Q a 178 7 Q TABLE B MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES Pneumonia 6,515 5.9 7.3 I'l 1900-1914 Other circulatory 1,00oer diseases 6,381 5.3 8.2 4.1 Year Population Deaths Pop. Other causes.... 61,611 56.5 65.4 39.7 1900 1,632,320 28,779 17.6 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE 1902 1,751,366 25,512 14.6 DIVISIONS 1906-1910 1903 1,810,889 23,982 13.2 divisions. 1906 1910 1904 1,870,412 25,198 13.5 Total 1,000" 1905 1,929,935 27,345 14.2 Population Deaths Pop. 1906 1,989,458 30,021 15.1 Habana 2,723,174 51,678 19.0 1907 2,048,980 34,000 16.6 Matanzas 1,210,261 21,176 17.5 1908 2,082,691 28,361 13.6 Santa Clara 2,317,399 35,857 15.5 1909 2,116,402 28,832 13.6 Pinar del Rio.. . 1,222,849 15,001 12.3 1910 2,150,112 33,844 15.7 Camaguey 600,348 7,209 12.0 19H 2,183,823 32,065 14.7 Oriente 2,313,612 24,137 10.4 1912 2,217,534 30,879 13.9 1913 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES. 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Tuberculosis of Lungs Tetanus Cancer Malaria Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 ... ... ... 3,286 19.4 1902 3,602 20.6 1,579 9.0 539 3.1 1,546 8.8 1903 3,440 19.0 1,423 7.9 601 3.3 1,204 6.6 1904 3,545 19.0 1,373 7.3 661 3.5 1,079 5.8 1905 3,609 18.7 1,374 7.1 746 3.9 1,100 5.7 1906 3,560 17.9 1,207 6.1 808 4.1 1,147 5.8 1907 3,578 17.5 1,043 5.1 813 4.0' 925 4.5 1908 3,129 15.0 993 4.8 901 4.3 730 3.5 1909 2,877 13.6 894 4.2 981 4.6 745 3.5 1910 3,044 14.2 752 3.5 991 4.6 617 2.9 1911 3,156 14.5 764 3.5 977 4.5 526 2.4 1912 2,898 13.1 641 2.9 1,005 4.5 492 2 2 1913 1914 ... ... ‘; Capital, Habana Latitude, 23° 9' N. Longitude, 82° 22' W TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEX 1901-1910 TABLE G—MORTALITY BY SEASONS, 1909-1911 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. January-March 22,167 13.7 Males 10,181,166 152,524 15.0 Females 9,260,922 132,325 14.3 April—June. April-June 25,322 15.7 July-September 25,039 15.5 October-December 22,213 13.8 Source: Sanidad y Beneficencia; Boletin Oficial de la Secretaria. (Publicacion Mensual.) Annual 94,741 14.7 Chart No. 123—CITY OF HABANA, CUBA Latitude, 23° 9' N. Longitude, 82° 22' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-Marcb .... 71.8 6.8 73.5 April-June 78.8 14.5 72.9 July-September. . . . 81.8 17.8 75.9 Octobei^December.. 74.9 12.7 76.1 Annual 76.8 51.8 74.6 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1911 Rate per per Cent 10,000 of All Tuberculosis of Death3 Pop- Causes lungs 5,093 32.0 16.3 Stomach and in- testinal dis'es 4,999 31.4 16.0 Nervous dis’ses. 3,224 20.2 10.3 Heart diseases.. 2,980 18.7 9.5 Other circula- tory dis’ses. 2,822 17.7 9.0 Cancer 1,609 10.1 5.2 Pneumonia. . . . 1,094 6.9 3.5 Urinary diseases 1,051 6.6 3.4 Bronchitis 1,042 6.5 3.3 Other causes 7,334 46.0 23.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES, 1891-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1891 214,317 7,249 33.8 1892 217,784 7,221 33.2 1893 221,251 6,G97 30.3 1894 224,718 7,101 31.6 1895 228,185 7,362 32.3 1896 231,652 11,762 50.8* 1897 235,119 18,135 77.1* 1898 238,586 21,252 89.1* 1899 242,055 8,153 33.7 1900 249,613 6,102 24.4 1901 257,172 5,720 22.2 1902 264,731 5,832 22.0 1903 272,290 5,465 20.1 1904 279,849 5,583 20.0 1905 287,408 5,831 20.3 1906 294,967 6,144 20.8 1907 302,526 6,708 22.2 1908 310,616 5,994 19.3 1909 318,706 5,988 18.8 1910 326,796 6,331 19.4 1911 334,886 6,227 18.6 1912 353,509 6,004 17.0 1913 1914 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1907-1911 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January—March 8,036 20.2 April—June 8,495 21.3 July-September - 7,742 19.4 October-December 6,975 17.5 Annual 31,248 19.6 TABLE G—MORTALITY FROM YELLOW FEVER BY SEASONS, 1871-1911 Rate per 10,000 Deaths Pop. January—March 1,030 4.3 April-June 4,682 19.6 July-September 11,495 48.2 October—December 4,018 16.8 Annual 21,225 22.2 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX, 1904-1908 (Rate per 1,000 Population) Males Females Ages Population Deaths Rate Population Deaths y Rate Under 15 197,198 5,445 27.6 200,490 4,689 23.4 15-44 476,981 5,232 11.0 382,054 4,720 12.4 45-59 81,215 2,635 32.4 75,206 1,685 22.4 60 and over 26,397 2,936 111.2 37,825 2,918 77.1 All ages 780,791 16,248 20.8 695,575 14,012 20.1 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Tuberculosis Cancer Typhoid Fever Malaria Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rale 1901 900 35.0 171 6.6 83 3.2 151 5.9 1902 946 35.7 176 6.6 87 3.3 77 2.9 1903 1,027 37.7 213 7.8 85 3.1 51 1.9 1904 1,161 41.5 210 7.5 73 2.6 44 1.6 1905 1,179 41.0 232 8.1 88 3.1 32 1.1 1906 1,158 39.3 268 9.1 54 1.8 26 0.9 1907 1,176 38.9 269 8.9 100 3.3 23 0.8 1908 1,185 38.1 318 10.2 66 2.1 19 0.6 1909 993 31.2 344 10.8 52 1.6 6 0.2 1910 1,046 32.0 338 10.3 65 2.0 15 0.5 1911 1,115 33.3 340 10.2 105 3.1 12 0.4 1912 1,036 29.3 329 9.3 96 2.7 4 0.1 1913 1914 Source: Sanidad y. Beneficiencia. Boletin Oficial de la Secretaria. (Publicacion Mensual.) ’lnsurrection and siege. 33 Chart No. 124—JAMAICA Capital, Kingston Latitude, 17° 58' N. Longitude, 76° 47' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Kingston) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.... 76.0 2.7 77 April—June 79.7 10.0 77 July-September. . .. 81.1 9.9 78 Octobei^December.. 78.3 12.9 79 Annual 78.8 35.5 78 TABLE B Continued Rate per Year* Population Deaths 1,000 Pop- 1897 698,133 16,474 23.6 1898 708,106 15,290 21.6 1899 718,783 16,880 23.5 1900 729,093 16,243 22.3 1901 739,970 16,756 22.6 1902 752,630 15,413 20.5 1903 764,081 19,593 25.6 1904 773,517 19,863 25.7 1905 781,779 17,871 22.9 1906 791,373 21,723 27.4 1907 796,862 23,672 29.7 1908 803,867 18,928 23.5 1909 814,987 18,636 22.9 1910 826,078 19,119 23.1 1911 838,575 18,631 22.2 1912 851,072 21,450 25.2 1913 863,569 18,741 21.7 1914 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891—1914 Rate per * 1,000 iear Population Deaths Pop. 1891 643,407 14,711 22.9 1892 651,615 13,717 21.1 1893 661,046 14,885 22.5 1894 670,383 14,321 21.4 1895 679,198 15,716 23.1 1896 688,534 15,535 22.6 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1905-1909 Males Females t?0*?1 r. Rate Per Rate per Per Ct. of Deaths Deaths 10,000 Pop. Deaths 10,000 Pop. All Causes Fevers. . 20,963 10,541 55.6 10,422 50.3 20 5 Nervous diseases 12,718 6,468 34.1 6 250 30 2 io'k Tuberculosis 7,025 3,189 16.8 3336 18 5 6 9 Diarrhoealdiseases.. . . 4,590 2,493 13.1 2097 10 1 4 5 Other epidemic diseases 3,337 1,631 8.6 1 706 8 2 3 3 Urinary diseases 2,267 1,448 7.6 ’819 4 0 2 2 Heart diseases 2,179 1,193 6.3 986 4 8 2 1 Accident , . . 1,699 1,092 5.8 607 2 9 1 7 Stom’h and intest’l dis. 1,922 1,028 5.4 894 4 3 l’g Other causes 45,357 22,099 116.5 23,258 112 3 44 4 TABLE D MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901—1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Syphilis Liver Diseases Tetanus Yaws Year* Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate l"lt 98 1.3 62 0.8 .. ... 29 0 4 *992 89 L2 56 0.7 63 0.8 31 o!4 62 °’8 51 0.7 43 0.6 | 117 Do 74 1.0 32 0.4 ■ 58 0.7 1005 109 1.4 46 0.6 47 0 6 36 0 5 }JJ 62 0.8 69 0.9 39 05 *997 147 1.8 74 0.9 60 0.8 30 0 4 1908 157 2.0 49 0.6 59 0.7 40 05 1909 145 1.8 54 0.7 47 0 6 26 0 3 }»}? ™ , 65 0.8 48 0.6 21 0 3 ■^ 175 2.1 42 0.5 50 0.6 17 0 2 1912 173 2.0 55 0.6 51 0 6 24 0 3 llll 219 2.5 59 0.7 46 0.5 ! 25 03 i ' "" " — 1-1— TABLE E—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, 1906-1911 Rate per Deaths 1,000 Pop. Kingston 9,097 30.8 St. Catherine 11,697 26.9 St. Andrew 6,982 26.6 Trelawny 4,641 26.3 Clarendon 9,329 25.9 Hanover 4,720 25.4 St. Thomas 4,899 25.4 Portland 5,909 24.4 Westmoreland 7,641 23.2 St. James 4,716 23.0 St. Mary 7,629 21.3 St. Elizabeth 8,298 21.3 Manchester 6,547 20.2 St. Ann 6,881 19.7 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX, 1907-1911 Males Females . Rate per Rate per Ages Deaths 1,000 Pop. Deaths 1,000 Pop. Under 15 26,629 32.5 24,641 30.2 15-44 10,230 11.9 11,552 11.7 45-64 6,496 29.2 5,957 23.2 65 and over . 5,977 97.7 7,141 86.1 All ages 49,332 25.2 49,291 23.1 TABLE G—MORTALITY BY SEASONS, 1907-1911 Rate per Deaths 1,000 Pop. January-March 26,804 26.3 April—June 23,187 22.7 J uly—September 23,780 23.4 October-December 25,215 24.7 Annual 98,986 24.3 Source: Annual Reports of the Registrar-General of Jamaica. *Years ending March 31 of the following year. t-No data are available for tetanus. 34 Capital, San Juan Latitude, Chart No. 125—PORTO RICO 18° 29 '' N. Longitude, 66° 5' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (San Juan) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. .. . 75.1 10.6 77 April—June 78.4 13.6 74 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1904-1908 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes July-September. ... 80.6 17.2 76 OctobeiMJecember.. 78.4 18.8 79 Anaemia 18,473 35.2 15.5 Stomach and in- testinal dis’ses. 15,895 30.3 13.3 Annual 78.1 60.2 76 Tuberculosis.... 8,856 16.9 7.4 Nervous diseases. 6,926 13.2 5.8 Bronchitis 6,454 12.3 5.4 1891-1914 Rate per v . b°oo * ear Population Deaths Pop. 1891 850,124 24,089 28.3 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES Malaria 5,982 11.4 5.0 Rickets 3,962 7.5 3.3 1892 863,014 24,474 28.4 Pneumonia 2,257 4.3 1.9 Other causes. . . . 50,636 96.4 42.4 1893 875,903 21,616 24.7 1894 888,793 24,896 28.0 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE, 1910-1911 1895 901,683 26,284 29.1 1896 914,573 25,435 27.8 Rate per Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. 1897 927,463 31,980 34.5 1898 940,353 33,614 35.7 Under 10 672,855 26,236 39.0 10-19 515,104 3,365 6.5 1899 950,020 39,918 42.0* 1900 963,382 41,371 42.9* 1901 979,174 24,522 25.0 20-39 674,899 9,527 14.1 40-79 362,932 -10,401 28.7 80 and over. . . . 10,234 1,751 171.1 All ages 2,236,024 51,330f 23.0 1902 994,966 25,333 25.5 1903 1,010,758 23.0 1904 1,026,550 22,210 21.6 1905 1,042,342 23,445 22.5 TABLE H—MORTALITY BY SEASONS, 1906-1910 1906 1,058,134 25,547 24.1 1907 1,073,926 25,373 23.6 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. 1908 1,089,718 22,388 20.5 1909 1,105,510 22,274 20.1 1910 1,121,302 26,675 23.8 January-March 30,297 22.2 April-June 29,385 21.6 1911 1,137,094 27,549 24.2 1912 1,152,886 27,152 23.6 July-September 30,889 22.7 October-December 31,686 23.3 1913 1,168,678 19.9 1914. Annual 122,257 22.4 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES. (Rate per 10,000 Population) Anemia Tuberculosis Malaria laborers3 work'on “ °oaft (M“6n Pr°vince), and is largely due to the fact that a considerable number of flncludes still-births h b Potations. Malarial fever is most prevalent in this section of the country. 49 Chart No, 140—PANAMA CANAL ZONE, EMPLOYEES City of Panama Latitude, 8° 57' N. Longitude, 79° 32' W. TABLE A—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES, BY RACE, 1906-1914 White Employees Colored Employees Average Mortality from Mortality from Number of Diseases Violence Number of Diseases Violence Year Employees Deaths Rate* Deaths Rate* Employees Deaths Rate* Deaths Rate* 1906 5,447 65 11.9 22 4.0 21,100 978 46.4 40 1 9 19°7 10,709 119 11.1 60 5.6 28,634 848 29.6 105 3 7 1908 12,383 90 7.3 79 6.4 31,507 291 9.2 111 3.5 I"9 11,662 75 6.4 40 3.4 35,505 281 7.9 106 3 0 1910 13,021 64 4.9 55 4.2 37,781 317 8.4 122 3 2 1911 12,251 72 5.9 51 4.2 36,625 302 8.2 114 3.1 1912 12,553 58 4.6 43 3.4 38,340 266 6.9 100 2.6 1913 11,943 43 3.6 38 3.2 44,711 254 5.7 138 3 1 1914 7,024 22 3.1 25 3.6 37,305 173 4.6 92 2.