BRAZILIAN BIOGRAPHICAL BBW BIOIB 
BY 
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VOLUME III 
RiO DE JANSiRO 
TYPOGRAPHY E LITHOGRAPHY DO IMPERIAL INSTITUTO ARTISTICO 
61 - Rua d'Ajuda. Chacara da Floresta - 61 
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PRESIDENT 
H. R. H. Gaston d'Orleans, Count d'Lu 
MEMBERS 
H. E. the Viscount of Jaguary 
H. E. the Viscount of Bom Retiro 
H. E. the Viscount of Sousa Franco (died on May 5) 
Commendador Joaquim Antonio d'Asevedo Written, at the invitation of the Illustrious High Commission 
of the National Exhibition of 1875, for the purpose of appearing' 
in the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, this work is the 
property of the said Commission and to its humble author belongs 
alone the responsibility of the errors and imperfections, which 
without doubt blemish it. 
it |mi«. 
Rio de Janeiro, on the 15th of April 1876. I OF SEPTEMBER 
D. MARIA URSULA DE ADDED £ LANCASTRO 
A native of Rio de Janeiro, and daughter of Joao de 
Abreu de Oliveira, D. Maria Ursula de Abreu e Lancastro 
was scarcely eighteen years of age when she abandoned 
the house of her parents, embarked , for Lisbon, and there 
enlisted as a soldier on the 1st September, 1700, taking the 
name of Balthazar do Couto Cardozo. 
Evidently of an exalted and romantic mind, and of a 
manly spirit, Maria Ursula does not for that reason de- 
serve praise for those first acts of reprehensible forgetful- 
ness of her duty as a daughter. Some people wish to 
explain away her conduct by her natural martial pro- 
pensity, and by ambition of glory which charmed her ; 
but some casual reminiscences of the family, which have 
reached our days, attribute the fact to the lively re- 
sentment felt at being crossed in violent love. Let it be as 2 
it will, the fearless courage and the feats of the young 
soldier, Balthazar do Couto Cardozo, caused the imprudence 
and error committed by the girl Maria Ursula to be 
forgotten. 
The heroine, Balthazar do Couto, was a soldier in India, 
in the fields of the greatest glories of the Portuguese, and 
made herself renowned by her indomitable valor in nu- 
merous combats. 
In the deadly assault of Ambona, she was one of the 
first braves to enter the fortress: in the taking of the 
islands of Corjuem and Panelem she distinguished herself 
so much that she merited the appointment of chief of the 
bulwark of the Madre de Deus in the fortress of Chaul, 
and here she signalized herself even more by the intre- 
pidity with which she fought in all the attacks of the 
enemy, always repulsed. In many other fights she con- 
tinued to be celebrated for her martial prowess. 
At the end of thirteen years of war service, she got her 
discharge on the 12th May, 1714, and having returned to 
the sweet and great mission of her sex, she married the 
valiant officer, Affonso Teixeira Arraes de Mello, who had 
been, a few years before, the governor of the fortress of 
S. Joao Baptista in Goa. 
The name of Balthazar do Couto Cardozo had long 
ceased to conceal the sex of Maria Ursula, in the for- 
tresses and in the fields of battle ; but as a guarantee for 
her feminine virtue the choice that so distinguished a ca- 
valier, Arraes de Mello, made of the Rio de Janeiro he- 
roine for his wife is sufficient. 
On the 8th of March, 1718, the King D. Joao V granted 
to the renowned female warrior, as a reward, the free 
use of the Palace of Panguim, for the term of six years, 
and a serafim per diem (a coin that was worth three 3 
hundred reis, in that time) paid by the customs of Gba with 
the power to leave it to her descendants, and in default 
of these, to whom she might think fit. 
Maria Ursula de Abreu Lancastro died in Gba, being up 
to the end of her life an object of veneration to all who 
treated with her, and of the admiration of her contem- 
poraries. 
■ It was a pardonable vanity in one who so gloried in 
being a warrior: Maria Ursula, even after she became a 
wife, preferred wearing the military uniform. II OF SEPTEMBER 
THOMAZ ANTONIO GONZAGA 
A Brazilian from his early youth, a martyr to Brazil, 
- the Petrarch of the Brazilian Laura - Thomaz Antonio 
Gonzaga, although born in Oporto in the kingdom of Por- 
tugal, in 1744, and baptized there on the 2d September 
of the same year, belongs to the gallery of illustrious 
Brazilians, at least in heart. 
He was the legitimate son of Joao Bernardo Gonzaga» 
a native of Rio de Janeiro, and of D. Thomazia Izabel 
•Gonzaga. 
His father was a magistrate, and Gonzaga accompany- 
ing him had resided in Pernambuco even in infancy, 
and later, in Bahia: he says in his most sweetest verses : 
« Where I passed the flower of my youth. » 
From Bahia he went to Portugal, where, at the Uni- 
versity of Coimbra he took his degree in law in the year 6 
1763, and after exercising for some years the duties of 
magistrate in that kingdom, he was appointed magistrate 
of Villa Rica (afterwards the city of Ouro Preto), capital 
of Minas Geraes, in Brazil, to which place he immediately 
passed. 
From that time forward the whole life of Gonzaga is 
summed up in the following words : a distinguished ma- 
gistrate, a most impassioned lover, a famous poet, inspired 
by love, and finally a martyr. 
A magistrate, rich in instruction and probity, he 
obtained, in Minas Geraes, the esteem and veneration of 
all men, being even consulted and much attended to by 
the governors, who held him in the highest consideration. 
But in Villa Rica, he loved the youthful D. Maria Joa- 
quina Dorothea Seixas Brandao, a wondrous beauty, 
praised and admired by all who could see her even many 
years afterwards. 
Lost in love, and softly loved by that most beautiful 
and virtuous young lady, Gonzaga, to whom nature had 
given the gift of Poetry, showed himself to be a poet of 
the first order, singing always, and only to his 
Impassioned, he did more than Petrarch, singing to his 
Laura: with his own hands, that wrote severe sentences 
and the sweetest lyrics, he embroidered a mantle for his 
Marilia, a fact which may now be considered docum- 
ented. 
In his sphere of magistrate and of man of learning, and 
in the expansive and praised revelations of his amorous 
and charming lyrics, he is aided by the friendly relations 
of poets such as Claudio Manoel da Costa, and Alvarenga 
Peixoto who then flourished in Minas-Geraes. 
The appointment of Chief Judge of the Court of Appeal 
of Bahia comes to Gonzaga ; he, however, waiting to effect 7 
his marriage with the beautiful D. Maria Dorothea, remains 
in Villa Rica. 
It was in the year 1789. 
The conspiration for the independence and the republic, 
which was being plotted in Minas, is denounced, and 
Thomaz Antonio Gonzaga, the Dirceu de Marilia, the 
friend of Claudio Manoel da Costa, of Alfarenga Peixoto, 
and of influential miners, all conspirators, is arrested on 
the 23d May, like them, and loaded with irons, passes, 
conducted on foot, before the house of his Marilia, who, 
bathed in tears and holding by the window and still with 
anxious love, bids him adieu ! and a last adieu it was of 
perpetual farewell. 
In spite of Gonzaga denying, and other chiefs of the 
conspiracy denying, and notably Tiradentes his friend, 
that he had involved himself in the revolutionary plot, the 
terrible sentence fell on the head of the unfortunate man, 
the terrible sentence of the chief judge, the terrible sentence 
of death, and merely, thanks to the previous and commuting 
decree of that penalty sent by D. Maria I, he went 
into perpetual banishment to Pedras de Angoche in 1792, 
the sentence being modified by a supreme judgment of the 
2d May, and being reduced to 10 years of banishment in 
Mozambique. 
The dungeons of the Island das Cobras had not succeeded 
in quenching the flame of poetry : there, as he himself 
says in feeling verse, he made ink out of the dregs of his 
lamp, a pen from the point of an orange (stalk), and on the 
walls of his prison wrote those most beautiful lyrics 
which will always be read with admiration, but the 
cruel sentence that killed his hope of his absolution and 
of his love, completely broke down his spirit and withered 
his poetic talent. 8 
In the land of exile in Mozambique, the wretched 
Gonzaga ingulphedin deep melancholy, weeping sad regrets 
of his Marilia and of Brazil, was soon attacked by a most 
serious illness, which for some days threatened him with 
death, and finally having conquered his disorder, it left 
him in such confusion, and so weakened his mental 
faculties, that he no longer remembered either Brazil or 
his beautiful Marilia. 
Silent and sad, they did not know the disorder that had 
commenced to affect him : he married, almost immediately 
afterwards, D. Julianna de Souza Mascarenhas ; but this 
union neither brought him happiness, nor restored him to 
health. Commonly at the change of the seasons he 
suffered from fits of madness, when he used to weep, and 
cry out, wound himself with his nails and his teeth, and 
afterwards fall into a state of prostration. 
Thomaz Antonio Gonzaga died in Mozambique in the 
year 1807, at the end of fifteen years of banishment; for 
he left Rio de Janeiro to fulfill his fatal sentence on 
the 22d May, 1792. 
The Lyrics of Gonzaga form a collection of love poems, 
the sweetest, tenderest, and fullest of sentiment that can 
be read in the Portuguese tongue. 
The first edition of these lyrics, under the title of Marilia 
de Dirceu, contain the 1st and 2d part. 
The second edition, published in 1800, presents an augmen- 
tation of a third part, which the critics do not consider 
authentic. Ill OE SEPTEMBER 
ANGELO DOS REIS 
Born in Bahia in 1664, Angelo dos Reis commenced 
studying with the Jesuits, and entered the Company enj oying 
the particular esteem of Father Antonio Vieira, who was 
his master, and afterwards, the applauder of his great 
talent, and of his triumphs in the sacred tribune. He 
passed for a notable philosopher and profound theologian. 
He taught the humanities in the colleges of the Company 
of Jesus, of Bahia and of Rio de Janeiro. 
Father Angelo dos Reis was a supernumary asso- 
ciate of the Royal Academy of Portuguese History. 
He died in 1723, in the interior while occupied in cate- 
chizing the Indians. 
In the total want of ascertained dates, his name is 
registered in this article on the 3d September. I"V OF SEPTEMBER 
BENTO DE FIGUEREDO TENREIRO ARANHA 
The legitimate son of Raymundo de Figueredo Ten- 
reiro, and of D. Thereza Joaquina Aranha, he was born on 
the 4th September, 1769, in the town of Barcellos, the 
ancient head place of the district of Rio Negro, now the 
Province of the Amazonas, being a descendant on the 
father's side, of the capitao-mor of the town of Gurupa, and 
administrator of the Royal treasury of Para, Bento de 
Figueredo Tenreiro, and by his mother's side of Bento Ma- 
ciel Parente, the grantee of the capitania of Cabo do 
Norte. 
Having lost his parents when he had scarcely smiled 
on the world, he was carried in his infant years to the 
country; but when he had reached his twelfth year, burn- 
ing to study, his godfather, the Vicar General, Jose 
Monteiro de Noronha (who formed the subject of the article 12 
of Hie 15th April) protected him, and until lie was nine- 
teen years of age, he employed himself in preparing him- 
self in the humanities, and became distinguished for nota- 
ble talent and application. 
A sequestration of the Royal treasury on the property 
inherited from his grandfather, hindered his already pro- 
jected departure for Coimbra, and Tenreiro Aranha retired 
to a rural establishment. 
The Governor and Captain-General, Martinho de Souza 
Albuquerque, being made acquainted with the capacities 
and moral qualities of Tenreiro Aranha, appointed him, 
giving him the commission of an ensign of militia, to the 
post of Director of Oeiras, a town of the Indians. 
The illustrious Barcellan, contrary to what almost all 
the other Directors of Indians did, proceeded in a manner 
that was considered that of a friend and father by the 
children of the desert, subject to his direction, which ben- 
eficial acts attracted many savages, thus augmenting 
relatively, the population of Oeiras, and the produce of 
the labor of the Indians. 
D. Francisco de Souza Coutinho, successor of Martinho 
de Albuquerque, expecting the abolition of the Directories 
of the Indians, did not wish that measure to affect Oeiras, 
the distinguished Director, in order that he might not be 
confounded with the self-interested and barbarous men, 
that the expected measure would humble with a reproof 
given in public; he therefore appointed Tenreiro Aranha 
captain of his own regiment of infantry, and at the same 
time, scrivener of the custom-house on its being opened in 
Pard. 
Discord, and intrigues, having supervened between the 
Governor, the bishop, and the magistrate Luiz Joaquim 
Trota de Almeida, and Tenreiro Aranha, being the inti- 13 
mate friend of the last-named, was dismissed from his em- 
ployment, and he again returned to his country retire- 
ment until the Count dos Arcos, taking possession of his 
Government, and being made acquainted with the unjust 
dismissal, called him to be a writer of the great table of 
the customs of Para, which post was confirmed to him for 
life by the Prince Regent D. Joao. 
Bento de Figueiredo Tenreiro Aranha, died in the city of 
Our Lady of Belem, of Grao Para, on the 11th Novem- 
ber, 1811. 
This distinguished Brazilian, who had aspired to so much 
and could gather no laurels beyond the scientific degree of 
the University of Coimbra, always cultivated learning in the 
Province of Para, and was a poet of great merit, accord- 
ing to the opinion of his con emporaries; but his numer- 
ous compositions, dramas, cantatas, idylls and sonnets, 
were almost all lost. 
Monteiro Baena, of whom notice is given in another 
article, wrote and sent to the Brazilian Historical Insti- 
tution, the biography of Tenreiro Aranha. He assures us 
that some of his poetical compositions were printed sepa- 
rately; but he remembers as having escaped the voracity of 
carelessness, a Horatian ode to Martinho de Albuquerque, 
and another Pendaric one to Manoel da Gama Lobo e Al- 
meida, Governor of Rio Negro, and a sonnet to the mulatto 
woman Maria Barbosa: he informs us that he (Aranha) 
had written sundry patriotic poems, hailing the removal 
of the Royal Family of Portugal to Brazil. 
Unfortunately there is only now known and appreciated 
as written by Bento de Figueiredo Tenreiro Aranha an 
Oration, or short speech made on the occasion of the most 
happy birth of the most Illustrious Lady, D. Maria Isa- 
bel, infanta of Portugal etc., in which abound liberal 14 
ideas; and the following sonnet to the mulatto woman, 
Maria Barbosa who preferred death to adultery: 
« If perchance you meet with my cold body, already a 
« corpse. Pityingly carry, with a concerned countenance, 
« this errant news to the afflicted husband. Tell him that 
« you saw me, as a faithful woman, with the penetrating 
« steel fixed in the bosom. V OF SEPTEMBER 
HONORJO HERMETO CARNEIRO LEAO 
MARQUIS OF PARANA' 
The town of Jacahy, Province of Minas Geraes, was, 
on the 11th January, 1801, the birthplace of Honorio Her- 
meto Carneiro Leao, the legitimate son of Colonel Nicolao 
Netto Carneiro Leao, and of D. Joanna Silveira Augusta 
de Lemos. 
Having made his preparatory studies in Minas Geraes, 
Honorio Hermeto set off for the University of Coimbra in 
1820, and there took the degree of bachelor of law in the 
year 1825. 
He made his first essay as a magistrate in the follow- 
wing year, being nominated magistrate of S. Sebastiao, 
he went on serving in sundry places, as for instance, as 16 
the auditor of marine, and ouvidor of Rio de Janeiro, and 
at the end of four years he rose to be a chief judge of the 
Court of Appeal of Pernambuco, with the exercise of the 
office in this Capital: at the time he ought, he presented 
himself to the supreme tribunal of justice, he retired; be- 
cause the law prevented him from exercising the respective 
functions in that tribunal in his capacity of Councilor of 
State which he already was. 
In the magistrature, he therefore wanted the last 
step to rise to the j udiciary hierarchy for the reason ex- 
plained. 
As a judge he distinguished himself by his luminous 
and penetrating intellect, by a spirit of justice and a cer- 
tain harshness natural to Ins disposition, which often gave 
him a rough manner. 
Entering the House of Parliament in 1830, Honorio 
Hermeto allied himself to the liberal party, and at once 
commenced speaking. 
He was not an orator, he was wanting in some of the 
chief gifts to be one: his tone of voice was not agreeable; his 
words often failed him, and his speeches neither recom- 
mend themselves for their correctness or by their brilliancy 
of manner. Honorio Hermeto, however, distinguished him- 
self by his close logic. 
Gaining neither applause nor influence in the tribune, 
he was nevertheless influential in his party, by at once 
showing the activity and the energy that always charac- 
terized him. 
In 1831 he was one of the deputies who met in the 
house of Father Custodio Jose Dias, and one of the twen- 
ty-four who signed the representation of the 17th March 
addressed to the Emperor D. Pedro I demanding repara- 17 
tion for the affront suffered by the nation on the 13th and 
14th of the same month. 
After the abdication ofD. Pedro I, Honorio Hermeto made 
a great figure in the councils of the moderate liberal party 
which directed affairs in the situation of the time. 
In 1832, urged by the wants of the provinces, embarrassed 
by the clear and the positive dicta of the constitution of 
the Empire in the matter of constitutional reform depend- 
ing on the powers conferred on the deputies by their elec- 
tors to legislate them, fearing on the one hand threatening 
revolts, and on the other almost certain of meeting an in- 
vincible barrier in the Senate, the predominant party, repre- 
sented by their parliamentary chiefs, met at the house of 
Father CustodioDias, and in a real and most serious conspi- 
racy resolved that the ministry should resign, that the 
permanent Regency should also send in their resignation to 
the Chamber of Deputies, which, to make the crisis a prouder 
one, would be raised to a national assembly, which would 
immediately decree a new Constitution, which moreover 
was already elaborated. 
It is asseverated that Honorio Hermeto had combated 
most warmly the perilous and tremendous plan, and that 
his political friends barely obtained from him a promiseofa 
silent vote in the Chamber. 
On the 30th July, was pronounced the coup d'etat, 
according to what had been concerted at the Floresta, 
which was the name given to Father Jose Custodio Dias's 
house, situated in the Rua d'Ajuda. 
The proposition of the National Assembly burst out in 
the Chamber : the opposition attacked it vigorously. Mar- 
tini Francisco, Montezuma (Viscount de Jequitinhonha, 
afterwards) Ernesto Franqa, Calmon (later on Marquis of 
Abrantes), some others still, and more eloquent and enthu- 18 
siastic than all, the venerated Dr. Antonio Pereira Rebou- 
§as, combated the revolutionary motion. But in the midst 
of the titanic battle, Honorio Hermeto either had not held 
himself to any compromise whatever or sacrificed himself 
in view of the crisis and of his immense political duty, arose 
and energetically destroyed the projects of the coup d'etat; 
the majority vaccilated, were shaken, and broke in frac- 
tions at the voice of the bad orator, who had suddenly 
raised himself to become a notable statesman. 
The coup d'etat of 30th July failed, thanks, in a great 
part, to the enlightened and strong opposition of Honorio 
Hermeto, who from that day forth established in the Cham- 
ber his political influence. 
Ministerial power escaped from the grasp of the moderate 
party, who reconquered it shortly afterwards by causing 
the fall of the ministry, called the forty days. On the 13th 
September, 1832, a new cabinet was organized of moderate 
liberals, and Honorio Hermeto took part in the same as 
minister of justice. He was then thirty years of age, inde- 
pendent and active, he wished to govern by himself. Vas- 
concellos, and other chiefs of his own party in politics, did 
not pardon his glorious attitude on the 30th July, nor his 
dignified action in the ministry. In March, 1833, the youth- 
full statesman retired from the government; but notwith- 
standing his displeasure, he remained firm in his post of 
moderate liberal. 
In 1834, the death of the ex-Emperor D. Pedro I 
annihilated the hopes and plans of the restoring party, 
and the fear of restoration broke the close alliance of 
the liberal party. 
Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos, hoisted in 1836 the 
flag of the conservative party, declaring himself in op- 
position to the regent, Father Feijo. Honorio Hermeto 19 
allied himself, through the force of his convictions, to 
his most implacable adversary in 1833 ; and was to him 
the first, most intelligent and active assistant. 
In 1836 and 1837 Honorio Hermeto began to be im- 
posing as a speaker of merit. The reaction gave to his 
voice less disagreeable tones, and when his adversaries 
attacked him, his difficulty in finding words turned into 
an impetuous torrent of them. 
Vasconcellos was paralytic, Honorio Hermeto agile and 
impetuous. His power of will, his devotedness, untiring 
activity, his energy somewhat dominating, and his unsur- 
passed talent as a disciplinarian, and parliamentary stra- 
tagist, gave him an instructing prerogative, the guide 
and chief (f his party adherents in opposition in the 
Chamber. 
On the 19th September, 1837, the conservative party 
rose to power. Honorio Hermeto did not become minister' 
but aided the organization of the ministry; he remained, 
in the Chamber, the chief of the majority, and was no- 
tably influential in the direction of the policy. 
In 1840 he combated the decreeing the majority of D. 
Pedro II and with herculian efforts and extraordinary 
activity, he hindered the defection of the deputies of the 
majority from being greater. On the 23d July, his party 
fell from power, and he was the first to declare himself 
in opposition. 
In the elections of that year for the legislature that 
was to commence in 1842, he was not re-elected deputy ; 
but in March, 1841, the conservative party was again 
called to the Government. In the same year the Crown 
chose for senator, in the list offered by the Province of 
Minas Geraes, the statesman Honorio Hermeto. The Cham- 
ber of the new legislature was dissolved before it was 20 
installed in 1842. The liberal revolts broke out in S. Paulo 
and Minas Geraes, and Honorio Hermeto, who had ac- 
cepted from the ministry of March, the Presidency of 
Rio de Janeiro, went to the nearest districts of those other 
provinces, and rendered important services to the cause 
of order. 
The ministry of March, 1841, having resigned, he was 
intrusted to organize the cabinet of the 20th January, 
1843, in which he took charge of the ministry of justice, 
and afterwards of that of foreign affairs until February 
of the following year in which, with the vivacity and 
force of his character, he provoked a cabinet question that 
changed the politics of the country. 
In that ministry he had the honor to be present at the 
marriage of H. M. the Emperor, and to prepare the sponsals 
of the Most Serene Brazilian Princess Senhora D. Francisca 
and hail her union with the Illustrious Prince de Join- 
ville, son of Louis Philippe, then King of the French. 
From 1844 to the 29th September, 1848, Honorio Hermeto 
made constant, and the strongest opposition to the liberal 
ministries. 
The conservative party returned to power on that day 
of 1848. 
Honorio Hermeto was already a Councilor of State since 
1842; but in 1849 he left the capital of the Empire, 
having accepted the presidency of Pernambuco, where the 
« Praieira » revolt, although already overcome, was not 
quite extinguished, and he had there to combat the exi- 
gencies and the passions of the conquerors, and with the 
strong resentment of the conquered ; but public order was 
indebted to him for considerable service, notwihstanding 
his energy gave rise to complaints on the part of the 
imprisoned chiefs of the revolt. 21 
On his return to Rio de Janeiro he had immediately, in 
1851, to set out for the River Plate as Envoy Extraor- 
dinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Brazil, and in that 
mission, he maintained in the highest degree, the dignity of 
the Empire, whose most just interests he knew how to 
watch over nobly. 
On the 10th July, 1852, H. M. the Emperor, conferred on 
him the title of Viscount of Parana, and on the 5th De- 
cember, 1854, that of Marquis. 
But on the 5th September, 1853, he was already Pre- 
sident of the Council, and Minister of Finance of the Ca- 
binet organized by himself on that date. 
That was the ministry called the conciliation. 
The Marquis of Parana saw the liberal party ousted 
from every official position, and the conservative party be- 
coming spoiled by the abuse of victory, disbelief and weari- 
ness had taken possession of the people's minds, sterile 
struggles in parliament and in the elections since 1840, 
the Government being the sole and real electors. 
The statesman of the 30th July, 1831, showed himself 
such again in the Cabinet of the 5th December, 1854. 
His political programme was one of concord: the ministry 
would avail themselves of the loyal co-operation of every 
Brazilian citizen, without any distinction of party. 
In hoisting the flag of conciliation the Marquis of Parana 
knew that he was withdrawing himself from his friends 
the conservative chiefs, as on the 30th July, 1832, he had 
withdrawn from his friends the liberals. He was, however, 
a statesman, who, convinced of the usefulness of an idea, 
realized it with all the frankness, decision, and greatness 
of his mind. 
The Marquis of Parana announced and proclaimed the 
conciliation policy ; the conservative chiefs, respecting 22 
his prestige in the party, conformed to the times : at first 
merely making some observations and moderate protests; 
but in 1856, in face of the project of electoral reform, cre- 
ating elections of deputies by districts of the provinces, 
they rose in opposition at the idea that abusively weak- 
ened the electoral action of the government, and which 
certainly opened the doors of the Chamber to their ad- 
versaries. 
The struggle was a gigantic and desperate one ; but 
the Marquis of Paraml knew how to will, and he alone 
was capable of obtaining the victory in the herculean 
campaign on which he ventured. He conquered by means 
of superhuman efforts ; he exhausted his strength in the 
fights he used to have in the ante-chamber of the House 
of Commons. He was suffering from a chronic bilious 
affection, the chief cause of his days, or of his hours of 
rough peevishness, and of his easily excited irascibility ; 
that disorder became aggravated during that most la- 
borious suit, painful through his being undeceived in some 
cases in which he had received the assurances of personal 
devotion ; by nights lost in long and irritating conferences 
and to sleepless nights to which the meditations of the 
statesman obliged him, and the haughty and prizeful 
endeavor to obtain the palm of victory. 
Some friends observed to the Marquis of Parana, that 
the alteration of his health was visible to all. 
- « Certainly, as long as this struggle lasts my mind 
will be stronger than my liver ; after the victory I shall 
fall ill; and then the liver shall be looked to. » 
This answer, we are assured by the testimony of two 
friends of the Marquis of Parana, was made to them by 
him. 
To the campaign in the Chamber of Deputies succeedde 23 
that of the Senate, and the unmovable will of that ex- 
traordinary man made him boast in the tribune, of all 
the glory of his most brilliant triumphs. He measured 
himself with puissant orators. Above all, Euzebio de 
Queiroz, in a most eloquent, vigorous, and deeply learned 
speech attacked his project of electoral reform. After 
rising from the session the Marquis of Parana, meeting 
a friend on going out, said to him : 
« Go to Euzebio, and tell him from me, that his speech 
today will be sufficient to perpetuate his name in the 
parliamentary history of Brazil. » And on the following 
day he answered Euzebio, suffocating him with his iron 
arms of closest logic. 
On one of the latest days of August, the last voting of 
the Senate confirmed the complete victory of the Marquis 
of Parana. The Giant could scarcely smile at the laurels 
which were about to crown his haughty forehead.... 
In a last splintering of lances, the Marquis repelled, 
being injured thereby, the accusation of scepticism hurled 
at him by one of the conservative chiefs. A few days 
afterwards, the Marquis of Parana, already a conqueror, 
took to his bed. His spirit had nothing to fight against. 
The action of his liver was sickly, and seriously inflamed, 
was pronounced threatening. All the efforts of the doctors 
were in vain, 
On the night of the 2d of September, the Marquis of 
Parana, broken down in strength, pronounced his last words, 
already clipped and unconnected : 
Scepticism.... the noble Senator... country.... liberty.... 
At daybreak on the 3d September he died. 
The immense political splendor of the Marquis of Pa- 
rang eclipse his great administrative services in the Min- 
istry of 1853 to 1856, as those which he rendered to the 24 
D. Pedro II railway, and to sundry industrial and coloni- 
zation societies. 
Away from the Government of the State, he was he 
successor of Jose Clemente Pereira in the administration 
of the Santa Casa da Misericordia of Rio de Janeiro, and 
his continuer in the construction of the great works, and 
in the administrative zeal of the same pious institution. 
Honorio Hermeto, Carneiro Leao, Deputy, subsequently 
Senator of the Empire, Councilor of State, retired chief 
judge, with the honors of a member of the Supreme Tri- 
bunal of Justice, Viscount and Marquis of Parana, officer 
of the Order of the Cruzeiro, Knight Grand Cross of the 
Order of Christ, he was also Grand Cross of the White 
Eagle of Russia, and of the Military Order of Conceiqao de 
Villa Viqosa of Portugal. A man who united in his 
person such rare qualities, could not escape from some 
corresponding defects. 
In private as in public life, he was loyal to a fault, 
and devoted to a degree of sacrificing himself personally: 
in serving his friends, he permitted no hindrance, nor did 
he give way in the face of any difficulty whatever ; in 
political struggles, he rushed to the front of his own party 
who were attacked, he received in their staid the heaviest 
blows, and was not fearful of hard language and insults ; 
he never lied; he was a man of firm will and unshakeable 
energy. 
With these superior qualities, notwithstanding his being 
irascible, and, at times, rough, exacting in services and 
devoted support, without dissimulation in his imperiouswill 
when he was impelled by an idea which possessed him, no 
one had a greater number of faithful friends than the 
Marquis of Parana. 
He had a prodigious memory ; extraordinary keenness 25 
and perspicacity as well as great intelligence, notwith- 
standing his not having any varied learning. 
As an orator he preserved to the end of his life, although 
somewhat modified, his notable defects, difficulty in 
expressing himself, and incorrect language, weakness of 
imagery and brilliancy but the heat of the debate used to 
animate him, and irritated by contradiction, or wounded 
by some acrimonious aside, his voice became louder, his 
speech flowed without hesitation, and the logic which 
served him for eloquence, astonished his very adversaries. 
He would answer three or four orators on the spur of the 
moment, combating, one by one, all their arguments without 
ever taking any note. The Marquis of Parand was a 
statesman moulded on a gigantic scale ; for the great crises 
of the State, and for times of the greatest difficulty, and 
disputed political undertakings. VI OF SEPTEMBER 
WIN JOSE RODRIGUES TORRES 
VISCOUNT OF 1TAB0RAHY 
The legitimate son of Manoel Jose Rodrigues Torres, 
Joaquim Jose Rodrigues Torres was born on the 13th De- 
cember 1802, in the parish of S. Joao de Itaborahy in the 
then nascent hamlet, afterwards parish of Our Lady of the 
Conception of Porto das Caixas. 
He studied the humanities in the Seminary of S. Jose in 
the city of Rio de Janeiro, and in 1821 went to Coimbra, 
in which University he went through a course of mathe- 
matics, and graduated in 1825. 
The brilliant reputation he acquired in the University, 
both for his intelligence and application as well as for his 
exemplary conduct, reached Brazil, so that on retuming 28 
to Rio de Janeiro in 1826, lie was, in the same year, and 
at twenty-four years of age, nominated substitute Pro- 
fessor of the Military Academy. 
He flourished but a short time as a master; for in 1827 
he made a voyage to France, and remained in Paris till 
1829, perfecting his studies, and frequenting academies 
and scientific schools ; and in returning to Brazil, politics 
tore him from his teaching, he tendering his resignation of 
substitute professor in 1833. The name of Joaquim Jose 
Rodrigues Torres does not appear in the history of the 
conflicts and of the national exaltation of the month of 
March, and the popular declaration of the 6th April, 1831, 
followed by the abdication of D. Pedro I on the 7th; it is 
certain, however, that his political ideas had already bound 
him to the moderate liberal party, in which he com- 
menced distinguishing himself immediately. 
He showed himself to be a political man both in the press 
and in the government. In the press, he wrote the peri- 
odical Independente, maintaining liberal ideas put forward 
with vigorous force of argument and skillful form; his 
newspaper, which, however, had not a long duration, 
passed for one of the best written, and in the purest style 
at that time. 
In public administration, he began where others end. 
On the 16th July, 1831, he entered, taking charge of the 
ministry of marine, that famous ministry of which were 
members : Lino Coutinho, Bernardo de Vasconcellos, the 
Priest Feijo, and Manoel da Fonseca Lima, afterwards 
Baron of Suruhy. Besides the charge of marine affairs, 
Rodrigues Torres occupied ad interim, the post of Finance, 
from which Vasconcellos had retired on the 10th May, 1832. 
He asked to resign his post of minister on the 29th or 
30th July, 1832, which appears to indicate that he was 29 
not unaware of the attempt to bring about a coup d'etat 
on that last day. On the 7th November of the same year, 
he again returned to the government in charge of marine 
affairs in the ministry which had succeeded, on the 13th 
September, that of the forty days, and continued therein 
till the 30th July, 1834. 
Rodrigues Torres was therefore minister of marine (save 
the interval of four months and six days) from the 16th 
July, 1831, to the 30th of the same month of 1834 ; that is, 
in the laborious and afflictive times of military sedition, 
revolts of parties, and grand crises. He gave proofs of his 
activity and energy whenever the navy had to co-operate 
in maintaining or re-establishing order in the capital, or 
in conveying aid from this, and from some provinces, to 
others where anarchy raised its neck ; and he could still 
find time to occupy himself about the marine academy, and 
the arsenal of the capital in which important improve- 
ments were made, and which was, by his order, planted 
with trees. 
Being elected deputy to the third legislature by the 
court and capital of Rio de Janeiro, he took his seat in the 
Chamber in 1834, and co-operated in reforms of the Con- 
stitution of the Empire. 
These reforms being additional or the act promulgated, 
and being about to be put in execution, Joaquim Jos6 Rodri- 
gues Torres was appointed president of the province of 
Rio de Janeiro (from which the district of the court had 
become separated) the glory having then pertained to him 
of inaugurating the government and creating all the pro- 
vincial administration of Rio de Janeiro. In his presidency, 
which was a long one, he enjoyed the full confidence of 
the provincial assembly, which then contained in its body 
statesmen, men advanced in years, men of great learning 30 
and notabilities of every political party ; the whole prov- 
ince supported and applauded him. 
But ever since 1836, Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos, 
declared in opposition to the government of the regent 
Feijo, had given the signal of the scission in the moderate 
liberal party, and had hoisted the flag of the conservative 
party. 
The editor of the Independente also, like so many other 
liberals from 1831 to 1834, had modified his political ideas, 
and free from suspicions of less worthy motives ; for his 
honesty and his honor were generally, or rather by all, 
without exception, acknowledged, and strong in the con- 
sciousness of duty, he in 1836 made protests and observa- 
tions to be heard against the direction which the affairs of 
the State were taking, and in the session of 1837, declared 
himself to be a decided conservative, and from the tribune 
made lively and vigorous opposition to the ministries of 
the Regent Feijo, who resigned the regency on the 18th 
September of the same year. . 
On the following day the conservative party rose to 
power, and Rodrigues Torres was for the third time min- 
ister of marine in the historical ministry of the 19th Sep- 
tember, which maintained itself in the government till 
the 16th April, 1839, when all resigned on account of a 
justifiable misunderstanding with the regent, with the per- 
sonal responsibility of the politics which he had always 
boasted of. 
On the23d May, 1840, Rodrigues Torres, entered the 
ministry for the fourth time in charge of the affairs of the 
Empire ; and ad interim of marine, and was as the repre- 
sentative of the ministerial politics. But his influence, 
considerable as it was, could not resist the cause of the 31 
decreeing the majority of the Emperor adopted by the 
liberal opposition. The ministry fell on the 23d July. 
Rodrigues Torres declared himself in opposition ; it was 
in that year, in spite of the hostile efforts of the govern- 
ment, that he was re-elected deputy for Rio de Janeiro. The 
new chamber did not arrive at being installed; for the 
Crown dissolved it when in preparatory sessions in 1842. 
Being again elected deputy, Rodrigues Torres, was 
included in the triple list offered by the province of Rio de 
Janeiro, and was chosen Senator by His Imperial Majesty. 
In the Senate he made constant and severe opposition to 
the Liberal Cabinet from 1845 to 1848. 
In that last year he entered the conservative ministry of 
the 29th September, in charge of the affairs of finance. 
Ever since 1840, Rodrigues Torres studied profoundly 
political economy and financial administration : in eight 
years of reading and cogitation of a wise man and practi- 
cal administrator, he raised himself to be the chief of the 
.school, and to a financier of grand movement. In the min- 
istry of 1849, he created the Bank of Brazil; and in the 
discussion of the respective project, he did battle in the 
Chamber, one giant against the other giant, the valorous 
and great orator Souza Franco. 
In 1852 Rodrigues Torres assumed the presidency of the 
Council, and was chief of the Cabinet of the 11th May, 
which on the 6th September, 1853, gave up the power to 
the Viscount, afterwards Marquis of Parana. In the same 
year, 1853, he was nominated to a Counsilorship of State, 
in which post he served with enlightened zeal, more especi- 
ally in the section of the ministry of finance, with the 
high qualifications which he brought to weigh on the matter 
and which his great study had given him. 32 
On the 2d December, 1854, H. M. the Emperor did him 
the grace to raise him to the title of Viscount of Itaborahy. 
The Councilor Lisboa Serra dying in the presidency of 
the Bank of Brazil, the Viscount of Itaborahy was 
appointed to that post, which he knew how to fill worthily, 
as was to be expected from the minister who had created 
that most important institution. 
He left the presidency of the Bank of Brazil in 1857, 
in face of the Cabinet of the 4th May, to which he made 
violent opposition, attacking above all the financial system 
of the minister of finance, Souza Franco, chief of the 
School of Economy opposed to his own. 
In 1859 and 1860 he was Inspector-General of Primary 
and Secondary instruction of the district of the capital; 
he presided at the execution of a reform of the studies of 
the Imperial College of D. Pedro II, and rendered other 
notable services. 
In 1864, the Government passing into the hands of the 
liberal party, Viscount of Itaborahy took his seat in the 
opposition benches. 
He was for more than 20 years one of the principal 
chiefs of the conservative party; but death had first taken 
off Vasconcellos, afterwards the Marquis de ParanA.; 
worse than death, a cruel disorder had shakled the speech, 
inutilized the eloquence of Euzebio de Queiroz ; there re- 
mained to him as a companion of the most prestige among 
the directors of the party, the Viscount de Uruguay, and 
he, even, already ill and shunning political influence, 
died in 1866. 
Viscount de Itaborahy was, since 1864, the principal 
chief and the man of the greatest parliamentary influence 
among the conservatives, who united, gathered round him, 
and without giving ear to his excuses, which he based on 33 
his age and ailments, maintained him in command at the 
head of the party. 
In 1867 the illustrious statesman went to seek a lenitive 
to his sufferings in a voyage he made to Europe; returning, 
however, in the following year, and the fact of a minis- 
terial crisis occurring together with the retirement of the 
Progress-Ministry, he was called to organize a new min- 
istry, of which he, on the 16th July, took the Presidency 
of the Council, together with the charge of Financial 
Affairs. 
The change of politics was complete : the Cabinet of the 
16th July, being purely conservative, dissolved the Cham- 
ber, who received it with an ostentatious and formal vote 
of opposition given, nominally, by a very great majority. 
The Paraguayan war was still going on, and the Cabinet 
of the 16th July, 1868, maintaining itself in power till the 
29th September, 1870, lived long enough to have the glory 
of hailing the complete victory of the Brazilian arms, 
towards which they co-operated with patriotic solicitude. 
But the prolonged war forcibly imposed enormous 
sacrifices on the country; the financial situation got 
worse daily, and became afflictive; Viscount de Itaborahy 
met the danger haughtily and with wise measures, and 
the resources that his great intelligence, financial ability, 
and consummate administrative practice gave him, he 
perpetuated his memory as well deserving of his country. 
The reaction of party in 1868, the elections flawed by 
abuses and signalized by the violence of the authorities, 
gave the Government unanimity of votes in the chamber 
was exaggerated, and much more so than was necessary 
for the new conservative cabinet- The press, and the sen- 
ators of the liberal party attacked, for that reason, the 
ministry with the most lively heat. Viscount de Itaborahy found himself in many of those 
censures victimized by the excesses of his own party ; but 
generous and strong he sprang forward to receive the 
blows. 
On the 28th September, 1870, Viscount Itaborahy and 
all the members of the Cabinet asked to be permitted to 
resign. 
In the following year, faithful to his known ideas, Vis- 
count Itaborahy declared himself in opposition to the 
project which had become law on the 28th September of 
that year, declaring to be free all the children born of 
slave mothers in Brazil. The illustrious statesman was 
not an apologist of slavery; but he was fearful of the 
disastrous consequences which would result to the 
country from the principle of emancipation of the slaves, 
by ruining and causing to dry up the principal source of 
her riches. 
The statesman overcame the philosopher, and it is both 
a just and an unavoidable duty to respect the reasons, 
and the conscience of everyone. 
On the 8th January, 1873, Viscount de Itaborahy died 
in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 
He was a Deputy, Senator of the Empire, Councelor of 
State in 1841, officer of the Imperial Order of the Cruzeiro, 
a member of the Brazilian Historical Institution, of the 
Agricultural Institution of Rio de Janeiro, and of some 
scientific societies. 
The Brazilian Navy owed important services to him, the 
financial administration of the state was still more in- 
debted to him. In finance, he leant towards the restrictive 
and severe school; he preferred being practical rather 
than to be an idealist. His endeavors were made to 
advance ; but to advance on solid and safe ground. 
34 35 
In Parliament he was often a speaker, and did honor to 
the House by his elucidating speeches ; he had an organic 
defect which told against his enunciation ; he did not 
distinguish himself by any brilliancy of imagination, nor 
by bursts of fiery eloquence ; he was, however, a plain, 
severe, and rigid orator, having both for attack, and for 
a cuirass of defense, his logic, and with logical argumenta- 
tion always strong, and very often indistructable. 
On beginning to speak, he fixed his object in his mind, 
and no one was capable of turning him aside from it. 
He united clearness of ideas with correctness of speech, 
style and manner; always urbane and that of a perfect 
gentleman. 
But above his gifts of oratory, of his high merit as an 
administrator and statesman, the soft and fine light of 
continence shone brightly in Viscount Itaborahy. 
During forty-two years of public life and public strug- 
gles, never was an adversary's voice heard to cast a doubt 
upon his probity. 
In his private life he left a noble example of pure 
habits, of morality without a flaw, and of admired virtues. "VII OF SEPTEMBER, 
FRANCISCO DE MELLO FRANCO 
In the village, now city of Paracatu, province of Minas 
Geraes, was born, on the 7th September, 1757, Francisco 
de Mello Franco. 
He studied until he had reached fifteen years of age, in 
the Seminary of S. Joaquim, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 
where he showed himself to possess a powerful intellect 
and a mischievous talent; he left the Seminary, a great 
Latin scholar, and other incompleted studies of the human- 
ities, being besides this an appreciator of the poets and a 
youthful cultivator of school-boy poetry. 
He went to the University of Coimbra, matriculated in the 
faculty of medicine and philosophy, and having an easy, a 
prodigious power of comprehension, he was a distinguished 
student in the schools, and had leisure besides to devote 
himself to poetry, preferring the themes of love and satire 38 
for his compositions, in which he was encouraged by a 
company of academicals of that time. 
Among his poetical works, the greatest part of which 
were lost, his poem - Reino da Estupidez- was con- 
spicuous; praised and applauded by many of the Professors, 
and by all his fellow-pupils ; but detested and condemned 
by not a few, who considered themselves (perhaps with 
reason) the subjects of the satire of the student-poet. 
The tribunal of the Holy Office attended to their resent- 
ful and hate-engendered complaints, and seeing offense to 
morality and to religion in the poetry of the young Brazilian 
student, put its claws on him and dragged him to their 
fearful dungeons, where they ferociously detained him for 
four years !... 
Here shines forth a fine and worthy action, corre- 
sponded to by another not less worthy and fine. 
The youth Mello Franco loved and was beloved, and 
the lady who was the object of his love, otherwise little 
dissembled, generously and haughtily braving the threats 
and the fury of the Holy Office, would not depose against 
her lover, and was shut up for the space of a year in the 
prisons of the sacrilegious tribunal. 
Mello Franco had no sooner recovered his liberty than 
he ran to meet her, and gave her his hand in marriage. 
Continuing on with his studies, he took his degree of 
Doctor of Medicine, established himself in Lisbon, acquired 
an extensive practice, and gained great reputation, besides 
the friendship of high personages. He wrote works on the 
science of medicine, he was a member and became vice- 
president of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, which he 
assiduously frequented ; and lived happily and in excellent 
circumstances when the Eagles of Napoleon invaded Por- 
tugal in 1807. 39 
Dr. Francisco Mello Franco was already a great nota- 
bility ; lie had in 1799 already been one of the founders of 
the Academy of Geography, and the Prince Regent, D. Joao, 
had nominated him honorary physician of his chamber; 
but either the remembrance of four years of cruel aban- 
donment, in which he had remained, undergoing, with im- 
punity, the furies of the Inquisition, or his liberal ideas 
which made him dislike the system of the Government in 
Portugal, or some other feeling not explained, induced 
him to remain in Lisbon, appearing to be indifferent to the 
Foreign Invasion. 
He was a devoted, an enthusiastic patriot, and had been 
known in the University of Coimbra to be audacious and 
intrepid. His friends, the Brazilians Jose Bonifacio, the 
Bishop of Elvas, and Luiz Paulino Pinto da Franca, called 
him in vain, and set him an heroic and splendid example 
of battling against the invading hosts. Dr. Mello Franco 
did not stir, he remained impassive in Lisbon curing his 
sick patients. 
The invasion was repulsed and the invaders vanquished ; 
the Meteor Napolean was quenched at Waterloo. Mello 
Franco learnt all this in Lisbon without any demonstration 
of enthusiasm and patriotic feeling of gladness : he was as 
if his heart was dead ; his spirit, alone, lived for science. 
But in 1817 a letter written by D. Joao VI himself, the 
King of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, invited him to 
go to Italy to join the persons who were to accompany to 
Brazil, the Archduchess of Austria, D. Maria Leopoldina, 
the bride of the Prince Royal, D. Pedro. 
Dr. Mello Franco obeyed, and having arrived in Rio de 
Janeiro, served the Royal Family with devotion, as phys- 
ician in ordinary to the Royal Chamber, and had besides a 40 
practice more exacting and more lucrative in the city than 
he had in Lisbon. 
And notwithstanding, even in the bosom of his country, 
Dr. Mello Franco was indifferent to the march of the affairs 
of the State, he was merely a famous doctor and exclus- 
ively given up to the cares of his practice. 
But there bursts forth in Portugal the revolution of 
1820, the electric cry of Liberty resounds in Brazil in the 
following year, and Dr. Mello Franco, heart resuscitating, 
declares himself, and that immediately and with enthu- 
siasm for the constitutional cause and for the triumph of 
democratic ideas. 
D. Joao VI already hurt by the proceeding of Dr. Mello 
Franco in Lisbon in the year 1807, and in 1821 was still 
more resentful on account of his enthusiasm for the con- 
stitutional revolution, easily found a pretext to dispense 
with his services as physician of the royal chamber, and 
to deny him entry in the Palace. 
Dr. Mello Franco was pained at the intolerent punish- 
ment he had received, and almost immediately after the 
failure of a merchant, his friend, to whom he had confided 
the whole of his fortune, reduced him in his old age to ex- 
treme poverty, to the complete ruin of his fortune, and to 
the necessity of daily and constant toil to buy daily bread. 
Attacked by serious illness subsequently, he went to 
S. Paulo, and for more than a year continued there, suf- 
fering more and more ; the hope of the miracle to be 
effected by climate being quite lost, he embarked to re- 
turn to Rio de Janeiro, and at Ubatuba, at which port 
they touched, he being in a dying state, he died on the 
22d July, 1823. 
Dr. Francisco de Mello Franco was a physician of great 
and well-deserved fame, a poet of notable merit ; and 41 
he left the following estimable works on science and 
letters. 
0 Reino daEstupidez, a heroic comic poem in four cantos. 
Tractado da educagao physica dos meninos, para uso 
da nagao Portugueza - published by order of the Royal 
Academy of Sciences of Lisbon. 
Elementos de Hygiene. 
Ensaio sobre as febres, com observagoes analyticas 
dcerca da topographia e clima do Rio de Janeiro. 
Discurso recitado nasessdo publica da Academia Real 
de Sciencias de Lisboa, being its vice-secretary. 
Besides these writings, be left others, besides poetry in 
manu script. AZ III OF SFPTFMFFR 
PEDRO MEL LUIZ TEIXEIRA 
The legitimate son of Simao de Abreu Teixeira, Miguel 
I uiz Teixeira was born on the 8th September, 1716, in the 
parish of S. Gongalo, of the town, afterwards city of Ca- 
cboeira, in Bahia. 
Gifted with much intelligence, he received an excellent 
education, studying with his paternal uncle, Gaspar da 
Cunha Coutinho, Latin, rhetoric, philosophy, and theology 
with so much advantage and showing such poetic genius, 
that at eighteen years of age he composed his first work, 
an epic poem in Latin, and in twelve books singing the 
Ittumph of Jesus Christ, our Lord, over death. 
He afterwards studied the higher sciences in the Col- 
1 oge of the Jesuits and there got his degree of Master of 
Arts. He embraced the ecclesiastical state, went deeper 
still into ecclesiastical knowledge, and making a 44 
figure in the sacred tribune, he passed, in Bahia for the 
best preacher of his time. 
Leaving his country, Father Miguel Luiz Teixeira, stud- 
ied in the University of Coimbra, canon law, and gra- 
duating as doctor, he merited from the Bishop of Algarves 
so much esteem and consideration that the latter ap- 
pointed him Vicar-General, and his own delegate ; he al- 
ways gave himself praise for the wise choice he had 
made. 
We are ignorant of the date of the decease of Father 
Miguel Luiz Teixeira. 
He left works, of which some were printed, others in 
manuscript were lost. IX OF SEPTEMBER. 
ANGELA DO AMARAL RANGEL 
At the end of the first quater of the eighteenth cen- 
tury was born, but did not see the light, in Rio de Ja- 
neiro, for she entered the world blind, Angela do Amaral 
Rangel, of the already ancient and distinguished family of 
the Rangel. 
She received a careful moral and religious education 
from her parents. 
From them she inherited a large fortune, from nature, 
the gift of beauty ; but there was wanting to her face 
which was charming, that other charm which causes to 
radiate the feeling, passion, enthusiasm, the soul, finally, 
in the eyes. Angela was born blind. It was a long time 
before yesterday when in Rio de Janeiro, that most char- 
itable, consoling, holy, prodigy of vision without eyes, 
inspired by God, the invention of the Abbot of Calais, 46 
progressively perfected, offered to the Institution of the 
Blind Children a literary and artistic education to the 
unfortunates, who are born deprived of the sense of sight. 
It is not known whether Angela do Amaral Rangel did 
or did not receive any instruction by ear ; it is probable, 
almost certain, that to console her, and to administer 
to the sweet demands of her natural poetic talent, they 
read to her the works of the Portuguese poets. 
At all events, it is certain that the child Angela be- 
came famous for the verses which she composed either 
spontaneously or after brief reflection. 
The people admiring her, for her, otherwise, light poetical 
compositions, forgot her baptismal name, so pretty as it 
was and which suited her, ceased to call her Angela, and 
called her the little blind girl. 
Angela, th 3 little blind girl, could not have, and had 
not the amount of instruction indispensable to a poet. 
She was a genius ; but a genius without light in her eyes; 
she was a most precious brillant; but in its rough state. 
She had never been able to see the heavens, nor the 
stars, nor the sea, nor the flowers, nor to appreciate the 
light, nor the sun, nor the stars, and, poor woman, nor 
the face of a man, and in spite of all that she was a poe- 
tess ! 
When the Academy of the Select in Rio de Janeiro paid 
tributes of gratitude, in a literary feast and exaggerated 
self-praise proper to the time, to the illustrious Governor, 
Gomes Freire de Andrade, who had taken her under his very 
praiseworthy and civilizing protection, Angela, the little 
blind girl, sent to that Academy, sonnetss, and two poetical 
romances in honor of the hero welcomed, and at the session 
of the 9th September, were read other sonnets of her own 
inspiration. 47 
Those poetic compositions of Angela, the little blind 
girl could not be, nor were they, masterpieces of art; but 
their authoress had not, nor could she have, instruction, 
but poetized by the rude inspiration of her nature, without 
the light of instruction, without a master, and abandoned 
to herself. 
Her sonnets and other poetry are certainly wanting in 
that merit which depends on the refinement of art and of 
study; but they reveal natural inspired fire, and notable 
talent in one who had been so deprived of masters lessons. X OF SEPTEMBER 
FRANCISCO GONCALVES MARTINS 
VISCOUNT OF S. LOURENCO 
A native of the province of Bahia, where he was born on 
the 12th March, 1807, atRioFundo, district of the city of 
Santo Amaro, Francisco Goncalves Martins, the son of a 
well-to-do estate owner, was, while still very young, sent 
to Portugal. 
He studied the humanities in the seminary of Sarnache, 
in 1823 he matriculated in the faculty of Coimbra, gra- 
duated as bachelor in 1827, went through his fifth year's 
course and qualified himself for honors ; but being perse- 
cuted by the Government of D. Miguel on account of his 50 
manifesting ideas favorable to the constitutional cause of 
the Queen D. Maria II he could not complete his fifth years' 
study and left Portugal, and after traveling through Spain, 
France and England, arrived at Bahia in 1830. 
He brought with him a great fund of learning and a 
notable knowledge of classic literature. He practised 
advocacy, till in 1833 he was appointed a chief judge and 
chief of police of the district of the city of Bahia by decree of 
the 15th July. 
In the career of magistracy he rose to be a chief judge of 
the court of appeal of Bahia in 1851, to the presidency of 
that tribunal in 1853, and was superannuated with the 
honors of a minister of the supreme tribunal of justice, 
in 1858. 
He was Chief of Police when on the 6th November, 1837, 
the revolt broke out, which had for its aim the separation 
of the province, and having subdued in the city the factious 
party, he emigrated to Pirajd, and there rendered impor- 
tant services to the cause of legality till the 14th March, 
1838, when the city of S. Salvador was restored to the 
empire of law. At the same time that he distinguished him- 
self by enlightened intelligence and for his rectitude as a 
judge in the magistracy, he showed himself in Parliament 
to be an orator of as much talent as wit. 
In the third legislature of 1834 to 1837 he always had a 
seat in the House as proxy, and in the fourth and follow- 
ing legislatures he was a deputy till 1850, when he took 
his seat in the Senate, chosen Senator by the Crown in a 
list offered by the province of Bahia. 
He was also a member of the Provincial Chamber in 
Bahia and was, there, very influential from his knowledge 
and ability. He always fought in the ranks of the conserv- 
atives. 51 
In the Chamber of Deputies, he belonged from 1845 
to 1847 to the clique of oppositionists that were called the 
patrol, and in this clique he made himself singular by his 
delicate epigrams, and by the humoristic style in which he 
delivered his speeches. 
In 1843 his party rose to power, and he accepted the 
nomination to the Presidency of the province of Bahia, 
and almost immediately afterward, the «Praieira» revolt 
broke out in Pernamhuco. Gongalves Martins, in the short 
space of twenty-four hours, caused to march to that prov- 
ince, in defense of legality, all the troops of the line 
existing in Bahia, and even the very garrisons of the fort- 
resses ; he became by such considerable service one of the 
principal restorers of order in Pernambuco. 
In the Presidency of Bahia, he occupied himself greatly 
in works of material improvement, solicitously attended to 
the undertaking of the navigation of the rivers S. Fran- 
cisco, Mucury, Pardo and Belmonte. In 1850, he energe- 
tically and actively took measures in the capital and in the 
sundry populated places, which had been invaded by the 
yePow fever, to aid with necessary succors the scourged 
populace. He did all he could to favor free labor, causing 
to be executed, in spite of complaints and protests, which 
he overcame without severe measures and by means of 
persuasion and of his personal influence, a provincial law 
which excluded slaves from the traffic of the port of Bahia 
effected by boats and lighters. 
He created the general diretory of public instruction 
and improved the same by useful reforms. Besides other 
things, he promoted the navigation of coasting steamers, 
that of interior or fluvial navigation, contracting for both 
with the Bahiana Company. 
The material progress of the province owed to him an 52 
incontestably patriotic impulse, in the influence of the 
Government on political affairs. The President Gongalves 
Martins was a pure and devoted conservative : he suffered, 
for that reason, vehement and incessant opposition from 
the liberals; but, in compensation up to his death, he was 
the accepted, recognized, and most influential chief of the 
Bahian conservative party. 
In 1852, being at the capital of the court to take his 
seat as Senator in the Senate in the Legislative sessions, 
he was by decree of the 11th May nominated to be min- 
ister of the Empire, and fulfilled the duties of this high 
charge till the 6th September of the following year. 
During his ministry, legislative measures of considerable 
importance were promulgated, and the executive power 
expedited decrees of magnificent action for the progress of 
Brazil. 
The first railroad in Brazil, that of Maria, an iron rail- 
road of as short extent as it is of immense influence, for 
it inflamed the enthusiasm, and encouraged immensely 
great undertakings perpetuates the name of Gongalves 
Martins. 
On leaving the ministry, he supported in the Senate 
with voice and vote, the conservative cabinets. 
From 1860 to 1863, inclusive, he did not appear at the 
Legislative sessions. 
In 1864, the party opposed to his political views having 
risen to power, he returned to the Senate, and in a no- 
table speech, he said: 
« I am finally, gentlemen, a man risen from the dead, 
who have come from a country in which the passions have 
no dominion, and into which they do not penetrate. » 
Was the country of which he spoke his province, or his 
retreat for four years ?... • • 53 
He declared himself in opposition from 1864 to 1868, 
in which, on the return of the conservative party to the 
government, he again received the appointment of Presi- 
dent of Bahia, where he made to be felt the same action 
of a man of political party, and the same influence per- 
taining to an able administrator devoted to the material 
progress of the country. 
In his second Presidency of the province of Bahia, he 
protected and encouraged sundry enterprises of great 
public utility. 
Years before 1868 he had already been honored with the 
title of Baron de S. Lourenco, and later on raised to the 
title of Viscount. 
Discord spreading through the midst of the conserva- 
tive party, Viscount de S. Lourengo asked and obtained in 
1871 permission to resign his post of President of the Prov- 
ince. 
That year was also the last in which he appeared and 
spoke in the Senate. 
On the 10th September, 1872, he died in the city of 
Bahia. 
He was the 1st Baron, with the honors of a grandee, 
and 1st Viscount de S. Lourengo, a Counsilor, a Sen- 
ator of the Empire, a superannuated Chief Judge, with 
the honors of a minister of the supreme tribunal of Jus- 
tice, and commander of the Order of Christ. 
He was, in the Province of Bahia, the most influential 
chief of the conservative party, and as Minister of the Em- 
pire and President of the Province, he rendered in his 
administration the most important services. 
In the Senate, he was conspicuous by his gifts of ora- 
tory, of his powerful debating qualities softened by his 
natural grace of style. 54 
A man of deep political opinions, he died without his 
having once given the lie to them or hesitated to defend 
them in times of the greatest adversity or in those of the 
greatest political unbelief. 
And he died poor and in debt. XI OF SEPTEMBER 
CASSIANO SPIRIDIAO MELLO E MATTOS 
Cassiano Spiridiao de Mello e Mattos had for his birth- 
place the city of Bahia, where he was born on the 11th 
September, 1793. 
Destined to a literary career, more owing to the 
talent which he showed from his earliest years, than to 
the fortune of his parents, he studied the humanities in his 
natal Province, and in 1814 went to Europe, and at the 
University of Coimbra frequented with distinction the 
schools of the faculty of law, in which he took his de- 
gree in 1819. 
He had no sooner finished his studies, and gained the 
palm for his literary labors, than he returned to his coun- 
try, and arrived in Rio de Janeiro, and was appointed 56 
Magistrate of Ouro Preto, departing for his seat of office 
in May, 1820. 
The doors of Astrea had opened with ease and prompti- 
tude to the young adept, but the times were difficult ones; 
the tempest of revolution was roaring, and so young a pilot 
must run some serions risks in the midst of the rough 
tempest. 
At the cry of liberty sent forth from the banks of the 
Tagus and repeated throughout the whole extent of Bra- 
zil, at the retreat of D. Joao VI and at the imprudent 
measures of the Portuguese Assembly, that with impotent 
and mad vanity dreamed of transforming laurels into 
handcuffs, and a kingdom into a colony the Brazilians 
answered by hoisting the sacred standard of their political 
regeneration. 
Events hastened on; the car of the revolution rolled im- 
petuously on, and the Prince, who was to be the founder 
of the Empire, pronounced the first word of Independence 
in the glorious « I stay » of the 9th January, 1822. 
In the midst of the patriotic enthusiasm of the Brazi- 
lians, a voice which seemed a protest against the noblest 
of causes, and which was perhaps the fear of the results 
of an undertaking which to some, here and there, appeared 
imprudent, was heard from the centre of the govern- 
ment of the province of Minas Geraes; it was a vote con- 
trary to the heroic aspirations of the patriots, and to that 
vote Cassiano Spiridiao de Mello e Mattos had contributed. 
That which could be tolerated in Avilez and Madeira, 
could not be pardoned in a Brazilian. It behooves us to 
confess it: Cassiano Spiridiao de Mello e Mattos committed 
a grave error; he was the young pilot who ran the risk 
of foundering in the most violent fury of the storm. 
But the historian should study the causes of certain 57 
acts, in order not to take as a grave fault that which, 
often times, only amounts to an error. In 1822 there 
were still some Brazilians who were, doubtless, devoted 
patriots, who nevertheless consider inopportune demon- 
strative declarations for the Independence, fearful of its 
being retarded by what they supposed to be the precipi- 
tation of patriotism. 
The most advanced liberals also saw in the Portuguese 
constitution the liberal element, the victorious represen- 
tation of the constitutional revolution of 1820 and feared 
to support the prince regent against it, supposing him to 
represent absolute royalty in reaction, and creating obsta- 
cles to that assembly. Cassiano had thought so. 
He erred together with some others, and with them re- 
ceived the greatest punishment for his error, not being 
placed among the well deserving, who, before his eyes, 
had acclamations of the whole nation showered on them, 
and were worthily rewarded by the sovereign. 
Being pardoned by the hero of Ypiranga, who had become 
Emperor of the new Empire, he very soon caused to be for- 
gotten the misfortune of his not having contributed towards 
the independence of the country, by subsequently devoting 
himself to it and serving it to the last day of his life. 
Being unemployed during two years, he was, in 1824, 
appointed a Chief Judge of the court of appeal of Pernam- 
buco. 
The cry of the Federaqao do Equador, which followed 
on the dissolution of the Brazilian Assembly, transformed 
the fine province of Pernambuco into a field of war. The 
revolutionary hydra proudly raised its neck ; and when 
Cassiano reached the port of Recife, the illegal president 
Manoel de Carvalho Paes de Andrade, was in the full en- 
joyment of its triumph. The new Chief Judge refused to 58 
recognize the legitimacy of such a government; he did not 
give way, he did not retreat before the powers that were. 
The intrusive president, irritated, ordered him to come be- 
fore him and wished to hear the reason why the Chief Judge 
appointed would not take possesion of the place which 
belonged to him. 
« My credentials are addressed to the President, Paes 
Barreto, who has not yet been dismissed by the government 
of his Majesty : to him then, and to him alone, will I de- 
liver them. » 
On the night that followed the day of this interview, 
Cassiano's house was surrounded, and he was arrested, 
and ordered to be delivered on board one of the vessel of 
war which were blockading the port of Recife. 
Some time afterwards, Cassiano Spiridiao de Mello e 
Mattos had a seat in the Court of Appeal of Bahia, and 
finally in the last years of his life, he attained the 
end of the career of magistracy, by rising to the Supreme 
Tribunal of Justice. 
From his duties of magistrate he was only withdrawn 
to answer to the voting of the people and to the choice 
of the Regent, in the name of the Emperor, who called 
him to the legislative body, and gave him an important 
part to perform on the political boards. 
Elected deputy by his province for the Legislature 
which commenced in 1830, he had to witness the tre- 
mendous changes of the year 1831, and those which 
continued to follow. Seated amidst the supporters of 
constitutional monarchy, keeping himself quiet during 
the heat of the storms, fearless in the face of danger, 
without despairing of the salvation of the country, he was 
always a firm paladin for the constitution and the 
throne. 59 
In July, 1832, when thehighly excitedspiritsof the party 
which predominated, and which had moreover rendered 
such important services, tended to revolutionize pro- 
foundly the country, implanting therein a dictature which 
would bring it to ruin, Cassiano Spiridiao de Mello e Mattos 
was one of the first to rise in honor of his oath and of his 
duty, making himself a companion of Reboucas, Honorio, 
and others. 
The party which up to that time had saved the nation from 
the talons of anarchy, yielding to a fatal giddiness, was 
about to become an anarchy in its turn, and among the 
vigilant sentinels of the throne and of liberty Cassiano 
was conspicuous, being therefore at that time one of the 
strong sustaining columns of the Monarchy. 
In 1836 the doors of Senate opened to Cassiano Spiridiao 
de Mello e Mattos, and there he occasionally merited the 
distinction of being chosen to fill the vice-presidential 
chair, the honor falling to his lot in 1840 to go, in the 
quality of orator of the deputation of the General Legis- 
lative Assembly, to announce to His Majesty that his 
majority had just been proclaimed. 
Cassiano Spiridiao de Mello e Mattos died at the age 
of 64 years, a victim to a long illness, on the 5th July, 1857, 
drawing his last breath in the midst of his family, and 
surrounded by friends. 
His services were rewarded by the monarch, who 
honored him with high distinction ; and by the nation, 
who with the voice of the electoral urns proclaimed him 
worthy of their confidence. In the magistracy he rose to 
the highest grade to which he could, and was besides that, 
a Senator of the Empire, a member of His Majestys Council, 60 
a nobleman of the Imperial Household and a commander 
of the Order of Christ. 
In parliament, he had not the privilege of being reckoned 
a brilliant orator ; but his argumentation was close, and, 
in his speeches, he went staight to the point. XII OJP SEPTEMBER 
NAME ANTONIO ALVARES DE AZEVEDO 
The legitimate son of Dr. Ignacio Antonio Alvares de 
Azevedo and of D. Maria Luiza da Motta Azevedo, Manoel 
Antonio Alvares de Azevedo, was born in the city of 
S. Paulo on the 12th September, 1831, when his father was 
studying law, for he had married when still a student. 
He manifested extraordinary intellect from his infancy. 
Brought to Rio de Janeiro, of which place his father was 
a native, and where he followed the career of the 
magistracy, which he abandoned for advocacy-he com- 
menced in the capital of the Empire his literary education 
to the admiration of all his masters, whom he surprised by 
his rare talent and the brilliancy of his imagination. 
In 1845, after the necessary examinations had been 
passed, he matriculated in the fifth year of the course in 62 
the Imperial college of D. Pedro II, and in 1841 he took his 
degree of bachelor in letters. 
In 1848 he matriculated in the first year of the juridic 
course of S. Paulo, and until 1851, in which he completed 
his fourth and penultimate academic year, he shone as a 
student of the first order, who was not content with the 
study of matters in the magistral authors adopted, but 
rendered himself learned by consulting and carefully 
examining numerous works of great juris-consults. 
But even so, that privileged intellect had much spare 
time, for his young eagle flights to take a diligent view 
of the immense space of literature. The Eagle sougth 
the eminences; the Bible, the songs of Ossian, Goethe, 
Uhland, Shakespeare, Chenier, Lamartine, Tasso, were the 
books and poets of his predilection. 
And of all of them the most beloved, the one who 
caused in him the greatest enthusiasm, perhaps the most 
influential, was Byron. 
Alvares de Azevedo began to write, and discovered 
himself to be, from the first day, an inspired poet, and 
prose writer of great merit. 
Having passed his fourth years'examinations, he with- 
drew from S. Paulo in order to pass his months of va- 
cation with his parents; but a remarkable presentiment 
took possession of Alvares de Azevedo the idea that the 
end of his life was near and that he would not be 
permitted to complete his academical course, and crown 
himself with the degree of Doctor, which he aspired to 
with every right. 
Among the body of academicians of S. Paulo, the pre- 
judice was accepted that in the fifth year there always 
died one of the students of that class. 63 
Alvares de Azevedo used to sayI am the fifth year 
student who will die in 1852. 
And effectually it was him. 
A terrible and unexpected illness prostrated him on his 
bed at the commencement of March of that year, and 
after forty-six days passed in torment, in sinister ap- 
prehensions, and in dubious hopes, death at length came, 
and that genius was extinguished at the age of twenty- 
one years. 
The extreme resources, alarms, tears, and affliction, the 
almost infinity of care, every imaginable resource, all 
the loving endeavors of the parents, of the brothers, and 
of the doctors were fruitless. 
The youthful poet received, resignedly and contrite, the 
succors of religion. 
On the morning of the 21st April, he consoled his 
mother, feigning a merciful hope that he himself had not, 
and a few moments afterwards, seeing she had withdrawn 
and that there was only near his bed the watchful Dr. 
Ignacio Manoel Alvares de Azevedo, who unable to speak, 
was pressing his hands, he said sorrowfully: - «What 
fatality, father!... » 
These were his last words. He lost his voice, shut 
his eyes, and some hours afterwards the angel of love, 
and the angel of harmony carried to the Lord on their 
white wings, the soul of that youthful genius. 
A poet with the imagination of a volcano, Manoel An- 
tonio Alvares de Azevedo almost frightens one by the 
severe studies he made in jurisprudence. He was deeply 
read in Roman law; in mercantile law he left annotated 
with the clearest elucidation the book adopted for teaching 
the juridic course in S. Paulo, and the commercial code 
of BraziL had been analyzed and confronted by him with 64 
the codes of other which notes, observations, 
and annotations, which he wrote, bore testimony to. As a 
poet and prose writer, Alvares de Azevedo, left com- 
positions which fill three volumes, which were published 
after his death. 
A poet and prose writer, he was a man who made his debut 
without pretensions, and as if he were writing by chance 
and without premeditation. And it is necessary not to forget 
that all these compositions are antecedent to, and barely 
a few were written at twenty years of age. 
All that he wrote was the first flower of spring, barely 
opening: none of his compositions could be called fruit 
in season. 
And nevertheless, what extacies, what daring, and at 
times, stupendous ideas I What fiery imagination, what 
inspirations often so sweet and delicate 1 His place was 
marked among the first poets of the Portuguese language, 
had not death so early robbed him from the country. 
His evident predilection for Byron was the cause of 
some defects which are noted in his poetical compositions, 
in which he boasted of certain extravagant originality ; 
but even in them flamed out his romantic and rich ima- 
gination. 
And whenever Alvares de Azevedo poetized, allowing 
himself to be led by his own genius, and free from the 
influence of the great poets whom he loved, he showed 
himself to be better and purer through his originality 
and sentiment. 
His last poem, the song of the swan, inspired (some days 
before he became ill) by the idea of his shortly ending 
his life, was the following : 65 
Should I die to-morrow. 
Should 1 die to-morrow, my sorrowful sister 
Would at least come to close my eyes; 
Wy mother would die of fond regret, 
Should I die to-morrow. 
How much glory I feel before hand, 
What an aurora of the future and what a morning, 
I had lost regretting those lost crowns, 
Should I die to-morrow ! 
What a sun! what a blue sky! that sweetly in the soul 
Awakens nature, more beautiful! 
So much love will not beat in my breast; 
Should ] die to-morrow! 
But that pain of life which devours me 
The longing for glory, the sore toil... 
The pain in the breast would at least, be dumb, 
Should I die to-morrow. 2XZIII OF SEPTEMBER 
N1COLAO PEREIRA DE CAMPOS VERGUEIRO 
This illustrious man was born on the 20th December, 1778, 
in the parish of S. Vicente Ferrer, in Valporto, district 
at that time of the city of Braganqa, in the kingdom of 
Portugal. 
In 1808 he took the degree of bachelor in ci villa w in 
the University of Coimbra, and coming over to Brazil in 
the following year, he went to S. Paulo where he estab- 
lished himself, and exercised the profession of an advocate- 
That magnificent province made a conquest over his 
imagination and at once seized on his heart. Vergueiro 
marrying a worthy and virtuous Paulistan lady, D. Maria 
Angelica de Vasconcellos. Vergueiro abandoned advocacy 
and, being the son of a farmer, he went to the interior 
of Pirasicaba, to found an agricultural establishment 68 
which being prosperous, spread improvements and kindled 
animation in the feeble industry which existed there. 
In 1821 the electrical demonstration favorable to the 
Portuguese revolution of 1820, having broken out in 
S. Paulo, Vergueiro, without thinking of such a thing 
was nominated a member of the provisional government; 
being a slave to duty, he accepted the charge, saying, on 
taking possession of it: « How I shall come out of it, 
I know not; but although I may be looked upon with disf- 
avor by all, I shall be on good terms with my conscience.* 
In the same year he was elected by the Province of 
S. Paulo, deputy to the Portuguese assembly. 
During the act of election, Dr. Jose Bonifacio de Andrada 
e Silva, Vice-President of the Provisional Government 
and an elector, said to Vergueiro, showing him his ticket: 
« I will not give you my vote, for you would be greatly 
wanted by the Government. » 
In the Lisbon assembly, Vergueiro distinguished him- 
self as the defender of the cause of his adopted country, 
and in a separate vote which was drawn up as a member 
of the political commission of the affairs of Brazil, he 
wrote an opinion that was attacked as being an energetic 
vindication of the independence of the trans-atlantic 
kingdom. 
He would not sign the constitution elaborated by the 
Portuguese assembly and returned to Brazil with his brow 
crowned with laurels owed to the faithful and resolute 
Brazilian. 
In 1823 he was a deputy to the Brazilian Chamber, and 
there he manifested himself to be a frank and decided 
liberal. On the dissolution of that assembly, he entered 
as one among the number of the deputies who were 
arrested, and spared from the banishment which the 69 
Andradas and others suffered; for obtaining his enlarge- 
ment soon after, he returned to S. Paulo, where he again 
devoted himself to agriculture. 
Being elected deputy in the first legislature of the 
Empire in 1826, he took his seat in the Chamber and 
declared himself a liberal, as before. 
In 1828 he was chosen Senator in the list offered by the 
Province of Minas Geraes. 
In the senate he took the first place, as an immovable 
and strenuous liberal, and became one of the most popular 
and influential among the opposition. 
The name of Vergueiro was then the type of the liberal 
party ; his moral influence was worth an army; for the 
people reposed in him the most decided confidence. 
In 1831 he was the first to sign the representation 
addressed to the Emperor D. Pedro I by a Senator (himself) 
and twenty-three deputies on the extremely perilous and 
threatening aspect of the State. 
On the night of the 6th April and in the face of the revo- 
lution, or the demonstration requiring the dismissal of the 
ministry organized on the eve before, many people say and 
maintain that D. Pedro I sent to search for Vergueiro to 
entrust to him the organization of a cabinet, which, doubt- 
less, would content the people in revolutionary distrust. 
If Vergueiro was really looked for, it is certain that he 
was not met with. 
The Emperor D. Pedro I abdicated the crown at one or 
two o'clock of the morning of the 7th April, and D. Pedro II, 
the heir to the throne, being five years and four months 
old ; the senators and deputies who were in the capital met 
in the senate house, and appointed a provisional regency, 
and one of the three members who composed it was Ver- 
gueiro. 70 
In 1832 he entered the ministry, occupying the post of 
minister of the Empire, and ad interim, that of finance. 
From 1837 to 1842 he exercised the office of director of 
the juridical course of instruction in S. Paulo. 
In 1840 he was, in the senate, one of the strongest advo- 
cates for the majority of H. M. the Emperor D. Pedro I, 
and in the following year, at the great ceremony of the 
coronation, the Emperor did him the grace of presenting 
him with the grand cross of the Cruzeiro. 
In 1842, the Senator Vergueiro was, together with other 
liberal chiefs of S. Paulo, prosecuted on account of the 
revolt which had broken out in that province and been 
smothered; but the Senate judged the prosecution to be 
incompatible. 
Five years afterwards the illustrious citizen returned 
to the government by accepting the ministry of justice; 
but bordering on his seventieth year, and rendered peevish 
by illness, his strength failed him, and he suffered from a 
most serious attack of cerebral fever. 
Vergueiro lived still for years, and in each legislative 
session the venerable old man always rose and made his 
trembling but energetic voice heard in defense of li- 
beral principles. In each speech, there was almost sure to be 
an idea, seemingly predominant-the freedom of the vote, 
free election-which he ardently called for. Away from 
political and party questions, he constantly fought for the 
interests and necessity of colonization. 
One of the well-deserving of his country, he was among 
the number of the glorious paladins of the Independence; 
in the political and parliamentary struggles of the Empire 
of Brazil he was, during nearly forty years or until his 
death, one of the chiefs of greatest prestige of the liberal 71 
party, and he never, for a single day, became cool, much 
less hesitating, in the maintainance of his ideas. 
The glory pertained to him of taking the initiative in 
S. Paulo of introducing free agricultural labor, by admit- 
ting on his estates a great number of European colonists, 
with whom a trial was made of joint interest. 
NicolAo Pereira de Campos Vergueiro died at 80 years 
of age. XIV OF SEPTEMBER 
ANTONIO ELIZIARIO DE MIRANDA E BRITO 
A native of Lisbon, where he was born in 1786, Antonio 
Eliziario de Miranda e Brito, destined for a military career, 
he took the oaths in 1796. 
He matriculated in the naval academy in Lisbon in 1802, 
the year in which he was acknowledged a cadet, and there 
went through the course of mathematics, and was approved 
with distinction in the two first years in fortification, 
artillery and drawing. 
In 1808 he came' to serve in Brazil, with the rank of 
ensign in the 3d regiment of infantry of the line of the 
capital, and by decree of the 19th July of the same year, 
he served as 2d lieutenant of the corps of engineers, being 
employed in the telegraph service at the orders of the re- 
spective director. 74 
From that date forward, his life is signalized by a series 
of important services rendered as an engineer, as a soldier, 
and as an administrator. 
From 1809 to 1816 the young officer was incessantly 
occupied, now in raising plans of fortifications and in 
constructing sundry bridges for the new capital of the Por- 
tuguese monarchy and of neighboring places, now in 
levellings and in works for conducting the water through 
pipes to serve the fountain in the Campo da Acclamaqao. 
In 1817 he went to Pernambuco to give his valuable 
aid to re-establish order, and when he had sheathed his 
sword, he returned to continue the works that had been 
interrupted, and he executed other new ones. 
In 1822 he nobly and gallantly adhered faithfully to 
the Prince Regent of Brazil, and therefore adhered to the 
cause of the Independence, which ensured to him a new, 
a fine and grateful country. He obtained honorably the 
epaulettes of a Lieutenant-Colonel, when serving under 
the command of Colonel Nobrega, and executing with zeal 
and activity the notable commission of assembling in the 
camp of Brandao the militia of the semi-circular bay dis- 
tricts that were to oppose the Luzitanian division com- 
manded by Avilez, according to what he himself had 
proposed in writing, to the Prince D. Pedro, afterwards 
first Emperor of Brazil. 
For so brilliant a service, he was mentiorfbd with dis- 
tinction in the order of the day, as he will have a place 
of honor among the well deserving of the political regen- 
eration of Brazil. 
In 1826 Antonio Eliziario de Miranda e Brito marched 
to the plains of the south, where war had been kindled ; 
he there served as quarter-master general of the army. 
He became remarkable for praiseworthy actions, and 75 
taking part in the battle of the Passo do Rozario, he 
obtained his brevet-colonelcy for distinguished service. 
The grades which are gained through the whistling of 
balls and the noise of arms are the finest and most un- 
deniable testimonies of the valor and worth of a soldier. 
From 1829 to 1831 he was Governor at Arms of Ma- 
ranhao. 
In 1836 the rebellion of Rio Grande do Sul had taken 
increment and imposed on the Empire the necessity of 
employing the efforts of her bravest and most loyal sub- 
jects to combat it. 
Antonio Eliziario could not remain forgotten ; he went 
to take the command of a force in the south; shortly 
afterwards he was appointed President and Commander 
of Arms of the Province, being in that same year removed 
to exercise the same functions in Santa Catharina. 
In 1837 to 1839 he returned to and remained in Rio 
Grande do Sul in the quality of President of the Province 
and commander of the forces in operation. More than ever 
threateningly spread the rebellion in that extremity of 
the Empire; the commission was therefore an arduous 
one, most important, and replete with grave responsi- 
bility. Antonio Eliziario showed that he did not under- 
value it; if he did not return with laurels of victory 
adorning his forehead, he, at least, left a disciplined army, 
and fit to achieve daring triumphs, as it afterwards 
showed it was. The Government acknowledged and re- 
warded the services of Antonio Eliziario by promoting him 
to a brevet Field Marshalcy. 
Retiring to the capital, the illustrious general was 
called to fulfill sundry commissions, and took ad interim 
in 1845 the command of arms of the capital, and kept it 
till the following year. In 1846 he was nominated as a 76 
voter in the Supreme Military Council, and by decree of 
2d December, 1850, was further named a member of the 
Commission of Engineers created by decree of 14th Sep- 
tember of the same year, and finally by that of the 22d 
April, 1852, was superannuated in the rank of marshal of 
the army, he continuing in the exercise of Counselor (of 
the department) of war. 
Intelligence and zeal in command, fidelity and discipline 
at all times and under every circumstance, prudence and 
sagacity to prevent a disaster, calmness and valor in the 
attack and unabating vigor in resistence, are some of the 
principal qualities that recommended Marshal Eliziario as 
a soldier. 
A good friend, an affectionate relation, an honorable 
and beneficent citizen, is what he was in social life. 
In 1858 an old and rebellious disorder which suddenly 
increased in malignity prostrated the old general on a bed 
of pain, from whence he never moved save when he was 
taken to his last resting-place. Long and torturing was 
the malady, but not even so were the patience and the 
resignation of the noble veteran overcome, who died calm 
and resigned as a good Catholic should, making his last 
adieu to the earth with almost a smile. 
Antonio Eliziario de Miranda e Brito was a full marshal 
of the army, counsellor of war commander of the Order of 
Aviz, and officer of that of the Cruzeiro. XAF OF SEPTEMBER 
D. FRIAR BERNARDO DE NOSSA SENHORA 
This pious and illustrious man was born in Pernambuco 
in the eighteenth century. 
Devoting himself to the priesthood, he distinguished 
himself so greatly for his profound learning and exem- 
plary virtues, that he was elected and consecrated Bishop 
of Meliapor; he was of the order of Santo Agostinho, 
confessor of both the Marquis and Marchioness of Tavora, 
when that Portuguese nobleman filled the post of vice- 
roy of India. 
In a precious manuscript left by General Abreu e Lima, 
the latter says that D. Thomaz de Noronha, the ex-Bishop 
of Olinda, had informed him of the immense intellectual 
and moral worth of D. Frei Bernardo de Nossa Senhora, 
his learning being transcendent, and his virtues were so 78 
great that at his death, in 1788, the population of his bis- 
hopric held him to be a saint. 
The same D. Thomaz de Noronha assured Abreu Lima 
that he had seen the portrait of D. Frei Bernardo de 
Nossa Senhora-a full-length one, at the bottom of which 
could be read his name, and the declaration that he was 
a native of Pernambuco. 
A son of colonial Brazil had not risen to the height of 
a Prince of the Church without he had had an extraordina- 
ry well-merited reputation of a learned and virtuous man, 
as he certainly was. 
In the absence of precise dates, fruitlessly searched for, 
General Abreu Lima himself could not mark them in his 
biographical notes of the illustrious Bishop of Miliapor, 
let the name of D. Frei Bernardo de Nossa Senhora be 
registered on the 15th September. XVI OF SEPTEMBER 
FRIAR JOSE DA COSTA AZEVEDO 
In a humble birthplace, which was all that his honest 
but poor parents could give him, was born Jose da Costa 
Azevedo, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, on the 16th 
September 1763, and showing at a yet tender age nota- 
ble talent and a love of study, he went through a course of 
schooling such as there then was in Rio de Janeiro, and 
was soon enabled, thanks to the generous co-operation of 
some protectors, to carry himself to Lisbon, where he en- 
tered the college of the nobility. 
His preparatory studies having terminated , he ma 
triculated in the University of Coimbra, in which he obtained 
considerable reputation, and feeling that he had a vocation 
for the cloister he took the coarse habit of a Franciscan, 80 
and almost immediately afterwards the chair of professor 
of theology in his convent of the saintly order. 
Besides profound knowledge, as a theologian and phil- 
osopher, he studied with enthusiasm natural sciences. 
From Lisbon he was called to be public professor, there, 
of philosophy; and shortly was considered worthy to be 
chosen as corresponding associate of the royal academy of 
sciences. 
D. Jose Joaquim da Cunha de Azevedo Coutinho, being 
elected Bishop of Pernambuco, his friend, claimed the 
coadjuvation of Friar Jose da Costa in the seminary which 
he was about to found in that diocese, and obtaining from 
the Government the necessary bene placite, he entrusted 
the priest, his fellow-countryman, with the direction of 
the seminary, and with the professors chairs of philos- 
ophy and rhetoric. 
In the fulfillment of so delicate and noble a commission* 
the priest Jose da Costa left a glorious memory behind him. 
His proved merit was so great, that the great minister, 
Count de Linhares, when the military academy was being 
established in Rio de Janeiro, called the Priest Jose da Costa 
Azevedo to this city, destining for him in that school the 
professorhip of mineralogy, and appointed him afterwards 
as Director of the Museum. 
Friar Jose da Costa Azevedo continued to hold this sit- 
uation until the day of his death, the 7th November 
1822. 
This venerated clergyman left many sermons in which 
the beauty of the style of S. Carlos, unites with the purity 
of diction of Vieira, according to what the learned Canon 
Fernandes Pinheiro thought and said, who read them, 
and speaks of them in his biography of Jose da Costa Aze- 81 
vedo, which is owed to his pen, and was the source of this 
article. 
But the sermons alluded to all remain in manuscript, and 
are still at least preserved by the heirs of the illustrious 
deceased. 
Father Jose da Costa did not wish to have his works 
printed. 
The bishop, Azevedo Coutinho, in a letter which he 
addressed to him, greatly commended the Dissertation 
on the salubrity of the air of Olinda, which he had 
sent him. 
Adriano Balbi, laments that Friar Jose da Costa had not 
published the elements of mineralogy which, following 
the method of Wermer, he had written for his scholars. 
It is certain that he had also composed, and had com- 
municated to his friends sundry memoirs on subjects pertain- 
ing to the sciences which he cultivated ; no one, however, 
knows where they are. 
The friar was poor, the press had barely commenced 
giving light to Brazil; but that light was dear. XVII OF SEPTEMBER 
AMMO DE SOUZA E OLIVEIRA COUTINHO 
VISCOUNT DE SEPETIBA 
In the parish of Itaipu, district of the town of Praia 
Grande, later on city of Nictheroy, capital of the province 
of Rio de Janeiro, was born, on the 21st July, 1800, Aure- 
liano de Souza e Oliveira Coutinho, son of the Colonel of 
Engineers, of the same name and surname. 
