BRAZILIAN BIOGRAPHICAL 
AWWAR* WBi BOB 
jkixrixr'crjK.r, 
BY 
Wwel ik atawito 
VOLUME II. 
RiO u;j JANEIRO 
TYPOGRAPHY E LITHOGRAPHY DO IMPERIAL INSTITUTO ARTISTICO 
61 - Rua d'Ajuda, Chacara da Floresta - 61 
1870 HIGH COMMISSION 
OF THE 
KATIONAIa IXWBmW 
OF 
18*75 
PRESIDENT 
H. R. H. Gaston d'OrleanSj Count d'Eu 
MEMBERS 
H. E, the Viscount of Jaguary 
H. E. the Viscount of Bom Retire 
H. E. me Viscount of Souza Franco (died on May 5) 
Jommendador Joaquim Antonio d'Azevedo Written, at the invitation of the Illustrious High Commission 
of the National Exhibition of 1875, for the purpose of appearing 
in the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, this work is the 
property of the said Commission and to its humble author belongs 
alone the responsibility of the errors and imperfections, which 
without doubt blemish it. 
to j|wto. 
Rio de Janeiro, on the 15th of April 1876. I OF MAY 
PEDRO VAZ CAMINHA 
On the 22d of April, 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral discov- 
ered the land which was afterwards called Brazil. 
On the 1st of May of the same year that illustrious Por- 
tuguese captain caused to be erected in the midst of a pa- 
triotic and religious solemnity, which by his order was cele- 
brated at Porto Seguro, a huge cross formed of timbers ta- 
ken from the Brazilian forest, and at the foot of this 
sacred symbol of Christianity he carved the arms and de- 
vice of his nation and King. 
On the 2d he weighed anchor and continued his voyage 
to India. At the same time Gaspar de Lemos set sail, by his 
instructions, in one of the vessels to carry the news of the 
unexpected discovery to King Emmanuel. 
What Gaspar de Lemos verbally related to the King and 
court, or circulated through the city of Lisbon, is a mere 2 
matter of tradition, serving merely as a motive for ephe- 
meral rejoicings, congratulations and enthusiasm, which 
soon cooled off and which elude the grasp of history. 
But Gaspar de Lemos was the bearer of a precious letter 
giving D. Emmanuel a detailed account of the voyage of 
Pedro Alvares Cabral, from the 9th of March, 1500, when, 
descending the Tagus, he set sail across the ocean, to 
April 21, when he saw the first signs which indicated his 
near approach to an unknown land, and from April 22, 
when he discovered the new country, to May 1, the day on 
which he erected the cross, and carved at the foot thereof 
the tokens of Portuguese dominion. 
The part of the letter relating to the latter period em- 
braces a full official and important report of all that had 
occurred during the ten days, of the first ideas regarding 
the newly discovered country, of the appearance and cus- 
toms (of course at that time very imperfectly comprehended) 
of the aboriginal inhabitants, of all that Cabral had done 
and ordered, of all the little incidents which occurred, of 
the solemnities which had been celebrated, forming the 
first, most romantic, poetical and richest chapter in the his- 
tory of Brazil. 
This letter was written and signed by Pedro Vaz Cami- 
nha who was the secretary of Pedro Alvares Cabral. 
This letter is the oldest document relating to the history 
of Brazil, and the official and solemn registry of its disco- 
very. 
Its importance is so great and its merit so real that it 
has been published and republished, translated and cited in 
nearly every history, chorography or description of Brazil. 
Pedro Vaz Caminha is then the man whose voice first 
proclaimed the discovery, and whose hand traced the first 3 
lines concerning1 the aboriginal inhabitants, concerning 
the observations which were made, and the events which 
occurred during the first days after Cabral's unexpected 
discovery of this unknown land. 
The works of Gondavo are worth much, but the letter of 
Caminha is worth still more. 
Every historian of Brazil, either now or a thousand years 
from now will have to obtain, directly or indirectly, from 
this letter the material for the first chapter of his history. 
The name of Pedro Vaz Caminha and that of Brazil are in- 
dissolubly united ; both are inseparably connected with the 
Cross of Porto Seguro. 
Caminha's name has therefore, an incontestable right to 
be registered on the anniversary of the day on which he 
wrote the letter to D. Emmanuel. 
And here it is not inappropriate to refer to a singular coin- 
cidence in the history of Brazil, viz : the frequent recurrence 
of the name Pedro in its most important events. 
For instance, Brazil was discovend by Pedro Alvares 
Cabral. 
The first account of its discovery was written by Pedro 
Vaz Caminha. 
Its first historian was Pedro de Magalhaes de Gondavo. 
Its first bishop was Pedro Fernandes Sardinha. 
Finally its first emperor, the founder of the empire, was 
His Imperial Majesty D. Pedro de Alcantara Bourbon. II OF5 MAY 
FRIAR PEDRO PALACIOS 
The Franciscan monks have bequeathed to Brazil glo- 
rious memories which history can never let die. 
Friar Henrique, a Franciscan, celebrated on the 26th 
of April and 1st of May, 1500, the first and second masses 
that were said in Brazil, and was the first to make known 
and preach the sacred law of Jesus Christ in the land disco- 
vered by Cabral. 
The Franciscan convents, emulating other religious orders, 
opened in Brazil schools, which gave gratuitous instruction 
to their pupils. 
Without enumerating other services, it was this order 
which produced the most celebrated brazilian botanist and 
and naturalist, and its most celebrated pulpit orator during 
the 18th and 19th centuries. 
It was moreover the lot of the Franciscans to count among 6 
their number the first person for whom canonization 
was claimed and expected in Brazil - Friar Pedro Palacios, 
an humble laybrother, who became celebrated for his piety 
and resplendent virtues. 
Friar Pedro Palacios, a religious laybrother of tho pro- 
vince of Ariabida in Portugal, arrived in the captaincy of 
Espirito Santo in 1558, and began a Passo - a rude and 
simple oratory on a steep and lofty rock, where he placed 
an image or painting of the Virgin, under ther name of 
Our Lady of Penha. 
In a short time the Passo was converted into a modest 
chapel, thanks to the perseverance of Frior Pedro Palacios 
who, although poor and living on alms, never abandoned 
his purpose, in accomplishing 'which he was assisted by the 
equally impoverished c Amies of the decaying captaincy. 
The chapel of Our Lady of Penha was the foundation of 
the convent of the same name, which became a centre of 
knowledge and instruction, and gave to the captaincy of 
Espirito Santo some of its most learned sons. 
Friar Pedro Palacios lived at Penha for seventeen years. 
His life was an edifying example of purity, of sublime devo- 
tion' He was accustomed to leave his residence to divide 
among the poor the alms which he carried, to nurse the 
sick, to console the dying and light in their souls the sa- 
cred flame of faith, to instruct the domesticated Indians, to 
seek the savages of the forest, subjugating them with his 
eloquence, disarming them with his humility, and winning 
their hearts with the fame of his angelic kindness and un- 
flinching moral protection. 
The colonists called him the Saint. 
This pious lay-brother died on the 2nd of May, 1575, and 
was almost universally bewept. 7 
His body was buried at his hermitage at Penha, but was 
removed on Feb. 18, 1609, to the convent of Victoria. 
So great was his repute for holiness that his canonisation 
was solicicited, and the first steps toward this end were 
actually taken on the 27 th of July, 1616, but led to no 
definite result. Ill OF MAY 
SEBASTIAO DA ROCHA PITTA 
Sebastiao da Rocha Pitta was born in the city of Bahia 
on the 3rd of May, 1660. According* to Canon Januario 
and other writers, the chancellor of the superior court, Joao 
da Rocha Pitta, was his father, but the abbot Diogo Bar- 
bosa says that he was his maternal grandfather. 
Sebastiao da Rocha Pitta studied at the jesuit college in 
Bahia and there took the degree of Master of Arts. At the 
age of sixteen he went to Portugal, and graduated in the 
theological course of Coimbra University. 
Returning to Bahia, he was appointed Colonel of a mi- 
litia regiment, and retired to his plantation on the river 
Paragaassu, where, a happy and loving husband, he en- 
joyed all the sweets of domestic life, resting from rural 
toils and devoting to reading and composition the hours 
stolen from the charms of the family circle. 10 
He wrote in Castilian a romance in imitation of the Pal- 
meirim de Inglaterra, composed verses of some merit, and 
finally resolved to write the History of Brazil. 
Up to that time there was none ; for Pedro Gondavo, in 
his History of the land of Santa Cruz, had gone little bey- 
ond the bare discovery by Cabral. 
All other writers, in general foreigners, confined their 
labors to giving an account of the events of single capta- 
incies. 
Rocha Pitta undertook a task really wonderful at the 
time and under the circumstances in which it was begun, 
and by no means easy even at the present day. He aban- 
doned his agricultural occupations, and in Bahia, Rio de 
Janeiro and S. Vicente, spent years in examining the li- 
braries and archives of the convents and municipal cham- 
bers. 
He went to Lisbon to obtain further data, and, in order 
to obtain a more perfect knowledge of the works relating 
than he could acquire by his acquaintance with castilian, 
latin and his mothertongue, he studied French, Italian 
and Dutch. Finally in 1730 at seventy years of age, after 
devoting half of his life to this work, be published his 
History of Portuguese America from its Discovery to the year 
1724. 
Eulogized, congratulated and covered with laurels, he 
was appointed by king John V gentleman of his household 
and made chevalier of the Order of Christ, which was at 
that time a very high distinction. 
The illustrious and aged Brazilian then returned to the 
delightful quiet and repose of his home, where be expired 
on the 2nd of November, 1738. 
The poets, philosophers and scientific writers should be 11 
judged according to the degree of civilisation of the time 
in which they live, and the circumstances under which 
their works are composed. 
To compare Sebastiao da Rocha Pitta, who wrote in the 
end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th, with 
the great and luminous historians of the politico-phi- 
losophical schools of England, France and Germany, would 
be to crush the infancy of the present with the immense 
opulence of 19th. century civilisation. 
Rocha Pitta cannot be compared to the great modern 
historians. 
He does not, and could not belong to the same school; 
but, considering the age in which he lived and the state of 
its civilisation, the materials of which he disposed and the 
difficulties he encountered in collecting, his History of Por- 
tuguese America is a work of which Brazil may justly be 
proud. 
Rocha Pitta is the father of Brazilian history as Ayres 
Casal is the father of the chorography of Brazil. 
One is really astounded at the results accomplished by 
these twro meritorious writers, in producing works which are 
real and most precious treasures, in an age where there 
was so much neglect and such a lack of learning. 
Sebastiao da Rocha Pitta, if he could not be the sun of 
Brazilian history, was at least a most brilliant dawn to the 
profounder and better informed intellects which are distin- 
guishing themselves in writing the history of the country. 
It is a sacred duty to honor the memory of the venera- 
ble and most ancient master, who in his time did more 
than has since been done by all together who have labored 
in the same harvest. IV OF MAY 
LUIZA ANTONIA 
When JoSo Gaetano dos Santos, then at the meridian of 
his dramatic splendor, represented on the Rio de Janeiro 
stage Dumas', celebrated drama Kean or Disorder and Genius, 
in which were depicted the genius and disorder of the Bra- 
zilian actor himself, the public found time in the midst of 
of its enthusiasm for the masterly representation of the role 
of Kean, to note with surprise and pleasure the vivacity, 
self-reliance and grace, with which a child of eight years of 
age performed the part of Piter-Pater. 
Before appearing on the stage, Piter-Pater asked in a 
clear, firm, mirthful, childish and silvery voice : 
« I say, Mr. Kean, shall I come in on my head or my 
heels ? » 
Piter-Pater came in on his heels, and firmly on them, 
and charmed the public with his childish grace and gaiety. 
On the same night the audience learned that the char- 14 
ming little Piter-Pater was a girl, Luiza Antonia by name, 
step-daughter to Joao Gaetano, and daughter to the Brazi- 
lian actress Estella Sezefreda, born in Rio de Janeiro in 
1833. 
After a number of consecutive representations of Kean, 
Luiza Antonia disappeared from the stage. 
Afterwards when Joao Caetano wished to represent Frei 
Luiz de Souza of the immortal Garret, he bethought him of 
his step-danghter for the role cf Maria. 
She was then exactly twelve, just the age of the daughter 
of Luiz de Souza ; but the part is extremely difficult, and 
to be well performed requires intellect, soul, art and senti- 
ment. 
Joao Caetano caused the various parts of the drama to be 
extracted and distributed, and requested his brother-in-law, 
Luiz Honorio Vieira Souto, to read to his niece her part, 
and to take pains to make her understand the character of 
Maria, this lovely, delicate and moving master-piece of Al- 
meida Garret. 
This was done on the eve of carnival; and, amid the 
hurry, confusion and merriment, incidental to this popular 
festivity, even Vieira Souto forgot the task which he had 
undertaken in regard to his niece. 
After the carnival, Joao Caetano immediately proceded to 
the first rehearsal of the drama. 
He was agreeably surprised to find that Luiza Antonia 
had already committed her part to memory. But this was 
the least astonishing part of the affair. In the first scene, in 
which Maria displays her extreme sensibility, Luiza Anto- 
nia did not mechanically repeat her part, but acted it with 
lifelike force and vigor. 
Correct modulation, appropriate gestures, a natural atti- 15 
tude in listening, features enlivened by eloquent expression 
in speaking, all displayed the genius of the inspired young 
actress. 
When the scene had terminated, Joao Gaetano and Es- 
tella were shedding tears of joy and admiration, and the 
aged Victor Porfirio de Borja, an experienced and consum- 
mate Portuguese actor, mingled his tears with theirs. 
Frei Luiz de Souza was brought before the public, and 
Luiza Antonia made her debut, astonishing everyone, and 
well deserving the extraordinary and splendid success which 
she obtained. 
Unassisted she had been able to comprehend the role of 
Maria. 
Joao Gaetano and Estella had only to correct some slight 
defects due to her want of experience on the stage. 
Every repetition of Frei Luiz de Souza was a new triumph 
for Luiza Antonia. 
In 1847 when this play was again represented, there 
occurred a singular and sad incident. 
It is well known that in a sorrowful and heart rending 
scene, Maria, writhing in anguish, suddenly raises her hand- 
kerchief to her mouth and withdraws it stained with drops 
of blood. 
On the night in question, Luiza Antonia had admirably 
performed her difficult role. When she came to this part 
of the play, the audience, carried away with enthusiasm, 
rose en masse and greeted with thunders of applause what 
they supposed to be a wonderful imitation of nature. 
Alas ! it was unfortunately no imitation. 
At this point Luiza Antonia had been seized with a he- 
morrage of the lungs, and it was no stage trick or optical 
delusion that stained her handkerchief with blood. 16 
Like Garret's Maria, the promising and inspired young 
actress was the victim of a severe pulmonary affection. 
She had just reached the age when this disease is most 
dangerous, and though merely in its first stage, it had by 
the end of Abril made rapid strides, when it was aggrava- 
ted by an attack of pernicious fever. 
No care and pains were spared to save her; but all in vain. 
On the 4th of May she breathed her last, expiring at the 
tender age of fourteen. 
To her weeping mother and step-father, the noted Brazi- 
lian physician, Dr. Meirelles said: 
« Do not weep for her. It is better that she should thus 
gently pass away. 
« She was consumptive, and could not have lived for more 
than a few months, during which she would problably have 
experienced horrible sufferings. » 
The fitness of Luiza Antonia for a dramatic career was 
due to something higher than mere talent. She had genius, 
real genius, perhaps not inferior to that of Joao Caetano. 
Besides her success fulrendering of the difficult role of 
Maria, she had achieved a no less brilliant triumph in the 
gentle and interesting role of the young Savoyard girl in 
La Grace de Dieu. 
In her short career she displayed mental gifts which, 
under the judicious training of her mother and step-father, 
would assuredly have raised her to a high place among the 
theatrical stars, not of Brazil alone, but of the whole world. 
In the history of the celebrated actresses of Europe, there is 
not a single instance of so precocious a display of dramatic 
genius as that of the inspired maiden who, alone and 
unaided, had, at twelve years of age, interpreted the part 
of Maria in Frei Luiz de Souza. V OF MAY 
FRIAR LEANDRO DO SACRAMENTO 
Leandro do Sacramento was born in the city of Recife, 
province of Pernambuco, in the year 1778. He was the legi- 
timate son of Jorge Ferreira da Silva and Thereza de Jesus, 
by whom he was brought up with the most watchful and 
judicious care. 
Leandro was extremely thin; his chest was badly shaped 
and his health was very feeble. 
Notwithstanding this and the ailments to which he 
was subject, he was led by a decided inclination to embrace 
a monastic life, and made his profession in the convent of 
the reformed Carmelite order in Pernambuco, on the 5th of 
May, 1798. 
He attended the college of his convent, acquired a consi- 
derable stock of learning, was admitted into priestly orders, 
and, obtaining leave to visit Portugal, went through the 18 
course of philosophy at the Coimbra University, where he 
graduated, preparing a thesis entitled Thezes ex philosophia 
naturali Coimbrigce. 
In 1806, he returned to Pernambuco. His well deserved 
reputation as a learned naturalist, and especially as a bota- 
nist, became widely known, and after his arrival at Rio de 
Janeiro, he was appointed professor of botany in the Medical 
and Surgical Academy, without having solicited the place 
or even thought of obtaining it. 
In the performance of his professorial, Friar Leandro was 
accustomed to teach not only in the edifice of the academy, 
but also in one of the two ancient pavillions, or even when 
promenading in the Rio de Janeiro Public Garden. 
An able professor, a virtuous man, profund and eloquent 
in his lessons, affable and agreeable in his manners, Friar 
Leandro was revered by all his pupils. 
His lessons at the Passeio Publico were often attended by 
some of the most learned men of the city. 
Having been appointed Director of the Passeio Publico, 
he was afterwards placed in charge of the Botanical Garden. 
To this establishment he rendered important services, and 
was preparing a plan for introducing considerable altera- 
tions and improvements, when his disease of the lungs grew 
worse. 
He died at his residence in that establishment on the 1st 
of January, 1829, at the age of fifty years. 
This illustrious Brazilian wrote little, taught much and 
knew still more. Unfortunately he did not even publish a 
catalogue of the medicinal plants whose properties and ap- 
plication he had discovered and orally made known. 
His renown cannot compete with that of Friar Velloso, 
the author of the Flora Brazileira Fluminense, but it would 19 
have been little inferior, if he had published the results of 
his studies and, if less sickly and feeble, he had been able 
to make the laborious botanical excursions, such as were 
made by that Franciscan sage. 
In his long and circumstancial biography of Friar Leandro 
do Sacramento, presented to the Brazilian Geographical and 
Historical Institute, Dr. Jos£ de Saldanha da Gama men- 
tions the following facts which are indispensable to this 
sketch : 
« Leandro do Sacramento commenced his monography on 
the Balana phorece, parasitical plants on the roots of trees, 
but it is not known to what point he carried his work. 
« He wrote an interesting essay on the culture of tea and 
its preparation for the market, founded on his observations 
in the Botanical Garden. 
« The scientific journals of Europe published some of his 
diagnoses of new species of plants. Some of his designations 
were unreservedly accepted, and others merely as synonyms. 
« He classified no less than eight genera of Brazilian 
plants, of which, however, only the Funifera was adopted 
by the Brazilian botanists, the others having been pre- 
viously classified. Among the species by him discovered the 
most important is the white Embira (Funifera utilis). 
a Baddi has perpetuated the name of Leandro in his Bo- 
tanical History, proposing the genus Leandra in the order 
of the melastomaceae. Several species classified in Europe 
are dedicated to the memory of the illustrious Brazilian. 
« The Jardin des Plantes in Paris possesses a considerable 
number of dried specimens sent by the American sage from 
his collections. 
« St. Hilaire mentions the notable services rendered to 20 
France, when he records the bonds of friendship which in 
Rio de Janeiro united him to Leandro. 
« He was well acquainted with botany and his lessons at 
the Passeio Publico were greatly applauded. 
« He also understood mineralogy, and there exists the 
registry of an order of the Count of Barca, appointing him 
to be one of a committee charged with examining and ap- 
praising a collection of minerals which the State wished to 
purchase. 
« From the archives of the former Medical and Surgical 
Academy we have extracted notices relating to his class, and 
to the lessons which he gave on agriculture and botany, 
and even to the points on which his pupils were examined. 
« We would have made still further discoveries in this 
respect, had it not been for the fire on theMorro do Castello, 
which destroyed, the most of the documents. » 
Friar Leandro's right to a place among the conspicuous 
men of Brazil is consequently more than proved. VI OF MAY 
FRIAR FRANCISCO DE S. CARLOS 
Arriving- in Rio de Janeiro in 1808, and intending-, as he 
declared to the world, to establish in this city the capital of 
the new empire, the prince-regent, afterwards King John VI, 
of Portugal, was prepared to behold a wonderful country 
and find himself in the midst of prodigious natural wealth ; 
but he was far from imagining that ii the unprotected and 
plundered colony he would find talent and genius of surpri- 
sing splendor. 
D. John and his court were destined to be astonished. 
On his arrival at Bahia, he found in Jose da Silva Lisboa, 
(afterwards Viscount of Cayrii), a political economist, states- 
man unrivalled by any in Lisbon ; and in Rio de Janeiro he 
found poets such as the priest Caldas, already famous, and 
others, whose reputation yet remained to be established, 
such as S. Carlos, Eloy Ottoni, Januario, etc. ; painters 22 
such as Jose Leandro, who drew perfectly from memory; 
theologists such as the priest Luiz Goncalves, a choleric 
disputant, but thoroughly versed in ecclesiastical lore ; mu- 
sicians such as Father Jos6 Mauricio, whose claim to broth- 
erhood was admitted by Haydn. 
The regent D. John, a very devout and religious prince, 
scrupulously exacting in all that related to divine service 
and religious pomp, was agreeably surprised to find in the 
capital of the new empire what it would have taken years 
of careful labor to create-sacred music represented by Jose 
Mauricio, the musical genius who proved himself superior 
to the great Portuguese composer, Marcos Portugal; - and 
sacred eloquence represented by the priest Caldas, whose 
fame had already reached Portugal, Father Januario and 
Mont'Alverne just in the dawn of their reputation, and 
Sao Paio and Silo Carlos already approaching the meridian 
of their glory. 
Next to Caldas, Friar Francisco de Slo Carlos was the 
brightest and most conspicuous s ar of the shining galaxy. 
Descended from an honorable house, he was born in the 
city of Rio de Janeiro on Aug. 13, 1763. At the age of 
twelve he entered the Seraphic Order of the Immaculate 
Conception, and completed his literary and theological 
education, distinguishing himself in all his classes. 
At 19 years of age he was sent to the convent of S. Boa- 
ven ura, belonging to the order, in the town of Macacii, 
(which no longer exists), and there, in the quiet of the 
cloister, perfected his studies of the works of the fathers of 
the church, of the ancient and modern philosophers, of the 
great Grecian, Latin, French, Italian and Portuguese poets 
and orators. 
Returning to Rio de Janeiro, he began to distinguish 23 
himself as a pulpit orator and as a teacher, and was in 1801 
appointed by his order professor of sacred eloquence. 
On the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in 1808, 
Friar Francisco de S. Carlo preached in its presence a 
sermon of thanks for so joyful an event. The prince-regent 
D. John appointed him at once preacher of the royal 
chapel, declaring that he was the most eloquent pulpit 
orator which he had ever heard. 
Thenceforward the life of S. Carlos was a continued series 
of triumphs in this branch of oratory. 
All his natural and acquired gifts favored him in this 
respect; his learning was profound and varied; his imagi- 
nation brilliant; his style, mild and pleasing; his diction, 
correct and elegant; his voice sonorous and winning ; his 
appearance attractive, with a high forehead, eyes large, 
black and at times full of fire, a well-shaped mouth adorned 
with a set of even, white teeth. 
He was fond of repartee and often made very successful 
hits. 
One day, for instance, he was preaching at the festival of 
Our Lady of Sorrows and had already made considerable pro- 
gress in the delivery of his sermon, when he was interrup- 
ted by the arrival of the queen, D. Maria I. Being obliged 
to commence anew he did so with the following quotation : 
« Infandum, regina, jubes renovare dolores! » 
Besides being a celebrated pulpit orator, he was a great 
poet and wrote a poem in eight cantos entitled Assumpgdo 
da Santissima Virgem. 
Our Lady of Assumption had all his life been the special 
object of his adoration, and by a pleasing coincidence, when 
he fell gravely ill and was carried to the convent hospital, 
his bed was placed exactly in front of an altar consecrated 24 
to her, where he breathed his last on the 6th of May, 1829, 
with eyes fixed on the image of the virgin. 
The greater part of his sermons have been lost; those 
which remain, however, are sufficient to found his glory 
on a solid basis. The most noted is the funeral oration 
which he delivered in the royal chapel at the exequies of 
Queen Maria II. The whole sermon is grand, but the pero- 
ration is a master-piece of irresistible eloquence which 
must ever be preserved as a precious model. 
The poem Assumpgdd suffers from the monotonous verse in 
which it is written, but is, notwithstanding, an immortal 
production of Brazilian literature. 
The wonderful imagination of the poet in the sublime sim- 
plicity of its conceptions wove together episodes full of 
beauty and majesty, such as the sublime life, the martyr- 
dom and death of our Savior, the infernal conjurations of 
the spirits of darkness. 
In the midst of his religious fervor, the poet was not un- 
mindful of his country. The description of the city of Rio de 
Janeiro, that of the Sugar-Loaf Hill at the entrance of the 
harbor, the mention of Brazilian fruits in his description of 
Paradise, all bear witness to the patriotism which furnished 
the flowers for the epic wreath which the inspired and de- 
vout poet laid at the feet of the immaculate Virgin Mother 
of Christ. VII OF MAY 
SERGIO TEIXEIRA DE MACEDO 
Sergio Teixeira de Macedo was born in September, 1809, 
in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where he prosecuted and con- 
cluded his primary studies and those preparatory to the hi- 
gher branches of learning, always under the guidance of 
his father, Major Diogo Teixeira. 
In 1827 he went to Coimbra for the purpose of graduating 
in the science of law; but, the University having been closed, 
on account of the political events which disturbed the king 
dom of Portugal, he returned to Brazil, and finding law- 
schools already established at S. Paulo and Olinda, he was 
matriculated in the latter, and greatly distinguished himself 
in his collegiate course. 
While still at college, he edited the Olindense, a liberal po- 
litical paper, of which he was at first a writer and afterwards 
sole editor. His articles in defence of the principles of the 26 
Moderate party, then in power, were frequently copied into 
the principal papers of Rio de Janeiro. 
Having- graduated in October, 1832, Sergio de Macedo 
came to Rio, and was shortly afterwards appointed prosecu- 
ting- attorney. He practised law in the office of Dr. Satur- 
nino de Souza e Oliveira, and at the same time wrote news- 
paper articles for the Verdade and for the Aurora Fluminense. 
At the end of a few months he solicited and obtained an 
appointment to the place of Secretary of the Leg-ation in 
Paris, which was then vacant. 
He acted as Secretary for a very limited period : a chang-e 
in the head of the Leg-ation g-ave him an opportunity to act 
as Charge d'Affaires from June to November, 1834. 
He was sent in the same capacity to Lisbon, were he ren- 
dered important services, prominent among which was his 
constant opposition to the Slave trado which, though pro- 
hibited in Brazil, was tolerated in the Portuguese posses- 
sions. 
So great was the esteem and consideration which he won 
that Queen Maria II shortly before her accouchement, wrote 
to her august brother, asking him act as god-father to her 
child, and to delegate to the simple Charge d'affaires the nece 
ssary powers for representingh im at the christening, and on 
this occasion caused the same charge d'affaires to be treated 
as an ambassador, and to be decorated with the grand-cross 
of the Order of Christ. 
There was at that time a question between the Brazilian 
Regent and the Holy See. The government of the former, re- 
solving to give a more conciliatory tone to the negotiati- 
ons, removed to Lisbon the Brazilian Minister at Rome, 
and appointed Sergio de Macedo minister to the ccurts o* 
Rome and Turin. 27 
In 1838 he entered upon his mission to Rome, success- 
fully concluding* the negotiations, and winning the good 
will of the Pope in such a degre as to obtain from him the 
recognition of the independence of Chili. 
In 1843 Sergio de Macedo proceeded to Turin, convey- 
ing to King Charles Albert the insignia of the Order of the 
Cross, and entrusted with negotiations whose purport was 
not officially made known, but for which he wasthanke dand 
eulogized. 
The Imperial Government promoted him to the rank of 
minister resident at Turin, likewise accredited to the court of 
Parma, and relieved him of his commission at Rome, where 
immediately after his farewell audience the Holy Father 
sent him the insignia of Commander of the Order of St, 
Gregory the Great, accompanied by a most flattering pontifi- 
cal Brief. 
In 1843 he acted for some months as Minister ad interim 
for Brazil at Paris, was removed from Turin to Vienna, 
where, besides occupying himself with commercial ques- 
tions, he obtained Prince Metternich's recognition of the in 
dependence of Chili and Paraguay. 
He was raised to the rank of Envoy Extraordinary 
and Minister Plenipotentiary in 1847, and was transferred 
from Vienna to Washington. 
He there reflected honor on his government and his coun- 
try, by assisting in the solution of difficult questions and by 
his action in regard Brazil's to rights of sovereignty in the 
proposed opening of the Amazon to every flag. 
In 1851, obtaining the necessary leave, he returned to 
Rio de Janeiro, the city of his birth, and, on his arrival, 
found himself appointed minister to Paris. He was prepar- 
ing to depart on this mission, when the Minister of Finance, 28 
the Viscount of Itaborahy, intrusted him with studying the 
best method of meeting- its obligations, incurred by the tra- 
ty in which Portugal recognized the independence of the 
Empire,of paying in 1853 the Portuguese loan of 1823 (nine 
thousand contos) and of adopting some measure in regard to 
the loans of 1824 (twenty-seven thousand contos) which wo- 
uld fall due in 1854. 
Sergio de Macedo, presented his report, and the Viscount 
of Itaborahy resolving to entrust to his care the necessary 
financial operations, caused him to be removed to the Lon- 
don legation. 
Favorably known as an enemy to the barbarous slave trade, 
the Brazilian plenipotentiary was an agreeable emissary to 
the English government, from which he received the most 
flattering attentions, and the most decided marks of confi- 
dence and esteem. 
This favorable reception, however, did not remove the 
difficulties which attended his financial task. But his own 
ability and the credit of Brazil overcame these difficulties, and 
made his mission a complete success. The means wanted were 
found, and Brazil was enabled to meet its obligations with 
a punctuality redounding to its credit, and producing an 
immediate rise of its funds. 
What rendered these operations more difficult was the 
fact of their coinciding with the advantageous offers made 
for the purpose of raising capital for theD. Pedro II, Per- 
nambuco and Bahia railways. 
Sergio de Macedo neglected nothing, keeping guard over 
the interests of the Empire and discountenancing all attem- 
pts at injurious speculations in Brazilian funds and stock* 
If in all these varied, complicated and delicate tasks he 29 
sometimes erred, his error was involuntary, and proceeded 
from the most patriotic intentions. 
The imperial government removed him from London to 
Washington whence it summoned him to Rio de Janeiro, 
and offered him several important and lucrative commissi- 
ons, as well as diplomatic missions of the highest order ; all 
of which he steadfastly refused. 
Dissatisfied with the action of the government in remo- 
ving him to Washington, which appeared to him an indi- 
rect censure on his procedure in relation to the contract for 
the first section of the D. Pedro II R. R., he published a 
lengthy defence of his course and his opinions in a series of 
articles, published first in the Jornal do Commercio newspa- 
per and afterwards in pamphlet form. 
The Marquis of Parang, at this time prime minister, offe- 
red him several presidencies of Provinces, and at last, appeal- 
ing to their long-existing friendship and to his duty towards 
his party, forced him to serve as president of Pernambuco 
in 1856. 
Having been elected deputy by one of the electoral dis- 
tricts of the Neutral Municipality, he left the administra- 
tion of the province of Pernambuco, and took his seat in the 
chamber on May 7 of the same year. 
Appointed plenipotentiary to treat with the English Mi- 
nister at this court, the negotiation for submitting to joint 
commissioners the pending claims of England and Brazil 
against each other. 
In parliament he formed a party of the opposition to 
the cabinet of the Marquis of Olinda. 
On Dec. 12, 1859, he was entrusted with the portfolio of 30 
the Department of the Empire, which he gave up in 
1861. 
In 1863 the chamber of deputies was dissolved, and Sergio 
Teixeira de Macedo, not being reelected, went to Europe 
where he died two years afterwards. VIII OF MAY 
ANTONIO JOSE DA SILVA. THE JEW. 
The Inquisition, the so-called Santo Officio, could in its 
beginning, perhaps, excuse itself on the plea of religious 
zeal and well-intentioned aspirations ; but even so it was 
plainly subject to abuses, and to degenerating into fana- 
tical persecutions, as was shortly the case when it 
became a terrible calumny on the holy religion of the 
Lamb of God, and of the pure and undefiled teachings 
of our Lord Jesus Christ. 
The Inquisition, introduced into Portugal and then 
firmly established by D. John III, increased the number 
of its agents and spread like a net over the Kingdom of 
Portugal and its possessions. In Brazil it made an abun- 
dant harvest of victims, who were burnt at the stake or 
subjected to horrible tortures by means of infernal ma- 
chines, invented by a cruel and diabolical ingenuity. 32 
Antonio Jos6 da Silva was born in Rio de Janeiro on 
May 8, 1705. He was the legitimate son of the lawyer, 
Joao Mendes da Silva and Lourenca Coutinho. The latter, 
on a mere suspicion of Judaism, was arrested and sent to 
Lisbon. 
Joao Mendes followed his wife, carrying with him his 
three children, the youngest of which, Antonio Jos6, was 
then 8 years of age, and to support his family and de- 
fend his wife commenced the practice of law in Lisbon. 
Lourenca Coutinho was not at that time brought to 
the stake. 
Antonio Jos6 was educated in Lisbon. His college 
career was made brilliant by his talent and vivacity, and 
at the age of twenty-one he graduated at Coimbra as 
bachelor of divinity. 
He returned to Lisbon, and in August of the same year, 
(1726), fell into the hands of the Inquisition, which had re- 
newed its persecutions of the martyr, Lourenca Coutinho. 
After being subjected to torture for two months he was 
released in October by an auto-da-fA 
He practised law with his father, whom he greatly as- 
sisted in his professional labors. He was an author of fables 
and of humorous and witty poetry, and became known 
and esteemed. He began to write comedies which were 
very successful and drew crowded houses to the theatre of 
Bairro Alto. 
Antonio Jos6 da Silva married Leonor Maria de Carvalho. 
The fruit of this union was one daughter on whom he 
lavished the whole wealth of a father's love and tenderness. 
He professed to be an ardent Catholic, either from sin- 
cere conviction or from fear of the Inquisition, which had 
again incarcerated his wretched mother. 33 
Joao Mendes da Silva died in 1736, probably cursing 
the diabolical institution which had kept him in constant 
torment by its cruelty to his wife and by the appre- 
hensions which it excited for his son. 
Antonio Jos6 da Silva, rendered famous by his amus- 
ing comedies, so full of wit and originality, was hon- 
ored by his admirers with the flattering epithet of the 
Portuguese Plautus. He resuscitated and regenerated the 
drama at Lisbon and won the friendship of many eminent 
persons, among whom were Mathias Ayres Ramos da 
Silva Eca, director of the mint, a man of considerable 
literary acquirements, and D. Francisco Xavier de Menezes, 
Count of Ericeiro, who, like his father, was a poet. 
But the people called the comedies of Antonio Jos& da 
Silva the Operas of the Jeio. Was this his crime, for- 
sooth ? 
The wretched poet was again arrested and incarcerated 
by the Inquisition, together with his young and inno- 
cent wife, on the 7th of October, 1737. It is wonderful 
that his persecutors even spared his infant daughter. 
Neither the love of the people which was a crime, nor 
his literary glory which was a reproach, nor the faithful 
friendship of Silva Eca and the Count of Ericeira could 
save Antonio Jose from the doom which awaited him. 
The diabolical tribunal, the so-called Santo Officio, the 
notorious calumniator and sacrilegious enemy of Christ's 
holy religion, in cold blood and with cruel perversity 
murdered in the name of the God of pardon, charity and 
mercy, Antonio Jos6 da Silva, his mother Lourenco Cou- 
tinho and his wife Leonor Maria de Carvalho 1 
The three victims were publicly burned in Lisbon on 
Oct. 19, 1739. 34 
The Inquisition had roasted and devoured its prey. 
The memory of Antonio Jos6 da Silva has been perpet- 
uated by his comedies which are so conspicuous for their 
wit, elegance and originality that, having been carelessly 
published with others not written by him, they were 
easily distinguished from the spurious productions, the 
difference being* apparent to anyone of ordinary intelli- 
gence on a simple inspection. 
The number of the genuine comedies is twelve. They 
would not now be admitted on the stage, as neither would 
those of Plautus, Terence, Gil Vicente and other clas- 
sical writers ; but the Guerras do Alecrim e da Mangerona, 
Encantos de Medea, Labyrintho de Creta, Vida de D. 
Queixote, Precipicio de Phaetonte and others are works 
whose merit is more than sufficient to establish the glory 
of this illustrious Brazilian whose inspired genius was the 
life and soul of the Portuguese theatre in the 18th cen- 
tury. 
The Brazilian poet, Dr. Domingos MagalhSes, now Vis- 
count of Araguaya, has written a tragedy, frequently 
represented before applauding audiences, of which Jos& 
Antonio is the hero and which bears his name. 
The production and representation of this play has unit- 
ed in one complex, three glorious Brazilian names : that 
of the hero, Antonio Jos6, and finally that of the actor, 
Joao Gaetano, who amidst enthusiastic applause, repre- 
sented the character of the illustrious victim of the unhal- 
lowed Inquisition. IX OF MAY 
JOSE FELICIANO FERNANDES PINHEIRO 
VISCOUNT OF S. LEOPOLDO 
Jose Feliciano Fernandes Pinheiro was born on May 9, 
1774, in the town, afterwards city of Santos, province of 
S Paulo. He was the legitimate son of the militia 
colonel Jos6 Fernandes Martins and D. Thereza de Jesus 
Pinheiro. 
In Santos he studied besides the primary studies, Latin 
and French, and at the Coimbra University in Portugal 
completed his preparatory studies, and in 1798 took the 
degree of bachelor of divinity. Obtaining his father's per- 
mission, he dedicated himself to the magistracy, instead 
of the priesthood to which he had been destined. 
By order of the minister Dr. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho, 
he was admitted into the literary establishment of the 
Arco do Cego, under the direction of Friar Jos6 Mariano 
da Conceicao Velloso, the learned author of Flora Flu- 36 
minense, and. was then intrusted with the translation of 
several English works, in which labor he gave proof of 
his capacity, and still more in an excellent work which 
he compiled under the title of New and Complete History 
of America. 
On July 15, 1800, he was appointed judge of the Custom- 
houses of Rio Grande do Sul,which was to be raised to the 
rank of a captaincy in case the amount of revenue obtained 
from these custom-houses should justify this step. On Sept. 
19, 1801, he was appointed auditor-general of all the forces 
in Rio Grande do Sul, and in order to present his commis- 
sion to the viceroy D. Fernando Jos6 de Portugal, he had 
to pass through Rio de Janeiro, where he was appointed 
auditor of the fleet for the defence of Brazil. 
In 1802 he arrived at Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul. 
In 1804 the custom-houses were opened, and was appointed 
Crown solicitor on the treasury board of the captaincy, acting 
also as head of the Departments of Tithes and Stamped 
Paper. 
During twenty years he rendered valuable services as 
auditor-general. In 1810 he was promoted to the rank of 
lieutenent-colonel, and in the following year to that of 
colonel. 
In 1812 he accompanied the army of pacification to Mon- 
tevideo, and his name was proposed by General Diogo de 
Souza for a membership of the military commission created 
by Royal Letter of Sept. 17, 1813, to try without appeal 
persons accused of desertion, sedition etc. 
In 1815, by Royal Letter of June 19, he was appointed 
permanent member of the special court organized to try the 
prisoners who filled the jails of Rio Grande, 37 
In all these offices and commissions Jose Feliciano was 
deservedly eulogized for his zeal, discretion and rectitude. 
Fearing that these honorable tasks should interrupt his 
career as a magistrate, he solicited compensation, which 
was granted by Decree of June 29, 1808, with the rank of 
Judge of the lower court of appeals, and by that Dec. 17, 
1811, with rank of the high court of appeals. 
The elevated merit of Jos6 Feliciano was acknowledged 
by the government, and in 1821 the people of his native 
province likewise showed their apreciation of his services 
by electing him deputy to the Portuguese Constituent as- 
sembly. 
In the cortes at Lisbon Jos6 Feliciano acted worthy and 
was true to his duties as a Brazilian. Moderate by nature 
and unswerving in his adhesion to his principles, he did 
equal Antonio Carlos, Barata, Feijo, Lino Coutinho and 
others in the warmth and energy of their patriotic demons- 
trations, and he did not accompany them when they with- 
drew from the cortes which had displayed open hostility to 
Brazil. He acted thus because he considered himself bound 
by the explicit instructions contained in his legislative 
diploma ; but, ever defending the rights of Brazil, he left 
Portugal, as soon as his country declared its independence 
in spite of the opposition of the Portuguese soldiery. 
On his return to Brazil he was elected by the Provinces 
of Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo deputy to the Brazilian 
constituent assembly, in which he was noted for his mode- 
rate, monarchical and liberal-conservative ideas, which he 
maintained until the ill advised and fatal dissolution of 
that august body. 
On November 25, 1823, he was appointed president (the 
firsts of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul. His administra- 38 
tion has left some magnificent memorials, among which 
the following may he mentioned: - the now florishing 
colony of Sao Leopoldo there founded ; the establishment of 
the first printing office in the province, and above all the 
opening of the House of Charity, which was effected with 
the utmost pomp on Jan. 1, 1825, and of the which the 
principal act was that of the president's presenting himself 
richly dressed in a gold-embroidered costume, and assisted 
by a noble companion in carryng a sick man in a ham- 
mock. 
On Oct. 13, 1825, Jos6 Feliciano received from the Em- 
peror the title of councillor, and on the 21st of November 
accepted the port-folio of minister of the Empire. 
As minister, he promoted the development of the Aca- 
demy of Fine Arts, occupied himself assiduously with the 
question of public instruction, improved the Medical and 
Surgical School, signed the Decree of Aug. 11, 1827, for 
founding the law colleges of Sao Paulo and Olinda, an idea 
originated by him in the constituent assembly on June 14, 
1823, accompanied the Emperor to Rio Grande do Sul at 
the time of the Cisplatine war, and on Nov. 20, 1827, ten- 
dered his resignation which was accepted in language high- 
ly honorable to him and expressing the thanks of the Em- 
peror for the services which he had rendered. 
He had already received the title of Viscount of Sao Leo- 
poldo, and in 1826 was chosen Senator from the Province 
of Sao Paulo, and on May 18, 1827, was appointed Coun- 
cillor of State and Secretary of the respective council. 
The ultra-liberals regarded with enmity or suspicion 
all persons whom the Emperor honored, or who served him 
with zeal and loyally. They could not forgive the Viscount 
of Leopoldo's high rank, his title of nobility, his position 39 
and influence as Councillor of State, his place in the cabi- 
net, and the favor and confidence of the Emperor. He was 
bitterly abused in the press and in parliament, as a parti- 
san of an absolute monarchy and of reactionary principles. 
The Viscount of Sao Leopoldo retired from the ministry 
keenly mortified by the personal offences which he had 
received. 
In 1827 he had negotiated on the 24th of May the treaty 
of peace with the Argentine Republic, the provisions of 
which treaty were, however, never faithfully observed; 
and also a treaty of amity, navigation and commerce with 
Great Britain, and reciprocity treaty with Prussia. 
In 1830, owing to ill health, he requested to be relieved 
of the office of councillor of state, and by Decree of May 9 his 
resignation was accepted, and he was permitted to retain all 
the honors and privileg-es attached to the office. 
He retired to the province of Rio Grande do Sul to 
enjoy the pleasures of a quiet and domestic life. 
There in his retirement the echo of the great events of 
1831, reached his ears, and there on Sept. 20, 1835, he 
witnessed the breaking out of the fatal Rio Grande re- 
volution which desolated the province for nine years. 
Watched with suspicion by the rebels and at times a 
prisoner in his own house, he greatly contributed to the 
legal reaction which took place on June 15, 1836, and 
which he aided to promote without regard to his personal 
safety which was seriously imperilled. 
In 1837, returning to his seat in the Senate, he was 
appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs and president of a 
committee charged with studying the natural boundaries 
of Brazil, and was deservedly eulogized for the report 
which he presented to the government. 40 
In 1838 he shared with Marshall Cunha and Canon Janua- 
rio da Cunha Barbosa the glory of initiating the idea of 
establishing the Brazilian Historical, Geographical and 
Ethnographical Institute, of which he was chosen pre- 
sident for life. 
When D. Pedro II obtained his sovereign attributes, he 
appointed the Viscount of S. Leopoldo Comptroller of the 
household of the Princesses. 
Though aged and worn with service the Viscount of S. 
Leopoldo continued to labor with unceasing energy until 
the day of his death which took place at Porto-Alegre 
in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, on June 6, 1847, 
where he was buried in the cemetery of the Santa Casa 
da Misericordia. 
This illustrious and venerable Brazilian was disting- 
uished by affable manners, instructive conversation, an 
enlightened intellect and by his extraordinary modesty. 
He made no figure as an orator, but in compensation 
was an indefatigable worker both in and out of par- 
liament. 
Among his writings are the following : 
Annals of the Province of S. Pedro do Ilio Grande do Sul, 
in two volumes, the first published in Rio de Janeiro in 1819 
and the second in Lisbon in 1822. This work revised and 
altered from its primitive form by the author was repu- 
blished in Paris in 1839. Its merit is generally acknow- 
ledged. 
Demonstration that the Brazilian Historical and Geogra- 
phical Institute represents the enlightened ideas which at 
different periods have been manifested on this continent, 
published in the first volume of the Review of the Insti- 
tute, 1838. 41 
Life and Deeds of Alexandre de Gusmdo and Bartholomeu 
Lour eng o de Gusmdo, published in 1839 in the Review of 
the Institute : 
Treatise on the natural, conventional and necessary bound- 
aries of the Empire of Brazil ; 
Answer to the Brief Commentaries which were written on 
that treatise by Councillor Manoel Josd Maria da Costa 
e Sd. 
The Viscount of S. Leopoldo was a member of various 
foreign academies and societies, such as the Royal Aca- 
demy of Sciences at Lisbon, that of the Friends of Nature 
at Berlin, the Historical Intitute of France the Agricultural 
Society of Carlsow and the Philomathic Society at Paris. X OF MAY 
D. FRANCISCA DE SAND! 
The date of the birth as well as that of the death of D. 
Franciscade Sandi are unknown. She was a native of Bahia 
and belonged to a distinguished family whose name she 
perpetuates. 
She was a widow and had some property, when Bahia in 
1686 was invaded by the plague which in te previous year 
had appeared in Pernambuco and there popularly known 
by the name of the males. 
In Bahia the name of the bixa was given to this epidemic 
which made terrible ravages, against which the medical 
science of that time was powerless. The people and muni- 
cipal chamber chose St. Francis Xavier as their patron 
saint and besought his intercession for Divine mercy. On 
May 10, 1686, his image was accompanied from the college 
church by a contrite and sorrowing multitude. This cere- 
mony was kept up by the chamber till 1828. 44 
Ill the lack of another date, the name of D. Francisca de 
Sandi is registered on the 10th of May, the culminating date 
of events in which she displayed the utmost charity and 
the most heroic self-devotion. 
The plague carried off daily numbers of lives. The prin- 
cipal symptoms were : - fever, violent head-ache, restless- 
ness, blood vomits and delirium. From these insufficient 
explanations some idea may be formed of the nature of the 
disease. 
The people were seized with terror, especially as the dis- 
ease was considered contagious. The hospitals were unable 
to accommodate the patients from whom every one fled. 
The city was abandoned by all who had means to make 
their escape. 
There was, however, one exception. D. Francisca de 
Sandi, instead of fleeing from the plague, like so many 
others, remained firm at her post, converted her house into 
a hospital and not only paid out of her own purse all the 
expense with the treatment of the sick, but actually became 
herself one of their most active and untiring nurses. After 
all the resources of medical science were exhausted, it was 
her who prepared the dying to receive the sacraments of 
the church, and who accompanied them in their final 
agonies. 
Such piety and benevolence won from the King D. Pedro II 
a letter of eulogy and thanks, and from the people of Bahia 
the love and gratitude which good children are accustomed 
to feel for a loving' and devoted mother. XI OF MAY 
MATHIAS AYRES RAMOS DA SILVA EGA 
This illustrious Brazilian was born in the Captaincy of 
S. Paulo in the year 1705. 
Yielding to an irresistible inclination, he devoted him- 
self to literary studies. 
Leaving home, he went to Portugal where he graduated 
in the course of philosophy at the Coimbra University. 
Devoting himself to the study of the three great natural 
kingdoms, he became a proficient naturalist and obtained a 
great reputation. 
He was a noted litterateur, and was a frien 1 of the unfor- 
tunate Antonio Josh, whom he made every effort to save 
from the clutches and Are of the Inquisition. 
His merit was so recognized by the government which 
appointed him director of the Lisbon mint, an office which 
he filled at the time of his death. 
His name is connected in this article with the 11th of 
May, but it is frankly admitted that this date is entirely 
arbitrary. XII OF MAY 
D, RITA JOANNA DESOUZA 
This fair daughter of Olinda, which was then and for 
some time afterwards the capital of Pernambuco, was a 
young, hopeful and assiduous cultivator of literature and 
poetry. 
The mere mention of her name provokes a feeling of ri- 
ghteous indignation at the neglect and carelessness with 
which this captaincy, otherwise so proved and zealous of its 
glory, permitted to disappear all the works and even ves- 
tiges of the wonderful talent of its interesting daughter. 
D. Rita de Souza was undoubtedly the joy and pride of 
a family which, if not rich, was at least well off. 
Her parents must have received an education that inspi- 
red them with a love of the beautiful, and with an apprecia- 
tion of literary and artistic instruction; for, in an age 
(according to the not very reliable accounts which have 48 
been received, she was born on the 12th of May, 1696) 
when few men in Brazil received more than the bare rudi- 
ments of an education, and the women, as a rule, were not 
even acquainted with the alphabet, she early applied her- 
self to literature and painting-, and in the spring-time of 
her existence, the hours of rest from the labors of her pencil 
were employed in travelling over the globe by means of her 
geography, or in writing essays or investigations relating 
to past events. 
It is likely that the drawings and paintings of the youth- 
ful artist, and that the historical essays of the young and 
unsophisticated philosopher, bore the impress of her youth 
and of the inexperience of the innocent maiden- a rose-bud 
barely beginning to bloom ; but they also bore marks of 
genius which unwritten tradition handed down to later 
years. 
She was a native of Pernambuco and an artist, or in other 
words a patriot and a genius. 
She lived at a period which was notable in the history of 
the Captaincy, and amid events that could not fail to act on 
her spirit. The Palmares war and the wonderful death-the 
buonaresco suicide of the zurnbi and principal leaders of the 
Negroes, were events whose history was undoubtedly rela- 
ted to her in infancy, and the war of the mascates (peddlers) 
which raised the patriotic ardor of the people of Pernambuco 
to its highest, and ended with the violent tyrannical and 
cruel persecution of brethren, could not fail to impress her 
youthful imagination. 
But all that she produced on canvass or on paper has 
been lost; nothing remains of the handiwork of this wond- 
erful maiden who, dying at the premature age of twenty 
two in 1718, left a reputation as an artist and sage. 49 
In a mass of ill-arranged, defective and unreliable papers 
entitled Biographical Notes concerning the poets and distin- 
guished Men of Pernambuco, the writer of these lines found 
the following notice for whose correctness, however, he will 
not vouch : 
« D. Rita Joanna de Souza, a literary woman and paint- 
er, noted for her beauty, modesty and virtue, as well as for 
her learning, died at Olinda in April, 1718, aged 21 years 
and 11 months ; she was universally bewept and her coffin 
strewn with flowers. » 
That D. Rita de Souza's talent was of no common order 
and that it was, on the contrary, of the highest class won- 
derfully developed considering the early age at which she 
died, is proved by the honors paid to her memory by Da- 
miao de Frdes in his Theatro Heroino, by Barbosa Ma- 
chado in his Bibliotheca Lusitana, by Ferdinand Diniz in 
his Resumd de VUistoire Litteraire du Brasil, by Councillor 
Balthazar da Silva Lisboa in his Notas Biographicas and by 
Norberto daSilva e Souza in his Brazileiros Celebres. 
Was the inspired maiden to blame if in her time there 
was no printing-offices to publish her productions and not 
sufficient literary and artistic zeal among her contempora- 
ries to save such precious treasures from destruction ? 
A fleeting flower whose fragrance perfumed for an hour 
the gardens of Olinda, a meteoric splendor that suddenly 
shot athwart its sky, a soft melody which lingered a mo - 
ment in the air and then died away in the unfathomable re- 
alms of space, a wealthy benefactress whose precious legacy 
was destroyed by barbarous neglect, a pure and lovely maid- 
en who charmed Olinda for two and twenty years and then 
took her place among her sister angels in heaven, D. Rita 50 
Joanna de Souza is entitled to be mentioned with grati- 
tude, respect and tenderness in her country's history. 
She was an exquisite plant which in art and literature 
produced precious fruits. 
The fruits have perished - let her country's altar be at 
least adorned with the name of the flower! XIII OF MAY 
GAETANO ALBERTO SOARES 
In 1833 Brazil became the adopted country of a man 
distinguished by his qualities of both head and heart. It was 
in that year that Carlos Alberto Soares was naturalized a 
Brazilian citizen. 
He was born on the island of Madeira on May 13, 1790, 
and was the legitimate son of Antonio Soares Filgueiras and 
D. Anna de Oliveira. He was adopted by his uncle and god- 
father Canon Gaetano Alberto de Araujo who destined him 
for the priesthood. 
At the age of twenty-four he was admitted into orders 
and in 1820 received the diploma of doctor from the Coim- 
bra University, 
He served as vicar-general on the island of Madeira, was 
professor of Latin and from 1821 to 1826 engaged in the 
practice of law. In the latter year he was elected deputy 52 
and proceeded to Lisbon whence he retired in 1828' when 
the constitution was trampled upon by the reaction of the 
absolutists headed by D. Miguel. Not deeming himself safe 
even in Madeira, he emigrated to England and thence to 
Brazil which be adopted as his country. 
Having no vocation for the priesthood, although he was 
always a man of exemplary virtue and a faithful and zeal- 
ous Catholic, he applied himself in Rio to the practice of 
the law in which he gave proofs not only of learning and 
skill, but also of unstained integrity. 
He served temporarily as judge of the orphans court, and 
displayed undoubted capacity for judicial functions. In 
1850 he was entrusted with drawing up the commercial 
regulations, and in 1853, in conjunction with the Marquises 
of Abrantes and Parand, was charged with the same duty 
in regard to the regulations for the execution of the land 
law. 
He was appointed lawyer of the imperial household. 
From 1855 to 1857 he served as president of the Law- 
yers' Institute which afterwards gave him an honorary mem- 
bership and in 1866 made him honorary president. Such 
honors and titles bestowed upon him by his colleagmes show 
in what esteem he was held by the most competent judges. 
In 1845 he was honored by H. M. the Emperor with the 
title of Officer, and afterwards with that of Commander, 
of the Imperial Order of the Rose. The memory of Caetano 
Alberto Soares should be honored and revered, for he was a 
model of wisdom and honesty. 
He never deceived a client. To the wealthiest he did not 
hesitate to say if he thought them in the wrong : -« your 
cause is unjust and you ought to lose it. » 53 
But he is entitled to another glory which should be ac- 
companied by the gratitude of all mankind. 
In his long career at the bar, he was always the devoted 
and gratuitous paladin of freedmen whose liberty was dis- 
puted. 
This circumstance is alone sufficient to cause him to be 
remembered as the advocate of freedom. 
He died in the city of Rio de Janeiro on February 26, 
1867. XIV OF MAY 
D. FRANCISCO DE LEMOS DE FARIA PEREIRA 
The marriage of the captain-major Manoel Pereira Ramos 
de Lemos de Faria with D. Helena de Andrada Souto Maior 
Coutinho, both wealthy proprietors of the captaincy of Rio 
de Janeiro, produced the following fruits : - Joao Pereira 
Ramos de Azevedo Coutinho, D. Francisca de Lemos de Fa- 
ria Pereira, Ignacio de Andrade Souto Maior Rendon and 
Clemente de Lemos de Azevedo Coutinho e Mello, all born 
on the Marapicii plantation in the municipal district of 
Iguassu and all afterwards celebrated for their services and 
literary acquirements. 
Their family was noted for the talent of its members like 
the Gusmao and Andrada families in Santos. 
Francisco de Lemos was born on April 5, 1735. 
Up to the age of fourteen he studied at the jesuit college 
in Rio de Janeiro, and completed in Portugal the study of 56 
the humanities and in 1754 took at the Coimbra University 
the degree of doctor of divinity, and was directly appointed 
professor and rector of the college of the military corpo- 
rations. 
7 o attain to so high a place in so short a time the young 
Brazilian must have made a brilliant display of talent. He 
was anxious, however, to return home and solicited the place 
of dean of Rio de Janeiro. This was denied him by the Mar- 
quis of Pombal who appointed him judge of the military 
corporations in 1761, and associate justice of the court of 
appeals in 1762, giving him afterwards a judgeship in the 
tribunal of the inquisition at Lisbon and the office of capi- 
tulary vicar of Coimbra and of coadjutor and future succes- 
sor of the bishop. 
On May 14, 1770, Francisco de Lemos was rector of the 
Coimbra university, and member of the board charged with 
reorganizing the establishment. 
This board, composed of men of noted literary acquire- 
ments and high social position worthily performed its task, 
enriched the University with grand buildings, a museum 
of natural history, a cabinet of experimental physics, an 
anatomical laboratory, pharmaceutic dispensatory, printing 
office, astronomic observatory, commencement of a botanical 
garden, and general development of the course of stu- 
dies in the various faculties and of all else relating to the 
establishment. But the great reformer, the one who so 
ably planned and so energetically executed these improve- 
ments and additions was the rector Francisco de Lemos. 
The new statutes of the University having been made 
ready, the Marquis of Pombal presented himself as the king's 
proxy, and caused the statutes to be formally made known 
by D. Francisco de Lemos who was at the same time ap- 57 
pointed councillor of H. M. the king-, rector of the reorganized 
University and bishop of Zenopolis. 
Shortly afterwards he was made bishop of Coimbra and 
received the title of Count of Arganil. 
On the death of D. Jos6 I the Marquis of Pombal was dis- 
missed and proscribed. The Count of Arganil remained true 
to his friend, the ex-minister, in his adversity. He resigned 
the place of the University and devoted himself to his pas- 
toral duties and pleasures. 
At the close of the 18th century, D. John obliged him to 
resume the rectorship of the University and to undertake 
and realize new improvements in that establisment. 
Some years afterward the country was invaded by the 
French. Marshall Junot resolved to send to the Emperor a 
chosen deputation of Portuguese savants, of which D. Fran- 
cisco de Lemos, notwithstanding his age and his entreaties 
to be excused, was obliged to form a part. On his arrival at 
Bayonne, Napoleon showed him the utmost favor. 
Returning to Portugal in 1810 and fearful of being con- 
sidered untrue to his king and country, Francisco de Lemos 
demanded an investigation. He was triumphantly acquitted 
and retired to Coimbra amidst the joyful acclamations of the 
people. 
He was now nearly eighty years of age, and resolved to 
spend the rest of his life in quiet retirement, occupying 
himself solely with his pastoral cares. 
In 1820 the Portuguese revolution broke out. 
In 1820 he was elected deputy from Rio de Janeiro to the 
constituent assembly at Lisbon. 
Eighty-six years of age broken in health and confined 
to his bed, he was unable to correspond to the wishes of his 58 
brethren and of their common country which he had ever 
loved and in which he longed to finish his days. 
D. Francisco de Lemos de Faria Pereira Coutinho, bishop 
of Coimbra, Count of Arganil, the great reformer of the 
University, the wise and illustrious native of Rio de Ja- 
neiro, one of the most enlightened men who figured in Por- 
tuguese history in the present or past century, died at Lis- 
bon on April 16, 1822. XV OF MAY 
JOAO PEREIRA DE WANNA 
A Carmelite monk and historian of his order, JoSo Pe- 
reira de Sant'Anna was horn in Rio de Janeiro on May 15, 
1696. 
A profound theologian and learned literateur, after estab- 
lishing his reputation in Brazil, he proceeded to Portugal 
and in Lisbon occupied several important offices. 
He wrote several essays and a valuable history of his 
order, which was published in Lisbon in 1745. In colonial 
Brazil, his native land, he enjoyed a reputation for great 
learning and in Portugal he was highly esteemed as a theo- 
logian, literateur and writer. XVI OF MAY 
BENTO TEIXEIRA PINTO 
In chronologic order Bento Teixeira Pinto was the first 
Brazilian poet. 
Of his life little is known. He was born in Pernambuco in 
the 16th century, probably a few years before 1550. The 
date of his death is not certain. 
The date here presented with his name is that on which 
the ship Santo Antonio sailed from Pernambuco in 1565 con- 
veying Jorge de Albuquerque of whose adventures on this 
voyage (which took place when he was probably little less 
than twenty years of age) he wrote an account. 
He composed and published a poem in eight-verse stanzas, 
entitled Prosopopda and dedicated to Jorge de Albuquerque 
Coelho. 
In 1601 he also published his Narrative of the shipwreck 
of Jorge Coelho on his voyage from Pernambuco in the ship 62 
Sant'Antonio in 1565; which was republished in the 2d 
volume of the History of Maritime Tragedies. 
The anonymous work, A Dialogue on the Grandeurs of 
Brazil is by some attributed to him. Opinions, however, are 
divided on this point, and both sides of the question num- 
ber authorities of great weight. 
The Prosopopea, which had become extremely rare, was 
reprinted by the librarian of the Rio de Janeiro National 
and Public Library, Dr. Benjamin Franklin Ramirez Galvao 
who caused to be republished with the utmost fidelity a 
copy dated 1601 which he discovered in the library where 
it had lain neglected till 1872. 
As a poem the Prosopopea has little merit, but is much 
esteemed for its historical and bibliographical value. 
In any case Bento Teixeira was, chronologically speaking, 
the first writer and the first poet of Brazil. XVII OF MAY 
BERNARDO JOSE' PINTO GAVIAO PEIXOTO 
Bernardo Jose Pinto Gaviao Peixoto was the legitimate 
son of Field-marshall Josd Joaquim da Costa Gaviao and D. 
Maria da Annunciacao de Lara Pinto Gaviao. He was born 
in the city of Sao Paulo, capital of the Province of the same 
name, on the 17th of May, 1792. 
Having dedicated himself to a military career, he was at 
the early age of nineteen exposed to the toils and dangers 
of active service. He served in the campaigns of the South 
against the Spaniards in 1811 and 1812 under the command 
of Gen. D. Diogo de Souza, and was decorated with the 
medal created to reward the services of the officers who 
should distinguish themselves in that war. 
In the glorious period of the declaration of independence 
Bernardo Jose Pinto espoused the patriot cause, and to 
defend it left in 1822 the comforts of home, to take command 
of a part of the cavalry which was sent to Sao Paulo. 64 
For his services in this campaign he was decorated with 
the cross of the order of Sao Bento de Aviz, to which the 
Emperor, on conferring this honor, added some expressions 
highly complimentary to the worthy Brazilian officer and 
bearing witness to his noble character and behavior. 
In his military carrer he reached the rank of brigadier- 
general. 
Distinguished by the friendship of D. Pedro II, he was 
also frequently honored with proofs of the confidence of the 
people and of the government. He served as vice-president 
and president of the province of Sao Paulo, was honored 
with the post of master of horse of the Imperial household, 
was elected member of Provincial Council, and after the 
adoption of the amendment to the constitution, member of 
the provincial legislative assembly of Sao Paulo, and twice 
as deputy for that province in the General Assembly. 
During a long, laborious and varied public life in which 
he figured as a soldier, a politician and public functionary, 
he committed not a single act that could produce remorse. 
The very adversaries of the party to which he belonged 
did not hesitate to acknowledge his virtues and his elevated 
merit. And if his name seldom figures in the events of his 
time it is because his modesty hid him from the gratitude 
and applause of his contemporaries. 
Affectionate and revered in the family circle, a true and 
faithful friend, an honorable man and a perfect gentleman, 
a citizen who kept his private interests in abeyance to those 
of his country, General Bernardo Josd Pinto Gaviao Peixoto 
left a name without a stain and a reputation without a blot. 
He died in S. Paulo in 1853, at the age of sixty-seven, 
after more than forty years of useful public life. XVIII OF MAY 
MARIANNO JOSE PEBEIRA DA FONSECA, MARQUIS OF MARICA 
To judge by the splendid galaxy of illustrious Brazilians 
who were born in the latter half of the 18th century, Pro- 
vidence seemed preparing this country for the step which 
it felt called upon to take in 1822 of entering into the sister- 
hood of free and independent States. Painting, architecture, 
music, sacred and profane poetry, pulpit and parliamentary 
eloquence, military tactcs, social, political and natural sci- 
ence, mathematics and philosophy, all found worthy repre- 
sentatives in this golden age of Brazilian colonial history. 
Prominent among these representative men of the arts 
and sciences was Marianno Jose Pereira da Fonseca, legiti- 
mate son of the merchant Domingos Pereira da Fonseca and 
D. Thereza Maria de Jesus, born in the city of Rio de Ja- 
neiro on May 18, 1773. 
At eleven years of age he was sent to Portugal, where he 66 
completed his preparatory studies and entered the Coimbra 
University. 
In the latter he studied mathematics and philosophy and 
took the degree of bachelor of the latter science in 1793, 
immediately after which the news of his father's death 
obliged him to return to Brazil. 
On reaching Rio de Janeiro, he entered the Scientific Aca- 
demy which had been founded in 1772 under the auspices 
of the viceroy, Marquis of Lavradio. But in 1794 when the 
memories of the attempted Minas or Tira-dentes revolution 
were still fresh, the Count of Rezende, a man of despotic 
disposition and a visionary dreamer of conspiracies, violently 
dissolved the academy and arrested and subjected to trial 
its principal members. 
Marianno da Fonseca was arrested that year on ihe 4th 
of December and kept in solitary confinement for two years, 
seven months and fifteen days ! 
The trial was a monstrous farce. Freed from the horrors of 
the dungeon by the king's order, Marianno da Fonseca en- 
tered into the mercantile business in which he continued 
until brought into public life in 1802. From this year till 
1821, he successively filled the offices of deputy of agri- 
culture, and of the board of trade, of Treasurer of Powder 
Factory and of Royal Censor of the Press. 
In 1821 he was elected Secretary of the provisional junta 
formed in Rio de Janeiro. 
Brazil having achieved its independence, Marianno da 
Fonseca was on the 13th of November, 1823 appointed Min- 
ister of Finance, in which capacity he served till Nov. 23, 
1825, when he retired from office leaving a well deserved 
reputation for unspotted integrity. 
In the same year of 1823 he was appointed member of the 67 
council of State, and had the honor to be one of the fram- 
ers of the constitution which was sworn to on March 25, 
1824. 
On Jan. 22, 1826, he was chosen Senator for the Province 
of Rio de Janeiro, and was afterwards made Marquis, after 
having first received the title of Viscount of Marica. 
In the senate the Marquis of Marici did not seek to distin- 
guish himself as an active orator. 
Either in consequence of disappintments and of mortifica- 
tions which he was successful in hiding, or on account of 
a growing fondness for philosophical pursuits, the Marquis 
of Marica gradually abandoned political life. 
His popularity with the Liberal party which comprised 
the greater part of the people was injured by his having ac- 
cepted a place in the Ministry which dissolved the cons - 
tituent assembly. 
His claim to public esteem vested rather upon his learn- 
ing and acknowledged probity than upon the influence of 
party feeling. 
Having satisfied the claims of his patriotism and his sense 
of political duty, he almost disappeared in the shade and 
retirement of philosophical meditation. 
Later he reappeared before the public in the character 
of the author of the Maxims. 
He had begun to write at the age of sixty, as the mature 
fruit of vast experience and profound meditation. 
One volume followed another, and in thirteen years he 
had produced six volumes containing four thousand and six 
hundred proverbs embracing the most admirable moral 
teachings. ----- ... 
The last volume, which was finished less than a year be- 68 
fore his death was equal, if not superior, to those which had 
preceded it. 
In the prologue of this volume published in 1848, he 
wTrote the following words: 
« I have sought to be useful to mankind, and the form 
in which I have clothed my thoughts is certainly not the 
least appropriate for the purpose. 
Have I comprehended my mission ? 
« The echo of posterity will answer me when I am in my 
grave. » 
He was then in his seventy-fifth year. Four months after 
completing it, he expired in the city of Rio de Janeiro on 
the 16th of September, 1848. 
He was a profound and learned moralist. 
His Maxims and Reflections comprise over 5000 preceps 
which, concise as they shoud be, form a veritable store- 
house of moral lessons and religious teachings. 
At times the same thoughts are repeated and at times 
they are clouded by the bitter feelings that stir the bosom 
of the author, but take it all in all, the work is really some- 
thing wonderful and is highly honorable to the country 
which produced the writer. 
The Marquis of Maric& is by no means inferior to the 
most distinguished moralists of ancient and modern times. 
He was a learned writer who in his class had no equal 
among the Portuguese writers and who may dispute the 
first place with the most illustrious writers of any age or 
nationality. XIX OF MAY 
FATHER JOAO RIBEIRO DE MELLO MONTENEGRO 
Born in Pernambuco in the last quarter of the 18th 
century, Joao Ribeiro de Mello Montenegro studied in the 
Olinda seminary and received holy orders. 
Although he received at Olinda all the instruction 
which it was at that time customary to impart, he was 
distinguished more as an artist than as a nrn of letters. 
He was professor of drawing of the seminary and to him 
are due all the drawings of the Flora Pernambucana of 
Dr. Manoel de Arruda. 
He was much esteemed for his virtues and his affable 
manners, was a man of an excitable disposition and became 
enthusiastic in favor of the ideas which he adopted. 
In 1817 he ardently embraced the republican cause in 
Pernambuco and was chosen a member of the provisional 
government in which he displayed the utmost firmness 
and abnegation. 70 
After a while the revolution which had obtained an ephe- 
meral triumph in the beginning- began to weaken. 
The victorious legalists advanced upon Pernambuco 
which was blockaded by their fleet. The republicans offered 
to capitulate, but Rodrigo Lobo, the commander of the 
blockading squadron, refused any terms except an uncondi- 
tional surrender. Domingos Jorge Theotonio was, on May 
19, declared dictator by the republican government and on 
the same day withdrew from Recife with two thousand 
men. 
On this sad day for the republican cause, Joao Ribeiro, 
although he undoubtedly saw the hopelessness of the cause 
he had espoused, continued to display the utmost firmness. 
Hiding his profound sorrow, he accompanied the dictator 
and the little army of the dying republic to the Paulista 
plantation where they made a halt. On the next day, learn- 
ing that Olinda had declared in favor of the legal govern- 
ment and opened its gates to the royal troops, the repub- 
lican army disbanded, every man seeking to make his 
escape as best he might. 
Father Joao Ribeiro refused to resort to flight, but this 
resolution was probably dictated by a perturbation of his 
mental faculties. In any case whether from inordinate and 
morbid vanity or from sudden madness he resolved to com- 
mit suicide in imitation of Cato and from unwillingness to 
survive his fallen country. He calmly drank poison, but, as 
death delayed its coming, he inflicted on himself several 
wounds, rubbing the same poisonous substance therein. 
At last, fearing that the poison would fail to take effect, 
he put an end to his life, by strangling with a cord. 