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, BY RACE, 1903-1912 (Rate per 10,000 Employed) White Employees [ Colored Employees Deaths Rate Accident 323 41.4 Malaria 164 21.0 Deaths Rate 679 29.6 457 19.9 Pneumonia 81 10.4 Circulatory diseases 36 4.6 Nervous diseases 35 4.5 1,071 46.7 150 6.5 137 6.0 45 2.0 154 6.7 111 4.8 301 13.1 399 17.4 Liver diseases 32 4.1 Dysentery 27 3.5 Septic diseases 25 3.2 Urinary diseases 24 3.1 Tuberculosis 20 2.6 Alcoholism 19 2.4 2 0.1 Suicide 17 2.2 Typhoid fever 16 2.1 6 0.3 182 7.9 287 12.5 Other causes 62 7.8 TABLE D—MORTALITY OP WHITE EMPLOYEES BY LENGTH OF RESIDENCE ON THE ISTHMUS, 1906-1912 TABLE E—AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH OF WHITE EMPLOYEES, 1906-1912 Under 1 year 82 35.2 Duration Deaths Per Ct. American Deaths Per Ct. Foreign Aggregate Average Years of Age Deaths Life at Death Under 1 year 82 35.2 218 41.0 1 and under 3 years. 71 30.5 179 33.6 3 years and over.... 80 34.3 135 25.4 American 237 9,015 38.0 Foreign 573 19,505 34.0 Total known 233 100.0 Total known 233 100.0 532 100.0 Not reported 23 93 American White Employees TABLE C—MORTALITY Foreign White Employees FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1, 1906-1912 Colored Employees Accident 94 36.7 Per Deaths Cent. Accident 229 36.6 Per Deaths Cent. Per Deaths Cent. Malaria 24 9.4 Circulatory diseases. 17 6.6 Liver diseases 15 5.9 Malaria 140 22.4 Pneumonia 69 11.0 Pneumonia 1,071 26.9 Accident 679 17.1 Malaria 457 11.5 Pneumonia 12 4.7 Nervous diseases... . 26 4.2 Circulatory diseases. 19 3.0 Liver diseases 17 2.7 Tuberculosis 399 10.0 Urinary diseases. .. . 301 7.6 Typhoid fever 182 4.6 Dysentery 154 3.9 Dysentery 12 4.7 Alcoholism 12 4.7 Dysentery 15 2.4 Urinary diseases 11 4.3 Septic diseases 10 3.9 Suicide 10 3.9 Septic diseases 15 2.4 Tuberculosis 14 2.2 Circulatory diseases. 150 3.8 Nervous diseases... . 137 3.4 Other causes 39 15.2 Urinary diseases 13 2.1 Other causes 68 11.0 Septic diseases 11l 2.8 Other causes 340 8.4 Total 256 100.0 Total. 625 100.0 Total 3,981 100.0 *Rate per 1,000 employed. 50 Chart No. 140—Continued TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1909-1913 Rate per Total 1,000 Employees Deaths Employed January-March 62,131 590 9.5 April-June 64,352 605 9.4 July-September 63,916 673 10.5 October-December... 63,993 671 10.5 Annual 254,392 2,539 10.0 TABLE J—HOSPITAL CASES OF MALARIA 1904-1914 Average Cases per Number of Number of 100 Year Employees Cases Employed 1904 12.5 1905 51.4 1906 26,547 21,739 81.9 1907 39,343 16,753 42.6 1908 43,890 12,372 28.2 1909 47,167 10,169 21.6 1910 50,802 9,487 18.7 * 1911 48,876 8,987 18.4 1912 50,893 5,623 11.0 1913 56,654 4,284 7.6 1914 44,329 2,884 6.5 TABLE G—MORTALITY OF EMPLOYEES 1881-1890 and 1904-1913 Rate per Total l;000 1881-1890, French Employees Deaths Employed Company 92,038 5,648 61.4 1904—1913, Isthmi- an Canal Com- mission 386,793 5,855 15.1 TABLE H—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1881-18&0 FRENCH CONSTRUCTION PERIOD (Rate per 10,000 Employed) Average Number of Malaria Yellow Fever Year Employees Deaths Rate' Deaths Rate 1881 968 19 196.3 11 113.6 1882 1,998 40 200.2 36 180.2 I888 6,941 100 144.1 26 37.5 17,436 384 220.2 128 73.4 1885 15,784 324 205.3 199 126.1 1886 15,193 201 132.3 308 202.7 1887 16,873 202 119.7 216 128.0 1888 13,993 98 70.0 102 72.9 1889 1,938 16 82.6 15 77.4 1890 914 5 54.7 1 10.9 TABLE I—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1905-1914 UNITED STATES CONSTRUCTION PERIOD (Rate per 10,000 Employed) Average Number of Malaria Typhoid Fever Dysentery Year Employees Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1905 16,512 86 52.1 12 7.3 14 8.5 1906 26,547 233 87.8 42 15.8 69 26.0 1907 39,343 154 39.1 98 24.9 48 12 2 1998 43,890 73 16.6 19 4.3 16 3 6 1909 47,167 52 11.0 13 2.8 8 L7 1949 50,802 50 9.8 13 2.6 21 4.1 19H 48,876 47 9.6 10 2.0 13 2.7 1912 50,893 20 3.9 4 0.8 7 1.4 1913 56,654 21 3.7 4 0.7 6 1.1 1914 44,329 7 1.6 4 0.9 4 0^9 Source: Reports of the Department of Health of the Panama Canal Zone, 51 Chart No. 141—PANAMA CANAL ZONE, CIVIL POPULATION City of Panama Latitude, 8° 57' N. Longitude, 79° 32' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE City op Colon Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. . . . 79.1 7.7 81 April-June 80.0 27.8 87 July-September. . .. 79.4 37.8 89 October-December.. 78.8 55.6 88 • Annual 79.4 128.9 86 City of Panama January-March.... 80.3 3.1 83 April-June 80.3 19.3 88 July-September. . . . 79.7 20.5 91 October-December.. 79.1 24.7 91 Annual 79.9 67.6 88 TABLE B—Continued City of Panama, 1891-1914 Rate per v „ , 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1894 21,628 930 43.0 21,853 845 38.7 1893 22,079 903 40 9 1894 22,304 833 37 3 1895 22,528 867 38 5 1899 22,752 979 43 0 1897 22,977 1,106 48.1 1898 23,201 951 41 0 1899‘ 23,425 1,111 47 4 1900 23,650 1,322 55.9 1994 23,874 1,209 50.6 1902 24,099 2,381 98.8 1908 24,323 1,363 56.0 1904 24,548 1,233 50.2 4"5 24,784 1,553 62.7 4999 26,400 1,055 40 0 1907 33,548 1,156 34.5 1998 37,073 1,292 34.9 1999 40,801 1,038 25.4 4949 45,591 1.446 31 7 4944 46,555 1,456 31.3 494 2 47,057 1,380 29.3 4313 47,172 1,507 31.9 1914 53,948 1,863 34.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES The Canal Zone, 1906-1914* Rate per v „ , , 1,000 Year Population Deaths, Pop. 1906 39,449 2,163 54 8 1907 62,790 2,303 36.7 1908 76,207 2,412 31.7 1909 88,013 1,957 22 2 1910 100,789 2,653 26.3 1911 108,060 2,829 26.2 1912 95,617 2,535 26 5 1913 72,450 2,570 35.5 1914 79,263 2,851 36.0 City of Colon, 1907-1914f 1907 14,549 571 39 2' 1908 15,878 418 26 3 1909 17,479 396 22.7 1910 19,535 514 26.3 19H 19,947 527 26 4 1912 20,174 493 24 4 1913 20,232 489 24.2 1914 23,265 590 25.4 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1906-1912 Rate per Per Cent. _ , 10,000 of All r, , . Deaths Pop. Causes otomach and in- testinal dis’ses. 2,501 43.8 14.6 Malaria 2,240 39.2 13.1 Tuberculosis.... 2,078 36.4 12T Pneumonia 1,538 26.9 9.0 Urinary diseases. 1,051 18.4 6.1 Nervous diseases. 896 15.7 5.2 Circulatory dis’es 874 15.3 5.1 Accident and oth- er violence. ... 667 11.7 3.8 Dysentery 494 8.7 2.9 Other causes... . 4,801 84.1 28.1 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES 1906-1913 (Rate per 10.000 Population) Malaria Tuberculosis Pneumonia Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1906.. 483 122.4 249 63.1 307 77 8 1907.. 415 66.1 276 44.0 253 40 3 1908.. 358 47.0 314 41.2 175 23 0 1909.. 243 27.6 248 28.2 183 20 8 1910.. 249 24.7 342 33.9 195 19.3 1911.. 264 24.4 318 29.4 236 21 8 1912.. 220 23.0 316 33.0 213 22 3 1913.. 149 20.6 297 41.0 225 3L1 1914.. 150 18.9 349 44.0 298 37.6 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS, 1909-1913 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. January-March 117,731 2,867 24.4 April-June 117,907 2,993 25.4 July-September. .. . 115,025 3,302 28.7 October-December. 114,233 3,382 29.6 Annual 464,896 12,544 27.0 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY AGE, SEX AND RACE, 1909-1912* VI White Colored . . Males Females Males Females TT , lSS Deaths Per Cent. Deaths Per Cent. Deaths Per Cent. Deaths Per Cent Ser5 289 51.7 2,130 33.6 1,671 46.8 ' 7fo 35 6-2 452 7.1 293 8.2 nJr,n IS SI 29-9 3’196 504 1.294 36.3 U 50 n-3 68 12.2 562 8.9 309 8.7 i ‘jg 10I)'Q 56“ 100-° +nf°+Ld .dvji Population °4 ;he cities of Panama and Colon. HosPlf?'l of C°lon-°.nny those admitted from the city itself are included, IJncludes both civil population and employees of the Canal Commission. 52 Chart No. 142—CITY OF BOGOTA, U. S. COLOMBIA Latitude, 4° 35' N. Longitude, 74° 13' W. Altitude, 8,630 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE Temperature Rainfall (Degrees) (Inches) January-March 58.0 11.7 April-June 58.4 19.3 July-September 57.1 8.8 October-December 58.1 23.6 Annual 57.9 63.4 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1901-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1901 115,000 4,763 41.4 1902 115,570 3,668 31.7 1903 116,140 3,349 28.8 1904 116,710 2,503 21.4 1905 117,280 2,483 21.2 1906 117,850 2,681 22.7 1907 118,420 2,835 23.9 1908 118,990 2,423 20.4 1909 119,560 2,502 20.9 1910 120,130 2,664 22.2 1911 120,700 3,142 26.0 1912 121,257 3,209 26.5 1913 122,000 2,862 23.5 1914 123,000 4,074 33.1 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE 1912-1913 Rate per Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Under 10. . 59,817 2,261 37.8 10-59 177,640 3,043 17.1 60 and over 5,800 ' 767 132.2 All ages . . 243,257 6,071 25.0 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1911-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Tuberculosis Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1911 259 21.5 240 19.9 1912 207 17.1 305 25.2 1913 207 17.0 343 28.1 1914 140 11.4 291 23.7 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1912-1913 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Stomach and in- testinal dis’sesl,085 53.8 38.0 17.9 Pneumonia 869 42.7 30.7 14.3 Tuberculosis... 648 34.2 21.2 10.7 Circulatory dis’s 556 21.4 23.9 9.2 Typhoid fever. . 414 17.8 16.4 6.8 Nervous diseases 388 20.0 13.0 6.4 Urinary diseases 259 10.9 10.4 4.3 Dysentery 234 12.4 7.6 3.9 Cancer. 221 6.3 11.1 3.6 Liver diseases... 124 7.0 3.7 2.0 Other causes ... 1,273 66.1 42.8 20.9 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEX 1912-1913 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Males... 101,424 2,968 29.3 Females. 141,833 3,103 21.9 TABLE G—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1906-1910 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March.... 3,446 23.2 April-June 3,199 21.5 July-September.... 3,205 21.5 Oc tober—December. 3,255 21.9 Annual 13,105 22.0 Sources: Boletm Estadistica de Cundinamarca. Registro Municipal de Higiene Bogota. Censo General de la Republica de Colombia levantado el sde Marzo de 1912. 53 Chart No. 143--GITIES OF GUAYAQUIL AND QUITO, ECUADOR Guayaquil Latitude, 2° 11' S. Longitude, 79° 56' W Latitude, 0 14' S. Longitude, 78° 32' W. Altitude, 9,300 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE (Quito) Temperature Rainfall (Degrees) (Inches) January-March 54.7 435 April—June 43.9 July—September 54.9 53 October-December 54.6 44 4 Annual 54.7 44.4 The mean annual temperature of Guayaquil is 80.7°. TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES Guayaquil, 1909-1912 Rate per Per Cent. , 10,000 of All Deaths P op. Causes Tuberculosis 1,946 69.9 14.0 Stomach and in- testinal dis’ses. 1,234 44.3 8.8 Malaria 1,203 43.2 8^6 Yellow fever. ... 985 35.4 y’l Plague 969 34.8 6.9 Accident and oth- er violence 556 20.0 4.0 Nervous diseases. 492 17.7 3.3 Pneumonia 376 13.5 2*7 Dysentery 364 13.1 2^6 Other causes 5,822 208.9 41.8 Quito June, 1911, to June, 1912 Stomach and in- testinal dis’ses. 361 51.6 17.1 Bronchitis 301 43.0 14.3 Pneumonia 271 38.7 12.9 Circulatory dis’es 251 35.9 11.9 Typhoid fever... 130 18.6 6.2 Dysentery 113 16.1 5,4, Liver diseases.. . 88 12.6 4.2 Nervous diseases. 87 12.4 4J Whooping cough. 79 11.3 3.7 Accident and oth- er violence... . 77 11.0 3.7 Other causes... . 349 49.8 16.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES City op Guayaquil, 1897-1914 Rate pei Year Population Deaths Popf 1897 62,000 3,575 57.7 1898 63,000 2,527 40J 1899 64,000 2,750 43.0 I"9 65,000 3,361 51.7 19°1 66,500 3,180 47 8 1902* 68,000 I"3 69,500 3,232 46.5 1908 77,000 3,510 45.6 1909. 