Aureliano studied Latin in the seminary of S. Jose, and 
merited the highest praise and particular esteem of his 
professor, the celebrated Latin scholar, Father Joao Bap- 
tista Soares de Meirelles; he afterwards matriculated in 84 
the military academy, in which for two consecutive years 
he carried off the first prize. 
The King D. VI, in consideration of the services of his 
father, granted to Aureliano a modest pension, with the 
express condition of his graduating in natural sciences at 
the University of Coimbra. 
The young Brazilian student went off to Portugal on 
the 21st July, 1820 ; but could not avail himself of the 
King's favor because he preferred taking his degree in law. 
As soon as he obtained his degree he returned, in 1825, 
to his country and was appointed to S. Joao d'el-Rey and 
Ouro Preto as magistrate and judge : strictly fulfilling 
his duties of a magistrate, he dealt out justice with exem- 
plary impartiality, collected very large sums which 
had been looked upon as lost, and being an active man 
and much given to progress, attempted to found a library. 
He honored with his esteem young men of talent, and fin- 
ally proceeded in such a way that the Province of Minas 
Geraes elected him deputy to the second legislature, and 
having, for that reason, to come to Rio de Janeiro, he was 
accompanied, to take leave of him, by a numerous con- 
course of citizens, and received a written testimony of their 
gratitude and regret at his departure, signed by six hun- 
dred of them, and in which could be read the following 
memorable words : « Go, covered with blessings, you man 
of probity and loyalty: the purity of your conscience 
obtained for you a glorious title ; you well know that you 
are called here the upright Judge. » 
In 1830 Aureliano accepted the presidency of the prov- 
ince of S. Paulo, then shaken by violent political exal- 
tation, and he was still there, fulfilling the duties of his 
office, when events were hurried on in the capital of 85 
the Empire, and terminated in the abdication of the Em- 
peror D. Pedro I on the 7th April, 1831. 
On his return to Rio de Janeiro, Aureliano occupied the 
office of Judge of Orphans, afterwards intendent-general 
of police, and he was appointed a chief judge of the 
court of appeal of the capital. 
In the chamber of deputies, of which he was a member, 
he leagued himself with the moderate liberal party, and 
he distinguished himself in the predominant circle of the 
meritorious Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga. He always gave 
his support to the famous Ministry in which, from July, 
1831, forward, the energy of the Minister of Justice, Father 
Diogo Antonio Feijo, more than once saved public order 
and the institutions. 
That ministry resigned by mutual agreement, and with 
it the Regency asked to be permitted to resign according 
to what had been agreed upon, to effect the coup d'etat 
of the 30th July, 1832, by which the Chamber of Deputies 
constituting itself a National Assembly would promul- 
gate a new constitution already prepared. 
The coup d'etat was frustrated. The Regency consented 
to withdraw their request for permission to resign, on 
the invitation and patriotic dissuasion of the Chamber. 
They appointed to the government men who did not re- 
present the moderate liberal party in majority, and as 
was to be expected, that ministry which was called the 
forty days, was overthrown by a vote of Parliament, of 
confidence and financial importance. 
The moderate party returned to power with all their 
influence. It had two grand and principal tasks to per- 
form :- to maintain the order, the integrity of the Em- 
pire and the monarchical institutions, and to give the 
nation the promised constitutional reforms, assured to the 86 
provinces. The new ministry was organized, and in it 
the deputy, Aureliano, had the ministry of justice. 
Aureliano, being very modest, was not known as an 
orator of note; he spoke with precision, simplicity, assur- 
ance and perfect courtesy. He had fluency, was concise, 
and of imposing gravity, but he rarely spoke in the House. 
Appreciated in consultations of his party, and in re- 
search when on committees, they wished to try him in gov- 
ernment, and he showed himself so apt that besides 
the department of justice, he was afterwards intrusted 
with that of foreign affairs and likewise of the affairs 
of the Empire. 
In that ministry which for him lasted from the ,23d May, 
1833 to the 16th January, 1835, Aureliano at once showed 
two of the principal and very salient qualities which 
markedly characterized him in his public career. 
A most remarkable administrator,and active with all, he 
was a lever of progress, a light of civilization ; where and 
when his influence was made to be felt institutions and 
great works, that his intelligence and power of will caused 
to be realized, gave testimony to the same. 
In politics, he showed himself a man tempered to resist, 
to master proudly all storms. Aureliano was of a pleasant 
disposition, a beneficent heart, a candid soul; in the magis- 
tracy, the upright judge, most honorable, a zealous slave of 
the law, Aureliano was in the Government, a statesman 
admirably adapted by his own nature for great crises, 
and for the most terrible political struggles. Always 
serene, imperturbable in the most dangerous times, tranquil 
without ever losing the charm of his amiability, without a 
wrinkle in his forehead, or one word of excuse, the strength 
of his unshaken will obeying the empire of conviction, of 
duty, and manifesting itself in the most energetic acts, 87 
rendered him in the Government celebrated as the Hercules, 
crusher of political conspiracies, and of violent and pro- 
voking opposition of political adversaries. 
Aureliano entered the ministry when it was in a most 
difficult and dangerous situation. The government had no 
army, they depended almost exclusively on the national 
guard, and revolts were breaking out in some provinces. 
In the capital of the Empire, the restoration party was 
becoming strongly organized, and in 1833 conspired auda- 
ciously. In August of that year the Military society was 
installed in Rio de Janeiro, with the apparent purpose of 
attending to the interests of the respective class ; but 
from the first suspected of political plans for realizing the 
restoration of the Emperor, as Regent of the Empire. The 
guardian of the Emperor in his minority, the venerable 
Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva, a wise man, a patriot 
and one of the patriarchs of the Independence of the 
Empire, passed for being the principal influential person of 
that party. On the approach of the end of the year 1833, 
affairs were in a most grave state. 
On the night of the 2d December groups of the populace 
smashed the illuminations of the Military society, and on 
the night of the 5th, having again met, they, with impu- 
nity, in the presence of the justice of peace, invaded the 
house of the said society, threw the furniture out of th- 
windows and then proceeded to attack two or three printe 
ing establishments which published the journals of the 
restoring party. 
Everything tends to the belief that the Government was 
desirous of a popular outbreak that should give color to the 
necessity of taking extraordinary measures, allowed the 
moderate party to prepare the disturbance of the 2d to the 
5th December with unpardonable tolerance on the part 88 
of the justices of peace, who were the police authorities of 
the time, and without the smallest sign of repression on the 
part of the Government. 
The disturbances had exceeded by far the calculations 
of the instigators ; in this disorderly conduct of excited 
and furious people political passion had attained to commit- 
ting deplorable and scandalous violence. 
The capital had been agitated and the people trembley 
withfear. The restoring party, deeply resentful,and in angrd 
fermentation, and Aureliano laid it low with a terrible 
blow, by suspending and arresting the guardian, who was 
sent into retirement to Paqueta, he being substituted in his 
guardianship by the Marquis de Itanhaem. 
The crisis of 1833 had been terrible, the government of 
the Regency escaped its fall, and the capital a sanguinary 
revolt, through the energy of Aureliano, who also made it 
felt in the provinces. 
The factions were put down ; audacious criminals, who 
availed themselves of the political disorders, perpetrated 
frequent robberies, and other crimes in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro and in its suburbs, fell into the hands of the 
authorities, or disappeared through the vigor of the mea- 
sures taken by the minister of justice, who rendered still 
further services. 
Bernardo de Vasconcellos, who had declared himself an 
adversary of the illustrious statesman, seeing his efforts in 
the government crowned with the happiest result, nobly 
and generously said : « Sr. Aureliano engraved his name 
on the base of our monarchy. » 
Order having been rendered safe, society tranquillized, 
the minister, polite, calm, but strong, determined and 
immovable in the repression and crushing of conspiracies 
and revolts, he threw himself into, the field of progress 89 
with his creative genius. The lines of conveyances called 
Omnibus, the house of correction, the Savings' Bank, the 
Economical Bank, the new Carioca Fountain and other 
works and improvements recall to mind and perpetuate the 
name of Aureliano. 
He attended to everything, to the system of conveyance, 
of navigation of the rivers, and projects of great works 
which he had not the time to realize. 
He gave the first regulation for the Legations of the 
Empire, and for the Secretary of States office for Foreign 
Affairs. 
On the eve of his retiring from the Government, the De- 
puty Ramiro, who was as learned as he was independent, 
said from the speaker's gallery : « Sr. Aureliano,both in and 
out of the House is the best citizen ! his services are both 
many and of the greatest importance ; and they are here 
very patent to all, and pray God that we shall never 
forget-all of us Brazilians- to appreciate and respect so 
well deserving a citizen !» Almost unanimous hear ! hear's! 
drownell the voice of the speaker. 
On the 17th September, 1837, the Regent Feijo, after the 
formal refusal of Alvez Branco to remain in charge of the 
Ministry of the Empire, which was to substitute him in 
the Regency, addressed himself to Aureliano ; but could 
not persuade him to take upon himself so great a charge. 
In 1840, the Deputy Aureliano entered the Ministry in 
charge of the department of Foreign Affairs, on the 24th 
July in the ministry of the Majority of the Emperor 
Sr. D. Pedro II, of which he had been the propagater, and 
continued as Minister of the same department in the cabinet 
organized in March, 1841. 
The young Emperor was barely commencing on his 
duties of Majesty, and being very devoted to the Monarch, 90 
he made no difficulty about party in the change of the 
cabinet; but as soon as the revolts of S. Paulo and of Minas 
were overcome, and strengthened and without counterpoise 
of opposition in the chamber, the conservative party wished 
to remain in all their purity and in all their political 
exclusiveness, otherwise, of the disposition of the system of 
the government of the Empire. 
Aureliano resigned, and with him, the Ministry also in 
which he had had the honor and happiness of directing the 
diplomatic acts for the marriage of the Emperor with the 
virtuous princess, who is Empress of Brazil, and the object 
of the most just love of all the Brazilians. 
In 1844 there was a change in politics of the government, 
and the cabinet of Viscount of Macahe made war upon, a 
Z'ouZrance, by the conservative party, maintained itself by 
the co-operation and in the great strength of the liberals. 
Aureliano was then appointed President of Rio de Ja- 
neiro. 
The Chamber had been dissolved. In the Province of 
Rio of Janeiro, all the official and administrative posts, 
police commander of the national guards, all the power, 
all the influence belonged since some years back exclusively 
to the conservatives, who received the liberal President 
with haughty and unbridled opposition. 
They had forgotten the minister of Justice of 1833. 
Aureliano imperturbable in his characteristic serenity, 
in a few years changed the political face of the Province, 
sufficing for that was the changing the official face of the 
local influential persons ; but in that enterprize his strong 
will limited itself only to the complete exclusion of the 
conservatives from official positions. He only acted as 
he had a right to do, he could not govern with policemen, 
and with employes of confidence, his adversaries in active 91 
hostility to him the conservative press attacked him violen- 
tly and immoderately for the dismissals which in great 
numbers he cast at the opposition party: but Aureliano 
proceeded smilingly with his work. 
Proceeding to the election of deputies, not a single 
conservative candidate was elected for the Province of Rio 
de Janeiro. 
Always the same man, having cast down and crushed in 
the political field, the party that had haughtily and 
furiously attacked and fought him, Aureliano shone forth 
spendidly in the Province by his initiative measures, and 
his spirit of moral and material progress. 
The industry of producing silk tried on a grand scale, the 
Mage canal, fountains for public use, roads and other 
works have preserved the name of Aureliano. 
A decided apologist of free labor, in order to construct 
the new road of the « Serra da Estrella » he sent to engage 
for employment thereon five hundred German Laborers : 
the agent in lieu of sending five hundred single men, sent 
five hundred families of colonists, who arrived unex 
pectedly. 
The President Aureliano who found himself in a diffi- 
culty as to the giving accommodation to so many people, his 
intimate friend Councellor Paulo Barboza da Silva, the 
Steward of the Imperial house, came to his aid, and they 
both planned, by inspiration, the founding of a colony on 
the top of the «Serra da Estrella, an idea, however, 
already thought of by the Engineer Frederick Keller. The 
lands (which were called Corrego Secco) belonged to the 
Emperor. 
Don Pedro II went beyond what his steward asked; for 
besides granting the lands, he opened the coffers of his 
private generosity, and, almost on the spur of the moment, 92 
the colony was founded which was named Petropolis, and 
is now the City of that name. 
At the beginning of 1848, Aureliano asked for and 
obtained leave to resign the Presidency of Rio de Janeiro. 
From that year forwards he only figured on the political 
scene of the Empire, as a Senator which he already 
was. 
Almost retired into private life he occupied himself 
zealously in the education of his children, he was notwiths- 
tanding an assiduous frequenter of the Brazilian Histori- 
cal and Geographical Institution, in which he had for many 
years, occupied the Vice-presidential chair. 
The Emperor gave him the title of Viscount de Sepitiba. 
On the 25th September 1855, Viscount Sepitiba died in 
the city of Nictheroy. 
The Senator Manoel de Araujo Porto Alegre, present 
Baron of Santo Angelo, thoroughly appreciated this 
illustrions man as a politician and Administrator, in the 
following words : 
« An idea of his was well thought out, and discussed in 
the cabinet, and as soon as he became convinced of its 
utility, he put it in execution. He was an inpassive Titon, 
he marched with regular strides to his end, overthrowing 
coolly all obstacles, until he obtained the desired a im » 
Aureliano de Souza e Oliveira Coutinho, was Viscount de 
Sepitiba, a grandee of the Empire, a member of H. M. the 
Emperor's Council, a nobleman of his house, a Gentleman 
in waiting of his Imperial Chamber, a Senator of the 
Empire, a chief Judge of the Court of appeal of Rio de 
Janeiro, Knight of the orders of Christ and of the Rose, 
dignitary of that of the Imperial order of the Cruzerio, 
Grand Cross of Leopold I of Belguim, of Our Lady of 
conception of the Villa Viqosa of Portugal, of the Roya 93 
order of Ferdinand of Naples, of the noble and ancient 
order of Carlos III of Spain, of Alexander Newsky, of the 
four Emperors of Russia, Knight of S. John of Jerusalem, 
Vice-president of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical 
Institution, a member of the Ethnalogique Society of Pariz 
of the Archieological Society of Brussels, of the Royal 
Association of Sciences, letters and arts of Antwerp & C. XL AZ III OF SEPTEMBER 
JOSE DA COSTA CARVALHO 
MARQUIS DE MONTE ALEGRE 
Here presents himself one of the greatest among social 
greatnesses created in Brazil, raised by the democracy, 
and ennobled and made honorable by Imperial Magesty. 
Jos6 da Costa Carvalho, the legitimate son of Jose da 
Costa Carvalho and of D. Ignez Maria de Piedade Costa, 
was born on the 1st February 1796 in the Parishof Our 
Lady of the Penha in the province of Bahia. 
He graduated in law in the university of Coimbra 
in 1819, and was Magistrate and Judge « Ouvidor » in 96 
the City of S. Paulo in Brazil, his Country in 1821 
and 1822. 
. He embraced with enthusiasm the cause of the Inde- 
pendence, rendered services thereto, cooperating greatly 
to the representations of S, Paulo, by asking of the Prince 
Regent D. Pedro to remain in Brazil: he was a deputy of 
the Brazilian assembly, elected by the Province of Bahia, 
where he had been born, and that assembly being dissolved, 
he aetired to S. Paulo both much displeased and resentful 
on account of that coup d'etat. 
He was elected a deputy to the first and second legislature 
of the empire by the same Province which had elected him 
for the assembly ; he was closely allied with Paula e 
Souza, Feijo, Vergueiro, and other liberal chiefs : he 
belonged in tho first reign to the untractable opposition : 
he was President of the Chamber of deputies for some 
years: he established, and maintained in S. Paulo, the 
periodical called the Pharol Paulistano, the organ of 
exalted democratical ideas, he caused academic talented 
youths to write therein, and to one of them and perhaps 
to other students, he wrote, when he was in Rio de 
Janeiro, as president of the Chamber of Deputies, letters 
in which he always said: do not forget to pour oil into our 
Pharol »(light house). 
He was one of the men most beloved by the people, and 
had powerful influence with the liberal party. 
On the 7th April 1831 he was in S. Paulo : coming 
however, to take his seat in the chamber, he was, without 
asking for it, nominated a member of the permanent 
Regency, on the 17th June*of that year. 
In Parliament, he did not distinguish himself as an 
orator ; he was a statesman, and of the Cabinet; but a 
man of great modesty, timid, and not fluent in speech. 97 
In the Regency lie felt the responsibility of power : he 
adopted the ideas of moderation and of order of Evaristo, 
and tired of struggling, dissatisfied with the way in which 
things were carried on, and ill moreover, he abandoned 
the Regency in 1833, and retired to S. Paulo in Juily of 
that year. 
In 1835 to 1836 he was Director of the Juridical Academy 
of S. Paulo, and in 1837 that Province elected him 
deputy. 
Costa Carvalho had very greatly altered his political 
ideas. The liberal party saw him in 1838, connected with 
the conservative party by the side of Vasconcellos, Ro- 
drigues Torres (afterwards Viscount de Itaborahy) and 
Honorio Hermeto (afterwards Viscount and Marquis de 
Parand) also formerly exalted liberals as he had been. Con- 
viction, either well or ill-founded, had made them change 
their opinion ; but patriotism governed them. 
In 1839 Costa Carvalho entered the Brazilian Senate, 
having been chosen from the triple list offered to the Re- 
gent by the province of Sergipe. 
In 1841 the Emperor graced the son of Democracy, the 
member of the permanent Regency, the patriot, Costa Car- 
valho, by bestowing on him the title of Baron de Monte 
Alegre, raising him subsequently, in 1843, to Viscount, 
and to Marquis of the same title in 1854 ; besides that he 
nominated him councelor of state, extraordinary, in 1842, 
making the rank effective, or ordinary in 1853. 
In 1842, in the face of the conspiracy that soon after 
broke out into revolt, the Baron de Monte Alegre was 
named president of the province of S. Paulo, and showed 
that he was worthy of the nomination in such delicate cir- 
cumstances. His influence in the province, the prestige of 
his past life, the sweetness and goodness of his disposition 98 
co-operated greatly in disarming in the minds of many of 
the influential parties, the impulse of violent excite- 
ment. 
In 1848 Viscount de Monte Alegre was the organizer of 
the conservative cabinet, which prorogued and after- 
wards dissolved the liberal chamber; which crushed, after 
lamentable combats, the Praieira revolts in Pernambuco, 
and which brought to a happy and glorious end the war 
with Rozas, the dictator of the Argentine Confederation. 
In 1843, Monte Alegre had been president of the Senate ; 
he was present as a witness to the mariage of the Most 
Serene Princess, D. Francisca with the Prince de Joinville, 
being on that account decorated with the Grand Cross of the 
Legion of Honor by the King Louis Philippe. 
The Marquis of Monte Alegre was president of the Sta- 
tistical Society of Brazil, and of the Central Colonization 
Society, honorary member of the Society Auxiliadora da 
Industria Nacional, associate of the Brazilian Historical 
Institution and of many other patriotic and civilizing so- 
cieties. 
He had a surplus of favors and decorations to orna- 
ment his breast with, and to record his services. 
He was a rich man and employed a part of his income in 
works of charity and in the literary education of some tal- 
ented but poor youths. 
His probity never was assaitled, nor ever, however 
slightly, suspected. 
When he was already a Senator, acouncelor of state, and 
a Marquis, everyone found him accessible, simple, modest, 
good, beneficent, exactly as he had been when an exalted 
democrat. His political opinion had changed, without his 
heart having suffered any change. 
The Marquis de Monte Alegre, a sympathetic and vene- 99 
rated Brazilian, beloved by many, esteemed by all, died on 
the 18th September, 1860. 
A man of honor, well deserving of his country, he died 
without leaving an enemy, and descended to the tomb 
with general blessings. 2CI2C OF SEPTEMBER 
ANTONIO PWNO MACIEL MONTEIRO t 
BARON DE 1TAMARACA' 
A native of the province of Pernambuco, where he was 
born in the present century between the years 1802 and 
1804, Antonio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro made his prepa- 
ratory studies in the city of Olinda, and going to Europe, 
he went through the course of medicine in the faculty of 
Paris, and took the degree of doctor in the University. 
Of uncommon talent, a clear and gifted intellect, a 
brilliant and engaging imagination, Maciel Monteiro cultiv- 
ated the belles lettres, and poetry, and was not one of 102 
the first portugueze poets of his time, only because he 
would not. 
The province of Pernambuco elected him deputy to the 
third legislature, and Maciel Monteiro at once took in the 
Chamber a distinguished place among the most esteemed 
orators, declaring himself in opposition to the government 
of the Regent Feijd. 
He had a sonorous voice, and not at all feminine, a 
fluent speech, and never interrupted by the slightest hesit- 
ation. purity of style, delightful eloquence, and moder- 
ated and agreeable gesture ; there was never wanting in 
his speeches beauty of manner, and all his speeches appea- 
red as if they had been prepared with laborious care. 
A complete mistake ! Maciel Monteiro was a passionate 
frequenter of theatres, balls, the most elegant circles of 
Society, and he himself was the type of the most exacting 
and capricious elegance in dress, always in the strictest 
fashion, and in speech, he was delicately refined and cour- 
teous, in which without pretension or impertinence, his 
subtle spirit and his poetical imagination shone forth 
sweetly and enchantingly. 
After long hours passed at evening parties, in aristocratic 
company, in the Society of excellent friends, or in the thea- 
tres, Maciel Monteiro slept soundly till ten on the follow- 
ing morning : he then, at times, remembered that he had to 
speak in the chamber, and began thinking over his speech, 
while taking the greatest care in dressing himself with 
accurate neatness. 
Immediately afterwards the house would hear an elo- 
quent speech, most beautifully delivered, perfectly plan- 
ned as to its order of ideas, powerful in its argumentation, 
and showing the learning of him who delivered it. The 
auditory was convinced of the laborious and lengthened 103 
study to which the orator had given himself up, who, on 
the other hand had just been extemporising !.., 
Marvellous talent, what would Maciel Monteiro have 
done, and what would he have been, if he had permitted 
himself to be carried away less by the lawful and honor- 
able enjoyments, but inebriating as vain, of a life of fetes, 
brilliant saloons, elegant triumphs, and aristocratic 
charms ?... 
That weakness, the innocent defect of Maciel Monteiro, 
deprived the country of a great statesman, or of one of its 
greatest poets. 
But the worth of Maciel Monteiro was so great that on 
the 19th September, 1837, on organizing the first and most 
notable Cabinet of the conservative party, he was chosen 
as Minister of Foreign Affairs. 
In that ministry Maciel Monteiro occupied himself 
principally with the question of the Oyoupock with France, 
showing, as he always did, superior ability. 
After the resignation of the Cabinet of the 19th Septem- 
ber, 1839, he defended it in that same year in the Chamber; 
he made a speech that was in itself sufficient for his par- 
liamentary glory. 
Re-elected deputy to the fourth legislature, and again 
for that of 1843 to 1845; the Chamber was dissolved in 
1844, and Maciel Monteiro, out of parliament during the 
rule of the liberals, returned to it in 1850; but he no 
longer spoke; because he worthily and intelligently 
occupied the President's chair in the Chamber. 
Immediately after that Legislature the Imperial Gov- 
ernment appointed him Envoy Extraordinary and Minis- 
ter Plenipotentiary of Brazil to the Court of Portugal, and 
in that high diplomatic commission, Maciel Monteiro drew 
closer the bonds of friendship between the two govern- 104 
ments, and the two brother-people, but jealously watch- 
ful of the interests of the Empire. 
H. M. the Emperor conferred on Antonio Peregrino 
Maciel Monteiro the title of Baron de Itamaraca withe the 
honors of a grandee. 
The Baron de died in Lisbon on the 5th 
January, 1868 ; all the troops in garrison in that capital 
and three batteries of artillery paid the last honors to 
the illustrious deceased. 
The Baron de had been born with the most 
superior gifts of becoming a great poet, a great orator. 
In the tribune of parliament, and in numerous, but fugi- 
tive poetical compositions, for the greater part lost, some 
however, fortunately preserved, are shining and bright 
displays of his prodigious talent. 
But he poetized, as he pronounced speeches, always 
extemporaneously I... 
And in his speeches as in his verses, although they 
were both extemporized, the elegance and beauty of man- 
ner are distinguished in a high degree, which, however, 
was the weakness in other matters of that man rich 
enough in faculties to be a giant in the republic of 
letters!... JC2C OF SEPTEMBER 
ALEXANDRE RODRIGUES FERREIRA 
On the 27th April, 1755, was born in the city of Bahia 
Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira, and he there studied the 
humanities, showing no common talent. His father, Manoel 
Rodrigues Ferreira, destined him to an ecclesiastical life, 
and made him take minor orders on the 20th September, 
1768 ; but in the determination of obtaining more exten- 
sive knowledge and perfect instruction, Alexandre Ferreira 
went to Portugal and in 1770, at fourteen years of age, 
he matriculated in the first year's course of juridical study 
in Coimbra, of which the university underwent reform in 
the following year. 
The reform had interrupted the studies of the talented 
Bahian, who, carried away by a strong and irresistible 
inclination, left the faculty of law, and studied that of 106 
philosophy with so much ardor and advantage, that two 
years before completing the course, he already exercised 
the employment gratuitously of demonstrator of natural 
history of the university, and in the last year gained the 
prize of the academy. 
Having graduated as Doctor in the faculty of philosophy, 
Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira, for whom a professorship 
was destined in that same faculty, immediately accepted 
another destiny. 
The minister, Martinho de Mello e Castro, seeing that the 
government greatly required to know sufficiently the im- 
mense natural riches of Brazil, ordered Dr. Domingos 
Vandelli, the first professor of the faculty of philosophy, 
to propose to him a person every way capable of carrying 
out the intention of the government in a philosophical 
journey. Vandelli and the congregation proposed Dr. Ale- 
xandre Rodrigues Ferreira, who accepted the commission 
and went to Lisbon on the 15th July, 1778. 
Still delaying, or being delayed in Portugal for five 
years, he occupied himself in examining the coal mine of 
Buarcos with the naturalist, Joao da Silva Feijo, in the 
reduction and description of the natural in 
the Royal Museum of Ajuda, in physical and chemical ex- 
periments ordered by the government, and in important 
writings of which many, it is to be lamented, are lost. 
The Academy of Sciences of Lisbon nominated Dr. Fer- 
reira their corresponding member on the 22d May, 1780, 
and he did himself the honor to read in the academy 
sundry memoirs written by himself. 
In September, 1783 he departed for Brazil and 
landed at ParA There he commenced his philosophi- 
cal voyage, or that of a naturalist, in the island of 
Joannes, and in nine years of investigations and of work 107 
through the interior of Para and rios Negro, Branco, 
Madeira, Guapore, through the Serra de Cuanuru, by 
Matto Grosso; he made most important searches, and at 
the same time that he studied the treasures of nature, he 
wrote, defending the rights of Portugal over territory 
invaded by the Spaniards, describing the endemic disorders 
of Matto Grosso, and giving a history of the nascent civil- 
ization of the muras. 
On his return to the capital of Para, where he remained 
nine months, he served as «vogal» in the Juntas of the 
departments of the Treasury and of Justice, and he mar- 
ried the daughter of Captain Luiz Pereira da Cunha, his 
agent for fowarding to the capital the remittances of 
natural productions. 
The marriage was probably the result of mutual sweet 
affection ; he proposed with some originality. 
Pereira da Cunha complained that the Government did 
not reimburse him the amounts that he had spent in 
remitting those numerous products and that they had eaten 
up the capital which was destined for his daughter's 
dowry. 
«That inconvenience disappears at once» answered Dr. 
Ferreira; «for I am ready to receive your daughter as a 
wife, and will dispense with her dowry.» 
Arriving in Lisbon in the year 1793, Dr. Alexandre 
Rodrigues Ferreira was appointed a clerk in the secretary 
of state's office for the affairs of marine and of the ul- 
tra-marine dominions, and in 1794 was exonerated from 
that employment to take charge of the Royal Cabinet of 
Natural History, Botanical Garden and its annexations. 
His leisure hours, after fulfilling his official duties, 
were employed by this illustrious Brazilian in preparing 
the precious material which he had collected in his long 108 
and laborious voyage; they were, however so great in 
number, and the progress of science in the nine years of 
the life of the learned naturalist in the interior had been 
such, and required such perfect application, and so greatly 
did he feel the insufficiency of pecuniary resources for a 
work requiring not only patience and deep study, but ex- 
penditure of capital that was wanting to the poor learned 
man, that before concluding the organization of his scien- 
tific works Dr. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira, already 
some time before engulphed in fatal melancholy, died in 
Lisbon on the 23d April, 1815. 
The Empire of Brazil honors gloriously the name of 
this her illustrious son, and as a reward to his precious 
memory has protected his descendants. 
Dr. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira left numerous and 
most precious manuscripts, which a re still kept in Lisbon. XXI OF SEPTEMBER 
JOSE CANDIDO DE MORAES E SILVA 
In the present district of Itapicuru-mirim, in the prov- 
ince of Maranhao, was born on the 21st September, 1807, 
Jose Candido de Moraes e Silva, legitimate son of Joa- 
quim Esteves da Silva, a native of Lisbon, and of D. 
Maria Carolina de Moraes Rego, a native of Maranhao. 
At nine years of age Jose Candido and five brothers 
lost both father and mother in less than a month's space 
of time. 
The commander, Antonio Josd Meirelles, a Portuguese 
merchant, sheltered paternally Jose Candido, gave him 
in S. Luiz primary instruction, and sent him in 1818 to 
France where in a college in the city of Havre he stud- 
ied the subjects necessary to commerce. 
The Maranhao youth fell in love with literature, and 110 
was sent by his protector to the university of Coimbra, 
where in 1821 and 1822 he went through his course of 
Greek, and his first year of mathematics, with the inten- 
tion of graduating in medicine; but the proclamation of 
the Independence of Brazil induced sundry Brazilian stu- 
dents to retire from Coimbra, and Jose Candido, one of 
them, arrived at Maranhao in 1823. 
Antonio Meirelles having declared against the indepen- 
dence, was looked ill upon by the populace of Maranhao, 
and withdrew temporarily to Rio de Janeiro, leaving his 
protege recommended to the care of his bookkeeper, to 
whom he entrusted the management of his commercial 
house. 
The bookkeeper was a Portuguese, and in those times 
of unfortunate hatred, received less cordially than he 
ought the young Brazilian, the adopted son of his mas- 
ter, and employing him as a clerk, he wanted to impose 
on him services so low and only fit for the lowest serv- 
ants, that the ex-student of Coimbra left the house of 
his generous protector, and in that of his maternal grand- 
mother, joined his sisters; but almost immediately re- 
tired to a small estate which he possessed on the banks 
of the Itapicuru. 
Two years afterwards his grandfather dies, and he 
takes charge of his sisters, gives himself up to teaching, 
founds a college, in which he becomes associated with 
his colleague at Coimbra, Manoel Pereira da Cunha, and 
in 1827, on the 27th December, he publishes the first 
number of the Pharol Maranhense, which was also the 
first organ of the liberal party which Maranhao had. 
In that time of apprenticeship of the constitutional gov- 
ernment in Brazil the periodical press of the liberal party, 
as also those of the government, made much abuse of their 111 
power, and for that same reason the doctrinary news- 
papers, moderate, serious, and polished, were real elements 
of civilization, teachers of tolerance and powerful in- 
struments of order. Like the Aurora Fluminense of 
Evaristo, the Pha rol Maranhense of Jose Candido carried 
out those conditions brilliantly, although the Pharol of 
the province was far, very far from equalling the influence 
of the Aurora of the capital of the Empire. 
But in 1828 the government of the province did not tol- 
erate the energetic but serious and decent opposition of 
the Pharol, and Jose Candido, accused more than once 
by the Public Prosecutor and always acquitted by the 
jury, was arrested, recruited, compelled to enlist in the 
artillery corps, and persecuted; until a few days after- 
wards he went to the hospital, where the surgeon-major, 
Dr. Soares de Souza (Viscount de Uruguay's father) gene- 
rously protected him, and upon the President of the Prov- 
ince being changed, the victim finally got his discharge 
as a soldier of the army. 
This act of justice and respect to the liberty of the press 
was one of the first with which the wise Araujo Vianna, 
afterwards Viscount and Marquis of Sapucahy, inaugur- 
ated his enlightened and beneficent Presidency. 
The Pharol reappeared, and became sem-official; the 
government of Candido Jose de Araujo Vianna satisfied the 
liberal party. Not only through gratitude, but from con- 
scientious motives and paying justice with justice, Jose Can- 
dido supported it in the press, and when the well deserv- 
ing President founded the Public Library in Maranhao, 
(three years before Costa Ferreira, Baron de Pindare, had 
caused its creation to be voted by the council of the Prov- 
ince) he promoted a subscription which enriched it by the 
purchase of two thousand volumes. 112 
The abdication of D. Pedro I on the 7th April, 1831, 
was followed in almost the whole of the Empire by agitat- 
ed movements which disturbed public order. Unfortu- 
nately, the antagonism every-where between Brazilians 
and Portuguese, rekindled in the late years of the last 
reign, declared itself violently. The contagion reached 
Maranhao. 
The moderate editor of the Pharol had suffered greatly 
in the persecutions, in prison, and in the artillery corps 
in which they had obliged him to enlist. He was a true pa- 
triot; but either resentment appeared to inspire his love of 
his country, or the electrical excitement of 1831 alluci- 
nated him to the degree of showing himself at the head of 
two lamentable insurrections or revolts. 
The first, on the 12th September, ended by the Presi- 
dent of the Province being obliged to give way to the reac- 
tionary demands against adopted Brazilians, monks, and 
others whose transportation was imposed. The President 
submitted; but temporized, because, abandoned by the pub- 
lic force, it only remained for him to restore order. 
And Jose Candido, after his exigencies were complied 
with, was one of the first to proclaim order and to work 
in order to maintain it; he soon, however, felt deep annoy- 
ance at the coldness with which the illustrious Araujo 
Vianna now treated him, whose authority the revolt had 
injured. 
The President of the Province did not carry out to the 
letter the conditions of his forced condescendance to the 
imposing revolt, and had been taking cautions measures 
against a fresh probable insurrection. 
The exalted parties became exasperated, and again con- 
spiring, accused Josd Candido of subserviance and treachery 113 
in giving prudent and pacific counsels; he, jealous of his 
popularity and of his reputation as a patriot, allowed 
himself to be dragged into a second outbreak of revolt on 
the 19th November, which this time was smothered, hut 
without bloodshed. 
The heads of the projected revolt which did not exced a 
mutiny were arrested, less two, one of whom was Jose 
Candido, who hid himself in the woods in the neighbour 
hood of Itapicuru. 
Odorico Mendes in the meantime had arrived at Maranhao, 
and at his call, Jose Candido returned to the city of 
S. Luiz; he took refuge in that patriot's house, and 
afterwards in others, and in spite of that influential 
patronage, he underwent great anxiety, seeing himself 
sought after by the police to arrest him. 
He then became seriously ill: surrounded by faithful 
triends and able Doctors, spared in his illness and respected 
in his agony by the authorities who were searching for him 
in the name of the law; he died on the 19th November 1832, 
one year reckoning day for day, after the second, the last 
and miscarried revolt, being only twenty six incompleted 
years of age. 
Jose Candido de Moraes e Silva cannot be forgotten in 
the annals of the country: the exaltation of his national 
spirit in the last fourteen months of his life, his errors 
emanating from his patriotic ardor, his exaggerated pride 
of a zealous Brazilian, an enthusiast inflamed by the 
revolutionary contagion of 1831, do not wipe from the 
living and perpetual memory of gratitude of Brazil, the 
remembrance of the Editor of the Pharol, which was in 
purity, in polite form, in elevation of ideas and controversy, 114 
grave, decent and tolerant, was, as the organ of the 
liberal party in Maranhao, what in the capital of the 
Empire showed itself with extraordinary and well deserving 
influence to be the Aurora Fluminense of Evaristo Fer- 
reira da Veiga. XXII OF SEPTEMBER 
AMADOR BUENO DA RIBE1RA 
The antagonism between the colonists and the jesuits 
in the question of the Indians, was great in Brazil: those 
Priests sent to Rome the jesuit Dias Tano, and to Madrid 
Montaya, of whom, one brought from the Pope Urban VIII 
a bull of excommunication, and the other from the King 
measures to be taken against those who enslaved the 
Indians ; and, arrived at the city of Rio de Janeiro, the 
Priest Tano read the bull of excommunication in the 
Church of Jesuits. 
It is necessary to be known that the city of Rio de 
Janeiro then offered a large number of Indians for sale, 
of whom the chief and terrible hunters were the men from 
the interior of S. Paulo, already traditional enemies of 
the Jesuits. 116 
The people of the city tumultuously rose and surrounded 
the college of the Priests of the Company in a threatening 
manner; but the Governor Salvador Correa de Sa e 
Benevides, as well as the senate of the chamber coming to 
their aid, they managed to quiet the people's minds, 
the jesuits suspending the reading of the Bull while the 
people petitioned the revocation of it from the Pope. In 
S. Paulo there broke out a real revolt: the Jesuits were 
expelled from their colleges and from the Capitania : a 
government of forty-eight members was formed, who 
refused obedience to Salvador Correa, who had arrived at 
Santos, and the people, made a representation to the king 
explaining the cause of their demonstration and of their 
violent measures, and asking that noblemen of disinte- 
rested Christian blood should be sent to govern the 
capitania, and that there should be appointed as inspector 
of marine, Amador Bueno, a native of these parts, a 
rich and powerful man, well understanding and capable 
of fulfdling any trust. The revolution that was to regene- 
rate Portugal burst out, and D. Joao IV was acclaimed in 
all Brazil, less in the Capitania of S. Paulo which 
continued in revolt. 
The opportunity was a lucky one, for the revolt to lay 
down its arms, and render obedience to D. Joao IV; who 
would pardon with a good grace the hostilities against 
the Spanish government; but with their habits of inde- 
pendence and sovereignty they deemed it much better to 
have their king in the Capitania, and in 1642 proclaimed 
as King Amador Bueno da Ribeira, who withdrawing from 
tumult and rebellion went and took shelter in the Monas- 
tary of the Benedictines, where he found himself in a 
short time besieged and urged, notwithstanding his resis- 
fence, with Paulistan energy. Disorder and shouting con- 117 
tinned : some sensible and more delicate men began to 
give advice to the people concerning their duty, and for 
their good, until on the following day, when the proclai- 
med of the Paulistan sovereign were still insisting, but 
less excited, Amador Bueno rushed out, sword in hand, 
shouting among them : « Long live D. Joao IV our King!... 
The senate of the Chamber immediately assembled, and 
named two commissioners to go to Lisbon to take the 
oaths of allegiance and homage in the name of the Pan- 
listans to the new reigning house. 
In a Royal letter of the 22nd September 1643, D. Joao 
thanked the Paulistans for their acclamation, and Amador 
Bueno da Ribeira for his fidelity. ZKTCIII OF SEPTEMBER 
BENTO DO AMARAL 
Bento do Amaral was the name of a hero, of whom 
one unfortunately only knows the verified circumstances 
of the two last years of his life. 
He was a native of Rio de Janeiro where he was born 
in the seventeenth century. 
He shows himself great, intrepid and resplendent with 
bravery in 1710, when fighting at the head of his stu- 
dents against the French commanded by Duclerc, who ha- 
ving landed at Guaratiba, came on by land to attack 
the city of Rio de Janeiro on the 19th September. Bento 
do Amaral, to whose name some people add the cognomen 
of Grugel, which otherwise was not officially used, for 
a he commanded his students, he was therefore a pro- 
fessor or master ; but of what instruction or matter it 120 
is not known: some wish to make out that it was per- 
haps of military instruction, or especially of artillery ; 
others suppose him to have been a professor of latin, for 
then they used to say coarsely music is learnt when dri- 
bling (com baba), and latin when one has a beard (barba) 
a false proverb, and a falsity shown by most most fre- 
quent experience in Brazil. 
However it might be, Bento do Amaral, with his stu- 
dents and with the aid of civilians, electrified by his 
valor, was the hero of September 1710 ; for while the 
Governor Francisco de Castro de Moraes remained immo- 
vable at the head of numerous troops at the Camp of 
Rozario and allowed in a cowardly manner, Duclerc to 
invade the City, he, Bento do Amaral with his students 
and auxiliary civilians did battle with the enemy, at the 
corner of each street, stopped his passage and repelled 
him with musketry and cold steel from the house of the 
Governors, which was in the Rua Bireita (now 1° de 
Margo) then at the edge of the water, and where Duclerc 
wanted to fortify himself. 
Duclerc was conquered, and made prisoner with all 
his men, and a few months after doing homage to the 
city he died mysteriously assassinated. 
In 1771 Duguay Trouin, also in the month of September 
forced the bar of Rio de Janeiro with a squadron and 
a powerful force ; not however sufficient to take the City 
if there had been a Governor worthy of the name. 
The Governor was still the same Castro de Moraes, al- 
ready famous for his cowardice. 
From the 12th to the 22nd of September Duguay Trouin 
occupied a position which threatened the City, without its 
oven being disputed. 
The informants of the events of those ten days say 121 
that Bento do Amaral made improficuous efforts, and 
wasted prodigious bravery in attacking and taking po- 
sitions commanded by the French. 
On the 21st September, at night, the wretched Governor 
evacuated the city; he retreated, flying with his troops, 
causing a sudden and disastrous retreat of all the inha- 
bitants. 
On the 22d Duguay Trouin entered the city, took, 
and sacked it without opposition. But Bento do Amaral 
had not learnt how to fly, nor did he retire as a prudent 
man would. 
In patriotic despair he bethought him of strengthening 
the resistance which the fortress S. Joao was making. 
On the road he learnt that it had surrendered, and re- 
turning with his students, who did not exceed fifty in 
number, he was, on the 22d September, surrounded and 
attacked near the Outeiro da Gloria (Gloria Hill) by a 
French force, progressively augmented by reinforcements 
who joined it at the noise of the fight, and on the fol- 
lowing day, the 23d, his body was found and recogn- 
ized. 
Numbers crushed with their weight this patriotic brav- 
ery. Bento do Amaral, fighting with indomitable and 
furious valor, saw the greater part of his young disciples 
die with unsurpassable heroism, and finally fell dead in 
the midst of the beloved dead bodies. 
On the 22d September, 1711, Bento do Amaral saved 
the honor and glory of Rio de Janeiro, compromised by 
the cowardice of Castro de Menezes, causing h mself to 
be killed heroically with his admirable students, there, 
in a place happily denominated, near or adjoining the hill 
called the Gloria. 
His body being found and recognized on the 23d Sep- 122 
tember, the French honored it, thus giving testimony to 
the bravery of the hero. 
The King D. Joao V, in an official act, honored the 
memory of Bento do Amaral, praising his heroism, and 
sent to assure of his gratitude the relations of the renowned 
brave man. XXIV OF SEPTEMBER 
FRIAR ANTONIO DE SANTA MARIA 
A native of Rio de Janeiro, where lie was born in 1700, 
Antonio de Santa Maria devoted himself to a religious life 
and entered the Holy Order in which he distinguished 
himself much. He was a professor of theology and a famous 
preacher. 
He composed a collection of sermons, which in his time 
and even afterwards merited praise from authorized 
judges. 
He left so famous and respected a name as a theologian 
and sacred orator, that at the end of the same century, 
and even in the following one, S. Carlos and S. Paio, 
the great preachers, speaking of Friar Antonio do Santa 
Maria, used to say «he was the most brilliant star of 
the holy Brazilian orb. 
Dates are completely wanting as to the time of his birth, 
of his death, and others of his life. His name is arbitrarily 
registered on the 24th September. XXV OF SEPTEMBER 
LUIZ DE VASCONCELLOS E SOUZA 
A Portuguese nobleman, descended from the family of 
the counts of Castello Melhor, Luiz de Vasconcellos e 
Souza was appointed to succeed the marquis de Lavradio in 
the government of colonial Brazil, on the 25th September 
1778 ; he arrived at Rio de Janeiro on the 23rd March of 
the following year, and on the 5th April he took possession 
of his high post with the commission of the 4th Vice- 
roy. 
To be the successor of the marquis de Lavradio, a most 
able administrator and Statesman, ought to be for him a 
most difficult task ; but it was a proof of his well known 
capacity which was not belied. 
The government of Luiz de Vasconcellos commenced 
under ill auspices. Anenormous weight of water, in conse- 126 
quence of torrents of rain, destroyed a great part of the 
aqueducts of the Carioca. Immediately afterwards a tre- 
mendous epidemic, which was thew called Zamperine, 
from the name of a dancer at that time, greatly in vogue 
in Lisbon, scourged the city of Rio de Janeiro. 
Luiz de Vasconcellos caused the aqueducts to be 
promptly restored, and took a multidude of measures 
against the pestilence. 
He renewed and augmented the size of the Custom 
house. 
He improved the ancient Praca do Carmo, afterwards 
Largo do Pago (Palace Square) removed the fountain 
which was in it's centre, and which for many years 
continued close to the sea to the great advantage of ships, 
which supplied themselves with water from thence, and 
had the whole square paved, dividing the paving in squares 
by lines of pavement-stones, and completed this work by 
constructing a beauiiful quay. 
At the spot then denominated Campo da Lampadosa 
(in the place where the Rua do Sacramento now is) he 
caused the Casa dos Passaros to be erected, destined for 
the preparation and keeping of the birds which used to be 
sent to the Cabinet of Natural history of Lisbon. 
He had the monte das mangueiras razed, and by it's 
means filled up the lake (lagda do Boqueirao, upon which 
was founded the J ar dim ou Passeio Publico (the public 
Garlen or promenade) of Rio de Janeiro, with a magnificent 
terrace overlooking the sea. In the place of the razed 
mound, a street marks the place and preserves the name of 
Mangueiras. In front of the gate of the Public garden, 
the street was opened called the Bellas nodes, and at it's 
extremity he caused the graceful fountain of Marrecas to 
be constructed, containing interesting works of art. 127 
By the king's orders, and to repress the excessive punish- 
ments inflicted on slaves, a public jail was created, an ugly 
and sinister innovation, but inspired by praiseworthy 
sentiments. 
New corps of militia were created, he caused roads to be 
opened, developed the peopling and the cultuae of the 
lands of the present district of Canta-Gallo, dividing 
them among colonists, who came from the kingdom (of 
Portugal.) 
The religious retreat of Our Lady do Parto having caught 
fire, and been completely reduced to ashes, he caused it to 
be rebuilt in a few months, and increased it's patrimony. 
He encouraged Commerce and farming, and made great 
endeavours, but with small results, to cultivate flax, 
and the industry of Cochineal in Santa Catharina and in 
Rio Grande do Sul. 
In his many constructions and works in Rio de Janeiro, 
Luiz de Vasconcellos had to help him Master Valentim, 
a celebrated artist, for whom he entertained a distin- 
guished friendship even after he had retired to Portugal. 
As Vice-roy Luiz de Vasconcellos had the defects of his 
time, and of his system of Government, showing himself 
very often arbitrary, and despotic ; always, however, 
impelled by good intentions and by the endeavour to do 
good. 
He was easy of access, and agreeable. 
The minas conspiracy of 1789, troubled the last year 
of his Vice-Royalty. Severe and terrible towards the 
prisoners and the unfortunate traitors, he caused them to 
be incarcerated in the dungeons of the Island das Cobras 
where he kept them incommunicable ; they were, however, 
guilty of lese-majeste, conspirators of independence and 
of a republic, and the Vice-roy ought to be judged according 128 
to the epoch in which he governed, and the laws which he 
had to observe. 
At all events Luiz de Vasconcellos e Souza was a 
powerful lever of progress, and the source of civilization of 
the capital of Brazil, besides being a most able general 
administrator of the colony. 
His name, perpetuated in distichs on fountains, in the 
public Garden and in so many works of the greatest 
utility, belongs to the grateful memory of the Brazilian 
Nation. 
On the 9th July 1820 Luiz de Vasconcellos e Souza de- 
livered over the stick of Vice-regal office to his successor, 
the Count de Rezende, whose memory cannot be blessed. ZX2XTVI OF SEPTEMBER 
D. ANTONIO FELIPPE CAMARAO 
A son of the Brazilian woods, the Indian Poty (Camarao) 
has his birthplace disputed for by two Provinces of the 
Empire, that of Cearh, and that of Rio Grande do Norte ; 
it appears, however, that he belongs to the last, where he 
was born in some wigwam of the Potyguares. 
We are ignorant of the first feats of this Indian ; but 
in 1614 he was already chief of his people, and had come 
on foot from Rio Grande do Norte to accompany Jeronymo 
de Albuquerque to the conquest of Maranhao ; he had, 
however, arrived very lame at the place pointed out for 
embarcation, and could not go on the expedition. 
Camarao had taken the name of Antonio on being 
baptized ; later on he had added to this the name of 
Felippe, in remembrance of the honors which he had 130 
received from the King of Spain and Portugal, and to the 
two he added the primitive one which he would not 
abandon. 
He married D. Clara, an Indian like himself, and a 
heroine besides. 
In 1630, after the conquest of Olinda.and of Recife by 
the Dutch, and when Matheus do Albuquerque fortified 
himself in the camp which he called the hamlet of Bom 
Jesus, Camarao presented himself there, heading his 
Indians, to serve against the foreign invader. 
It is asseverated that Camarao had been carried there 
by the Jesuit Priest, Manoel de Moraes ; that is at least, 
likely, because the Indian Poty, catechised by the Jesuits, 
and having received from them some instruction, naturally 
obeyed their influence. 
In the hamlet of Bom Jesus, Camarao was the most dex- 
terous captain of ambuscades, and proved in a great num- 
ber of fights his indomitable bravery. From 1630 to 1635 
he fights continually, and the Dutch know him and dis- 
tinguish him by the impetus with which he is accustomed 
to attack them when at the head of his Indians. 
In 1636 the new general, D. Luiz de Rozas y Borja, 
successor of the brave Mathias de Albuquerque, impru- 
dently takes the offensive, and near to Porto Calvo loses 
the battle of Mata Redondo, and dies therein; and it is 
Camarao, with Captain Rebello, who saves the Pernam- 
bucan army from destruction. 
In the same year General Ragnuolo, concentrated on the 
defensive with all the Pernambucan force in Porto Calvo, 
gave to Camarao the command of the most perilous expe- 
dition, sending him with three hundred Indians, two 
captains with thirty soldiers, and the intrepid Henrique 
Dias with some negroes, to go as far into the plain as they 131 
possibly could to destroy the property of the enemy and to 
do them all the harm they could. 
There were less than three hundred and sixty comba- 
tants whom Camarao took with him. 
The daring Indian got into the woods and traversing 
them, went more than sixty leagues, and burst on the rich 
district of Guyanna. He took a redoubt there from the 
Dutch, killed not a few of them, laid waste estates, and 
seized a good quantity of merchandise and sugar. The 
political council of Recife, seized with alarm on the news 
reaching them of the daring feat of Camarao, immediately 
sent against him a strong column of troops commanded by 
Artichofski, their most notable general at that time. 
Harned of the peril, the indomitable Indian made light of it, 
and instead of retreating, went to meet the enemy, with 
whom they met on the morning of the 23d August. A fight 
commenced which lasted until night interrupted it and left 
it still undecided. Artichofski, furious,lamented that Cama- 
rao would be able to escape him, by availing himself of the 
night to fly, by getting himself into the woods ; but at 
break of the following day, he was astonished at seeing 
him occupy the same positions as on the day before. The 
proud General ordered an immediate and energetic attack 
to be made ; but at the end of four hours of the sharpest 
firing, it was he, who confounded and fearful of a complete 
disaster and defeat of his column, beat a retreat, leaving 
the field to the Indian chief. 
The almost impossible combat of the 22d and 23d 
August, 1636, redounded to the greater glory of Camarao, 
who had thus overcome regular troops commanded by a 
general already famous and much superior in number to 
his Indians, devoid of military discipline. 
In the meantime,the intelligent Indian saw that he could 132 
not delay in the territory, under the dominion of the 
enemy who would certainly return and surround him 
with a quadruple force, and he then began his retreat 
through the midst of the forests, escorting and carrying 
withhim about three thousand inhabitants of Guyanna, 
and of proximate districts, who preferred emigration to 
living under Dutch dominion. 
On the 26th September, his fine and great day, Camarao 
entered Porto Calvo with his heroic expedionary men, and 
with the patriotic and glorious suite of three thousand 
emigrant men and women : old men, youths, young 
maidens, children and infants, who were flying from a 
foreign yoke. 
Camarao was received with acclamations. 
Bagnuolo had not imagined the possibility of performing 
such stupendous feats. 
On the 18th February, 1637,a horrible combat was fought, 
still in the neigborhood of Porto Calvo. The general, 
Prince Maurice of Nassau, commanded five thousand 
Dutchmen, and Bagnuolo sent to stop his passage about 
one thousand two hundred men, among whom was Camarao 
at the head of three hundred Indians. Notwithstanding 
the disproportion of the forces the combat was a long and 
desperate one ; and Maurice of Nassau, becoming finally 
the master of the field , saw the Pernambucans, the 
Indians, and the negroes of Henrique Dias, all give way ; 
but he did not succeed in putting them to the rout. Camarao 
fought like a furious lion, and the more so, that at his 
side, his wife D. Clara fought heroically. 
In 1638, the Pernambucan army having retired upon 
Torre de Garcia d'Avela in Bahia, the brave Indian chief 
commands one of the celebrated guerrilla expeditions 
which did so much harm to the Dutch, and in the same 133 
year he becomes still more celebrated by the glorious 
defence of the city of S. Salvador, besieged and attacked 
by Prince Maurice of Nassau. The king of Spain and Por- 
tugal did not forget him, for in rewarding the valiant 
defenders of the capital of Brazil, he was graced with the 
insignia of the Order of Christ, and he had, moreover, the 
privilege of being called Don. 
Camarao did not rest : in command of his guerrilla-men 
he multiplied his audacious enterprises, until the revolu- 
tion which restored Portugal was followed by an armistice, 
otherwise ill respected. 
In 1645 he marched with his Indians to support the 
Pernambucan insurrection. He penetrated into Alagoas, 
and excited the demonstration, he afterwards made a junc- 
tion with Vieira and Vidal de Negreiros, and until 1648 
covered himself with laurels in sundry fights. 
In this last year, on the 19th April, he commanded the 
right wing of the army of the Independents in the first 
and famous battle of the Guarapes, in which the Dutch, 
commanded by General Schkopps, were put to the rout. 
A few months afterwards, and still in the same year, 
1648, D. Antonio Felippe Camarao, captain-mor, and called 
the Governor of the Indians, died a victim to a violent fever, 
in the hamlet of Bom Jesus, in the chapel of which place 
his body was buried, carried to its last dwelling place by 
the glorious war companions of the brave Indian. XXVII OF SEPTEMBER 
DAMIAO BARBOSA DE ARAUJO 
This is the name of a poor artist most rich in talent, 
and who only wanted a severe school to render him a 
notability in the world. Damiao Barbosa de Araujo, the 
legitimate son of a working shoemaker, Francisco Barbosa 
de Araujo, was born in the island of Itaparica on the 27th 
September, 1778. 
The humble shoemaker was passionately fond of music ; 
he cultivated it as an amateur, but without having had 
a master; and he destined to that fine art three sons whom 
he had. Two were taken from him prematurely by death, 
and there only remained to him Damiao Barbosa, who 
consoled him, becoming in Bahia as famous a musician as 
it was possible to be, where there was no regular school. 
He was second violinist in the orchestra of the little 136 
theatre of Guadelupe, and scarcely having left the direction 
of his master he already composed smallairs, duets, and 
choruses for the Portuguese burlettas and operas which 
were represented. 
From Bahia Damiao Barbosa came to Rio de Janeiro in 
1808, attached to the royal brigade for the purpose, together 
with other musicians, to render the voyage of the Prince 
Regent, D. Joao VI, pleasant. 
In the new capital of the monarchy he did not find the 
conservatory of music, nor the careful cultivation of the 
art, which being then encouraged and afterwards decayed, 
only very much later commenced to make Rio de Janeiro 
famous. He, however, met with Marcos Portugal, a famous 
composer whom 1). Joao had brought from Lisbon, and 
Father Jose Mauricio, the Brazilian musical genius,the great 
master, the severe and inspired composer, whom Hayden 
and Mozart would acknowledge as a profound and faithful 
interpreter of the classic school. Connected with those two 
eminent and advanced musicians, Damiao Barbosa learnt 
much ; but already when he had passed his youth, and 
somewhat late to raise himself to the high regions of art 
based on principles, and in the teaching of a learned and 
severe school. 
Damiao Barbosa was admitted to the Chapel Royal as a 
violinist, and in the brigade to which he had been attached, 
as chief of its band of music, and composer of music for 
the same. 
Not limiting himself to the fulfilment of the duties of 
those two employments which gave him bread, he began 
to distinguish himself as a composer. 
He made his debut in a quartette which he dedicated to 
the minister Antonio de Araujo. 137 
He composed, two masses, and funerial matins with a 
dedication to the professor of music Jose Baptista Lisboa. 
He wrote the music of the burletta Intriga Amorosa, 
with Italian words, which was not performed through 
Portuguese jealous rivalry. 
He composed a grand mass, which he offered to D. Pedro I, 
already Emperor of Brazil. 
And from 1822 forward, and until his death, the date 
of which is unknown, he wrote an abundance of musical 
compositions for masses, Te-Deum, matins, quartettes, 
airs, concerts, romances, etc. 
The species of his predilection was religious music ; but 
in profane music, such as in romances, modinhas and 
lundus, he showed all his pleasant Bahian character. 
His compositions, principally the religious ones, are want- 
ing in grand simplicity, and the solemn majesty of the ca- 
tholic religion ; which deep art alone is capable of compre- 
hending and executing. A great artist of nature, Damias 
Barboza was weak in the purity of art. 
He was not to blame. 
A most precious brilliant; he wished for, but had no 
cutting. But he was a brilliant of great size notwiths 
tanding its imperfect cutting. ANTONIO PEREIRA 
A celebrated and very illustrious Jesuit, Antonio Pereira 
was born in Maranhao in 1641 : entering very young into 
the Company of Jesus, he at once distinguished himself by 
his brilliant talents, and severe application, and at the 
end of a few years, he became a famous preacher, and 
renowned theologian. 
The glories of the pulpit, and the veneration paid to his 
knowledge, could not withdraw him from the task and 
undertaking which most charmed him, the catechizing 
the miserable savages. 
Father Antonio Pereira, was a devoted, enlightened, and 
admirable missionary, and unfortunately a martyr. 
Forthat reason, he studied the language of the Indians, 
which he succeeded in speaking, if not with a perfect know- 140 
ledge of its nature, as he himself supposed; at least he 
spoke it better than all the missionaries ever spoke it up to 
then. 
He wrote treatises or studies on the language of the 
savages, and a Vocabulary of the Brazilian language : 
those works, the produce of labor of patience, of combina- 
tions, and of surprising method, cannot now bear the pro- 
found, and still incomplete scientic excavations, and ex- 
traordinary studies, which come into the great system of 
giving a more rational logic, for the better knowledge and 
filiation of the tongues spoken by the Indians of Brazil; but 
even now, the writings of Antonio Pereira are treasures of 
immense value, which are sought after, are explored and 
availed of. 
That great missionary gained the crown of martyrdom : 
on the 28th September, 1702: he died of an arrow wound 
shot from the bow of a savage, when on a mission in Para, 
he was seeking like a saint, to cathechize the Indians. XXIX OF SEPTEMBER 
D. ANTONIO JOAQUIN DE NELLO 
The legitimate son of Captain Theoboldo de Mello Cezar, 
and of D. Josepha Maria do Amaral, Antonio Joaquim de 
Mello was born in the present City of Itu, province of 
S. Paulo, on the 29th September 1791. He was connected 
both on the Father's as well as on the mother's side, with 
the most distinguished families of S. Paulo, and among his 
relations, he reckoned as his great friend, and, during some 
time the companion of his studies, his cousin, the most lear- 
ned, and virtuous Brazilian Francisco de Paula Souza e 
Mello. 
His parents were honorable, but poor, and had to remove 
to the capital of Minas Geraes, where awaited them the 
already experienced protection of D. Bernardo Jose de 142 
Lorena, who had been removed from S. Paulo to Minas 
Geraes. 
In the month of August 1799, the future bishop of 
S. Paulo, entered on a career absolutely opposed to that 
in which he was to serve God and his country so much. 
General D. Bernardo offered to Captain Theoboldo a cadetship 
for his son, he receiving the pay without rendering 
service. 
The fond father accepted the favor offered, but under 
the condition of the post being that of a simple soldier, on 
account of his extreme poverty. 
The boy was a soldier on the same day that he went to 
school ; but that was not the militia in which toils and 
triumphs awaited him n the nineteenth century. Bishops 
of the midle ages wearing at the same time, or succes- 
sively, on the head, the mitre and the helmet, on the breast, 
the cross and the cuirass, in the right hand, the crosier and 
the sword, would be an anachronism which would offend 
catholicity. 
The rough and laborious life of the soldier, a life which 
Antonio Joaquim de Mello was shortly to experience in all 
its severe conditions, from the age of twelve years, 
habituated him, at least in his youth, to bear privations and 
vexations which later, and in his old age, he had again to 
overcome in the fulfilment of a nobler and grander mis- 
sion. 
In 1810 the youth Antonio Joaquim de Mello abandoned 
a career for which he had not been cut out, obtained his 
discharge, and returned to the land of his birth: he arrived 
in Itu on the 2d December of that same year, and meditat- 
ing on his future life, thinking of the path which he had to 
follow, in a moment of happy and holy inspiration, he con- 143 
ceived and adopted an idea, which men had to applaud on 
earth, and God, from the beginning, blessed in heaven. 
The youthful Ituan had been present at Christmas 
mass in the church of the cannelites : the pomp of the 
solemnity, the mysterious hour of midnight when it took 
place, the sacred thoughts present to his mind, produced 
a deep impression thereon: the youth felt commoved and 
elevated : when the Carmelites gave each other the kiss 
of peace and embraced each other, symbolizing catholic 
fraternity, his soul was suddenly touched by the grace 
of the Lord, the divine light of faith shone with the su- 
blimest splendour in his eyes, and he left in the temple 
his vow of consecrating himself to the ecclesiastical state. 
Four years afterwards, he took priest's orders in S. Pau- 
lo, and returning to Itu, he became connected with the 
virtuous priest Diogo Antonio Feijo, and other priests, and 
with them maintained a stubborn, and glorious struggle, 
against the principles of a philosophy, the exaggeration 
of which planted disbelief in mens minds, and which was 
embraced in Itu by some young students of ardent temp- 
erature, impetuous and precipitate, rushing into error, 
and thinking they rendered honor to truth. 
To the revolution in Portugal in 1820, that of the indep- 
endence of Brazil followed in 1822 ; to that, the zealous 
life that patriotic cooperation claimed from all good cit- 
izens. Paula e Souza and Feijo had both seats in the bra- 
zilian parliament; the illustrious father Antonio Joaquim 
de Mello did not, however, accompany them ; he loved the 
country which gave birth to them, as they did ; but ent- 
irely consecrated to the altar, he served the country by 
praying for her at the feet of the Lord, and in teaching 
from the pulpit, and in the confessional, the truths of 
Catholicism. 144 
And he thus remained in his tranquil and pious retreat, 
always studying with ardor, and feeding his spirit by 
reading the holy fathers, until without his expecting it, 
the imperial decree of the 5th May, 1851, came to call him 
to the episcopal throne of S. Paulo. At the age of CO 
years when bent with age, his body already required rest, 
the illustrious priest bent to the will of go!, and on the 
6th day of June, 1852, D. Antonio Joaquim de Mello recei- 
ved the sacred ring and the crosier from the hands of the 
learned and virtuous bishop of Rio de Janeiro, the Count 
de Iraja. 
The episcopate of the venerable D. Antonio Joaquim de 
Mello was of short duration , but in those eight years, 
the triumphs of his apostleship were notable. 
Zealous and indefatigable, the bishop of S. Paulo at 
once treated about regulating the iniciation of the priest- 
hood, and the revenues of the church ; he reestablished 
the custom of explaining the doctrine, at the hour of mass 
in the Parish church on Sundays and holydays, he vulgar- 
ized confirmation generally, and made his voice to be 
heard so full of unction and piety from the height of the 
sacred tribune. 
These first duties being fulfilled the illustrious prelate 
laid the first stone of the seminary of the diocese of 
S. Paulo, and afterwards began his salutary visits, going 
over the greater part of the bishopric, taking with him 
his love to the last village of the diocese, administering 
confirmation, preaching on the commandments, and on 
the Gospel, and asking and collecting alms from the faith- 
ful for the two pious works, monuments of his apostleship, 
the diocesan seminary, which he had the satisfaction of in- 
augurating on the 9th November, 1856, and the seminary 
of the sisters of S. Josd, established in the city of Rio de 145 
Janeiro in 1859, and destined for the education of the 
young of the female sex. 
Four times did the indefatigable shepherd go forth to 
visit his numerous flock; neither did the inclemency of 
the weather, nor the fatigues of very long journies nor 
the infirmities of the body abate his courage; on the 
fourth occasion however, it was impossible for the vener- 
able bishop to resist the disorder which was about to carry 
him to his grave. On the 24th December, 1859, he saw 
himself obliged to return to the interior, to Araraquara, 
and, barely succeeding in reaching the city of Itu, he there 
again gave an example of constancy, of patience, and of 
resignation, awaiting on a bed of pain, during 14 months, 
the hour of his being called to eternal rest. 
D. Antonio Joaquim de Mello, a member of H. W.'s, the 
Emperor's council, diocesan bishop of S. Paulo, a Roman 
Count, domestic Prelate of His Holiness, and assistant to 
the Pontifical throne, gave up his soul to God on the 16th 
February, 1864, Divine Providence having wished him to 
have the consolation of closing his eyes for the last time 
where he had first opened them. 
It behoaves us here to make a simple declaration, but a 
most just one, which is the duty of conscience, and at 
the same time, a sweet tribute from a friendly heart. 
This article, as others likewise, especially those of 
the well deserving Martin Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada 
and Father Diogo Antonio Feijd, were in their grea- 
est part due to the enlightened and investigated inform- 
ation which are to be met with in the historical and bio- 
graphical studies of the most illustrious counselor, Dr. 
Francisco Ignacio Marcondes Homem de Mello, to whom 
the country already owes two most precious writings, 
and historical and geographial works of high value. XXX OF SEETEMBEE, 
BERNARDO VIEIRA RAVASCO 
On the 18th July, 1697, the city of S. Salvadar da Bahia 
was shocked at the news of the death of the old, but great 
and famous Father Antonio Vieira, and two days after, 
on the 20th July, also died in the same city Bernardo 
Vieira Ravasco, the brother of that priest. 
The legitimate son of Christovao Vieira Ravasco and 
of D. Maria de Azevedo, who had come from Lisbon to 
Bahia, bringing with them Antonio Vieira, seven years 
of age, Bernardo Vieira Ravasco, was born in the city 
of S. Salvador in the year 1617. 
Ho studied with his brother in the Jesuits' school. He, 
however, followed another career. Having gone through 
a course of the humanities, he became learned by home 
study, and served Brazil, from whence he never absented 148 
himself, in war, in administration, and in the cultiva- 
tion of learning. 
As a captain of infantry, he distinguished himself by 
his bravery and feats of arms in the defense of the city of 
Bahia, attacked by Prince Maurice of Nassau in 1638 
and again in the island of Itaparica, against the forces 
of General Sigismund von Sckop, being wounded there, 
and afterwards retiring on half pay. 
He obtained the honors of a commander of the Order of 
Christ, and the office of Alcaide of Cape Frio; he more- 
over exercised the employment of secretary of State for 
war in Brazil. 
In 1682 the Governor-General, Antonio de Souza Me- 
nezes, resolved on suspending the regulation of the admin- 
istration. Bernardo Vieira, who was on bad terms with 
him, and who had great confidence in the influence of his 
family, and in his own, in Brazil, would not, as secre- 
tary, obey the Governor. Learning, however, that the latter 
had ordered his arrest, he fled to the Reconcavo. Soon 
afterwards, the order for his arrest being recalled, he 
returned to his duty, where, on the 30th September, when 
he least expected it, the Governor himself arrested him, 
under the pretext that Ravasco, with his son and brother, 
intended to assassinate him. 
The facts were investigated by order of the King, which 
otherwise limited itself to bringing to an end the term of 
Antonio de Souza Menezes' government, and to condemn 
Bernardo Vieira to imprisonment; but evidently to save 
the principle of authority in the Governor; because, on 
finishing his term of imprisonment, Ravesco returned to 
his post of secretary. 
Beyond this cloudy and sad episode, the appreciation of 
which was left so obscure, the influence of Bernardo 149 
Vieira Ravasco in the administration was beneficent and 
distinguished; and barely, in some cases, perhaps too much 
subject to the inspirations of his learned brother, the 
Jesuit, Father Antonio Vieira. 
As a literary man, Bernardo Ravasco left published in 
four volumes numerous poetical compositions in Portu- 
guese and Spanish, which were much applauded in their 
time, and even in the following century. 
The abbot, Diogo Barbosa, in his Bibliotheca Luzitana 
says that he saw, and much exaggerates, another work, 
the chief one of this Brazilian, which was: « The topo- 
graphical, ecclesiastical, civil, and natural state of Brazil,» 
in manuscript. 
Bernardo Vieira Ravasco was buried in the Convent of 
the city of S. Salvador da Bahia. I OF OCTOBER 
FKIAR FABIANO DE CHRISTO 
A simple monk, a lay brother of the Monastery of 
Santo Antonio of Rio de Janeiro, an ignorant man; but 
exemplary for his charity, Fabiano, afterwards called 
de Christo, was born in Portugal, in the archbishoprick 
of Braga. He came to Rio while still very young, and after 
a few years, on the 1st October, 1706, took shelter in that 
convent, where he took the habit of a Capucin friar, in 
which dress he lived piously for forty-one years, of 
which the last thirty-seven were employed as the sick 
nurse. 
His habits were so pure, his virtues so singular, his 
charity and patience so evangelical, that all the monks 
and the principal authorities of the monastery venerated 
him. 152 
The common people of the city held the humble Friar 
Fabiano as one blessed by God, and sometimes the sick 
went to ask of the poor laybrother orisons and prayers 
for their re-establishment to health. 
As a sick nurse he was remarkable for his zeal, his 
kindly feeling, and patience. 
Among many facts registered, there is one that suffices 
for his complete eulogy. 
One night, and at a very late hour, an old and iras- 
cible monk, who was ill, asked Friar Fabiano for some 
broth ; the latter, who had answered the bell, not 
wishing to disturb the sleeping cooks, went to the kitchen 
and prepared and brought the broth ; the monk, however, 
not finding it to his taste, threw the cup containing it 
into the face of the poor laybrother, who, with a wounded 
and scalded face, said humbly: » 
- « Pardon me father! I will go and prepare you another 
cup of broth. » 
The monk got precipitately out of bed and, on his kness, 
exclaimed : 
- « For the love of God !... pardon me the injury that 
you have received at my hands. » 
Friar Fabiano died on the 17th October, 1847, in the 
convent of Santo Antonio. 
The whole city was commoved ; the people invaded the 
chapel of the Chapter where the body of the lay brother 
had been deposited, and whose habit was cut in pieces 
by both men and women who, held Friar Fabiano as a 
saint, and wished to possess reliques of him. 
Extraordinary things were said about him, and what 
is more, the bishop, Friar D. Antonio do Desterro, and pro- 
vincial superior, ordered a judiciary inquest to be opened, 
respecting the numerous miracles which the Lord had 153 
performed in testimony of the sanctity of his servant, and 
twenty-nine persons deposed what is entered in the re- 
gister-book of the Province at pages eighty-four to one 
hundred. 
The bishop, Friar D. Antonio do Desterro, and the Gov- 
ernor, GomesFreire de Andrade, drew up and signed attes- 
tations in the same extraordinary sense. 
On the tomb of Friar Fabiano the following inscription 
is to be read : 
Ut quondam eegris qujerebas, Fabiane, salutem. 
Nunc etiam votis auxiliare tuis. II OF OCTOBER 
AWNIO MANGEL DE MELLO 
The life of this brave man, so deserving of merit, is 
summed up in a few short words : work and honor; re- 
spect for duty and virtues; wisdom and modesty. 
Antonio Manoel de Mello, the legitimate son of Field 
Marshal Antonio Manoel de Mello Castro Mendonca and 
D. Gertrudes Maria do Carmo, was born in the Province 
of S. Paulo on the 2d October, 1802. 
When eleven years of age, he enlisted as Ensign by 
decree of 2d April, 1813, and joined the 3d Regiment of 
Cavalry of the 1st line, and commenced counting service 
from the 8th December, 1802. 
When almost in active service he showed a type of dis- 
cipline, admirable for its circumspection and exemplary 
from its indifference to amusements and diversions, and 156 
for his love of study his in hours of spontaneous retire- 
ment. 
In 1823 he obtained leave to study in the military school, 
in which he carried off prizes in the first two years ; but 
war stopped in to interrupt his conquest of scientific laurels ; 
he marched to the south of the Empire, made the Cispla- 
tine campaigns, and returned a Captain, and « vogal » of the 
permanent council of war. 
In that campaign, on the occasion of his commanding a 
piquet of cavalry in the van of the army, he saw, through 
the mist of daybreak, three of the enemies' squadrons, 
which were advancing to attack him : 
« Guard ! in line, make ready carbines, » shouted he, and 
in lieu of falling back, he awaited the charge, and com- 
menced an unequal combat; but so fortunate was he that 
the army came up in the heat of the struggle, to applaud 
and cheer him, on seeing the enemy so superior in numbers 
routed and flying. 
Antonio Manoel de Mello distinguished himself further 
in that war, by taking part in charges of cavalry which 
were deservedly renowned. 
On the modest but brave man, who was afterward to be 
a most modest learned man, returning to the Academy, he 
carried off the first prizes of the third, fourth, and fifth 
years of the course of study therein. 
From 1831 forwards he rendered signal services to public 
order ; he helped to create a municipal corps of permanent 
soldiers of the capital, of which he was major ; in 1834 he 
joined the corps of engineers, and was appointed vice- 
diiector of the Ipanema Iron Foundry. In 1837, after giving 
brilliant academical proofs of advancement, he was ap- 
pointed sub-professor of a course of « Ponts e chaussees, » 157 
and two years afterwards, professor of the school of archi- 
texture of the province of Rio de Janeiro. 
In 1840 he received the insignia of the Order of Aviz, 
and the appointment of director of the Iron Foundry of 
Ipanema. 
In 1844 after other promotions he obtained that of lieu- 
tenant-colonel ; in the following year, he was nominated 
professor of descriptive geometry in the military academy, 
and in December, 1846, he obtained his degree of doctor in 
mathematics and physical sciences. 
On the 31st March, 1847, the Imperial Government nom- 
inated him director of the civil and military works of the 
marine ; but immediately afterwards, the distinguished and 
learned Antonio Manoel de Mello, had to leave that com- 
mission for a seat at the council-board of the crown, 
accepting the post of ministei' of war, in which he gave 
proofs of high capacity, and of great knowledge of the 
affairs of that Department. 
By decree of the 9th September, 1850, he was appointed 
director of the Astronomical observatory, and at the same 
time he got the chair of professor of the fourth year in 
the military academy, when he abandoned the professorship 
of descriptive Geometry. 
To enumerate all the scientific and administrative com- 
missions, that this illustrious man fulfilled with the great- 
est zeal, brilliancy and honor, would take too long a 
time. 
The Emperor D. Pedro II who greatly appreciated the 
great gifts of the Consellor Antonio Manoel de Mello, wish- 
ed to have him nearer his person, and on the 14th March, 
1855, appointed him keeper of the wardrobe; and some 
years afterwards did him the distinguished honor to intrust 
to him, the direction of Her Imperial Highness' study of 158 
Astronomy, as well as that of her august sister, the most 
serene Princess I). Leopoldina. 
Counsellor Mello asked, and obtained his superanuation 
on the 12th March, 1858, as professor in the military 
school, which had been reformed. 
By letters patent of the 6th of August, 1858, he was 
appointed a member of the Astronomical commission which 
observed the Eclipse of the sun on the 7th of December 
following. 
Dn the 2d December, 1861, he was promoted to the rank 
of Brigadier, having obtained his colonelcy of Engineers 
six years before. 
On the 12th May, 1863, he became minister of war for 
the second time, until the 15 January, 1864, and by decree 
of February of the same year he was appointed « vogal » 
of the supreme military council. 
The year 1865 came round, and with it the Paraguay- 
an war. 
The province of Rio Grande do Sul being envaded by a 
phalanx of the enemy, the Emperor hastened to that ex- 
treme point of the Empire, zealous of the honor and glory 
of the country, followed by the Prince then his son inlaw, 
the Duke of Saxe. 
Counsellor Mello, the old soldier, had to await the ar- 
rival of the Conte d'Eu, who was then expected to arrive, 
at any moment, from Europe, with his august consort the 
Princess Imperial, in order to accompany him to that same 
Southern province. 
The Prince arrived and embarked with hasty and ardent 
zeal; having arrived, however, at Rio Pardo in that Prov- 
ince, the old Brigadier, Mello, received orders to join the 
army of operation in Corrientes, and there, upon the day of 159 
his arrival, the 24th of September, he was appointed Com- 
mander General of the Artillery. 
The old man of sixty-three appeared to regain his 
youth on the sound of the trumpets, the beat of the 
drums, and above all, on the unfurling, of the «auri-verde» 
banners on the plains of Corrientes. 
Indefatigable in instructing, in exercising, in disciplining 
and preparing the corps of artillery for the approaching 
and impending battles, he reckoned too much on the strength 
of his body. 
The great mathematician mistook his reckoning for 
the first time; he had erred in the calculation of his 
age and of his strength, and broken down in a few days 
by a sudden illness brought on by fatigue and the rough 
work of the campaign he died on the 8th of March, 1866. 
He was a brave soldier in fight; he was an enlightened 
general and able tactician; in the professor's chair he 
combined true eloquence in teaching with clearness, pre- 
cision and profound science; he was a zealous minister, 
rich in experience and active in his administration; he 
wished to be, and was learned; he w as exemplary for 
his probity, and modest to the last degree. Besides other 
honors he possessed the insignias of the Orders of Aviz, 
and of the Imperial, one of the Rose, and was Grand Cross 
of that of Christ. Ill OF OCTOBER 
JOSE DE ABREU 
BARON OF SERRO LARGO 
Descending from an Acorian family established in Porto 
Novo, a little village situated between Rio Grande and 
Pelotas, born in the last thirty years of the eighteenth 
century, Jose de Abreu, was destined to be one of the 
most illustrious of the warlike heroes of Rio Grande. 
He was so void of patronage and in social positions so 
notable of his parents, that very little is known of his 
infancy. Jose de Abreu, on finishing his primary instruc- 
tion, adopted the career of arms, and enlisted in the 
regiment of dragoons, in which, after making the cam- 162 
paigns of 1801 and those of 1811 and 1812, he obtained the 
rank of Captain, for which he was indebted to his bravery, 
activity and good sense, which supplied the want of 
literary education, and academical studies of the mil- 
itary 'art. 
In 1814 he was appointed commander of the squadrons 
of militia of Entre Rios, and had the rank of Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel, and the military command of the district 
of that name, comprising the frontier line of Quaraim, 
as far as Sant'Anna do Livramento. 
In 1816 commences the Epopee of this Alcides. 
The campaign of 1812, one of the most rapid and suc- 
cessful, left no results owing to an unfortunate armistice 
agreed on in Buenos Ayres, and the Banda Oriental in 
complete anarchy. 
The celebrated partisan, Jose Artigas, an able, ambitious 
and daring man, jested with the Government of Buenos 
Ayres and of Montevideo, by extending his influence 
beyond Uruguay, to Entre Rios, Santa Fe, Corrientes 
and further still. 
D. Joao VI, fearing that Artigas would dare to invade 
the province of Rio Grande do Sul, for he already threat- 
ened the frontiers, and more than all was ambitious of 
conquering the Banda Oriental, determined to effect the 
intervention of 1816 and occupy that country militarily. 
The campaign of 1816 commenced. 
Artigas had not lost heart, knowing the preparations 
for war were being made, but on the contrary, being 
full of vanity, he rejected the aid which the Director 
Puyrredon had offered him from Buenos Ayres; he had 
already more than once audaciously ordered the Quaraim 
to be passed over, and the territory of Rio Grande to be 
invaded by strong bodies of his men whom Jose de Abreu 163 
had always put to the rout, chasing them to beyond the 
frontiers. 
The history of that war would be very long, notwith- 
standing its being necessary for the complete exposition of 
the importance of the victories of Jose de Abreu. Artigas 
had planned ably; he, with three thousand men. took up 
a most excellent and well chosen position to invade Rio 
Grande, while his Lieutenants, commanding numerous 
columns, should threaten the Portuguese general, Lecor 
in the direction of Jaguarao, and Curado in the frontier of 
Quaraim, on the frontier of Ibirapuitan-Chico. 
That plan was rendered for the greater part nugatory, 
owing to the bravery, skill, and rapidity of the marching 
of Jose de Abreu. 
Charged with preventing the passage of Sotel in Uruguay, 
and his junction with Andre Artigas, who with one thou- 
sand five hundred men threatened S. Borja, he received 
barely six hundred and fifty men of the three arms, and 
two pieces of artillery, and with that force on the 21st of 
September beat Sotel at the pass of Japeju, routed him 
immediately afterwards at Ibicuhy, with difficulty crossed 
this river, greatly increased by the rains, marched with 
great rapidity to S. Borja, on the 27th of September, put 
to flight in Ituparay, two hundred men who were carrying 
of cattle for the expected column of Sotel, and on the 3rd 
off October arrived unexpectedly before S. Borja, and in a 
very hard fight crushed the force, notwithstanding its great 
superiority, of Andre Artigas. 
In less than fifteen days, Jose de Abreu with six hundred 
and fifty men had beaten nearly three thousand of the 
enemy, routing Sotel in two combats, crossing the Ibicuhy 
at its greatest fulness, not possessing either canoes, or 
appropriate means for doing so, putting to the rout in 164 
Ituparay, two hundred « gauchos » of whom thirty eight 
were killed, and without resting, marched quickly on to 
the aid of S. Borja, and there, conquering in a fight which 
deserves the name of a battle, more then double the num- 
ber of the heroic and fatigued warriors whom he com- 
manded. 
The name of Jose de Abreu, became legendary, and a 
terror to the gauchos of Artigas, of whom in S. Borja alone 
he had killed four hundred. 
Nearly one thousand, among killed and prisoners,baggage, 
artillery, the military correspondence of Andre Artigas, 
an abundance of arms, more than two thousand horses, 
very much more than that quantity of cattle, did Josd de 
Abreu deliver up to General Curado, as the fruits of his 
command of six hundred and fifty men, whom he had 
known how to inspire with bravery, and with insensibility 
to forced marches, to fatigues, and to privations experi- 
enced up to the moment of entering into combat. 
The victories of Jose de Abreu facilitated two others 
gained by Portuguese Generals. 
The campaign is about to reach a decisive day : La Torre 
the Lieutenant of Ortigas, advancing and counter-mar- 
ching finds himself in the rear of the Portuguese army, 
while Artigas himself threatens it in front, encamping in 
Arapehy. 
The immediate attack of Arapehy is resolved upon, and 
Jose de Abreu is charged with it : the legendary General 
advance on the night of the 2rd January 1817, and at 7 in 
the morning of the following day, attacks the positions and a 
defile that were considered impregnable: the rout of Arti- 
gas was both complete and horrible. On the night of the 
same day, the 3rd, Jose de Abreu, extenuated with fatigue 165 
joined the army, victorious, but humanly speaking, broken 
down. 
At day-break on the 4th January, La Torre with three 
thousand four hundred men attacked the Portuguese camp, 
a terrible, and during some hours, indecisive battle raged: 
the marquis of Alegrete, and General Curado, giving an 
example of unsurpassable valor, encouraged their troops ; 
they began, however, to fear for the result of the action ; 
when there appeared in the midst of the struggle that 
thunderbolt of war, Jose de Abreu, who heading impetuous 
charges of cavalry throws into disorder, and puts to the 
rout the enemies, hosts, and gains the victory. 
At the end of that campaign Jose de Abreu was already 
a Brigadier. 
During 1819 and 1820 he continues to render the greatest 
services in the war, and on the 20th of January of that 
last year he contributes greatly, under the command 
in chief of Count de Figueira, to the victory in the battle 
of Taquarembd, which put an end to the power, and 
influence of Artigas, who, flying to Paraguay was there 
sent to the interior by the Dictator Francia. 
The Brigadier Jose de Abreu rose to the brevet rank of 
held marshal. 
The Banda Oriental being pacified, he remained on the 
Frontier commanding the forces which were to guard it. 
The independence of Brazil was proclaimed, and the Field 
marshal, Jose de Abreu, was appointed Governor of Arms of 
the Province of S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, sent consid- 
erable reinforcements to Viscount de Laguna, who was 
besieging Montevideo ( Capital of the Cisplatina, Province 
of Brazil since July 1821) and marched at the head of a 
strong column, when the Portuguese troops capitulated in 
that City. 166 
Already Field marshal and always Governor of arms, 
Jose de Abreu at the commencement of the Cisplatine war 
in 1825, invaded this province with a division, and gained 
in that year fresh laurels in some partial combats; but a 
sad and covetous rivalry which arose among Brazilian 
chiefs, otherwise all brave men, cost immediately after- 
wards lamentable reverses,but not suffered by the invincible 
Abreu, who meanwhile, reduced to command a little more 
than three hundred men, on account of his having been 
deprived of a larger forec detached to others command, 
evacuated the Cisplatina still unconquered; but already 
wounded by intrigues. 
The title of Baron of Serro Largo then comes to console 
him, and finds him already busied in making ready for the 
defence of the frontiers; his name raised hundreds of 
brave men, he performed wonders in the way of activity 
and energy, and was preparing to enter in action ; calu- 
mny, however, gained the day, and the bravest of the 
brave was dismissed from the command of arras of Rio 
Grande. 
The cisplatine war continued unfavorable to Brazil. 
The Emperor D. Pedro I embarked for Rio Grande do Sul 
in November 1826, in order to see, personally, the state of 
the army, and take such measures as were most fitting in 
the difficult situation of affairs; he had scarcely, however, 
time to appoint the marquis de Barbacena General in chief, 
for the death of the Empress obliged him to return to the 
capital of the Empire in January 1827. 