Thus died Joao Ribeiro de Mello Montenegro, leaving 71 
an inglorious example which morality and religion justly 
condemn. 
Martyrdom on the scaffold would have left his name un- 
stained, but suicide envelops his memory in a cloud of 
shame. 
In any one suicide must be justly condemned, but in a 
priest of our Savior it is a scandalous and hideous sacri- 
lege. 
Fortunately however we may consider the selfmurder of 
Father Joao Ribeiro as the madness of one no longer re- 
sponsible for his acts. 
At all events his death is a lesson. History would not 
condemn the energy and enthusiasm of a man who should 
sacrifice himself for the sake of a cherished idea or poli- 
tical aspiration ; but every sound principle of religion, phi- 
losophy, morality, honor and duty condemn his suicide 
and can only pardon it as the irresponsible act of a madman. XX OF MAY 
JOSE BERNARDINO BAPTISTA PEREIRA DE ALMEIDA SODRE 
This is the name of an enlightened, noble, and distin- 
guished Brazilian endowed with all the necessary qualities 
to figure in the front rank of the Statesmen of the Em- 
pire, who, led by haughty resentment, soon refused alto- 
gether to use his influence on the political events of the 
Empire. 
Jos6 Bernardino Baptista Pereira de Almeida Sodr&, legi- 
timate son of Manoel Baptista Pereira and D. Anna Joa- 
quina de Almeida, was born on May 20, 1783, in the 
municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes which was then 
a part of the captaincy, afterwards province, of Espirito- 
Santo. 
Belonging to an illustrious family, born and reared 
amid all the advantages of wealth, endowed by nature 
with an intellect above the common order and early habit- 74 
uated to study, he first distinguished himself in the pre- 
paratory school in Rio de Janeiro, and afterwards in the 
Coimbra university where he graduated in the study of 
law and where he formed ties of friendship with Bernardo 
Pereira de Vasconcellos, with Alves Branco (afterwards 
Viscount of Caravellos) and others who were, like himself, 
illustrious among the men of Brazil. 
In his old age Josd Bernardino used to speak with pride 
of the reputation which the Brazilian students had enjoyed 
at the Coimbra university and which he had always been 
able to maintain. 
Wishing to devote himself to the magistracy, he was on 
the 19th of June, 1815, appointed judge of the districts of 
Santo Antonio de Sa (then an important town, but now 
fallen into decay) and Magd, and distinguished himself in 
this capacity by his severe and inflexible spirit of justice 
and by his talent and learning. On the 28th of August 
of the same year he was appointed judge of the probate 
court. On June 16, 1819, his term of office was renewed, 
and on May 13, 1820, he was decorated by D. John VI 
with the cross of the Order of Christ. 
Haughty and reserved in his manner (though affection- 
ate, affable and cheerful among intimate friends), he 
was a thoroughly righteous judge. No suitor approached 
him without expecting to encounter his frown, but how- 
ever poor, humble or unprotected he might be, he had full 
and absolute confidence that his rights would be defended 
against injustice, no matter how rich and powerful might 
be the oppressor. 
Unfortunately for the Brazilian magistracy, Josd Ber- 
nardino abandoned it in 1821. In the same year he was 
elected by the province of Espirito-Santo deputy to the 75 
Lisbon constituent assembly ; but, when preparing1 to set 
out for Portugal, there occurred events which foreshadowed 
the declaration of the independence of Brazil and which 
determined him to remain at the post where honor and 
patriotism demanded his presence. 
In 1823 he took his seat in the Brazilian constituent 
assembly and in 1826 was elected deputy to the first leg- 
islature by the province of Espirito-Santo, and afterwards 
to the second by the same province. 
He distinguished himself in the chamber, principally in 
the discussion of financial questions as an eloquent, concise 
and weighty orator. 
His lofty character and his severe principles of jus- 
tice did not allow him to connect himself closely with any 
political party ; but he was sustained by the liberals until 
he separated himself from them by voting in favor of grant- 
ing the Emperor the maximum annual allowance which 
had been proposed. 
He became still more unpopular to the liberals in that 
period of violent and intolerant party spirit when he en- 
tered the Ministry on June 18, 1828, and took charge of the 
Department of Finance, exchanging it for that of Justice on 
Sept. 24; but in 1829 Lino Coutinho who, as an ultra-li- 
beral, cannot be accused of partiality, referring to Jos6 Ber- 
nardino, exclaimed in parliament : - « He is the only 
constitutional minister we have ever had! » 
Indeed, besides what he accomplished in favor of the 
State and his scrupulous respect for the laws of the country, 
he adopted energetic and efficacious measures for freeing 
several municipal districts of the province of Rio de Janeiro 
from the deputations of bands of thieves, many of whom 
fell into the hands of justice and others disbanded and fled 76 
for fear of sharing tlie same fate. As minister of justice he 
inspected the prisons in person and likewise the terrible 
dungeons in the fortresses, questioned the prisoners one by 
one, and whenever he found one illegally detained, caused 
him to be immediately set at liberty. Several political pri- 
soners owed to these visits their release from confinement, 
and among them the famous republican Cypriano Jos6 Ba- 
rata de Almeida, who in the Portuguese constituent as- 
sembly of 1822 had been the most daring among the Brazilian 
deputies in his defense of his country's rights. 
During the administration of Jos6 Bernardino there oc- 
corred a circumstance which serves to illustrate his character 
and his loyal observance of the pure representative form of 
government. 
The Emperor D. Pedro II had taken on himself to autho- 
rize the necessary expenses for the engagement of two 
master mechanics in Germany for the Rio de Janeiro ar- 
senal. 
The agreement was made, the artisans arrived, and it 
was of course necessary to pay their salaries and their trav- 
elling and other expenses mentioned in the respective 
contract. 
The minister of war solicited from the minister of Fi- 
nance, Jos6 Bernardino, an order on the treasury for the 
necessary sum and receiving a formal refusal, informed 
the Emperor. 
On the latter's questioning Jos6 Bernardino, he received 
the following answer : 
« Sire, the expenditure to which Your Majesty refers is 
not authorized in the budget; it is therefore illegal and I 
cannot order the payment to be made. » 
The Emperor sharply responded : 77 
« Those men were engaged by my order, and I wish all 
the expenses to be paid. » 
« Since Your Majesty wishes it », said Jos6 Bernardino, 
« the payment shall be made. » 
Some days afterwards the Emperor again questioned Josd 
Bernardino on the subject. 
« Sire », replied the minister, « without breaking the 
law, those expenses cannot be paid out of the National 
Treasury; but as Your Majesty's orders must be obeyed, I 
have defrayed them out of my own private purse. » 
Jos6 Bernardino was one of the principal negotiators of 
the treaty of Aug. 27, 1828, which guaranted the inde- 
pendence of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, saved it 
from the annexation schemes of the Argentine Confedera- 
tion and, establishing peace in the South of Brazil, inaugu- 
rated a sound, useful and generous policy on the part of 
Brazil in reference to the affairs of the River Plate. 
Jos6 Bernardino retired from the ministry he had honored 
with his presence in 1829. 
In 1830 the Emperor invited him to take a portfolio in a 
newly-organized cabinet. 
But Jos6 Bernardino, whether from his aversion to the 
parliamentary usages which cause the change of ministries, 
or from his failure to comprehend those usages or from some 
other cause, answered as follows : 
« Sire, confidence in a minister is like a maiden's honor: 
once lost, it can never he regained. Never more can I be 
minister to Your Majesty. » 
In the same year at the end of the legislative session, Jos6 
Bernardino called on the Emperor to kiss his hand and take 
his leave. D. Pedro II then confided to him his project of vi- 
siting the province of Minas Geraes and the important politi- 78 
cal results which he expected thereby to produce. The frank 
and loyal citizen prompty replied : 
« Your Majesty will unfortunately find a great change 
in the spirit of the province of Minas Geraes. » 
In 1831 and 1832 Jos£ Bernardino abstained from taking 
part in the political discussions of the chamber of deputies. 
On Oct. 23, 1833, he was offered by the provisional re- 
gency a place in the ministry, and on Jan. 14, 1834, the 
offer was repeated ; but on both occasions he refused to 
undertake a political task which he considered unreason- 
able. 
He was not re elected deputy .to the third legislature of 
the Empire ; but in the first and second elections for pro- 
vincial deputies of the province of Rio de Janeiro, he was 
one of the candidates elected by the largest majorities. While 
in the provincial assembly, he always presided over that 
body. 
In 1836 his name figured on the triple list presented to 
the regent by the electors of the province of Rio de Janeiro 
for the selection of a senator, and counting on his being 
chosen not only on account of important services which he 
had rendered the country, but also for other reasons which 
he confided to his friends, he took offense at being passed 
over for the sake of another who was not even a native of 
the province. 
Proud and haughty, Jos6 Bernardino could not forgive 
this slight (real or supposed), and at the end of the legis- 
lative term obstinately refused to continue in public life, 
and devoted himself exclusively to theoretical and practical 
agriculture. 
A wealthy planter of the municipality of Itaborahy, he 
introduced into that district many agricultural improve- 79 
ments, being1 the first to employ steam machinery in sugar- 
making. 
His service to that municipality was not confined, how- 
ever, to his teachings and example in agricultural matters. 
On the adoption of the new code regulating the forms of 
procedure in criminal cases, he was chosen by the muni- 
cipal chamber judge of the orphans' court. 
At the same time another planter of the municipality, 
Dr. Joaquim Francisco Muniz Barreto, was chosen muni- 
cipal judge. Both were learned magistrates who reflected 
great honor and rendered important services to the district 
subject to their jurisdiction, and who wrould have served 
with credit in the highest courts of the country. 
In 1847 Josd Bernardino had the honor to receive as his 
guest the Emperor D. Pedro II when he passed through the 
town of Itaborahy, where His Majesty made a stay of two 
days. 
In the closing years of his life he became an enthusiastic 
supporter of the homeopathic system of medicine and took 
great pleasure in devoting himself with zeal and activity 
to its study. 
He died at the age of seventy-eight on the Boa-Vista 
plantation in the parish of S. Goncalo, Municipality of Nic- 
therohy, on the 29th of January, 1861. 
During the reign of the first Emperor Josd Bernardino 
had been made commander of the orders of Christ and the 
Rose, and in 1828 councillor of H. M. the Emperor ; on 
Sept. 28, 1847 he was by the Emperor D. Pedro II made 
grand-digni tary of the Imperial Order of the Rose. 
He wrote and published several works : in 1823 his His- 
torial and Political Reflections ; in the same year his Essay 
on the obstacles which have checked the Prosperity of the Town 80 
of Campos - and in 1854 liis Dissertation on the Theory and 
Practice of Law in the Orphans' Courts. 
Besides these works of which the last is especially deserv- 
ing of prain, he published in 1856 and 1857 his Homeo- 
pathic Practice in two large quarto volumes. XXI OF1 MAY 
ANTONIO DE MENEZES VASCONCELLOS DE DRUMMOND 
Legitimate son of Captain Antonio Luiz Ferreira de Me- 
nezes Vasconcellos de Drummond and of D. Josepha Janua- 
ria de Sa e Almeida, Antonio de Menezes Vasconcellos de 
Drummond was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro on the 
21st of May, 1794. 
When in 1808 the royal family of Portugal arrived at 
Rio de Janeiro and the prince-regent, afterwards D. John VII, 
fixed his capital in this city, Antonio de Menezes who had 
made some progress in the study of the humanities was sum- 
moned by the Minister Thomaz Antonio Portugal, an old 
friend of his father, who on June 24, 1809, gave him a place 
in the office of the great seal. He displayed so much zeal in 
this employment that in the following year he was decor- 
ated with the cross of the order of Christ and received a pen- 
sion of twelve mil reis. 82 
In 1821 D. John VI returned to Portugal. In January, 
1822, the Brazilian revolution for independence broke out. 
Antonio de Menezes embraced the cause of his country, and 
set out for Pernambuco to rally the patriots of the north 
around the government of the prince-regent D. Pedro, after- 
wards Emperor of Brazil; successful in his mission in which 
he rendered important services, he returned to Rio de 
Janeiro. 
Intimately connected with the Andradas, he adhered to 
them in their opposition when they went out of the min- 
istry. 
He was principal editor of the periodical Tamoyo and, 
after the dissolution of the constituent assembly, was tried 
and banished from the Empire. He availed himself of his 
six years' exile to devote his time assiduously to study. 
In 1829 he returned to Brazil and on Sept. 2 of the follow- 
ing year commenced his diplomatic career as Charge d'Af- 
faires and Consul General in Prussia, Saxony and some other 
German States. In 1834 he was appointed Charge d'Affaires 
in Sardinia, and in the following year was entrusted with 
the same post in the Pontifical States, Tuscany, Parma and 
Naples. In 1836 he was raised to the rank of Minister Resi- 
dent in the States of the Church and Tuscany, being at the 
same time accredited to Sardinia. On April 24, 1837, he 
was promoted to the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Mi- 
nister Plenipotentiary and accredited to the court of Portu- 
gal. On April 6, 1853, he was relieved from duty and placed 
at the disposal of the government. 
At Rome the skillful diplomat sustained the appointment 
made by his government of the priest Moura to the dignity 
of bishop, against the wishes of the Pope, and only left the 
papal capital when his government, having concluded to 83 
give way, very properly spared him the mortification of 
having to abandon principles for which, in accordance with 
his instructions, he had resolutely contended. 
In Portugal he was highly esteemed by Queen Maria II, 
by the King and all the royal family, and, during a period 
of great excitement and frequent revolts, his house was 
always an asylum for refugees, whatever might be the party 
to which they belonged. Drummond did not conceal this, 
and the Queen heard him confess it with a smile of gen- 
erous approval. 
Both in Rome and in Portugal 'he kept open house to the 
Brazilian literati and poor and travelling artists. His heart 
always, and frequently his purse was open to his coun- 
trymen. 
His removal from the Legation in Lisbon was an honor; 
for it was caused by the zeal which he displayed for his 
country's interests in a question which it is best not to 
revive. The Brazilian government preferred sacrificing its 
minister to breaking off relations with its sister nation, and 
it could do so without loss of self-respect, for it would have 
been preposterous to attribute its action to any fear of the 
resentment of Portugal. 
On June 21, 1862, Councillor Antonio de Menezes Vascon- 
cellos de Drummond was pensioned off with an-annuity of 
there contos and two hundred mil reis. 
Returning to Brazil after his removal, he was consoled by 
the friendship of the Emperor to whose court he was at- 
tached as Comptroller of the household of H. M. the Empress, 
of whose virtuous and angelic disposition he was an appre- 
ciative and enthusiastic admirer. 
Becoming blind in his old age he went to Paris, where 
after an unsuccessful operation, he died on Jan. 15, 1865, 84 
regretting that he was unable to meet death among his 
friends and in his native land. 
Before his death he made a will in which he desired his 
body to be buried in Brazil, and confided his two daughters 
to the care of his friend, the Viscount of Maua. 
Both of these desires were religiously respected. The Vis- 
count of Maud has been like a father to his daughters, and 
his body was received in Rio de Janeiro with due honors 
and buried in the cemetery of Sao Francisco de Paula on 
Nov. 30, 1865. 
Councillor Antonio de Menezes Vasconcellos de Drum- 
mond, besides the services rendered to his country in the 
cause of independence and in his administrative and diplo- 
matic career, spent much time and money in collecting the 
originals or copies of valuable manuscripts relating to the 
history of Brazil. 
In his public and private life and even in his last will 
and testament he showed himself to be essentially a pa- 
triot. XXII OF MAY 
IGNACIO JOSE DE ALVARENGA PEIXOTO 
This martyr to the first efforts made by Brazil to shake 
off the yoke of the mother-country was born in Rio de 
Janeiro in the year 1748, and came of a well-known and 
respectable family. 
He went through his preparatory studies in the Jesuit 
college of liis native city, and afterwards entered the Coim- 
bra University where he graduated as bachelor of divinity. 
In Portugal he was the friend and protege of the cele- 
brated Jesuit, Father Manoel de Macedo, who, on his order 
being proscribed, enrolled himself in that of Saint Philip 
Nery, of Lisbon. 
This friendship and his college reputation recommended 
him to the Marquis of Pombal who, either from being 
grandson of a Brazilian woman or from political motives, 
showed great favor to Brazilians of merit. He was accord- 86 
ingly made prolationary judge of the District of Cintra, 
and at the end of the term of three years fixed by law was 
appointed District judge of the judicial district of Rio das 
Mortes in the captaincy of Minas Geraes, thus gratiying 
the ardent desire of the young magistrate to return to his 
native land. 
Arriving at Rio de Janeiro, he became intimate with the 
Vice-Roy, Marquis of Lavradio, to whom he dedicated his 
translation of Maffei's tragedy M erope. 
Alvarenga Peixoto proceeded to Minas Geraes where a 
short residence was sufficient to establish his reputation as 
a magistrate of honor, integrity and learning and as a wri- 
ter of harmonious verse. 
Besides other poetical compositions he sent from Minas 
to the Marquis of Lavradio a drama in verse, which unfort- 
unately is no longer extant, entitled Eneas no Zacio, which, 
was pronounced -by competent authorities to be a work of 
great merit. 
Alvarenga Peixoto, after retiring from the magistracy, 
married in S. Joao d'El-Rei, and rendered wealthy by the 
fortune brought him by his wife in plantations and gold- 
mines, devoted himself to the superintendence of his mines 
and the cultivation of his poetical taste, accepting from pa- 
triotism the post of colonel of the cavalry regiment of 
militia of Campanha do Rio Verde. 
There were then in Minas Geraes several first-class poets, 
such as Claudio Manoel da Costa, Thomaz Antonio Gonzag'a 
and others, and with them Alvarenga Peixoto fraternally 
united in paying his devoirs to the Muses. 
Poetry inspires lofty ideas, generous sentiments and he- 
roic aspirations. That heavenly flame, together with 
the love of country and the hatred of oppression and of 87 
the scornful injustice with which the mother country 
degraded and abased Brazil, where the liberal-minded and 
giant statesman, the Marquis of Pombal, had been suc- 
ceeded by a set of conceited and narrow-minded dwarfs, in- 
flamed the souls of those poets and of the most influential 
men of the captaincy of Minas Geraes, and aroused within 
their bosoms the glorious and heroic resolution of accom- 
plishing the independence of their country. 
In 1822 there was in Brazil a prince of the royal blood, 
and it was therefore possible to conciliate the idea of inde- 
pendence with that of a constitutional monarchy. 
But in 1789 there was no one here related to reigning 
dynasty, and therefore the aspirations of the partisans of Bra- 
zilian independence were logically republican in their char- 
acter, especially as the North American Confederation under 
the guidance of Washington had set an attractive example. 
Idle but splendid dream of the Brazilian students at 
Coimbra and in France: - ideal of impracticable and poe- 
tical schemers in the conspiracy of Minas-Geraes, the tree 
of Brazilian independence must be watered by the blood of 
martyrs before it could bear the fruit of victorious heroes. 
The conspiracy spread its snares. 
Alvarenga Peixoto, a devoted patriot, received an addi- 
tional stimulus from the enthusiastic zeal of his brother- 
in-law and intimate friend, the wealthy, influential and 
ardent Francisco de Paula Freire de Andrade, one of the 
principal leaders of the conspirators. He made a proposal 
which was agreed upon that on the revolutionary banner 
should be inscribed the following motto taken from an eclogue 
of Virgil:-Libertas quae sera tamen. He was exerting him- 
self with the utmost energy to hasten the denouement o f 
the plot, when the Viscount of Barbacena, governor of the 88 
Captaincy of Minas-Geraes, warned by informers, caused the 
principal conspirators to be arrested. 
Alvarenga Peixoto shared the fate of his friends (except 
Claudio Manoel da Costa who committed suicide in the 
Villa-Rica jail) and was carried in chains to Rio de Janeiro 
where he was placed in solitary confinement in the dun- 
geons of the island of Cobras until April 18, when with 
his companions he was condemned to death, a penalty 
"which, thanks to the previous royal letter of D. Maria II, 
was commuted into transportation for life, except for 
Joaquim Jos6 da Silva Xavier who perished on the scaffold. 
On May 22, 1792, he embarked for the penal settle- 
ment of Ambaca in Angola. 
A loving husband and father, he survived only a few 
months the separation from home, family and country, 
and died on Jan. 1, 1793. 
Without being a poet of the order of Father Caldas, 
Claudio Manoel da Costa, Goncalves Dias and some other 
Brazilian writers, Alvarenga Peixoto was an assiduous 
lover of the Muses, and was the author of odes, sonnets 
and lyrical and erotic poetry of real merit. XXIII OF MAY 
GABRIEL RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS 
The law colleges of Sao Paulo and Olinda were created 
by a law of the year 1827, and founded in the follow- 
ing year amid the din of the political strife in parlia- 
ment and in the press, which was steadily under- 
mining the throne of the first Emperor. Every one was 
at that time a more or less ardent politician, though 
some of the best informed were mere novices in political 
affairs. But all were interested in the struggle, for the 
events of 1821 and 1822 had made the Brazilian people 
a nation of politicians and the very children were lulled 
to sleep to the sound of patriotic hymns and songs. 
The law schools of Sao Paulo and Olinda were, as some 
one has remarked, schools of Girondists ; not that 
ultra ideas were taught by the professors, but the stu- 
dents themselves in conversation, at their clubs or at 90 
the Masonic lodges received a mutual stimulus in the 
advocacy of the most advanced doctrines. 
Gabriel Rodrigues dos Santos, born in S. Paulo on 
April 1, 1816, graduated in the law school of his native 
city in 1836 as bachelor of laws. Two years afterwards he 
presented his thesis, and obtained the degree of doctor, 
and, having undergone a competitive examination for 
professorship in the college, made a brilliant display, 
but, the examining process having been annulled, he 
refused to undergo a second examination. 
Shortly after graduating, he was appointed prosecuting 
attorney in the capital of the province and afterwards as 
district judge in the same city. In 1840 he was elected 
deputy to the provincial assembly and was allowed to 
take his seat in that body after strenuous opposition 
based on the ground that he was under the age required 
by law. 
He served as Secretary of the Provincial government 
under the presidency of his private and political friend 
Raphael Tobias de Aguiar, one of the principal leaders of 
the liberal party of Sao Paulo. 
He continued until the day of his death to be elected 
deputy to the provincial assembly except during short in" 
tervals of oppressive and intolerant domination of the oppo- 
site party 
Having been elected deputy to the general Assembly in 
1844, he distinguished himself in that body as an able and 
eloquent orator. 
In 1848 he was re-elected, but the chamber was dissolved 
in February, 1849. 
Rodrigues dos Santos then entered the arena of journa- 
lism, and published in the Ypiranga, a Sao Paulo sheet, 91 
bold, vigorous and spirited articles in defense of the prin- 
ciples of his party. 
He rendered valuable and highly appreciated services as 
member of the Sao Paulo Municipal Chamber, and in 1854 
was appointed professor of the Sao Paulo Law College. 
In 1856 he was again elected Deputy to the General 
Assembly by the Rio-Claro district of his province, and in 
1857 by the same district and that of TaubatAto the pro- 
vincial legislature of which he was chosen president. 
On May 23, 1858, at the age of forty, Gabriel Rodrigues 
dos Santos died suddenly in Sao Paulo of a stroke of apo- 
plexy. 
The brilliant flame was extinguished. 
Gabriel Rodrigues dos Santos, from the splendor of his 
talent and the shortness of his existence may be aptly com- 
pared to a meteor. 
In the course of the arduous and constant labors of twenty 
years he was led by political excitement into committing a 
grave and unfortunate error. He took part in the revolt of 
the Liberals of Minas and Sao Paulo, adhered to his friends 
with fidelity and courage and heroically shared their fate ; 
but, being defended by the venerable and learned lawyer, 
Dr. Joao Capistrano Soares, and tried by a Sao Paulo jury, 
was triumphantly acquitted. 
Gabriel Rodrigues dos Santos was a type of political 
loyalty and abnegation and a faithful friend. He possessed a 
generous heart, intellectual faculties of a high order, varied 
instruction, a calm and moderate spirit and an extraordinary 
fund of good sense which in connection with his other en- 
dowments would have made him, had he lived, one of 
the first statesmen of Brazil, as may be seen in the counsels, 
party programme and political combinations which in 1851 92 
and 1852 he offered to some of the leaders and journalists 
of the Liberal party. 
In the press he was undeniably one of the most powerful 
and judicious defenders of the principles of the reform party, 
and was moderate and constitutional in his aspirations. 
But his real sphere of action was in the halls of parlia- 
ment. 
He lacked nothing essential to a first-class orator. 
Possessing well-shaped and elegant form, an expressive 
countenance, fine and intelligent eyes, a pleasing address, a 
sonorous voice vibrating responsive to every chord of feeling, 
speech so ready and fluent that it seemed prompted by divi- 
nation, a torrential eloquence that won the admiration even 
of his enemies, a lively imagination, coolness, judgment 
and good sense which never deserted him even in the most 
exciting and noisy debates; endowed with all these brilliant 
qualities, like a meteor he blazed for a moment athwart the 
political sky and like a meteor he suddenly disappeared. XXIV OF MAY 
JOSE MARTINI 
In the parish of Sao Joao Marcos, municipality of Sao Joao 
do Principe, Jos6 Martini, legitimate son of Major Pedro 
Martini and D. Maria dos Santos Martini, was born on Feb- 
ruary 26, 1821. 
He enlisted as a cadet on Oct. 17, 1837, and in the same 
year served in the campaign against the republican insur- 
rection in Bahia, and displayed so much courage as to be 
eulogized by his commanders. In 1838 the command to 
which he belonged was sent to Rio-Grande do Sul which 
was lit up in the flames of rebellion. 
He there took part in the engagements of S. Borja, Ban- 
hado de Inhateum, Taquary and Banhado de S. Gabriel, 
displaying throughout a courage and devotion that caused 
him to be promoted to the rank of ensign on December 2, 
1839. 94 
During the revolt in Sao Paulo in 1842 and that in Ala- 
goas in 1844 he gave fresh demonstrations of his courage. 
He executed several important military commissions and 
in 1862 was already promoted for merit to the rank of Ma- 
jor and wore the cross of chevalier of the orders of Christo 
and Aviz. 
In 1865 he was ordered to Paraguay. 
He took command of the 14th batallion of infantry which 
under his lead covered itself with glory. 
On the night between the 6th and 7th of April, the 14th 
belonged to the brigade which under the lead of Willagran 
Cabrita occupied the island of Redempcao in the river Pa- 
rang ; and on the morning of the 1 Oth of the same month 
Martini and his battalion distinguished themselves in the 
engagement amid the darkness and brushwood. 
As a reward for his redoubtable skill and bravery he 
was promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy and decorated with 
the cross of the order of the Cruzador. 
On May 24 of the same year of 1866 was fought the great 
battle of Tuyuty in which the Paraguayan army was beaten 
and so completely routed that they would have probably 
been ended at once, if the heroic Ozorio had been commander- 
in- chief of the army or if the latter had been under the 
command of the Duke of Caxias or Count d'Eu who after- 
wards immortalized themselves in this war. 
The Dictator Lopes had time to reassemble his dispersed 
and fugitive soldiers, and, profiting by his misfortunes, 
lost no time in defending his position with strong fortifica- 
tions. 
General Ozorio, afterwards Viscount and Marquis of Her- 
val, sick and disappointed, asked to be relieved and was 
succeeded in the command of the Brazilian troops by the 95 
brave and energetic General Polydoro, afterwards Viscount 
of Santa Thereza. 
On the 15th of July, 1866, the very day on which he 
assumed the command, General Polydoro reconnoitred the 
enemy's intrenchments and discovered besides the principal 
works at Tuyuty advanced outworks which revealed the 
skillful plan of flanking the left wing of his army and threa- 
tening his rear. 
Comprehending the danger of the situation, he resolved 
to storm these outworks on the morn of the following day. 
His intention was brilliantly and successfully executed. 
The brave and aged General Polydoro, on horseback and 
exposed to the enemy's fire, was rejoiced to behold the im- 
petuosity with which Brigadier-general Gu-ilherme led the 
4th division on to the assault and the coolness and intrepi- 
dity with which Brigadier-General Argolo, afterwards Vis- 
count of Itaparica, calmly smoking a cigar, headed the 1st 
division which supported the movement. 
One after another the trenches are taken ; the Paraguayans 
make furious efforts to recover them, but are driven back 
with heavy loss and forced to take refuge behind other for- 
tifications. 
Much had been accomplished, but not enough to satisfy 
the impetuosity of the Brazilian battalions. 
The 14th was in the thickest of the fight with Jos6 Mar- 
tini at its head, shouting fire ! and forward ! 
Behind the second line of earth works which was taken 
there was another defended by a wide ditch. 
Colonel Martini again shouts : - « Forward ! Long live 
the Emperor! Long live Brazil .' » and advances followed 
by his battailion amid a shower of balls. 
They reach the earthworks. Martini throws himself from 96 
his horse to be the first to scale the work , when, behjld- 
ing a cavalry force charging* at full speed on his bat- 
talion, he hurriedly remounts, and hastily forms a hollow 
square. In his haste o writhdraw his men from the ditch 
and to form them to receive the charge of the enemy's caval- 
ry, he neglects his own safety and leaves himself outside of 
the square. With lance at rest, he receives the shock of the 
enemy's charge, is instantly thrown down covered with 
wounds, trodden beneath the feet of the enemy's chargers 
and slain. 
His enraged soldiers avenge his death, completely des- 
troying the cavalry force which threw itself on their bayo- 
nets . 
Lieutenant-Colonel Martini perished gloriously on the 
16th of July, 1866, bravely combatting his country's enemies 
and left the banner of his battalion decorated with the in- 
signia of the Imperial Order of the Cruzador. 
If in the heat of war and from the impossibility of ren- 
dering due honors to the remains of so many heroes, the 
grave of Jos6 Martini was left without an epitaph or even 
without a stone to mark hi.s last resting-place, let the grate- 
ful remembrance of his country perpetuate his name in 
history, merely repeating the following few and simple 
words which celebrate his glory as much as volumes that 
could be written inhis praise : 
« Jos6 Martini was the disciplinarian and the commander 
of the 14th battalion of infantry. » XXV QF MAY 
D. VIOLANTE ATABALIPA X1MENES DE BIVAR 
D. Violante Atabalipa Ximenes de Bivar was the legiti- 
mate daughter of Councillor Diogo Soares da Silva de Bivar 
and D. Violante Lima de Bivar. She was born on Dec. 1, 
1817, in the city of Sao Salvador da Bahia, and, as her 
father was obliged to go to Rio de Janeiro and there fix his 
abode, on account of some important business relating to his 
profession as a lawyer, she was left to the care of her mo- 
ther and maternal grandfather who took great pains with 
her education. 
The child was so intelligent, and so quick of comprehen- 
sion, that at the age of eight years she sang accompanied by 
an orchestra a cavatina in vogue at that time, and did it so 
well as to win the applause of a large audience. Not res- 
tricting her studies to music, she applied herself to literary 
acquirements, and already understood not only Portuguese, 
but also French, English and Italian. 98 
Having* completed her education, 1). Violante Atabalipa 
and her mother, grandmother and brothers transferred 
their residence to Rio de Janeiro where Councillor Bivar 
anxiously awaited them. 
Under the guidance of one so learned as her father, D. 
Violante's intellectual faculties'were rapidly developed, and 
so fond of him did she become that for the sake of remain- 
ing with him she stifled the tenderest feelings of her 
heart, refusing the offer of a Bahia g*entleman eligible in 
every respect, who had tendered her his hand. 
Afterwards (in 1845,) she was married to Lieutenant Joao 
Antonio Boaventura Vellasco who died a few years after 
their marriage. 
Thereafter living strictly retired in the family circle, she 
found her only consolation in the love of her relatives and 
in her literary pursuits. 
In her father's lifetime she edited the Jornal das Senhoras 
which was published in Rio de Janeiro, and was the first 
periodical in Brazil edited by a lady. 
She translated from Italian the two comedies Palmella 
Married and Palmella Single, for which labor she was much 
praised and was rewarded by a diploma as honorary mem- 
ber of the Brazilian Dramatic Conservatory. 
Having* a predilection for translating, she united into 
one volume several interesting short pieces from the French, 
English and Italian, under the title of Algumas Traducgdes, 
a work that was favorably received. 
She also published a translation of Dumas' Green Cash- 
mire Shawl. 
In this sad period of her life she was reduced to great 
pecuniary straits, and, although knowing* by experience that 
though literature might give glory, it did not and would 99 
not give bread, even so she published the Domingo, a 
weekly literary paper, the first number of which made its 
appearance on Nov. 23, 1873 and in which she gave 
proofs of a vigorous intellect and extensive literary acquire- 
ments. 
D. Violante Aiabalipa Ximenes de Bivar e Vellasco died 
in the city of Rio de Janeiro on May 25, 1875. The daily 
papers of the city, announcing her decease, rendered due 
homage to her name and works. XXVI OF MAY 
FRIAR MANGEL DO DESTERRO 
Manoel do Desterro who was born in the captaincy of 
Bahia in 1652 was admitted into the Franciscan order in 
which he became noted for his learning and virtues. He 
was celebrated as an eloquent and consummate preacher 
and a profound philosopher. His sermons are much praised 
by the abbot Diogo Barboza and Friar Apolinario da Con- 
ceicao. 
In Rio de Janeiro he was Custodian of the Franciscan 
province of Immaculada Conceigao and also professor of 
theology. 
The Franciscans had a convent at Macacu (the oldest in 
Rio de Janeiro and now extinct, but very flourishing up to 
the beginning of the present century), to which Friar Ma- 
noel do Desterro retired in illhealth, and where he ex- 
pired on May 26, 1706. XXVII OF MAY 
FRIAR IGNACIO RAMOS 
Friar Ignacio Ramos was the legitimate son of Manoel 
Ramos Parente and Andreza Casada. He was born in the 
city of Bahia in the 17th century, and on July 17, 1762, took 
the vow as monk in the convent of Nossa Senhora do Monte 
do Carmo. 
In the silence of the cloister in his native city he acquired 
vast learning. He was an eloquent and able preacher. In 
1685 he went to Lisbon on business connected with his 
family, and thence proceeded to Rome to vote as proxy of 
the provincial vicar of Brazil in the chapter celebrated in 
the convent of Santa Maiia Transpontina on May 27, 1692. 
He was appointed provincial vicar of Brazil by the gene- 
ral of his order in 1693, and entered upon the duties of this 
office on Dec. 14. 
He was also appointed visitor and reformer-general of the 
convents of the order in Pernambuco. 104 
Returning again to Lisbon, he once more proceeded to 
Rome as representative of the province of Portugal and in 
the chapter celebrated in 1704 he obtained the honors of 
provincial vicar and perpetual member of the council of 
the order. 
He was secretary of the province of Portugal and prior 
of the Lisbon convent, where he died on November 18, 1731. 
He was noted for his learning, tact and discretion and for 
his affable and agreeable manners. 
Barbosa fin the Bibliotheca Luzitana) from whom these 
particulars have been borrowed, says that he published a 
work called Ramos Evangelicos divididos em sermoes pane- 
gyricos e doutrinaes em varias celebridades, in four quarto 
volumes printed between 1724 and 1730. XXVIII OF MAY 
PATRICIO JOSE CORREA DA CAMARA, VISCOUNT OF PELOTAS 
It seems as if Providence intended that the country of 
Patricio Correa da Camara should be determined by his 
heroic deeds and the glory of his name, for he was born on 
the ocean which embraces all lands, during the journey of 
his parents from the isle of Terceira to Lisbon, where he was 
christened. 
He was carefully brought up in Portugal, receiving some 
literary instruction. Having enlisted in an infantry regi- 
ment, he witnessed the horrors of the earthquake at Lisbon 
in 1755, being chosen to act as sentinel at the Royal Treas- 
ury on this occasion. 
Having been promoted to the post of a subaltern officer 
and sent to India, he served in the garrisons of Goa, Diu 
and DamSo as adjutant of the governor. Returning to Por- 
tugal he requested to be employed in the Brazilian service. 106 
Accordingly lie was sent to Rio de Janeiro as captain of a 
grenadier company in the 1st infantry regiment. 
On his arrival he was appointed to superintend the build- 
ing of the ship D. Sebastiao then on the stocks, and the 
works for converting the Jesuit college into a military hos- 
pital. 
But he was not in his element, and as soon as news was 
received of the war against the Spaniards in the South he 
asked the Vice-Roy, Marquis of Lavradio, for his transfer to 
the Rio Pardo dragoons. Having obtained it he hastened to 
the seat of war. This was. in 1771. Succeeding to the com- 
mand of the regiment then encamped at Barrancas, he be- 
gan a series of brilliant military feats, not the least of which 
was the taking of Fort S. Tecla. 
The disasters of 1777 occurred, followed by a dishonorable 
peace of twenty-three years in the Captaincy of Rio Grande 
do Sul, which during this time was almost wholly under 
Spanish dominion. In the meantime Correa da Camara com- 
manded the Portuguese outposts on the Rio Pardo, and was 
noted for his active vigilance and for the rigid but just and 
impartial discipline which he maintained among his sol- 
diers. 
In 1801 the hostilities were renewed, and Correa da Ca- 
mara was one of the heros of the five months' campaign 
which followed. 
He communicated to his badly clothed, ill fed, badly equip- 
ped and badly paid troops the flame of his enthusiasm. He 
wrought prodigies of valor, defeating a superior force of the 
enemy and defending* a vast extent of country. Retaking 
Fort S. Tecla and the town of Batohy, he overran the 
country on both sides of the rivers Santa Maria, Ibicuy and 
Negro, repulsed the column under General Quintana and 107 
hastened to check the invasion of Rio Grande by the army 
of the Marquis of Sobremonte, and only interrupted his series 
of triumphs, retiring on the head-waters of the Jaguarao 
when, being notified of the peace of Badajoz, he was 
obliged to submit to the terms stipulated in the respective 
treaty. 
Thenceforward the services of Patricio Jos& Corre da Ca- 
mara rendered him worthy of being ranked among the 
principal benefactors of Rio Grande do Sul. 
During the peace the soldier did not sleep, the citizen 
was vigilant. 
With the utmost ecomomy in disposing of the public re- 
venues he built barracks, hospitals, a military prison, a 
powder house and a state house. 
A public fountain was due to his beneficence, and a mag- 
nificent temple to his piety and religious principles. 
In the campaigns of 1812 and 1816-18 he ranked among 
the most conspicuous generals. 
Founder of a numerous and worthy family, he carved out 
a glorious military career and left his descendants a name 
which they have known how to honor. Among them may 
be cited the Brazilian general, who for his brilliant deeds 
in the Paraguayan war was deservedly rewarded with the 
same title of nobility which had been conferred on his illus- 
trious ancestor. 
Patricio Jos£ Correa da Camara, Lieutenant-General of the 
Brazilian army, raised to the peerage with the title of Baron 
of Pelotas on Oct. 12, 1825, (a title which he exchanged 
for that of Viscount of the same name on Oct. 12, 1826,) 
Lord in waiting of the Imperial household, commander of 
the order of Aviz, decorated with the medals of the South- 108 
ern campaigns, died on May 28, 1827, in the town of Rio 
Pardo, at the age of 90 years, and after having served 
in twenty campaigns, leaving behind him a glorious ex- 
ample of military bravery, skill and devotion and of disin- 
terestedness and integrity. XXIX OF MAY 
FRANCISCO DE PAULA FREIRE DE ANDRADE 
The vast territory afterwards forming* the captaincy of 
Minas-Geraes began to be overrun by the Paulista pioneers 
in the last quarter of the 17th century. 
Wonderful mines of gold and precious stones having been 
discovered, adventurers attracted by so enticing an induce- 
ment, flocked from every side, and the country soon 
began to be dotted with settlements. The first settlers of 
Minas were the proud, indomitable and often refractory 
Paulistas, and the foreigners (as they called them) composed 
principally of Portuguese desperadoes who, with out re- 
straint from any intellectual teachings or from any sense of 
duty, cared for nothing except to grow rich as fast as pos- 
sible. 
As early as 1708 the Paulistas and Foreigners disputed in 
bloody conflicts the possession of the mines, and in the fol- 110 
lowing year the necessity of having* a high authority to 
enforce obedience to the law on the unruly settlers led to 
the organization of the captaincy of Minas Geraes in connec- 
tion with that of Sao Paulo and entirely independent of 
that of Rio de Janeiro. 
The haughty spirit of the Paulistas and the stubborn 
resistance of the Foreigners, and the turbulance of both seem 
to have been inherited by their descendants. 
The mother-country oppressed the miners with exorbitant 
taxes on the yield of the mines. 
The dissatisfaction with the Government foundries broke 
out in 1720 into armed insurrection which they easily smo- 
thered without being able, however, to allay the discontent. 
The burdens of the people continued unabated. 
The Captain-general Gomes Freire de Andrade, Count of 
Bobadella, in a memorable letter addressed to the Lisbon 
government, used the following words : - « The fees of 
certain officers such as judges and subordinates, those of 
the priests, the alms for masses and the parochial dues 
carry as much money out of the country as the taxes. 
The royal treasury explored five sources of revenue: the 
tax of one fifth of the gold obtained from the mines ; the 
farming of the excise : the farming of the tithes; the sale 
of offices; and the product of the diamond mines. Besides 
this the import duties were in some cases really revolting 
in their exorbitance. 
In the meantime the captaincy of Minas Geraes saw its 
population increase, already numbered among its people 
men of learning and note, and began to murmur at the 
oppressive exactions of the mother-country. 
The news of the great American revolution reached Minas 
Geraes. 111 
And at what time? 
At a time when there were in Minas poets like Claudio 
Manoel da Costa, Gonzaga, Alvarenga Peixoto and others 
of less note but of considerable talent; at a time when Minas 
Geraes groaned under the burden of the unwise and irritat- 
ing government of Luiz da Cunha; at a time when the 
people, owing to a falling off in the yield of the mines, were 
backward in the payment of taxes and threatened with 
summary measures for enforcing the payment of the same, 
which would bring* ruin on them all. 
Naturally of a hanghty spirit by inheritance from their 
forefathers, the people of Minas were exasperated into resent- 
ment at the more and more oppressive burdens imposed 
upon, and filled with justifiable apprehensions of still fur- 
ther exactions on the part of the selfish and insatiable 
mother-country, threatening to completely exhaust the 
natural resources of the country. 
The imagination of the poets and enlightenel patriots of 
Minas Geraes was inflamed by the contagion of revolution- 
ary and democratic ideas imported from the United States 
of North America. 
A conspiracy was planned. The idea originated by chance 
at the house of Thomaz Gonzaga where, in a circle of friends 
Dirceu de Marilia, between jest and earnest, proposed a 
republic. The effect was magical. A republic meant liberty 
and independence. Claudio Manoel da Costa heartily embra- 
ced the idea, declaring that it restored him his youth; and 
Alvarenga was completely carried away by his enthusiasm. 
Some years before, in Coimbra and afterwards in France, 
Brazilian students had dreamed of their country's indepen- 
dence, and now by an unpremeditated and magnetic agree- 
ment Brazilian poets, worthy of the cause to which thev 112 
were destined to became martyrs, pronounced the first word, 
spun the first thread, of the Minas conspiracy which was to 
perish in its birth, destroying* its authors in its fall, but to 
be revived and triumph twenty-three years thereafter. 
A dream of students and a conspiracy of poets. 
These I emarks and explanations relative to the Minas 
conspiracy which is frequently mentioned in these sketches 
appear to be necessary, and, to avoid repetitions are here 
embodied, whether appropriately or not, in the sketch of 
the life of Francisco de Paula Freire de Andrade. 
There was no lack of talent among the conspirators. No- 
tably influential was Claudio Manoel da Costa, but his acti- 
vity was impaired by age. 
Besides talent the leader of the conspirators was required 
to possess popularity, energy, a high standing or prestige, 
courage and presence of spirit. 
Francisco de Paula united all these qualities with noble 
blood, vast wealth and the post of Lieutenant-colonel in 
the regiment of dragoons of which the governor of the 
captaincy was colonel. 
Alvarenga said of him that he had only one superior in 
Minas Geraes. 
He was born in 1752 in Rio Janeiro, being* the natural 
son of D. Jose Antonio Freire de Andrade, and of D. Maria 
do Bom Successo Correa de Sa. 
Having chosen the military profession and fixed his resi- 
dence in Minas, he married D. Isabel Carolina de Oliveira 
Maciel, daughter of the captain-major Josd Alves Maciel, 
and sister to the illustrious and unfortunate conspirator 
who bore his father's name. 
Francisco de Paula Freire de Andrade was sought by his 
friends who had planned the insurrection, and, embracing 113 
the idea with enthusiasm, accepted without reflection the 
leadership of the plot and made his house the head-quart- 
ers of the conspirators. 
The conspiracy was discovered. He was arrested with 
the other chiefs and accomplices of the proposed insurrec- 
tion. 
He underwent no less than five examinations in which 
the judges endeavored to extort from him not only a con- 
fession of his own complicity but also a revelation of all 
the particulars of the plot, not hesitating, as Norberto de 
Souza e Silva declares in his History of the Minas conspi- 
racy, to avail themselves of the assistance of the confes- 
sional. 
With ten other chiefs of the conspirators he was con- 
demned to death, which penalty for all except Tiradentes 
was commuted into transportation for life. On May 29, 1792, 
the vessel conveying him set sail for Pedras de Angoche 
where he passed a sad life, although treated with favor and 
consideration. 
When the seat of the Portuguese government was trans- 
ferred to Rio de Janeiro, he obtained permission to returne 
to his beloved country ; but was unable to enjoy the satis- 
faction of reaching it, nor of beholding its magestic 
scenery, for, wretched exile, he died on the voyage th it 
was to terminate his term of banishment. 
The commutation of the death-warrant of Francisco de 
Paula deserves to be blessed an applauded. 
But it must be remembered that he was the chief of the 
conspirators, and, what is worse, notwithstanding his com- 
mission in the army of the Portuguese government, and the 
position he occupied as commander of the principal regi- 
ment of troops in Minas Geraes. 114 
Notwithstanding- this his penalty was commuted, while 
Tira-dentes, a simple tool, a secondary character, a mere 
accomplice in the plot, perished on the scaffold. 
There is no satisfactory explanation of the excess of rigor 
used towards the accomplice ; bat the leniency towards 
the principal conspirator and his companions may be easily 
explained. 
Francisco de Paula Freire de Andrade, although a natural 
son, belonged to two of the noblest families of Portugal, and 
that of his father especially was in high favor at the court of 
Lisbon. 
Protected by his family and by his father's relatives, he 
saved his confederates from the gallows, for it would have 
been scandalous to have spared only the chief of the 
conspirators. XXX OF MAY 
PRUDENCIO DO AMARAL 
A notable, Jesuit and esteemed poet of his time, Prudencio 
do Amaral was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1675. Pie attended 
the Jesuit college of his native city, and was admitted into 
the respective order, which was at that time very power- 
ful in Brazil. 
Talented and assiduous in his studies, he gained in a 
short time considerable reputation as a literateur and poet, 
his fame in this respect being probably augmented by the 
veneration entertained for his exemplary chastity and other 
chr stian virtues. 
Prudencio do Amaral wrote, unfortunately in Latin 
verse, a didactic poem entitled De Apificio Sacchario, des- 
cribing the construction and working of a sugar-mill. Even 
admitting his proficiency in the matter, his poem, written 
as it was in a language which few, except the priests, 
understood, could be of very little utility . 116 
Fortunately he also wrote several historical memoirs, 
among- which were his panegyrics on the bishops and 
archbishops of Bahia, and a biographical dictionary of the 
bishops of Brazil, which were published in Lisbon in 1710 
and 1711. 
The date of his death is unknown. 
In these sketches the 30th of May has been arbitrarily 
selected for registering- his name. XXXI OF MAY 
JOAO DUARTE LISBOA SERRA 
Joao Duarte Lisboa Serra was born on May 31, 1818, in 
the parish of Nossa Senhora das Dores de Itapecuru-mirim, 
province of Maranhao, and was the legitimate son of the 
Commander Francisco Joao Serra and of D. Leonor Duarte 
Lisboa. 
He obtained his primary instruction in the city of Sao 
Luiz do Maranhao, receiving Latin lessons from Sotero dos 
Reis, and studying the other branches in the public schools. 
He was much eulogized for his brilliant intellect, amiable 
disposition and excellent behavior. 
In 1834 he went to Portugal and studied at the Coimbra 
University, which conferred on him the degree of bachelor 
of mathematics and of the natural sciences. 
In Coimbra Lisboa Serra cultivated his poetical talent 
with great zeal; and in some of his compositions gave pro- 118 
mise of becoming' a poet of a high order. Among' his finest 
productions is that entitled Ascending the Vouga. On his 
return to Maranhao the grave of his beloved sister inspired 
him with his elegy called In the Christians' Burying-Ground, 
which is full of profound and doleful melody, a prolonged, 
tender wail of sorrow. 
An intimate and faithful friend and companion of Gon- 
calves Dias, Lisboa Serra, also an inspired poet, seemed 
destined to share the poetical fame of his friend. 
Such, however, did not prove to be the case. Why? No 
one knows. 
Leaving Maranhao, Lisboa Serra came to Rio de Janeiro 
in 1842. Already rendered wealthy by the inheritance 
which he received from his father, he doubled his fortune 
by marriage, espousing a woman whom he had tenderly 
loved even before his departure for Coimbra. 
Inexplicable paradox! After this romantic marriage sanc- 
tioned by fortune, Lisboa Serra's poetical genius deserted 
him ! 
He was appointed Comptroller of the Treasury of the 
Province of Rio de Janeiro. Was it that figures and calcu- 
lations extinguished in his bosom the poetical flame ? 
Whatever may have been the cause, the young poet 
abandoned the Muses and gave himself up heart and soul 
to practical administrative cares, and to political aspira- 
tions . 
Elected deputy from the province of Maranhao in 1847, 
he at once took an elevated position among the liberal ora- 
tors and became conspicuous in parliament for his brilliant 
intellect and for his vast and valuable acquirements. 
In 1848 the Paula Souza Ministry selected him, on ac- 
count of his moderation and conciliatory spirit, as President 119 
of the Province of Bahia, which was then in an extreme 
state of political agitation. 
His administration was short-lived. The government 
having been transferred on Sept, 29 of the same year to 
the Conservative party, the new ministry dismissed him at 
once. 
Shortly afterwards, on his return to the capital of the. 
Empire, ho was appointed national treasurer, and received 
the title of councillor. So highly appreciated were his 
financial acquirements and administrative experience that, 
when the Bank of Brazil was founded in 1851, he was 
selected by the Viscount of Itaborahy for the responsible 
office of president of that important establishment. 
Re-elected deputy by his province in the legislature of 
1853-1856, he was offered by the Marquis of Parana a place 
in the ministry, but was led by honorable motives to 
refuse. . 
His health, which was already bad, became worse and 
worse, and after prolonged suffering he died in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro on April 16, 1855. 
Some weeks before his death Councillor Joao Duarte 
Lisboa Serra wrote the tender and simple words of his me- 
lancholy hymn Domine, exaudi orationem meam, in whose 
mournful strains the affectionate father poured forth the 
feelings which filled his heart at the thought of his chil- 
dren, whom he was soon to leave fatherless. 
Lisboa Serra terminated his earthly existence at the age 
of forty-eight, leaving behind him the reputation of a man 
of honor, talent and g-enerous sentiments. 1 O <' JUNE 
ESTACIO DE SA 
The French belonging* to the Calvinistic expedition, 
headed by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon continued in 
possession of the bay of Rio de Janeiro from 1555 to 1558, 
and formed projects of development, and of extension of 
conquest from which they anticipated the realization of 
their dream of Antartic France, 
Mem de S&, the Governor general of Brazil routed them 
completely in 1560 ; he took from them and destroyed fort 
Coligneyor Villegaignon ; but he could neither persue them, 
on seeing them fly from that island to the continent, where 
the Tamoyos their allies gave them shelter in neighbouring 
forests, nor from his great want of pecuniary resources and 
men could he leave in Rio de Janeiro, a settled colony of 
Portuguese. 
The French returned to the fort which they had lost, and 
raised other forts on islands, and on the main land. 122 
The Portuguese Government being made aware of those 
proceedings, sent Estacio de S&, the nephew of that famous 
Governor General to Brazil with a far too insufficient force, 
and with the excessively difficult task and great responsi- 
bility of expelling the French from Rio de Janeiro, and to 
found there a city, or permanent colonial establishment. 
Estacio de S& arrived at Bahia with two galleons, but 
with scarcely any soldiers, in 1564, and had to await for 
some months the organization of an expeditionary force, 
which his uncle, the Governor General, Mem de S&, using 
his utmost efforts but at the cost of much labor and at a 
great sacrifice, finally managed to put under his command. 
In January, 1665, Estacio de Sa left the port of Bahia, 
and arrived in the following month at Rio de Janeiro; 
but on examining the fortifications of the enemy, became 
convinced that the force he brought was too small, and the 
boats at his disposal insufficient in number. He sailed for 
Santos, where he remained till the beginning of the year 
following, awaiting the arrival of money and auxiliary 
troops from Bahia, and from the Capitania of Espirito- 
Santo. 
On the 20th of January 1566, he again sailed for Rio de 
Janeiro ; on the 1st of March, he came to an anchor at the 
bar of that name and landed his force, fortifying himself in 
the space situated between the Pao d'Assucar, and the hill 
of St. John, and there laid the foundation of the projected 
city to which he gave the name of Sao Sebastiao.- 
Up to the end of 1566 the Portuguese and French, the 
latter aided by a numerous gathering of Tamoyos, their 
allies, and the former by auxiliary bands of Indians, met 
in sundry partial and sanguinary but fruitless encounters. 
Mem de Sd being informed by the Jesuit Jose de Anchieta 123 
of the critical situation in which his nephew was placed, 
came to his aid with another expedition, and arriving- at 
Rio de Janeiro on the 18th of January, 1667, he commenced 
operations on the 20th, St. Sebastian's day, by attacking 
the fortification of Urugu-mirim, which was taken after an 
obstinate and terrible battle. 
In this attack, whilst fighting, as he always did, with 
distinguished bravery, Estacio de S& was wounded in the 
face by an arrow. 
The French were completely put to the rout and those 
who escaped from death, and could fly with the Tamoyos, 
or to their own ships were expelled from Rio de Janeiro; 
but Estacio de Sd died on the 20th of February in conse- 
quence of his wounds, and his body was interred in the mo- 
dest not to say rudely built church of S. Sebastao which 
had been provisionally erected in the Hamlet of that name. 
When the City and the church of S. Sebastiao were 
founded on the hill afterwards called Castello, the mortal 
remains of Estacio de Sd were removed to his City, and 
received sepulture in the chancel. 
In 1839 H. M. the Emperor having gone to visit the 
school of medicine, then on the Castello Hill, went after- 
wards to the church of S. Sebastiao, being accompanied by 
many of the scholars, and with them, sought and found the 
grave of Estacio de Sd. 
In 1862 on rebuilding the church of S. Sebastiao, some 
of the bones of Estacio de Sd were exhumed in the presence 
of H. M. the Emperor, and members of the Brazilian His- 
torical Institute, and they were collected and placed in an 
urn worthy of them. II OF JUNE 
CIPRIANO JOSE BARATA DE ALMEIDA 
This is the name of a Brazilian who was an ardent revo- 
lutionary spirit, but actuated by unshaken convictions 
which resisted years of martyrdom, and whose sincerity 
was proved by his constancy and firmness. 
Cypriano Jos6 Barata de Almeida was born on the 26th 
September 1762 in the parish of S. Pedro Velho in Bahia ; 
his primary studies and some of the humanities were prose- 
cuted in the city of S. Salvador, and he took his degree of 
Bachelor in medicine in the University of Coimbra, whence 
he returned to his province. 
The biographical sketches of Barata de Almeida up to 
1821 are both scanty and incomplete. 
A liberal of exalted and republican ideas, it is almost 
certain that he figured in that year as aiding towards the 
declaration of Bahia in respect to the revolution of Portugal 126 
in 1820, and lie without any doubt enjoyed both, influence 
and popularity,for he was elected by his province as deputy 
to the Portuguese Chamber.. 
Taking his seat in Parliament, and not being' able to 
equal Antonio Carlos in eloquence, he surpassed him in 
intrepid boldness, in defending the cause of Brazil, princi- 
pally in 1822 when the overwhelming Portuguese majority 
of the assembly fulminated decrees and measures against 
the ancient Colony and recent Kingdom of Brazil, which in 
open and advancing revolution heralded the glorious cry 
from Ypiranga. 
Barata de Almeida was more than once interrupted in his 
energetic orations by the furious vociferations and insults 
from the galleries; but fearless, and firm as a rock in the 
midst of stormy waves, he neither hesitated nor trembled, 
nor did he continue to speak less energetically. 
In one sitting of the Chambers, a Brazilian deputy voted 
with the .majority in favour of a motion, hostile to his coun- 
try. The sexagenarian Barata impelled by his outraged 
patriotism, and by the violence of his temper, waited for the 
deputy who had so voted, rebuked him in the name of Brazil, 
and under the influence of passion, to be regretted, on 
arriving at the landing of the staircase threw him down. 
Barata de Almeida was one of the Brazilian deputies who 
would not sign the Portuguese Constitution drawn up by 
the Assembly, and one of the seven who being threatened 
by the mob in Lisbon, embarked secretly for Falmouth, 
where they published, in a splendid manifest, their motives 
for retiring from the Cortes and from Lisbon : among these 
seven deputies were included patriots and notabilities, such 
as Antonio Carlos, Feijd, and Lino Coutinho. 
Whatever were the errors of old Barata from this time 127 
forwards, the gratitude of the country can never permit to 
be forgotten the services, the civic ardour, the boldness, and 
even the imprudent and excessive out-breaks of passion of 
old Barata, defending, encouraging, glorifiyng Brazil and 
her revolution in the face of the irritated and threatening 
Lisbon mob. The indomitable bravery of that old man, who, 
burning with patriotism, feared not to expose himself to 
the fury of the rough and enraged people, who insulted him 
in Lisbon, and who held him in odium, ought to be reg- 
istered in History, and should be the boast of the Country. 
In 1823 Barata was elected by Bahia deputy to the Bra- 
zilian Assembly; he did not however take his seat, and 
after the dissolution of this Assembly, he was arrested in 
Pernambuco in 1824, for publishing there, his violent and 
ultra-liberal periodical, the Sentinella da Liberdade, and 
was sent to Rio de Janeiro as a conspiritor. 
The martyrdom of the old, and incorrigibly-exalted liberal, 
began then. 
In Rio de Janeiro, Barata shut up in dungeons, made the 
experience of gloomy prisons, sometimes of one sometimes 
of another fortress, and of that of the ship which was called 
Preziganga, upon which he wrote and left, in manuscript, 
a circumstancial memorial. 
In 1829 the minister of justice Jos6 Bernardino Baptista 
Pereira, on visiting the fortresses, in order to inform himself 
respecting the prisoners encarceratel therein, encountered 
in one of them the old man Barata, and caused him to be 
set free, there existing no legal ground explanatory of his 
imprisonment. 
The liberals of Rio de Janeiro warmly welcomed old 
Barata, now discharged and free, receiving him on his land- 
ing at the quay of the Palace Square. 128 
The then deputy, Joao Mendes Vianna, an influential 
liberal, gave Barata de Almeida a house to live in and 
servants. 
Barata had left his prison when he was sixty seven years 
old, his hair having become completely white, was long and 
fell over his shoulders; but he had the strongest expression 
of energy in his fiery eyes, and in his stern and animated 
countenance. 
On returning months afterwards to Bahia, the aged Ba- 
rata was the object of enthusiastic popular affection, which 
was not long in compromising him, though it raised him 
in the opinion of the poorer and less favored classes, to whom 
the indomitable and enthusiastic old man spoke, electrify- 
ing by his writings, and in his counsels incorrigibly fired 
by youthful ardour. 
The abdication of the Emperor D. Pedro I afforded him 
greater power, a more compromising influence over the po- 
pular element, which was more susceptible of active and 
illegal action against recognized authority. As in other 
provinces, there was in Bahia an ephemeral revolt, which 
Barata, the innocent lava of revolutionary ideas, wished 
to allay, though defending the people - his well-beloved - 
found himself betrayed, suspected, on account of his pres- 
tige, compromised by his imprudent intervention, again 
arrested, and again sent to Rio de Janeiro, where on being 
imprisoned on the island das Cobras still further aggravated 
his dangerous fame ofbeing a revolutionist, subjecting him- 
self to suspicions, which apeared well founded, of being the 
leader and encourager of the mutiny of the artillery corps 
on the same Island das Cobras on the 7th of November 
1831. 
The fiery and highly excitable Barata de Almeida remai- 129 
ned a prisoner until 1833, when they granted him his 
liberty. 
He was then seventy-one years of age. It was a great age ; 
on leaving his prison and returning to his province he found 
the almost popular worship, which he had formerly enjoyed, 
cooled down. 
He was poor, he had a family and realized the chill of 
disenchantment. 
Popularity afforded him the proof of ingratitude, and of 
forgetfulness... 
The poor and broken-spirited old man even so, was no 
apostate from his political ideas, but with sadness buried 
them in his bosom. Obliged to work for his living in order 
to support his family, he never asked alms during seventy- 
two years of labor. In those weary and last years, the cou- 
rageous and meritorious deputy of the Portuguese assembly 
was public professor of primary instruction in the province 
of Rio Grande do Norte to which he had retired, and finally, 
he either left that situation or conjointly with it, he exer- 
cised in the city of Natal, his medical profession and opened 
a druggist's shop, in which he employed himself, his eldest 
daughter D. Laura Barata occupying herself in preparing 
the prescriptions. 
Cypriano Jose Barata de Almeida died almost unknown 
on the 1st of June, 1838, in the city of Natal, capital of the 
province of Rio Grande do Norte, at the age of seventy-six 
years, and on the following day, the 2d of June, this so not- 
able and celebrated man received a pcor and humble burial. 
In his stormy and fervent political life Barata de Almeida 
published from 1823 to 1832, at one time in Bahia, at an- 
other in Pernambuco, then in Rio de Janeiro, with interrup- 
tions of which the greatest was during the time of his im- 130 
prisonment from 1824 to 1829, his periodical Sentinella da 
Liberdade, written in language, simple, unpolished, and 
purposely fitted for the people, and in a style that marked 
his individuality. 
In that gazette he often, or with frequency, which cannot 
he praised, advocated ideas both dangerous and contrary to 
the principles of that order which he sacrificed to his aspi- 
rations after democracy carried to the greatest extent. 
He wrote the memorial on the Preziganga and one or two 
other political pamphlets. 
On the 1st of December 1822, Barata de Almeida had the 
dignitary of the Cruzeiro conferred upon him, as well de- 
serving of the Independence of his country. 
His faults were those derived from the exaltation of his 
ideas, by the impetuous ardor of his genius, by the fiery 
nature of his publications, and by his counsels in the clubs ; 
but great as they were, he paid dearly for them in the 
horror of the dungeons ; and his important services afforded 
to the independence, and the example of firmness, and con- 
stancy, which never vaccillated, not even when he was 
threatened with the possibility of the gallows, render his 
memory honorable. Ill OF JUNE 
JOSE DA SILVA TO A 
In the parish of Nossa Senhora das Necessidades, of the 
city of Desterro, capital of the province of Santa Catherina, 
Jos6 da Silva Mafra was born on the 14th of January, 1788. 
Without either fortune or protectors, he voluntarily en- 
listed as simple soldier in the grenadier company of the 
3d regiment of the line, being' scarcely thirteen years of 
age: the youthful grenadier, a still beardless corporal, 
received his baptism of blood in the romantic and glorious 
campaign of Rio Grande do Sul in 1798, and acompanying 
his regiment to Par&, marched from thence on the 22 
October of that same year with the expedition intended for 
the conquest of Cayenne, from whence he returned in 1811, 
wearing the uniform of lieutenant and also the medal of 
honor. 
In 1820, he was already major and commanded in his 
native province the fortress of Santa Cruz. 132 
In the following year lie received the insignia of the order 
of S. Bento de Aviz. 
In 1822 he declared for the independence of the country, 
and had for reward the badge of a knight of the Imperial 
order of the Cruzeiro, and one year afterwards was promo- 
ted to lieutenant-colonel, the rank with which he retired 
on the 19th of July 1830. 
Of poor and humble birth, a soldier when he had scar- 
cely received simple primary instruction, always far from 
the great centres of civilisation, he had neither schooling 
or professors, he, however, had books, and by constant read- 
ing, became his own master and instructed himself, as 
far as it was possible to do so; admirable good sense supply- 
ing the want of extensive learning. 
Having abandoned the military career, he filled, during 
some years, the post of secretary of his province, and later 
on, he was, for some time, first vice-president of the same 
province of Santa Catharina, and only on reaching his se- 
venty-fourth year did he obtain leave to resign. 
On the 3rd. October, 1844, that distinguished son of Santa 
Catharina, was found worthy to be chosen Senator, from 
the triple list offered to H. M. the Emperor by the province 
in which he was born. 
He was no orator in the senate; but distinguished himself 
as a laborious and able member on important committees, 
and for many years fulfilled, with the greatest zeal and 
intelligence, the post of first secretary. 
In his military life, in the public administration, and in 
the senate, he was always the same; diligent, studious de- 
voted, a man of upright judgment and of immaculate pro- 
bity; without being learned, he showed that he was suffici- 
ently instructed. 133 
He always belonged to the moderate liberal school, and 
was a man attached to government and order, loyal and 
honorable. 
Jos6 da Silva Mafra had been further rewarded with the 
insignia of the order of S. Bento de Aviz, and with that of 
the Imperial order of the Rose. 
On the 3rd, June 1871 that venerable citizen died, in great 
but honorable poverty, at the age of eighty-three year's. IV OF JUNE 
PEDRO TEIXEIRA 
In 1637 the lay Franciscan brothers Domingos de Briaba 
and Andr6 de Toledo accompanied by six soldiers, the rem- 
nants of an expedition which had left the city of S. Fran- 
cisco de Quito for the province of Encabellados, and attacked 
by the Indians bearing this name, at the river Agua- 
rico, entered the Amazonas and descended its whole length, 
arriving with the greatest good fortune, after having esca- 
ped great perils, at the city of Nossa Senhora de Bel6m, ca- 
pital of Par&, from whence they immediately passed on to 
that of Maranhao. 
In seeking the El-Dorado in 1540, captain Francisco 
Orellana was the first European who saw the banks of the 
Alto-Amazonas, having entered this river by the Napo 
which he had come down on leaving Coca. 
After him, and that of the unfortunate expedition of 136 
Pedro Ursua in 1560, it was only in 1637 that those two 
Spanish Franciscan lay-brothers renewed the first ideas of 
communication of Peru with the Atlantic through the 
Amazonas. 
The governor of the state of Maranhao, Jacome Raymun- 
do de Noronha, desirous of recommending himself to the 
Government of Madrid .(this was in the time of the Spa- 
nish dominion) resolved on sending an expedition to go 
up those great rivers, and appointed to direct it captain Pe- 
dro Teixeira who immediately set off for the city of Nossa 
Senhora de Bel6m. 
Pedro Teixeira was a native of the kingdom of Por- 
tugal and was serving in Brazil, enjoying an excellent 
reputation. 
The glory of being the chief of that expedition which 
was the first to ascend the whole length of the Amazonas, 
going far beyond, as will be seen, fell to his lot. 
On the 28th October 1637 the famous expedition which 
consisted of seventy canoes of which forty seven of good- 
size, carrying seventy soldiers, and one thousand two hun- 
dred Indians almost all Nhagahibas from the Island of Ma- 
raj6, left the town, now city of CametA Colonel Bento Ro- 
drigues de Oliveira, a Brazilian, commanded the vanguard 
and the major, Philippe de Mattos Cutrim, captain Pedro 
da Costa Favilla, a native of Pernambuco, and others, ha- 
ving partial commands. 
On the 3rd December Pedro Teixeira who was going to 
the Amazonas, intending to reach Quito touched at a great 
island, which he called Areias ; at the beginning of 1638 
he reached the Alto Amazonas, descovered the Rio Negro, at 
whose mouth he held intercourse with the uaranaeoacenas: 
on the 3rd of July he left in the river Napo, at its confluence 137 
with Agoarico, Captain Favilla, with a great part of the 
expedition to reconnoiter the country and to ensure a retreat. 
Continuing his course he arrived on the 15th of August at 
Payamino, territory of Peru, and from thence went on by 
land to Quito, where he was received with astonishment 
and with the honors due to so daring an exploit. 
The vice-roy of Peru ordered the governor of the province 
of Quito to make Pedro Teixeira return by the same road, 
taking, however, in his company the Spanish priests, Friar 
Christovao de Acuna, rector of the college of Jesuits of 
Cuenca and Friar Andre de Artieda, in order that they 
might write an account of the voyage, to be presented to 
the king of Spain. 
Pedro Teixeira left Quito on his return journey on the 
16th February, 1639, and in August joined Captain Favilla 
on the right bank of the Napo opposite the Aguarico, and 
on the 16th of that month, with a most praiseworthy and 
noble patriotic inspiration, in the presence of Friar Chris- 
tovao de Acuna, of AndiA de Artieda, of the mercenaries, 
Pedro da Rua Cirneyr and Joao da Merctb and of the whole 
expedition, took solemn possession of the country in the 
name of the king of Spain through the Crown of Portugal: 
set up a wooden mark on the said bank, which he denominat- 
ed Franciscana, of all of which he caused the respective in- 
strument to be drawn up by the scrivener Joao Gomes de 
Andrade* 
This act settled the extent of the Portuguese possessions, 
and the extreme western boundery of the Brazilian Alto 
Amazonas. 
On the 12th of December, 1639, Pedro Teixeira at length 
arrived with his companions at the city of Nossa Senhora 
de BeRm, and shortly afterwards departed from thence for 138 
S. Luiz do Maranhao to give an account of the commission 
which he had so splendidly fulfilled. 
Being appointed Capitao-M6r and governor of Par&, Pe- 
dro Teixeira entered into office on the 28th February, 1640, 
and delivered it up to his successor, Francisco Cordovil 
Camacho on the 26th May of the following* year. 
He died eleven days afterwards, in the capital of Para 
(on the 4th of June 1640) universally regretted; for besides 
important services, he was venerated for his virtues, his in- 
domitable bravery, and was famed for the prudence of his 
counsels. 
Pedro Teixeira was certainly one of the great charac- 
ters in the history of Brazil in the seventeenth century. V OF JUNE 
VISCOUNT DE SOUZA FRANCO 
Bernardo de Souza Franco, the legitimate son of the regis- 
tered merchant Manoel Joao Franco and of D. Catharina 
de Souza Franco, was born on the 28th June, 1805, in the 
city of Nossa Senhora de Belem, capital of the province of 
Grao Para. 
He studied humanities in the seminary of Par&, and fre- 
quented in 1823 the class of rational philosophy, under the 
direction of the learned man who was to become the future 
archbishop of Bahia, Marquis of Santa Cruz ; when under 
an impulse of patriotism the youth of eighten became a 
conspirator, entering into a conspiracy against the Portu- 
guese dominion maintained in his province by the Lusita- 
nian troops. 
Arrested, together with the other conspirators, Souza 
Franco was sent to Lisbon on board the ship Andorinha do 140 
Tejo with two hundred and fifty-seven companions in mis- 
fortune, many of whom died on the voyage victims of the 
barbarous treatment, to which sometimes was added the 
martyrdom of hunger and thirst. 
In Lisbon these independent patriots were placed in the 
fortress of S. Juliao ; they were there treated with human- 
ity, and were discharged some days afterwards. Souza 
Franco returned immediately to his province, already the 
star of the Empire, and arrived there in February, 1824. 
When eighteen years of age, in Pard, he had been threa- 
tened with death on the gallows, onboard the ship Andori- 
nha do Tejo he had suffered long weeks of martyrdom, on 
his return however, to his country he displayed on his brow 
the civic crown of the heroes of Ypyranga. 