78,500 3,631 46.3 l9l°t 40,000 1,648 41.2 19n- 80,000 3,368 42.1 1912 80,000 5,300 66 3 1913 1914 ...... I’” Canton of Babahoyo, 1903—1914f 923 42.0 631 28.7 784 35.6 826 37.5 1907 926 42 1 S 672 30'5 1909 666 30 3 }91? 692 31.5 }91i 689 31.3 Ills. 759 345 1914 ■" TABLE D—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1897—1901 and 1903 (Guayaquil) Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. J anuary—March 5,442 55.8 April—June 5,525 56^ July-September 4,159 42.7 October-December 3,499 35.9 Annual 18,625 47.8 TABLE E-MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Guayaquil) (Rate per 10,000 Population) Y _ Yellow Fever Smallpox Plague I Malaria lqnl S Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate “JJJ 63 9.5 1902 19 2.8 61 9 0 ■ 1903 £48 35.7 13 ' 1904 133 18.7 2 03 ••• 1»05 112 15.4 98 135 252 34-! 228 30.8 1007 150 19.9 141 is 7 ' ’ ‘' \lm Iti l* IM 33* 43.1 m 41.8 1910 lift 280 n no 398 50-7 219 27-9 1911 215 26 9 O nn 207 25'9 239t 59'8 ?9’9 ® 0.0 260 32.5 223 27.9 }g}2 403 50'4 02 6.5 236 29.5 512 64.0 1914 •• ••• 138 17‘3 Informed L ntf en.eral de Policia al Gobernador de la Provincia del Guayas 1910 Interior feiL?irGGClon del de Samdad Publica, Guayaquil, 1910. Informe del Sr. Miniatro’ de lo 1901 loi fti °bras Publtcas etc 1912, Quito. Weekly Reports, United States Public Health Service 1901-1913. Data furnished by United States Consul-General, Guayaquil. ’ *No data are available. fPopulation, about 22,000. tOnly January to June. 54 Chart No. 144—CITY OF CUZCO, PERU Latitude, 13° 27' S. Longitude, 72° O' W. Altitude, 11,100 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-Marcli.. . . 51.5 20.4 70.2 April—June 49.8 4.5 63.5 July-September.. . . 48.9 2.2 55.5 October-December 52.1 11.6 65.2 Annual 50.6 38.7 63.6 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1903-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1903 16,000 577 36.1 1904 16,700 810 48.5 1905.. 17,600 447 25.4 1906.. 18,617 455 24.4 1907 20,004 587 29.3 1908 21,391 520 24.3 1909 22,778 614 27.0 1910 24,165 780 32.3 1911 25,552 585 22.9 1912 26,939 535 19,9 1913 . . 1914 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1908-1912 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Bronchitis 921 76.2 30.4 Stomach and in- testinal dis’ses . 771 63.8 25.4 Pneumonia 148 v 12.3 4.9 Dysentery 90 7.5 3.0 Scarlet fever 80 6.6 2.6 Nervous diseases. 70 5.8 2.3 Tuberculosis 69 5.7 2.3 Other causes 885 73.2 29.1 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1903-1912 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 1,316 25.1 April-June 1,288 24.6 July-September. ... 1,636 - 31.2 October-December . 1,670 31.8 Annual 5,910 28.2 TABLE F—MORTALITY FROM BRONCHITIS BY SEASONS, 1903-1912 Rate per 10,000 Deaths Pop. January—March 312 59.5 April-June 391 74.6 July-September. . . . 579 110.4 October-Ueccinber . 450 85.8 Annual 1,732 82.6 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1903-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Bbonchitis Pneumonia Smallpox Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1903 181 113.1 28 17.5 4 2.5 1904 239 143.1 35 21.0 0 0.0 1905 122 69.3 7 4.0 0 0.0 1906 114 61.2 15 8.1 17 9.1 1907 155 77.5 23 11.5 36 18.0 1908 140 65.5 21 9.8 14 6.5 1909 241 105.8 33 14.5 0 0.0 1910 234 96.8 30 12.4 20 8.3 1911 204 79.8 34 13.3 19 7.4 1912 102 37.9 30 11.1 14 5.2 1913 . . 1914 Source; Data supplied through the courtesy of Sr. Celestino del Castillo, Jefe de la Seccion de Estado Civil y Estadistica, Cuzco. 55 Chart No. 145—CITY OF LA PAZ, BOLIVIA Latitude, 16° 30' N. Longitude, 68° 9' W. Altitude, 11,906 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES m 1900-1909 lemperature Rainfall ~ , „ _ (Degrees) (Inches) ufrunf Per.(le,?t* January-March 49.0 1.10 Deaths Pop. Causes April—Jim.6 45.4 .16 Whooping cough. 3,468 54.6 14.8 July-September 48.8 .12 Tuberculosis.... 2,712 42.7 115 Octoben-December 51.4 .74 Scarlet fever 2,526 39.8 10.7 . Pneumonia 1,772 27.9 7.5 Annual 48.7 2.12 Dysentery 1,766 27.8 7.5 Digestive dis'ses. 1,756 27.7 7.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES M®? 25,5 6-9 1891-1914 |mallP°f. 24.7 6.7 Rate per bronchitis 753 11.9 3.2 1,000 Circulatory dis’es 736 11.6 3.1 ear Population Deaths Pop. Other causes.... 4,825 760 206 1891 57,842 1,535 26.5 1892 58,041 2,046 35.3 1893 58,240 1,577 27.1 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY SEX 1894 58,439 2,879 49.3 1901-1908 1895 58,638 1,906 32.5 Rate per 1896 58,837 1,510 ,25 7 p ToItal. LOOO 1897 59 036 1 393 on a Population Deaths Pop. 1898!!!!!!’'"! l’g46 rlaleSrSr 264,914 9,974 37.6 1899 59,434 2,’641 44 4 Females 271,613 9,826 36.2 1900 59,633 2,392 40.1 “ |901 59,832 1,966 32.9 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY RACE AND SEX 1992 60,031 1,965 32.7 1900-1909 1903 62,720 2,101 33.5 1904 65,410 3,036 46 4 ,Males 1906 68,100 3,137 46.1 ' Total foGo" 1906 70,789 2,411 34.1 Population Deaths Pop. 1907 73,478 2,208 30.0 White 106,694 2,890 27 1 1908 76,167 2,978 39.1 Mestizo 85,113 3,642 42.8 1909* 78,856 Indian 118,632 5,334 45 0 1910 81,545 2,215 27.2 1911 84,234 3,008 35.7 Females 1912 86,923 2,319 26.7 White 103,334 2 846 27 5 | 89,612 2,186 24.4 Mestizo 82,268 3*725 45.3 1914 Indian 118,917 5,079 42.7 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Tuberculosis Dysentery Smallpox Plague Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1"1 286 47.8 210 35.1 130 21 7 102 17 0 I"2 206 34.3 241 40.1 98 16 3 39 6 5 1"3 250 39.9 101 16.1 295 47.0 32 5 1 1904 283 43.3 205 31.3 68 10.4 75 11 t 1"5 282 41.4 276 40.5 79 11 6 12 IS 1"6 291 41.1 107 15.1 293 41.4 10 1 4 . 1997 338 46.0 171 23.3 144 19 6 19 2fi 1908 265 34.8 153 20.1 87 11.4 6 ft 1909 286 36.3 102 12.9 320 40 6 12 15 1910 ... 15 1911 1912 ''' ''' 1913 1914 ... "■ ••• Source: Censo Municipal de la Ciudad de La Paz (15 de Junio de 1909). ence with Direccion General de Estadistica y Estudios Geograficos de La Paz *No data are available. * 1910-1913, by correspond- 56 Chart No. 146—CITY OF SAO PAULO, BRAZIL Latitude, 23° 38' S. Longitude, 46° 22' W. Altitude, 2,500 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January—March.. 69.3 22.7 80.3 April-June 61.3 6.1 80.3 July-September.. 59.1 7.4 76.6 October-Decem’r 65.6 19.3 78.7 Annual 63.8 55.5 79.0 TABLE B—Continued Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1906 322,000 5,406 16.8 1907 329,200 5,129 15.6 1908 336,400 5,760 17.1 1909 343,600 5,757 16.8 1910 350,800 6,246 17.8 1911 358,000 6,933 19.4 1912 400,000 8,585 21.5 1913 450,000 9,347 20.8 1914 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1892-1914 Rate per 1,000 A’ear Population Deaths Pop. 1892 140,000 4,561 32.6 1893 150,000 5,328 35.5 1894 167,000 4,214 25.2 1895 184,000 5,191 28.2 1896 201,000 5,779 28.8 1897 218,000 5,237 24.0 1898 235,000 5,083 21.6 1899 252,000 4,279 17.0 1900 269,000 4,109 15.3 1901 286,000 4,514 15.8 1902.... 293,200 5,199 17.7 1903 300,400 4,604 15.3 1904 307,600 4,922 16.0 1905 314,800 4,852 15.4 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1908-1912 Rate per Per Ct. 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Digestive dis’es!0,005 57.6 54.3 30.1 Circulatorydis. 3,335 20.6 16.7 10.0 Pneumonia.. . . 3,099 18.7 16.0 9.3 Nervous dis’ses 2,483 15.4 12.4 7.5 Tuberculosis. . 2,193 14.0 10.5 6.6 Bronchitis.... 1,896 11.4 9.8 5.7 Urinary dis’ses 1,041 6.2 5.4 3.1 Accident and other violence 959 7.9 2.7 2.9 Cancer 769 4.4 4.2 2.3 Smallpox 428 2.5 2.3 1.3 Other causes. . 7,073 42.6 36.4 21.2 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Malaria Smallpox ear Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 68 2.4 81 2.8 46 1.6 1902 55 1.9 99 3.4 66 2.3 1903 62 2.1 62 2.1 13 0.4 19041 38 1.2 54 1.8 19 0.6 1903 51 1.6 63 2.0 5 0.2 1906 52 1.6 50 1.6 5 0.2 19°7 54 1.6 41 1.2 0 0.0 1908 35 1.0 42 1.2 136 4.0 1909 53 1.5 39 1.1 48 1.4 1910 40 1.1 -26 0.7 5 0M4 1911 63 1.8 20 0.6 2 0.06 1912 " 2.5 17 0.4 237 5.9 1913 165 3.7 8 0.2 17 0.4 1914 Tuberculosis Ytar Deaths Rate Year Deaths Rate 1901 337 11.8 1908 374 11.1 1902 361 12.3 1909 427 12.4 1903 393 13.1 1910 474 13.5 1904 358 11.6 1911 447 12.5 19°5 344 10.9 1912 432 10.8 19°6 387 12.0 1913 561 12 5 1907 421 12.8 1914 Sources: Annuario Demographico, Sao Paulo. Boletim Hebdomadario de Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria das Cidades de Sao Paulo, Santos e Campinos. 57 Chart No. 147—CITY OF PARA (BELEM), BRAZIL Latitude, 1° 28' S. Longitude, 48° 30' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall IJumidity (Degrees) (Inches) (PerCent.) January-March.. 78.5 41.0 88 April-June 78.9 31.8 89 July-September.. 79.5 15.6 84 Oclober-DeccmT 80.3 13.9 85 Annual 79.3 102.3 86.7 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 Malaria Yellow Fever Rate per Rate per 10,000 10,000 Year Deaths Pop. Deaths Pop. 1901 691 65.3 131 12.4 1902 561 48.7 145 12.6 1903 611 49.0 130 10.4 1904 721 53.8 191 14.3 1905 787 54.9 183 12.8 1906 539 35.3 253 16.6 1907 578 35.7 193 11.9 1908 697 40.7 213 12.4 1909 1,159 64.1 169 9.4 1910 886 46.6 352 18.5 1911 713 37.5 37 1.9 1912 802 42.2 3 0.2 1913 1914 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1896-1914 Rate per . 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1896.. 77,950 2,692 34.5 1897.. 82,600 2,935 35.5 1898 87,250 2,587 29.7 1899.. 91,900 4,516 49.1 1900.. 96,560 4,313 44.7 1901.. 105,900 3,353 31.7 1902.. 115,200 2,764 24.0 1903 124,600 2,891 23.2 1904 133,900 4,310 32.2 1905.. 143,300 4,100 28.6 1906.. 152,600 3,593 23.5 1907.. 182,000 3,741 ' 23.1 1908.. 171,300 3,622 21.1 1909.. 180,700 3,957 21.9 1910 190,000 4,266 22.5 1911 190,000 3,681 19.4 1912 190,000 3,704 19.5 1913 1914 ' TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEX 1906-1910 Rate per „ lotal 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Males... 438,140 11,191 25.5 Females. 418,460 7,988 19.1 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1906-1910 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 5,082 23.7 April-June 5,244 24.5 July-September.. .. 4,279 20.0 Octobcr-Dccember. 4,574 21.4 Annual 19,179 22.4 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1906-1910 Rate per Per Ct. 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Malaria 3,740 51.6 35.4 19.5 Stomach and int’tinal dis. 2,192 25.8 25.3 11.4 Tuberculosis. . 2,154 27.7 22.4 11.2 RespiratTy dis. 1,390 17.6 14.8 7.3 Yellow fever. . 1,080 21.3 3.5 5.6 Circulatory dis. 909 12.3 8.8 4.7 Other causes. . 7,714 ) 99.1 80.7 40.3 TABLE G—MORTALITY FROM YELLOW FEVER BY SEASONS, 1907-1910 Rate per 10,000 Deaths Pop. January-March.. .. 241 13 7 April—J une 207 11.8 July-September 197 H.2 October-December. 280 15.9 Annual 925 13.I Source: Boletim Annual de Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria da Cidade de Belem. 58 Chart No. 148—CITY OF BAHIA, BRAZIL Latitude, 13° O' S. Longitude, 38° 31' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE „ , t. Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.. 80.7 11.4 80.5 April-June 77.9 29.5 83.3 July-September.. 75.1 13.5 83.4 October-Decem’r 79.0 11.7 81.8 Annual 78.2 66.1 82.2 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1905-1908 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Stomach and in- testinal dis’ses. 2,881 27.9 14.9 Tuberculosis 2,759 26.7 14.3 Nervous diseases. 2,125 20.6 11.0 Malaria 1,211 11.7 6.3 Heart diseases... . 1,132 11.0 5.9 Other circulatory. 919 8.9 4.8 Bronchitis 742 7.2 3.8 Urinary diseases.. 702 6.8 3.6 Liver diseases... . 