In the meantime the Baron de Serro Largo had offered 
the Emperor to raise a volunteer corps. 
The marquis de Barbacena asked the Baron to accept 
the command of one of the divisions of the army; he 
however refused this; but insisted on commanding the 167 
volunteer corps, and setting of for Sao Gabriel: at his cry 
of to arms, his already well known companions in combat 
ardently answered to the call, and many fresh warriors 
who exulted in the name of Jose de Abreu, ran to join him. 
The Baron de Serro Largo joins the army with his body 
of volunteers at the pass of the Enforcados, A battle is 
imminent: the Marquis of Barbacena requires him to 
command the vanguard : having before him the imminence 
of the battle Jose de Abreu, the Baron de Serro Largo 
knows not how to refuse the command. 
On the 20th of February... 
That is the unfortunate date, but withall heroic, taken 
for the historical register of the name of Jose de Abreu, 
Baron of Serro Largo. 
On the 20th February, 1827, the battle of Passo do Ro- 
zario 'or of Ituzaingo was fought. 
The Brazilian army consisted of six thousand men of 
the three arms; the Argentine and Oriental amounted to 
eleven thousand. The former arrived tired by uninter- 
rupted marches to their almost unknown field of battle ; 
the latter had been already encamped two or three days 
in the place which they had chosen, and studied for the 
action. 
Imprudently intrepid the Marquis of Barbacena, at day- 
break of the 20th February, hastened the march of the 
army, and ordered the same to give battle by attacking 
the enemy. 
Commanding a small column of five hundred and sixty 
men, who were guarding the left flank of the army, the 
Baron of Serro Largo, found himself attacked by three tho- 
usand one hundred men commanded by General Lavalleja, 
and was about retiring in order to obtain support from the 
division commanded by General Callado when, besides this 168 
attack in front he was set on by about seven hundred horse- 
men on the flank. They were almost four thousand 
against less than six hundred men. The hero could not 
contain his soldiers, the greater number of whom were 
volunteer countrymen, who fled, routed by the charges of 
the enemy, and they carried him away with them in their 
flight on to the division of Callado. 
This general, not being able to distinguish his brother 
warriors in flight from their numerous enemies, charging 
them, and threatening the safety of his division already 
formed in a strong square, gave the order to fire ; the 
artillery thundered, the musketry burst out in a rolling 
fire, and the Baron of Serro Largo, the Rio Grande Alcides, 
never conquered by his enemies, fell dead, shot through 
by balls fired by the army of his country ? 
From an humble and obscure cradle, and without the 
name of his parents being known for certain, a pure 
and legitimate piebean without protectors and all alone 
given up to himself, from a simple soldier he had advanced 
to the rank of a marshal of the army, and had merited 
the ennobling title of Baron of Serro Largo. 
In combats and fights he conquered dozens of times, and 
he was never once conquered. 
He died in defense of his country, and was unfortu- 
nately killed by the arms of his country. 
In his brilliant and glorious life there was no flaw. 
His bravery was barely equalled by his modesty. 
From 1816 to 1827 there was no warrior nor hero equal 
to the Baron of Serro Largo. 
That baron, Jose de Abreu, is the most illustrious and 
legendary of the warlike heroes of the province of S. Pedro 
do Rio Grande do Sul. IV OF OCTOBER 
FRANCISCO GE ACAIABA DE MONTESUMA 
VISCOUNT OF JEQU1TINHONHA 
The legitimate son of Manoel Gomes Brandao Monte- 
suma and of D. Narciza Thereza de Jesus Barreto, Fran- 
cisco Gomes Brandao was born on the 23d of March, 1794, 
in the city of Bahia. 
His father destined him for a monk of the seraphic order 
of the Barefooted Franciscans, where he entered on the 
4th of October, 1808; but at the end of seven months 
he left the convent against the paternal wish, and wished 
to enlist in the artillery regiment, which he did not carry 
out because his parents made a strong opposition to it. 170 
In Bahia lie went through th e medico-chirurgical course 
of medicine, and at the end of three years, having passed 
his respective examinations, he changed the plan of 
his career, and in 1816 went to the University of Coim- 
bra where he graduated in law, carrying off a prize in 
the third year. 
From Coimbra he carried the germens of the polit- 
ical and secret society which, together with other aca- 
demicians, he had founded under the name of Keporatica 
or of the Gardeners, (Jardineiros.) 
In the city of S. S alvador, at which he had arrived in 
September, 1821, he established the society of the Garde- 
ners, and took the editorship of the political part of 
the Diario Constitutional which was published there. 
He was a zealous liberal and constituted himself the 
champion of the independence of Brazil, supporting the 
union of Bahia with Rio de Janeiro under the govern- 
ment ofD. Pedro, still Prince Regent, and one year after- 
wards Emperor. 
A member of the city chamber nominated by the letters 
patent from the Chief Judges' Tribunal as well as 
others, on the 18th February, 1822, contributed much 
towards refusing the installment in the post of General of 
Arms of Brigadier Madeira, chief of the Portuguese garri- 
son troops of the city, and appointed to ihat post by the 
government of Lisbon. 
The terrible conflicts of that same day, the 18th, and 
of the 19th and 20th of February, between the Luzi- 
tanian military corps and the Brazilians; the latter being 
beaten, retreated into the interior. 
Montesuma remained in the city, always conspiring for 
the independence, and he labored hard for the patriotic 
reaction which broke forth on the 24th of June in Ca- 171 
choeira and the town of S. Francisco, afterwards 
cities. 
Flying across the bay to the interior, he arrived at the 
town of S. Francisco. He was very iniluential in the or- 
ganization of the Provisional Government and was elected a 
member of it by the town of Cachoeira, and that Govern- 
ment was installed on the 6th of September, under the 
name of Counsel, ad interim. He was its secretary and 
soon afterwa rds member of the committee which, in the 
name of the council, was sent to Rio de Janeiro to felici- 
tate the Prince Regent D. Pedro, and to explain to him 
the situation and the urgent wants of the Province and of 
the patriots in arms. He went by land as far as Ilheos, 
and from thence by sea in a small launch, incurring the 
greatest dangers. 
Arriving at the city of Rio de Janeiro on the 14th No- 
vember he found the Independence of Brazil proclaimed, 
and the Prince D. Pedro acclaimed Constitutional Empe- 
ror of Brazil. 
The Bahian Commission met with a suitable, solemn 
and ostentatious reception. Montesuma was greatly dis- 
tinguished by the Emperor, and would have had the title 
of Baron of Cachoeira conferred on him on the day of the 
coronation of D. Pedro I, the 1st of December, if he had 
not shown the political inappropriateness of so high a 
favor which was capable of exciting displeasure in Bahia, 
still at war with the Luzitanian troops, that he did not 
pertain to a rich family or one of those which enjoyed 
« prestige » in the Province. 
Not accepting the title of Baron, he received the insig- 
nia of a dignitary of the Order of the Cross, then estab- 
lished. 
On the 7th of December he entered the noble order of 172 
the Knights of Santa Cruz, a secret and masonic society, 
governed by a council that had the title of Apostolado, 
whose chief was the Emperor D. Pedro I bearing the sym- 
bolic name oiRomulo. 
On the 10th of December, Montesuma departed for 
Bahia, and arrived at Cachoeira, for which he had to 
overcome difficulties. He published the periodical Inde- 
pendente Constitucional, and taking possession of his 
post of Secretary of the Council ad interim, rendered 
important services. 
It was then, with many others, in order by every 
means to excite the Brazilian patriotism, he took from his 
name the Portuguese surnames, and commenced singing 
himself Francisco Ge (the name of a tribe of Indians) Acayaba 
(the name of a fine tree in the interior of America) de Mon- 
tesuma. Even before the Luzitanian troops were expelled 
from the city of S. Salvador, the election of deputies to 
the Brazilian House of Assembly were made in the 
Province, and Montesuma was one of those elected ; but 
he had already set offagain by land for Rio de Janeiro 
with documented despatches of the Council concerning 
the state of the army. 
In that worst of journeys, made like the first at his 
own expense, he spent seventy-five days, in which he 
failed to travel in few, and in few travelled less than 
ten leagues per day. 
On the 24th July, 1823, Montesuma took his seat in the 
Assembly, and distinguished himself as an orator and 
for his liberal idea. He opposed the minister of war, 
Costa Barros, with whom he was on the point of fighting 
a duel. He became odious to the reactionists, and on 
the 12th of November, on the dissolution of the Assembly, 
he was arrested together with the Andradas, Rocha, and 173 
Father Belchior, at the door of the Chamber of Deputies, 
and together with them banished to Europe, and in 
France suffered much by his enjoyment of personal 
liberty being disputed. 
In 1828 he passed over to England where, as in France, 
he lived studying. He, afterwards, returned again to this 
country, but visited Belgium and Holland and then 
embarked for Brazil on the 7th April, 1831, on the day 
on which D. Pedro I abdicated the throne of the 
Empire ! 
In his absence, and in banishment, he had had so many 
votes for deputy for Bahia, that he had remained in the 
place of the first substitute, and on the day following 
that on which he arrived at Rio de Janeiro, he was called 
to take his seat in the Chamber to fill a vacancy which 
had taken place. 
The permanent Regency invited him to enter the first 
Ministry which it should organize. Montesuma excused 
himself, and immediately afterwards, in frank and ener- 
getic opposition attacked almost every measure and project 
consequent on the inexorable liberal reaction. 
The glory was his of attacking the African slave 
traffic. He committed the error, or honored his convictions, 
in combating and voting against the constitutional reforms 
which saved Brazil. 
He was not reelected. In the whole province of Bahia, 
he barely obtained thirty-six votes, the consequence of his 
having withdrawn from the liberals, taken the part of 
the carumurus, and written, in the capital, the periodical 
Ypiranga, contrary to the ideas and to the victory of the 
7th April. 
He followed it up by publishing a notable pamphlet 174 
under the title-the liberty of the republics against the 
opinion of the federalists. 
lie lived nobly and splendidly through his advocacy, and 
in the tribunal of the jury he shone forth famously. 
In 1837 he entered the ministry, the last, of the Regent 
Feijd's, whom he had ardently opposed in 1831 and 1832, 
the former being minister of justice, and in the legislative 
session of that year, he gallantly fought against a nume- 
rous conservative opposition directed by Vasconcellos, 
Honorio, Calmon, Rodrigues Torres, Maciel Monteiro and 
other parliamentarians of the first order. 
On the 18th September of the same year he ceased to be 
minister, Feijo having resigned the Regency. In 1838, 
being elected deputy, Montezuma, again bound to the libe- 
rals, was vehement and torturing in opposition : in 1840 he 
advocated the majority of D. Pedro II, and, in the same, 
year, he left for England as envoy extraordinary and 
minister plenipotentiary of Brazil, a post which he only 
filled during nine months. 
On his return to Brazil, and the liberal party being out 
of power, he returned to advocacy, he cooperated in found- 
ing the institute of the advocates, and was president of the 
same from its installation on the 7th August, 1843, until 
the 14th of September 1850, when he was nominated a 
councellor of State, and considered, for that reason, that he 
ought to abstain from incurring any responsibility to which 
that presidency might render him liable. The Institute 
then conferred on him the honorary title of president. 
In the meanwhile he had had a seat in the Provincial 
Assembly of Rio de Janeiro from 1847 to 1850, and used 
laughingly to say that he was there undergoing his parlia- 
mentary noviciate. 
On the 1st of May, 1851 he was chosen by His Imperial 175 
Majesty, senator in the triple list offered by the province of 
Bahia, and in 1854, on the 2d of December, he had conferred 
on him, the title of Viscount of Jequitinhonha. 
In the Senate he held a first rank as an orator. 
One of the well deserving of the Independence, his lau- 
rels of 1821, 1822 and 1823 cannot wither in history. 
A deputy of the Assembly he showed himself worthy of 
his recent and glorious past life, and revealed the fact of 
his being a valiant champion in parliament. 
From 1841 forwards, he showed himself either sceptical 
in politics, unbelieving in par ties, or guided solely by his 
own inspirations or by a system of opportunities, ofgovern- 
mental principles; he now supported the liberal school, 
now the conservatives, and opposed or defended ministries 
of every political color ; but at all eve nts he was admirable 
as a speaker in parliament. 
The annals of the legislative chambers of Brazil perpe- 
tuate his orations, some of which are really triumphant in 
learning and in hard logic : they cannot however carry 
down to posterity certain special gifts of a parliamentary 
tribune, which rendered Montesuma a pungent, satirical, 
and, so to say, caricaturing orator, and an adversary who 
drove one to despair, a tormenting executioner, which 
would require at every moment more than the short-hand 
writer, or the photographer. 
Montesuma, Viscount de Jequitinhonha, in opposition, 
and to gain time by debating, was capable of speaking on 
the smallest question for a whole day. 
And that was the least of it. 
In order to vex, to stun, to infuriate and render desperate 
the minister, whom he opposed, an eloquent opponent, 
whom he thought it necessary to disarm, vex to the heart, 
cover with ridicule, Montesuma shot poisoned arrows 176 
from his eyes, in his voice there was every conceivable 
tone, and in a certain way of laughing, diabolical sarcasm ; 
in moments of unexpected silence, or malignant reticence, 
provoking insinuations and mimicking him alone, and in 
sudden and evanescent expressions of his face, a horrible 
apparatus of torture to cut the adversary to pieces. 
Montesuma was an orator whom it was necessary to 
see while he spoke in the tribune to thoroughly appreciate 
his power of aggression. 
Viscount de Jequitinhonha died in Rio de Janeiro in the 
year 1870. "\F OF OCTOBER 
DIOGO ALVARES-THE CARAMURU' 
In 1560, a Portuguese ship on her voyage to India, was 
wrecked on the shoals to the north of Bahia de todos os 
Santos, and Diogo Alvares managed, with eight more of 
his companions, to save themselves from the fury of the 
waves. 
Except in the number of the shipwrecked whom it is said 
got to land, and which is, or is not exact, that information 
appears true. 
Now begins the fabulous part, mixed up with the 
reality. 
Chroniclers relate that the tupinambas, savages who 
were then the- lords of that part of the territory of Bahia, 
made prisoners of the shipwrecked men, and went on 
devouring them in their horrible banquets, until finally, 178 
there only remained Diogo Alvares, he, using a musket 
which he had brought with him from the ship, brought 
down a bird, and that at the report of the shot, the Indians 
shouled Caramuru ! CaramuruA... and looking on him 
as a being of superior nature to the human race, respected 
him, and showed themselves daily more subject to his 
influence. 
Rocha Pitta says that the tupinambds devoured the 
shipwrecked men, but that they were greatly pleased with 
Diogo Alvares, who had rendered them aid in collecting 
booty from the ship, and relates, as so many others do, the 
episode of the shot. 
There is here no room for historical investigations. 
The circumstance of the shot, and the effect of the 
report, on the savages who had no idea of fire arms, are 
merely likely. 
What is an incontestable fact is, that Diogo Alvares had 
been wrecked and saved himself in 1510, that he knew 
how to make himself beloved by the savages, and that 
he received as his wife Paraguassu, daughter of the chief 
morubixaba. 
Chroniclers further relate (and Rocha Pitta echoes it) 
that Diogo Alvares had taken, together with his wife 
Paraguassu, passage on board a French ship, and that 
in France the King Henri II, and the Queen Catharine 
de Medicis, had taken Paraguassu to the baptismal font, 
and that the royal godmother had given her her own 
name, and that afterwards both were witnesses to the 
marriage of the Portuguese with the Tupinambd. 
All this is imaginary. Diogo Alvares and Paraguassu 
never went out of Brazil. 
The Carumuru established himself with his consort 
in the spot where the donee Francisco Pereira Coutinho, 179 
very much later, founded the hamlet called Villa Velha. 
For the services which, chiefly in wars with other tribes, 
that she rendered who had received it, and by the influence 
of Paraguassu over her brother savages came to acquire 
no small moral power, which he opportunely availed him- 
self of to the benefit of colonization. 
Diogo Alvares sanctified his union with the virtuous and 
devoted Tupinamba, his companion, by marrying her 
immediately after making her receive baptism ; but when ?.. 
is a doubtful point. 
In 1531 Martin Affonso de Souza arrived with his 
expedition at Bahia. He there met with Diogo Alvares 
who gave him information concerning his country and 
left him two Portuguese as companions, and seeds of useful 
plants. 
In 1537 or 1538 the Donee of the Capitania of Bahia 
meets in Diogo Alvares the most precious auxiliary, 
who obtains for him the friendship and the services of 
the Indians; but. at the end of a few years disharmony is 
kindled, and a revolt bursts out, the causes of which are 
not verified. Either the assassination of the son of a chief 
of the Tupinambas which caused these to take up arms, 
or the want of discipline among the Portuguese colonists 
angry at the government of the Donee, or out of fear at 
the great influence of Diogo Alvares, the persecution and 
even the imprisonment of the latter, and the Indians rising 
at the voice of Paraguassu, however, all that was writ- 
ten, it is certain that Coutinho was beaten, expelled, and 
retired to the Capitania of Porto Seguro, where in an evil 
hour, at the end of more than a year, the Caramuru went 
to call him to return to Bahia; for a violent storm caused 
the shipwreck of the unfortunate Donee on the shoal 
of the Island of Itaparica, who having escaped the sea, 180 
was a victim of the hatred of the Tupinambds who 
killed him. 
In 1549 Thome de Souza, the first Governor-General of 
Brazil, arriving in Bahia where he was charged to found 
the city, the capital of the colony. Brazil had as a con- 
siderable and great lever for an easy conquest, and of 
respected power, Diogo Alvares, who ensured him the 
submission and co-operation in labor of the Indians, as the 
priest, Father Nobrega, in the same year, in a letter to the 
Kingdom (of Portugal) informed them, and all the chro- 
niclers and historians confirm it. 
Everything conduces to the belief that Diogo Alvares 
in 1549 was already married to Paraguassu, called by her 
Christian name, and his wife Catharina Alvares. Nobrega 
himself in the letter alluded to, wrote: «This man, with 
one of his*sons-in-law, is what most confirms peace with 
this people, (the Indians) on account of their being his 
intimate friends. We also found a chief among them (the 
Indians) an already baptized Christian, etc». 
From 1549 forwards the influence and importance of 
Diogo Alvares in Bahia, were naturally dimmed by the 
official and imposing power of the Governor-General, and 
by the regular organization of the Government of the great 
colony; he however, always continued, although already 
old and broken by age, to serve the cause of civilization, 
until on the 5th of October 1557 he rendered his spirit 
to God. 
In an ancient registry of deaths in the cathedral of Bahia 
was to be read the following note, that Jaboatao copied in 
the second part of his chronicle. 
« On the fifth day of October 1557, died Diogo Alvares 
Correa Caramuru, of the hamlet of Pereira; he was buried 
in the monastery of Jesus ; leaving for his executor, Joao 181 
de Figueiredo, his son in law: the Curate Joao 
at p. 70. » 
The hero of the fine poem of Santa Rita Durao, a legen- 
dary figure, and the most ancient of the romantic poetical 
and imaginary creations of the old chroniclers, Diogo 
Alvares stripped of all fictions, and of all the fantastic 
adornments, with which they made a fable of his me- 
mory, shows himself to be a real, positive and incontestable 
providencial element, that prepared the way and facilitated 
the conquest of the civilization of Bahia de Todos os Santos, 
the queen, the brilliant star of the colonization of Brazil. 
And very deservedly did it fall to the lot of the 
shipwrecked man of 1510, the devoted aider the civilizing 
conquest of the land of Santa Cruz, Diogo Alvares, finally, to 
have the glory of being the primitive trunk of many ennobled 
Bahian families whose ancestor was Caramuru the legendary 
and well deserving, and of Paraguassu the savage daughter 
of a morubixaba (chief) and princess in her forests. 
Diogo Alvares, and Catharina Alvares had by their union, 
perforce a natural one in the beginning, but afterwards 
sanctifed, four daughters, all of whom married and of 
which the names of three are known ; viz. 
Magdalena Alvares, the wife of Affonso Rodrigues, a 
native of Obidos : 
Felippa Alvares, the wife of Paulo Dias Adorno. 
Apollonia Alvares, the wife of Joao de Figueiredo Mas- 
carenhas. 
The memory of that trunk, called Diogo Alvares, the 
Caramuru, and of Catharina Alvares, the Paraguassu is 
zealously preserved by aristocratic Bahian families, as in 
the middle ages were preserved and perpetuated the princes 
and Barons in the glorious registers of their grand fathers 
and fathers in the wars of the crusades. VI OF OCTOBER 
PERO LOPES DE SOUZA 
Pero Lopes de Souza a Portuguese Captain died disastr- 
ously and prematurely ; be was one of the first donees of 
the hereditary Capitanias of Brazil. 
He was the brother of Martim Alfonso de Souza, and 
younger than him, who was only thirty years of age, 
when in 1530 he came in command of a fleet which was 
to explore the River Plate, to fight and take French 
vessels, which showed an intention of forming establish- 
ments of that nation in Pernambuco and in Bahia, and 
founding regular colonies at certain places in Brazil. 
Pero or Pedro Lopes made part of the expedition which 
was composed of two shipps, a gallon, and two caravels, 
and he had the command of the caravel Rosa, in which, off 
Cape Santo Agostinho he fought during the whole night of 184 
the 1st of February, and made to surrender at seven in the 
following morning a french ship, to which was given the 
name of Nossa Senhora da Candelaria in commemmor- 
ation of the day on which he had taken her, and the com- 
mand of which was given to him by Martin Affonso. 
After sundry events and labors, Martin Affonso took a 
course to enter the River Plate, when a violent tempest 
supervened, the admirals ship was cast ashore at the mouth 
of the arroyo (smale stream) Chuy, his brother Pero Lopes 
arriving fortunately to the aid of the Capitao-Mor. 
It was about the end of October, 1531, that this disaster 
occurred. 
It was resolved in council, which the guarda-Mor Martin 
Affonso convoked, and took the opinion of, to go and await 
at the small island of the Palmas, for Pero Lopes, who had 
been sent to sail up and explore the River Plate, and to put 
up posts. 
Pero Lopes da Silva started on the 23d November to fulfil 
his task, he went up the Parana far beyond its confluence 
with Uruguay, overcame great difficulties, proved his 
valor and firmness and on the 27th of December of the same 
year, 1531, he arrived at the Island of Palmas. 
In May, 1532, Pero Lopes by order of his brother the 
Capitao-Mor, leaves S. Vicente, in command of the ships 
which were to return to Portugal: in August he came 
within sight of Pernambuco, and took two French Ships, 
and imprisoned the garrison which was in a fort constructed 
on the island of ItamaracA, and three months afterwards 
sailed for Lisbon. 
In a letter dated the 28th September, 1532, D. Joao III 
made known to Martin Affonso, among other things that he 
endowed him with one hundred leagues of coast in the 185 
best situation in Brazil, and his brother Pero Lopes de 
Souza with fifty. 
On the 6th October, 1534, the registry conformying this 
gift too Pero Lopes was passed, not of fifty, but of eighty 
leagues of hisCapitania which was called Santo Amaro, and 
which comprised forty leagues in the south, between the 
land of Sant'Anna, and the island of ten between 
the River Curupace and the River of S. Vicente, and in 
the north thirty leagues from the river Iguarussu to 
Traicao bay. 
Pero Lopes de Souza did not again return to Brazil 5 
Gongalo Affonso was his locum lenens in this lands in the 
south, and Joao Gongalves in those of the north, the fort- 
une of the colonias of the former lands being under the 
judiciary and protecting guardian ship of the superior 
authorities of the Capitania of S. Vicente, which was that 
of Martin Affonso de Souza. 
Pero Lopes de Souza died from being shipwrecked on 
the East coast of Africa, or near the island of Madagascar 
in 1539. 
His name recommends itself to Brazil, not only for the 
services which are mentioned, but for his enlightened and 
important Diary of the expedition of 1530 to 1532, which 
speaks greatly in favor of his intelligence, and which is 
the enlightening light of the history of the important 
voyage and commission of Martin Affonso, and of some 
points of the history of Brazil previous to those year. 
Besides much more, Pero Lopes de Souza was the first 
Portuguese captain who entered the estuary of the Plate* 
and who ascended and explored a good part of the lower 
ParanA. VII OF OCTOBER 
ALEXANDRE MIA DE MARIZ SARMENTO 
Alexandre Maria de Mariz Sarmento the legitimate son 
of Dr. Francisco Luiz de Mariz Sarmento and of D. Maria 
Amelia de Figueiredo, was born in Portugal, in the city of 
Oporto, on the 9th of November, 1791. He came with his 
parents to Brazil in 1799. 
In 1803, through the favor of D. Joao, the Prince Regent, 
he obtained the place of a junior clerk of the pay depart- 
ment of the Junta of the Treasury of the Capitania of Ceara 
Grande, and three years afterwards Mariz Sarmento pas- 
sed from thence to be Scrivener of receipts and expenditure 
of the Military Hospital; in 1807 he got te be second clerk 
of the Junta of the Treasury ; and afterwards was promoted 
to first clerk. 
On the 1st of April 1811 he removed to Rio de Janeiro 188 
which he never afterwards left; he was employed in the 
Royal Treasury, and in 1812 was charged with registering 
the entries and deliveries of diamonds of the lapidary's 
department. 
By good fortune, favor hit upon merit; Mariz Sarmento 
united to intelligence, much zeal and unsurpassed probity. 
In the administration of Finance department he gradually 
advanced in his office, and complied strictly with his duties. 
He was a model of a public employe for activity and 
devotion. 
A Brazilian since his eightth year, and more so through 
education and habits, he adopted heartily in 1822, the 
independence of Brazil. 
In 1828 he was decorated with the insignia of the Order 
of Christ. During the Government of the Regency, he rose 
to be clerk of the revision of the Tribunal of the Treasury. 
On the 10th of September, 1840 he was appointed chief 
clerk of the accountant general's office; on the 17th of 
that month he received letters patent of a councillor, and 
on the 2nd of December following the commendam of the 
Order of Christ. 
In 1842 the province of Ceara elected him as deputy to 
the general legislative assembly : Councillor Mariz Sar- 
mento was not a politician ; but in the Chamber he rendered 
valuable services in finance committees. 
In 1844 he was accountant General of the Treasury; 
in 1850, Director general of the expenditure, in which post 
he was superannuated on the 29th January, 1859. 
He was then sixty-eight years of age, and at seventy 
one, acceding to the urgent request of the government, 
he accepted the nomination of member of the inspecting 
council of the savings Bank and « Mont de Secours », of Rio 
de Janeiro, in 1862, and on the 4th of June of that year, 189 
the post of President of that council. In 1866 being weak 
and ill, he asked for and obtained leave to resign. 
The noble and virtuous old man, had worn out his sight 
by summing up lines: of figures and numbers for more 
than sixty years: he became blind, and blind and in a 
sad retreat he awaited death during one more lustre. 
Besides his administrative employment, he was an hon- 
orary associate of the society Auxiliadora da Industria 
Nacional, and the founding effective, and useful member 
of the Brazilian, Historical an Geographical Institute. 
The Emperor had raised him to be a dignatary of the 
order of the Roze. 
The councellor Alexandre Maria de Mariz Sarmento 
died in Rio de Janeiro on the 7th October 1870. 
Most pure in his habits, modest in his life, and both 
economical and methodical in his living, otherwise al- 
ways in a worthy manner, he left a fortune of more than 
four hundred contos of reis, and left in his will to pious 
and useful establishments two hundred and forty five 
contos of reis, of which, one hundred to the Misericordia 
hospital of Rio de Janeiro. The Society Auxiliadora was 
also justly portioned in his generous and patriotic lega- 
cies. 
A laborious and honorable man, an intelligent, most able 
and strict-public servant, so active, that it was said he 
had neither-time nor right to be ill. 
Mariz Sarmento, a brilliant without a flaw, left a much 
more precious thin than the fortune which he philanthrop- 
ically, and patriotically divided, to wit; the example of rare 
devotion to the public service. 
He died blind : because during more than half a cen- 
tury he had wished and known how to see much in the fis- 
calization of the monies and the expences of the State. A7III OF OCTOBER 
PAULINO JOSE SOARES DE SOUZA 
VISCOUNT DE URUGUAY 
Paulino Jose Soares de Souza, the legitimate son of 
Dr. Antonio Soares de Souza and of D. Autonio Magdalena 
Soares de Sonza was born in Paris in the year 1807, 
and who carried by his parents, when still in his infancy 
to the Province of Maranhao, he there made his first 
studies, and some of those of the humanities, and went 
fifteen years of age to Portugal where he matriculated 
in Coimbra, and was in his fourth year of civil and ca- 
non law when the absolutist reaction of D. Miguel de 
Braganga obliged him to stop his academical course from 
the fact of the closing of the University. 192 
Returning to Brazil he went to S Paulo to solicit from 
the recently founded Academy of law what he had not 
been able to obtain in Coimbra, viz his bachelor's degree 
which he took in 1831, with the reputation of being 
a very notable student, . 
Embracing the career of the magistracy, Paulino Jose 
Soares de Souza, was shortly afterwards appointed as ma- 
gistrate of S. Paulo, passing on to the end of eight months 
to be criminal Judge of the district of S. Jos6, to which 
was also annexed the exercise of the Intendency of Police 
in the Capital of the Empire. 
When the criminal code of process was put in execution, 
he left that criminal judgship, and was nominated civil 
judge of the second instance in the same city. 
On (he additional act being promulgated, Paulino de 
Souza was elected a member of the provincial assembly of 
Rio de Janeiro immediately in the first legislature, and he 
was already in such good reputation that the said assembly 
included him in the list of vice-presidents of the province. 
The goverment of the Regent Feijo nominated him shortly 
afterwards president of the province of Rio de Janeiro, and 
the province in 1836 elected him deputy to the general 
assembly, being always afterwards re-elected, except in 
the legislature which commenced in 1845, in which he 
served however, taking his seat in the chamber as a sub- 
stitute. 
He rendered important services as president of the prov- 
ince of Rio de Janeiro, and gave proofs of being an enlight- 
ened and able administrator. 
In the chamber he was bound to the conservative party, 
to which he firmly adhered to the day of his death. 
He began to be distinguished as an orator with the 
strongest powers of logic and one who had studied greatly, 193 
and he was the chief defender ofthe project for the interpre- 
tation of the additional act, a project which he presented 
as reporter of the respective special commission. 
On the 23d May, 1840, he entered the ministry of justice, 
leaving the government at the end of two months with all 
his colleagues in consequence of the acclamation of the 
majority of the Emperor D. Pedro II, to which the min- 
istry and the conservative party had opposed themselves. 
In 1841 at the end of eight months of government, the libe- 
ral cabinet of the minority,in its turn had fallen,and Paulino 
returned to his post of minister of justice in the ministry of 
the 23d of March. The reforms of the Code of process 
immediately afterwards, (Saw of 3d Dec.) were then main- 
tained in both the chambers, and the project of the creation 
of the new council of State, which adopted in resolution by 
the legislative body, and having obtained the Imperial 
sanction, were the motives which lead to the liberal revolts 
of S. Paulo and Minas Geraes in 1842. 
In the endeavor to put down and to crush those revolts, 
the offspring of an extensive and threatening conspiracy, 
the minister of justice carried his energy to take such 
measures, some of which did not escape being too rigorous 
and violent. The circumstances, however, were extraordi- 
nary, and an enormous responsibility weiged on the 
government before the nation. 
In 1843 the Ministry o fthe 23rd of March was dissolved ; 
to which succeded that of the 20th January of that year ; 
Paulino de Souza continued in this to hold the same post 
of minister of justice, passing on the 8th of June to that 
of Foreign Affairs; Honorio Hermeto, afterwards Viscount 
and Marquis of Parang taking the former post. 
This Cabinet resigning power and organising that of the 
2nd of February 1844, of a character favorable to the 194 
liberal party, Paulino de Souza went to the Chamber and 
declared him self in opposition. 
The Chamber being dissolved in that same year, Paulino 
was defeated in the next election ; in 1845, however, he 
took his seat in Parliament, as a deputy-substitute : 
in 1848 he gained in the opposition a brilliant electoral 
victory, always for the Province of Rio de Janeiro, and 
on the 29th of September he hailed the return of his party 
to the government. 
On the 21st of March 1849, he was chosen Senator in 
the triple list offered to the crown, still by the Province 
of Rio de Janeiro, which had already given him an equal 
honor and reward, as well as Maranhao, who claimed 
him, as having adopted him as a son in his fair and aus- 
picious infancy. 
On the 8th of October 1849, he subst ituted the Marquis 
de Olinda in the post of minister of Foreign Affairs, in the 
cabinet of 29th of September 1848. 
The substitution could not be more honorable, and 
flattering to his pride; for at that time were flaming 
diplomatic complications, and threatenings of war with 
the dictator of the Argentine Confederation, D. Joao 
Manoel Rosas who had at heart the annexing of the 
Oriental State of Uruguay, whose independence, the 
government of Brazil was bound to defend, and had a 
political interest in doing so. 
Paulino de Souza saw that war break out during his 
ministry, and had the glory of applauding its quick ter- 
mination, with bright honor to Brazil, who was the 
regenerator of the liberty of the Argentine Confederation, 
and the generous maintainer of the independence of the 
Oriental State of Uruguay. 
Treaties were concluded with that republic, and with 195 
that of Peru, of commerce, boundaries and fluvial na- 
vegation, and in 1850 he had already defended with 
patriotic eloquence, the rights and the honor of the 
Empire against the violence arising from the prepotency 
of England in that most grave question, the African 
slave trade ; and followed it up by cooperating with his 
influence for the noblest of causes, by aiding the minister 
Euzebio de Queiroz in the most glorious work of extin- 
guishing that accursed traffic, which was otherwise the 
declared idea and the- aspiration of the liberal party, 
attacked on this ground by stratagem and political ex- 
plorations of the conservative opposition. 
At all events, the extinction of the barbarous traffic 
of enslaved Africans is a title of Glory that honors the 
memory of the cabinet of the 29th of September. 
On the 6th of September, 1853, that ministry went out 
of power, and Paulino de Souza brought to an end, on that 
day, his active political life in the struggles of constitu- 
tional and legitimate parties of his country, although he 
always continued under his ancient banner of the conser- 
vative party. 
On the 8th September, 1853, he was nominated coun- 
cillor of state; on the 2d December, 1854, he received by 
Imperial favor, the title of Viscount of Uruguay, with the 
honors of grandeeship. 
In 1855 he went as Envoy Extraordinary, and Minister- 
Plenipotentiary, charged with a special mission relative 
to the boundary of the Empire, with French Guiana, near 
the court of Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French. The 
justice of the cause of Brazil, and the ambitious obstinacy 
of the government of France, induced the latter to have 
recourse to putting off negotiations, and of refusing to give 
a friendly final solution of the questions ; but the. Vis- 196 
count of Uruguay did his duty to the letter, and that of 
an able Brazilian diplomat. 
Returned to his country Viscount of Uruguay kept as 
much as he possibly could from parliamentary combats, 
and from the ambitious field of political parties : a senator 
and a councillor of tate, he still found time and to spare, 
to prove himself a deep and learned prose writer, to put 
in order works, to complete important works already long 
planned. 
He wrote and published : 
In 1862-Essays on administrative law-2 vols in 4 to. 
In 1865-Practical studies on the administration of the 
provinces of Brazil-2 vols in 4to. 
He survived this last work but a short time; for he 
died in the city of Rio de Janeiro on the 15th of July, 1866, 
poor, and leaving only to his children the riches of his 
fine name, his great services, and the memory of his prob- 
ity without a spot. 
Viscount of Uruguay was a member of the Brazilian 
Historical and Geographical Institute, and of many societ- 
ies both scientific and literary. I2C OF OCTOBER 
DON AGOSTINHO BEZERRA 
A great preacher, and Bishop, Agostinho Bezerra was 
born in Bahia in 1610, and devoting himself to the priest- 
hood, he showed himself worthy of it by his learning and 
his virtues. 
His name was held in general veneration. He passed for 
being a profound theologian and consummate philosopher: 
he held a first place for eloquence in the pulpit. 
Don Agostinho Bezerra was Bishop of Ceuta, and after- 
wards of Angra. 
His name, in the complete absence of dates relating to 
his life, services, and death, is from patriotic duty rem- 
embered : let the 9th of October be devoted to his 
memory. 2C OF OCTOBER 
PERO DE CAMPOS TOUR1NHO 
A Portuguese of a noble lineage, an experienced navig- 
ator, expert and already notable for good services which he 
had rendered, Pero de Campos Tourinho received from 
D. Joao III on the 27th of May, 1534, letters patent of gift 
of the capitania of Porto Seguro, with fifty leagues, 
which commenced in the south at the bar of the river 
Mucury. 
He came from Portugal, bringing what he most loved, 
his wife Ignez Fernandes Pinto, his son Fernao de Cam- 
pos, sundry relations, some good friends, and colonists 
whom he had engaged. 
He landed at the same place where Pedro Alvares 
Cabral had been in 1500, and where Christovao Jacques 200 
had founded, hard by, in 1503, the factory of Santa 
Cruz. 
Tourinho there met with some Portuguese, left in the 
Factory by Christovao Jacques, and who presented them- 
selves to the donee in company with some Indians with 
whom they had united, and bringinglwith them the children 
arising from their union. This was of good augury to him, 
in which he was not mistaken. 
Fortifying himself in Porto Seguro, but with all his 
hearts ties around him, and his interest in Brazil, Pero de 
Campos Tourinho, able and prudent as he was, saw in the 
Indians rather auxiliaries to be explored than enemies to 
be destroyed: obliged in the beginning to chase them away 
when attacked by them, he gained dominion over them by 
benevolence, by friendly treatment, and by frequent little 
gifts, and presents of insignificant value, but held in great 
estimation by the wretched savages. 
In a short time perfect and fruitful peace reigned. The 
indians loved the donee, and were useful to the colony, 
which became developed with encouraging prosperity. 
The traffick in Brasil-wood, the growing of sugar cane, 
and the manufacture of sugar and rum, the culture of 
grain, and the most abundant produce of the fishery, em- 
ployed the colonists, repaid most exuberantly their labour, 
and gave to the Capitania of Porto Seguro the prospect of a 
most flattering future. 
But on the 10th of October, 1553, the intelligent, most 
able, and devoted donee Pero de Campos Tourinho, 
died. 
A coloniser without being an oppressor of the Indians, 
a donee identified with his Capitania, entirely taken up 
with it, in Brazil Pero de Campos Tourinho was a real ele- 
ment of civilization; but could not, he had not time to 201 
bequeath, the work of his consummate ability so firmly 
settled, as not to leave it compromised in consequence of 
his death. 
On Pero Campos dying the Capitania of Porto Seguro 
lost the soul that vivified it, the wise direction that made 
it prosperous. 
Fernao de Campos was his son; but on inheriting the 
Capitania he had not inherited, the enlightened spirit 
and the practical skill of his father. The Capitania became 
weakened under his dominion. 
His sister D. Leonor de Campos who afterwards inhe- 
rited it, sold it to the Duke de Aveiro, who neither knew 
what he had bought nor could he from so far off unders- 
tand what he lost, by allowing to fall into decay, owing 
to carelessness, the Capitania which had once flourish- 
ed so easily. Pero de Campos Tourinho had no heirs worthy 
of his name in Brazil; but his memory has a right to shine 
in the history of this Country. XI OF OCTOBER 
URBANO SABINO PESSOA DE MELLO 
Urbano Sabino Pessoa de Mello the legitimate son 
of Brigadeiro Josd Camello Pessoa de Mello was born in 
Pernambuco in the year 1811. 
After having completed with distinction his studies of 
the humanities, he matriculated in the academy of social 
and juridical sciences in Olinda, and there took a Bache- 
lor's degree in 1834. 
He was a magistrate, and a politician; but politics 
snatched him from the magistracy to give him complete 
independency of the Government at his advocate's desk. 
As a magistrate, having been the municipal Judge of 
Goyana in 1836, he became chief district Judge, and aban- 
doned that career in 1849, leaving a well merited reputa- 204 
tion behind him of a Judge of the highest integrity and of 
superior intelligence. 
In 1836, in the first legislature of the Provincial Assem- 
bly of Pernambuco, he exhibited from the commencement 
notable merit as an orator. 
His province elected him as Deputy to the General 
Assembly in the legislature of 1838 to 1841, and in the 
following one of 1843 to 1844, brought to an end by dis- 
solution. In that last year he bound himself decidedly to 
the liberal party, and in Pernambuco was one of its princi- 
pal chiefs, the party taking there the denomination of 
Prawiro. 
He returned re-elected deputy in 1845, and even in 1848 
when the conservative party rose to power on the 29th of 
September, a few days after which the sittings of the legis- 
lative chamber were put off owing to there being a great 
majority of the opposition in the chamber of deputies. 
The two political, liberal and conservative, parties were 
in a most ardently hostile attitude, and in the province of 
Pernambuco passions became so inflamed, that there were 
well-founded fears of the breaking out of a revolt. 
The business of the chambers, being put off, the liberal sen- 
ators and deputies, assembled in party council, resolved that 
they should all join in the endeavor to maintain order in 
their respective provinces, by dissuading the men of their 
party from any illegal manifestation. 
Urbano was considered the chief of the Pernambuco de- 
putation ; but in Pernambuco the most popular man among 
the Praieiroswas the deputy, Dr. Joaquim Nunes Machado, 
who, as if he foresaw a sinister and proximate future, re- 
fused to return with his colleagues to the province, repeat- 
ing insistingly, that-if he went to Pernambuco he would 
have to be a victim. 205 
But Nunes Machado was reputed of so much inflence as 
to be indispensable in restraining the threatened revolt. Ur- 
bano, the intimate and favorite friend of that exalted pa- 
triot, and enthusiastic tribune, was the one who, with the 
most generous and purest intentions,overcame his resistence 
in a partial meeting of the deputies of Pernambuco and some 
others on the night of the 11th of October. 
Nunes Machado set off; his presentiment was realized ; 
for the intrigues of the adversaries, and the injurious sus- 
picions of their fellow politicians drew the deputies on to 
put themselves at the head of the revolt which, in spite of 
them, had broken out, and the generous and zealous trib- 
une struck by a ball, fell dead on the 2d of February, 1849, 
when he was leading to the combat a column of the re- 
volted men. 
Urbano who had to remain in Rio de Janeiro wept for 
his friend, bewailed his having impelled him to go to Per- 
nambuco. But not only since December, 1848, but also 
after the 2d of February, 1849, he showed himself to be a 
faithful and most devoted ally : he assiduously and ener- 
getically defended in the press of the capital, by his writ- 
ings in the Correio Mercantil, the cause of the revolted 
party, and even with greater vigor after the victory of the 
Law in the horrible struggle of that day : and in the same 
year, 1849, he published Praeira Revolt, in one volume 
16°, a history of that armed demonstration, full of the 
most interesting notices and explanations; but, without 
doubt, having the defect of undue partiality, and very 
often passionately so. 
It was under such circumstances that Dr. Urbano Sabino 
Pessoa de Mello left the career of magistracy, and com- 
menced in Rio de Janeiro to practice advocacy, gaining 
thereby credit and a name which justly placed him among 206 
the foremost of the advocates of the capital of the Em- 
pire. 
The conservative party going out of power in 1863, 
Urbano again, in the following year returned to Parlia- 
ment elected by one of the districts of his province, and 
with the historical liberals made vigorous opposition to 
the ministries then called progressistas from 1865 to 1866, 
when his parliamentary and political life came to an end. 
As a speaker in the chamber of deputies he was always a 
much esteemed orator, on account of his remarkable gifts. 
He had an agreeable and insinuating voice, easy and prompt 
of speech, great powers of argument, and energy in attack- 
ing ; he seemed always to endeavor to show himself more 
logical than oratorical. 
Urbano Sabino Pessoa de Mello died in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro on the 7th of December, 1870. 
He was the father of an exemplary family, a man of 
sound habits and of great probity. 2CTI OF OCTOBER 
D. PEDRO DE ALCANTARA BOURBON 
FIRST EMPEROR OF BRAZIL 
Second male child of the Prince D. Joao, heir presump- 
tive of the crown of Portugal, and of his wife the Span- 
ish Princess D. Cariota Joaquina, daughter of the King 
Carlos IV, D. Pedro was born in Lisbon on the 12th of 
October, 1798. 
He was rocked in the cradle and the years of his in- 
fancy ran on to the clamor of arms and the terrific voice 
of the European war. 
He was hardly nine years ofage, when the Portuguese 
Government, forseeing imminent peril threatening the 208 
Royal Family and the independence of the Kingdom, re- 
solved to send him to Brazil with the title of Constable, 
having as his secretary and adviser Friar Antonio bde Ar- 
rabida, afterwards Bishop of Anemuria. 
With the date of 2d October, 1807, a proclamation was 
made, in which the Portuguese Government announced 
to the Brazilians its transcendent forethought. Evidently the 
constable would be followed by the Royal Family in case 
of the invasion of Portugal which was feared. 
The treaty signed by France and Spain in Fontainebleau 
on 27th October, and the immediate march of the French 
army, commanded by Junot, upon Portugal, precipitated 
events. 
On the 29th November the Portuguese Royal Family 
emigrated to Brazil, and with them D. Pedro, who, for 
this reason, did not come in the character of Constable. 
In March, 1808, the city of Rio de Janeiro became the ca- 
pital of the Portuguese Monarchy, and in its bosom flour- 
ished D. Pedro, from that date to April 1831. 
The Queen, D. Maria I, in consequence of the altera- 
tion of her mental faculties, had of majesty only the 
title and condign treatment, and her son D. Joao, Prince 
Regent, could already consider himself King, with D. Pedro 
heir-presumptive of the crown ; as his brother, the first 
born, had been dead some time. 
However not even this last consideration was attended 
to so that the Prince D. Pedro should receive a careful 
education, and be skilfullv prepared in relation to the 
destiny which naturally awaited him. 
From 1808 to 1820, that is from ten to twenty years 
of age D. Pedro manifested great abilities, which for want 
of careful direction were developed with their correspond- 
ing defects. He was gifted with notable talent, a lively 209 
imagination and a warm temperament; he only received 
very limited and superficial instruction, and had no ad- 
viser who would shew him the real and practical side of 
life, and who would council him to restrain the impetu- 
osity of spirit. He was frank and generous, energetic 
and courageous, loyal and dedicated to those who wefe, 
or said they were, his friends ; but the years of his youth 
were running on poisoned by the education and the 
unworthy and debased obedience of ignorant servants, 
and of flatterers who pretended to admire him in the very 
heat of his passions, and who ministered to his whims 
with the eagerness which was only due to wisdom. Finally 
he had as a companion his brother the Prince D. Miguel, 
who was very far from being his equal in intelligence 
and goodness of heart, and who greatly exceeded him 
in grave defects of character. 
To this abandonment during his boyhood and juvenility 
are due, in a great measure, the errors which compromised 
him as Constitutional Emperor. 
At eighteen years of age, by the elevation of his father 
to the throne in 1816, D. Pedro found himself effectively 
heir presumptive to the crown ; but being entirely removed 
from public affairs, he had no political education whatever. 
His parents, and the carelessness, of the Ministers, left 
the Prince D. Pedro blindly confided to his own natural 
instincts, and he himself, for taste and amusement, lightly 
looked after the modest literary instruction which he 
possessed, and also cultivated music. Beyond this, with a 
natural inclination for weapons, he loved the Army, dis- 
palying from an early period a wonderful military appear- 
ance, was skilfull in the hypic art, a most dexterous 
horseman, and able to drive a carriage drawn by four or six 210 
animals, with the strength and bravery of those lau- 
rel-crowned heroes in the ancient Olympic games. 
In 1818 D. Pedro married the Archduchess of Austria 
D. Maria Leopoldina, afterwards first Empress of Brazil, 
and the august mother off). Pedro II, the present Emperor; 
sh'e was a lady of noble virtues and much beloved by the 
Brazilians. 
In 1820 the Constitutional revolution Victorious in 
the Kingdom, ancient metropolis, came to afflict the King 
D. Joao VI, on one side injured by the fall of his power as 
absolute King, and on the other immensely worried by the 
necessity for the return of the Portuguese Court to Lisbon. 
In almost all the Brazilian Provinces, the Portuguese 
garrison troops and the people adhered to the resolution 
of Portugal : the King endeavoured to temporise, and 
strongly pledged not to leave the capital of Rio de Janeiro, 
published the Decree of 18th February, 1821, by which he 
would send the Prince D. Pedro to Lisbon, where the 
Parliament would elaborate the Constitutionof the King- 
dom ; at the same time he would convoke for Rio de Ja- 
neiro lawyers elected by the Chambers of the cities and 
towns of Brazil, and of such of the Atlantic Isles as had 
learned judges, with the object of consulting together as 
to what part of the articles of the future Portuguese Con- 
stitution might be adopted in the Kingdom of Brazil, and to 
propose the necessary reforms. 
These historical reminiscences are indispensable in this 
place, as it is in the heat of these events that the Prince 
D. Pedro enters on the political scene. 
The Decree of the 18th February was, although dissemb- 
lingly, counter-revolutionary: on the 25th of the same 
month the Luzitanian garrison declared itself in sedition 
in the Largo do Rocio (afterwards Constitution square) in 211 
favor of the revolution of Portugal, and of obedience to the 
constituent Parliament. The Royal Prince, D. Pedro, 
hastened to know what the troops required, and on being 
informed went to tell all to the King at S. Christovao, 
whence he returned with the Decree dated the 24th, by 
which was approved the constitution that was going to be 
made in Lisbon, and adopted in the kingdom of Brazil. 
Immediately the Prince Royal and his brother D. Miguel 
in the name of the king and in their own names made oath 
to abide by the said Decree. 
D. Pedro began to boast in the vehemency of the revolu- 
tionary ideas; but up to the 25th February he gave no 
token whatever of authority, nor up to the end of 1821 
did he manifest himself as constitutional or favorable to 
the independence of Brazil. On the 25th February his 
action was passive, and in that all the weakness falls upon 
the king. 
On the 7th March a new Decree announced the departure 
of the king and the Royal family for Lisbon ; the Prince 
Royal, D. Pedro, remaining in Brazil as Regent. D. Joao 
shed tears after signing this Decree. 
He would return forced by indeclinable duty and great 
political interest; but against the liberal element of the 
Parliament he would leave in Brazil the royal and monar- 
chical element, represented by the heir presumptive to 
the crown. 
D. Pedro, dazzled by the brilliancy of the Regency, 
appears not to have been able to restrain the desire that 
this should hasten the departure of his father, who, 
according to some opinions, complained of such a sen- 
timent. 
The first grave error of D. Pedro in politics is confessed 
in the imprudent ostentation which he made, alluding to 212 
the lamentable and violent act, in one of the letters which 
he wrote to the King his father in 1821. 
The electoral Assembly of Rio de Janeiro, formed in the 
Praga do Commercio, for the election of Deputies to the 
Portuguese Parliament became, from the first hour of its 
labors, on the 20th April, inefficient and anarchical; 
amongst other resolutions which it took, it obtained from 
the king, by a deputation which they sent to him, a Decree 
adopting the Spanish constitution, and besides this, opposing 
itself to the departure of the said king for Portugal, it 
gave orders to the forts not to allon the squadron, which 
was to convey the Royal family, to leave the port. 
All this was more than revolutionary and anarchical, 
it was absurd; it was a nouisy deliberation of electors backed 
by an excited populace, but completely disarmed and in- 
capable of resistence at the first intimation of an armed 
force. 
And at 3 o'clock in the morning of the 21th of April, a 
strong detachment of the Portuguese division, without 
previously intimating the just dissolution of the electoral 
assembly, after a terrible discharge ot musquetery on the 
Praga do Commercio (Exchange) invaded the rooms with 
bayonets changed, and brutally expelled the electors and 
the people, killing some and wounding others. 
From this perverse and barbarous fact, there resulted 
an exhuberant antagonism and hatred between the Bra- 
zilians and Portuguese, and a cold indifference of the for- 
mer on seeing the departure of D. Joao VI who so greatly 
loved Brazil and was no party to the attack of the morning 
of the 21th of April. 
At a later date, when the letters of D. Pedro to his 
father were printed, the author of the condemnable act 
denounced himself in one of them, saying, in allusion to 213 
the conspirators of the independance of Brazil, that he had 
already given the revolutionists a sample in the Praga do 
Commercio. 
But D. John VI, some days before his departure for Por- 
tugal, had, in the palace of S. Christovao, and at a confid- 
ential interview with his son, the Prince Royal, awakened 
a flame in his mind of dazzling and glorious ambition ; 
the king, seeing the independance of Brazil near and cert- 
ain, said to his son : Pedro, if that should occur, put the 
crown oybn thine own head, before some adventurer lays 
hold of it. 
In one of his letters in the published collection, D. Pedro 
writhing to his father in 1822, and explaining his adhesion 
to the independance of Brazil, of which revolution he had 
made himself the chief, appeals o his memory, reminding 
him of the advice and even of the place and room where 
he received it. 
During the whole of 1821, from the departure of 
D. Joao VI on the 26th of April, D. Pedro, Prince Regent of 
Brazil and Lieutenant of the king, was loyal to him, and 
acted like a Prince, heir presumptive to the crown, agree- 
ing with his father in looking more carefully after the 
sovereign power, than of the liberal conquests of the revo- 
lution represented by the Portuguese constituent par- 
liament, and as the future heir to the throne very much 
more ambitious of the sovereignty of the kingdoms and all 
the conquests and possessions of Portugal, than as a chief, 
king or Emperor af independent Brazil. 
In the exercise of the Regency D. Pedro wrestled with 
the most serious embarassments ; he found the Treasury 
exhausted, and the Bank of Brazil in such a situation that 
it took the extreme measure of suspending its payments ; 
the expenses and onus, created by the system of patronage, 214 
reached an enormous and ruinous amount. Against this 
evil he developed the resources of the most strict economy, 
beginning by his monthly allowance which he reduced to 
one thousand six hundred milreis, besides giving up the 
Royal palace in the city for offices for the ministers and 
various public departments which were at the time located 
in hired houses : he abated four hundred thousand milreis 
in the expenses of the household, and with other similar 
measures he improved as much as he could the state of 
Finances. 
In relation to politics be behaved himself with ability 
and moderation, in the pledge of maintaining Brazil united 
to Portugal: he endeavoured, although vainly, to destroy 
the rivalry which already separated the Brazilians and 
Portuguese, and always, when he spoke to the people in 
proclamations and public documents, and particularly to 
those who surrounded him, he expressed himself with 
energy and firmness against the ideas of independence. 
In proceding thus D. Pedro could not deserve censure ; 
he was son and loyal Regent to father and King; he was 
a Portuguese and looked after the interests of the mother 
country; he was in short heir presumptive to the throne, and 
naturally was desirous of reigning over all the Kingdoms 
and possessions of the monarchy. 
But the force of circumstances, and the Prince's, own 
character, crushed all those feelings which bound the 
Regent of Brazil to the monarchical interests of Portugal. 
Shortly after the departure of D. Joao VI and the Royal 
family, the bases of the Constitution arrived from Lisbon 
in order to be sworn allegiance to in Brazil; D. Pedro, 
however, waiting to hear of the effect of the arrival of 
the King in that capital, delayed to take the oath. 
The Luzitanian troops of the so-called auxiliary division 215 
of the garrison in Rio de Janeiro, at a new armed and 
seditious rising on the 5th June 18.21, obliged D. Pedro to 
swear to, and cause allegiance to be sworn to the bases of 
the Constitution, to change the ministry, and going 
beyond that, they created a provisional Assembly of nine 
members, and a commission of military command, which 
if they had not dissolved soon afterwards, would have 
reduced the Regency of the Prince Royal to a complete 
nullity. 
This military sedition left a lively resentment in the 
mind of D. Pedro, who from that day forward held it 
in great distrust and with a repugnance scarcely dissi- 
mulated. 
The 5th June was a day of weakness in the political 
life of D. Pedro; he however could not oppose any force 
whatever to the Portuguese military sedition; neither did 
it meet the approval of the Brazilians, who considered it 
contrary to the liberal principles of the revolution of 1820, 
represented by the Parliament formed in Lisbon, and also 
opposed to the aspirations of independence; on the other 
hand the Prince was Regent, the regency commission 
transcendent and delicate, which the King his father had 
confided to him, and to renounce it in order not to yield to 
the demands of the military sedition, would have been to 
sacrifice to the most complete abandonment the policy, 
good or bad, which, by agreement with D. John VI, and 
morally responsible to him, he * was obliged to maintain 
in Brazil. 
The Portuguese Parliament unfortunately took upon 
itself to throw the Prince Royal, D. Pedro, into the arms 
of the Brazilians, and in the front of the revolution of inde- 
pendence. 
D. Pedro had not, up to that time, any one to back him in 216 
a decided manner in Brazil, except the absolutist party, 
weak in number, and composed nearly altogether of old 
Portuguese and some courtiers. 
The Brazilians were divided; the democrats were oppo- 
sed to D. Pedro, and wished to delay all ideas of indepen- 
dency, highly approving of the Portuguese Parliament by 
a love of free institutions; the liberal and moderate monar- 
chists wanted the independence of Brazil, with D. Pedro 
as constitutional monarch; but as yet they held back dis- 
couraged, because this Prince was the supporter of the 
union of Brazil with Portugal. 
D. Pedro was, as Regent, the representative in Brazil of 
two very unpopular principles-the royal element against 
the constituent democracy, and the political Portuguese 
interest against the independence of the American Kin- 
gdom. 
If the Portuguese Parliament had limited itself to attac- 
king and revoking the Regency of D. Pedro in Brazil, so 
that in this kingdom its democratic policy might retaliate 
victoriously and without opposition even of slowness, the 
Prince Regent of Brazil would not have found any support 
nor means of resisting. 
But the Portuguese Parliament proceeded with the most 
happy and blessed for Brazil inconsiderateness in successive 
decrees; at the same time that it lowered itself and aimed at 
reducing the Regency of D. Pedro to a simple governorship, 
centralising in Lisbon all the political and administrative 
action of the Brazilian provinces, it blasted the kingdom of 
Brazil with the extinction of tribunals she already possessed, 
and degraded her in depriving her of indispensable 
institutions, which had been enjoyed for years, and in 
hot debates allowed the Brazilian deputies to be offended 217 
and also Brazil, by reproaches and imprudent insinuations 
which could only provoke a reaction. 
Proceeding in this manner, the Portuguese parliament 
caused a fraternisation in resistance by the two offended 
parties, the two victims, and to identify themselves in 
one sole and glorious cause, Brazil and D. Pedro her Prince 
Regent. 
On the 10th December 1821 there arrived in Rio de 
Janeiro the Decrees Ns. 124 and 125, which the constituent 
Parliament cast so impolitically, over the Kingdom of 
Brazil; one abolished the most important Tribunals which 
had been created in it, the other ordered the withdrawal 
-*Tof the Prince Regent, D. Pedro, who was to leave for 
Europe and there complete his education ; travelling by 
way of England, France and Spain ; and ordaining that 
Rio de Janeiro should be governed by a « Junta » to be 
elected within two months. 
When these two Decrees became known, and a notice 
that the Prince was preparing to leave, it alarmed the 
patriots of Rio de Janeiro, where they already conspired 
in secret societies, and had in the periodical Reverbero 
(reflecter) a prudent and cautious organ. 
The ebullition was great ; distinct patriots immediately 
left for Minas Geraes and S. Paulo, in order to promote 
representations to the Prince, begging him to remain in 
Brazil. 
In December the party of independence, represented by 
some of its members, was listened to by the Prince 
D. Pedro, who knew of the political travels of the com- 
missioned patriots, and did not offer any opposition, although 
he was very reserved, which agreed with his character 
and official position. 
A tradition of that time manifests that D. Pedro was 218 
perfectly informed of the pledge and of the labors of the 
patriots, and, without as yet conspring with them, he 
looked favorably upon the conspiracy. 
The commissioner sent to the province of S. Paulo was 
Pedro Dias Paes Leme (afterwards Marquis of Quixeramo- 
bim) of a noble and wealthy family, with a rural disposi- 
tion, but loyal, frank, ardent and magnanimous. Pedro 
Dias mounted his horse and set out ; passing, however, by 
S. Christovao, left the road, dismounted at the Palace of 
Boa Vista, and being at once received by D. Pedro, who 
esteemed him, informed him where he was going and the 
business he went about. 
The Prince, instead of replying to the confidence, spoke 
about hunting to one whom he knew to be a passionate 
hunter, spoke to him of other matters, and seeing that Paes 
Leme, with an able ignorance, delayed his visit to hear him, 
and only replied to him as an act of courtesy, he took him 
to a window in the Palace and fixed his eyes on the hor- 
zon, continuing to gaze at it as if reflecting. 
The December sun was burning fiercely; Paes Leme 
waited with a dogged silence. 
Suddenly D. Pedro exclaimed : - What a beautiful day 
for traveling !... 
This was the answer. 
Paes Leme kissed the hand of the Prince, and went out, 
hastening his departure for S. Paulo. 
The result of those commissions and of the endeavors of 
the patriots of Rio de Janeiro, was the arrival of represen- 
tations from S. Paulo, and a representative from the Rio 
people, which, on being taken to the Prince by the mem- 
bers of the respective chambers on the 9 th of January, 1822, 
obtained from him in reply the solemn declaration, disobe- 
dient to the supreme government of Portugal, in fact revo- 219 
lutionary, which history perpetuates in the following 
words ; « As it is for the good of all and the general 
felicity of the nation, tell the people that - I will re- 
main, » 
That 9th of January, the «I will remain » of Brazil, was 
the breaking out of the revolution of independence, its 
chief being the Prince D. Pedro. 
Impelled as much by his character as his nature he 
carried enthusiasm into the cause which he had just em- 
braced. 
Accustomed to be obeyed even in his caprices, strong, 
commanding and vehement, he showed a wonderful pa- 
tience, stifling all the volcanic transports of his temper, 
humbling himself in loyalty to his father, and with the 
hopes of a reaction amongst the old monarchists in favor of 
all the decrees and the dominating power of the Portu- 
guese parliament; but on the 9th of January the suffocated 
volcano burst out, and in D. Pedro there shone the glorious 
ambition of being the hero of the independence of a Nation 
and the founder of a new Empire. 
Thrown in the front of the Brazilian revolution D. Pedro 
began by revolutionizing his own ideas. 
He had been in Brazil in 1821 the representative of the 
royal or monarchical element against the democratic ele- 
ment of the Portuguese Parliament,and the strong guarantee 
of the union of Brazil with Portugal. In 1822 D. Pedro 
was the proclaimer, the enthusiastic official preacher and 
exalted champion of the constitutional liberty, and the 
most ardent and ostentatious defender and active chief of 
the revolutionary movement of independence. 
The 9th of January events provoked on the 11th of the 
same month a third military sedition of the Portuguese 
troops in Rio de Janeiro; but already the Prince Regent 220 
counted upon the warmest concurrence of the Brazilians 
and upon some of the regular force of the country, and 
the Luzitanian division, although well disciplined and 
valiant, did not dare to fight, but submitted itself and was 
ordered to retire to Praia Grande, being obliged to leave for 
Portugal on the 15th of February. 
One month before, D. Pedro had nominated the illus- 
trious and learned Josd Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva min- 
ister of the Kingdom and of Foreign Affairs. 
Jose Bonifacio was the principal minister of the Inde- 
pendence and the director of events. 
The young D. Pedro, Prince Regent of Brazil, in spite 
of the Parliament and the Government of Portugal, gave 
to the revolution of the Independence all the energy and 
impetuosity of his character. 
On the 16th of February he promulgated the Decree, 
calling upon the chief legislators of the Provinces of Brazil 
to assemble in Rio de Janeiro. 
On the 25th of the same month, he ordered by another 
Decree that no law whatsoever, promulgated by the Par- 
liament of Lisbon, should be obeyed in Brazil without 
his - Fulfil it. 
On the 5th of March there appeared off the bar of Rio de 
Janeiro and remained there a Portuguese squadron, and it 
was only five days afterwards that D. Pedro permitted it to 
enter the port, on the intimation that none were to disem- 
bark except those of the crews who desired to pass into 
the service of Brazil; and on the 23d of the same month 
the squadron sailed, leaving behind the frigate Real Ca- 
rolina, whose crew embraced the cause of the Prince. 
It was announced that disorders were imminent in Minas 
Geraes, whose provisionary government, suspecting anti- 
liberal intentions in the Portuguese Prince Royal, denied 221 
obedience to him. On the 25th of March, D. Pedro went to 
that province, and his presence excited unexcelled popular 
enthusiasm ; in the villages and towns which he traversed 
even on the high roads, his rapid journeys was always 
triumphal. Arrived at Villa Rica, the capital of the prov- 
ince, the people received him with ardor, and the provi- 
sional government applauded him : the concord was gen- 
eral, and he returned followed by acclamations, and covered 
with flowers and blessings. On the 15th of April he was 
received with explosions of patriotic rejoicings in the city 
of Rio de Janeiro. 
Almost immediately there were published notices of 
hostile measures taken by the government of Portugal 
against Brazil. The reply was prompt: D. Pedro accepted 
the title of Perpetual Emperor of Brazil, which in the 
name of the people, the senate of the municipal chamber 
went to offer him on the 13th of May. 
By a most energetic and transcendent act and decree of 
the 3d of June, D. Pedro convoked a constituint and legisla- 
tive assembly. 
In July he modified the ministry in a sense more decid- 
edly pronounced by the revolution of the Independence. 
On the 1st of August the Prince published the decree 
which declared as enemies, and as such they should be 
treated, all the troops which might be sent to Brazil, 
whether from Portugal or from any other nation, without 
his previous knowledge; on the same day he directed a 
zealous proclamation to the Brazilians recommending union 
and courage in the name of and for the honor of their 
country. 
On the 6th of August he spoke to the world in an 
eloquent manifest directed to governments and friendly 
nations, setting forth the march of events and the situation 222 
in which Brazil found herself, declaring that the ports 
would continue open to the commerce of all nations, and 
offering to establish and cultivate diplomatic relations. 
Immediately afterwards he began war in the name of 
Brazil, causing an expedition under the command of 
General Pedro Labatut to go to the aid of the patriots in 
Bahia against the Luzitanian troops of General Madeira. 
Disharmony spread itself in S. Paulo : D. Pedro did not 
delay ; he went to that Province, leaving Rio de Janeiro 
on the 14th of August. Just as five months before in Minas 
Geraes, he took with him a sort of magic to S. Paulo, and 
there encountered nothing but enthusiasm and patriotism : 
intrigues were confounded, and the reconciliation was 
general. From the city of S. Paulo he went to Santos, 
followed by a rejoicing cortege, on the 7th of September 
when he was obliged to stop on the banks of the stream 
Ypiranga to read despatches arrived from Lisbon and 
official documents from his ministers in Rio de Janeiro: the 
face of the Prince became radiant, his eyes flashed, and 
suddenly taking off his hat and raising his arm, he shouted : 
Independence or Death!... 
It could be understood ; but no words could sufficiently 
express the commotion, theardor and clamorous joy which 
were produced by that shout from the Ypiranga. 
D. Pedro returned to S. Paulo and immediately left for 
Rio de Janeiro, and with such celerity that he left on the 
road the persons who formed his retinue, extenuated by 
fatigue and with their horses completely done up. 
Accomplishing the most rapid journey which had until 
then ever been made from S. Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, he 
arrived almost alone at that city, and on the night of the 
loth of September, without allowing himself any rest, he 
appeared at S. John's theatre (afterwards called S. Pedro) 223 
having on his left arm the distinctive in letters of gold : 
Independence or Death ! 
It is not to be described, and can hardly be imagined, t he 
triumph, and the joyful and holy patriotic delirium of that 
memorable night, on. which the Prince received more than 
explosions of love, almost the idolatrous worship of the 
people. 
On the 12th of October of the said year, 1822, D. Pedro 
was solemnly proclaimed in Rio de Janeiro Constitutional 
Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil; and on 
the 1st of the following December the ceremony of his 
coronation was effected. On those two fortunate days, 
and on all those on which the Emperor showed him- 
self, even if only for a moment, the popular enthusiasm 
in applauding him knew no bounds. 
The whole of the year 1822 was one of most brilliant 
glory for D. Pedro; one does not contemplate without 
just admiration, a Prince, heir presumptive to the throne 
of vast dominious, and nursed in the bosom of absolute 
power, placing himself at the head of a nation, carrying 
it to the conquest of its political regeneration, founding 
an Empire, and Endowing it with a representative system 
and liberal institutions. 
But the period of this triumphal glory unhappily lasted 
only a short time. The constituent Brazilian Assembly 
was installed on the 3rd of May 1823; the ministry of 
the Independence, or of the Andradas, was dismissed on 
the 17th of July, either by the intrigues of the old courtiers, 
Portuguese by birth, as some say, or possibly in accor- 
dance with a vote of that Assembly in exaggeration of 
the ante-Luzitanian policy; and, what was worse, by 
one of his first acts the new minister of War offended 224 
the national susceptibility, by favoring the Portuguese 
element in the army. 
Voices of opposition, or rather censorial speeches 
were heard in the Parliament; the complaint of a 
Brazilian, who had been thrashed by Portuguese officers, 
excited therein some very warm discussions, minds were 
irritated; and three days afterwards, on the 11th of 
November, the Emperor nominated a new ministry, and 
on the following day the Brazilian Parliament was dis- 
solved, its palace being surrounded by a numerous mi- 
litary force; six Deputies were made prisoners and ba- 
nished to Europe, all of them more or less friends of 
the Independence, and amongst them the three brothers 
Andrada. 
Almost all the liberals of Brazil withdrew themselves 
from the Emperor D. Pedro I from the 12th November, 
1823, and the Prince, proclaimer of the independence at 
the Ypiranga and founder of the Empire, lost on that day 
all his immense popularity. 
D. Pedro I hastened to demonstrate that by dissolving 
the parliament he did not entertain the idea of governing 
with absolute power. 
By a decree of the 13th of November he nominated the 
Council of State, to which he confided the task of organiz- 
ing and correcting the project of the Constitution, which 
should be afterwards offered to the observations of the 
Municipal Chambers of the Empire. 
The Council of State worked with ardor and wisdom ; 
the project of the constitution, completed by the end of 
December, was remitted in January, 1824, to the Municipal 
Chambers, and at the request of several of them the oath 
of allegiance to the said Constitution was effected on the 
25th of March following. 225 
Although granted by the Emperor, the Constitution 
appeased the lively senses of the liberals of the southern 
provinces, and in the capital, D. Pedro I received the 
spontaneous acclamations of the people on the 25th of 
March ; in some provinces of the North, however, the 
irritation was deeper, and there broke out in Pernambuco 
the revolt which was called the Federation of the Equa- 
tor, and which was shortly and easily put down by the 
Imperial arms. 
After the recent shake of the dissolution of the par- 
liament, there was a fine opportunity for the magnificent 
manifestation of the Imperial graciousuess by means of an 
amnesty; and it would have been of such considerable 
political effect, by the Emperor using that blessed prero- 
gative obtained by the Constitution of the 25th of March, 
sworn allegiance to in that same year; the crown, however, 
was deficient in wise or loyal ministers. The rebels already 
conquered and made prisoners were judged by military 
commissions, and not a few of them died on the scaffold or 
were shot. 
The liberals all over the Empire, sorrow ful and suspi- 
cious, held themselves aloof, and thenceforward went on 
exaggerating antagonism which resulted in the dissolution 
of the parliament. 
From 1825 to 1831 the reign of D. Pedro I was a constant 
struggle made harsher by the liberal spirit of the majority 
of the nation. In short from one part or another there 
began to be pronounced that worst of all political councils 
-Intransingency. 
Besides all this, great and lamentable contrarieties were 
accumulated to compromise the Emperor D. Pedro I. 
The first was the revolt of the Banda Oriental, followed 226 
almost immediately by the war of Cisplatina, from 1825 
to 1828. 
The war was worse than unfortunate, being from the 
beginning very unpopular in Brazil; the liberal party 
made use of it as much as possible against D. Pedro I ; 
but the Emperor, making war in the name of Brazil, was 
using his right and doing his duty; because the Banda 
Oriental was the Cisplatine Province of Brazil since 1821, 
and in fighting against the revolt which had there raised its 
head, the Emperor was only defending the integrity of the 
Empire, just at he was afterwards obliged to make war on 
the Argentine Confederation, who freely protected the 
rebellion and ostentatiously declared the Banda Oriental to 
be a Province belonging to it. 
On the 27th of August, 1828, peace was signed, the Banda 
Oriental became independent, and this solution, which 
was by far the best, and also the most agreeable to the 
neighbouring Republic, still incurred grave but unjust 
censure. 
In 1825 D. Joao VI, King of Portugal, recognised the 
Independence of Brazil, yielding to the influence of 
England ; but the treaty and convention, which confirmed 
diplomatically the recognition of the Independence, was 
offensive to the Brazilians in some of its stipulations, which 
they considered unworthy of the Empire, attributing them 
to the filial condescension of D. Pedro I. 
In May 1826 really began the constitutional represen- 
tative system of Brazil, by the installation of the legislature 
of the legislative General Assembly; but still however in 
this important event the Emperor was accused of some 
illegalities in the choice of senators, in order to give a 
seat in the permanent Chamber to his most intimate friends. 
This Chamber in reality was almost wholly composed of 227 
Ministers, councillors and high Dignateries of the Empire, 
and although highly capable and illustrious men, they 
fell under the suspicion of the liberals. 
In compensation, the temporary Chamber counted am- 
ongst its members a numerous liberal phalanx, but hesit- 
ating, as if doubtful of its power, and fearing to cause its 
influence to be felt, in the first year it showed itself 
indifferent; but in the second year and thenceforward 
was energetic and warm in opposition; and in 1828 the 
first legislature came to an end announcing the most exalted 
political antagonism. 
The political press of the period already in notable de- 
velopment, and the greater part of it conducted very 
roughly, approved of, and exaggerated, the censures of the 
parliamentary opposition. 
In a short time the liberal majority of the temporary 
Chamber and the Emperor had arrived at the extremity 
of regarding each other with hostile cautiousness ; the li- 
berals went so far as to consider those deputies of their 
number who accepted ministerial portfolios, as aliens to their 
party : the Emperor organised and modified his Ministries 
within the circle of his councillors; titled men, already 
condemned by the opposition; and only exceptionally made 
choice of some of the more moderate liberals, or of those 
not so stronglv attached to any party. 
The result of this was, that the liberals considered 
any Minister or friend of the Emperor as an absolutist, 
and D. Pedro looked upon the liberals as republicans. 
The circumstances of the State were not favorable ; the 
Finances were in a painful situation ; the Treaty of 1825 
with Portugal burdened the Empire with a debt of two 
millions of pounds sterling, the war in Cisplatina im- 
posed great sacrifices, and the Ministers of the Exchequer, 228 
nominated by the Emperor, did not prove themselves to be 
able financiers, neither did their colleagues distinguish 
themselves by a zealous economy ; the opposition exposed 
this great evil in Parliament, and ouside it all the 
blame was thrown on the Emperor, otherwise irrespon- 
sible in face of the constitution. 
In 1826 the death of D. Joao VI opened a new source 
of compromises, for D. Pedro I of Brazil, who as heir to 
the throne was acknowledged and proclaimed Kiug of 
Portugal by the Regency. 
It remained at that time a secret ; but it is a fact 
that D. Pedro did ®not at once repel the idea of uniting 
the two crowns on his own head ; as he listened to the 
opinions of his councillors of State as to the right and con- 
venience or inconvevience of doing so. 
The consultation resulted in his abdication of the crown 
of Portugal in favor of his daughter D. Maria da Gloria, 
a Brazilian Princess but born during the time in which 
Brazil was a Kingdom of the Portuguese Monarchy. In 
any case it is evident that D. Pedro accepted the crown 
of Portugal; because he could not have abdicated without 
hading accepted it. 
The liberal press of Brazil censured D. Pedro I for this 
fact, calling to mind and often repeating words which be 
had uttered during the patriotic excitement of 1822 « from 
Portugal nothing, we want nothing. » 
It is evident that this ardent and electrifying declara- 
tion of the Brazilian revolution of 1826, only served as a 
pretext for opposition; because D. Pedro, abdicating the 
throne of Portugal, did it at least ostensibly, and it should 
only be, and could only he pleasing to the Brazilians to 
see a Princess, their compatriot and who was not heiress 229 
presumptive to the throne of the Empire, raised to be 
Queen of Portugal. 
But the unfortunate consequence, or rather the fact of 
grave and compromising political consequences to D. Pedro 
I, was that be, Emperor of Brazil, abdicating the crown of 
Portugal in favor of his daughter the Princess D. Maria da 
Gloria, thenceforward called D. Maria II, thus created in 
Europe, in the small but glorious kingdom of the Iberic 
peninsula, a dynastic interest, a pledge of political am- 
bition and of fatherly love, which absorbed in too great a 
degree the cares of the Emperor of Brazil. 
The dynastic question of the Portuguese Monarchy 
became complicated; the Prince D. Miguel caused himself 
to be proclaimed Absolute King of Portugal, and broke 
out into a furious anti-liberal reaction. 
The Queen D. Maria II having been sent to Europe 
taking with her, as attendant and guardian, the Marquis of 
Barbacena, a senator of the Empire, had to return to Bra- 
zil, losing all hope of support from Austria and England. 
But there was a much more serious fact, the Portuguese 
liberals emigrating in considerable numbers, to escape 
torments and the gallows, conspired against D. Miguel in 
England, and the Brazilian Minister to the Court of Lon- 
don spent Brazilian money in protecting them, and was 
on the point of finding himself in diplomatic misunder- 
tanding with the English Government. 
And further, many Portuguese emigrants passed over to 
Kio de Janeiro; D. Pedro I had to listen to them, and shew 
himself grateful for their espousing his daughtr's cause, 
and naturally to look favorably upon the Portuguese co- 
lony of the Capital of the Empire: as portuguese sympa- 
thies were necessary to him in favor of the Queen I). 
Maria II. 230 
But the Independence of Brazil scarcely dated from 
1822, international rivalries yet existed, D. Pedro I was a 
Portuguese by birth, and his enemies and friends alike laid 
hold of everything to fight against him; as there were al- 
ready many, and principally the more advanced liberals 
who desired to dethrone him. 
On the 16th of October, 1829, the Princess D. Amelia de 
Leuchtemberg arrived in Rio de Janeiro, the august 
bride of the Emperor, he having been a widower from 
the 11th of December, 1826. On the 17th of October the 
ceremonies of the nuptial blessing were celebrated, and 
the new Empress was the object of briliant fetes in the 
Capital of the Empire. 
But the public rejoicings could not be everlasting, and 
the political situation of the Empire continued to be 
clouded more than ever. 
The Emperor D. Pedro I opened in 1830 the first session 
of the second Legislature, and was forced to recognise 
that the liberal opposition of the temporary Chamber was 
more numerous and exalted than ever. 
The accusation of two of his Ministers was proposed in 
the Chamber, and failed to be approved by a very few 
votes, thanks to some of the Deputies who were more 
moderate liberals ; and even on this question D. Pedro 
allowed himself to be biased by his generous temper, 
taking to heart more ostensibly than was legal, the cause 
of his ministers. 
The press had already denounced plans and attempts 
at proclamations of an absolute government, and the 
Chamber attacked them in ardent language. 
In these attacks D. Pedro I, evidently under an illusion, 
was the victim of his worst friends. There was really at 
that time ministers more monarchical than the king, 231 
pledged to realize such a compromising • and inn worthy 
idea ; D. Pedro I was, however, completely innocent of that 
criminal plot, and as sonn as he knew of it, he destroyed 
it by condemning it ; although he had the weakness not 
to expel from his palace and his councils the false friends 
of the Throne. 
The liberal party got up a strong agitation outside the 
Chamber, and in 1830 spread the idea in the public press 
of the Federation of the Provinces. 
Federal societies became organized ; they preached the 
necessity of a reform of the constitution, and the news of 
the revolution which had knocked Charles X off the throne 
of France was rejoiced at as a happy event. 
The dynastic question of Portugal, and the proceedings 
of the Brazilian Minister in London, gave rise to vehement 
censures in the press and in the Chambers. 
A hidden conspiracy showed itself. 
In this conjuncture the Minister, Marquis of Paranagua 
(Francisco Villela Barbosa) proposed at a Ministerial 
Council, the dissolution of the Chamber, and was fully 
supported by his colleagues. 
D. Pedro I, who heard in silence the proposition of one 
and the assent of the other ministers, at last exclaimed- 
«And who will be answerable to me for the blood which 
will be shed ? I will not accept such a counsel; I will not 
dissolve the chamber. « 
In 1830 nobody knew of the minister's proposal nor of the 
Emperor's answer. 
D. Pedro I, the constitutional irresponsible being, was 
responsibile for all the blameable acts of his ministers. 
During his reign from 1826 to 1831 his great and unde- 
niable error was the reality of his personal government, 
owing principally to the anti-parliamentary organization 232 
of the ministry; but D. Pedro I understood literally the 
articlein the Constitution which authorized him to nomi- 
nate the ministers in a perfectly free manner. 
He was not at that time the only one who misunderstood 
the essential precepts of the representative system as 
regarded the matter in this question. 
It seemed to be imperfectly understood at that period 
what was really ministerial, that is, a uniform political 
thought amongst the members of the government. Notewor- 
thy men of independent character, proud even andwith libe- 
ral ideas, such as Jose Bernardino Baptista Pereira and 
Hollanda Cavalcanti, afterwards Viscount de Albuquerque, 
were, and remained in the ministry, finding themselves in 
complete opposition to the political ideas of the other 
ministers, their colleagues !.... 
But in 1830 the movement of the federation of the 
provinces and the popular excitement, produced a lively 
emotion in the spirit of D. Pedro I. 
It appears that he then recognized, in spite of the constant 
assurances of his councillors that public opinion in Brazil 
had abandoned him, and judging that the people were 
deluded and drawn away by the intrigues of the liberals 
and by a revolutionary movement, he resolved to use all 
his lost popularity, and thus avoid an imminent political 
crisis, confiding in the influence of his presence, where the 
liberals counted upon greater support from the populace. 
This purpose coincided with ideas and plans in contra- 
diction to the Empire of which D. Pedro was the founder. 
The dynastic cause of the Queen D. Maria II, and, as 
thought by some persons, the dreams of an Iberic Empire 
which came to him from London, preoccupied the mind of 
the Emperor, who had already a male child and a Brazilian 
to whom he could leave the crown of Brazil. 233 
Without the least doubt these ideas were agitating the 
mind of D. Pedro I when he determined to pay a visit to 
the province of Minas Geraes, well chosen by premeditated 
experience ; because there existed in that province, more 
than in any obter, sentiment s of strong liberalism, an in 1822 
ultra-liberal aspirations were agitated there; D. Pedro, 
then Prince Regent, found that the prestige of his presence 
was sufficient to light up the mod lively enthusiasm amongst 
the inhabitants, and to do away with all opposition. 
D. Pedro I left for the province of Minas Geraes in De- 
cember, 1830, taking with him the recollection of his 
triumphs in 1822. 
The journey only bitterly and sadly undeceived him. 
Except the official receptions and rejoicings he only en- 
countered coldness in the cities and villages of that pro- 
vince, and simply curiosity without manifestations of love 
on the part of the people. 
D. Pedro I did not know how to or could not stifle his 
resentment, and, entering into the city of Ouro Preto, he 
published the Proclamation of the 22d of February, 1831, 
which produced a disagreable impression in the mind of the 
public, and still further when the opposition press of Minas 
and of Rio de Janeiro made the most vigorous commentaries 
upon it. 
D. Pedro I returned from Minas Geraes profoundly dis- 
gusted. 
On the road back to Rio de Janeiro, Manoel Antonio 
Galvao, who was going to take up the presidency of Minas 
Geraes, presented himself to kiss his hand. 
D. Pedro I, who highly and justly esteemed that distin- 
guished and honorable Brazilian, had a confidential conver- 
sation with him, and recommended him to exercise the 
greatest prudence in his presidential government of Minas, 234 
secretly warning him that it was possible he might shortly 
have to abdicate the Crown of the Empire. 
This fact, which is of transcendent importance in relat- 
ing the history of the events of March and April, 1831, 
was years afterwards referred to, and confirmed by the 
councillor Manoel Antonio Galvao, a man of honour and of 
sound oonscience, whose word was never doubted by any- 
body. The character of Galvao was of such high order that 
his testimony is sufficient to satisfy every scruple of the 
most cautious historian. 
D. Pedro I arrived at the palace of S. Christovao on 
the 11th of March, and his solemn entry into the Ca- 
pital of Rio de Janeiro was fixed for the 15th of the 
same month. 
Excited by imprudent courtiers, many Portuguese im- 
migrants, not a few adopted Brazilians, and with them 
a great number of Portuguese subjects employed in the 
commerce of Rio de Janeiro, prepared themselves to wel- 
come the return of the Emperor to the capital, and con- 
sequently on the nright of the 12th of March they began 
their manifestations of rejoicing with illuminations, fire- 
works and bonfires in the streets of Quitanda, Rosario 
and other cemmercial streets, almost entirely inhabited 
by Portuguese. 
Groups of Brazilians showed themselves, looking on at 
these rejoicings; many unfortunate Portuguese ran up 
to them shouting «long live the Emperor !» and receiving 
in reply the shout of-«long live the Emperor whilst 
he remains constitutional !» they attacked the curious 
observers and put them to flight, throwing stones and 
bottles at them. 
On the nights of the 13th and 14th the illuminations 
and bonfires were continued, and many grave conflicts 235 
occurred between Brazilians and Portuguese, and on the 
night of the 14th the latter went to the scandalous and 
revolting extremity of parading the streets in numerous 
and armed groups, throwing stones at the bouses of those 
Liberals who had not illuminated, and notably at that of 
the deputy Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga, editor of the pe- 
riodical Aurora Fluminense. 
Meanwhile the military only showed themselves on the 
last of these nights, when already the Portuguese rioting 
had offended the national pride in the highest degree, 
and caused the greatest possible harm to the Emperor, 
whom those foreigners applauded so loudly in the ardor 
of their frensy. 
D. Pedro I made his solemn entry into the capital on 
the loth March, being enthusiastically receided by the 
Portuguese, and received or looked upon by the Brazilians 
with coldness. 
On the same day one senator and twenty-three liberal 
deputies, who were in Parliament, united and resolved 
to present to the Emperor a petition against the unpu- 
nished attempts of the Portuguese, and ask for the chas- 
tisement of the guilty insuitors of the national pride on 
the nights of the 13th and 14th of March. 
The petition was handed to the Prime Minister on the 
17th of the same month. 
The worst of all was that the opinion of the Brazilians 
was expressed more and more against the Emperor, they 
considering him the protector of the soaring Portuguese 
and unpunished criminals. 