But, having arrived at Para, Souza Franco, the youth of 
distinguished intelligence and of severe and constant appli- 
cation, was intended by his father for commercial pursuits, 
and, during* some years, he who was destined to illuminate 
an immense horizon as a star of the Brazilian Parliament, 
then had for bounds the space enclosed by the four walls 
of the store, of which he was the humblest clerk ; the clerk 
however was at liberty at night, and night was a day to him 
resplendent with light, which he derived through continued 
study, to which he gave himself up with thirst for knowl- 
edge. 
The superior schools of the Empire having been founded, 
the son of the Amazonas who, in his infancy had smiled at 
the eagles of the Andes, took flight for Olinda in 1831, 
entered himself there in the juridical academy, and in 1835 
took the degree of bachelor, having obtained prizes in the 
several years of study, and during them, figured with abil- 
ity and increasing reputation in the political press, editing 141 
the Voz do Biberibe, and joining in that of the Diario de 
Pernambuco. 
Souza Franco retired to Para in March, 1836, and was 
present at the last part of the horrible and ferocious revolt 
which laid waste his magnificent province; he served for 
about two months as fiscal procurator of the treasury,and on 
the 16th of August of the same year he was appointed judge 
of the civil court of the capital. 
His career in the magistrature was not a long one,and as he 
was almost always diverted from it by the important duties 
which he had to perform, he could not distinguish it by 
numerous and prol rnged services; but, whenever he exer- 
cised the ministry of judge, he displayed knowledge, ren- 
dered justice, watched the right of each person and left his 
name a symbol of rectitude and probity. In 1854, being a 
chief Judge, he retired with the titles and honors of desem- 
bargador, and becoming an advocate in the capital of the 
Empire, the masterly reputation, the credit, the splendour 
of his desk, always heaped up with work of incessant and 
extraordinary nature, were such that they gave him the 
modest fortune which he left at his death to the most be- 
loved of wives, to nis most tenderly loved children, of whom 
he had been the angel of affection, depositary of their cares, 
and their earthly stay. 
Away from the magistracy, Souza Franco showed himself 
very early an administrator, who at the commencement of 
his noviciate was more admired for his practical ability, 
than for his enlightened intelligence, because the latter, 
already manifested, was for brilliant splendour by all ac- 
knowledged. 
In 1839, as president of the province of Grao-Para, and 
successor of General Andrea, Souza Franco, in one year 142 
of government, subjugated and extinguished the savage 
revolt in its last and despairing throes of horrible agony in 
which his predecessor had left it; completely re-established 
order, regulated the provincial administration, upset, and in 
confusion from anomalies which the fearful anarchy had 
bequeathed to it. 
In 1840 he handed over the province to a new preside t; 
in the following year, however, he reassumed the govern- 
ment of the same as vice-president, continued his work 
of restorer of Grao-Para, and in fourteen months of admin- 
istration regenerated the finances, ordered and increased 
useful works, issued regulations which introduced a sys- 
tem in all the provincial administrative service, snatched 
from the chaos of anarchy, that world of the Amazonas, the 
object of his enthusiastic affection, and left the palace of the 
government in the midst of general applause and honored 
by a popularity most ardently proclaimed. 
General Andrea, subsequently theBarao of Cacapava, had 
been the iron hand to crush sharply the savage revolt, just- 
ly or necessarily, pitylessly; Souza Franco was the ener- 
getic and regenerating intelligence which made order out 
of the chaos of Grao-Para. 
In the administration of the province of Grao-Para, Souza 
Franco showed himself in splendid colors as a statesman, 
and as a creative genius. 
From June to December, 1844, as president of the province 
of Alagoas, in abnormal and most precarious circumstances, 
Souza Franco was attacked in the capital, which was want- 
ing in sufficient resources of defence, by Vicente Ferreira de 
Paula, whom they called the chief of the woods, and who 
marched at the head of half-savage bands; he, therefore, 
saw himself forced'at the last moment of extreme danger to 143 
retire on board of a small vessel of war ; but the rebels did 
not wring from him a single one of the concessions which 
they demanded at the mouths of their blunderbusses and 
the points of their knives, inured to crime. 
Later on, and with biting sarcasm, they upbraided him 
with his retreat to that ship as if it were an honor or glory 
to run the risk of assassination without any advantage 
to the country, and without the consciousness of fulfilling 
an imperious duty. 
In the administration of a province Souza Franco once 
again distinguished himself; but this requires a special 
and chronological mention, so extraordinary was the time 
and so extraordinary the services and sacrifices of this 
well-deserving man. 
Elected by the province of Para a deputy to the g'eneral 
Assembly in the fourth legislature, Souza Franco takes his 
seat in the chambers, joins the ranks of the conservative 
party, and in the debates reveals his splendid talent, but on 
being re-elected deputy, he leaves in 1843 that party in the 
zenith of their predominating influence, and generously 
opposes himself to their exaggerations of having conquered 
the revolted liberals of 1842. 
In the two following legislatures he distinguished him- 
self as an eloquent orator of the liberal majority, and as a 
renowned debater, principally in financial questions ; on the 
31st May, 1848, he entered as minister of foreign affairs in 
the cabinet of Paula e Souza, whom he substituted, ad inte- 
rim, in the capacity of minister of finance during the month 
of September, upto the 29th, when that ministry and liberal 
policy went out of power. The legislative session of 1848 
was a stormy one, and for the cabinet of the 31st of May 
still more distressing, owing to discords existing* among 144 
parliamentary cliques of the dominant party. Souza Franco 
upheld unswervingly, the policy and the acts of the minis- 
try ; he gained the reputation of a statesman, and elevated, 
and graced the parliamentary tribune by his close logic, 
and splendid bursts of eloquence. 
The chamber of deputies being dissolved in 1849, the 
new legislature commenced and continued throughout the 
following year, with only a single liberal deputy in its 
ranks; but that one, was Bernardo de Souza Franco. 
They supposed that he was already known, but it was 
only then that they came to know him. But in 1850 Souza 
Franco arrived, reduced by sickness; so ill that he could 
scarcely walk, much less remain standing for more than a 
quarter of an hour ; and the chamber permitted him to 
speak, seated. 
There he was alone, against a hundred, single-handed, 
and for that reason called the opopsihon unity ; speaking 
daily, and in many cases, twice and three times in each 
sitting, and by his masterly discussions of every measure, 
harassing the whole ministry ! 
The remark was once made to Bernardo Pereira de Vas- 
concellos : « Of what importance is Souza Franco? he is 
only one in the Chamber. » 
- « Yes, only one ; but the first » observed the old sta- 
tesman. 
The opposition unity was a Hercules, and had, as it were, 
found that enchanted balsam with which in the romances, 
and in the songs of bards, relating the wars and struggles 
of the middle age, certain privileged knights magically 
healed their wounds. 
Each day at the end of the sittings, after the combats, 
Souza Franco descended from the tribunal, pale, worn out, 145 
and left with a limping gait, emaciated, and apparently 
either a dying man, or a combatant badly wounded, and 
about to succumb for ever; but on the following day the 
Achilles had revived, returned to crush the Hectors, and 
on each day followed a battle; and on each battle a victory ! 
It was a stupendous task! He alone against a hundred; 
one voice against a hundred at times in a whirlwind of 
dissentient reclamations ; and inconceivable contest!.... 
an immense uproar I.... it was the tidal wave fporordca} 
of the Amazonas, in fearful struggle with the furious and 
swollen waters of the Atlantic. 
In Souza Franco were united remarkable oratorical gifts 
and qualities, a great fund of instruction, a considerable 
amount of knowledge, much practice in various branches 
of administration, constant and daily study, facility of 
diction, a clear and sonorous voice, most powerful logic, 
enthusiasm in favor of the ideas which he defended, im- 
promtu readiness, conciseness in his epigrams, an imper- 
turbable mind, energy and courage. 
He was dignified in the tribune; but at times, influenced 
by the virulence of an attack he displayed vehemence in 
retaliation. 
Once whilst the clever and very witty deputy Aprigio 
was sarcastically speaking, and insisting on harassing the 
opposition unity, a silly spectator interrupted him by imitat- 
ing the barking of a dog. The president and all the cham- 
ber exclaimed against this coarse insult but the impertur- 
bable Aprigio exlaimed: 
- Mr. President, it was an aside of Mr. Souza Franco's ! 
- You are mistaken, immediately answered the latter, 
it was the echo of your own voice. 
There was, doubtless, much wit in both these sallies, but 146 
they really were out of place in parliament: Souza Franco, 
however, had at least the excuse of his being- a retaliation. 
From 1850 to 1853 the parliamentary distinction of Souza 
Franco reached its highest pitch; but the best proof of the 
great worth of that illustrious citizen, orator and statesman 
is, that up to the end of his life he maintained the eminent 
position to which he had raised himself. 
In the new legislature of 1853, the chambers annulled 
the diploma of deputy re-elected by Pard, that Souza Franco 
presented, notwithstanding not a few conservative members 
recognised and maintained the validity of his election. 
This famous paladin was at that time already one of the 
leaders of the liberal party. 
In 1855 he reappeared in parliament as a deputy member, 
supporting the programme of moderation and reconciliation 
presented by the cabinet of the Marquis of Parana; but 
insisting on the true realization of the programme, as 
regards liberal reform, which the nation so earnestly de- 
sired. On* the 5th of June of that year, His Majesty the Em- 
peror nominated him Senator of the Empire, selecting him 
from the triple list presented by the Province of Gr&o Para, 
which reached his august presence on that same day. 
The unhesitating choice immediately made by the Em- 
peror is in itself an eloquent tribute, which is only second to 
the triumph of a Roman hero of the heroic times of Rome. 
In the Senate, Souza Franco always shone in the tribune 
with all the brilliancy which he displayed in the chamber 
of deputies. 
On the 4th of May, 1857, he joined the cabinet organized 
by the Marquis of Olinda; and, together with his personal 
and political friend, Jeronymo Francisco Coelho, minister of 
war, represented the liberal element. 147 
All the party supported the ministry in honor of its chief, 
Souza Franco, the minister of finance. 
In this cabinet in 1857 and 1858, Souza Franco displayed, 
while in the chambers, all the power and oratorical brilliancy 
that he did from 1850 to 1852. He entered the lists where 
the ground was defined, namely, the financial arena, and 
was victorious, upholding the principles of the liberal eco- 
nomical school, as regards the organization of banking in- 
stitutions, and out of parliament, dominated, by energetic 
and wise measures a tremendous commercial crisis, saving 
the mercantile body of the city of Rio de Janeiro, and, ne- 
cessarily, others in the Empire, from the misfortunes which 
the United States and Hamburg on that occasion expe- 
rienced. 
On the 12th of December, 1858, the cabinet of the 4th 
May resigned. 
In the following year Souza Franco was considered 
worthy of being nominated councillor of state and in the 
exercise of that most elevated office, his enlightenment, and 
his surprising activity in the work and in the rapid expedi- 
tion of matter for consultation were so admirable, that he 
had the just pride of rivalling those useful and laborious 
intelligences of seventy and eighty years, which were 
called Marquis of Olinda and Marquis of Sapucahy. 
In 1872 he was graced by H. M. the Emperor with the 
title of Viscount of Souza Franco : in the title of nobility 
his name which is a national glory was preserved. 
The title of viscount was given to him after new, and 
most important services, which from 1864 to 1865 became 
heroic for the personal abnegation which he showed as Pre- 
sident of the province of Rio de Janeiro. 
The new liberal era in 1864, also the offspring of his 148 
efforts in the counsels of the party of which he was one of 
the chiefs, had commenced with strong vitality; in the 
same year, however, the calamity of war broke out, and 
took vast proportions: the despot of Paraguay had provoked 
Brazil with savage affronts; in the besom of the Empire 
the clangor of trumpets and the boating of drums sounded 
warlike, and the people of peace answered shouting - to 
arms ! and the people of love exclaimed in a terrible man- 
ner - war !.., 
The cabinet of the 31st. August, of which the renowned 
patriot and statesman Francisco Jos6 Furtado was chief, 
invited Souza Franco to accept the presidency of the prov- 
ince of Rio de Janeiro: the indomitable champion did not 
give a thought to the visible abatement of his physical 
strength, and with a cruel malady which would have pros- 
trated any other on a bed, the flame of patriotism ani- 
mated him ; he took charge of the Provincial Government. 
His Presidency of Rio de Janeiro did not last a year; in 
that short period he had to struggle against and counteract 
the strongest opposition of the conservatives, with the indom- 
itable bravery of his character, and with the magnanimous 
devotion which he had for his party: in relation to his acts 
as a political man, the censures, and the violent recrimin- 
ations of adversaries, were only equal to the enthusiasm with 
which the liberals supported and applauded him. 
Besides the antagonism of interests, and even caprices of 
parties, Souza Franco found the provincial finances in a 
ruinous state and burdened with an enormous deficit; in less 
than ten months the economical old man and zealous admin- 
istrator reformed the financial situation, extinguished the 
deficit and elevated the provincial credit. 
But war was raging: it was necessary to raise, organize, 149 
and send off corps of volunters : Souza Franco performed pro- 
digies of activity and labor: ill, grown thin, lean-visaged, 
even in that state sitting at a table he resisted for twelve 
hours and more of daily labor merely interrupted by a 
great loss of blood, which produced syncopes : in that state 
his friends found him for more than once: 
- That is too much, it is suicide! said they to him. 
- No; answered he, it is merely the sacrifice of a citizen 
who ought, and is ready to die at his post of honor. 
In 1865 he left the presidency on account of the Imperial 
government declaring that it was incompatible with the 
exercise of the post of councillor of state; but the name of 
Souza Franco remained in the province of Rio de Janeiro, 
perpetually remembered in the long and splendid register 
of his important services. 
From 1865 until the day before the eve of his death the 
Viscount Souza Franco still shone for ten years, working 
indefatigably in the council of state, and battling in opposi- 
tion in the tribunal of the senate, which being called Siberia 
by Antonio Carlos, was for him always Hindostan, as was 
also the Chamber of Deputies; but faithful to the religion 
of his liberal principles he ceased hostilities in 1871, and 
vigorously supported the conservative cabinet of the Vis- 
count do Rio-Branco in the magnificent undertaking which 
gave to Brazil the law of 28th September of that year; law 
of liberty, ray of divine light, which had for its defender 
and for its enthusiastic admirer the famous liberal paladin 
of parliament. 
In following years, in the question ill-named religious, 
in the question, already traditional, of the sovereignty of the 
governments of the states, and of the power of the Pope, or 
of the Roman Curia, in collision and antagonist!; so often 150 
repeated, the Viscount de Souza Franco, a free thinker 
went beyond the policy of the cabinet of Viscount do Rio 
Branco, and attacked the pretentions of the Roman Curia 
with exalted fervor. But the age of the champion was 
advancing, his body bent, his physical strength impaired, 
his health ruined, manifested as imminent, or not tardy, the 
extinction of that flame which still radiated with miracu- 
lous splendor from Viscount de Souza Franco. His spirit 
was not old, it was always young, the body was seventy 
years old, which was almost equivalent to a hundred by 
the excess of labor and by being worn away by disease. 
The disequilibrium took place, death overtook him on the 
9th May 1875, and death with his frozen finger put the seal 
of eternal silence on the mouth of the legendary orator. 
Bernardo de Souza Franco, deputy, senator, councillor of 
State, twice minister of the crown, was grand cross of the 
order of Christ, dignitary of the Imperial order of the Rose, 
Viscount de Souza Franco, member of the Brazilian Histo- 
rical Institute and of other scientific societies. 
A political economist and famed financier, a profound 
juris-consult, a tried administrator, a man of honor, the 
type of loyalty, unshakable in his convictions ; in power as 
minister he was the most legitimitate and faithful repre- 
sentative of the ideas of his party, in the council of state 
equal to the best and most active auxiliaries of the govern- 
ment , and in the direction, and in the councils of the 
liberal phalanxes who would accept his name as a political 
banner, he was noted always as a counsellor of moderation 
in struggles without truce; but only on a lawful field. 
Constitutional monarchy had in Viscount de Souza Franco 
a firm column of support. 
The liberal party lost in him more than a chief, the heroic 151 
champion in gigantic struggles, the man of dedication and 
capable of the greatest sacrifices, the valorous and laborious 
member of the opposition who was the first to place him- 
self in the front rank in the days of adversity and in the 
hours of peril, Achilles retired to his tent after victory, and 
the sure friend in the midst of the tempest of human fortune. 
For Viscount de Souza Franco, friendship was a sacred 
religion, the progress of liberty was the device on his 
knight's shield, country, the ardent love of his Brazilian 
heart. VI OF JUNE 
CLAUDIO MANGEL DA COSTA 
On the 6th of June, 1729, Claudio Manoel da Costa was 
born in the ancient town of Carmo, afterwards the city of 
Mariana, in the province of Minas Geraes, being* descended 
from a family of backwoodsmen of S. Paulo. 
He completed his studies of humanities in the Jesuit's 
college of the city of Rio de Janeiro. When 17 years of ag*e 
he went to Portugal and studied law in the University of 
Coimbra, taking his degree of bachelor. 
Besides books of science which he studied, Claudio Ma- 
noel da Costa read with ardor those of philosophy and 
literature, and cultivated his inspired taste for poetry. 
As soon as he had taken his degree, he published in 
Coimbra in 1721 his first poetical compositions and after- 
wards, obeying his enthusiastic longings after Italian lit- 
erature, he took his departure for Italy, journeyed through 154 
almost the whole of it, entered, the academy of the Arcades 
of Rome, taking the name of Glauceste Saturnio, and 
became so perfect in the language of Dante and of Tasso, 
that he wrote many sonnets and little poems in that lan- 
guage. 
On his return to Portugal, he remained but a short time 
in Lisbon. Every circumstance induces the belief that an 
unhappy amorous passion had profoundly affected him. 
Neither the Portuguese Arcadia to wffiich he belonged, nor 
his friends and contemporary poets could keep him. Clau- 
dio Manoel da Costa returned to Brazil in 1765, and estab- 
lished himself in Villa Rica, afterwards called the city of 
Ouro Preto and the capital of Minas Geraes, as an advocate, 
obtaining in a short time numerous clients, and a great 
reputation. 
Notwithstanding he continued to write : he made a com- 
ment on the Treaty of the origin of the riches of nations of 
Adam Smith, he being the first who wrote in Portuguese 
on the rising science of political economy. Notices concern- 
ing ancient and modern literature came from his pen, and 
a great number of pieces of poetry of high excellence. 
He enjoyed so much credit for his knowdedge and his pro- 
bity and he had such immence influence in the captaincy 
that the governors very often consulted him, and in 1780 
the new governor Don Rodrigo Jose de Menezes called him 
to fill the office of second secretary of state, a post which 
Claudio Manoel da Costa quitted when D. Rodrigo delivered 
over the Government to his successor, Luiz da Cunha e Me- 
nezes in 1783. 
These were calamitous times. The extraction of gold had 
diminished greatly and the poll tax had become most 155 
onerous, and still more so as the annual payments were 
getting- in arrears. 
Claudio Manoel da Costa was well aware of the gravity 
of the evil and of the dangers that the exacting avidity of 
the metropolis created. 
This state of affairs becoming aggravated, the general dis- 
content of the miners served to aid the patriotic aspirations 
of independence and liberty, which inflamed the most en- 
lightened spirits of the captaincy; the famous and unfortu- 
nate Minas conspiracy was formed, of which was a foolish 
agent and subsequently chief martyr, the so-called - Tira- 
dentes : - Claudio Manoel da Costa took part in it together 
with the illustrious poets Gonzaga and Alvarenga Peixoto, 
besides other notable men ; but the revolutionary plot being 
denounced, all the chiefs and principal accomplices of the 
conspiracy were arrested. 
Claudio Manoel da Costa, already, some sixty years old 
and prostrated on his bed by a strong rheumatic attack, 
was torn from his house by soldiers, who carried him to the 
prison of Villa Rica. 
The noble old man suffering horrible pains, deprived of 
domestic comforts and experiencing the privations from 
the want of medical treatment, finding himself in prison 
where he was mixed up with assassins and highway rob- 
bers, and terrified by the examination of witnesses com- 
menced in Minas and by the interrogatories to which he had 
to answer, became despondent and doubtless, in a sinister 
hour, seized by a fit of madness, committed suicide by tying 
a garter tightly round his neck some days after he had 
been dragged to prison, in 1789. 
Neither did he thus escape the tremendous sentence q£ 156 
the 18th April, 1792, passed on him and which concluded 
thus : 
« As to the criminal, Claudio Manoel da Costa, since he 
killed himself in prison they declare his memory infamous, 
and his children and grandchildren infamous, and his prop- 
erty to be confiscated to the treasury and royal house. » 
Claudio Manoel da Costa was without the slightest con- 
testation, one of the greatest and most illustrious poets of 
America. He holds a place of honor among the great and the 
esteemed of the world. 
In the sonnet, the most trivial of poems but so rarely of 
perfect execution, he rivalled Bocage, Petrarch, and the 
best Spanish poets; in his small poems he equalled the 
most famous masters ; in his eclogues pleasing and rich in 
vivid and admirable description, a defect is apparent, one 
almost universal, namely, the imitation of the Latin poetry 
from which not even Camoes escaped in that immense 
monument which is called Luziadas ; in the odes the Bra- 
zilian poet is magnificentin his lyrics, or lyrical poems, 
he is unspeakably charming: they have an attraction which 
has never been exceeded, for besides the music which en- 
chants one by its meter, there is the idea, there are the 
images, and finery and finally the sentiment which en- 
raptures and touches us. 
The poetical compositions of Claudio Manoel da Costa 
more nearly approach the Italian than the Portuguese 
schoolf; he, however, wrote at the time in which Metastasio 
also inspired Gonzaga with so many lyrics and which 
found in Portugal so many other admirers. 
Brazil, however, did not the less merit from her illus- 
trious son beautiful poetry, of a local color and nature and 
of enviable 157 
Great poets, authorized Portuguese critics, and foreign- 
ers, exalt the merit of Claudio Manoel da Costa, and 
the royal Academy of Science of Lisbon recommended him 
as a classic. 
In the gallery of the illustrious men of Brazil Claudio 
Manoel da Costa is pre-eminent as a notable man of juridical 
and social science, as a patriot, a martyr and as a poet, 
whom few in the civilized world have exceeded, and not 
many equalled. VII OF JUNE 
PEDRO DE ARAUJO LIMA 
MARQUIS OF OLINDA 
In a place called Antas, in the province of Pernambuco, was 
born on the 22d of December, 1793, Pedro de Araujo Lima, 
the legitimate son of Manoel de Araujo Lima and of D. Anna 
Teixeira Cavalcanti. 
He commenced his studies of the humanities in Olinda, 
and in 1813 he went to Coimbra, where he completed them 
and at that University took his degree of Doctor of canon- 
law. 
Returning to his country in 1819, he was in that same 
year appointed magistrate of the district of Paracatu in the 
province of Minas Geraes ; not having gone, however, to 
take possession of the place up to 1821, he had to return to 
Lisbon as one of the deputies of the Portuguese Chambers 
elected by Pernambuco. 
In that assembly Araujo Lima defended vigorously the 160 
rights of Brazil; but from that time distinguishing himself 
by moderation and by his respect and obedience to legal 
power, he signed the Portuguese constitution with other 
illustrious Brazilian deputies, not accompanyng those who, 
more fastidious and ardent in their patriotism refused to do 
so, or who retired from the assembly and from Portugal. 
In February, 1823, he embarked on board an English vessel 
which took him to England, from whence he returned to 
Brazil, and arriving at Rio de Janeiro on the 30th of April 
the same year, he found himself elected by his province, 
deputy to the house of Assembly of the Empire of Brazil. 
In the Brazilian Assembly he was reckoned one among 
the most promising and able orators, and so moderate in his 
political ideas, and manifested himself so great a friend of 
the government, that on the assembly being dissolved on 
the 12th of November, 1823,he was called to the ministry to 
take charge of the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. 
The dissolution greatly displeased him; his respect for 
the Emperor induced him to accept the portfolio; but disap- 
pointed and so convinced was he, that he ought not to be a 
minister under such circumstances, that at the end of three 
days, he asked for and obtained his resignation. 
He then made a voyage to France and to Italy, and whilst 
absent from his country he was elected deputy by his prov- 
ince in the first legislature, and in 1807 he took his seat 
in the chamber, occupied the president's chair; on the 2d of 
November he accepted the portfolio of Minister of the Empire, 
and resigned it on the 15th of June 1828. 
Re-elected deputy in the second and third legislature, he 
became again president of the Chamber in 1829, at time 
vice-president, and again president in 1837. 
In 1832 he entered the ministry called the forty days, 161 
which, was organised after the Coup d'Etat of the 30th of 
J uly was frustrated. 
On the 5th of September 1.837 the regent Feijd chose him 
for a senator in the triple list offered by the province of 
Pernambuco, and on the 18th of the same month on his 
deciding to resign the regency, he called Pedro de Araujo 
Lima to take the portfolio of the Empire, by which he 
would become regent ad interim. 
Pedro de Araujo Lima thus accepting the regency of the 
Empire, confided the Government to conservative politics, 
or to retrograde, as was then said, putting an end on the 
19th of September to the liberal state of affairs which had 
commenced on the 7th of April 1831. 
On the 22nd of April 1838 Araujo Lima was elected regent 
of the Empire in the name of the Emperor, the title ceasing 
from that day, to be held ad interim. 
During his regency, a republican revolt was suffocated in 
Bahia; and another in Maranhao, which had taken a savage 
character, and altogether foreign to politics, was equally 
overcome and vanquished, there barely remaining fugitive 
bands, sheltered in the interior, still causing apprehensions, 
which the amnesty granted by the Emperor, proclaimed 
on his majority, completely dispelled. The rebellion of Rio 
Grande do Sul was not put down, and on the contrary took 
great proportions; but the government of the regent spared 
neither means nor sacrifices to combat it. 
In almost three years of regency, Araujo Lima supporting 
and maintaining in the Government a conservative policy, 
resisted the opposition of the liberals, in three parliamentry 
campaigns, the most brilliant that Brazil can boast of. 
In 1840 the liberal party hoisted both in parliament and 
in the press the flag of the majority of the Emperor, who 162 
otherwise was not of the age fixed by the constitution, to 
assume his power of majesty. 
General opinion applauded, and embraced the idea ; but 
the conservative chiefs induced the regent to support them, 
in opposition to the cause of the majority; on the 22nd of July 
an imprudent decree put off the Sessions of the legislative 
bodies: the reaction pronounced itself : Pedro de Araujo 
Lima lost his place as regent: Senhor D. Pedro II was pro- 
claimed of age. 
The ex-regent took his seat in the senate. 
In 1841 on the occasion of solemnizing the coronation of 
the Emperor, Pedro de Araujo Lima was graced with the 
title of Viscount of Olinda, was appointed an ordinary mem- 
ber of the new council of State of the Empire. 
On the 29th of September 1848 he formed a government 
of conservative policy, being president of the council and 
minister of Foreign Affairs until the 6th of October of the 
following year. 
In 1864 the Emperor raised his title of viscount to that 
of Marquis of Olinda. Modifying his conservative ideas, and 
repelling the political exageration of his party, he commen- 
ced detaching himself from it, and in a parliamentry crisis 
in 1857, called by the crown, he was the organiser, and 
chief of the cabinet of the 4th of May, which had among 
its members Souza Franco, one of the liberal chiefs, and 
Jeronymo Francisco Coelho, another marked liberal. 
That ministry resisted during almost two years the con- 
servative opposition. 
In 1862 in consequence of another parliamentary crisis 
the Marquis of Olinda was the organiser of another cabinet, 
that of the 30th May, to which wTas given the name of cabi- 
net of the old men; because almost all it's members were old. 163 
At that time an enlightend fraction fail of prestige, of 
the conservative party, separated itself from it, and allied 
itself through a community of ideas combined and set 
down in a programme, to the liberal party. 
The Marquis of Olinda encouraged that political combi- 
nation, and prepared his political triumph. The Christie 
question supervened, the insulting, violent, and heedless 
abuse of English prepotency : the Olinda cabinet did their 
utmost in the defence of national honor, and in 1863, being- 
received with hostility, by the conservatives in parliament, 
dissolved the chamber, and creating the new situation, 
which was called, of progress, and by others, liberal, he 
gave up to them the government in January 1864, in view 
of the new chamber. 
The ties of alliance between the old and new liberals 
were not yet at that time closely bound: in 1865 the fall 
of the Furtado cabinet, brought about by a vote in the cham- 
ber, manifested dissidences in parliament among the domi- 
nant party : some attempts at ministerial organization were 
frustrated, and on the 12th May, it is still the Marquis of 
Olinda who presents himself at the head of the new cabinet. 
War was declared with Paraguay : it was a war of na- 
tional vindication. The Furtado cabinet had the glory of 
calling to arms the volunteers of the country, and the batal- 
lions of volunteers arose full of enthusiasm, at the same time 
as the navy, on a sudden made new again ships condemned 
as old and worn out; and the first ironclads were built in 
the arsenal of the capital: the Olinda cabinet continued 
with ardour in the same patriotic efforts. 
A strong column of the Paraguayan army invaded the 
province of Rio Grande de S. Pedro do Sul. 
Brazil was in an uproar. 164 
Oon the 5th June, 1865, the Marquis of Olinda announced 
to the chambers the immediate departure of the Emperor, 
D. Pedro II, for the province invaded by the enemy. 
The Paraguayan column commanded by Estigarribia 
surrendered in Uruguayana on the 18th September 1865. 
The Olinda cabinet resigned on the 2nd August 1866 : 
it had suffered energetic opposition from the liberals, called 
then, historicals, in relation to their internal politics; but 
in relation to the war, it rendered important services, and the 
opposition (not only the historical liberal as also the conser- 
vative,! never at any time sought to cause it embarrassment 
in that field, which was common to all, being that of the 
national honor and glory. 
The Marquis of Olinda untiring and extraordinarily 
assiduous in his labours, weakened by age, broken down by 
disease, but preserving a vigorous, healthy, and admirable 
intelligence saw, in July 1868, the conservative party take 
possession of the government; in 1869 he still occupied the 
tribune of the Senate, declaring himself in opposition; in 
the following year, even up to the first days of June 1870, 
he showed himself at his seat in the Senate ; but on the 7th 
of that month, at four o'clock in the morning, he expired, 
a victim to congestion of the brain, in his seventy-seventh 
year. 
In his life may be read a great part of the country's his- 
tory during almost half a century. 
Eight times minister, regent of the Empire for nearly 
three years, councillor of state for more than twenty-seven 
years, the Marquis of Olinda ought to be, from his prodi- 
gious memory, a most precious book of the political and 
administrative history of the Empire. 165 
In the chambers, he was a substantial and doctrinary 
orator. 
In the Government he was predominantly influential 
through his learning, his practice in administration, and 
from the knowledge which he had known how to gather 
from the men, and from the things of his country. 
In the council of state he was, up to the last days of his 
life, one of the most enlightened, and most active of the 
working councillors. 
In politics, he was born, and died, a conservative, nor 
could it be otherwise. 
It is true that from 1856 he commenced withdrawing 
himself from the party of that denomination, and became 
subsequently a notable and influential encourager of the 
movement and combination of ideas, and of statesmen, that 
the situation of progress created in 1863; but at the bottom in 
his principles, and in his acts, the Marquis of Olinda united 
himself to the liberals ; being however a liberal conser- 
vative. 
He never could be, and he never was, the real chief of a 
party, notwithstanding his being predominantly influential 
in some political situations. 
From the beginning to the end of his enlightened poli- 
tical life the Marquis of Olinda was the symbol of respect, 
and obedience to the legal power of the Government. 
In the chambers, and notably in the Senate, he was at 
times in opposition to the ministry ; but always in a govern- 
mental opposition : in the most energetic opposition to the 
conservative party in 1848, saving the principal and most 
pointed line of his political character, that respect, and that 
obedience to the action of legal and superior power, and 
as exculpating himself from the strong and untruckling 166 
hostility to the liberal minister, the Marquis of Olinda 
repeating the words with which Vidal de Negreiros and 
Fernandes Vieira answered to the intimation to lay down 
their arms, exclaimed, much moved, in the Senate : « It is 
necessary to resist the king, to be able the better to serve 
the king himself! » 
A great man of his times, in Brazil, a statesman who had 
considerable influence in the destinies of his country, the 
Marquis of Olinda fell, doubtless, into many errors: but left 
behind him a splendid reputation for probity, and for pure 
habits. 
First the liberals, afterwards the conservative attacked 
warmly, and sometimes violently, the Marquis of Olinda in 
politics; not one of them, however, ever thought of placing 
in doubt his signal honorableness. 
The Marquis of Olinda was an officer of the Imperial 
order of the Cruzeiro, grand cross of that of Christ, in Bra- 
zil ; of St. Estevao of Hungary, of the Legion of Honor of 
France, Nossa Senhora de Guadalupes of Mexico, S. Mauri- 
cio and S. Lazaro of Sardinia, and Medjedid of Turkey. 
A member of sundry scientific and literary societies, he 
was the founding-associate, and afterwards honorary asso- 
ciate of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute. VIII OF JUNE 
BRAZ CBS 
It was scarcely three years since Martin Affonso de 
Souza had left established the colonies of S. Vicente in the 
port of that name, and of Piratininga in the interior of the 
present province ofSao Paulo, and barely two years since 
the register had been made confirming to him the gift of 
the capitania, which then and for a long time was called 
S. Vicente. 
Appointed capitao-mor of the Indian sea, and fulfilling 
the duties of so important a post at a distance from Portu- 
gal, Martin Affonso had in Lisbon for his procuratrix, his 
wife D. Anna Pimentel, and she in September, 1536, granted 
to Braz Cubas the lands of Giribatyba, in the capitania of 
S. Vicente. 
Established on the lands already his property, and fol- 
lowing agriculture with great advantage, Braz Cubas, 168 
either because he wished to avoid a voyage to the town of S. 
Vicente, or because he at once saw the much more advan- 
tageous conditions offered by the port which was being 
opened on the other side of the Island of S. Vicente, which 
was much nearer to his estate, resolved on creating at that 
point a new hamlet; he purchased, from one of the first resi- 
dents of that place, the part which embraced the small hill 
still called de Santa Catharina, entirely covered with a vir- 
gin forest ; he destroyed the forest and commenced the con- 
struction of houses. 
The excellent choice of the situation attracted to it colo- 
nists from the river Bertinga and from the island of Santo 
Amaro, and the navigators also began to prefer that port to 
the anchorage of the other side of the island. 
had for some years the simple name of Porto 
and continued to thrive vigorously. 
In 1543, Captain Braz Cubas, greatly devoted to the 
hamlet which he had founded, established therein the first 
hospital, or house of mercy, which Brazil ever had, and 
gave it the name of the Santos Hospital, in remembrance 
of the one that there was in Lisbon also so called. The 
name of the Hospital almost immediately included the 
hamlet called the Port of Santos, and subsequently town 
and city of Santos. 
In 1545 Braz Cubas was appointed by D. Anna Pimen- 
tel, «capitao-mor» of the capitaniaof S. Vicent as locum ten- 
ens of Martin Affonso de Souza, and taking possession of 
that post on the 8th of June, hastened to raise the port of 
Santos to the category of a town, which he effected in the 
same year, or on the 1st to 3rd of January of the follow- 
ing year; the charter of freedom given to the town of Santos 169 
being* approved by the governor-general of Brazil, Thome 
de Souza, on the 8th of February, 1552. 
Captain Braz Cubas continued to render important 
services, filled the highest posts of the capitania, was ad- 
ministrator of the royal property, and one of the patri- 
archs of that great and famous colony of S. Paulo. 
On the 31st of August, 1557, he signed in his much beloved 
town of Santos a deed of gift to the Monks of Nossa Senhora 
do Carmo, of land which he possessed adjoining the chapel 
of Nossa Senhora da Graca, to build their monastery as they 
intended to do. 
Braz Cubas died in 1592 being* nearly a hundred years of 
age ; he was buried in the chancel of the Parish church of 
the town of Santos. The tomb-stone that covered his sepul- 
ture perpetuated this epitaph : « This is the grave of Braz 
Cubas, noble gentleman of the king's house; he founded and 
made this town, being then captain, and the house of mercy 
in the year 1543 ; discovered gold and metals ; in the year 
1560 constructed a fortress by order of the king D. Joao III; 
died in the year 1592. » 
Born in Portugal, he was all his time in Brazil from his 
youth upwards; he gave to this country nearly sixty years 
of labour, of services, and devotion and was the trunk from 
which descended a noble S. Paulo family. 
Moreover it is not possible to forget that Braz Cubas was 
the founder of the hamlet and the town afterwards city of 
Santos, the glorious birthplace of the GusmSo and of the 
Andradasand the rich commercial emporium of the opu- 
lent and magnificent province of Sao Paulo. IX OF JUNE 
JOSE DE ANCHIETA 
A celebrated Jesuit, an exemplary missionary, Jos6 de 
Anchieta was born in the island of Teneriffe in 1533; his 
parents, noble and rich, sent him to prosecute his studies at 
the university of Coimbra, and at sixteen years of age he 
entered the brotherood of a College of Jesuits already foun- 
ded in that city ; he distinguished himself by his acts of 
penitence, and by the most severe application to learning. 
He fell ill and after three years of suffering was sent to 
Lisbon in order to try a change of climate, and immediately 
afterwards, in 1553, accompanied the governor-general of 
Brazil, Duarte da Costa, with other Jesuits who then came 
to this colony from Portugal. 
The climate of Bahia, at which place he arrived on the 
13ili of July of that same year, restored him on a sudden, 
to health. 172 
Josd de Anchieta immediately opened the first Latin school 
which was established in Brazil. He taught the children 
of the colonists, and some of the Cathecumen Indians, and 
at the same time learnt the-lupy language, which he short- 
ly after spoke, and of which he later on composed a gram- 
mar, and wrote a vocabulary. At the end of that same year 
he is sent to S. Vicente, where Father Nobrega, already a 
provincial, was established; escapes from a horrible tempest, 
arrives at his destination, shares the labours of Nobrega in 
civilizing the Indians, and in Piratininga (or rather near to 
that town) where was being raised a new college of Jesuits, 
he teaches Latin as he had commenced to do in Bahia. His 
lessons are at times given under the shade of trees; he com- 
poses songs in the tupy language, in which he teaches reli- 
gious precepts, and the Cathecumens sing them when walk- 
ing at night, directed by him; he composes small and 
very unpolished dramas or comedies, considerably effective 
when represented, but which, without doubt, would be in- 
tolerable now. 
The famous conspiracy of the Tamoyos, which threatened 
the Portuguese dominions in the south of Brazil suddenly 
breaks out: the savages attack S. Paulo, and are driven 
away after a terrible fight; but unsubdued still, their chiefs 
assemble in Iperoyg, twenty-six leagues to the north of 
S. Vicente. 
Nobrega and Anchieta dare to present themselves in Ipe- 
royg, with the endeavour to obtain peace : they arrive on 
the 4th May, 1563; but the Tamoyos are raging and thirst- 
ing to revenge their overthrow in S. Paulo; the magic 
words of Anchieta softens them down. They, however, 
demand the delivery up of their brothers who are prisoners. 
Nobrega sets off for S. Vicente in order to promote the 173 
satisfaction of the demand ; Anchieta remains in Iperoyg as 
hostage. 
He has no fear of their killing him, his name is his 
shield. Anchieta is highly esteemed by the Indians; but 
exposed by the savage customs, to innocent lewdness, which 
was as an honor due to the guest, he made a vow to the 
immaculate Virgin Mother, to write in her praise a poem, 
should his purity be preserved intact. He preserved it; No- 
brega returned, peace was made, and he composed, not a 
real poem but songs, a series of hymns, which contained 
four thousand one hundred and seventy-two Latin verses. 
He left Iperoyg amidst the most fervent demonstrations of 
amity from the Indians. 
In 1565 Anchieta accompanied Estacio de S& in the ex- 
pedition against the French who occupied Rio de Janeiro, 
and rendered the same services as interpreter of the Indian 
auxiliary bands, who joined them in S. Vicente and in Es- 
pirito-Santo, and as a brave encourager of the combatants 
in the hardest fights. 
At the end of the year 1566, called to Bahia to take holy 
orders, he it is who informs the Governor-General, Mem de 
S&, of the hard-pressed, almost afflictive situation, of Estacio 
de S&, who causes him to hasten his departure to suc- 
cour the latter; immediately afterwards, accompanying 
him also in that great and fortunate enterprise that termi- 
nated in the foundation of the city of Rio de Janeiro, and 
the administrative capitania of the same name. 
The life of father Jos6 de Anchieta continued to be labo- 
rious, devoted, apostolic, up to almost the end of the six- 
teenth century. 
In the capitanias of S. Vicente, of Rio de Janeiro and of 
Espirito-Santo, the history of his missionary triumphs, of 174 
his religious and civilizing influence, finally of his apos- 
tleship, is as beautiful and admirable as the legend of a 
Saint. 
From the depths of the forests were brought, sometimes 
by himself alone, numberless savages, from whom lie 
washed their passed sins in the waters of baptism and gave 
to them a future in the first elements of civilization. 
Provincial Superior of the Jesuits during seven years, a 
post which, owing to sickness and being broken down, he 
renounced in 1585, he was in the college of Rio de Janeiro 
when the Spanish squadron, commanded by Diogo Flores 
Valdez, arrived in the port of the city full of sick men, and 
it was he, it was father Jos6 de Anchieta who in order to 
receive and give medical treatment to the prostrated navi- 
gators, founded the blessed hospital, modest beginning of 
the House of Mercy of Rio de Janeiro, which has reason to 
boast of so glorious and apostolic a father. 
Jos6 de Anchieta flourished in Brazil for forty-four years, 
of which he knew how to avail himself of a great part of 
that time, in catechising the savages: in his relations with 
them he observed and recognised the efficacy of many 
plants employed in curing sundry diseases, and adding to 
that the fruit of much experience and of particular study, 
he exercised at the same time in the hamlets of the interior 
which he visited, both his ministry of missionary, and his 
functions of physician and of sick-nurse, moved by charity, 
which thus made him supply the want of men of science 
and of persons who understood the treatment of the sick. 
Most virtuous, unlimitedly devoted to the good of huma- 
nity, a zealous protector of the Indians, a true minister of 
the faith, Jos6 de Anchieta was one of the Jesuits of the 
sixteenth century to whom Brazil is most indebted; his 175 
life was always as holy as it is permitted men to judge of it 
from his actions and conduct. 
On the 9th of June, 1597, Father Jos& de Anchieta died, in 
the village of Beritigb& in the capitania of Espirito-Santo. 
His body was carried and accompanied by all the Indians of 
the converted hordes, and by hundreds of inhabitants who 
in two days traversed, on foot, fourteen leagues, as far as 
the city of Victoria, where they preserved his mortal re- 
mains, until, some years after they were transferred to the 
grave which the general of the company, who was acquaint- 
ed with the great works and wonders which were related 
to him of the life of that admirable and exemplary man, 
destined for them close to the high altar of the church of 
Bahia. X OF JUNE 
MANGEL DA FONSECA LIMA E SILVA 
BARON OF SURUHY 
Manoel da Fonseca Lima e Silva, legitimate son of the field- 
marshal Jos6 Joaquim de Lima e Silva, was born in the city 
of Rio de Janeiro on the 10th of June, 1793. 
He voluntarily entered the army as a cadet in the 1st 
regiment of infantry of the line of Rio de Janeiro, on the 
25th of November, 1805, and was promoted to ensign on the 
13th of May, 1808. 
In 1811 he matriculated in the first year of the royal mil- 
itary academy of the city of Rio de Janeiro, and both in 
that as in the fifth year, when he completed his course of 
study, he merited complete approval. 
Already promoted to the rank of captain, he joined the 
battalion of light infantry of the capital, and marched with 
them in the expeditionary division, commanded by General 
Luiz do Rego, against a republican revolt at Pernambuco 
in 1817. 178 
He obtained for bis services up to that date the insignia 
of knight of the order of Christ, and at the end of that same 
year he was promoted to the rank of major. 
The battalion of the Emperor being organized in January, 
1823, he joined it, and, marching to Bahia, there made the 
campaign of the Independence ; and commanding the batta- 
lion, and afterwards the first brigade, greatly distinguished 
himself by his efficiency and bravery, in the principal attacks 
and combats up to the 2nd of July, when the Luzitanian 
troops embarked for Portugal. 
On the 20th of November, 1823, he was apointed Gentle- 
man-in-waiting of the Imperial Chamber, and on the 17th 
February of the following year an officer of the Imperial 
order of the Cruzeiro ; he was also promoted to the rank of 
lieutenant-colonel. 
He still served in Pernambuco, and in 1825 he left, with 
his battalion, for the fortified city of Montevideo. The Cis- 
platina revolt was followed almost immediately by the Ar- 
gentine war. Manoel da Fonseca only engaged in some par- 
tial combats ; in those, however, he signalized himself by 
his intrepidity. Peace being* proclaimed he immediately re- 
turned to Rio de Janeiro in 1828, with the brevet rank of 
colonel, having already been raised two years before to the 
honorary rank of keeper-of-the-wardrobe in the Imperial 
Chamber. 
In 1829 he obtained the insignia of the Order of the Rose, 
and his full colonelcy, in the following year the appoint- 
ment of comptroller of the household of H. M. the Empress. 
On the 6th of April, 1831, Colonel Manoel da Fonseca Lima, 
whose liberal views were known, took part in the revolt 
of the Campo de Sant'Anna, and D. Pedro I, having* abdi- 179 
cated the Crown, he gave all his support to the Government 
and to the moderate-liberal party. 
On the 16th July, 1831, he was raised to the ministry, hav- 
ing charge of the portfolio of war, and abandoned power 
on the 3d of August, 1832, after the coup-d'etat of the 30th 
July had been frustrated. 
On the 14th October, 1835, he again became minister of 
war and ad interim minister of marine, being exonerated 
from the latter portfolio in February and, from the former 
on the 1st of November, 1836, when he took the portfolio of 
the Empire; obtaining permission to resign on the 24th April, 
1837, and receiving from the Regent, great praise for the 
meritorious services which he had rendered. 
A member of the Provincial Assemby of Rio de Janeiro 
in 1827, that same assemby included his name among those 
of the vice-presidents of the province. 
In 1841 on the occasion of the solemn act of consecration 
and coronation of the Emperor D. Pedro II, he obtained 
the title of councillor, for the services which he had ren- 
dered during the minority. 
On the 9th of May, 1844, he was appointed president of 
the province of S. Paulo, a post which he held until the 30 th 
of October, 1847. 
The election for a senator having been proceeded with, 
Manoel da Fonseca Lima saw his name included in the triple 
list. 
Although he was so needed and tasked in politics from 
1831, nevertheless his military ability was not the less 
spared. 
On the 15th of September, 1832, he was made commander 
in chief of the Capital and province of Rio de Janeiro. 
In the following year he formed one of the committee 180 
created for tlie organization of the project of the regula- 
mentary laws of the army. 
In 1840 he was one of the committee charged with the 
organization of the penal dispositions of that same project. 
In 1841, he had orders to report on the rebellion of Rio 
Grande de S. Pedro do Sul, passing his judgment on the 
military operations in that province, and answering the 
several questions put by the minister of war, which he did 
at the end of a fortnight. 
On the 17th May of the same year, he received the charge 
of revising and of ordering to be printed, the third volume 
on military legislation by field-marshal Raymundo Jos6 da 
Cunha Mattos. 
In 1843 he was named a member of the committee charged 
with the establishment of a general system of management 
of the different weapons of the army, military manoeuvres 
and evolutions. 
He was charged with still further similiar tasks, and he 
was always praised in the despatches of the ministers of war, 
for fulfilling them satisfactorily. 
He was brigadier in 1837 ; on the 4th of September of the 
same year had a seat and vote in the supreme military coun- 
cel; in 1642 he was secretary ad interim, of the same 
supreme council, and was made effectively so in 1844, and 
promoted to the brevet rank of field-marshal, and took the 
effective rank in 1846 ; in 1848 he was supreme comman- 
der of the national guard of the district of the capital ; in 
1850 inspector of the garrison corps of the capital; in 1851, 
the national guard having been newly organized, he was 
again appointed to the supreme command ; in the same 
year he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, in 
1852 councillor of war and exonerated from the post of se- 181 
cretary of the supreme council; in 1857 he was made adju- 
tant-general of the army ; in J 860 he was director general 
of the second directory of the secretary of State's office for 
the affairs of war; the illustrious soldier was, at his own 
request, exonerated from the post of adjutant-general of the 
army during that same year. 
So many services were not passed over without the splen- 
dour of earthly honors and greatness. 
Besides the other decorations which he already possessed, 
Manoel da Fonseca received, on the 14th March, 1846, the 
grand-cross of the Order of S. Bento de Aviz, and on the 2d 
of December, 1854, the title of Baron of Suruhy, with ap- 
pendiges of grandee. 
Zealous in the discharge of the duties of all his employ- 
ments, and of all the commissions entrusted to him, the Ba- 
ron of Suruhy, especially in the supreme command of the 
national guard of the district of the capital, served that 
civic militia with patriotic dedication and with real love. 
Besides his great military, administrative, and political 
services, the Baron of Suruhy bequeathed to his country a 
most honorable name. 
He died in Rio de Janeiro in 1862. XI OFJUNE 
JOAO GUILHERME GREENHALGH 
Twenty years of age, and on'ty a midshipman, the whole 
of Greenhalgh's history is summed up in the space of a few 
horrible hours of a single day, the day of his death. 
But in those few hours, what a magnificent revelation 
was made of an unsurpassable hero I... 
Joao Guilherme Greenhalgh was born in Rio de Janeiro, 
and was the legitimate son of Guilherme Greenhalgh, and 
of D. Agostinha Frdes. 
With a decided vocation for the career which he adopted, 
after completing his preparatory studies in a distinguished 
manner, he continued as an aspirant the course of study at 
the marine school, always with recognised application. On 
finishing his studies, he was appointed midshipman at the 
time in which an audacious affront of a savage despot en- 
tailed on Brazil the Paraguay war. Greenhalgh hails with 
enthusiasm his departure for the squadron. 184 
A friend embraced him on wishing him good-bye, says 
to him frankly, or improperly : 
- Adieu, Greenhalgh!... thou departest for the field of 
death!... 
- No, answered he : I go to the field of glory! 
This fine midshipman, a youth of a well shaped figure, 
but without any indication of physical robustness; of a 
handsome and prepossessing face, of a spacious and magni- 
ficent forehead, a piercing and penetrating look, and to 
boast of his juvenility merely by the light mustache or 
virgin down which covered his upper lip, he was received 
in the squadron as a charming and elegant youth, more 
able to shine in the sweet allurements, and pleasant con- 
quests of an evening party, than in the severe and terrible 
realities of battle. 
Greenhalgh took his station in the gun-boat Parnahyba, 
which became most famous shortly afterwards, because 
immediately afterwards, the frightfully sad battle of Ria- 
chuelo was fought. 
The Paraguayan squadron threatened to destroy that of 
the Brazilians by the superiority of its naval force, greatly 
aided, moreover, by batteries which suddenly were un- 
masked on the high bank of the river. 
At the beginning of the fight the Jequitinhonha, one of 
the best vessels, grounded, and became the grave of martyrs. 
The Parnahyba, attacked and grappled by four Para- 
guayan steamers, became the theatre of horrors by being 
boarded, and its quarter-deck flowed with blood. 
The crew of the Parnahyba fought heroically against the 
numerical force that the enemy's four steamers poured into 
her in the shape of furious boarders. 
Their number crushed out all bravery ; the combatants 185 
fought over the dead. In the midst of that horror, of that 
hell of blood and of death the dandyfied and elegant Green- 
halgh fought like a lion in its fury. 
The resistance was that of despair. 
In the heat of the unequal struggle, desperately unequal, 
at the highest point of the almost victorious enemy's fury, 
a Paraguayan officer was about to succeed in lowering the 
Brazilian flag of the Parnahyba. . . 
Greenhalgh the elegant and dandyfied midshipman sees 
the profane act, springs forward like an enraged tiger, tears 
the flag from the hands of the sacrilegious wretch and clasps 
to his bosom the symbol of his country: «Let go that rag,» 
shouted the savage enemy to him, raising his sword to 
wound the hero. 
But Greenhalgh fires at him and he falls dead at his feet. 
And he himself almost immediately afterwards falls dead 
by a musket ball, and by blows of axes from the multitude 
of enemies, into the midst of whom he courageously rushed. 
He fell however and died embracing- the gold and green flag 
of his country. 
Immediately afterwards the famous ram of the Amazonas 
frigate shattered and sunk the audacious Paraguayan 
steamers. 
In the midst of its inundation of blood the Parnahyba 
gave its shout of victory. 
And from the heaven's height Greenhalg'h descended 
returned to life to hail the most splendid triumph of Brazil 
in that battle in which he had showed himself a hero, equal 
to the most resplendant of heros. XII OF JUNE 
FRANCISCO PADILHA 
The date of the birth and the land in which Francisco 
Padilha was born, is unknown ; it is known that in 1624 
he was in Bahia and held the rank of captain; we cannot, 
however, say with certainty, if he was an officer of the first 
line regiment or of the militia of the capitania; in 1527 
he died in the same rank, fighting against the enemies of 
the country, and it is difficult to admit that he had not been 
promoted for his military services in the army, when he 
had greatly distinguished himself in the war of 1624 and 
1625 against the Dutch. 
On the 10th of May, 1624, the City of S. Salvador da 
Bahia, capital of the Brazil Colony had fallen into the power 
of superior forces sent to conquer it by the States-General 
of Holland. The city was weakly garrisoned and terror 
seized on the few soldiers therein and on the inhabitants who 188 
abandoned it, flying into the interior and leaving, almost 
alone, the governor who preferred to remain at his post of* 
honor and fall into the power of the enemy. 
A few days afterwards an organized resistance was com- 
menced and among the first who presented themselves to 
fight the enemy was Captain Francisco Padilha. 
Colonel Johan van Dorth, a chief of great reputation and 
valor, was the governor of the conquered city and general 
of the Dutch. He knowing that forces of the country were 
being armed and commenced fortifying themselves at a 
league's distance from the city, wished to explore personally 
the neighbouring ground, and went out with fifty soldiers; 
he had barely, however, arrived at a near but solitary spot 
which was called Agua dos meninos when a great flight of 
arrows fell on his soldiers and he himself fell from his horse, 
which had become frightened by being wounded. 
It was Captain Francisco Padilha who had prepared this 
ambuscade for him. 
While the Indians and some valiant colonists attacked 
the Dutch soldiers Padilha threw himself on Colonel Dorth, 
and after a short hand to hand combat laid him dead at his 
feet, thrust through by his sword. The brave captain laid 
low the best military head of the enemy's army. 
The war continued, became most active and Padilha shone 
through his bravery in many battles. At length great rein- 
forcements arrived, together with the squadrons of Spain 
and Portugal; the city of S. Salvador was restored ; the 
Dutch having capitulated. 
And neither on the day of victory, nor during two years 
which followed it, was the name otherwive glorious of the 
intrepid and modest Captain Padilha, either remembered or 
honored. 189 
But in June, 1627, the valiant Dutch admiral Pieter Heyn 
enters the bay of Todos os Santos, seizes, rifles and burns two 
ships, and kgowing that five or six others richly loaded, 
had sought concealment in a small bay of the river Pitanga 
to the north of the city of S. Salvador, on the 12th of June 
he proceeds to look for them taking, with him two large ships, 
two yachts, and some sloops. 
It was time to remember Captain Francisco Padilha. The 
governor had sent him on the 11th with one hundred and 
fifty men to defend the threatened vessels. Padilha made 
them go still further up the river and awaited the enemy on 
board one of them. 
Pieter Heyn was received with a discharge of musketry: the 
disproportion in the number of combatents was enormous and 
the effect from the superiority in arms oftheDutch was horri- 
ble; but Padilha did not give in, making an heroic resistance. 
Pieter Heyn became furious and saw the necessity of 
ordering his people to board ; the fight became a relentless 
and fearful one. Captain Padilha by his example alone sus- 
tains the combat against thrice the number of the enemy, 
which is not diminished by death ; for fresh aid arrives to 
sustain the infernal fire of the boarders: finally the brave 
man falls exhausted and covered with blood in the midst of 
the dead around him. Pieter Heyn is the conqueror, and 
although a valiant man is not, however, a respecter of 
heroic valor, and orders to be put to the sword the crews, 
and the resolute combatants who remained of the hundred 
and fifty heroes whom Padilha commanded ! 
Three sailor boys alone were spared. 
Captain Francisco Padilha faced death with a calm and ma- 
jestic look, he was beheaded on the 12th of June, 1627, casting 
at the last moment a supreme look of contempt on Pieter Heyn. XIII OF JUNE 
FRIAR ANTONIO DO DESTERR.0 
Born in Vianna de Lima (kingdom of Portugal) on the 
13th of June, 1694, and carefully educated by his parents, 
Ventura Malheiro Reimao, a nobleman of the royal house- 
hold, and D. Pascua Pereira, both of noble and ancient 
families, Antonio Reimao entered, when fifteen years of age, 
the religious order of S. Bento, and, having abandoned the 
name of his family, was called Friar Antonio do Desterro : 
his studies were both severe and deep, he took his degree 
of Doctor in Divinity; distinguished himself as a magistrate 
and in the pulpit, occupied important posts, and had been 
for some years bishop of Angola, when the resignation of 
the bishopric of Rio de Janeiro, tendered by Friar Joao da 
Cruz was approved, and the former was appointed to that 
Diocese, and his appointment was confirmed by the Holy 
Father, Benedict XIV, on the 18th of January, 1745. 192 
Friar Antonio do Desterro made his public and solemn 
entry into the city of Rio de Janeiro on the 1st of January, 
1747, and after three days given up to the festivals, receptions 
and to some rest, he commenced effectively to exercise the 
government of the bishopric on the 6th of the same month, 
calling up all the secular and regular clergy to be examined. 
During the twenty-seven years in which he governed the 
Rio de Janeiro diocese, he rendered great services to ecclesias- 
tical discipline, to the authority of religion, and to proper 
administration, and was still further a model of virtue and 
charity. 
He obliged the parish priests to proceed with scrupulous 
care in the entry of baptisms and deaths, and in the public 
teaching of Christian doctrine for the space of half-an-hour 
before the Sunday mass. 
In a pastoral circular of the 6th of March, 1755, he ordered 
that all physicians and surgeons should cause to be admin- 
istered to their patients, as soon as they commenced treat- 
ing their illnesses, the succor of the Holy-Sacrament. 
He modified, in favor of the scrupulous, the abstinence 
from certain aliments during Lent. 
Interested in mitigating unfortunate condition of slaves, 
he sought to inspire the masters with sentiments of compas- 
sion, and was violently opposed to the interment of the bodies 
of those unfortunates in places away from the cemeteries, as 
some people ordered to be done at that time. 
He prohibited the gatherings and conversations held at 
the doors of the churches opened on festive days, at the 
religious festivals at night, and the custom of penitence by 
flagellation in the processions of Lent, and heathen and 
superstitious rites which scandalized true religion. 
In the interior of the monastery of S. Bento he caused to 193 
he built at his own cost a chapel to Our Lady of Conception 
(whose Holy Image, carved in jasper, was placed in a pre- 
cious recess made of silverj and gave for her patrimony three 
thousand milreis, which were invested in houses. In the 
church of the convent of Our Lady of Ajuda, he also erected 
at his cost the altar of Our Lord of the afflicted, adjoining 
the Arch of the Cruzeiro on the side of the Evangelho, and 
for its preservation endowed it with two houses. 
For the retreat of Our Lady do Parto he destined more 
than eight contos of reis for the construction of the building, 
and the seminary of S. Jos£ he endowed with an estate 
which he had bought of his brother, a colonel of infantry, 
Joao Malheiro Reimao. 
He made other donations to different churches. 
Exacting and severe with the clergy as to discipline, he 
knew how to protect them and ameliorated the economical 
conditions of the parish priests, and still more so those of 
the chapter. 
He instructed both by word and example and was ever 
the father of the poor and the orphan. 
The governor and captain-general, Gomes Freire de An- 
drade, Count de Bobadella, dying on the 1st January, 1763, 
Friar Antonio do Desterro governed the capitania with the 
greatest prudence and wisdom. 
At first respected, but little loved by the priests who expe- 
rienced the just severity of his discipline, and by the people, 
and particularly by the ladies, who considered him morose, 
and resented the threat and oppression of the retreat of 
Our Lady do Parto of which some fathers and husbands 
availed themselves, in perhaps many cases, abusively, Friar 
Antonio do Desterro in a few years made a conquest of the 
love and obtained the blessings of all. 194 
He ended by meriting in his diocese the name of - The 
Master of the bishops of his century. 
Friar Antonio do Desterro, having a few days before asked 
for the last sacraments, and preserving until his death his 
faculties in a perfect state, andliis mind full of resignation 
and serenity, died on the 5th December, 1773, at the age of 
79 years, 5 months and 22 days. XIV OF JUNE 
JOAO MANSO 
This is a name celebrated in recent traditions and in the 
memory of old inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro, some of whom 
are still alive, and to whom nevertheless are wanting- a suf- 
ficiency of information to write a biographical article. 
Joao Manso was born at Rio de Janeiro in the eighteenth 
century. It is positively known, that he studied Latin and 
other branches of education in the seminary of the Lapa, 
and that he still flourished in the present century. 
He was a notable professor of Latin in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro, and was so famous that his pupils considered it a 
glory to be able to name him as their master. 
Joao Manso endowed with great intelligence, studied in 
his cabinet with ardor and enthusiasm the natural scien- 
ces, more especially chemistry of which he was passionately 
fond, although not regularly instructed therein, and with 196 
scant means of making1 experiments, lie was, relatively 
speaking1, a great notability. 
He made the analysis of the iron of Ypanema in the dis- 
trict of Sorocaba in S. Paulo, 
Applying his knowledge to industry and having studied 
the nature of the clay which he met with in the Island do 
Grovernador, he made excellent and beautiful earthenware 
as well as busts of I). Maria I and of her husband D. Pe- 
dro, to whom they were sent to Lisbon. 
Some of the most highly considered inhabitants of the 
city of Rio de Janeiro prided themselves upon possessing 
the earthenware of the country made by the celebrated Joao 
Manso. 
With the exaggerated renown of a great chemist; but truly 
a great chemist, to whom every thing was wanting in order 
to attain a high degree among men of science in the civil- 
ized world, Joao Manso was certainly a notability, and a 
light of civilization in Brazil, still a colony fettered in its 
egoism by the metropolis. 
Joao Manso was an eagle who wanted space, he was a 
genius who wanted means and favorable conditions in order 
to become revealed in the greatness of his faculties. 
That notable man died almost unknown in Rio de Ja- 
neiro. 
Being ignorant of the date both of his birth and of his 
death, and of any other of the important circumstances of 
his life, his name remains arbitrarily registered on this day 
- 14th June. XV OF JUNE 
FRIAR CHRISTOVAO DA MADRE DE DEOS LUZ 
Barbosa in his Bibliotheca Luzitana informs us that Friar 
Christovao da Madre de Deos Luz was born in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro, being the legitimate son of Francisco Dias 
da Luz, a native of the city of Tavira, in the kingdom of the 
Algarves, and one of the valiant captains who in company 
with General Mendo de Sd had expelled from Rio de Janeiro 
the French, allied with the Tamoyos and Domingas da Sil- 
veira, a daughter of the first conquerors and inhabitants of that 
colony. 
Balthazar da Silva Lisboa in his Annals of Rio de Janeiro 
makes no mention of Francisco Dias da Luz as among the 
distinguished persons who aided in the founding of Rio de 
Janeiro. 
Furthermore : the expulsion of the French and the found- 
ing of the city both happened in the year 1567. Fran- 198 
cisco Dias da Luz, the valiant captain who then accompan- 
ied Mem de S&, ought then to have been twenty odd years 
of age. It doesnot appear that Friar CristovSo had died 
a centenarian, making him out, however, a hundred years 
of age in 1720, when he died. It would have been necessary 
for Francisco Dias da Luz to have been his progenitor when 
he was near upon his eightieth year, which is not probable. 
It is more likely that Francisco Dias da Luz should have 
come to Rio de Janeiro and have rendered there good serv- 
ices and married Domingos da Silveira, years after 1567. 
At all events, ChristovSo da Luz was born in the city of 
S. Sebastiao of Rio de Janeiro in the seventeenth century ; 
took the habit of S. Francis in the province of S. Antonio 
of Brazil, served at times as prelate and assessor, and one 
of the two procurator-generals who went to Lisbon to so- 
licit the erection of the Franciscan province of the Imma- 
culate Conception, which to his great joy he obtained on 
the 15th of June, 1675, by a brief of the Holy Father Inno- 
cence X. 
In the Franciscan Province of the Immaculate Conception, 
he filled the highest offices, such as for instance, Provincial 
superior and Visitor on two occasions. 
He was for many years a commissioner of the Holy Office 
-he left behind him a great name for vigorous intelligence, 
deep learning, virtue and perfect rectitude in the exercise 
of the authority with which he was invested. 
According to the testimony of Barboza {Bibliotheca Luzi- 
tanea} he composed : Beware of the times : - M. S. 4th. In 
this work he describes sundry notices of the State of Bra- 
zil from its discovery, and of pure religion on the same 
continent. Friar Salvador da Conceicao Gayo, ex-assessor 
of the same province, preserved this book, from which Ap- 199 
polinario da ConceicSo confesses to have extracted various 
informations for his compositions which he rendered useful 
to the curious public. 
« Archives of the Province of the Immaculate Conception 
of the State of Brazil which he compiled when he was Pro- 
vincial-Superior in 1683. It consists of ten chapters in which 
he compiled the origin of this Province, with all the briefs 
and various notices pertaining thereto up to the time in 
which he wrote. » XVI OB'1 JUNE 
FRANCISCO SOTERO DOS PEIS 
Francisco Sotcro dos Reis was bom in the city of S. Luiz 
de Maranhao on the 22nd of April 1800, being' the legiti- 
mate son of Balthazar Jose dos Reis and of D. Maria Thereza 
Cordeiro. 
He got through his primary instruction rapidly, and after 
he had reached twelve years of age he obtained leave of 
his parents to continue his studies ; he went through his 
course of latinity in the public school established in the 
monastery of Our Lady ofCarmo, and afterwards that of 
philosophy and rhetoric mi ler the same professor friar Gae- 
tano de Vilhena Ribeiro ; from private individuals whose 
favor he obtainel, he learnt French anl a little more, and 
was preparing to go to France in order to take his degree 
in medicine, when the death of his father frustrated that pro- 
ject. 202 
He was then eighteen years of age, and opened a class 
for teaching latin and French in his own house, and the 
Italian, Thiago Carlos de la Rocca, having founded, about 
that time, a college of instruction in the Larangeiras es- 
tate, the governor of Maranhao, Bernardo da Silveira, patro- 
nized that establishment, and appointed Sotero dos Reis, 
in 1821, to the professorship of latin therein. In 1823 he 
obtained in competitive examination the public professor- 
ship of latin, in which he distinguished himself admirably, 
he still having- time to teach Portuguese and French gram- 
mar to his female relations, to the girls of the friends 
of his family, and to the orphan girls of the asylum 
of Santa Thereza, whose director he was from 1864 to 
1870. 
A notable member in the general councils of his province, 
and afterwards in sundry legislatures of the provincial 
assembly, ke occupied the president's chair from 1852 to 
1864. 
He shone in the first rank in the press, and no one sur- 
passed him in that political arena. He was the organ of, 
and powerfully upheld, the conservative party, and never 
presented himself, nor did he ever wish to become a candi- 
date, for the general assembly or for senator: nevertheless 
thanks to his severe and deep studies at home, he had me- 
rited the reputation being one of the most learned sons of 
Maranhao. The lyceum of Maranhao being formed in 1838 
Sotero dos Reis was its first and most devoted inspector. 
In the political press he edited the « Argos da Lei » in 1825, 
and the « Maranhensev, in the same year; in 1831 « The Con- 
stitutional)) ,having-, as his fellow-editor Odorico Mendes; in 
1836 « The Investigator of Maranhao », to which succeeded 
tiThe Review)) in 1840, and which ended in 1850. He assisted 203 
iii editing- <aThe Correio de Annunciosv; in 1854 he took 
under his charge the editing of « The Observer » and in 
1853 he obtained the editorship of the offical paper « Publi- 
cador Maranhense ». In 1861 he abandoned in disgust his 
political pen, which he had so nobly and splendidly wielded 
in the support and in honor of his ideas. 
In that same year Doctor Pedro Nunes Leal had founded 
the excellent college Institute) de Ilumanidades, in which 
Sotero dos Reis, whilst teaching latin, added to the respe- 
ctive rules, explanations of that language in which the 
rules of Portuguese grammar diverged therefrom. Senhor 
Doctor Nunes Leal asked the eminent master to print his 
learned lessons. 
Sotero dos Reis published in 1862 his small and valuable 
book Postillas de grammatica geral applicada d lingua Por- 
tugueza pela analyse dos classicos. 
In 1866 the Grammatica Portugueza accommodada aos 
principios geraes da palavra seguidos da immediata appli- 
cagdo pralica, followed that work. 
From 1863 to 1869 was published in smallstitched books 
The commentaries of Caius Julius Casar translated into Por- 
tuguese, in which was comprised the 8th Book ascribed to 
Horace. 
And as his last and magnificent work his Course of Por- 
tuguese and Brazilian Literature, as taught in the Institute 
of the Humanities in the province of Maranhao from 1866 to 
1868. 
On the 16 ch of June 1866 Maranhao saw this learned old 
man retire, on his full pension, from the professorship which 
he had exercised for forty-three years. 
The works of Sotero dos Reis published since 1862 had 
brought him renown and glory both in and out of his 204 
country ; but overwhelmed with laurels and by old age, his 
labors, and the death of his beloved wife, bore him down in 
his last years. 
Full of prestige and much venerated ; but sad, he still 
taught in private through his invincible love of letters, 
when inexorable death closed his eyes for ever on the 16th 
of January 1871. 
Francisco Sotero dos Reis was a great man, and, more 
than that, he was, by his varied and deep studies, made 
almost without a master, the architect of his own greatness 
and his own master. XVII OF JUNE 
JOSE DE REZENDE COSTA 
A native of the then capitania of Minas-Geraes, in which 
he was born in 1767, the legitimate son of the distinguished 
native of Minas, whose name and surname he took, Jos6 de 
Rezende Costa is a striking example of the inconstancy and 
of the great contrasts of fortune. 
He made the studies of the humanities in the province 
of his birth, and was about to depart for the University of 
Coimbra, when the Minas conspiracy was plotting which, 
afterwards, came to be called that of Tira-dentes, he was de- 
layed in the Capitania by his own father, who was one of 
the conspiritors, to take his degree in the university, which 
the revolutionary party, reckoning on an easy victory, 
projected founding in Villa-Rica. 
The conspiracy was denounced ; its principal chiefs, and 
their notable accomplices were arrested in 1789, and among 206 
them was Jos6 de Rezende Costa, and his son, the youthful 
student, who bore his name. 
Rezende Costa lay with his father in the dungeons of the 
Island das Cobras, in Rio de Janeiro, until the 20th of April 
1792, on which day, by sentence passed on the previous 
day, they, as well as nine other criminals condemned to 
death, and to infamy, were taken in chains to the prison of 
the City, and passed the night in the oratory, making pre- 
parations for mounting the gallows on the following day 
-this being an excess of cruelty; because on the following 
day, with the exception of Tira-dentes, who made himself 
a great name on the gallows, the other ten condemned to 
death had their sentences commuted to perpetual or tempo, 
rary banishment, which was resolved on beforehand. 
Jos6 de Rezende Costa, Junior, was banished for ten 
years to Cape-Verde, while his father was banished for a 
like period, to Biss&o. 
In exile, the young Brazilian found pleasant protection, 
which afterwards became considerably greater, through 
the influence of an illustrious fellow-countryman. 
Jose de Rezende Costa, the son, held until 1803, some 
commissions and offices, and then obtaining leave to pass 
over to Lisbon, there from 1804 to 1809, served as scrivener 
of the Hoyal exchequer, and uf the household and Stale of the 
Queens. In that latter year, he was recalled by the Govern- 
ment to Rio de Janeiro, where he filled the appointment of 
Administrator of the Lapidation works, and of Accountant 
general of the Exchequer, and Scrivener of the Treasury- 
board, obtaining his retirement, and receiving the title of 
Councillor, in 1827. 