580 5.6 3.0 Dysentery 512 5.0 2.6 1897-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1897 196,400 6,778 34.5 1898 199,530 4,389 22.0 1899 202,670 5,325 26.3 1900 205,813 4,032 19.6 1901 214,000 4,048 18.9 1902 222,000 4,740 21.4 1903 230,000 4,384 19.1 1904 238,000 4,699 19.7 1905 246,000 3,852 15.7 1906 254,000 4,817 , 19.0 1907.. 262,000 4,905 18.7 1908 270,000 5,754 21.3 1909 278,000 5,771 20.8 1910 286,000 6,151 21.5 1911 292,000 5,259 18.0 1912 300,000 5,202 17.3 1913.. 310,000 5,675 18.3 1914 Other causes 5,765 55.9 29.8 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1897-1908 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March.. . . 12,952 18.9 April-June 15,429 22.5 July-September.. . . 15,208 22.2 October-December. 14,134 20.6 Annual 57,723 21.1 TABLE D MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901 Malaria (Rate per 10,000 Population) Plague Beriberi Year Deaths Rate 1901 346 16.2 1902 348 15.7 1903 327 14.2 1904 239 1 0.0 1905 250 10.2 1906 300 11.8 1907 277 10.6 1908 384 14.2 1909 387 13.9 1910 344 12.0 1911 375 12.8 1912 381 12.7 1913 327 10.5 1914 Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 0 0.0 101 4.7 Tuberculosis Deaths Rate 631 29.5 613 27.6 569 24.7 648 27.2 585 23.8 661 26.0 735 28.1 756 28.0 792 28.5 781 27.3 761 26.1 782 26.1 843 27.2 0 0.0 151 6.8 0 0.0 139 6.0 139 5.8 173 7.3 8 0.3 41 1.7 95 3.7 100 3.9 107 4.1 66 2.5 52 1.9 115 4.3 114 4.1 47 1.7 124 4.3 39 1.4 52 1.8 43 1.5 59 2.0 38 1.3 111 3.6 34 1.1 Sources: Annuario de Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria da Cidade do Salvador. Boletim Mensal de Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria da Cidade do Salvador. 59 Chart No. 149—CITY OF BELLO HORIZONTE, BRAZIL Latitude, 19° 55' S. Longitude, 30° 54' W. Altitude, 2,810 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March... 72.4 25.7 80.1 April-June 65.8 2.4 75.2 July-September... 64.1 4.5 76.4 October-Decemb’r 70.6 23.6 77.8 Annual 68.2 56.2 77.4 TABLE C—MORTALITY PROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1910-1912 Rate per Per Ct. 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Stomach and intestinal dis. 419 40.1 34.6 19.7 Pneumonia 230 21.5 19.5 10.8 Circulatory dis. 179 17.7 14.2 8.4 Tuberculosis.. 168 15.9 14.1 7.9 Nervous dis’ses 99 11.2 6.5 4.7 Urinary dis’ses 86 8.3 7.0 4.1 Measles 68 8.1 4.0 3.2 Accident 56 6.5 3.5 2.6 Typhoid fever. 50 4.7 4.2 2.4 Cancer 41 4.3 3.0 1.9 Other causes.. . 728 69.5 60.5 34.3 TABLE B—MORTALITY PROM ALL CAUSES 1910-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1910 35,000 608 17.4 1911 37,435 803 21.5 1912 39,845 713 17.9 1913 41,199 874 20.8 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE, 1910-1912 Rate per Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Under 1... 4,682 623 133.1 1-4 12,497 364 29.1 5-9 14,394 58 4.0 10-19 27,531 123 4.5 20-29 22,613 230 10.2 30-39 13,889 203 14.6 40-59 13,620 299 22.0 60-79 2,459 176 71.6 80 and over 292 36 123.3 Unknown.. 303 12 All ages, 112,280 2,124 18.9 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1910-1912 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 430 15.3 April-June 447 15.9 July-September 638 22.7 October-December 609 21.7 Annual 2,124 18.9 Sources: Annuario Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria de Bello Horizonte. Boletim Mensal de Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria de Bello Horizonte. 60 Chart No. 150—CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL Latitude, 2-2° 54' S. Longitude, 43° 10' W. Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. .. . 76.9 20.5 79.4 April-June 71.6 8.6 78.1 TABLE A—CLIMATE TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1905-1909* Rate per PerCent, 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Tuberculosis of lungs .. 15,458 39.9 35.1 16.5 July-September. .. . 69.7 6.3 76.6 OctobeiHDecember.. 74.3 14.8 77.9 Stomach and intestinal diseases 13,548 31.9 34.9 14.5 Annual 73.1 50.2 78.0 Smallpox 9,836 24.2 23.9 10.5 Nervous diseases 7,493 18.6 18.0 8.0 Other circulatory dis’ses 6,506 17.3 14.2 7.0 Heart diseases 5,213 13.3 12.0 5.6 Rate per ~ . 1,000 * ear Population Deaths Pop. TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Pneumonia 4,611 10.9 11.9 4.9 Other respiratory dis’ses 4,467 10.0 12.1 4.8 Accident 2,625 9.3 2.6 2.8 1891 440,118 22,776 51.7 Other causes 23,800 56.7 60.3 25.4 1892 450,636 17,933 39.8 1893 461,411 12,398 26.9 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, 1905-1909 T>ntp 3IUJNh, 1905-1909 Rate per Total 1,000 1894 472,454 18,386 38.9 1895 483,773 17,079 35.3 Population V Deaths Pop. Urban 3,184,980 75,570 23.7 1896 495,380 18,445 37.2 1897 507,286 13,181 26.0 Suburban 966,990 17,987 18.6 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX ;, 1905-1909 1898 519,503 14,747 28.4 1899 532,042 15,600 29.3 1900 544,917 13,971 25.6 Rate per Ages Deaths 1,000 Pop. Males Rate per Deaths 1,000 Pop. 18,143 29.9 13,375 14.7 4,641 41.1 3,389 125.9 39,548 22.6 Females 1901 558,140 15,409 27.6 1902 571,728 28.9 Under 15 20,112 29.2 1903 585,695 16,343 27.9 1904 600,057 18,666 31.1 15-49 23,611 19.0 50-69 7,485 47.7 70 and over 2,572 145.6 1905 614,831 14,663 23^8 1906 625,756 13,960 22^3 All ages 53,780 24.6 1907 636,018 13,205 20.8 1908 637,089 20,658 32*4 1909 649,362 13,084 20.1 TABLE G—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1905—1909 Rate per Deaths 1,000 Pop. 1910 669,781 13,935 20^8 1911 708,669 14,277 20A January-March 17,872 22.5 April-June. 1912... 730,000 15,009 20.6 1913 740,000 15,269 20.6 April-June 17,971 22.6 July-September 20,525 25.8 October-Ueccmber 19,202 24.1 1914. Annual 75,570 23.7 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, (Rate per 10,000 Population) Yellow Fever h 1901-1914 Year Deaths Rate Malaeia Deaths Rate 299 5.4 984 17.2 584 10.0 48 0.8 289 4.7 42 0.7 39 0.6 Deaths Rate 199 3.6 215 3.8 360 6.1 275 4.6 142 2.3 115 1.8 73 1.1 54 0.8 15 0.2 18 0.3 22 0.3 Plague Deaths Rate Beriberi 1901 932 16.7 1902 1,217 21.3 1903 772 13.2 94 1.7 99 1.7 1904 433 7.2 1905 295 4.8 109 1.9 120 2.0 1906 266 4.3 1907 239 3.8 67 1.1 69 1.1 31 0.5 1909 227 3.5 1908 277 4.3 4 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.03 3 0.04 5 0.07 31 0.5 29 0.4 1910 187 2.8 1911 176 2.5 19 0.3 10 0.1 1912 137 1.9 1913 110 1.5 1914. 8 0.1 13 0.2 12 0.2 3 0.04 TABLE H—MORTALITY FROM YELLOW FEVER, BY SEASONS, 1851-1909 January-March 31,943 64.6 April-June 17,824 36.1 July-September 2,508 5.1 OctobeiHDecember 2,634 5.3 Rate per Deaths 10,000 Pop. Source: Annuario de Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria, Rio de Janeiro. ‘lncludes the whole Federal District, urban and suburban. Annual 54,909 27.8 61 Chart No. 151—CITY OF GURITYBA, BRAZIL Latitude, 25° 26' S. Longitude, 49° 16' W. Altitude, 2,980 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.. 67.9 17.3 82.1 April—June 57.6 11.5 83.2 July-September.. 56.2 11.1 81.1 October-DecemT 63.6 17.6 80.4 Annual 61.4 57.5 81.7 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1907-1911 Rate per Per Ct. 10,000 Pop. of All , Deaths Male Female Causes btomach and in- testinal dis’s 952 32.0 31.4 20.7 Tuberculosis.. 351 12.6 10.7 7.6 Pneumonia.... 299 10.3 9.6 6.5 Heart diseases. 287 10.0 9.1 6.3 Nervous dis’ses 279 11.2 7.2 6.1 Other circula- tory diseases 191 6.6 6.1 4.2 Bronchitis.... 152 4.5 5.7 3.3 Cancer H7 3.7 4.1 2.5 Urinary dis’ses 96 3.7 2.7 2.1 Other causes . . 1,867 64.3 60.0 40.7 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1903-1914 Rate per v „ , . 1,000 I ear Population Deaths Pop. 1903.. 53,870 726 13.5 1904.. 54,807 774 14.1 1905 55,791 820 14.7 1906.. 56,596 844 14.9 1907. . . . 57,609 805 14.0 1908.. 58,621 829 14.1 1909 60,000 931 15.5 1910 ' 60,800 1,069 17.6 1911 63,000 957 15.2 1912 1913 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 Tuberculosis op Lungs Typhoid Fever* Rate per Rate per v „ . IS’OOO 10,000 Year Deaths Pop. Deaths Pop, 1901 53 10.2 1902 58 11.0 1903 71 13.2 9 1.7 1904 56 10.2 14 2.6 1905 52 9.3 9 1.6 1906 53 9.4 17 3.0 1907 86 14.9 14 2.4 1908 59 10.1 24 4.1 1909 64 10.7 23 3.8 1910 58 9.5 10 1.6 1911 55 8.7 13 2.1 1912 1913 1914 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEX 1907-1911 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Males... 157,500 2,502 15.9 Females. 142,500 2,089 14.7 Source: Estatistica Demographo-Sanitaria, Estarlo do Parana. *No data are available tor 1901-1902. 62 Chart No. 152—CITY OF PELOTAS, BRAZIL Latitude, 31° 50' S. Longitude. 52° 30' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.. 72.0 10.3 77.9 April-June 56.7 7.9 77.9 July-September.. 54.1 8.6 80.2 65.3 9.1 74.9 Annual 62.0 35.9 77.7 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1906-1907 and 1909-1911 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Digestive diseases 1,397 80.1 22.9 Tuberculosis 1,090 62.5 17.9 Respiratory dis’ses 700 40.2 11.5 Circulatory dis’ses 665 38.2 10.9 Nervous diseases. 533 30.6 8.7 Genito-urinarydis. 171 9.8 2.8 Cancer 156 9.0 2.6 Typhoid fever.... 134 7.7 2.2 Other causes 1,251 71.7 20.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1899-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1899 25,434 974 38.3 1900 26,416 991 37.5 1901 27,398 1,062 38.8 1902 28,380 1,051 37.0 1903.. 29,362 973 33.1 1904 30,344 1,010 33.3 1905.. 31,326 1,117 35.7 1906.. 32,308 1,315 40.7 1907 33,290 1,095 32.9 1908.. 34,272 1,090 31.8 1909.. 35,254 1,235 35.0 1910 36,243 1,182 32.6 1911 37,225 1,270 34.1 1912 38,207 1,294 33.9 1913 39,189 1,387 35.4 1914 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1906-1909 V Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 1,377 40.8 April-June 1,118 33.1 July-September 945 28.0 OctobeiHDecember 1,295 38.3 Annual 4,735 35.0 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Tuberculosis Dysentery* Typhoid Fever! Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 199 72.6 .. ... 23 8.4 1902 200 70.5 30 10.6 1903 192 65.4 22 7.5 19 6.5 1904 217 71.5 17 5.6 11 3.6 1905 215 68.6 22 7.0 27 8.6 1906 234 72.4 29 9.0 5 1.5 1907 196 58.9 25 7.5 38 11.4 1908 215 62.7 1909 226 64.1 11 3.1 31 8.8 1910 206 56.8 7 1.9 20 5.5 1911 228 61.2 17 4.6 40 10.7 1912 236 61.8 8 2.1 47 12.3 1913 243 62.0 38 9.7 58 14.8 1914 .. ... Source: Relatorio Annual de Municipio de Pelotas, *No data are available for 1901,1902 or 1908. fNo data are available for 1908 63 Chart No. 153—PARAGUAY Capital, Asuncion Latitude, 25° 17' S. Longitude, 57° 40' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Asuncion) . Relative temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.. 84.4 16.9 71 April-June 68.9 8.7 77 July-September.. 68.8 6.5 69 October-Decem’r 79.2 15.2 69 Annual 75.3 47.3 72 TABLE B—Continued City of Asuncion Rate per Year Population Deaths Pop° 1906*... 32,000 642 20.1 1907.... 65,000 1,428 22 0 1908 1909 1910 ’ ’ 1911 1912 ’ 1913 1914 TABLE B MORTALITY PROM ALL CAUSES 1907-1911 City of Paraguahi Rate per lear Population Deaths Pop° 1907.. 10,600 100 9.4 1908.. 10,800 83 7.7 1909.. 11,000 70 6.4 1910.. 11,200 89 7.9 1911 11,400 71 6 2 1912 1913 1914 City op Humaita 1907.. 4,000 42 10.5 1908.. 4,000 29 7.3 1909 4,000 57 14.3 1910.. 4,000 45 11.3 1911.. 4,000 42 10 5 1912 1913 1914 TABLE C—MORTALITY PROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1906-1907 Paraguay (except Asuncion) Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Fevers 1,880 18.5 23.1 Digestive diseases 1,218 12.0 15.0 Tetanus 886 8.7 10.9 Respiratory dis’es 687 6.8 8.4 Other nervous dis. 497 4.9 6.1 Accident and oth- er violence.... 