The situation was almost desperate. The revolting and 
mad intervention of the Portuguese in the political affairs 
of the country, and their brutal insults to the Brazilian 
nationality, gave extraordinary force to the Liberal opposi- 236 
tion, with which every Brazilian sided, even those of them 
who were the most indifferent and Estranged from po- 
litics. 
At last, on the 20th of March, D. Pedro I dismissed the 
Ministry, thus appeasing the most lively national resent- 
ment ; but instead of calling to the government the most 
useful men of the Chamber, he named as Ministers, Liberals 
without influence, and some of whom were not even De- 
puties. 
The new Ministry immediately took measures which 
decreased the audacity of the Portuguese; the moderate 
Liberals applauded it and counselled the people to be 
orderly and have confidence in the Government; exalted 
spirits however, who were already conspiring, continued 
to do so against the Emperor, thus exciting the revolution. 
It is very true that on the following nights, many 
hundred of the populace, with recognised chiefs at their 
head, assembled in the Largo de Moura, and at other points 
in front of the barracks of the military, and that they con- 
versed with the officers and soldiers, and there was neither 
police, nor any other government, measures, taken to dis- 
solve such threatening assemblies !... 
Who was to blame for such a negligence, which might 
resolve itself into treason ?... 
1). Pedro I knew all about it; how then could he 
tolerate these highly condemnable facts, and the revolu- 
tion being got up in an ostentatious and free manner?.... 
Did he tolerate the action of the Ministry, desiring to 
abandon himself to the already precipitated march of 
events ?... 
On the 25th of March D. Pedro I presented himselft in 
the church of S. Francisco de Paula to assist at the Te-Deum 
which the Liberals caused to be celebrated as a thanks-giv- 237 
ing for the anniversary of the swearing to the Constitution. 
His most intimate counsellors had tried to persuade him 
from this act, which they judged imprudent, fearing pro- 
jects of assassination. 
He despised their counsels and went; not one single 
voice saluted him on his arrival; at the end of the religious 
ceremony he went out between two close lives of the 
people; when he was about to mount his horse, an ex- 
cited person shouted near him « long live the Emperor 
whilst he remains constitutional !.... » He replied quite 
camly and without hesitation. « I was, I am, and always 
will be constitutional. » 
He had already given the reins to his horse, when he 
heard another shout « long live D. Pedro II » he smiled, 
turned his head, and said in reply » he is to much of a 
child yet. » 
Honoring the firmness and courage of the Emperor, 
many voices then applauded him. 
The days dragged on laden with sinister apprehensions ; 
events got worse ; the government showed itself indiffer- 
ent or fettered, and the attitude of the exalted liberals 
more threatening than ever. 
On the afternoon or night of the 5th of April, D. Pedro I, 
forming the resolution that be ought to consider himself 
decided and energetic, changed the ministry, organising 
the new one with six titular senators, who had often 
before been ministers, but all most unpopular, and am- 
ongst them the Marquis of Paranagua, who had figured 
so greatly in the dissolution of the parliament. 
It was evidently a ministry of ante-liberal reaction, 
and purposely formed to crush, if it could, the revolution 
which was clearly ready to break out. 
The news of the ministerial change, published on the 238 
morning of the 6th of April, was like sounding an alarm ; 
at noon there began to assemble in the Campo de Santa 
Anna (now Praca da Acclamaqao) groups of citizens who 
were excited by violent discourses of impassioned speakers ; 
towards night the meeting was very numerous, and the 
people cried out with loud voices for the reinstallation of 
the ministry of the 20th of March, which had been dis- 
missed. 
And up to the evening of that day the new ministry had 
not taken any steps to prevent the revolution, which, in 
reality, was already being pronounced in the public 
square!... 
In order that he might hear the demands of the people, 
the justices of peace, who had also met on the Campo of 
Santa Anna, set out for S. Christovao and presented'them- 
selves before the Emperor ; who, after listening to them, 
replied by refusing to satisfy the popular exigency, and 
asserting that he was constitutional, that he went along 
with the constitution, and for this reason the free choice 
of ministers belonged to him. 
In the meanwhile the popular masses went on growing 
larger and already conducted by some of the liberal depu- 
ties. At eight o'clock at night the commander-in-chief 
(Brigadier Francisco de Lima e Silva) left the barracks (in 
the said Praqa da Acclamacao) and went to give an account 
of the state of things to the Emperor, and of the rising of 
the people. 
D. Pedro I did not tremble, but maintained a steady 
determination not te reinstate the ministry of the 20th of 
March. 
All the ministers were in the palace of S. Christovao by 
the side of the Emperor, the situation could not be more 
delicate, still however the inaction was complete, and no 239 
measures whatever were taken, which would indicate force 
and energy on the part of the government! 
From ten o'clock at night onwards, the various military 
forces of the capital went marching on to the Campo and 
fraternissing with the people, who by this time had more or 
less armed themselves. 
In face of the intervention of the military element, the 
commander-in-chief despatched Major Miguel de Frias Vas- 
concellos to inform the Emperor of what was taking place, 
and to beg him to accede to the desires of the people. 
Having received Major Frias, and hearing him to the 
end, the Emperor exclaimed, referring to the demand for 
the reinstalment of the Ministry of the 20th of March - 
« the same Ministry, not by any means !... that would be 
against my honor and contrary to the Constitution. I would 
sooner abdicate or die. » 
It is said that, after reflecting awhile, he ordered Major 
Frias to wait, and set the intendant of Police, chief Judge 
Lopes Gama, to look for senator Vergueiro, and induce him 
to form a new Ministry, but that, unfortunately, that 
Liberal chief could not be found. 
What is certain and positive is the fact that D. Pedro I, 
having absented himself for a few minutes, returned 
bringing in his hand an open sheet of paper, and gave it 
over to Major Frias, saying to him : - «■ here is my abdica- 
tion. I hope they will he happy. I shall retire to Europe, 
and leave a country that lalways loved and still love. » 
At break of day D. Pedro I, ex-Emperor, with his 
august spouse, with the Queen D. Maria II, the Duke and 
Duchess of Louie, and some servants, left the palace of 
Boa Vista, and embarking in boats at the quay of S. Chris- 
tovao withdrew himself on board of the English line-of- 
battle ship « W ar spite. » 240 
By a Decree dated the 6th of April D. Pedro named as 
guardian to his children who remained in Brazil the 
councillor Josd Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva, the venerable, 
wise and worthy Minister of the Independence. 
From on board the Warspite he wrote letters taking 
leave of his friends ; and, being consoled by the know- 
ledge that his august son D. Pedro II was received with 
the greastest enthusiasm by the people, and proclaimed 
Emperor of Brazil, he went with the Empress, at the 
end of three days, on board the English frigate Volage 
at the same time that the Queen D.- Maria 11 and the 
Duke and Duchess of Louie transferred themselves to 
the French frigate Seine. 
On the 13th of April 1831 the two frigates sailed from 
the port of Rio do Janeiro, and D. Pedro left Brazil for 
ever. 
The last phase of the reign of the Emperor D. Pedro 1 
occupies in the History of Brazil the short period of four 
incomplete weeks, full however of grave events, of la- 
mentable errors, and above all of the inaction and weak- 
ness withaut precedent on the part of the Government 
which would have been excusable if it was possible to 
admit that the Emperor was ignorant of them, or had to- 
lerated them througle illusions of the irresistible strength 
of his power. 
It is not easy to explain the vacillation and the poli- 
tical contradictions in the organization of the Ministries 
of the 20th of March and the 5th of April, and the sur- 
prising slowness of the latter in face of the revolution 
about to be proclaimed on the following day at the Campo 
de Santa Anna !... 
D. Pedro I was deeply disgusted at the opposition he 
met with from the Liberal party of Brazil, and so much 241 
the more as this party enjoyed the support of the ma- 
jority of the Nation. 
Preoccupation in the cause of his daughter, Queen 
D. Maria II, coincided with dsgust, as well as the pros- 
pect of splendid glory of regeneration of the Portuguese 
Constitutional liberty. 
There were not wanting incentives to call the Em- 
peror of Brazil to Europe, as on the other hand he had 
a son, a Brazilian by birth, to leave on the Throne of 
the Empire. 
The idea of abdicating the crown preoccpied D. Pedro I 
even before his arrival at the city of Rio de Janeiro, on 
the 11th of March, when he was returning from Minas 
Geraes. 
From the 12th of March to the 6th of April, the hesita- 
tion of the Emperor may be comprehended by his struggl- 
ing with two sentiments -love for his daughter and ambi- 
tions of glory in Europe-and his love for Brazil, whose 
independent Empire he had founded. 
It was for this that on handing the document of abdica- 
tion to Major Miguel de Frias, D. Pedro I melted into 
tears, owing to a generous commotion. 
No one doubts that if the Emperor, on the 6th of April, 
had desired to resist the revolution, that he would have 
had on his side at least a part of the military ; and no one 
was found then or afterwards who could not testify to the 
courage and bravery of D . Pedro I. He, however, did not 
desire to appeal to the armed forces, nor would he con- 
sent that any appeal at all should he made to them, and 
his memory is not a little honored by having spared the 
blood which would have been shed in the capital of the 
Empire and the provinces. 
The abdication of D. Pedro I on the 7th of April, 1831, 242 
without being preceded by violent measures, and still less 
by the clash of arms and fighting, saved his dignity, and 
moreover saved the constitutional monarchy of the Em- 
pire. 
There ends the life of D. Pedro I in Brazil. The history 
of Brazil is indebted to him for many brilliant pages regis- 
tering heroic deeds and glorious service. 
In front of an immortal cohort of brave men D. Pedro 
inscribed that Homeric episode of the disembarkation in 
the city of Oporto, of the wonderful defence of that place, 
and of the regeneration of Portugal, where he steadied the 
throne of his daughter, D. Maria 11, by a monarchical- 
constitutional government, overcoming Herculean labors 
which exhausted his strength and carried him to the 
sepulchre when only thirty-six years of age. 
D. Pedro I did not take any part in the affairs of Brazil 
from 1831 to 1834, when he died ; nor did be influence 
them, either directly or indirectly : when speaking of this 
country, be only made use of generous words, manifested 
sympathy, and prayed for its prosperity. The only thing 
which be did, relative to the Empire of Brazil, was the 
recognition, as Brazilian Princess, of his danghter born 
in Europe on the 1st of December 1831, and the fruit of 
his second mariage. 
In Brazil, from 1832 to 1834, the name of D. Pedro I 
served as the banner hoisted by the party calling itself 
« Caramuru » or Restorer. 
D. Pedro neither promoted nor gave any counte- 
nance to this party, who recalled him to Brazil, either 
as Emperor Restored or as Regent. The most that was 
said, with some appearance of truth, was that he replied to 
the proposals and urgings of the restoration Commissioners, 
ni the following words :-« I will only return to Brazil 243 
if a large majority of the Municipal Chambers of that 
Empire should ask me to do so by a Petition. » 
D. Pedro I died in Lisbon on the 24th of September 1834 ; 
the city of Oporto, the scene of his greatest glory in 
Europe, holds his heart in its proud keeping, the most 
precious legacy of a hero. Two Nations, one an Empire 
and the other a Kingdom, keep his memory in the 
Pantheons of their National history. 
There was raised in Brazil, in 1862, a majestic equestrian 
statue of D. Pedro I, in the « Praca da Constituicao » in 
the Capital of the Empire; this monument owing its 
existence, not to the coffers of the public Treasury, but 
to the voluntary subscriptions of numerous citizens. 
During his reign of nine years, incompleted, the first 
Emperor of Brazil was not fortunate ; the dissolution of 
the Parliament in 1823, divorcing the Liberals from his 
cause, was an error with fatal consequences. 
From the year 1824 and thereafter, D. Pedro I, who 
called himself constitutional, and boasted that he was 
so, did not always show that such was really the case: 
carried away, impelled by the consciousness of his good 
intentions, he often caused his individual power to be felt 
which flattering Ministers encouraged and did not know, 
how to dissimulate. The greatest misfortune of a reigning 
constitutionalPrince, is in not having Ministers who 
know how to say-no-to him, when justice and right 
counsel such a proceeding. This infelicity persecuted the 
first Emperor of Brazil in a very marked manner. 
Nearly half a century has passed since D. Pedro I disap- 
peared from amongst men ; and impartial history, which 
registers his errors, justly and rightly honoring his mem- 
ory, present him to the eyes of posterity with such majes- 
tic splendor, as to call forth a strong admiration. 244 
D. Pedro de Alcantara Bourbon was the chief of the 
revolution the proclaimer of the Independence and foun- 
der of the Empire of Brazil regenerator of the liberty of 
Portugal and of its Constitutional Monarchy he received 
on his august head two crowns, one as Emperor of Brazil 
the other as King of Portugal, and voluntarily abdicated 
both. 
He flourished, predominating in influence, and comman- 
ded and reigned over two nations-Brazil and Portugal- 
and in both of them planted free institutions ; he was the 
architect of two political monuments, and a hero in two 
worlds. ZXLlTI OF OCTOBER 
J0I0 DE MELLO 
Joao de Mello, a Jesuit, poet and a notably learned man, 
was born in Pernambuco in the year 1706. 
The Jesuits recognizing his fine talent, drew the young 
man into the bosom of the company, and shortly had to 
thank themselves for so doing, seeing how all their hopes 
were realized. 
Father Joao de Mello was an honor to the Company of 
Jesus through his vast knowledge, and by his services in 
preaching and in missions. 
He wrote poetry in Portuguese and Latin, and his effu- 
sions were considered to be distinguished and of superior 
merit. 
The Abbot Diogo Barboza, in his Bibliotheca Luzitana 246 
and other criticisms, praises the poetry of Father Joao de 
Mello for its purity of language and fine taste. 
Proper dates are wanting for the regular registration of 
his name, which is therefore inscribed under the date of 
the 13th of October. XIV OF OCTOBER 
JOAQUIM GOMES DE SOUZA / 
Joaquim Gomes de Souza, of an uncommon and admirable 
intelligence, which, was extinguished at an early age, was 
the legitimate son of Major Ignacio Jose de Souza and D. An- 
tonia de Brito Gomes de Souza, he was born on the loth of 
February, 1829, in the Province of Maranham, on the left 
bank of the winding river Itapicuru in the beautiful 
country residence belonging to his parents. 
Very early, even in infancy, his forehead began to 
show the dawn of genius. 
He was sent to Pernambuco in 1841, in company with 
his elder brother, who was there going through a law- 
course, but his brother dying, he suspended his studies and 
had to return to his parents. 
He came to Rio de Janeiro in 1843, entered the 1st 248 
battalion of Artillery as cadet, and matriculated in the 
Military Academy ; in the first year he passed a brilliant 
examination, and, in 1844, overcoming the paternal oppo- 
sition, he matriculated himself in the School of Medicine, 
having in a short time studied all the necessary prepara- 
tories. 
In 1847 he passsd his examination of the third medical year, 
obtaining, as in the first two years, optime cum laude 
approval, and dared to request that he might be closely 
examined in every thing appertaining to the course of 
Engineering !.... 
The body of Professors of the military Academy, howe- 
ver, would not attend to the request of the pretentious boy; 
but Gomes de Souza persisting, obtained as patrons, first 
the Senator Saturnino da Costa Pereira, afterwards the 
councillors and Senators, Candido Baptista and Bellegarde, 
three mathematicians of great worth, and who, after 
giving him a private interview, dismissed him with wonder 
at his talents. 
Every obstacle was overcome, and after a lengthy exa- 
mination one by one, of all the matter appertaining to 
the respective course, Gomes de Souza took the degree 
of Bachelor of arts, mathematics and physics, on the 10th 
of June 1848, that is, when he wasonly nineteen years of 
age; and on the 14thof October expounded his Thesis, 
obtained the degree of Doctor, and shortly afterwards 
was the succ essful candidate for thepostof Sub-Professor. 
This prodigious intelligence monopolised everything !... 
mathematics, natural sciences, medicine, literature, poe- 
try and the study of languages both living and dead. 
Gomes de Souza publihshed in 1847 in the Guanabara the 
fragments of a work on integral calculation which he 
was writing. A master came forward to battle with him, 249 
Dr. Joaquim Jose de Oliveira, a Professor of the Academy, 
but in the contention the young man of twenty years 
gained the day. 
In 1852 he was nominated a member of the directing 
committee for the construction and internal regimen of 
the House of Correction in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 
and rendered remarkable and appreciated services. 
His weak constitution and excessive etudies began to 
ruin his health. 
In 1854 he departed for Europe, and there aided by or mis- 
taken in the climate, he studied in France, England and 
Germany much harder if it were possible, than he had 
done in Rio de Janeiro. 
He was in Germany when he found that he had been 
elected a Deputy of the General Assembly, to represent 
his Province, that of Maranham. 
From 1857 to 1860, Gomes de Souza, without ably dis- 
tinguishing himself in politics, shone in the Parliamenty 
Tribune as a man of deep study and of superior intel- 
ligence. 
But his physical sufferings were getting worse. Here- 
turned to Europe, and came back from thece to foresee 
death approaching.... 
Having been re-elected Deputy in only two sessions of 
the new Legislature, he appeared in the Chamber, where 
he gave proofs of his wisdom in magisterial discourses. 
In 1863 he again tried Europe for the benefit of his 
health, ut his expectations were vain ones in that climate. 
On the 1st of June 1863 he died at Southampton in En- 
gland, in spite of all the care and endeavours of intimate 
friends and of the most illustrious doctors. 
Dr. Joaquim Gomes de Souza was almost a suicide from 
his love and passion for science. XV OF OCTOBER 
MIGUEL DE FRIAS VASCONCELLOS 
On the loth of October, 1805, Miguel de Frias Vas- 
concellos was born in Rio fie Janeiro; he followed a 
military career by the wish of his father, Lieutenant- 
colonel Joaquim de Frias e Vasconcellos. 
At 5 years of age he entered the army, as a cadet in 
the 1st regiment of cavalry; years after, when he was 
an officer, he studied at the in the Military college, and 
there distinguished himself by his talents and application, 
obtaining after a few years the post of Professor and 
Examiner at the said Academy. 
In 1828, by his incontestable merit, be had already 
obtained the rank of Brevet-major; and in 1831 was 
given the appointment of Quarter-master-General, when 
the criminal excesses of the month of March in that 252 
year, and the popular excitement had caused the move- 
ments of the 6th of April to break out. 
Major Frias was known to have a noble and fervent 
spirit of nationality, and also to be liberal in of his 
ideas: if the struggle had became a battle, there would 
have been no doubt which side he would have joined: 
D. Pedro I, however, showed himself to be great and 
generous in the hour of adversity ; he did not wish Bra- 
zilian blood to be shed, and by abdicating saved Brazil 
and the Monarchy. The last words of the Emperor, who 
descended from a Throne, were received by Major Frias, 
to whom he said, on handing him the Decree of Abdi- 
cation: «Here is my Abdication. I hope you will all be 
happy! I shall retire to Europe, and leave a country that 
I loved so much, and do still love. » 
The first years of the monarchy of H. M. the Emperor 
D. Pedro II mark a sad epoch for Brazil; revolts succeeded 
one another, and the army being undisciplined became dan- 
gerous, and therefore was disbanded ; the government 
struggled on without strength in the midst of factions, and 
only a miracle could have preserved the country which 
was gradually falling into anarchy. 
It was in these troublous times that a grave error on the 
part of Miguel de Frias interrupted his splendid career, 
forced him into exile, thus becoming an alien, and his 
country losing his services. Having joined the party of 
opposition, which entitled itself exalted major Frias, who, 
with other officers, was a prisoner in one of the fortresses, 
took part in the plans for a revolution ; but, being igno- 
rant of the fact that it had collapsed, he revolted in the 
fortress, and, at the head of a few companions, disembarked 
in the city and marched to the Campo of Sant'Anna on the 
3d of April, 1832. In vain, friends who met him warned 253 
him that he would surely be a lost man, «It is too late, » 
he replied, « 1 have taken the first step. » The result of 
this struggle might have been forseen. Legality easily 
triumphed, and major Frias had to emigrate. 
Why should not history clear up a point generally un- 
known, and which so much redounded to the honor of him 
who practised it ?...., 
Major Luiz Alves de Lima (now Duke of Caxias) at the 
head of the body of permanent police (which consisted of 
scarcely two hundred rank and file) in a very few minu- 
tes put to flight the band of revolutionists of the 3d of 
April, who only fired one shot from a piece of artillery 
brought from the fortress. 
Major Frias fled as fast as his horse could gallop, and 
the then major Luiz Alves de Lima followed him to do his 
duty by taking him prisoner ; but in the race, making a 
movement with the reins, and bending forward to escape a 
pistol-shot which an ignorant and frantic partisan fired at 
him, his horse stumbled, and, thanks to this major Frias 
was enabled to distance him. 
The then major, and now Duke of Caxias, going on 
again, heard the spontaneous information that the Chief of 
the revolt had sought refuge in a house in the street called 
« Sabao » situated in the « Cidade Nova, » or new part of 
the city, and immediately sought the house to use his 
right of search for the man who was legally pursued. 
The owner of the house, the respectable protector, at once 
gave entrance to the valiant major Luiz Alves de Lima, 
who advancing from the drawing-room along a corridor, 
saw a door locked but with the key in it ; he turned the 
key, opened the door and leoked in 
Major Frias was standing up in the middle of the room 
which protected him... 254 
Major Luiz Alves did not wish to see... generosity blind- 
ed him... he again shut the door and left the house. 
Thus Major Miguel de Frias was enabled to escape being 
made a prisoner, and afterwards emigrated to the United 
States. 
Who would not applaud the magnanimous action of one 
who risked so much by such a generous and sublime blind- 
ness immediately after the fight and easy victory?... 
Brazil opened her arms and received therein Major 
Frias, who returned to his country after two years of 
exile; then there commenced, or shortly afterwards, a 
series of valuable services rendered by this distinguished 
Brazilian. 
In 1842, the then Count and now Duke of Caxias, when 
he was about to leave for Rio Grande do Sul where the 
pacification of that important Province of the Empire await- 
ed him, remembered his brother in arms. The distinguished 
General could not really forget the brave soldier who, in 
1828, so boldly fought in the Capital against the revolted 
foreign troops. 
Major Frias responded to the call of his country, 
and served with distinction in the battle-fields of the 
South until the year 1844; and when again the trumpets 
sounded, and Brazil had to revenge herself for the out- 
rages and boldness of the Dictator of Buenos-Ayres, once 
more the brave Miguel de Frias hastened to join the 
National Standard, ready to give his life for the country 
of his birth. 
Thus the brilliant military career of Miguel de Frias, 
which was interrupted in 1832, was again marked by val- 
uable services rendered by him. His star, which at one 
time the tempest clouds had overshadowed, shone out again 
with renewed lustre in the Brazilian sky, and the brave 255 
officer was duly rewarded by being promoted to the higher 
posts which were his by right. 
But it was not only on the fields of honor and of battle 
that Miguel de Frias obtained well deserved praise; the 
Government of the State took constant advantage of his 
high intelligence and knowledge of engineering, as well 
as of his ability and active solicitude as administrator, con- 
fiding to him the important posts of Director of the Arse- 
nal of War, also of Military Works, and Inspector-General 
of Public Works, whose functions he entered upon twice, 
and furthermore made him a member of the commission 
for the improvement of army materials, whose presidency 
he occupied when death cut the thread of his existence. 
Miguel de Frias , besides his multifarious and thorny 
labors of administration, (which although unnoticed by 
the public are not therefore less interesting, and in many 
cases of high value), bequeathed, as an Engineer, to the 
capital of the Empire, works which recommended him to 
the consideration and the gratitude of the people; amongst 
them, one will speak for all, namely the conduit-works 
bringing the waters of Maracana into the city of Rio de Ja- 
neiro, thus specially saving the poor people from the cala- 
mity of thirst, with which they were afflicted in seasons of 
great dryness ; and water thus being brought to everybody's 
dore, made Rio de Janeiro one of the most remarkable cities 
of the world from this point af view. 
The inhabitants could not close their eyes to such merit; 
the name of Miguel de Frias, which had once before been 
contemplated amongst the nine chosen from the people for 
the edility of the capital, was again pronounced on the 
eve of an election ; and he, a constant and firm member 
of the Liberal party, found himself then, as well as his 
comrades, in the camp of the opposition ; what did it mat- 256 
ter! The electoral urns spoke, and by spontaneous and 
numerous votes this worthy Brazilian was elevated to the 
Presidency of the Chamber; it was thought that the elec- 
toral process had been vitiated, and the Government de- 
clared the election null and void but; again, what did it 
matter! The urns again spoke, and Miguel de Frias e 
Vasconcellos obtained even a greater number of votes 
than at first. 
These victories cost him neither personal appeal, nor the 
laborious recommendation of friends ; this candidature was 
the eloquent and decided manifestation of general sym- 
pathy ; the people inscribed on their lists the name of 
Miguel de Frias by the impulse of their own hearts. 
And even this was not enough; one does not only meet 
the name of Miguel de Frias e Vasconcellos in the camp 
as a soldier ; but also in the Arsenal of War and in Public 
Works as an Administrator and Engineer; he had even 
time left to consecrate himself to the most philanthropic 
labors. 
As a member and afterwards president of the Imperial 
Society of Lover of Instruction he dedicated himself to the 
care and assistance of orphan and unfortunate female 
children, contributing all in his power to facilitate their 
primary instruction and education, so that in due course 
these little innocents, marked by the stamp of misfortune, 
might become mothers of families who would be an honor 
to society. 
Thanks partly to activity and the system of economy 
which he introduced, ably seconded by worthy comrades, 
the distinguished president of the Society Lover of Instruc- 
tion so managed that this beautiful and noble institution 
accumulated a capital of 100:000$, which gives ample secu- 
rity for the future of its schools, and at the head of the So- 257 
ciety laid the foundation-stone on Neves' Hill, of a new esta- 
blishment destined for the instruction and education of un- 
fortunate orphans of both sexes ; and he would have done 
much more had he not arrived at the last hour of his life. 
In the large heart of Brigadier Miguel de Frias e Vas- 
concellos abounded charity for his neighbours, as much 
much as was also notable his entire disinterestedness. One 
fact is sufficient to prove this: many capitalists and 
well-known citizens, desirous of making him a present as a 
recognition of the great work of canalizing the waters of 
Maracana, opened, with this object, a subscription whose 
product summed up to seven thousand milreis. Miguel de 
Frias e Vasconcelios accepted the offer of the rich for the 
benefit of the poor, and that .amount was carried to the 
coffers of the Society Lover of Instruction. 
When he was already at the gates of the tomb, he invited 
with great persistence, a friend and relation of his, to 
obtain from a capitalist, in his name and for his account 
the sum of sixteen thousand milreis for the conclusion of 
the works of the aforesaid society, mortgaging, as guaran- 
tee, his personal property. 
This great man, so well deserving of his country,died on 
the 25th of May, 1859. XVI OF OCTOBER 
EELISBERTO CALDEIRA BRANT PONTES 
MARQUIS OF BARBACENA 
On the 19th of September, 1772, was born in the village 
of S. Sebastiao, near the city of Marianna, province of 
Minas Geraes, Felisberto Caldeira Brant, the legitimate son 
of Colonel Gregorio Caldeira Brant, and of D. Maria Fran- 
cisca de Oliveira Horta ; on the mother's side he pertained 
to a distinguished and important Minas family, and on the 
father's to a family which originally came from Utrecht, 
in Holland, his great grand father, Ambrosio Caldeira 
Brant, having come to establish himself in Brazil in the 
year 1700. 260 
He made his preparatory studies in Minas Geraes, and 
he came to Rio de Janeiro in 1786; and having with 
others of his colleagues to pass through a public examin- 
ation in the presence of the Vice-roy, Luiz de Vasconcellos, 
he gave such proofs of his efficiency, that the Vice-roy 
had him in: ited to dine with him on that day as a mark of 
distinction. After enlisting as a cadet, he sailed for Lisbon 
in 1788, and under the and guidance and advice of his uncle 
Manoel Jose Pires da Silva Pontes, professor of the aca- 
demy of Marine of that capital, and whose surname of 
Pontes he then took out of gratitude, he entered the col- 
lege of the nobles, from which he joined the academy of 
Marine. 
The minister Martinho de Mello, taking steps to reform 
the academy, ordered, as an incentive to the pupils, that 
the prize students should rise in rank, and the young Bra- 
zilian student Brant Pontes at the end of a five years 
course of study at the academy, and being nineteen years 
of age, had so often gained prizes that he was entitled to 
the rank of post captain ; the government did not give it 
to him on account of their considering him too young, and 
at his request, they passed him over to the army, appoin- 
ting him to the rank of Major of the staff, and Aide de Camp 
of D. Miguel de Mello, governor of Angola, where he was 
to serve for two years. 
In Angola he at once distinguished himself, offering to go 
out, as he did ;go, with two vessels of war, which were 
there, to give chace to two French corsairs which threa- 
tened the neighbouring ports, and that of Benguela; the 
corsairs managed to escape, and did not again appear, and 
Brant Pontes the young officer who had sought and pur- 
sued them, had as a rewardthe insignia of the order of 
Christ given him. 261 
The two years of residence having terminated, he left 
Angola, passed over to Bahia, where he stayed some months, 
and on his arrival at Lisbon, he obtained the appointment 
of Lientenant Colonel of the 1st regiment of the line in 
Bahia, and in that city married, on the 27th of June, 1801, 
D. Anna Constanta Guilhermina de Castro Cardozo, the 
danghter of Antonio Cardozo dos Santos, one of the richest 
merchants of that City, and a very important proprietor in 
the Capitania, The considerable fortune of the father-in- 
law was at once placed at the disposal of the son in law. 
Brant Pontes, learned and rich, without abandoning the 
military career, occupied himself with commerce and 
agriculture, he extended and raised the scale onwhi ch 
commercial affairs of his father-in-law were conducted, 
introduced agricultural improvements in the estates, sent 
for a steam engine to grind cane, which he put up in th, 
Estate of his brother-in-law Colonel Antonio Cardozo, ande 
at his own expense, opened forty-two leagues of road, from 
S. Jorge dos Ilheos to the village of Conceigao, employing 
on that work two hundred and forty slaves belonging to 
his Estates. 
In 1805 the British squadron commanded by Admiral 
Popham arrived in Bahia, having Buenos Ayres for 
destination, and conveying ten thousand men onboard ; the 
admiral required money for repairs and for supplies, and 
met with difficulties which Brans Pontes solved, by lending 
without interest, sixty six contos of reis in hard money, 
taking in payment Bills on the English Treasury, for 
which he received the thanks, and assurances of gratitude 
of the British Admiralty in the name of the government. 
In that same year, Prince Jeronymo Bonaparte had already 
touched at Bahia in a French squadron, and had been so 262 
handsomely treated by Brant-Pontes, that among other 
gifts, he presented him with a sword. 
The generosity and taste shown by him in receiving 
persons presented to him, and in his ways of living, so 
worthy of his fortune and social position, characterized 
Brant Pontes, and for which reason he died, far from 
that opulence which he might have left as an inheritance 
to his children. 
But he did not attend exclusively to the interests of 
his house, and to the enjoyments and splendour of a 
rich man: he introduced into Brazil, at his own cost, vac- 
cination, and caused to navigate along the Reconcovo 
(circular bay) as far as the town, aftervards City of Ca- 
choeira, on the 4th of October, 1819, the first vessel 
moved by steam which Bahia hailed, the expenses in- 
curred by the navigation of the same being for account 
of Brant Pontes. 
These services were antecedent to, and succeed ed a 
voyage made with his family by the generous creditor 
of Popham, and splendid entertainer of Prince Jeronymo 
Bonaparte, who for those reasons had become an object 
of jealousy, and of ill natured observations of those who, 
in a higher official position in the Capitania, could not or 
ought not to do as much. 
In 1807 Brant Pontes accompanied the Portuguese Royal 
family to Brazil; but he remained in Bahia where his 
property was situated. 
In 1811 he was promoted the brevet rank of Brigadier, 
and Inspector General of the troops in Bahia: he dis- 
ciplined the line and the militia corps, had military plans 
made of the Province, founded the «mont de Piete» for 
military officers, and contributed to the establishment of 263 
the Discount Bank of Bahia, a Branch of the Bank of 
Brazil. 
In 1817 it was chiefly Brant Pontes who, in time, suc- 
ceeded in sparing Bahia the great trouble of the revolt 
which had broken out in Pernambuco, and which reckoned 
on the support of the Bahians. 
The news of the Revolution in Portugal in 1820 had 
put Brazil into a state of exaltation, where the Luzita- 
nian troops by an impulse of patriotism, and the Brazilians 
on account of their love of liberal ideas, adhered to that 
great move ment. Para declared herself in that sense on 
the 1st of January 1821. In Bahia, the declaration (pro- 
nunciamento) was made on the 10th of February. 
Brant Pontes had refused to join the club which directed 
the revolution ; because every thing indicated that the 
revolution tended principally to restore to Lisbon, her an- 
cient preponderance, to the abasement of Brazil. 
On the 10th of February , a great concourse of people 
having assembled in the the palace square and at 
Fort S. Pedro, the quarters of the Artillery regi ment, 
the Capitain General, Count de Palma, ordered Marshal 
Brant Pontes to go and examine the state of that regiment. 
The Marshal set off on horse back with two companies of 
infantry, and seeing already in the proximity to fort 
S. Pedro, a piece of artillery posted, and a detachment 
commanded by an officer, ordered his soldiers to halt, and 
he alone, merely followed by his groom, advanced imme- 
diately : however the officer gave the order to fire, and 
on the piece being discharged Brant Pontes received a 
bull in his sword, another went through his hat, his 
groom fell dead, and he escaped by being suddenly carried 
off by his horse which had been wounded and ran away 
with him. 264 
The revolution met with no resistance : Count de Palma 
and the sundry chiefs, assembled in the house of the 
Chamber crowded with the mob : Marshal Brant Pontes 
showed himself there, and there he remained in spite of 
invectives and of voices which demanded his retirement. 
The act of declaration ( pronunciamento ) was drawn up 
according to the instructions received from Lisbon, and 
commencing to be read, Brant Pontes, hearing that it 
ensured obedience to the constitution that the « cortes » 
in Lisbon should make, he asked leave to speak, and said, 
that since the yoke of absolutism was being broken, what 
suited Brazil mor ewas to declare herself independent, 
and make her own Constitution. 
This idea was reproved in the midst of fresh invectives 
and threats directed against the proposer. 
The reading of the act continuing, and it being declared 
in the same that Brazil accepted her subjection to Portugal, 
Brant Pontes exclaimed-subjection ? at least substitute 
for that word-adhesion : say - give her adhesion. 
The word was substituted: 
These facts are more minutely remembered here, becau- 
se on the 10th of February, 1821, Marshal Brant Pontes 
showed the haughtiest and most indomitable courage, and 
signalized his far-seeing patriotism, and, as it were, divina- 
tion of the politics of the Portuguese Parliament in refe- 
rence to Brazil. 
Receiving notices and information that they intended to 
assassinate him, Brant Pontes came to Rio de Janeiro in an 
English Frigate, presented himself to them, and by their 
leave, went on to England, and there he remained resi- 
ding in London. 
In 1820 he greatly exulted on receiving the news of the 
event of the 9th of January, when the Prince Regent diso- 265 
beying the Decrees of the Cortes, and of the King, declared 
that he would remain in Brazil, and of the following and 
successive acts, precursors of the proclamation of the inde- 
pendence. Brant Pontes at once commenced a correspon- 
dence with the minister Jose Bonifacio, offering his person 
and property for the service of the country. He engaged 
naval officers and seamen, whose passage to Brazil he paid 
out of his own purse, encouraged merchamts to send out 
war-stores, which his country wanted, and even was re- 
ceived, although in his private character, by the Minister 
Canning, whom he tried to move to aid the Brazilian Go- 
vernment. 
In 1823, elected deputy to the Brazilian Parliament, 
by his Province, he returned to his country, taking his 
seat on the 11th of October, in that assembly, which was 
dissolved one month afterwards. 
The importance and reputation of Brant Pontes were 
already such, that when barely present four weeks in Par- 
liament he was elected as one of the special committee to 
report on the subject, the discussion of which served as a 
motive for the sad ill advised dissolution. 
Invited immediately after that fatal political occurrence 
to enter the ministry in charge of the war and marine 
departments, Brant Pontes prudently excused himself; in 
the following year, however, he left this for Bahia with 
the purpose of conciliating mens minds, which were full of 
resentment at the dissolution of the assembly and to make 
them accept the constitution offered by the Emperor. 
In 1824. Brant Pontes, already graced with the title of 
Viscount of Barbacena, conferred on him by the Emperor, 
who two years afterwards raised him to the marquisate 
of that title, set out for London, intrusted with the ne- 
gotiating a loan, and to treat of the definitive recognition 266 
of the Independence of Brazil. He effected the loan on 
advantageous conditions for his Country; in his other en- 
deavour, however, he and his Colleague Viscount do Ita- 
bayana, who we re the Brazilian Plenipotentiaries, did not 
come to an agreement with the Portuguese Plenipotentiary, 
and the English Government, actuated by their interests 
dispatched Sir Charles Stuart to Lisbon, where that diplo- 
mat, after a conference with the government of D. Joao VI, 
went on to Rio de Janeiro, to obtain by his councils and 
British influence the treaty of the recognition of the inde- 
pendence, which treaty was so little agreeable to the 
brazil ians. 
The Marquis de Barbacena returned to the capital of 
the Empire, found his name shortly afterwards remembe- 
red in lists for senators offered by three Provinces, Bahia, 
Minas Geraes and Alagoas. The Emperor chose him for 
this last Province, on the 19th of April 1826, and he was 
therefore a member of the senate in the primitive orga- 
nization of that chamber, for life. 
The Cisplatine war was raging since 1825. 
The Argentine Confederation frankly ambitious of an- 
nexing the Banda Oriental entered on a desperate struggle 
both on land and by sea, with Brazil. Errors, military in- 
trigues, abuses and misfortunes rendered nugatory the 
bravery of the Brazilian troops, D. Pedro I went to Rio 
Grande do Sul; but almost immediately on his arrival 
there, he had to return on the mournful announcement of 
the death the Empress, leaving nominated as General in 
Chief, the Marquis de Barbacena, who accompanied him. 
The state of the army was deplorable : the soldiers 
wanted every thing, and every thing was wanting for the 
development of a plan of the campaign. 
The Marquis of Barbacena assumed the command in Chief 267 
in January, 1827 : being both active and energetic he found 
resources ; he, he caused the respective left wing which 
was at 80 leagues distance from the centre, to make a 
junction with the army, he sought the enemy, and with 
anotherwise inferior force gave battle at Iturango on the 
20th of February. 
The study and criticising of that battle is out of place 
here; after eleven hours of firing, feeling the want of water, 
the soldiers tormented by the excessive heat, and smoke 
arising from the firing of the surrounding plains, to which 
the enemy had recourse, and, finally, doubtful of the re- 
sult of the action, the Marquis de Barbacena ordered a re- 
treat to Caciquay a strategic point, half a league dis- 
tant. 
The retreat was effected in regular order, at an ordinary 
pace and without the slightest disorder among the batta- 
lions ; the enemy did not even move to avail themselves of 
it as they would if they had been the conquerors, pursuing 
conquered men, and not a single occasion nor on any single 
day did they seek to trouble the Brazilian army and much- 
less meet it. And it is necessary not to forget, that the 
Marquis de Barbacena had given battle with six thousand 
and six hundred men against Ten thousand one hundred 
and forty. 
This is the most famous victory of Ituzaingo the grea- 
test martial glory about which the Argentines are so puffed 
up with pride. 
The Marquis de Barbacena suffered grave censure for the 
order which he had given for the army to retreat, and it 
appears to be shown that, if the battle had lasted but a 
short time longer, the victory of the Brazilian arms 
would have been incontestible and decisive ; but there was 
no General, officer or soldier, who did not bear testimony 268 
to the courage and serenity with which the Marquis had 
commanded and directed the action, always exposed to the 
Are of the enemy and showing himself imperturbable from 
beginning to end. 
Dismissed from the command of the army, the Marquis 
de Barbacena did not withal lose the high confidence of 
D. Pedro I; for in the same year, 1827, he departed for 
Europe entrusted with two important commissions of a 
reserved character, having to seek in the principal courts 
of the old world a princess, as a consort for the Emperor 
and to examine the political affairs of Portugal, and the 
sentiments and dispositions of the cabinets of the great 
powers relative to those affairs. 
The Marquis de Barbacena, on his return from Europe at 
the beginning of 1828, gave an account of his commission: 
if the fulfillment of the first fully satisfied D. Pedro I, the 
second increased his apprehensions; the cause of the queen, 
D. Maria II, for whom the Emperor his father had abdicated 
the crown of Portugal, was in danger; for the Prince 
D. Miguel, breaking the engagements which he had un- 
dertaken in Vienna, in Austria, was making himself strong 
with the absolute party, and evidently was about to hoist 
the banner of his own dynasty. 
By the order of D. Pedro I the Marquis returned to 
Europe accompanying, as her guardian, the young Queen 
1). Maria II, who was to be confided to the care of her 
maternal grandfather, the Emperor of Austria, and he 
also received instructions and powers to celebrate the 
ceremony of betrothment with the Princess D. Amelia de 
Leuchtenberg, the future and second Empress of Brazil. 
On the 5th of July, 1828, the queen D. Maria II, accom- 
panied by the Marquis de Barbacena, left Rio de Janeiro. 
Arriving at Gibraltar and communicating with the land, 269 
the Marquis learnt that D. Miguel was already acclaimed 
in Portugal absolute King, and receiving confidential 
information from Miscount de Itabayana, the Brazilian 
minister in London, that the so-called holy alliance 
protected the consolidation of the absolute government 
of D. Miguel, he took upon himself the great responsibility 
of not going on to Vienna, of which the Court had rendered 
itself open to suspicion, and carried the Queen to London, 
informing D. Pedro I of his motives for so proceeding, and 
asking of him fresh orders. 
The young Queen received from the English government 
a reception worthy of them, and sympathetic and generous 
demonstrations from the people: but in a short time the 
ministry of the Duke of Wellington and Lord Aberdeen 
desirous of being agreeable to the King of France, and to 
Prince Metternich, pressed the Marquis to convey to Vienna 
D. Maria 11. Metternich in vain used all his efforts in that 
endeavour; Barbacena, however, resisted every attempt, 
and answered the cabinet of S. James that he would quit 
England, should he receive positive orders to do so. In so 
answering, he was sure that the English government 
would not dare to set at defiance the public opinion pro- 
nounced against D. Miguel, and in favor of the Queen. 
The orders of D. Pedro I finally arrived : he determined 
that his daughter, the Queen D. Maria II, should return to 
Rio de Janeiro in company with the second Empress of 
Brazil. 
On the 16th ef October 1829, the August Empress, and 
the Queen arrived at the court of the Empire, and with 
them the Marquis of Barbacena, who accompanied them. 
Learned, and knowing thoroughly the parliamentary 
theories and practices of the English government, and 
apprehensive of the political errors and direction of the 270 
government of Brazil, the Marquis de Barbacena, availing 
himself of the influence which his great recent services 
gave him with the Emperor, made observations, and gave 
advice which was attended to. In December 1829, he 
charged himself with organizing a ministry, and took in 
it the Finance department, and although he chose, or sub- 
jected himself to accept as colleagues some statesmen who 
were looked on with repugnance by the liberals, he acted 
so as to gain the support of moderate members of that 
party. He managed that D. Pedro I should agree to the 
departure for Europe of two of his servants and courtiers, 
suspected and accused of undue and powerful intervention 
in the political affairs of the state : he dismissed impopular 
presidents of provinces, and functionaries; he ordered the 
dissolution of the Society of the columns of the tin 'one in 
Pernambuco, and its branches in Ceara, denounced by the 
press as absolutist conspirators, ordering their members to 
be prosecuted; he reduced the land and sea forces in 
accordance with the decreed laws, and recommended jus- 
tice, moderation and tolerance to all delegates of executive 
power. 
He wished to govern a I'anglaise : to govern with the 
responsibility of his acts, and free from the personal power 
of the Emperor. 
The new Chamber of the second legislature being opened, 
the Marquis of Barbacena was received with sym- 
pathy by the moderate liberals. 
D. Pedro I did not know how to avail himself of the 
hopeful situation which was making its appearance on the 
political horizon of the Empire. Either owing to an inex- 
plicable suspicion, or to Palace intrigues, or whatever 
else it might be, suddenly and unexpectedly, on 
the 5th of October, the Gazeta Official published the De- 271 
cree which dismissed the Minister of Finance, the Marquis 
of Barbacena, and worse than that, contrary to the style 
at that time in use, the Decree aggravated the act of dis- 
missal, giving to it a foundation which was not honorable 
to the Minister: that is, the necessity of liquidating the 
Portuguese debt contracted by the treaty of the 29th of 
August, 1825, it being necessary for that purpose, first, 
to examine the cash account in London, investigating the 
great-expenditures incurred by the Marquis of Barbacena 
both with Her Most Faithful Majesty, with the Portuguese 
emigres in England, and especially with the marriage 
of the Emperor, which could not be Hegally verified while 
the Marquis exercised the functions of Minister of Fi- 
nance. 
The Marquis of Barbacena did not submit in silence; 
he addressed to the minister who countersigned the de- 
cree of his admissal, a long official letter, which he 
immediately afterwards published in a pamphlet, in whies 
he defended himself vigorously, combating the assertions 
contained in the decree. But he did not stop there ; he 
scattered in his official document allusions to the per- 
sonal government of the Emperor, which he had opposed, 
and to the influence of a secret clique. 
That official document produced a deep impression on 
the public mind. It was hurtful to the Emperor, and in 
the session of 1830 the liberal opposition of the Chamber 
took it up as a theme for its aggressions on the new min- 
istry. 
The Marquis of Barbacena took no part in the events of 
Marc hand April, 1831, which preceded the abdication; but 
the publication of that official letter certainly co-operated, 
indirectly, towards increasing the displeasure of the people 
and to excite the flame of the opposition. 272 
From 1831 to 1835 he remained at his post in the sen- 
ate, often speaking and always showing himself to be a 
constitutional monarchist, and remarkable for his knowl- 
edg of political economy, and of financial administration. 
Having occasion to go to England in 1836, the Regent 
Feijd appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary, to treat of 
the interpretation of the Freaty of Commerce, which was 
then about to cease with Great Britain. He obtained noth- 
ing; because the English ministry only thought of ne- 
gotiating a new treaty. 
Nevertheless, he forwarded to the Government of the 
Regent, two important proposals, one from English Bank- 
ers to found a Bank in Brazil that would withdraw 
from circulation the Government paper money, and an- 
other from an English Company to construct a railroad 
from Rio de Janeiro to Minas Geraes. 
From that same year, 1836, the health of the Marquis 
of Barbacena became altered. On his return to Rio de Ja- 
neiro, he continued, notwithstanding his ailments, to attend 
the Senate and to take part in the debates until his strength 
quite abandoned him. 
He died on the 13th of June, 1841. 
The Marquis of Barbacena was one of the most ad- 
vanced in mind of his time, and as liberal as a whig Lord. 
He was enthusiastically fond of the governmental prac- 
tices and of the customs of the English. 
In the Brazilian Senate he enjoyed the reputation of 
being an eloquent and substantial orator. He used, when 
he spoke, to begin in a minor key and monotonous tone; but 
little by little it became manly, grave, and imposing, and 
his words flowed with facility and precision from his lips. 
Having a large fortune at his command, he was even in his 
time the man who lived with the greatest pomp; he adorned 213 
his social position and his high diplomatic commissions 
by the most sumptuous and resplendant way of living- 
He had both the gift and the taste for personal show on a 
grand scale. 
It was said that whenever the Marquis of Barbacena 
entered the Senate, he attracted al leyes and produced an 
impression. 2CVII O."F OCTOBER 
THEOPHILO BENED1CTO OTTONI 
in the city of Serro, then town of Principe, province of 
Minas Geraes, Theophilo Beneclicto Ottoni, the legitimate 
son of Jorge Benedicto Ottoni, and of D. Rosalia Benedicta 
Ottoni was born on the 27th of November, 1807. 
In his native town he studied Latin and some other pre- 
paratories which were there taught; showing great taste 
for learning and notable intelligence. At 15 years of age, 
inspired by liberal ideas, and by the cause of the Indepen- 
dence of Brazil, he composed sundry patriotic pieces of 
poetry, which revealed a poetic talent, which other wise, 
he did not afterwards cultivate although it might have 
been so fertile and precious. 
In 1826, Theophilo Ottoni came to the capital of the 276 
Empire, matriculated in the Academy of Marine, and such 
was the result of his first examination that the Chief of a 
Squadron, Jose de Souza Correa, who presided at the act, 
said aloud at the end of the proof : « Students like this one 
do honor to the professors and to the academy itself. » 
Continuing his academic course, Theophilo Ottoni was 
always a distinguished student; at the same time he 
explained the mathematics in his humble home, obtaining 
from that labor some pecuniary resources. 
But the young student had entered at once on militant 
politics with all the ardor of his character, which was as 
exalted as it was generous. He frequented assiduously the 
conversaziones of Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga, to whom he 
for some time gave lessons in geometry. He wrote in the As- 
treaunder the «nom de plume» of «o joven pernambucano,» 
and was the correspondent for the Astro de Minas of 
S. Joao d'El-Rei, and for the Echo do Serro, in violent 
opposition to the government and maintaining very ex- 
treme liberal ideas. 
His writings were already then appreciated, although 
his course of the humanities was still incomplete. Theophilo 
Ottoni studied hard, and besides being a notable Latin 
scholar, his deep knowledge of the Latin language availed 
him greatly in the managment of the Portuguese. 
The student did not conceal either his political opinions 
or his joint editorship in the liberal press ; people were onlv 
ignorant of his being a conspirator, and the ardent youth 
was one already, being member and secretary of the secret 
Club dos Amigos Unidos, who labored in the sense of the 
revolution of 1831 which was cut short by the abdication 
of I). Pedro I. 
In 1831, however, Theophilo Ottoni was no longer in 
Rio de Janeiro. 277 
In the general election of 1828 the people by acclama- 
tion made him examiner of the electoral board of his 
parish, and had carried him in triumph to the chair. The 
« pronunciamento » of the midshipman became public. 
In 1829, the Marquis de the Minister of 
Marine, ordered him to embark for the Alta Amrzonas and 
for Africa, and Theophilo Ottoni, in order to escape from 
it, having in vain petitioned to keep his post and continue 
to study in the Military Academy, preferred receiving his 
discharge as a midshipman, being under the supposition 
that embarcation was a disguised punishment for his in- 
tervention in politics in a manner so opposed to the gov- 
ernment. 
Theophilo Ottoni retired from the capital, carrying 
with him a small printing apparatus, and having arrived 
at Villa do Pincipe, established a commercial house and 
published the periodical Sentinella do Serro, which he 
carried on for some years. 
In the Sentinella do Serro he manifested republican 
aspirations, and opposed the government a Vourance, till 
the abdication of D. Pedro I. 
The news of the tumults which took place in Rio de 
Janeiro, in March 1831, having arrived at the Serro,- 
tumults already known in history by the name of gar- 
rafadas de Margo (bottle throwing of March) Theophilo 
Ottoni was one of the first to provoke a « pronunciamento » 
in a liberal sense, which might have been the commence- 
ment of revolutionary resistance in the province of Minas, 
if the abdication had not changed the aspect of the 
political situation. 
After the 7th of April, the Sentinella do Serro slightly 
modified its programme : Theophilo Ottoni intimately allied 
with Evaristo, and other chiefs of the moderate liberal 278 
party, and deploring the anarchical excesses of the exalted 
parties in the Capital and provinces, gave his support to 
the Chiefs and opposed the latter party, but always kept 
to himself his advanced democratic ideas. 
In 1832, apprehensive of the opposition of the senate to 
the reforms of the Constitution, he founded a political 
society, excited his associates' minds to undertake those 
reforms, and, from a distance, co-operated not a little 
towards the coup d'dal of the 30th July, which fortunately 
did not succeed. 
In 1834 the additional act to the constitution of the 
Empire, without satisfying fully, contented the democrat 
of the Sentinella do Servo. 
In 1835 the Province of Minas-Geraes elected Theophilo 
Ottoni a member of its Pro vincial Assembly, and applauded 
him on seeing him, side by side with the great statesman 
Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos, rendering important 
services to administrative system, to civilization, and to 
material progress. 
In the fourth legislature he was elected deputy to the 
General Assembly : but at that time the close union of 
the liberals of the moderate party was already broken, and 
Bernardo de Vasconcellos was already minister, and chief 
of the conservative party which he had raised up and 
magisterially disciplined in opposition to the government 
of the Regent Feijo, 
Theophilo Ottoni took in the chamber, from the first day, 
his post of liberal democrat, and assiduously spoke, as a 
decided and vehement oppositionist. 
He fought untiringly, boldly, severely, intractably, 
against the conservative situation, from 1838 till 1840, 
when he saw it fall crushed by the triumph of the majority 
of the Emperor. 279 
In this battling constantly for three years of legislative 
sessions, Theoph ilo Ottoni sowed the seed in the capital of 
the Empire of the reputation and the confidence, which 
later on rendered him the most influential, and the greatest 
exciter of enthusiasm, of all popular tribunes, and liberal 
chiefs. 
In 1841 he ardently opposed the reform of the code of 
criminal process, and the creation of the new council of 
state which was promulgated in that same year, and in 
1842, the chamber which was about to be installed was 
dissolved, the liberal party in S. Paulo and Minas Geraes 
rising up in arms against those laws. Theophilo Ottoni who 
was then in the capital, left his wife, the sweets of his 
domestic life, and hastily set off for Minas Geraes, where 
he placed himself at the head of the revolted party, 
sharing in all their dangers : learning, however, that the 
revolt of S. Paulo had been smothered, he proposed the 
disbanding of the revolutionary forces of Minas, and that 
the principal chiefs should go and present themselves to 
the authorities; this patriotic advice not having been at 
once adopted, the combat of Santa Luzia, and the rout and 
retreat of those forces shortly afterwards followed, 
Theophilo Ottoni and other chiefs of note remained in the 
hamlet for the purpose of delivering themselves up to 
General, Baron, now Duke, of Caxias. 
A prisoner, and taken to Ouro Preto, Theophilo Ottoni 
(as likewise his companions in misfortune) saw his life 
more than once threatened by murderous wretches, who 
fortunately could not effect their brutal vengeance. 
The Jury of Ouro Preto acquitted Theophilo Ottoni, and 
some of the revolted chiefs who were prisoners, aud the 
amnesty granted by the Emperor in 1844 threw the veil of 280 
oblivion over the revolt of 1842 in benefit of all the others 
who were compromised, and in that of the State. 
The Chamber being dissolved in 1844, and the politics of 
the Government being changed, Theophilo Ottoni was 
elected Deputy for Minas Geraes in the legislatures of 
1845 and 1848, and kept silent until his party went out 
of power on the 29th of September of that last yeai ; and 
then it was he who first ascended the rostrum to deliver an 
energetic opposition speech. 
In 1850 he would not take a seat as deputy substitute 
for Minas Geraes, ignoring the liberty of the vote of his 
Province in the elections of 1849. 
From that time he was for ten years withdrawn from 
political strife, and directed the concerns of an important 
commercial house which he had established, after 1845, in 
Rio de Janeiro, among the commercial classes of which 
city he enjoyed merited and great credit. 
Realizing an old and much thought of undertuking he 
founded the Mucunj Company, which offered so great a 
future benefit to the north of Minas, and in that unfort- 
unate undertaking, he lost all his fortune, sacrificed his 
house of business, ruined his health and contracted the 
disease which carried him to the grave. 
And even in Mucury, it was patriotism that inspired 
and impelled the illustrious son of Minas. 
In 1859 the Province of Minas Geraes included his name 
in a triple list for a senator, and in two others in 1860 
and 1861, always placing his name at the head: in 1862 
the Province of Matto Grosso also presented his name in 
a triple list. 
Theephilo Ottoni had returned to the arena of politics 
with his wonted ardor: in 1861 he was the leader of the 
liberal party, of the district of the capital, in the elections 281 
for electors, which was vigorously disputed; in all the 
town parishes he was the acclaimed chief, the causer of 
enthusiasm in the people, and at the same time he was a 
powerful element of order. 
In spite of official influence the conservative party was 
routed in all those parishes. 
The influential tribune and liberal chief was elected 
deputy, in that year, by the district of the capital, and for 
one of the districts of Minas, and took, in the chamber, his 
distinguished place among the opposition. 
In 1862 he rendered a notable service on the occasion 
of the insults, called reprisals, that the importunate and 
frenetic Mr. Christie, minister of England in Rio de 
Janeiro had ordered, causing a threatening demonstration 
to be made by the justly irritated people : availing himself 
of his popularity Theophilo Ottoni prevented all imprudent 
acts, hindered violence and excesses, and greatly co-oper- 
ated in strengthening the government, by this energetic 
and patriotic, but at the same time generous, dignified, and 
magnanimous attitude of the people of the capital. 
In 1863 the chamber was dissolved ; the internal policy 
had entered on new phases : the alliance of an enlightened 
phalanx of the old conservative party, with the liberals, 
forming the union and the situation called progressionist. 
Theophilo Ottoni was one of the members of the direction 
of that union, and in that same year it triumphed, almost 
unanimously, in the electoral struggle, and he being 
elected deputy, was entered also in the triple list for senator 
for the Province of Minas Geraes, and in January 1864, 
chosen by the Emperor, he took his seat in the senate. 
In 1865 the progressionist union was much weakened 
by the parliamentary defeat of the Furtado cabinet. In 
the following year it became entirely broken, and Theo- 282 
philo Ottoni with Souza Franco and other notable chiefs, 
headed the historical liberal opposition until the 16th 
July, 1868, when the Government, passing into the hands 
of the conservatives, the progressionists and historicals 
in opposition forgot their distinguishing denominations 
(but which were used from mere caprice) and joined 
together under the grand banner of the liberal party. 
Already suffering severely from heart disease, which 
he for some years past in vain endeavored to ignore, 
Theophilo Ottoni, even in 1869 despite the advice of the 
faculty and that of his friends, mounted, more than once, 
the rostrum and with that boldness natural to him at- 
tacked in opposition, the cabinet of the 16th July. Almost 
at the end of the session, he made his last speech, a long, 
deeply meditated, and if not his most brilliant and his 
best, at least one of the best and fullest of matter, as 
it was the most logical and luminous of his speeches. 
It was the last. The legislative chambers being closed, 
the firm and immovable democrat fell prostrate on his 
bed, and on the 17th October died in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro. 
Theophilo Ottoni never appeared or showed himself in 
the government. He certainly aspired to it nobly and 
patriotically when the Paraguayan war broke out: that 
ambition under such circumstances honored him the more. 
His influence, his prestige, and his greatness derived their 
strength from the press and from parliament. 
In the press it has already been told how he declared 
himself, became great and influential. In parliament, in 
the chamber of deputies and in the senate he was powerful 
as a speaker. As an orator some gifts were wanting 
to him : he could not equal in depth of knowledge Paula 
e Souza, Vasconcellos, Alves Branco, Souza Franco and 283 
others ; his gestures, and certain movements of the body 
rendered him ungraceful; but in compensation he was 
impetuous, inspired, radiantly talented, courageous, incap- 
able of giving ground, proud to the highest degree, haught- 
ily domin ating the most violent parliamentary storms; 
a volcano casting sarcasms on burning lava, he was as 
the genius of the storm who knew how to unloose, and 
how to restrain it by the strength of his will and the 
power of his popularity. 
He could not, nor ever could he be Cicero ; but he was 
Gracchus from the influence he exercised over the people. 
Up to the last day of his most laborious, shining, and hon- 
ored life, Theophilo Ottoni was always an intrepid cham- 
pion of liberal ideas ; he nourished republican aspirations, 
but he knew how to keep them in subjection to the pro- 
gramme of the liberal party to which he belonged, and of 
which he was one of the chiefs who enjoyed the greatest 
prestige without ever vacillating in his loyalty and his 
constancy. 
Ardent and strong in political debate, at times an exalt- 
ed tribune, honest and virtuous to the extent of disarm- 
ing calumny itself, he was, principally in the last ten years 
of his life, the most popular man in Brazil. 
Rich in good qualities, with a candid mind and excel- 
lent heart, he was esteemed by all, and among his very 
political adversaries he left numerous and intimate friends. 
The death of Theophilo Ottoni was mourned throughout 
the whole of Brazil, and his funeral was spontaneously 
attended by some thousands of citizens. X VIII OF OCTOBER 
JOAO ALVARES CARREIRO 
This name pertains to a sacerdote of medicine. 
The legitimate son of Andre Carneiro and of D. Anna 
Lyonisia de Santa Roza, Joao Alvares Carneiro was born 
on the 18th of October, 1776, in the city of Rio de Ja- 
neiro. 
He lost his parents when still in his first infancy ; but a 
good and compassionate lady, Anna Thomazia de Jesus, took 
the little orphan in, brought him up and had him edu- 
cated. 
Joao Alvares Carneiro was therefore a child brought up 
on charity, and throughout his whole life showed himself 
most notably worthy of that mother which Jesus Christ 
sanctified. 
Alvares Carneiro studied in the city of his birth, besides 286 
his first letters, and some, very few subjects of secondary 
instruction, and immediately afterwards in the Santa Casa 
Hospital, where the study of medicine was at that time 
very rudely and incompletely taught : that is, general 
anatomy, pathology, and therapeutics, without any scien- 
tific basis, and little more if more and that badly, the 
rudiments were taught in Rio de Janeiro in the last cen- 
tury. Having obtained his diploma of surgeon of proto me- 
dicalo with praise from, and the esteem of his masters for 
his intelligence and application, the youthful Alvares Car- 
neiro remained in the service of the Hospital as House 
surgeon, and commenced removing from his eyes the band- 
age aget which hid science from his view. 
The man of medicine revealed himself. 
Being intelligent, and both reading and comprehending 
with admirable intuition, and a reflective mind asmany 
medical works as could be found at that time in Rio de 
Janeiro; a fine and persistent observer, gifted with a pierc- 
ing sight of untiring attention,and with so much judgment, 
that it might be called medical instinct, Joao Alvares 
Carneiro studied much more in that immense book called 
hospital, and in a few years became the most able practit- 
ioner of the city. 
It was said that he saw with his fingers. 
That he divined. 
And to complete all Joao Alvares Carneiro exercised 
the sacerdotal functions conjoinedly with his art, for he 
was on earth, the representative of the angel of charity. 
In his practice he received from the rich what they chose 
to give him, and divided with the poor sick people a 
great part of his gains. There were times in the begin- 
ning of his practice, when he asked for his monthly hon- 
orarium to be paid him in advance, as house surgeon 287 
of the Misericordia Hospital, to be able to employ the 
whole of it in succouring a family that was in misery. 
After some years, being desirous of going to Portugal 
in order to obtain in the focus of scientific light a deeper 
knowledge of medicine; he embarked in an evil hour, 
inasmuch as when the vessel in which he went was near 
Portugal, she was taken prisoner as an enemy's ship by 
a French brig of war; but two days afterwards an Al- 
gerine corsair got possession of the French brig, and Joao 
Alvares Carneiro, underwent the sad reverses of being 
a prisoner of the French, and of suffering the terrible 
apprehensions of becoming a slave of the barbarous infidels 
of Algiers. 
The Algerine chief was generous and permitted himself 
to be moved by the tears of the Portuguese, he at length 
ceded to their importunity, and put them on shore at 
Mattozinhos, whence Alvares Carneiro easily passed on 
to Oporto. 
Having arrived there Alvares Carneiro experienced great 
difficulty in living as an almost foreigner, when the Sur- 
geon Gaetano da Fonseca, a native of Rio de Janeiro like 
himself, the friend of his infancy, who was at that time 
established in Oporto, met him, and opened to him his 
arms, his heart, and his purse. Thanks to his friend, Al- 
vares Carneiro, after a stay of three months in Oporto, 
went on to Lisbon, where he remained more than a year, 
studying with ardor until the 7th of December, 1796, he 
took out his diploma of surgeon, and obtained the most 
honorable notes in his examination, and finally embarked 
as surgeon on board a merchant vessel which was bound 
for Asia, touching at Rio de Janeiro. He arrived at this 
city on the 12th of June, 1797; he continued his voyage 
shortly afterwards, and during almost a year, he visited 288 
many ports and cities of Asia always observant, and study- 
ing, he afterwards returned to Lisbon and finally left that 
capital and returned to the city in which he was born. 
In the city of Rio de Janeiro, he immediately returned 
to his post in the hospital of the Santa Casa da Miseri- 
cordia, and recommenced his famous and blessed practice. 
The whole life of Alvares Carneiro went on evenly, was 
splendid and as it were evangelical, even as it showed 
itself to be in its commencement. 
A most able medical man, almost inspired, above all he 
seemed to be infallible in his dyagnostics and prognostics 
of diseases which were said to be chirurgical, and the 
people even imagined that there was divination in the 
opinions of their dear Joao Alvares. 
In the execution of the sacerdotal office to which char- 
ity raised him in his most extensive practice among the 
poor, the illustrious Doctor's heart expanded in the high- 
est degree and led him to make the most generous 
sacrifices. 
They called him the father of the poor. 
And the modesty, the saintly evangelical dissimulation, 
the sublime ignorance of the left hand as to the alms 
that the right hand scattered profusely, heightened the 
merit and the virtues of that man so justly glorified. 
The fame of his unlimited, exemplary, and ever exhaus- 
tless charity, burst forth from a thousand roofs that shel- 
tered the families of the poor. 
His friends often praised him for so blessed a virtue, and 
he used to smile, and cast a doubt upon that which every 
one knew to be a fact, and always answered them by re- 
peating an old proverb. 
-«Sao mais vozes do que nozes* (There is more talk, than 
there are nuts). And he so often repeated this, that both 289 
rich and poor, hearing speak of his daily, or almost daily 
alms remarked: 
- « They are Joao Alvares'nuts? » 
Besides the houses of the poor, gratuitously attended by 
him, and to which he was a contributor for the expenses of 
the treatment of their sick inmates, and for succour to their 
families, he had a very numerous clientele among the we- 
althy houses, and Joao Alvares Carneiro, who might have 
accumulated a very large fortune, left, at his death, a ba- 
rely moderate amount. 
But he, the medical man who had earned so much gold 
from the rich, that they would give him, had adopted and 
educated orphan girls, and had portioned them on their mar- 
riage, had lived the life of holy beneficence: what fortune 
then could he leave? 
He left a name sanctified by the people. 
Joao Alvares Carneiro died on she 18th of Novem- 
ber, 1857. 
The anmouncement of his death affected the whole city 
of Rio de Janeiro, as a public and general calamity. 
On the following day, the body of the illustrious decea- 
sed was conveyed from his house, on the Gamboa beach, to 
the church of S. Bento which was hung with crape. 
More than two hundred carriages represented the rich 
cortege, and a numerous concourse of the people on foot, 
following the hearse, formed the attendance of the poor. 
On the coffin being lowered into the grave eloquent ora- 
tions were delivered by Drs. De Simoni, (secretary of the 
Imperial academy of medicine), Jobin, subsequently senator 
of the Empire, Felix Martins Pereira da Silva, Octaviano 
Roza (father of Councillor and Senator Octaviano) and Paula 
Menezes. 
And more eloquent still were the tears shed round the 290 
grave; where weeping like children for the death of a fa- 
ther, were rich and powerful men, poor workmen, and a 
great number of unfortunate people who had just lost 
their protector and defender. 
The bones of Joao Alvares Carneiro are deposited in a 
marble sepulchre ordered by his widow to be prepared in 
the cloister of S. Bento, and the Imperial Academy of 
Medicine placed, and still preserve, in their sessions hall, 
the bust of that man who had such a right to be called il- 
lustrious. XIX OF OCTOBER 
LOURENfO DA SILVA ARAUJO E AMAZONAS 
A native of the province of Bahia, where he was born on 
the 9th of August 1803, da Silva Araujo e Ama- 
zonas, after having completed his primary studies, and 
those of the humanities in that province, came to Rio 
de Janeiro, in which city he arrived on the 10th of October 
1815, and went through, with distinction, the course of 
study followed in the Academy of Marine. 
An intelligent and brave Officer of the national navy, 
he served in the River Plate war, and in his naval career 
reached the grade of Post-Captain, and was considered 
worthy of being decorated with the insignias of the orders 
of S. Bento de Aviz, and the Rose. 
He was also a commander of the order of Christ of 
Portugal. 292 
Besides his good professional services, he rendered 
others not less important. 
In the execution of commissions in the Province of Para, 
the Post Captain Lourengo da Silva remained for a long 
time in the Amazonas, and made very interesting studies 
on that majestic river, and on its principal tributaries, the 
deeming the district of Rio Negro, now the Province of 
Amazonas, worthy of his special interest. 
Literature the and history of his country gained as the 
fruit of his works and his toil, his examinations and his 
lucubrations, Lima, and historical romance of Alto Ama- 
zonas, in which is principally to be appreciated some 
information on the customs of that region and the Diccio- 
nario topographico, historico, e descriptive da Comarca 
do Alto Amazonas, a work in one volume 16mo. but most 
rich, precious, and indispensable, as a book to be con- 
sulted by whomsoever may wish to study the history and 
the chorography of the Province of Amazonas. 
This book rendered Lourengo da Silva still more known 
and apreciated than before and the Brazilian Historical 
and Geographical Institute reckoned the illustrious citizen 
among its corresponding members. 
Lourengo da Silva further published in sundry numbers 
of the Jornal do Commercio in the year 1854 his Memoria 
sobre uma marinhagem de guerra para guarnigao da 
armada imperial; but no edition seems to have been 
printed as a book. 
Ten years afterwards, in 1864, the Post Captain 
da Silva Araujo e Amazonas died at the age of sixty-one 
years. XX OF OCTOBER 
JOSE DE SOUZA AZEVEDO PIZARRO E ARAUJO 
Jose de Souza Azevedo Pizarro e Araujo was born in Rio 
de Janeiro on the 12th of October, 1753 ; he was the legiti- 
mate son of Colonel Luiz Manoel de Azevedo Carneiro da 
Cunha and D. Maria Josepha Pizarro e Araujo. 
Showing from his earliest years a remarkable talent, 
after his first studies, followed by the study of humanities, 
he was sent to Coimbra in 1769. In the University he took 
the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1776, and when he 
was preparing to return to his country he received the 
news of the death of his parents ; wounded in spirit by such 
a cruel stroke, and disgusted with the world, he abandoned 
all ideas of civil life and dedicating himself to the altar and 
the service of God, he took sacred orders and returned to 
Brazil in 1781 to occupy the position of Canon in the Ca- 294 
thedral of Rio de Janeiro, to which he was appointed by 
Royal Letter of 20th October, 1780. 
Arrived in his native city, Canon Pizarro occupied himself 
solely with his religious duties, working in the « Arcadia » 
or Scientific Academy of Rio de Janeiro, of which he be- 
came a member. But to the able Viceroy Luiz de Vascon- 
cellos, there succeeded the shadowy visionary and oppres- 
sor, Count Regende, who broke up the Academy and caused 
its members to be prosecuted, some of whom were impris- 
oned and others subjected to petty persecutions, most in- 
decorous. Pizarro was amongst the latter, and being author- 
ized by the Bishop to visit the parishes and churches of 
the Diocese, he fled from the senseless oppressions of the 
Count Regende, and employed several years in traveling 
in the interior, visiting the bishopric and collecting curi- 
ous documents, information, and a rich store of facts for 
history. 
In 1821 he returned to Portugal, and obtained, in Lisbon, 
from the Prince Regent the appointment of Canon to the 
Patriarchal Church. 
In 1807 he accompanied the Royal Family and the Por- 
tuguese Court in their emigration to Brazil ; and in the 
following year, when there was created in Rio de Janeiro 
by Royal letters patent, on the 22d of April, the Superior 
Tribunal of Royal Justice and Board of Conscience and 
Orders, he was nominated Attorney-General of the three 
Military Orders, an appointment which he threw up soon 
afterwards, on receiving that of Chief Treasurer and Arch 
Priest of the Royal Chapel; and afterwards obtained the 
title of Counsellor and his seat as deputy in the Board of 
Conscience and Orders. 
In 1820 he began to show the fruits of his long visit to 
the bishopric, of his subsequent researches, and persever- 295 
ing studies, by publishing the « Historical Memoirs of the 
Captainship of Rio de Janeiro, and of the other Captain- 
ships of Brazil, » in nine volumes, the printing of which 
terminated in 1822. 
Although he wished to remain entirely ignorant of the 
political events which agitated Brazil from the year 1821, 
Monsenhor Pizarro could not remain indifferent to the 
cause of the Independence of his country, therefore he 
applauded it; in 1823 he was elected deputy for Rio de Ja- 
neiro in the Brazilian Parliament, and for some time he 
presided in that Assembly. In the first Legislature of 1826 
to 1829, being deputy for the same province, he still occu- 
pied the Presidency of that Chamber. 
In 1828 he obtained the sinecure rank of councillor of 
the Supreme Tribunal of Justice and was dispensed from 
service in the Royal Chapel. 
He was weary, old and ill, desiring repose ; and on the 
14th of May, 1830, whilst walking in Botanical Garden 
of Rio de Janeiro, he fell down in a fit of apoplexy and 
then found his eternal rest. 
Monsenhor Pizarro, a man full of wisdom and virtue, 
left a name venerated by his contemporaries; but speaks 
to posterity by the valuable work which cost him the 
labor of more than twenty years. 
The Historical Memoirs of Monsenhor Pizarro, in nine 
octave volumes, not entirely exempt from errors, flatter- 
ing in the appreciation of high functionaries by exaggerated 
indulgence, not sparing praises, of even Count Rezende, 
not using a happy method of explaining matters, and still 
less attractive in style, enclose in their pages, with all 
these defects, immense treasures, an incalculable capital 
of information and documents, and extraordinary wealth 
of truthful accounts of places in cities and parishes, and of 296 
chapels, many of which do not now exist. Of political and 
natural events, customs of the people and vulgar preju- 
dices ; and of the moral and. material progress of at least 
a part of Brazil. 
These J/emoirs present a heap of precious things, al- 
though badly put together ; they are the richest archives 
of the history of the country ; an extraordinary and admir- 
able monument, very insignificant in the face of the laws 
of architecture, but very majestic in its proportions and 
for the treasures of which it is the guardian. XXI OF OCTOBER 
JOSE JOAQUIM DE ANDRADE NEVES 
BARON OF TRIIMPHO 
In the town, afterwards city of Rio Pardo, province of 
S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, was born on the 22d of 
January, 1807, Jose Joaquim de Andrade Neves. 
His father, Major Jose Joaquim de Figueiredo Neves, 
presented him as a volunteer to serve in the army, making 
him enlist as 1st cadet in the 5th regiment of cavalry of 
the line on the 22d of November, 1826; but on the 10th of 
December of the following year, he gave a substitute for 
his son, and freed him from military service, on account 
of wanting his assistance to enable him to maintain his 
family, whose fortune was very small. 
In 1835 on the revolution of the 20th September break- 
ing out, the young man, Andrade Neves, took up arms on 
the side of legality, and from 1836 to 1844 he always 
fought, and from that first year stamped his reputation for 
bravery and military capacity. 298 
Up to 1840 not less than fourteen more notable combats, 
and among them those of the island of Fanfa and of Rio 
Pardo, raised the fame of the indomitable valor of Andra- 
de Neves. 
The Decree of the 25th of January, 1840, conferred on 
him the post of honorary Major of the Army. 
In the sanguinary engagement of Taquary he received 
two serious bullet wounds. 
General Manoel Jorge in his official report to the minis- 
ter of war, wrote: « Lieutenant-Colonel Jose Joaquim de 
Andrade Neves, commander of the light squadron of 
National Guards, is worthy of praise, and of such reward 
as the Government of H. M. the Emperor may think just, 
for after he could no longer manoeuvre his corps, he join- 
ed the light infantry, when he received two wounds, 
and moreover would not retire until the combat was 
ended. » 
By Decree of the 7th of September, 1841, he was appoint- 
ed honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of the army. 
In 1844, he further signalized himself in the combats of 
Passo do Rozario, of Ponche Verde, and of D. Marcos. 
In 1845 the pacification of the Province, and the bal- 
sam of amnesty, cured the wounds of nine years of fra- 
tricidal war. 
All the Rio Grande subjects embraced each other under 
the shadow of the constitutional throne of D. Pedro II. 
In 1851 Andrade Neves served in the campaign against 
the Dictator D. Joao Manoel Rosas. 
In 1857 he rendered important services, by organizing 
together with the national guards under his command, a 
brigade for the army, which in Rio Grande do Sul was 
potsed at Ibicuhy in observation on suspicion of even- 
ual hostilities on the part of Paraguay. 299 
In 1864, by order of the President of the Province, he 
formed, with the national guards under his superior com- 
mand, a Brigade composed of the provisional 5th and 6th 
corps, of four hundred and three men each, he enlisted 
among them his two sons, joined the Brazilian army in 
which he became incorporated, and which was to enter 
the Oriental State, and there he did not distinguish him- 
self, because the cavalry took, no part in the attack on 
Paysandu, the only warlike event which occurred. 
Then the colossal war of Paraguay broke out. 
The very learned Councillor, Francisc Ignacio Marcon- 
des Homem de Mello, writing the eloquent and complete 
biography of the Brazilian hero Andrade Neves, says, justly 
and luminously appreciating him, what follows: 
« In the development of the military campaign of Para- 
guay, three distinct periods stand out. 
« The commencement of the struggle characterizes itself 
by the impetuous and audacious aggression of the enemy: 
« On the part of the Brazilians the resolute and perse- 
vering organization of the military element, and of the force 
of resistence to oppose to the Paraguyan armies, is in ope- 
ration. 
« That period is represented by the Command of Gene- 
ral Osorio, and terminates on the 24 th of May. 
« The infantry arm predominates therein; and our supe- 
riority in it, notwithstanding the indomitable bravery of 
Lopess soldiers, is beyond question. 
« The enemy, beaten, is reduced to the defensive, con- 
centrating his force within fortified lines. 
« The second period begins, in which the artillery arm 
predominate's. In it the reverse of Curupaity took place, 
after which the Brazilian elements reunited themselves 300 
and were considerably augmented, in order to undertake 
afresh, active operations in the invaded territory. 
« So commences the third period in July, 1867, in which 
the movement of the allied forces on the enemy's left flank 
was realized. 
« The Cavalry's turn comes. 
« This phase of the war is brilliantly represented by the 
feats of arms of the Baron of Triumpho. » 
And so indeed it was. 
From June, 1867, till nearly the end of December, 1869, 
the Rio Grande cavalry, which the famous partisan, 
Garibaldi, who had the opportunity of closely appreciating 
it, declared to be the best in the world, and the daring and 
irresistible Andrade Neves, one of its principal chiefs and 
of all of them the most indomitable, flaming and glorious, 
gaining victory after victory, they annihilated one of the 
great elements of power of the Dictator Lopes, and reduced 
him by closely encircling him to the sole recourse of 
entrenching himself; the terrible Rio Grande cavalier 
daring to carry his lance up to the gate of Humaita. 
The history of the feats of Andrade Nevas from June, 
1867, is the epopee of a hero. It is absolutely necessary 
to epitomize it here; but the epitome makes it paltry 
and obscure. 
On the 16th of July, 1867, in the battle of Tuiucue, the 
divisions of Jose Luiz Menna Barreto and of Andrade Neves 
took the intrenchment of Punta Carape and pursued the 
routed Paraguayans as far as Humaita. 
On the 13th of August Andrade Neves, at the head of 
the Brazilian cavalry, completely routed seven hundred 
Paraguayan horsemen at Arroyo Hondo. 
On the 19th and the 20th of September he made the 
reconnoissance of Potrelo Obella and of Tayi, and took 301 
the town of Pilar, having for that purpose swam across 
the small river Nembucu. 
The General in Chief, the present Duke of Caxias, wrote 
in reference to this feat of arms : 
« In the attack on the town of Pilar, Andrade Neves 
showed that he also could behave as a general, for he 
succeeded in taking the enemy's artillery, and making 
prisoners of almost the whole garrison of the town with 
little loss on our side, in defiance of a superior force to 
that which he took with him, and rendering nugatory the 
reinforcements that were promptly sent by Lopes from 
Humaita. » 
On the 3d of October, six regiments of Paraguayan 
cavalry attacked the position of S. Solano, when a Bra- 
zilian division, commanded by Colonel Fernandez Lima was 
retiring from thence. Andrade Neves flew to their aid; 
he immediately got to command the road which leads from 
Humaita to S. Solano, and put the Paraguayan forces to 
the rout who were going towards that post. 
The Brigadier Jose Luiz Menna Barreto, likewise took 
part in the action, and the enemy, totally routed, left 
five hundred dead on the field, and two hundred prisoners. 
On the 21st of the same month Andrade Neves and the 
Brigadier Victorino attacked four regiments of Paraguayan 
cavalry, and crushed them, making them lose eight hun- 
dred men. Andrade Neves, with his division of one 
thousand seven hundred men, pursued the fugitive re- 
mainder of the enemy up to the gates of Humaita. 
From that day forwards, no sign of the enemy's cavalry 
was seen again in the field. 
Andrade Neves' name caused terror among the Para- 
guayans, who called the division under his command, 
cabdlleria loca de cuenta (raving-mad cavalry). 302 
It was because the illustrious Rio Grande Chief, at the 
head of his daring Rio Grande horsemen, used to dash 
forward, lance in hand, across swampy ground, and 
overcoming extraordinary obstacles presented by the 
nature of ground, upon the enemy's hosts, who never could 
withstand his charges. 
The annihilation of the Paraguayan cavalry was chiefly 
owing to Andrade Neves. 
And very opportunely did there arrive, a short time 
afterwards, in the Brazilian camp, the Decree of the 19th of 
October, 1867, which conferrd on him the Title of the 
Baron of Triumpho, to which was subsequintly added the 
honors of grandeeship. 
It having been resolved, at the beginning of February 
1868, that the squadron should force the passage of Humaita, 
the Baron of Triumpho had orders to reconnoitre the 
positions of the enemy on the right flank of that fortress, 
and verified the existence of the redoubt called the Esta- 
belecimento, between Humaita and Laurelles, and being 
judged of importance the general in chief ordered that it 
should betaken by assault, simultaneously with the forcing 
of the passage of Humaita by the Squadron. 
The Baron of Triumpho, in command of the column of the 
vanguard, had the honor to direct the attack and assault 
of the redoubt, defended by fifteen guns, two steamers with 
heavy artillery, which came from Humaita, two lines of 
trenches and chevaux de frise, and one abatis. 
The squadron forced the pass of Humaita. 
The Baron of Triumpho took the E stabelecimento after 
suffering great losses and terrible opposition. That valiant 
man received a contusion in the hip from the tompion of a 
gun, and his horse was killed by three grape shots in his 
chest. The brave man of sixty-two ordered his cavalry 303 
to dismount, and at the head of his Rio Grande men and 
of his column, made an assault on the entrenchments, 
and got into the enclosure of the redoubt. 
On the termination of the horrible fight, he sent word 
to the general in chief of the result of the action and, con- 
tused, exhausted, and ill able to stand, he asked and 
obtained leave to go to his quarters at S. Solano to put him- 
self under treatment. 
At the end of 1868 the Dictator Lopes perfectly defended 
by the lines (A Pykiciri was fortified in Villeta. 
The problem of Humaitd was renewed. 
The health of the Baron of Triumpho was much affected, 
but he, nevertheless, maintained his post. 
The road by which the flank movement was made on 
the enemy in order to take him in the rear was opened in 
the Chaco. 
The horrible battle of Itorord was fought on the 6th of 
December, and after it the cavalry of both the Baron of 
Triumpho and of Joao Manoel Menna Barreto disembarked 
in Ipanc. 
On the 11th of December the battle of Avahi was 
fought, and in which the Baron of Triumpho with his di- 
vision flanked the enemy on the left, while the Brigadier 
Joao Manoel executed a like manoevre on the right; after 
four hours fighting the enemy retired from the field ; but 
then the terrible charges of cavalry turned the retreat into 
a rout; the enemy lost three thousand men killed, eight 
hundred prisoners, and six hundred wounded, and aban- 
doning Villeta, they took shelter in the fortified camp of 
Lomas Valentinas. 
The battle of Avahi cost the conquerors enormous sac- 
rifices, and the legendary Ozorio, then Viscount and 304 
afterwards Marquis of Herval, severely wounded in the 
face by a ball, had to retire from the action. 
On the 21st of December the entrenchments of Lomas 
V alentinas were attacked. 
The Baron of Triumpho, with his division belonged to 
the left column which took the first trench ; but having 
penetrated with the division under his command within one 
of the lines of the entrenchment, he was wounded by a 
ball which broke the forepart of one of his feet. 
The attack of the 21st December, so unlucky to the 
Brazilian arms, was closely followed by the victory of 
the 27th of the same month, in which the position of Lowas 
Valentinas fell into their power, when the Dictator Lopes 
took flight into the interior of Paraguay. 
But the bravest of the brave, as he was officially called, 
the Baron of Triumpho conveyed to the city of Asuncion, 
suffering from a burning fever and in his delirium, hearing 
the roar of battle, and struggling with his sons and with 
his friends in order to raise himself up from his bed to 
join the fight, died on the 6th of January, 1870. 
On the near approach of his death struggle, and still 
being able to speak, his last words were « comrades.... one 
charge more ! » 
And then died fancying in his delirium that he was 
making yet another charge of cavalry on the hosts of the 
enemies of his country. IXZXIT OF OCTOBER 
JOSE MARTIMANO D'ALENCAR 
A native of the town, afterwards city of Crato, province 
of Ceara, Jose Martiniano de Alencar, being destined to the 
Priesthood, went, when very young, to Pernambuco, and 
had already taken deacons orders and was completing his 
studies in the Seminary of Olinda when the republican 
revolution of 1817 broke out in that Capitania. Alencar 
adhered with enthusiasm to the revolutionary movement, 
to the plans of which he was no stranger, notwithstanding 
his youthfulness, and so great was his zeal and his talent, 
already cultivated, that the government and council 
organized in Olinda, chose him to go and proclaim the 
republic in Ceara. He was exalted by the delicacy and the 
danger itself of the commission, and made a rapid journey 
through the interior, to his Province; he arrived at Crato, 
and by the power of persuasion succeeded in effecting the 
« pronunciamento » for the republican cause of Pernambuco. 