But now comes whatwas most salient in the life of the 
revolutionist of 1789, the condemned prisoner of 1792. 207 
In 1821 the province of Minas Geraes elected him to the 
Portuguese house of Assembly, and in 1823, deputy to the 
Brazilian parliament. 
He, Jos6 de Rezende Costa, one of the victims of the first 
conspiracy in favor of the Independence, was on the procla- 
mation of the Independence in 1822, one of these chosen to 
labor in the drawing up of the political constitution of 
Brazil!.... 
The Prison of the City of Rio de Janeiro, had ceased to exist 
as such in 1808, and the building greatly augmented, 
underwent considerable improvements, and was joined to 
the palace by a covered way. 
In 1823 this covered passage was destroyed, and the 
building' of the old prison was conveniently prepared to 
serve, as it has served as the palace of the Brazilian 
parliament, and Jos6 de Rezende Costa, in the character 
of deputy to the free and independent Brazilian Assernby, 
proudly seated himself in the saloon of the august house of 
Assembly; in the same edifice, in which, locked in the em- 
brace of his father he spent a night of agony in the ora- 
tory, in the company of a Franciscan Friar, who was prepa- 
ring him for death on the gallows on the following day, 
for a crime which had become a virtue, for infamy which 
was, and is, a glory!.. .. 
Jose de Rezende Costa, was again elected by his province, 
deputy to the general Assembly, in the first ordinary legis- 
lature of 1826 to 1829. 
This man, a revered national tradition, died in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro on the 17th of June 1841 at the age of seventy 
four years. XVIII OF JUNE 
II. PEDRO FERNANDES SARDINIIA 
In 1549 Thom6 de Souza, sent by the king* D. JoSo III, 
had founded the general government of Brazil; but re- 
quired, for completing the administrative organization of that 
new Portuguese colony a superior ecclesiastical authority 
so much the more indispensable, inasmuch as the secular 
clergy existing in the capitanias abandoned themselves to 
reprehensible vices and misrule. 
In 1551 the Holy Father Julio III confirming by a Bull 
which that king had solicited, the election of D. Pedro 
Fernandes Sardinha as bishop of Brazil, met that great 
necessity. 
D. Pedro Fernandes Sardinha was then the first bishop 
of Brazil, and arrived at the rising city of S. Salvador on 
the 1st of January, 1552. 
In ecclesiastical government he found a way of tempering 210 
the most justifiable severity with the moderation and pru- 
dence that the circumstances required, and managed to 
ameliorate not a little, the conduct of the secular clergy, 
relying much on the support of the Jesuits, who really 
were conspicuous at that time forjnost ardent religious zeal 
and rendered the greatest assistance as missionaries. 
During the government of Thome de Souza everything 
went on in conformity with the good wishes of the bishop ; 
but in July, 1553, the new governor-general arrived, Duarte 
da Costa, who in a short time disagreed with D. Pedro 
Fernandes Sardinha. 
Some say that the dissention arose from resentment on 
the part of the governor-general on account of the bishop 
having reproved his son Alvaro da Costa, censuring the want 
of moderation in his habits; it is, however, more likely, that 
the disagreement arose from the diminished influence exer- 
cised by the Jesuits under the government of Duarte da 
Costa. 
The discord became agravated in 1544, for the colonists 
and half breeds of Santo Andr6 having attacked the new 
college of S. Paulo founded by theJJesuits, the bishop demand- 
ed, but did not obtain as far as he wished, the chastisement 
of the aggressors who had otherwise been driven away. 
The governor-general and the bishop complained, one 
of the other, to the king, and either called to court, as some 
say, or to make in person his representations, as others 
relate, D. Pedro Fernandes Sardinha took his departure from 
Bahia for Lisbon on the 2d June of 1556 ; he was, however, 
wrecked on the so-called shoals of S. Francisco between the 
river of this name and that of Cururipe on the 16th of the 
same month in the ship in which he went. 
All those shipwrecked were saved and in' number of one 211 
hundred, between passengers and crew, attempted to proceed 
by land to Olinda, when they fell into the hands of the 
terrible Cahet6 Indians who killed and devoured the miser- 
able victims, among whom were reckoned women, old men 
and children, and it was said that the unfortunate bishop 
had been the first to suffer death. 
Out of the hundred there barely escaped a Portuguese, 
who spoke the language' in general use among the Indians, 
and two Indians from Bahia. 
The first bishop of Brazil was a martyr. 
The mountain on which he and his companions were 
sacrificed is still called to this day Monte do Bispo and (says 
the ancient tradition) from the fertile spot which it had 
been, it became an arid and sterile one. XIX OF JUNE 
MARTINHO DE MESQUITA 
A man of literature and a poet Martinlio de Mesquita 
was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1633 ; the year in which he 
left Brazil is not known, it is, however, certain that he went 
to Rome, and studied there graduated in canon and civil 
law, and took holy orders. 
In Rome he was secretary to Cardinal Barherino. 
He wrote various memoirs and pieces of poetry both in 
Portuguese and in Latin, which were much appreciated by 
his contemporaries as Sr. Conselheiro Pereira da Silva in his 
work-Osvardes illustres do Brazil Supp., Biog.-informs us. 
In the absence of dates known and verified, let his name 
be here remembered on the 19th dav of June. XX OF JUNE 
BONIFACIO JOAQUIM DE SANT'ANNA 
This brave Brazilian seaman, the legitimate son of Boni- 
facio Joaquim de Sant'Anna and of D. Maria do Carmo, 
was born on the 5th of July, 1822, in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro. 
On the 17th of November, 1838, he entered as aspirant and 
went through a course of study at the naval academy, being 
promoted to the rank of midshipman on the 10th of Decem- 
ber, 1840. 
When first-lieutenant he commanded the schooner-brig 
Andorinha from the 10th of May, 1851, to the 30th of Sep- 
tember, 1852, in the River Plate, and obtained the decoration 
of the silver medal No. 1 for his services in the compaign 
against Rosas the Dictator of the Argentine Confederation. 
He had afterwards bestowed on him the insignia of the 
Order of Aviz, and of the Imperial one of the Rose. 216 
Until 1864 the years of peace ran on serenely and happily, 
and the first-lieutenant (and in 1860 lieutenant-caplain ), 
San'Anna commanded various vessels of war, giving con- 
stant proofs of the greatest zeal and devotion to the service 
of the marine. 
In 1864 the war of reprisals broke out on the part of 
the Empire of Brazil in the Oriental State of Uruguay 
against the obstinate and provoking government of Monte- 
video. 
In command of the gunboat Beberibe the lieutenant cap- 
tain distinguished himself in the bombardment, attack and 
taking of the fortifications of Paysandu. 
The Paraguayan war immediately followed and on the 
11th of June the Beberibe takes a brilliant part in the for- 
midable battle of Riachuelo and her commander, the fearless 
Sant'Anna accomplishes prodigies of bravery, repulses the 
enemy who had boarded his ship, contributes to the glorious 
victory, and is merely less conspicuous in the horrors of 
the raging and romantic battle, and in the greatness of 
the triumph because he came out of both without the 
distinction conferred by a wound, and without the glory 
attendant on death. 
But that he was not long waiting for. 
The Dictator of Paraguay with reason feared the Brazil- 
ian squadron and every device was used in order to de- 
stroy it. 
At Riachuelo he had lost some of his steamers, and did 
not dare to expose those which remained to him in their 
greatly damaged state ; he availed himself of the terrible 
recourse he had in the high banks of the Parana, natural 
fortresses and commanding the ships which had to force 217 
them under the worst conditions and under an infernal 
fire of artillery and musketry. 
Brazil did not yet possess a single iron-clad. 
Nine days after the victory of Riachuelo, on the 20oh of 
June, 1865, the Brazilian squadron had to force the passage 
of the fortified and threatening bank of Mercedes. 
The Beberibe was commanded by the officer second in 
rank to lieutenant-captain Sant'Anna, who was seriously 
ill and kept his bed ; but on the news of a near and immi- 
nent combat Sant'Anna gets up. The doctor protests, he 
laughs and takes his sword, his strength fails him; he, how- 
ever, orders them to conduct him to the bridge and support- 
ing himself in the best way he takes the command of the 
Beberibe in the passage of Mercedes. 
The roar of the artillery reanimates him; Sant'Anna 
standing up firmly, repeats the word afire!» looking strong 
and radiant, when a ball strikes him in the head and he 
falls dead on the bridge. 
It was one hero the less ; but victory glorified Brazil in 
whose glorious monument the lieutenant-captain became 
one of the component and precious stones. XXI OF JUNE 
JOAQUIM VIEIRA DA SILVA E SOUZA 
In the parish of Rosario of the city of S. Luiz do Mara- 
nhao, Joaquim Vieira da Silva e Souza, the legitimate son 
of the colonel of militia Luiz Antonio Vieira da Silva and 
of D. Maria Clara Gomes de Souza, received on the 12th of 
January 1800 the sacrament of baptism. 
At sixteen years of age and already advanced in his se- 
cond studies he went to Portugal, where he completed them, 
and in the university of Coimbra he took the degree of 
bachelor in law on the 21st June, 1822. 
Returning immediatly to his province, he found it still 
under the dominion of the provisional « juntas and of the 
Portuguese garrison which opposed itself to the indepen- 
dence, otherwise already proclaimed throughout almost the 
whole of Brazil. 
Joaquim Vieira da Silva e Souza had the glory of being 
one of the principal conspirators of the Maranhao reaction, 220 
or rather of the revolution which was to break the Portu- 
guese yoke in that province. Already in the interior the 
independent party fought and conquered in various parts, and 
in the capital the national movement was ready to break 
out, when on the 26th of July, 1823, Lord Cochrane, admiral 
of the Brazilian squadron, entered the bay of S. Marcos in 
the line of-battle-ship Pedro I with the gold and green 
standard unfurled, and that was enough for the Portuguese 
authorities and garrison to surrender. 
A reactionary period of some months succeeded to the fall 
of the oppressive junta ; but Vieira da Silva, who had 
greatly exposed himself and had even been made prisoner 
as an anti-Portuguese conspirator, was, after the victory, 
influential with the government of the province, a precious 
element of order, the advocate of moderation and magnan- 
imity. 
In 1624 he was judge of absentees in the Provincial ca- 
pital when Lord Cochrane, tarnishing his recent renown 
returned to Maranhao and substituted the legal president for 
another of his own liking, and afterwards paid himself with 
his own hands a sum of importance, which he alleged be- 
longed to him on account of the prizes which he had made, 
by taking from the various fiscal departments the funds 
which existed in their coffers. 
No one dared to resist: Doctor Vieira da Silva alone dis- 
obeyed the intimation and laughed at the threats of Lord 
Cochrane, saving by that means the monies entrusted to 
his keeping. 
In 1826, the Imperial Government gave him the appoint- 
ment of a district Judge, and in 1829 was made Ouviclor of 
the city of Fortaleza, the capital of Ceara : in his career 
as a magistrate, in which he shone as an enlightened 221 
judge and a man of exemplary rectitude, lie was, in 1839, 
raised to the rank of a Chief Judge of the court of appeal 
of Maranhao; in 1854, to the post of president of the same, 
and in 1864 was named minister of the Supreme Tribunal 
of Justice. 
But important offices of administration and parliament 
withdrew him at times from the magistrature. 
He was president of the province of Rio-Grande do Norte 
from the 22d of February until October, 1832: this prov- 
ince was threatened with a revolt which the colonel of 
militia, Joaquim Pinto Madeira headed in Ceard. Dr. Vieira 
da Silva, having no force at his disposal, appealed to the 
patriotism of the people, calling them to arms for volunteer 
service, and he was enabled to raise in a few weeks splen- 
didly five columns of civilian troops, who rendered the 
greatest services to the province. 
The permanent regency appointed on the 13th of October 
of the same year, Dr. Vieira da Silva president of Maranhao 
to succeed, in the government, the Chief-Judge Araujo 
Vianna (afterwards Viscount and Marquis of Sapucahy) who 
left behind him a most highly esteemed name and a memory 
not easily forgotten. Notwithstanding having to govern 
after so renowned a predecessor he succeeded in making his 
administration equally praiseworthy and prosperous. 
Elected deputy by Maranhao in the legislature of 1834 
to 1837 he showed himself to be an orator of note and, not- 
withstanding his persistent refusal on account of the bad 
state of his health, he was obliged to accept the ministry 
of the Empire in the cabinet of the 20th of January 1835, 
the last of the permanent regency; pertaining to him 
among other services, that of having been the minister who 
counter-signed the decree of the 8th of May creating 'he Im- 222 
perial Academy of Medicine which latter conferred on him 
the title of honorary associate. On the resignation of the 
Government by the permanent Regency to the First Regent 
under the additional act, Father Feijd, - Vieira da Silva 
retired from the ministry. 
He was re-elected deputy in the following legislature, 
and he was included in the triple list in 1859 by his fellow- 
provincials ; the Emperor honored him by his choice, and 
gave him a seat in the senate. 
Vieira da Silva for some years past found politics 
distasteful to him and in the Senate limited himself to 
sitting on commissions, and refrained from speaking. 
Nevertheless he had greatly cooperated in Maranhao in 
founding the Commercial Bank ; he was one of the creators 
of the Philomatic Society, for the propagation of useful 
knowledge, and after this became extinct he founded the 
Agicultural Society which also in spite of him and of his 
active encouragement could not withstand the indifference 
and abandonment to which it became subject. 
Joaquim Vieira da Silva e Souza, an honorary councillor, 
a senator of the Empire, minister of the Supreme Tribunal 
of Justice, a nobleman of the Imperial House, and com- 
mander of the Order of Christ, died in the city of S. Luiz 
do Maranhao on the 23d of June, 1864. XXII OF JUNE 
J. MANOELA DE SANTA CLARA, AND D. RITA DO SACRAMENTO 
Born in the town-afterwards city-of Sorocabain S. Paulo, 
of an honest and rich family, educated with pious care and 
in the practice of virtue, D. Manoela de Santa Clara and 
her sister D. Rita do Sacramento resolved on founding in 
the land of their birth a Retreat where persons of their own 
sex, chiefly children and young maidens should be educated 
in the fear of God, and in the principles of right, of virtue 
and of sanctity, perfecting themselves by prayer, and reli- 
gious instruction: they gave their goods for a patrimony of 
the Retreat, and had recourse to the Prince regent, after- 
wards king D. Joao VI, for permission to found it, which 
was authorized by order of the 22d of June, 1810, sent to 
the governor of the capitania of S. Paulo, Antonio Jos6 da 
Fonseca e Costa, the Retreat to begin with only six pupils, 
not being able to receive more until they had a more exten- 
sive and adequate revenue. 224 
The pious founders accepted the condition, and the Re- 
treat flourished, directed by their saintly zeal. 
Later on, and already in the time of the Empire of Brazil, 
a President of the province wished to compel the pious 
directresses t"> receive in the Retreat girls required to be 
educated according to the system and practices which were 
not those of the Institution. The President wished for a less 
religious and more civil education, or one which was more 
adapted to prepare them for the duties of mothers of a 
family. 
The Emperor D. Pedro I, or rather the Imperial govern- 
ment, solved the question with justice, declaring to the 
delegate of the executive power that he could not lay on 
the Retreat that onus, which, besides that, was antagonis- 
tic tj the principles and the nature of the establishment. 
The institution fell off on the death of its well-deserving 
foundresses, and from the influence of new ideas and of 
modern civilization; it would be ingratitude, however, and 
an act of revolting injustice to deny all due honor to the 
two noble and pious ladies who consecrated their lives, 
their days of labor, and all their fortune in the Retreat 
which they founded, having their eyes fixed on heaven, 
and wishing for nothing on earth save the advantage and 
the love of their pupils. XXIII OF JUNE 
JOAO IGNACIO DA CUNHA 
VISCOUNT D E ALCANTARA 
The legitimate son of Dr. Bento da Cunha and of D. Ma- 
rianna Mendes da Cunha, Joao Ignacio was born in the city 
of S. Luiz do Maranhao on the 23d of June, 1781. 
He went through his first studies, and commenced those 
of the humanities in the same city of his birth, and on the 
completion of these, took his degree in law at the university 
of Coimbra, where he was constantly praised for his un- 
blamable conduct, his bright intelligence and notable appli- 
cation. 
Taking his degree of bachelor in 1806 he was at once, on 
the 25th of February of the following year, appointed judge 
of orphans in Lisbon. 
In November, 1807, he acompanied the royal family of Por- 
tugal to Brazil, where, continuing his career in the magis- 
trature, he was appointed on the 29th of November, 1808, a 226 
chief-judge of the Court of Appeal of Bahia, and belonged 
to the Casa da Sapplicapdo ("Tribunal in Lisbon,1 and in 1814 
confirmed by that tribunal in an ordinary place of Chief- 
judge, in 1821, Chief-judge of Complaints in the same tri- 
bunal, and on the 10th of June, 1822, Chief-judge of the 
Palace, Chancellor of the Casa da SupplicaQao in 1824, and 
in the same year Chief-justice, the highest grade which he 
could then attain to, as a magistrate. 
In 1821 and 1822 he also served as superintendent-gen- 
eral of the police of Rio de Janeiro. 
The independence of Brazil being proclaimed, and the 
Empire of Brazil founded, Joao Ignacio da Cunha already 
much esteemed for his learning and experience, figured 
among the most notable political functionaries of the first 
reign. 
The province of Maranhao, in the occupation of Lusitanian 
troops until July, 1823, only at the last moment elected their 
deputies to the Brazilian assembly, and one of these, Joao 
Ignacio received his diploma when that assembly was 
already dissolved. 
In 1826 he was chosen senator in the list offered by the 
province of Maranhao, and therefore one of the members in 
the year in which the senate was constituted, and in that 
chamber he distinguished himself as an orator of force, and 
of great knowledge. 
In 1828 he obtained, on the 18th of August, his retiring 
pension as member of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice; on 
the 27th of August of the following year he was raised to 
the rank of Viscount of Alcantara, and on the 10th of June, 
1830, he was nominated councillor of State. 
On the 2d of August of this last year he accepted the 
ministry of Empire which post he filled until the 14th of 227 
October. He returned to the ministry again in the month 
of December, only to retire from it on the 19th of March, 
1831. 
The Viscount of Alcantara, suspected by the liberal party, 
was considered by it a reactionist, and opposed to their 
ideas and aspirations; the ministry dismissed on the 19th 
of March, had fallen in the midst of the greatest agitation 
and effervescence of men's minds in the capital of the Em- 
pire, and had fallen accused of giving protections to fac- 
tious foreigners wh )had just outraged Brazilian nationality. 
The new ministry then organi zed was a very imperfect 
and a badly combined concession, offered to the irritated 
Brazilians, but the ardent liberals, the federals and repub- 
licans continued to conspire with impunity and publicly 
against the Emperor D.Pedro I who suddenly, on the night 
of the 5th of April called to pow'er the most unpopular 
statesman of that epoch : the Viscount of Alcantara, one of 
them, accepted the ministry of justice. 
On the following day both the people and troops made 
a demonstration asking that the ministry, dismissed on the 
night previous, should be reinstated : the Emperor pre- 
ferred abdicating the crown between 1 and 2 o'clock on the 
morning of the 7th of April, and the Viscount of Alcantara 
and his companions asked for and received their dismissal. 
The political life of Viscount of Alcantara ended at day 
break of the 7th of April. 
Two years afterwards, on the 14th of February, 1833, he 
died in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 
Viscount of Alcantara was a strictly upright judge and 
in the whole of his political life, his probity was unassail- 
able ; his habits were those of purity and virtue. 
In the political struggle of 1823 to 1831 his loyalty and 228 
devotion to D. Pedro I, his friend and admirer, were the 
cause of his passing- for that which in his conscience he was 
not, and it was forthat reason that he became the object of 
an unbridled opposition. 
Viscount de Alcantara was the minister who founded the 
society Auxiliadora da Industria National and was its hono- 
rary president while he lived. 
His breast covered with orders shone much less than the 
virtues of his heart and his title of Viscount exalts demo- 
cratic nobility; because sprung from the people, it was 
only through real merit that he raised himself to the social 
grandeur which he knew how to honor. XXIV OF JUNE 
LUIZ JOSE JUNQUEIRAFREIRE 
Luiz Jose Junqueira Freire, the legitimate son of Jos6 Vi- 
cente de Sa Freire and of D. Felicidade Augusta Junqueira, 
was born on the 31st December, 1832, in the city of S. Sal- 
vador, capital of the Province of Bahia. 
When seven years of age, having scarcely begun to learn 
his letters, he was attacked by disease of the heart, which 
threatened his life ; it was only at the end of four years 
that his health was reestablished; a certain sickly appear- 
ance, however, never left him up to the hour of his death. 
At fourteen years of age he was finally enabled to begin 
to learn the latin tongue, and registering his name in the 
Lyceum at Bahia, he went through a course of the huma- 
nities. 
He studied the latin and Portuguese poets with ardor, 
and immediately showed, in many compositions, a promising 230 
and fine poetic talent. He was still very young1; his bril- 
liant intelligence, however, and his meditative mind, prog- 
nosticated in him a man of genius; but he had also a 
most delicate sensibility, an exalted imagination, and a 
most loyal heart. 
In 1847, at the age of seventeen, Junqueira Freire loves 
passionately a maiden, his first, last, and unhappy love. 
The young poet saw his tenderest hopes wither in the bud. 
The demon of disenchantment, as Dr. Franklin Doria 
says in his precious Study on Luiz Josd Junqueira Freire, 
breathed into his depressed spirit the idea of suicide ; but 
the poet embracing it substituted another, which appeared 
to him equivalent to the renouncing of he world in which 
he lived, the sepulture of the cloister. 
The hapless love for the girl whom he adored converted 
the melancholy Junqueira Freire into a miserable monk, 
without any true vocation for the cloister. 
In 1851 he entered as a novice the Monastery of the 
Carmelites, and professed on the 27 ih of March of the fol- 
lowing year. 
Junqueira Freire had precipitately and imprudently sacri- 
ficed himself uselessly and disastrously : dead to the world, 
his first and unhappy love had remained to him, a living, 
ardent, and invincible passion. 
The cloister became distasteful to him, he censured 
its institution, sought consolation in desperately studying 
philosophy, a course of which he went through perhaps bad- 
ly directed ; theology, history and rhetoric, the severe cul- 
tivation of which was the occupation of his predilection: 
he could not, however, complete the suicide which he had 
imagined: in his heart there always lived the memory of 
his love sacrificed. 231 
On the 3rd of November, 1854, he obtained a sentence of 
perpetual Secularization, not being* yet, at that time admit- 
ted to orders. 
Poor Junqueira Freire !. . in the convent re-appeared the 
serious suffering* from his heart, and returning* secularized 
to the world, he suffered nearly eight months, and died on 
the 24th of June, 1855, in the city which had been that of 
his birth. 
He was then barely twenty-three years of age, of which 
nine were passed in martyrdom through his unfortunate 
love. 
Junqueira Freire wrote much for one who lived so short 
a time; the greater part of his manuscripts are missing 
or lost: the learned Dr. Franklyn Doria published, in his 
already cited study , very interesting extracts of the autobi- 
ography of this most esteemed poet, snatched from us by 
death in the flowerless spring of his unhappy life. 
The press perpetuates the Contradicgoes Poeticas and the 
Inspiragoes do Claustro, of Junqueiro Freire. In them is to 
be admired the genius (f the unhappy youth, destined by 
nature to be one of the first poets of Brazil. 
He especially shone in the Inspiragoes do Claustro by the 
originality of his inspirations, sentiment, pain, and terrible 
impression of his cloistral suicide, for which he had himself 
to blame, and not the cloister, nor the solemn vow, which 
he had sought imprudently or romantically in the throes 
of his poetic and ardent love. 
This poet with so dazzling a future, whose heart love 
had so deeply wounded, died of heart disease. 
The cloister, to the bosom of which he retired, was the 
innqcent aggravator of the sufferings of this friar without 232 
vocation; but here is an incomplete and trifling* sample of 
the great poetic talent of Junqueira Freire, displayed in the 
inspired charm with which he describes the act of his pro- 
fession, which later on he repented of and manifestly con- 
demns. XXV OF JUNE 
MANGEL MAURICIO REBOUQAS 
The legitimate son of Gaspar Pereira Reboucas and of 
D. Rita Bazilia dos Santos, Manoel Mauricio Reboucas was 
born in the town of Maragogipe, where at first, and after- 
wards in the capital of the then capitania of Bahia, he 
learned his letters, and when he was preparing himself to 
commence the study of the latin language, he had to accept, 
with the authorization of his father, the offer made to him 
by the scrivener of the probate court of the two districts of 
Maragogipe and Jaguaripe, and to accompany him to the 
latter town as his clerk. 
In 1814 Manoel Mauricio Reboucas returns from Jagua- 
ripe to the capital, where he still employed himself as a 
clerk in one of the offices of a Notary Public, as he after- 
wards did, in the same capacity but, now as sworn clerk 
in an office of the same kind in the town of Cachoeira. 234 
But there come astounding events to break the pen of the 
clerk, and to give him in exchange a noble sword, tempered 
in the forges of patriotism. 
The sacred war of independence had broken out in the 
city of S. Salvador of Bahia, in the struggle of the 19th and 
20th of February, 1822, which stained with blood the streets 
of the ancient capital of Brazil; the bravery of the patriots 
had not been able to conquer the disciplined troops of Brig- 
adier Madeira, and the heroic cohort of the independents 
left the city to the enemy, and hoisted in the interior of the 
province the glorious flag of liberty and of honor. 
Manoel Mauricio Reboucas appeared at the side of his 
praiseworthy brother, the venerable Councillor Dr. Antonio 
Pereira Reboucas, a veteran of the Independence, who with 
his family had retired on the 20th of February to the fam- 
ous town of Cachoeira. From that time to the termination 
of the war, from February, 1822, until the most happy 2d 
July, 1823, this illustrious Brazilian incessantly served the 
cause of his country, with the devotion and energy which 
is dictated by the noblest patriotism. Some of his feats are 
remembered. 
On the 25th June, 1822, was solemnly acclaimed in the 
town of Cachoeira the regency of the prince royal D. Pedro, 
and a Luzitanian gunboat, at anchor in the port, to obstruct 
the revolutionary movement opened a fire of grape and 
round shot on the people and the troops, who were defil- 
ing in the square of the town, after the Te-Deum, to render 
thanks for that happy event. 
Barely three days elapsed between the insult and the 
satisfaction taken. Mauricio Reboucas enlists as a volun- 
tary soldier, together with other young patriots, and on the 
28th of June, joining the brave combatants who proceed to 235 
board the Luzitanian gun-boat in canoes. He takes part in 
a fight carried on during the horrors of the night; the 
firing is rapid and the struggle desperate, which, however, 
ends by the surrender of the gun-boat, her commander, and 
as many of her crew as survived the combat, remaining 
prisoners. 
And here, though incidentally, pertains the payment of 
another sacred tribute. Among the youthful volunteers, 
companions of Mauricio Reboucas, were counted the brave 
brothers GalvSo, one of whom, Jos6 da Rocha Galvao, forty- 
four years afterwards an old, as he had been a youthful, hero, 
gave his life in, 1866, for the glory and honor of the coun- 
try, in another war also holy, at the battle of Tuyuty, on the 
24th of May. 
The fight had not exhausted the strength of Mauricio 
Reboucas : at midnight he receives from the provisional 
junta of defence, of which his praiseworthy brother was 
secretary, orders to go on a commission to the town of Ma- 
ragogipe to take measures there for the acclamation which 
had been celebrated on the 25th at Cachoeira. Patriotism has 
the velocity of electricity; on the following day the ardent 
emissary returned with the act of declaration from Mara- 
gogipe. 
In a short time a new and more daring enterprise is in- 
trusted to him by the junta; to go and seize, on the island 
adjacent to Barra-falsa, a great number of barrels of English 
gunpowder stored there. Commanding a daring flotilla of ca- 
noes, he realizes the enterprise under a crossfire from the Lu- 
zitanian gunboats, which were cruizing between the Islands 
of Itaparica, do Medo, and of Barra de Paraguassu. Mauricio 
Reboucas co-operated further in the organization of the com- 
pany of the patriotic volunteers denominated Bellona, and 336 
made part of the same in the capacity of simple soldier. In 
the town of Cachoeira, the seat of the government of the 
province, in the semi-circular bay (reconcavo), he held the post 
of scrivener of the commissariat of provisions until May, 1823, 
when he joined the army, where he fulfilled the same com- 
mission until the end of the war. 
With the triumph of the country the martial ardor of 
Mauricio Reboucas cooled down ; he neither asked for nor 
obtained any reward, nor did he think that he had merited it; 
he understood that he had fulfilled a duty, and that he was 
sufficiently rewarded by the independence of the land of his 
birth ; he took off his uniform and delivered up his fine 
volunteer's musket. 
In 1824 he entered in competition for one of the offices 
of judicial scrivener of Bahia, and was prefered to the 
other competitors ; but the letter of appointment being em- 
bargoed on going through the court of chancelry it became 
null, the preceding substitute being reinstated in office. 
This disappointment was the cause of opening to Mauri- 
cio Reboucas a new career; he resolved on going to France 
and there take his degree in medicine. His means were not 
superabundant for so great an undertaking, but brotherly 
love came to his aid. Difficulties of another kind still hin- 
dered the intention of Mauricio Reboucas ; his literary 
education had been interrupted, and was limited to the 
knowledge of the Latin tongue and to that of the French, to 
which he had been able to give particular attention, without 
the aid of a master. What is there, however, impossible to 
labor and to energy of will?.... In a few years he obtained 
in Paris a diploma of bachelor in letters, of bachelor in 
sciences and of Doctor in medicine, and in 1832, when the 
law for the creation of schools of medicine in Brazil was 237 
promulgated, he competed for and obtained the professorship 
of botany and elements of zoology, of the school founded in 
the capital of his Province, and continued in it for more 
than five lustres, giving an example of rare assiduity; for he 
only omitted lecturing on the days on which the death of 
his nearest relations forbade him from appearing in public. 
In 1846 he was rewarded by H. M. the Emperor with 
the insignia of Knight of the Order of the Cruzeiro, on account 
of the services which he had rendered to the cause of the 
independence and of the Empire in 1822 and 1823. Years 
afterwards, he received the title of councillor which, by law 
he was entitled to. In the exercise of his medical practice he 
rendered many real services to humanity; the practice of 
medicine was for him a sacred calling, charity was always 
placed by him above material interest. During the epi- 
demics of yellow fever and cholera, he executed commissions 
recommended by the government of his Province, gratu- 
itously and by his own heart. 
He knew the secret of resting while he labored. In his 
leisure hours he wrote ; besides his thesis which he trans- 
lated into Portuguese and published in Bahia - On the in- 
stitution of the cemeteries extra-mural. He left a work print- 
ed in 1859, with the title of Domestic and Public Education, 
treating of the organic development from its gestation, up to 
its civil and political emancipation; he had already written in 
1833 a work on the probability of transmitting to Brazil the 
cholera coming from Europe across the Atlantic. In 1860 
he finally endowed his Province with a curious- Study on 
the most convenient means of preventing in the interior of 
Bahia the scourge of drought, and in consequence of it, the 
repetition of the devastation which laid it waste. 
After so many services, and when in old age he might 238 
have expected sweet consolation in the bosom of his beloved 
family, which enshrined the treasure of a wife and four 
children, there came the ingratitude of men, the cruel griefs 
of life to cloud the horizon of his last years : his energy 
was spent ; his spirit could no longer rally, and he felt 
the deep blows of misfortune. Alienation of his mental fa- 
culties inutilized the man of iron temperament, and in con- 
sequence the Councillor Dr. Manoel Francisco Reboucas 
was jubilated. 
The cruel infirmity seemed, nevertheless, to respect the 
intelligence of our illustrious companion, as respects the 
science professed by him; for Mauricio Reboucas still, 
amidst his ailments, wrote a voluminous work, which was 
presented for examination to the very distinguished Dr. 
Francisco de Paula Candido, the companion of his studies 
in Paris and constant friend in Brazil, and merited the de- 
claration of so authorized and competent a judge, who read 
it with the liveliest satisfaction, that he had not met in it any 
reason for supecting the mental alienation of its author. 
Unfortunately, this long winded work which had rem- 
ained in the possession of that learned Brazilian, whose death 
took place in Paris in 1865, was lost. 
The councillor Dr. Manoel Mauricio Reboucas died in the 
city of S. Salvador of Bahia, on the 19th of May, 1866. XXVI OF JUNE 
ANTONIO THOMAZ DE GODOY 
A native of the Province of Minas Geraes, Antonio Tho- 
maz de Godoy was born on the 8th of December, 1812, in 
the ancient village of Tijuco, now become the city of Dia- 
mantina, and was the legitimate son of Antonio Thomaz 
de Godoy, and of D. Francisca Gomes de Oliveira. 
He lost his father when he was six years of age ; but the 
watchful guardianship of his uncle, Sebastiao Felix de Go- 
doy spared him the cruel and dangerous temptations which 
orphans ordinarily have to undergo. 
He went through his first studies, including latin, in the 
same village where he was born: his talent displayed itself 
from the beginning ; the country was to avail itself of it, 
and young Godoy was sent, when sixteen years of age, to 
S. Paulo, in which academy he matriculated, after complet- 
ing his preparatory studies. 
Brazil had just emerged from her glorious and proficuous 240 
revolution: the independence had been proclaimed, the 
constitution sworn to, the country called on its sons; there 
was no longer any employment or position, that could not 
be reached by worth and by knowledge: enthusiasm lighted 
up genius; and like the extensive valley of Egypt, where 
after the inundation of the Nile has passed, vegetation, 
both vigorous and powerful, burst forth ; in Brazil, afcer 
the immense shock of a prodigious revolution, great talents 
sprung up as if by enchantment, and among the light- 
haired enthusiastic and studious youths, were being form- 
ed, as we said, the future statesmen of the country. 
The proof that Antonio Thomaz de Godoy was no com- 
mon man, is, that he was not overlooked in the midst of 
those hopeful and ardent youths. 
In 1834 he obtained the honorable diploma which he 
coveted, and returning immediately to the place of his 
birth, he established himself there as an advocate; but his 
vocation and his genius called him to follow the noble 
career of the magistracy: he was burning to fill the post of 
a magistrate, where a man becomes transformed into a 
sentinal of the law, a guard over the right of everyone, a 
shield to society, a guarantee of justice, a defender of life 
and property, the vindicator of innocence, and the main- 
tainer of order. 
So just and praiseworthy an ambition was early satisfied. 
In 1837 Dr. Antonio Thomaz de Godoy was appointed, in 
in conformity with the Provincial legislation then in 
existence, a substitute chief-judge of the district of Jequi- 
tinhonha, and on the 19th of June 1839 he entered on the 
duties of this office, serving therein ad interim till the 
21st of January 1841, when, by Imperial decree, he was 
appointed as permanent chief-judge. 241 
The times were stormy in the whole of Brazil, and very 
notably so in the Province of Minas Geraes, where the poli- 
tical struggle showed itself both violent and intolerant; no 
one was indifferent; each citizen found himself enlisted in 
one of the two parties that divided the country into two 
camps. Antonio Thomas de Godoy was, ever since he could 
have an opinion and show it, a decided and influential 
member of the liberal party; the magistrate, however, so 
conducted himself in the fulfillment of his duty, that friends 
and adversaries applauded the upright judge, who, with 
never-failing impartiality, dealt out justice, and never gave 
quarter to crime. 
The man, was a partisan, the Judge, of society in general; 
he had the bandage on his eyes, and held in his right hand 
the scales of 
Nevertheless, intolerant politics also wears a bandage 
over its eyes ; but that bandage only served to hide the 
merit of the adversary. On the 3d of November, 1841, the 
Chief Judge of Jequitinhonha was removed to the Lower 
Amazonas. 
Having to take his seat in the Provincial Assembly of 
Minas in April, 1842, Dr. Antonio Thomaz de Godoy caused 
possession to be taken of his new post by an Attorney, 
and upon the meeting of that Assembly, he was unani- 
mously elected its President. This election was at the same 
time a vote of gratitude, and a party protest. The Provin- 
cial Assembly had to be prorogued on the 9th of May. 
Dr. Antonio Thomaz de Godoy took part in the rebellion 
of Minas, and consequently was arrested on the 26th June, 
1842. 
That offence, in which so many Brazilians were inculpated, 242 
has long since been washed out by the amnesty granted by 
the Emperor. 
When, on the 10th of July, 1843, the prison doors were 
opened to Antonio Thomaz de Godoy, his post of Chief- 
Judge of the Lower Amazonas had already, on the 10th 
of May been declared vacant, on account of his not having 
presented himself there; he therefore returned to his Advo- 
cate's desk, and used his utmost efforts to relieve the suf- 
ferings of his political associates : being a sure friend, his 
touch-stone was that of adversity. 
But the sun of the 2d February shone forth; the amnesty 
of 1844 wiped out the offences committed in 1842; human- 
ity and patriotism joined thankfully in hailing the en- 
lightened monarch who rose superior to parties. 
The district of Jequitinhonha was restored to Dr. Antonio 
Thomaz Godoy, by Decree of the 20th of June 1844, from 
which he was removed on the 26th October following, not 
at his own request, but on grounds of public utility, to the 
district of the Serro. 
As deputy to the General Assembly for the Province of 
Minas, he had a seat in the Chambers from 1845 to 1848, 
and if he did not gain the reputation of being an orator, 
he, nevertheless, distinguished himself by his assiduity on 
committees of importance. In 1849, he was considered 
worthy of being decorated by the Emperor. 
Removed from the district of the Serro, to the Province 
of Espirito Santo, he there filled, cumulatively, from the 
year 1850 to 1851, the offices of Chief-Judge and of 
Chief of Police, and from 1854 to 1856, that of Chief of 
Police only; the name, the reputation that he left behind 
him in that Province, signalized his high worth. He retired 
loaded with blessings, when, by Decree of the 8th March, 243 
1856, lie was called to exercise identical functions in Rio 
Grande do Sul. 
Touching- on his way to that Province at the Capital of 
the Empire, the Government of His Majesty chang-ed his 
appointment for that of Chief of Police of the Capital. Two 
considerations show the significance of this nomination : 
the Cabinet which had intrusted to Dr. Antonio Thomaz de 
Godoy so honorable and transcendent a commission, had 
for its President the Marquis of Parand, one of the chiefs 
most distinguished in the party which Dr. Godoy had 
opposed, and the epoch was that of inaugurating the new 
electoral system, and of freedom of vote. 
How he fulfilled the task with which he was charged all 
Brazil knows: all saw him watching to put in force, faith- 
fully and religiously, the most generous idea, that of with- 
drawing from the assemblies of the'people, public force 
and police agents, and putting into execution the mandate 
of abstention on the part of Government in the electoral 
struggle, crossing arms in front of the urns, and leaving to 
the people, and only to the people, the choice of those who 
ought to elect their representatives. 
It is a fact worthy of being registered that in those days 
of excitement and constitutional struggle, in which the police 
and the public foice refrained from the contest, a contest 
that did not exceed the limits of the law, the people showed 
that it was worthy of the liberty which it enjoyed, and the 
palm of victory belonged, not only to the candidates who 
conquered, but also to the politic and noble conception that 
constituted the law a reality. 
Having requested and obtained leave to resign his office 
as the Chief of Police of the Capital on the 22d March, 
1857, the Chief Judge Godoy was appointed by decree of 244 
the 30th of the same month special Judge of the second 
district of Commerce of this Capital. His fellow-provincials 
gave him a further unequivocal proof of the high consider- 
ation in which they held him, by including his name in 
the sextuple list of Senators which, in 1857, was offered for 
the choice of His Majesfy the Emperor. 
Dr. Antonio Thomaz de Godoy died in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro on the 2d of July, 1858, after a long and cruelly 
painful illness. 
An enlightened intelligence, a generous heart, a candid 
mind, firmness in political principles, integrity as a ma- 
gistrate, honorableness and loyalty, were the gifts that 
that illustrious citizen possessed. XXVir OF JUNE 
D. MANOEL JOAQUIM DA SILVEIRA, COUNT OF S. SALVADOR 
The legitimate son of Antonio Joaquim da Silveira and 
of Maria Rosa da Conceicao, Manoel Joaquim da Silveira 
was horn on the 11th of April, 1807, in the parish of Santa 
Rita of the city of Rio de Janeiro; poor in fortune, hut rich 
in intelligence, he was received, when a youth, in the 
Palace of Conceicao as the bishop's attendant, and held 
there, in the ecclesiastical chamber, a most modest post, 
which afforded him a livelihood and allowed him to study. 
At the end of a few years the youth is greatly delighted 
on taking holy orders; he shines by treasuring up knowl- 
edge: by evangelically cultivating charity, notwithstand- 
ing his still being poor; and by giving to the world an 
example of singular virtue. 
He teaches theology with far-famed learning in the Epis- 
copal Seminary of S. Josd, and being afterwards appointed 
rector, makes a reform in the seminary, to the advantage 246 
of its studies, and of its economical administration, which 
became prosperous. 
Canon and secretary of the Chapter, and afterwards in- 
spector of the Imperial Chapel he regenerates, adorns, and 
beautifies it, and obtains from the Government a most just 
increase of revenues for the Chapter. 
He goes to Naples with the squadron destined to bring 
to Brazil the virtuous Princess, the August Empress, of 
whom he was to be and became the worthy Chaplain. 
With the permission of the Empress he goes from Naples 
to Rome, where he is received and honored by the Holy 
Father, and on his return to his country he publishes a 
curious book, in which he perpetuates the pleasing and 
learned impressions and studies of that voyage, which had 
every title to be considered memorable. 
In 1852 the Canon Silveira found himself elevated to the 
rank of Prince of the church as Bishop of Maranhao. 
The mitre had come to him without his having asked for 
it, or even desired it; he received the news of his great- 
ness, saying humbly « let the will of God be done, » 
The diocese of Maranhao felt the sweet and holy influ- 
ence of the virtuesand of the knowledge of her Bishop, and, 
weeping, bid him farewell, when obedient and always hum- 
ble he had to leave it on assuming the Archbishopric of 
Bahia. 
The Bishop of Maranhao, D.Manoel Joaquim do Silveira, 
had received a new and very great distinction, being select- 
ed to succeed in the Archbishopric a man of monumental 
reputation D. Romualdo the Marquis of Santa Cruz. 
One learned man compared with the other, D. Manoel Joa- 
quim da Silveira could not outshine D. Romualdo, he could 
however, show himself worthy of the predecessor who sub- 247 
jected him to a comparison, forced and, as it were, threat- 
ening to diminish the influence of the successor of so 
shining a primate and metropolitan of Brazil. 
The 27th of June, 1861, the day on which D. Manoel Joa- 
quim da Silveira took possession of the Archbishopric of 
Bahia, was that of his highest earthly grandeur, and in 
connection with it his venerated name remains engraved. 
The Emperor who had already rewarded him with the 
insignia of the Order of Christ, and nominated him officer 
of the Imperial order of the Cruzeiro, conferred on him the 
title of Count S. Salvador. 
Exemplary for his virtues, and for his charity, the 
Count of S. Salvador also for his learning, becomes a real 
glory o f the Brazilian clergy. 
In the year 1874 the Archbishop D. Manoel Joaquim da 
Silveira, Count of S. Salvador, surrendered his soul to God 
in the city of Bahia. XX VIII QF JUNE 
JOSE ALVES MACIEL 
A native of the then Capitania of Minas Geraes, where 
he was horn in Villa Rica in the year 1751, the legiti- 
mate son of the Capitao-mor Jos6 Alves Maciel and of D. 
Juliana Francisci de Oliveira, who at the baptismal font, 
had received the Christian and the surname of his father, 
had a rich and auspicious birth, but afterwards, in conse- 
quence of his love for his country, a truly cruel destiny. 
He commenced his studies in Brazil, and went to Europe 
to complete them. He took his degree in natural sciences at 
the University of Coimbra; and it is much to be pre- 
sumed that he was one among the twelve Brazilian students 
who, before 1786, bound themselves, at a patriotic confer- 
ence to use their endeavors to bring about the political 
regeneration of Brazil, the Colony of Portugal. 
The glorious independence of the United States of North 250 
America fired with ardent aspirations for liberty the gen- 
erous souls of the enlightened Brazilian youth, and, in- 
deed, rll patriots. 
Dr. JosS Alves Maciel, on leaving Portugal, visited Eng- 
land, where he stayed daring a year and a half, studying 
the manufacturing industry, and perfecting himself in 
chemistry with the view of its serving the industrial pro- 
gress of his country. 
Of exalted ideas, possessing a great amount of instruc- 
tion, his spirit on fire with liberal ideas of pure democracy, 
affiliated to freemasonry, Dr. Jose Alves Maciel disembark- 
ed in 1788, in Rio de Janeiro, where he immediately met 
one with whom he might fraternize, having the same prin- 
ciples, and by an unlucky chance, the Ensign Joaquim 
Jos6 da Silva Xavier - Tiradentes -whom he easily elec- 
trified by his just, but hot and violent opinions respecting 
the natural wealth of Brazil. 
Arriving at Minas Geraes, everything concurred to in- 
duce Dr. Maciel, become enthusiastic, to throw himself into 
the conspiracy which was being hatched there for the inde- 
pendence and for a Republic; all, because the conspiracy 
was congeneal to all his ideas; because by entering into the 
conspiracy, he fulfilled the obligation to which he was 
compromised as a student, and as the duty of a patriot; and 
because, finally, the chief of the conspiracy was his brother- 
in-law, Francisco de Paula Freire de Andrade. 
Dr. Maciel was not seduced, he entered into the con- 
spiracy with ardor, and encouraged the same. 
. The denouncement supervened; he was arrested on the 
28th June, 1789, and, like the other conspirators, was 
prosecuted, condemned to death, and had this sentence 
commuted to banishment to Angola for 10 years, 251 
His imprisonment and liis misfortune had carried to the 
grave his old and loving father. 
That death, hastened by his misfortune, his home- 
sickness, the bread eaten in banishment which is always 
bitter, his disenchantment, all that which, finally produces 
deep pain, shortened the existence of the exiled patriot. 
The government employed Dr. Jos6 Alves Maciel in 
establishing in Angola an iron foundry. An iron foundry, 
for what purpose?... For the good, for the liberty, for the 
independence of Brazil it was useless. 
The banished man obeyed; but survived its establishment 
but a short time and hailed death as though he hailed 
liberty. XXIX OF JUNE 
LUIZ PEDREIRA DO COUTO FERRAZ 
The legitimate son of Joao Pedreira do Couto and of D. 
Maria Ferraz da Motta, grandson on the father's side of Luiz 
Pedreira Lapa and of D. Anna Maria do Espirito Santo, and 
on the mother's of Manoel Ferraz da Motta and of D. Igna- 
cia Maria do Espirito Santo, all of them wealthy landed 
proprietors in Minas de Goyaz, Luiz Pedreira do Couto Fer- 
raz was born on the 23d of June, 1791. 
Having finished his studies of humanities, he went to 
Portugal and at the University of Coimbra he took the degree 
of bachelor of law on the 11th of June, 1810, having- 
passed through the classes of the respective faculty with 
equal advantage and great credit. Being yet a student of 
the University, he served under the command of Jos6 Boni- 
facio de Andrade e Silva in the war against the French in- 
vaders of Portugal. 254 
Returning* to the bosom of his country, he entered on the 
career of the magistracy, being nominated in 1810 judge 
of the towns of Santo Antonio de Sd and of Magd. 
As modest as he was enlightened, as soft-hearted as he 
was strong* in mind, he was in those towns reckoned a ma- 
gistrate of so much probity and of so scrupulous a rectitude, 
at the same time of so conciliating a spirit that at the end 
of the triennial term the people of Santo Antonio de Sd and 
of Magd made a representation to the prince regent D. Joao, 
begging that their beloved judge should be continued in 
his office, and this was in fact, granted with credit. 
He left a revered name in the two towns, which is still 
remembered by the sons of those who in their time expe- 
rienced the justice of Luiz Pedreira, against whom there 
never had been raised the slightest complaint. 
A model judge who cut short law-suits and brought to 
an end pleas, bringing about conciliations which made 
friends of the adverse parties, a strict defender, watcher of 
orphans, always passing- sentences to which the very parties 
whose pretensions were disregarded respectfully bowed, the 
energetic defender of society, preventing or punishing crimes 
against the security of persons and property, Luiz Pedreira 
do Couto Ferraz was in the two towns the most liberal, the 
most popular, the most just and praiseworthy judge of that 
age of absolutism. 
D. Joao VI on visiting the town of Santo Antonio de Sa 
was so satisfied with the credit that the judge Dr. Luiz Pe- 
dreira enjoyed, notwithstanding his still being so young, 
that he spontaneously confered on him the Order of Christ, 
and the great privilege of knighthood, favors, which in 
those days were objects of human esteem and ambition, 255 
prized beyond what others, of a much higher grade are 
to-day. 
Thejudg'e of Santo Antonio de Sa and Mag6, Dr. Luiz 
Pedreira was moved from that post to be criminal judge of 
the districts of Santa Rita and S. Jos&, and superintendant 
of the decima urbana tax of the city of Rio de Janeiro, being 
one of the few judges who, on terminating their three year's 
service, owed nothing to the Royal Exchequer, notwithstand- 
ing a great defalcation which he suffered in his fortune, 
in consequence of subtractions which he had to make good, 
effected during his absence from the capital on a commis- 
sion to the city of Campos to suppress a revolt which 
occurred there. 
In Campos he rendered most valuable services and in a 
few days left everything pacified by mild means, thus 
gaining the esteem of all the inhabitants of Campos, and 
leaving behind him friends who had become loyal and 
devoted to him, as long as he lived. 
On the termination of the commission he obtained the 
honors of a chief-judgeship and shortly afterwards he was 
appointed to the Court of appeal of Bahia, with a seat and 
functions in the Tribunal of Supplicacao, in which he be- 
came ordinary chief judge and afterward Aggravisla. 
He served at times as assistant intendant-general of police, 
and as judge of all the civil and criminal districts in Rio de 
Janeiro, when necessary through the absence or inability 
to act of other judges ; almost all these duties were centred 
in him. 
He was only forty years of age when he died, and had 
he lived some months longer would have taken his seat 
in the Supreme Tribunal of Justice for he was the senior 
Aggravista, 256 
In his career as a magistrate, which only ended with his 
life in 1831, Luiz Pedreira was always the same man and 
the same judge, the example of intelligence refined by study, 
the type of unvacillating probity and of severe rectitude 
which gave to his judgment and to his vote the prestige of 
the light of conscience and of the truth of the law. 
In 1823 the well merited reputation which he enjoyed, 
the deep esteem of which he was the object on account of 
his virtues as a private man; by his great renown as a ma- 
gistrate of the utmost integrity and honor, and the knowl- 
edge of the brilliancy of his intelligence, induced the inha- 
bitants of Bahia to give him their spontaneous votes for 
deputy to the Brazilian Parliament in which Luiz Pedreira 
took his seat, as substitute from the 6th of August of that 
same year. 
The mandate was so full of exigency and majesty, that 
he received it obedient to the voice of his country. 
In 1826, the Province of Bio de Janeiro also elected him 
deputy to the first ordinary legislature of the Empire. 
In the parliament as in the legislature of 1826 to 1829 
Luiz Pedreira de Couto Ferraz always voted with modera- 
tion, according to the tendencies of his conciliating dispo- 
sition, but with liberal aspirations, but always under the 
guidance of conservative principles, and of respect to the 
authority of the law, which school, not yet regularly orga- 
nized into a party, he seemed to divine, by serving it in 
conformity with his education and his conviction. 
He was not an orator, he had no pretentions to the lau- 
rels of the parliamentary tribune; no one can say what he 
would have been if he had aspired to oratorical triumphs 
in the Chamber, or to political influence in State affairs. 
Luiz Pedreira took his seat, and voted in the Brazilian 257 
Parliament, in obedience to the unasked for and undesired 
vote with which his fellow citizens honored him. 
But his place was neither in the Assembly, nor in the 
Chamber of deputies. 
Luiz Pedreira was exclusively a magistrate, the man of 
the law; the scrupulous and severe judge found himself 
out of his element in the political struggle, in which the 
interest of parties very often suppress,sacrifice,or put on one 
side, the most positive notions of right; Luiz Pedreira had 
no pretension to be, nor was he, re-elected deputy to the sec- 
ond legislature. 
Entirely dedicated to the duties of his social priesthood 
he continued to shine as a judge, honored by general confi- 
dence, which was well merited by reason of his enlightened 
justice, by his renowned probity and purity of conscience, 
when death closed his eyes for ever on the 29th of June, 
1831, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 
Luiz Pedreira de Couto Ferraz went down to the grave 
having for his winding-sheet, his magistrate's gown, which 
was fair, pure, and clean; for there was not on it the sligh- 
test spot, nor the sign of the lightest compression, which 
might have left it in some part wrinkled. 
As an exemplary magistrate it is our duty to honor him 
and to perpetuate his memory. XXX OF JUNE 
FRIAR CUSTODIO ALVES SERRAO 
In the town, afterwards city, of Alcantara, Province of 
Maranhao, was born in 1799, Custodio Alves Serrao, the 
legitimate son of Jos6 Custodio Alves Serrao, and of D. 
Joanna Francisca da Costa Leite, and because he had many 
brothers and sisters, and fortune frowned on the paternal 
hearth, he was adopted, as soon as he was out of swaddling 
clothes by his maternal grand-parents, ChristovSo da Costa 
Leite and D. Maria Thereza, finding a loving mother in the 
daughter of the latter, his godmother D. Francisca Romana 
da Costa Leite. 
At the age of twelve years, having mastered the first rudi- 
ments of Latin,his grand-parents delivered him up, in Alcan- 
tara, as a pupil, to the religious order of Our Lady of the 
Carmo,with whom he scarcely advanced in Latin. At fifteen, 
notwithstanding a confessed negation for the cloister, and 
only in obedience to his family, he professed. 260 
In the monastery of the Carmelites in the city of S. Luiz 
do Maranhao, Friar Custodio became a notable Latinist; he 
studied without a master the French and Italian tongues, 
and at eighteen, he had read all the books that formed the 
very modest library of those religious men. The friars, proud 
of that young brother, who was so intelligent and studious, 
offered him a free conveyance and maintenance, in order 
that he might in Coimbra prosecute the higher branches of 
study. The family thankfully agreed to bear all the other 
necessary expenses, and Friar Custodio, together with an- 
other companion with a similar destiny,arrived at Lisbon in 
1818, where they could not flatter themselves with the 
reception given to them by the Provincial superior of their 
order. 
Received in the collegiate monastery of Coimbra, Friar 
Custodio having passed his examination in Portuguese and 
Latin, entered his name in the college of arts, a dependency 
of the university, and at the end of a few months he was 
approved in the preparatory studies of rational philosophy 
and Greek. 
In 1819 a campaign of obstinate contention commenced ; 
the authorities of the collegiate monastery imposed on 
Friar Custodio the course of theological science ; he how- 
ever, the professed friar, who had not taken, nor did he take 
any order whatever, not even that of the first tonsure- he 
in whom already shone the spirit of independence, which 
thenceforward strongly characterized him, resisted, would 
and did go through a course of natural science. 
All that can be imagined in the shape of ill will and of 
oppression, was employed by those authorities, against 
Friar Custodio, which became scandalous for them, afford- 
ing* an apology for the revolution of 1820. In the follow- 261 
ing year, under pretext of failure of the pension which the 
family of the professed Brazilian had bound themselves to 
remit, a failure only temporary, and to be explained by the 
political movements which were taking place in Brazil, 
ready to declare herself independent, Friar Custodio was 
even deprived of aliment at the table of the Carmelites of 
Coimbra. 
Even so I the learned Brazilian, fully approved in his first, 
second, fourth and fifth years of study, and rewarded in the 
third, finished his studies and took his degree of Bachelor 
in 1823. 
Having separated, with good reason, from the Carmelites 
in Portugal, and fortunately assisted in his critical situa- 
tion by a relation and countryman of his, he left Lisbon with 
him, and they both arrived on the 30th June, 1825, at Rio 
de Janeiro, where he received, in the Convent of the Carmo, 
a fraternal reception. 
In the following year he was nominated professor of 
zoology, and botany in the Imperial Military Academy, 
and in 1828, Director of the National Museum, resigning 
on that account, the commission of Editor of a part of the 
Diario da Camara dos Deputados, a task which since 1826 
he had continued to fulfil with general applause. 
In 1833, the Academy having undergone a reform, took 
the denomination of the Military School, Friar Custodio 
was entrusted with the professor's chair of chemistry and 
mineralogy. 
In 1835, going on leave to Maranhao, to visit his adopt- 
ed mother, he explored in Sergipe the « Serras » of 
Itabaiana, famed for their saltpetre, and gold, and in Ala- 
goas the bituminous formation of the shores of Camaragi- 
be, and sent samples to Rio de Janeiro. 262 
In 1840 Friar Custodio received the brief of his perpetual 
secularity. 
In 1842 by his efforts, and his advice, he greatly con- 
tributed towards the reform in the scientific administration 
of the national museum, and of the four sections into which 
this was subdivided, that of mineralogy, geology, and 
physical science, and ad interim that of numismatics, the 
liberal arts, archeology, uses and customs of modern na- 
tions, fell to his lot. 
In the year 1847 he obtained his retiring pension for 
his services in the military school and permission to retire 
from the office of Director of the National Museum. 
In 1859, at the request of the Government, he accepted 
the office of Director of the Botanical Garden of the Lagoa 
de Rodrigo de Freitas, which office he filled for only two 
years, without being able to realize the plans of reform 
which he had proposed more than ten years before when 
fulfilling the commission which had been entrusted to 
him. Besides these services the Government availed them- 
selves of Friar Custodio's services in important scientific 
tasks, the most prominent of which was that which he ac- 
complished as a member of the Council of improvements in 
the mint. On retiring from the direction of the museum, 
he had offered to that institution the whole of his pre- 
cious library. 
Friar Custodio was one of the Institutors of the Society 
for the amelioration of Elementary Instruction, an honorary 
member of the Historical and Geographical Brazilian society, 
Honorary President of the Society « Auxiliadora » of nati- 
onal Industry, a member of thefiscal council of the Institute 
Fluminense of Agriculture. The Emperor rewarded him 
with the order of Christ; he however, gratefully thanking 263 
him for the distinction, did not take out the title, saying- 
that that honor did not suit his humble position. 
From 1861 forward, he lived in retirement in a pictu- 
resque spot he possessed at the Gavea, where, venerated by 
friends, by men of learning-, by the people, and until blind- 
ness supervened which as it were killed him before his 
death took place. 
He was considered wise by all his contemporaries. 
In politics he professed up to his death, liberal ideas; 
they served him in all electoral meeting-s and in council; 
he never however consented that they should elevate him 
to any position. 
He was honorable, loyal and of an independent character 
of most easy access, and most amiable in his treatment of 
every one. 
Friar Custodio Alves Serrao died on the 10th of March, 
1873. I OF JULY 
ANTONIO PEREIRA DE SOUZA CALDAS 
Possessed of intelligence, of the highest class, a great 
poet, a virtuous and learned priest and admirable sacred 
orator, - Antonio Pereira de Souza Caldas, the legitimate 
son of the Portuguese merchant Luiz Pereira de Souza 
and of D. Anna Maria de Souza, a most virtuous woman 
of the Ayores, was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro on 
the 24th of November, 1762. 
Of a weak and sickly constitution he was, when eight 
years of age, sent to Lisbon, in the hope that the temperate 
climate would benefit his health ; he commenced studying 
under the careful inspection of his father's relations, and 
at sixteen he set off for Coimbra, in order to go through 
in that university a course of law. 
Always weakly, and of delicate health, but of a most 
lively imagination and given to deep study, Caldas, without 266 
thinking of.it or wishing it, at once made himself celebrated 
in the university. In the Schools he took a first place 
as a student, and away from them, with surprising in- 
spiration, he wrote the perpetuated ode-0 Homen Selvagem- 
As Noites Philosophicas, dedicated to the Birds, that Thomas 
Gray and Delille would have wished to have written, the 
little poem of Pygmalion which has an unspeakable charm 
of suavity and of poetic beauty, and other poems which 
ought to have g'ained him protection, and have been 
springs of unqualified persecution. 
In the eyes of the misnamed Holy Office that marvellous 
intelligence, that poetic ray, that wondrous poetic talent, 
caused the inspired man to become an object of suspicion, 
and Caldas, the student already half learned by extraor- 
dinary study for his age, was seized, ordered to be judged 
by the Inquisition and was condemned by that tribunal 
in pitying consideration for his youth to six months of exer- 
cises with the Brotherhood of the cathechist priests of Ril- 
hafoles, whom he perhaps, could have taught to compre- 
hend fully that most holy law of which they were 
ministers. 
Seeing him, modest, patient under suffering, learned, 
radient with intelligence, the priest of Rilhafoles, so far 
worthy of praise asked and obtained the pardon of the 
innocent victim, and Caldas continued his studies, took 
his academic degrees, exercised the profession of advo- 
cate and did not accept the appointment offered to him of 
magistrate of one of the towns of Brazil. Melancholy and 
living retired, he received a sad blow in the news of the 
death of his father, and grieved, and desirous of seeking 
consolation in observation in the study, and in the varied 
impressions of a learned traveller he quitted Portugal, 267 
first visited France the beloved country, the perusal of 
whose literature had first expanded the horizon of his 
ideas: other countries afterwards, then Italy whose Past 
he recalled to mind, as poet, and as a learned antiquary,, 
in the tombs of heroes and in the monuments of human 
grandeur, and afterwards and finally in that same Italy- 
Rome, the city of idolatrous glory, and of the throne of 
Catholicism. 
In Rome Pius VI esteemed him, the most venerated 
learned men distinguished him, the Catholic faith which the 
Holy Office had not been able, nor was destined to kindle 
in his soul; because the Inquisition was the calumniator 
of the sanctity of the law of Jesus ; in Rome the Catholic 
faith, full of gentleness and heavenly inspiration, attract- 
ed both the spirit and the heart of Caldas, who laid aside 
the code of Jesus, mutable law, a digest of human laws for 
that of the Gospel. He took orders, and became a min- 
ister of the Lord. 
On returning to Lisbon a priest, he refused the abbacy 
of Lobrigos, would not accept the episcopal mitre of Rio 
de Janeiro, and preferred being a priest, a simple priest, 
an explainer and preacher of the gospel, and in Portugal 
during four years in the church of Coracao de Jesus and 
in that of S. Vicente de Fora in Lisbon, which he selected 
as the scene of his preaching, his eloquence, admirable for 
its simplicity, its charming conviction, and the sweetness 
of its lessons, attracted and commanded the multitude of 
hearers who flocked to listen with delight to the words and 
teaching of that apostle who, instead of terrifying them 
with threats of the martyrdom of Purgatory, and of the 
endless fire of hell consoled and animated them with the 
assurance of the infinite mercy of God, and of the enjoy- 268 
ments of heaven for even the greatest sinners who have 
returned to divine grace by the regeneration of repentance, 
that other baptism, which washes away the sins of man 
even at the last hour, or at the moment of death. 
In 1808 Father Caldas returned to Brazil and arriving 
in Rio de Janeiro astonished every one by his virtues and 
his learning. 
The priest had not ceased to be a poet ; but he had 
exchanged the profane lyre for the religious harp. 
In the city of his birth he preferred for his preaching the 
church of Santa Rita, in the font of which he had received 
baptism, and on every Sunday a numerous concourse of 
people hung on the lips of the great orator, who taught 
and explained the doctrines of the church with profound 
erudition; but in a way that enlightened the most uncul- 
tivated minds and gladdened the hearts of all. 
Father Caldas always extemporized in the pulpit, and 
left belind him a great fame, which would certainly have 
a good documentary foundation if he had written his 
sermons. 
Ear witnesses spoke with enthusiasm of his simple but 
passionate eloquence. 
Many persons related, and all of them agree that on the 
1st of, July, 1809, for instance he took for the subject of his 
discourse the mandate of God-honor thy father and thy 
mother-which produced such an effect that on finishing 
the sermon his deeply moved hearers were all weeping. 
Being of a very modest disposition Father Caldas avoided 
noisy triumphs, and limited himself to the exercise of his 
duties of a priest in the church of Santa Rita with exem- 
plary disinterestedness, and in almost all cases gratuitous- 
ly, being besides this, charitable and a giver of alms as 269 
far as he possibly could; he spent little or nothing upon 
himself. 
He lived with his mother, who possessed an ample for- 
tune; an old female slave, who had been his dry-nurse 
took care of his linen. His excellent mother knowing that 
through his disinterestedness and purity of religious sen- 
timents, her son never had money at his disposal, was 
in the habit of sending the old servant to put into his 
purse a silver coin of the value of three patacas before he 
went out to say mass. Remarking however that the priest 
always returned without the coin, one day feigning forget- 
fulness she let him go out without that aid. 
Father Caldas did not miss it; he went to the church 
and mass being ended he searched in vain for the coin 
and disconcerted on seeing at the door of the vestry the 
poor who awaitedhim, then bent down, taking from his 
shoes the gold buckles, delivered them to the poor remarking: 
« sell these buckles and divide the proceeds among you. » 
This is a positive fact, and shows to what an extent the 
learned priest carried the virtue of charity. 
In the fervour of his apostolate, Father Antonio Pereira 
de Souza Caldas died on the 2d of March, 1814. 
Father Caldas cultivated almost every kind of literature, 
he was a writer and poet, when a student, and when an 
advocate, and finally when he was a minister of the altar: 
for that reason both the nature and description of his works 
varied greatly: he composed short poems, odes, erotic 
poetry, tragedies, critical and philosophical works, sermons, 
sacred poetry and almost all were lost; for through reli- 
gious scruples the author burnt'a great number of those 
works. Many others, and a quantity of sermons fell into the 
hands of those who knew not how to appreciate them. II OF JULY 
FRIAR MANGEL DE SANTA MARIA ITAPARICA 
Both the date of the birth, and the filiation of this dis- 
tinguished Brazilian, whose birthplace was the Island of 
Itaparica, which lies opposite to the city of Bahia, is 
unknown. We must consider him to have been born in 
the year 1704; for at the age of 16, he professed in the 
monastery of Paraguassu on the 2d of July, 1720. 
Friar Manoel de Santa Maria Itaparica enjoyed the re- 
putation of a very notable sacred orator and of an enligh- 
tened cultivator of the muses. 
As a poet he left behind him the poem Eustachidos, 
printed in one quarto volume of 128 pages, now most rare; 
A Latin epigram on the most faithful king; a funeral hymn on 
the same subject, and three sonnets, compositions preserved 
in the panegyric record of the funeral obsequies which were 
celebrated by Bahia at the death of D. Jofto V. 272 
But a certainty almost exists that his poetic productions 
were much more extensive; for Jaboatas, alluding- to Friar 
Manoel de Santa Maria Itaparica says -« He was a ready 
cultivator of the flowers of Parnassus, and the results 
of his labors mig-ht have been gathered into several volumes, 
had what is scattered abroad in private circles, been collected 
and embodied. » 
The work which really recommends the name of the 
Itaparican poet is that poem already mentioned which 
bears a lengthy title in bad taste, but as respects length, an 
error into which many writers at that time fell: Eustachidos, 
a sacred and t rage-comic poem in which is contained the life of Santo 
Eustachis the martyr, before called Placido and of his wife 
and children. By an anonymous person, a native of the island 
of Itaparica; of Bahia. Published by 'a devotee of the saint. 
Balthazar da Silva Lisboa in his Manuscript Biographical 
notes on the lives of various enlightened Brazilians, affirms that 
he had seen the original of that poem and that it had been 
printed in Lisbon. 
Eustachidos consists of six cantos: in the fifth which is lightly 
traced, barely taking up ten stanzas, he sees in a dream, 
and if he does not describe it, at least designated, the 
land of Brazil before its discovery. 
« And that it will be conquered by a great King. » 
In the same book, after the poem, the Description of the 
Island of Itaparica is to be appreciated. 
To his merit as a poet Friar Manoel de Santa Maria Ita- 
parica united the love of countries which inspired those 
stanzas and the description of the picturesque and later on 
glorious Island where he was born. 
The date of the decease of the enlightened Itaparican is 
not known. Ill OF JULY 
D. JOANNA DE GUSMAO 
In 1688 was born, in the ancient town, long- afterwards, 
city of Santos, in the Province of S. Paulo-I). Joanna de 
Gusmao, a descendant of the family from which had 
already emanated Alexandre de Gusmao, the renowned 
diplomatist, and Bartholomeu de Gusmao, the aeronaut. 
Educated in the precepts and the love of God, and ot 
piety, that virtuous and humble lady, arriving- at woman- 
hood, was married to an estimable and rich landed pro- 
prietor, and they lived together in the happiest union, 
and were revered by all who knew them, and especially 
by the poor, of whom they were charitable protectors, 
when Joanna de Gusmao, afflicted with a long and painful 
illness, was conveyed by her husband to « Fonte Santa, » 
the waters of which were reputed miraculous. 274 
The Fonte Santa, or do Senhor, was a calm spot in the 
waters of the river Iguape, in a shallow corner. 
The legendary traditions relate that that name, and those 
virtues arose from the image of the Lord (which is wor- 
shipped in the Hermitage of Our Lady of Neves,) having 
been washed on the shore of the Una, adjoining the river 
called Piassuna, had been cast in that quiet spot in the 
Iguape in order to cleanse it from the growth of sea-weed 
which it had collected. 
Joanna de Gusmao recovered her health, and on going 
to the Church of Our Lady of Neves to thank God for the 
benefit received, and adore him in the sacred image, 
which had been found on the desert shore; after their 
orisons, they saw pendent on one of the walls, and read 
the curious story that was preserved by Father ChristovSo 
da Costa de Oliveira, and which is now well known. 
So greatly impressed were the two loving and pious 
consorts that they both of them took an oath before the 
holy image not only not to marry again, but that the 
surviving consort should, actuated by religious devotion, 
make a pilgrimage through the land. 
The surviver was Joanna de Gusmao. 
Having paid her tribute of tears to the beloved and 
deceased husband, the noble widow fulfilled her vow ; she 
put on a heavy dress of black cloth ; hung on her neck, 
over the dress, the image of the Infant Jesus, and in His 
name set forth as a pilgrim, asking alms. 
Alone, and always on foot, she directed her steps to the 
south, traversed desert places, exposed to the savages, and 
to wild beasts, she passed over rough roads, and finally 
penetrated into the present Province of Santa Catharina, 
and still continued her pilgrimage until she fixed on the 275 
parish of Lagoa as a temporary resting place, as well as a 
place of departure for her subsequent constant perigrina- 
tions. 
She, everywhere, found a place of refuge, alms, and 
respect and was called by all, the « Saintly woman, n 
The choice of the Parish of Lagoa for her favorite resi- 
dence was inspired by the ardent desire to found a Chapel 
there, for which purpose she obtained a licence from the 
competent Bishop, that of Rio de Janeiro ; but either influ- 
enced by advice, or personal inclination, she only realized 
the idea in the Island of Santa Catharina, and in the 
hamlet of Our Lady of Desterro, afterwards city, and ca- 
pital of the Province. 
The liberality of Andre Vieira da Roza placed at the 
disposal of the « Saintly Woman » on the 19th March, 1762, 
a deed of gift of 60 square feet of land for building the cha- 
pel of the Infant Jesus; shortly after she commenced the 
works with the product of the alms which she had col- 
lected. 
It was too little ; but the Saintly Woman, always trav- 
elling on foot and making long journeys continually, 
brought supplies for the work which she saw terminated 
in two years. 
In 1765 was instituted the Sisterhood of the Passes; Joanna 
entered it, and on the 3d of July, 1767, obtained permission 
for erecting in the church of the Child Jesus, the chapel 
of the « Senhor dos Passos. » 
The worship, the vestments of the priests, the addition 
piously planned of the house which had been constructed 
contiguous to the church, demanded fresh expenditure: 
the pilgrim went on to the city of Rio de Janeiro where 
from 1773 to 1774 she, day by day, knocked at the door 276 
of the faithful, asking alms for the church of the Infant 
Jesus; on her return to Santa Catharina she ceased from 
her pilgrimage. 