436 4.3 5.4 Other causes 2,543 25.1 31.1 City of Asuncion Stomach and in- testinal diseases 342 35.1 16.5 Nervous diseases. 282 28.9 13.6 Pneumonia 218 22.4 10.5 Tuberculosis 189 19.4 9.1 Typhoid fever 136 13.9 6.6 Other causes 903 92.6 43.7 mestoTl»u„d^bm9.del Di‘“ci6n G“er”J de Estadislica, Bolelin Tri- -1906 data for July 1 to December 31 only. 64 Chart No. 154—URUGUAY Capital, Montevideo Latitude, 31° 54' S. Longitude, 56° 12' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Montevideo) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.... 70.2 7.5 71.7 April-June 56.8 7.6 76.8 July-September.... 52.0 8.0 77.7 October-December.. 64.1 7.5 71.1 Annual 60.8 30.6 74.3 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1907-1911 Rate per Per Ct. 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Nervous diseases 7,457 15.2 12.2 9.5 Tuberculosis 7,381 13.1 14.2 9.4 Pneumonia 7,115 13.5 12.7 9.1 Stomach and intestinal diseases 6,974 13.6 12.1 8.9 Circulatory diseases.. . . 5,956 12.8 9.2 7.6 Cancer 3,550 7.3 5.7 4.5 Accident 2,487 6.9 2.2 3.2 Other causes 37,378 71.7 66.1 47.8 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1891 708,168 13,146 18.6 1892 728,447 12,004 16.5 1893 748,130 12,551 16.8 1894 776,314 13,843 17.8 1895 792,800 12,119 15.3 1896 818,843 12,776 15.6 1897 827,485 12,222 14.8 1898 840,725 12,452 14.8 1899 878,186 11,449 13.0 1900 915,647 12,878 14.1 1901 931,527 12,504 13.4 1902 947,407 13,439 14.2 1903 963,287 13,673 14.2 1904 979,166 11,515 11.8 1905 995,046 13,612 13.7 1906 1,010,926 15,083 14.9 1907 1,026,806 15,561 15.2 1908 1,042,686 14,421 13.8 1909 1,080,070 15,249 14.1 1910 1,117,454 16,515 14.8 1911 1,154,838 16,552 14.3 1912 1,170,212 16,745 14.3 1913 1,185,586 15,374 13.0 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX 1907-1911 Male^ Rate per* Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Under 15 1,122,767 16,293 14.5 15-44 1,242,216 10,901 8.8 45-64 319,451 8,083 25.3 65 and over.... 69,518 6,957 100.1 Unknown 4,689 268 .... All ages 2,758,641 42,£02 15.4 Females Under 15 1,096,977 14,485 13.2 15-44 1,232,002 10,478 8.5 45-64 262,953 4,763 18.1 65 and over. .. . 67,912 5,958 87,7 Unknown 3,729 112 All ages 2,663,573 35,796 13.4 TABLE G—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1907-1911 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 19,227 14.2 April-June 18,934 14.0 July-September 19,807 14.6 October-December 20,330 15.0 Annual 78,298 14.4 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 1907-1911 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Montevideo.... 1,607,557 27,259 17.0 Southern part. . 1,023,376 11,405 11.1 Central part. . . 1,187,390 15,608 13.1 Western part... 794,518 10,981 13.8 Northern part.. 809.013 13,045 16.1 TABLE F—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1911 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Smallpox Tuberculosis Cancer Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 129 1.4 158 1.7 1,098 11.8 495 5.3 1902 169 1.8 241 2.5 1,174 12.4 481 5.1 1903 188 2.0 5 0.05 1,229 12.8 501 5.2 1904 288 2.9 30 0.3 1,116 11.4 531 5.4 1905 157 1.6 135 1.4 1,134 11.4 587 5.9 1906 276 2.7 9 0.09 1,425 14.1 667 6.6 1907 233 2.3 4 0.04 1,445 14.1 695 6.8 1908 167 1.6 2 0.02 1,308 12.5 662 6.4 1909 191 1.8 105 1.0 1,431 13.3 704 6.5 1910 224 2.0 592 5.3 1,468 13.1 757 6.8 1911 190 1.7 37 0.3 1,729 15.0 732 6.3 1912* ... ... 838 7.2 1913 178 1.5 1 0.01 1,650 13.9 903 7.6 1914 Sources: Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. El Movimiento del Estado Civil y la Mortalidad de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay en el Ano 1913. *No data are available for 1912. 65 Chart No. 155 CITY OF MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY Latitude, 34° 54' S. Longitude, 56° 12' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE „ . Relative temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.... 70.2 7.5 71 7 April-June 56.8 7.6 76 8 July—Sep tern ber 52.0 8.0 77.7 October-December.. 64.1 7.5 71 1 Armual 60.8 30.6 74.3 TABLE C MORTALITY PROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1908-1912 Rate per Per Cent. n u. liJ*ooo of All rp . , . Deaths Pop. Causes I überculosis 3,974 24.7 139 Nervous diseases. 3,951 24 5 138 Pneumonia 3,647 22 6 127 Circulatory dis’es 2,935 18 2 in’«! Stomach and in- testinal dis’ses. 2,875 17 8 10 0 Cancer. 1,937 12.0 ‘ Urinary diseases. 1,105 6.9 39 Accident and oth- er violence 1,083 6 7 3 8 Other causes 7,108 44.1 24.8 TABLE B MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Rate per 5 ear Population Deaths Pop° ,489J 234,018 4,857 20.8 , J892 234,688 4,256 18.1 1893 238,080 4,051 17 0 }894 244,135 4,024 16.5 JB9£ 255,225 3,891 15.2 JB9? 258>999 3,995 15,4 )897 261,182 3,986 15.3 }B9B 264,838 3,980 15.0 4899 264,704 3,902 14 7 Yl9OO 265,572 4,267 16.1 1991 268,334 4,374 q ]Z MM J9?8 276,034 4,530 16.4 4994 282,689 4,638 16 4 2B9>918 4>492 15.2 }999 298,533 5,042 16.9 4997 307,482 4,980 16.2 1998 309,231 4,822 15 6 4999 313,016 5,466 17 5 4919 321,224 6,162 19 2 }944 329,888 5,829 177 92 338>353 6,336 18.7 J9J| 346,818 5,824 16.8 TABLE D MORTALITY BY SEASONS, 1909-1912 Rate per . LOOO Deaths p0p January-March 5,668 174 Aprd-June. 6.700 17.5 July—beptember 6,223 19 l October-December 6,202 19 o Antmal 23,793 18.3 TABLE F MORTALITY BY SEX, 1908-1912 „ , Rate per lotal 1 000 Population Deaths Pop Males 823,263 16,195 19.7 r emales. ... , . . 788,449 12,420 15 8 TABLE G-MORTALITY BY AGE, 1908-1912 rp , Rate per lotal 1 QQQ Ah'es Population Deaths Pop. Under 15 546,047 9,494 17 4 15-24 371,338 3,081 8 3 25-34 268,994 2,953 HO 35-44 180,350 2,666 14.8 45-54 123,941 2,649 21.4 55—64 76,395 2,832 37 1 65—74 30,784 2,476 80 4 75 and over 11,282 2,334 206 9 Unknown 2,581 130 All ages 1,611,712 28,615 17.8 TABLE E—MORTALITY PROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever I o Year Deathg Rate , .mallpox Tuberculosis 1901.. fii OQ Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1902 52 ?« 4-9 eoi 22.4 1903 64 23 492 ™ 606 22.1 1904 150 tt I °-1 669 24.2 1905 50 f? 7 9‘? 657 23.2 1906 99 on 79 2-7 621 21.5 1907 ' 78 25 n n'2 728 24-4 1908 52 ? °-° 704 22.9 1909 59 ■ 1 0-0 668 21.6 1910.. 51 89 2-8 703 22 5 1911 56 17 48 J 45-9 779 24.3 1912 78 2 3 3n 40 891 27.0 1913 43 jo ? J-J 933 27.6 1914 '2 4 0-0 873 25.2 Source: Resumen Anual de Estadistica Municipal, Montevideo. 66 Chart No. 156—PROVINGE OF TUGUMAN, ARGENTINA Capital, Tucuman Latitude, 26° 51' S. Longitude, 65° 11' W. Altitude, 1,480 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE (Tucuman) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March.. 74.4 19.1 77.4 April-June 58.5 6.3 82.1 July-September.. 57.2 1.3 69.9 October-DecemT 72.3 11.7 70.2 Annual 65.6 38.4 74.9 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1909-1910 Rate per Per Ct. 10,000 Pop. of All _ Deaths Male Female Causes Stomach an d in- testinal dis’s 1,277 19.5 20.9 8.0 Pneumonia 1,269 21.7 18.2 8.0 Nervous dis’ses 846 14.6 12.0 5.3 Tuberculosis. . 508 8.4 7.6 3.2 Circulatory dis. 405 6.6 6.2 2.6 Accident and other violence 373 8.5 3.2 2.4 Measles 298 4.3 5.2 1.9 Othercauses.. . 2,774 43.9 43.6 17.4 Unknown 8,146 124.4 133.1 51.2 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1897-1914 Rate per v „ 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1897 231,642 6,882 29 7 1898 237,974 6,778 28.5 1899.. 244,385 5,414 22.2 1900.. 249,433 6,590 26.4 1901.. 252,098 9,276 36 B** 1902.. 254,762 8,814 34 6 1903 257,427 5,330 20 7 1904.. 263,079 6,259 23 8 1905 269,617 6,082 22.6 1906 291,230 7,007 24 1 1907.. 299,241 7,493 25 0 1908.. 311,600 7,226 23 2 1909.. 312,519 7,571 24 2 1910 320,933 8,325 25.9 1911 325,106 9,726 29.9 1912 333,840 8,430 25 3 1913 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY 3JY ADMINIS- TRATIVE DIVISIONS, 1909-1912 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Trancas 28,748 518 18.0 Burroyaco 49,789 953 19.1 Tafi 44,343 1,250. 28.2 Capital, urban. . . 284,078 10,846 38.2 Capital, rural... . 30,840 618 20.0 Cruz Alta 178,940 4,308 24.1 Famailla 163,745 4,313 26.3 Leales 47,771 970 20.3 Monteros 149,905 3,358 22.4 Chiquiligasta.... 128,449 3,026 23.6 Rio Chico 121,027 2,801 23.1 Graneros 56,280 1,091 19.4 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1901-1910 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 16,794 23.7 April-June 15,249 21.5 July-September 18,346 25.9 October-December 22,994 32.5 Annual 73,383 25.9 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Tuberculosis Cancer Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 185 7.3 46 1.8 1902 229 9.0 44 1 7 1903 258 10.0 47 1.8 1904 201 7.6 40 1.5 1905 216 8.0 39 1.4 1906 260 8.9 39 1.3 1907 253 8.5 36 1 2 1908 260 8.3 48 1 5 1909 252 8.1 55 1.8 1910 255 8.0 57 1.8 1911 276 8.5 62 1.9 1912 264 7.9 77 2 3 1913 1914 TABLE G—MORTALITY FROM PNEUMONIA BY SEASONS, 1901-1910 Rate per 10,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 479 6.8 April-June 640 9.0 July-September 2,087 29.5 October-December 1,529 21.6 Annual 4,735 16.7 Source: Anuario de Estadistica de la Provincia de Tucuman. *Smallpox epidemic. 67 Chart No. 157—CITY OF SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, ARGENTINA Latitude, 27° 48' S. Longitude, 64° 15' W. Altitude, 650 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March 80.3 10.6 68 April-June 63.9 2.4 71 July-September 62.2 0.9 60 October-December. , 77.6 7.0 63 Annual 71.0 20.9 66 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1891 11,805 822 69.6* 1892.. 12,036 246 20.4 1893 12,272 259 21.1 1894 12,512 332 26.5 1895 12,892 228 17.7 1896.. 13,324 351 26.3 1897 13,657 516 37.8 1898 13,989 317 22.7 1899 14,290 230 16.1 1900 14,698 238 16.2 1901 15,066 496 32.9 1902 15,339 378 24.6 1903.. 15,556 234 15.0 1904.. 15,827 232 14.7 1905.. 16,168 273 16.9 1906 16,578 321 19.4 1907.. 17,170 382 22.2 1908.. 17,852 329 18.4 1909.. 19,425 382 19.7 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1904-1908 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Nervous diseases. 297 35.5 19.3 Pneumonia 214 25.6 13.9 Heart diseases... . 158 18.9 10.3 Stomach and in- w testinal diseases 157 18.8 10.2 Tuberculosis 116 13.9 7.6 Accident and oth- er violence 60 7.2 3.9 Cancer 43 5.1 2.8 Other circulatory. 36 4.3 2.3 Typhoid fever 35 4.2 2.3 Urinary diseases.. 32 3.8 2.1 Other causes . 389 46.6 25.3 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1906-1908 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 256 19.8 April-June 225 17.4 July-September 262 20.3 October-December 289 22.4 Annual 1,032 20.0 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Tuberculosis of Lungs Meningitis Cancer Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 13 8.6 17 11.3 7 4.7 1902 19 12.4 12 7.8 6 3.9 1903 14 9.0 11 7.1 0 0.0 1904 17 10.7 14 8.9 5 3.2 1905 20 12.4 14 8.7 7 4.3 1906 21 12.7 29 17.5 4 2.4 1907 22 12.8 46 26.8 16 9.3 1908 22 12.3 36 20.2 11 6.2 1909 . . 3 1.6 1910 .... . . 8 4.2 1911 .... .. .... 3 1.5 1912 .... .. .... 11 5.3 1913 .... .. .... 8 3.8 1914 Source: Direccion General de Estadistica y Registro Civil de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero, Mortalidad General, etc., en la Ciudad de Santiago del Estero, 1890-1908. epidemic. 68 Chart No. 158—CITY OF ROSARIO DE SANTA FE, ARGENTINA Latitude, 32° 57' S. Longitude, 60° 36' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January—March 76.4 9.6 52.1 April-June 59.6 4.3 64.3 July—September 55.7 7.2 60.5 October—December.. 