Almost immediately, however, the news of the counter- 
revolution in Rio Grande do Norte and in Parahyba, and 306 
the firmness of the legal authority in the capital and in 
the whole of the Province of Ceara, annulled the revolt of 
Crato, the chief persons involved, among whom was Alencar 
were arrested. 
After being taken to the capital of the Province, Alencar 
was sent from thence to Pernambuco, from whence the 
authorities sent him to Bahia, and in the city of S. Salvador 
he remained in prison for nearly four years, having for 
his companions in captivity Antonio Carlos de Andrada 
Machado, and Father Muniz Tavares, and so many more. 
In 1821 a constitutional revolution brought about in 
Portugal, received the adhesion of Bahia in the month of 
February, and the political prisoners of 1817 were restored 
to liberty. 
The priest, Alencar, arrived in Ceara, and was shortly 
afterwards elected deputy substitute to the Portuguese 
assembly, and sailed for Lisbon in 1822, in the place of the 
proprietor, Jose Ignacio Parente. 
In that Assembly he made one among the number of the 
Brazilian deputies who were the most zealous in the de- 
fense of the cause of their country. From the 10th of May, 
1822, when he took his seat, until October, when he left 
Lisbon with Antonio Carlos, Muniz Tavares, Barata and 
Lino Coutinho, to go to Falmouth and sign the manifest of 
the 22d of that month, Alencar, still a youth and without 
practice in Parliament, fought bravely in the rostrum as 
one of the Champions of Brazil. 
On his return to his country, Cear& elected him in 1823 
deputy to the Brazilian Assembly. Alencar always main- 
tained in it liberal principles, and in honor there of more 
than once opposed the Andrada ministry. 
The Assembly being dissolved, Alencar went to his prov- 
ince to undergo fresh adversity, by compromising himself 307 
in order not to abandon his relations and friends in the 
revolution of 1824, which was called the Confederation of 
the Equador. 
Arrested and conveyed through Minas Geraes to Rio de 
Janeiro, he went on from that capital to be tried in Ceara 
by the military commission, which acquitted him. 
He had no seat in the first legislature of the Empire, 
because he had not yet been acquitted when the elections 
for deputies were going forward. 
In the second legislature he was elected by two provin- 
ces, viz: by Minas Geraes and by Ceara, and chose the 
latter, the illustrious and well deserving patriot, Evaristo 
Ferreira da Veiga, taking the representation of Minas in 
his place. 
In the chamber, he did not fear risking his popularity by 
maintaining, as a member of the commission of powers, the 
right which Jose Clemente Pereira, Salvador Jose Maciel 
and Joaquim de Oliveira Alvares had, to be recognized as 
deputies ; a right which the exalted liberals disputed. 
On the 2d May, 1832, Father Alencar took his seat in 
the Senate, he being the first Senator chosen by the Re- 
gency. 
From 1834 to 1836 he was President of Ceara ; intro- 
duced colonists into the province when colonization was 
not yet even treated of; caused to be seized a cargo of 
African slaves just smuggled on shore; created a small 
bank; paid attention to the construction of public works, 
and raised the revenue and the credit of the province. 
In 1839 he took in the senate his post of oppositionist to 
the conservative politics, and attacked vigorously the pro- 
ject of interpretation of the additional act. 
In 1840 he was one of the chief upholders of the decree- 
ing of the majority of the Emperor. 308 
Being again President of Ceara, he administered it but a 
few months, because the ministry of the majority, of whom 
he was the delegate, resigned in March, 1841, the conser- 
vative party again coming into power. 
In consequence of the liberal revolts of S. Paulo and of 
Minas-Geraes, he was accused of having been their promoter 
in a secret club which conspired in the capital of the Empire, 
and underwent, together with Vergueiro, Feijo and the 
Priest Jose Bento (all senators), a prosecution, which had 
no consequences in the Senate. History may accept as 
well founded the accusation of Alencar as one of the 
conspirators of those revolts, towards which almost all the 
liberal chiefs and sub-chiefs co-operated; but the illustrious 
Senator for Ceara, was also pointed out in the Chamber 
of Deputies in 1850, as one of the inspirers of the Praieira 
liberal revolt in Pernambuco in 1848, and that did not go 
beyond an unjust suspicion, because that disastrous move- 
ment was made despite the counsels of the chiefs of the 
party, who in the capital of the Empire came to an under- 
standing and of one accord sent instructions, and with them 
the Deputies of Pernambuco, and especially Nunes Ma- 
chado, to quiet those peoples' minds and prevent the armed 
pronunciamento already imminent. 
In 1844 to 1848 Senator Alencar was one of the prin- 
cipal directors of the liberal majority of Parliament, and 
afterwards till 1853 he kept in the foremost line of the 
opposition. 
The cabinet of Parana then came in with its politics of 
so-called conciliation and electoral reform, which had 
the support of the liberals. 
Alencar then cooled down in his parliamentary contests, 
as did also the other liberal chiefs. 309 
And on the loth of March, I860, he gave his soul up to 
his maker. 
He had powerful political influence from 1830up to the 
1 ast years of his life; he was the most vigorous and 
influential chief of the liberal party of the north of the 
Empire; the parliamentary centre and phalanx of three 
or four provinces; an authority always listened to in the 
councils of his party ; occasionally consulted on the organi- 
zation of the ministries ; one of the levers of the permanent 
regency, the intimate friend of the Regent Father Feijd, 
Jose Martiniano de Alencar never aspired, nor did he ever 
wish, to be minister ; he was never ambitious of much, less 
asked for social greatness, that the Government could give 
him ; he raised many men, but only wished for and obtained 
a deputy's seat, and afterwards a senator's, which the votes 
and the confidence of his fellow provincials gave him, of 
whom he was the most legitimate representative. 
The more advanced liberals, and the republicans, hailed 
him as a martyr in his youth ; the constituent assembly, 
the chamber of deputies, and the Senate respected him in 
his moderate liberal character, and as the element of 
order. 
From 1830 forwards Father Jose Martiniano de Alencar, 
Deputy and Senator, belonged to the school of Evaristo, 
which was the school of good sense. ZXZXIII OF OCTOBER 
MANOEL FERREIRA LAGOS 
A native of the city of Rio de Janeiro, where he was 
born in 1816, Manoel Ferreira Lagos studied the humani- 
ties and followed the course of medicine in Rio de Janeiro. 
A very distinguished student he cultivated literature in 
his study, and even on the benches of the school of medi- 
cine; he was already of valuable assistance to the Canon 
Januario in editing the quarterly Review of the Brazilian 
Historical and Geographical Institute, in which corporation 
he entered in 1840. 
Before that year, in 1839, Lagos had completed with 
approval the course of medicine ; he only wanted, in 
order to take his degree of doctor, to write and defend a 
thesis, and this is a most singular fact: he who had more 312 
than sufficient knowledge and facility in composing, and 
in compiling memoirs ably, never could perform that act 
required by law. He, also, only exercised the practice of 
medicine privately in the houses of friends, and of poor 
families, always gratuitously. 
In 1845 he succeeded Canon Januario da Cunha Barboza 
in the post of perpetual secretary of the Institute, a Re- 
view of which preserves a model report drawn up by the 
young secretary. 
In 1850, the statutes of the Historical Institute being 
reformed, he left the place of first secretary, the perpetuity 
of which had been revoked ; but during some years he was 
third vice-president of the same society, and only ceased 
being so owing to a long absence occasioned by the labors 
of the scientific commission, sent to some of the provinces 
of the north of the Empire, of which he was a member. 
That commission otherwise not a successful one, was 
proposed in the Institute by himself, and signed by many 
other associates after the reading (which occupied several 
sessions) of the extensive, most delightful, and learned 
memorial, in which Lagos showed in the clearest manner, 
and in an epigrammatic and delightful style, a thousand 
falsities, absurdities, ridiculous errors and grotesque inven- 
tions with which the works of many travelers who wrote 
upon Brazil are filled. That memorial, in which sarcasm 
is sometimes carried too far, bore witness to its depth of 
study. 
On his return from the scientific commission, Lagos 
occupied the attention of the Institute for a long time by 
reading a curious work of observations on customs, preju- 
dices, uses, popular feasts, and even of most special words, 
and of exclusive signification to the less civilized popula- 
tion of the interior of Ceara: all that was lost. Because he 313 
did not leave in the Institute the voluminous manuscript, 
the reading of which the members heard. 
Out of the Institute, Manoel Ferreira Lagos, served his 
country devotedly as one of the most intelligent, zealous 
and active employees of the secretary of States Office for 
Foreign Affairs. With a wealth of knowledge, with a dis- 
cretion and reserve most solicitous, and so to say, reli- 
gious, he knew how to show himself to be the man of 
inviolable secrecy and a loyal public servant, a man who 
never belied his trustworthiness, whatever might be the 
political creed of the minister of Foreign Affairs. 
Lagos was also the Director of the section of zoology 
and of comparative anatomy, as well as Librarian of the 
National Museum. 
In the first Universal Exhibition of Paris he fulfilled, 
with the greatest zeal, the task of Commissioner of the 
Empire of Brazil. 
All that laborious and devoted service of the Institute, 
the work of the Secretary's Office for Foreign Affairs, 
the direction of one of the sections of the National 
Museum, the task of the Brazilian Commissioner in the 
Universal Exhibition of Paris, - all that he carried out 
to the letter; but he always mixed up, in the fulfill- 
ment of his duty, the atticism of his mind, alway breaking 
out into epigrams, which made every one laugh, particu- 
larly when he did not spare himself. 
This mockery of the things of this world did not leave 
him even when death was close upon him. 
Affected by heart disease, thunderstruck by the diog- 
nostic of able medical men, who announced to him the fatal 
nature of his disease, he laughed at the doctors, ridiculed 
the diagnostic, and deceived his family, multiplying epi- 
grams on the sentence of his near approaching death. 314 
And almost immediately after his last jest, Manol Fer- 
reira Lagos drew his last breath on the 24th of October, 1867. 
There never was a man who feigned so greatly, or was 
so greatly assured of his life ; one hour before hi s death 
he was playing, laughing, mocking the prognostics of the 
faculty. 
Manoel Ferreira Lagos left a very great number of 
manuscripts and documents, many of them, unique, others 
most rare, all interesting. The Government purchased them 
and had them placed in the National Public Library. 
The simple list of the titles of those manuscripts would 
fill many pages. XXIV OF OCTOBER 
WEI DE SOUZ A MELLO E ALVIM 
Miguel de Souza Mello e Alvim was born on the 9th 
March, 1784, in the farm of Olaia near the town of Ourem, 
Province of Estremadura, kingdom of Portugal; he was 
the legitimate son of Antonio de Souza Mello e Alvim and 
of D. Maria Barboza da Silva Torres, and of very noble 
genealogy, derived from the Count D. Goncalo Pereira, 
grandfather of the constable D. Nuno Alvares Pereira. 
Having finished his preparatory studies, he was destined 
to the service of the Navy, and on the 24th March, 
1798, he entered the company of «guardas-marinha» 
as a midshipman, and completing, with great success, the 
respective scientific studies, received his promotion to officer, 
and served successively in the frigate Cijsne, in the line- 
of-battle ships Princeza da Beira, Vasco da Gama and 316 
Conde D. Henrique, and also in the frigate Urania in 
which he made part of the squadron that, in 1807, accom- 
panied the Royal Family of Portugal in their transmigration 
to Brazil. 
In the mother country Miguel de Souza Mello e Alvim 
left his name worthily inscribed in the register of four 
campaigns, in the Mediterranean against the barbarous 
States, and in important missions in the seas of Africa and 
America ; and getting tired of the boisterous troubles of 
the sea, brightened his spirit by the cultivotion of letters 
and sciences, and went on accumulating riches in the 
treasury of intelligence. 
In Brazil he continued to extend the series of his 
services: on the 8th March 1808 he was first lieutenant, 
and named for the commission charged with making a 
plan of Rio de Janeiro; he worked at this task with 
activity and skill, meriting the honor of special praise 
from the Government. 
He was made a Commander on 17th December 1813, 
acting-captain on 4th July, 1817, and confirmed captain 
on 12th October of the same year. This distinguished naval 
officer might justly pride himself on having worked hard 
for promotion to the various grades, having, as a patron, 
his own merit; and by the aid of letters of recommendation 
he faithfully performed many important commissions. Thus 
in 1811 and 1812 he commanded vessels in Bahia and at the 
Island of St. Thomas; he commanded others in 1816, the 
following year was named Orderly-adjutant to the Gov- 
ernor of the Province of Santa Catharina, and there 
helped to found colonies and an Establishment of Thermal 
waters ; he also made the campaigns of 1812-1816 and 
1817 in the River Plate. 
In 1818 be was made Naval Intendant of the Province of 317 
Santa Catharina, and in the careful exercise of his duties, 
which continued ten years, he heard with indifference the 
echoes of the Revolutions on both sides of the Atlantic ; 
in 1820 that of Portugal, which pulled down the king of 
Brazil in 1821 ; in 1822 that of Brazil which wrested a 
sister-kingdom from Portugal, and founded an Empire ; and 
lastly that of 1823, which dissolved the Brazilian, Parlia- 
ment and created the embryo of another political cataclysm. 
Miguel de Souza Mello e Alvim was more of an 
administrator than a politician ; in the midst of those civil 
convulsions he always commanded the respect of the 
authorities, and was assidious in the execution of his 
duties: the year 1822, however, offered him a new 
country in the land which two years before had given him 
a virtuous wife ; he did not hesitate, but preferred to his 
native land the growing Empire which had so pleasantly 
captured his heart ; be became a Brazilian, and one of 
whom Brazil has reason to be proud. 
In 1828 he was called to Rio de Janeiro and received 
the appointment of Naval Intendant at that port, and on 
the 15th June of the same year he was made Minister and 
Secretary of State for Naval affairs, which functions 
he exercised until the 4th of December 1829. Councillor 
Alvim never cared for the glory of political influence ; a 
stranger to party struggles, he confined himself io being 
an active and scrupulous administrator ; he paid, however, 
for the errors of the Ministry to which be belonged, and 
when our representative system was in its infancy, in 
which not even the theory of solidity of Cabinets was 
observed ; the ardent Liberal opposition did not pardon 
him alone of the Ministry, but attacked them all alike : 
to-day, when cool passions are prevalent, justice is 
accorded to the worth, moderation and honor of this 318 
serviceable man. Amongst the motives for aggression from 
which he suffered, only one existed in reality, and incon- 
testably, and which the illustrious man never pretended to 
dissemble, much less to deny ; it was his loyalty and 
dedication to the first Emperor. 
Descending from the heights of Ministerial power, Coun- 
cillor Al vim did not rest; on the 11th December of the 
same year, 1828, he was nominated President of the Pro- 
vince of Santa Catharina, and exercised the functions of 
that post until the 21st of April, 1831: the news of the 
abdication of D. Pedro I, and of events which had passed and 
were shill passing in the Capital of the Empire, alarmed the 
people's minds in the in the Capital of the Province ; the 
peaceful city of Desterro desired also to give its tribute to 
the resentful spirit of Brazilian nationality, and to the 
revolutionary contagion ; a military revolt broke out, the 
leaders of which which went to the palace and demanded 
the deposition of the President. 
Gold is tried in the fire, and the souls of great men by 
adversity. 
Councillor Alvim showed himself on the day of the 
crisis to be wise, energetic and patriotic; resistance was 
almost impossible, to yield was absolutely jeopardising to 
the public cause ; Alvim forgot himself, and only remem- 
bered his Country; he did not desire strife, so gave good 
advice to the rebels and endeavoured to shew them a better 
road; their chief,Brigadier Leite Pacheco, was struck with 
wonder, and listened attentively to his remarks, and matters 
took the direction which outraged authority thought best; 
the victim, in honor of the Law, did not give up the Pre- 
sidency to the revolutionists as they desired, but to the 
Vice-President, whom they obeyed. It is a rare occur- 319 
rence in History, the winning of such a splendid victory by 
the vanquished party. 
But Councillor Alvim came out of the brilliant struggle 
tired of public life; besides this, being a friend of the 
ex-Emperor he did not desire to divide power with his 
adversaries; he did not deny his Country, but he did not 
consider himself the right man to influence politicel affairs 
in the new epoch which was just dawning ; he asked for 
his retirement. He had been promoted to be Captain of the 
1st Class on 12th October, 1823, to Chief of Division on 
12th October, 1827, and finally retired with the rank of 
Commodore on 28th July, 1834; he intended to consecrate 
himself exclusively to the love of his wife and children, but 
the inhabitants of Santa Catharina, dragged him from the 
bosom of his family and gave him a seat in their Provincial 
Assembly, which elected him its President. 
Em 1839 the rebellion of Rio Grande do Sul had the 
audacity to invade the neighbouring Province. Mello e 
Alfim roused himself at the cry of the Law, took tem- 
porary command of the Naval Forces in operation in the 
Province of Santa Catharina ; and for this important service 
received the praises of the Regency in the name of the 
Emperor. 
The proclamation of the majority of H. I. M. D. Pedro II, 
had the charm of attracting to Court this old and most 
devoted servant of the State. 
At the voice of the Emperor he left his pleasant retreat 
in Santa Catharina, and was appointed in 1841 member 
of the Supreme Military Council, and charged with the 
care of the Head-Quarters of the Navy. Or the 14th 
June he left for S. Paulo as President of that Province, 
from which post he obtained his discharge on the 24th 320 
November of the same year, and returned to his duties 
in the Supreme Military council. 
In 1844, a second time Intendant of the Navy in the 
metropolis, he was charged with other commissions until 
the 18th September 1851, when he was named Coun- 
cillor Extraordinary of the State, and entering on its 
duties, he left, on account of incompatibility, the post 
of Orderly-Adjutant of the Ministry of Marine in charge 
of its Head Quarters. 
The importance and weight of such considerable labors 
did not absorb all the vigilance and faculties of the old 
servant of the Nation, who yet found time and strength 
to occupy the position of Inspector of Municipal Works 
in the Metropolis, which were assisted by concessions of 
Lotteries or subventions of the Government. Finally, in 
August, 1855, he became an Ordinary Councillor of State, 
and, in less than two months after, rested from his earthly 
labors, dying in the city of Rio de Janeiro on the 8th 
October of that same year. 
Behold the history of a noble life, Extending over eighty, 
years, and sixty four of them passed in uninterrupted public 
life! The biographer who may desire to study the matter, 
will encounter in each year a date marking an important or 
honorable fact and posterity will bless the memory of Coun- 
cillor of State, Miguel de Souza Mello e Alvim. 
On his breast shone medals and insignias, which were 
testimonies of the worth and virtues of wich he had given 
so many examples to his fellow-men. This well deserving 
citizen was graced in 1812 with the ribon of the Knight- 
hood of Our Lady of the Conception of Villa in 
1828 with the commandership of S. Bento de Aviz, in the 
following year with the collar of dignitary of the Imperial 
Order of the Rose, in 1851 made Grand Dignitary of the 321 
same Order, and in 1850, by his most Faithful Majesty (the 
king of Portugal), he was made commander of the Most 
Noble and Ancient Order of the Tower and Sword of Val- 
our, Loyalty and Merit. 
This illustrious man was still further commendable by 
his probity and enlightened knowledge; he was well versed 
in mathematic sciences, the cultivation of literature, and 
composed beautiful poetry, the greater portion of which he 
would not consent to have published. His manners were 
very friendly, and in his private life he was an example of 
virtue. XXV OF OCTOBER 
MANGEL DE FREITAS MAGALHAES 
Manoel de Freitas Magalhaes came into the world 
in 1787, and was baptised on the 17th February of the 
same year. He was the legitimate son of Joao de Freitas 
Magalhaes and D. Anna da Encarnacao, and was born in 
the town, afterwards city of Espirito Santo. 
He received his primary instruction at his native place 
and, destined for the priesthood, he left for Rio de Janeiro, 
and having completed his studies in the Episcopal Seminary 
of S. Jose, took sacred orders on the 25th October, 1817. 
He went back to his own Province, where he stayed 
only a few years, returning to Rio de Janeiro in 1822 ; he 
declared himself most ardently in favor of the Indepen- 
dence of the country; joined himself to the Liberal party, 
and was an enthusiast of the Andradas in 1823. An 324 
oppositionist during the first reign, he had great influence 
amongst Masons, to whose body he belonged, and to whom 
he spoke in favor of the emigrant Portuguese Liberals 
who came to Brazil. 
He was considered to be a very talented and sympa- 
thetic sacred orator, and modestly cultivated poetry. 
In brilliant assemblies he merited the honor of being 
chosen Vicar for the Parish of S. Gongalo, and afterwards 
of S. Joao de Itaborahy. 
He was a member of the Provincial Assembly of Rio de 
Janeiro, from the first legislature to the year of his death, 
and several times presided therein. 
He was deputy of the General Assembly, for the Prov- 
ince of Espirito Santo in 1843; but on the 15th of 
October of the same year he gave up his soul to God. 
As a priest he left the most lively regrets inS. Gongalo, 
and in Itaborahy examples which neither before nor since 
have ever been equalled. 
In the parish and town of Itaborahy he shone, amidst the 
most ardent political struggles of parties, as a most potent 
element of order and harmony. 
In 1840, during a jealous and threatening electoral 
controversy, he was enabled to impose his benevolent and 
mild will on the chiefs of the disagreeing parties, and to 
choose and cause to be accepted the members of the 
Electoral Board. 
To secure and obtain so much he had an easy preroga- 
tive ; he was charitable, and of easy access, and his house 
belonged less to him than to his parishioners, who found 
therein a neutral ground in political questions, and an 
agreeable spot to meet in. 
Returning once to his parish after several months absence, 
Vicar Freitas was moved to tears on beholding a multitude 325 
of men on horseback, who came a long way out to form his 
escort, and, in a friendly and triumphal manner to bring 
him in with rejoicings to his house in the town of Ita- 
borahy. 
He was an honorable and patriotic man, and model of a 
parish priest. 
Months before his death, he dreamed one night that he 
distinctly heard a voice saying to him: « The month of 
October will be fatal to thee!... » 
The dream produced a strong impression on his mind ; 
and his friends endeavoured in vain to make him forget 
what he looked upon as an awful warning. 
And it came to pass that Canon Freitas died suddenly 
on the 15th of October! XXVI OF OCTOBER 
MATHEUS SARAIVA 
Matheus Saraiva was born in Rio de Janeiro either at 
the end of the seveneenth century or the beginning of 
the following one. Having passed his preparatory studies 
in the city of his birth, his parents sent him to the Uni- 
versity of Coimbra, and there he graduated in medicine 
with a great reputation for intelligence and distinction. 
He was nominated a Fellow of the Royal Academy of 
London. 
In the city of Rio de Janeiro he practised medicine, dis- 
tinguishing himself as much by his knowledge as by his 
disinterestedness and exemplary charity with which he 
treated the poor. 
When he obtained praises for these acts, he was accus- 
tomed to say : « If any magistrate could imprison God, 328 
or God could imprison. Himself, Charity is the Minister 
who, without sacrifice, could execute the sentence. » 
Dr. Matheus Saraiva composed the work called : Por- 
tuguese and Illustrated America, and Evangelical Voice 
by St. Thomaz, endeavoring to show that the Apostl e 
St. Thomaz visited Brazil, and also pretended to decipher 
sundry inscriptions and symbolical characters that he ha p 
met with, and amongst them no less than three in the 
mountains of Itaquatiara in Minas Geraes. 
He also wrote Polyanthea Phisocosmica, or Moral, 
Political, Doctrinal and Historical Instruction, a work 
on the education of youth. 
And another work, called Polianthea Brazilica Medica 
Historica, relative to the endemic and epidemic diseases 
of Rio de Janeiro, and their treatment. 
The dates of his birth and death being unknown, the 
name of Dr. Matheus Saraiva is necessarily registered 
under that of the 26th of October. X2XZA7TT OF OCTOBER 
• JOHN HOPMAN 
A native of England, John Hopman came to Rio de Ja- 
neiro about the middle of the eighteenth century, and 
there he established himself as a merchant. He was a 
man of excellent education, and much given to reading: 
he was generally esteemed for his amiability and his 
orderly life: in commerce, he enjoyed the reputation of 
being both intelligent and honorable. 
He loved Brazil, and declared himself entirely and 
for evermore a Brazilian, marrying D. Maria Izabel, a 
young lady of a distinguished family in Rio de Janeiro. 
For the recreation of his family and of himself, he 
purchased an extensive piece of ground, and built a 
beautiful country residence at S. Christovao, at the the 
corner of the Aterrado: there he commenced to culti- 330 
vate European and Asiatic plants at that time most rare 
in Brazil, and which he took pleasure in, and even 
strove hard to propagate, giving and offering young- 
plants or seeds. 
He was a man who might be called an element of 
progress, and full of aspirations of the development of 
the great country, the birth place of his wife, and his 
adopted and dear country. 
He was held in much consideration by the Viceroys, 
the Marquis of Lavradio, and Luiz de Vasconcellos e 
Souza: the latter obtained leave from the Government 
of the metropolis to nominate John Hopman a member 
of the Board of Inspection afterwards called Junta do 
Commercio : the former, before this, availed himself of 
John Hopman in the primitive, and at the time uncal- 
culated source of the greatest and grandest fountain 
of agricultural wealth of Brazil. 
In the Vice royalty of the marquis of Lavradio, there 
arrived at Rio de Janeiro, appointed Chancellor of the 
court of appeal of Rio de Janeiro, the chief Judge of 
the same court of Maranhao, Joao Alberto Castello Branco, 
who brought from that Capitania two Coffee plants, which 
by order of the Viceroy were cultivated in the gar'en 
of the bearded Italian monks (Barbadinhos). 
From notes very obligingly offered by an illustrious 
person, a relation of the family of John Hopman, it must 
be concluded that the coffee plants were three in number, 
or only one cultivated in the garden of the barbadinhos, 
because, of them, it is affirmed that the Viceroy confi- 
ded to the care of the curious and eager cultivator of 
exotic and new plants, one plant: but in the luminous 
work on the History and culture of the Coffee plant, 
of the distinguished and respectable Dr. Nicolao Joaquim 331 
Moreira, it is to be read that John Hopman had gathered 
in the garden of the barbadinhos some beans of Coffee, 
and had sown them in his garden. 
Nevertheless, in those notes, the fact is cited, of the poet 
and patriot artist, Sr. Porto Alegre, the present Baron of 
Santo Angelo, on visiting, some years after the beginning 
of the present century the grounds of the country residence 
of the already long deceased John Hopman, embracing, 
with lively and easily explained commotion, the old his- 
toric coffee tree, which the Marquis de Lavradio had given 
as a plant. This doubt is at all events of very small 
interest. 
Either with the historiccoffee tree, or with the coffee beans 
that he had collected, and had sown, it is certain that 
John Hopman was the principal cultivator, and exciter to 
the cultivation, of the coffee tree, which grew and propa- 
gated in a lively and splendid manner. 
In a few years John Hopman had already, so extensive 
a plantation ef coffee trees in grounds then called Arrosal 
in Engenho Velho Street, that he gathered not only suffi- 
cient coffee for the consumption of his family, but also to 
make presents to his friends, and to export what remained 
-this fact being proved by an Account Sales, which his Lis- 
bon correspondent remitted him in December, 1791, and 
which is still preserved as a curious document. 
He was probabliy the first exporter of coffee from Brazil. 
Some time afterwards, and still under the auspices of the 
Marquis de Lavradio, John Hopman was further, the ins- 
pirer and director of the industry of the making of guaxima 
cordage for the marine Arsenal. It is asseverated, that, on 
a certain day when Hopman's mind was seriously occupied 
with his commercial affairs, walking with long strides 
I 
through hisgrounds, he brhke the stalk of a guaxima plant, 332 
and in twisteng it between his hands, he observed, on enter- 
ing the house, that it had fibres both sufficiently resistent 
and strong to enable it to serve for cordage, and cables, 
and that from that accident, arose the industry which the 
Marquis, Viceroy encouraged, and protected, being later 
on abandoned, either from the superiority of hempen rope, 
or from the mean policy of the Metropolis. 
John Hopman died in Rio de Janeiro during the Viceroy- 
alty of Luiz de Vasconcellos ; for in 1791 the account Sales 
of coffee had already been addressed to his widow, its ex- 
portation, although on a very modest scale, having com- 
menced before that year. 
The aptitude and the taste of John Hopman for cultivat- 
ing and introducing into the country which he adopted for 
his own, exotic and useful plants, passed on, as it were, 
as an inheritance to his daughter, the order issued by the 
Viceroy Count of Rezende, on the 25th of March, 1798, 
being a proof of this assertion, as it gave the culture of the 
cinnamon tree in charge to D. Norberta J. Hopman. 
John Hopman well deserves to be remembered, among 
Brazilians who are generous and devoted to the progress of 
this great and fine country. 
Exact dates are wanting in the life of this well deserv- 
ing and obliging Englishman, the adopted son of the Coun- 
try ; but his name which cannot be forgotten is engraven 
in the article under the date of the 27th October. JCXIV'XII OF OCTOBER 
CONRADO JACOB DE METER 
Conrado Jacob de Niemeyer was born in the city of 
Lisbon on the 28th of October, 1788. He was the legitimate 
son of Conrado Henrique Niemeyer, Hanoverian Colonel of 
Engineers, in the service of Portugal , his mother's name 
was D. Firmina Angelica de Niemeyer. 
Resolved to follow his father's profession, he entered 
the regiment of Artillery at the Court, as cadet, in Febru- 
ary, 1803, passing at once into the Military College, where 
he completed his preparatory studies with distinction, 
being considered, in 1808, the first scholar of the College. 
The revelation of such a fine talent promised a spendid 
future; the first triumphs of the young student augmented 
his ambition for knowledge; but the epoch was not 
propitious for the cultivation of literature. The clang of 334 
martial trumpets disturbed the attention which is indis- 
pensable for studying ; the epoch did not belong to Minerva, 
the goddess of Wisdom, bu to Minerva, the goddess of 
War, armed exactly as it left the paternal brain. The 
great Cesar of modern times, Napoleon, the maker of 
new Kings, the destroyer of ancient Crowns, the political 
geographer who, with the point of his sword, drew 
arbitrary limits to the Nations of Europe, had cast 
his dominating eyes over the Iberic Peninsula, and at the 
waiving of his hand, which was an instrument of Provi- 
dence, the Legions of France invaded the Kingdom of 
Portugal; and the proud Eagles which, in the language of 
Lamartine, made the tour of Europe, rested victoriously 
on the heights of alarmed Lisbon. 
In those critical times, when resistance and the glorious 
uprising of Portuguese patriotism wore yet a problem, the 
young student did not wish to bend his neck to the foreign 
yoke, and not being able to fight because nobody fought, 
he emigrated on the 2d of February, 1808, with two 
cadets', one corporal and eight soldiers, and went on board 
the English squadron which was blockading the port. Taken 
to Portsmouth, he remained tiiere by order of tiie Portu- 
guese Minister Plenipotentiary, forming, with his com- 
panions, part of the crew of the brig « Destemido,» up to 
the time he left for Brazil, where he arrived in July, 1809, 
disembarking in Rio de Janeiro. 
Conrado Jacob de Niemeyer at once joined the Artillery 
Regiment, at the Court, and on the 9th August of the same 
year was promoted to 2d-lieutenant, with the obligation 
of finishing his studies relative to the arm of the service 
he had joined. He satisfied this condition with the greatest 
zeal, receiving his commission of Ist-lieutenant of En- 335 
gineers in 1815, having completed his mathematical studies 
with distinction. 
About that time Conrado began to be illustrious by a 
series of services which were continued during forty-seven 
years, and only ended with the death of this laborious and 
indefatigable man, who, in the last quarter of his life 
appeared always to be getting younger from the enchant- 
ment of work. 
Conrado Jacob de Niemeyer may be considered from two 
points of view: as a military man, and as a true Engineer. 
If his name may be found among those involved in political 
events, it is certain that during almost the whole of his 
military life the soldier absorbed the politician, and dis- 
cipline rather than opinion regulated his actions. 
As a military man he never had the opportunity of 
gaining those laurels which a warrior most appreciates. It 
is true that he fought in Pernambuco in 1817 and 1824 in 
the cause of Legality, and on the 24th September of the 
latter year, immediately after the triumphal entry into 
the capital of that Province of the peacemaking army, 
he was decorated, by the hand of General Francisco de 
Lima e Silva, with the medal of distinction. 
In 1821 and 1822, Conrado Jacob de Niemeyer, Captain 
of Engineers, assumed a decided political career, serving 
with the greatest zeal, the Constitutional cause and the 
Independence of Brazil, and duly received the thanks and 
praises of the provisionary Junta of the Province of Per- 
nambuco. 
Dedicated to the new country which he had adopted, he 
paid it constant tributes of love and fidelity; but impelled 
by military obedience to undertake a commission which he 
himself called terrible, he got involved in the grave poli- 
tical disputes of the first reign. Commanding an expedi- 336 
tionary force sent to CearA in 1824, he was nominated 
President of the Military Commission which was there 
instituted to judge the persons compromised in the revo- 
lutionary rising of the so-called Confederation of the 
Equator, just such another as had at the same time been 
created in Pernambuco. Blood ran from the gallows, and 
the groans of the victims found an echo in the hearts of the 
Brazilians. The Liberal party did not pardon Conrado's 
severe discipline, and looking upon him as one of the 
absolutists of that period, blasted him with the flashes of 
their reprobation. 
The Military Commander of Ceara having been called to 
the metropolis to respond to his abuse of authority of which 
he accused, he was not only unanimously absolved, but 
even praised by the Council of War that judged him. 
The triumph of the Liberal party in 1831 threw Conrado 
amongst the number of disgusted persons who formad the 
party that called themselves Caramuru, or Restorer. In 
1832 he was imprisoned and tried under pretext of having 
raised Joaquim Pinto Madeira of Cearh to the rank of 
Colonel, of having disobeyed the orders of the Government 
and co-operated in the disturbance of public order. He was 
absolved and justified in two Councils of War; but feeling 
disgusted with the career he had hitherto followed, he 
preferred another more modest and mild, therefore asked 
and obtained in 1833 his retirement with the rank of 
Colonel. 
The military man rested; the Engineer redoubled his 
activity. 
And it is as an Engineer that owr friend leaves us a 
more noble remembrance. Each year of his life was 
marked by some advantageons labor, and, it may bo said, 
formed a ring in a long chain of good services. 337 
From 1817 to 1824 Pernambuco saw Conrado Jacob de 
Niemeyer charged successively with preparing a plan of 
Recife, Olinda and its suburbs, of establishing the tele- 
graphic line between Recife and the extreme south of 
the Province ; also of the study and plan of defence of 
the southern coast of the same as far as the River 
S. Francisco; of the direction and construction of bridges, 
roads, and earth-works, and of dams for deposits of 
water during a season of drought in the villages of the 
interior; likewise the organization of the plan of de- 
fence of the Province, and especially of the cities of 
Recife and Olinda; a task which he performed with 
the assistance of the then Major of Engineers, Firmino 
Herculano de Moraes Ancora; and finally of the plan 
for the conduct of water into Recife. 
Being on another occasion in Pernambuco, in 1841, 
with his illustrious colleague, then Lieutenant-Colonel 
and afterwards Field-Marshal, Councillor Pedro de Al- 
cantara Bellegarde, he presented a new plan for the 
work above mentined, which was duly executed to the 
full satisfaction of both. Yet again, in the same Province 
in 1855, he laid out plans for the drying-up of the 
marshes of Olinda, and others for channeling the waters 
of the River Beberibe so that navigation might be constant 
between the suburb of that name, Olinda, and Recife, 
thus avoiding the constant devastation caused by the 
rising of the waters of the River Capibaribe. 
In Rio de Janeiro, in 1829, he examined into the state of 
the fortifications of the port and entrance thereto, and 
proposed means for bettering them ; he made the drawings 
and estimates of expenses for the railroad from S. Paulo 
to Rio de Janeiro, and was nominated Fellow of the 
Statistical and Geographical Committee of the Empire. 338 
The political revolution of 1831 imposed upon Gonrado 
the punishment of rest: but in 1836, three years after his 
retirement was granted, he found himself at the head of 
the department of Public Works of the province of Rio de 
Janeiro ; was afterwards made member and then president 
of the board of directors of said works, and sweetened the 
labor of these tasks, by inspecting, along with Viscount 
Jerumirim, the works of the canal of Pavuna, and estimated 
the expenses necessary for their improvement and conclus- 
ion. He also drew up a plan for levelling the Castle Hill, 
which was laid before the legislative body in 1838. 
In that same year he contracted for, and realized the 
construction of, more than ten leagues of the commercial 
road between the rivers Iguassu and Parahyba. 
In 1846 he was charged with the re-construction and 
renewing of the bridges and earth-works of the Imperial Es- 
tate of Santa Cruz, of which he was made superintendent; 
and so zealous did he show himself in the execution of his 
duties, that five years after he received from the Steward 
of His Majesty the Emperor's household special thanks for 
the services he had rendered, not only to that establish- 
ment, but also in the examinations be made of the best 
means of improving the entrances of the ports of Itaguahy 
and Guaratiba, and lastly for services in the silk manuf- 
actory of Itaguahy. 
But it was in 1846 that he gathered the laurels of his 
most notable labor. Conrado Jacob de Niemeyer, effective 
member of the Historical and Geographical Institute of 
Brazil since 1839, published and dedicated to this Society 
his General Chart of the Empire, which brought him, as 
a just reward the diploma of Honorary Fellow of that So- 
ciety, and the gold medal with which he was honored by 339 
the hand of His Majesty the Emperor at the solemn meet- 
ing and anniversary of the institute in that year. 
Colonel Conrado's General Chart of the Empire is how- 
ever, far from being a perfect work ; faults and errors 
were daily making themselves more visible, even to their 
author, growing larger in number as the relative studies 
became more refined. But the difficulty and iranscendency 
of that work, and the urgent necessity there was for it, 
augmented its value, and caused its unquestionable merit 
to be acknowledged, and, being justly appreciated in civ- 
ilised Europe, gained for this distinguished engineer the 
diplomas of honorary member of the Geographical Society 
of Berlin and of the Botanical Society of Ratisbon. 
In 1856 Colonel Conrado Jacob de Niemeyer was nomin- 
ated officer of the general department of Public Works, 
and further charged with the making of a Corographic 
Chart of the Empire. 
At 69 years of age the distinguished engineer completed 
the arduous and long enterprise; and then, assisted by his 
illustrious friend and colleague, General Bellegarde, he 
was ordered to present in three years the Corographic 
Chart of the province of Rio de Janeiro, finishing both these 
difficult tasks to the full satisfaction of the respective pro- 
vincial government. 
Conrado Jacob de Niemeyer died in the City of Rio de 
Janeiro in 1862, at seventy-four years of age. . 2CXI2C OF OCTOBER 
FRIAR ANTONIO DA PIEDADE 
Antonio da Piedade was born in Rio de Janeiro, in the 
second half of the seventeenth century, and his parents bes- 
towed upon him a careful education; he took his second 
name when he entered holy orders; he applied himself 
fervently to the study of theological sciences and philosophy, 
and was generally respected for his virtues and purity 
of manners. 
Animated by an Apostolic spirit he became a Missionary, 
and having, on 29th October, 1702, received the appointment 
of Superior Missionary at the village of Garulhos in Campos 
dos Goytacazes, he penetrated vast regions of the Interior, 
and managed to attract an immense number of people to 
Catholicism and the road to civilization, and assembled 
them in a village. 342 
But a grave epidemic breaking out, and not few Indians 
dying, the others deserted, vulgarly attributing the cal- 
amity to baptism. 
Friar Antonio da Piedade, having waited until the epi- 
demic ceased, again went into the woods, and preaching 
to and convincing the fugitive Indians of their errors, 
was influential enough to bring them back with him, and 
to restrain and govern them with his mildness and char- 
ity in the village be had formed, and which duly pros- 
pered thanks to his zeal and dedication. 
The services rendered by Friar Antonio da Piedade were 
so valuable, that on the information, taken by the Governor 
of Rio de Janeiro, the King sent a special message that 
he should be thanked for them in his name. XXX OF OCTOBER 
GONGALO SOARES DA FRANCA 
A learned man and a poet, Gongalo Soares da Franga was 
born in 1632, in the capital of Espirito Santo : he culti- 
vated literature with ardour, and wrote in the Latin lan- 
guage, which he thoroughly understood, a poem to which 
he gave the title Brazilica, or D scovery'of Brazil. 
He composed various poems in Portuguese, which ac- 
cording to the testimony, of Coucil).or Pereira da Silva 
{Illustrious Men of Brazil, Supplementary Biography) 
possesses very high merit. 
The dates of the birth and death of this illustrious man 
are unknown ; but he should not therefore he forgotten, 
as he was one amongst few, in that age of darkness for 
Brazil, who, by force of study and with high intelligence, 
knew how to become a fountain of light. 
Therefore let his name be inscribed, although arbitrar- 
ily so, on the 30th of October. XXXI OF OCTOBER 
JOAQUIM GONCALVES LEDO 
Joaquim Gongalves Ledo, born in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro on 11th December, 1781, was the legitimate son 
of Antonio Gongalves Ledo and D. Antonia Maria dos Reis 
Ledo. His parents destined him to follow a career of juris- 
prudence, and having studied Latin, and little besides, 
in his native city, went to Portugal when he was fourteen 
years of age. 
He had completed his preparatory studies in Coimbra 
and was going through a course of law, when the news of 
the death of his father reached him, and the necessity of 
taking upon himself the management of his business 
obliged him to interrupt his studies and return to Rio de 
Janeiro. 
Endowed with great facility of comprehension, brilliant 
intelligence and a prodigious memory, he went on studying 346 
literature and conquering its difficulties, as well as other 
cabinet instruction in many of its varieties. 
Up to the end of 1820, further information is wanting 
in the life of Ledo, except of his having been employed in 
the Secretary's office of the Military Arsenal, and already 
much esteemed in the city of Rio de Janeiro for his poetic 
talent, sweetness of disposition and amenity of manner. 
As an employe in the Secretary's office he must have 
been very useful ; as, besides having great knowledge, he 
did every thing with great taste, writing with a neat and 
rapid hand. 
In 1821 he appeared upon the political stage, having 
been made Elector, and took part in (heElectoral Assembly 
which met on 20th April in the Exchange-rooms, and 
which going beyond its exclusive mandate, insisted upon the 
the adoption of the Spanish constitution, taking measures to 
prevent the King's retirement to Portugal, and becoming 
disorderly from the very first hour. 
The errors, abuses, and revolutionary extravagancies 
of the Assembly, were equalled by the action of the 
authorities, who without any previous intimation, sent 
a military force on the morning of the 21th April, belonging 
to the Portuguese division, to make a discharge of musketry 
on that part of the building were the Electors and many 
persons were assembled, and immediately invade the hall 
with bayonets at the charge. There were deaths among 
the Electors and populace and many others were wounded. 
The Assembly was thus dissolved and Ledo had to hide 
himself for several weeks, as he was one of those com- 
promised by the excesses of 20th April. 
On the 26th of the month, D. Joao VI, with the Royal 
Family, set out for Lisbon, leaving the Prince D. Pedro, in 
Rio de Janeiro, as Regent of Brazil. 347 
Immediately, in 1821, there were manifested aspirations 
of Independence, and when, as yet, the Prince Regent 
D. Pedro was opposed to the great work of Brazilian patrio- 
tism, Ledo and his illustrious friend, Father (afterwards 
Canon) Januario da Cunha Barboza, edited and published 
the periodical Reflector, which at first was a cautious and 
afterwards a flaming organ of the sentiments of the pa- 
triots. 
In 1822 Ledo cooperated in the Petition of the Rio people, 
which, on the 9th January was carried to the Prince Re- 
gent, and received from him the reply.- 
« I shall remain in Brazil » with which D. Pedro, dis- 
obedient to the Portuguese Parliament and the king, placed 
himself at the head of the Revolution for the Independence 
of Brazil. 
The Council of the Attornies General of the Provinces 
having been convoked on the 16th February, by the govern- 
ment of the Prince D Pedro, Ledo was one of those elected 
for Rio de Janeiro, and in some of the most important offi- 
cial documents of the year 1822, his style was pronounced 
brilliant, florid and highly polished. 
The Ypiranga shout of the 7th September rang through 
the air ; and, on the 12th October, D. Pedro was proclaimed 
Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil : 
but even at that time the patriots of the Independence were 
struggling for rivalry in Rio de Janeiro, which culminated 
in the bosom of Masonry, D. Pedro being elected Grand 
Master. 
The rivalry passed into the political arena ; Ledo, Ja- 
nuario Jose Clemente, Nobrega and others were enemies to 
the Andrada Ministry, censuring it as anti-liberal; and on 
28th October, the two Ministers Andrada (Jose Bonifacio 
and Martin Francisco) either provoked the dismissal of their 348 
Ministry, or it was dismissed when they least expected it. 
History is still rather obscure on this point; it is certain 
however that populai' manifestations and official represen- 
tations induced the Emperor to re-call the Andradas to the 
government two days after, on the 30th October. 
Jose Bonifacio and Martin Francisco were carried in 
triumph by the people, and D. Pedro went to receive them 
in the street, embracing them and crying for joy. 
But the Andradas returned to power, under the condi- 
tion that they might employ in the government any ex- 
traordinary measures they might judge to be indispensable. 
They ordered an enquiry to be made respecting the revolu- 
tionary conspirators; Jose Clemente, Januaripand Nobrega 
were imprisoned, and afterwards banished to France ; but 
Ledo, on the 3st October, forseeing the political persecu- 
tion which also threatened him, hid himself, and after- 
wards managed to escape being made prisoner by flying 
disguised in the habit of a Friar, and went on board a vessel 
which carried him to Buenos-Ayres. 
Neither Ledo, Nobrega nor Jose Clemente, all of them 
well-deservers of the Independence, were members of the 
Brazilian Parliament in 1823. Perhaps they remembered 
in their exile the Sic nos non vobis of Virgil. 
But the Andradas fell from power, and the Parliament 
having been fatally dissolved in November, 1823, they 
also were imprisoned and experienced unjust banishment. 
The exiles and prescripts of November, 1822, returned 
to the bosom of their country, 
Ledo was elected Deputy for Rio de Janeiro in the 
first two Legislatures of the Empire, that is from 1826 
to 1833, and figured therein as an enlightened and su- 
perlative orator, at times a framer of the answer to the 
Speech from the Throne on account of his ability, in 349 
florid and most appreciated style ; and was almost always 
the influential member in Committees of ways and means. 
Disagreeing with the systematic opposition of the Li- 
berals, of mild character, the friend of D. Pedro I, and 
oft ven attentively listened to by him, of a doubtful posi- 
tion in the Chamber, almost always voting with the 
Ministers, Ledo lost little by little all his popularity, 
and was warmly attacked by the Liberal Press which 
considered him outside the lines of its party, and accused 
him of versatility and ambition. 
That he was really ambitious is not proved hy facts ; 
because with all his acknowledged ability he was never 
called to the Ministry, nor ever occupied any high of- 
ficial position outside the Chamber ; he was only a member 
of the Tribunal of the Junta of Commerce for some 
years. 
Having lost the confidence of the Liberals, known as 
a personal friend of D. Pedro I, Ledo, after the 7th of 
April, 1831, retired and ceased to exert any influence 
in the Chamber. 
In the third Legislature he was not re-elected, al- 
though be had met the Liberals half-way, being a most 
useful auxiliary to Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos 
when he was Minister of Finance. 
In 1835 the Province of Rio de Janeiro elected him 
member of its Assembly in the first Legislature, re- 
electing him in the two following ones. Ledo performed 
most important services in that Assembly, being the best 
man of the Tribune and in the labors of the principal 
Committees. 
Intimately connected, since 1832, with the great States - 
man Vasconcellos, he greatly assisted him in his vigorous 
opposition to the Regent Feijd, writing short articles in 350 
prose and verse, in which he chiefly wielded the weapon 
of ridicule with ability and grace. 
Falling sick, and being disgusted with politics, he 
retired, once for all, to his estate of Sumidouro, in the mu- 
nicipality of Santo Antonio de Sa, now calld Santa Anna 
de Macacu, and died there, on the 19th May, 1847, of an or- 
ganic lesion of the heart. His body was transported to the 
Capital of the Empire, where it was buried. 
His greatest annoyance was the failure of his endea- 
vours, on two occasions, to enter the Senatorial Lists for 
Rio de Janeiro : he complained of the disloyalty of some of 
his political friends ; and this is conjectured from a letter 
he wrote to his nephew, in which he sent a note of his an- 
swer to Josd Clemente Pereira ;. the letter is dated 6th 
May, 1867, and written from his estate of Sumidouro. 
Joaquim Goncalves Ledo shone in the Parliamentary Tri- 
bunal, he spoke, as he wrote, with precision, eloquence 
and a florid style, and what might be called smooth as sa- 
tin ; he was a speaker of skilful courtesy and enchanting 
manner; his words were always pronounced withan exag- 
erated refinement of purity in the accentuation of the 
syllables, and without contrariety the pauses were well 
placed ; they left his lips like a sweet and placid brook 
between banks covered with flowers. 
He was pleasant and had a gracious spirit un exceptionable 
in the society of his friends; he was very fond of festive 
meetings, and often gave banquets, in the very best taste, 
to families of his acquintance ; also fetes campestres on his 
estate of Sumidouro, and also on those of some of his most 
intimate friends ; it was wonderful to behold his ability 
for creating innocent and pleasant amusements. 
He wrote a great deal, principally about the history of 
the Independence, and eventsand things of 1822, but his 351 
letter of 6th May, 1847, informs us that all his precious 
manuscripts were destroyed and burnt, from a feeling of 
well-deserved independence, which desired that his past 
services might be forgotten. 
He left unfinished a drama called The Orphan, which, 
either by accident, or because its three acts could scarcely 
he appreciated in its unrevised state, escaped the flames 
which devoured all (he rest of his papers, amongst which 
were several fromD. Pedro I, and some with dates of 1822, 
in which the then Prince Regent, in writing to him, 
addressed him as My Ledo. 
Joaquim Goncalves Ledo had, during the first reign, 
the title of Counsellor, the Dignitary of the Imperial Order 
of the Cruzeiro, and the commandership of the Order of 
Christ. I OI'1 NOVEMBER 
JOAO PAULO DOS SANTOS BARRETO 
Joao Paulo dos Santos Barreto was born in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro on April 28th, 1788. He studied the human- 
ities in his native city, and early gave proofs of the fine 
intellect with which he was endowed. 
Dedicating himself to the military profession, he enlisted 
at 19 years of age in an artillery regiment, and was appoint- 
ed sergeant. 
The young soldier was favored neither by wealth nor by 
noble birth nor by influential friends ; but was encouraged 
and sustained by a consciousness of his ability and merit. 
At that time army promotions were made by competitive 
examinations. Into this glorious arena laid open to merit he 
entered with ardor and advancing from triumph to triumph, 
reached the rank of Ist-lieutenant. 354 
In 1818 he was captain of engineers; in 1821, major; two 
years afterwards lieutenant-colonel, and in 1826, colonel 
on the staff. 
The sergeant of 1807 had risen rapidly. Many persons 
thought strange of such good fortune, and the colonel of 
1826 did not escape the attacks of envy. 
The system of promotion for merit could not be agreeable 
to those who, conscious of possessing none, prefer that the 
promotions should be regulated by the number of years of 
service. 
Mediocrity which, if patronage lend it not wings, is fain 
to crawl, is a winding stairway which cannot tolerate the lofty 
and rapid flights of the eagle. Tell it that at the age of 
twenty-two the great Cond6 was general-in-chief at the 
battle of Rocroy, and it will answer with a knowing smile: 
-«Yes, he was a prince.» Assure it that Pitt was a minister 
at the age of twenty-three, and it will sneeringly reply : 
- « He was the son of Lord Chatham. » Remind it that 
Murat at 30 years of age was a distinguished general, and it 
will try to prove to you that merit had nothing to do with 
this, as Murat was thrown by chance on the surface amid 
the convulsionary throes of the great French revolution. 
True to its narrow instincts mediocrity will never be con- 
vinced that Cond6, Pitt and Murat were simply men of 
genius. 
Joao Paulo dos Santos Barreto had risen rapidly, it is 
true ; but it is no less true that he had deserved to do so. 
For application, energy and a vast and brilliant intellect he 
ranked among the first of his contemporaries. 
Already in 1818 he had served in the army which put 
down the republican revolution of Pernambuco. In the same 
year he was appointed assistant professor in the military 
college. In the following he aided Gen. Stokler in studying 355 
a system of fortifications for the defence of the province of 
Rio de Janeiro. 
In 1821 he was sent to Terceira island for the purpose of 
examining and reorganizing the system employd there of 
teaching mathematics and military tactics. Thence he pro- 
ceeded to Lisbon and Paris, commissioned to study practi- 
cally the subjects of engineering and hydraulics. But soon 
the heroic exclamation at Ypiranga resounded across the 
waters, and found its echo in the young Brazilian's, heart. 
Returning to his country, now an independent nation, in 
1824, he was immediately appointed Secretary of the privy 
military council of the Emperor. 
In 1831 the revolutionary elements introduced into the 
army implanted therin the germs of insubordination. 
Instead of being a national defence it became a national 
danger, and was disbanded by the meritorious government 
which ruled the destinies of the country at that period. The 
throne and the institutions of the country were confided to 
the direct guardianship of the nation, and every Brazilian 
citizen was converted into a soldier. In the capital of the 
empire some of the old army officers organized a battalion 
which Joao Paulo dos Santos Barreto had the honor of com- 
manding. 
After having been Minister of War for a short time in 
1835,he continued to execute important commissions, and in 
1840 was appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Rio 
Grande do Sul, where a fatal rebellion had proudly raised 
its head. 
The distinguished officer showed himself worthy of the 
confidence reposed in his abilities. Leaving the towns and 
fortified places he took the open field against the rebels, 
took their artillery, munitions of war and horses, and drove 
them to the frontiers. If he did not entirely succeed in 356 
putting an end to the war, he at least paved the way to 
this important result. 
Four years afterwards, having served as president of the 
province of Minas Geraes from which he was called away 
to take his seat in the chambers, as deputy from Rio de 
Janeiro, leaving behind the memory of a just, mild and en- 
lightened administration. 
On May 22, 1845, he took his place in the ministry as 
Minister of War, and in this capacity rendered conspicuous 
services in the organization of the army. Again minister of 
war in 1848, he remained in power only four months. He 
continued,however,to the last day of his life, to devote him- 
self with patriotic zeal to the service of his government and 
his country. 
He inspected the powder factory, and suggested the ne- 
cessary improvements; he was in 1849 president of the 
board for superintending the artillery practice, and in 1850 
of that for improving the munitions of war; he inspected 
in 1855 the Rio de Janeiro arsenal; he was a member of 
the committee for revising the military legislature; and like- 
wise in many other important commissions did he give 
proofs of his honesty and capacity. 
He received from the Imperial Government, from literary 
men and from the country, unequivocal demonstrations of 
the highest esteem and profoundest respect. 
He was doctor of mathematical and physical science, 
councillor of His Majesty the Emperor, Lord-in-waiting, 
grand marshall of the army, Councillor of State, grand-cross 
of the order of A viz, officer of the order of the Cross, master 
of the Horse to the imperial household, and retired professor 
of the military college. 
The province of Rio de Janeiro elected him twice to the 
Provincial, and once to the General Assembly. 357 
The Historical Institute and many other scientific bodies, 
both national and foreign, felt honored to count him among 
their members. 
He was unquestionably an ornament to his country and 
an illustrious army officer profoundly versed in military 
science. 
His general acquirements were numerous and varied. 
He was a sober, fluent and at times an eloquent orator. He 
was an agreeable conversationalist, and throughout his 
life, both in public and private affairs, was a model of honor 
and integrity. 
He died on November 1, 1864, having lived 76 years of 
which 57 were spent in the service of his country. He was a 
meritorious citizen and soldier, and his memory should be 
honored and revered. II OF NOVEMBER 
PAULO JOSE DE MELLO AZEVEDO E BRITO 
Paulo Jos6 Mello was a man of the highest order of merit, 
possessing a vast and brilliant intellect. He won the admi- 
ration of his contemporaries, by whom his poetical abilities 
were eulogized in the most flattering manner, and in his 
political and administrative career he had encouraging 
prospects, having attained to a seat in the senate. 
Yet, either from culpable indifference, from excessive 
modesty, from systematic abstention or from a reserved dis- 
position, extremely prejudicial to his country's interest, he 
left behind him a name barely remembered, though it had 
a right to be gloriously perpetuated. 
He was born in Bahia in the last quarter of the 18th cen- 
tury. 
He studied the preparatory branches and the humanities 360 
in his native city, and acquitted himself honorably. Proceed- 
ing to Coimbra, he graduated in the University as bache- 
lor of laws. 
As soon as he had completed his studies he returned to 
Bahia, where he arrived on Nov. 2, 1803. 
Embracing a juridical career, he soon established a repu- 
tation as a just and enlightened judge. 
On the declaration of Brazilian independence which he 
had gladly welcomed, he was elected, after the adoption of 
the constitution in 1824, senator from the province of Bahia, 
having been chosen for this position in 1826. 
He worthily filled several important offices, among others 
that of president of the province of Bahia, and enjoyed 
during his administration a well deserved reputation for 
justice, moderation and integrity. 
A distinguished poet and a fertile writer, he labored with 
his pen a great deal; but only four or five of his poetical 
compositions were published, either in periodicals or sepa- 
rately. In the Parnasso Lusitano there is an Epistle of his 
production, which possesses unquestionable merit. 
As a proof of his great poetical talent, and of the care 
which he bestowed on its culture, it is only necessary to 
remark that he won the praises of Francisco Manoel (Filinto 
Elysio) who was not very prodigal in the distribution of his 
eulogies. 
In 1826 and the following years copies of delightful erotic 
and epigrammatic verses of Paulo Jos6 de Mello passed from 
hand to hand in the best poetical and literary circles of Rio 
de Janeiro and were highly appreciated by connoisseurs. 
All these have been lost throughindifference and neglect 
for which the poet himself was principally responsible. 
In his old age Senator Paulo Josd de Mello wrote an 
Epithalamium celebrating' the happy nuptials of the Emperor 361 
D. Pedro II. This poem and three birthday panegyrics, ad- 
dressed to D. John VI and D. Pedro I, were published by 
Messrs. Laemmert in 1846, forming a small volume of 51 
pages. 
Paulo Jose de Mello e Azevedo e Brito died in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro in September, 1846. 
What he lacked to complete his glory was to love it; 
for by his indifference, neglect or excessive modesty, he 
withheld from posterity the verses which he had written. 
He was a great man, who condemned himself to be regard- 
ed by posterity as a little one. 
pages. Ill OF NOVEMBER 
JOSE ANTONIO LISBOA 
Captain Jose Antonio Lisboa, having-lost all lie possessed 
in ihe Lisbon earthquake of November 1, 1755, came to Bra- 
zil, where he made a fortune in mercantile pursuits. His 
son, the subject of this sketch, also called Jos6 Antonio Lis- 
boa, was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro on February 23, 
1777. 
In this city young- Lisboa studied the primary branches 
and also Latin, philosophy and rhethoric. He was afterwards 
sent to Lisbon, where he prosecuted the study of mathema- 
tics in the college Dos Nobres. 
In 1802 he proceeded to France, and after staying for 
some time in Paris, went to London, travelling for the pur- 
pose of acquiring information. 
On his return to Portugal he was on the point of falling 364 
into the hands of the inquisition on suspicion of having 
brought heterodox books from France; but warned of his 
danger, he embarked at once for Brazil. 
On the arrival of the Portuguese royal family at Rio de 
Janeiro, which then became the capital of the monarchy, 
high courts of justice, and superior establishments of learn- 
ing were instituted, among others the tribunal of the 
Board of Trade and a commercial college. 
Of the latter Jose Antonio Lisboa was, by the Board of 
Trade, appointed professor, and his appointment having 
been confirmed by the prince-regent on January 23, 1810, 
he applied himself to his professorial duties with such zeal, 
proficiency and success, that he obtained the extraordinary 
favor of being allowed to retire with a pension at the end of 
eleven years, which permission was granted him by Decree 
of Mayl6, 1821. 
On the 4th of the same month he had already been 
charged with examining the state of the Bank of Brazil 
whose affairs were in an insecure and unsatisfactory condi- 
tion. He presented an able report containing a clear and 
correct exposition of the situation of the bank and a statement 
of its assets and liabilities. 
The ability which he displayed in the execution of this 
difficult commission increased the confidence already felt in 
his financial and administrative acquirements and in his 
integrity. 
In 1822 he was entrusted with the preparation of a statis- 
tical description of Brazil. He was afterwards placed on the 
finance committee of the chamber of deputies, although be- 
longing himself to the other chamber. In 1828 he was oc- 
cupied with the custom-house registry and in 1829 with the 
consular regulations. 
Besides this he was a member of the Anglo-Brazilian and 365 
Luso-Brazilian courts of claims, the latter to assess the 
damages mentioned in the 8th article of the treaty of Aug. 
29,1825, and the former to assess those caused to English 
vessels by the Brazilian blockading fleet in the River Plate 
during the war with the Argentine Confederation. 
The method of conducting the business of one of these 
courts was arranged in accordance with a plan organized by 
him. In the other court he prepared a profound and mas- 
terly analysis of the memorandum of Lord Ponsonby, the 
English minister, causing a considerable reduction to be 
made in the claims against Brazil. The English Legation 
was so much annoyed by the successful skill with which he 
refuted its statements that it did not scruple to demand his 
dismissal, a demand which was vigorously resisted by the 
government of Brazil in the note of Sept. 4, 1830, addressed 
to the representative of Great Britain by the Minister Miguel 
Calmon Dupin e Almeida, afterwards Viscount and Marquis 
of Abrantes. 
However, the English Legation was gratified by his with- 
drawal from the court of claims, for, on Oct. 2, 1830, he was 
called to a place in the Ministry, being entrusted with the 
Finance Department. He remained in office only till Nov. 
3, w'hen he retired from power from his unwillingness to 
pay, without the consent and approval of parliament, the 
expense incurred in virtue of the celebrated contract for 
furnishing munitions of war, made with the English mer- 
chant William Young. 
. In 1832 he was appointed, by decree of March 4, member 
of the committee for drafting the commercial code, and was 
author of the chapter on bills of exchange, which obtained 
the approval of his colleagues and of the government. 
The financial position of Brazil had been very unfavorable 
ever since the latter years of the reign of I). Pedro I and 366 
was aggravated still more by the depreciation of the circu- 
lating medium, which was reduced to paper and copper 
currency. 
Competent men were chosen to study the matter and 
suggest a remedy ; among them was Jose Antonio Lisboa 
who presented the draft of a bill, printed in Rio de Janeiro 
in 1835, for adopting a new monetary standard and founding 
a bank. 
Jos6 Antonio Lisboa died in Rio de Janeiro on July 29, 
1850. 
He was Imperial Councilor, commander of the Order of 
Christ, retired professor of the Commercial College, member 
of the Board of Trade, and member of the Brazilian Histo- 
rical and Geographical Institute, in whose Quarterly Review 
he published the biography which he had written of his 
learned friend, Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira. IV OF NOVEMBER 
MANOEL DE MELLO FRANCO 
Manoel de Mello Franco was born on Jan. 31, 1812, in 
the town (now city) of Paracatu, Province of Minas Geraes, 
where he prosecuted his preparatory studies. 
Having entered the Sao Paulo law school he was making 
rapid progress in his studies when he was seized in 1834 
with a severe attack of a lung disease which forced him to 
interrupt his studies and take a trip to Europe. 
When he reached the island of Madeira, his health was 
almost completely restored ; but he wisely resolved to pro- 
ceed to France and enter the Montpellier medical college, 
where the present venerable and learned Viscount of Prados 
was one of his fellow students, and a very intimate friend. 
In 1836 his life was seriously endangered by a prolon- 
ged attack of inflammation of the liver. 
Without hope of recovery, he set out for Brazil in order 368 
to die in liis native land; but a few weeks after he found 
himself restored to perfect health. 
The same year he returned to France, where the year after 
he took the degree of Doctor of medicine; coming back to 
Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived on Oct. 23, 1837 ; he pro- 
ceeded after a few months to Paracatu, and there fixed his 
residence. 
Wide and enlightened views, an enthusiastic and excita- 
ble disposition, a strong will, untiring industry, a generous 
heart and inflexible perseverance, such were the principal 
qualities of Dr. Mello Franco, who not only dedicated him- 
self to the practice of his profession, in which he became 
noted for the wonderful correctness of his views, in regard to 
cases on which he was required to express an opinion ; but 
also took on active part in politics, and in all questions relat- 
ing to the welfare and progress of the country. 
In Paracatu he filled several elective offices, and served as 
colonel in the National Guard. 
Having* been elected to the provincial assembly, he left 
Paracatu and took up his residence in Ouro Preto, the capital 
of the province. 
He belonged to the Liberal party, in whose service no sa- 
crifice seemed to him too great. When in 1842 the Liberal 
revolt broke out in Minas Geraes, Mello Franco was one of 
its leaders, and one of its most ardent champions. He ente- 
red into several engagements, and was captured at Santa 
Luzia, and kept in confinement at Ouro Preto for eighteen 
months, being at length tried and acquitted by the jury. 
Some of the ladies of Diamantina, belong-ing to the best 
families of the place, who were enthusiastically attached to 
the liberal cause, presented him a ring made of their hair, 
to which every one contributed, and whose extremities were 
united and secured by a golden clasp, bearing the following 369 
inscriptions:-« July 26-Valor and Victory »; « August 29 
- Courage and Treachery. » This historical memento is 
still preserved and highly prized by the worthy and vir- 
tuous widow of Dr. Mello Franco. 
Although in confinement, Dr. Mello Franco was the 
soul of the Liberal press from 1842 to 1844. He contributed 
pecuniarily to the support of the printing-office which dis- 
seminated his opinions. These he manifested with unfalter- 
ing zeal and ardor, attacking the conquerors with a vigor 
that at times bordered on violence. 
And such was the degree of esteem and confidence which 
he inspired that even his political opponents used their in- 
fluence and solicitations with the newly appointed presi- 
dent of the province, General Andr&a ( afterwards Baron of 
Cacapava) to obtain permission for Dr. Mello Franco to 
leave prison at will for the purpose of visiting his patients. 
At times somewhat eccentric and satirical, Dr. Mello 
Franco, as he afterwards laughingly used to tell, forced by a 
feeling of humanity tc accept this favor of the president, 
imposed as a condition to this acceptance that when he 
visited a Liberal he should by allowed entire freedom 
from surveillance or restraint, but that when his visit was 
to a Conservative he should be strictly guarded. 
It is probable, however, that he did not practically insist 
on the fulfillment of this condition, for he nas constantly 
sought with unlimited confidence by Conservatives who 
carried him off to their houses to render his professional 
services to the members of their families who required 
them. 
In Minas he continued to control and direct the press of 
his party till he was elected in 1844 to the Chamber of 
Deputies in which he took his seat in January, 1845. 
vol. in 47 370 
He was re-elected in 1848, but the chamber was dis- 
solved in the following year. 
In the 8th legislature he returned to parliament as vice- 
deputy ; and as deputy in the legislatures of 1861-63 
and 1864-66. 
The Liberal party being in power, Dr. Mello Franco 
supported the ministry till 1848, and rarely spoke. But 
when he was elected vice-deputy he took his seat by the side 
of Souza Franco who alone and unaided had during the 
session of 1850 brilliantly supported the Liberal cause 
against a unanimous Conservative chamber. It was then 
that the former began to display his ability as an opposi- 
tion orator, speaking frequently during the sessions of 
1851 and 1852. 
He had not such a profound knowledge of political econ- 
omy and of administrative science as his colleague and 
friend, nor did he ever indulge in flights of eloquence or 
make use of care and study in the preparation of his 
speeches. 
He was an orator sui generis, who always succeeded in 
obtaining the attention even of his opponents and who 
became extremely popular as a speaker. As soon as he rose 
to speak, he commenced a vigorous onslaught on his op- 
ponents, denouncing in no measured terms the errors and 
abuses of which he deemed them guilty. There was no- 
thing flowery in his speeches; on the contrary they were full 
of terrible thorns, as the ministers learned to their cost. 
His language was plain and unpolished, and his words 
burnt like a red-hot iron. He attacked without mercy, and 
resisted with inflexible fortitude. 
After exhausting his stock of arguments he would re- 
sort to sarcasm, and fearless and unshaken, would pour 
forth a perfect storm of censure on the devoted heads of 371 
his opponents who formed at that time almost the entire 
chamber of deputies. 
In these famous sessions of parliament did the herculean 
force and courage of Mello Franco form, so to speak, the 
complement of Souza Franco's consummate skill and science 
in conducting one of the most glorious parliamentary cam- 
paigns on record in Brazil. 
After leaving parliament he was seized with a severe spell 
of sickness which almost carried him to his grave; but 
once more his strong constitution triumphed over disease, 
though it was terribly shattered in the strugle and rendered 
him unable to resist the illness to which he finally fell a 
victim. 
In 1856 he fixed his residence in Petropolis and took 
charge of one of the sections of the Unido e Industria road, 
and managed its affairs with the utmost ability, leaving 
them in perfect order when he retired in 1858. 
From Petropolis he removed to Rio de Janeiro where he 
established a large commission house for receiving consign- 
ments of coffee, in partnership with the Baron of Pitanguy 
and with his son Joaquim de Mello Franco, who is now 
the sole and worthy representative of the house. 
Having been again attacked with the disease of the brain, 
whose first attack had nearly proved fatal, Dr. Manoel de 
MelloFranco expired on November 3, 1871, after a painful 
illness of several months' duration. On the following day, 
November 4, a numerous attendance of his political and 
private friends accompanied his remains to their last resting- 
place in the cemetery of S. Francisco de Paula in the city 
of Rio de Janeiro. 
An exemplary husband and father, a man of pure moral- 
ity, a useful citizen and one of the firmest, most indepen- 
dent and disinterested of Liberal politicians, Dr. Mello 372 
Franco was besides an able, scientific and benevolent 
practitioner. 
His wealth rendered him independent of his profession, 
but he continued to practice from choice and from regard to 
his friends and charity to the poor. 
Distinguished for his able and enlightened intellect, he 
was still more so for his generous and magnanimous heart. V OF NOVEMBER 
JOAQUIM CANDIDO SOARES DE MEIRELLES 
Joaquim Candido Soares de Meirelles was the legitimate 
son of the surgeon Manoel Soares de Meirelles. He was 
born on November 5, 1777, at Santa Luzia do Sabar&, 
Province of Minas Geraes. From his father he inherited an 
inclination for the medical profession and those medical 
talents which won for him such renown in Brazil and par- 
ticularly in the capital of the Empire. In the Seminary of 
Sao Jos6 in this city he distinguished himself in the study 
of the humanities, and in 1819 entered the Medical and 
Surgical College after having passed through the examina- 
tion required at that time. In 1822 he entered the army as 
assistant-surgeon of the rifle battalion and was afterwards 
appointed surgeon of the cavalry regiment of Minas-Geraes. 
He rendered important services to his native province, orga- 374 
nizing the military hospital at Ouro Preto and treating the 
sick during the terrible epidemic which then raged in the 
province. 
So great was his skill, activity and success in the treat- 
ment of the epidemic cases that in 1825, where he was in 
Rio de Janeiro, the epidemic again breaking out at Ouro 
Preto, the respective municipal chamber requested the 
government to send Dr. Meirelles to combat the disease. 
But in 1825 Dr. Meirelles went to Europe as a State pen- 
sioner for the purpose of developing and perfecting in 
France the medical knowledge which he had acquired at the 
college in Rio de Janeiro. In Paris his time was principally 
employed in frequenting the military hospitals, in the prac- 
tical study of anatomy, in attending able and instructive 
lectures by day and in assiduous study of appropriate books 
at night. In two years he had completed his observatious 
and obtained diplomas from the French Academy as Surgeon 
and Physician. He, therefore, hastened his departure for his 
native land. 
The love of science had cost Dr. Meirelles severe trials, 
as he himself afterwards laughingly related. The follow- 
ing are his own words to which he gave utterance in 1825: 
- « I was already a husband and father. Of the fifty mil 
reis in Portuguese currency, which I received as a pension 
from the government, I put by half for my wife and children. 
With the remaining twenty-five I had to pay for tuition and 
to buy books and anatomical subjects. During the week days 
I lived on very little, my nourishment consisting of fruit 
and bread; but on Sundays I repaid myself for my absti- 
nence by dining out with Paulo Barbosa, Jos6 Marcellino 
Goncalves, captain-major Josd Joaquim da Rocha or the 
Viscount of Sao Lourenco. These Sundays were days ofgreat 
enjoyment to me - real days of festivity, not so much on 375 
account of the good dinners as from the pleasure we expe- 
rienced in talking of home. » 
In 1828 Dr. Meirelles, not content with the large city 
practice which his fame and the constant proofs of his skill 
and science brought him, solicited and obtained the charge 
of a ward in the hospital of the Santa Casa da Misericordia, 
where he gratuitously and freely gave the benefit of his 
talents, learning and experience to those who needed them. 
Wishing to elevate the medical profession, advance the 
study of medicine in Brazil and unite the physicians in the 
bonds of real fraternity, Dr. Meirelles conceived the project 
of founding a society for the purpose of realizing these ob-> 
jects. It commenced on a very modest scale, consisting at first 
merely of four or five friends who met at his house; but, 
after overcoming inexplicable obstacles, and allaying the 
suspicion of its being a revolutionary club, it began to 
flourish, and in 1830, on April 24th, was regularly organ- 
ized under the name of the Imperial Academy of Medicine. 
Initiator of the idea and its firm upholder, Dr. Meirelles 
deserves to be considered the founder of this establishment, 
of which he was for several years the worthy president. 
He also contributed with his suggestions to the improve- 
ment of the Medical and Surgical College which was reor- 
ganized on a wider basis under the name of the Medical 
School. The plan of reorganization was principally his 
work ; but like Virgil he had a right to say « vos ego versi- 
culos feci, tulit alter honores », for he was not appointed 
professor of the Medical School of Rio de Janeiro. 
As a consolation for the ungrateful forgetfulness of the 
government of his country, he received some years after- 
wards a proposal from one of the republics on the Pacific 
Coast (which, however, he did not accept) to establish there 
a Medical School, 376 
The closing period of his life was honorable and worthy. 
Of him it might be said what Antonio Carlos, the Brazilian 
Mirabeau, provoked into a display of excusable pride, once 
said of himself: -« This sun at its setting is as brilliant as 
it was when in its meridian splendor. » 
Aged and fatigued with the cares and labors of a busy 
life, the illustrious physician was appointed Surgeon-gen- 
eral of the Navy, an office in which he continued to display 
the utmost solicitude for the public service, improving the 
administrative regulations and customs which he found in 
vogue, economizing the public monies, enforcing the neces- 
sary hygienic principles, and setting a praiseworthy exam- 
ple by the scrupulous and energetic performance of his 
duties. 
In 1865, rejuvenated by patriotic enthusiasm, blind to the 
ravages of age, and deaf to the claims of a j ustifiable love of 
ease, seeing and hearing only the call of his affronted coun- 
try, and following the noble example of the Emperor, he ac- 
companied the monarch on his glorious journey from Rio de 
Janeiro to Porto Alegre and Uruguayana, where the foreign 
invader humbled himself and gave up his arms without the 
shedding of a drop of blood to mar the victory which crowned 
one of the most admirable and patriotic deeds of the first 
citizen of the Empire. 
In this honorable though easy campaign, in which, how- 
ever, there was no lack of hardships and privations, Dr. Mei- 
relles only escaped death to advance surely and steadily to 
the grave which yawned before him. Stricken down by 
typhus, he was snatched from the jaws of death and restored 
to life. But to what sort of life? To a life which his 
knowledge as a physician told him was only a step from 
death, whose approach he detected in every pulsation of his 
heart and in every twitch of his nerves, in the sufferings he 377 
endured and in the palpable fact that his constitution was 
completely destroyed. 
The devotion of Dr. Meirelles to the cause of science and 
to his professional duties did not cause him to neglect the 
calls of patriotism. He lived as it were two separate lives, 
one consecrated to his profession and the other to politics. 
On January 2d, 1812, he it was who hurried to the thea- 
tre of S. Joao, afterwards S. Pedro de Alcantara, to inform 
the Prince that the Portuguese troops, headed by Jorge de 
Avillez, had broken out into armed revolt when they were 
informed of the Prince's resolution to remain in spite of the 
orders which he had received from Portugal. 
In 1840 he was one of the ablest supporters of the propo- 
sition to declare the Emperor of age, and the services which 
he rendered this cause were not exceeded by those of any 
other of its adherents. 
In 1842 the country was agitated by violent party feeling 
and political commotions. Dr. Meirelles was banisehd to 
Europe in company with Councillor Limpo de Abreu, 
afterwards Viscount of Abaeffi, Councillor Salles Torres- 
Homen, afterwards Viscount of Inhomirim, and other poli- 
tical celebrities. But returning to Rio de Janeiro, he did 
not find a single judge or tribunal disposed to call him to 
account, and his restoration to his offices and honors re- 
moved all traces of suspicion of his conduct. 
Member of the provincial assembly of Rio de Janeiro at one 
period, and deputy from Minas Geraes in the General Assem- 
bly at another, Dr. Meirelles was distinguished as a loyal, 
thorough and energetic champion of liberal principles, and 
of a constitutional representative monarchy. 
He had been honored with the title of Councillor, the 
cross of the Cruzader, those of the orders of the Rose and 378 
Sao Bento de Aviz, and the medal commemorating the capi- 
tulation at Uruguayana. 
Besides these rewards for services rendered, these favors 
with which royalty honors merit,Councillor Joaquim Candido 
Soares de Meirelles enjoyed the confidence and esteem of H. 
M. the Emperor and his august family, and was physician 
of the Imperial household. 
In the republic of letters he was honored with the utmost 
regard ; he was honorary member of the Imperial Academy 
of Medicine, corresponding member of the Brazilian Histo- 
rical and Geographical Society, and of many literary and 
scientific societies in Brazil and in Europe. 
Councillor Joaquim Candido Soares de Meirelles died on 
July 13th, 1868. VI OF NOVEMBER 
FRANCISCO DE ALMEIDA 
Francisco de Almeida was born in the year 1724. Having 
been invited to enter their order by Jesuit priests who 
admired his talents, he had time to be initiated therein 
before the promulgation of the decree by which the Marquis 
of Pombal succeeded in effecting the banishment of the 
sect from the kingdom of Portugal and its possessions. 
Father Francisco de Almeida was greatly esteemed and 
admired for his poetical talent by his contemporaries. 
He wrote with equal ease both Latin and Portuguese 
verse. 
A fine specimen of the former is his poem Orpheus Brazi- 
licus written in honor of the venerable Father Jos6 de An- 
chieta, justly the pride of the Jesuits in Brazil. 
The name of Francisco de Almeida, in default of other 
dates is here registered on the 6th of November. ■VII OF NOVEMBER 
JOSE VIEIRA DO COUTO 
Jos6 Vieira do Couto was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1762. 
Having studied the humanities in the same city and given 
proof of a high order of intellectual capacity, he was sent 
by his family to Portugal, where he completed and per- 
fected his preparatory studies, and afterwards graduated in 
the philosophical and mathematical branches at the Coim- 
bra University. 
So great was the reputation which he obtained at the 
University as a learned mathematician and literateur, 
that the government gave him a professorship in that 
establishment. 
At that time Coimbra was the hot-bed of liberal doctrines, 
which, imported from revolutionary France, were eagerly 
welcomed, cultivated and disseminated by the ardent, 
youthful and generous spirits who frequented the Univer- 
sity. 382 
Vieira do Couto was a liberal, and what was worse for 
him was suspected of being* a free-mason, and was there- 
fore banished to Ferreira island, where, discontented and 
mortified in consequence of this unjust persecution, he died 
in 1811. 
In default of certain dates, his name is here reg-istered 
on the 7th of November. 
He wrote the following works : 
Description of the Saltpetre mines of Monte Rodrigo, etc ; 
Description of the Mines of the Captaincy of Minas Geraes, 
their Locality, Assays, etc. 
Description of the Captaincy of Minas Geraes, its territory, 
Mineral Productions, Climate, etc. 
The first was printed at the Royal Printing-Office in Rio 
de Janeiro in 1809 ; the second under the auspices of the 
Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute at the Uni- 
versal Printing-Office of Laemmert of Rio de Janeiro in 
1842, and the third in the Quarterly Review of that Insti- 
tute in 1848. 3ZIII OF NOVEMBER 
JOSE LEANDRO DE CARVALHO 
Among the scientific, literary and artistic celebrities 
which the Portuguese court found on its arrival at Rio de 
Janeiro in 1808, Jos6 Leandro de Carvalho has been distin- 
guished by historians and chroniclers as a portait-painter of 
wonderful merit. 
He was born in the 18th century, posterior to the year 
1750, in a place called Muriqui, in the parish of Sao Joao de 
Itaborahy. His name is not found in the baptismal registry, 
which is not astonishing in view of the neglect with which 
this important duty was treated. Many of his relatives, how- 
ver, still exist, and, according to their testimony, he was 
the legitimate son of Angelo de Carvalho and Antonia 
Francisca das Chagas. 
Jos& Leandro, who was never out of Brazil, studied paint- 
ing with the artists then in Rio de Janeiro, all of whom 384 
received pupils in their studios, and in a short time he be- 
came the rival of his friend, Leandro Joaquim, of Manoel da 
Cunha and of Raymundo. 
He painted on the ceiling- of the church of Senhor Bom 
Jesus a picture of the Ascension, which has since disappeared 
under the white-washer's brush. 
He painted on cloth (a style of painting- in which he ex- 
celled) beautiful figures of the prophets for the altar-cloths 
of the church of Sao Francisco de Paula during- Lent. 
He had the pleasure of painting- the decorations of the 
church of his native parish, and to this day, at the corner of 
the Rua da Carioca may be seen the little house where he 
lived while he executed this work of which not a vestig-e 
now remains. 
A competent authority, the present Baron of Santo An- 
gelo, writes of Jos6 Leandro as follows : 
« He was an indefatigable worker, and there is scarcely 
an oratory in this city (Rio de Janeiro) that does not pos- 
sess a Saint or a Lady of Conception executed by him. » 
But it was in portraits that he excelled, being able in 
some cases to paint them perfectly from memory. 
The worthy biographer of the distinguished artist, Ma- 
noel Duarte Moreira de Azevedo, relates that Jos6 Leandro, 
having seen the prince-regent D. John for the first time in 
the procession of Corpus-Christi, eight days afterwards exhi- 
bited in his house the most perfect portrait of the prince 
that had been taken in Brazil. 
Having been afterwards summoned to the city palace 
and to that of the Quinta da Boa Vista, he took other por- 
traits of D. John and also of all the princes and princesses 
of the royal family. 
It having been resolved to improve and ornament the 
royal chapel, it was determined that the chief altar-piece 385 
should represent the royal family, and that the painting 
thereof should be given to the artist who should be victo- 
rious in a trial of skill prepared for this purpose. The com- 
petitors were Leandro Jos6 and an Italian artist. 
The contest was decided in favor of the former by the 
prince-regent himself, and the work of the artist may still 
be seen, having been restored after being barbarously dese- 
crated. 
For the ceremony of consecrating and crowning the 
prince-regent, who succeeded his mother, D. Maria I, on 
the throne, Jos6 Leandro painted the two apostles which or- 
nament the pilasters of the royal chapel. 
As a scene-painter of the theatre Sao Joao he disputed the 
supremacy wTith Manoel da Costa, at that time the most 
famous painter of this class. 
After 1822 the inspired artist continued to gather fresh 
laurels until 1831, when he was the victim of a dire mis- 
fortune. 
Shortly after the abdication of the Emperor D. Pedro I, on 
the 7th of April, orders were given for erasing the painting 
of the altar-piece of the royal chapel. It is said by some 
that Jose Leandro witnessed this act of vandalism, and by 
others that he himself was required to perform it. 
He could not survive this cruel stroke of fortune. Over- 
come by his trouble, he fell into a decline, and finally died 
on the 8th of November, 1831; and on the following day 
his body, swung in a wretched hammock, was carried to the 
church of Sao Francisco de Paula. 
In 1850 the painting of the altar-piece was restored. 
Jos6 Leandro left several children, one of whom bore 
his name, and was, though much inferior to his father, an 
artist of some merit as a painter of flowers and landscapes. TZXZ OF NOVEMBER 
DOMINGOS CALDAS BARBOSA 
Domingos Caldas Barboza was the son of a Portuguese 
and an African Negress, and according to the statement of 
Canon Januario da Cunha Barboza, was born at sea, when 
his father accompanied by his mother, in an advanced state 
of pregnancy, was returning from Angora to Rio de Ja- 
neiro, or in the latter place as is stated by the present 
Viscount of Porto Seguro, who founds his belief on some of 
Caldas' verses, on the declarations of several of the rela- 
tives of a Portuguese nobleman, who was a generous patron 
of the poor poet, and on the testimony of Father Jose 
Agostinho de Macedo. 
The better founded of the two opinions seems to be that of 
the Viscount of Porto Seguro, which is stated at length in 
an excellent biography published in the 14th volume of the 
Brazilian Historical Institute ; but in any case by residence, 388 
education, feelings, and his own oft-repeated declarations 
Domingos Caldas Barboza belonged to Brazil. 
Acknowledged by his father and tenderly reared, he 
studied in Rio de Janeiro at the Jesuit School, disputing the 
supremacy in his class with the most talented and indus- 
trious students; but given to humorous and satirical verse, 
he made enemies and had the misfortune to offend persons 
of high position and great influence. 
His humble origin and his color were considered aggra- 
vating circumstances of the crime, and he was obliged to 
enlist in the army. He was sent to the colony of Sacra- 
mento, where he remained till it fell into the hands of the 
Spaniards in 1762. On his return to Rio de Janeiro he was 
discharged from the army, and, with his father's assistance 
made his way to Portugal, where he lived on his narrow 
means, probably seeking a patron, and endeavoring to 
aquire further instruction. 
His poetry was just beginning to obtain some reputation 
when, in Vianna, Caldas received news that his father 
was dead and, that consequently he was left all alone in 
the world. 
Fortunately a noble gentleman came shortly afterwards 
to his assistance. 
Jos£ de Vasconcellos e Souza, a magistrate, afterwards 
Count of Pombeiro, welcomed him first to the house of his 
father, the Marquis of Castello Melhor, and, after his 
marriage, to his own apartments at Bemposta. He caused 
him to be admitted into holy orders, and obtained for him a 
benefice and the place of Chaplain of the Supreme Court. 