Being then an octogenarian, impaired by years and by in- 
firmities caused by the over exertion attending her journ- 
eys on foot and by privations and penitences imposed 
on herself, she could no longer walk as formerly but from 
that moment her spirit continued its sacred perigrinations 
affecting the hearts and souls of the daughters of the poor. 
The sister of the enlightened and celebrated Brothers 
Gusmilo, was not instructed but was wise. She opened 
the house contiguous to the church of the Child Jesus, for poor 
girls : the taught them to read, to write, and the four rules 
of arithmetic, in which was summed up all her literary 
education; but she taught them to love God, and their 
neighbour, the necessity of labour, the enchantment of vir- 
tue, the feminine dignity of modesty and chastity by which 
her wisdom was enhanced. The rich could not envy the poor, 
because their daughters were received by the great mistress 
and directress with the open arms of a charitable mother. 
But the Saintly Woman, had reached the age of 92; she 
had exerted herself to the utmost, the victim of horrible 
pains aud cruel sufferings, she required, and had a right 
to rest. 
From heaven's height, the Infant Jesus smiled on her, 
and called her to him on the 15th of November, 1780. 
Joanna de Gusmfto died on that day. IV OF JULY 
FRANCISCO AGOSTINHO GOMES 
A native of the city of Bahia, where he was born on the 
4th of July, 1769, Francisco Agostinho Gomes was most 
carefully educated by his parents, who possessed a large 
fortune. 
Destined for an ecclesiastical life, he proceeded to take 
Deacon's orders; but being conscious of having no vocation 
for the priesthood, he did not receive the completion of 
them, and dedicated himself to letters and sciences in his 
cabinet. 
Heir to the wealthy commercial establishment of his father, 
without any practice, however, of commerce, and ill-di- 
rected therein, he experienced great losses and troubles 
arising from obligations which he had entered into. 
Suspected of political ideas contrary to the system of 
Government of the metropolis, Francisco Agostinho took 278 
his departure for Portugal in 1797 or 1798. he remained 
there for some time, which he availed himself of to study 
political institutions, and develope his literary and scien- 
tific knowledge, and after his innocence was fully acknow- 
ledged by the Government he returnecd to Bahia. 
In 1821 his Province elected him one of its deputies to 
the congressional Assembly of the Portuguese monarchy, 
and although he did not shine as a speaker in that As- 
sembly, he worked actively on sundry committees, and 
gained the respect and consideration of the most eminent 
members of the former. 
Faithful to the cause of his country and after the pro- 
clamation of the independence of Brazil. Francisco Agos- 
tinho was one of the Brazilian deputies who signed the 
famous protests in which they declared their powers to be 
null, and consequently their incompetency to sign the 
Portuguese constitution. 
Agostinho Gomes did not delay his return to Bahia, 
which in 1823 elected him deputy to the Brazilian Assem- 
bly, and afterwards to the first ordinary legislature ; 
but debiltated, and almost always ill, he did not again leave 
the city of S. Salvador, but died there on the 19th of 
February 1842. 
Francisco Agostinho Gomes was versed in the latin 
and Portuguese classics, and wrote with elegance and 
purity. The Italian, French and English languages were 
familiar to him. As an amateur he made considerable 
progress in the study of botany and mineralogy, and 
made some curious collections; and also showed great 
knowledge in political economy. 
He enriched the Royal Garden at Lisbon with an im- 
mense number of plants from Brazil, classified according 279 
to the Linnean system, accompanied by interesting* obser- 
vations. 
In 183G, when the treaty of commerce between Brazil and 
Portugal was under discussion in the chamber of deputies, 
the learned Bahian published the Memoria Apologetica in 
which he displayed his remarkable knowledge of political 
economy. 
These valuable services rendered the moral and material 
progress of Brazil his debtor. 
Francisco Agostinho sent to Europe for education some 
youthful fellow-countrymen, less favored by fortune, he 
contributed to the foundation of the public Library of 
Bahia, and made a gift to it of valuable works, and some rare 
ones ; he advanced money for the introduction and propa- 
gation, of exotic plants; took part in the creation of a 
Company for melting the copper and iron discovered in Bahia. 
He introduced agricultural machines and implements, which 
he imported from England at his own expense. 
Travellers who know him intimately such as Neuwied and 
Thomaz Lindley made honorable mention of his name. 
Painfully timid and modest, Francisco Agostinho Gomes 
only published the Memoria Apologelica, and some articles 
in the Jornal da Sociedade de Agricultura, Comniercio e Indus- 
trie da Bahia. 
He was a knight of the Order of Christ, Corresponding 
member of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Ins- 
titute, and a member of the Edinburgh Natural Science 
Society, and of others also. V OF JULY 
NICOLAO RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS FRANCA E LEITE 
On the 5th of July, 1867, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 
in a most modest way, a poor funeral train accompanied 
to the cemetery the corpse of Nicol&o Rodrigues dos Santos 
Franca e Leite. 
It was, as it were, like an unknown person that death 
was carrying off, as the river carries down its stream a 
withered leaf or the dry twig of the tree growing on its 
hanks. Nicol&o Rodrigues dos Santos Franca e Leite, the 
legitimate son of Joao Rodrigues dos Santos Franca e Leite, 
and of D. Isabel Maria e Leite, was horn in the Province 
of Parahyba do Norte, and took his degree in law at the 
Academy of Olinda. 
Rich in intelligence, an advocate of repute, having in- 
herited a fortune, which the most honorable, devoted labor 
had increased, a man of honor and probity, jealous of the 282 
independence of his ideas, some of which, were out of 
date, or, as some of his friends said, touched with eccen- 
tricity. 
Dr. Franca e Leite never admitted any restraint respect- 
ing his thoughts or opinions; he passed his life, at times 
missing, at others attaining his object, on his own sole 
responsibility. From 1841 to 1849 Franca e Leite, an enthu- 
siastic liberal, save in the independence of some of his 
principles, which extended even to the most decided adhe- 
sion to the ancient privileges of primogeniture, the source 
of wealth, was, in the electoral meetings, as it were, a sub- 
chief of the party; in the Chambers a deputy, and in the 
lists of the press a disinterested champion; a free spender 
of his revenues, an orator of worth and a patriot in heart. 
In 1842 the chamber being dissolved, the revolt of the 
liberals of S. Paulo and Minas being declared, guarantees 
being suspended, Franca e Leite was one of the six illus- 
trious citizens banished to Portugal; returning, however 
to his country he passed, shortly after his period of banish- 
ment had expired, to the benches of the chamber of deputies 
in 1845, on his being elected by his Province. 
In 1848 he fell with his party ; but in the fall, he be- 
came still more bound to it: never was loyalty purer. 
The proprietor of the house and grounds of the Florist a 
in the Rua d'Ajuda, the historical and celebrated Floresta, 
(Forest) where, besides other political combination, the found- 
ation had been laid, (an abortive one it is true), for the Coup 
d'Etat of the 23rd of July, 1832: Franca e Leite there received 
the people, and presided at public meetings, encouraging 
his party to contest the election of 1853. 
Always a liberal, but finding active politics distasteful to 
him, he employed himself in material improvements, by 283 
which he reckoned on benefiting himself; but even so 
were also of great public utility; he occupied himself much 
with colonization ; he lost part of his fortune in unfortu- 
nate experiments ; and in the colony, which with enormous 
labour and great expense he had founded in the Province 
of Espirito Santo, he met with considerable losses, and, 
worse than that, had to bewail the death of a son assas- 
sinated by the Indians. 
In 1857 Dr. Nicolao Rodrigues dos Santos Franca e Leite, 
attacked with congestion of the brain, passed long months 
of suffering, confined to his bed from the consequences of 
that attack, and died, at length, almost unknown, in the 
bosom of his family. 
Filial love saved from oblivion, and published in one 
volume in octavo, of 294 pages, the important work which 
the enlightened Brazilian Franca e Leite had left written 
under the title Political considerations on the constitution of 
the Empire of Brazil. VI OF JULY 
JOSE LUIZ FRANCA 
A native of Rio de Janeiro, where he was born in the 
eighteenth century, Jose Luiz Franca, prepared himself in 
his own country to pursue a course of higher studies, and 
took his degree in law at the university of Coimbra, which 
he left with the reputation of being a very distinguished 
student, and a man of grave character. 
Following the career of magistracy he acquired the fame 
of an enlightened lawyer and of a most upright judge. 
The government of the queen, D. Maria I, confided to 
him a most delicate task, appointing him to put, to the 
marquis of Pombal in the prosecution commenced against 
that minister, the celebrated and great statesman who 
merited the name of the Portuguese Richelieu, the ne- 
cessary interrogatories. 
Josd Luiz Franca was then doing duty in the Tribunal 
of Supplicacao in Lisbon, and in the performance of that 286 
arduous and delicate duty he knew how to maintain the 
reputation so valuable for integrity and knouledge. 
Nominated afterwards chancellor of the court of Appeal 
of Rio de Janeiro, he served in this capital during the 
time of the illustrious Viceroy, Luiz de Vasconcellos e 
Souza, whose utmost confidence and highest consideration 
he enjoyed. 
On the arrival of a chancellor at Rio de Janeiro to succeed 
him and, at the same time an appointment to serve in 
the Tribunal of the Council of the Treasury of Lisbon, 
Jose Luiz Franca took his departure, either after, or in 
the year 1790, for the metropolis; having arrived there, 
however, he died in the same year a victim to malignant 
catarrhal fever. 
When chancellor of Rio de Janeiro, Jos6 Luiz Franca 
wrote, in alphabetical order, an account of all the financial 
legislation observed and in force in this capital of the 
Vice-royalty, with important and luminous explanations and 
observations. 
Jos6 Luiz Franca must necessarily havebeen a man of 
deep knowlegde and superior merit, for being a Brazilian, 
and without a family name protected by the aristocratic 
prestige of relations of note in the kingdom, he was able 
to rise so high in the career of magistracy. 
It is true, however, that he commenced to rise in the 
time of the Marquis of Pombal, who was the friend and 
protector of Brazilians. 
But the Marquis of Pombal, only protected and advanced 
Brazilians distinguished by intelligence and acknowledged 
merit. 
In the absence of positive data, let the name of this dis- 
tinguished Brazilian be registered on the 6th day of July. VII OF JULY 
BARTHOLOMEU BUENO DA SILVA 
THE ANHANGUERA 
In the last quarter of the seventeenth century commenced 
the period of the wonderful and romantic exploits of 
the S. Paulo Sertanejos (back-woodsmen). 
A. fierce and terrible race, possessed of the most daring 
intrepidity, a race of half breeds, springing from the 
connection of Portuguese with Indian women, which 
JoAo Ramalho greatly encouraged. The S. Paulo Serta- 
najos until then, wickedly and treacherously displayed 
their bravery, audacity and warlike passions by making hor- 
rible raids on the native tribes in the Interior, and 
taking as many Indian prisoners as possible, in order to 
sell them in the Slave Market. 
But in the last quarter of the century already men- 
tioned, the discovery of gold and emeralds which they 288 
begun to make beyond the mountainous country and 
towards the west, caused a progressive and rapid change 
in the object of their homeric invasions into the Interior. 
In 1647 the back-woodsman, Manoel Correa, started with 
a band of soldiers on the trail of the Indians, reached 
the lands of Goyaz and brought from thence an ounce 
and a half of gold, which he presented for a diadem that 
crowned the sacred image of Our Lady of the Penha de 
Sorocaba. 
In a journal of his travels found after his death he 
stated that he had collected that gold by means of a pewter- 
plate in the Aracys or Araes River which he had reached 
after crossing another, much larger. 
In 1682 Bartholomeu Bueno da Silva, already dreaming 
of gold and emeralds organizes a band; among them he 
takes his son, his namesake, who having reached his 
twelfth year can no longer defer entering on his apren- 
ticeship as a Sertanejo. He advances into the interior 
endeavouring to follow the direction taken by Correa; 
traverses mountains, crosses rivers, and arrives at length 
at the (River) Vennelho close to the spot where, later on, 
was founded Villa Boa (afterwards the city of Goyaz:) there 
he sees Goyaz Indians wearing ornaments of thin plates of 
gold. Close by him are Indians, tribes who, once van- 
quished in fight, would afford him hundreds of prisoners; 
the thirst of gold, however, in Bueno exceeds the desire 
of possessing slaves : on the 7th of July the Sertanejo Chief 
seeks, talks to and flatters the Goyazes, and asks them to 
take him to the place where they knew the precious 
metal existed; the savages refuse to do so and Bueno, the 
exacting and proud stranger gains a victory over him- 
self by stifling his resentment and anger. 289 
He possessed both the valor of Achilles and the cunning' 
of Ulysses; by friendly invitation he assembles together 
many Goyaz indians, orders a barrel of rum to be brought, 
and pours out as much as a deep plate will hold, applies 
a light to it, and the liquid burns with a brilliant flame 
and the backwoodsman exclaims in a terrible and threat- 
ening voice : 
- « I will cause all your rivers to burn like this in 
flames, if you do not show me where your gold exists 
and is to be found!.... 
The poor terrified indians shouted: Anhanguera!.... 
Anhanguera signifies in their language Wizard-spirit 
of evil. 
Terror stricken and submissive, the miserable Gayazes 
lead Anhanguera to the place where he collected, almost 
without trouble, a large amount of gold. 
Unfortunately Bueno da Silva sullied the glory of his 
heroic band, and the inspiration of his romantic strate- 
gem, ending by showing himself worthy of the pseudonym 
Anhanguera, the genius of evil. His once abundant harvest 
of gold acquired, Bueno da Silva on the eve of his return 
fell suddenly, and without resistance, on the Goyazes, and 
took great a number of them prisoners reserved for 
slavery. 
The name of Anhanguera was held in horror in the 
backwoods of Goyaz. 
It is requisite to judge men according to the ideas, the 
customs, and the influence of the civilization belonging to 
their age. Bueno da Silva, the Anhanguera, would be a 
wretched executioner in our present age, which, however, 
still sees men who dare to defend the enslaving of 
indians, and to outrage all the principles of humanity, of 290 
religion, of neighborly love and of God, looking upon the 
inept persecution and the wicked extermination of the 
savages, as innocent, and advisable. 
But, in the seventeenth century, Bueno da Silva acted 
in Goyaz as any other Sertanejo chief, equal to himself in 
daring and bravery, would have done. No one failed to 
envy him as far as the slaves he had conquered were 
concerned. And the name of Anhanguera remained engraved 
in the history of his country, as the title of a hero. 
Let modern civilization pardon the cruel violence of 
Bueno da Silva, the back-woodsman, educated and accus- 
tomed to hunt for Indian Slaves, and let the memory be 
honored of the romantic Anhanguera, who inspired the 
belief of his capability to set fire to, and consume in 
flames, the rivers of Goyaz. 
Anhanguera forms one of the finest episodes of the 
grand epic poem, of the S. Paulo Sertanejos. VIII OF JULY 
JOSE JOAQUIM MACHADO DE OLIVEIRA 
The legitimate son of lieutenant-colonel Francisco Ma- 
chado de Vasconcellos and of D. Anna Esmeria da Silva, 
Jose Joaquim Machado de Oliveira was born in the city of 
S. Paulo, on the 8th of July, 1790; on his father's side he 
belonged to one of the most distinguished families of 
his Province; on that of his mother, he descended from 
one of the ancestors of the celebrated French economist, 
Joao Baptista Say, who on leaving Europe had establish- 
ed himself in S. Paulo : he was the first cousin of the 
surgeon-major Francisco Alvares Machado de Vasconcellos, 
in science famous for his operations as an oculist, in par- 
liament as an eminent orator, and most skilful in brand- 
ishing the subtle arts of sarcasm mid irony. 
Machado de Oliveira was enlisted on the 10th of February 
1792, when 18 months old, and still sleeping in a cradle. 292 
Machado de Oliveira was admitted as a cadet on the 5th of 
December, 1807: in 1809 he was promoted to be Ensign, and 
two years afterwards Lieutenant; brevet Captain on the 
13th of May, 1813, was made Captain on the 29th of No- 
vember, 1817; brevet Major in December of the following 
year, and became Major on the 1st of March, 1820, and ob- 
tained the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel on the 12th 
of October, 1827. In 1818 he had passed from the second 
battalion of the legion of S. Paulo, to which he belonged, 
to the staff of the army, serving as inspector of the mil- 
itary train of Rio Grande do Sul. On the 18th of August, 
1820, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the governor of that 
same Province ; on the 12th June, 1826, he became military 
secretary; and on the 12th of October, 1827, secretary of 
the army of the south. 
Dates are not spared when they speak eloquently of 
brilliant actions; the first are forgotten which merely 
mark the soldier in his cradle, the joining the service, 
and the first post obtained under the bright prospects 
of youth: the others must conform with the country's 
history, and in them will also be seen the wars, and 
the campaigns of the south until the peace of 1828: 
here lies the eulogy in dates, here are dates, which 
tally with noble actions, marking the acquisition of posts, 
and of epaulettes, graduations and distinctions, which in- 
creased the devotion of the well deserving soldier, and the 
gratitude of the State for the services of the brave. 
The fights and battles of S. Borja and of the Passes do 
Uruguay, of Arapchy, and of Catalao, of Taquarembd, and 
of the Passo do Rozario, and the combats of Ibicuhy and 
of lapeja and of Itacorohy witnessed the intrepidity, the 
intelligence and zeal of the illustrious Machado de Oliveira, 293 
who in those terrible martial games in which the valiant 
stake their lives in honor of the country, commanded on 
various occasions: at one time, the infantry, at another, the 
artillery. 
For the glory of a citizen, these laurels of a soldier 
are sufficient; but the distinguished son of S. Paulo still 
toiled in two fields, to the immense advantage of the 
country: in the field of civic life, and in that of a literary 
one. 
One always seeks water from a limpid and full foun- 
tain: the State continually asks tribute from enlightened 
patriotism. 
Jose Joaquim Machado de Oliveira was, at the time 
of the political formation of Brazil, appointed a member of 
the provisional Government, and immediately afterwards 
of the first Provincial council of Rio Grande do Sul; he 
was commandant of arms in Sergipe in 1830; was presi- 
dent of the province of Par& in 1832; of Alagoas in 1834 ; 
of Santa Catharina in 1837, and of Espirito Santo in 1840. He 
was elected deputy to the General Assembly for Rio Grande 
do Sul, in the first legislature, by the province of his birth 
in the eighth, member of the provincial assembly of Santa 
Catharina once, of that of S. Paulo twice. 
In the political strife, in constitutional debates, in 
active life, on the stage of the great theatre, as well as 
in private retirement from fatigues and illusions, he was 
always a liberal, and in the immense world of varying 
colors, the example of unshaken firmness in his political 
creed of energetic constancy which may break but not 
bend, peculiar to those sons of S. Paulo who were called 
Feijo, Andradas, Paula e Souza and Alvares Machado. 
In the first reign the political creed of Jose Joaquim 294 
Machado de Oliveira was tested in a serious and doubtful 
cause, as gold is proved by fire. In the Chamber of Dep- 
uties, of which he was member, there was a discussion on 
the accusation of the minister of war, Joaquim de Oliveira 
Alvares, who, besides being a minister, was a general. 
Officers of the army who filled the galleries of the 
House, threatened the elected of the people, daring even to 
interrupt with insulting cries, the aged Dr. Franca, the 
fearless philosopher. The hour for voting arrived, which was 
by individual nomination, and Machado de Oliveira, the libe- 
ral, defied the threats intended to coerce him. As deputy, he 
forgot that he was a soldier, and voted for the accusation 
of the minister of war. 
The capacity and enlightened intelligence of so service- 
able a citizen, were again acknowledged by the imperial 
government when they chose him to perform most impor- 
tant duties, notwithstanding that in the consecutive order 
of the nominations, some interfered with the execution of 
others. 
On the 20th of April, 1843, Machado de Oliveira was 
appointed Charge d'Affairs and consul general of Brazil in 
the Republics of Peru and Bolivia: on the 16th of June, 
1844, he was commissioned to draw a hydrographic map of 
the rivers Paraguay and Parana ; on the 24th of July of the 
same year, by order of the government, he had to examine 
the iron foundry of Ypanema, and to write a report on 
its state, and necessary improvements: on the 14th of 
March, 1846, he was nominated director-general of the In- 
dians of the province of S. Paulo, and on the 21st 'of 
February 1856, delegate of the Director-general of public 
lands in the same province. 
The weight of years, and the fatigue of incessant 295 
labors, induced Machado de Oliveira to claim his retiring 
pension as colonel, leave for which he obtained by letters 
patent of the 23rd February, 1844, having served more 
than thirty-five years, and to fall back upon the friendly 
and affectionate breast of his native province: but, even 
there, the devoted Brazilian could not resist the call of 
patriotism. 
In S. Paulo he served as president of the committee, 
appointed to inspect the House of Correction of the Capital, 
as first substitute of the delegate of Police, and as presi- 
dent of the municipal Chamber of the same city during a 
term of four years. After being Commandant of arms, and 
directing the high administration of Provinces, after occu- 
pying a seat in the Chamber of deputies in three legisla- 
tures, Jose Joaquim Machado de Oliveira proceeded nobly to 
ask the people's vote in the Municipal Electionss, and accepts 
a place of substitute to the delegate of police: do not 
praise his modesty, wonder at his greatness : he did not 
lower, he raised himself: the plough of Cincinnatus was 
more lofty than the dictature; but the patriotism that does 
not measure the degrees of public employments, and 
that exercises the most modest, after having held some of 
the |most considerable, is more lofty than the plough of 
Cincinnatus. 
Now, the soldier and citizen, the man of war and politi- 
cian, is about to show himself under another aspect. The 
warrior's tent had been the cabinet of study, the struggles 
of parties had not exclusivly absorbed, in the depths of pas- 
sions, the intelligence and the zeal of the well-deserving 
Machado de Oliveira : he was the Paladin of one political 
party, only because he loved his country ; and wherever 
there was a field that the love of country could plough, 296 
the learned son of S. Panlo exhibited himself as an untir- 
ing husbandman. The history and geography of Brazil, 
were for that reason the studies of his predilection. 
On the 10th of August, 1838, two generous and patriotic 
voices, those of canon Januario da Cunha Barboza, and of 
Field Marshal Raimundo Jose da Cunha Mattos, proposed 
in the Society Auxiliadora da Industria Nacional the foun- 
dation of the Historical and Geographical Institute of 
Brazil; and in the endeavour to raise the temple consecra- 
ted to the country's History, one of the most active and 
laborious workmen was Jos& Joaquim Machado de Oliveira. 
The founders of a great institution are, as it were, pa- 
triarchs of a people; Jos6 Joaquim Machado de Oliveira 
was more than an honorary associate, he was a founder 
associate, one of the fathers of the Brazilian Historical and 
Geographical Institute. 
Since 1838, from the birth of the Brazilian Historical and 
Geographical Institute, up to a very recent date, the old 
founder-associate filled the archives, and the Quarterly Review 
of that association, with studies, memoirs, works on ob- 
scure points of our ancient and modern history: and they 
were so many, that it would be a long* task to enumerate 
them, almost all of them are to be found printed in that 
Review. 
Besides the precious fruits of his lucubrations, a tribute 
presented, through paternal love, to the Historical and 
Geographical Institute of Brazil, Jos6 Joaquim Machado de 
Oliveira wrote an excellent book on the geography of his 
much-loved Province, and left a rich treasure, in the shape 
of manuscripts and documents relating to the country's 
History. 
Effective associate, and subsequently an honorary one, of 297 
the Society « Auxiliadora da Industria National, » Macha- 
do de Oliveira was also the founder and president of the 
Society « Auxiliadora da Agricultura, Commercio e Artes » 
of the Province of S. Paulo. 
The width of his breast was scarcely sufficient to hold 
the decorations which attested his merit, for besides the 
insignia of the Imperial Order of the Rose, and of the 
commandery of S. Bento de A viz, on it shone all the me- 
dals of the campaigns in which he had served. 
By decree of the 1st of October 1835 he was granted an 
annual pension of 1:200$ approved by the resolution of 
the 31st of October 1837, which he, although poor, gave 
up to the urgencies of the state, when, in 1863, British pre- 
potency stirred up the patriotism of the Brazilians. 
That illustrious man, Jose Joaquim Machado de Oliveira, 
died on the 16th of August, 1867, in the capital of the Pro- 
vince of S. Paulo, and was buried where he had been born: 
he was 77 years of age, of which 60 had been spent in the 
service of his country. IX OF JULY 
JOAO PEREIRA DARRIGEE FARO 
Joao Pereira Darnque Faro, the legitimate son of Joaquim 
Jos6 Pereira de Faro and of D. Anna Rita de Faro, was 
born on the 9th of July, 1803, in Rio de Janeiro. 
Being destined to a life of commerce, which was his 
father's profession, he went through a course of study at 
the commercial school, and served with the greatest zeal 
and aptitude, which was at once tried in the first Bank of 
Brazil. 
When, at the time of the Independence, D. Pedro I wish- 
ing to have around him the sons of the principal and 
richest families, he created the Guard of Honor. Joao Faro 
entered it, and was promoted from the post of cornet to 
that of major, and commanded the Guard which in 1826 
accompanied the Emperor to Bahia. 300 
Joaquim Faro, his father, was a native of Portugal, and 
in Rio de Janeiro acquired by commerce and farming, a 
considerable fortune. In 1822 he adopted the cause of the 
Independence of Brazil and was a devoted citizen to his 
new country. In the last years of the reign of D. Pedro I 
when international hatred became inflamed, and the liberal 
party made the most energetic opposition to 'the Govern- 
ment of the Emperor, he counseled his sons that they 
should without showing exaltation, but with a frank and 
decided spirit show themselves liberals and Brazilians 
jealous of the national honor. 
Joao Faro showed himself worthy of the noble sentiments 
of his father, whom he saw with pride, in 1833, included in 
the triple list for Senator side by side with father Diogo 
Antonio Feijo, and of Antonio Jose do Amaral, by election 
of the Province of Rio de Janeiro. 
Bound immediately after the 7th of April, 1831, to the mo- 
derate liberal party, Joao Faro rendered important services 
to public order, in command of the Santa Rita battalion 
of the National Guard of the city of Rio de Janeiro, being 
afterwards chief of a legion, and at times later on fulfilling 
the functions of the chief commander. 
When in 1836 the liberal party split into fractions, 
and Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos raised with masterly 
ability the conservative party, Joao Faro, at first displeased 
at the antagonism in which he saw his old political friends 
so united from 1831 to 1835, finally finished by having an 
inclination to join, newly hoisted his flag but with that 
tolerance, moderation, and spirit of justice, of which he 
always gave proofs up to his death. 
In 1842, for instance, when the liberal revolt of S. Paulo 
had been put down, the Senators Feijo and Vergueiro as 301 
rebel chiefs, arrived as prisoners at Rio de Janeiro, it is 
only most just to remember that the first friends who 
presented themselves on board the vessel to offer all their 
services to the two well deserving citizens, then under 
persecution, were two conservatives, one being the vene- 
rated Commander Ayrosa, the present Baron of Sapucaia, 
and the other, Joao Faro. 
The services of this most amiable and excellent citizen 
were triply conspicuous in divers directions. 
A rich merchant, very intelligent, of immaculate pro- 
bity, a man of recognized weight, the government called 
him to be a member of the mixed Brazilian and Portuguese 
commission; to distribute the shares of the D. Pedro II 
Railway; to be Vice-President of the new Bank of Brazil; 
first vice-president of the Tribunal of Commerce, and for 
other Commissions. 
The man of progress and charity now accepts the 
direction of the theatres, and through long years in the 
Santa Caza da Misericordia, in the Asylum of D. Pedro II, 
of which establishment he was the scrivener, in the 
Asylum of Santa Leopoldina in Nictheroy, of which he was 
Governor, his devotion, his beneficent disposition, labored 
with activity and untiring- zeal. 
Being an agriculturist and proprietor of coffee estates 
in the district of Vassouras, of the Province of Rio de 
Janeiro, he introduces agricultural improvements; is like 
a father to his slaves, and contributes notably towards 
the opening of roads, of which the principal and, indeed, 
the first, and most important, before the introduction of 
railroads, was the road called the President Pedreiras, 
and which deservedly honored the name of the President 
of the Province who sanctioned and hastened the execu- 302 
tion of the respective project: Sr. Dr. Luiz Pedreira de 
Couto Ferraz, the present Viscount do Bom Retire, 
Senator of the Empire, and Councillor of State. 
The popular vote likewise did not allow him to rest; it 
honored Joao Faro's name. He was almost always one of 
the electors, belonged to the senate of the municipal 
chamber of the City of Rio de Janeiro, had in sundry 
legislatures a seat, in the Provincial Assembly of Rio de 
Janeiro, and in an election of another nature, he was 
deemed worthy of being named a deputy of the Tribunal 
of Commerce, and that of a member of the Directory of 
the Bank of Brazil. 
Since 1850, he four times exercised the office of Vice- 
President of the Province of Rio de Janeiro, with so 
much ability and good sense, that he suffered from no 
opposition nor did he excite the complaints of the liberal 
party, then excluded from all official positions. 
When he retired from the administration of the Prov- 
ince, that same Province awarded him the first place in 
the triple list for the election of a Senator, in which 
the Senator Euzebio de Queiroz was elected, being the 
chief of the greatest prestige in the conservative party 
at that time. The first Emperor decorated Joao Faro with 
the badge of a knight of the Imperial Order of the Cru- 
zeiro ; with the badge, and afterwards with the comman- 
dery of the Order of Christ, and in 1830 with that of 
the Imperial Order of the Rose. The second Emperor, 
D. Pedro II, nominated him comptroller of H. M. the 
Empress' household, conferred on him the title of Baron 
of Rio Bonito, wihch Joaquim Faro bore at the time 
of his death, and afterwards raised him to the title of 
Viscount. 303 
Viscount of Rio Bonito, a man still richer in virtues 
than in fortune, which, notwithstanding-, was more than 
sufficient, died on the 11th of November, 1856, at the ag-e 
of fifty-three. X OF JULY 
DIOGO DUARTE SILVA 
Diogo Duarte Silva, who became a deserving Brazilian, 
was the legitimate son of Diogo Romualdo da Silva, and 
of D. Anna Victoria da Silva, and was born in Setubal, in 
the kingdom of Portugal on the 10th of July, 1774. Fortune 
prepared for him a second country, and Brazil added one 
more to the number of her illustrious sons : leaving his 
native land when still very young, Duarte Silva was per- 
forming the duties of deputy in the Exchequer court of the 
Province of Santa Catharina, when the enthusiastic cry of 
the Independence called the Brazilians to the field of 
honor. 
Diogo Duarte Silva did not hesitate: he had the cause 
of Brazil at heart, and that cause was noble, holy, enthu- 
siastic, excited all sympathies, and kindled valor and de- 
votion in all generous minds: Duarte Silva was one of the 306 
most decided upholders of the Independence in the Province 
of Santa Catharina, which recognizing- the right of this 
deserving man, and appreciating his talents and virtue, 
very quickly chose him to represent that Province in the 
Brazilian Assembly. 
Seated among those who were to be the architects of 
the great political monument, Diogo Duarte Silva was one 
of the first who comprehended the beneficent secret of the 
harmony of monarchical and popular elements, which is 
the sure foundation of our system of Government: and 
being moderate and prudent, never permitting himself to 
be led away by the caprice of parties, nor turned aside 
impelled by political passions, he resisted the tempests of 
1823 and armed with the consciousness of right, remained 
unassailable. 
His Province again sent him to Parliament in the first 
legislature, and from that time the chamber of deputies 
always looked on him as one of their most laborious mem- 
bers, up to the year 1837. 
Diogo Duarte Silva never gained the palm, nor did he 
ornament his brow with the laurels of an exaggerated tri- 
bune, who casts himself violently into a war of words, and 
shines triumphantly amidst the flame of the passions which 
he had kindled: no: his mission was a pleasanter and more 
benevolent one: it was in the intricate and deep discussions 
on economy and finances, that his safe and reflective rea- 
soning acted with weight on the minds of his fellow legis- 
lators ; it was in the arduous labors of committees of finance, 
that the precision of his calculation and the light of his 
intelligence shortened the debates, made clear the doubtful 
points, and pointed out the path of truth. 
His merit also was never denied, and so much respect 307 
did he deserve from his fellow citizens, so much esteem 
did he enjoy in the Province he had adopted, that his 
name was twice inscribed on the triple list offered to the 
crown for its choice of Senators. 
Retired from parliamentary and political life since 1837, 
he devoted himself entirely, thenceforward, to administra- 
tive offices which he was called upon to fill, and to finan- 
cial and economical labors which were those he had a 
predilection for. 
He served, as has already been said, as deputy to the 
Exchequer court of the Province of Santa Catharina ever 
since the commencement of this institution, until he was 
appointed Secretary of the Presidency of that same Pro- 
vince, by the Government of the first Emperor: at the end 
of five years, in which he gave proofs of the most devoted 
zeal, he asked to be permitted to resign that employment 
and return to the first. 
On the Exchequer courts being extinct, and Treasuries 
created, Diogo Duarte Silva became the Inspector of the 
Treasury of Santa Catharina, being raised in 1834 to the 
post of Inspector-General of the Public Treasury, a charge, 
the duties of which he fulfilled with the greatest intelli- 
gence and devotion. 
In 1837 he abandoned the career of a public servant; 
not because he sought, in idleness, rest from so long a 
season of labor, but solely, because he interested himself 
in the carrying out of another mission, which was espe- 
cially and most intimately connected with the studies of 
his predilection. 
The Commercial Bank had just been organized, and 
Diogo Duarte Silva accepted the appointment of secretary 
of that important establishment of credit, and showed such 308 
aptitude, and so long was the series of important services 
rendered by him, that in the organization of the Bank of- 
Brazil he was considered worthy of being included in the 
number of its Directors, by the spontaneous vote of the 
most brilliant and enlightened majority. 
Diogo Duarte Silva continued in this last employment 
until his death, having always been treated with distinction 
by the commercial body, which deposited in him the ful- 
lest confidence. 
Honored, with the patent of councillor given to him, by 
H. M. The Emperor; by the people, through the faithful 
and repeated expression of their feelings in the electoral 
urns; by the ministers, with the acknowledgment of the 
solicitude with which he served in his different employ- 
ments ; and by all honest men who justly appreciated his 
virtues, and the esteem to which he had an incontestable 
right, Diogo Duarte Silva descended into the grave on the 
24th of May, 1857, leaving for inheritence to his numerous 
family, an irreproachable reputation and unblemished name. XI OF JULY 
DOMINGOS RAMOS 
Domingos Ramos, the legitimate son of Manoel Ramos 
Parentes, and of Andreza Cazada, was a native of the city 
of Bahia where he was born on the 27th of April 1653. He 
entered the company of Jesus on the' 30th of July 1666, at 
the age of thirteen years and three months. 
He studied in the college of the Jesuits the learning and 
the sciences which were therein taught, the masters won- 
dering at his ease of comprehension, and at his brilliant 
intellect: he taug-ht in the same college the humanities, 
philosophy, and theology during the space of twelve 
years. 
Elected Procurator General of his Province at the court 
of Rome, he departed in 1694 for the Eternal city, and 
there enjoyed the utmost confidence of his General, Tyrso, 
and earned the reputation of a great theologist and deeply 
learned man. 310 
Returning to his country he taught theology and was 
called the Deacon of the general studies of the college. 
Already very old, he was still a shining star as a teach- 
er, and in the pulpit. 
He died on the 11th of July 1728. 
He left two printed sermons, and in manuscript, that 
was lost, a work which bore the title of-Course of Philo- 
sophy- as Balthazar da Silva Lisboa informs us. XII OF JULY 
FRANCISCO BERNARDINO RIBEIRO 
Among the youths of remarkable intelligence, and great 
hopes, whose early career resplendent with future pro- 
mises of knowledge but prematurely removed by death 
from their country's affection, perspicuously figures the name 
of Francisco Bernardino Ribeiro. 
The legitimate son of Francisco das Chagas Ribeiro, and 
of D. Bernardina Rosa Ribeiro, be was born on the 12th of 
July 1814 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, aud possessed extra- 
ordinary talent. In two years, he learned the latin language 
from the severe and exacting professor, the celebrated 
Father Agostinho. In the schools of philosophy and rhe- 
toric he surpassed the most promising of his companions : 
in the latter he recited a discourse of his own composition, 
when he was 14 years of age, on Louis XIV which electri- 
fied his master. 312 
In 1830 he matriculated in the law course of S. Paulo, 
and there he excelled in every one of the lective years, by the 
extraordinary gifts of his mind; he studied with frantic 
energy, and there was only to be remarked in him the 
ambitious desire of conquest with which he rushed on the 
multitude of occupations, that embraced a diversity of 
matters. 
Both, colleagues and masters, called him the-little master 
-and Sr. Magalhaes, the present Viscount of Araguaya, 
the poet of the-Tamoijos - said of him: « the little master 
became master when he was only twenty one years of age » 
Indeed, when twenty one years of age he obtained, or 
rather took, the degree of Doctor; he contested the sub- 
professorship of the faculty of law of S. Paulo, but having 
no competitor to oppose him, on the 11th of January 1836 
he was appointed professor. 
He had left behind him a reputation which excited en- 
thusiasm, when a student on the benches of the Academy. 
In his second year in 1831, after the 7th of April, he had 
published and edited brilliantly and patriotically, the Voz 
Paulistana. 
The canon Januario da Cunha Barboza giving an opi- 
nion on his writings, said of him:-« His tolerance was 
exemplary and his morality such, that there never came 
from his lips an expression by which decency could be 
offended. 
In his fifth academic year he took upon himself the 
editorship of the periodical Novo Pharol Paulistano, and 
founded the literary society Pliilomatica; and at the same 
time that he was distinguishing in the schools, he em- 
ployed himself in private-teaching, pleaded eloquently be- 
fore Juries, directed literary academic associations, and 313 
still found time to become absorbed in the perusal of great 
poets, and in cultivating poetry, of which he left slight, 
but beautiful evidences of his brilliant imagination and 
dazzling genius. 
With such splendid antecedents, with a reputation already 
so firmly based, he rose to be the professor of the school 
of which he had been a pupil, to leave it soon clothed in 
mourning for his premature death. 
That youth who promised a great future paid the frenzy 
of study, the thirst for knowledge, the almost incessant 
labor, the hallucination of glory-with the martyrdom of 
consumption which led him to his last agony and to death 
on the 16th of June 1837, some weeks before he had com- 
pleted his thirty-third year. 
The most eloquent voices lamented the death of that 
genius which was extinguished in the finest period of life. 
Amongst many authorized and worthy representatives of 
the countrys, literature who honored the memory of that 
youth of marvellous intelligence, without doubt Dr. Ro- 
drigues Silva, now a Senator af the Empire, surpassed 
himself by the inspiration, by the sentiment, by the impe- 
rishable beauty contained in the moving lament. 
It is that lament which commences thus: 
« Nictherohy I Nictherohy! where is that smile with 
which thy lips in owiher times, charmed us? 
« Thy cheeks are no longer of the color of the jambo, 
nor do thy eyes lighten with joy.... 
And which afterwards exclaims: 
« March forward offspring of hope!... 
« But where is he?... Does he not go before you ? 
« Oh!... What has become of the king of youth? » XIII OF JULY 
JOSE DE PAIVA MAGALHAES CALVET 
Jos£ de Paiva Magalhaes Cal vet, the legitimate son of 
Joao Antonio Calvet and of D. Rita Maria de Magalhaes, 
was born on the 19th of March, 1808, in the city of Porto- 
Alegre, capital of the Province of S. Pedro do Rio Grande 
do Sul, and having made his primary studies there, came 
to Rio de Janeiro to complete his course of humanities, 
and on the 20th of October, 1827, he entered the navy as 
an aspirant, and followed and concluded with distinction 
the course of study of that school. 
In 1831 he asked for and obtained his discharge : he was 
of a weak constitution and very delicate in health; in the 
schools his intelligence was conspicuous, for sea-life how- 
ever, the indispensable robustness of constitution was want- 
ing. 
He set out for his Province, and there obtained in a 
competitive examination the public professorship of geo- 316 
metry, and held all the offices to which he was elected 
by the popular voice. As president of the Municipal 
Chamber from time to time he also acted as substitute to the 
chief district-judge: he lent himself to serve the employ- 
ment « Promotor » of the National Guard, and often was 
fiscal procurator to the Provincial Treasury. 
He was considered worthy to be elected to the first legis- 
lature of the Assembly of his Province, and at once gave 
proofs of his enlightened intelligence and great adminis- 
trative capacity. 
But the tremendous rebellion, which was destined to rage 
for nine years over the plains of Rio Grande do Sul, then 
suddenly broke out. 
Magalhaes Calvet was, and always had been, a firm and 
unshaken liberal: either suspected of being, or really favor- 
able to the revolutionary movement, he was arrested and 
sent to Rio de Janeiro, where he shortly after, and doubtless 
through the absence of proofs of culpability, was released 
and set at liberty, destitute, however, of means, in a 
state of poverty, and having a family to support. 
A model husband, and a loving father, instead of bewail- 
ing his fortune, he worked courageously and actively: 
learned, and having had much experience, he became an 
advocate, and in a most honorable practice he gained the 
means of living, and enjoyed well-deserved credit. 
But advocacy was merely a resource, to which he was 
obliged to turn. 
The ministry of the majority duly appreciated his worth: 
Antonio Carlos de Andrade Machado, minister of the Em- 
pire, appointed him to a place in the respective secretary's 
office, and, later on, another minister, and the highest in 
category of the liberal party, Alves Branco, afterwards 317 
Viscount of Caravellas, raised him to the post of first 
clerk of the same secretary's office. 
Magalhaes Cal vet, in this capacity displayed the highest 
gifts that the most able administrative chief could do, 
and three years previous to his death drew up, with the 
intention of offering it to the minister, a most comprehen- 
sive reform affecting his Department, and in which he 
contemplated enlisting- Goncalves Dias, and other literary 
men, whom he sought to entice, with the most charming 
amiability, by requesting and receiving from them a few 
unimportant compositions dictated by selfish patriotism, an 
allurement which failed in its results. 
In 1853 Magalhaes Calvet saw himself exposed to a more 
serious and more difficult trial. His Province gave him a 
seat in the Chamber of Deputies. As a liberal, he could not 
support the conservative cabinet; still he was the chief 
clerk of the Secretary's office of the ministry of the 
Empire, a post which depended, and ought to depend, on 
the minister's fullest confidence. 
On the one hand the loyalty of the political man, on the 
other the bread of his family depended. 
Nevertheless Calvet poor, a husband and father, did 
not hesitate; he obeyed the choice of his Province, took his 
seat in the chamber, asked for permission to speak, and 
declared himself in opposition to the ministry. 
The then minister of the Empire was the marquis of 
Mont'Alegre. 
On Magalhaes Calvet terminating his speech, one of the 
deputies of the majority, somewhat unworthily asked of 
that minister: 
« V hat does your Excellency think of the chief clerk of 
your Excellency's office. » 318 
The marquis of Mont'Alegre promptly replied: 
« I think and know that he is a liberal deputy, and in 
opposition here, but is moreover a model of loyalty in the 
Secretary's office of which he is, and will continue to be 
chief clerk. » 
Magalhaes Calvet and the marquis of Mont'Alegre were 
worthy of comprehending each other, as they did. This 
fact honors both their memories. 
Josd de Paiva MagalhAes Calvet died on the 13th of 
July of the same year, 1853, leaving in orphanage and 
poverty, his children, who fortunately found a most zealous 
and virtuous protector and father in their uncle, a man of 
saintly heart, Joao Antonio de Magalhaes Calvet. 
In public life, displaying firmness in political principles, 
loyalty and honor which could not be surpassed, in pri- 
vate life, amenity and virtue, family affection, the admi- 
ration of his friends, such was Jose de Paiva Magalhaes 
Calvet. XIV OF JULY 
FRIAR JOSE PEREIRA DE SANT'ANNA 
A native of Rio de Janeiro, where he was born in the 
year 1696, Jos6 Pereira, surnamed « Bacon » until he became 
a Carmelite, was the legitimate son of Simon Pereira de 
S& e Salinas and of Anna Bacon, of French descent. 
When studying in Rio de Janeiro, he displayed from 
the first a marvellous talent. He had an admirable me- 
mory, and was as distinguished in literature as in music. 
He composed beautiful verses both in Portuguese and in 
Latin, and sacred music, which was executed at the 
religious festivals of the churches and in private oratories 
in the city. 
On the 13th of July, 1715, he retired to the cloister of 
the monastry of Carmel and professed on the 14th of the 320 
same month of the following year, having exchanged the 
name of Bacon for that of Sant'Anna. 
By license of the Provincial Superior obtained by his 
father, who was proud of such a son, Friar Josd Pereira de 
Sant'Anna went to Portugal, and in the University of 
Coimbra he became a doctor in theology on the 17th of 
May, 1725, and returning to his native convent he there 
instructed his brother-monks in philosophy, theology 
and morality, and was the first who, in Brazil, explained 
the doctrines of his master, John Bacon. 
Having obtained exemption from his duties on account 
of long' service, he returned to Portugal, and was by Royal 
decree made a member of that provincial establishment of 
Carmel. He served as a subtitute professor of philosophy 
in the university of Coimbra, and undertook to write the 
history of the Carmelite order. 
He was appointed Qualificator of the Holy Office, Chro- 
nicler of the Province in 1740, President of the chapter 
in Lisbon in 1749, having received by letter's patent of 
the 28th of March 1744 the privileges of Provincial Supe- 
rior. 
He was the confessor of the Princess, afterwards D. 
Maria I, and of the Infantas her sisters. 
He died on the 31st of January 1759 in the palace of 
Salvaterra. 
He wrote the following works: 
Os dois Atlantes da Ethiopia, Santo Elesbdo Imperador XLV11 
da Abyssinia, Advogado dos perigos do mar, and Santa Ephige- 
nia, Princeza da Nubia, advogada dos incendios dos edificios-2 
vols. 
Vida da insigne mestra do espirito, a lirtuosa madre Maria 
Perpetua da Luz, religiosa Carmelita do convento de Beja. 321 
Chronica dos Carmel itas da antiga e regular observancia nes- 
tes Reinas de Portugal Algarve e sens dominios-2 rots. 
The third and fourth volumes of this work were lost in 
the fire which took place in the convent of the Carmo 
caused by the earthquake of 1755. XV OF JULY 
ANTONIO DE MORAES SUVA 
A native of the city of Rio de Janeiro, where he was 
born, somwhere between the years 1750 and 1760, Antonio 
Moraes Silva studied some of the preparatories in that city 
and immediately afterwards went to Coimbra, in which 
University he took the degree of bachelor of law. 
Sr. Varnhagen (the present Viscount of Porto Seguro) 
informs us in his biography of this eminent Brazilian, 
that Antonio de Moraes Silva arrived at the University, 
both pronouncing and speaking very incorrectly the Por- 
tuguese language, and he suffered so much ridicule on that 
account from his colleagues, that he had protested, he 
would revenge himself on them in a most worthy and 
effective way; that from that time he had given himself 
up to the most persevering and severe study of the Por- 
tuguese classics, becoming shortly so remarkable for 324 
knowing, and in the use of the tongue, that he amused 
himself by correcting, and giving lessons to those who 
had laughed at him, and also by pointig out the errors 
of the masters themselves, who were affected with the 
habit of using gallicisms. 
Having obtained the degree of bachelor, Moraes went to 
London, and the same biographer already cited, says that 
he does not know for what motive. 
In his manuscripts, presented to the historical and 
Geographical Brazilian Institute, on referring to « Dis- 
tinguished and learned citizens of Rio de Janeiro » Balt- 
hazar da Silva Lisboa makes a passing remark respecting 
Antonio Moraes Silva to the effect, that to avoid the persecution 
of the tribunal of the Holy Office he had fled to France. 
If this be true, Moraes did not remain long in France 
as B. da Silva Lisboa on the otherhand erroneously states, 
seing that it was in London that he resided for some time 
and obtained the protection of Viscount de BalsemSo : and 
there became familiar with the English language from 
which he translated the History of Portugal published in 
Lisbon in 1788. 
Moraes translated from the French, then or later-Re- 
creates do homem sensivel of Arnaud; and in this, as in the 
other translations proved his perfect knowledge of the 
vernacular tongue. 
But in the year 1789 the printing house of Simao Thaddeo 
Ferreira, in Lisbon published the first edition of the Dic- 
tionary of the Portuguese Language, by Antonio de Moraes 
Silva who reared, by means of this work, for himself, a 
lasting monument. During almost a whole century, no 
Portuguese Lexicographer could dispute with him the 
palm of merit, notwithstanding that his dictionary had 325 
its defects. Antonio de Moraes Silva appears afterwards in 
the career of the magistracy being sent to Brazil and, 
they say, (so wrote the learned Sr. Innocencio Francisco 
daSilva in his precious Portuguese Bibliographical Dictio- 
nary) that he occupied therein the post of chief judge of the court 
of Appeal of Bahia, when in consequence of a disagreement 
which he had with the chancellor, he resigned the place 
and retired to Pernambuco. Balthazar da Silva Lisboa in 
his already cited manuscript's article says, that he was 
a magistrate in Bahia and would no longer continue 
his career as magistrate. 
It is certain that Moraes retired to Pernambuco, acquired 
property, had a sugar estate, was the colonel of militia 
in Moribeca, and the Government bestowed on him the 
patent of Capitao-M6r of the Recife. 
In his new sugar estate of Moribeca he finished com- 
posing, on the 15th of July 1802, (a date well verified in so 
long and illustrious a life) his Epitomy of the grammar of 
the Portuguese tongue, published, for the first time, in Lisbon, 
in the printing-office of Thaddeo in the year 1806. 
The great Lexicographer already a sexagenarian, and 
in his pleasant retreat, his sugar estate of Moribeca, was 
surprised, on the 7th of March 1817, by being named 
member of the council of the Republican government, or- 
ganised by the chiefs of the Revolution which had been 
declared, and was victorious on that day. 
The old man Antonio de Moraes Silva showed himself 
in Olinda only to offer his thanks for, but not to accept 
that testimony of consideration and public esteem. 
A complete stranger to the revolutionary movement, he 
only lamented in his respected retreat the horrible ex- 
cesses of the Governor Luiz do Rego, and the power, 326 
still more cruel in the most violent and barbarous reaction, 
of triumphant and crushing legal authorities. 
Antonio de Moraes Silva, the Portuguese Lixicographer, 
died at his new sugar estate of Moribeca almost in such 
retirement, so unknown, and so unexpectedly that one does 
not even know, with certainty, the date of his decease. 
He was a distinguished man, conspicuous in the first 
line of the representatives of the civilization of his time in 
the Portuguese world : no one can, up to this day, deny 
him the deserved glory of being the first Lexicographer 
of the Portuguese language. 
Jose Bonifacio wrote in one of his best odes : 
« Proud pyramids are levelled to the earth, obelisks are 
buried. 
« An Iliad remains, and there remains an Enaid. 
As a bright memorial of the eminent Brazilian Antonio 
de Moraes Silva, his Dictionary of the Portuguese language 
is a sufficient one. XVI OF JULY 
JOSE DA SILVA LISBOA 
VISCOUNT DE CAYRU 
Jos6 da Silva Lisboa was born in the city of S. Salvador 
of Bahia on the 16th of July 1756, and was the son of Hen- 
ri que da Silva Lisboa, a Portuguese, by profession an 
architect, and of D. Helena Nunes de Jesus, a native of 
Bahia. 
With an ardent love for learning, he commenced at 
eight years of age to study latin, and afterwards attended 
the classes of rational and moral Philosophy in the con- 
vent of the Carmelites, and at the same time learned music, 
and to play the piano: he sailed for Lisbon, completed his 
preparatory studies, and proceeded in 1774 to the Univer- 
sity of Coimbra, in which he matriculated himself. 
Wishing to have a better and more profound knowledge 
of sacred litterature, he studied Greek and Hebrew with 
such ardor, that in the vear 1778, as a result of the com- 328 
petitive public examination which he underwent, he was 
nominated by Academical letters, to be substitute to the 
professor of those languages. In 1778 he took the degree 
of bachelor in canon law and in philosophy. 
Having to return to his country, he obtained, by a re- 
solution of the royal council-board of censorhip to fill the 
professor's chair of rational and moral philosophy in the 
city of Bahia, where he also created a professorship of 
the Greek tongue which he taught for five years, under 
the title of substitute, until the real arrived. 
Having taught during twenty years he returned to 
Lisbon, was exempted from his duties on account of long 
service, and the Prince regent, afterwards king D. Joao VI, 
nominated him deputy and secretary to the Board of In- 
spection of the city of Bahia, an employment in which 
Silva Lisboa rendered important services to the agriculture 
and commerce of the then capitania. 
In 1801, he inaugurated the numerous and brilliant 
series of his works, publishing in Lisbon his Principios de 
Direito Mercantile in eight elementary treatises, a book 
which was reprinted in the same city, and published in 
London. 
Filled with enthusiasm by the celebrated work of Adam 
Smith, he wrote and published in Lisbon in the year 1804 
the Principios de Economia Politico, which was received 
with general applause. He had already confirmed his 
reputation of an eminent literary man, lawyer, and poli- 
tical economist, when the ship which brought the regent 
D. Joao to Brazil put into Bahia. 
Jose da Silva Lisboa availed himself of his acquaintance 
with D. Fernando Josd de Portugal, afterwards Count de 
Aguiar, proposed and councelled the throwing open the 329 
ports of Brazil to the commerce of all nations, an excellent 
measure which was at once realized by the Decree of the 
24th of January 1808. 
Accompanying the prince regent to Rio de Janeiro, and 
nominated professor of political economy, Silva Lisboa 
energetically defending that measure, against the adoption 
of which many Portuguese Merchants used their utmost 
efforts, sent to the press in that same year, and in that 
city, his Observacbes sobre o commercio franco Part I and Part 
II, in which he refuted the arguments of the apologists of 
colonial monopoly. 
The tribunal of the board of commerce, agriculture, ma- 
nufactures and navigation of Brazil being created, Silva 
Lisboa was appointed a deputy therein, being entrusted 
with the most difficult commissions, such as among others 
that of organizing the regulations for consuls, and the 
project of a commercial code,-this last work he greatly 
forwarded but did not finish it. 
In 1821 he was appointed inspector of the literary esta- 
blishments. In the same year midst the excitement attend- 
ing the reaction of the Portuguese revolution of 1820, he 
wrote the Conciliador do Reino Unido a periodical that advo- 
cated concord and harmony between Brazil and Portugal; 
but from the time of the declaration of the prince D. Pedro 
on the 9th of January the day of « I stay » Silva Lisboa 
labored for the cause of the independence of the country 
and among other writings, published his which 
produced the greatest effect. 
On the declaration of the independence of Brazil, Jos& 
da Silva Lisboa was elected deputy to the Assembly, by 
his Province, and in that august Assembly, he distinguish- 
ed himself by his wisdom and vast knowledge, it being 330 
very certain, that from the first he displeased the more 
advanced liberals by the frankness of his political ideas. 
As a Senator of the Empire since 1826 he was always 
faithful to his monarchical principles, and devoted to D. 
Pedro I: the liberal party looked upon him as an absolu- 
tist and opposed him vehemently. 
From 1831 forwards the Viscount de Cayru firm in his 
post, always maintained his old principles, occasionally 
censured in the senate the Government of the Regencies, 
and in the Diario do Rio de Janeiro wrote opposition arti- 
cles during some time, and was looked upon as the champ- 
ion of the restoring party. 
At seventy-nine years of age, still strong and in the 
full enjoyment of his extraordinary intellect, and wonder- 
ful memory, he died on the 20th of August 1835. 
Jose da Silva Lisboa, Viscount de Cayru, commander of 
the Order of Christ, and officer of that of the Cruzeiro, 
pensioned chief judge of the Supreme Tribunal of justice, 
and Senator of the Empire, the wisest and one of the most 
energetic supporters of the first reign, never was either 
minister or member of the council of state!... 
The societies of National Industry of Rio de Janeiro, of 
Agriculture of Bahia, Philosophic of Philadelphia, Agricult- 
ure of Munich, and of the Propagation of the Industrial 
Sciences, the Historical Institute of France, and the Roya] 
Institute for the propagation of the natural sciences at 
Naples, had the honor of inscribing his illustrious name 
in the catalogue of their members. 
He was a learned man: Germany, France and England 
would have been proud to reckon him among their great 
men of science. 
In his country the Viscount de Cayru was venerated as 331 
an eminent writer and as a man of deep and vast know- 
ledge; in the political contests, however, [the Viscount 
de Cayru had the reputation of being adverse to liberal 
principles, nevertheless, he was, in his writings, as a 
political economist, perhaps the most liberal Brazilian of 
his age. 
He died in poverty. 
When dead they honored his memory. 
By decree of the 9th of May 1838 the Government of the 
regency granted to his three daughters the annual pension 
of 1:500$ and better still the Decree contains most just 
mention of the important services and of the National 
glory reflected in the name of so illustrious a man. 
The Provincial Assembly of Bahia, also by a most laud- 
able resolution sanctioned by the President of the Province, 
ordered the portrait of the Viscount of Cayru to be placed 
in the public library at Bahia until it could be substituted 
by his bust. 
But the memory of the Viscount de Cayru was still 
more indelibly perpetuated by the monument that he 
raised for himself in numerous works, the titles of which 
would suffice to fill some pag'es. Besides so many that he 
published on political economy, history, etc, he left among 
his manuscripts a poem on political economy which unfor- 
tunately was lost. XVII OF JULY 
FRANCISCO VELHO 
The origin of regattas in Brazil dates as far back as the 
year 1566, and is connected with the history of the con- 
quest of Rio de Janeiro, when occupied by the French, 
and from the founding of the city of S. Sebastiao by the 
Portuguese. 
A romantic and interesting tradition, (like that from 
which originated the famous regattas of Venice) and which 
belongs to Brazil, is an episode of the war of 1566 to 1567 
clothed by the Jesuit priests, the chroniclers of the time, 
with the marvellous, and attributed to the miraculous in- 
tervention of the martyr patron saint of the city still in 
its infancy. 
An expedidion of French calvinists arrived and established 
themselves in Rio de Janeiro in 1555 commanded by Nicholas 334 
Durand Villegaignon who on the other hand left it 1558. 
Through the alliance and reliable support of the Tamoyo 
Indians, the French, though vanquished and put to flight 
Cy the Governor General Mem de Sa in 1560, returned al- 
most immideately to their old position and again fortified 
themselves therein. 
Estacio de Sa sent by the governor of the metropolis, 
arrived afterwards to expel, for ever, the intrusive and 
inimical colony to found the city and capitania of Rio de 
Janeiro. 
Estacio de Sa with the insufficient force brought from 
Portugal, and that which he received from his uncle Mem 
de Sa and other forces which he had obtained from S. Vi- 
cente entered the bar of Rio de Janeiro in the first month 
of 1566; he desembarked, laid the first foundation of the 
city in the space situated between the Pao de Assucar and 
the hill of S. Joao. 
The city was called after S. Sebastiao. 
The whole year of 1566 was spent in useless combats. 
But on the 17th of July occurred the warlike episode 
which was the origin of the regattas of Brazil, and which 
calls to mind the name of Francisco Velho, otherwise leav- 
ing everything else obscure in the chronicles of that time. 
Forming a crafty plan, the French, and principally the 
Tamoyos, embarked well armed, in one hundred and eighty 
canoes (father Simao de Vasconcellos either counted them 
or says so) and proceeded to place themselves in ambush in a 
bay formed by the sea behind a point of land: (probably towards 
Copacabana) and sent a small number of those canoes, to 
show themselves to the Portuguese, in order to provoke a 
persuit of them. 
Francisco Velho who was Major Domo of the martyr 335 
S. Sebastiao had also just embarked in a canoe tn search 
of wood for a chapel of the saint, and without retiring- bef ore 
the superiority of the treacherous vanguard of the enemy 
engaged them disadvantageously. 
Estacio de Sa seeing Francisco Velho surrounded, and, 
as it were, seeking to do honor to Portuguese bravery, 
and to sell his life dearly, placed himself with some of 
his people in four canoes the only ones which were at 
hand, and went to his aid; but, immediately, with great 
impetuosity changed the aid he went to render into a 
persuit of the enemy, following up the canoes of the 
French and the Tamoyos; hardly however had he doubled 
the point before there advanced ag-ainst him and Francisco 
Velho the hundred and eighty canoes, that is, thirty six 
of the enemy's canoes against each one of the five belon- 
ging to the Portuguese. 
Resistance seemed impossible; that resistance was, 
however, miraculously prolonged; for says Father An- 
chieta, confirmed by a later declaration and by the testi- 
mony of the Tamoyos: There was a soldier of a very noble 
mien, armed, and leaping from canoe to canoe, invincible and 
invulnerable fighting on the side of the Portuguese and that that 
wonderful warrior who, nevertheless, the latter did not see, had 
frightened the 'Indians and had put them to flight. 
The Portuguese fought heroically; Francisco Velho shout- 
ed incessantly ((Victory for S. Sebastian! » and his shout 
repeated by his companions and by Estacio de Sa encou- 
raged and reanimated the Herculean warrioros of S. Se- 
bastiao. 
In the fury and heat of the fight the powder in one of 
the Portuguese canoes exploded, and at the report and on 
sight of the flames, the Tamoyos fled, paddling away, 336 
terror-stricken, and the French who without them could 
hope for little, also beat a retreat. 
Estacio de Sa carrying in triumph the brave Francisco 
Velho who had so boldly and daringly commenced that 
combat, and who, in the phases of the most desperate 
resistance, had electrified all the Portuguese combatants 
by his enthusiastic cry ((Victory for S. Sebastiao!» No 
sooner had he disembarked in his fortified hamlet than 
he proceeded with Francisco Velho and the companions of 
the fight to the modest church which he had already 
caused to be built, although rudely, and with them return- 
ed thanks to Gods and venerated the image of the holy 
martyr and patron saint of the city. Francisco Velho steward 
of S. Sebastian entirely taken up with his devotion rejoiced 
shortly afterwards when he heard the declarations and 
exulting conviction of the virtuous Jose de Anchieta. 
No one ever placed in doubt after that, the fact of the 
miraculous intervention of the Martyr Saint. 
Invisible to the Portuguese S. Sebastido the soldier of 
noble mien had fought on their side, for them, and given 
them the victory impossible without the favor of God. 
Francisco Velho the inspired leader of the first Portu- 
guese canoe, the pious steward of S. Sebastiao became 
the object of praise and of applause and perhaps at his 
instigation or, certainly, encouraged by his cooperation, 
was then instituted in Rio de Janeiro the festival of the 
canoes, (the origin of the regattas of Brazil) celebrated 
on the 20th of January (S. Sebastian's day) which besides 
the religious solemnities, included the interesting spectacle 
of the jousts or canoe races. 
Poetical in spite of their improbability (alvyas except- 
ing the miraculous influence of Divinity-which no one 337 
can deny-but which no one can on his own responsibility 
affirm)-romantic, embellished with the marvellous which 
enchants the imagination: such are the traditions of 
ancient and primitive times - ornaments and ornamental 
treasures, precious flowers (gathered) from the early 
popular Stages and Cradles of Nations-and it is as it 
were an individual duty to accept such with ready appre- 
ciation without questionny their truth.- XVIII OF JULY 
JOAO ANTONIO GONCALVES DA SILVA 
Joao Antonio Goncalves was born in the city of Rio de 
Janeiro on the 26th of February, 1828, and the legitimate 
son of Portuguese parents. A smiling and brilliant hope 
nipped in the bud,- he was one of the earliest pupils of 
the D. Pedro II college which he left in 1845 after attaining 
the degree of bachelor and being loaded with prizes. 
Having matriculated immediately afterwards in the mi- 
litary school he had to abandon it for reasons foreign to 
his will and to his academical conduct. 
It was nescessary for him to work ; he devoted himself 
to teaching, and with the greatest credit to himself at 
once gave lessons in various subjects in the Marinho College, 
then famous. 
In 1858 on the day of the anniversary of his birth the 
26th of February, he was nominated by the Imperial 340 
Government to be professor of Ancient History and Geo- 
graphy in the Imperial College of Pedro II ; on the 12th 
of March, 1859, professor of French in the Naval School, 
and soon afterwards, of French and Latin in the Central 
School. 
He was, while exercising his magisterial duties a most 
grave, and, at times severe man ; but in private and in 
the society of his friends, he was the most playful com- 
panion, and conspicuous for his mischievous and merry 
spirits : mirth reigned wherever he was. 
A passionate admirer of the drama, he was the rehearser, 
and the intellectual director of the company of the Opera 
National, a most delightful institution, which ended almost 
with its birth. 
JoSo Antonio Goncalves, capable of teaching as many 
matters as he had studied, a most able professor, having 
the aptest disposition for teaching, an enthusiast for his 
noble profession, having before him a rich future and still 
more a hopeful one, a man of great worth, and of the 
greatest serviceableness, died on the 18th of July, 1861, at 
thirty, three years of age. 
The College of Pedro II went into mourning. 
Brazil lost in Joao Antonio Goncalves da Silva a dis- 
tinguished son, a model of an excellent professor of secon- 
dary instruction, a fine intellect, and a great heart. XIX OF JULY 
FRANCISCO DOS SANTOS JAVIER 
Francisco dos Santos Xavier, the legitimate son of 
Verissimo dos Santos and of D. Ignacia de ArSo, was 
born in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the year 1739. 
Being destined for the military career, he enlisted as a 
private soldier in the city of his birth on the 12th of 
September, 1752, and was immediately sent to the island 
of Santa Catharina, where he remained in active service 
for thirty-two years and some months: he fulfilled impor- 
tant commissions, and among others, that of examining 
the possibility of a communication between the town of 
Laguna and the River Tramandahy; going through the 
lagoons, a most laborious work, having to make his 
way on foot for more than fifty leagues through swamps, 
rivers, and deserts, but managing to present on the 17th 
of February, 1765, an interesting journal of his route, 342 
which was full of information respecting the whole 
ground that he had gone over. 
In 1787 he came to Rio de Janeiro on leave, where he 
arrived on the 19th of July, and remained until his 
death. He was charged with sundry commissions pertain- 
ing to military administration, and was commandant, 
for some years, of the Fortress of Conceicao, and while 
still governor of that fortress, and having obtained his 
lieutenant-colonelcy, he died on the 5th of June, 1801, in 
the same city where he was born. 
But what gave this Brazilian renown was not his 
worth, although incontestable, notwithstanding its mo- 
desty, in the military service; but his rare ability in 
works of art, from which came his apt nick-name of 
.Xavier das Conchas (of the shells), by which he was gene- 
rally known. 
Having lived for so many long years in Santa Catha- 
rina, he there learnt and became almost perfect in the 
art of executing most delicate ornamental works made of 
shells, feathers, and fish-scales. 
.Xavier das Conchas arrived opportunely in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro in 1789 ; for by an order of the 18th of 
October of that year, the Viceroy Luis de Vasconcellos 
at once entrusted him with the works of art in the 
Passeio Publico (Public Garden) which he had then order- 
ed to be executed. 
The two pavilions, which were raised at the extremi- 
ties of the fine terrace of that Garden were the work of 
Xavier das Conchas; those pavilions which disappeared 
many years ago, and which nevertheless were admired by 
everyone for the bas-relief of Brazilian birds on one, and 
of fishes on the other, besides numerous and well placed 343 
designs and ornaments of feathers in the former, and of 
shells and fishscales in the latter. 
Xaritr das Conchas left sundry and most beautiful works 
of the same kind which he made for his own pleasure 
and without interest, to give as presents to his friends. XX OF JULY 
MANOEL ALVES BRANCO 
VISCOUNT DE CARA.VELLA.S 
Manoel Alves Branco, son of the merchant Joao Alves 
Branco, and of D. Anna Joaquina de S. Silvestre was born 
in the city of Bahia, where he received primary instruction 
and studied Latin, French, logic aud rhetoric. 
At the university of Coimbra, for which place he took his 
departure in 1815 he attended the complete course of na- 
tural sciences, for three years, and merely omitted the 
fourth year of study, the subject of which was astronomy, 
and matriculated afterwards in the law course, in which 
he took his degree in 1823. 
That privileged intellect that dared to undertake, and 
which effected so many conquests in the field of science, 
yet shone with the brilliant light of poetry; and in the 
cultivation of letters he had as companions and friends 
Garret, Odorico Mendes, and Araujo Vianna afterwards 
Marquis de Sapucahy. Alves Branco returned to Bahia in 346 
1824; he entered the magistracy, being appointed magis- 
trate of the town, later on City of Santo Amaro, from whence 
at the end of little more than a year he was called to be 
magistrate in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 
In the second legislature he was elected deputy for his 
Province and taking his seat in the chamber in 1830, he 
entered the ranks of the liberal party, and soon distin- 
guished himself as an eloquent and notable orator and as 
a statesman, and deep thinker. 
In that same year he was entrusted by the chamber with 
the construction of the code of criminal process. 
In the session of 1831, he presented projects on the ju- 
diciary power and elective system, including in this the 
idea of the incompatibilities of the Judges, and of other 
employees, and in conjunction with his colleague Dr. Ferreira 
Franca, signed another project, in which he proposed com- 
plete liberty of conscience, and monarchical confederation. 
These projects were delayed, saving the last, which the 
chamber rejected. 
In 1832 Alves Branco being appointed Accountant-General 
of the National Treasury, worked actively and zealously : 
important regulations of accounts and the first instructions 
for keeping the books by double entry, being due to him. 
In 1835 he quitted that employment, being called to the 
ministry, in which he held the posts of minister of Jus- 
tice and that of Foreign Affairs, and signed agreements 
with Mr. Fox to reinforce the means for the suppression 
of the slave-trade which the chamber did not approve of, 
dissatisfied thereby, and at variance with the Regent Feijo, 
he asked for and obtained his resignation. 
In, July, 1837, the same Regent chose him for a Senator 
in a triple list offered by Hie Province of Bahia. 347 
Called again to the ministry he accepted the ministry of 
Finance and that of the Empire; but soon, in September, 
Feijo decided on resigning the Regency, and insisted on 
the illustrious statesman's remaining, as minister of the 
Empire, Regent ad interim; but Alves Branco refused, and 
left the Government on the 18th of September of that same 
year. 
In 1840 he returned to power and was minister of Finance 
through the nomination of the Regent Araujo Lima, after- 
wards Marquis d'Olinda; but in May he asked to resign. 
On the 23d of July following, the majority of the Em- 
peror D. Pedro II was declared, and in March, 1841, the 
conservatives who had gone out of power again taking 
the reins at the end of eight months, made the Chambers 
approve of the reforms of the code of the criminal process, 
which being promulgated, became law from the 3d of 
December. The Chamber of the new legislature was dis- 
solved before it became installed in 1842: the liberal party 
took up arms and declared itself in revolt in the Provinces 
of S. Paulo and Minas-Geraes. It was shortly routed and 
conquered by the loyal troops, and among other distin- 
guished citizens, two Senators the Ex-Regent Feijo and 
Vergueiro who also had been member of the Regency, ad 
interim, of the Empire in 1831, implicated prisoners and 
accused, were to have judgment passed on them in the Se- 
nate. 
Alves Branco had energetically and eloquently combatted 
the reforms of the code; he had, however, been a stranger 
to the revolt. 
The two old accused Senators, formerly well deserving, 
and considered as glories of the country, presented them- 
selves in the Chamber of which they were members: a law 348 
was wanting to regulate precisely the process of the judg- 
ment, and the liberal Senators, shielding Feijo and Ver- 
gueiro, took their stand on that previous question. 
There was a combat of Alcides; on one side Vasconcellos 
and Honorio, afterwards Marquis de Parana; on the other 
Alves Branco and Paula e Souza; and never was Alves 
Branco more splendid and profound as an orator. 
In 1844 the great liberal statesman accepted the post of 
Minister of Finance in the cabinet of the Viscount de. Ma- 
cah6. 