69.6 11.0 51.2 Annual 65.3 32.1 57.0 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1900-1911 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1900 111,022 3,265 29.4 1901 115,289 3,101 26.9 1902 119,275 3,402 28.5 1903 124,090 2,704 21.8 1904 128,078 2,935 22.9 1905 130,565 3,146 24.1 1906.. 141,127 3,701 26.2 1907.. 151,887 3,709 24.4 1908 160,225 3,606 22.5 1909 171,796 4,135 24.1 1910.. 187,428 4,358 23.3 1911 203,886 4,820 23.6 1912 214,269 4,333 20.2 1913 225,600 4,544 20.1 1914 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Smallpox Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 86 7.5 s 54 4.7 1902 115 9.6 351 29.4 1903 101 8.1 24 1.9 1904 81 6.3 5 0.4 1905 76 5.8 3 0.2 1906 152 10.8 145 10.3 1907 126 8.3 180 11.9 1908 94 5.9 1 0.1 1909 105 6.1 7 0.4 1910 113 6.0 27 1.4 1911 94 4.6 341 16.7 1912 149 7.0 3 0.1 1913 92 4.1 1 0.04 1914 Tuberculosis Cancer* 1901 270 23.4 1902 308 25.8 1903 326 26.3 1904 316 24.7 83 6.5 1905 343 26.3 91 7.0 1906 411 29.1 123 8.7 1907 394 25.9 91 6.0 1908 397 24.8 112 7.0 1909 416 24.2 121 7.0 1910 462 24.6 156 8.3 1911 528 25.9 145 7.1 1912 440 20.5 150 7.0 1913 398 17.6 138 6.1 1914 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1907-1911 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Digestive diseases 4,572 52.2 22.2 Circulatory dis’ses 2,331 26.6 11.3 Tuberculosis 2,197 25.1 10.7 Pneumonia 1,974 22.6 9.6 Meningitis 983 11.2 4.8 Accident and oth- er violence 983 11.2 4VB Cancer 625 7.1 3.0 Bronchitis 595 6.8 2.9 Urinary diseases.. 589 6.7 2.8 Smallpox 556 6.4 2.7 Other causes 5,223 59.7 25.2 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1907-1911 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. J an nary—March 5,236 23.9 April—June 4,883 22.3 July-September 4,937 22.6 October—December 5,572 25.5 Annual 20,628 23.6 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY SEX 1901-1911 Rate per Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Males 876,431 23,409 26.7 Females... 757,215 16,208 21.4 Sources: Boletin Mensual Estadistico Municipal de la Ciudad del Rosario de Santa Fe Anuario Estadistico de la Ciudad del Rosario de Santa Fe. *No data are available for 1901-1903. 69 Chart No. 159—GITY OF BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA Latitude, 34° 36' S. Longitude, 58° 22' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. .. . 72.6 10.2 72 April—June 56,4 8.6 83 July-September. . .. 53.1 7.6 80 October-December.. 67.0 10.4 71 Annual 62.2 36.8 77 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Rate per . 1,000 J-ear Population Deaths Pop. 1891 550,102 13,014 23.7 1892 553,886 13,341 24.1 1893 567,542 13,000 22.9 1894 591,691 13,702 23.2 1895 640,396 14,947 23.3 1896 694,937 13,645 19.6 1897 725,290 14,216 19.6 1898 752,114 13,533 18.0 1899 780,533 13,567 17.4 1900 808,308 16,504 20.4 1901 834,830 15,807 18.9 1902 864,302 14,097 ' 16.3 1903 882,809 13,996 15.9 1904 937,308 14,313 15.3 1905 1,002,444 15,916 15.9 1906 • 1,054,883 17,916 17.0 1907 1,106,698 18,616 16.8 1908 1,159,231 18,139 15.6 1909 1,220,276 18,959 15.5 1910 1,282,768 20,968 16.3 1911 1,337,284 22,869 17.1 1912 1,394,224 22,982 16.5 1913 1,456,026 23,009 15.8 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX 1905-1909 Males Rate per Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Under 15 873,600 18,138 20.8 15-39 1,408,000 12,709 9.0 40-59 534,400 12,372 23.2 60 and over. .. . 105,400 8,533 81.0 All ages 2,921,400 51,752 17.7 Females Under 15 861,500 16,179 18.8 15-39 1,264,000 9,459 7.5 40-59 392,500 5,741 14.6 60 and over. . . . 104,100 6,415 61.6 All ages 2,622,100 37,794 14.4 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1905-1909 Rate per Per Ct. 10,000 Pop. of All Deaths Male Female Causes Nervous diseases 12,217 25.3 18.4 13.6 Tuberculosis 11,498 22.4 19.0 12.8 Pneumonia 11,019 20.6 19.1 12.3 Stomach and intestinal diseases ...10,503 19.5 17.9 11.7 Heart diseases 10,401 19.6 18.3 11.6 Cancer 4,971 10.3 7.5 5.6 Urinary diseases 3,710 7.4 5.9 4.1 Accident and other vio- lence 3,666 10.1 2.7 4.1 Other causes 21,561 42.0 35.3 24.2 TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1900-1909 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 36,780 14.9 April—June 38,783 15.7 July-September 43,648 17.7 October-December 45,052 18.3 Annual 164,263 16.6 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES. 1901-1911 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Smallpox Tuberculosis of Lungs Cancer Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 173 2.1 1,227 14.7 1,675 20.1 703 87 1902 205 2.4 158 1.8 1,619 18.7 763 8 8 1903 157 1.8 207 2.3 1,689 19.1 864 9 8 1904 H3 1-2 522 5.6 1,771 18.9 890 9^5 1"° 142 1.4 484 4.8 1,914 19.1 950 9 5 I"6 266 2.5 970 9.2 2,011 19.1 982 9 3 I"7 219 2.0 76 0.7 2,115 19.1 983 8 9 I"8 283 2.4 18 0.2 2,081 18.0 1,030 8 9 I"9 220 1.8 169 1.4 1,964 16.1 1,026 8 4 1910 195 1-5 543 4.2 2,150 16.8 1,034 8.1 1911 347 2.6 169 1.3 2,304 17.2 1,175 8 8 1912 654 4.7 13 0.1 2,291 16.4 1,210 87 1913 427 2.9 18 0.1 2,435 16.7 1,266 8 7 Source; Year-Book of the City of Buenos Aires. 70 Chart No. 160—PROVINCE OF BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA Capital, La Plata Latitude, 34° 57' S. Longitude, 57° 53' W. TABLE A—CLIMATE (City of Bahia Blanca) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March 68.9 6.6 60 April—June 52.5 4.4 74 July—September 48.4 3.6 70 Oclobcr-Dcccmber 4. . 62.6 6.3 58 Annual 58.1 20.9 66 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1893-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1893 852,340 16,433 19.3 1894 891,259 17,436 19.6 1895 932,961 16,530 17.7 1896 990,135 16,333 16.5 1897 1,049,566 16,476 15.7 1898 1,098,334 16,732 15.2 1899 1,149,965 14,243 12.4 1900 1,204,417 15,778 13.1 1901 1,250,453 17,644 14.1 1902 1,282,631 18,367 14.3 1903 1,313,884 18,367 14.0 1904 1,355,575 17,643 13.0 1905 1,408,108 18,815 13.4 1906 1,471,720 22,214 15.1 1907 1,541,786 23,636 15.3 1908 1,620,479 22,610 14.0 1909 1,752,082 24,581 14.0 1910 1,883,821 25,751 13.7 1911 1,962,308 26,090 13.3 1912 2,043,555 26,095 12.8 1913 1914 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1903-1912 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Stomach and in- s testinal dis’ses 32,121 19.6 14.2 Tuberculosis. . . . 24,204 14.8 10.7 Other respiratory diseases 23,168 14.1 10.3 Heart diseases... 14,083 8.6 6.2 Accident and oth- er violence.. .. 13,684 8.4 6.1 Meningitis 11,772 7.2 5.2 Pneumonia 9,451 5.8 4.2 Cancer 9,418 5.8 4.2 Apoplexy 7,184 4.4 3.2 Typhoid fever.. . 4,101 2.5 1.8 Other causes.... 76,616 46.9 33.9 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1904-1905 Rate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 8,868 12.8 April—June 8,563 12.4 July-September 9,227 13.4 October—December 9,800 14.2 Annual 36,458 13.2 TABLE D—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1901-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Smallpox Tuberculosis Cancer Pneumonia Year Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1901 346 2.8 549 4.4 1,865 14.9 621 5.0 845 6.8 1902 408 3.2 456 3.6 1,814 14.1 656 5.1 1,023 8.0 1903 404 3.1 106 0.8 1,901 14.5 715 5.4 677 5.2 1904 276 2.0 225 1.7 2,024 14.9 759 5.6 817 6.0 1905 252 1.8 288 2.0 2,167 15.4 882 6.3 987 7.0 1906 561 3.8 494 3.4 2,246 15.3 894 6.1 961 6.5 1907 440 2.9 554 3.6 2,545 16.5 920 6.0 984 6.4 1908 430 2.7 10 0.1 2,386 14.7 994 6.1 817 5.0 1909 512 2.9 99 0.6 2,551 14.6 1,056 6.0 1,141 6.5 1910 376 2.0 185 1.0 2,734 14.5 1,084 5.8 1,272 6.8 1911 381 1.9 77 0.4 2,831 14.4 1,014 5.2 1,043 5.3 1912 469 2.3 6 0.03 2,819 13.8 1,100 5.4 752 3.7 1913 1914 Sources: Elementos para el Estudio de la Demografia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1893-1912. Direccion General de Estadistica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Demografia (Annual publication). “Climate of the Argentine Republic,” by Walter G. Davis, Director of the Argentine Meteorological Office, Buenos Aires, 1910. 71 Chart No. 161—CHILE Capital, Santiago de Chile Latitude, 33° 26' S. Longitude, 70° 38' W. Altitude, 1,755 feet TABLE A—CLIMATE (Santiago) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March. .. . 66.4 0.3 April—June 51.4 10.2 July-September.... 48.3 12.6 October-December.. 61.4 1.4 Annual 56.9 24.5 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1906-1910 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Pneumonia 72,831 44.1 14.1 Tuberculosis.... 48,984 29.7 9.5 j Nervous diseases. 41,137 24.9 8.0 Stomach and in- testinal dis’ses 25,559 15.5 5.0 | Typhoid fever.. . 21,218 12.9 4.1 Heart diseases... 19,879 12.0 3.9 Accident and oth- er violence... . 19,414 11.5 3.7 Influenza 16,853 10.2 3.3 Other causes.... 250,472 151.9 48.4 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE 1906-1910 Rate per Total 1,000 Ages Population Deaths Pop. Under 20 7,634,944 302,628 ■ 39.6 20-39 5,318,373 74,100 13.9 40-59 2,506,455 54,579 21.8 60 and over 1,051,786 57,835 55.0 Unknown 27,205 All ages 16,511,558 516,347 31.3 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1909-1910* Rate per 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Northern Zone. 1,021,972 30,859 30.2 Central Zone... 5,251,508 169,742 32.3 Southern Zone.. 445,450 10,179 22.9 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Rate per v „ , . 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1891 2,636,787 89,422 33.9 1892 2,645,408 99,274 37 5 1893 2,664,190 90,712 34 0 1894 2,683,105 89,799 33 5 1895 2,712,145 84,225 31 1 1896 2,753,369 82,662 30 0 1897 2,795,220 85,956 30.8 1898 2,837,207 81,419 28.7 1899 2,880,332 83,778 29.1 1900 2,924,404 104,312 35.7 1901 2,968,854 108,199 36.4 1902 3,014,980 86,107 28 6 1903 3,060,807 80,300 26 2 1"4 3,107,331 86,630 27.9 1"5 3,154,561 110,276 35 0 1"6 3,202,510 104,890 32 8 1907 3,249,279 96,451 29 7 1908 3,297,585 104,226 31 6 1909 3,347,124 104,707 31.3 1910 3,415,060 106,073 31.1 1911 3,483,000 107,816 31 0 1912 3,550,000 103,905 29 3 1913 1914 TABLE F—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1903-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) Typhoid Fever Smallpox Tuberculosis of Lungs Cancer Ycar Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Jon? J’437 4'7 445 L 5 7,859 25.7 894 2.9 JonJ 4’297 3-9 1’739 5.6 9,035 29.1 1,194 3.8 J 2>993 9.4 8,786 27.9 6,904 21.9 954 3.0 J99? 5’620 17-6 3,341 10.4 8,587 26.8 1,209 3.8 J997 4’394 132 858 2.6 8,363 25.7 1,251 3.9 |993 3’799 IL4 421 1.3 8,587 26.0 1,434 4.4 }9?9 J’749 17-4 8,172 9.5 8,657 25.9 1,369 4.1 J9J? 4’842 5-8 1,760 5.2 9,126 26.7 1,089 3.2 |9li 4,444 4.2 4,473 12.8 8,621 24.8 1,031 3.0 J9J2 2,285 9-4 1,939 5.5 8,537 24.0 1,154 3.3 1914‘ ’ ’■ ■; ’ '‘ ■ Sources. Poblacion Calculada de la Republica de Chile en 1910. Resena del Movimiento de Poblacion del mismo Ano. Anuano Estadistico de la Republica de Chile, Demografia. clude^tim^m\Hf /alfinfh3, UCG)Sw Tacna, Parapaca, Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo. The Southern Zone in- P qi ue, Chiloe and 1 erntono de Magallanes. The Central Zone includes the remainder of the country. 72 Capital, Port Stanley Latitude, 51° 41' S. Longitude, 57° 51' W. Chart No. 162—FALKLAND ISLANDS TABLE A—CLIMATE (Port Stanley) TABLE D—REPORTED MORBIDITY Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) Relative Rate per 1,000 Cases Pop. Digestive diseases. . 567 130.0 Respiratory dis’ses. 351 80.5 Other epidemic dis’s 349 80.0 Nervous diseases. . . 234 53.7 Rheumatism 182 41.7 1907-1908 January-March.. . 