Thus sheltered from the cold, bitter winds of poverty, 
and enjoying to a certain extent the smiles of fortune, 
Caldas Barboza undoubtedly subjected himself systemati- 
cally to the kind of life in which the accident of color and 389 
the remembrance of his origin would cause him least mor- 
tification among the rich and noble families of Portugal. 
As he played the viola well, and was no despiable singer 
of modinhas and lundus, he was gladly welcomed into 
the best houses of the kingdom. 
Continuing always to compose poetry, he never had any 
pretention to the rank of a great poet; on the contrary, he 
was always modest and humble, superior, as the Viscount 
of Porto Seguro well observes, to any feeling of envy or 
rivalry towards his brother-poets, to some of whom he ren- 
dered many services. 
To his benefactor he was always grateful, never causing 
him the least annoyance, except by his pardonable disobe- 
dience to the former's injunction to refrain from eulogizing 
him or any of his family, this being an order which he 
was constantly neglecting in a manner wholly unaccount- 
able and incompatible with his usual obedience. 
On a trip to Italy he was admitted into the Arcadia at 
Rome under the pseudonym of Lereno. He also had the 
honor of being one of the founders of the New Arcadia at 
Lisbon. 
He won the praise of Jos6 Agostinho de Macedo, Belchior 
Curvo Semedo, and other poets of his time. 
But Bocage, although for awhile his intimate friend, Fi- 
linto Elysio and some others attacked him without mercy and 
in a manner unworthy of poets of a superior order of merit, 
such as they were, calling him the Dusky-Troubadour, 
Orang-outang, etc. 
Domingos Caldas Barboza died at the palace of the Count 
of Pombeiro, in the sixtieth year of his age, on the 9th of 
November, 1800. 
Innocencio Francisco da Silva, the learned and merito- 
rious author of the Portuguese Biographical Dictionary,says 390 
very truly and appropriately that Caldas Barboza, although 
he could not be considered a poet of genius, or of wonderful 
powers of imagination, displayed inhis verse ease, correct- 
ness and elegance. 
The lundus and songs which he often improvised to the 
sound of his viola are criticised for the common-place phra- 
ses and apparent absurdities which they contain, such as, for 
instance: 
« Mcu bem esta mal com cu » 
« Gentes de bem pegou nelle » etc. 
But such absurdities, of which the poet was incapable of 
seriously making use, were evidently intended to amuse the 
aristocratic hearers of the singer of lundus, by an imitation 
of the incorrect and laughable language of the common 
people. 
It would be cruel injustice to gauge the poetical merit of 
Domingos Caldas Barboza, by the improvised verses which 
he sang to the accompaniment of his viola, for the enter- 
tainment of his hosts and their guests at the houses which 
he visited. 
He left numerous compositions which prove his poetical 
talent, and a certain originality which distinguished him, 
though it could not raise him to the height of Filinto, who, 
instead of criticizing, shamefully reviled him, or of Bocage 
who treated him with so much ingratitude. X: OF JXTOAFEIX/EBEZR, 
ANTONIO CARLOS RIBEIRO DE ANDRADA 
MACHADO B SILVA 
The subject of this sketch was the legitimate son of Co- 
lonel Bonifacio Jos6 de Andrada, and of D. Maria Barbara 
da Silva, and was born in Santos on the 1st of November, 
1773. 
Brother to Jose Bonifacio and Martim Francisco, he was 
like them one of the heroes of Brazilian independence. 
He completed his preparatory studies in Santos, and stu- 
died the humanities in Sao Paulo, under the direction of 
the virtuous bishop D. Manoel da Resurreicao, and went to 
Coimbra where he graduated with high honors, as bachelor 
of laws. 
Endowed with an admirable intellect, an ardent imagina- 
tion, and an extraordinary memory, he did not limit him- 
self to the study of the law, but when he left college aston- 392 
ished every one by his vast literary, philosophical and 
historical acquirements. 
He chose a judicial career, serving as municipal judge of 
Santos, and in 1815 went to Pernambuco, where he had 
been appointed district judge and corregidor of the district 
of Olindo. Shortly afterwards he was appointed to the bench 
of the Superior Court of Bahia, but remained in Pernam- 
buco, where he continued to hold the two above-named 
offices. 
His judicial career terminated in 1819. He had distin- 
guished himself therein by his enlightened views and his 
strict integrity, which was so zealously guarded that, while 
a magistrate, he refused to accept even insignificant pre- 
sents from friends. 
When the republican revolution broke out in Pernambuco 
on March 6, 1817, he was appointed a member of the exe- 
cutive committee of the revolutionary government. He was 
not in Olinda at the time, but on his arrival accepted the 
duty assigned him and exercised considerable influence in 
directing the revolutionary movement. 
A supporter of principles at that time considered ultra- 
liberal, endowed with an ardent disposition, warm-hearted, 
enthusiastic and impulsive, Antonio Carlos had no hand in 
the revolutionary plot; but, having been appointed a mem- 
ber of the executive committee and being flattered, caressed 
and persuaded by the revolutionary leaders, he had the im- 
prudence, which in him was double, as he had serious mis- 
givings concerning the success of the movement, to allow 
himself to be connected with the revolution. 
This fact, however, may be easily explained. Antonio 
was the intellectual superior of the principal men in Per- 
nambuco. His house was a sort of school for the teaching of 393 
democratic principles, and his popularity was extremely 
great. 
On the breaking out of the revolution, if he had failed 
to enroll himself among the armed defenders of the doctri- 
nes he taught, would he not have seemed to he governed 
by a fear of the consequences ? 
Antonio Carlos was courage personified, and this vir- 
tue was developed and intensified by his lofty and sen- 
sitive disposition. 
The revolution having been overcome and crushed, An- 
tonio was sent a prisoner to Bahia on the vessel Mercurio, 
with twenty-nine of his companions in misfortune, and 
there kept in confinement until 1821. 
Expecting to share the fate of his friends who had per- 
ished on the scaffold, Antonio Carlos, with lofty courage 
and resignation, almost welcomed death in an inspired 
poem containing the following beautiful lines : 
« Sagrada emanacao da divindadc, 
Aqui do cadafalso eu te saudo! 
Livre nasci, vivi, e livre espero 
Encerrar-me na fria sepultura, 
Onde imperio nao tern mando severe, 
Nem da morte a medonha catadura 
Incutir pode horror n'um peito frio, 
Que aos fracos somente a morte e dura ! 
Tried and condemned, he did not allow his courage to 
give way. His dungeon was converted into a school in which 
his well-stored mind was a real cyclopedia of information 
and instruction for his companions. 
D. John VI offered him his liberty, if he would sue for 
pardon. With fearless dignitv xAndrada answered : - « Par- 
vol. m v 50 394 
don I will implore my Maker to grant me for my sins ; of 
the King I ask only justice.)) 
The Portuguese revolution of 1820 produced a general 
amnesty in Bahia. 
Antonio Carlos was set at liberty in 1821, and was 
shortly afterwards elected by the province of S. Paulo 
deputy to the Portuguese Constituent Assembly, when his 
brilliant eloquence soon rendered him conspicuous. 
Immediately after its convocation in 1821, and through- 
out the year 1822, that assembly initiated and persis- 
tently maintened a hostile bearing towards Brazil. In 1821 
it destroyed the centralisation of the provinces, severing 
the administrative ties which bound them to the capital 
and connecting them directly with the court of Lisbon, 
suppressing the higher courts of justice established in Brazil 
and decreeing the return of the prince-regent D. Pedro to 
Europe. 
In 1822 this hostile policy was carried still further in 
consequence of the revolutionary tendency in Brazil sanc- 
tioned by the prince-regent's disobedience (openly declared 
onthe 9th of January) to the decree abolishing the regency 
and recalling him to Europe to perfect his education by 
travel through the countries of the old world. 
During these two years, Antonio Carlos was the eloquent, 
daring and ardent champion of the rights, dignity and inde- 
pendence of his native land. 
In 1822 his fiery and patriotic eloquence reached the 
extreme point of audacity. 
Interrupted, insulted and threatened in the midst of his 
speeches by the common people in galleries of the consti- 
tuent assembly, the great Brazilian paladin, far from allow- 
ing himself to be cowed by these demonstrations, was by 395 
them stimulated into greater vehemence and more ardent 
zeal. 
Refusing to sign the new constitution of Portugal and 
renouncing his seat in the assembly in view of his coun- 
try's declaration of independence, he embarked with six 
other deputies on board an English vessel, and, arriving at 
Falmouth, drew up and published the celebrated manifesto 
of October 22, which was also signed by his illustrious com- 
panions, explaining the motives which had induced them 
to withdraw from the Lisbon Cortes. 
In 1823 Antonio Carlos was the master-spirit of the Bra- 
zilian Constituent assembly; he was the most eloquent and 
influential orator of this august body, and was moreover 
chairman of the committee which presented a draft of the 
constitution to be adopted. 
On July 17 the Emperor dismissed the Andrada ministry. 
The new cabinet which contained some members of elevated 
merit and acknowledged moderation in their views, such as 
Carneiro de Campos (afterwards Marquis of Caravellas) and 
Nogueira da Gama (afterwards Marquis of Baedpendy) adopt- 
ed at once, on an extremely delicate point, a policy entirely 
opposed to that of the preceding government. 
The Andrada Ministry was characterized by its anti-Por- 
tuguese opinions; that of July 17 went to the opposite ex- 
treme. 
The Minister of War on the 2d of August issued on order 
incorporating with the army the Portuguese prisoners of 
war, who had been taken in the Bahia compaign. This act 
in connection with others of the same kind excited strong 
opposition. 
The feeling of rivalry between the two nationalities was 
reawakened. 
In the army a large number of the officers were born in 396 
Portugal, and the military element interfered in the poli- 
tical question. A personal question which arose produced 
the effect of a spark on dry tinder. 
A Brazilian who had been ill-treated by two Portuguese offi- 
cers complained to the constituent assembly. The complaint 
was remitted to a committee which reported that no action 
should be taken by the assembly on the question, and that 
the complainant should resort to the usual process of obtain- 
ing redress in such cases. 
A discussion ensued, and in the ranks of the opposi- 
tion Antonio Carlos made, on November 10th, the famous 
speech in which be made use of the following ardent and 
thrilling expressions: 
« What do we behold, Mr. President? An outrage on the 
Brazilian name and no sign of marked disapproval in the 
midst of the nation's representatives? 
«The lukewarm silence of death, born of cons- 
traint, binds the tongue, or the still more criminal smile of 
indifference rests on the countenance. Good Heavens I and 
are we representatives? 
« .... No 1 we are nothing if we stupidly look on and 
behold outrages perpetrated, without redress, on the noble 
Brazilian people, by foreigners whom we have adopted and 
taken into our pay to cover us with insults 1... 
« ... The blood boils in my veins and the hairs of my 
head stand on end at the sight of so henious an offence, and 
almost mechanically, I cry for vengeance ! If we cannot 
save the honor of our people, and if it be the incapacity,and 
not the treachery,of the government that encourages bandits 
and assassins, let us gay to the deluded people which con- 
fides in its representatives : - Brazilians 1 we are unable to 
protect your lives and yuor honor; take their defence into 
your own hands and avenge yourselves your outraged rights ! 397 
But can men in our position use such language as this ?... 
No !... at least I for my part will endeavor, while life re- 
mains to deserve the confidence with which the noble 
Brazilian people have honored me. I may be assassinated. 
It will not be the first time a defender of the people has 
been a martyr to his patriotism. But my blood will cry for 
vengeance, and my name will go down to posterity as that 
of the avenger of his country's honor. » 
The intervention of the soldiery was audacious and uncon- 
cealed, going to the length of presenting to the Emperor a 
demand for the exclusion of the Andradas from the Assembly. 
On November 12th, the constituent assembly was dissol- 
ved, and the chamber was surrounded by troops. On leaving 
it, Antonio Carlos (with some other deputies) was arrested. 
In charge of the guard he passed by a piece of artillery. 
Striking it on the breech with his hand, he laughingly ex- 
claimed : - « Respect for the mistress of the world I » 
He remained in exile in France for four years. In 1828, 
he was permitted to return to Brazil; but, on his arrival, 
was arrested and tried, being finally acquitted by the Su- 
perior Court of Rio de Janeiro on September G, of the same 
year. 
From 1828 to 1831 Antonio Carlos lived in retirement at 
Santos, ungratefully forgotten by his countrymen in the 
election of deputies to the 2d legislature. 
In 1831 the permanent regency appointed him envoy 
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the court of 
St. James, but he would not accept the high diplomatic 
mission that was offered him. 
Opposing the moderate liberals who then held office, he 
was engaged in a newspaper controversy with Evaristo da 
Veiga who censured him in his paper, the Aurora Flumi- 
nense. To these censures he published answers which were 398 
issued gradually and which contained, besides great erudi- 
tion, keen sarcasm and contemptuous expressions, which 
the magic of his eloquence cause one to overlook. 
He was assailed by the moderate-liberal and ministerial 
press as one of the leaders of the Restoration party, and, on 
his setting out for Europe, it was generally believed that 
he had crossed the ocean for the purpose of persuading the 
ex-Emperor D. Pedro I to return to Brazil. This belief 
seems to have been well-founded, though the question is 
not as clear as could be wished. 
The famous parliamentary orator returned to Brazil in 
in 1835 and in 1838, reappeared in parliament, having been 
elected to the fourth legislature, which was noted for the 
talent it contained, numbering amongst its members Vas- 
concellos, Calmon (afterwards Marquis of Abrantes), Monte- 
zuma, Honorio Hermeto, Limpo de Abreu, Maciel Monteiro, 
Rodrigues Torres, Reboucas, Sinimbu, and other great ora- 
tors. But it is no depreciation of any of those illustrious 
statesmen to affirm what is merely the simple truth, that 
they were all eclipsed by the glorious splendor of the elo- 
quent sexagenarian. 
From the close of 1838 to 1841 Antonio Carlos, true to 
his nature, ardently and violently opposed the Conservative 
ministry. 
He frequently carried everything before him with his 
irresistable torrents of eloquence, wit and sarcasm, particu- 
larly in his unstudied replies to remarks made in the midst 
of the debates. 
Wounded in his pride, he would retort with a display of 
haughtiness and egotism, couched in eloquent and vigorous 
language that never failed to win a storm of applause from 
his audience. 
One day, in 1839, the ex-Minister of War, Sebastiao do 399 
Rego Barros, responding to a vehement discourse of the 
fiery veteran, alluded to his advanced age in the following 
words :- « The sun itself has its decline. » 
Aglow with the flame of parliamentary majesty, Antonio 
Carlos replied:- « But this sun at its setting is as brilliant 
as when in its meridian splendor. » 
In 1840 he was the parliamentary leader of the move- 
ment for declaring the Emperor of age. On July 22, after 
the reading of the Decrees appointing Bernardo Pereira de 
Vasconcellos minister of the Empire and adjourning the 
sittings of the General Assembly, Antonio Carlos made a 
violent harangue, and placing himself at the head of his 
partisans in the chamber, and accompanied by a large con- 
course of people lead them to the Senate Chamber to demand 
that the people's will should be respected. 
On the following day the Chambers, newly convoked, de- 
clared the Emperor of age, and on July 24 Antonio Carlos 
was appointed Minister of the Empire. 
On March 23, 1841, he resigned his office, and the Con- 
servative party conquered and overthrown on July 22 of 
the previous year, was again summoned to take the helm 
of State. 
Antonio Carlos made himself conspicuous in the Chamber 
by his energetic opposition. 
The provincial assembly of S. Paulo, in conformity 
with his recommendation, adopted a representation which 
he had drawn up and which he was sent to Rio de Janeiro 
to present, laying before the Crown violent accusations 
against the dominant party. 
So obnoxious did he render himself to that party and so 
high did political animosity run at that period that he was 
deprived of the honors of gentleman of the Imperial House- 
hold, which had been conferred on him by the Emperor. 400 
In 1842 the Chamber to which he had been elected was 
dissolved. 
In 1845 with the triumph of the Liberal party he was 
again sent to parliament. 
The same year his name was placed in the list submitted 
to the Emperor for the choice of a Senator. He was selected 
for this purpose and admitted into the Senate. 
Speaking in this body for the first time and comparing 
with his usual felicity of expression the two legislative 
chambers, he made use of a fine illustration which has 
since been a thousand times repeated. « I come, said he, 
« from the burning sands of Hindostan to the snows of 
Siberia. » 
But the temperature of that icy region was unable to 
cool his constitutional ardor. Only death ( unfortunately 
then too near) could quiet the restless spirit of the Brazilian 
Mirabeau. 
He died on December 5, 1845, a few months after his 
entry into the Senate. 
Antonio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrade Machado e Silva was 
the type of Brazilan parliamentary eloquence. 
He suffered persecution for the sake of liberty and perpe- 
tuated his name as the worthy and heroic paladin of Bra- 
zilian independence. He committed errors, particularly in a 
too offensive display of pride ; but he was noted for his 
integrity and disinterestedness, left a brilliant and glorious 
record as a parliamentary orator. 
He lived seventy-two years, but in the last years of his 
life he retained all the freshness, enthusiasm, inspiration, 
eloquence and intellectual vigor of youth 
He has passed away from the stage of existence, but 
his memory is cherished as the most durable memento of 
the parliamentary glory of Brazil. XI OF KTOVEMBER 
GENUINO OLYMPIC SAMPAIO 
Born in 1828 in the province of Bahia, Genuino Olym- 
pio Sampaio was the legitimate son of the ex-major of 
the old Reserve Corps, Henrique Jos6 de Sampaio, and of 
D. Zeferina Maria da ConceicSo Sampaio. He began the 
study of the humanities in his native city, where he was 
employed in a commercial house ; but on the breaking out 
of the revolt of November 7, 1837, he emigrated to one of 
the rural districts and there enlisted in the legalist army on 
the 11th of the same month, when he was only fourteen 
years of age. 
A few days afterwards the boy-soldier took part for the 
first time in an engagement, and so conducted himself as to 
be promoted for gallantry to the rank of ensign. 
In 1838 he took part in the taking of the capital of the 
province. 402 
He was sent at his request to serve against the rebels in 
Rio Grande do Sul, where he entered into numerous engage- 
ments and remained until the end of that terrible rebellion 
in 1844. 
In 1847 he was promoted to a lieutenancy. Two years 
afterwards he served in Pernambuco against the so-called 
Praieiros, and was in several engagements, including the 
well contested and bloody battle of February 2, 1849. 
In 1851 he was sent to Montevideo in the war against 
Rozas, the dictator of the Argentine Confederation, and, 
crossing the Plate in the division commanded by the gallant 
officer, afterwards made Count of Porto-Alegre, took part in 
the battle of Monte Caseros. 
From 1860 to 1868 he was employed in the exploration of 
the upper Uruguay and was often in charge of the explor- 
ing-party in the absence of the commander. 
In 1864 he was appointed assistant director of the mili- 
tary college of Rio Grande do Sul. 
On Dec. 2, 1855, he was appointed captain of the 2d 
class on the staff. When the Paraguayan war broke out 
and his country called on her sons to rally around her 
standard Olympio Sampaio at once offered his services and 
departed for the seat of war at the head of a battalion of 
infantry which he commanded till the end of the war. 
From 1865 to 1868 he was in twenty-one engagements, 
including those of May 2 and May 24, of Sept. 22 at Cura- 
paity, where he was wounded, but refused to leave the field; 
at Potrero Ovelha, at Estabelecimento, at Chaco, and finally 
in the horrible and decisive struggle at Lomas Valentinas 
from Dec. 25 to 27, 1868. 
On Dec. 11 of that year he had been promoted for gal- 
lantry to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. 
After the last of the above-mentioned victories, he ob- 403 
tained a leave of absence and went to Porto-Alegre, where 
hereceived rhe following highly honorable message from the 
heroic Ozorio, then Viscount, and afterwards Marquis of 
Herval: 
« I am informed that you have left the army somewhat 
dissatisfied. 
« If you think I can remedy the evil, you are invited to 
return with me to Paraguay, for which destination I expect 
to leave on the 14th. There will be no lack of battalions for 
you besides the 7th. -Your friend and comrade - Viscount 
of Herval. » 
This letter shows that Olympic Sampaio left Paraguay 
dissatisfied, but without a single murmur of complaint. 
However the gallant Herval, though wounded, responded 
to the call of the General-in-chief Gaston de Orleans, Count 
d'Eu, and husband of the Princess Imperial. Olympic Sam- 
paio hastened to the post of honor under the young and 
glorious warriors and served through the brilliant, arduous 
and difficult campaign of the closing period of the war : a 
campaign amid mountains, deserts, forests and swamps and 
replete with severe fighting, toils, hunger and privations of 
every kind. 
The victory of Brazil was at last complete. 
Olympic Sampaio returned a colonel to Rio Grande, 
where he took command of a detachment of troops on the 
frontier, fixing his residence at Bage. He and his battalion, 
having been afterwards relieved of this duty, retired to 
Porto Alegre, where he lived in the enjoyment of the pleas- 
ure, ease and quiet of home. 
Sad, precarious and incomprehensible are the destinies of 
mankind I What a fate awaits the gallant soldier, who at 
14 years of age had been promoted to the rank of ensign ! 404 
In the settlements near Sao Leopoldo, peopled almost 
exclusively by German immigrants, Maurer, a wicked im- 
postor and chief of a horrible sect, entitling himself a 
prophet and surrounding himself with a band of fanatical 
proselytes, practically bid defiance to the authorities and 
the laws of the country. 
A tolerance born of contempt, but censurably imprudent, 
gave him time to strengthen his hold on his insane followers, 
and increase their number with new proselytes, all equally 
ready to believe or do anything which he told them. 
The provincial government sent Colonel Olympio Sam- 
paio at the head of a force to attack Maurer's followers. He 
obeyed, and, despising the enemy against whom he was 
sent, was advancing at the head of a hundred and sixty men 
along a forest path, when he fell into an ambuscade. He 
resisted gallantly, but finding his force insufficient, was 
obliged to withdraw after losing thirty-five of his men. 
A few days afterwards he was strongly reinforced and 
renewed the engagement. He was gaining ground when, as 
was easy in consequence of the nature of the ground, he 
was surprised by an attack from an unforseen point,and was 
mortally wounded, living only a few hours thereafter. 
It had been his fate to take part in several fratricidal 
struggles, but always on the side of order and legality. 
He had served in the campaigns of Bahia, Pernambuco 
and Rio Grande do Sul, in the noble and generous war in 
the Argentine republic, and in the whole of the Paraguayan 
war, entering into some thirty engagements. 
He was wounded only once, which was at Curupaity, 
refusing there to quit the field. In the thirty engagements 
in which he took part, he never failed to triumph when 
under a Brazilian general. Only once - at Curupaity - 405 
did he form part of a beaten army; and there he was under 
the command of an Argentine general. 
After all these glorious achievements,performed in thirty- 
seven years of military life, it was his fate to fall at the 
hands of a deluded follower of a wicked and miserable im- 
postor ! 
But at least he lost his life in serving the cause of order 
and civilization. 2X11 OF NOVEMBER 
MANOEL RODRIGUES DA COSTA 
Manoel Rodrigues da Costa was born in Minas Geraes in 
the latter half of the 18th century. He was also educated 
there, and there likewise was he admitted into holy orders. 
He was a man of sparkling wit, a sxrong will and a pa- 
triotic heart. 
Involved in 1789 in the Minas conspiracy, he was the 
companion in misfortune, of the illustrious men who con- 
spired for their country's liberty and independence before the 
proper occasion had arrived. Like the others he was con- 
demned, but his punishment, though oppressive, was much 
softened on account of his priestly character which had great 
weight with the religious Queen D. Maria I. 
Five priests, implicated in the conspiracy, were condem- 
ned, remitted to Lisbon, and imprisoned in the fortress of 
S. Joao da Barra. After four years' imprisonment they were 408 
transferred to convents, where, some of them, instead of 
meeting fraternal charity, were prettly roughly treated. 
At the end of ten years Father Manoel Rodrigues da 
Costa was freed from restraint; hut, impenitent and contu- 
macious in the sin of patriotism, to which he had been a 
victim, he devoted himself to examining in Lisbon the bran- 
ches of industry which might be introduced into Brazil, and, 
on his return, carried with him a weaver and vine-dresser. 
After arriving he established a cloth factory and planted 
grape-vines and olive-trees on an extensive scale ; but not 
having sufficient means, and not being able to obtain assis- 
tance from the government, he was unable to carry his un- 
dertaking to a successful conclusion. 
In 1808 Father Costa laid before the Count of Linhares 
plans for the improvement of the roads and for the naviga- 
tion of the rivers, and for the settlement of the unpeopled 
districts of Minas Geraes. But in this also he was unsuc- 
cessful. 
In 1822 he was rejuvenated in his old age by the mag- 
netic thrill caused by the hope of independence. 
He and the patriotic Josd Teixeira da Fonseca Vascon- 
cellos were two of the most ardent and worthy laborers in 
the revolutionary cause in Minas Geraes. 
In 1823 Father Manoel Rodrigues da Costa, the aged and 
venerable Liberal of Minas Geraes, the proscript of 1792, 
had the glory of being elected, like Jose Rezende da Costa, 
a member of the Brazilian Constituent Assembly, and of wit- 
nessing the solemn opening of that body. 
But on November 12th of that year he was constrained to 
weep, not for himself nor from fear, but for the cause of 
constitutional monarchy, seriously threatened by the dissolu- 
tion of the sovereign delegates of the people. 409 
Elected to the first ordinary legislature, he resigned his 
seat on account of his age and bodily infirmities. 
In 1830 he had the honor and pleasure of offering hospi- 
tality to the Emperor and Empress. 
He died in Minas Geraes at little less than ninety years of 
age. 
He was a man of cultivated intellect, tried fidelity, un- 
doubted patriotism and strict integrity. He was esteemed 
for his worth throughout the Empire, and was regarded 
with veneration in his own province. 
He was decorated by the Emperor D. Pedro I with the 
medals of the orders of Christ and the Cruzador, and was 
appointed honorary canon of the Imperial Chapel. ZXIII OF NOVEMBER 
ANTONIO LUIZ PEREIRA DA CUNHA 
MARQUIS OF INHAMBUPE 
. Antonio Luiz Pereira da Cunha was born in the city of 
Bahia, on April 6th, 1769. Having- prosecuted his preparatory 
studies in his native city, he at the age of twenty-one 
went to Lisbon, where he completed the study of the huma- 
nities, and received the degree of bachelor of laws at the 
Coimbra University, where he had also studied mathematics 
and philosophy. 
He began his public career in 1789 as municipal judge 
of the town of Torres Vedras, and, three years afterwards 
was appointed district judge of Pernambuco, and served as 
justice on the bench of the superior court of Bahia. In 1798 
he served as provisional governor of Pernambuco, in con- 412 
formity with the law of 1770, and in virtue of the dismissal 
of the governor and captain-general. 
On January 2nd, 1802, he was transferred to the judicial 
district of Rio das Velhas, in Minas Geraes, and on Febru- 
ary 22nd, was decorated with the cross of chevalier of the 
order of Christ. 
The same year he was appointed justice of the Superior 
court, and assigned to the bench of Sahara, on which he he 
took his seat on Feb. 4th, 1803, 
Three years afterwards he was appointed justice of the 
Supreme Court of Portugal. Obtaining a leave of absence, 
he returned from Lisbon to Brazil shortly after the departure 
of the Royal family in 1807. 
On May 13th, 1808, he was appointed chancellor of the 
Bahia superior court, with the title of councillor, and 
with the office of solicitor of the exchequer, into the du- 
ties of which office he was to enter on his return from 
Bahia. 
The death of the Count of Ponte, governor and captain- 
general at this city, obliged Pereira da Cunha to form a 
part of the provisional government, composed of himself, the 
Archbishop, Friar Jose de Santa Escolastica,and Lieutenant- 
General Godinho. 
In 1811 the prince-regent, D. John, bestowed on him the 
cross of knight-commander of the order of Christ. 
Charged with framing a code of municipal regulations 
and ordinances for the city council of Rio de Janeiro, 
intended to be applicable to all the municipal corporations 
of the kingdom, he presented the result of his labors, which, 
however, was not adopted, on account of containing pro- 
visions (according to the author of Gallery of Illustrious 
Brazilians) curtailing the supreme power of the sovereign. 
From 1815 to 1820 he held the offices of solicitor of the 413 
exchequer, of member of the committee appointed for com- 
piling the digest of the orders and regulations of the navy, 
of member of the Board of Trade, Agriculture, Manufacture 
and Navigation, and finally of commissioner of grants. 
In February 18th, 1821, D. John VI, much annoyed at 
the constitutional revolution which had triumphed in Por- 
tugal the year before, and not wishing to leave Brazil, had 
promulgated the Decree, in virtue of which was sent the 
prince D. Pedro to Portugal and, convoked the delegates 
elected by the cities and towns of Brazil, and of the Portu- 
guese islands in the Atlantic Ocean, to assemble for the pur- 
pose of examining the newly framed Portuguese constitu- 
tion, of deciding whether or not its provisions were appli- 
cable to this kingdom, and of suggesting the necessary 
amendments. To accelerate-the latter measure the king ap- 
pointed a committee, which would at once commence its 
labors, and would, after the meeting of the delegates con- 
voked, assist them in their proceedings. 
Pereira da Cunha was one of the twenty member of that 
committee, whose term of existence, however, was extreme- 
ly short. 
On February 26th, the Portuguese troops employed in 
garrisoning the capital, mutinied against the Royal Decree, 
and succeeded in causing the princes Pedro and Miguel to 
swear to support the new Portuguese constitution. They 
went still further, furnishing a list of names of persons to 
be appointed to certain offices. 
Pereira da Cunha,although entirely unconnected with the 
movement, was proposed for the place of police intendant, 
and was summoned to the theatre of S. Joao, where the 
mutineers were employed in their task of misgoverning the 
State. 
He accepted the post offered him,and,as police intendant, 414 
rendered important services to public order during- eight 
months, at the end of which time he was relieved of his 
office. 
On the dissolution of the Brazilian constituent assembly 
in November, 1823, Pereira da Cunha was appointed on the 
13th of that month member of the Council of State, which 
was created by D. Pedro I for the purpose of framing the 
Constitution of the Empire. He was one of the framers and 
signers of the document which was adopted as the consti- 
tution on the 25th of March, 1824. 
In 1825 he accepted the portfolio of the Department of 
Foreign Affairs, and on Nov. 23rd of that year signed the 
treaty with Great-Britain for the extinction of the African 
slave trade. 
In the same year, before entering the ministry, he had 
received from the Emperor the title of Viscount of Inham- 
bupe and the medal of dignitary of the order of the Crusa- 
der, and later he was raised from the rank of Viscount to 
that of Marquis. 
At the first general election his name was included on the 
senatorial list by these provinces, and he was selected by 
the Crown to represent that of Pernambuco. 
He was frequently minister, and for some years occupied 
the chair of President of the Senate. 
The liberal party was constantly in opposition after the 
dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, and no favor was 
shown by its leaders to the Marquis of Inhambupe, who was 
devoted to the cause of the Emperor, though not a reaction- 
ist like the Marquis of Paranagud. 
The Marquis of Inhambupe was a member of the ministry 
formed on the evening or night of April 5, 1831, which 
occasioned the rising of the people and troops on the follow- 
ing day. 415 
The Emperor D. Pedro I, not wishing to restore the 
previous ministers to the places of which he had deprived 
them, formally abdicated on the 7th. The ministers were 
all permitted to resign, with the exception of the Marquis 
of Inhambupe, who was required to retain his office in order 
to deliver the government into the hands of the succeeding 
ministry. 
After April 7th, 1831, the Marquis of Inhambupe, deprived 
of all political influence, merely occupied himself with his 
duties in the Senate, of which he was president at the time 
of his death. This event took place on the 18th of Septem- 
ber, 1837. 
He left to his family honorable poverty, and to his coun- 
try the remembrance of a long- and useful life spent in its 
service. XLV OF NOVEMBER 
MANGEL DE MACEDO PEREIRA DE VASCONCELLOS 
Manoel de Macedo must not be confounded with the 
illustrious citizen of Pernambuco who bore this part of his 
name, and who lived and suffered a century earlier. He 
was born on May 5, 1726, in the Colony of Sacramento 
when this disputed province was in the possession of Portu- 
gal, but soon abandoned the land of his birth and was ad- 
mitted into the order of Jesuits. 
In this order he became celebrated for his talents and 
learning, as well as for his thrilling eloquence in the pulpit 
in Lisbon, where he professed, and in Coimbra, where he 
stutied and received the degree of doctor. He obtained a bril- 
liant reputation as a literary man and as a poet of enviable 
merit. 
He did not consider the jesuits so innocent as to wish to 
accompany them in exile, when they were banished by the 418 
Marquis of Pombal. He preferred to remain in Portugal and 
joined the order of Sao Felippe Nery. 
The foregoing is agreeable to the opinion of Councillor 
Pereira da Silva in his Plutarco b'rtut'Zetro; but Barbosa, 
who was contemporaneous with Manoel de Macedo, says that 
the latter, after being ordained an elder, was at once 
admitted into the order of Sao Felippe Nery, it, therefore, 
not being correct that he had been a jesuit. Innocencio F. 
da Silva in his Bibliographical Dictionary follows the opi- 
nion of Barbosa, and adds that Manoel de Macedo left the 
order and became a secular clergyman in 1760, when some 
of the priests of that order were suffering persecution from 
the Marquis of Pombal. 
In any case he was noted in Portugal as a pulpit orator 
and as a poet of some merit, having belonged to the Arcadia 
Ulyssiponense, under the name of Lemano. 
Balthazar da Silva Lisboa in a short passage in his MMS. 
mentions him as a learned Brazilian priest and as a cele- 
brated preacher and poet. 
He gives the date of his death - November, 14th, 1790; 
but. does not say where it took place. 
The following are the works of Father Manoel de Macedo 
Pereira de Vasconcellos which were published in his life- 
time : 
OracOes Sacras, in three volumes, several sermons and 
panegyrics and various poetical productions. XV OF JSTONZEJMFBEJR, 
FRIAR JOAO DA APRESENTAQAO 
Joao, who afterwards took the religious name of Apresen- 
tacao, legitimate son of Joao Baptista Campello and D. 
Brites Bandeira de Mello, was born in Recife, Pernambuco, 
in the year 1670. 
He studied the humanities in Bahia and applied himself 
sedulously to the study of philosophy at the Jesuits' Col- 
lege. 
On Nov. 15, 1707, he retired to the convent of the Sera- 
phic Order at Paraguassu, Bahia, made his profession on 
Nov. 21, 1708, and afterwards went to Olinda to study 
theology, in the convent there. 
The bishop Friar Jos6 Fialho appointed him his confes- 
sor, and also synodical examiner and missionary, and des- 
ignated him to accompany him on his episcopal tour to the 
different parishes belonging to his see. 420 
Appreciating liis learning and virtues, lie carried him to 
Bahia where he was chosen arch, bishopand afterwards to 
Portugal on his transfer to the see of Guarda, where Friar 
Joao da Apresentacao became professor of moral theology for 
the clergy. 
In 1720 Friar Joao da Apresentacao went to Valladolid to 
attend the meeting of the General Chapter. Returning to 
Valladolid, he continued to teach, and besides was appoint- 
ed penitentiary of the Seraphic Order and an inquisitorial 
censor. 
Friar Joao da Apresentacao was noted for his virtues and 
his learning as well as his eloquence as a pulpit orator. Un- 
fortunately the sermons and other works which he wrote, are 
no longer existent. 
He had prepared for the press four volumes of ascetic, 
moral and panegyrical sermons, as Barboza states in his 
Bibliotheca Luzitana, and besides this a Life of the Bishop 
D. Josd Fialho, and several minor literary works. OF NOVEMBER 
SIMAO PEREIRA DE SA 
Simao Pereira de S&, was a Jesuit writer, and was born in 
Rio de Janeiro in 1701. 
He studied in the Jesuit College and was afterwards admit- 
ted into the order. 
He was much esteemed for his intellectual endowments. 
He graduated in the theological and canonical branches 
of the Coimbra University, and was deservedly ranked 
among the celebrated members of his order. 
He wrote a great deal; but few of his productions have 
been preserved. 
He left some interesting essays, among which the fol- 
lowing are the most important: 422 
Topographical and Military Essay on the Colony of 
Sacramento. 
Chronological Description of the See of Rio de Janeiro, 
founded in virtue of the papal bull of Innocent XI, dated 
Nov. 16, 1676. 
In default of other dates that of the bull for creating 
the see which Simao Pereira de S& described, is here select' 
ed for the registry of his name. XVII OF NOVEMBER 
MANOEL ANTONIO DE ALMEIDA 
Manoel Antonio de Almeida, a talented and promising 
writer who perished in the morning of life, was the legitimate 
son of Manoel de Almeida and D. Josephina Maria de Al- 
meida, and was born in Rio de Janeiro on Nov. 17, 1832. 
He was as richly intellectual as his parents were pecu- 
niarily poor. 
For lack of means he studied the humanities irregularly 
and with difficulty. But his studies at home and his bril- 
liant intellect enabled him to acquire the instruction of 
which his poverty threatened to deprive him by preventing 
his assiduous attendance at school. 
In 1852 he was admitted into the Medical College, and 
was able to make rapid progress in the respective course of 
studies, and at the same time to assist his family with the 
salary paid him by the Correio Mercantil, on whose edito- 424 
rial staff he was employed at that time, when the paper was 
under the direction of the venerable Dr. Joaquim Francisco 
Alves Branco Muniz Barreto, and when its editor-in-chief 
was the very able Dr. Francisco Octaviano de Almeida 
Rosa, now Senator and Imperial Councillor. 
Like Manoel Antonio de Almeida, Henrique Cezar Mtizzio, 
another youth of brilliant talents obtained from the protec - 
tion of those two distinguished Brazilinas, and from his 
labor on the editorial staff of the Correio Mercantil the 
necessary means for attending the medical college and 
gaining the diploma of physician. 
Besides his daily task in the Correio Mercantil Manoel 
de Almeida published in weekly articles in that paper and 
republished in two small volumes in 1854 and 1855 his 
Memoirs of a Militia Serjeant, a correct and entertaining 
picture of the former costums of country and of events 
which took place in colonial times. 
This work was greatly eulogized and was thought to 
give promise of a brilliant future for its author. 
He next published in the same paper his Bibliographical 
Review, a series of literary critiques, which were followed 
by other works; among those that were most favorably 
received by competent judges and by the public in general 
were, Flowers and Fragrance, Physiology of the Voice, and 
A Sad Story. 
In December, 1857, he took the degree of doctor of medi- 
cine. 
He did not practice medicine, probably because, on ac- 
count of the literary reputation which he had acquired, no 
one thought of asking him to visit patients. 
The government came to the assistance of the literary 
physician without patients and appointed him director of 
the National Printing-Office, and afterwards clerk in the 425 
Department of Finance. It also commissioned him to write 
an abridged Financial History of Brazil, beginning with 
the colonial period of the nation's existence. 
The promising young writer who had already given 
brilliant proofs of his ability was not permitted to perform 
this arduous task. 
In November, 1861, he embarked on the steamer Hermes 
bound for Campos, and on the 28th of that month the 
steamer was wrecked and sunk. 
At the age of 29, Manoel Antonio de Almeida had the 
same sepulchre that awaited the great poet Goncalves Dias 
- the unfathomable depths of the Ocean. XVIII OF JSTONT'EJXZEBEJFl 
D. CECILIA BARBOSA 
This lady who came of good family and was noted for her 
virtues was born in Rio de Janeiro on the 18th of November, 
1613. 
She was married to Agostinho Barbalho Bezerra who, 
like his father, Col. Luiz Barbalho Bezerra, was one of the 
illustrious men of the period in which he lived. 
Her father-in-lawr distinguished himself by important 
services and left his name graven on one of the brightest 
and most glorious pages of the history of the Dutch war. 
Her husband was governor of Rio de Janeiro, and set 
a stricking example of loyalty to his sovereign and of 
worthy behaviour daring serious revolt which broke out in 
the city, being eulogized and rewarded for his conduct on 
this trying occasion. 
Left a widow in a state bordering on actual poverty, 428 
D, Cecilia devoted herself to the care of her daughters, 
being the sole dependence of these beloved charges. 
The young ladies were not rich enough to obtain an 
offer of mariage from any of the young noblemen in Rio de 
Janeiro. Their mother's means were too limited to incur the 
by no means inconsiderable expense of a removal to Portu- 
gal, and besides a well-founded fear of pirates detained them 
from a transatlantic journey. But what was perhaps more 
distressing to the mother than the fear of pirates, or at 
all events was extremely repugnant to her feelings was the 
bare thought that her daughters might be induced to marry 
persons of ignoble blood. 
The aristocratic feeling found a consolation and a fortu- 
nate] resource in the religious spirit which dominated at 
that time. 
On July 25, 1675, D. Cecilia Barbosa manifested publicly 
and solemnly her desire to found in the Hermitage of Nossa 
Senhora d'Ajuda a cloister for her daughters, herself, and 
the damsels and matrons who wished to retire from all con- 
nection with the world and live in solitary retirement, de- 
voted to the service of God. 
The poor widow by herself was able to do little; but her 
enthusiasm affected those who were more powerful than 
herself and equally religious. 
The Ajuda convent was founded in Rio de Janeiro. To 
others belongs the glory of contributing more in a material 
sense to founding this establishment on the proper basis; 
but the idea which is the corner-stone of the edifice belonged 
to the widow of Agostinho Borbalho and the mother of his 
children. 
The original idea of founding the convent of Ajuda has, 
then, this aristocratic defect, which is in direct contradic- 
tion to all that is charitable or fraternal. 429 
The first superiors or abbesses were all (if there were any 
exceptions, they have not been recorded) ladies of noble 
families. 
But even so the origin of the establishment has a certain 
historical character which, through it may be scorned at 
the present day, derives its prestige from the past. 
It is useless to discuss the merit of D. Cecilia's wishes and 
resolutions. 
The civilization of the present time is not that of the 17th 
century. 
D. Cecilia Barbosa was a benefactress of her age. 
The Ajuda convent which is now an anachronism was 
nearly two hundred years ago blessed as a pious and useful 
institution. 
The name of D. Cecilia Barbosa should not be forgotten. 2CIX O'F NOVEMBER 
JOAQUIM DE OLIVEIRA ALVARES 
Joaquim de Oliveira Alvares was the son of a merchant of 
the island of Madeira where he was born on the 19th of No- 
vember, 1776. 
He prosecuted his preparatory studies in England and 
afterwards at Donai, and having acquired besides other 
instruction a knowledge of the Latin, Greek, French, Eng- 
lish, Italian, Spanish and German languages, he entered 
the Coimbra University where he graduated with the degree 
of bachelor of mathematics and philosophy. 
Entering the Portuguese royal navy, he was placed in 
command of a small cruiser on the coast of Algarvia where 
in company with another and larger vessel he was attacked 
by a superior force of French vessels. 
Abandoned by the larger vessel, Oliveira Alvares fought 432 
to tlie last, till lie was finally obliged to strike and fall into 
the enemy's hands. 
The French commander in an official document bore wit- 
ness to the gallantry of the commander of his prize. 
The date of this event and those of his release and subse- 
quent service in the squadron sent to Naples under the 
command of the Marquis of Nizza are not precisely stated 
and it is likely that there is some confusion in this respect. 
He left the navy for the army and came to Brazil, where 
in 1804 he was appointed captain of artillery in the S. 
Paulo volunteer legion. In 1807 he was promoted to the rank 
of major commanding the artillery of the legion which in 
the following year was detached for service in Rio Grande 
do Sul. In 1810 he had risen to the rank of lieutenant- 
colonel. 
In Rio Grande do Sul he went through the Uruguayan 
campaigns of 1811 and 1812, and was promoted to the rank 
of colonel commanding the legion on Feb. 29, 1812, and to 
that of brigadier-general in 1814. 
In 1816 he commenced the war against General Jos6 Ger- 
vazio Artigas, leader of the confederation formed by the 
provinces of Banda Oriental, Entre Rios and Corrientes. 
This war ended in 1820 with the victory of Taquarembd and 
the flight of Artigas. 
Oliveira Alvares covered himself with glory on Oct. 27, 
1816, at Corumbf where at the head of little over 800 men 
he defended himself against Artigas with 1500, and 
notwithstanding this desparity the latter was completed rout- 
ed, leaving on the field 512 killed, 100 prisoners, including 
many officers, and a large quantity of arms, munitions, 
baggage and horses. 
On Jan. 4, 1817, another battle was fought at Catalan, 433 
and Oliveira Alvares was one of them who most distinguished 
themselves in this signal victory. 
Promoted to the rank of brigadier-general on July 27th, 
1837, for his gallantry at Carumb6 and Catalan, he was 
made brevet marshal the following year, and Knight com- 
mander of the order of Aviz. 
At the close of the war in 1820, he retired covered with 
martial glory and laurels, but broken in health, to Santa 
Catharina, and thence to Rio de Janeiro, where on the 
morning of April 21st, 1821, he rendered an unexpected and 
generous service. 
It is known that the Portuguese troops, even more 
inexcusable than the disorderly and foolish electoral 
assemblage gathered in the Exchange, began to fire on 
that assemblage without previous intimation of the order 
to disperse. 
Immediately afterwards a loaded piece of artillery was 
pointed at the building; but Marshal Oliveira Alvares, who 
was near by, drew his sword, and at a single bound reach- 
ed the piece and cut the lighted match. 
The blood which flowed that day, at the Exchange, made 
the first indelible separating mark between Brazil and 
Portugal. 
In the same year Joaquim de Oliveira Alvares embraced 
the cause of Brazilian independence, and acted in concert 
with the other patriots. 
On Nov. 11th, 1821, he was appointed adjutant-general of 
the military district of Rio de Janeiro. The head-quarters 
were in the building in the Rua da Guarda Velha, which 
is now occupied by the Ministry of the Empire , and 
Oliveira Alvares established there a club of conspirators, 
which he disguised under the ostensible character of a 
newspaper reading-room. 434 
The meeting's of the club, which were attended by Ledo, 
Januario, Jos6 Joaquim da Rocha, Nobrega, Friar S. Paio 
and others, were held in a back-room of the building, 
which had been a kitchen. Gordilho, groom of the robes to 
the prince-regent D. Pedro, belonged to the conspiracy and 
acted as an intermediary between the prince and the 
conspirators, who exerted themselves to induce the former 
to place himself at the head of the revolutionary movement 
and thus win an imperial crown and imperishable glory. 
The prince hesitated ; but the decree of the Portuguese 
constituent assembly, rudely annulling his authority in 
Brazil, and ordering him to travel in Europe for the purpose 
of finishing his education, irritated him, and put and end to 
his hesitations in December, 1821. 
D. Pedro's revolt against the authority of Portugal was 
prepared by a series of official and popular remonstrances 
against the obnoxious decree. 
On Jan. 9th, 1822, D. Pedro assumed an attitude of 
open disobedience to the Lisbon government, and unhesita- 
tingly announced his intention of remaining in Brazil. 
Two days afterwards,that is, on Jan. 11th the Portuguese 
troops, who had lately become accustomed to impose their 
wishes on the government , took up arms under their 
general Avilez, and occupying the Castle hill and menacing 
the city, endeavored to coerce the prince into obedience o 
the orders emanating from the sovereign power at Lisbon. 
Joaquim de Oliveira Alvares was sick in bed with an at- 
tack of the gout when he heard the news of the mutiny of 
the Portuguese troops. Notwithstanding his sufferings he 
caused himself to be conveyed to the Campo de Santa Anna, 
where the Brazilian troops and a number of patriotic civilians 
were assembled, and there, lying on a carpet spread over the 
grass, he took command of all the forces and adopted the ne- 435 
cessary measures for repulsing the attack of the Portuguese, 
remaining in the field for the purpose of directing the opera- 
tions with due diligence and energy during the whole of 
the night of the 11th and until the morning of the 12th, 
when Avilez retired to the other side of the bay with the 
two thousand auxiliaries under his command. 
On January 16, Oliveira Alvares entered the ministry, 
being placed at the head of the War Department. At the 
same time Jos6 Bonifacio was appointed Minister of the 
Empire and of Foreign Affairs,and Caetano Pinto de Miranda 
Montenegro, afterwards Marquis of Praia Grande, Minister 
of Finance. 
On account of increasing ill-health, aggravated by exces- 
sive exertion in behalf of the revolutionary cause, he ten- 
dered his resignation, which was accepted. 
On Jan. 7, 1822, he had been promoted to the rank of 
field-marshal, and on October 12 of the same year he was 
appointed military councillor, and on July 25, 1823, im- 
perial councillor; on Oct. 12, 1824, he was promoted to the 
rank of lieutenant-general, and on May 12, 1825, was 
made knight-companion of the Order of the Cruzader. 
On July 24, 1828, he was for the second time called to 
the post of Minister of War, and was one of the negotiators 
of the preliminary treaty of peace, made with the Argentine 
Confederation on Aug. 27 of the same year. 
On February 1, 1829, there was in Pernambuco a riot in 
which republican cries were heard. The people treated 
with indifference the rioters who, after proceeding from 
Afogados to Ipajuca, dispersed before the arrival of the 
troops. The president of the province, in communicating 
this event to the government, gave it undue importance. 
The government, accordingly adopted extraordinary mea- 
sures. The minister of justice signed a decree, suspending 436 
the constitutional guarantees in the province and the minis- 
ter of war created a military commission in the capital to 
try the persons suspected of rebellion and summarily execute 
the sentence imposed, except the death penalty which was 
made dependent on the Emperor's sanction. 
At the meeting of the general assembly the Deputy Hol- 
landa Cavalcanti, afterwards Viscount of Albuquerque, in- 
troduced a bill for the formal impeachment of the two min- 
isters. The committee, to which the bill was referred, 
presented a report in which the unsettled and agitated state 
of political affairs was considered an extenuating circum- 
stance, for the suspension of constitutional guarantees and a 
motive, for abandoning proceeding against the minister of 
justice, but the act of the minister of war was deemed a 
violation of the constitution,which prohibits all exceptional, 
and extraordinary tribunals. 
This report gave rise to a long and heated discussion, 
which became extremely personal and annoying to Joaquim 
de Oliveira Alvares, and was finally disapproved by a vote 
of thirty-nine against thirty-two. It must be confessed that 
the Emperor D. Pedro I took no pains to conceal the interest 
he felt in the acquittal of his ministers, especially Joaquim 
de Oliveira Alvares who, besides being in greater danger 
of impeachment, was His Magesty's personal friend. 
On Aug. 4, 1829, Oliveira Alvares resigned his place in 
the ministry, and in October was decorated with the grand- 
cross of the newly created order of the Rose. 
On his election to the second legislature as deputy from 
Rio Grande do Sul, the ultra liberals proposed and endea- 
vored to annul his election not from any vice of defect in 
the electoral process, but on occount of his acts as minister 
and his plots against the public liberties and the representative 
system. This persecution of which Oliveira Alvares was one 437 
of the victims was also shared by Clemente Jose Pereira 
and Salvador Jos6 Maciel. Fortunately the moderate liberals 
united with the government deputies in preventing the 
adoption of so pernicious a precedent. Even so there were 
thirty-five votes in favor of annulling the election of Oli- 
veira Alvares and Jose Clemente, who were more obnoxious 
than Salvador Maciel, while forty-one deputies for recogniz- 
ing their right to the contested seats. 
In the same year in which this occurred (1830) Oliveira 
Alvares went to London to receive a large inheritance left 
him by a brother who had been engaged in trade in that 
city. 
When he took leave of the Emperor, he remarked with 
the freedom permitted to an old friend and with character- 
istic humor: 
« Sire, I bid you adieu; but if the political currents in 
Brazil do not change their direction, we will soon meet at 
the carnaval of Venice. » 
In 1831 they did meet, not indeed at the carnaval of 
Venice, but at London where the ex-Emperor D. Pedro gave 
his friend and former minister new proofs of particular 
friendship and esteem. 
In 1832 the Restoration party sought the aid and inter- 
vention of Oliveira Alvares for the purpose of executing 
their plans. 
If it be permitted to accept private sources of information, 
which are always of doubtful reliability, in regard to the 
secret plans and correspondences D. Pedro, after securing 
the stability of his daughter's throne in Portugal, agreed to 
return to Brazil, if all, or the greater part, of the municipal 
chambers of the Empire should petition him to do so. But 
the agents of the restoration party wished D. Pedro to return 438 
to Brazil with the foreign legion which had served at the 
siege of Oporto. 
They desired the expedition to be placed under the com- 
mand of Oliveira Alvares, who, when the proposition was 
submitted to him, exclaimed : 
« Return to Brazil at the head of foreign troops I Never ! » 
The subject is a very important one, and the information 
on which the above statement is founded is of very recent 
origin; this interesting subjeet therefore demands further 
and minute investigation. 
Before the year 1830 Joaquim de Oliveira Alvares began 
a voluminous work called the General Statistics of Brazil. 
He had collected for this purpose a large and valuable 
library of books, documents, and curious and rare maps; 
and had also studied with zeal and ardor the natural history 
of the vegetable and mineral kingdoms of the country. He 
had moreover completed the manuscript of a considerable 
portion of his work, which was probably worthy of his 
great learning; but unfortunately ah this was lost, for 
after his death in France all these papers were missing. 
In London he rendered Brazil a conspicuous service. Learn- 
ing that the country had not the means to meet its en- 
gagements, and resolving that his country's credit should 
not suffer, while it was in his power to prevent such a cala- 
mity, he generously placed at the disposal of the Brazilian 
minister the whole of his vast wealth with instructions to 
use it to perform the obligations of Brazil. 
Pensioned off with the grade of Lieutenant-General on 
July 5, 1833, and the Emperor D. Pedro I being no longer 
alive, Oliveira Alvares prepared to return to the Empire. 
But feeling unwell and feeble, he resolved to try first the 
effect of a different climate and of a short journey. He ac- 439 
cordingly went to Paris where he died in 1835 and was 
buried in the cemetery P6re Lachaise. 
Joaquim de Oliveira Alvares was one of the heroes of the 
southern campaigns and of the Brazilian revolution; he was 
a brave soldier and a man of talent, honor and integrity. 
The political passions which assailed him from 1828 to 
1830, and his administrative blunder in 1829 (expiated by 
his narrow escape from impeachment and from expulsion 
from the seat to which he was subsequently elected in the 
chamber) cannot efface nor conceal the military glory which 
he won in 1816 and 1817, nor his patriotic services in 1821 
and 1822. 2XLIX. OF NOVEMBER 
FRANCISCO VILLELA BARBOSA 
MARQUIS OF PARANAGUA 
Francisco Villela Barboza was born in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro on November 20, 1769. 
His father, who bore the same name, was a merchant born 
in Braga, Portugal; and his mothers name was Anna Maria 
da Conceicao. 
He had the misfortune to be deprived, at a tender age, of 
both of his parents. Left a poor and destitute orphan, he was 
cared for by a maternal grandaunt, the latter being also his 
godmother and his mothers namesake. 
At the expense of these two ladies he was sent to the Co- 
imbra university in the eighteenth year of his age, having 442 
previously studied in Rio de Janeiro the Latin classics, rhe- 
toric and rational philosophy. 
At Coimbra he spent the first year in acquiring the 
knowledge of Greek necessary to his admittance into the Uni- 
versity. He had passed his examination, when he was 
suddenly almost obliged to abandon his studies. Having 
married without consulting his aunt, she became offended 
and ceased to send him remittances. 
In this difficult situation he was assisted by Dr. Fran- 
cisco de Lemos, a native of Rio de Janeiro, bishop of 
Coimbra, Count of Arganil and ex-rector of the University, 
who furnished his young countrymen the necessary means 
for his subsistence and college expenses, until he graduated 
in the mathematical course in 1796. 
In Villela Barboza's diploma there is an honorable men- 
tion of two prizes which he had received for extraordinary 
progress in the first two years of his mathematical studies, 
couched in the following terms : 
« Praemio insuper, regio prescripto insigniorubus sta- 
tute, in primo et tertio sui curriculi anno publici donates 
fuit. » 
In 1797 he went to Lisbon, where he entered the royal 
navy with the rank of 2d-liuntenant, and in this capacity 
served in several expeditions during four years, distinguish- 
ing- himself at the siege of Tunis and in the capture of 
Algerian pirates in the Mediterranean. 
In 1801 he was appointed assistant-professor of the 
Royal Naval Academy, for which place he was proposed 
by the faculty of the University. 
He then solicited his transfer to the engineer corps, 
which was granted him with the rank of Ist-lieutenant. 
He was for some time assistant-professor of astronomy and 
navigation, but was afterwards appointed professor of geo- 443 
metry which he continued to teach till his retirement 
in 1822. 
In his military career in Portugal he reached the rank 
of Major of engineers, which he resigned in 1823 previous 
to returning to Brazil. 
His reputation as a mathematician and literateur justly 
stood high in Portugal. 
While engaged in his professorial labors, he composed 
and offered to the Royal Academy of Science his Elements of 
Geometry, which the Academy caused to be published 
in 1815. 
In 1817 he published in Lisbon a continuation of the 
above work, entitled A Short Treatise on Spherical Geo- 
metry. 
He also wrote an interesting essay entitled Sobre a Cor- 
recgdo das Derrotas da Estima. For this work he received a 
prize from the Royal Maritime, Military and Geographical 
Society of Lisbon, of which he was a member. 
He likewise belonged to the Royal Academy of Sciences 
and at one time served as ad interim secretary. The Me- 
moirs of this Academy contain some eloquent addresses 
made by him. 
But another wreath also encircled his brow. 
He was a writer of exquisitely harmonious and charming 
verse. 
While at the University he published his Poems, a small 
volume of odes, cantatas, sonnets and other varieties of 
poetical compositions. Afterwards he wrote a cantata entitled 
Spring, which was first published in the Memoirs of the 
Royal Academy of Science. This production, which was 
afterwards republished, established his reputation as a poet. 
He continued to the end of his life to devote himself to 444 
the muses, and his productions were highly commended 
by his intimate friends for whose benefit they were written. 
But in 1821 Villela Barboza is forced into political life. 
The success of the Portuguese revolution of 1820 was fol- 
lowed by the convocation of the constituent assembly, and 
Rio de Janeiro honored her illustrious son with a seat in that 
body. 
In a short time the majority of the assembly openly ma- 
nifested its contempt for the American kingdom, and hos- 
tility to the prince-regent D. Pedro. 
The contentions of 1821 were followed by the revolution 
of Sept. 7, 1822, when the independence of Brazil was de- 
clared by the cry of Ypiranga. 
The Brazilian deputies at the Lisbon Cortes did their du- 
ty ; but years afterwards it was calumniously alleged that 
Villela Barboza, who had then become Marquis of Parana- 
gua, had opposed his country's independence. 
Villela Barboza was not, it is true, so puissant a champion 
of the Brazilian cause as Antonio Carlos, Barata, Feijo, Li- 
no Coutinho and some others ; but he showed his loyalty to 
his country, signing the petition for the annulling of his di- 
ploma as 'deputy, as soon as the revolutionary movement 
in Brazil displayed the general desire of the people for an 
independent government. 
The only charges that can be brought against Villela 
Barboza are that he continued in the constituent assembly 
until the close of the session and that he remained in Portu- 
gal after the declaration of Brazilian independence, only 
throwing up his commission in the Portuguese army in 
April or May, 1823. 
In the month of June he embarked for Brazil, and un- 
fortunately arrived at Rio de Janeiro but a little while be- 
fore the month of November, on the 10th of which he entered 445 
the ministry, in charge of the departments of the Empire 
and Foreign Affairs. Two days afterwards the constituent 
assembly was dissolved and Villela Barboza was considered 
the principal adviser of this fatal and impolitic measure. 
Shortly afterwards he assumed the direction of the Navy 
department. 
As minister he belonged to the committe of councillors of 
state who drafted the constitution of the Empire and was 
one of the ten signers of that document. He remained in 
the ministry till January, 1827, when he resigned for mo- 
tives highly honorable to his character. 
Between 1823 and 1825 he was made dignitary and 
grand-cross of the order of the Crusador, Viscount and af- 
terwards Marquis of Paranagua, besides being councillor of 
state. 
When the senate was organized in 1826, he was chosen 
a member of that body by the province of Rio de Janeiro. 
In December, 1829, he again accepted the portfolio of 
the Navy in the ministry organized by the Marquis of Bar- 
boza who took charge of the Finance department; and 
after the dismissal of the latter on Oct. 5, 1830, Paranagub 
remained in the Cabinet which was then reorganized. 
In consequence of the agitated state of public feeling and 
the serious occurences in March, 1831, in Rio de Janeiro, 
when the excitement of the liberals was strongly stimu- 
lated by the spirit of nationality incensed by the audacious 
insults of some of the Portuguese, D. Pedro I, on the 20th 
of that month accepted the resignation of the Marquis of 
Paranagua and the other unpopular ministers, and selected 
a new ministry from the ranks of the opposition, composed 
of men of liberal ideas, but out of parliament and without 
political influence. 
The situation appeared to improve. The moderate Libe- 446 
rals, such as Evaristo and others, supported the new cabinet. 
But the radicals openly conspired, and accordingly the Em- 
peror D. Pedro I organized on the night of April 5, his last 
ministry, delivering the port folios to the Marquis of Para- 
nagua and five, more of the most unpopular of his ex- 
ministers. 
On the following day the people and nearly ail the sol- 
diers assembled in the evening and at night in the Sant'Anna 
square (afterwards called Praca da AcclamacSo), and demand- 
ed the return of the ministry of the 20th of March. To these 
demands I). Pedro I responded by abdicating his throne at 
two o'clock in the morning of April 7. 
The ministers handed in their resignations which were 
duly legalized, except the Marquis of Inhambupe, a minister 
of the Empire, who was deputed to deliver the government 
into the hands of the Regency. 
The Marquis of Paranagua remained at his post in the 
Senate. The action of time, the force of circumstances, and 
the current of events were alike impotent to shake his con- 
victions or alter his principles. He was considered to be as ever, 
an extreme and strict conservative, a firm supporter of the 
authority of the legitimate rulers of the country. 
In 1840 he was president of the Senate, and exerted all 
his influence in favor of the proposal to declare the Emperor 
D. Pedro II of age, uniting, for this purpose during the 
parliamentary struggle, with the liberal party, from which 
he separated himself as soon as the common object was ac- 
complished. 
In 1841 he received the port folio of tlie Navy in the 
conservative ministry of March 23, and continued to hold 
this place till January, 1843, when the ministry resigned. 
At the ceremonial of anointing the Emperor D. Pedro II, 447 
the Marquis of Parana was chosen to act as Lord High Con- 
stable. 
This illustrious statesman died on Sept. 11, 1846. 
In scientific matters no one ventured to entertain a doubt 
of his elevated merit. 
In poetry his Spring is by itself sufficient to distinguish 
him. The Marquis of Parana wrrote beautiful poetical com- 
positions up to the end of his life. An ode which he improv- 
ised on hearing in the Senate a speech delivered by the 
learned Viscount of Cayru (apparently of the same political 
school as himself) was published and became well known. 
Many of his poems, some of them erotic, were lost. It is 
said the illustrious octogenarian, on finding his end ap- 
proaching, threw them into the fire with his own hands. 
Of his honor, integrity and personal disinterestedness 
there was never the slightest cloud of suspicion to overcast 
the clear and serene sky of his well deserved reputation. 
But in his political life he was obliged to encounter 
storms, popular odium, false estimates and just censure. 
The Marquis of Paranagua committed serious blunders; 
but he was led into them by his principles and his honest 
convictions. 
Either from attachment to the old governmental system, 
or from his natural disposition and profound convictions he 
believed essentially in despotic authority, and appeared to 
regard all opposition as un justifiable resistence. 
For this reason his acts were often characterized by a se- 
verity bordering on intolerance. He desired the welfare and 
liberty of the people, but he dreaded the consequences of 
unrestrained freedom from governmental tutelage. 
In 1830 he advised the dissolution of the Chamber, but 
the Emperor D. Pedro I in noble and generous language re- 
jected his advice. 448 
Entering the ministry on April 5, 1831, he proposed extra- 
ordinary compressive measures to which D. Pedro I refused 
to consent. On the night of the 6th, when witnessing the 
deathagony of the first reign, and on the morning of the 
7th when the abdication took place, the tortures experienced 
by his loyal and devoted heart were ample punishment for 
his great political blunder - the prominent part which he 
took in causing the dissolution of the Brazilian constituent 
assembly. 
But his acts in the council of state and in the ministry, 
as well as in the senate, were all dictated by his real con- 
victions and by the principles which he never ceased to 
maintain, display and defend. 
He ever acted as he thought and felt, in which he was not 
only justifiable, but highly honorable. 
The Marquis of Paranagua was a man of honor and in- 
tegrity, of never-failing loyalty, and of a greatness of soul 
which was proved by his unshaken constancy and firmness 
amid the political storms which threatened him with dis- 
trunction, but could never daunt his courage. 
Besides his high offices, honors and titles which have 
nearly all been mentioned, the Marquis of Paranagua was a 
member of several foreign scientific societies and of the Bra- 
zilian Historical and Geographical Institute. XXI OF INIOXFEIVEBEEl 
EMILIO JOAQUIM DA SILVA MAIA 
Emilio Joaquim da Silva Maia was the legitimate son of 
the merchant Joaquim Jos6 da Silva Maia and of D. Joa- 
quina Rosa da Costa, and was born in the city of Bahia on 
August 8, 1808. 
From his earliest years, he displayed great aptitude for 
literary pursuits. The ancient metropolis of Brazil abounded 
in good teachers, and with these Emilio was making rapid 
progress in the study of the humanities when at the age of 
15 years, in 1823, he began to experience the effects of 
political storms and convulsions. 
In 1817, while still in his infancy, he beheld, undoubted- 
ly with the sensibility and at the same time with the 
thoughtlessness of childhood, the victims of the Pernambuco 
revolution. In 1821, at the age of thirteen, he witnessed 
the demonstration of February 12 in his native city. The 
vol. in 57 450 
times were stormy and in 1823, following the destiny of 
his father who was implicated in the war for independence, 
he embarked on July 2 with all the family to Maranhao, 
whence four months afterwards they were drawn by the 
father's fortunes to Portugal. 
Reaching Oporto on the first day of the year 1824, the 
young Brazilian obtained admittance into the Coimbra uni- 
versity, where his talents soon became known and applaudel. 
Intending to follow the medical branch of studies, he had 
already obtained the degree of bachelor of natural philo- 
sophy when political commotions again disturbed his studies 
and obliged him to exchange the student's gown for the 
sword. 
It was the time of the war between the Constitutionalists 
and Absolutists. The young student, led by his father's 
example and by the natural convictions and ardor of youth, 
allowed himself to be swept along by the revolutionary 
waves and threw himself energetically into the struggle. 
At all events his cause was a glorious one - that of liberty 
against despotism and of his rightful Queen against a tyran- 
nical usurper. But victory rested on the enemy's banners, 
and the academical volunteers, to which Emilio Maia be- 
longed, were obliged to save themselves from the scaffold by 
fleeing to foreign lands. 
After proceeding from Spain to England, the young Bra- 
zilian, with a part of his family returned to Brazil, again 
beholding his native land in 1829. But he returned to 
Europe the same year in order to finish his studies, and 
finally on Sept. 2, 1833, obtained from the Paris University 
a diploma as doctor of medicine. Longing for the land of his 
birth, he arrived in March, 1834, at Rio de Janeiro,where he 
fixed his residence. 
Dr. Emilio Joaquim da Silva Maia had vowed to consecrate 451 
himself to the cause of science. In keeping this vow he 
rendered an important service to his country. Forswearing 
politics, he did not allow himself to be allured by social 
grandeurs. He preferred literary society to political gather- 
ings ; the practice of medicine to the administrative and 
political labors, and the quiet study of the natural sciences 
to the ardent commotions of parliamentary debates. 
Happy at home, devoting himself exclusively to the cares 
of his medical practice, to literary and scientific studies and 
to the instruction of youth, Dr. Emilio Maia could count 
the years of his life by the real and important services 
which he rendered his country. 
He was one of those laborious, indefatigable and serv- 
iceable men, who need no epitaph engraven on their tomb- 
stones to hand their name down to posterity, nor a friendly 
and partial biographer to recount their deeds. 
Dr. Emilio Joaquim da Silva Maia distinguished himself 
in his medical practice by his zeal, activity, skill and char- 
ity. He was a member of the Rio de Janeiro Municipal 
Chamber and, on account of his activity and enlightened 
ideas, was very useful to the municipality. 
He studied the natural sciences with care and pleasure, 
teaching them in the Imperial College of D. Pedro II, where 
he had been a professor since 1838. He was likewise direc- 
tor of one of sections of the National Museum, and, as was 
recognized by learned naturalists of the old world, did much 
to advance the cause of science by his studies, writings and 
labors. 
He wrote a great deal in the Reviews of the National 
Industry Aid Society, and Imperial Academy of Medicine, 
of which latter he was for a longtime editor, and in the Mi- 
nerva Brazileira, of which he was founder and editor-in- 
chief. 452 
He was one of the founders of the Brazilian Geographical 
and Historical Institute. 
To the great qualities to which these services bear witness 
Dr. Emilo Joaquim da Silva Maia united others no less esti- 
mable. 
He was a good and affectionate father, a loving husband, 
a faithful friend, a loyal companion and an honest citizen. 
Laborious and busy, he never lost an instant, and knew no 
other rest than that which he obtained from sleep in the 
few short hours of the night. 
He shortened his days, because he would not spare him- 
self, not even when he was stricken down with the sickness 
that carried him to the tomb. 
Though sick for many months, he refused to abandon his 
professoral chair or his library, till, forced to take to his bed, 
he saw that his case was hopeless. His last hour sounded, 
and his last sigh was breathed on Nov. 21st, 1859. 
Dr. Emilio Joaquim da Silva Maia was highly respected 
by learned and literary men. He belonged to nearly all the 
literary and scientific societies in Brazil, among which the 
principal were the Historical and Geographical Institute, 
the Imperial Academy of Medicine, the National Industry 
Aid Society, the Bahia Literary Institute and the Vellosiana 
Society. 
In Europe his name was written on the roll of the Lisbon 
Society of Medical Science, the French Society of Natural 
Sciences, and that of the Northern Antiquarians. 
His writings are numerous, but unfortunately are scat- 
tered through various periodicals. Essays on political 
events in Brazil, synoptical tables of the animals of Brazil, 
prepared for the purpose of facilitating the study of zoology 
in the Imperial College of D. Pedro II, an address on the 
scientific and benevolent societies which have been founded 453 
in America, an historical eulogy of Jose Bonifacio de An- 
drada e Silva, and several essays on subjects relating to 
medicine, natural science and literature, besides several 
academic addresses may be found in the Reviews of the 
Institute, in the Annals of the Academy of Medicine and 
in nearly all the literary and scientific periodicals of Rio de 
Janeiro. ZXIXIL OF NOVEMBER 
JOSE SATURNINO DA COSTA PEREIRA 
Jose Saturnino do Costa Pereira was the legitimate son 
of Felix da Costa Furtado and of D. Anna Pereira. He was 
born in Nov. 22, 1773, in the colony of Sacramento, then 
forming a part of the Portuguese colony of Brazil. 
He graduated at the Coimbra University, and entered 
the engineer corps at a date that has not been precisely 
fixed. 
In 1814 he was certainly in Rio de Janeiro, for on De- 
cember 4 th of that year the Academy of Mathematical, Phy- 
sical and Natural Sciences was founded, and he was not 
only appointed one of the professors, but also employed to 
write several compendiums for the use of the academy; 
which shows that his abilities were duly recognized. 
In this establishment, afterwards called the Military 456 
Academy, Jos6 Saturnino had the reputation of an able 
professor. 
He was brother to Hypolito Jos6 da Costa Pereira Furtado 
de Mendonca who, as has been stated in his biography, 
had edited since 1807 the Correio Braziliense, published in 
England. 
It is not only credible, but actually proved by letters and 
notes left by Jos6 Saturnino, that he kept his brother se- 
cretly informed of the progress of events and of the political 
designs of the Brazilian government, and it is asserted that 
this secret correspondence was not unknown to the Prince- 
Regent, afterwards King John VI, who used it more than 
once for his own purposes. 
This fact, which appears to be positive, leaves no stain on 
the character of Jos6 Saturnino, who was working in the 
interest of his country. 
When the independence of the Empire was proclaimed and 
the constitution framed, Jos6 Saturnino da Costa Pereira 
entered the Senate in 1828, having been included in the 
list of persons submitted to the Imperial choice by the 
province of Matto-Grosso. 
In the senate he spoke frequently, but always concisely 
and to the point; he was an able reasoner,and always well- 
informed, but without pretensions to eloquence. 
He was a firm monarchist and supporter of the govern- 
ment, without subjection to any party whatever. 
On May 16, 1837, he was chosen minister of War in the 
last year of the regency of the Rev. Diogo Antonio Feijo. 
He went out of office on Sept. 18th of the same year, and 
of course was able to accomplish very little in the short 
space of four months, spent principally in heated debates 
with the strong opposition party in parliament. 
His political life was not brilliant, because he did not 457 
endeavor to make it so. His speeches in parliament were 
short and calm ; but he was a notable worker in the com- 
mittee-rooms,where he was kept constantly employed. 
He did not trouble himself with nolitical ambition; his 
favorite occupations were scientific labors and studies. 
He was senator of the Empire; four times minister of 
War, knight commander of the order of Christ, compa- 
nion of the order of the Crusader, retired professor of the 
Military School of Rio de Janeiro and officer of engineers. 
He was passionately fond of the fine arts, especially 
music, and there was one, at least, among his children who 
could have distinguished himself in this art, if he had not 
limited the exhibition of his talent to families or private 
societies. 
He died in the city of Rio de Janeiro on January 9, 1852. 
Before his death the following of his works had been 
printed: 
Elementary Treatise on Mechanics by M. Fournier, trans- 
lated into Portuguese, and augmented with additions extracted 
from the works of Prony, Bossut, Marie, etc. 
Investigations concerning the most voluminous of solids of 
equal surfaces. 
Topographical Dictionary of the Empire of Brazil. 
General History of Animals, classified according to Cuvier's 
System, extracted from the observations of the latest and most 
creditable travelling naturalists. 
Elements of Geodesy,preceded by the Principles of Spherical 
Trigonometry and Astronomy,necessary for the correct under- 
standing of the former, extracted from the Work of Puissant. 
Elements of Mechanics. 
Application of Algebra to Geometry or Analytical Geo- 
metry, according to the System of Lacroix. 458 
Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculi, according 
to the System of Lacroix. 
Notes for the formation of Guide-books of the Coasts of 
Brazil. 
Of these works the first, sixth, seventh and eighth were 
compendiums for the use of the Military School. 
He also left many unfinished and skeleton manuscript 
works, which offer a conclusive proof of his great industry 
in scientific pursuits. 
It seems unlikely, hut it is positively asserted by respec- 
table relatives of Senator Jose Saturnino, that he wrote and 
caused to be printed at the National Printing-Office a scien- 
tific novel in 14 volumes entitled The Burnt College. 
The learned Dr. Joao Joaquim Pizarro, member of the 
Medical Faculty of Rio de Janeiro, husband of a grand- 
daughter of Jos6 Saturnino, declares that among the latter's 
papers there are documents showing that the work had been 
sent to the printing-office. But unfortunately the work was 
never published, and there is no proof of its having been 
printed. 
Was the manuscript lost in the printing-office ? 
Was it taken away and hidden? 
This is a problem which no one can solve. 
Among the papers left by Josd Saturnino it is stated that 
he had written, finished and sent to the press the work in 
14 volumes. 
Does sending to the press mean delivering to the print- 
ing-office ? 
In any case the lost volumes must have been a gigantic 
work whose fundamental idea seems to have been almost 
the same as that of the novels of Jules Verne. 
From the notes and memoranda found among the papers 459 
of Jos6 Saturnino it would appear that the 14 volume novel 
was a vast scientific study. 
Adverse fortune, in the shape of a secret and treacherous 
enemy had fired the college of a learned professor who, fleeing 
from persecution, and accompanied by devoted pupils, tra- 
velled over Brazil, journeying along the coast and through the 
interior; meeting with all sorts of romantic adventures, in 
which he took occasion to teach, in a humorous and agreeable 
form, geography, topography, a description of the man- 
ners and customs of the Indians, and of the method of civi- 
lizing them, and in short everything relating to the great- 
ness of Brazil, which could amuse and instruct his young 
pupils and fellow-travellers, on this scientific journey or 
pilgrimage. 
It is therefore easy to see that by the disappearance of 
this novel Brazil lost a great treasure. ZXITXIIL OF NOVEMBER 
MANOEL ARRUDA DA CAMARA 
Manoel Arruda da Camara was born in 1752, in the dis- 
trict (now province) of Alagoas, then belonging to the 
captaincy of Pernambuco. 
On November 23, 1783, he was admitted into the Goyana 
convent of the Carmelite order, adopting the name of Friar 
Manoel do Coracfto de Jesus. 
Shortly afterwards he went to Portugal,where he studied 
medicine in the Coimbra University. He was obliged to 
emigrate, on account of the rigorous measures adopted by the 
government against the students who had openly declared 
themselves in favor of the principles of the French revolu- 
tion. 
Arruda da Camara went to France, and in Montpellier 
resumed the study of medicine, taking the degree of doctor 462 
and obtaining at the same time his secularization from the 
court of Rome. 
On his return to Brazil, he passed by Lisbon, where he 
made a short delay before returning to his country. 
Arruda da Camara practiced medicine in Pernambuco; 
but he had carefully studied the natural sciences, especially 
botany, and with such interest did he prosecute these stu- 
dies that he soon obtained a considerable reputation. 
The government employed him in scientific commissions 
in Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco, but unfortunatly he did 
not live long enough to accomplish all he had projected. 
His death took place in Pernambuco in 1818 in the 52d 
year of his age. 
Manoel Arruda da Camara conceived an excellent project 
for a botanical work entitled Centurias, or the Pernambuco 
Flora, which, however, Ire was never able to realize in a 
systematic manner; but he published a number of pamphlets, 
thus causing the plants to become known. 
He left drawings and m.anuscripts as materials for this 
work, some of the plants without explanation and others 
well described. 
He was also author of the following important works : 
Dissertation on the gravata and other textile plants of 
Brazil : 1810. 
Address on the utility of gardens in the principal prov- 
inces of Brazil : 1810. 
Essay on the culture of the cotton plant, with plates: 
1799. * 
Essay of Brazilian plants suitable for the Manufacture of 
Potash: published in the 4th vol. of the Memoirs of the 
Lisbon Royal Academy of Science, p. 83-93. 
Advice to Farmers on the inutility of fermenting grains or 463 
seeds for the purpose of increasing the crop, as had been 
recommended in a publication at that time : 1792. 
There are many species and even genera of Brazilian 
plants named by Arruda ; but few of his designations are 
now retained except as synonyms, such as the Carnauba-tree 
(the Northen palm), to which Arruda gave the botanical 
name of Coripha cerifera (Copernicea cerifera of Martins); 
the Cagopary or Moranobea erculenla of Arruda [Plalonia 
insignis of Martins), etc., etc. 
In many orders of plants belonging to the Brazilian flora 
may be found species and genera named in honor of the 
Brazilian botanist, besides the notes relating to the useful 
vegetable productions of Brazil. 
Sainte Hilaire perpetuated the name of Arruda in des- 
ignating the genus Arrudea in the family of the Gutlifers. 
Much has been said concerning his knowledge of minera- 
logical science. 
It is supposed that some of the commissions with which 
he was intrusted related to this subject. 
Manoel Arruda da Camara was a member of the Royal 
Academy of Sciences of Lisbon,and was held in high esteem 
by learned naturalists of the old world. 
In Brazil, which considers itself honored by so illustrious 
a son, some persons fix his birthplace in Pernambuco and 
others in Parahyba, and finally as the result of the inves- 
tigations of the industrious and learned Dr. Saldanha da 
Gama (whose opinion is here adopted) it appears that he was 
born in Alagoas, which at that time formed a part of the 
captaincy of Pernambuco. XXIV OF JNTOVJEJSZLBER 
JOSE MONTEIRO DE NORONHA 
Jose Monteiro de Noronha was born in the city of Nossa 
Senhora de Bel6m, capital of Grao-Para, in the year 1723, 
in which he was also christened on Nov. 24th. His father, 
pleased with the talent which he early displayed, confi- 
ded his literary education to the Jesuit priests of the 
Santo Alexandre College, where the promising child com- 
pleted the study of Latin, and made rapid progress in 
philosophy, physics, theology, geometry and in other sci- 
ences in which he was instructed. 
The followers of Saint Ignatius Loyola exerted them- 
selves to persuade Jos6 Monteiro to join the order; but, 
not yielding to their persuasions, he returned home, where 
he practiced law and was elected member of the Municipal 
Chamber, serving in virtue of this office as municipal Judge 
during the absence of this magistrate. In 1754, having lost 466 
his beloved and virtuous wife, he sought consolation in 
the bosom of the church, was admitted into holy orders 
and made presbyter. 
The bishop, Friar Miguel de Bulhoes, appointed him 
vican-general of the immense district of Rio Negro, in 
wihch capacity Father Jose Monteiro rendered important 
services to the cause of religion and society, reforming the 
habits of his flock and setting a humane and virtuous 
example. 
In his vicarial visits he was obliged to make long jour- 
neys, often navigating unknown rivers, which led him 
to undertake the writing of a guide-book of the localities 
which he visited. This project, which he afterwards extend- 
ed to the whole of the province of Para, he was able to 
execute, but the difficulties with which he had to con- 
tend in doing so can hardly be conceived. 
Having finally finished his work, he was unable to 
print it, but fortunately it was not lost, as several copies 
were kept of this important work, in which, for the first 
time a native of Pard, had written on the geography, topog- 
raphy and statistics of his province. 
By the bishop, Friar Joao Evangelista Pereira, the illus- 
trious and pious Father Jos6 Monteiro was appointed vicar- 
general of Para. 
This worthy and learned priest was also distinguished as 
a pulpit orator, but unfortunately his sermons have been 
all lost except one of great merit, which he preached on the 
opening of the charity hospital founded by the bishop, Friar 
Caetano Brandao. 
He served in Para more than once as capitulary vicar, 
winning the respect and veneration of all. 
On April 15, 1794, he placidly expired in the midst of his 467 
honors and in the enjoyment qf the love and esteem of his 
flock. 
His ecclesiastical services and labors were certainly useful 
to his fellow men and are deserving of gratitude ; but besides 
this, history cannot overlook his Guide-book which, although 
inferior in geographical knowledge to later works, must be 
admired as a work demanding immense labor and perseve- 
rance on the part of its author, and as the first ray of reliable 
scientific light thrown on a vast, and then almost unknown, 
region of the Brazilian Empire. XXV OF USTOXTEJMCBEIR, 
JOAO DE BRITO E LIMA 
Joao de Brito e Lima was born in Bahia on Oct. 22nd, 1671. 
He was the legitimate son of the alcaide-mdr Sebastiao de 
Araujo e Lima, lieutenant-general of artillery, and of D. 
Anna Maria da Silva. 
He studied the humanities in the city of Bahia, never 
leaving his native land and, consequently, never being able 
to enrich his intellect with extensive and varied acquirements. 
At that period, beyond the colleges and convents estab- 
lished by the civilizing influence of religious orders, the 470 
Brazilians had no means to acquire instruction in their 
own country. There were no public libraries nor printing- 
offices, and good books were scarce and not easily obtained. 
Joao de Brito e Lima was merely a mediocre poet; but in 
judging his literary merit, it is necessary to take into con- 
sideration the circumstances and intellectual level of the 
time in which he lived. 
His works, printed in Lisbon from 1718 to 1742, consist 
of an elegiac poem to the first-born child of the Count of 
Villa-Flor, a festive poem on the marriage of the Prince- 
Royal, another addressed to Judge Madeira, verses on the 
death of D. Leonor de Vilhena, sonnets, etc. 
Besides these works Balthazar da Silva Lisboa in his MS. 
Biographical Notes on Illustrious Brazilians (left by him to 
lhe Historical Institute) mentions the following poetical pro- 
ductions of Joao de Brito: 
Cezaria, an epic poem, containing the genealogy of D. 
Vasco Fernandes, Count of Sabugosa, and a narration of his 
actions in the government of India and Brazil. -Unpub- 
lished. 
A Poem, on the entrance into Bahia of the infantry cap- 
tain Manoel Xavier. - Unpublished. 
Another poem on the profession of two sisters in the Con- 
vent of Santa Clara in Bahia. 
Another on the happy arrival of the arch-bishop, D. Luiz 
Alvares de Figueiredo. 
Joao de Brito e Lima was a member of the Academia dos 
Esquecidos, founded under the auspices of the Count of Sa- 
bugosa. 471 
Balthazar da Silva Lisboa says that, as well as he can 
remember, Joao de Brito e Lima died on November 25th, 
1747; what is certain is, that he was seventy years old at 
the time of his death. XXVI OF 
LADISLAU DOS SANTOS TATIARA 
Ladislau do Espirito Santo Mello was born on May 24, 
1801, in the village of Feira de Capuam, in the Parish of 
Senhor do Bomfim da Matta, then belonging to the muni- 
cipal district of the capital and afterwards to that of the 
town of Matta. 
He obtained his primary instruction from his father, the 
lawyer Manoel Ferreira dos Santos Reis, and prosecuted 
his preparatory studies in the city of Sao Salvador, num- 
bering among his masters the celebrated and respectable Dr. 
Antonio Ferreira Franca. 
In April, 1820, Thomaz Antonio da Villa Nova Portu- 
gal, minister in the Portuguese government then in Rio de 
Janeiro, obtained for young Ladislau a pension for eight 
years in order that he might graduate in medicine at the 
Coimbra University. 474 
This favor shows the hopes of a brilliant future inspired 
by the talent of the Brazilian student; but he was unable to 
profit, for on his arrival at Bahia en route for Lisbon the 
affair of Nov. 7, 1821, took place and immediately after- 
wards the holy struggle for independence. 
The battle-cry of Brazilian regeneration could not fail to 
find an echo in the breast of the high-spirited and intrepid 
young man who, exchanging his books for the sword, has- 
tened to the post of honor. Emigrating to the patriot camp 
in the vicinity of the city, he served as amanuensis at the 
head-quarters of Lieut-col. Joaquim Pires Carneiro e Albu- 
querque, afterwards Viscount of Piraja, who had assembled 
the two battalions of Torre and Piraja in order to rescue 
the former capital of Brazil from the hands of the Por- 
tuguese. 
At this glorious period the partisans of Brazilian indepen- 
dence, in irrepressible explosions of patriostism, employed 
the most ingenious devices in discovering expedients for dis- 
playing their sentiments to the world. 
A flaming press, the sacrifice of property in behalf of the 
noble cause, perils, privations and battlefields where every 
citizen risked his life, all was not enough. 