The Decree of amnesty to the parties compromised in 
the revolts of S. Paulo and Minas, and the happy termi- 
nation of the old and tremendous rebellion of the Province 
of Rio Grande do Sul, besides other services, honored the 
memory of that ministry. 
Returning to the Government in 1847 the Decree of the 
20th of July of that year was promulgated, by which a 
president of the council of ministers was created; and on 
the same date another Decree appointing to that post Ma- 
noel Alves Branco. 
Alves Branco was, since 1844, considered and acknowl- 
edged one of the most eminent and venerated chiefs 
of the liberal party. In May, 1846, he resigned, together 
with the ministry of the Viscount de Macahe, and in the 
same month of the following year he once more, and for 
the last time was called to the councils of the crown; he 
organized and presided over a Cabinet of which he was 
minister, both of the Empire and of Finance, up to the 
beginning' of 1849. 
Alves Branco was simply Councillor of state since 1842, 
and merely an Officer of the Imperial Order of the Rose, 
when the Emperor D. Pedro I, on the 2d of December, 349 
1854, conferred on him the title of Viscount de Cara- 
vellas. 
As a political man and statesman he did little, because 
he could only do little; opposed as he was until 1840 by 
adversaries who were in the majority, and his efforts 
rendered nugatory from 1844 forwards, by the want 
of discipline, and by the disagreement of the liberal 
party. 
As an administrator, each time that he became a min- 
ister, he introduced economical and fiscal reforms, created 
improvements, regulated the services in the Treasury, in 
the Customs, wherever his authority reached, which to 
this day are either availed of, or serve to prove his high 
capacity. 
In Parliament, he gained the reputation of an orator of 
the first order from the day on which he showed himself 
in the Tribune : he united, all the gifts and conditions 
requisite to be a skilful leader; profound science, the 
greatest facility in speaking, a sonorous and deep voice, 
close reasoning, an eloquence that charmed, correct and 
pure language, and an evident conviction in the soundness 
of the principles which he maintained. In the Tribune 
he was a Hercules ; he rarely measured his strength with 
orators of lesser renown : the antagonist whom he chose 
and who also chose him, was the famous and great Pe- 
reira and Vasconcellos. They had been contemporaries and 
friends in Coimbra, they thee'd and thou'd each other 
until death separated them; Vasconcellos called him - 
Manoel and when speaking to Vasconcellos also simply 
called him - Bernardo. Those two giants spent years in 
fighting d outrance in the Senate ; and the Viscount de 
Caravellas never gave ground, conquered, before that 350 
admirable statesman, and orator of everinexhaustible 
resource. 
The Viscount de Caravellas was incontestibly one of the 
first statesmen and most enlightened men that flourished 
in Brazil from 1824 to 1855. 
Equally, with his knowledge, his eloqueuce, his great 
administrative practice, his magnificent intellect, there 
shone forth in him the purity of his habits, his integrity, 
honor, unsurpassable disinterestedness, probity, and sweet- 
ness of disposition, modesty and rare virtues. 
Manoel Alves Branco, Viscount de Caravellas, Senator 
of the Empire, Councillor of State, five times Minister of 
State, died in great poverty in the city of Nictherohy on 
the 13th of July, 1855. 
He died having arrived at experiencing penury in his 
last days. A rich old man, who also at that time awaited 
death on a bed of pain and which was the forerunner of 
the last agony, shared a strict diet with the illustrious and 
worthy Viscount, and daily sent him the last alimentary 
aid, half-his own broth. 
So died the patriot, the well deserving, the wise and 
great Viscount de Caravellas. XXI OF JULY 
GONGALO RAVASCO CALVACANTI DE ALBUQUERQUE 
Goncalo Ravasco Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, son of Ber- 
nardo Vieira Ravasco, nephew of Father Antonio Vieira 
Ravasco. His last surnames indicate that his mother was 
of a noble Pernambuco family. He was born in Bahia in 
1639, with the nobility of talent which he inherited from 
his most worthy father, and with the disposition of his 
uncle. 
Notwithstanding- the day of his birth and that of his 
death, which took place in 1725, is unknown ; nor is 
there any precise date or verified notice of his services, 
and of his doings. 
His name is written under the date of 21th of July, 
1627, (?) when his father being dead he succeeded him 
in the office of Secretary of State of Brazil, and in that 
of High Constable of Cape Frio, in the commendatory of 352 
Christ, and in the title and honors of a nobleman of the 
Royal Household. 
So ennobled and great in the land, he would have 
remained in complete obscurity, if the cultivation of 
letters, however modestly, had not come to his aid. 
Goncalo Ravasco distinguished himself in his time as a 
poet; but educated, at times, under the direction and 
always under the influence of his uncle, he checked the 
expansion of his muse, or did not allow his poetical com- 
positions, containing inspirations anything but religious,- 
to be published to the world. He wrote Autos Sacramentaes, 
with applause. Works of dramatic acts, which were then 
in vogue, and which really might improve civilization by 
softening the manners and by exercising an influence by 
their practical lessons, maxims and examples of Catholic 
virtues. 
Those compositions had no literary merit, nor did they 
form a school of literature ; but since the middle of the 
sixteenth century, they were made use of in Brazil by 
the Jesuits as a rude exposition of the immoral habits of 
the Colonists, and to exemplify religious and evangelical 
precepts. 
In his time, Goncalo Ravasco corrected the roughness 
of those Autos, writing his own in smooth 'verse, with 
more ability, and much more profitably. XXII OF JULY 
JOSE BENTO LEITE FERREIRA DE MELLO 
The liberal party, victorious on the 7th of April 1831, 
by the abdication of the Emperor D. Pedro I, for that 
same reason did not abuse their victory, and by using 
their utmost endeavors, they succeeded in overcoming 
factions and in maintaining the monarchical-constitutional 
system as well as the integrity of the Empire, but had to 
bear the defection of the Exaltados (ultras), some of whom 
united themselves to the friends and partisans of the first 
reign. 
In the very Province of Minas Geraes appeared the dis- 
affection, and on the night of the 22d of March, 1833, 
there broke out in the city of Ouro Preto, an ephemeral 
military sedition, to which some citizens united them- 
selves : the President of the Province, Manoel Ignacio de 
Mello e Souza, afterwards Baron do Pontal was deposed 
and on the 23d of March, at daybreak, the Vice-president, 354 
Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos and Father Jos6 Bento 
Leite Ferreira de Mello, who had been made prisoners by 
the seditious faction, left the city with an escort which 
was to take them out of the Province. In the then town 
of Queluz the people liberated the two sons of Minas. 
That arrest, in company with Vasconcellos, shows the 
political importance which Father Jos6 Bento already 
enjoyed. 
The legitimate son of major Jose Joaquim Leite Ferreira 
de Mello and of D. Escolastica Bernardina de Mello, Josd 
Bento was born in the then town, now city of Campanha, 
Province of Minas Geraes, on the 6th of January, 1785. 
He completed his studies in S. Paulo, residing* with the 
Bishop D. Matheus and took holy orders. 
The parish of Pouso Alegre having been created in 1810 
he presented himself as a candidate, was accepted and 
installed, and immediately afterwards received the apoint- 
ment of Vicar-general of the ecclesiastical district, a min- 
istry which he exercised up to his death. 
The Imperial Government nominated him, (but much 
later) honorary canon of the Cathedral of S. Paulo, and 
Knight and commander of the Order of Christ. 
Pouso Alegre owed to the Vicar Jose Bento, the plan of 
the future city, the tracings of its streets and squares, 
and its nascent prosperity. 
A most active, obliging, and serviceable man, his influence 
extended over a great part of the Province. 
In 1821 he declared for liberal ideas, was an elector and 
member of the electoral board of the Province, and in 
Ouro Preto he distinguished himself so much, in the election 
of deputies to the Assembly of Lisbon that they appointed 
him to be a member of the provisional Government. 355 
He made part of the first Council of the Province of 
Minas, which in 1825 elected him deputy to the first Bra- 
zilian Legislature, and afterwards to the second, and to 
the third; and, finally, hailed him as the chosen Senator 
of the Empire in 1834 in a triple list which the Province 
presented to the permanent Regency. 
Father Jose Bento had already figured in the press, he 
having published in Pouso Alegre the Pregoeiro Constitu- 
tional, and afterwards, the Kecopilatlor Mintiro, printed hi an 
Office that he had founded. 
In the chamber of Deputies, and from 1834, forwards, 
in the Senates he always advocated liberal principles. 
In 1831 he founded in Pouso Alegre, the Society «Defen- 
sora da Liberdade e Independencia Nacional,» on the 
model, but of much less importance than that of the Society 
which existed in the Capital of the Empire. 
During the Regency of Father Diogo Antonio Feijo, Jose 
Bento accounted himself as one of the principal supporters 
of the Government. 
In 1840, he was one of the six senators who signed the 
project presented on the 13th of May for the declaration 
of the majority of the Emperor, and on the 22d July 
- ardent tribune as he was, he addressed the people from 
one of the windows of the senate house, extolling them, 
and giving them credit for the triumph of the same idea. 
In 1842, he entered into the conspiracy of the revolt 
of the liberals of S. Paulo and Minas Geraes: the club 
the conspirators, occasionally met together at his house in 
Rio de Janeiro, and was punished by seeing the men of 
the revolt, the Andradas, Feijo, Theophilo Ottoni, Mello 
Franco, Marinho, Raphael Tobias, Meirelles and others, 356 
who are still living', suffer the rigor of adversity, in which 
he did not share. 
In 1843, speaking in the Senate, he fully confessed the 
part which he had taken in that illegal movement of his 
party. 
Returning at the end of the legislative session, to his 
Province, he breathed freely in Pouso Alegre, when, on 
the 8th February 1844, going, at 4 o'clock in the after- 
noon to his estate, situated at less than a mile from the 
city, he ended his life, by being barbarously assassinated 
by four perverse beings, of one of whom he was the god- 
father ! - wicked hands which had been armed by hatred. 
The city of Pouso Alegre, and the Province of Minas 
Geraes, in consternation, bewailed the illustrious victim, 
whose death the liberal party of the whole Empire- 
mourned. 
Jos6 Bento Leite Ferreira de Mello was a man of limit- 
ed education, and never in either of the Chambers, dip 
he distinguish himself as an orator of merit: he spoke 
with simplicity, frankness, courage and warmth; but he 
had neither the eloquence that charms, nor the subtle 
logic that convinces. 
But, nevertheless, he was in Parliament, one of the 
most powerful levers of his party!... 
A man of the most active, and indefatigable disposition, 
of strong will, energy, and action when a plan was adopt- 
ed, an idea determined on, Jos6 Bento was the spark 
that would encourage the timorous. He was the ardent 
exactor of the co-operation of each one, he ran to the orators, 
marked out their places, the time for them to mount the 
tribune, went to the liberal leader's house - who had re- 357 
tired ill, and said to him « to-morrow you must be well, 
and must speak! » 
Jos6 Bento Leite Ferreira de Mello was principally 
in the last ten years of his life, not the great intellect, 
but the great soul of the liberal party of Brazil. XXIII OF JULY 
ESTEVAO RIBEIRO DE REZENDE 
MARQUIS DE VALENCA 
Estevao Ribeiro de Rezende, the legitimate son of Colonel 
Severino Ribeiro, and of D. Josepha Maria de Rezende, 
was born on the 20th July, 1777, in the hamlet of the 
Prados, district of Rio das Mortes, province of Minas- 
Geraes. 
He received from his parents a careful education, and 
having studied Latin, French, Italian, rhetoric and philo- 
sophy, with distinction, in Minas Geraes, proceeded to Por- 
tugal, and in the University of Coimbra, took his degree 
in law. 
Accepted at once to read in the Privy Council, he put 
it off to perform a most sad but pious duty. The news 
having arrived of his father's death, he returned imme- 
diately to his country, to kiss the hand of his mother, 
and to present himself to her in his capacity of Doctor. 360 
On his return to Portugal, he read his lecture in the 
Privy Council, and was immediately appointed, on the 
21th of June, 1806, by the Prince Regent, afterwards the King 
D. Joao VI, magistrate of Palmella, he having previously 
received the insignia of the order of Christ, with a pension, 
and the proprietorship of the Office of Notary Public of 
the town of S. Joao d'El Rey, in consideration of the serv- 
ices of his father, and his own deserts. 
When the royal family of Portugal embarked for Brazil 
in 1807, Rezende wished to accompany them to this 
country; he desisted, however, from that attempt; for 
his presence was considered necessary in Palmella where 
he, in reality,'rendered great services at the commencement 
of the French invasion, representing and protesting in 
his official character, and with civic energy and courage, 
against the abuses of the troops stationed there ; but, finally, 
unable to withstand the impositions which the French 
officers laid on the people, he retreated to Lisbon, having 
first, in company with an Aiderman, hidden in an altar (of 
the church) the public money which was under his charge. 
On receiving- the necessary leave, he returned to Brazil, 
and having- arrived in Rio de Janeiro, the Prince Regent, 
afterwards D. Joao VI, appointed him, on the 13th of May, 
1810, to the place of Magistrate of the city of S. Paulo, a 
place which it fell to his lot to create there. 
On the 17th of December, 1813, he left his magistrate's 
office of S, Paulo being nominated fiscal of the diamond 
washings, and on the 13th of September of the following 
year, he was made a chief Judge of the Court of Appeal 
of Bahia. In 1817 he was the assistant to the Intendant- 
general of Police, and the 12th. of October, 1818, rose to be 
Chief Judge of the Tribunal of « Supplicacao ». 361 
In 1821 he held the employment of Superintendent- 
General of prohibited goods. 
In that year, the idea of the Independence of Brazil 
began to be openly mooted, which was still further 
provoked by the violent measures taken by the Portu- 
guese Cortes against the American United kingdom, ended 
by being embraced by the Prince Regent D. Pedro 
afterwards Emperor of Brazil. 
Estevao Ribeiro de Rezende nominated Procurator of the 
Provice of Minas-Geraes, near the Prince Regent, showed 
himself so clear-sighted and devoted, that D. Pedro in 
March, 1822, having to set out on a journey to Minas to 
conciliate the patriots and put an end to the dissentions 
which existed there, nominated him Secretary of State, 
and entrusted him with .all the departments of the 
Ministry, making him accompany him. 
The Independence being declared, Ribeiro Rezende was 
elected by his native Province, Deputy to the Brazilian 
Chamber, and this Assembly being dissolved, he rendered 
important services to public order, as Intendant-General of 
Police. 
The dissolution of the Chambers brought about the 
resentment and suspicion of the liberal party who not 
only kept aloof from the Emperor D. Pedro I, but considered 
as reactionaries, those who served him in that « coup 
d'Etat, » and from thenceforward. Estevao de Rezende 
entered among the number of those whom the liberal 
party suspected, and the more so, that on the 14th of 
October, 1824, he joined the Ministry, as Minister of the 
Empire, which post he held till November of the following 
year, when he received both praise and thanks in the 
Decree which granted his resignation. On the 1st o 362 
December, 1824, he was nominated honorary Chief-Judge 
of the Privy Council, and the 15th of October, 1825, was 
honored with the title of Baron de Valenca, accompanied 
with the honors of a Grandee. 
The Legislative General Assembly in its first Legislature 
being convoked, the Baron de Valenca found himself 
elected Deputy for Minas-Geraes, and his name included 
in the lists for Senators offered by the same Province and 
by that of S. Paulo, and the Emperor chose him from the 
list of the former on the 19th of April, 1826. 
On the 12th of October of that year he took the effective 
rank of Chief-Judge of the Privy Council, and at his own 
request was pensioned off. On the 30th, however, of the 
same month, and year, he was raised from the. rank of 
Baron to that of Count de Valenca. 
If so many successive honors and employments on the 
one hand were evident proofs of his knowledge and 
worth, on the other hand, they aggravated the opposition 
which the liberal party made to him. 
From May to November, 1827, being for the second time 
Minister, he took charge of the department of Justice, and 
three days before giving up power was nominnated hono- 
rary Councillor of State. 
The abdication of the Emperor D. Pedro I caused no 
alteration in the political ideas of the Count de Valenca : 
in the Senate he distinguished himself among the most 
distinguished and devoted friends of the ex-Emperor, who 
opposed themselves as a strong barrier against the excesses 
of the dominant liberal party. The opposition of the old 
titled men, as it was termed, did not exempt them from the 
grave errors of the first reign, errors for which they are 
also responsible to history ; but it was most useful, for 363 
there was more than ever need af a counterpoise opposed 
to the party in favor of the Government, and which, at 
times, in spite of themselves, and of others, imprudently 
impelled by events, and by political passions, engaged in 
extravagant, dangerous or violent schemes. 
The Count de Valenca at sixty-three years of age, still 
entered on a rough, parliamentary campaign belonging, 
in 1840, to the number of the champions of the majority 
of the Emperor D. Pedro II. 
After the 23d of July, the old champion of monarchy 
was less active in the labors of the Senate. 
In 1848 he was raised from Count to Marquis de 
Valenca. Besides his title, he had been favored with the 
honorary dignitary of the Imperial Order of the Cruzeiro, 
with the Grand Cross of the Order of Christ and was one 
of the noble gentlemen of the Imperial Household. 
His learning and his notable worth obtained for him 
the diplomas of honorary associate of the Brazilian His- 
torical and Geographical Institute, of effective associate of 
the <( Sociedade Auxiliadora da Industria Nacional, » and of 
that of « Instruccao Elementar, » and of member of the 
Society of Agriculture of the Kingdom of Sweden. 
The Marquis de Valenca died on the 8th of September, 
1856, at the age of seventy-nine. XXIV OF JULY 
FRANCISCO FREIRE ALLEMAO 
The son of poor farmers of the Parish of Our Lady of 
Desterro do Campo Grande, district of the capital of Rio 
de Janeiro, Francisco Freire Allemao was born there on the 
24th of July, 1797: his parents Joao Freire Allemao and D. 
Feliciana Angelica do Espirito Santo, both of them born in 
Rio de Janeiro, lived on the lands of the estate of Men- 
donha, whose proprietor, Father Francisco Couto da Fon- 
seca, was godfather of the portionless child. He took charge 
of him, gave him, in his house, primary instruction, and 
nothing more, because he died in 1810. 
D. Feliciana receives her son who had lost his godfather, 
but shortly she becomes afraid of his being forcibly re- 
cruited; the Vicar of the Parish comes to her aid, and 
makes Francisco Freire Sexton of the parish church; but 
surprised at his intelligence, he commences to teach him 
Latin, the study of which he sends him to complete at the 366 
Mendonha estate with the master of the new proprietor's 
son. 
Francisco Freire's fellow-pupil afterwards takes holy 
orders; and being* a substitute of the professor of Latin in 
the seminary of S. Jose, he prevails on the Bishop D. Jose 
Gaetano to receive in the same house, in March, 1817, the 
poor child of Mendonha. 
Francisco Freire makes up for the time lost: within fivo 
years he completes the whole course of study in the Se- 
minary, learns Greek and commences to study Hebrew with 
the learned Friar Custodio Alves Serrao, when in 1821, not 
wishing to become a priest he sees himself forced to leave 
the Seminary. 
He then gives himself up to private teaching, and in 1822 
he enters 'the medico-chirurgical academy; in 1823 obtains 
from the minister, Jose Bonifacio de Andrade, a small pen- 
sion, serving as an army surgeon; frequents the Academy 
constantly, labors in the military hospital, teaches in order 
to have the means of livelihood, and further, becomes a 
proficient in the French language, learns English, con- 
tinues a course of physics in the Military Academy, and at 
the end of the six years required by law is honored by 
obtaining the diploma of Surgeon. 
His brother, Antonio Freire Allemao, his brother-in-law 
Francisco Barros, and some friends help him: he sets off 
for France, studies in Paris and returns with the title of 
Doctor in Medicine, and with a full treasury of science. 
On organizing the new school of Medicine of Rio de Ja- 
neiro in 1823, Dr. Freire Allemao, in a competitive ex- 
amination, gains the professorship of Botany and Zoology. 
In 1841 he was appointed physician of the Imperial 
Chamber, being afterwards chosen to accompany the Naval 367 
Division sent to Naples to convey to Brazil the August 
Princess, who is now the virtuous beloved Empress of 
Brazil, in whose suite, Dr. Freire Allemao was to perform 
the duties of his profession. In Naples he was appreciated 
by the learned. 
In 1853 Dr. Freire Allemao asked for and obtained his 
service pension from the School of Medicine, and retired to 
the small, but dear spot, which he possessed in Mendonha; 
but in 1858, acceding to the flattering- persuasions of the 
Emperor D. Pedro II, who esteemed and distinguished him 
very much, applied himself to lecturing on botany in the 
Central School. 
In 1859, appointed president of the Scientific Commission 
sent to the Northern Provinces of the Empire, he takes his 
departure, works conscientiously until 1861, when the Gov- 
ernment puts an end to that commission. 
On his return to Rio de Janeiro Dr. Freire Allemao begins 
to publish the scientific labors and acquisitions which had 
been realized in the fulfilement of the special task which 
had fallen to his lot in that truly civilizing- expedition; 
but, in 1863 his nephew and assistant, Manoel Freire Al- 
lemao, his friend and hopeful heir and prolonger of his 
celebrity as a learned botanist, died. 
From that moment he becomes melancholy and disheart- 
ened: he still lived ten years; but in ten years, three 
cerebral attacks which he experienced at different periods 
prostrate him, deprive him of memory, and gradually kill 
him, until he draws his last breath on the 11th of November, 
1874. 
Dr. Francisco Freire Allemao possessed the title of coun- 
cillor, the insignia of the Order of Christ, the commandery 
of the Imperial Order of the Rose, the badge of Knight of 368 
the Order of Francisco I of Naples; he was an honorary 
member of the Academy of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, of 
the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute, of the 
Society of National Industry, of the Institute of Encourage- 
ment of Naples, of the Academy of the Sciences of that 
same city, of the Royal Botanical Society of Ratisbon, pre- 
sident of the «Vellosiana» Society of Rio de Janeiro, and 
Member of other national and foreign scientific societies. 
In sundry scientific and literary Reviews he published 
important works, descriptions of vegetables, which he was 
the first to classify and which he registered in Portuguese 
and in Latin. 
He left as a legacy to the country, precious wealth in 
the publication, otherwise unfortunately interrupted, of his 
botanical acquisitions in the scientific commission with 
which he was entrusted. 
And with all certainty,-for the information is on good 
authority, he left voluminous manuscripts, an immense 
wealth of botanical labors, for the publication of which he 
wanted both means and time. 
He was born poor, lived poor, and died poor; laboring 
incessantly, as long as the cerebral attack did not en- 
tirely disable him. 
He passed the greater part of a life of seventy-seven 
years in explorations in the forests. 
He lies buried in the cemetery of the Parish of Campo 
Grande, and in a grave which was opened for his body 
under the shade of two trees, much older than himself. XXV OF JULY 
JOSTINIANO JOSE DA ROCHA 
The fceptre of the political Journalist of Brazil, passed 
from the hands of Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga to those of 
Justiniano Jos6 da Rocha, who held it for long years, 
from 1836 forwards. Evaristo was the first master; he 
had in his favor, the glory of priority, the sacred flame 
of patriotism and of talent, the precious gift, and the 
great merit of censuring without bitterness, and of ener- 
getic, but beseeming controversy : Rocha surpassed him 
in illustration, and in the great ability of a strategic 
writer, in the battles of the press ; he fought with adver- 
saries of the first order (and some still flourish in high 
positions: of those, one surpassed him in finished elegance 
of style; another equalled him in logical force; a third in 
enthusiastic raptures, and in the vigorous attack of 
a renowned fencer, all as learned and able as himself, 
each one, however, either from disgust or fatigue, retiring 370 
from the press at the end of a more or less long* period 
and leaving- on the field the firm maintainer of the fight, 
Justianiano Rocha, to break a lance with other and fresh 
knights errant. 
That man, Justiniano Jose da Rocha was born in the 
city of Rio de Janeiro on the 8th of November 1812, 
he received his early litterary education in France at the 
college of Henri IV being accounted there a very distin- 
guished student; he returned to Brazil, went to S. Paulo 
to study law, and at the competent Academy he took in 
1833 the degree of Bachelor in Juridical Sciences. 
Away from the press his life may be epitomised in a 
few words. 
In 1838 he was nominated professor of Ancient History 
and Geography in the Imperial Colleg-e of Pedro II, then 
founded: he taught there, and tendered his resignation 
a short time afterwards. 
In the year 1841 he was appointed professor of military 
law in the military School of Rio de Janeiro : that profes- 
sorship being suppressed in 1845, Rocha returned to the 
school in 1850, and was put in charge of the Latin and 
French classes. 
He was, during- some years, a member of the Council 
of Directors of the primary and secondary Instruction of 
the district of the Court. 
He was numbered among- the oldest associates of the 
Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute, from which 
he retired at a leter date. 
As a teacher, and in the Superior Council of Public 
Instruction, with his fine and enlightened intellect, he 
was all that he could be expected of him. 
He practised law in the city of Rio de Janeiro, with the 371 
flattering hope which the consciousness of his juridical 
knowledge gave him ; but with small results, and a 
small practice. 
In the begining that ill luck was explained by the 
difficulties which a new and very youthful advocate had 
to contend against; the politics in which he was absor- 
bed came afterwards to explain it. 
In 1836 however Justiniano Rocha founded the periodicals 
Atlante and Chronista, having as his fellow laborers his 
two intimate friends and colleagues, the present Coun- 
cillor Jozino do Nascimento Silva, and Senator Firmino 
Rodrigues Silva. The Chronista actively and brilliantly 
opposed to the Government of the Regent Diogo Antonio 
Feijo. 
On joining the conservative party, of which he became 
the organ and soul, in the press, Rocha put an end to 
the publication of the Chronista in 1839; and founded the 
Brazil, at first published three times a week, and after- 
wards daily. 
Vasconcellos in parliament, and Rocha in the press, or 
in his Brazil were the great levers of the conservative 
party. 
In 1846 he combated in the Brazil, with all the power 
of his inexhaustible recourses, the cause of the majority of 
the Emperor, and on this being decreed, and the Ministry, 
called the Ministry of the majority, being organised on 
the 24th of July, immediately on the following day, 25th 
of July, the periodical Brazil published its first article 
under the heading-« We are in opposition », and in oppo- 
sition Justiniano Rocha fought with energy and talent 
against that cabinet, cooperating greatly with the power- 
ful lever, of his pen, as a writer, towards the fall of the 372 
liberal situation, and to the return of the conservative 
party to power on the 27th of March of the following 
year. 
At the same time that he thus, and alone, took upon 
himself the immense task of becoming the recognised 
organ and champion of the conservative party in the 
press ; in 1839 he entered as a fellow editor of the Jornal 
do Commereio and in daily and indefatigable labor coope- 
rated in editing it, serving it devotedly from that year 
up to his death. 
The gazette Brazil terminated its career in 1850 ; but 
immediately afterwards, reckoning too much on the 
material cooperation of his party, Rocha founded the 
Correio do Brazil, a daily paper of large size which was 
shipwrecked from want of capital or sufficient revenue to 
support it. 
The bonds of the Conservative party beg'an to be loo- 
sened after the Ministry of the Marquis de Parana ini- 
tiated the policy called Conciliayao. 
Justiniano Rocha started by means of his own recourses 
the Constitucional which had but a short existence. 
Finally on the 9th of February I860 he published the 
first number of the Regenerador with the following hea- 
ding,-« Faith in God, Faith in the Instituions, Faith tn the 
future of Brazil, »-and in this the last of his Gazettes, he 
maintained with ardor, Catholic ideas, and, in politics, 
an already modified opinion. 
The conservative (party which owed so much to Justi- 
niano Rocha got him into the chamber of Deputies, being 
elected by the Province of Minas Geraes in three legisla- 
tures ; but the great paladin of the press wanted gifts to 373 
be able to shine in the Tribune, which he on the other 
hand occasionally occupied. 
Justiniano Jos6 da Rocha, was not only a most able 
teacher and consummate master in controversy, in the 
daily political press : but was a most copious writer, and 
dit not choose the hour, nor the opportunity for writing 
impromptu-articles which appeared to be the offs pring 
of careful meditation. 
Taxed daily with the cares attendant on the Editorship 
of his gazettes, occupied in teaching, working as an 
editor of the Jornal do Commercio, that indefatigable man, 
left published, the following original and translated 
works : 
Considerations on Criminal Justice in Brazil, and especially 
on the Jury in which are shown the radical defects of that so 
vaunted Institution; 1835. 
Compendium of Elementary Geography offered to the Govern- 
ment of II. I. Majesty, and accepted by them for the use of the 
pupils of the Imperial College of Pedro II : 1838. 
The mysterious assassins, or the passion for diamonds; histo- 
rical novel : 1839. 
The Yellow Rose, novel by Charles Bernard, translated : 
1839. 
Arms and Letters, novel by Alexandre Lavergni ; trans- 
lated 1840. 
The lion's skin, novel hy Charles Bernard ; translated : 
1842. 
The count of Monte Christo, by Alexandre Dumas ; trans- 
lated : 1845. 
Piquillo Alliaga, or the Moors under the reign of Philip III, 
by Eugene Scribe : translated 1847. 374 
With the exception of this last, all those translations 
came ont in the feuilletons of the Jornal do Commercio, and 
from which editions were printed. 
Justiniano Jos6 da Rocha died in the City of Rio de 
Janeiro in 1863, leaving his family in the greatest 
poverty. XXVI OF JULY 
ANTONIO DE SA 
A priest of the Company of Jesus, and a preacher of 
renowned fame, in his time, Antonio de Sa was born in 
Rio de Janeiro on the 26th of July 1620 and at the age of 
twelve years entered that company, and in its respective 
college, in the same city of Rio de Janeiro, commenced 
and made progress in his literary education and ecclesias- 
tical studies, at once showing that he possessed admirable 
intelligence, and the gift of oratory. 
He soon went to Portugal, were his reputation became 
established, and his renown spread as a preacher. 
From Portugal he had to go to Rome, and there he rem- 
ained for some years, filling the place of Secretary-general 
of the Jesuits, which is the most eloquent proof of his 
profound knowledge, and notable prudence and ability. 
In Rome he also shone in the sacred tribune; and on his 
return to Portugal he was appointed Royal Preacher, and 
was held in great esteem at the court of Lisbon; when 376 
close upon fifty years of age, however, and in the midst 
of his admired splendor, he escaped from both applause 
and laurels, as well as the highest and most demonstrative 
consideration shown to him, and returned to Brazil where 
he gave himself up to the labors and to the glorious task 
of catechising the savages. 
He died in Rio de Janeiro on the 1st of January 1678, 
being buried where he had been born. 
In his time he was called - the prince of ecclesiastical 
orators, Father Antonio Vieira. 
The best of judges-for he was his contemporary, a most 
renowned sacred orator, a great writer, a man as eminent, 
as he was jealous of his high reputation used to say: 
« when Antonio de Sa is in the pulpit, I am not wanted 
there. » 
Some of the sermons of Antonio de Sa that justified the 
fame whic exalthed this preacher, were printed: the Bibli- 
otheca Fluminense, (in the city of Rio de Janeiro) posses- 
ses a copy of the sermons of Ash-wednesday, Lent, and 
Passos. XXVII OF JULY 
FRANCISCO |)E LIMA E SUVA 
Francisco de Lima e Silva, the legitimate son of the Field 
Marshal Jose Joaquim de Lima e Silva, and of D. Joanna 
Maria da Fonseca Costa, was born in the City of Rio de 
Janeiro on army 5th of July 1785, and in accordance 
with the uses and privileges of military families entered 
the army at the age of five years, as a Cadet in the Bra- 
ganca Regiment. 
Having opportunely risen to the different grades during 
long years of service in that regiment, he took the com- 
mand of it in which he substituted his father. 
At the time of the Independence, Francisco de Lima 
warmly adopting the cause of his country, rendered impor- 
tant services to Rio de Janeiro, and gained general confi- 
dence by the courage, firmness and activity, of which he 
gave proofs as a soldier. 
In 1824 the Brigadier Francisco de Lima e Silva was 378 
nominated to command an expeditinary Brigada against 
the Pernambucan revolt called the Federacao do Equador, ta- 
king with him also his appointment of President, ad in- 
terim, of the Province, and of the military commission, au- 
thorized by Imperial letters patent of the 27th of July of 
the same year. 
He fought the revolutionists, conquered them in the field 
by his energy and promptitude. 
A more arduous and rugged task followed the victory, 
a sadder and more vexatious one; imposed, however, by the 
duty of obedience to the Government. 
The military commission presided over by Brigadier 
Francisco de Lima, was by its nature a tribunal of blood, 
and besides many other severe sentences, some were passed 
of death, which he caused to be executed ; but un- 
fortunately obliged to aid with his vote in the punishment 
of the revolted chiefs, he, with true patriotism, with mag- 
nanimity and moderation, was greatly influential in limit- 
ing, as much as possible, the number of those condemned 
to death, and opposed a strong barrier to the cruel exi- 
gencies of the violent reaction. In 1817 Luiz do Rego did 
not know how to spare the victims, and prevent the per- 
petration of barbarities, and the magistrate's robe was 
fearfuly stained with blood. 
In 1824 Francisco de Lima followed a different system. 
Official documents which were then confidential, and la- 
ter on, could be read and appreciated,-prove tdat from 
Pernambuco, a General wrote to the Emperor, D. Pedro I, 
impeaching the Brigadier Lima as an ambitious patron 
of the rebels, an inventor of doubts in order to evade 
the clear and positive instructions of the Government, 
etc., and still further prove his moderate and wise 379 
proceeding', and his efforts to spare blood, and to establish 
concord by means of a magnanimous and enlightened pol- 
icy, which raised the character of Francisco de Lima e 
Silva. 
In an official letter addressed to the Government he said 
besides much more, «The prisoners who were in the case of 
being considered chteis of the rebellion have already been 
executed; and the execution of the sentences of others, 
suspended until the decision of H. I. Majesty shall be re- 
ceived, on account of the said commission having' judged 
it more advisable to delay the execution, and await the 
Imperial orders, than to cause a repetition of the scene 
of 1817, when individuals who had been precipitately shot 
in Bahia, and in this city, were pronounced afterwards 
not to be chiefs ; which events are here well remembered 
by many people, and which, added to the other unheard 
of violence and despotism which was then practised, have 
caused the opposition that I have met with, and brought 
about this reaction and hatred to the Government, perhaps, 
under the supposition that they would be repeated. » 
In the same document, he frankly and loyally stated 
that « the military commission ought not to continue to 
sit on account of its being' a tribunal of horror; and that 
should the last Imperial letter be literally obeyed, it would 
yet be necessary to condemn to deatht more than a hun- 
dred persons, which would neither be practicable, nor in 
accordance with the beneficent intentions of the Emperor. 
He asked that the persons compromised should be judged by 
the ordinary tribunals, which are not prejudiced by hatred; 
and lamented the casualty of the commission being composed 
of four imprudent Portuguese, who made it appear to the 
contrary by spreading abroad that they came on purpose. 380 
He finally advised the election of the Deputies, a milder 
policy, prudent but energetic measures, and the greatest 
jealousy in observing the constitution. 
This document suffices for a complete eulogy of the Brig- 
adier Francisco de Lima, President of the Province, and 
of the military commission of Pernambuco in 1824. 
On his return from that Province, and being on weekly 
duty in the Palace of S. Christovao, as comptroller of the 
householwld of D, Leopoldina, he had the honor on the 
2nd of December, 1825, of presenting in his arms, to the 
court, D Pedro II, who had just been born. 
In 1828 he was governor at arms of the Province of 
S. Paulo. 
After 1829, to the 9th of December 1830, he was Gover- 
nor at arms, ad interim, of Rio de Janeiro, and was about 
to proceed again to S. Paulo to occupy the same post, 
when, on the 13th of March, 1831, he was made effective 
Governor at arms of the capital of the Province of Rio de 
Janeiro. 
From the 13th of March till the 6th of April, the events 
which preceded the abdication of D. Pedro I. were hasten- 
ed. Insults and provocations from the Portuguese, offend- 
ing Brazilian nationality, gave force and animation to 
the exalted liberal party, which conspired openly against 
the Emperor; and the moderate liberals, not less excited, 
demanded the punishment of the foreigners who had 
outraged the national pride. 
Some accused Francisco de Lima of being an acomplice, 
and a hidden abettor, of the conspiring liberals; no fact 
exists that proves it. Francisco de Lima was a Brazilian 
patriot, and a liberal : his blood boiled when he knew of 
the provocations and insults offered by the Portuguese; he 
wished to see followed by the Governement of the Emperor, 381 
a policy of prudent concessions; but frank and decided 
towards the moderate liberal party; he was, however, a 
loyal soldier to the end, at least according to the testi- 
mony of facts. 
They might censure him for a certain amount of inactiv- 
ity and for the want of energetic military measures 
during that period of twenty-five days of commotion and 
anxiety; but the want of energy, the inaction, the laisez- 
alter came from above, they arose from, as it were, a plan 
of the Emperor himself. 
The ministry organized on the night of the 5th of April, 
was composed of Statesmen whose names were significant 
of anti-liberal and anti-revolutionary reaction, and from 
the night of the 5th to that of the 6th of April, and still 
in face of the declaration of the people, and finally of that 
of the troops, that ministry took no precautions whatever, 
evidently because reactionary and strong measures were 
not permitted them. 
What therefore could the Governor at arms do ? 
General Francisco de Lima, during the afternoon and 
night of the 6th of April, acquainted the Emperor, several 
times, with what was going on : at night he went person- 
ally to informd D. Pedro of the state of things, and ask 
him to give way to the demands of the people and of the 
troops, by again calling to the Government the ministry 
that he had dismissed the evening before. 
The Emperor confided to the General the fact that he 
was resolved to abdicate the throne, and, then the latter 
said to him : « Well then, Sire, I return to the campo to 
join the people and the troops, and to place myself at the 
head of the revolution ; but I swear to your Majesty that 
the revolution shall be in a monarchical sense. » D. Pedro I 382 
embraced the General and answered: Sr. « Lima, I always 
considered you as my sincere friend; go! I deliver up to 
you the destiny of my children ? » 
This rapid and important conference was a secret and 
confidential one; and has not therefore a positive and 
incontestible historical foundation; it might even have 
been concealed during the first years of inflamed political 
passions; it is however much more than probale, and is 
founded on information obtained from the family and 
intimate friends of General Francisco de Lima. 
The abdication was realized: D. Pedro II was enthusias- 
tically proclaimed Emperor of Brazil, and Francisco de 
Lima was elected member of the Regency, ad-interim, and 
afterwards, when the General Legislative Assembly met, 
ho was further elected to the permanent Regency: of his 
two colleagues in the Regency, one, Braulio Muniz, died, 
the other Costa Carvalho (afterwards Viscount and Marquis 
of Monte Alegre) later on, from sorrow and sickness, re- 
tired to S. Paulo, and he alone remained, untiring and 
firm, in the high political post, until he delivered it up 
on the 12th of October, 1835, to Father Antonio Diogo Feijo, 
the first Regent elected in conformity with the additional 
act promulgated. 
From 1831 to 1835, General Francisco de Lima, repre- 
sented while Regent of the Empire, the element of legal 
force; and, faithful to the cause of constitutional Monar- 
chy, rendered to it the most important services. 
On ceasing to be regent, the province of Rio de Janeiro 
included him in the triple list for Senator, and the Regent 
Feijos choice gave to Francisco de Lima a seat in the 
Senate. 
The Legislative body unanimously voted the ex-Regent 383 
an annual pension, corresponding* to half the amount of 
the salary which he received as Regent. 
Francisco de Lima e Silva, was no orator, and knowing 
this, he never ascended the tribune in the senate, reserv- 
ing* his military knowledge, and his counsels of policy, 
founded on good sense, for the labors of committees; a 
generous man, the best of friends, honorable and benefi- 
cent, he concealed, out of modesty, and in the retirement 
of domestic life, the recollections of his public greatness. 
Among the appointments and favors which were distri- 
buted on the occasion of the Emperor being consecrated, 
the ex-Regent, Francisco de Lima, was honored with the 
title of Baron of Barra Grande, which was conferred on 
him, but without the honors of a Grandee: he considered 
that he ought not to accept the title. 
Debilitated and ill for some years past, he died, in Rio 
de Janeiro, on the 2nd of December, 1853. 
General Francisco de Lima e Silva, the ex-Regent, and 
Senator of the Empire, died poor, and was buried by the 
Brotherhood of the Cruz dos Militates. 
He was knight Grand-Cross of the Imperial Order of the 
Crusader and had an honorable military Gold Medal. XXVIII OF JULY 
MARIA BARBARA 
Lucrecia, the noble wife who was a victim to the brutal 
violence of the son of Tarquinius Superbus, doesnot tolerate 
living- under the black mantle of ignominy, and kills 
herself before the eyes of her husband and of her father, 
having- first denounced the crime and asked to be revenged. 
Lucrecia was noble, educated according to those of her 
sphere of life at that time ; had succumbed through ma- 
terial weakness, had afterwards committed suicide from 
pride and revolted modesty and dignity, which history 
honercd by reverently perpetuating her name. 
Maria Barbara, a native of the capitania of Grao-Para, 
offspring of the union of a Portuguese with an Indian 
woman, therefore a mulatto, and a dark mulatto, bred in an 
hubmle cabin, without the refinements of education and 
without a social position, is an honest and shame-faced 
maiden and accepts as her legitimate husband an humble 
VOL. II 386 
soldier, of such little consideration in Para, that even his 
name did not escape the forgetfulness of indifference ; but 
the wife of a poor and unprotected soldier, she honors 
him by her honor, and ennobles him by the splendor of 
her chastity. 
She is beautiful; and without wishing it, she excites 
passions which she despises. Magnificent; but poor, she 
one day leaves tge city of Our Lady of Belem, and close 
by, near the fountain of the Marco, she is assaulted by a 
madly- impassioned man. 
Maria Barbara, a stronger and more brilliant heroine 
than the Roman Lucrecia, fiercely resists the violence, 
the superior strength, and the threat of being put to 
death. The murderous poniard of the wicked man wounds 
her chaste bosom in a first and lightly calculated stroke, 
to try the effect of the pain and of te hblood which aeready 
flowed.... 
Votwithstanding.... Maria Barbara defends herself and 
cries for aid. 
And the demon repeats the stroke, and finally revenges 
himsel for her heroic insistence by driving the poniard 
into the heart of the wife martyr ob exemplary virtue. 
The glorious Lucrecia, daughter of the Tiber, may envy 
the obscure mulatto, Maria Barbara, the daughter of the 
Amazonas ; because it is more heroic and sublime for a 
chaste wife to let herself be killed in order to prevent 
being polluted than to commit suicide after being' vio- 
lently defiled. 
And Maria Barbara had not even the good fortune to 
have registered, the day of her unsurpassable heroism 
as a wife, the model of conjugal fidelity and of saintly 
modesty I... 387 
Mulatto and poor, her renowned virtue barely inspired 
Fenreiro Aranlia with a sonnet, and a few generous 
remembrances like that of the distinguished and patriotic 
Sr. Joaquim Norberto de Souza e Silva, in his elegant 
book « Brazileiras Celebres. » 
In the absence, however, of positive data respecting 
the life and of the heroic death of Maria Barbara, in order 
that it may not for that reason be forgotten, we reserve 
her a place in the article of this day, the 28th of July. XXIX OF JULY 
CAETANO LOPES FERREIRA 
Caetano Lopes Ferreira, the legitimate son of Jos6 Lopes 
Ferreira and of Marianna da Silva Barboza, was born in 
the town of Santo Antonio de Sa, Province of Rio de Ja- 
neiro, on the 29th of July, 1721. 
He studied the humanities in the Jesuit's college in the 
city of Rio de Janeiro and there obtained the degree of mas- 
ter of arts, and applied himself much to the study of 
theology. 
Being reputed in his time a notable Latin schlar, he, 
taught Latin in the Seminary of the orphans of S. Joaquim 
and afterwards in the Episcopal Seminary of S. Jos6 with 
much credit, as a deeply learned master. 
When he had gained the greatest renown as a school- 
master, he embarked for Portugal in 1749, and there took 
orders as a priest ; immediately after his return to his 
country, he distinguished himself as a sacred orator, and 390 
carried, against opposition, the right to officiate in the 
church of S. Caetano de Minas, in which he was installed 
in the year 1752. 
The day and the year of his death are not known. 
Unfortunately, his sermons, which passed for being elo- 
quent and strong in theological science, were lost; two 
only were printed in the press of Pedro Ferreiro in Lisbon ; 
those were in honor of Our Lady of the Conception, preached 
on the morning and in the afternoon of the 8th of De- 
cember, 1749, in the church of the Boa Morte of Rio de 
Janeiro. XXX OF JULY 
JOAQUIM JOSE IGNACIO 
VISCOUNT DE INHAUMA 
Jose Victoriiio de Barros and I). Maria Izabel de Bar- 
ros, were, by legitimate wedlock, the parents of Joaquim 
Jose Ignacio, who was born in Lisbon on the 30th of 
July, 1808. 
When two years of age, in 1810, he came to Brazil 
with his family, who shorthy became Brazilians. In Rio 
de Janeiro he studied the vernacular language, Latin and 
French. He went through the course of mathematics in the 
Academy of Marine and on the 20th of November, 1822, 
adopting the career of his father, who was second-lieutenant 
in the navy of the Empire of Brazil. He entered as aspirant 
to a midshipman's berth, and was promoted on the 4th of 
December of the following year. 
From 1824 to 1825 he served praiseworthily in the 
expedition against the Pernambucan revolt, called the 
Federacdo do Equador. 392 
Tn the Cisplatine .war he entered with gallantry into 
several naval engagements. He distinguished himself no- 
tably on two occasions. 
Being already a second-lieutenant he commanded the 
battery of Santa Rita in the colony of Sacramento, which, 
surrounded both by land and sea, was in need of alimen- 
tary resourses. The young officer, in obedience to the orders 
received, sets off at night in an unarmed boat, and passing 
through a group of nineteen of the enemy's ships, he 
stands off, reaching' the Brazilian squadron on the following 
day; two days afterwards he returns with three ships 
loaded with munitions of every kind, laughing at the 
terrible fire of the enemy, and is received with accla- 
mation by the invincible garrison of the fortification. In 
1827, in the unfortunate expedition to Patagonia, the cor- 
vette Duqueza de Goyaz was lost at the entrance of the 
bar. Joaquim Jose Ignacio was the last officer who aban- 
doned the ship, being immediately afterwards made pris- 
oner and sent to Buenos-Ayres in a vessel that carried 
eighty Brazilians. With the aid of these he mutinied on 
the voyage, and having taken possession of the vessel 
and deceived three vessels of war which escorted them, he 
arrived at Montevideo on the 29th of August of the same 
year. 
In 1831 in Rio de Janeiro, and in 1836 in Maranhao, 
he rendered important services to public order. In 1838, 
in the blockade of the city of Bahia during' the revolt, he 
gave good proof of his boldness whilst commanding the 
brig Constanta; he could not contain himself on seeing 
the boldness of an Austrian bark advancing and entering 
the port. Taking upon himself the responsibility of his act, 
he ordered the sails to be shaken out, put himself under 393 
the batteries of the city in the midst of a shower of shot, 
frightened the ship away, and returned to his post accom- 
panied by the sound of shouts of applause from the crews 
of an English corvette, of a French brig, and of a North 
American schooner. 
In 1841, being inspector of the arsenals of marine of 
the province of S. Pedro do Sul, then in a tremendous 
state of rebellion, it was owing greatly to him that the 
rebels did not take the city of that name, and he brought 
with him in his notes the following' memorandum : « Large 
sums of money were saved to the national coffers. » 
Being- captain of a frigate since the 15th. of March, 
1846, he took the command of the Constituicdo frigate, and 
in the following year it fell to his lot to have the honor 
of conveying their Imperial Majesties to the province of 
S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, already pacified. 
Im 1847 the minister, Candido Baptista de Oliveira, 
appointed him to be a member of the commission over 
which he himself fresided, and which served to perform 
the business of the naval council. 
When commanding the naval force in Pernambuco, 
where the revolta praieira had broken out, in the attack on 
the Recife and terrible combat of the 2nd of February 
1842, he landed at the head of five hundred men and con- 
tributed greatly towards the rout of the rebels 
Post-captain on the 14th of March of that year, and 
inspector of marine of the capital in 1850, he there until 
1854 finished the construction of the corvette Bahiana, and 
built the Imperial Marinheiro, the brig Maranhao, the schooner 
brig Tonelero, and the steamer Ypiranga, besides other 
works which he 394 
In 1852 chief of division, in 1855 charged with the 
office of quarter-master general of marine, chief of a squa- 
dron in 1856, effective member of the naval council in 
1858, he was on the 2d of March, 1861, called the the 
councels of the crown as minister of marine and ad interim, 
of agriculture, commerce, and public works. 
In 1865 the Paraguay war commenced ; Joaquim Jose 
Ignacio lamented his not being among* the combatants of 
his country ; he was there, notwithstanding, in the person 
of his son, that brave man and hero-Mariz e Barros-who 
died exhibiting astonishing courage. 
But on the 5th of December, 1866, he takes his depar, 
tore, having been named commander in chief of the squa- 
dron in operations. 
On the 15th of August, 1867, he bombards Curapaity, 
he destroys stockades, laughs at the torpedoes, at the sharp- 
est fire from the batteries of the Fortress, and forces that 
foarful pass of the Biver Paraguay. 
On the 17th of September, he receives from the Emperor 
D. Pedro II the title of Baron of Inhauma. 
On the 19th of February, 1868, he orders, assists at, and 
sees forced the passage of Humaita, which was reputed to 
he impregnable, and hails with enthusiasm that reowned 
feat, that imperishable glory of the Brazilian navy. 
After Humaita other fresh laurels were gathered, and 
finally the formidable Angustura, whose narrow and tor- 
tuous pass he forced, commanding* the horrible fight in 
the Belmonte, a wooden vessel, on the paddle-box of which 
he commanded, in full uniform, and with such gallantry, 
that, at the end of the fight he is congratulated by the 
c mimanders of three foreign gunboats, witnesses of that 
most daring* feat. 395 
At the end of so many victories, the Viscount of In- 
hauma (Viscount as a reward for the glories of Humaita( 
falls dangeroussly ill, and by leave of the government, 
returns to Rio de Janeiro. 
Admiral since the 28th of January, 1868, the Viscount 
of Inhauma lands, or is landed, almost in a dying con- 
dition on the 10th of February, and on the 8th of March 
he receives with catholic rapture all the succors of 
religion and dies in the bosom of his family. 
Effective Grand-Cross of the Imperial orders of the 
Rose and of Aviz, commendatory of the Order of Christ, 
Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honor of 
that of Our Lady of Conception of Portugal, Councillor of 
War, effective Admiral, having the title of Councillor and 
of Viscount with Grandeeship,-Joaquim Jose Ignacio was, 
incontestibly, well deserving- of his country. 
In his lifetime he afforded a great example of charity 
and of beneficence. 
He was a deeply rooted Catholic, of which he gave 
fervent proofs by his external devotion ; it is permitted 
to no one to doubt of his spirit and his conscience 
which belonged to. God. XXXI OF JULY 
ANTONIO JOSE DO AWAL 
A modest, but a naturally influential man of the advan- 
ced liberal party in Brazil during1 the first reign and the 
first years of the minority of the Emperor SenhorD. Pedro 
II, Antonio Jose do Amaral, the legitimate son of Jos6 
Francisco do Amaral, was born on the 13th of August 
1782 in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 
He made his first studies of the humanities in the Semi- 
nary of the Lapa do Desterro in the capital of Brazil, he 
was destined for the priesthood, and even took the minor 
orders; but changing his mind, he went to Portugal, and 
in the university of Coimbra took his mathematical 
degree in 1807, having merited the reputation of being a 
distinguished student. 
By Decree of the 8th of August 1808, he obtained his 
first post as second lieutenant of the Royal Corps of En- 
gineers in Rio de Janeiro, and the founding of a military 398 
academy in this city being- then under consideration, he 
was together with captain Araujo Guimaraes, and with 
the first lieutenant Saturnino da Costa Pereira (afterwards 
a Senator of the Empire) charged with organizing the 
compendium for teaching the respective matters, each one 
of them gaining twenty milreis a month for that work. 
By decree of 11th of March 1811 he was nominated to 
the professorship of the first year of the Royal Military 
Academy and being promoted, on the 19th of April, to a 
brevet captaincy, he obtained the full rank in 1819. 
In 1821 he figured as elector on the Public Exchange, 
made part of the commission sent to the King 1). Joao VI 
and on his return, remaining- at his post, he was present 
when on the sad night of the 21st to the 22nd of April 
the Electoral Assembly and the people received a volley 
and were charged by the troops; he saw men fall round 
about him victims of this unqualified outrage and escaped, 
casting himself from a window overlooking the Praia dos 
Mineiros. 
In 1822 he made a voyage to Lisbon with permission 
from the Government, and by medical advice, and from 
1 hence in 1824 he sent a procuration for swearing to the 
constitution of the Empire, I). Joao VI who esteemed him 
wished to keep him in Portugal, and without being offend- 
ed at his patriotic refusal, said to him, speaking of Brazil 
and of Brazilians : « I have many fond remembrances of 
Brazil!... and of its people, what good people!... and he 
added much moved: « They are in truth an excellent 
people !... » 
On his return to his country Antonio Jose do Amaral 
was elected by the Province of Rio de Janeiro deputy to 
the second Legislature of 1830 to 1833, being one of those 399 
who had most votes at the time, when votes were not 
solicited and the election was spontaneous and most free. 
In 1831 after the abdication of D. Pedro I, and when 
the Chamber of Deputies resolved, that the tutor of the 
Emperor, a minor, should be named by itself. 
Amaral knowing that Evarista Ferreira da Veiga and 
other liberal chiefs wished to charge him with the Im- 
perial tutelage, in no way coincided with such an idea 
pointing out its inconvenience in the then vacilating 
health of the Emperor, and his own political principles, 
which might subject him to cruel suspicions : a little 
later on, it was he who, modestly excusing himself from 
the most honorable distinction, made mention of his 
friend and colleague, professor of the Military Academy, 
the learned friar Pedro de Santa Marianna, as a fit person 
to be director of the education of the Emperor, a minor, 
and of his august sisters. 
In 1832 on the 31st of July, and on the first following 
days after, he rendered the greatest services to the cause 
of liberty and of order by laboring to bring about harmony 
among the moderate liberals who were in sadden discord. 
Amaral supported with the assurance of the support of 
his vote, the Coup d'Etat of the 30th of July in which 
the Government of the Regency and the majority of the 
moderate party in parliament entered into combination; 
but the contrary and energetic declaration of Honorio 
Hermeto (afterwards Marquis of Parana), in the Chamber, 
broke up that majority, put into disorder and destroyed 
the revolutionary attempt: resentments and almost anta- 
gonisms arose, in consequence, m the midst of the mo- 
derate party, and it was that most honorable and justly 
venerated patriot, Antonio Jose do Amaral, who since the 400 
31st of July, most warmly and delicately dovoted himself 
to reestablishing* harmony between Honorio and his friends ; 
and Vasconcellos, Josd Bento Ferreira de Mello, Josd Cus- 
todio Dias and others found a good conciliating companion 
in Evarista Ferreira da Veiga, who together with them 
held the first place in patriotism and also in good sense. 
He did not wish to be elected deputy for the third 
legislature, and obtained from the dominant liberal party, 
who held him in great esteem and veneration, a promise 
not to accumulate men who were relations in the Depu- 
tation of the Province, declaring that it was sufficient to 
reelect his son-inlaw, Josd Joaquim Vieira Souto, who, ef- 
fectively, again occupied his seat in the Chamber. 
In 1836 he was superannuated as professor of the military 
academy. 
On the 21st of April 1840, he died, having the rank of 
brevet major, his only promotion since 1819, notwith- 
standing* all his notable merit, and his promotion was nei- 
ther reckoned on nor desired; but acknowledged and vene- 
rated as a man of political influence at least from 1831 to 
1833, in which his counsels were almost demanded by 
force. 
Antonio Jos£ do Amaral was both learned and very mo- 
dest, he left behind him a well merited renown as a pro- 
fessor : in the Chamber of Deputies, and in military 
politics he opposed the Government of the first Emperor, 
and was considerably influential during the years aeready 
mentioned; but he used his influence always disinterest- 
edly and patriotically. He was a sincere republican; 
nevertheless, after the 7th of April 1831 although he had 
not changed his opinion he leagued himself decidedly with 
the moderate party, g*ave his support to constitutional mo - 401 
narchy, and upheld the Emperor., the son of the country. To 
the present Councillor Sr. Jos£ Maria de Amaral, his illus- 
trious son, then very young-, but already an eloquent and 
energetic liberal Journalist, he gave the counsel in 1832 
not zcith the authority of a father, but as his more experienced 
fellow citizen, (these were his words)-that he should not 
then speak of a republic; for to attempt to proclaim it 
would be to kindle a civil war, and provoke the restor- 
ation of D. Pedro I. 
Most affable in his social intercourse, Antonio Jos£ do 
Amaral was the object of the great esteem of his fellow 
citizens for his spotless probity. I OF -A.XJGFCTST 
JUNIUS DE VILLENEUVE 
A native of France where he was born on the 27th of 
February 1804, Junius de Villeneuve received in Paris 
his literary education, to which he added the cultivation 
of some of the fine arts, especialy that of music, in which 
he was a notable amateur. 
He was still young, when he came to Rio de Janeiro ; 
he served for some time as a naval officer, and afterwards, 
being both diligent and laborious he began to prepare 
the way for making his fortune in an honorable way. 
On the 9th of June 1832 Junius de Villeneuve purcha- 
sed the proprietorship of the Jornal do Commercio, of 
Seignot Plancher who had established it on the 1st 
of April 1826, on the very smallest scale, printed on the 
worst paper, and in the beginning it was barely limited to 404 
giving very scant news of the movement of the port of 
Rio de Janeiro. 
The progressive augmentation of the material resour- 
ses of Seignot Plancher's undertaking is to be wondered 
at ; without editors, because it did not require to be 
edited, published periodically : in its commencement, 
conducted with ignorance and incapacity, the Jornal do 
Commercio, developing little by little its exclusive task 
of a Gazette of Commercial news and of private interest, 
foreign to the political and administrative march of the 
state, to such an extent that not even did it give an 
account of the gravest political events ; even so, went on 
gaining the public favor and especially that of the 
commercial world of Rio de Janeiro, so that at the end 
of six years, it already ensured to old Plancher a fortune 
sufficient to content him. Nevertheless the Jornal do 
Commercio had in this capital a respectable competitor 
in the Diario do Rio de Janeiro, established before the 
former, and, in general, giving more news, conducted 
with greater intelligence : but either owing to a mistake 
to be regretted, less attention waspaid to the extensive 
Commerce or it was less acceptable to that commercial 
body owing to some inexplicable misfortune. 
What is certain is, that Plancher sold in 1832 the 
property and the printing office of the Jornal do Com- 
mercio iov 52:664$000. 
Junius Villeneuve took for a partner, to second him, 
Mouginol ; he bought then the Jornal do Commercio, 
that immediately received a directing power which 
revealed intelligence and great tact. 
The egoistic and senseless indifference-inasmuch as it 
referred to the government and to the political affairs 405 
of the Empire, was substituted by an elegantly written 
news-part, otherwise subject to a calculated system of 
complet abstention from pirty opinions and sympathies ; 
and at the same time the commercial part had greater 
attention paid to it, and experienced a greater development 
of which it was more in need. 
On entering his noviciate of chief and director of the 
Jomal do Commercio Villeneuve with the good sense 
which is rare,made up his mind not to publish any fact or 
any imminent Governmental measure, the veracity of 
which had not been fully ascertained, and that was the 
secret of the great credit, which strengthened, and raised 
the estimation of his Jomal do Commercio. 
On the 15th of July 1834 Villeneuve remained sole 
proprietor of the Jomal do Commercio,MouginoX receiving 
25:765$000 for the share which he had in it, although 
the firm remained the same till the 1st of January 1836. 
It was incontestibly the first daily newspaper, and had 
at it's disposal material resourses to meet the greatest 
expenses required for improvements of a very costly 
nature, having in the privileged and in the other 
advertisements a source of revenue relatively colossal, 
and which always continues augmenting, the Jomal do 
Commerciohas in its own splendid prosperity, its. great- 
est defence, which is that, competition with it experimented 
materially, is unsustainable for long; that, as a privilege 
which is owing to the proportions of its 
undertaking, and of its revenue renders unequal and 
afflictive for its daily rivals, the struggle in the field of 
improvements and of progress. 
But since that time the great daily newspaper entered 
its term of greatest prosperity. 406 
Villeneuve caused the interest which the Jornal do 
Commercio already inspired, to become immense, by 
the publication of the legislative chambers; and organi- 
sing with zealous efforts the editing of the paper, he 
established in it under the title of folhelim the practice 
which was afterwards adopted by all the dailies, of 
transcribing the romances translated generally from 
the French ; the commercial part soon improved giving 
tables of the movement of commerce, and the first 
elements of the commercial statistics of Rio de Janeiro ; 
it enlarged the news part with the register of the 
principal acts of the Government, and of the notable 
political facts, and rendered the paper belonging to him, 
still more interesting by making it abound in news of 
the events and of the nations of Europe. 
Villeneuve, and after him, his successors in the 
direction of the Jornal do Commercio, (Mr. Picot, 
happily still alive, and the commander Manoel Moreira 
de Castro already for some years dead, and others still) 
provided as editors and fellow laborers in the great 
daily newspaper, the most eminent pens such as that 
of Justiniano Rocha, those of Srs. Francisco Octaviano, 
(the present councillor and senator), Paranhos, (later 
Visconnt of Rio Branco),and some other writers esteemed 
both in and out of the country. 
The Jornal do Commercio, showed itself to be and still 
continues, in the apogee of opulence, and of influence 
owing in great part to the good sense,tothe practical tact, 
and to the intelligent direction of Villeneuve. 
Seignot Plancher had been the material founder, un- 
conscious, ignorant and stingy, and incalculatingly for- 
tunate in the Jornal do Commercio which no one would 407 
tolerate ten years afterwards; Villeneuve was the intel- 
lectual, and most able founder of the Jornal do Com- 
mercio which is still the first daily newspaper of Brazil. 
After he had solidified his credit and had incontestably 
rendered its circulation greater, and, the amount of the 
distribution of his influential paper being recognised, the 
Jornal do Commercio had in its advantage, and as aids, 
considerable favors, official preferences, which gave it 
a still more solid foundation of superiority over all simil- 
ar enterprises which started in rivalry, 
The Jornal do Commercio had sometime previously 
remowed from it's humble house in the rua dos Ourives 
to that, which it still occupies, established in the rua do 
Ouvidor. Here, Junius Villeneuve lived in apartments 
that communicated with the editors'rooms, and in one of 
the apartments his wife gave birth to M. Julius Cons- 
tancius de Villeneuve, the present proprietor of the Jor- 
nal do Commercio, and to Edmond de Villeneuve, the 
first of whom is a most excellent citizen, but whose ser- 
vices cannot be treated in this gallery, exclusively dedi- 
cated to illustrious Brazilians already deceased; the 
second who was a distinguished hero died showing un- 
surpassed bravery in the attack on the Malakoff tower. 
Junius de Villeneuve having established on a solid 
basis and opened to the Jornal do Commercio extensive 
fields of prosperity and confiding absolutely in the en- 
lightened and well tried capacity of its directors, whom 
he left, in 1844 he remowed to France, and in Paris occu- 
pied himself in carefully watching over the education of 
his children, and died there on the 5 th of August 1863. 
Junius de Villeneuve, a Frenchman by birth, but a 
Brazilian citizen, for somtime an officer in the navy of 408 
Brazil, and finally-if not the founder.at least-and that 
is much, the civilizer, the mind, which gave spirit to the 
intelligence which conveyed its flame to the Jornal do 
Commercio was without any possible doubt a notable 
cooperator in the work of developing civilization, and 
therefore well deserving,whose memory ought to be per- 
petuated by national gratitude. 
Junius de Villeneuve wrote both the poetry and the 
music of the opera - Paraguassu - an inspiration alto- 
gether Brazilian, which was represented in Paris in the 
year 1855 being put on the stage for the first time on 
the 1st of August.The announcements of the Opera gave a 
second place to the masterly amateur of music,who gave 
up the first to the composer, a youthful and promising 
artist who required applause and triumphs, that might 
recommend him much more than he did ; unfortunately, 
however, the laurels of the Paraguassu were shortly 
followed by the mourning which covered the anguished 
father on learning the death, although glorious, of his 
son, the young Brazilian Edmond de Villeneuve who 
heroically sought death : by scaling the walls of the 
Malakoff on the day of the victorious and splendid taking 
of the greatest bulwark of Sebastopol. II OF AUGUST 
ANTONIO GONQALVES DIAS 
In the province of Maranhao, the city of Caxias boasts 
of having been, on the 2d of August, 1824, the birthplace 
of Antonio Goncalves Dias; the city of S. Luiz accounts it 
an honor to have seen him in her schools going through 
the course of the humanities ; and in Portugal the Uni- 
versity of Coimbra will never forget the glory of having 
conferred on him the degree of Bachelor of Law. 
The « prestige » accorded by an Academical diploma, 
and the treasure of prodigious talent which in him 
always appeared to be a vocation, whatever was the 
science in which it was tried, opened to him fascinating 
fields of riches, and the high social grales ; but Antonio 
Goncalves Dias had not been created to enjoy the triumphs 
of calculation, he ought to have been on the earth an 
apostle of ideality. He had been born a poet : one would 
have said that the angel of harmony had come down 
from heaven to seek him in his cradle, and that he had 410 
kindled in his soul the divine flame, or had remained in 
his soul to inspire him with the sweetest songs. He had 
not made himself, but God had created him a poet : the 
gift of poetry was in his nature like to the fragrance 
which is contained in the calixes of the flowers ; inspira- 
tion broke forth from his spirit as the rays of the early 
morn burst forth from the sun. 
His was a mission : he had to fulfil it. The inspired 
youth arrived in Rio de Janeiro in 1846 and immediately, 
published his First Poems. The great poet was 
revealed, his book was a resplendent Aurora ; una- 
nimous applause hailed him in his country ; and beyond 
the Atlantic, Alexandre Herculano, the giant of Portu- 
guese literature, wove a garland for the Brazilian swan. 
The Second succeeded the First Poems, and to these 
immediately succeeded the Last Poems ; two more books 
of Poems which would suffice for the pride of a genera- 
tion. 
In them, or among them were born of that same most 
fertile genius, Pattcull, Leonor de hL endonga, Bealriz 
Cenci, and, later on, Boabdil, four brilliants set in the 
nascent national dramatic literature. 
At the same time, Goncalves Dias joining two friends, 
founded with them, in 1849, the Guanabara, a monthly 
literary review ; in the same year Dr. Joaquim 
Gaetano da Silva, then rector of the Imperial Col- 
lege of Pedro II, proposed, and succeeded in estab- 
lishing a professorship of the History of Brazil, provi- 
sionally separated from that of Modern History and Geo- 
graphy ; and exulted on receiving into that College as 
professor <?f that branch, the man of his own choice. 411 
himself, the already very distinguished poet, who had 
still some hours to spare to enrich the Brazilian historical 
Institute with sundry memoirs, full of erudition, replete 
with interest and revealing a deep study of our state of 
things. When in the future, the transcendency, the 
extent, and the number of his many works, be compared 
with the time which Gon<? lives Dias took to execute 
them, there will not be wanting people to imagine his 
having lived in constant labor, in some silent retreat, 
as in the mountains of Syria, he, who ought to be called 
the Golden Mouth, who fled from men, and sang in 
solitude like Petrarch in the Vaucluse ; nevertheless, it 
was not so. Goncalves Dias frequently cultivated the 
sacred commerce of friendship, he took pleasure in pass- 
ing entire hours, which flew by rapidly while entertain- 
ing both himself and his friends, sometimes in grave 
discussions on literary points, at others in pleasant con- 
versation, which he rendered charming by the atticism 
of his wit and by the lively fire of innocent and subtle 
epigrams. If he wrote, if he produced much for the splen- 
dor of our literature it is, that there was for him no 
hour or day which was not opportune; when he com- 
menced work, the rapidity of the composition was prodi- 
gious : at times he wrote till morning, at others, he rose 
from his bed, late at night, to yield to the impulse of the 
poetic furor that awakened him in the midst of his 
dreams : there were instances in which the meditations 
of a philosopher, or cantos of poetry flowed from his pen 
in the midst of a feast and of boisterous mirth : nothing 
then could distract him ; it was Archimedes solving the 
problem. He had never to await inspiration : inspiration 
was the beautiful odalisque always obedient to his will. 
In 1851 Goncalves Dias departed from Rio de Janeiro, 412 
commissioned by the Government to inspect' in some of 
the northern Provinces, the primary and secondary 
instruction, both public and private. Of this interesting 
commission he gave an account in most accurate reports 
dated from Maranhao, Para, and Parahyba, in June, 
August, and December of the same year, 1851, and of 
Bahia in May 1852. 
Those documents, incontestably trancendent, and 
which formed a thick volume, ought to be met with in 
the Secretary's Office of the Ministry of the Empire. 
On his return from his voyage to the north, Goncalves 
Dias was appointed first clerk of one of the sections of 
the Secretary of State's Office of Foreign Affairs. He 
remained, however, but a short time in this capital, for 
immediately in 1852 he was sent to Europe on a commis- 
sion to collect in Portugal, manuscripts and documents 
relative to the history of Brazil. Very abundant and 
precious was the collection realized : if carelessness 
partly caused their loss, the blame is not his. 
The inspired man announced his return to his country 
by forwarding the four first parts of his admirable poem 
Os Tymbiras, published in Leipzig in 1857, and a collec- 
tion of his poetry, containing sixteen new poems treas- 
ured in one sole volume ; in the following year, he 
arrived at the capital of the Empire bringing with him 
yet another book, the fruit of his lucubrations, the 
Dictionary of the Tupy language, called the general 
language of the aborigines of Brazil. 
Goncalves Dias could make no stay in Rio de Janeiro. 
Member of a scientific commission of exploration of some 
of the Provinces of the Empire, and specially entrusted 
with the historical and ethnographical part, he departed 
for the Province of Ceara in January, 1859. In 1860, 413 
while his companions returned to the capital, he advanced 
further north, entered the majestic freshwater Mediter- 
ranean, went up its stream, and made deep studies of the 
customs of the savages ; and, acceding to the request of 
the President of the Province of Alto Amazonas, he pre- 
pared a curious work on public instruction, for which he 
obtained most just praise from the administrator of the 
Province ; and finally rendered, by that means, patriotic 
service in rendering the first industrial exhibition of 
Brazil more splendid, and he arrived to find it open in 
Rio de Janeiro in December, 1861. 
The presence of the inspired poet in the theatre of his 
finest triumphs was the fore-runner to his friends and 
admirers of the fatal calamity of the 3d of November. 
Gonyalves Dias was no longer the same man : a deep me- 
lancholy had extinguished the vivacity of his spirit and 
the smiles of happier days. He talked of death, as youth 
dreams of hope, and death was consuming him, devour- 
ing, little by little, that life which was one of the 
treasures of Brazil; his voice became hoarse, cruel illness 
was stamped on his countenance ; one could already 
foretell the dying state of the inspired man. And even 
so, he did not cease his labors, for they were a lenitive 
and consolation to him. 
That eminent man worked hard in his agonizing life 
of three years ; everything was dying in him, except his 
intellect, which never broke down, save the love of his 
country which never became cool. The Parnaso Mara- 
nhense, the archive of literary glory for his Province, 
owes much to him. He joined in making a collection of 
poetical translations carefully chosen, and took much 
pains in their publication : he understood it to be a duty 
of honor to bring to an end before descending to his 414 
grave, the organization and the revision of the studies 
which specially belonged to him in the scientific com- 
mission, and exhausted in that immense labor the little 
strength which had still remained to him. 
A voyage to Europe had become the last resource 
which the medical men advised the eminent poet to take. 