53.5 7.0 (January, April-June 43.1 7.3 72.0; July-September.. . 39.1 5.7 June and October-December 47.0 6.5 July, 91.0) Annual 45.7 26.5 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Diarrhoeal diseases.. 145 33.2 Accident 120 27.5 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. Fevers 97 22.2 TABLE E—MORTALITY BY ADMINIS- TRATIVE DIVISIONS, I^9lo-1911 Rate per Total 1.000 Population Deaths Pop. East Falkland. 3,200 27 8.4 West Falkland 1,100 2 1.8 1891.... 1,789 24 13.4 1892 1,814 18 9.9 1893 1,840 18 9.8 1894.... 1,865 11 5.9 1895 1,890 20 10.6 1896 1,915 14 7.3 1897.... 1,940 15 7.7 TABLE F—CENSUS STATISTICS, 191P 1898 1,965 27 13.7 1899 1,990 27 13.6 By Sex 1900 2,016 16 7.9 1901 2,043 26 12.7 1902 2,066 19 9.2 Males 2,370 72.4 Per Number Cent. 1903 2,089 31 14.8 1904 2,112 22 10.4 Females 905 27.6 1905.... 2,135 11 5.2 1906 2,158 17 7.9 Bt Age Per Number Cent. 1907.... 2,181 21 9.6 1908 2,204 12 5.4 Under 15 769 23.5 15-59. 15-59 2,406 73.5 60 and over 100 3.0 1909 2,227 20 9.0 1910 2,250 16 7.1 1911 2,273 11 4.8 By Conjugal Condition 1912 2,275 27 11.9 1913.... 2,311 19 8.2 Per Per Number Cent. Number Cent. Males Females 1914. Single... 1,594 67.3 556 61.4 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1907-1908 Married. 731 30.8- 304 33.6 Widowed 45 1.9 45 5.0 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes By Occupation Epidemic diseases 7 16.1 21.2 Tuberculosis 3 6.9 9.1 Principal Male Per Occupations Number Cent. Cancer 3 6.9 9.1 Circulatory dis’ses 3 6.9 9.1 Respiratory dis’ses 3 6.9 9.1 Nervous diseases. 2 4.6 6.1 Other causes 12 27.4 36.3 Whalers 490 20.7 Mariners 342 14.4 Farm-hands 241 10.2 Shepherds 223 9.4 All others 1,074 45.3 Colonial Surgeon. Falkland Islands, ’lncludes South Georgia. Sources: Colonial Reports of the Falkland Islands. Report on the Census, 1911. Annual Medical Reports of the 73 Chart No. 163—PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Capital, Manila Latitude, 14° 35' N. Longitude, 120° 59' E. TABLE A—CLIMATE (Manila) Relative Temperature Rainfall Humidity (Degrees) (Inches) (Per Cent.) January-March... 78.2 2.3 74.6 April-June 82.8 15.1 75.6 July-September.. . 80.7 43.7 85.1 October-Decemb’r 78.8 15.1 82.5 Annual 80.1 76.2 79.4 TABLE C—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1908-1911 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of All Deaths Pop. Causes Malaria 93,600 42.3 14.2 Convulsions of in- fants 85,755 38.8 13.0 Tuberculosis 66,841 30.2 10.1 Dysentery 50,419 22.8 7.7 Asiatic cholera.. . 29,033 13.1 4.4 Diarrhoea and en- teritis 25,651 11,6 3.9 Smallpox 15,798 7.1 2.4 Bronchitis 12,915 5.8 1.9 Beriberi 11,960 5.4 1.8 Typhoid fever.... 7,893 3.6 1.2 Other causes 259,544 117.3 39.4 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1891-1914 Rate per Registration 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1891.. 3,388,478 124,042 36.6 1892 5,047,891 188,842 37.4 1893 4,067,829 135,795 33.4 1894 5,312,750 180,276 33.9 1895.. 5,537,678 191,954 34.7 1896 5,401,972 175,820 32.5 1897 4,445,315 141,386 31.8 1898 1,291,050 39,324 30.5 1902 6,987,686 442,058 63.3* 1903 6,984,555 329,671 47.2 1908.. 5,090,000 170,469 33.5 1909.. 4,463,000 136,861 30.7 1910 5,585,355 163,842 29.3 1911 6,991,175 188,237 26.9 1912 6,623,483 176,649 26.7 1913 1914 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1908-1911 Rate per , Total 1,000 Luzon and Population Deaths Pop. adjacent islands.. 13,842,540 451,187 32.6 Central is- lands.... 7,673,230 191,563 25.0 Mindanao and adja- cent is- lands.... 613,760 12,360 20.1 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM ASIATIC CHOLERA, 1902-1914 Rate per Registration 10,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1902 6,987,686 80,632 115.4 1903 6,984,555 28,745 41.2 1904 5,000,000 84 0.2 1905 5,000,000 1,338 2.7 1906.. 5,000,000 8,753 17.5 1907.. 5,000,000 747 1.5 1908 5,090,000 19,169 37.7 1909 4,463,000 6,885 15.4 1910.. 5,585,355 6,849 12.3 1911 6,991,175 130 0.2 1912.. 6,623,483 0 0.0 1913.. 7,000,000 118 0.2 1914 TABLE F—MORTALITY FROM CHOLERA BY SEASONS, 1902-1911 (Excluding Manila) Rate per 10,000 Deaths Pop, January-March 11,201 20.3 April-June 17,008 30.7 July-September 77,004 139.2 October-December 41,281 74.6 Annual 146,494 66.2 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau of Health for the Philippine Islands. "■Cholera epidemic. 74 Chart No. 164—CITY OF MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Latitude, 14° 35' N. Longitude, 120° 59' E. TABLE A—MORTALITY FROM ALL CAUSES 1900-1914 Rate per 1,000 Year Population Deaths Pop. 1900 221,823 10,443 47.1 1901 222,723 9,375 42.1 1902 223,623 14,451 64.6* 1903 219,941 9,358 42.5 1904 220,841 10,301 46.6 1905 221,741 8,741 39.4 1906 222,641 9,182 41.2 1907 223,542 7,287 32.6 1908 227,164 10,646 46.9 1909 230,786 7,936 34.4 1910 234,409 8,029 34.3 1911 238,031 8,227 34.6 1912 241,653 7,819 32.4 1913 245,275 5,904 24.1 1914 TABLE B—MORTALITY FROM PRINCIPAL CAUSES 1903-1912 Rate per Per Cent. 10,000 of AU Deaths Pop. Causes Nervous diseases. 24,951 109.4 27.3 Tuberculosis.... 11,723 51.4 12.8 Bronchitis 9,473 41.5 10.4 Stomach and in- testinal dis'ses. 7,771 34.1 8.5 Beriberi 6,818 29.9 7.5 Cholera 5,163 22.6 5.6 Dysentery 2,832 12.4 3.1 Heart diseases... 1,870 8.2 2.0 Other causes 20,906 91.7 22.8 TABLE C—MORTALITY BY RACE, 1903-1912 Rate per Total 1,000 Population ’ Deaths Pop. American 44,840 548 12.2 Chinese 168,610 3,643 21.6 Other foreign... 45,420 806 17.7 Filipino 2,021,980 86,510 42.8 TABLE D—MORTALITY BY AGE AND SEX, 1908-1912 Males Females Rate per Rate per Total 1,000 Total 1,000 Population Deaths Pop. Population Deaths Pop. Under 5 60,837 20,076 330.0 64,603 16,953 262.4 5-9 56,057 703 12.5 56,202 636 11.3 10-14 71,411 344 4.8 55,477 256 4.6 15-19 111,390 1,171 10.5 80,537 680 8.4 20-29 221,621 2,723 12.3 160,494 2,529 15.8 30-39 137,897 2,245 16.3 99,512 1,973 19.8 40-49 67,355 1,675 24.9 57,795 1,221 21.1 50 and over 71,121 3,675 51.7 76,191 3,667 48.1 Unknown 75 .... 29 .... All ages 797,689 32,687 41.0 650,811 27,944 42.9 TABLE E—MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL CAUSES, 1903-1914 (Rate per 10,000 Population) (Ending MALARIA ASIATIC ChOLEBA BeBIBEBI MENINGITIS June 30) Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate Deaths Rate 1903 233 10.6 2,451 111.4 372 16.9 298 13.6 1904 196 8.9 473 21.4 294 13.3 366 16.6 1905 123 5.6 1 0.05 296 13.4 385 17.4 1906 196 8.8 317 14.2 378 17.0 376 16.9 1907 175 7.8 586 26.2 403 18.0 437 19.6 1908 164 7.2 341 15.0 492 21.7 528 23.2 1909 11l 4.8 587 25.4 924 40.0 525 22.8 1910 110 4.7 270 11.5 970 41.4 123 5.3 1911 110 4.6 136 5.7 1,480 62.2 71 3.0 1912 93 3.9 1 0.04 1,209 50.0 192 8.0 1913 46 1.9 0 0.00 918 37.4 207 8.4 1914 . . . . . . TABLE F—MORTALITY BY SEASONS 1901-1911 Bate per 1,000 Deaths Pop. January-March 22,124 35.6 April-June 23,121 37.1 July-September 30,970 49.7 October—D ecembcr 27,318 43.7 Annual 103,533 41.5 TABLE G—MORTALITY FROM CHOLERA BY SEASONS 1902-1911 Rate per 10,000 Deaths Pop. January—March 339 6.0 April—June 1,740 30.7 July-September 3,685 64.9 October-December 1,047 18.4 Annual 6,811 30.0 Source: Annual Reports of the Bureau of Health for the Philippine Islands. ’Cholera epidemic. Note: The climatological data for Manila are given in Table A of Chart 163. 75 TEMPERATURE (Fahrenheit) January to April to July to October to Countrv March June September December Annual [( .. ' * . y Clty (Degrees) * (Degrees) (Degrees) (Degrees) (Degrees) British Guiana. . . Georgetown 79.3 80.3 80 8 80 7 80 3 Philippine Islands.Manila 78.2 82.8 80.7 78.8 Bo'l Bridgetown 78.7 80.4 80.9 BOM Dutch Guiana... .Paramaribo 78.5 79.1 80.3 79 5 Panama Colon 79.1 80.0 79.4 78 8 794 7B's 78'9 79..5 80.3 79.3 British Honduras.Belize 76.9 81.4 82.4 76.4 79.3 Nicaragua San Juan del Norte 78.0 80.6 79.6 78.7 79 2 ®razi! Manaos 78.1 78.4 79.2 80.1 79 0 Jamaica Kingston 76.0 79.7 81.1 78.3 78.*8 Grenada Richmond Hi 11... . 78.4 78.5 79.3 79.0 78 8 Trinidad Port of Spain 78.2 79.7 77.3 78 5 78 4 Bahia 80.7 77.9 75.1 79.0 78.2 rortoKico San Juan 75.4 78.5 80.5 78.3 78 2 Saint Vincent. .. .Kingstown 76.5 78.1 78.7 78.6 78 0 £uba Habana 71.8 78.8 81.8 76K Paraguay Asuncion 84.4 68.9 68.8 79.2 75.3 Hawaii Honolulu... 71.0 75.0 78.1 74.6 Brazil Rio de Janeiro... . 76.9 71.6 69.7 74.3 73 1 Venezuela. Caracas 68.9 73.1 72.4 70.5 71.2 U, S. America. .. .New Orleans 61.3 75.2 81.5 63.0 70 3 Bermuda Hamilton 62.5 69.6 78.9 68A 69^9 Brazil... Bello Horizonte.. . 72.4 65.8 64.1 70.6 68^2 Costa Rica San Juan 66.8 68.6 67.6 66.7 67 4 Peru . Lima 72.5 66.0 60.8 65.8 66.2 Argentina Tucuman 74.4 58.5 57.2 72.3 65 6 fThjje-.- • • ; Al-ica 71.8 65.2 59.9 65.3 65.5 U.b. America. .. .Los Angeles 56.2 62.1 69.6 61.3 62.3 Argentina Buenos Aires 72.6 56.4 53.1 67.0 62^2 Brazil Curityba 67.9 57.6 56.2 6L4 Uruguay Montevideo 70.2 56.8 52.0 64.1 60.8 Mexico Mexico City 56.8 64.4 61.8 56.6 59.9 Argentina Bahia Blanca 69.3- 53.6 49.6 62.7 58.8 Colombia Bogota 58.0 58.4 57.1 58.1 57*9 ttoV- Santiago.. 66.4 51,4 48.3 61.4 56.9 U. S. America. .. .San Francisco 51.4 56.0 58.2 55.6 55.3 U. S. America. .. .Washington 39.0 62.8 73 2 45 7 55 2 SCoad*°r---. Quito 54.7 54.7 54.9 54J5 54.7 U.S. America Denver 37.6 56.3 68.8 40.5 50 8 Beru - • • • ■ Cuzco 51.5 49.8 48.9 52.1 50.6 U.S. America Chicago 32.6 57.2 71.2 41.4 50.6 U.S.America. .. .Boston 32.0 57.2 68.9 43.4 50.4 Bolivia LaPaz 49.0 45.4 48.8 51.4 48.7 Canada Vancouver 37.9 52.7 60.2 42.9 48.5 halkland Islands..Port Stanley 53.5 43.1 39.1 47.0 45.7 Canada Toronto 24.5 53.0 66.8 4s^ Chile Punta Arenas 52.9 40.8 37.8 48.7 45.1 Canada Halifax 25.1 48.2 62.5 38.9 43^7 Canada Montreal 16.6 53.2 65.0 33.6 42.1 Canada. St.John 22.7 47.5 59.8 37.3 41.8 Newfoundland. . .St. Johns 24.7 41.9 57.0 37.5 40.3 Canada Edmonton 14.4 48.9 58.1 27.5 37.2 Greenland Godthaab 14.9 32.7 41.4 23.7 28.2 Alaska Nome 4.3 32.4 47.2 25.2 Canada Dawson —11.5 45.2 51.5 4.4 22.4 Note: To reduce Fahrenheit scale to Centigrade, subtract 32 degrees and multiply remainder by five-ninths; to Reaumur, subtract 32 degrees and multiply remainder by tour-ninths. Chart 165 Climate of the Western Hemisphere *—means temperature below zero. - 76 Chart No. 166—Climate of the Western Hemisphere January to April to July to October to March June September December Annua Country City (Inches) (Inches) (Inches) (Inches) (Inches) RAINFALL Panama Colon 7.7 27.8 37.8 55.6 128.9 Saint Vincent Kingstown 16.1 25.8 35.8 30.3 108.0 Brazil Para 41.0 31.8 15.6 13.9 102.3 Dutch Guiana.... Paramaribo 23.5 33.6 19.0 16.3 92.4 British Guiana Georgetown 22.5 30.5 19.5 19.4 91.9 Brazil Manaos 31.2 25.6 6.3 20.6 83.7 British Honduras. Belize 12.1 23.1 22.7 24.7 82.6 Grenada Richmond Hill.. . 10.2 16.7 27.6 23.1 77.6 Philippine Islands.Manila 2.3 15.1 43.7 15.1 76.2 Costa Rica San Jose 1.6 19.7 30.1 17.7 69.1 Brazil Bahia 11.4 29.5 13.5 11.7 66.1 Trinidad Port of Spain 6.4 14.1 26.2 18.4 65.1 Porto Rico San Juan 9.8 14.8 20.3 19.1 64.0 Colombia Bogota 11.7 19.3 8.8 63.4 U. S. America.... New Orleans 11.0 19.2 20.5 10.3 61.0 Barbados Bridgetown 7.3 11.0 19.2 20.3 57.8 Brazil Curityba 17.3 11.5 11.1 17.6 57.5 Newfoundland ... St. Johns 16.1 12.9 10.0 18.4 57.4 Canada Halifax 15.6 12.9 12.2 16.5 57.2 Canada Vancouver 19.0 7.6 6.4 24.0 57.0 Brazil Bello Horizonte... 25.7 2.4 4.5 23.6 56.2 Bermuda Hamilton 12.7 11.3 13.5 14.4 51.9 Cuba Habana 6.8 14.5 17.8 12.6 51.7 Brazil Rio de Janeiro... . 