Patriotism inspired many with the desire to forget the 
very names which they had inherited from a Portuguese an- 
cestry, and among others young Ladislau do Espirito Santo 
Mello, who changed his name to Ladislau dos Santos Titara 
by which he was ever afterwards known. 
The war for independence continued. 
Ladislau dos Santos Titara enlisted as a cadet in the regu- 
lar artillery on August 29, 1822. 475 
On Oct. 27 he was called to head-quarters to act as clerk 
in the department of the adjutant-general of the liberating 
army, being transferred on Jan. 23, 1823 to the 4th bat- 
talion of riflemen, in which he continued to serve without 
pay until he was made an officer. 
In April, 1823, he was appointed brevet staff-lieutenant by 
General Pedro Labatut, commander-in-chief of the liberating 
army, and on the 21st of May, was appointed acting mili- 
tary secretary in the place of the actual secretary who was 
in arrest. 
He continued to perform the duties of this office until he 
was relieved thereof in such a manner as to cast reflections 
on his zeal and, consequently, sting him into just resent- 
ment. 
He demanded a court of enquiry which acquitted him of 
all blame and ordered him to be restored to his post; but 
he contented himself with the first part of the sentence and 
did not resume his office. 
In February, 1826, he entered the service of the Registry 
of the Port of Bahia, and in the same year, when the Em- 
peror Pedro I visited that city, was appointed staff-lieu- 
tenant. 
Following a military career, he accompanied, as military 
secretary, the expedition sent in April, 1840, from Bahia to 
the Piauhy frontier. In 1841 he served in Santa Catharina 
as adjutant of the recruiting depot and as military secre- 
tary, acting, also, temporarily as major. 
In 1842 he served in Sao Paulo as paymaster of the 
forces sent on the Rio Negro expedition. In October of the 
same year he was ordered to Rio Grande do Sul, when in 476 
1847 he was placed in charge of the military depot. In 1851 
he was appointed assistant quarter-master and held this of- 
fice till 1856, rendering good service. 
Having promoted to a majority, he was in 1859 designated 
to assist at Rio de Janeiro in compiling the military code 
under the direction of Senator Joao Antonio de Miranda. 
The same year he was chosen by the Minister of War to 
prepare a chronological index, of which he presented the 
first five years on November 26, 1857. A grand idea, a noble 
and honorable impulse drew Ladislau Titdra-from his lite- 
rary to a military career, but it was never able to make him 
forget his first inclination. 
The soldier sought repose from his military duties in the 
culture of his taste for literary and historical studies. He was 
the author of eight volumes of poetry, a treatise on tropes 
and figures, with examples in Latin and Portuguese, a 
highly esteemed work in two volumes, called the Auditor 
BrazileirOy and the History of the Grand South American 
Liberating Army in its campaigns against the Tyrants of 
the River Plate, a valuable work containing some import- 
ant facts respecting the battle of Itusaingo. Besides these 
printed works, he left a manuscript entitled Corographic 
Notes on the Provinces of Bahia, Santa Catharina, Sdo 
Paulo and Bio Grande do Sul. 
Always industrious and always patriotic, Ladisldu dos 
Santos Titara consecrated everything to his country; he 
gave her his arm, his heart and his mind-the warrior's 
sword, the writer's pen and the poet's harp. 
The breast of Titara already adorned with the Indepen- 
dence medal, received by the special favor of H. M. the 
Emperor D. Pedro II on the 10th of February, 1846, the 477 
cross of the Order of the Crusader, on July 8, 1848, that 
of the Order of Aviz, and on December 2, 1852, the ap- 
pointment of companion of the Imperal Order of the Rose. 
Major Ladislau dos Santos Titara died in the city of Rio 
de Janeiro in the year 1861. XXVII OF USTCCVEISZEBEIR 
JOSE PINTO DE AZERBDO 
Jos6 Pinto de Azeredo, son of the regimental surgeon 
Francisco de Azeredo, was born in Rio de Janeiro in the 
year 1763. After studying the humanities in his native 
city with the laudations of all his teachers, he was sent by 
his father to Europe to study medicine in the celebrated 
Edinburgh Faculty which in 1787 conferred on him the 
degree of doctor. 
Having received his diploma, Pinto de Azeredo wrote an 
essay for the Harveiana prize, entitled « A Dissertation on 
the Chemical and Medical Properties of the so-called Li- 
thontriptic substances » to which essay the said prize was 
awarded. 480 
This essay, accompanied by a hundred and six experi- 
ments made by the author, made a considerable impres- 
sion and excited great interest. 
On his return to Bio de Janeiro, he practiced his profes- 
sion for four years with great credit; but in 1792, desiring 
a wider field, he went to Lisbon where shortly after his ar- 
rival he accepted the office of chief physician at Angola. He 
there rendered excellent service, teaching the practice of 
medicine as he had been ordered by the government, and 
collecting full and valuable notes from his extensive 
practice. 
At the end of four years, sick and exhausted, he fled the 
fatal climate of Angola, and returned to Lisbon, where some 
months after he published his highly esteemed work on 
« Some of the Diseases prevalent at Angola. » 
By Queen Maria I he was appointed physician of the 
Hoy al Bedchamber and decorated with the cross of cheva- 
lier of the order of Chirst. 
In 1807, when the prince-regent D. John resolved to send 
to Brazil the Prince D. Pedro with the title of Constable, 
Dr. Jose Pinto de Azeredo was chosen to form a part of the 
latter's suite. But he failed to go, not only because this idea 
was thwarted by the sudden and unforseen emigration of 
D. John himself and the whole royal family, but also be- 
cause the illustrious Brazilian physician was stricken down 
with an attack of the brain fever and died in Lisbon in the 
same year of 1807. 
Dr. Jose Pinto de Azeredo was a member of the Harveian 
Society at Edinburgh and of the Lisbon Academy of 
Science. 
Dr. Emilio Joaquim da Silva Maia wrote an historical 481 
panegyric of Dr. Jose Pinto de Azeredo, which he read on 
November 27, 1840, at a public meeting of the Brazilian 
Historical and Geographical Institute. From this panegyric 
are extracted the principal facts here narrated; and in de- 
fault of other dates for registering the name of the illus- 
trious Brazilian, selection is made of the 27th of November, 
the day on which his services were solemnly commemo- 
rated. xxm of isroxzEisZLJBEn 
JOSE ELLOY PESSOA 
Jose Eloy, sou of the surgeon, Major Christovao Pereira 
da Silva and of 1). Josepha Maria Pessoa, was born on July 
27, 1792, in the city of Bahia. He there received his pri- 
mary and secondary instruction and was ready to go to the 
Coimbra University, as his father desired, when he conclu- 
ded to enlist, which he did on November 28, 1807, in the 
first company of the artillery regiment that garrisoned his 
native city. 
On account of his advancement in his studies and the 
excellent result of the examinations to which he was subject- 
ed, he was soon promoted to the rank of captain. 
The captain-general, Count of Arcos, appreciating his 
talent and aptitude for mathematical studies, obtained from 484 
the prince-regent John leave for Jose Eloy to attend the 
Coimbra University, receiving at the same time his military 
pay. 
The latter, after graduating, returned to Brazil with a 
diploma as bachelor of philosophy and with the rank of 
Major in the army. 
The year of 1821 was one of revolutionary excitement. 
Major Jos6 Eloy de Pessoa who arrived at Bahia in August, 
brought from Bahia all the revolutionary ideas there in 
vogue. 
On November 3, he took part in a demonstration for the 
deposition of the Provincial Committee organized on Feb- 
ruary 10, was arrested and sent to Lisbon. As soon as he 
was released he returned to Bahia which on his arrival he 
found to be in possession of the Portuguese general Madeira, 
while the patriot army was organizing the means of re- 
sistance in the surrounding country. Without waiting to 
hear more, he hastened to the patriot camp where he worthily 
served until General Labatut withdrew him from the seat 
of war, much to his regret, in order to send him to Sergipe 
as military and civil governor, a commission which was 
highly honorable, especially at that time. 
Bahia being liberated, the Emperor D. Pedro I honored 
Eloy Pessoa with several administrative commissions, pro- 
moted him to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and placed 
him in command of the artillery brigade in the city of 
Bahia. 
On his arrival at that city, he found everything in con- 
fusion and terror on account of the mutiny of the troops, 
in which the commander of the military district, Colonel 
Felisberto Gomes Caldeira, had been murdered. Taking 485 
command, of the legal military forces, he displayed such 
energy, zeal and courage that in a short time the rule of 
law and order was restored in the city. 
In 1825 he was ordered with his brigade to tate part in the 
southern campaign, and was detached to garrison the island 
of Garrit. But in the cisplatine war, the army received more 
injury from internal intrigues than from the enemy. Eloy 
Pessoa was one of the victims of calumny and perfidy, and 
obliged to return to Rio de Janeiro where he retired from 
active service with the rank of colonel. 
Consoling himself with the pleasures of home in the bosom 
of his family, he devoted himself to the practice of law, in 
which he gained considerable reputation. 
In 1831 he returned to active military service and enter- 
ed the engineers corps, rendering important services in 
the construction of military works at the capital of bis na- 
tive province. He also lectured on artillery and field fortifica- 
tions to a class which he opened on May 3, 1832, with an 
eloquent and leaned address. 
In 1837 he was appointed president of the province of 
Sergipe, and aided the legal forces in the victory over the 
republican revolt which broke out in Bahia on November 7 
and continued till the 15th of the following February. 
He was a member of the legislature of his province, 
and elected deputy to the General Assembly from that 
Sergipe. In Alagoas he commanded the legal forces 
against armed faction, and was appointed by the provin- 
cial government of Bahia and by the military corps to con- 
gratulate the Emperor when the latter was declared of 
age. 
A man of honor and morality, generally esteemed and pos- 
sessing, as for as was known, no enemies whatever, he 486 
was shot one night, on returning from the city of Bahia ot 
his country residence on the Rio Vermelho road, by an as- 
sassin who was never discovered. 
He died ou March 2, 1841, when he was still in the 
prime of his life, the victim of a mysterious and inexplicable 
crime. 
His death cast a gloom over the city of Bahia which hon- 
ored the illustrious victim with the most solemn and demon- 
strative exequies. 
At the time of his death, Jos6 Eloy Pessoa was brigadier- 
general, chevalier of the orders of the Crusador and Sao 
Bento de Aviz, groom of the Imperial bedchamber, cor- 
responding member of the Brazilian Geographical and His- 
torical Society, and besides had been decorated with the 
cmpaign medal conceded to those who distinguished them- 
selves in the war for the liberation of Bahia. 
He was reputed an able chemist, and taught practical 
and theoretical chemistry to a scientific society in Bahia. 
He was, moreover, proficient in several languages. OE NOVEMBER 
SATURNINO DE SOUZA E OLIVEIRA COUTINHO 
Brother of Aureliano, Viscount of Sepetiba and legiit- 
mate son of Aureliano de Souza e Oliveira and his wife, 
whose name is not mentioned by biographers, Saturnino de 
Souza e Oliveira Coutinho was born in Corrego Secco, 
where the city of Petropolis now stands, on November 
29, 1803. 
He prosecuted his preparatory studies in the city of Rio 
de Janeiro and graduated in the law course of the Coimbra 
University, returning to the Brazilian capital in 1825. 
He opened a lawyer's office and soon distinguished him- 
self. Among his clients were the Bank, the Muncipal 488 
Chamber, several important commercial houses and, what 
is more, the two Andradas, Antonio Carlos and Martini 
Francisco, who retained him for their defense when they 
returned from exile. 
In 1831 Saturnino, who was a Liberal, took part with the 
moderate party. He was then justice of the peace of the parish 
of Sacramento, and when the National Guard was organized 
was elected lieutenant-colonel of the battalion of that 
parish. 
As justice of the peace he was at the Sao Pedro d'Alcan- 
tara theatre when the troops, incensed at provocations re- 
ceived, fired into the pit, though without aiming at the 
spectators. 
Saturnino hastened to prevent a repetition of this act, 
though by the ultra-oppositionists he was for some time at- 
tacked as being the author of this unwise and inexcusable 
conduct of an undisciplined soldiery. 
On the 17th of April, 1832, he commanded his batta- 
lion in an engagement with the Caramun'is or partisans of 
the conspiracy organized for restoring D. Pedro I to the 
throne, risking his life for the cause of law and order. 
In 1831 and 1832 he distinguished himself by his civic 
courage and patriotic devotion, as an energetic enemy of 
anarchy and an intrepid supporter of the liberal cause. 
In 1833 he was elected deputy to the General Assembly 
by the province and city of Kio de Janeiro, and where, in 
the following year he took his seat in the chamber, be 
showed himself worthy of the confidence of his cons- 
tituents. 489 
Appointed inspector of the Rio de Janeiro custom-house, 
he held this office for a number of years. 
He promoted the building' of the Exchange, recommend- 
ed variuos useful, economical and fiscal, reforms, assisted in 
drafting* the respective regulations and so conducted him- 
self as to win the approbation and laudations of such 
ministers as Martini Francisco and Calmon, afterwards 
Marquis of Abrantes. From the trade he receivede every 
proof of the confidence, esteem and consideration with 
which he was regarded. 
Saturnino enjoyed more than any other inspector of the 
first custom-house of the Empire, the entire and well- 
merited confidence of the government, and at the same times 
the utmost popularity with the trade. 
In 1836 he had a disagreement with the minister of finance, 
and, in consideration of what was due to his self-respect 
and to the important office which he held, he resigned ; but 
about a year afterwards he was restored to his position by 
the minister, Miguel Calmon Dupin e Almeida. The latter 
act gave great satisfaction to the merchants. The captains 
of the merchant vessels in port adorned their rigging with 
banners, and the mercantile community celebrated the event 
with joyous festivities. 
He had frequently evaded the acceptance of the office of 
president of a province ; but he deemed it his duty to accept 
the presidency of Rio Grande do Sul in 1839 when that prov- 
ince was desolated by rebellion. Not being able to agree 
with the military commander of the district, General Ma- 
nuel Jorge Rodrigues, afterwards Baron of Taquary, both 
were dismissed, and Saturnino returned to his place in the 
custom-house. 490 
In 1841 lie was again appointed president of that prov- 
ince and held his office till the end of the following year, 
when he surrendered it to the Baron (now Duke) of Caxias, 
in whose hands the government wisely united the two offi- 
ces of president and military commandant. 
In the administration of the province of Rio Grande, Sa- 
turnino, as far as he could, dealt severely with the parties 
engaged in the contraband trade of furnishing arms to the 
rebels. 
On retiring from the province his name was connected with 
works of public utility at Porto Alegre and Rio Grande ; and 
the papers were filled with addresses from the municipal 
chambers and other authorities,manifesting their appreciative 
gratitude for his excellent administration and valuable serv- 
ices rendered to the province. 
On his return to his office in the custom-house, he pre- 
sented himself as the liberal candidate for senator in 1844, 
hut was defeated in consequence of the strenuous efforts 
made by the ministry and the conservative party to prevent 
his election. 
The same year the conservative ministry resigned, and 
the liberals, obtaining office, dissolved the chamber of de- 
puties. At the ensming elections Saturnino was elected de- 
puty from the city and province of Rio de Janeiro, and was 
an influential member of the new chamber. 
On May 22, 1847, he entered the cabinet organized by 
Manoel Alves Branco, afterwards Viscount of Caravella.%, 
and was placed at the head of the department of Foreign 
Affairs, being intrusted temporarily with the portfolio of 
finance and afterwards with that of justice. He left office on 
January 22, 1848. During the session he was one of the 491 
principal and most eloquent supporters of the government 
in the chamber of deputies, whe it had a larged and de- 
cided majority. 
In 1848 he was chosen senator on the triple list presented 
to the Crown by the city and province of Rio de Janeiro. 
But it was fated that he should not take his seat in the 
Senate. 
c 
He was taken sick in March, and, having received me- 
dical treatment, he was expected to recover; but he was 
so profoundly affected by the news of the French revolution 
in February, 1858, that he became worse and died shortly 
afterwards. 
Saturnino de Souza e Oliveira was so poor at the time of 
his death that his funeral expenses had to be paid by his 
friends. 
But the day of his burial was one of public mourning. All 
the merchant ships in the harbor were droped in flags at 
halfmast, and the merchants refrained from transacting 
business with the Customhouse. 
» 
Saturnino was dignitary of the Imperial Order of the 
Crusader, or, in the language of the eloquent Porto Alegre, 
now Baron of Santo Angelo, the order of the sons of Them- 
istocles. 
Saturnino de Souza e Oliveira was a just and energetic 
man, possessing a powerful and cultivated mind and a wide 
and generous heart. 
As an administrator, he was zealous and upright; as a 
parliamentary debater, calm and dispassionate, but gifted 
with vigorous reasoning power. To all these qualities he 
united strict and uncontested integrity. 492 
man, possesing a powerful and cultivated mind and a wide 
and generous heart. 
As an administrator, he was zealous and upright ; as a 
parliamentary debater, calm and dispassionate, but gifted 
with vigorous reasoning power. To all these qualities he 
united strict and uncontested integrity. XXX OF NOVEMBER 
D. FRANCISCO ROLIM DE MOURA 
1). Francisco de Moura who distinguished himself in 
Europe, Asia and America was born in Pernambuco in 1580. 
He was the legitimate son of D. Felippe de Moura, a Por- 
tugese, and of D. Genebra Cavalcanti, a native of Pernam- 
buco. 
He adopted a military career and was considered a dis- 
tinguished general, being noted for his coolness and courage 
in the heat of battle. 
He won renown in India, Flanders and Brazil in the 
wars in which Portugal was obliged to engage,in thebegin- 
ning of the 17th century, in obedience to the behests of the 
Spanish conqueror, and in defence of her ancient domains. 494 
In 1625 he assisted no little in liberating- Bahia from the 
Dutch who had conquered it in 1624. On November 30 of 
this year he had preceded the Hispano-Portuguese fleet which 
arrived in the following- March, carrying- with him his 
appointment as g-overnor-g-eneral, in which capacity he 
served after the capitulation of the Dutch g-arrisson, until 
1626. 
His services were rewarded with numerous and valuable 
recompenses from the monarch, among- others the fee- 
simple of Graciosa island in the Acores archipelago. 
He was a member of the Portuguese council. 
He died in Lisbon in the year 1657, aged 67, leaving no 
descendants. 
In default of the dates of the principal events of his life, 
the name of this illustrious Brazilian is registered on the 
30th of November. I OF DECEMBER 
MANGEL DE MACEDO 
A priest and celebrated preacher, was born in Pernambuco 
in 1603, descended from a distinguished family. It is not 
known at what period he left Brazil and proceeded to Por- 
tugal, where he completed his literary education, and im- 
mediately began to as ume a high position in the pulpit. 
Portugal was under the dominion of Spain, and so bril- 
liant a reputation had Father Manoel de Macedo that the 
Court of Madrid sought to attract him. The Duchess of 
Mantua appointed him her chaplain, and honored him 
with the greatest esteem. 
Manoel de Macedo was in Lisbon when the Portuguese 
revolution broke out on the 1st of December, 1640, and 
D. John IV was proclaimed King; his relations with high 
personages and ministers of Spain, and the favors which 498 
the government of Madrid had dispensed him, caused him 
to be suspected and prompted his imprisonment and banish- 
ment to India. 
The best proof of the injustice of the imprisonment and 
banishment which he suffered is in the fact that D. John 
IV ordered the exiled priest to return to Portugal, when 
this kingdom had not yet concluded peace with Spain, and 
on the contrary was under apprehensions of Spanish in- 
vasion. 
The splendid fame of the eloquent and profound sacred 
orator naturally united with the recognition of his inno- 
cence served to hasten his return from India. 
But unfortunately the vessel in which Father Manoel 
de Macedo returned to Lisbon, put in at Angola, and there, 
in 1645, this distinguished and celebrated Brazilian 
died. 
The sermons of Manoel de Macedo are mnch eulogized 
by authorities like the Count of Ericeira (D. Luiz), the 
Abbot Diogo Barbosa, and Friar Theodoro Monteiro. IT OF DECEMBER 
JOSE MARIANI 
Jose Mariani was born in May, 18 )0, in the Villa da 
Barra, province of Bahia, in the capital of which ho stud- 
ied the humanities. He graduated in law in the university 
of Coimbra, and came to follow in his native country the 
career of a magistrate. 
Despatched in that capacity (juiz de fora} to Maranhao, 
he strengthened his reputation as a most distinguished ma- 
gistrate by his cultivated intelligence, and his severe and 
unsurpassed rectitude. The sentence of Dr. Mariani was 
always the lively expression of right and of the law. 
He exercised in the same province the functions of Chief 
of Police; he rose there also to the Upper Court (Tribunal 
da Relaqao, as Desembargador}. Some years afterwards 
he was transferred to the Upper Court of the city of Rio de 500 
Janeiro, being at last chosen member of the Supreme Court 
of Justice. 
Counsilor Jos6 Mariani at the pnnacle of the magistracy 
showed himself the same as he had been when a magistratein 
Maranhao, except in the progressive enlargement of his 
knowledge, principally in juridical science, and the prac- 
tise, which made him with facility seek for justice and 
right in the midst of the sophisms and artifices which law 
papers heap together. 
The name of Mariani discouraged that intervention, de- 
moralizing and repugnant, but active, importunate and 
audacious, which is called - empenho- (the undue em- 
ployment of personal interest); he, the magistrate of su- 
blime deafness, disconcerted the empenho, which unde- 
ceived, fled from the judge who never gave ear to it. 
As a high proof of his well deserved reputation, Coun- 
cillor Jose Mariani was appointed a member of the com- 
mission which was to examine the civil code oi the 
profound and learned jurisconsult Dr. Augusto Teixeira 
de Freitas; he, however, did not accept the charge, 
because he reputed it incompatible with the post of 
Minister of the Supreme Court of Justice. 
Without interrupting the functions which he exercised 
of Desembargador of the Upper Court, he occupied provi- 
sionally in the capital of the Empire the post of Inspector- 
general of primary and secondary instruction of the 
municipality of Rio de Janeiro. 
During the minority of the Emperor D. Pedro II, he 
twice relinquished his life of magistrate, I eing entrusted 
with the presidency of the province of Parh, and afterwards 
with that of S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, before the 
rebellion which for nine years steeped it in blood. In both 
the presidencies his government was that of the law, nor 501 
could it be otherwise: a liberal in principles, Jose Mariani 
relinquished the honours of a party politician, for, 
impartial and upright, he listened only to the right. 
The province of Maranhao, which had adopted him 
proudly at the opening, and in the flower of his grand 
career as an exemplary magistrate, four times included 
him in the lists for Senator submitted to the choise of 
the Crown. 
A judge of the highest integrity, of unblemished probity 
desering and enjoying the fullest confidence from allv, a 
magistrate who died virgin from the faintest suspicion of 
partiality or of lightest patronage, Councillor Josd Mariani 
was further a man of letters, a Latinist of great power, 
a gentle and witty talker in the society of good and 
illustrious friends, and the head of a family, who renewed 
at his virtuous heart the holy and pure life of the 
good patriarchs, who with tender love and with the most 
exalted virtues blessed their spouse, their children and 
the band of chosen ones who frequented their tent. 
Councillor Jose Mariano, at 75 years of age, and still in 
all the vigour of his mind and his fine intelligence, died in 
the city of Rio de Janeiro on the 2nd of December, 1875. 
His shroud was, thus it was meet, the judge's toga, for 
there never has been or will be a magistrate who has ex- 
ceeded or can exceed him in probity, and in the just appli- 
cation of the law, and in the vestal worship of the flame of 
right. Ill OF DECEMBER 
FRIAR FRANCISCO DR MONT'ALVERNE 
The fair and immense region of the south of America, 
which a happy fortune had revealed to the eyes of Cabral, 
opened up a vast and brilliant theatre to the triumphs of 
Catholicism. It was certainly not to the sword of its war- 
riors that the Portuguese crown principally owed the con- 
quest of a world, which yet belonged to heathenism: it 
was the to prodigies and the miracles of the cross, which 
making the light of truth to shine, and spreading on every 
hand the germs of civilization, broke the arrows of the 
Indian, and assured the power of the European. Mem de 
SA and Dr. Salema appear only in the seeond place in the 
picture, in which tower grandly the figures of Nobrega and 
Anchieta. 
The hosts of the third Governor-general of Brazil might 504 
have been routed by the 1 amoyos in conspiracy, had not 
the charm of the two Jesuits availed them, who caused the 
peace of the Word, of religion and of charity to spring 
forth; and the victory of Dr. Salema was the work of de- 
vastation and extermination, which always leaves roots 
to hatred, and demonstrates only the abuse of strength, 
which neither brought advantage to the Faith, nor esta- 
blished alliances. 
The apostles of the new world bring to the midst of the 
tabas of the heathen, that sublime eloquence which had gone 
forth from the Last Supper with the first apostles; the 
grace of the Lord makes their words fruitful, and these work 
wonderful conversions. 
While warlike colonists defend a conquest, which is still 
limited to the white beaches of a most lovely sea-shore, 
and devour, with an ambitious eye, the magnificent forests 
which mark the Herculean vegetation of the torrid zone, 
the Jesuits penetrate intrepid into the depth of the deserts, 
ascend the high mountains, upon whose summit the savage 
shows himself, as if he had been the King of Nature; and 
there armed with heavenly inspiration, they conquer with 
their word entire hordes, who are purified by baptism and 
enter upon the way to heaven. 
It was the religious cry of the jesuit which encouraged 
the phalanx of Estacio de Sa, and which did not permit the 
covetous dream of Antartic France to be verified : it was 
the spirit of Catholicism which taking advantage of the 
electric flame of the patriotic Portuguese revolution of 1640 
got up this glorious army, which, in the the north of Brazil 
broke the Dutch yoke, and preseved in its integrity the 
region which was to be the great American Empire. 
It was meet that everything thus should happen ; it was 
the land of the Holv Cross. 505 
If, years afterwards, the ambition and the selfish 
calculations of the jesuit took the place of the dedication, 
the disinterestedness, and the glory of the missionary; 
already the word of God, already the doctrine of Catholi- 
cism had been cast into the fertile soil of Brazil. 
The word of God was the seed: the influence of the cross 
erected in Porto-Seguro made from the enriched virgin soil 
the seed sprout forth : its fruit was the divine inspiration, 
which since the 17th century raised the sacred tribune in 
Brazil to splendour and majesty. 
From these conventss, which rose apart in the midst of 
vast deserts, like oasis of peace and piety, or in the centre 
of noisy cities as asylums of wisdom and retreats of reli- 
gious contemplation: from these convents and monaste- 
ries began to go forth, like celestial flames, famous orators 
who would have honoured the pulpit of the cultured coun- 
tries of old Europe. 
Already in the 17th century, Bezerra, Antonio de S&, 
Euzebio de Mattos, Botelho do Rozario, Friar Antonio da 
Piedade, Friar Manoel do Desterro and so many others, had 
sent forth their eloquent voice in the temples of the new 
world. Already in the 18th century, Friar Antonio de 
Santa Maria, Caetano Villas Boas, Correa de Lacerda, Joao 
Alvares de Santa Maria and others, still had protested with 
their bold and powerful word against the decay of the sa- 
cred tribune in Europe, which had not yet the Lacordai- 
res Venturas and others, to fill the void left by the Bos- 
suets and Massillons. 
But it was precisely at the end of this century, and in 
Rio de Janeiro, that the great men were born who 
formed this immortal pleiad of ministers and dispensers of 
the word of God, of ambassadors whom the sovereign Lord 
sends upon earth to manifest his will, and to guide human- 506 
ity to the end for which he has created it, as Roquette says. 
It was then that were born Antonio Pereira de Souza Cal- 
das in 1762; Friar Francisco de S. Carlos in 1763; Friar 
Francisco de Santa Thereza de Jesus S. Paio in 1778; Ja- 
nuario da Cunha Barboza in 1785; and a year previously, 
in 1784, Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne, 
The 18th century bore on to its successor these robus 
and admirable intelligences, these orators of true inspira- 
tion, who began with the great Caldas and came to finish 
in the not less great Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne. 
In the beginning of the 19th century the prince after- 
wards I). John VI arrives in Rio de Janeiro, and he him- 
self, and the court which had followed him are surprised 
at finding the sacred tribune of Brazil at such an exalted 
height. 
Let the illustrious Alverne himself here speak. 
In Brazil, says he, everything is prodigy, everything is 
wonder. This sun which enriches our fields, and perpetuates 
our spring, scalds the imagination of her sons, and realizes 
these portents of intelligence, which make Brazilians an 
object of wonder and dread. The Portuguese descending 
in 1808 to the southern bank of the bay of Nictheroy, 
were taken back with surprise at finding in Rio de Janeiro a 
youth brilliant and eager of knowledge, which waited only 
for the means to raise themselves to the elevation which 
their talents promised them. 
« The court saw with astonishment men eminent in the 
ecclesiastical sciences who, without having gone out of 
their own country, without the resources of the univer- 
sities and the advantages which the lyceums and well- 
organized schools offer, did not fear to show themselves 
and to speak remarkably well, and even with certain 
superiority before doctorsand men who had obtained parch- 507 
ments, with which they testified the high degree of their 
instruction. We are yet very near to these events ; we 
still possess a great number of persons who beheld these 
days so memorable and so rich with hopes. They have 
witnessed the refulgence which involved these convents so 
fertile in scientific knowledge. They will remember with 
pride this secular clergy so distinguished for their intelli- 
gence, and so fecund in virtues. It was Justiniano Masca- 
renhas Castello Branco, who without doubt would be 
worthy to be compared with the bishops of the first centu- 
ries of the church, if he had not been bishop in his own 
country. 
« One of the first caores of the Prince Regente, arriving 
at Rio de Janeiro, was to raise the splendour and majesty 
of public worship. A clever politician, the prince knew 
that it is only to religion that it is given to sustain empires 
and fortify institutions. The foundation of the royal chapel 
of Rio de Janeiro, the immortal monument of the piety of 
D. John VI, was the arena where the Brazilian genius 
showed itself in all its pomp. Orators accustomed to the 
triumphs of the pulpit were rivalled by young preachers, 
who encouraged by their first victories burned to gain 
new crowns. Then was the epoch of great events, and the 
circumstances which were produced within and outside of 
of the country offered ample materials for the eloquence 
of the pulpit, » 
We may affirm with all the pride of truth, that no 
Transatlantic preacher, has exceeded the Brazilian orators 
The richness of their diction was united with purity ol 
style and force of argument : and so that a simple beauty 
might not be wanting, the sweetness and amenity of 
expression increased the charms and magic of the action. 
This thought of a French writer was thus verified : That 508 
the language of Uamoens uttered by a Brazilian, ought to 
realize all the prodigies and all the seductions of harmony. 
D. John VI was accustumed to say, that he possessed in 
Rio de Janeiro a choice of preachers, which did not allow 
him to recall those whom he had left in Portugal. When 
some writer may wish someday to describe the most notable 
facts which marked that epoch, he may say parodying the 
old Chaetas in the sublime episode of Atala, on speaking 
of his journey to France in the reign of Louis XIV, that he 
had been present at the festivals of the court of Rio de Janeiro 
and the funeral orations of Friar Francisco de S. Paio. 
It is also in this epoch, so elegantly described by Mont' 
Alverne, that we must go to find him gathering palms and 
triumphs, and soaring in extasies of inspiration to the 
immortality which gives true glory. 
Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne, whose secular name 
was Francisco Josd de Carvalho, was born on the 9th of 
August 1784 in the city of Rio de Janeiro; his parents 
were Jose Antonio da Silveira, a native of the parish of 
S. Roque in the Island of Pico, bishopric of Angra, and 
Anna Francisca da Conceigao, a native of the parish of 
Guia, bishopric of Rio de Janeiro. His genius, his inclination 
called him to the life of the cloister : he assumed rhe habit 
as choral priest in the convent of Santo Antonio Rio de 
Janeiro on the 28th of June 1801 and made his profession 
on the 3rd of October 1802. To follow him in his monastic 
life and career would be to mark each year as a step given 
in the scale of the hierarchy of the convent. The young 
religieux had distinguished himself since the first day by 
his transcendant talent, by his incessant study, and by the 
austerity of his virtues. In his first essays the emulator of 
S. Carlos and S. Paio was immediately divined : he soon 
rendered himself remarkable by his wisdom, and in the 509 
convent of S. Francisco in the city of S. Paulo, and in that 
of S. Antonio in Rio de Janeiro, and in the Seminary of S. 
Jose in short as professor of prima dogmatic theology, 
philosophy and rhetoric he surrounded himself with an 
ardent and hopeful youth, who spread the fame of his 
knowledge, of the prodigies of his eloquence, and of the 
holiness of his doctrines. 
On the 17th of October, 1816 his reputation as an orator 
was so far established, that he was nominated Regius 
preacher; and placed in the midst oof the geniuses of th 
sacred tribune, who thon shone, he was of the same stature 
as they. 
An uninterrupted series of these victories of the pulpit 
succeeded each other, in which he was illustrious for more 
thant twenty years. Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne had 
been born for the sacred tribune , he joined to the natural 
talents which he possessed in the most elevated degree the 
virtues which give prestige, and the knowledge which gives 
power. He possessed discrimination and penetration of mind, 
depth and elevation of thought, a lively and rich imagi- 
nation, and sensibility, without which the orator can never 
speak to the heart. 
Sacred literature was as familiar to him as profane; 
from nature he had received eloquence, which art had 
simply perfected; in philosophy he always showed himself 
as profound as a great master can be. His voice resounded 
in the amplitude of the sacred temples ; his presence imbued 
veneration; his gestures were noble, and when he spoke 
he never needed to ask attention, he imposed it. 
Like S. Chrysostom in his epoch, he deserved in that in 
which he flourished the title of the goeden-mouthed. 
Bu let the care be left to himself to record in brief and 510 
eloquent words his years of triumph, and his first day of 
misfortune. 
« The country » writes Mont'Alverne the country has 
loudly declared that 1 was one of these glories of which 
it still boasts. Thrown into the great career of eloquence 
in 1816 as Regius preacher, eight years after S. Carlos e 
S. Paio, Monsignor Netto and Canon Januario da Cunha 
Barbosa had entered therein I had to struggle with these 
giants of oratory, who had gained so many laurels, and 
who were struggling to bear the victory over all their 
worthy rivals. 
The country knows what were my successes in this un- 
equal conflict; it appreciated my efforts and designed the 
place to which 1 had the right among my contemporaries ; 
it belongs to posterity to sanction this judgment. Borne 
onward by the energy of my character, desiring to adorn my- 
self with every crown 1 abandoned myself with equal ar- 
dour to eloquence, to philosophy, and to theology, the. 
respective Chairs of which I occupied, sometimes simultan- 
eously, in the principal convents of my order, and in the 
Seminary of S. Jose of this city. 
« The result of so many fatigues was the extenuation 
of my brain, and the irreparable loss of my sight. At the 
end of 1836 terminated all my literary excercises, and I 
found myself incapacitated to undertake the most insigni- 
ficant labour, It is not given to any man to estimate the 
agonies of my heart in this horrible disaster of my life. 
God has put the cup of tribulation to my lips ; its lees 
perhaps are not yet drained The will of the Lord be 
done. » 
Indeed, after more than 20 years of marvellous successes 
in the sacred tribune and in the professorship, he illustrious 
Mont' Alverne was while yet living shut up within a 511 
tomb the. tomb of blindness. Eighteen years he lay 
retired within the cloister, withdrawn in silence, and 
animating his life by resignation. Every hope for the recov- 
ery of his sight had died withim him; never however dea- 
dened within his heart the light of faith. 
The encouraging voice of the Emperor, one day of happy 
inspiration came to force him from this retreat. 
None can have forgotten ihe solemn day of S. Pedro de 
Alcantara, 1854. 
An immense concourse, formed by the clergy, the court 
and the most enlightened society of the capital, had has- 
tened to the Imperial chapel to hear the word of the hoary 
sage. 
The illustrious Franciscan appeared in the pulpit : the 
light which failed his eyes illuminated, with almost divine 
splendour, his wide and vast forehead, which betrayed the 
immensity of his intelligence ; his tremulous hands felt 
along the pulpit : one would say he sought the ancient 
laurels gathered on this spot:... then his form rose like a 
giant.... his face seemed lit by celestial flame...., his mouth 
opened, and eloquence overflowed in impetuous torrents. 
On the day of S. Pedro de Alcantara Mont'Alverne sent 
forth his song of the Swan. 
Aged, broken down by years, by the horrors of blindness 
and by repeated diseases, Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne 
rested at last, and for ever, on the 3rd of December 1858. 
He was one of the foremost among the learned men of 
the country, and as such was deservedly honoured with 
the most evident proofs of exalted consideration. He was 
honorary member of the Historical and Geographical Ins- 
titute of Brazil and of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, 
corresponding member of the Historical Institute of France, 
member and grand patron of the Society Ensaio Philoso- 512 
phica. In grand inaugural session of this same society on 
the 10th of December 1848 he was solemnly proclaimed 
the genuine representative of Philosophy of the human 
mind in Brazil, and received from the hand of the bishop 
D. Manoel do Monte, Count of Irajd., who presided at the 
session, a laurel crowns which the Philosophical society 
presented to him. 
And, more than all this, a just distinction was conferred 
on the learned and venerable priest; on the 4th of October, 
1855, he was honoured with a personal visit from H. M. 
the Emperor and his August Spouse, who deigned to delay 
some time in the humble cell of the Franciscan, thus de- 
monstrating the worth and estimation in which they 
held him. 
Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne left to his country his 
Oratorical Works, in four volumes; a collection of the 
most remarkable of his sermons, which attest the force of 
his reasoning, the depth of his erudition, the nobleness of 
his diction and the parity of his style. This work is a glory, 
as the name of its author is a monument, for Brazil. 
He has further left us the lessons of his powerful elo- 
quence and of his spiritualistic and wise philosophy, engra- 
ved, if not in books,at least in the brilliant and cultured in- 
telligences of many pupils who do honour to the country. 
Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne died at 79 years of 
age; but the country would have wished him eternal, for 
he was one of her glorious boasts, and she felt herself 
proud when she contemplated him so great, so eloquent, 
so revered. 
Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne was a whole age of 
glory. The most noble remembrances are bound up with 
him. When they saw him aged and bent, going along led by 
the conducting hand of a friend, the old men pointed to him 513 
with pride, as displaying the prodigies of their time;the peo- 
ple directed attention to him and said it is the scholar ! and 
thestudious youth of the academies, the professors who had 
been his pupils, the men of letters, in short, uncovered 
themselves instinctively before him, and said it is the 
master ! IV OF DECEMBER 
MANGEL DE MORAES 
Born in the captaincy of S. Vicente, afterwards called 
S. Paulo, on the 4th of December, 1586, Manoel de Moraes 
studied in the schools of the Jesuits, and entered the Com- 
pany of Jesus while he was yet very young. Doubtless 
those priests had expected a great deal from his intelli- 
gence ; but they had not calculated upon his untractable 
and extravagant character, and concluded by expelling 
him from their midst for scandals of his procedure ; at least 
this was the fame which he left, or that which they gave 
him. 
Manoel de Moraes left Brazil, and from Portugal pro- 
ceeded to Holland, where he settled in Amsterdam. The 
reason why he acted thus are unknown; it is certain 
however that in Amsterdam he continued to study, gained 516 
the reputation of a literary man by his writings, and abjur- 
ing the Catholic Religion, he embraced Calvinism, and 
married a Dutch lady with whom he had fallen in love. 
The news of these latter facts carried to Lisbon, caused 
indignation and the Court of the Holy Office in statute 
renounced Manoel de Moraes in the auto de fe of the 6th 
of April, 1642. 
In spite of this Manoel de Moraes, not being able to over- 
come his home sickness for Brazil, left Amsterdam in 
1645 ; passing, however, through Portugal, he fell into the 
power of the Inquisition, abjured Calvinism, and adopt- 
ing once more the Catholic Religion, showed himself so 
repentant of his past failings, that in 1647 he was released 
after having come out with signs of fire from the auto 
de fe of this year in Lisbon. 
The consolation of breathing the air of his native country 
before dying, was not to be his; since he died in Lisbon 
without having been able to return to see Brazil. 
Manoel de Moraes wrote, and published in Holland, 
interesting memorials on Portugal and Brazil; but. his 
work of greatest importance, which unfortunately has been 
lost, was that which . he entitled History of America, 
which Laet eulogizes much, confessing that he had 
extracted thence precious information; and besides Laet other 
authors, and the abbot Diogo Barbozas, peak with exceeding 
praise of this work. 
The date of the birth of Manoel de Moraes cannot be 
considered as ascertained, although Balthazar da Silva 
Lisboa marksit in an article of his manuscript; it serves at 
least to register his name in this book. ■V OF DECEMBER 
MANDEL FELiZARDO DE SOUZA E MELLO 
Native ef Rio de Janeiro, where he was born in the 
parish of Campo Grande, actual municipality of Rio de 
Janeiro, on the 5th of December, 1805, Manoel Felizardo de 
Souza e Mello studied on the paternal hearth the rudiments 
of instruction and Latin, and completed his course of 
humanities in the episcopal seminary of S. Jose. In June 
1822 he crossed the Atlantic, went to drink in the depths 
of Coimbra the knowledge to which he showed himself so 
much attached ; co-operated in the university to maintain 
the glorious reputation of the Brazilian students, gained 
prizes in every scholastic term in which this distinction 
was conferred, and taking the degree of bachelor in mathe- 
matics in 1826, returned to his native country, and was in 518 
the following year gazetted Professor substitute of the 
Military academy of Rio de Janeiro, and soon afterwards 
lieutenant, with the rank of captain, in the corps of 
engineers. 
Fortune smiled upon the young man of 22 years; and 
blessed be fortune when, in its blindness, it lights upon 
merit and enlightened intelligence. 
True talent makes its refulgence widely felt: the 
abilities of Manoel Felizardo were known and made use 
of outside of the Academy; in the commission for the 
winding up of the first and unfortunate Bank of Brazil, 
in the examination of the working staff of the treasury, 
and of all the other fiscal departments of the city, ex- 
perienced at once his elevated services and the extent 
of his faculties. 
In 1832 nominated Inspector of the provincial treasury 
of Rio Grande do Sul, he superintended and directed its 
organization, and with so much ability and administra- 
tive tact, that in less than three years the receipts were dou- 
bled. Retiring from that province he devoted himself enti- 
rely to the professorship until the year 1837, in which he 
was called to the administration of the province of Ceara, 
where he exercised the functions of president until 1839, 
when he was removed to that of Maranhao, then steeped 
in blood by violent and brutal rebellion. 
There the presidency was, for Manoel Felizardo, a mar- 
tyrdom, a mission of despair, in which any other would 
have done enough not in succumbing, and in which he did 
a great deal resisting impassively putting in the field about 
five thousand soldiers, and thus facilitating the complete 
pacification of the province, which later on was realized 
by the Baron, afterwards Count, Marquis and Duke of 
Caxias. 519 
In the epochs of violent struggle, party spirit is otfen 
wicked and implacable; in the harvest of the laurels of a 
triumph the conquerors love exclusivism from the honors 
of the victories. To seek out diligently and to expose the 
truth with clearness is difficult, if not almost impossible to 
those who live with men of the same age, to those who 
hear the persons concerned, to those who are parties and 
desire to be judges; however it may be, it is incontestible 
that in the presidency of Maranhao. Manoel Felizardo knew 
how not to allow himself to be beaten down and overcome 
by 15,000 rebels, obtained the restoration of the city of Ca- 
xias, and exposed his life in the taking of the town of Icatu. 
He rendered, therefore, real services, and for these was 
deservedly promoted to the rank of Major. 
The province of Alagoas in 1840 to 1842, that of S. Pau- 
lo in 1843, that of Pernambuco, for some days, in 1848, 
had him for president, and in these the intolerance of par- 
ties less vehement allowed the zealous administrator a 
more fortunate opportunity of serving the cause of all in 
the good management of the provincial business. 
Manoel Felizardo had not been forgotten in the adminis- 
tration of the provinces: twice elected deputy, he had 
distinguished himself in the Camara as a skillful debater 
and well-trained in administrative practice. A notable 
member of the conservative party, he underwent the con- 
sequences of the political reverse in 1844, which was 
taken advantage of by the military school until 1848, in 
which year, in the month of March, the cabinet organized 
by the Viscount of Macahe robbed it of its illustrious pro- 
fessor, who went to be minister of war. This ministry had 
an ephemeral existence, Manoel Felizardo returned to 
enter actively upon the duties of the professorship ; inter- 
rupted these again to go and take a seat in the provincial 520 
assembly of Rio de Janeiro, of which he was elected prsie- 
dent in 1848, and in the same year, on the 29th of Sep- 
tember, was oncemore called to the ministry. He occupied 
the portfolio of the Navy, and provisionally that of War, 
with which, in 1849, he was definitely charged. In this 
cabinet he contributed much towards the suppression of 
the Praeira revolt in Pernambuco, gave proofs of great 
activity and energy, preparing, disposing with rapidity, 
and utilizing all the means necessary for the war of the 
River Plate, which concluded without bloodshed in the 
Estado Oriental, the army of Oribe disbanding, and in the 
Argentine Confederation, the tyrant of Palermo being 
conquered in Monte Caseros. In 1852 he left the ministry, 
and nominated in the following year Director-general of 
the public lands, he was the creator of that department, 
and aided considerably in the organization of the regula- 
tions necessary for the execution of the law of the 18th of 
September, 1850. 
Yet once more Minister of War in January 1859, he 
preserved the reins of power but a few months, in which 
he then for the last time made his administrative capacity 
felt, together with his profound knowledge of the business 
of the department which he, with elevated intelligence, 
directed. 
In 1848 he had been elected by the province of Rio de 
Janeiro in the triple list for Senator, and chosen in December 
of the same year by His Majesty the Emperor, he went to 
sit in the Senate, whose members are chosen for life, in 
a chair which he made illustrious with his great knowl- 
edge and the eloquence of his words. 
He was still vigorous and strong when he began to feel 
warnings of death in his heart, affected by one of those 
terrible diseases, which with a sinister course advance and 521 
develop themselves, mockin gthe wisdom of the physician and 
the care of the victim, who perishes weary of a life tor- 
mented by his sufferings and darkened by despair. 
Manoel Felizardo de Souza e Mello occupied with re- 
markable ability the highest positions of his country. In 
1859 he was nominated Counsellor of State extraordinary, 
by decree of August, 1866, passing to the effective exercise 
of the same, upon which it was not given him to enter. 
His Majesty the Emperor conferred upon him, in 1841, the 
Commandery of the Order of Christ, and His Most Faithful 
Majesty the Grand Cross of the same Order. 
Manoel Felizardo de Souza Mello died in the city of Rio 
de Janeiro, August 16, 1866. 
He was as accomplished as he was upright. In political 
struggles a decided, constant and influential member of 
the Conservative party, he opposed with energy the contrary 
opinion, and was by the liberals opposed with equal ardor 
there were none, however, to deny his fine intelligence, his 
great accomplishments and much less his probity. VI OF DECEMBER 
JOAO DE SEIXAS 
Native of Rio he Janeiro, where he was born in 1681, 
Joao de Seixas entered the Carmelite Order, and, endowed 
with great intelligence, acquired vast information. In Por- 
tugal he enjoyed great credit, and in Rome he shone so 
much by his knowledge and by his virtues that the Holy 
Father, Clement XII, nominated him Bishop of Arcopoli. 
The dates of his birth, death, labours and the rewards of 
his great and very distinguished merit are completely 
wanting; but Brazil cannot forget so illustrious a son : let 
the 6th of December, although arbitrarily, bring his re- 
membrance. VTII OJF DECEMBER 
THE HR01NES OF TEJMPAPO 
In June, 1645, the patriotic insurrection broke out in 
Pernambuco against the Dutch dominion, and a most 
brilliant series of conflicts and victories had abated the 
pride of the foreign conqueror. 
The Pernambucans or Independents, as they were called, 
held Recife in siege, the capital of Dutch Brazil, and there, 
since the beginning of 1646, the want of provisions, and 
afterwards famine, had been experienced. The isle of Itama- 
rach, the precious granary of the Dutch, was entirely 
exhausted. 
Admiral Lichtart finding himself in such close quarters 
sallied out from the port of Recife with some ships, and tak- 
ing on board in Itamaraci the troops which he deemed 
sufficient for the enterprise which he had panned, put in at 526 
Maria Farinha, where lie delayed a whole day, pretend- 
ing to disembark troops, so as to delude the inhabitants. 
Night having approached, and taking advantage of the dark- 
ness, he set sail to go and surprise Tejucupapo, and after- 
wards march upon $. Lourengo da Matta, which would 
give him abundance of victuals besides the glory of a most 
clever and audacious stroke. 
In Tejucupapo, as if foreseeing the attack, was the 
brave major of militia, Agostinho Nunes, in a redoubt con- 
structed by the inhabitants, and within which the families 
had taken refuge. A short road communicated between 
Tejucupapo and the redoub, and in the woods which bor- 
dered upon the road lay in ambush Matheus Fernandes, an 
intrepid and patriotic youth, who had turned himself into 
general of an army of thirty young men, intrepid and 
patriotic like himself. 
They had guessed the plan of Lichtart, or were appre- 
hensively upon their guard; but what availed some dozens 
of brave men against the hundreds of Dutchmen, directed 
by Lichtart, who besides a clever warrior, was brave 
at arms? 
Lichtart disembarked, and recognizing that his presence 
was noted, he hastened the advance and immediately 
opened fire... 
The thirty youths in ambush were like three hundred; 
their fire, their balls fell upon the Dutch, proceeding from 
both sides of the road; but the small force of Major Agos- 
tinho Nunes retired fighting, and its chief had already 
fallen dead. 
Lichtart advanced ever, and now near, threatened the 
redoubt where the families, that is the ladies and the 
children felt all the horror of their situation at the noise 
of the firing constantly coming nearer. 527 
Then-glorious and heroic action of woman?., they united. 
Instead of vain and sterile terrors, one of the matrons 
of Tejucupapa took in her hands the image of the Re- 
deemer, as a standard, and called her companions 
to arms. 
Mothers, wives, brides and maidens armed themselves 
with guns and lances, and while their fathers, their hus- 
bands and their children fought without the redoubt, they 
ran towards the trenches and awaited the enemy. 
They arrive ; and none less than Lichtart at the head 
of the Dutch, who gives the word to scale !.... 
But once, twice, thrice the assailants are driven back by 
the heroines of Tejucupapo !... more than one virgin breast, 
more than one maternal womb, which had given the coun- 
try brave sons are torn in pieces; little matters it : the 
heroines faint not.... 
And from the dark forests the fire is fed continually, 
and the Dutch who dare to penetrate therein find in every 
bulky tree a barrier, and, without them knowing whence 
it comes, death sent with unerring balls. 
The conflict lasted hours if we reckon from the beginning. 
In front of the redoubt there was sufficient time for three 
successive assaults valiantly repelled. 
Lichtart, seeing the great loss which he had already 
suffered, and the heroic resistance of the redoubt, under- 
stood that even conquering there, he could no more advance 
upon S. Lourengo da Matta, and ordered the retreat, direct- 
ing his dead to be removed to conceal the number of sol - 
diers, relatively enormons, which he had lost. 
The Dutch marched quickly, retiring beaten, and still 
decimated by the balls which broke from the woods.... 
The shout of victory sounds and re-echoes in Tejucupapo. 
They gather the bodies of Agostinho Nunes and of not a 528 
few of his men, they gather those of some young men of 
the thirty sharp-shooters of the forests. There are some 
noble mothers, beauteous brides, and pure damsels less in 
the redoubt; but what glory !.... what a brilliant page in 
the history of the country !.... 
Lichtart, the brave Dutch admiral, repulsed and beaten 
by some ladies of Tejecupapo ! !! 
Unfortunately not a single one of the names of these 
stupendous heroines has been preserved by history. 
But the grandness of the feat at least makes illustrious 
and perpetuates the memory of the most splendid and 
unsurpassable female courage. 
On the 7 th of December 1859 the Emperor D. Pedro II, 
on a visit to some of the northern provinces of the Empire, 
wished to see and saw Tejucupapo in remembrance of and 
reverence for such glorious and heroic prowess. 
In the reprehensible want of the memory of the day of 
such a grand feat let the honouring and patriotic date of 
the Emperor D. Pedro II who knows how to be zealous 
for the glories of his country and to shine with them, serve 
at least for its commemoration. VIII OF DECEMBER 
AUREL1ANO CANDIDO TAVARES BASTOS 
Aureliano Candido Tavares Bastos, the legitimate son of 
the actual Desembargador Jos6 Tavares- Bastos, was born 
in February 1840. 
Endowed with a marvellous comprehension and with a 
great love of study, he was among the first in the classes 
for preparatory studies, and distinguished himself in the 
juridical course of Olinda, in which he took the degree 
of Bachelor in 1861. 
He almost passed from the benches of the academy to 
the Parliament ; for immediately in the session of 1857 
to 1860 he appeared, elected deputy for his province, 
revealing his splendid talent in the temporary Camara. 
He began connected with the Conservative party ; but 530 
he did not see in party discipline a force of duty ; which 
compelled him to turn a deaf ear to conscience. 
He had entered upon his administrative career, accep- 
ting the position of official of the Secretaryship of the 
Navy, in the Camara however he was a deputy and not 
an employee of the government, and in an opportune dist- 
cussion delivered from the tribune a solid and important 
peech, which could not be agreeable to the Minister 
of the Navy. 
The under-secretary was dismissed ; but the independent 
deputy recommended himself to the respect and esteem of 
his countrymen. 
In the following legislature ( dissolved in 1863) the 
league of a very enlightened fraction of the Conservatives 
with the Liberal party took place, and the young Tavares 
Bastos, the paladin of progress and of the most generous 
principles, generously concurred towards the new political 
situation. 
In the following legislatures, 1864 to 1866, and from 
1867 to the dissolution of the Camara of deputies in June 
of the following year, Tavares Bastos was incontestably 
one of the most remarkable orators. 
Considerably well-informed, and very studious, his 
speeches were always rich in well-meditated ideas, and 
in varied knowledge, which pardoned the vehemence of 
the aggression, to which sometimes the ardor of youth 
and enthusiasm for the cause which he sustained carried 
him. For him to speak was the same as for a river to run 
impetuously. It would be said, that he repeated precipitously 
a speech learned by heart; it was however thus that he 
spoke impromptu, at the same time frequently discussing 
subjects requiring practical precision, financial questions, 
matters indeed dependent upon positive knowledge. 531 
In 1865 he served as secretary in the most delicate 
special mission fullfilled in the Estado Oriental by the 
accomplished Councellor and actual Senator, Sr. Jose 
Antonio Saraiva, from whom he always merited the 
greatest confidence and friendship. 
The Camara being dissolved in July 1868, with the assent 
of Conservative politics to power, Tavares Bast os, writing 
in the Diario do Povo, and afterwards in the Re forma, 
organs of the liberal party, made active and energetic 
opposition to the cabinet of the 23d of July of that year. 
Like other ex-deputies of the same liberal political 
creed he was not reelected to the next Legislature; he did 
not rest however, and in precious works, which he con- 
stantly gave to the press, and which perpetuate his name, 
he continued to render relevant services to the liberal 
school, fighting for the soundest principles. 
In the parliamentary tribune, and in the press, Aureliano 
Tavares Bastos was the energetic and enlightened champion 
of the grandest ideas and of the progress of Brazil. 
The emancipation of the slaves-religious liberty-the 
free navigation of the great rivers-the administrative de- 
centralization of the provinces-the direct system of election 
-and other great principles, like these, had in Aurelianno 
Tavares Bastos the most redoubted paladin. 
An admirer of the grandeur and extraordinary prospe- 
rity of the United States of North America, Aurelianno 
Tavares Bastos had studied, with a keen interest, the politi- 
cal, and economic institutions, and all the elements of civili- 
zation and of progress of the vigourous and resplendent 
confederation, and one of the most lively aspirations of his 
patriotic heart was the cultivation, politically and economi- 
cally, of intimate relations, and the close and friendly 
alliance of the great power of North America with the great 532 
power of the South of the same world, of that Republic, 
and of the Empire of Brazil; as a beautiful and animated 
perspective of immense and bountiful results, and of a 
monumental future. 
The delicate organization of the illustrious son of Ala- 
goas succumbed at length before the excess of study and 
toil to which he ardently gave himself up at his table as 
advocate, and still more in his cabinet, as writer and pub- 
licist. 
His health considerably affected, Aurelianno Tavares 
Bastos started, with his young wife, in 1874, for Europe to 
Seek in a temperate climate the re-establishment of his 
his health; but unfortunately he bore with him the thirst 
of knowledge, and the fever of toil. 
Visiting the most cultivated cities of Europe, he studied 
incessantly their institutions, their great improvements, 
the fountains indeed of civilisation and progress, and 
already, in the opulence of knowledge, he prepared himself 
to pay new and still greater tributes of patriotism to Brazil. 
This it was not permitted him to do! 
He died at Nice on the 3rd of December. 
On the 8th of December, in the Church of S. Francisco 
de Paula, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, was celebrated the 
Seventh-day mass for the soul of the great thinker, and 
late illustrious Brazilian, Aureliano Tavares Bastos, and if 
there could be any consolation for the profound grief of 
the father, who had lost so loved and glorious a son, 
Desembargador Jose Tavares Bastos would have found it 
in the general manifestation of the most sorrowful feeling 
from the entire press and population. 
Natives, and foreigners, the political men of different 
parties, all indeed, paid public tribute of grief and regret 533 
for him who had so prematurely disappeared from among 
the living. 
A few months afterwards the mortal remains of Aure- 
liano Tavares Bastos came to repose for ever in the soil of 
his native country, and received in the capital of the Em- 
pire, all the honours, all the solemn proofs of love and of 
veneration beyond the tomb, which faithful friends, and 
the thankful people could give to the memory of the illus- 
trious citizen. 
Aureliano Tavares Bastos wrote and published the fol- 
lowing studies and works: 
Public Opinion and the Crown, a political phamphlet. 
Ills of the Present and hopes of the Future, a political 
pamphlet, 
Letters of the Solitary. 
The Province. 
The Valley of the Amazon. 
Political Letter to Councillor Saraiva. 
Studies on Electoral and Parliamentary Reform. IX OF DECEMBER 
NUNO MARQUES PEREIRA 
Priest and writer, Nuno Marques Pereira was born in 
the town of Cayru, in the capitaincy of Bahia in the 
year 1652. He assumed the ecclesiastical habit, and became 
a man of great science and a famous theologian. 
He wrote the Narrative Compendium of the pilgrim in 
America, in which there are many curious and interresting 
notices about Brazil, his native country. 
Nuno Marques Pereira had simply the consolation of 
seeing his work published in Lisbon in 1718, dying in 
the same city some months afterwards, and according to 
an indication not otherwise verified of the manuscript 
bequeathed to the Historical Institute by Balthazar da Silva 
Lisboa, on the 9th of December of the same year. X OF DECEMBER 
DOMINGOS AFFONSO MAFRENSE 
Portuguese by birth, but with the education and cus- 
toms of the inhabitants of the interior of S. Paulo, 
Domingos Alfonso Mafrense united some relatives and a 
certain number of Portuguese colonists, and leaving 
S. Paulo, penetrated into the backwoods, bearing to the 
North in the year 1674 or perhaps previously. On the 
way he met with the S. Paulo backwoodsman Domingos 
Jorge who at the head of a bandeira (troop for this 
purpose) advanced to give chase to the Indians. 
The Portuguese and the PoMlista (native of S. Paulo) 
united; they went on attacking the Indians, and having 
made a rich harvest of prisoners destined to slavery, 
Domingos Jorge returned with them to S. Paulo, sepa- 
rating from his companion where?... perhaps even they 
did not know, so extraordinary already was the distance 
they had penetrated. 
Mafrense, who came to have the nickname of Sertao, 
(backwoods) arrived at the backwoods of Piauhy, and its 538 
immense plains, and resolved to there establish himself 
with a cattle-breeding farm: he repeated his incursions, 
founded the first fazenda (farm), and conquering a most 
extensive country, proceeded to found other farms similar, 
while his relatives, and the most active colonists did the 
same, although in a much more modest proportion, and he 
alone possessed so many farms that by his death he be- 
queathed thirty to the Jesuit fathers, his executors, under 
the condition of employing the proceeds of the same in 
giving dowries to maidens, and in succouring widows and 
the poor with the remainder, increasing the number of 
breeding-farms, for the same purpose, without the least 
doubt. 
The fulfillment of that condition lay upon the fathers of 
the Company : certain it is that in 1759, when the Jesuits 
were banished, thirty-three cattle breeding farms in 
Piauhy passed over to the State. 
Domingos Affonso Mafrense, the Sertdo, has two titles 
which do him much honor. He was the conqueror of Piauhy, 
and, in his pacific and useful conquest, neither persecuted 
nor killed the natives systematically, or from ambition. 
He made war upon them and put them to flight whenever 
it was necessary to do so, he enslaved Indians (as all did at 
that time) butonly for the work of the farms, and planted 
that industry in Piauhy, which even to day is of great 
advantage to it and which nevertheless requires yet further 
to be developed. 
Such were the services of Mafrense, that to him doubt 
less were owing the Latters-royal of the 10th of Decem- 
ber 1698, allowing the concession of lands, sesmarias, of 
two square leagues on the Brazil road in the backwoods of 
Piauhy, being allowed to concede to the same individual 
a new sesmaria, the first having been made use of. XI OF DECEMBER 
HENRIQUE FRANCISCO MARTINS 
Henrique Francisco Martins was born in 1832: his 
parents were Manoel Francisco Martins and D. Maria 
Theodora de Menezes. 
With a decided vocation for the navy, after studying 
well the preparatory course, he followed up the curriculum 
of the Naval Academy, as resident pupil; he distinguished 
himself: in 1850 was promoted to midshipman and in 
the same year embarked for the River Plate, and in the 
war against the Dictator of the Argentine Confederation, D. 
Joao Manoel Rozas, gained a first class Silver medal for his 
remarkable services. 
In December 1857 he was advanced to first Lieute- 
nant. Two years afterwards he was designated to as 
one of the officers who should accompang H. M. the Em- 
peror and his August Spouse in the journey which they 
made to some of the provinces in the north of the Empire ; 540 
he deserved to be eulogized, and in 1860 received the 
decoration of Cavalier of the Imperial Order of the Rose. 
In 1863 he proceeded to the River Plate, and there, in 
Montevideo, he took the provisional command of the gun 
boat Parahyba by nomination of the Vice-admiral the 
Viscount of Tamandare, who, an admirable commander, well 
knew how to choose brave men for audacious enterprises. 
Before Paysanlu Henrique Martins took an energetic 
part in the bombardment of the tremendously fortified 
place: he received orders however to disembark, and to 
plant a battery of two Whitworth guns against the place, 
and carried out the commission with the greatest intel- 
ligence and bravery, in the midst of the most lively fire of 
the enemy. 
Already hurling balls over Paysandu, he was visited in 
his battery by his companion and friend, the First-Lieut. 
Freitas. 
- Freitas, said Henrique Martins to him ; the garrison 
of these two wings honors the Brazilian name ; not a 
man either recoils, or comes close to the trenches, when 
he sees the balls of the enemy. 
And for an electrifying example, it was he more than 
any who exposed himself as the scorner of death ! 
And nevertheless a fatal presentiment was warning 
him of death. 
- I have to die in this battery! .. he had repeated more 
than once to his friends. 
Nevertheless his bravery moved and electrified the Brazil- 
ian soldiers, and affrighted the enemy, who saw him ex- 
posed undauntedly, the target of a well directed fire. 
The battery of Henrique Martino reduced to pieces and 
to ruins the fortifications of Paysandu ! 
Henrique Martins commanded with uncovered breast. 541 
In the ardor of the strife, in the hell of the fire, the 
enemies pointed him out and cried - demon ! and the 
Brazilian soldiers, officers, and leaders admired and appla- 
uded him with enthusiasm, saying-hero !... 
Mariz e Barros, another hero, passing through the glo- 
rious battery shook the hand of Henrique Martins and ex- 
claimed : 
- Magnificent ! 
- But I shall be killed here answered the brave sol- 
dier. 
And his presentiment was realized. 
Soon after a hostile ball carried away the head of 
Henrique Martins. 
The Brazilian navy lost in this heroic officer the brav- 
ery of Nelson, and the recognized intelligence of a most 
able chieftain of the future, capable of the greatest en- 
terprizes. 
The ball which cut off that head, cut off in their bloom 
the most flattering hopes of the country. 
The Imperial government honoring the memory of the 
hero, afterwards gave the name of Henrique Martins 
to one of their best steamers, so high towered the glory of 
the brave First-Lieutenant, Henrique Francisco Martins. 2X1II OE JDECE1SZEBEZR 
JOSE FRANCISCO DE MESQU1TA 
MARQUIS OF BOM F1M 
Legitimate son and the second blessed fruit of the nuptials 
of Francisco Jose de Mesquita and of D. Joanna Francisca 
de Mesquita, was born on the 11th of January 1790 in the 
village of Congonhas do Campo,in the parish of the, at that 
time, township, of Queluz, bishopric of Marianna, province 
of Minas-Geraes. 
His parents were honoured proprietors, enjoyed esteem 
and consideration in the province, and were in the position 
to open before him a hopeful horizon in life, and so much 
the more so that as a child Jose Francisco de Mesquita 544 
early manifested a love of work and an indefatigable 
activity; he however, as though carried away by the most 
decided vocation, left his father's roof at ten years of age, 
and came to stay with his uncle Captain Francisco Pereira 
de Mesquita, a resident in the city of Rio de Janeiro, a 
respectable merchant registered in the old Board of Com- 
merce, and a capitalist of great credit and unblemished 
reputation. 
The excellent uncle was like a second father to his 
nephew, made him perfect himself in the primary studies, 
and, aiding his natural disposition, allowed him to 
follow a commercial career, and in a short time had reason 
to be satisfied with his action ; for, at the close of a few 
years, the young Jose Francisco de Mesquita enjoyed on 
the Exchange of Rio de Janeiro the secure guarantee of a 
prosperous future, and the most perennial source of wealth, 
the confidence of all. 
The young Mesquita united the most valuable conditions 
of the merchant,-unsurpassed activity, the prudence of an 
experienced elder, instinctive tact, economy, and honour 
so far acknowledged that his simple word was equal on 
the Exchange to the best firms. His perfect and exclusive 
dedication to the commercial life and calling, completed this 
harmony of qualities rarely conjoined. 
When the Portuguese royal family arrived at Rio de 
Janeiro, the young merchant was already known by his 
merit, and eight years later was not a stranger to the 
spontaneous subscription of the commercial body, which 
D. John VI destined to the primitive foundation of the 
actual Academy of Fine Arts, and in 1818 he aided in the 
creation of the Bank of Brazil, a bank of emission, and the 
first credit institution of this kind founded in Brazil. 
Beyond these he rendered other services and received in 545 
recompense the commandery of the Order of Christ, a 
grace which in that time was a mark of very noteworthy 
distinction, and a proof of illustrious desert, when conferred 
outside the narrow circle of the noblemen and courtiers 
most protected by the king. 
Never in the memory of Jose Francisco de Mesquita was 
blotted out either his protector, or his native soil: the 
name of his uncle was always remembered by him with 
the most lively gratitude up to his last days in 1872 ; the 
love of his province made him temporarily forget his great 
commercial interests to go and visit it regretfully in 1817 
and 1821, then gaining there manifestations of esteem and 
a fraternal reception from the people of Minas. 
In 1821 and 1822 Commendador Mesquita declared for 
the independence of his native country, put under contri- 
bution to the holy and glorious cause his numerous rela- 
tions, his prestige, his capital, now considerable, and the 
Emperor D. Pedro I held services in such high esteem 
that he appointed him his Honorary Master of the Robes, 
and conferred upon him the privileges of Knight {Fidalgo 
Cavalleiro) of the Imperial Household. 
The Caixa da Amortisagao (Sinking-Fund Department) 
being created, Commendador Mesquita was appointed a 
member of its direction (and only by his death did he cease 
to be so), and so devoted did he show himself in the fulfill- 
ment of his patriotic, onerous, and most useful task that 
the Emperor D. Pedro I bestowed upon him the decoration 
of the Imperial Order of the Cross. (Cruzeiro). 
In the reign of the first Emperor, and in the period of the 
minority of D. Pedro II, Commendador Mesquita was ever, 
up to the last day of his life, constitutional monarchist, 
and friend of order; but he supported, by his very remark- 
able influence, on account of his commercial relations in 546 
Minas Geraes principally, candidates for the election of 
deputies and senators without exclusive distinction of par- 
ties, ever giving honour to distinguished merit, although 
by his sympathies he leaned more towards the Conserva- 
tive party. 
In these times, as also in those which glided on to the 
sad eve of his decease, his house was frequented by political 
notabilities of all parties, who there found a neutral field 
and a tolerant and friendly breast. 
In proportion as years rolled on the wealth considerably 
increased of the distinguished native of Minas, a merchant 
by vocation, so that in the last term of his life he was one 
of the most opulent capitalists, and the head of one of the 
most colossal commercial houses, of Rio de Janeiro. 
And who ever studies, knows and appreciates correctlv 
the conditions of the trade of this capital, will, without 
doubt, admire the prudence, the tact, and the mastership 
of this Brazilian merchant, who knew how to raise himself 
and make his influence felt by consummate ability and in- 
defatigable deligence. 
Commendador Mesquita had arrived at opulence, growing 
old in commerce; but he never depised the potent element 
of his great wealth : at the time of his death he was still 
one of the principal notabilities of the commercial Ex- 
change of Rio de Janeiro. Amid this abundant harvest 
he died with his hand upon the plough which had given 
him fortune. 
But raised by the lever of constant and honorable toil, 
and assisted by a friendly fortune, Commendador Mesquita 
knew how to exalt himself by well-doing, which his 
modesty could not succeed in concealing. 
In the reign of D. Pedro II, of whom he was the most 547 
devoted friend, his services to his country and to charity 
shone forth continually. 
The Asylum of D. Pedro II, begun and caried forward 
by Jose Clemente Pereira, Governor (provedor) of the 
Santa Casa de Misericordia, found in Commendador Mesquita 
the pious contributor of very large sums. 
In 1842 on the occasion of the revolt of the province of 
S. Paulo and Minas Geraes his purse was opened to assist 
the necessities of the State. 
In the Christie question, the spoiled and predominant 
English minister, he hastened to join in the expenses of the 
national armament, which had been reputed necessary. 
He made part of the Committee for the raising of the 
equestrian statue to D. Pedro I, the founder of the Empire. 
He was Treasurer of this Committee, which had taken to 
heart the payment of this tribute of national gratitude, 
and contributed notably towards the monument which 
was erected. 
The title of Baron of Bom Fim, the nomination of 
Honorary Comptroller (Veador) of H. M. the Empress, 
with state honors, the Commandery of the Imperial Order 
of the Rose, a little later on the dignitaryship of the same 
Order, the elevation from Baron to Viscount, and after- 
wards from Viscount to Count of Bom Fim went on succes- 
sively bearing witness of the important and continued 
services of the well deserving citizen, it being certain that 
each one of these graces was always preceded by acts of 
patriotism, or sentiments of humanity on the part of 
the recipient. 
The war of Paraguay opened up a new opportunity for 
proofs of the civism of the Count of Bom-Fim, and he joined 
so far in aid of the expenses of the government, and almost 
at the same time contributed so largely to the works of 548 
the Santa Casa da Misericordia (Hospital), that in considera- 
tion of these and other services and to those of forty-two 
years in the Caixa da Amortisagao, he was by decree of 
July 17th, 1872 raised from Count to Marquis of Bom-Fim. 
To these honors and grandeurs of the earth he had 
still other titles of exalted worth. When a deadly epi- 
demic or other public calamity scourged some provinces of 
the Empire, the devoted Brazilian never forgot that he was 
a rich capitalist, and was ever ready to open his purse. 
Honest and poor widows and unprotected orphans, fre- 
quently proved his charity unostentatiously displayed. 
Constant in the service of religion and humanity he 
occupied various positions of honor and trust in connection 
with the D. Pedro II Asylum, the Santa Casa da Miseri- 
cordia (Hospital) in Rio de Janeiro, the Imperial Chapel, 
the Santa Rita Church, and the Veneraval Ordem Ter- 
ceira dos Minimos of S. Francisco de Paulo, during his 
life deserving to see his portrait ornamenting the vast 
gallery of the benefactors of the Santa Casa and the Ordem 
Terceira dos Minimos. 
When the civilized world was moved at seeing the deso- 
lation and ruins of the provinces of France, the victim of 
her late war with Germany, the Marquis of Bom-Fim was 
in Rio de Janeiro the treasurer of the committee which 
promoted succors for the French families who were ex- 
posed to misery and famine, and so much did he in this 
humanitary undertaking, that M. Thiers, then head of the 
government in France, conferred upon the distinguished 
Brazilian the decoration of the Legion of Honor. 
At the same time the Marquis of Bom Fim also subs- 
cribed towards the assistance which the capital of the 
Empire sent to Buenos Ayres, where yellow fever reigned 
terribly. 549 
Disposing of great wealth, occupying a position, 
having deservedly gained honors and graces from the last 
Portuguese reign up to that of D. Pedro II who raised him 
so high and treated him with the greatest esteem, the 
Marquis of Bom Fim never showed himself proud and 
haughty, and treated with affability all those who came to 
see him, whatever might be the social position or the 
fortune of each one. 
Held in due consideration by his fellow-citiezens, the 
Marquis of Bom Fim was an Aiderman of the municipality, 
and always an elector of his parish, that of S. Rita. 
He was also one of the founders of the Imperial Institute 
of Agriculture (Fluminense) and member (bemfeitor) of 
the Imperial Sociedade Amante d'lnstrucgao. 
A marquis and a magnate of the Empire, even up to the 
eve of his death he frequented, with admirable assiduity in 
an octogenarian his counting-house, and the Caixa da 
Amortisagdo. 
Attacked by a serious illness towards the close of the 
month of November, 1872, the Marquis of Bom Fim ren- 
dered his soul to its Creator during the night of the 11th 
of the December following, counting eighty-three years 
and eleven months of age. 
At 5 o'clock on the 12th his mortal remains were con- 
ducted in a coach of the Imperial Household to the S. Fran- 
cisco de Paula Cemetery, where they were lowered in 
modest burial, according as he had recommended in his 
last desires. More than two hundred carriages, in which 
went many of his numerous friends, accompanied the 
revered departed to his final resting-place. 
The Marquis of Bom Fim left abiding proofs of his charity 
and religious spirit; important bequests being made to the 
Santa Casa da Misericordia (Hospital) of Rio de Janeiro, 550 
with the asylums and institutions thereto belonging, the 
Santa Casa (Hospital) of Minas Geraes,the Orclens Terceiras 
(Secular orders) of S. Francisco da Penitencia, of Carmo 
and of S. Francisco de Paula, the Lazaros Hospital the 
Blind and the Deaf and Dumb Institutions ; besides others 
to many poor people, widows and orphans of the munici- 
pality of Rio de Janeiro, and the province of Minas where 
he was born. 2XIII OF DECEMBER 
FRIAR JOAQUIN DO AMOR DIVINO CANECA 
Native of Pernambuco, where he was born in the last 
part of the eighteenth century, Joaquim Caneca became a 
solitary monk, and embraced the Carmel Institute, after 
having studied humanities, gaining the reputation of great 
talent. 
Increasing his knowledge by constant study, he enjoyed 
the fame of a very accomplished priest and even of a poet. 
Balthazar da Silva Lisboa, in an article of his manuscripts 
given to the Historical Institute, says, that Friar Joaquim 
do Amor Divino Caneca had written the Bibliotheca Per- 
nambucana, which was not printed and doubtless was lost, 
and that he had sent to printed in Lisbon, and caused to be 
re-printed in 1823, in the National Printing Office of Rio de 
Janeiro, a dissertation on What ought to be understood by 552 
the country (pairla) of the citizen and his duties towards 
the same. 
If Friar Joaquim do Amor Divino Caneca was really a 
poet of merit, the written testimonies of his inspiration 
have disappeared : what of his poetry is repeated from me- 
mory is too light, and more erotic than ought to come 
from a Friar. 
But Caneca had, beating strongly, under his monk's habit 
a heart excessively liberal. 
On the 13th of December 1823, in the Council known 
as the great Council of Pernambuco, Caneca pronounced 
in favour of the ideas and measures of the revolt of 1824, 
which proclaimed the Federation of the Equator, of which 
he was doubtless the accomplice and adviser ; he wrote in 
the newspaper Tiphlis, a revolutionary organ; but, an 
ardent liberal in principles, he distinguished himself as 
moderate in the advice of measures, and was, for his 
natural kindness, and his virtues esteemed and respected 
generally. 
The revolt was crushed, and the reaction of the authorities 
was unwisely exaggerated after the victory. 
The military commission of Pernambuco passed sentence 
of death on Friar Joaquim do Amor Divino Caneca, who 
left a written defence : the announcement of the horrible 
penalty caused so grievous an impression, that, on the eve 
of his execution, the chapter, sede vacante, solemnly formed 
and with the cross raised, as also the religious societies, 
went to ask the government of the province to suspend 
the melancholy and tremendous act, while they besought 
and awaited pardon from the Emperor. 
They gained nothing. 
On the following day, the day of the execution, Caneca 
slept so quietlv and profoundly that it was necessary for 553 
his confessor and assistant, P. M. Friar Carlos de S. Jose, to 
awake him. 
It was the 13th of January 1825 : the scaflold was 
raised but no hangsman could be found to hang the friar. 
All the executioners disobeyed and resisted ; the victim 
however did not escape. 
Friar Joaquim do Amor Divino Caneca died in Pernambuco 
being shot, on the same day the 13th of January, 1825. 
The revolutionary friar was thus a martyr. XIV OF DECEMBER 
JAGUARARY SIMAO SOARES 
In 1630 the Dutch had invaded the captaincy of Pernam- 
buco, and taken the city of Olinda, and the growing village, 
afterwards city, of Recife; but, in spite of their great 
strength and considerable resources, they were not able to 
extend their conquest, and remained limited to those two 
points till 1632, in which year, Calabar deserting on the 
27th of April from the Pernambucan ranks, carried to then 
the wand of victory, as has been told in the biographical 
record of this Brazilian, on the date of his unfortunate 
desertion. 
After guiding the Dutch in other undertakings and con- 
quests Calabar led them to Rio Grande do Norte, and made 
them take the fort of Reis Magos on the 12th of December 556 
1633, there to encounter on that day his lively and magna- 
nimous contrast in the Indian Jaguarary who had received 
in baptism the name of Simao Soares. 
In 1625 the Dutch fleet, which had arrived late in succoui" 
of the expedition which, in the precedidg year, had succeeded 
in taking the city of Bahia, when on the 1st of May, glori- 
ously restored, had borne towards the North, and delaying 
there some days anchored in Traigao Bay, the Dutch opened 
relations with some Indians, among whom were the wife 
and a son of Jaguarary, who on account of the love he 
bore towards them, and to take them, thence ont of the 
power of the enemy of his country, started from Para- 
hyba, where he was, and proceeded also to the site of 
Traigao Bay. 
The Dutch at last withdrew, taking some twenty ln« 
dians, and Jaguarary, who had remained, with his wife and 
son, was separated from both, prisoner, and placed in irons 
in the fort of Reis Magos in Rio Grande do Norte by the 
Portuguese. 
Jaguarary belonged to the same place from which Poty 
had come. Antonio Felippe Gamarao was uncle to this 
our hero, who embracing civilization had taken, as has al_ 
ready been said, the name of Simao Soares in baptism, and 
had already rendered good services to the Portuguese colon- 
izers of Brazil. 
This stood him in no stead, nor did either his protests of 
innocence, or the want any proof of his connexion with 
the Dutch. 
Jaguarary remained a prisoner eight years in the fort 
of Reis Magos, and only on the 12th of December, 1633, 
was he relseased, and found himself the victim of the Por- 
tuguese, in front of Calabar the deserter of his countrys' 
camp. 557 
Either put at complete liberty immediately the Dutch 
took the fort, or on the 14th of this month, as some assert, or 
freed by them and rid of his chains was thrown over the wall 
into the sea when the aid of a plank, which buoyed him 
up, facili ited his escape towards the South, as Duarte de 
Albuquerque wrote in his AfemonaZs; it is certain that 
Jaguarary was able to proceed onward for a league, 
and afterwards arrive at an Indian village. 
The information of Duarte de Albuqureque cannot he 
accepted: the Dutch calculated upon the resentment and 
odium of Jaguarary martyred by the Portuguese for eight 
years, could not have treated him with cruelty so great 
and so absurd. 
Jaguarary, or Simao Soares, was set at liberty and allow- 
ed to withdraw freely. 
Arriving at the tab a of his savage brethren he made 
himself known, showed them the marks, still fresh, of the 
irons, called to mind his long services, and particulary 
those which he had rendered against the French in the con- 
quest of Maranhao, where he had with his people battled 
under Jeronymo de Albuquerque. 
The Indians, stirred up and irritated, offered themselves 
to follow him and take vengeance ; Jaguarary, however, 
unanimously reminded themof God and the King, and con- 
vinced them of the duty which lay upon all of them to 
combat the foreigner who had invaded the shores of the 
country. 
The Indians did not sufficiently comprehend what God 
was and much less were they interested for the King ; but 
Jaguarary was loved by those who knew his bravery and 
not a few accompanied him ; when his strength recovered 
this man the example of loyalty went to join the corps 558 
commanded by his nephew D. Antonio Felippe de Ca- 
marao. 
Jaguarary, withdrawn from the Portuguese but firm in 
his post among the Indians served constantly in the war 
until in 1637 the Pernambucan army carried out the great 
and melancholy retreat to beyond the S. Francisco and 
Sergipe halting at the tower of Garcia d'Avila in Bahia. 
The king Philip IV (III of Portugal) informed of the lo- 
yalty of Jaguarary Simao Soares, granted him an allowance 
of seven hundred and fifty reales with the provision that 
on his death it should pass to his wife and son. 
The date of the death of this intrepid Indian, so notably 
loyal to the cause of catholic and Portuguese Brazil is not 
known. 2X.A7' OF DECEMBER 
FRANCISCO DE PAULA BRITO 
A man of a generous heart, of a happy and brilliant in- 
tellect, to whom knowledge only was wanting to take a 
splendid position, a distinguished laborious and clever 
workman, Francisco de Paula Brito, the legitimate son of 
the carpenter Antonio Duarte and D. Maria Joaquina da 
Conceicao, was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro on the 2d 
of December, 1809. 
In 1815 his parents withdrew to Suruhy, where he learn- 
ed to read with an older sister and in 1824 returned to 
the capital with his maternal grandfather. Chief-Ser- 
jeant Martinho Pereira de Brito, from whom he toot his 
last surname. 
Martinho Pereira commander of a regiment of pardos 
(coloured men) died at a hundred years of age in 1830. 560 
Paula Brito had entered the National printing-office; 
he afterwards passed to the workshops of the Jornal do 
Commercio very modestly founded by Seignot Plancher. 
He already was noted as a compositor, and writer of 
verses, he gained renown as a man of talent; he had 
declared himself a liberal in politics, when the events of 
April 1831, and the abdication of D. Pedro I occurred. 
Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga made use of the young com- 
positor, and got him to improvise and read verses in the 
Campo de Sant'Anna, teaching order, and the union of 
the troops with the people, 
In the same year Paula Brito bought with some sacrifice 
a book-binding shop, added thereto a small printing- 
office, and began his most laborious life. Poor, and cease- 
lessly working, he exerted himself to study his. own lan- 
guage, and learnt French pretty well ; but interested 
in the then stormy politics, he connected himself with the 
extremists, made opposition to the Regency government, 
separated from Evaristo, wrote periodicals, among them 
Simplicio's wife, all in rhymed verses, and suffered much 
in the fate of his establishement on this account. 
When in December 1833 numerous groups of people, 
doubtless urged on imprudently by government agents, 
attacked by night and destroyed, in a great measure, the 
printing-offices where opposition newspapers were printed, 
one of these sinister bands went to threaten the printing- 
office of Paula Brito, who courageous and indignant hast- 
ened to open the door, and showing himself to the unpun- 
ished and protected disturbers of the peace, cried out 
with vehemence: 
« Invade, and destroy »!.... 
The band recoiled, murmuring threats, but they knew at 
least how to spare the establishment of the patriot. 561 
Little by little the political ardour of Paula Brito grew 
cooler : from an extremist and Andradista as he was, he 
became after 1837 an ally of the Conservative party ; but 
also from that time the most tolerant of political partisans; 
so much so that it would be difficult to say in which of 
the two parties he counted the greatest number of friends. 
Paula Brito's shop in the Praca da Constituigao was 
declared by him neutral ground, and became one of the 
most frequented points of most pleasant constant and daily 
meeting in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 
Meanwhile his establishment growing larger, he founded 
other printing-offices in the city, and in the city of Nicthe- 
roy ; he erred perhaps in multiplying them. Probably he 
erred still more in creating a great printing-company 
with an interest to shareholders, at the head of wich he 
spent years, devotion, incredible effort, unsurpassed toil, 
and gained only troubles and ruin. 
Through all this long last period audacious and afflicted 
of his life he never belied his courage; he fell at last from 
the impossibility of resisting the impossible. The honour- 
able generosity of his probity with which many consoled 
him who had lost in his immense loss, could not soften his 
concealed, but profound grief. 
He died on the 15th of December 1361. 
During his life Francisco de Paula Brito wrote among 
other periodicals Simplicio's wife and the Marmota, dra- 
mas, comic scenes and an infinity of verses which would 
fill some volumes. He translated dramas from the French 
for the famous Joao Gaetano dos Santos, composed Books of 
Fortune for the nights of S. Antonio and S. Joao : wrote 
a great deal and too much. After his death a book was 
published under the title of « Verses of Francisco de Paula 
Brito » in which is to be read his biography written by 562 
the distinguished Dr. Manoel Duarte de Azevedo already 
favourably known by other works of real merit. 
Paula Brito was a versifier; he never however came to 
be a poet. He had neither imagination, nor instruction 
sufficient to be so. In his dramas, in his comic scenes, he 
never went beyond the common. In his translations for the 
theatre he was not able to obtain success. In the littera- 
ture of the country he will have but an obscure place. 
Fortunately he has abundant titles, which recommend 
his memory to the gratitude of the country, of which in- 
contestably he deserved well. 
Francisco de Paula Brito was one of the men who most 
contributed to the perfect development of the art of prin- 
ting in Rio de Janeiro. 