When in 1862 he took his departure for Pernambuco in 
one of the packets of the northern line, and from thence 
to France in a merchant vessel: two months afterwards, 
and as if July, 1862, sought to prophetize the 3d of No- 
vember, 1864, the announcement of the death of Goncalves 
Dias arrived, proved by the relation of the most likely 
circumstances. Grief overspreads the whole population : 
the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute re- 
solved, on the day of receiving the unlucky news, to sus- 
pend their labors, in demonstration of their loving re- 
membrance and grief; H. M. the Emperor declaring that 
it was the most fitting homage to talent, and the recom- 
pense due to the services rendered to the Institute by its 
deceased fellow-associate: the academic youth, men of 
letters,of Arts, the periodical press,-manifest,throughout 
all Brazil, sentiments of grief for the fatal event, and in 
the temples of the Lord are offered up prayers for the soul 
of the inspired poet. 
But shortly arrives from Europe the happy news which 
does away with the mourning of all hearts : it was still 
early for this last dreadful event; Goncalves Dias lived, 
and they even conceived hopes of the re-establishment of 
his health; the influence of the climate had been favor- 
able to him during the first months; but soon afterwards 
he felt that the evil progressed; and in France, in Ger- 
many, in Portugal, and again in France, he uselessly 
sought a miracle of science that might save him. 415 
He lived in an agonized state, far from his country, for 
two years and some months, and in all that time, without 
the martyrdom of his disease being able to conquer him, 
he fulfilled his mission-always writing: he paid what he 
supposed to be his debt of honor, by concluding the revi- 
sion of his special labors of the scientific commission. He 
translated with zealous care, the Bride of Messina, of 
Schiller; he commenced and made considerable advance 
in his History of the Jesuits of America, a work which he 
had planned to be of the grandest proportions, and for 
which he had collected the most precious elements; he 
composed and polished the ten last cantos of his poem, the 
Tymbiras, and writing without ceasing, and with an ardor 
only to be explained by his seeing his end so near, he 
desired most anxiously to bequeath to Brazil all the pre- 
cious fruit of his marvellous genius. Of a modest disposi- 
tion he attempted to exhaust a fountain which God had 
created prodigiously perennial! 
Goncalves Dias was without fortune: on departing for 
Europe in 1862 he went on six months leave, receiving 
his pay of first clerk of the Secretary of State's Office for 
Foreign Affairs, and the gratification which pertained to 
him as one of the directors of the scientific commissions ; 
when the Government could not lawfully prolong that 
leave, with pay, they gave him, through the Secretary of 
State of the Affairs of the Empire, the same commission 
that the learned Joao Francisco Lisboa had been fulfil- 
ling in Portugal, and which his death left vacant, the 
same commission with which, once already, in 1852, Gon- 
calves Dias had been entrusted, and which, then, in 1862, 
perhaps might but why should it not be said?... 
was a glorious and patriotic pretext to succour the dying 
poet, whose last agony in misery would be an indelible 416 
stain on Brazil, as the misery of Oamoes, and his death 
on a hospital bed is an indelible stain upon Portugal. 
Guizot attacked with brutal levity from the tribune, 
and by the opposition press, for having given a mission 
in Italy to Theodore Jouffroy, who began to suffer from a 
pulmonary complaint that carried him to the grave, most 
worthily answered, that the mission was a pretext, and 
that the men who honored the name of France ought to 
find in the gratitude of France an action to animate her 
strength and her courage in the difficulties of life. And 
more thankful still than France, finer and more majestic 
in the devotion rendered to genius, the English Govern- 
ment, taken by surprise by the disease that threatened 
the life of Walter Scott, knowing that a voyage might 
be useful to him, did not give him a diplomatic mission, 
did not seek a pretext to succour him, but put a ship, 
belonging to the state, at the disposal of the illustrious 
romance-writer. 
But in 1864,- it is hard to say it, but it is true,- 
Gongalves Dias received from the Government of his 
country the pitiless declaration that from the 1st of July 
forwards his literary commission and the gratification 
due to him as the director of one of the sections of the 
scientific commission, would cease. It was misery that 
visited the dying poet in his poor bed in a foreign 
land ; it was misery that sat at the bed's head of the 
dying man in his agony, and showed herself, cold, 
horrible, and threatening, to the eyes of him who had 
written for Brazil such delicate and beautiful poems as 
Marabd and the Spring of Waler, Gulnare, and Coema. 
It was misery sent in the name of I know not what law 
of Brazil, as if Brazil could have a law that authorized 
the extinguishing of her own glory. Goncalves Dias 417 
found himself absolutely without means : the Councillor 
Drummond, an old man and one who had rendered great 
service to the state, then blind and poor, hospitably en- 
tertained him in France during a month, and shared his 
loaf with the great poet, who determined on returning to 
Brazil in the company of his friend and fellow provincial, 
Odorico Mendes. 
The news of the very distressing situation in which 
Goncalves Dias found himself, reached Rio de Janeiro. 
H. M. the Emperor, who had always distinguished and 
greatly esteemed the illustrious poet, and who supposed 
him to be safe from any privations,thanks to the measures 
which he reckoned had been taken, was deeply grieved, 
and immediately sent by the French packet of the month 
of August an unlimited order to afford him every pecu- 
niary means which might be necessary to him, to be 
paid out of his, the Emperor's own private purse. 
The minister of the Empire again restored to him his 
gratification as Director of the ethnographical section of 
the scientific commission ; but Goncalves Dias was not to 
be met with in France : the sudden and unexpected death 
of Odorico Mendes had just prostrated him ; while weep- 
ing for his friend, he prayed heaven to grant him two 
months of life to die among his brothers in his own coun- 
try, and to be buried where he had been born. He em- 
barked in the sailing vessel « Ville de Boulogne,» because 
he had not the money to pay his passage in the French 
packet, and left.. .left not to arrive. 
He no longer had either speech, or strength, nor any 
hope whatever during the voyage ; his condition became 
worse. Notwithstanding all this he still wrote, and wrote 
much ; until at last, his trembling hand could no lon- 
ger do so ; it was the last blow. He wept as Walter 
vol. n 53 418 
Scott did, on the eve of his dying agony, when asking to 
write, his daughter could not succeed in closing the fing- 
ers which were to hold the pen. 
The remainder of the mournful history of Gongalves 
Dias is a mystery of the sea : the captain of the vessel 
says, that days before the 31 of November the illustrious 
poet ceased to rise from his bed or take any food ; and 
that in the fearful hour of shipwreck, on going to his 
berth to try and save him, he found him dead, and for 
that reason left the body in the ship which was sinking. 
Dr. Antonio Goncalves Dias died, then, and drew his 
last breath in the most complete solitude in front of the 
land of his birth, which he so longingly had sought, but 
was not permited to see: the body which he wished to 
restore to the ground of his country, became the prey of 
the sea, and his numerous manuscripts, his important 
works, the fruit of his three years labor, were all lost. 
He died at sea, as the news of 1862 had errQneously 
and in anticipation announced, and as it appears he 
himself had unconsciously foretold in the following 
verses with which he closed his canto- « Adieu to my 
friends of Maranhao : « So departs the banished man ; 
« some day the waves will throw up his remains on the 
« strand, whence so lately he had taken his departure, 
« and where the cold ashes seek a resting-place. » 
The inspired poet reached the end of his mission, still 
leaving in his passage a trail of light which will never 
be extinguished ; a name which is a glory to Brazil ; 
works which will live through ages ; and an influence - 
real, vivifying, and potent, which will give a brilliancy 
and spirit truly national to our literature. 
Antonio Gongalves Dias not only possessed marvellous 
talent, but vast erudition : the Latin, Italian, Spanish, 419 
French, English, and German languages were as familiar 
to him as their respective literature was ; his writings, 
chiefly his last, published in verse as well as in prose, 
are models of purity of language and of excellence of 
style in Portuguese. With so rare an intellect, and solid 
education, he displayed distinction in every kind of lit- 
erary work that emanated from his pen ; at least in one 
there was no one that could equal him either in Brazil or 
Portugal. 
In his studies and historicalillustrations he was a grave, 
simple and profound writer : his refined and assured 
criticism was manifested repeatedly in the memoirs pre- 
sented by him to our Institute. His History of the Jesuits 
in America ought to be a monument. 
In the dramas that Gongal ve ■ Dias composed, without 
enlisting himself as a blind partisan in the phalanx of 
the romantic school, he directed his daring flights towards 
the horizon where shines the majestic star of Victor 
Hugo ; often displaying the force and independence of 
true genius in bold strokes of sublime originality, in 
happy and inspired touches worthy of the sublimity 
of Shakespeare. Of his four dramas, unfortunately not all 
published, Beatrix Cense is believed to be the most pre- 
cious jewel of his dramatic crown. 
It is, however, in lyric poetry that the supremacy of 
the inspired poet is manifested. Goncalves Dias is incon- 
testably the first lyric poet of the Portuguese language ; 
he is equal in suavity to Gonzaga, and much more orig- 
inal, besides being a much greater poet than him. He 
does not yield to Garrett in the magic of fascinating 
fluency, nor to any other of the most renowned and fa- 
mous in those divine niceties of poetry, which can only 
be the offspring of rare and delicate sensibility. To 420 
enumerate his beautiful cantos would be to repeat the 
whole of the long index of his three books. 
In the four first cantos of the Tymblras the inspiration 
charms one, the harmony of the verses enhances the vi- 
gor of thought, and ornamental perfection astonishes one. 
The congress of the Indian chiefs brings to mind Homer, 
and in the description of a daybreak we feel the fresh- 
ness of the morning breeze, hear the warbling of birds, 
and awake with the poet in an enchanted world. 
We cannot here consider the influence exercised by 
Goncalves Dias on national literature; but may simply 
record that, since 1846, he was the column of fire that led 
the way to the promised land of poetry, for our youthful 
cultivators of literature to follow. His Poesias Ameri- 
canas founded, together with the Brazilianas, of Porto 
Alegre, a school, the character of wrhich is entirely na- 
tional. 
The province of Maranhao, justly boastful of so enlight- 
ened a son, caused to be erected in its capital, to the 
memory of Antonio Gongalves Dias, a monument, which 
was solemnly inaugurated in 1874, and already at that 
time the Brazilian Historical an I Geographical Institute 
bad hailed in the hall of its ordinary sessions the bust of 
the great poet. Ill OF -A-TJG-TTST 
VASCO FERNANDES COUTINHO 
Anxiously desirous of colonizing Brazil, and immediate- 
ly after the first efforts, convinced of the impossibility 
of achieving it through the means afforded exclusivly by 
the state, or by the crown, which would not be sufficient 
to meet such extraordinary expenses, D. Joao III explored 
human ambition and vanity to the benefit of coloni- 
zation, and divided Brazil into Capitanias of as vast terri- 
tory as that of kingdoms in Europe, and bestowed them 
on noblemen, and very notable men of Portugal, with 
privileges and conditions of perpetual and hereditary do- 
minion and Government; and with rights, exemptions 
from obedience to authority, except to the person of the 
king, with as much power and independence (merely 422 
suzerain) as constituted real feudalism planted in Brazil, 
still to be colonized. All the principles of feudal dominion 
and of aristocratic vanity and splendor were put under 
tribute as incentives in the system of colonization of 
D. Joao III in 1534. 
That system marks a primitive epoch in the history of 
Brazil; before it, all was fruitless and almost without 
importance for the Portugal dominion. The very expedi- 
tion of Martin Alfonso do Souza from 1531 to 1533 would 
have been profitless, and the colonies of S. Vicente and 
of Poratininga, established by that captain, would have 
perhaps ended by being absorbed by the predominion and 
by the natural conquest of the savages, even though kept 
in flattering and independent amity, if D. Joao III had 
not renewed the auxiliary expeditions, sending people, 
and spending large sums to animate,develop and guarantee 
the influence and safety of those colonial settlers, other- 
wise two only, in a place almost isolated in this immense 
world which is called Brazil. 
The division of this extensive and magnificent country 
into hereditary capitanias was admirably well advised. 
The civilization notwithstanding it was still wretched, 
rude, coarse, contaminated by vices, now considered re- 
pugnant, but providential, if the circumstances of that 
time be studied, gave to Brazil her first step in 1544, and 
in the immediate following years, through the system of 
the hereditary capitanias and of a prospect of feudal suze- 
rainty. 
The first donees, at least those whose capitanias throve, 
ought to be looked upon as initiators of the colonization 
and of the conquest of Brazil, the primitive door through 
which entered the germs of civilization. 
One of those donees was Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, a 423 
Portuguese nobleman, who had served wit h distinction 
in the wars in India. 
On the Is tof June, 1545, D. Joao III presented him with 
a letter granting him fifty leagues, which commenced 
to the south of the River Itabapoana and terminated at 
the southern point of the bar of Mucury. 
Vasco Fernandes sold all that he possessed in Portugal, 
gave up to the state a pension that he had gained by his 
services in Asia, receiving in exchange a ship and sun- 
d ry goods ; he contracted loans, and embarking with 
sixty persons, more or less, among whom were D. Jorge 
de Menezes and SimSo de Castello Branco, noblemen who 
had been degraded, arrived at his capitania and disem- 
barked on the right bank of a small bay on the 23d of 
May, 1535, and gave it the name of Espirito Santo on ac- 
count of the day being Sunday of the Holy Spirit; that 
name became the name of the capitania. 
Vasco Fernandes had to beat off the savages who at 
times attacked him ; but after muting them in battle he 
Avon them over by kindness, so that his nascent colony 
began to prosper ; but the banished noblemen soon com- 
menced to perturb the order of the colony by their insub- 
ordination and arrogance, and other colonists of bad 
habits united with them. 
Duarte de Lemos who had brought Vasco Fernandes 
some auxiliaries from S. Vicente, received as a donation 
the island which was called Santo Antonio ; but on ac- 
count of the donor denying him the right of making a 
town on his island, he became resentful, and from re- 
sentment he passed to vehement antagonism : hatred was 
kindled, and the colony entered on a period of decadency 
which encouraged fresh hostilities from the savages. 
Vasco Fernandes, old, impoverished, and crippled ; 424 
entirely lost all moral force,being at last dependant for liis 
living on the charity of the colonists, his subordinates. 
On the 3d of August, 1560, the unhappy donee gave up 
his capitania, of which Belchior de Azeredo Continho 
was nominated Capifdo-mor. 
Vasco Fernandes Continho, the ex-donee, an indigent 
and unfortunate resident in the capitania which he had 
founded, died in it in such a state of misery that his body 
had for shroud a sheet which was given out of charity. I'V OF AUGUST 
AUGUSTO NETTO DE MENDONCA 
Augusto Netto de Mendonca, a native of the Province 
of Pernambuco where he was born on the 4th of August, 
1834, in the Parish of Santo Antonio of the city, Recife, 
enlisted as an aspirant to a midshipman's berth, as will 
be seen by the official notice of 1st of August,1848. 
He went through the course of study at the marine 
school of Rio de Janeiro with advantage to himself, and 
having already rendered important service when on a 
commission, he distinguished himself much in 1855 in 
the bombardment and taking of the fortification of Pay- 
sandu in the Oriental State. He was praised for the man- 
ner in which he had conducted himself during the siege 
and taking of the city of Paysandu, in the order of the 
day by the vice-admiral commander in chief of the naval 
vol. n 54 426 
forces of Rio de Janeiro, and by official mandate of the 
25th of February, 1865,he was by order commended not 
only for the valor which he showed in the attack on that city 
but for the energy and perseverance with which he resisted 
the orders by which they attempted to lake from him the 
prisoners whom lie had disarmed, and whose lives he com- 
promised himself to save, which he fulfilled to his own honor 
and to that of the national flag. 
In 1865, after the victory of Uruguana and the march 
of the allied army to Corrientes, Augusto Netto re- 
mained at that point of Uruguay commanding a gunboat; 
but vexed at finding himself far from the field of action, 
he asked and obtained three months leave of absence,and 
freighting a vessel at his own cost, he went up the Parana 
and presented himself to the brave Viscount de Taman- 
dare, the commander in chief of the naval forces, asking 
for a place of honor among the combatants. 
Commander of the gun-boat Greenhalgh, he was pre- 
sent at the passage of the army over to the Paraguayan 
bank of the Parand, on the 16th of April, 1866; he 
engaged an enemy's battery on the 17th, and was 
eulogized in the order of the day. 
He took part in the engagements and bombardments 
of Duruzu and Burupaity. 
He distinguished himself on various occasions when 
commanding the iron-clad Martz e Barros. 
Thompson,in his Historia de la Guerra de Paraguay,an 
un prejudiced judge, in consequence of having been an 
enemy, praises August Netto(dlready at that tim e captain 
of a frigate and another officer, his companion, both 
wearing white jackets, who remained during the engage- 
ments on the iron towers of the Mariz e Barros. 427 
The officers called the white jackets, were renowned 
among the Paraguayans of Angostura. 
On the 9th of December, 1868, a reconnoissance was 
ordered to be made of that terrible fortress, and Augusto 
Netto de Mendonga in the Mariz e Barros took the lead 
of the other iron-clads and, when opposite to the first 
battery of Angostura, had his skull fractured by a shot 
which killed him. 
The captain of a frigate, Augusto Netto de Mendonga, 
was a man of excellent heart and a most generous nature; 
of a very merry disposition, even in the heat of battle, 
where he always showed as much bravery as calmness, 
ever preserving his characteristic joviality. 
He was smiling at the moment when he received the 
shot, which struck him dead. 
He was an enthusiast in the defence of national honor 
and glory and died heroically while fighting for them. "V OF 
BARTOLOMEU LOURENCO GUSMAO 
In the town of Santos, Capitania of S. Vicente, after- 
wards called S. Paulo, the chief-Surgeon of the Fortress, 
Francisco de Gusmao, and his wife D. Maria 
Alves w'ere fortunate in having a numerous and illus- 
trious offspring. 
Of six sons, Simao, Alvares, and Ignacio Rodriguez 
were Jesuits, Patricio de Santa Maria, a franciscan friar; 
and of these four priests, not one was undistinguished : 
besides them, Bartholomeu de Gusmao, whom 
people called the Flyer, and Alexandre deGusmao, scriv- 
ener of the privy chamber of the king D. Joao V, were 
both celebrities and glories of their country. Out of six 
daughters, all of them examples of piety and of the purest 430 
morals, two professed in the convent of Santa Clara de 
Santarem, and four were the most virtuous wives, one 
of whom merited being called by the people the sa'.ntly 
woman, of whom we shall treat in another article. 
Bartholomeu Lourengo de Gusmao was born in 1685 ; 
lie studied in Santos with the Jesuits, and when fifteen 
years of age, he went to Coimbra, in which university 
he took the degree of Licenciate of Canon law, and 
adopting the ecclesiastical state, he performed his first 
mass, as soon as he left the university. 
He commenced distinguishing himself as a sacred orator, 
gaining great fame by his eloquence, the elevation of his 
ideas, and chastened diction. He was much devoted to 
the study of physical sciences, of which he became a fa- 
mous connoisseur. 
The queen of Spain, D. Izabel of Brunswick Blanken- 
burg after appreciating duly, the profound learning of 
Bartholomeu Lourengo de Gusmao, who had made a 
voyage to Spain, recommended him to D. Joao V, who 
appointed him noble Chaplain of his royal house, and 
gave him proofs of his esteem. 
From his physical experiments, Bartholomeu Lourenco 
concluded the possibility of aereal navigation, and so 
thought, combined and invented, as to believe that he 
had hit upon a machine, which would enable him to fly 
through space, like the birds, and spoke of it to D. Joao V, 
who full of enthusiasm, defrayed at his own cost, the 
expense necessary for the construction of the machine ; 
and not only granted to the learned Gusmao the exclu- 
sive privilege of his invention, with a penalty to be impos- 
ed on infringers and specification of premiums for the in- 
ventor, but also by letters patent of the 12 of April, 1709, 
he made him a canon, and appointed him first professor of 431 
mathematics in the university of Coimbra, with a salary 
of six hundred milreis, which was only established but 
for his lifetime. The experiment was made with the 
machine on the 5th of August, 1709, in the yard of the India 
house in Lisbon, in the king's presence, and in that of 
very many of the nobility and people. Bartholomeu Lou- 
renqo rose in his machine, as high as the Ambassadors 
saloon, and immediately descended. 
The quick descent was explained by the want of ali- 
ment to keep up in the air, according to some opinions, 
or by damage caused to the machine, which grazed the 
cornice of a house, according to others. 
Nevertheless the aerostatic ascent was realised. 
The astonishment was general, the applause unani- 
mous. The poets of the time multiplied sonnets, decades 
of verses, poetical compositions, in honor of Bartholo- 
meu LourenQO de Gusmao,to whom they gave the glorious 
name of Flyer. 
But superstition was not long in suddenly surprising 
and even in placing in peril, the learned Flyer, suspect- 
ed of being a wizard, and having to do with the Devil ! 
The king himself suggested to Bartholomeu Lourenqo 
the necessity of putting off fresh experiments with his 
machine, in which the latter wanted to make improve- 
ments which he had already invented. 
The superstition of the people stifled the genius of the 
wise man. 
Bartholomeu avenged himself by distinguish- 
ing himself in the magistracy, and in the pulpit ; and 
in 1720, when D. Joao V instituted the royal Academy 
of Portuguese History,he was one of its fifty members,and 
wrote with applause the History of the Bishopric of 
Oporto,in fulfillment of the task which fell to him in the 432 
distribution of the subjects, besides sundry Memoirs, 
which he offered and which were published. 
The king D. Joao V esteemed Bartholomeu LourenQo 
so much, that he granted him letters patent for his old 
father constituting him a nobleman. 
But in 1721 being sent to Rome to obtain from the 
Holy See, the elevation of the Royal Chapel of Lisbon to 
the patriarchal grade, and to do away with old differen- 
ces as to the fourth parts of the Bishopric, he obtained 
nothing, and w«s immediately substituted by his brother. 
Notwithstanding, that on his return to Portugal, he was 
employed in the secretary of state's office for Foreign 
Affairs, in decyphering the diplomatic correspondence, 
which was at that time carried on in characters of secret 
convention, he found himself deprived of the esteem and 
confidence of the king,either on account of his incapacity 
as a diplomate or unjust suspicions of his political behav- 
iour in Rome. 
Deprived of the protection of D. Joao V, the super- 
stitious accusations against the Flyer were renewed, and 
were repeated in satanic intrigues, in ridiculous calum- 
nies, in malignant verses of stupid, absurd, and fearful 
denunciations of his pact with the devil; his envious, and 
less ignorant enemies declared the Flyer to be an unfor- 
tunate maniac, a poor wretch attacked with madness. 
Bartholomeu Lourengio de (Jusmao thus persecuted, 
grieved, indignant, and justly feeling so much ingrati- 
tude, fled, disappeared from Portugal, in September 1724, 
abandoning his professor's chair iu the University, and 
his place of Associate of the Academy,and went to the city 
of Toledo in Spain, to die there on the 18th of November, 
1724, and was buried in the parish church of S. RomSo at 
the expense of the Priests of S. Pedro. The systematic 433 
and furious persecution of which this great, very cele- 
brated,and signalized Brazilian was the victim, could not 
proceed alone from the superstition of the ignorant peo- 
ple : in the able and opportune investigation of the dis- 
like of D. JoSo V, ma le fourteen years after the aero- 
static ascent of 1707, the vindictive spirit, and fanatical 
fury of envious men, leagued together, or of an inimical 
institution, which condemned the light of human science, 
was clearly manifested. 
The inquisition was suspected, but that suspicion has 
remained, up to this day, without foundation sufficient to 
authorize a sentence worthy of conscientious and correct 
history. 
In the meanwhile the glorious memory of this eminent 
man, who first realized aerostatic ascencion, is lasting 
and will be perpetuated. 
The problem was not a new one; but no one before 
Bartholomeu Lourencjo had pratically solved it, and the 
brothers Montgolfier, to whom their fellow countrymen 
the French, assign the honor of inventors of the first 
aerostatic machine in 1783, that is, seventy four 
years after the Brazilian - Flyer - effected, what he 
had publicly caused to be seen in Lisbon in 1709. VI OF ■A.TTGUTST 
FRIAR GASPAR DA MADRE DE DEUS 
A native of the province of S. Paulo, where he was 
born in 1714, in the town, afterwards city of Santos, 
Gaspar, who in the cloister took the religious name of 
« Madre de Deus, » was the legitimate son of Colonel Do- 
mingos Teixeira de Azevelo, and of D. Roza de Ser- 
queira Mendonca, both of noble and rich families of the 
then Capitania. 
Being of tender age when he lost his father, he owed 
his careful education to his zealous and worthy mother 
until he reached his sixteenth year, when despising 
riches and noble birth, which promised him so much en- 
joyment and such greatness on earth, he retired to the 
Benedictine Monastery, and accompanying the Provin- 
cial superior Friar Antonio da Trindade, he came to Rio 
de Janeiro, and proceeded to Bahia, where he, with 
others, entered upon his novitiate on the 4th of August. 
1731 : Friar Joao Baptista da Cruz, his grand-uncle on 
the mother's side, being Abbot of the Monastery. 
He professed, and strictly followed the course of study 
in the monastery. 436 
On the 10th of August, 1743, he opened a class of theo- 
logy as profes ;or of that science, and distinguished him- 
self no less as a teacher than as a preacher; often preach- 
ing extemporaneously, with wonderful erudition and 
eloquence. 
He gave up the Abbacy of S. Paulo and the post of 
assistant to the Provincial of the order, to which he was 
elected on the 20th February, 1756. 
As Abbot of the Monastery of Rio de Janeiro during 
two years and four months, his government was exem- 
plary. He caused the observances of his institution to be 
kept with exactitude : attended zealously to the pomp and 
splendour of divine worship: gave a dinner on every Mon- 
day to the prisoners on the island « das Cobras ; » was 
liberal to the poor to whom he distributed alms to a con- 
siderable amount with prudence and care, so that they 
might fall to the share of the most necessitous ; enriched 
the library of the Monastery with new books, and chose 
an able guardian and binder, to restore the old books, 
and those which were moth-eaten : and he furthermore 
ably administered the property of the Monastery. 
Elected Provincial of the order in the junta of the 5th 
of August, 1768, on the 6th of the s ime month and year 
he made known his resignation of the post and retired to 
the Monastery of S. Paulo. 
He wrote, in Rio de Janeiro, when he was Abbot, a 
chronological account of all the documents belonging to 
the patrimony of the Monastery. 
In S. Paulo, after 1768 he wrote the Memoirs for the 
History of the Capitania of S. Vicente, (now called S. 
Paulo), of the state of Brazil, published in 1797 by order 
of the Royal Academy of Sciences, this work being one 
of great merit. 'VII OF AUGUST 
DUARTE COELHO PEREIRA 
A Portuguese nobleman, already rendered illus trious 
by his services, and whom the king D. JoSo III honored 
with his friendship, Duarte Coelho Pereira was one of the 
first donees of the hereditary Capitanias of Brazil, and 
was the most able and praiseworthy of them all, as to his 
efforts the most wisely organized colony owed its 
existence presenting, as it soon did, a certain civilized 
social character. 
Duarte Coelho sailing along the coast of Africa, put in- 
to the island of in September 1530, and beat 
the French, who had taken possession of a Portuguese 
factory which was there ; and immediately afterwards, 
ascending the river Iguarassu, put to rout the Potiguare 438 
Indians, the allies of the French, and took their village 
from them, where he some years afterwards, founded the 
first hamlet of his Capitania. 
On the 10th April, 1534, he received the letters-patent 
granting him the Capitania of Pernambuco, and on the 
24th of October, of the same year, the Register Book as- 
signed for the said Province, its dominion extending 
from the river S Francisco, to the river Iguarassu. 
Duarte Coelho bringing his wife, his brother-in-law, 
and several families of Colonists which he gathered to- 
gether for his capitania, arrived there either at the 
end of 1534 or the beginning of 1535,and went to live in 
the hamlet of Iguarussu, while the city of Olinda was 
being founded. 
The 9th day of March, 1535, recalls to mind the circum- 
stance of his causing to be registered in the Municipal 
Chamber of the rising city, the letter of endowment of his 
Capitania. 
Duarte Coelho started a descriptive Register Book of 
the lands, in which all the distributions which he granted 
were registered, and another for the inscription and en- 
listment of the colonists established in there ; so 
that he gave to the colony a beginning of statistics, most 
useful to the administration of same which he had 
planted, and systematically, and in the best order 
developed. 
In the beginning of 1535 he sustained a horrible war 
against the Cahetes, a numerous and ferocious savage 
tribe ; he however, subdued them, and was enabled to 
form an alliance with te Tabayres or Tabayares indians, 
enemies of the former,and whose chief Tabyra, was, for a 
savage, a most able and even strategic warrior. 
Not less dangerous enemies to subdue were the in- 439 
corrigible exiles, vagabonds, and criminals, and women 
of corrupt morals, of whom the Government in Lisbon rid 
Portugal, by sending them to people the Capitanias of Bra- 
zil; a large proportion of which fell to the lot of Pernam- 
buco. 
In a letter which Duarte Coelho wrote to D. Jo2o III, 
he asked him, for the love of God, not to send him 
such characters to people the Capitania ; and referring 
to the bad and unfortunate remittance of corrupted people 
to Brazil, he energetically said : it is scarcely loyal to 
the King, that in the Capitanias of the South, there were 
more thieves and assassins than colonists. 
Nevertheless, the banished and corrupt men had to 
amend, and work in Pernambuco, and those who continued 
obstinate in their old course of life, either fled,or suffered 
chastisements. 
In 1539, a new bond united Duarte Coelho still closer 
to Brazil through the birth of his second son Jorge de Al- 
buquerque Coelho, who wasbornin Olinda, and who was 
destined to gain so great a name. 
The Capitania of Pernambuco flourished so greatly, 
that in 1549, on the General Government becoming 
established in Brazil, they stripped the donees of all 
their chief privileges, except that of hereditary right. 
Duarte Coelho was excepted, and continued to enjoy 
and exercise all the powers granted to him in his patent 
of gift. 
Duarte Coelho died in Olinda on the 7th August, 1554, 
leaving the Government of the Capitania in the weak 
hands of his widowed wife, D. Brites de Albuquerque, 
owing to the absence of the heir the second donee, his 
son, Duarte de Albuquerque Coelho, who was then stud- 
ying in Portugal. 440 
Duarte Coelho Pereira was infinitely more serviceable 
to the colonization and civilization of Pernambuco than 
all the other donees. He adopted Brazil, devoted himself 
exclusively to his Capitania, leaving there his noble and 
glorious family ; remaining Portuguese in obedience and 
loyalty to the sovereign ; but identifying himself with 
Brazil, and being entirely Brazilian by the most legiti- 
mate of interest - that of the care and prosperity 
of his Capitania - by the greater glory of his name, 
by the cradles of his children, by future provision for 
his family and finally by his grave, or by the bed of his 
last sleep from which there is no awaking. •VIII OF AUGUST 
JOAO MENDES DA SILVA 
A native of Rio de Janeiro, where hewas born in 1656, 
Joao Mendes da Silva took his degree in law in the 
University of Coimbra, and on his return to the country 
of his birth, he worthily followed the profession of 
Advocate, and married Lourenga Coutinho, who years af- 
tersuspected cf Judaism, was arrested in Rio de Janeiro 
by the agents of the Holy Office, and sent to Lisbon. 
Joao Mendes abandoned everything to follow and pro- 
tect his wife, whose fate, as also that of his son, Antonio 
Jose da Silva, will be found mentioned in the article rela- 
ting to the latter. Although Joao Mendes practised advo- 
cacy in Lisbon, and in spite of the friends he made, he 
could not succeed in snatching his wife from the prisons 442 
of the inquisition: he, at least, however educated his son, 
and saw him take his degree in canon-law in the uni- 
versity of Coimbra, and practised law with him, in his 
office 
But on the 8th of August, 1726, Antonio Jose da 
Silva, his son and his hope, was also seized by the inquis- 
ition, under pretext of a suspicio, ' of Judaism I... 
Notwithstanding, after two months, of torments and 
ill treatment with the pulleys, they set free the poor 
youth. The 8th day of August was for Joao Mendes a 
precursor of horrible misfortune, and it remained in his 
mind, as a black shadow and bad omen for the future. The 
fond father saw on the 8th of August the mark of the 
implacable Inquisition cast on his son. 
Even so, even under the persecution of this ominous 
fancy, and the fearful martyrdom that threatened his 
wife ; the unfortunate Joao Mendes, desponding, and 
sorrowful, internally cursing the Inquisition, but out- 
wardly feigning to esteem it, lived ten years, dying, at 
length, in 1736. God had had mercy on that devoted hus- 
band and fond father, who, at least saw not the accursed 
flames of the sacriligious pile devour his wife and son. 
Joao Mendes da Silva was a lawyer and advocate of 
much credit, and a poet of some merit. 
He wrote : 
A Poem dedicated to our Lord Jesus Christ; Sacred 
hymns. 
And - Fables, and light poems, to which critics of 
authority give a decided preference. I2C OF AUGUST 
FRIAR FANCISCO DE SOUZA 
In the year 1630, or thereabouts, Francisco de Souza 
was born in the island of Itaparica, district of the city of 
Bahia; and in his boyhood giving proofs of his lively 
genius, was carried to Goa where he took the habit of a 
Jesuit, and going on to Portugal set sail from thence,with 
some other companions of the same institution, for India. 
Friar Francisco de Souza became not ibly illustrious, 
he shone in the sacred tribune, in which he obtained uni- 
versal applause, says Barboza. 
In 1665,he returned, after a short retirement,a second- 
time to the East. 
He administered for some years the vicariate of the 
Church of Our Lady of Neves, in the island of Salsette; 444 
he was high sacristan of the professed house of Goa, and 
deputy of the inquisition of the same city, which post he 
took possession of on the 9th of August, 1700, and, being 
more than eighty-one years of age, he died in the College 
of S. Paulo in Gda in 1713. 
He was during his life,the object of esteem and vener- 
ation of all who knew him, and who exalted his virtues 
as much as his learning,being, moreover, exemplary for 
his humility. 
He left, to perpetuate his name, the work entitled : 
The East conquered for Jesus Christ, by the Priests of the 
Company of Jesus in the Province of Goa, in three parts, of 
which the two first were published in Lisbon,and with the 
extinction of the Company,no one know what became of it. 
The learned Sr. Francisco da Silva says in his Biblio- 
graphic Portuguese Dictionary- « The work is neither 
« more nor less than a chronicle of the doings of the Com- 
« pany of Jesus in the different parts of India: and in 
« point of language is not inferior in purity and elegance 
« to those we hold in the highest esteem.» 
Whatever other greater merit may be wanting to the 
Orzente conqwstadki (The East conquered), would not 
that praise of the renowned classic of the 'Portuguese 
language suffice for the glory and renown of the Brazilian 
Friar Francisco de Souza. 
It is a pity that the precise dates should be unknown, 
both of his birth and of his more notable services, and 
even of his death; his taking possession of the post of dep- 
uty of the inquisition of the City of Goa on the 9th of 
August, 1700, being alone registered. 
In the absence of a more splendid day let the 9th of 
August serve as a stone on which to engrave his illus- 
trious name. 3C OF 
ALEXANDRE DIAS DE REZENDE 
The institution for the relief of Priests and poor of the 
Brotherhood of S. Pedro of the City of Rio de Janeiro is 
so beneficent and holy, that the generous man's memory 
should be perpetuated who gave it its origin. 
Alexandre Dias de Rezende, a man of color, was a na- 
tive of Rio de Janeiro, and the son of a laborious and 
honorable carpenter who left him a fortune. 
The accident of color wras commented on by those en- 
vious of the moderate wealth of Rezende. 
When the Vice-roy of Brazil, the Marquis de Lavra- 
dio, completely organized the four « » or regiment 
(of militia), auxiliaries of Rio de Janeiro,he resolved that 
the fourth regiment should be that of the mulatos, and 
Rezende was appointed Captain of one of the companies. 446 
Major Mello,a Portuguese,and commander of that « ter- 
qo » heard upon one occasion. Captain Rezende complain- 
ing of an act of disrespect of one of the soldiers of his 
company, answered him with insulting derision : 
« You are all mulatos, settle it among yourselves » 
The injured man ran to the vice roy, who at that time 
was Luiz de Vasconcellos, and made his complaint. 
Luiz de Vasconcellos ordered Major Mello to be called, 
and getting from him a confession of the offense, imme- 
diately ordered his arrest. 
- Arrested ! exclaimed the major; arrested for that ? 
The vice roy answered him : 
- We are white, we understand each other. 
The mulato Rezende was less fortumate with the 
Priests. 
Being a devoted worshipper of S. Pedro, he wished to- 
belong to the respective brotherhood : encouraged by 
Father Luiz Goncalves dos Santos, he gladly accepted his 
promise to propose him as a member of the brotherhood 
of S. Pedro. 
The Board of the brotherhood met, and rejected tlie 
candidate on account of his being a man of color. 
Receiving from Father Luiz Goncalves the announce- 
ment of the unjust and cruel repulsion, Rezende said 
weeping : « Patience ! Messieurs the Priests will not have 
me ; patience ! » 
Years afterwards, when major of the mulato regi- 
ment, Alexandre Dias de Rezende caused two great 
houses to be built in the Rua de S. Pedro, and as he was 
then well on in years, his friend, Father Luiz Goncalves 
pointed out to him that it was late for him to undertake 
such works - « It is a secret that will be known after my 
death, said he. » And as if thinking of another subject, 447 
added : « I really pity messieurs the Priests, who are 
« poor, and when ill, cannot celebrate mass. » 
On the 9th of August, 1812, Major Alexandre Dias de 
Rezende died, and on his will being opened, they found 
the following disposition of his property : 
« I declare that amongst the property which I possess, 
are two, storied,dwelling houses, and which I bequeath to 
the brotherhood of S. Peter, for the same to take imme- 
diate possession of them,for the assistance of the reverend 
priests who are ill, and who cannot celebrate mass, giv- 
ing them such a monthly allowance as the said brother- 
hood shall award, etc. » 
And this was the origin of the charitable institution for 
affording relief to the priests of the brotherhood of S. 
Peter in Rio do Janeiro. 
It is impossible to deny to that noble and most gener- 
ous benefactor of the brotherhood, who had haughtily 
and unworthily repelled him, both admiration and praise. 
And the most curious part of the story was the dispute, 
that took place on the 10th of August between the brother- 
hood of S. Peter, and the third order of S. Anthony 
on the right which each them arrogated to themselves in 
carrying the coffin which contained the body of the man, 
whom they had so greatly despised when living I XI OF AUGUST 
PRUDENCIO GIRALDES TAVARES DA VEIGA CABRAL 
Prudencio Geraldes Tavares da Veiga Cabral, the legiti- 
mate son of Joaquim Geraldes Tavares da Veiga Cabral,was 
born on the 22d April, 1800, in the city of Cuyaba, prov- 
ince of Matto Grosso. 
Destined for the career of the belles-lettres, to which the 
hopes of his parents and his own talent, manifested at an 
early age, impelled him, Prudencio Giraldes commenced the 
study of humanities in the city of S. Salvador da Bahia, 
and subsequently went to Lisbon to conclude them, from 
whence he departed for Coimbra, and there followed up the 
course of study of law, and took his degree therein in the 
year 1822. 
Returning to his country which was then already inde- 
pendent and free, Dr. -Veiga Cabral, devoted himself from 
the first to the service of the State, and assuming the office 450 
of magistrate in 1823, successively filled the posts of magis- 
trate of the town, now city of Rio Grande do Sul, of Judge 
of the district of Ceard, of Auditor-General of the army of 
the south stationed at Montevideo, at that time a Cisplatine 
Province of the Empire, and finally of Chief-judge in the 
court of appeal of Maranhao. 
Seven years before, Brazil had pronounced the majestic 
words that for ever separated her from the ancient metropo- 
lis, and both diligently and proudly she developed her 
young giant strength, ennobling herself by establishing 
all the institutions that are indispensable to a nation which 
based her glory on liberty, progrees and civilization. She 
for whom, as one of the Portuguese Deputies of the Lisbon 
Chambers said, some primary schools were sufficient, re- 
venged herself for that sarcasm,or audacious provocation, by 
creating in some of her Provinces,two academies of medicine, 
two of juridic science, besides the military and naval aca- 
demies which she already possessed and of which insane 
recolonizers had thought to rob her, and in order to give 
them life and regularity, fountains of science and foci of 
light, had no neet to go begging out of their country for 
men renowned in theory and masterly in practice; among 
her sons she found more than a sufficient number of men 
of notable capacity, who became the nourishers of the intel- 
lect of an enthusiastic set of youths, who thirsted for knowl- 
edge, ardent, of noble ambition and patriotism, a new 
generation that ought to be the heirs of the heroic gener- 
ation of the well deserving men of the independence. 
The juridical academies of S. Paulo and Olinda being' 
instituted by law of the 11th of August, 1827, the Chief- 
judge Veiga Cabral, was called to commence in that of S. 
Paulo in 1829, teaching the country's civil law ; the learned 451 
son of Cuyaba did not hesitate, he forgot the brilliant 
perspective of the career which he was following1 and in 
which he had advanced so far; he exchanged the cural 
chair for that of the Teacher, and taught the important 
branch marked out for him during nearly 34 years, or un- 
til 1852, in which he lefc the academic tribune for the fatal 
bed, in which one sleeps the sleep of death. 
What the Councillor Veiga Cabral was as a University 
Professor, his numerous pupils proclaim with one assent 
in the eulogiums which they pass on their learned master; 
the consideration with which the government distinguished 
him; the favors with which H. M. the Emperor hon- 
ored him also proclaimed it; and finally, to us who are now 
alive, it is - and to the coming future generations will be 
proclaimed by the writings, the labors, the ripened fruits 
of this strongest of intellects. 
Veiga Cabral served twice as Director of the Juridical 
Academy of S. Paulo, in times when the greatest prudence 
coupled with energy was necessary in exercising that 
charge; this took place in 1833 and 1842. In 1833, two 
years after the abdication of D. Pedro I at a time of general 
effervescence and political exaltation which agitated all 
minds, and notably influenced the academic youth ; and 
in 1842 when a political party imprudently took the field 
in arms. 
Under such delicate circumstances the Director of the 
Academy conducted himself with so much prudence and 
ability,that he had noteven occasion to repress the slightest 
act of imprudence on the part of the youthful cultivators of 
science. 
H. M. the Emperor,appreciating the worth of this distin- 
guished Brazilian, presented him with the title of Council- 452 
lor by Decree of the 5th of July, 1854, and later, on the 
13th of August, 1860, with the commendatory of the Order 
of Christ. 
The Councillor Veiga Cabral left valuable documents 
attesting his capacity in two interesting works. 
In 1855 that illustrious writer presented his Historical 
Academic Memoir, in which he gave the first tracing of 
Brazilian administrative law, and which was unanimously 
approved of by the conclave of the faculty of law inS. Paulo, 
at a session of the 1st March of the same year. 
In 1859 he sent to the press his work called Brazilian 
Administrative Law, a long-winded work and a faithful 
revealer of continued study, deep meditation, and patriotic 
zeal. 
The professorship of administrative law had been estab- 
lished by law in 1851 ; national works which would faci- 
litate the study of that matter became at once urgently 
necessary. Dr. Prudencio Giraldes, although not charged 
with the teaching of it, determined with the most praise- 
worthy spontaneity to labor in that field of science; and 
the result was that rich, abundant, and most useful harvest, 
that book which realized an undertaking so arduous and 
difficult, as that of systematizing the special doctrine of 
our administrative law, carefully chosen from amongst the 
collection of such laws as have relation thereto; the fortu- 
nate Theseus finding an Ariadne, the miraculous thread 
which permitted him to extricate himself triumphantly 
from that immense labyrinth, and go and complete his 
work by applying the principles of science recognized by 
civilized nations to be the purest in its present state. 
Being a brilliant critic, a man of meditation, and one 
who had his own ideas, he took the best masters as his 453 
guide; but was a slave to no model, neither did he restrict 
his views to that horizon of mediocrity which cannot 
advance beyond the limits of imitation or of the choice, 
more or less conscientious, of the readings of renowned 
authors, and finally not contenting himself with the gen- 
eral doctrine of science, and the positive doctrine of our con- 
stitutional law, he raised his views to tlie consideration of 
reform in the various branches of administration. 
Applauded throughout the whole of Brazil, eulogized by 
the most competent judges, highly appreciated by the His- 
torical and Geographical Institution, which conferred on the 
illustrious author the diploma of corresponding member, the 
work of Councillor Veiga Cabral, is not now the best guide 
to administrative Brazilian law; it was, however, and is a 
brilliant light thrown upon it. 
The Councillor Prudencio Giraldes Tavares da Veiga 
Cabral died in S. Paulo in the year 1842. XII OF AUGUST 
SALVADOR DE MESQUITA 
Salvador de Mesquita was a native of Rio de Janeiro, 
where he was horn in 1646. He dest'ned himself to the 
priesthood, went to Rome, studied there and took holy 
orders. 
Of high repute as a Latin scholar, he became a famous 
poet, writing from choice and through preference, in Latin, 
his poetical works, and chiefly exploring the dramatic 
muse. 
He wrote a sacred drama Sacrificium Jepht, which he 
caused to be published in Rome ; that work established his 
reputation as a Latin Poet. 
The Abbot Diogo Barbosa in his Bibliotheca Luzitana 
asseverates that he read tragedies composed by Salvador de 
Mesquita; he praises them, attests their merit, and cites as 
the best, Demetrius, Perseus and Prusias Bithynl; the 456 
tragedies of this consummate Latin scholar were not, 
however, published. 
Let not Salvador de Mesquita he forgotten for want of 
ascertaning the dates of his birth, his eminent life and of 
his decease: let the 12th of August be assigned to him, 
whereon to inscribe his name. XIII O? AUGUST 
IIYPOLITO JOSE DA COSTA PEREIRA FURTADO DE MENDONCA 
Born in 1773, in the Colony of Sacramento, then under 
the dominion of Portugal, Hyppolito Jos6 da Costa Pereira, 
was the brother of Saturnino Jose da Costa Pereira, who 
was minister, in Brazil, and also a very eminent Brazilian, 
and in the competent article devoted to him will be found, 
information respecting his family. 
Having made his preparatory studies in Rio de Janeiro, 
he went to Portugal, and at the University of Coimbra, 
after going through the competent course of studies, he 
took the degree of Bachelor in the faculties of law and 
philosophy. 
His notable merit, as a man of enlightened intellect, and 
the patronage which his family enjoyed, procured for him 
the appointment, in 1798, of Charge d'affaires in the United 
States, where he remained, in Philadelphia, until September 
or October, 1800. 458 
On returning* to Portugal, he became one of the literary 
Directors of the Royal Printing* establishment, and had as 
a companion, among* the other three Directors, the celebrat- 
ed Friar Velloso, author of the Flora Brazileira, and also 
a Brazilian. 
On making* a voyage to London, on his own private affairs, 
the minister, D. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho, (afterwards 
Count of Linhares) entrusted him with the charge of some 
affairs belonging to the service of state. 
Hypolito spent three years, groaning in the dungeons 
of the inquisition ; but finally managed to escape from them, 
and lay hidden in Lisbon for some months, under disguise, 
as the servant of Ferreira de Araujo e Castro, and with him 
passed to Alentejo, and from whence he managed to reach 
Spain, went on to Gibraltar, from whence he passed over to 
London. 
If it was not to free masonry, as was given out, that Hyp- 
olito owed his evasion from the dungeons of the inquisi- 
tion, it at least appears that freemasonry had something 
to do with the secret of his life whilst hidden in Lisbon, 
with his voyage of retreat and flight to England. 
In London, where he passed the remainder of his laborious 
life, Hypolito supported himself by private means which 
were at his disposal; but which would have been insufficient 
if his literary publications, and the editing of the Correio 
Braziliense had not give considerable and well known 
profits. 
The Correio Braziliense or Armazem Litterario, printed in 
London by W. Lewis, in large octavo, was first published 
in 1807 and only terminated its existence in 1821. 
The Correio Braziliense had so notable an importance, 
that 1he Regency of Portugal, displeased by its opinions, at 459 
first ordered them to be refuted also by the press, and 
afterwards prohibited the entry and reading of that news- 
paper in Portugal, and thrice renewed this prohibition under 
severe penalties; the last prohibibition was in 1817, as stated 
by Sr. Innocencio Francisco da Silva, from whose Biblio- 
graphic Portuguese Dictionary the greater part of this 
article is extracted. 
Hyppolito Jos6 da Costa wrote in the Correio Braziliense, 
not only as an able and sagacious politician, but, also, 
at times, as either the diviner of secrets of the Cabinet, 
or as mysteriously informed of them. 
In Rio de Janeiro on a certain occasion, it was reported 
as a fact (but by no means proved) that the Prince Regente 
afterwards D. Joao VI, had confide! to Jos6 Saturnino da 
Costa Pereira, the brother of Hyppolito, information of a 
serious nature on diplomatic subjects ; negotiations con- 
nected with which he could not openly impede, notwith- 
standing their displeasing him greatly. 
The fact does not tend to enhance the dignity of the Prince 
Regent ; but it was in that way that they explained the 
knowledge of the secret acquired by the celebrated editor 
of the Correio Braziliense. 
In 1821 and 1822 that important periodical publication 
was the organ of the Brazilian aspirations after indepen- 
dence, and it rendered important services to the cause of 
Brazil. 
Immediately after the Independence of Brazil, Hypolito 
Josd da Costa became the agent of the Imperial Govern- 
ment of Brazil at the court of London. 
A wide and fine horizon was opened to him in 1823 : 
Hypolito, the eloquent, serious, and moderate editor of the 
Correio Braziliense had a right to expect from his country, 460 
at least, a high and brilliant diplomatic career ; but on the 
11th of September, 1823, death surprised him at Kensington, 
when he had not yet reached his fiftieth year. 
Hypolito Josd da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonca 
published in Lisbon : 
A notice on bronchocele or goatre of Northern America, 
by Benjamin Smith Berthou, translated into Portuguese. 
A short and authentic history of the Bank of England 
translated into Portuguese. 
Description of sugar-giving trees, and of their utility 
and culture. 
Politico-economical, and philosophical essays of Ben- 
jamin, Earl of Rumford, translated into the vernacular 
tongue, two vols. 
Description of a machine for working' the pumps on board 
ships without hand-labor. 
And in London, besides the Correio Braziliense : 
A History of Portugal, written in English by a society 
of literary men, translated in vulgo, with notes from the 
French version, and from the Portuguese translator, Antonio 
de Moraes Silva, and continued to our own time, 3 vols. 
A new Portuguese and English Grammar. 
A narrative of the persecution of Hyppolite Jos& da Costa 
Pereira Furtado de Mendonca, etc., etc. 2 vols. 
We are assured that besides these he had written other 
works. XIV OF AUGUST 
JOAQUIM NUNES MACHADO 
In the town, later on city of Goyana, Province of Per- 
nambuco, Joaquim Nunes Machado of a very rich family, 
and who enjoyed deserving esteem and influence, was born, 
between the year 1809 and 1812. 
Having made his preparatory studies, he matriculated in 
th° juridical academy of Olinda, which had just been founded, 
and was proceeding with his fourth years' studies in 1831, 
when, together with his academical companions, he ren- 
dered signal service, by taking up arms and co-operating 
greatly in putting down the terrible insurrection of the 
soldiers, which had broken out in Recife on the 14th of 
August, 1831, and which lasted three days, placing in great 
jeopardy that city, the capital of the Province. 
In 1832, he took his degree of Bachelor of law, andin 
the following year, on the promulgation of the legal code, 462 
lie was appointed District Judge of Goyana, passing from 
that post to Judge of the first criminal instance, of Recife, 
and as such, serving as Chief of the Police of the same city. 
He was a member of the Provincial Assembly in its very 
first Legislature, and re-elected afterwards. His province 
elected him Deputy to the General Assembly, in the Legis- 
lature which began in 1838, and was considered worthy of 
being elected in the next. 
In 1844, he declared himself actively for the liberal party, 
and in his Province was the most popular of the « Praieirow 
chiefs. Nunes Machado without dobt united in his person the 
most notable conditions for being such : in Parliament, 
although he made some eloquent and energetic speeches, he 
was never considered an orator of the first order ; but in 
popular assemblies he was a speaker who charmed them ; 
of high stature, agreeable presence, eyes full of fire, he 
had a voice that lent itself to every tone, from the sweetness 
of amiability, even of seduction, to the roar of a lion. He 
spoke with facility and energy: he possessed great strength, 
and indomitable courage : besides this he was generous 
and beneficent, and there was no one like him for moving 
the passions of the people. 
Being re-elected in the two following Legislatures, he 
was as popular in the Capital as he was in Pernambuco. 
On the 29th of September, 1848, the conservative party 
was raised to the Government and the liberal member took 
his place in the opposition. 
In Pernambuco, men's minds were already in a state of 
effervescence, there having been conflicts and disturbances 
in more than one place. Nunes Machado, when making in 
the Chamber the last, and the best of his speeches, declared, 463 
that for himself and for his frieds, he only 'asked the Gov- 
ernment for a guarantee for their lives. 
The Chambers were prorogued. 
The liberal deputies and Senators in a numerous meeting, 
resolved on using their efforts, in their respective Provinces 
in cooling down all excitement of their party who might 
possibly feel resentment, and to suppress any ideas of oppo- 
sition, not strictly legal. 
Nunes Machado, greatly favored that deliberation, he, 
however, refused to depart for Pernambuco, where he feared 
the revolt would break out in spite of every effort to the 
contrary. Urged to depart in order to use all his prestige, 
all his popularity in preventing and in dissolving the threa- 
tening armed movement he answered: « I will not go to 
Pernambuco; for if I do, I shall become a victim. » 
The Deputy Urbano Pessoa de Mello, his fellow provin- 
cial, his intimate friend, and the man who had the greatest 
influence over the mind of Nunes Machado, unfortunately 
overcame his reluctance. 
Nunes Machado, together with his other colleagues o 
the deputation (save Urbano who had remained behind, 
seeking to establish himself as an Advocate in Rio de Ja- 
neiro) arrived in Pernambuco, and immediately with the 
other deputies, devotedly and persistently gave himself up 
with all the warmth of his character to the fulfilment of his 
pacifying and patriotic mission. 
But the new President of the Province on the one hand, 
suspicious of the loyalty of Nunes Machado, and of that of 
his colleagues, the liberal deputies, paid no attention to all 
his proposals. 
On the other hand political adversaries, carried away by 
the egoism of party spirit, raised calumnies, insinuating 464 
that Nunes Machado and his colleagues had sold themselves 
to the Government. 
Finally the « Praieirosw themselves commenced murmur- 
ing, thinking that they saw disloyalty and treachery in the 
attitude of order taken by those worthy counsellors of peace, 
moderation, and obedience to the law. 
Offended by the suspicion of their loyalty, entirely aban- 
doned by the President of the Province, those deputies did 
not understand carrying to a point of heroism, the sacrifice 
of their popularity, and being quite unable to put down the 
revolt, which had broken out, in spite of them, took the 
lead, and the responsibility of it on themselves. 
Nunes Machado repeated to his colleagues of the deputa- 
tion: « I foretold truly that I came to be a victim! I am 
about to become one. » And immediately afterwards, he left 
Recife, and became a rebel chief. 
Nunes Machado's name was the inspiration, the enthu- 
siastic element of the revolt. 
On the 2d of February, 1849, the city of Recife, capital 
of the Province was, according to a concerted plan, to be 
attacked by two columns of revolutionists. The first, com- 
manded by Captain Pedro Ivo, penetrated into the city and 
fought for several hours with the support of the popular 
« Praieiros », who, prepared beforehand, awaited them in 
Recife: the second column suspended their march, and 
occupied a rural building in front of a spot, where, from 
under shelter, they kept firing ©n a detachment of loyal 
troops. 
Nunes Machado was in that column which was keeping 
back; he wore a colored frock coat, and in order that he 
might be well distinguished, he wore a red silk handker- 465 
chief tied across his breast-almost a target presented to be 
shot at during- the fight. 
Vexed by the delay, the more so that he heard the firing 
in the city, Nunes Machado ran to observe the enemy's 
post; he opened a door, looked out, showed himself, and as 
he was about shutting the door again, he fell dead, being 
struck in the head by a well-aimed ball. 
The importance of Nunes Machado, the consequences of 
his death show. The second column which ought to have 
entered and fought in Recife, retired disheartened, and scat- 
tered itself into groups of fugitives. Joaquim Nunes Ma- 
chado, killed on the 2d February, 1849, in an armed field, 
in revolt against the lawful Government, in a criminal 
action, and, worse than that, under the gravest, and most 
lamentable political error, for a long time expiated by his 
party throughout the whole Empire, was wept for by the 
whole Empire. The likeness of Nunes Machado was repro- 
duced in thousands of copies, or impressions, and is even 
now to be seen preserved in many houses, principally under 
the humble and poor roofs of the habitations of the common 
people. 
Joaquim Nunes Machado, a man of unattackable probity, 
the type of generosity and of devotion, loyal even to sacri- 
ficing himself, courageous to the last extent, died, his 
prevision, almost prophetic was realized: a If I go to Per- 
nambuco, I shall become a victim. » XV OF AUGUST 
ANDRE VIDAL DE NEGREIROS 
In the same year, 1681, in which Joao Fernandes Vieira 
died in Olinda, on the 10th January, also died his compa- 
nion in arms and in glory, Andr6 Vidal de Negreiros. 
This renowned Brazilian was born in the city of Para- 
hyba, in the beginning of the seventeenth century. He 
was of noble lineage, and was rocked in the cradle of 
wealth; being destined for a military career, he barely 
received the slight and limited instruction, which, at that 
time, could be obtained in Brazil. 
His name rises up suddenly in the war of invasion and 
conquest by the Dutch, against the power of the Nether- 
lands, which was already becoming established, from the 
River of S. Francisco on the South to Rio-Grande do Norte. 
The patriotism of the army, badly relieved, decimated, and 
driven out of the glorious fields of Pernambuco, avenged 
itself by making a famous guerrilla war, invading the 
conquered territory, and destroying plantations and crops. 468 
Vidal de Negreiros, adjutant of Captain Sebastiao do 
Souto, distinguished himself by his valor and indomitable 
courage. 
Until 1644 he shines in the defence of the city of S. Sal- 
vador against Maurice of Nassau, who makes an attack 
upon it, and is repulsed; he rendered himself remarkable 
in warlike expeditions of relief, on land and on sea, 
against the Dutch, and gains the well-merited confidence 
of the brave and able captain. 
In 1644, wrongly availing himself of the armistice 
agreed on by the restored king, D. Joao IV of Portugal, and 
the Dutch Government, which had given the example of 
abuse, he goes with instructions from the governor Telles 
da Silva to Pernambuco, and, under pretext of visiting his 
family in Parahyba, inspires, frames and prepares the 
Pernambucan insurrection against the Dutch dominion, 
placing at the head of the combined movement Joao Fernan- 
des Vieira. 
On the 13th of June, 1645, the insurrection breaks out; 
Vieira and Captain Cardozo gained the first victory of the 
Tabocas, and Vidal de Negreiros and Moreno disembark 
with their regiments at Pernambuco, seek pretexts for 
reprizal and vengeance, and throwing off all artful dissim- 
ulation, join with Vieira in the cry of Liberty and Faith, 
on the 15th of August. 
Vidal takes the military direction of the Pernambucan 
insurrection; gains the fight of Casa-forte, and goes on 
gaining victory after victory. 
From 1645 until the end of 1647, he was the General-in- 
Chief of the Pernambucan army, and together with Vieira, 
CamarSo, and Henrique Dias, his principal commanders 469 
and auxiliary captains, reduced the Dutch to their last 
dominion, and to the defence of their fortifications. 
A conqueror, and resplendent with glory, he delivered 
up, without feeling either resentment or even slight dis- 
pleasure, the chief command of the victorious Pernambucan 
army to General Barreto de Menezes, who had been sent by 
the king. 
He had resisted other orders ; to that which came to mar 
the glory of complete and already almost indisputable 
triumph, he submitted magnanimously. 
Telles da Silva, the governor-general, had previously 
ordered him to burn and destroy the plantations in Per- 
nambuco, and in the neighbouring Capitanias. Vidal de 
Negreiros had disobeyed ; but had honored the political 
and convenient disobedience, by burning and destroying 
the cane-fields of his own estates. 
The king, urged by Holland, had also ordered the disarm- 
ing of the insurrectionists, and Vidal de Negreiros, together 
with Vieira, disobeyed, saying that they would resist the 
king, the better to serve the king himself. 
In 1648 and in 1649 Andr6 Vidal de Negreiros, under the 
command of Barreto de Menezes, shows himself a hero in 
the two battles of the Gararap&s. 
In 1654 it is still he who attacks and takes the outer 
defences of Recife ; it is he who, although wounded, com- 
mands the attack on the fortress of Cinco Pontas, and it is 
he, finally, who is the chief man charged with adjusting 
the capitulation of the Dutch. 
From 1645 to 1654 the Dutch war is a magnificent epic 
poem, and the first hero in it, is, indubitably, Andr6 Vidal 
de Negreiros. 
It then fell to his lot to have the honor of taking to 470 
D. JoSo IV, in Portugal, the felicitous news of the expulsion 
of the Dutch. 
He received rewards for his news. He was afterwards 
governor and Captain-General of the State of Maranhao, 
of Pernambuco, and of Angola. 
He held lucrative trusts, great privileges, honors and 
power ; he raised himself and was highly distinguished as 
a reward for his heroic services; but his greatest honor, 
his highest privilege, his most astonishing elevation, his 
magnificent splendor, consists in his renowned and admi- 
rable feats ; which in bold and homeric efforts of pa- 
triotism, rendered him the first hero of that epic poem, the 
war of 1645 to 1654 that destroyed the Dutch dominion, 
that annihilated foreign conquest and power in Brazil. 
Andr6 Vidal de Negreiros is the hero who shines forth 
most brilliantly in the History of Brazil, in the first half of 
the seventeenth century. XVI OF AUGUST 
FRANCISCO DE PAULA SOUZA E MELLO 
In the towfl, afterwards city of Ytu, Province of S. Paulo, 
was born on the 5th of January, 1791, Francisco de Pania 
Souza e Mello, legitimate son of the bachelor in canon law 
Antonio Jos& de Souza, a native of Oporto, and of 1). Ger- 
trudes Solidonea de Siqueira. His blessed birth had come 
to crown the pious promise made to S. Francisco de Paula 
by his parents, an exemplary and faithful pair who yearned 
for a son, the flower and fruit of their love. 
In 1795 Francisco de Paula lost his father; but his edu- 
cation was intrusted to the venerable Jesuit Jos6 de Campos 
Lara, his relation, who, after a prolonged exile in Rome, 
had come to Ytu to await his death, in order that he might 
be buried in the land of his birth. 
From his early youth Francisco de Paula displayed the 
admirable abilities and happy gifts which combined to 472 
render him, what he came to be, a monument of knowl- 
edge. An extraordinary memory, ready and quick intelli- 
gence, continued reflection, exceptional at that age, were 
united to a love of study, voluntary application to reading, 
and modesty and docility of disposition. 
From the schools which Ytii possessed, he went to those 
which the city of S. Paulo could afford him, being enabled 
to go through an incomplete course of the humanities; hav- 
ing, however, strengthened himself in the principal sub- 
jects of secondary instruction. 
It is supposed that his very delicate constitution hindered 
him from graduating at the University of Coimbra. 
Indeed Francisco de Paula to whom nature had given an 
oblong cranium, and one of a disproportionate size, but 
with a magnificent forehead, was slender in body, and ill 
formed as to the framing of his breast bones ; he had a sweet, 
but weak voice and extremely delicate health. 
He returned then to Ytii and buried himself in the library 
which he had inherited from his father, and which he 
eagerly strove to augment, and succeeded in acquiring nu- 
merous chosen works ; an immense and varied field, in 
which his vast and splendid intellect labored. 
The revolution of Portugal in 1820 caused such commo- 
tion and was so important in its results, that it even affect- 
ed the solitary Ytiian, who lived shut up in his library. 
Francisco de Paula closed his books to hail liberty ; and 
his Province elected him deputy to the Assembly of Lisbon. 
But ill, and feeble he could not traverse the Atlantic, and 
disconsolately saw Antonio Carlos Feijd, Vergueiro, and 
Silva Bueno depart, who went to substitute him. 
The movement in favor of the independence of Brazil had 
begun on the 23d of May, 1822 ; there was in the city of S. 473 
Paulo a demonstration having a leaning* towards Luzitanian 
ideas; there was a reaction in the chamber of Ytii, and in 
an extraordinary session on the 4th of August, it declared 
null and void the provisional Government which had been 
created in that capital, and conferred on Francisco de 
Paula Souza e Mello, powers as their representative to 
go and arrange with the other towns of the Province the 
organization of a centre of union and obedience to the 
Prince Regent, D. Pedro. 
The proclamation of the independence in the follow- 
ing month rendered unnecessary this patriotic measure. 
Francisco de Paula Souza e Mello was elected deputy to 
the Brazilian chamber, and in that imposing Assembly, 
still new to Parliament and bashfully diffident, he distin- 
guished himself but little ; but being both consciencious 
and patriotic, he always voted on the liberal side, notwith- 
standing his not being* bound to any party. 
The Assembly being* dissolved Francisco de Paula retired 
to Ytii, and in the solicitude of his library, he concealed 
the heartfelt grief which he experienced in consequence of 
the coup-d'etat, which had filled with dark clouds the poli- 
tical horizon of Brazil. 
On the 5th of May, 1826, at length commenced the first 
legislature of the Empire, according to the constitution 
sworn to on the 25th of March, 1824. 
Elected deputy by the Province of S. Paulo the learned 
Ytuan, overcoming his timidity, elevated the tribune of the 
Chamber of Deputies by the wisdom of his words. 
Known from the first by his parliamentary name Paula e 
Souza, he took, if not the first, at least one of the first pla- 
ces in that Chamber. Vasconcellos, the future great orator 
commenced as a monotonous and merely a hopeful debater. 474 
Lino Coutinho was distinguished for his agreeable style and 
his epigrams, without going deeply into the questions; 
Ledo, the elegant and florid orator, was wanting in force of 
logic; Feijd was deficient in knowlege of social and eco- 
nomical sciences; Calmon (afterwards Viscount and Marquis 
of Abrantes) whom the people called the canary from the 
charming suavity of his speech, was more agreeable than 
convincing ; other more able men rarely mounted the tri- 
bune. 
The learned Paula e Souza quitted his library and sur- 
prised every one by the depth of his knowlege of consti- 
tutional and administrative law, of finance, international 
lawr, and every subject presented for discussion. 
When he rose to speak, not a murmer was to be heard, 
every greedy ear was, as it were, stretched eagerly so as 
not to lose a single word which came from his weak voice; 
the speech of Paula e Souza was always a rich fountain of 
light, of vivid logic; and sometimes in the midst of his 
commanding simplicity, there were bursts of unexpected 
eloquence, brilliant images, inspired on the spur of the 
moment, which charned the auditory. 
Paula e Souza the declared and enlightened liberal, was 
re-elected deputy; and in 1833 the vote of his fellow pro- 
vincials, and the choice of the Regency, gave him a seat in 
the Senate. 
There, in the Brazilian Senate, he was a faithful main- 
tainer full of wisdom, and an admirer of liberal principles : 
he and Alves Branco (afterwards Viscount of Caravellas) 
were the invincible fortresses of the liberal party : neither 
Vasconcellos, nor Honorio Hermeto, (the Marquis of Pa- 
rana) could beat them, on any single occasion, in the field 
of logic and of eloquence. 475 
From 1838 forwards, Paula e Souza disputed, inch by 
inch, the field of conservative policy and legislative reaction. 
The interpretation of the Additional act, the reforms in the 
legal code, the creation of the council of State, and other 
projects which became laws of the Empire, suffered energetic 
and splendid opposition from the liberal Senator, which 
was perpetuated in speeches which might appear to advan- 
tage in the parliamentary annals of the first nations of the 
world. 
In 1845, Paula e Souza was nominated councillor of 
State. 
The liberal party returning to power in 1845 spent their 
time in sterile labors : it wanted defence; because it either 
could not, and therefore ought not, to be a government, or 
did not know how to govern. 
In 1848 Paula e Souza, the wise, and most honest liberal 
was charged by the Emperor to organize a cabinet, and he 
did organize it by a most careful choice of liberals, distin- 
guished members of parliament, and men of moderate ideas. 
His idea was to bring down the omnipotence of domin- 
ant parties, and give to the nation the reality of the repre- 
sentative system by the liberty and legitimate influence of 
the national vote in the elections; and for so patriotic an 
undertaking he projected the election by circles or districts, 
shielding its free expression by the elective incompatibili- 
ties of the authorities and magistrates dependent for ap- 
pointment, dismissal, or promotions, on decrees of the 
government. 
The undertaking was most noble; it was owing less to 
him however, than to the want of discipline in the party, 
which led to misunderstandings, annoyances, dissensions in 
the political family, objections, a contravening inertness; 476 
until Paula e Souza, distressed, ill, awakened to cruel decep- 
tions, abandoned the power, which in September, 1848, 
passed over to his political adversaries. 
Three years afterwards this great man, a learned one 
through his own exertions, also left this world, and that 
for ever. 
Before his death, however, this eminent and well-deserv- 
ing statesman made one more heroic effort.. .. 
Paula e Souza on his bed of suffering, prostrate, almost 
in a dying state, certain of approaching death, learned that 
they were discussing in the Senate the project of the mili- 
tary law, which was in opposition to the expressed opinion 
of his party. 
This was on the 15th of August. 
Tortured by cruel pains, cadaverous, and ready to fall 
into his grave, Paula e Souza with a supreme effort drags 
himself out of his bed, and dresses himself with difficulty 
to go to the Senate. 
His most virtuous wife and family, in great anxiety, 
interrogate him. 
He answers them : 
« - I wish to go to the Senate to speak, for the last time. 
I wish to protest, in the name of the constitution, against 
the project of the law that subjects civilians to military com- 
missions : perhaps the voice of the dying man may, with 
the prestige of death, hinder so great an act of prepotency...)) 
A friend, entering at that moment anounced to him that 
in consequence of an insufficiency in the number of Sena- 
tors, there was no house that day. 
Paula e Souza was completely unmanned; and a short 
time afterwards lost his speech. 477 
On the following day, the 16th of August, 1851, he 
expired. 
He was one of the greatest men of Brazil, in consequence 
of his learning, honor and admirable virtues. XVII OF AUGUST 
LUIZ NICOLAO FAGUNDES VARELLA 
In the parish of Our Lady of Piedade, now the town of 
RioClaro, Province of Rio de Janeiro, was born on the 17th 
of August, 1841, Luiz Nicolao Fagundes Varella,the legiti- 
mate son of Doctor Emiliano Fagundes Varella and of D. 
Emilia de Andrade. 
Accompanying* his father, nominated Chief-judge of Ca- 
talao in Goyaz, he went to that Province in 1852. He there 
studied Latin to great advantage, and at once commenced 
showing his poetical talent. Some years after, on the return 
of his family from Goyaz, he entered a school in Petropolis, 
in the Province of Rio de Janeiro under the directon of 
Jacintho Augusto de Mattos who, duly appreciating his fine 
intellect, availed himself of it to put him to assiduous study 
and zealously excited him thereto. 
On his father's removal to Nictheroy young Luiz Varella 480 
went there to complete his preparatory studies in that city, 
and had as his professor of philosophy a man who was a 
retired Chief-judge, and who had enjoyed, at a certain time, 
the credit of being a literary man. 
Luiz Varella had already devoted himself to the cultiva- 
tion of poetry, and wrote poems of considerable worth and 
which revealed his immense talent. But the professor of 
philosophy made up his mind to damp his poetic rapture by 
threatening him with the poverty which would be his lot, and 
repeating to him at times «You never will be a good poet.» 
Luiz Varella wished to revenge himself on the master 
who undervalued his poetic ability; he extemporized two 
octaves and wrote at the end of them Luiz de Camoes- Lu~ 
ziadas, as if they had been copied ; on another paper he 
actually copied two octaves of the great poet and signed 
« Luiz Varella. » On the following' day he offered them 
both for the appreciation of the professor, who immediately 
declared as bad the octaves of Camoes signed by Luiz Va- 
rella, and as excellent those which the mischievous student 
had extemporized, and had presented as copied from CamOes. 