20.5 8.6 6.3 14.8 50.2 Paraguay Asuncion 16.9 8.7 6.5 15.2 47.3 Canada St.John 11.6 10.7 10.2 12.0 44.5 Ecuador Quito 13.5 13.9 5.3 11.4 44.1 Canada Montreal 11.4 9.6 10.2 9.7 40.9 U.S. America Washington...... 8.5 11.1 10.9 8.7 39.2 Peru Cuzco 20.4 4.5 2.2 11.6 38.7 Argentina Tucuman 19.1 6.3 1.3 11.7 38.4 Argentina Buenos Aires 10.2 8.6 7.6 10.4 36.8 Jamaica Kingston 2.7 10.0 9.9 12.9 35.5 U.S. America Chicago 6.8 10.8 10.5 6.7 34.8 U. S. America.... Boston 8.7 8.1 8.7 9.0 34.5 Venezuela Caracas 1.8 8.0 12.8 9.4 32.0 Hawaii Honolulu 11.0 5.9 4.2 10.0 31.1 Canada Toronto 6.1 8.7 8.9 7.1 30.8 Uruguay Montevideo 7.5 7.6 8.0 7.5 30.6 Falkland Islands. .Port Stanley 7.0 7.3 5.7 6.5 26.5 Greenland Godthaab 5.9 4.8 8.8 6.5 26.0 Nicaragua San Juan del Norte 4.1 5.5 7.9 8.4 25.9 Chile Santiago 0.3 10.2 12.6 1.4 24 5 Mexico Mexico City 0.9 6.5 14.0 2.5 23.9 U. S. America.... San Francisco... . 15.8 0.8 0.2 4.9 21.7 Argentina. Bahia Blanca 6.6 4.4 3.6 6.3 20.9 Canada Edmonton 1.4 6.3 6.0 2.8 16.5 U. S. America.... Los Angeles..... . 11.0 0.3 0.5 3.3 15.1 Canada Dawson 2.2 2.9 5.5 4.1 14.7 U. S. America.... Denver 1.8 4.9 5.6 1.9 14.2 Alaska Nome •. . . . 2.1 1.8 7.5 2.6 14.0 Chile PuntaArenas. ... 1.9 5.5 2.9 1.2 11.5 Bolivia LaPaz 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 2.1 Peru Lima 0.1 0.2 1.3 0.2 1.8 Chile Arica 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Note: One inch is equal to 25.4 millimeters. 77 Chart No. 167 Mortality from Principal Causes in Cities of North and Central America 1908-1912 1. MONTREAL, CANADA 5. NEW YORK, U. S. A. Pgj. Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Diarrhoea and enteritis.. . 10,292 21.8 General Death Rate, 21.6 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Pneumonia 50,847 13.6 General Death Rate, 15.6 Tuberculosis 4,661 9.9 Pneumonia 4,113 8.7 Organic heart diseases 1,983 4^ Nephritis 1,913 4^ External causes 1,911 4.0 All other causes 22,423 47.4 Tuberculosis 50,521 13,6 Nephritis 34,097 9.2 Organic heart diseases.. . . 32,281 8.7 Diarrhoea and enteritis. . . 28,722 7.7 External causes 24,003 6.4 All other causes 152,169 40.8 All causes 47,296 100.0 All causes 372,640 100.0 2. WINNIPEG, CANADA (1910-1912) General Death Rate, 13.3 6. WASHINGTON, U. S. A. General Death Rate, 19.0 per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Diarrhoea and enteritis.. . 782 13.1 Pneumonia 687 11 5 Tuberculosis 471 79 External causes 295 4 9 Scarlet fever 276 4*6 Cancer 217 3 6 All other causes 3.261 54 4 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Tuberculosis 4,211 13.4 Organic heart diseases... . 3,481 11.1 Pneumonia 2,686 8.5 Nephritis 2,510 8.0 Apoplexy 1,949 6.2 External causes 1,828 5.8 All other causes 14,761 47 0 3,261 54.4 14,761 47.0 All causes 5,989 100.0 All causes 31,426 100.0 3. VANCOUVER, CANADA (1911-1913) General Death Rate, 13.1 7. CHICAGO, U. S. A. Causes of Death Deaths Crat. External causes 605 11 5 rp 1 1 wu ±L.O iuberculosis 453 gg Pneumonia 446 B^s Organic heart diseases 380 7.2 Cancer 227 4 3 Diarrhoea and enteritis.. . 186 3*5 All other causes 2,957 56.4 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. General Death Rate, 14.8 Pneumonia 22,865 14.2 Tuberculosis 19,205 11.9 Diarrhoea and enteritis.. . 17,431 10.8 Organic heart diseases... . 14,384 8.9 External causes 12,989 8.0 Nephritis 11,933 7.4 All other causes 62,683 38.8 All causes 5,254 100.0 All causes 161,490 100.0 4. BOSTON, U. S. A. 8. DENVER, U. S. A. Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Pneumonia 6,662 11.5 Tuberculosis 6,511 11 3 Organic heart diseases 6,337 H.o External causes 4,284 7.4 Diarrhoea and enteritis... 3,769 6A Cancer 3,588 6!2 General Death Rate, 17.2 _ Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. General Death Rate, 16 3 Tuberculosis 3,631 20.8 Pneumonia 1,639 9.4 Organic heart diseases... . 1,297 7.4 External causes 1,207 6.9 TP 0.000 6.2 All other causes 26,627 . 46.1 Nephritis 1,200 6.9 Cancer 919 5.3 All other causes 7,550 43.3 All causes 57,778 100.0 Note: All causes 17,443 100.0 The data are all for 1908-1912 unless otherwise stated. 78 Chart No. 167—Continued 9. SAN FRANCISCO, U. S. A. General Death Rate, 15.3 13. KINGSTON, JAMAICA General Death Rate, 30.5 Organic heart diseases... . 4,324 13.5 Tuberculosis 4,248 13.3 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Diarrhoeal diseases 1,209 13.3 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. External causes 3,125 9.8 Tuberculosis 1,057 11.7 Malaria. Malaria 610 6,7 Typhoid fever 444 4.9 Pneumonia 2,618 8.2 Nephritis 2,441 7.6 Organic heart diseases.. . . 385 4.2 Cancer 2,370 7.4 All other causes 12,869 40.2 Nephritis. Nephritis 346 3.8 All other causes. . . ! 5,013 55.4 5,013 55.4 All causes 31,995 100.0 All causes 9,064 100.0 10. LOS ANGELES, U. S. A. 14. MEXICO CITY, MEXICO Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. General Death Rate, 14.4 General Death Rate, 44.1 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Tuberculosis 4,232 18.4 Organic heart diseases.. . . 2,409 10.5 External causes 2,002 8.7 Diarrhoea and enteritis.. . 24,225 23.3 Pneumonia 13,420 12.9 Cancer 1,610 7.0 Tuberculosis 7,661 7.4 Bronchitis 6,146 5.9 Nephritis 1,555 6.8 Pneumonia 1,500 6.5 Liver diseases 5,484 5.3 Organic heart diseases.. . . 3,961 3.8 All other causes 9,660 42.1 All causes 22,968 100.0 All other causes 42,925 41.4 All causes 103,822 100.0 11. NEW ORLEANS, U. S. A. General Death Rate, 20.9 15. CITY OF SAN SALVADOR, SALVADOR General Death Rate, 28.1 Tuberculosis 4,581 12.9 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Nephritis 4,037 11.4 Organic heart diseases.. . . 3,269 9.2 Pneumonia 2,783 7.8 Diarrhoea and enteritis.. . 1,399 16.7 Malaria 1,095 13.1 Tuberculosis 766 9.1 Diarrhoea and enteritis... 2,564 7.2 External causes 2,365 6.7 Pneumonia 621 7.4 Dysentery 420 5.0 All other causes 15,875 44.8 All other causes 4,078 48.7 Ail causes 35,474 100.0 All causes 8,379 100.0 12. HABANA, CUBA 16. CITY OF PANAMA, PANAMA Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. General Death Rate, 18.6 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. General Death Rate, 30.5 Tuberculosis 5,375 17.6 Diarrhoea and enteritis... 4,205 13.8 Diseases of arteries 2,493 8.2 Diarrhoea and enteritis... 1,190 19.5 Organic heart diseases... . 2,424 7.9 Cancer 1,669 5.5 Meningitis 1,250 4.1 All other causes 13,128 42.9 Tuberculosis 866 14.2 Malaria 651 10.7 Pneumonia 440 7.2 Nephritis 323 5.3 All other causes 2,638 43.1 13,128 42.9 All causes 6,108 100.0 All causes 30,544 100.0 Note: The data are all for 1908-1912 unless otherwise stated 79 Chart No. 168 Mortality from Principal Causes in Cities of South America l9OB-1912 1. CARACAS, VENEZUELA General Death Rate, 35.2 5. PARA, BRAZIL (1906-1910) General Death Rate, 22.4 Tuberculosis 2,696 20.4 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Malaria 3,859 20 i Diarrhoea and enteritis .. . 2,354 17.8 Organic heart diseases... . 1,438 10.9 Tuberculosis 2,154 11.2 Diarrhoea and enteritis .. . 2*138 ILI Dysentery 567 4.3 Liver diseases 402 3.0 Yellow fever 1,180 6.2 Organic heart diseases.. . . 809 4.2 All other causes 5,738 43.6 All causes 13,195 100.0 All other causes 9,039 47.2 All causes 19,179 100.0 2. BOGOTA, COLOMBIA (1912-1913) General Death Rate, 25.0 6. QUITO, ECUADOR (1911-1913) General Death Rate, 35.5 Diarrhoea and enteritis ... 972 16.0 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Bronchitis 897 18.0 Stomach and intestinal dis. 796 16.0 Pneumonia 869 14.3 Tuberculosis 648 10.7 Organic heart diseases 434 8.7 Typhoid fever 414 6.8 Dysentery 234 3.9 Pneumonia 431 8.7 Whooping cough 336 6.8 Measles 310 6.2 All other causes 1,768 35.6 Nephritis. Nephritis 233 3.8 All other causes 2,701 44.5 All causes 6,071 100.0 All causes 4,972 100.0 3. PARAMARIBO, DUTCH GUIANA 7. GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR (1909-1912) General Death Rate, 50.1 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. General Death Rate, 35.0 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Tuberculosis 1,946 14.0 Stomach and intestinal dis. 1,234 8.8 Tuberculosis 680 11.1 Organic heart diseases 531 8.7 Nephritis 446 7.3 Malaria 257 4.2 Pneumonia 253 4.1 Ankylostomiasis 227 3.7 Malaria 1,203 8.6 Yellow fever 985 7.1 Plague 969 eig External causes 556 4.0 All other causes 7,054 50 6 All other causes 3,717 60.9 7,054 50.6 All causes 6,111 100.0 All causes 13,947 100.0 4. MANAOS, BRAZIL (1910-1913) General Death Rate, 32.3 8. CUZCO, PERU General Death Rate, 25.1 Malaria. Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Malaria 2,280 29.4 Yellow fever 767 9.9 Digestive diseases 746 9.6 Tuberculosis 573 7.4 Beriberi 425 5.5 All other causes 2,965 38.2 Bronchitis 921 30.4 Stomach and intestinal dis. 771 25.4 Pneumonia 148 4.9 All other causes 1,194 39 3 1,194 39.3 All causes 3,034 100.0 All causes 7,756 100.0 Note. Ihe data are all for 1908-1912 unless otherwise stated. 80 Chart 168—Continued 9. LA PAZ, BOLIVIA (1900-1909) General Death Rate, 37.0 13. ASUNCION, PARAGUAY (1906-1907) General Death Rate, 21.2 Whooping cough 3,468 14.8 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Tuberculosis 2,712 11.5 Scarlet fever 2,526 10.7 Diarrhoea and enteritis ... 269 13.0 Pneumonia. Pneumonia 218 10.5 Tuberculosis 189 9.1 Pneumonia 1,772 7.5 Dysentery 1,766 7.5 All other causes 11,263 48.0 Tetanus 146 7.1 Typhoid fever 136 6.6 All other causes 1,112 53.7 All causes 23,507 100.0 All causes 2,070 100.0 10. BAHIA. BRAZIL (1904-1908) General Death Rate, 18.9 14. MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY General Death Rate, 17.8 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. i Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Tuberculosis 3,406 14.2 Diarrhoea and enteritis ... 3,211 13.4 Malaria 1,450 6.0 Tuberculosis 3,979 13.9 Pneumonia 3,647 12.7 Organic heart diseases.. . . 1,415 5.9 Diseases of arteries 1,068 4.4 Diarrhoea and enteritis ... 2,445 8.5 Cancer 1,937 3.3 Apoplexy 1,551 5.4 Apoplexy 1,026 4.3 All other causes 12,451 51.8 Organic heart diseases 1,516 5.3 All other causes 13,540 47.4 All causes 24,027 100.0 All causes 28,615 100.0 11. BELLO HORIZONTE, BRAZIL (1910-1912) General Death Rate, 18.9 15. BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA General Death Rate, 15.9 Diarrhoea and enteritis ... 397 18.7 Pneumonia 230 10.8 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Pneumonia 12,618 12.1 Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Tuberculosis 166 7.8 Tuberculosis 12,489 12.0 Diarrhoea and enteritis ... 11,395 11.0 Organic heart diseases.... 94 4.4 External causes 83 3.9 Nephritis. Organic heart diseases 7,603 7.3 Meningitis 5,892 5.7 Cancer 5,475 5.3 All other causes 48,445 46.6 Nephritis 78 3.7 All other causes 1,076 50.7 1,076 50.7 All causes 2,124 100.0 All causes 103,917 100.0 12. RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL (1907-1911)* General Death Rate, 22.4 16. SANTIAGO, CHILE (1909, 1911-1912) Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. Per Causes of Death Deaths Cent. General Death Rate, 38.1 Tuberculosis 17,283 18.0 Diarrhoea and enteritis ... 13,078 13.6 Smallpox 9,540 9.9 Pneumonia 14,644 23.3 Tuberculosis 5,672 9.0 Diseases of arteries 6,319 6.6 Pneumonia 4,808 5.0 Organic heart diseases... . 4,037 4.2 All other causes 41,020 42.7 Smallpox 5,106 8.1 Meningitis 3,869 6.2 Organic heart diseases... . 3,647 5.8 All other causes 29,827 47.6 All causes 96,085 100.0 All causes 62,765 100.0 *lncludes the suburbs. Note: The data are all for 1908-1912 unless otherwise stated 81