With his indefatigable activity, and having established 
connexions or correspondents in almost all the provinces 
of Brazil, by means of these he scattered abroad numerous 
publications proceeding from his workshops, making him- 
self, in this way, a true element of civilization. 
As a publisher he knew how to animate youth of talent, 
and, at times, to his own detriment, published the first 
fruits of intelligences who were essaying their first 
flights. 
Antonio Goncalves Teixeira e Souza, and Bruno Seabra, 
recognized poets, and others besides, lived for years 
struggling with poverty and adverse fortune, and in these 
for them stormy times, Paula de Brito helped and pro- 
tected them. 
All the literary men of Brazil were his friends. 
His death was generally lamented and though an 
artisan simple and poor, his funeral retinue was one 
of the most numerous which the city of Rio de Janeiro 
has seen. XVI OF DECEMBER 
FRANCISCO DE PAULA MENEZES 
In the parish of S. Lourengo, town of Praia Grande, 
afterwards city of Nictheroy, province of Rio de Janeiro, 
was born on the 25th of August, 1811, Francisco de Paula 
Menezes, who from his tenderest years showed a great 
deal of shrewdness and talent. 
His father Jose Antunes de Menezes persuaded him to 
apply himself to the Fine Arts, making him follow up 
the course of the respective Academy in Rio de Janeiro ; 
he however protested and besought so much, that he over- 
came the paternal wish. 
He studied humanities with distinction; entered the 
Medico-surgical Academy of Rio de Janeiro and in 1834 
concluded his studies, taking on the IGtliof December, 
1838, the doctor's degree in the School of Medicine into 
which it had been turned, by the great reform which that 
academy underwent. 564 
While still a student, Paulo Menezes had been sent on 
a commission by the government to the town of Santo An- 
tonio de Sa, ravaged by terrible paludal fevers, and there 
he rendered good services in combating the pestilence. 
After taking his degree of doctor he twice entered into 
competition to gain a Professor's chair in the School of 
which he was a son. His efforts were fruitless; but 
without any dishonowir for him, on the other hand with 
general recognition of his brilliant intelligence, although 
not superior to his more fortunate competitors. 
In 1844 he was nominated by the Imperial government 
professor of rhetoric of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, 
and in 1848 professor of the same chair in the Imperial 
College of D. Pedro II, where for some months he taught 
philosophy also. 
In the Brazilian Geographical and Historical Institute he 
exercised for some years the post of second Secretary. In 
the Imperial Academy of Medicine he was for some time 
editor of the respective Annals. He was connected with 
different literary magazines as an active collaborateur, 
and published the Revista Litteraria, which had but a 
short existence, of which however he was the principal 
and almost the only writer. 
There was in his time no literary society in which he 
did not figure in a distinguished manner. 
He died in 1857 at forty-six years of age, and lamenting 
his early death which he foresaw some days before closing 
his eyes. 
Numerous printed speeches still remain of Paulo Menezes 
and different manuscripts ; among them a tragedy in hen- 
decasyllabic verse, entitled Lucia de Miranda, a drama 
and a comedy, S. John's Night in the Country, which are 
no longer to be met with. 565 
The Pictures from Brazilian Literature were notable, 
also in manuscript, and to which the last part was want- 
ing. 
Poor and overworked by the professorship and by his 
medical practice Dr. Francisco de Paula Menezes could 
not show himself a profoundly learned literary man in 
his writings ; he shone forth however by admirable talent, 
in the words of the most eloquent Councillor and Doctor, 
Felix Martins, frequently beamed with a fire-fly's light 
in his eloquence. 
Dr. Paulo Menezes had in a very high degree the gift 
of speech, a lively imagination, and great felicity in the 
impetus of improvised utterances. XVTI OF DECEMBER 
ANTONIO PIRES DA SILVA PONTES LEM 
Antonio Pires da Silva Pontes Leme, the son of Jose da 
Silva Pontes, was born in the parish of Nossa Senhora do 
Rosario, division of Marianna, in Minas Geraes, in the 
middle of the last century. 
Nothing is known of his infancy, of the place where he 
began to study, of the year in which he left Brazil; he is 
met with however in the University of Coimbra, from his 
matriculation in the first year of the mathematical course 
in 1772 until he became doctor on the 24th of December, 
1777, the fellow-pupil of Dr. Lacerda of S. Paulo, and 
receiving a doctor's degree with him on the same day. 
Thence until 1790 both followed the same fortune. He 
is nominated like Dr. Lacerda astronomer of the third 
party of the definers of the limits of Brazil. He starts 568 
from Lisbon on the 8th of January, 1780 ; arrives at Para 
on the 26th of February, and at Barcellos on the Rio Negro 
on the 17th of October. With the engineer, Ricardo Franco 
de Almeida Serra he explores the Rio Branco and its foun- 
tain-heads, a task which occupies him for four months. 
On the 1st of September, 1781, he embarks in Barcellos, 
and only at the end of six months of dangerous and afflict- 
ing journey, does he arrive at the capital of Matto-Grosso. 
With the engineer Serra he explores all the ground up 
to the springs of the Paraguay, and afterwards the Cazal- 
vasco plains as far as N egra Bay. He returns and arrives 
at Cuyaba, whence he goes to survey the Rio Verde and 
the Capivary, the western affluents of the Guapore, pro- 
ceeding later on to the springs of the Sarare, Juruena, 
Guapore and Jaupu. 
His Diary was printed together with that of Dr. Lacerda 
in S. Paulo in 1841. 
Returning to Portugal he gave himself up with ardor 
to the preparation of a Geographical Chart of Brazil on 
a large scale and with spherical projection. 
From that time forward his fortune became diverse 
from, and more fortunate than that of his countryman 
and almost brother, Dr. Lacerda. 
Nominated professor of the Naval Academy of Lisbon, 
member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, he received 
the post of frigate-captain, and the decoration of the 
Order of Aviz, and in 1798 published his translation of the 
w ork of George Attwood, on the Construction and Analysis 
of the Geometrical propositions and the practical experi- 
ments which serve as the basis to Naval Architecture. 
By the influence of D. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho, after- 
wards Count of Linhares, who had ascended to the min- 
istry, he was nominated Governor of the Captaincy of 569 
Espirito Santo in Brazil in 1798 ; but it was only on the 
29th of March, 1800, that he took possession of this post, in 
the fulfillment of which he rendered good services ; and 
among these is to be remembered the zeal with which he 
cared for the civilization of the Indians of the Rio Doce, 
creating there the garrison which was called Linhares, 
doubtless in honor of the family of the minister, his 
protector, and illustrious friend of the Brazilians. 
On the 17th of December, 1804, Dr. Antonio Pires da 
Silva Pontes Leme delivered over the government of the 
captaincy of Espirito Santo to his successor, and this was 
the last date hnown of his life. 
Dr. Antonio Pires died in Brazil before the year 1807, 
according as we read in his biography, written by the Vis- 
count of Porto Seguro and published, like that of Dr. La- 
cerda, in the Review of the Brazilian Historical Institute, 
Vol. XXXVI, the biography whence the present article is 
extracted. XVIII OF DECEMBER 
FRANCISCO MEL DA SILVA 
In the first part of the nineteenth century the art of 
music flourished in Brazil; it was exalted into a brilliant 
and conscientious worship, encouraged by the Prince Re- 
gent, afterwards king D. John VI, who applauded and re- 
warded it, in the songs and sweet harmonies in adoration 
of God. 
Then Minas Geraes, rich in clever musicians, vocalists 
and instrumentalists, had taken the denomination of the 
Italy of Brazil, and in Rio de Janeiro Father Jose Mauricio 
Nunes Garcia glistened with all the splendor of true mu- 
sical genius. 
On the 21st of February, 1795, Francisco Manoel da 
Silva, the son of Joaquim Marianno da Silva and D. Joa- 
quim Rosa da Silva, was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 572 
and immediately from his tender years, with a decided 
vocation manifested for the divine art, he was placed under 
the lessons of the great master, Father Jose Mauricio. 
Suckled by the classic admirer of Hadyn, Francisco 
Manoel was already looked upon hopefully, when later 
on he heard and profited by the precepts of Neukonm, 
the celebrated author of the concert executed by three 
thousand artists on the inauguration of the statue of 
Guttemberg. 
Neukonm had repeated the lessons of Father Jose Mau- 
ricio in the comprehension and in the grand object and 
purpose of the musical art. 
Francisco Manoel, still very young, composed a Te-Deum 
which electrified the Prince Royal D. Pedro, from whom 
the inspired artist received the promise to send him to 
Italy to perfect his musical studies. 
Marcos Portugal, a remarkable composer of music, a 
rival conquered, as was proved by Father Josd Mauricio, 
was leader of the orchestra of the Royal Chamber. To 
this orchestra Francisco Manoel belonged. He created 
difficulties for this young Brazilian musician, and so as to 
take his time from composing, he made him pass from the 
violincello which he played, to the study of the violin. 
Francisco Manoel obeyed, waited, had no protection, 
saw D. Joao VI retire from Brazil, the revolutionary 
period commence, the art of music decay in the first Em- 
pire, D. Pedro I abdicate, and from deception to deception, 
labored, studied, wept over the tomb of Father Jose 
Mauricio, dz'd for himself, raised himself in his art and 
from 1833 until the day of his death became the toiling and 
noble heir of the glories of the past, the first representa- 
tive of the musical art in Brazil, and the revered protector 
of his brother artists. 573 
In 1833 he founded the Society of Musical Beneficence. 
In 1838 he published, dedicated to the Emperor, a 
compendium of music for the Imperial College of D. Pedro II. 
Musical composer of the Imperial Chamber in 1841, 
author of the national hymn of Brazil, in 1842 successor 
of Marcos Portugal in the place of Master of the Im- 
perial Chapel, the real and principal founder of the 
Conservatory of Music of Brazil, Francisco Manoel da 
Silva was still the soul of the Philharmonic society, which 
preserved in Rio de Janeiro like a zealous vestal the pure 
culture of theart of music in the capital of the Empire. 
A great master, a zealous friend of musicians, the 
founder of the beneficent institution which succors them 
in sickness and wretchedness; the initiator and chief of 
the Conservatory of Music, Francisco Manoel da Silva 
was a great musician and well-deserving of his country. 
He distinguished himself as a most fertile composer. 
In this unsurpassed fertility, which often through extreme 
kindness and consideration was subjected to the appeals 
of friends and brethren in art, he has left compositions 
which do no honor to his genius. 
The bad popular taste and the influence of the Italian 
theatre, drew from his most fecund imagination, the 
protector of the interest of others, litanies and masses 
which he himself disapproved ; but, in compensation, 
left at liberty, without the oppression of the exigencies 
of musical artists who asked him for bread at the price 
of the badtaste of the public, who lacking devotion wished 
for Bellini and Donizetti in the church, Francisco Manoel 
has bequeathed Te-Deum masses, litanies, sacred music, 
indeed, that Hadyn, and Mozart would have applauded 
with enthusiasm. 
No one knows the number of ballads, songs of a 574 
national character, popularly called modinhas, which 
come from that inspired heart and soul. 
His musical works of all kinds united, and principally 
the sacred ones, would form a great many large volumes. 
And how and when, had he not been an artist of genius, 
would Francisco Manoel have written so much?.... 
The Imperial Chapel, the Conservatory of Music, the 
Society of Musical Beneficence, the Philharmonic for some 
years, the Italian theatre afterwards for some time, the 
great religious feasts and solemnities weighed him down 
ceaselessly ; a most clever and highly reputed professor, he 
was eagerly pressed to teach singing and the piano by the 
principal families of the capital. To be a pupil of Francisco 
Manoel was a title of glory for the young ladies. 
Francisco Manoel had always taken up all the hours of 
the day and a good part of the night; it seemed then that 
there would remain no time for him to compose.He, however, 
was prodigious in his powers of improvising and his ac- 
tivity. He composed returning home, while he waited for 
dinner ; he composed taking advantage of the honr casually 
without employment; he composed in society and in the 
fervor of general conversation, and composing wrote with 
rapidity and security, which was wonderful. 
Besides all these great gifts Francisco Manoel da Silva 
was equally to be recommended for his virtues. Charitable 
and beneficent, an excellent friend, an honorable man, 
he left his name covered with blessings. 
Francisco Manoel da Silva died in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro on the 18th of December, 1865. 
Francisco Manoel da Silva received from H. M. the 
Emperor the decoration of the Imperial Order of the Rose 
on the 5th of March, 1840, and was elevated to Official of 
the same order on the 9th of April, 1857. XIX OF DECEMBER 
MARIO DA CUNHA BARBOZA 
Legitimate son of Leonardo Jose da Cunha Barboza, a 
native of Lisbon, and of D. Bernarda Maria de Jesus, a 
native of Rio de Janeiro, Januario da Cunha Barboza was 
born in this same city on the 10th of July, 1780. 
When nine years old losing his mother and a little after- 
ward his father, he remained under the charge of a mater- 
nal uncle, to whom he owed his education. In 1803 he 
took holy orders. In the following year he made two 
voyages to Lisbon, and returning to Rio de Janeiro in 
1805, devoted himself to the ministry. 
The Royal Chapel being founded in 1808 in Rio de Ja- 
neiro, Father Januario gained the nomination of Regius 
preacher, and received the decoration of the Order of 
Christ. In September of the same year he was admitted as 576 
substitute to the chair of rational and moral philosophy, 
passing in 1814 to be the proprietor. 
In 1821 he was one of the first to declare himself in 
favor of the cause of independence in Brazil, and with 
Joaquim Gonqalves Ledo published the Reverbero Consti- 
tutional Fluminense, a weekly periodical, whose first 
number appeared on the 15th of September of this year, in 
support of the rights and the regeneration of the country. 
Through all the year 1822 until September, Father Ja- 
nuario rendered glorious services to the revolution of 
independence, and in this month proceeded to Minas Geraes 
in order to co-operate for the immediate acclamation of the 
Emperor D. Pedro I, who might find an obstacle in the 
Governor, the Portuguese nobleman D. Manoel da Camara, 
who however could not oppose himself to the fervid en- 
thusiasm of the people of Minas. In Villa Rica, Marianna, 
Caethe and Sabar&, Father Januario had a beneficent in- 
fluence, promoting harmony and conciliation among the 
Brazilians, and calming passions excited ; but on returning 
to Rio de Janeiro he was apprehended, taken a prisoner to 
the fort of Santa Cruz on the 7th of September, and on the 
19th of December was banished without any allowance to 
support himself in a foreign land ! Thus he arrived at 
Havre and afterwards at Paris in 1823. 
The patriot had been, with other Brazilians, the victim 
of suspicions of imaginary revolutionary plots. His inno- 
cence, however, was immediately recognized in the trial 
which was set on foot, and in September, 1823, he hastened 
to return to Brazil. 
On the 4th of April, 1824, he was gazetted as Official of 
the Imperial Order of the Cross andon the 25th 
of September following canon of the Imperial Chapel. 
Elected a member of the general legislative assembly 577 
for the first legislature, for the provinces of Minas Geraes 
and Rio de Janeiro, he chose the latter, which was that of 
his cradle. 
The legislative term of four years being concluded 
Canon Januario was charged with the direction of the 
Diario do Governo and of the National Printing-Office In 
1831 the provisional regency dispensed him from this 
commission ; but soon afterwards, in the July following, he 
was again called upon to fulfill it, and until 1837 worked 
ardently in the political press on behalf of the government 
and on hisown account; in this latter branch distinguishing 
himself in periodicals and satirical writings. 
As a political man his life almost terminated in 1837 ; 
only in 1845 did he return to the Camara of Deputies, elec- 
ted by the province of Rio de Janeiro. But he then occupied 
himself in preference with the reform of Public Instruction, 
when death came to seize him. An applauded liberal in 
1821 and 1822 ; from 1828 forward he incurred the dis- 
pleasure and the mistrust of the liberals, principally after 
he was charged with the Diario do Governo. 
In July, 1831, he returned to the active and devoted 
service of the party who had held him under suspicions of 
desertion, and who, doing honor to his merit, elected him 
a deputy in 1845. 
In the last ten years of his life, and those most full of 
labor, Canon Januario da Cunha Barboza was the luminous 
lighthouse of the civilization of Brazil, and he gleams over 
the whole extent of its patriotic harvest. He was nomi- 
nated synodal examiner, chronicler of the Empire, and 
in 1844 director of the national and public library of Rio 
de Janeiro, perpetual Secretary of the Sociedade Aux- 
iliadora da Industria National', he founded the Auxilia- 
dor, a periodical which he left in four volumes. With 578 
Marshal Raymundo Jose da Cunha Mattos, he had the 
glory to propose the foundation and to sketch out the 
bases of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Insti- 
tute, of which lie was also perpetual secretary. He was 
charged with the editing and publication of the Revista 
Frimensal, which he published up to the seventh 
volume. 
As secretary of the Institute and an esteemed literary 
man, he alimente dand maintained an active correspondence 
with the principal literary and scientific societies of Europe 
and North America, with foreign scholars, and with a 
very great number of cultivators of the history and geo- 
graphy of the country in almost all the provinces of Brazil. 
He still found time, and did not fleel tired, to go and en- 
courage studious youth, taking the presidency of their 
modest societies, and although growing old, renewed his 
youth in the pulpit, whence he broke forth in torrents of 
eloquence. 
He was a member of the Dramatic Conservatory of 
Brazil, corresponding member of fourteen foreign scientific 
and literary societies; he was Commander of the Orders 
Cruzeiro and of Christ, of the Imperial Order of the Rose, 
of the Conceigao of Portugal, and of Francis I of Naples. 
As a sacred orator it is sufficient to say that he was able 
to establish a brilliant reputation when Caldas, S. Car- 
los, S. Paio and Rodovalho shone in Rio de Janeiro. 
As a political writer he had the glory of the Rever- 
bero in the time of the independence, and he afterwards, 
from 1829 to 1836, multiplied periodicals and publications 
of all kinds, in some serious and profound in polemics, 
in others ardent and vigorous on behalf of the injured, 
in others finally satirical and even biting, as for example : 579 
A Mutuca Picante, a periodical, and the Garimpeiros, 
a small poem. 
In the professorship which he exercised, teaching phil- 
osophy for twenty-seven years, he was always consid- 
ered a most learned, renowned and agreeable professor. 
Beyond all this, Canon Januario was also a poet of 
merit: besides the Garimpeiros, a poem published in 
1837, he had published in 1822 the small poem Nic- 
theroy, a Metamorphosis of Rio de Janeiro, and a 
great number of verses, principally satirical, had proceeded 
from his peu. 
The Rusga da Praia-Grande, a comedy in three acts, 
the composition of Canon Januario, published in 1834, is 
further a political satire, which cost him a most violent 
answer in a comedy of the same kind. 
Sermons, discourses, institute reports, and other writings 
he left published in abundance. 
Canon Januario da Cunha Barboza died in the city 
of Rio de Janeiro on the 22d of February, 1846. 
The Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute, in 
public and solemn session of the 6th of April, 1848, in the 
Imperial Court, honored with the presence of the Emperor 
and of his August Consort, effected the inauguration of 
the busts of Canon Januario da Cunha Barboza and of 
Marshal Raymundo Jose da Cunha Mattos, which orna- 
ment the room where its sessions are held. ZXZX1 DECEMBER 
GREGORIO DE MATTOS GUERRA 
The legitimate son of Gregorio de Mattos and of D. Maria 
da Guerra, Gregorio de Mattos Guerra was born in Bahia 
on the 20th of December, 1633, a man whose poetic skill 
and original character were to render him equally cele- 
brated and unhappy. 
In the Jesuits' schools Gregorio de Mattos received, 
together with his older brothers Pedro and Euzebio de 
Mattos, the solid and useful bases of a literary education, 
and at fourteen years of age was sent by his father to the 
University of Coimbra, where he took the degree of 
Bachelor in Laws. 
In the University he immediately distinguished himself 
as a poet; his muse, however, inspired only facetious, 582 
satirical, and burlesque verses, with which he ridiculed 
the men, the customs, or the facts which fell under his 
displeasure. 
Desembargador Belchior da Cunha Brochado wrote the 
following to a friend in Lisbon, referring to Gregorio 
de Mattos : 
« There is here (in Coimbra) a Brazilian so refined in 
satire, that, with his images and tropes, it seems as though 
Momus is dancing to the songs of Apollo.» 
Gregorio de Mattos bade farewell to Coimbro to abuse it 
in verses in which malignity is redeemed by grace, and 
opened a lawyer's office in Lisbon,.afterwards serving in 
the post of criminal judge of one ward of the city, and 
judge in the affairs of Orphans and Absentees of a district, 
(comarca) and so notably well, that his sentences were 
quoted as models by the celebrated juris-consult Pegas. 
The Prince Regent, afterwards King Pedro I, wishing 
to protect Gregorio de Mattos, who had served him in his 
undertaking against Alphonso VI, assured him that he 
would nominate him to the Casa da Supplicagao; but 
exacted that he should go to Rio de Janeiro and open a 
judicial inquiry upon the government of Salvador Correa 
de Sa e Benevides, whose exemplary fidelity to King 
Alphonso he did not pardon. 
The malignant poet, the biting satirist had the most ge- 
nerous heart, and, only in versifying was he capable of ma- 
lice, sometimes, indeed, cruel: he was not willing to accept 
the commission, lost the good graces of D. Pedro, and retur- 
ned to his own country, arriving at Bahia in 1679. 
He there filled the offices of Treasurer-in-Chief of the 
See and vicar-general during the archbishopic of Gaspar 
Barata de Mendonca, who never came to Brazil ; but with 
the arrival and installation of the Archbishop D. Joao da 583 
Madre de Deus, he renouced those offices and gave himself 
up to the practice of the law. 
If up till that time Gregorio de Mattos had never al- 
togetter forgotten his meddling, pitiless, and burlesque 
muse, thenceforward free from the embarrassment and re- 
serve, which the positions he had held imposed upon him, 
in his indepenpent life of advocate he unreined his natural, 
and terrible poetical genius, becoming as celebrated as 
he was feared, and unfortunately creating numerous ene- 
mies. 
- Litigants, attornies, notaries and judges were victims 
of his epigrams ; Governors-general groaned as they were 
bitten by his satires, which made everybody laugh: the 
genius of Gregorio de Mattos was inexhaustible, and in 
his poetical compositions, often extravagant, vulgar in 
their style, and even with bold obscenities, the images burst 
forth so originally, so appropriately grotesque, that they 
were admired of necessity although their rashness was re- 
proved. 
Not even the wife of Gregorio de Mattos escaped the 
assaults of his satirical muse !... 
I). Maria dos Povos, a hadsome widow, whom he had 
married in 1684, was the martyr of his eccentricities of 
character, and of the spicy epigrams of her second hus- 
band, the implacable and incorrigible poet, armed with rid- 
icule and satire. 
At length the governor, Antonio Luiz da Camara Gon- 
calves Coutinho, the victim of the most witty, burlesque 
and devil-possessed satires, showed himself so furious and 
threatening, and the poet found himself so surrounded and 
persecuted by enemies, that it was necessary for him to 
absent himself from the city of S. Salvador, retiring to a 
town of the Reconcavo. 584 
Gregorio de Mattos, however, could not control his 
genius: returning to the city of Bahia immediately that 
D. Joao de Alencastre in 1691 took possession of the 
government of Brazil, he still and, now with sixty-one 
years of age, so disastrously made Momus dance to the 
songs of Apollo, that the said D. Joao de Alencastre 
ordered him to be arrested, and to proceed in banishment to 
Angola. 
Exile and misery, old age and privations broke down the 
satirical poet. At the end of some months the governor of 
Angola, Pedro Jacques de Magalhaes, took pity on the 
wretched old man and allowed him to return to Brazil in 
a vessel, bound to Pernambuco. 
Gregorio de Mattos arrived at Pernambuco, and ill, in 
sad despondency of spirit, without resources, without 
strength to work, he had to ask alms so as to get bread. 
Gaetano de Mello e Castro then governor of the captaincy 
of Pernambuco, who had known Gregorio de Mattos Guerra 
when rich and highly considered in Lisbon, generously 
affected, gave him a pecuniary pension and hospitable shelter 
in a House of Charity. 
There the mocking, sarcastic, malign poet, who from the 
chords of his lyre had never drawn a sacred harmony 
nor a sweet accord of love to one's neighbour, turned him 
self towards God, and in the face of death raised himself up, 
tuning inspired the hymn of virtue and religion, the flight 
of the soul, which purified by repentance spreadsits wings 
to ascend to the skies. 
Gregorio de Mattos Guerra died in Pernambuco in the 
year 1696, at seventy-three years of age, and was buried 
in the Capuchin asylum of Nossa Senhora da Penha. XXI OF DECEMBER 
LUIZ BOTELHO DO ROZARIO 
A native of Pernambuco, where he was born in 1695, 
Luiz Botelho do Rozario made there his first studies, and 
entering the Carmelite Order, afterwards proceeded to 
Portugal, and became a doctor in theology at the University 
of Coimbra. 
He enjoyed the reputation of a great preacher, and 
much consideration among the Carmelites : he was member 
of the general chapter of his Order held in Ferrara in 1726, 
first resident «■ definer » of the studies, president of the 
of the Order of Carmo, special chronicler of the same, and 
chapter qualifier for the Holy Office. 
He was a learned man, possessing great virtues, and a 
famous sacred orator. 
In the absence of dates relative to his life, works, and 
death all of which are unknown, his name is registered 
in this article of the 21st of December. XXII OF DECEMBER 
JACINTHA DE S. JOSE 
Upon the clay in which the church celebrates the festival 
of Santa Thereza de Jesus, the reformer of the Car- 
melite order, the 15th of October, 1716, Jacintha, the 
legitimate daughter of the Portuguese Jose Rodrigues 
Ayres and of Maria de Lemos Pereira, of Rio de Janeiro, 
was born in this city. 
Her parents were very religious, and venerated for their 
charity, and reared their children Sebastiao and Antonio, 
Jacintha and Francisca in the love of God and their 
neighbour, but Jacintha distinguished herself above all 
the four by her amiable presence, her goodness of heart, 
her sweetness of temper, her remarkable discretion, and 
humility from the years of her early infancy. 
In the age of laughter, of angelic innocence, and of gir- 588 
lish sports, she found pleasure and rapture alone in prayer, 
and \ ery early revealed the most fervid vocation for the 
religious life and abandonment of the world : prolonged 
extasies coincided with these feelings, in which she saw 
and worshipped the Child Jesus, and often Santa The- 
reza. 
Nory weak in health, she suffered grave infirmities 
from the twelfth year of her age, experienced great tor- 
ments, for which the extasies and prayers were her con- 
solation. 
In his Annals of Rio de Janeiro, Balthazar da Silva Lisboa 
refers at length to the persecution of the evil spirits which 
troubled Jacintha, from which the intervention of Santa 
Thereza and the divine protection saved her. 
Rodrigues Ayres, who opposed the vocation of his daugh- 
ten, died, and later on Maria Lemos, her mother, contract- 
ed second nuptials, a fact which favoured her religious 
desire. 
Jacintha already had in her sister Francisca a fervid 
companion in devotion and austere penitence. Besides 
constant prayers and pious exercises at home, they were 
accustomed to frequent assiduously the chapel of Nossa 
Senhora do Desterro, which was on the slope of the hill 
afterwards called Santa Thereza, and to arrive there passed 
through a part of the Matacavallos road, (afterwards 
street, and now Rua do Riachuelho,) and seeing there, and 
several times noticing the Chacara garden-grounds known 
as the Bica chacara, so near the chapel, and at the foot 
of the hill, they went one day to examine it impelled by the 
desire to possess it. 
There was a small ruined house partly fallen in, and the 
grounds were without culture as though abandoned. Ja- 589 
cintha finding near a fountain a root of basil, took from it 
a few slips, and planted them around the fountain. 
Some days after this, Manoel Pereira Ramos, Jacintha's 
admirer, bought for her the Bica chacara in March 
1742, and on the 27th of the same month, early in the 
morning, the two sisters Jacintha and Francisca, having 
received the blessing of their mother and step father, 
and carrying with them the image of the Child Jesus, 
withdrew to the ruined house of the Bica chacara, and reti- 
red for ever from the world. 
Jacintha, older than Francisca, was then twenty- 
six years and five months of age: the two young 
maidens delivered themselves up to the protection of 
Jesus, Mary and Joseph, and and relinquishing their sur- 
names, one called herself Jacintha de S. Josd, the other 
Francisca de Jesus e Maria. As soon as they arrived at 
their retreat, their first care was to arrange, although 
very rudely, an altar for the image of the Child-God. 
They sold what jewellery they possessed,and employed the 
money in the immediate and rapid construction of a chapel; 
the two sisters going, on the cool evenings and moonlight 
nights, in company with the priest, Jose Gonqalves, the son 
of their step-father, to carry stones for the work, which 
was hastened still more by the unsought monthly allo- 
wance, which the governor Gomes Freire de Andrade 
made, stirred up and transported at the sight of so much 
piety, self-denial and virtue. 
Such was the origin of the Capella do Menino Deus, 
(Chapel of the Child-God) which, restored, is yet preser- 
ved, and ought zealously to be preserved in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro. 
The two first flowers of the Brazilian Carmel perfumed 
the city of S. Sebastiao with their purity, with their reli- 590 
gious exercises and great virtues, the extasies being re- 
peated, and the celestial visions of mother Jacintha. 
On the 15th of March, 1748, Rosa de Jesus e Maria 
united herself with the two sisters, and afterwards other 
maidens. 
Francisca de Jesus e Maria died radiant with faith on 
the 13th of July, 1748, and was laid ou by her sister. 
Jacintha, now numerously accompanied, caused the 
austere rules of the order, as reformed by Santa The- 
reza, to be observed in her retreat, and thought of 
founding the first convent dedicated to the said Saint. 
Gomes Freire, the Count of Bobadella, took it to heart 
to favour that desire: the bishop supported it in a confer- 
ence which he had with him, and immediately permit- 
ted the retired maidens to wear the brown holland dress 
and the white baize cloak, observing the Institutions of 
Santa Thereza, they being considered from that time as 
Carmelitas Descalqas (Unshod Carmelites). 
The works of the convent commenced on the 24th of 
June 1750, and advanced briskly. 
But the bishop very thouhtfully preferred the milder 
rules of Santa Clara, against the wish of Jacintha, and 
the brief of the Holy Father of the 5th of January 1850 
came with this idea. 
Jacintha de S. Jose, entirely devoted to the austere re- 
forms of Santa Thereza, started for Lisbon on the 4th of 
November 1753, in the company of her brother, Father 
Sebastiao Rodrigues Ayres. 
In Lisbon the protection of the king crowned their 
desires, gaining for them the bull of the 22nd of De- 
cember, 1755, from Pope Benedict XIV, who approved the 
required rule of Santa Thereza. 591 
Mother Jacintha in Lisbon was the grieved witness of 
the great and terrible earthquake. 
Ready to return to Brazil, Mother Jacintha went to 
take leave of D. Jose I, and the king, moved, said to her : 
Go Mother Jacintha, go and sooth the regrets of your 
daughters, and recommend us to God. 
Arrived at Brazil Mother Jacintha was a short time 
after struck by a terrible blow: the Count of Bobadella, 
her protector, died on the 1st of January 1763. 
Before expiring he had murmured : 
The house of Bobadella is made; but my daughters 
are still without a house. 
The house of Bobadella which was made, was the tomb, 
in which his body was placed, in the transept of the Gospel 
side of the Santa Thereza church then completed. 
The inauguration of the convent, the profession of the 
nuns, and the approvation of the patrimony were still 
wanting.... 
And the foundress did not see this complement of the 
foundation. 
After obtaining so much, but before professing, Mother 
Jacintha died on the 2nd of October, 1768. 
She died resigned, serenely angelical, smiling in her 
last agonies, and as if in a last extasy. 
The inauguration of the canonical cloister and the pro- 
fession of the virgins of the Brazilian Carmel was only 
realized on tho 23rd of January, 1780. 
But the foundress of the order in Brazil was Mother 
Jacintha de S. Jos A XXIII OF DECEMBER 
BISBOP D, MANGEL DO MONTE RODRIGUES DE ARAUJO 
A man of science, of profound knowledge, and of most 
exalted virtues, Manoel do Monte Rodrigues de Araujo, 
the legitimate son of Joao Rodrigues de Araujo and D. Ca- 
tharina Ferreira de Araujo, was born in Pernambuco on 
the 17th of March, 1798. 
Immediately he had concluded his first studies in Recife, 
he was entrusted by his parents, who destined him to the 
priesthood, to the fathers of the Congregation of the Ora- 
tory ; with these he studied rational and moral philosophy, 
and with the Carmelite monks, mathematics. 
The republican revolution of 1817 having broken ont in 
Recife, Manoel do Monte withdrew to the neighbouring 
city of Olinda, and followed up the course of the Epis- 
copal Seminary with so much praise from his masters, that 594 
scarcely had he concluded the last theological year, than 
he was appointed to fill the chair of Moral theology, during 
the absence of the professor who was the proprietor. 
The diocese of Pernambuco being vacant, Manoel do Mon- 
te came to Rio de Janeira to take presbyter's orders, and 
received the sacerdotal unction from the bishop, D. Jose 
Gaetano daSilva Coutinho, on the 17th of February, 1822. 
On his return to Pernambuco he entered into competition 
for the chair of moral theology, and obtained it in conse- 
quence of the brilliant proofs which he exhibited and his 
already recognized merit. 
The two juridical courses of S. Paulo and Olinda being 
created, the latter had no sooner opened its register in 
1828 than Father Monte, already now for some years pro- 
fessor of theology and rich in knowledge, hastened to 
enroll himself for the first year, and followed up the 
academical studies, like an eagle who rises on his powerful 
flights before new horizons. 
The province of Pernambuco elected him deputy to the 
General Assembly in the fourth legislature. Obeying the 
mandate of his fellows the accomplished Father Monte pro- 
ceeded to Rio de Janeiro. In the Camara, although inclined 
to liberal ideas, he showed himself governmental, and free 
from party bonds; although he did not figure as a parlia- 
mentary orator, and was of an extreme modesty, the great- 
ness of his knowledge and the perfume of his virtues escaped 
no one, so that by decree of the 23d of February, 1839, he 
was chosen by the Regent, in the name of the Emperor, as 
bishop of Rio de Janeiro, this election being confirmed by 
the Holy Father, Gregory XVI, by bull of the 23d of De- 
cember of the same year. 
The province of Rio de Janeiro re-elected its venerable 
bishop as deputy to the General Assembly. D. Manoel do 595 
Monte, however, was averse to political struggles, and was 
not again thought of in another election; for he shunned 
entirely a task, very honorable and patriotic doubtless, 
but altogether foreign to his inclinations, and leading him 
out of the way of his high episcopal mission as a prince of 
the church. 
Exclusively devoted to the spiritual government of his 
diocese, the venerable bishop D. Manoel do Monte was not 
always fortunate in this grand, but arduous ministry. 
Sometimes one defect alone compromises, and reduces 
the power of, the most precious qualities. The only defect 
ofD. Manoel do Monte was the sublime exaggeration 
of his goodness and of his admirable humility. 
Learned, charitable in the extreme, so modest that he 
lived in fear of his self supposed ignorance ; humble, timid, 
good as an angel, with the innocence of a virgin to believe in 
the information of any priest who wished to deceive him, 
an example of every virtue, judging men always with in- 
dulgence, and with, as it were, childish credulity in the 
purity of the intentions of those who sought him, a holy 
man, Bishop D. Manoel do Monte compromised all his sin- 
gular and venerable qualities by the want of energy and 
of severe and strong action. 
He was the victim of the bad priests and of some of the 
employees of the administration in his diocese. 
When a friend, priest, worthy of his high ministry, 
frankly told him that he allowed himself to credit 
the tricks of hypocrisy and, by exagherated credulity 
in perfidious cunning, the holy bishop replied, sometimes 
weeping. 
- How can I think that any one will take the trouble 
to climb the hill of Conceigao only for the abominable 
purpose of deceiving me !... 596 
At other times he said. 
- So much wickedness is not to be presumed ! but I 
prefer to be deceived than to expose myself to judge ill un- 
justly of those who seek their bishop- 
His virtue, his ethics shine forth in a few words one 
day uttered by him. 
Ascending the Ladeira of the hill of Conceigao to retire 
to his palace, L. Manoel do Monte saw, at a distance, dozens 
of poor seated on the steps, and filling up the principal 
entrance of the building: he smiled sweetly, and said to 
the priests who accompanied him, pointing to the multitude 
of the poor : 
- There is the bishop's guard of honor. 
And the bishop D. Manoel do Monte, who lived always in 
the most modest style, without any luxury, and always 
restricted to so limited a table that it was almost mean 
for himself, had his hands full of the bread of charity, and 
of gold to succour unhappy families, and his guard of 
honor. 
Whatever his weaknesses may have been, his unfitting 
indulgence, his errors of angelic goodness in the government 
of the bishopric of Rio de Janeiro, it would be inexcusable 
ingratitude, it would be revolting, criminal injustice, not 
to render a tribute of admiration to the memory of this 
bishop, Manoel do Monte, whom few have equalled and 
none have exceeded in wisdom and in virtues without flaw. 
If he was not a model bishop, he was a model priest. In 
his only defect as bishop he exalted himself, he purified his 
virtue as a priest, and as a man. 
But the wise man did not carry, sei fish or indolent, his 
wisdom to the tomb. 
The wise man wrote and his works perpetuate his 597 
name, for whose glory the sanctity of his life on earth 
alone was sufficient. 
The bishop, D. Manoel do Monte, has left to his country 
and to ecclesiastical science, works which the most emi- 
nent theologians praise, quote, and applaud. 
The venerable bishop, Count of Iraja, died on the 12th 
of July, 1863. XXIV O"F DECEMBER 
FRANCISCO JOSE DE LACERDA E ALMEIDA 
About the middle of the 18th century, Francisco Jose 
de Lacerda e Almeida, the son of Jos£ Antonio de Lacerda, 
was born in the city of S. Paulo. 
It is not known where he commenced his studies nor when 
he passed from Brazil to Portugal. The Viscount of Porto 
Seguro, who has written the biography of this distin- 
guished son of S. Paulo, from which this article is taken, 
states that he matriculated in mathematics at the Univer- 
sity of Coimbra in 1772, and took the degree of doctor on 
the 24th of December, 1777, the day on which we here 
inscribe his name. 
Another Brazilian, Antonio Pires da Silva Pontes, a 
native of Minas Geraes, assumed the hood together with 
him. 600 
They both left the university with an enlightened repu- 
tation, and the government having to attend to the de- 
markation of the limits of Brazil, according to the treaty 
of S. Ildefonso of the 1st of October of this same year 1777, 
they were nominated astronomers of the third party of 
definers, which was to take upon itself, under the direction 
of the governor of Matto Grosso, all that part of the fron- 
tier from the Jauru to the JapurA 
With Dr. Antonio Pires, and other individuals nominated 
for the third and fourth party, Dr. Lacerda started from 
Lisbon on the 8th of January, 1780, arriving at Para on 
the 25th of February. 
On the 2d of August they proceeded to Barcellos, then 
the capital of the recently created captaincy of the Rio 
Negro, and while they were awaiting moans of transport 
to their destination, the two Brazilian mathematicians 
proceeded to mark out many neighbouring districts. 
Only Dr. Lacerda will be treated of in this article. He 
with one of the engineers undertook the survey from the 
Rio Negro up to above Marabitanas. 
Returning to Barcellos at the close of January, 1781, it 
was only on the 1st of September that the transports were 
supplied him, which had been delayed so long a time. 
Through the waters of the Amazon and the Madeira 
they made a long, painful, and perilous voyage, which Dr. 
Lacerda describes in his Diary, which was published in S. 
Paulo in 1841. The Mura tribe attacked them, and Dr. 
Lacerda was on the point of being killed : for an arrow 
passed close to his neck. 
The persons sent on the expedition reached the capital 
of Matto Grosso on the 28th of February, 1782, a six months' 
journey!.... 
Dr. Lacerda was charged to explore the Lower Gua- 601 
pore, and the rivers which empty themselves therein on 
the right bank. 
In 1786, with Dr. Antonio Pires and two engineers, he 
proceeded to explore the river Paraguay and all the springs 
and lakes which fall into this river on the western side as 
far as Negra bay, arriving at Albuquerque on the 19th of 
July, and returning by the rivers S. Lourengo and Cuyaba 
to the town of that name. 
Dr. Lacerda proceeded by land from this town to the 
capital of Matto Grosso, and thence returning to CuyabA. in 
1788, he surveyed the rivers Taquari, Coxim, Camapuam, 
Sanguexuga, Pardo, Parana, Tiete, and arrived at S. Paulo 
on the 10th of January, 1789. 
He was ordered to return to Portugal. He arrived at 
Lisbon on the 21st of September, 1790. He presented to the 
Academy of Sciences, who admitted him as a member, the 
Diary ot his last journey from Villa Bella to Santos, with a 
map of part of the course of the Paraguay, and some time 
afterward, another map, that of the Guapore, from Villa 
Bella to its confluence in the Mamore, accompanied by a 
small memorial regarding the Spanish missions on the 
affluents of the Guapore which he had visited. 
Desirous to render still greater services, some years 
afterwards Dr. Lacerda proposed to undertake some com- 
mission abroad. D. Rodrigues de Souza Coutinho, afterwards 
Count of Linhares, had then entered the ministry, who, 
taking advantage of the great capacity and experience of 
the Brazilian mathematician, charged him to realize the 
journey from Mozambique to Angola by land, and to give 
him more authority, and all the resources of the colony 
whence he was to commence the journey, nominated him 
subaltern governor of the Sena rivers. 602 
Dr. Lacerda immediately started from Portugal. In Tele 
he prepared the expedition, and immediately put himself 
en ronte ; arriving, however, at the lands of Cazembe, he 
fell seriously ill and died at the end of a few days. 
Before expiring he delivered all his works finished to 
his lieutenant. 
The expedition, having lost its soul, returned to Tete. 
In the Archives of the Brazilian Historical and Geogra- 
phical Institute, there exist some copies of the manuscripts 
and labors of Dr. Francisco Josd de Lacerda e Almeida in 
this undertaking, which he had so far advanced. 2X2XZV OF DECEMBER 
MARTIN AFFONSO DE MELLO TEBYREfA 
In 1532, Martin Affbnso de Souza, a famous Portuguese 
captain, who commanding a remarkable expedition, had 
come to found the first regular colonies in Brazil, disem- 
barked in S. Vicente, and doubtless would have had to 
dispute the dominion of the land with the Indians, where 
the first colonial settlement was laid down, if the man 
banished in 1502, or shipwrecked in 1512, Joao Ramalho, 
in short, had not come to assist him. 
Joao Ramalho, a banished or shipwrecked Portuguese, 
had fraternised with the Indians, or rather had had the 
good fortune to be adopted by them, and had deserved 
the preference and the love of a daughter of the respected 
Morubixaba Tebyrega; he had by her, and perhaps by 
other Indian women, some sons, and was on this account the 604 
most ancient stem of the first family of these half-breeds, 
the indomitable, terrible and heroic mamelukes of S. Paulo. 
Even so Joao Ramalho could have done little, if he had 
not been able to make Tebyrega the Morubixaba, the fa- 
ther of his wife, do a great deal. 
Through Joao Ramalho, Tebyrega received and assist- 
ed the Portuguese, and was a good friend of Martin 
Affonso de Souza, whose two first names he took when 
years later the Jesuits baptized him. 
The most valiant and respected chief of the Guayanazes, 
a branch of the tribe of the Tamoyos, Tebyrega was in 
S. Paulo the strongest auxiliary element of the conquest 
of the Portuguese. 
His courage, and his prestige among the savages, were, 
more tan once, as walls of iron, which his brethren of the 
forests could not overthrow in their warlike impetus 
against the civilized conquerors. 
In 1553 the Jesuits passed from S. Vicente to beyond 
the Serra do Mar, and founded the College of S. Pau- 
lo, the cradle of the town, afterwards city of the 
same name. Tebyrega, who then probably took in baptism 
the name of Martin Affonso de Mello, connected himself 
with them, and soon even more a friend of those priests 
than Joao Ramalho himself, it was, in 1554, principally 
the arm of this brave and strong warrior, and his power 
over the Indians of his cabilda, which saved the Jesuits and 
their college from the tremendous attack, which a great 
number of Portuguese colonists and mamelukes directed 
against them. 
A last and supreme service, which came to cost him his 
life, did the already old but Herculean Indian, Martini 
Affonso de Mello, the Tebyrega, render in 1562. 
The Tamoyos who were masters of all the country from 605 
a little beyond Cape Frio to S. Vicente, formed a power- 
ful conspiracy of many chiefs and cabildas against the Por- 
tuguese, whose power in the south of Brazil consequently 
was in the greatest danger. Carrying destruction to many 
rural settlements, victors in more than one point, animated 
by the victories, and by the large number of combatants, 
they advanced threateningly against S. Paulo. 
Tebyregci old but still Herculean, divined, and denoun- 
ced the project of the Tamoyos who were in conspiracy. 
The attack on S. Paulo took place : the struggle was hor- 
rible and bloody, the Tamoyos were driven back, one of 
their principal chiefs died in combat at the hands of the 
brave Guayanaz chief, on whom all, with one accord, con- 
ferred the honours of victory. 
It was a great deal: had fought against his 
own brother the Morubixaba Araray, had slain in the strug- 
gle his nephew the Indian Jaguanharo, the symbol of 
strength and audacity, had conquered and driven away 
his hostile brethren; but immediately after this most bril- 
liant victory, and when the assailants were flying in rout, 
the conqueror, the colossus fell. 
Tebyreqa was covered with wounds. 
The horrible struggle took place on the 10th of July, 
1562 : the hero of this day suffered almost five months, and 
perished, dying in consequence of his serious wounds on the 
25th of December of the same year. 
Two Indians of Brazil took in baptism the names of the 
Portuguese hero Martin Aflbnso de Souza. 
One was Martin Affonso de Mello, the Tebyrega. 
The other was Martin Affonso de Souza, the Ararig- 
boya. 
And both these Indians were heroes also. XXVI OF DECEMBER 
ANTONIO PEDRO DA COSTA FERREIRA 
BARON OF PINDARS 
The legitimate son of Lieut Colonel Jose Ascenso da 
Costa Ferreira and of D. Maria Thereza Ribeiro da Costa 
Ferreira, Antonio Pedro was born in the city, then still 
the town of Alcantara, in the province of Maranhao, on 
the 26th of December 1778. 
At fourteen years of age he was sent by his parents to 
Portugal, where he applied himself to preparatory studies 
in the Seminary of Coimbra, and afterwards enrolled 
himself in the University, graduated in canonical laws on 
the 2rd of June 1803, having advantageously followed the 
course of this science. 608 
Returning to his province he devoted himself to agricul- 
tural industry, as that which most fell in with his indepen- 
dent character; but in 1808 the governor, Francisco de 
Manoel da Camara, nominated him fiscal agent of the Junta 
of the town of Alcantara ; he afterwards in 1823 passed to 
exercise there the post of superintendent. 
From 1822 Antonio Pedro da Costa Ferreira embraced 
with enthusiasm the cause of independence in Brazil, 
strongly disputed in Maranhao by the Portuguese garrison 
troops, and by a good number of Portuguese inhabitants: 
without fearing compromise and persecution he was an 
audacious promotor of the same, and already had the 
district prepared for the patriotic movement, when, on the 
29th of July, 1823, the pennon, green and gold, brought by 
Lord Cochrane to the Bay of S. Marcos, precipitated the 
infallible discharge, causing to be proclaimed in the capital, 
and soon afterwards through all the province, the indepen- 
dence, and the Emperor D. Pedro I. 
In 1825 Antonio Pedro da Costa Ferreira occupied the 
post of Secretary of the provincial government of Maranhao. 
In 1826 he was elected a member of the general council 
of his province, and in this modest assembly he rendered 
relevant services, proposing the building of hospitals, the 
repairs and enlargement of the Bom Fim asylum, destined 
for patients afflicted with morphew, the creation of 
primary schools, and of a public library, which he endowed 
with three hundred and fifteen volumes. 
Deputy in the General Assembly for his province, in the 
second legislature, he carried to the chamber the liberal 
ideas which he had always professed, and distinguished 
himself in the tribune by the frankness of his speech and the 
vivacity of his mind; highly accomplished, he possessed the 609 
gift of natural originality, which characterized his oratory 
and gave him celebrity. 
After the 7th of April 1831 he bound himself closely 
to the moderate - liberal party, and was the faithful 
companion of Evaristo, Vergueiro, Paulo e Souza, Feijo e 
Costa Carvalho (afterwards Marquis of Monte Alegre), 
besides Odorico Mendes, his friend. 
On the 3rd of October 1831, the government of the 
Regency overcoming an already obstinate resistance, 
nominated him president of the province of Maranhao, and 
administering it, he organized with prudence and great 
intelligence some of its principal branches of service : 
created the provincial treasury, and regulated it making 
the income increase, and giving precepts for the respective 
book-keeping : he created the rural police in the different 
districts outside the capital, with the greatest advantage to 
the security of life and property ; he organized the police 
corps, and the Secretaryship of the government: he 
honoured the provincial calendar by declaring the 28th of 
July a holiday in Maranhao, in remembrance of the 
the triumph of 1823. 
A violent revolt raging in Para, he was untiring 
Tn assisting the legal authority of that province, sending 
soldiers and provisions ; and, with so much solicitude, that 
he gained the thanks of the general government and that 
of the province in fearful convulsion. 
Like Odorico Mendes, Costa Ferreira had proved the 
ingratitude of the people of Maranhao, not being re-elected 
deputy to the third legislature; they, however, at least 
in regard to him, knew how to wash away this stain 
including his name in the triple list for senatorial election 
in 1834, and the well-deserving citizen was chosen sena - 
tor by decree of the 20th of December of the same year. 610 
From that time for twenty-five years he flouris- 
hed in the Brazilian senate, where he frequently dis- 
played in the tribune the oratorical gifts which had alrea- 
dy recommended him in the temporary chamber, without 
ever or one single day, on one single occasion belying the 
liberal principles, which were the light of his life. None 
has shown himself more firm and unshaken than he. 
In 1841 the emperor honoured him with the degree of 
Official of the Imperial Order of the Cruzeiro, and, later, 
with the title of Baron of Pindard, with state honours. 
In the senate he was the first who signed the bill decla- 
ring the majority of D. Pedro II. In the most difficult and 
arduous discussions Costa Ferreira was sivre to ascend the 
tribune, where, frank and daring, he never availed him- 
self of reticence. He said what he thought, clearly and 
positively. He was not eloquent, neither was he a strong 
debater, he spoke as through he was conversing; he never 
declaimed, he spoke simply and naturally, but abounding 
in pungent and most witty epigrams. In the most heated 
and sometimes violent debate, he would rise, and raising 
his agreeable voice confound, and exasperate his adver- 
saries with adequate jest, with a happy application of 
anecdotes, and with funny impromptus which made every 
one laugh, and sunk deep in ridicule the most illustrious 
orators of the opposition, but which, meanwhile, calmed 
the exaggerated excitement of the parliamentary combat. 
Senator Candido Baptista de Oliveira, a learned man, 
and a man of the keenest faculties, said many times of 
the Baron of Pindare: «when he dies, there will not 
soon be found one who will substitute him, with equal 
accomplishments, in the Senate. » 
Outside the Upper Chamber the Baron of Pindare was the 
same in his private relations as he there showed himself, 611 
frank, amiable, honourable; a pleasant joker, a type of 
loyalty, and charitable according to the teaching of the 
divine law. 
The Baron of Pindare died in Rio de Janeiro on the 18th 
of July, 1860, at the age of eighy-two years. 
And by the liberal ideas which he professed, in whose 
service he had done so much, at eighty-two years 
of age he was still as young as when he returned 
from Coimbra and showed himself in Maranhao in his 
twentyfifth year. 
He was well-deserving for his services, and exemplary 
for firmness indefence of the principles which he had adopted. 
He never passed beyond the limits of legitimacy in 
politics, but he also never recoiled one inch in the field 
of legal or parliamentary controversies, pleading for his 
party, principally in periods of the most bitter adversity. 
In politics he showed up to his death all the ardour and 
enthusiasm of youth, evenwhen he was already an octo- 
genarian. 
The Baron of Pindare shines in the past with the bril- 
liant light of the finest example left in the political arena 
for the present and future generations. OF DECEMBER 
JOAO BAPTISTA VIEIRA G0D1NH0 
During the times of the colonial government the 
progress and distinction of a Brazilian in any career depen- 
dent upon official action were undeniable proofs of the most 
incontestible merit. If there were some exceptions from 
this rule, they can only he explained by the lineage of the 
proteges, belonging to noble and rich families of the Metro- 
polis. 
These considerations serve for the calculation of the in- 
telligence, capacity, and services of Joao Baptista Vieira 
Godinho, born in 1742 in the city of Marianna, province of 
Minas Geraes, being on the maternal side grandson of the 
Chief-Serjeant Gabriel Fernandes Aleixo, a notary of the 
Provedoria of the deceased and absent, the chapels, etc., 
of the Camara of Villa Rica. 614 
Sent to Lisbon, Godmho enlisted in the Military Academy- 
in 1760; in June, 1764, he was promoted to Second-Lieu- 
tenant of the Artillery Regiment of the city of Porto, and 
ten years afterwards passed to be Captain of the Fire Bri- 
gade, and professor of the artillery regiment which had 
then orders to organize. Assuring him in his patent, that of 
Chief-Serjeant and professor, immediately his commission 
should conclude, which for six years would detain him in 
India ; but at the end of six years the Governor and Captain- 
General would not allow him to return to Lisbon, and the 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Martinho de Mello e Castro, 
wrote to Captain Godinho, telling him to remain in India, 
for there it was impossible, and even in Portugal it was 
very difficult to meet with any one who, with merit equal 
to his, could substitute him. 
Godinho continued to ascend to higher posts. He served 
as barrack-master-general in the campaign against Sar 
Dersai; already colonel in 1784 he started for the Moluccas 
as Governor and Captain-General of the islands of Timor 
and Solor, carrying at his own cost one hundred and six 
persons, including mechanics and sailors. He governed in a 
first-class manner ; doubled the proportions of commerce; 
and in 1789 left so poor that to pay his passage to Goa, he 
was obliged to sell a slave, whom he possessed. Queen 
Maria I, by decree of the 5th of October, 1792, doubled his 
salary, and thenceforward he always received twice the 
emoluments of the posts to which he succeeded. 
Inspecting the artillery train, Godinho introduced into 
the service all the improvments already known in Prussia 
and France. 
In 1779 he at last left India, and was sent, at his own re- 
quest, to serve in the Bahia artillery regiment, where he 
received the patent of brigadier: there, in the ancient 615 
capital of Brazil, he did for the artillery train, what he 
had done for that of Goa, and established the machines and 
means necessary to turn to advantage the damaged powder 
which they were accustomed to throw into the sea as 
useless. 
Godinho returned to Lisbon, where he was promoted to 
Field marshal : and meeting in this capital, at that time in 
straitened circumstances, the honoured Desembargador 
Pestana e Vasconcellos, who had bestowed upon him many 
favours before his departure for India, the marshal now 
sixty-two years old, married the eldest daughter of 
his friend, and a little while afterwards inherited the 
noble burden of the whole of his family. 
Forcibly detained in Lisbon by Junot, who had invaded 
Portugal, and reduced almost to penury, it was only in 
1808 that he could reach Bahia, on the 27th of December, 
and there received in the same year the patent of Lieute- 
nant-General in gradation, and the effective appointment in 
the following year, dying some months afterwards on the 
morning of the 12th of February 1811. 
The lieutenant-general Godinho left voluminous manu- 
scripts upon artillery and fortification; all however 
mutilated; a plan for the establishment of a charitable 
fund in behalf of the widows and orphans of military 
officers; another for the spice trade; a third for the 
introduction of snuff into China, and other works.  OF DECEMBER 
FRANCISCO DIOGO PEREIRA DE VASCONCELLOS 
In Villa Rica, afterwards the city of Ouro Preto, capital 
of the province of Minas Geraes, Francisco Diogo Pereira 
de Vasconcellos, the legitimate son of Dr. Diogo Pereira 
Ribeiro de Vasconcellos and of D. Maria do Carmo 
Barradas, was born on the 28th of December, 1812. 
He studied humanities with distinction in his own 
province, and in that of S. Paulo followed the course of 
the juridical academy, in which in 1835 he graduated 
bachelor in social and juridical science. 
In the following year he entered on the career of the 
magistracy, being nominated municipal and orphans, judge 
of the district of Ouro Preto, passing afterwards to be the 
substitute judge (direito) of the district of Parahybuna, 
in 1839 being gazetted judge (direito) of the district of Rio 
das Mortes, always in the province of Minas-Geraes. 618 
In 1840 lie was elected member of the assembly of the 
same province, and re-elected in other legislatures, sometimes 
directed, as president, the works of the assembly. 
From 1842 to 1844 he exercised the functions of Chief 
of Police for Minas Geraes. 
In the same year, 1842, his province elected him deputy 
to the general legislative assembly in which he continued 
to have a seat as deputy supplente from 1845 to 1848, and 
re-elected as deputy from 1850 onward, until in November, 
1857, he was chosen Senator by H. M. the Emperor in a 
sextuple list offered by the province of Minas Geraes. 
Second vice-president of this province in 1843, he passed 
soon afterwards to first until 1844 ; again Chief of Police 
thereuntil 1849, he began in the following year to exercise 
the same functions in the capital of the Empire until 1853, 
when he was nominated president of Minas Geraes, three 
years afterwards being transferred to the province of 
S. Paulo. 
In September, 1856, after the most rigid and laborious 
parliamentary campaign, the victorious athlete, the 
Marquis of Parana, the head of what was called the Con- 
ciliation cabinet, died, and this cabinet abandoned power 
on the 3d of May, 1857. On the following day the Marquis 
of Olinda, charged by the Empreor to organize a new cabi- 
net, called Francisco de Vasconcellos to the portfolio of 
Justice, The policy of the 4th of May ministry, which was 
termed by its adversaries geographical, rejected the exclu- 
sive dominion of parties, and reanimated the liberals who had 
been out of office since September, 1848, having the Vis- 
count of Souza Franco minister of the Exchequer, and 
Counsellor Jeronymo Francisco Coelho, minister of War, 
one the chief, the other a notable member of this party. 
A new, warmly contested, and brilliant campaign was 619 
then opened in both houses of Parliament, and in the 
Lower Chamber, Francisco Diogo, now esteemed as an 
orator of merit, displayed in the tribune remarkable gifts, 
which until then his modesty had not allowed him to 
reveal. 
On the 12th of December 1858 the Cabinet of the 4th of 
May withdrew, and Senator Francisco Diogo de Vascon- 
cellos in the interval of the legislative sessions practiced law 
in the city of Rio de Janeiro, with praise, well-merited by 
his accomplished intelligence and exemplary probity. 
Already ill and broken down he accepted the presidency 
of his darling province, and in the exercise of it, his suffer- 
ings grew more aggravated, and death overtook him in 
the city of Ouro Preto, in March 1863. 
Francisco Diogo Pereira de Vasconcellos, Commander of 
the order of Christ, and Official of the Imperial Order of 
the Rose, was a distinguished and illustrious man ; in the 
magistracy a type of justice and incorruptibility ; in poli- 
tics an important member of the Conservative party, and 
from 1856 openly declared in alliance with the liberals ; 
stood prominent at all times (except in the periods of revolt 
and reaction in which the contagion of passions reached 
everybody) as a man tolerant, moderate, just, and magnan- 
imous in character. 
He shone in life less by his faculties than he might have 
done ; but two contrary things did him honor. 
The first was his modesty which crushed by duty in 1857 
and 1858 only, in the last years of his life alone allowed 
the refulgent rays of his spirit to shine forth. 
The second was the name of Vasconcellos, a name which 
compelled a terrible and overpowering comparison. 
Francisco Diogo was the brother of Diogo Pereira de 
Vasconcellos, the first statesman of Brazil, the Hercules 620 
of the parliamentary tribune, the giant at whose feet almost 
all were diminutive. 
Those who pointed out Francisco Diogo said : 
« It is the brother of Vasconcellos. » 
Vasconcellos the elder eclipsed Vasconcellos his younger 
brother. 
The responsability of a great and glorious name is enor- 
mous. 
But Francisco Diogo Pereira de Vasconcellos bequeathed 
a gentle, enlightened and beautiful memory ; for he was 
an accomplished patriot, a constant and zealous servant 
of the Empire, and because after long years of services in 
the highest posts and most eminent social positions he died, 
bequeathing to his only and most darling daughter the 
name of her father immaculate, and for her whole for- 
tune the greatest poverty. XXIX OF DECEMBER 
D. ROWAID# ANTONIO DE SEIXAS 
ARCHBISHOP OF BAHIA, MARQUIS OF SANTA CRUZ 
In the town, now city of Camuta, province of Grao-Para, 
was born on the 7th of February, 1787, Romualdo Antonio 
de Seixas, the legitimate son of Francisco Justiniano de 
Seixas and D. Angela de Souza Bittencourt. 
At seven years of age he arrived at the capital of 
the province, recommended to his uncle, Father Romualdo 
de Souza Coelho, the secretary of the bishop of the diocese 
of Para, D. Manoel de Almeida de Carvalho: the boy, sent 
to receive a literary education, studied in the Seminary 
of Para, and at thirteen years of age completed the studies 622 
of Latin, French, and rational and moral philosophy, 
with so much applause from the masters, and such ardour 
of application, and brilliancy of intelligence, that dedi- 
cating himself to the priesthood, his uncle sent him to 
Portugal, to frequent the classes of the celebrated con- 
gregation of S. Felippe Nery, where he profited much, 
and received lessons in physics from the illustrious Father 
Theodoro de Almeida. 
At the end of two years he left the Congregation, 
stayed some months in Lisbon, perfecting himself in the 
study of eloquence and literature with the famous Dr. 
Jose Joaquim Ferreira de Moura. 
At eighteen years of age he returned to his province, 
and being inaugurated at that time, with great solemnity 
and in presence of the Captain-general, the count of Arcos, 
the public class of philosophy, the young Romualdo after 
the speech of the competent professor had been heard, 
recited, with'previous authorization, one of his own, ana- 
logous to the subject, gaining general eulogies, and the 
esteem of the Count of Arcos from that day, who after- 
wards in Rio de Janeiro always spoke of the student, 
and future priest, with the greatest praise of his aus- 
picious talent. 
The young Romualdo had scarcely received the first 
tonsure than he was immediately nominated Master of 
the ceremonies of the Solio (throne), and from the age 
of nineteen years he shone in the professorship of the 
Eclesiastical Seminary of Par4: teaching successively 
Latin, rhetoric and poetry, philosophy, the French lan- 
guage and at length dogmatic theology. 
Sub-deacon at twenty-one years of age, by an especial 
grace of his Prelate, he had permission to proclaim the 
Divine word, and made his first appearance, pronouncing 623 
impromptu a panegyric upon S. Thomaz de Aquino, subs- 
tituting in the sacred tribune the bishop himself, who was 
to preach, and had been taken ill on the eve of the solemn 
religious ceremony. 
Still at twenty-one years of age, with the simple order 
of deacon, he was sent with another young ecclesiastic to 
Rio de Janeiro, in 1809, to compliment the Queen, the Prince 
Regent and the Portuguese Royal family in the. new 
capital of the monarchy, and also to treat of grave and 
important business of the diocese. 
They both had the best reception from the Prince 
Regent, fulfilled worthily their double mission, and 
returned honoured with the decoration of the Order of 
Christ, and with promotion to the chairs of Canons of the 
See of Para then vacant. 
Returning to his province, Canon Romualdo received the 
sacred order of presbyter in 1810, and celebrated his first 
mass in the parish church of Camuta, the town of his 
cradle, on the first of November of the same year. 
Vicar encommendado (removable) in Camuta, he was 
soon after called upon to exercise the posts of provisor 
and vicar-general, during the absence of his uncle, Canon 
Souza Coelho, whom the bishop had sent to Rio de Janeiro, 
to represent him at the coronation of D. Joao VI, when 
a vacancy occurred in the See of Para by the death of the 
bishop, and the nomination took place of his uncle, Canon 
Souza Coelho, to succeed him in the bishopric, and Romualdo 
Seixas was made capitulary vicar during the obsence of 
the new bishop elect, returned to Rio de Janeiro, there 
awaited the bull of confirmation. 
Souza Coelho also died, and upon Canon Romualdo 
devolved the pious task of weaving the praises of the 
illustrious departed, his uncle, his second father, his 624 
virtuous and illustrious director, in the funeral obsequies 
of this Prelate. The eloquent and touching funeral oration 
was printed in Lisbon, and, submitted to the criticism of 
one of the most powerful preachers of that capital, received 
this concise and most elegant judgment. «Canon Romualdo 
begins where others finish. » 
It was about this time that the two learned German 
naturalists Spix and Martins arrived at Para, and there 
they valued so much the talents and merit of Canon 
Romualdo, that later, on their return to their country, 
they sent him the diploma of membership of the Royal 
Academy of Sciences of Munich. 
In 1823 the Luzitanian troops still dominant in Para 
compelled Canon Romualdo to accept the presidency of 
the new provisional Board: in this charge, imposed by 
force, and contrary to the national cause of Brazil, he 
knew how to be of use to his country, overcoming the 
raging resistance of the military chiefs, and saving the 
life of the young patriots of Para, who were condemned 
to death for their proclaimed adherence to independence 
and Brazilian union. The illustrious and well deserving 
Canon Romualdo, risking his own life, proposed and caused 
to be adopted the measure: to send prisoners to Lisbon the 
patriots, already marked out for victims. The city of 
Nossa Senhora de Belem was illuminated at night, in 
applause of the wise provision saving those glorious sons 
of Parh, among whom was counted Bernardo de Souza 
Franco, later on, the Hercules of the Brazilian parliament. 
The Lusitanian oppression was abated. Para sparkled 
in enthusiasm, saluting the national standard of the Empire. 
In the first ordinary election this province contemplated 
in the number of its deputies, and in that'ofits general 
council, Canon Romualdo who, included in the list for 625 
Senator, made them strike out his name thence, saying 
that he still wanted two years to the age which the 
constitution requires for Senators. 
In 1826 Canon Romualdo took his seat in the Lower 
House, and on the 12th of October of the same year was 
nominated Archbishop of Bahia, the bulls of confirmation 
being forwarded on the 30th of May, 1827, by the Holy 
Father Geo XII. 
While still a canon, in the pompous and solemn pre- 
sentation of the Prince Imperial (D. Pedro II) just born, he 
had fulfilled with joyous eloquence the honorable task 
of orator of the sacred tribune. Bishop elect, he was 
the preacher chosen for the funeral rites of the first 
Empress of Brazil, and his discourse was printed and 
gained applause even with those who preserved a lively 
remembrance of that of S. Carlos at the exequies of Queen 
1). Maria I. 
In 1828 the Archbishop of Bahia was president of the 
House of Deputies. 
In the third legislature Bahia gave him a geat in the 
Lower House for the second time and later elected'him to 
the fourth legislature. 
In parliament he shone as an orator of profound learning 
and overpowering eloquence in subjects connected with 
religion. Without a narrow or disciplinary bond to any 
political party, he did not decline the most serious and 
ardent questions of the nine years of the wavering regency 
and of regents. He was one of the seventeen deputies who 
voted against the project for the banishment of D. Pedro 1, 
the ex-emperor by voluntary abdication. He was the 
strenuous defender of Jose Bonifacio, when the question 
was brought up in the Camara of changing the tutorship 
of the Emperor in minority, and his august sisters. 626 
In 1836 he declared himself in opposition to the Regent 
Feijd, and by his ideas and convictions was already a 
conservative in politics, when Bernardo de Vasconcellos 
met with him, already before a doctrinaire of the Con- 
servative school, on the organization of the party which 
induced the Regent Feijo to renounce his high charge. 
In 1838 the Archbishop of Bahia again occupied the chair 
of the Presidency of the chamber: at that time parties were 
in ardent and unbridled struggle; but the voice of the 
Brazilian Metropolitan was so much respected, that at his 
first counsel, at his most simple reminder, the most fiery 
and unmeasured orators immediately cooled and obeyed 
unprotestingle. 
On the 18th of July, 1841, he presided as Metropolitan 
Primate of Brazil at the brilliant solemnity of the con- 
secration of H. M. the Emperor D. Pedro II. 
In 1839, not having been able to leave Bahia to appear 
in the legislative session, the decree of the Regent went 
there to surprise him, nominating him minister of the 
Empire of the newly-organized cabinet; but resisting 
all entreaties he did not think it well to accept so high and 
honourable a position. 
The year 1841 was the last in which the Archbishop 
had a seat in the Legislative body. 
In the province of Bahia the venerable archbishop be- 
longed for a greatm many years, since the first legislature, 
to the provincial Assembly, and there he rendered impor- 
tant services. 
In 1825 Pari struggling with a horrible and barbarous 
revolt, the learned Archbishop addressed an affecting and 
patriotic pastoral to the people of Pari persuading them 
to return to obedience of the laws, laying down their 
arms. 627 
In 1837 the republican revolution breaking out in Bahia, 
which ruled there some months, the Archhishop withdrew 
to the Reconcavo, and there published two pastorals, which 
produced a considerable effect, animating and upraising the 
people, who hastened in defence of institutions, the union 
of the Empire, and order. 
In the government of the archbishopric, D. Romualdo 
de Seixas left an example and lesson of moderation tem- 
pered by energy, of patriotic, and admirable harmony 
between the power of the State and the spiritual power 
without sacrifice of any kind. 
He never disobeyed the Imperial Government, and when 
he had to watch over the rights of the Church, he did not 
protest; he wrote representing, discussing, enlightening, 
and always arrived at an agreement without it being pre- 
ceded by a conflict. 
He distinguished himself by his endeavours on behalf of 
the knowledge und morality of the clergy; he obtained 
everything however without ostentation of energetic force, 
and always with the greatest tact and prudence, and with 
the reserve necessary, so as not to expose the less zealous 
priest to the censures and laughter of the less sensible part 
of the public, who sometimes attack the sacred ministry 
for the errors and abuses of some reprehensible ministers. 
As wise as he was modest, of most easy and agreeable 
access, a devoted lover of his country, and enthusiast of 
talented youth, a master who sought advice, the venerable 
and most enlightened Archbishop D. Romualdo was a splen- 
did beacon of civilization, an encourager of young literary 
aspirers and poets, a paternal guide, a chief who showed 
himself a friend of the clergy whom he governed, and a 
manifested breast open to the poor in evangelical and as 
far as possible hidden charity. 628 
In the parliamentary tribune shone the reflex of the 
admirable rays of his overpowering eloquence in the sacred 
tribune. 
He was an orator complete in the light of science, in 
glowing enthusiasm, and in imposing convictions. 
A giant by his intelligence and vast knowledge, he shone 
as the sun in the firmament of the church of Brazil. 
The honors of the earth, the splendor of which dazzled 
him, overpowering his modesty, lay upon him in profusion. 
Learned men of the old world, the most eloquent sacred 
orators of Brazil, all the statesmen of the Empire, poets, 
literary men, historians of the country, paid tributes of 
respect and admiration to the venerable Archbishop. 
The Royal Academy of Sciences of Munich, the African 
Institute in Paris, the Brazilian Geographical Institute, 
and ten other scientific and literary societies, or even more, 
confered upon him diplomas of honorary or corresponding 
membership. 
The Emperor D. Pedro I nominated him preacher of the 
Imperial Chapel, and Grand Dignitary of the Imperial 
Order of the Rose : D. Pedro II confered upon him the 
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ, with the well deserved, 
and well chosen title, of Count, and afterwards Marquis, of 
Santa Cruz. 
The Archbishop of Bahia, Marquis of Santa Cruz, died in 
the capital of his archbishopric, on the 29th of December 
1860. 
The city of Bahia in profound mourning, told how much 
this mighty man was worth in the esteem and veneration 
of all its people, mourning still deeper in the heart than 
in the public and general manifestation, in which it was 
accompanied by the whole of Brazil. 629 
The Archbishop of Bahia, Marquis of Santa Cruz, has 
left to his country the treasure of some of his works in 
six volumes, which are precious; but they only give an 
incomplete idea of the great merit, and of the profound 
and vast wisdom which recommonded him to the admiration 
of his contemporaries. XXX OF DECEMBER 
LUIZ ALVES LEITE DE OLIVEIRA BELLO 
native of the city of Porto Alegre, the capital of the 
province of S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, where he was 
born in 1817, Luiz Alves Leite de Oliveira Bello, the 
legitimate son of Brigadier Wenceslao de Oliveira Bello 
and of D. Anna Bello, belonged to one of the most highly- 
considered families of the province. 
Losing his mother very early, and in consequence of 
the military service which frequently compelled his father 
to absent himself, he remained under the care of his 
maternal grandfather, Major Andre Alves Ribeiro Vianna, 
who loved him tenderly on his own account, and on 
account of the daughter whom death had taken from him ; 
he was the idol and inseparable companion of the kind 
old man, his second Providence upon earth. 632 
His first studies were made in Porto Alegre, and he 
went to conclude what were still wanting in S. Paulo, 
where he graduated in the juridical science. 
Destining himself for the career of the magistracy, he 
made his first appearance as public prosecutor of the town 
of Itaborahy, in the province of Rio de Janeiro, leaving 
there tender recollections and not a single enemy, having 
fulfilled his charge with intelligence and exemplary 
honesty. He exercised also in Porto Alegre the functions 
of criminal judge, and from this' place retired upon a 
pension with the honors of Desembargador. 
A legitimate influence in his own province, Desembar- 
gador Luiz Alves Leite de Oliveira Bello was there one of 
the two principal leaders of the conservative party, and 
different times elected deputy to the General Assembly, 
he gained always much consideration from his colleagues 
in the Lower House. He was there an esteemed orator ; 
and in the tribune he respected such a nice propriety, and 
broke lances with such refined courtesy, that always at 
the and of combat his adversary could nobly shake hands 
with him. 
As Vice-president of Rio Grande do Sul, the glory of 
administering his natal province several times devolved 
upon him. Distinguishing himself principally in 1851, when 
the actual Duke of Caxias, his relative on the paternal 
side, passed to the front of the Brazilian army on the 
fields of the River Plate to make the campaign against 
Oribe and the Dictator of Buenos Ayres. 
A gentleman of a fine education, a man of serious char- 
acter, of pure cus toms and severe probity, Desembargador 
Luiz Alves Leite de Oliveira Bello was an excellent hus- 
band and a watchful father. He died in the vigor of years, 633 
wept for by all who knew him, and who gave joint testimony 
to his gentle dealing and his civic and private virtues. 
His death was a most lamentable disaster. He was 
going hunting for amusement in one of the estaneias of the 
province of his cradle, when by his own want of care, or 
by a sad fatality, the gun went off unexpectedly, killing 
him dead on the 30th of December, 1865. 
The country lost in Desembargador Luiz Alves Leite a 
distinguished and devoted citizen, and the conservative 
party its principal and most esteemed leader in the province 
of Rio Grande do Sul. 
He was a man of a great political future, who died at 
the midday of his already illustrious life. OF DECEMBER 
ALEXANDRE DE GH10 
Brother of Bartholomeu of whom we treated 
in the article of the 5th of August, and ten years younger 
than he, Alexandre de Gusmao was born in Santos in 1695, 
and studied also up to fifteen years of age in the Jesuits' 
schools. Sent by his father to Portugal, he graduated in 
civil law in the University of Coimbra, having been fortu- 
nately directed by Bartholomeu Lourenco, known then 
already by antonomasia, the Flyer. 
The fame of his talent and great intelligence, enriched 
by assiduous and severe studies, and the influence and 
favor which his brother enjoyed, gained him the appoint- 
ment of Secretary of the Portuguese embassy, which was 
starting for France, of which the Count of Ribeira Grande 
was the head. 636 
The embassy was of a sumptuous character, osten- 
tatious of friendship, and its personnel was very care- 
fully chosen. The war of the succession in Spain was 
finished ; the general peace was made, and by the treaties 
and conventions of 1712, 1713 and 1714, the political 
questions were resolved. But Portugal wished to estab- 
lish good relations with France and honor its old king 
Louis XIV, who moreover died a short time after the 
arrival of the Portuguese ambassador in Paris in 1715. 
Alexandre de Gusmao took advantage of his stay in 
France to take, in the competent Faculty, the degree 
of Doctor in civil, Roman, and ecclesiastical law, and 
to enlarge his knowledge, principally in diplomatic 
subjects. 
In 1720, on his return to Portugal with the embas- 
sy, he was employed as Secretary of the Affairs of the 
Kingdom, and began the series of his long and im- 
portant services. 
In 1721 he proceeded to Rome, the attache of the 
private mission of his brother Bartholomeu Lourenqo de 
Gusmao, whom he shortly substituted, staying to struggle 
with embarassments and delays of all kinds until 1730, 
when he returned to Portugal, having obtained the 
honors of patriarch for the Archbishop of Lisbon, and 
the title of Most Faithful for the King. 
D. Joao V nominated Alexandre de Gusmao to the 
position of escrivao de puridade, an office not denomi- 
nated, but equivalent to minister of an important de- 
partment, for he transmitted the orders of the King upon 
almost all the branches of administration of the State. 
Besides this position, Alexandre de Gusmao was charged 
with the decifration, and substituted the ancient sign for 
the new one which he created. Up to 1750 he was the in- 637 
spiring intelligence of the most important external negotia- 
tions : among others the presentation of the bishops by the 
most faithful king was clue to his efforts and ability. Incon- 
testable documents prove that he was the most consum- 
mate diplomatist of his time in Portugal and at least equal 
to D. Luiz da Cunha who, moreover, had at an exalted repu- 
tation in the sama. 
In the administration of internal affairs documental 
proofs abound of what Alexandre Gusmao was as escrivao 
da puridade, a minister upright, energetic, liberal, and 
exceedingly able. 
Councillor Pereira da Silva in his work (in this and in 
other articles closely followed), The Illustrious Men of 
Brazil, treating of this celebrated and learned Brazilian, 
copies different avisos of the escrivao depuridade, Alexan- 
dre de Gusmao, which will be sufficient to highly exalt and 
honor his name. 
The famous Madrid treaty of the 13th of January, 1750, 
so badly comprehended moreover by the Portuguese, was 
the last work and the golden key of the diplomatic life of 
Alexander Gusmao. This treaty, by which the limits of 
Brazil with the Spanish possessions in South America were 
fixed, although it left to Spain the Colony of Sacramento, 
was very advantageous, and worthy of the eminent Bra- 
zilian who prepared it, explained it in a memorial offered 
to D. Jose I, and further defended it in a splendid contri- 
bution which he published in Lisbon under the title of 
Impugnagdo. 
In 1742 nominated Minister of the Naval Foreign Council, 
Alexandre de Gusmao rendered good services to the ad- 
ministration and colonization of Brazil, his own country. 
But D. Joao V, had died in 1750, and in the reign of 
D. Jose I, Alexandre de Gusmao, put aside, and fallen 638 
out of favor, still further felt his heart wounded by the 
loss of two sons which he had from his nuptials, losing 
them horribly in a fir whiech consumed his house and 
everything which he possessed. 
He survived but a short time so terrible a blow : being 
buried in the Convent of Nossa Senhora dos Remedios, of 
the Barefoot Carmelites. 
Diplomatist, statesman, and administrator of the first 
order, a man of vast intelligence and of great and varied 
knowledge, Alexandre de Gusmao was one of the fifty 
members of the Royal Academy of Portuguese History, 
and of different foreign academies, and gained by his 
academical speeches, poetical compositions, and memo- 
rials on interesting subjects a remarkable literary re- 
putation. 
END OF VOL. III. uaana 
THIRD VOLUME 
September 
[ D. Maria Ursula de Abreu e Lancastro 1 
If Thomaz Antonio Gonzaga 5 
III Angelo dos Reis 9 
IV Bento de Figueiredo Tenreiro Aranha 11 
V Jlonorio Hermeto Carneiro Leao, marquis of Parana.. 15 
VI Joaquim Jose Rodrigues Tories, viscount of Itaborahy.. 27 
VII Francisco de Mello Franco 37 
VIII Pedro Miguel Luiz Teixeira 4'3 
IX Angela do Amaral Rangel 45 
X Francisco Goncalves Martins, viscount of S. Lourenco.. 49 
XI Cassiano Spiridiao Mello e Mattos 55 
XII Manoel Antonio Alvares d'Azevedo 61 
XIII Nicolao Pereira de Campos Vergueiro 67 
XIV Antonio Eliziario de Miranda e Brito 73 
XV D. Friar Bernardo de Nossa Senhora 77 
XVI Friar Jose da Costa Azevedo 79 
XVII Aureliano de Souza e Oliveira Coutinho.... 83 
XVIII Jose da Costa Carvalho, marquis of Monte Alegre 95 
XIX Antonio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro, baron of I tamaraca. 101 II 
XX Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira 105 
XXI Jose Candido de Moraes e Silva... 109 
XXII Amador Bueno da Ribeira *....., 115 
XXIII Bento do Amaral 119 
XXIV Friar Antonio de Santa Maria 123 
XXV Luiz de Vasconcellos e Souza 125 
XXVI I). Antonio Felippe Camarao 129 
XXVII Damiao Barboza de Araujo 135 
XXVIJI Antonio Pereira 139 
XXIX I). Antonio Joaquim de Mello 141 
XXX Bernardo Vieira Ravasco • 147 
October 
I Friar Fabiano de Christo 151 
II Antonio Manoel de Mello 155 
III Jose de Abreu, baron of Serro Largo ••••.... 161 
IV Francisco Ge Acaiaba de Montesuma, viscount of 
Jequitinhonha 169 
V Diogo Alvares-The Caramuru 177 
VI Pero Lopes de Souza 183 
VII Alexandre Maria de Mariz Sarmento 187 
VIII Paulino Jose Soares de Souza, viscount of Uruguay. 191 
IX Don Agostinho Bezerra 197 
X Pero de Campos Tourinho 199 
XI Urbano Sabino Pessoa de Mello 203 
XII D. Pedro do Alcantara Bourbon, first emperor of Brazil.. 207 
XIII Joao Mello 245 
XIV Joaquim Gomes de Souza 247 
XV Miguel de Frias Vasconcellos 251 
XVI Felisberto Caldeira Brant Pontes, marquis of Barbacena.. 259 
XVII Theophilo Benedicto Ottoni 275 
XVIII Joao Alvares Carneiro. 285 
XIX Lourenco da Silva Araujo e Amazonas 291 
XX Jose de Souza Azevedo Pizarro e Araujo 293 
XXI Jose Joaquim de Andrade Noves, baron ofTriumpho. 297 III 
XXII Jose Martiniano d'Alencar 305 
XXIII Manoel Ferreira Lagos -311 
XXIV Miguel de Souza Mello e Alvim 3I5 
XXV Manoel de Freitas Magalhaes 323 
XXVI Matheus Saraiva 327 
XXVII Joao Hopman 329 
XXVIII Conrado Jacob de Niemeyer 333 
XXIX Friar Antonio da Piedade 341 
XXX Goncalo Soares da Franca 343 
XXXI Joaquim Goncalves Ledo 315 
November 
I Joao Paulo dos Santos Barreto 353 
II Paulo Jose de Mello Azevedo e Brito 359 
III Jose Antonio Lisboa 363 
IV Manoel de Mello Franco 367 
V Joaquim Candido Soares de Meirelles 373 
VI Francisco de Almeida 379 
VII Jose Vieira do Couto 381 
VIII Jose Leandro de Carvalho 383 
IX Domingos Caldas Barboza 387 
X Antonio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada Machado e Silva. 391 
XI Genuino Olympio Sampaio 401 
XII Manoel Rodrigues da Costa 407 
XIII Antonio Luiz Pereira da Cunha, marquis .of Inhambupo.. 411 
XIV Manoel de Macedo Pereira de Vasconcellos 417 
XV Friar Joao da Apresentajao 4Ip 
XVI Simao Pereira de Sa 421 
XVII Manoel Antonio de Almeida 423 
XVIII D. Cecilia Barboza 427 
XIX Joaquim de Oliveira Alvares „ 431 
XX Francisco Villela Barboza, marquis of Paranagna 441 
XXI Emilio Joaquim da Silva Maia..yrr'. 449 
XXII Jose Saturnino da Costa Pereira 455 
XXIII Manoel Arruda da Camara .... 461 V 
XXIV Jose Monteiro de Noronha 465 
XXV Joao de Brito e Lima 469 
XXVI Ladislao dos Santos Tatiara 471 
XXVII Jos6 Pinto de Azeredo 477 
XXVIII Jose Eloy Pessoa 481 
XXIX Saturnino de Souza e Oliveira Coutinho 485 
XXX D. Francisco Rolim de Moura 491 
December 
I Manoel de Macedo 497 
II Jos6 Mariani 499 
III Friar Francisco de Mont'Alverne 503 
IV Manoel de Moraes 515 
V Manoel Felizardo de Souza e Mello 517 
VI Joao de Seixas 523 
VII The hroines de Tejucupapo 525 
VIII Aureliano Candido Tavares Bastos 529 
IX Nuno Marques Pereira 535 
X Domingos Affonso Mafrense 53*7 
XI Henrique Francisco Martins 539 
XII Jose Francisco de Mesquita, marquis of Bom-Fim 543 
XIII Friar Joaquim do Amor Divino Caneca 551 
XIV Jagua'y Simao Soares 555 
XV Francisco de Paula Brito 559 
XVI • Francisco de Paula Menezes 563 
XVII Antonio Pires da Silva Pontes Leme 567 
XVIII Francisco Manoel da Silva.....* 571 
XiX Januario da Costa Barboza . 575 
XX Gregorio de Mattos Guerra 581 
XXI Luiz Botelho do Rozario 585 
XXII Jacintha de S. Jose 587 
XXIII Bishop D. Manoel do Monte Rodrigues de Araujo. 593 
XXIV Francisco Jose de Lacerda. e Almeida 599 
XXV Martin .xifonso de Mello 603 V 
XXVI Antonio Pedro da Costa Ferreira, baron of Pindare.. 60 7 
XXVII Joao Baptista Vieira Godinho 61 f 
XXVIII Francisco Diogo Pereira de Vasconeellos 617 
XXIX D. Romualdo Antonio de Seixas, archbishop of Ihhia, 
marquis of Santa Cruz 623 
XXX Luiz Alves Leite de Oliveira Bello 631 
XXXf Alexandre de 635 BiUGfLArHlCH 
JK.INTTsr'CrJK.IS 
BY 
faaqaim tic 
VOLUME III 
TYPOGRAPHY E LITHOGRAPHIA 00 IMPERIAL INSTITUTO 
61 - Rua d'Ajuda, Chaoara da Fiotasta - 61 
1876