In 1862 he matriculated in the Juridical Academy of 
S. Paulo, and frequented it during two years. His poetical 
genius sparkled with splendor ; but his heart also became 
inflamed with passion for a beautiful maiden. Luiz Varella 
married the object of his affection, and had a son, whom he 
fondly loved. 
Resolved on finishing' his study of law in Olinda, he left 
Rio de Janeiro for Pernambuco in the French steamer Bearn, 
which was wrecked on the Abrolhos. 
Luiz Varella showed great energy; the passengersand 
crew were safely landed on a desert beach, and he directed 
all the work of raising huts and of obtaining assistance. 481 
He was one year in Pernambuco studying law,and lamen- 
ting with fond regret the absence of his wife and that of 
his little son. 
The holiday months having come round, he flew on the 
wings of love to Rio de Janeiro, and hastening from the 
capital of the Empire to the paternal hearth, became al- 
most insane on learning that death had robbed him of both 
wife and son. 
That double stroke cut short his future career and dark- 
ened his life. Luiz Varella no longer wished to prosecute 
his juridical studies; the love of his parents no longer suf- 
ficed him. He fled from society ; he passed the first season 
that followed his fatal misfortune in wandering alone over 
the fields,disappearing within the dark recesses of the forests, 
wading brooks, swimming across serpentine rivers, walking 
for leagues without any fixed purpose, or idea, praying to 
God for death and ruining his health in despair of finding 
happiness in the world. 
But he is still always a poet ; when he returned to his 
father's house, he gave vent in the saddest of verses to the 
groans which grief drew from him, as for example in 
the following : 
My soul is like a desert 
Were the pilgrim, uncertain 
Seeks a shade in vain; 
It is like an accursed island 
That palpitates above the waves 
Consumed by a Volcano. 
In his canticle of Calvary he lamented the loss of his son 
in verses, the doleful melody of which will find an echo in 
all sensible hearts. 482 
He adopted little by little the simple habits and even the 
drftes of the poor and uneducated laborers, and as if in search 
of consolation, celebrated in verse their country life ; but 
under the point of view of being original and strange, in 
consequence of his inward sufferings imagining how to in- 
vent a lenity for his pain, which, without that lenity, per- 
secuted him. 
The first and active period of affliction appeared miti- 
gated. 
Luiz Varella again married... sweet hope again smiled 
on him. . . he tenderly loved his new wife, who presented 
him with two flowers, two daughters ; but all was of no 
avail. Melancholy continued to cloud the soul of the poet, 
wounded in his first love, tortured by the remembrance of 
his first-born, lost to him. 
He lived thus, misinterpreted by the men of his time, 
who could not, or who knew not who to value the degree 
of his suffering, exaggerated by overwrought sensibility. 
He lived thus, ill appreciated, considered eccentric, perhaps 
almost deprived of reason - the miserable poet, that mis- 
fortune had blasted by two blows given to his sacred love. 
On the 18th of February, 1875, Luiz Varella ceased to 
suffer, dying in the city of Nictherohy a victim to an attack 
of apoplexy. 
In S. Paulo and in Olinda, the young student of law 
wrote with extraordinary fertility numerous poetical compo- 
sitions, many of which are most beautiful and of incontest- 
able merit ; but it was after the death of his first wife and 
of his idolized little son that his genius, roused by his 
heartfelt grief, poured forth its powers in compositions more 
touching and replete with deep feeling. 
Luiz Varella always wrote under inspiration, as it were 483 
impromptu, and from beginning to end, wrote uninter- 
ruptedly his compositions and poems, and what is worthy 
of remark, he never reperused them in order to correct 
them. Nevertheless, correctness of form was never wanting 
to his grand conceptions; he rhymed without effort, simpli- 
city gave a charm to his verses, and melancoly gave them 
perfume. 
He had been born a poet, and he was not, nor could he 
be anything but a poet. He was one without calculation, 
or dreams of glory, especially in the last and distressful 
period of his life. He, however, left in his works the seal of 
his genius in a certain well marked originality ; he never 
subjected himself to the absolutism of any school, nor did 
he take as a model, or seek to imitate, any poet. God and 
nature were his inspirers, and in all that emanated from 
his intellect and from his pen, his poetic individuality is 
felt and appreciated. 
His chief works published are: - Nocturnas- Vozes da 
America - Cantos Meridionaes - Contos e Phantazias - Pen- 
dao auri-verde - Cantos do Ermo e da Cidade. 
He left in manuscript a fragment of the life of the 
Apostles, and three dramas in verse - A fundagao da Pira- 
tininga - Ponto Negra - and 0 Demonio do Jogo, besides 
many other poems. 
After his death was published his poem in ten cantos - 
Anchieta ou o Evangelho nas Selvas - which contains rare 
and beautiful passages. 
Luiz Varella concluded his poem with the following 
verses : 484 
Return to thy black exile of bitterness, 
Oh, unfortunate muse. To the turbid wavs 
Of the fearful sea, where resounds 
The fury of the popular storms 
Give up the poor skiff, in which thou hast kept 
Thy most beautiful and adored dreams 1 - 
Farewell! Our mission is completed. XVIII OF AUGUST 
SEBASTIAO DO REGO BARROS 
Sebastiao do Rego Barros, the legitimate son of Colonel 
Francisco do Rego Barros and of D. Maria Anna Francisca 
de Paula de Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, was born in the 
Province of Pernambuco on the 18th of August, 1803. 
Destined for the military career, he entered it as cadet, 
in September, 1817. The shouts of a revolution which had 
burst forth, hoisting the flag of nationality and of liberty, 
had just reached the ears of the boy-soldier, and his eyes 
then saw the blood of the vanquished poured forth in 
streams. Four years afterwards, when a youth of eighteen, 
he paid noble tribute to the liberal ideas called forth by 
the revolution of Portugal, being sent prisoner to Lisbon 
by the Governor, Luiz do Rego, where, being soon liber- 
ated, he asked and obtained leave to go through a course of 
study of mathematics and philosophy in the University of 486 
Coimbra. But the independence of Brazil kindled, in 1823, 
a perilous rivalry between the Brazilian and Portuguese 
students of the celebrated University, and Sebastiao do 
Rego passed into France to conclude his studies. In the 
year 1835 he made a journey to Germany, in 1826 he 
took the degree of bachelor in mathematics in the Univer- 
sity of Gottingen, and in December of the same year he 
hailed the land of his country whose breezes he again 
inhaled. 
Coming to Rio de Janeiro, Sebastiao do Rego Barros 
passed from the corps of light infantry, to which he 
belonged, to the Engineers, and returned with the rank of 
Captain to his Province, which highly distinguished him 
by electing him deputy to the General Assembly. 
Taking his seat in the chamber of deputies in 1830, he 
then commenced his political life which only ended with 
his death. 
With the exception of the legislature of 1845, and that of 
1848, which, however, was dissolved in the same year, 
Sebastiao do Rego Barros always had a seat in the Brazilian 
parliament, and was there one of the most influential of 
the deputies of Pernambuco. Without possessing any re- 
markable qualities to enable him to shine in the tribune, he 
was, when he spoke, concise and energetic, and was always 
heard with attention. 
He was twice Minister of war : in the cabinet of the 19th 
of September, 1837, at a difficult and painful time, when 
rebellion ravaged the plains of Rio Grande do Sul, and raised 
its crest in other provinces ; and again in that of the 10th 
of August, 1859, when, certainly for some years before, 
public order had, as it continues to possess, the most solid 
guarantees in the spirit and in the heart of all the Brazil- 487 
ians; but still, questions of the greatest importance were 
debated in the arena of political economy. 
He was also President of the province of PaiA from 1853 
to 1856, and both iu the ministries, as well as in the pro- 
vincial government, he gained a well merited reputation as 
an active, zealous and honorable administrator. 
He fulfilled, besides, with 6clat, important commissions 
which recommended him to the gratitude of the country. 
In 1831 he was appointed commander-general of the muni- 
cipal guard of the capital; things were then in a fearful 
and critical state : on the 7th of April there happened, 
what the eloquent Count Luiz de Carn6 calls, the torment 
of the great perplexities and of the long uncertainties. The 
noble abdication of the first Emperor, and the glorious and 
noble devotion of the victorious liberal party, might not be 
sufficient to save the constitutional monarchy, and the in- 
tegrity of the Empire : they proved so ; but there were 
hours and days of the deepest concern. The undisciplined 
army had been miraculously dissolved without any disas- 
trous consequence; the projected national guard, which 
ought to render itself admirable by its fidelity and its 
patriotism, was not yet created. 
The Municipal Guards of the Capital where called to fulfil 
the most honorable, brilliant and bold task in the Capital 
of the Empire : the choice of Commander of that corps was 
a title of glory for the man named. 
In 1850 a proximate war was announced : that which for 
so long a time, the Dictator of Buenos Ayres had provoked 
Brazil to, and the Imperial Government entrusted to Sebast- 
ian do Rego Barros the difficult commission of contracting 
in Europe foreign troops who, really, came to earn with 
our brave soldiers the laurels of a campaign which freed 488 
the oppressed people, and which showed the disinterested- 
ness, the civilization and the honor of Brazil. 
After so much toil and so many important services rend- 
ered, Sebastiao do Rego Barros graced by the Emperor, 
always looked up to by his fellow provincials, and justly 
appreciated by all his fellow countrymen, when preparing 
to render fresh tributes of citizenship and of love to his coun- 
try, still vigorous, in spite of his labors and of his age had 
to bend his neck to the stroke of death, and there rested in 
the land of Pernambuco in 1863. 2XZI2C OF AUGUST 
AWW MARQUES PERDIGAO MALHEIROS 
Agustinho Marques Percligao Malheiros, the legitimate son 
of Agostinho Marques Percligao Malheiros and of D. Anna 
Joaquina Roza, was born on the 29th of August, 1788, 
in Vianna, in the Province of Entre Douro e Minha, in the 
kingdom of Portugal. At twenty-two years of age he had 
already taken his degree in the faculty of law in the 
University of Coimbra,and after having read,as is the custom 
before the Chief Judges of the court in Lisbon, he came in 
1812 to Rio de Janeiro, where he was appointed by the 
Prince Regent, magistrate for the town of Santos in S. Paulo. 
On the 30th of January, 1813, he took possession of his 
post, thus inaugurating his long and honorable career as a 
magistrate. 
He served successively as magistrate ad interim in Ouro 490 
Preto, as magistrate of Campanha da Princeza, as Chief 
Judge of the court of appeal of Bahia, from whence he came 
to the Tribunal of Supplicaqao in this capital and continued 
here as Chief Judge, until he entered the Supreme Tribunal 
of Justice, the highest position in the magistracy. 
He fulfilled the duties also of various commissions or 
those annexed by law to the offices which he held, or by 
appointment of the Government. It was thus that he 
occupied the posts of Commissary-Judge, of Absentees, 
Judge of the Crown Property and Treasury, Judge of the 
Chancellor's office, as Adjunct to the Supreme Military 
Council of Justice, and others still, not less important. 
Exclusivly devoted to the noble functions of his ministry, 
he never laid claim to any other laurels or glory which did 
not consist of other than what he was entitled to and did 
obtain in the faithful and strict administration of Justice. 
There were no ornaments or splendid robes for which, it 
ever once crossed his mind, to exchange his magistrate's 
gown. A priest of the law he always guarded incessantly 
and solely the sacred flame of Justice, like the ancient 
vestal the sacred fire. 
The revolutionary tempests passed roaring over his head 
without being able to shake or drag him in their impetus 
from his position. When the tempest ceased, when the 
horizon of the country showed itself clear from dark and 
heavy clouds, when the light of quiet days shone, Agostinho 
Marques Perdigao Malheiros appeared unshaken at his 
post, only a magistrate but always a magistrate. 
He rendered services to the constitutional cause, and to 
the independence : but he rendered them as a magistrate, 
enabled, happily, to combine the decided love that he had 
for his adopted country with the fulfillment of his duty. 491 
In 1822 D. Pedro, afterwards first Emperor of Brazil, went 
to the Province of Minas Geraes to destroy the sinister 
combinations of those who opposed the development and 
triumph of the idea of our political regeneration ; and the 
magistrate of Marianna, Agostinho Marques Perdigao 
Malheiros was the one chosen to fulfill ad interim the 
functions of Judge of Ouro Preto, and in that capacity he 
acted with so much carefulness and dignity, that he 
deserved the praise of the Government and of the nation; he 
having greatly co-operated towards the general recognition 
of the authority of the Prince Regent, who was the 
enthusiastic chief of the holy crusade of liberty. 
Learned and prudent, severe, but not an oppressor ; 
honest, and of an upright conscience, he left in the magis- 
tracy an honored name and a great reputation ; the Govern- 
ment knew so well how to appreciate him that in appoint- 
ing him Magistrate of Marianna, he conferred on him the 
rank of judge of the first Bench and honorary chief Judge, 
and the insignia of the Order of Christ, and further, the 
full term of service as magistrate of Campanha, when he 
had barely served in the exercise of that post for one year ; 
stating then that that exemption was granted in conside- 
ration of the worth and learning of the distinguished 
magistrate. 
He was, in the reign of H. M. the Emperor, 1). Pedro II, 
decorated with the insignia of commander of the order of 
Christ, obtained the privilege of a noble gentleman of the 
Imperial house, and the title of Councillor and treatment 
of Excellency to which he was entitled as belonging to the 
supreme tribunal of justice. 
The Councillor Agostinho Marques Perdigao Malheiros 
employed the hours which remained to him, after fulfilling 492 
zealously the duties of his ministry, in the sweet cares of 
his family, and in pleasures and real intellectual enjoy- 
ments, which he was accustomed to find in his retreat, in 
the study of the belles-lettres, in the appreciation of 
numerous and rare books, which he had collected with 
indefatigable perseverance, in his rich library, and in the 
contemplation of some fine pictures which he possessed. The 
magistrate only forgot the culture of law in his hours of 
ease, and the hours of eases till existed for those of mind and 
heart; they were the love of his wife and of his children, 
and that of science and the fine arts. 
The eminent magistrate was extremely scrupulous in his 
labors whether as a judge or literary character. He left 
various manuscripts on jurisprudence, history and philology, 
there being one amongst all of them very much esteemed 
-a glossary of antiquated and obsolete words of the Portu- 
guese language, indispensable for the right understanding 
of the classics and antique works. 
It was.on the 19th of August, 1860, that on a sudden, 
death carried to the tomb that venerable old man, whose 
body was bent under the weight of 72 years of age, and of 
50 years spent in the service of the state. His decease put 
an end to a long and laborious life; but the whole of 
which can be epitomized in three words : honor, intelli- 
gence and duty. XX OF JkTTG-TJST 
D. MARIA QUITERIA DE JESUS 
The Independence of Brazil cost the Province of Bahia 
a protracted and glorious War. 
The command of arms was, in that Province, held by the 
Brigadier Manoel Pedro de Freitas Guimaraes, a native of 
Brazil, when on the 11th of February, 1822, royal letters 
patent came from Portugal appointing to that post the 
Brigadier Luiz Ignacio Bandeira de Mello, a valiant anp 
energetic Portuguese soldier. 
The provisional governing «Junta», the Municipal Cham- 
ber and the patriots finally, seeking pretexts, refused to 
execute the royal letters patent. On the 19th of February 
the Portuguese troops in garrison took up arms in favor of 
their General, Madeira, and during the whole day fought 
the Brazilian military corps, generally of the second line, 
and finished by obliging them to retreat to the interior. 494 
• General Madeira with a numerous and disciplined Luzi- 
tanian force in the garrison, remained master of the city, 
while in the semicircular bay, and in the interior, the 
Bahian patriots united, and prepared themselves for war. 
On the 25th of June, in the town, afterwards city of 
Caxoeira, those praisworthy paladins of the independence 
declared themselves, by recognizing the government of 
the Prince D. Pedro, one hundred and nine days later 
Emperor of Brazil, and by installing a Government at? 
interim. 
Within a short time the war broke out, which was 
marked by notable, and very sharp engagements, only 
terminating on the 2nd of July, 1823, the glorious day, on 
which Madeira and his trained troops evacuated the city of 
S. Salvador of Bahia, and, being overcome, took their de- 
parture for Portugal. 
In that war the Bahians showed themselves to be heroes 
yet, for their greater honor and just pride, the Bahian 
ladies equalled them in patriotism. 
History jealously keeps the record of the memorable fact 
of the mission fulfilled by M. J. Pires Camargo, who came 
from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro to present himself to the 
Princess Royal D. Leopoldina, shortly afterwards Empress 
of Brazil, in the name of the Bahian ladies, who sent to 
offer their jewels in aid of the expenditure required for the 
war of the independence of the country. 
But amongst those illustrious and well deserving 
patriotic ladies, there was one, conspicuous for ardent 
impulse rare in her delicate sex, and for noble enthusiasm, 
D. Maria Quiteria de Jesus Medeiros. 
Daughter of the Portuguese Gongalo de Medeiros by his 
first marriage with a Portuguese lady, D. Maria Quiteria, a 495 
Bahian by birth, a young lady of pure habits, and of supe- 
rior intelligence, one day hears at the dinner-table from a 
guest of her father's, the news of the war, the elec- 
trifying exposition of the aspirations of the patriots, and 
the magnificent destiny which awaited Brazil, as an inde- 
pendent Empire. 
Gongalo de Medeiros laments his not having a son to offer 
to the cause of Brazil. 
An hour afterwards, Maria de Medeiros being alone with 
her father, said to him. 
- You have not a son, but I, like other Bahian ladies 
round the Bay, know the use of firearms in sporting: 
father!... if I were to disguise my self as a man !... 
Gongalo de Medeiros reproved his daughter; she, how- 
ever, excited by the love of her country, and having been 
still further carried away by the ardour of her married 
and patriot sister, whom she had consulted, prepared in 
secret for herself a man's clothing ; and one day, availing 
herself of her father's visiting the town of Cachoeira, 
secretly accompanied him, and on arriving at the town, 
she entered a wood, exchanged her woman's clothes for 
those of the other sex, presented herself as a volunteer, 
and enlisted in the regiment of Artillery. 
Two days afterwards the beardless and handsome 
volunteer mounted guard at the artillery quarters. 
Goncalo de Medeiros betrayed the secret or disguise of 
his daughter but he could not withdraw her from her post. 
D. Maria de Medeiros felt that the service of the Artillery 
was too hard for her, and succeeded in changing into the 
battalion of light infantry, called the volunteers of the 
Prince, and served with them till the end of the war. 
The bravery of this heroine shines forth still more, and 496 
touches the sublime, by reason of the chastity of the 
woman. 
Her example was the provocative of imitators, and 
D. Maria de Medeiros, at the head of some dozens of fearless 
Bahian Amazons, fought heroically against the Luzitanian 
soldiers who attempted landing near the mouth of the 
Paraguassu. 
After such brilliant feats, and the most complote victory 
on tho 2nd of July 1823, D. Maria de Medeiros came to 
Rio de Janeiro to bring to the Emperor D. Pedro I, the 
happy news of the evacuation of Bahia by the Luzitanian 
troops. 
The Emperor who long before had admired the heroine 
owing to the repport of her acts of bravery, gave her a 
most worthy reception, and with his own hands placed on 
her neck the insignia of a knight of the Imperial Order 
of the Cruzeiro. D. Maria de Medeiros was, in the capital of 
the Empire, an object of the most lively interest and of 
public favor. She wore the uniform of her batallion, adding 
thereto a short skirt, indicative of her sex, which she 
honored by her virtuous conduct. 
The distinguished Englishwoman, Maria Graham, in the 
Journal of a voyage to Brazil,published in London in 1824, 
says, speaking of D. Maria de Medeiros, that «Her 
appearance had little or nothing of the man about it, her 
manners were agreeable, and notwithstanding the life she 
had led among the soldiers, she had not acquired their 
rough and unpolished habits, nor was there the slightest 
suspicion against her honor. » 
D. Maria Quiteria de Jesus Medeiros is then a splendid 
heroine of whom Brazil may justly be proud. XXI O'F 7ATJOTJST 
ANTONIO FRANCISCO DE PAULA E HOLLANDA CAVALCANTI DE AlBffiMN 
VISCOUNT DE A.LBUQUERQUE 
Antonio Francisco de Paula e Hollanda Cavalcanti de 
Albuquerque, the legitimate son of the «Capitao-mor» 
Francisco de Paula Cavalcanti de Albuquerque and of 
D. Maria Rita de Albuquerque Mello, was born in Per- 
nambuco on the 21st of August, 1797. 
He enlisted at ten years of age, his time commencing 
to be reckoned on the 1st of August, 1807; recognised 
as a cadet on the 3d of November of that year in the 
Regiment of Artillery of the Province of Pernambuco, 
to which he belonged until he reached the post of major 
to which he was promoted on the 20th of April, 1819; 498 
and joined the staff of the Army on the 18th of No- 
vember, 1824. He was promoted to a lieutenant-colo- 
nelcy on the 20th of March, 1827, in which rank he 
retired on the 9th of November, 1832. 
Having obtained leave in 1816 to come to Rio de Ja- 
neiro, he went on from this capital to Mozambique as 
Aid-de-Camp to the Governor and Captain-General of 
the capitania of Mozambique, Jose Francisco de Paula Ca- 
valcanti de Albuquerque. Returning to Rio de Ja neiro, 
he departed immediately for Macao, being appointed pro- 
fessor of the second year of the Royal School of Pilots 
by order of the 12th of June, 1819, and major of the 
battalion of the Prince Regent (then already king) of 
the same city. 
The proclamation of the independence of Brazil was 
hailed by Hollanda Cavalcanti so far from his country ; 
but returning shortly to it, in passing through Per- 
nambuco, he found his Province in deep conspiracy, which 
resulted in the revolt called the Confederation of the 
Equator» in 1824. Uniting himself to the legal troops, 
he rendered services both in the city as well as in 
Barra Grande, to which place the corps that did not 
adhere to the victorious revolt in Olinda and in Recife, 
retired, and made a firm resistance. 
In his military career Hollanda Cavalcanti had not an 
opportunity of distinguishing himself, and of gathering 
martial laurels. 
It is, however, necessary to state that in Pernambuco 
till 1816, the military service did not hinder him from 
prosecuting, besides the special studies appropriate to 
artillery, others of the humanities. 
In 1826, Hollanda Cavalcanti came to Rio de Janeiro 499 
having been elected deputy of the first ordinary Le- 
gislature of the Empire; he was considered worthy to be 
re-elected in the three following legislatures, until on 
the 7th of February, 1838, he was chosen Senator from 
the list offered by the Province of Pernambuco, that had 
elected him deputy four times. He thenceforward took 
his seat in the Senate. 
Ever since 1826 he was accustomed to speak, not- 
withstanding his want of some of the principal gifts which 
are required in an orator. He had not the gift of fluent 
speech; on the contrary, he very often had difficulty 
in expressing himself, which obliged him to hesitate and 
stop while he sought a better expression for the idea. 
In his speeches there was neither brilliancy nor art in 
the order of the arguments and still less in the arange- 
ment of the oratorical parts; but Hollanda Cavalcanti 
commanded attention by his characteristic and sometimes 
unsophisticated frankness. 
He mounted the tribune to say what he thought, and he 
said it with simplicity and with a certain haughtiness that 
pertained to one who spoke without ever calculating on 
pleasing or displeasing whomsoever they might he. 
He was a liberal from 1826 till the last day of his life, 
but he always displayed the most absolute independence 
of ideas, and never respected the discipline of Party. 
The first who, in Brazil, formally impeached ministers 
of State, was Hollanda Cavalcanti, who proposed in the 
Chamber the accusation against Lucio Soares Teixeira de 
Gouvea, and Joaquim do Oliveira Alvares, both ministers 
the former of Justice, and the latter of War. 
On the 3rd of November 1830 he accepted the post of 
minister of Finance, in a ministry in which he disagreed 500 
with the marquis de Paranagud and with some other, 
on the political direction of affairs, he representing the 
liberal principle : on the 18th of March, 1831, he continued 
a minister in the ministry, slightly liberal, conceded by 
D. Pedro I to the spirit of nationality justly irritated by the 
insults of the Portuguese, on the night of the bottle- 
throwing in March. On the 5th of April he, together 
with the other ministers, was dismissed. 
On the 7th of April I). Pedro I abdicated, and Hollanda 
Calvacanti on the 3rd of August, 1832, (the coup d'etat 
which he had hotly opposed, having taken place on the 
30th of July,) joined the Ministry which was called the forty 
days, from its ephemeral duration to the 13th of September, 
as minister of the Empire and Finance. 
A strenuous upholder of the declaration of the majority 
of the Emperor, Senhor D. Pedro II, that being decreed on 
the 23rd of July, 1840, he was raised to the ministry 
of Marine, in the liberal ministry organized on the follo- 
wing day ; and retired from the Government, which passed 
into the hands of his adversaries, on the 23rd of March 1841. 
In 1844 he again occupied the post of minister of Marine 
entering as a liberal in the ministry of the second of Feb- 
ruary of the same year ; he continued in the Government 
until the 29th of April, 1847, having been for some time 
minister, ad-interim, of War, and afterwards effective 
minister of Finance. 
Finally, in 1862, he returned to power as Minister of Fi- 
nance in the Cabinet of the 30th of May, organized by the 
Marquis of Olinda, after two contradictory votings of the 
Chamber, by which, in three days, two Ministries of oppo- 
site opinions had fallen. 
On the 14th of September, 1850, Hollanda Cavalcanti 501 
had already been nominated Councillor of State extraor- 
dinary, becoming ordinary Councillor of State on the 
20th of August, 1859. On the 18th of June, 1855, the Em- 
peror rewarded him with the title of Viscount of Albu- 
querque. 
The Cabinet of the May 30th was one of political prepara- 
tion for a period of transition, and was to deliver up the 
Government to the liberal party, strengthened by the aid 
of a brilliant fraction of conservatives, who had franckly 
nobly seceded from their ancient party. The old and ven- 
erated Viscount of Albuquerque, suffering from a serious 
and advanced affection of the heart, and so ill that he was 
expecting to die shortly, did not hesitate to take a part 
in the Ministry. 
His frankness, his characteristic independence, and his 
fidelity to liberal principles, were, respected by every one. 
The Viscount of Albuquerque, had, in the Tribune of the 
Senate, for some years, raised to such a pitch and with such 
sayings, those virtues of frankness and of personal inde- 
pendence, that he in lively epigrams and in ideas which 
appeared eccentric, pronounced great truths, which were 
taken for irony or for paradoxes. 
In 1846, for example, alluding clearly to the falsification 
of the electoral system, he ventured to declare that the 
ministries could govern without a majority of votes in the 
chamber, terming artificial, the parliamentary majorities. 
When out of the Government, he one day exclaimed in 
the Senate :-« there are not in Brazil two things wich 
are more alike, than a liberal and a conservative. » 
In a financial debate, in which was mooted the 'giving of 
aid to the State in its lack of means, the Viscount de Albu- 502 
querque said to the ministers : - « of money, we have 
enough and spare : what we want is sense. » 
In combating the creation of a new ministerial depart- 
ment, and the idea that the service of each one of the old 
six ministerial officices was already too great a weight, and 
a task almost impossible to be well fulfilled, the Viscount 
of Albuquerque sneered at the ministers in attacking the 
new and great expenditure which was required of the trea- 
sury, and cried out:-« do they find the work excessive ?... 
well, I do not think so : I am ready to take upon myself the 
charge of all the six ministerial offices.» 
On another occasion he said :- « Mr. President! the 
Country is in a bad state, and it will not mend until some 
minister is hanged. » 
Whenever he spoke in the Senate he threw out some 
cutting and pungent observations, that involved, in a certain 
degree of exaggeration and a method somewhat original, 
an undeniable foundation of truth. 
He was, during the whole of his parliamentary life, an 
energetic defender of the liberty of the Press. 
In public administration he was both active and econom- 
ical, zealous and of the greatest probity. 
In his last ministry he did not spare himself work which 
aggravated his disorder, and at the end of eleven months of 
suffering and of personal sacrifice, he died on the 14th of 
April, 1863. 
Viscount of Albuquerque was a Senator of the Empire, 
a Councillor of State, a nobleman of the Imperial Cham- 
ber, a Knight of the Order of Christ and Dignatary of the 
Imperial Order of the Cruzeiro. 503 
A well deserving citizen, and of such well known probity, 
that no one ever dared to insinuate a simple suspicion 
of him ; Viscount of Albuquerque died poor, and the gov- 
ernment of the State honored his services and glorious 
memory by decreeing well merited pensions to his 
daughters. 5CXII OF A.TTG-TJ'S'r 
DON THOMAZ DA ENCARNACAO 
A Bishop and a learned man ; Thomaz da was 
born in Bahia in 1728. Dedicating himself to priesthood, for 
which he had a decided vocation, he discarded all the ties 
of the world, and at the same time that he enriched his 
intellect by severe studies, he gave to men the example of 
virtue and the lesson of austere habits. 
In Portugal, he astonished them by his knowledge and 
great piety ; and being nominated and consecrated Bishop, 
he continued to be as humble as before, and was only 
exacting in the fulfilment of duties of which he was the 
first and zealous respecter. 
The Marquis of Pombal held Don Thomaz in the highest 
esteem and consulted him very often. 
Don Thomaz da Encarnagao wrote an Ecclesiastical 506 
History, which was published in Coimbra in four volumes; 
the excellency of which merited the recognition of author- 
ized judges. 
The name of Don Thomaz da Encarnagao remains regis- 
tered in this article of the 22d of August, which, not- 
withstanding it may not record any fact concerning his 
life, nevertheless serves as a memorial, in the absence 
of dates that refer to him. XXIII OF AUGUST 
FRIAR HOTIS DA ENCARNAfAO PINA 
A native of Rio de Janeiro, and the legitimate son of 
Domingos Alves Pina and of Francisca Fernandes ; Ma- 
thens da Encarnagao Pina was baptised a few days after 
he was born, on the 23rd of August, 1687, in the Parish of 
Our Lady of the Candelaria. 
At sixteen years of age, and already considerably advan- 
ced in his studies for one so young for his application was 
proportionate to his great intelligence, he entered the 
Benedictine Order, and took the cowl in 1703. 
He was one of the glories of the monastry of S. Bento 
in Rio de Janeiro, on account of his learning and piety. 
Elected Abbot, and in the quiet exercise of his prelacy, 
he was suddenly ordered to proceed to Portugal, to answer 
for abuses which were slanderously or erroniously im- 508 
puted to him ; but it was not difficult for him to prove his 
innocence. 
In Lisbon, he was called upon to preach in the Royal 
Chapel, in Lent of the year 1729, and the King, D. Joao V, 
who heard him, admired, and took him immediately under 
his protection, so that the Don Abbot, Friar Matheus da 
Pina, was enabled to immediately return to Rio 
de Janeiro in the next convoy, and, restored to his Mon- 
astery, continue in the exercise of his dignity. XXIV OF 
ANTONIO JOAQUIM RODRIGUES TORRES 
There, in Corrientes, in a cemetery people by heroes, was 
dug a grave which received a youthful body that had a 
right to a resting place in the bosom of his country, and in 
the midst of a garden of odoriferous flowers. France, so 
rich in names of great renown, preserves, exalts, glorifies 
her devoted martyr of patriotism, the Chevalier d'Assas. 
Brazil has her Child Torres in a youth of seventeen years 
of age, her hero, her devoted martyr, who not merely 
equals, but he exceeds the Chevalier d'Assas. 
Antonio Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, the legitimate son of 
Dr. Bernardino Jose Rodrigues Torres and of D. Maria 
Emilia Torres, was born on the 24th of August, 1848, in the 
Parish of Our Lady of do Porto das Caixas, dis- 
trict of Itaborahy, province of Rio de Janeiro. 510 
The angel at his cradle-head foretold his prosperous 
future. 
Dr. Bernardino Torres, his father, is a learned Physician, 
and so distinguished and notable for intelligence,that mod- 
esty alone, or the love of a quiet retreat, has deprived 
him of a more showy and brilliant position in the science 
which he cultivates and exercises, or in the political hor- 
izon in which he might ennoble himself. 
His family both was, and is, important and full of pres- 
tige, the Child Torres was the nephew of Viscount of Ita- 
borahy, a Brazilian and Statesman of great and well merited 
influence, and chief of the conservative party, and of 
Sr. Candido Jose Rodrigues Torres, the present Baron of 
Itaborahy, a gentleman of accomplished talents, and whose 
least merit is to be a rich and generous capitalist. 
The boy Antonio Torres, educated with care, was des- 
tined by his father to a commercial life; but his fiery genius 
rejected the prospect; he revolted against any act of injusti- 
ce; irritable at any offence offered to his honor, or at any 
sign of indifference, he was quick in retaliating, and, as 
in more than one case, with excessive disproportion of 
strength against him. 
In 1864, on the announcements made of the Brazilian 
forces marching to the Oriental State of Uruguay, he as- 
pired to enlisting himself as a volunteer in the army; they 
did not permit him, but that was in consideration of his 
age, which barely exceeded sixteen years by some months, 
nevertheless he obtained leave of his father to enlist in the 
battalion of Engineers, and commenced the respective 
studies in the « school of application, » but the Paraguayan 
war shortly called the patriots, and the valiant to 
combats and battles: a part of the battalion of En- 511 
gineers was under marching orders, and then there was 
no ardency of love of family, nor persuasive efforts, nor 
observations on his age, which could turn the hero from 
the path of Glory, and from death. 
Antonio Joaquim Rodrigues Torres departed full of 
enthusiasm: he was the second cadet of the third com- 
pany of the first battalion of Foot Artillery, and, on arriv- 
ing at the army the officers and soldiers, on seeing him 
so young, absolutely without a single hair on his face, and 
with a feeble physical development, knew and desig- 
nated him afterwards by the name of Child Torres. One day 
he said to some one who so called him : 
- « You shall see of what the Child Torres is ca- 
pable. » 
And he showed it shortly afterwards. 
In Corrientes he was one among the number of valiant 
men, who, under the command of lieutenant-colonel Wil- 
lagran Cabrita, occupied the Island of Redemption on the 
night of the 5th to the 6th of April, 1866. 
Antonio Torres was then seventeen years and some mon- 
thos old. 
After the most lively cannonading on the 7th, 8th, and 
9th, directed against the position taken on the Island by 
the Brazilians, this being at a gunshot distance from the 
enemy's Fort Itapiru, the Paraguayans, to the number of 
more than one thousand two hundred picked men-a supe- 
rior force to that commanded by Cabrita,-disembarked 
before the first dawn of day, on the 10th of April, on 
the Island of Redemption, and availing themselves of the 
darkness advanced threateningly. 
Some Brazilian soldiers who were outside of the tren- 
ches, perceived the enemy, and in a moment the firing an- 512 
nounced the commencement of the conflict, and imme- 
diately after the Boy Torres, second cadet of the third 
company of the first battalion of Foot Artillery, entered the 
fortifications, exclaiming : 
- « Here come the Paraguayans ! I swear it, because I 
have killed one. » 
A horrible struggle ensued. 
The Paraguayans fought protected by the night, and 
firing from within the large thickets which they were 
well acquainted with. 
Cabrita drove them thence, by discharges of grape, 
followed up by a formidable bayonet charge on their flank. 
The contingent of Artillery sprang forward beyond the 
trenches, and with their hatchets in their hands attacked 
the Paraguayan line. 
They fought hand to hand. The bold and rash youth 
Torres equalled the bravest: he saved the lives of two 
officers of his corps, the Lieutenants Mourao Pinheiro, and 
Guimaraes, by killing two more of the enemy, who were 
about to strike them ; the last of them, however, had time 
to rip, his abdomen open with a stroke of his bayonet. 
Although wounded, the hero continued fighting.4 
shortly after, when shouting « Long live the Brazilian 
nation » ! a ball went through his heart. 
The Mars of seventeen summers fell dead. 
Lieutenant-Colonel Cabrita made his elogium in three 
words, saying. 
- « He died like a lion !... 
They ought to have carried the body of the 3rd Cadet 513 
Antonio Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, wrapped in a national 
flag. 
It was the only winding sheet worthy of the hero. 
But the national flags there were insuflicint to supply 
winding sheets, for the many heroes Brazil lost in the 
Paraguayan War. FFZKiVT OF AUGUST 
CANDIDO BORGES MONTEIRO j 
VISCOUNT OF ITAU'NA 
The legitimate son of captain Jose Borges Monteiro and 
of D. Gertrudes Maria da Conceicao, Candido Borges Mon- 
teiro was born on the 12th of October, 1812, in the city of 
Rio de Janeiro. 
He went through his preparatory studies in this city, 
and matriculating in 1827 in the Medico-Cirurgical Acad- 
emy, obtained in 1833 the diploma of Surgeon. 
He had scarcely left when the new School of Medicine 
was organized, and in the same year 1833, he underwent a 
competitive examination, and from the proofs he gave of 
his capacity he was nominated to one of the two places of 
Substitute professor of the surgical department, and, in a 516 
solemn act of the 17th of December, 1834, he received his 
degree of Doctor in Medicine. 
In another examination in the year 1837, he obtained 
the professorship of Operating Surgeon, of Topographical 
Anatomy and apparatuses. 
In 1843 and 1844 he also held the professorship of exter- 
nal practice, on account of the absence of the respective 
professor, the chief surgeon of the Army, Dr. Manoel 
Feliciano Pereira de Carvalho. 
He exercised the high dignity of professorship for more 
than twenty-five years, and was superannuated in 1858. 
He was in his professor's chair, what he subsequently was 
in the tribune of Parliament, an eloquent orator possessed 
of easy diction most lucid in his expositions, and most 
exact in his examination of any subject that he took in 
hand; he had so happy and so admirable a memory, that, 
more than once, in the Director's saloon of the School, 
some of the professors, his colleagues, used to try it for 
their own gratification : Candido Borges would read a 
page of a scientific book, and the book being shut could 
repeat what he had read without missing one single word. 
He was a notable operator, and the first who in Brazil 
practised on a living man the ligature of the aorta above 
the iliacal bifurcation ; and wrote on that operation a 
valuable treatise at the request of the celebrated French 
professor Velpeau, a memoir which was printed in the 
Annals of the Imperial Academy of Medicine in Rio de 
Janeiro. 
The explosion on board the steamboat Especuladora, 
which plied between the city and Nictheroy, in 1844, filled 
with miserable victims the infirmary in which Dr. Candido 
Borges then directed the studies of the external practice. 517 
The observations macle on many dozens of men, more or 
less scalded, served him with a subject on which to write a 
most interesting scientific work. In his profession most 
distinguished and able, he was the physician to the 
Imperial Chamber, and had the honor of being Surgeon- 
Accoucheur to H. M. the Empress. 
Out of the field of Medical science he distinguished 
himself no less in Administration, and in Parliament. 
As an administrator he commenced worthily in the 
Municipal chamber of the capital, being second on the list 
of aidermen in the election of 1848, and by the death of 
the first in October, 1849, he took the President's chair 
till the end of the four year's term. 
In his municipal administration, he amortized debts to the 
amount of more than sixty contos of reis, he raised the 
revenues aud constructed important works. 
He served as Government Commissioner to the Central 
Association of Colonization, from the 1st August, 1851, 
and was nominated President of the same Association by 
Decree of the 28th March, 1859, and in a commission of 
such labor and importance, he distinguished himself by his 
economical zeal, and by his devotion to the task which had 
been confided to him. 
From the 27th August, 1858, till the 25th April of the 
following year, he filled the post of President of the Pro- 
vince of S. Paulo : on the 16th July, 1868, he had succeed- 
ed his adversaries of the conservative party, in power ; the 
ministry dissolved the Chamber, and Candido Borges, then 
already Baron of Itaima, President of a province at a 
time of great political reaction, and of stormy elections, 
suffered the hottest opposition from the liberal party, 
which caused him serious vexation. In eight years of pro- 518 
vincial administration, under those political circumstances, 
he could do but little, nevertheless he provided new- 
regulations for public instruction, and endowed the Prov- 
ince of S. Paulo with some useful works. 
In his parliamentary life Dr. Candido Borges commenced 
by being a member of the Provincial assembly of Rio de 
Janeiro in 1850, and was notably influential therein, as 
one of the principals orators, and as a pre-eminent chief. 
In the general Legislature of 1853 to 1856, he was one 
of the deputies elected by the province of Rio de Janeiro, 
and member of the Comittee of Powers, he made his debut 
in the Tribune, and maintained the validity of the election 
of the illustrious liberal Souza Franco, being overborne in 
the voting by a majority of his party, who excluded that 
Statesman from the Chamber. 
His experience in municipal administration, and the deep 
study he had made on the subject, induced him topresent to 
the Chamber, a notable project of reform of the municipal 
system, which nevertheless went no further, being for- 
gotten after the first discussion. 
On the elections by districts being decreed, the candida- 
ture of Dr. Candido Borges was wrecked in 1827, being op- 
posed by the conservative party itself which he had joined, 
and in which he had distinguished himself. 
In the same year, his name was on the triple list for 
senator offered by the Province of Rio de Janeiro, and on 
him the choice of the Emperor fell. 
Whilst occupying his seat in the Senate, he did not 
abandon his political party on account of the recent defeat 
he had experienced, and whether a ministerialist, or in the 
opposition, he rendered the conservative policy considerable 519 
service, by his powerful and eloquent talents in the 
tribune. 
The Senator Candido Borges Monteiro, already favored 
with the title of Barao of Itauna was later on raised to 
Viscount. 
In 1869 he made a voyage to Europe, principally indu- 
ced by love of medical science, never sacrificed by him to 
the splendours and exclusive exigencies of politics. 
On his return from the old civilized world, the Baron of 
Itauna intended to devote himself with ardour to the prac- 
tice of surgical operations when, the Emperor also desirous 
of visiting Europe, and still further urged by the care 
which the precious heatlh of the Empress'claimed, invited 
the illustrious medical man to accompany him. 
The Baron of Itauna, honored by the distinction, gladly 
performed his medical duties, those of a friend, and of a 
man grateful and devoted to the Emperor. 
In 1872, returning to his country with D. Pedro II and 
his august consort, the most virtuous Empress, the Vis- 
count of Itauna was shortly turned from his plans of a life 
of surgical practice. 
The Cabinet of the 7th March, 1871, required strengthen- 
ing by the infusion of new blood, and auxiliary influence, 
remodifying its system. Viscount of Itauna was called 
to take the post of minister of Agriculture, Commerce and 
Public works, on the 20th April, 1872. 
He did not hesitate; but accepted the charge amidst the 
vehement opposition of the liberals, and dissentient con- 
servatives, who did not spare him in their bitter cen- 
sures. 
The chamber of deputies was, dissolved. 
Political passions broke forth in volcanic lava. 520 
Indifferent to the fury of the tempest, much less of a 
politician than an administrator; with eyes fixed on, and 
intellect and heart devoted to, the country, the Viscount 
of Itauna as minister of Agriculture, Commerce and 
public works, did not ask any one what was his 
political creed. He commenced by opening up wide pros- 
pects to European immigration, to the transatlantic tele- 
graph, to railways and other great improvements when, 
in August of the same year, 1872, he took to his bed 
whence he passed to the grave. 
On the night of the 25th of August, he died; his last 
words, uttered half an hour before he expired, were; « I 
am about to awake. » 
The Emperor who was at the Theatre with the Em- 
press, retired immediately, on receiving the sad news of 
the departure of Viscount of Itauna. 
The Minister, secretary of State, who had just died 
scarcely left money enough to pay the expenses of his fu- 
neral. 
His family was left in poverty, and the Government de- 
creed annual pensions, being one of one conto two hun- 
dred milreis for the widow, and of six hundred milreis for 
each of the three daughters of the Viscount of Itauna. 
This illustrious Brazilian was first Baron, and first Vis- 
count of Itauna, with the honors of grandeeship, by De- 
cree of the 19th July 1872 ; Councillor, Minister and Sec- 
retary of State for the Affairs of Agriculture, Commerce 
and Public works, Senator of the Empire for the Province 
of Rio de Janeiro, retired Professor of the School of Med- 
icine of the Capital, Physician of the Imperial Chamber, 
decorated with the honors of Great Officer of the Imperial 
house hold, dignitary of the Order of the Rose, Commander 521 
of the order of Christ ; grand cross of the Royal Portu- 
gvese orders of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and of Our Lady 
of Conceigao da Villa Vigosa, of the orders of Ernestina 
of the Ducal house of Saxony, and of the Imperial Austrian 
Order of the Iron crown, and member of the Imperial Aca- 
demy of Rio de Janeiro, and of various scientific societies. iXXAZI OF AUG-UST 
JOAO PEREIRA DA SILVA 
A learned Priest, and distinguished poet, Joao Pereira 
da Silva was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1743 : he was des- 
tined for the priesthood, and studied with eagerness, 
becoming distinguished by his lively andbrilliant talent. 
He was professor of rhetoric and philosophy, and a 
Canon of the cathedral of Rio de Janeiro. 
He was the pleasantest of Poets, and much esteemed : 
a great number of his compositions were lost, they ple- 
ased most extraordinarily by their gracefulfness, and 
were sometimes sweetly sublime, but restricted in expan- 
sion of sentiment. Among the few which escaped mutila- 
tions, and complete loss, is worthy of special mention, 524 
and will always be esteemed by critics, and by literati 
of pure taste, the poem relating to the carnival. 
The day of his birth is as unknown as are the day and 
year of the death of this distinguished son of Rio de Ja- 
neiro, and in the absence of dates relative to his life, his 
name is registrred in tthe Article of the 26th of August. ZXFXZ'VTI OF A.TTG-TTST 
BERNARDO PEREIRA DE VASCONCELLOS 
On the 1st of May, 1850, the whole city of Rio de Janeiro 
was afflicted by the announcement of the death of Ber- 
nardo Pereira de Vasconcellos, as they would have been 
at the rumbling noise of a monument which had fallen 
down. 
And yet the mortal remains of the great statesman were 
carried to the cemetery of S. Francisco de Paula by some 
few friends whose courage was a matter of surprise. 
The legislative chambers were assembled, Vasconcellos 
was the inspiring genius, the supreme directing intellect 
of the predominant party, and nevertheless the poorest 
accompaniment honored the funeral train of that great 
man of the land. 526 
It was not ingratitude; it was terror that was the cause 
of that fact. 
In 1850 the yellow fever had broken out, brought from 
foreign parts to Rio de Janeiro; pestiferous and more hor- 
rible and fatal than the cholera morbus, it scourged and 
decimated the population. The proportion of the contagion 
of terror which it spread abroad equalled the proportion 
of its mortiferous influence. 
The people considered the corpse of each victim of the 
yellow fever as a focus of disease. 
They almost all fled from the body of Vasconcellos ; 
but the capital of the Empire had been moved at the noise 
of the fall of the monument. 
Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos was born in the 
ancient Villa Rica, afterwards city of Ouro Preto, capital 
of the Province of Minas Geraes, on the 22d of August, 1795, 
being the legitimate son of Dr. Diogo Pereira Ribeiro de 
Vasconcellos and of Maria do Carmo Barradas. 
He completed his first preparatory studies in Brazil ; 
in 1813 he went to Portugal, matriculated in the Univer- 
sity of Coimbra, and in 1818 took the degree of Bachelor 
of Law, without having left behind him at the University 
the reputation of a student distinguished by conquests 
through application or hopes of notable intelligence. 
He remained one year in Portugal, but without being 
applied to in his office as advocate. He had in his favor 
his influential and esteemed uncles, and thanks to them, 
he obtained the appointment of magistrate of Guaratin- 
gueta in S. Paulo, and from thence returning to Ouro 
Preto, obtained the appointment of a Chief Judge of the 
court of appeal of Maranhao. 
The fortunate protege of good relations and zealous 527 
patrons advanced rapidly; but the revolution of Portugal 
had broken out, next to that the independence of Brazil, the 
founding of the Empire, the Brazilian Assembly installed 
and dissolved in 1823, the political constitution of Brazil 
offered and sworn in 1824. Vasconcellos saw and studied 
all that; he fixed his eyes on the future, declared himself 
a liberal, and in 1826, in the first legislature of Brazil 
honored by the votes of his fellow-provincials, he took 
his seat in the chamber of deputies, where he laid the 
foundation of his greatness. 
Little by little he made himself remarkable in the 
Tribune of Parliament. In 1826 he was barely an indif- 
ferent orator: monotonous, with very often a difficulty in 
speaking; but soon after an able debater. In 1828 practice 
and study had already conquered, in a great measure, 
those defects, and Vasconcellos had become one of the 
chief speakers of the chamber, and one of the most daring 
and vehement chiefs of the liberal opposition. Each day 
stronger, richer in science, of greater assurance in his 
resourses ; no one exceeded him in the force of logic, in 
boldness of attack, in energy of defence, and no one 
equalled him in the use of sarcasm and of ridicule. 
And that was the least of it! 
A cruel and unconquerable affection of the spinal mar- 
row which paralized him, co-operated perhaps in rendering 
him a consummate statesman, as he was : Vasconcellos 
concentrated his life in his mental faculties, he forgot his 
sufferings, and his ailments in study, and in constant and 
reflective reading occupied his mind, and he added to the 
conquests of his most vast intellect a penetrating and clear 
judgment; he was in his time the man who saw furthest 528 
into futurity, and who most sagaciously prophecied the 
march of events. 
In the reign of the first Emperor Bernardo de Vascon- 
cellos had already become illustrious as a legislator. 
Not to speak of other laws of which he was the chief 
author, or aider in forming, there exists the Criminal Code 
of Brazil, a magnificent work, of which he was the direct- 
ing architect. 
After the abdication of D. Pedro I, from 1831 to 1835 
there was not an important law, nor a political institution, 
which did not owe their greatest tribute to the inspiration, 
the counsels, or the work of that statesman. The code of 
process, and reforms of the constitution, or additional act, 
were, for the greatest part, the work of that statesman. 
The liberal party owed to Bernardo de Vasconcellos the 
most considerable institutions with which it endowed 
Brazil. 
In 1835 as a member of the first Provincial Assembly of 
Minas Geraes he gave it the wisest direction, and created, by 
the laws which he caused to be adopted, a system of public 
instruction, order the construction of roads, and rendered 
the first legislature of the Minas Assembly truly exem- 
plary. 
The decease of the ex-Emperor, D. Pedro I, in 1834, by 
extinguishing in Brazil the hopes of the restoration party, 
slackened the bonds of union of the dominant liberal party : 
the prolonged mental agitation, the disorders which occur- 
red in divers provinces, the fearful revolt of Para, the re- 
bellion which in 1835 broke out in Rio Grande do Sul, 
exhausted the government of the liberals: in that same 
year, in the beginning of May, the death of Evaristo da 529 
Veiga was a new and sad blow to the party which, since 
the 7th of April, 1831, had maintained itself in power. 
The priest Diogo Antonio Feijo who did not know how, 
or did not wish, to give, to the great statesman proper in- 
fluence in the direction of public affairs, was Regent of the 
Empire. 
Vasconcellos observed with displeasure the proceeding of 
the government, felt that there was an anti-liberal reaction 
in the minds of many of the old partizans of the deceased 
ex-Emperor, making common cause with sundry groups of 
the opposition; foreseeing the approaching and inevitable fu- 
ture combinations, being a clear-sighted, most able and 
astute, statesman, guided and bound together the dissident 
groups, pronounced in the Chamber the word backwards se- 
parated himself from the liberals, and organized, disciplined 
and commanded the-conservative-party, which after two 
years of parliamentary struggle induced Feijo to resign the 
Regency, making a conquest of power on the 19th of 
September, 1837, on which day he was raised to the min- 
istry. 
Of that ministry of the of 19th September, the political 
direction, the greater belonged by right to Vasconcellos 
influence, the vivifying flame, and the brilliant task of 
its representative, and principal defender in the debates 
of parliament. 
On the 22nd of July, 1840, when the decree of the ma- 
jority of the Emperor D. Pedro II was about to be pro- 
claimed by the legislative chambers that were in a fe- 
verish state of excitement, and which was supported by 
the people of the Capital with enthusiasm, Vasconcellos, 
for once imprudently proposed in council the adjourn- 
ment of the chamber: not one of the members of the 530 
ministry dared to take the individual responsibility sign- 
ing the decree: Vasconcellos offered to execute the daring 
act: he was nominated minister, and sent to the cham- 
bers the decree of adjournment. The reaction burst forth, 
and nine hours afterwards Vasconcellos did not descend, 
but fell from power. 
« - They were the nine most glorious hours of my 
life! exclaimed he afterwards in the Senate. It is pro- 
bable, that pride had dictated that exclamation. 
It is however, a fact that on the 22nd of July, Ber- 
nardo de Vasconcellos showed courage and political daring 
that the ministers did not possess who continued in power 
and who required him to assume the greatest responsi- 
bility which they dared not do. 
After 1840, Vasconcellos never became minister, although 
the party of which he was incontestably the chief twice 
rose to power. 
In the reign of the first Emperor, Bernardo de Vas- 
concellos was in 1828, invited to take the post of a 
minister but he refused to accept it: he, doubtless, at 
that time, feared that by his rising to the ministry, he 
would lose the influence which he enjoyed in the liberal 
party, which by systematic and more revolutionary than 
parliamentary means opposed all ministerial combinations, 
on the other hand also, all without personal political 
responsibility, that represented the ideas of a parliamentary 
mojority. 
A great politician, a clever Statesman, a remarkable fi- 
nancier, Vasconcellos, Alcides in the chambers, never 
did without the press: sundry periodicals, among others, 
the Sentinella da Monarchia, later on, the Caboclo, 
and others were under his direction, and advice, and 531 
published articles containing powerful argument, fearful 
sarcasms, unbridled jests against his adversaries, who were 
also violent aggressors: mot advancing an idea, and 
showing the ridiculousness of that idea, the grotesqueness 
of its form, the venom of the arrows, Vasconcellos used 
to say, calling out to his inspired writers: 
- Shor tarticles ! write articles half a column long!., 
they are the things that the people read. 
The people ! Vasconcellos was the idol of the people 
until 1834: from 1836 forwards, he was abhorred by the 
liberals, and suffered the most violent opposition from them. 
Already before, and much more afterwards, he was 
accused and outraged both as to his private and public 
life, his probity, and in every thing. In 1840, the people 
stoned his house. 
Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos was neither what 
the injuries, and the many and unmeasured calumnies of 
his political enemies painted him, nor the patriot, and 
influential statesman and man of purity, that his enthu- 
siastic admirers declared him to be. 
The ambition of power fascinated that illustrious citizen, 
and the favors granted through his political influence, 
very often generously paid, clouded his reputation, perhaps 
unjustly. 
But we must not forget that all the thunderbolts of 
political hatred were hurled against this most eminent 
statesman, and leader of the conservative party. 
At any rate Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos was the 
chief legislator and statesman, without a competitor, and 
without a rival worthy to be compared with him which 
the Empire of Brazil could present to he world since the 
time of its independence. 532 
Deputy in the three first legislatures, Senator, Councillor 
of State, and a Grandee of the Empire, highly honored, 
Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos was still more notable 
for his masterly skill as a parliamentary orator, as a 
political economist, a legislator and profound statesman. XX'V'III OF -A.TTG-TTST 
MANGEL DE ASSIS NASCARENBAS 
The son of D. Francisco de Assis Mascarenhas, after- 
wards Marquis de Palma, D. Manoel was born on the 28th 
August, 1806, in the Capitania, later on Province of 
Goyaz, his father being at that time, Governor and Captain- 
General. 
D. Manoel took his degree in law at the University of 
Coimbra, and shortly after taking the degree of doctor, 
he was nominated by the Government of the Empire 
attache of the first class to the Legation in Berlin, and 
subsequently Secretary of Legation in Vienna, where he 
exercised the functions adj interim of charge d'affaires. 
Preferring the magistracy to diplomacy, he returned to 
Brazil. 
But politics struggled with magistracy in D. Manoel's 
mind. 534 
In the fourth legislature, he was elected deputy to the 
General Assembly for the Province of Rio Grande; that 
of Goyaz re-elected him afterwards, and finally, the first of 
those Provinces included him in the triple list for senator 
and on the 12th June, 1850, the Imperial choice gave him 
a seat in the Senate. 
In the Chamber as in the senate, he was an orator often 
in the tribune; was fluent, possessed of an astonishing memo- 
ry, quick in extemporaneous speech, enthusiastic in the 
principles which he maintained, and was terribly sarcastic, 
at times going beyond bounds in a violent attack on 
an adversary. 
Independence, frankness, devotion and audacity char- 
acterize him as a parliamentary orator. 
In the chamber of deputies, and even from the beginn- 
ing, in the Senate, he was a fiery conservative champion 
who attacked the liberal party and its most valiant cham- 
pions with enthusiastic and, at times, an unbridled vehe- 
mence natural to his disposition ; nevertheless he declared 
himself of a different opinion from that of the whole of the 
conservative chiefs; he sustained the propriety of the 
amnesty to the parties compromised in the liberal revolts 
of S. Paulo and Minas in 1842; returning, however, to 
the Chamber, he became an energetic defender of conser- 
vative principles, and the most indefatigable, and terrible 
oppositionist of the predominant situation of the govern- 
ment of 1844 to 1848. 
In the senate, he still continued a most devoted conser- 
vative till 1852, when carried away by the forces alone of 
his convictions he openly attacked the cabinet of the Vis- 
count de Itaborahy. 
D. Manoel was not a man of long delayed measured and 535 
calculated transitions: offended with, or without, reason, 
convicted of grave political errors, and of the tendencies 
of the conservative party, which had been, until then, his 
own, he declared himself in the tribune, by attacking it 
with the same vigour as that with which he had defended it. 
The most eloquent of the liberal writers of the time, 
justly appreciating the character of 1). Manoel in his spon- 
taneous and unexpected opposition to his old political 
party, stamped these words in the press: «he is a man 
who on landing on a new shore which he was in search of, 
bunrs his ships. » 
Truly, the senator D. Manoel was the most hasty, ener- 
getic, fierce, inexhaustible orator of the opposition that the 
conservative ministries had to encounter from that year 
forwards. Identified with the liberals, carrying to their 
party all his most desinterested devotion, all the eloquence, 
and all the passion of his words in the tribune, and all the 
moderation and wisdom of his counsels in directing the 
party, D. Manoel was one ot the chiefs, and one of the 
most prudent of the influential men of the liberal situa- 
tion pronounced by the Government in the dissolution 
of the Chamber in 1863. 
But, always the same independent parliamentary man 
exalted in his convictions, in 1864 opposing the enforced 
retirement of magistrates, he attacked, and censured with 
the most impetuous vehemence, the minister of Justice, a 
most enlightened and honorable man, and moreover, besi- 
des being of his own political party, his private friend. 
Notwithstanding this lamentable divergency, D. Manoel 
continued to be the chief-counsellor of the liberal party. 
Chief-counssellor only : in the high administration of 
the State, he had been president of sundry Provinces, and 536 
twice of that of Rio Grande do Norte. On his passing over 
to the liberal party, he declared, and maintained his reso- 
lution of not accepting any political post: he refused 
absolutely to enter into any ministerial combinations, and 
limited himself to being chief-counseZ/or of the liberal 
party. 
When, in May 1865, the Furtado Ministry fell, D. Man- 
oel said in a deeply sorrowful tone - « our fine political 
situation is lost !... it only remains now to advance on the 
ruin of the great work.., » 
And the prophecy was realized. 
In 1866, troubles weighingon his mind, his body bent by 
serious illness showed D. Manoel in the Senate as if 
he had come to take leave of his friends, of political strug- 
gles, of life, in short pale, thin, dejected, almost in a dy- 
ing state, at the end of the session of that year, he yet 
spoke ; but he could not rise ; seated he pronounced his 
lastspeeeh, his song of the swan, a speech sad, frank, loyal, 
patriotic, almost painful, a short time after. 
I). Manoel de Assis Mascarenhas died in the City of Rio 
de Janeiro. 
He was a man of rigid habits, a deep rooted Catholic, 
and the type of probity. 
He was a commander of the Order of Christ, officer of 
the order of the Rose, and Gentleman of the bedchamber 
of H. M. the Emperor. 5C3CIJC OF AUGUST 
JOAQUIM GAETANO DA SILVA 1/ 
Among the learned men of Brazil not one surpassed this 
man, and very few have equalled him. 
Joaquim Gaetano da Silva, the legitimate son of Antonio 
Jose Gaetano da Silva, a native of the island of Santa Cath- 
arina, and of Anna Maria Floresbina, a native of Par- 
anagua, then of the Capitania of S. Paulo, and latterly of 
the Province of Parana, was born on the 2nd September, 
1810, in the hamlet called Guariado Serrito, of the Par- 
ish of Espirito Santo de Jaguarao, in the Province of 
S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul. 
At sixteen years of age he proceed to France where he 
completed his preparatory studies, and afterwards the 
course of medicine in the faculty Montpellier, defending 
a thesis, which treated of medical ideal philosophy, on 538 
the 29th August, 1837, the date of his diploma of Doctor 
given by the University of France. 
In Eleven years, that is from 1826 tom 1837 he studied 
his humanities pro/buncL'y, and took the degree of Doctor 
That is much, but the rest is to be wondered at. 
In 1828, the student Joaqnim Caetano received the 
diploma of member of the society of Natural History of 
Montpellier. 
The Brazilian and Portuguese students had founded, 
in Montpellier, a Literary Luzo-B razilian Society for th j 
cultivation of the Portuguese language, and in the sam j 
in the session (f the 21st June, 1829, Joaquim Caetano 
(at nineteen years of age) presented a list of Four hundred, 
and ninety words, that Moraes had forgotten in hi-i 
Dictionary, and of which he had made use in explaining 
the signification of other words. 
In 1832, he p 'esented the work, that he called Sup ■ 
plent to the Dictionary of Moraes, in which he offered the 
rich addition of four hundred words derived from works ol 
classic portuguese and mt recollected by the venerated 
Lexicographer. 
In 1836 he presenied to Hie Medical Circle of Montpellier ■ 
a work entitled : A fragment of a memoir on the fall o/ 
written in French : the Circle ordered the work to b ' 
printed, and conferre 1 on its author the diploma of titulai 
member. 
Joaquim Caetano had but small means at his disposal and 
spent too much in the purchase of books : what could h ' 
do in France ?... he did what was unlikely : he gain-- 
money teaching the French language to French Students!... 
he taught the language of Racine and of Moliere in i 
masterly style. 539 
Here is Joaquim Caetano da Silva, a simple student in 
Montpellier. What Student has ever equalled him ? From 
France Dr. Silva came to Rio de Janeiro, and on the 21st 
February, 1838, he was appointed Professor of the Imperial 
College of Pedro II, in which ho taught Portuguese grammar 
Rhetoric and Greek, limiting himself afterwards to the 
Professor's chair of Greek, v hen the organization of the 
College and the respective system of study was completed. 
In 1839 he was also called to teach rhetoric, poetry, and 
Jreek in the Provincial Lyceum of Rio de Janeiro. 
On the 26th June of the same year, 1839, he succeeded 
the Bishop of Anemuria in the Rectorship of the Imperial 
College of Pedro II. 
In 1838 the Historical and Geographical Brazilian 
Institution gave him thediplom t ofa titular, afterwards of 
m effective member, and in 1859, he was raised to honorary 
member. 
In 1851 Dr. Silva read, dm ing several sessions in the 
Institution an extensive treatise on the divisional boun- 
laries of Brazil with French Guyana, according to the exact 
•ense of Article Sth of the treaty of IT recht, a luminous 
work, and one of deep study. 
On the 14th November, 1851, Dr. Silva was appointed 
Charge d'Affaires near the Govei nment of the low Countries, 
md on the 17th February, 1854, Consul-General in the 
■ame kingdom. 
In Europe he raised an indisti uctable monument to his 
'ountry, an impregnable defence in the face of law, dis- 
played in the Oya/pock against the pretensions of France, 
n illegally extending their territory of Guyana, in Ame- 
i ica. Dr. Silva published his work in French, in twowo- 
! nines. 540 
« The Oyapock and the Amazonas » which was in law, 
the last unanswerable (an so unanswerable, that in spite of 
the sensation that it produced in France, it could not be 
contested) the last, splendidly based, and clearest demon- 
stration of Brazil respecting the obstinately contended ques- 
tion of the Oyapoch. As an historical, geographical and 
diplomatic work, it would by itself suffice for the glory 
of Dr. Silva ; but it exalts still higher, the merit of the 
learned Brazilian who wrote it in French, in a style that 
the most learned literary man in France would be proud of. 
On his return to Brazil, Dr. Silva in 1863 occupied the 
attention of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical In- 
stitution by reading long and marvellously erudite works. 
Under the title of American disputes he gathered by 
surprising application, various points left by Humboldt: 
but unfortunately only two articles, or two memoirs that 
are equivalent to two monumental works, like every thing 
that his intellect produced, were read by him in the insti- 
tution ; the first is the second-Brazil-both re- 
vealing extraordinary application ; in the latter, however, 
in which he treates of the origin of the name Brazil given 
to the American Empire display he criticism and depth of 
investigation and the deep science that caused him to beco- 
me an Orientalist, applauded by the most celebrated 
Orientalists of France. 
From 1863 forwards, ill and almost blind, Dr. Silva was 
notwithstanding, for some time inspector general of pri- 
mary and secondary instruction of the district of the capi- 
tal, and afterward, until his death, Director of the nation- 
al Archives. 
Dr. Joaquim Gaetano da Silva died in the city of Nicthe- 
roy on the 27th of February, 1873. 541 
Besides belonging to the scientifice societies already men- 
tioned, he was also a member of Geographical Society of 
Paris. He had in Brazil the insignia of the order of Christ, 
he was afterwards raised from Officer to Dignitary of the 
Imperial order of the Rose, and received from Portugal, 
the commandery of that of Christ. 
He was, throughout the whole of his life a prodigy of 
incessant study: Sr. Porto Alegre, the present Baron of 
Santo Angelo used to say of him-«that man studies 
twenty five hours per day. » 
To the deepest learning he added unsurpassable purity of 
habits, and great virtue. 
He left a large number of manuscripts of the greatest 
importance treating of the Portuguese and Greek langua- 
ges, and the boundaries of Brazil, besides others un- 
known. FCFCX. OF 
FRIAR VICENTE DO SALVADOR 
This erudite Brazilian was born in Bahia in 1605, and 
entered the seraphic order, and through severe study and 
great science came to be considered one ofthe most learned 
associates of the same. 
Friar Vicente do Salvador wrote the history of the se- 
raphic Province of Brazil. This work which was not pub- 
lished, obtained the commendations of Jorge Cardozo, of 
Friar Agostinho de Santa Maria, of the abbot Diogo Bar- 
boza; and the Counsellor Pereira da Silva in his Biographic- 
al supplement of illustrious men of Brazil, refers to it by 
registering the name of the author. 
Balthasar da Silva Lisboa, in his manuscripts of biograph- 
ical notes, says, that that illustrious Brazilian was born 
on the 30th August of the year 1605. XXXI OF AUGUST 
him DIAS 
The son of Africans, and black like his parents, Henri- 
que Dias was born in Pernambuco, either at the end of 
the sixteenth, or at the beginning of the following cen - 
tury. He learnt to read and write, and we are in total 
ignorance of his life and actions till 1633. His conduct 
from that year forward is a guarantee of his unknownan- 
tecedents. 
In 1633 the Pernambucan army had already entered 
upon their long period of adversity: Calabar had 
taken with him his magic rod of liberty to the 
Dutch camp. The invaders extended their conquest* It 
was in May of that year that some black men presented 
themselves, at the Royal Camp of Bom Jesus to Mathias 
de Albuquerque. These men were headed by a creole of 546 
the name of Henrique Dias, who offered to fight in defence 
of the Country. 
The General accepted the aid, and confirming Henrique 
Dias in the post of Captain, to which he had been nominat- 
ed by his own people, and recommended him to gather to- 
gether as many men of his own colour, as he could, provid- 
ed they were not slaves. 
On the 8th September, 1633, Henrique Dias at the head 
of thirty five blacks accompanied the expedition of two 
hundred men who went to dispute the passage of one thous- 
and Dutch, who were marching to the aid of Iguarussu. 
The fight was a terrible one; the black Captain behaved 
with unsurpassable bravery, and was wounded by two 
musket-shots. 
Up to 1635 he always gallantly entered in to the 
several partial combats; but on the 8th June, the fortress 
of the hamlet of Bom Jesus surrendered, after being besi- 
eged for three months and the defenders making a heroic 
resistance. 
Henrique Dias became a prisoner ; but the Dutch holding 
him in slight account on aacount of his colour, soon 
afterwards left him at liberty, together with his wife and 
daughters. 
In April, 1636, Henrique Dias, availing himself of a 
good opportunity, got off into the woods with his family 
and some black soldiers, and proceeded to join the already 
dwindled Pernambucan Army in Porto Calvo, and soon, 
on the 9th June, he enters into battle and distinguishes 
him?elf under the orders of D. Antonio Felippe Camarao. 
On the 17th and 18th February, 1837, the Creole Captain, 
commanding eighty negroes, establishes his already bright 
reputation in the battle of Porto Calvo, the chief glory of 547 
which, deservedly belonged to him. Wounded in his left 
hand by a ball, when the buttle was at its greatest heat, 
he ordered the amputation of it immediately, and that being 
done, he immediately returned to the fight. 
The King of Spain and of Portugal recompensed Hen- 
rique Dias, by conferring on him the insignia of the order 
of Christ, the privilege of a nobleman, and afterwards the 
commission of commander, and Governor of the mulatto 
and black men, with the monthly pay of forty crusados. 
From 1637 to 1645 Henrique Dias signalizes himself as a 
guerilla chief, brilliantly distinguishes himself in the 
defence of the City of S. Salvador of Bahia, and in the vigo- 
rous expulsion of the Prince Maurice of Nassau, who 
attacked the city with a large force, and there was no 
attempt, or enterprize, in which he did not take a con- 
siderable, and praiseworthy part. 
In 1645 in accord, but ill dissembled, with the Governor 
General of Brazil, Telles da Silva, he feigns desertion, at 
the head of of his negroes, he leaves Bahia, crosses Sergipe, 
and the S. Francisco river, he enters the district of Ala- 
goas, he excites the people to make a demonstration, and 
goes and joins Fernandes Vieira, and Captain Cardozo, who 
were at the head of the Pernambucan insurrection against 
the Dutch dominion. 
From 1645 to 1654, Henrique Dias took part in numerous 
combats. He commanded for some days the force that 
besieged Recife, while the other chiefs attempted the 
conquest of Itamaraca ; he covered himself witli glory in 
the two battles of the Guararapes, and in twenty-one 
years of war, or guerilla warfare, in which he always 
entered, the exception being made of the most honorable 
surrender of the hamlet of Bom Jesus in 1636, he was never 348 
either conquered or put to the rout, and always shone as 
a conqueror or as a guerilla chief who retired successfully 
and gallantly after having caused the enemy serious 
damage. 
He gave proofs of his loyalty as convincing as those of 
his bravery, and showed that he was as great by his 
valoi as he was by his honor. 
Ignorant, almost a savage, he showed military capacity 
and strategic resources which no one expected from him. 
He was a man of black color, and looked down upon in 
consequence of his color; but by his intrepidity, by his 
merits, by his services and briliant feats, he showed that 
he was on a par with Andre Vidal de Negreiros, with 
Camarao, and with Fernandes Vieira. 
He was a true hero. 
After the Dutch were expelled, and the victory of the 
country rendered sure, all the Pernambucan chiefs were 
deservedly and amply rewarded... all save him 
In Brazil they perpetuated his more than white and 
briliant memory, by giving the name of Henrique Dias to the 
regiments of black men. 
It may perhaps appear, that the appointment of com- 
mander of a regiment of militia conferred on him was too 
great a reward !.. 
Philip IV gave to D. Joao IV, with respect to Henrique 
Dias, a lesson of justice which the latter Sovereign did not 
know how to avail himself of. 
The commander of a militia regiment, Henrique Dias died 
almost forgotten in Recife on the 31st August, 1667. 
END OF VOLUME II. was. 
THIRD VOLUME 
May 
I Pedro Vaz Caminha 1 
II Friar Pedro Palacios 5 
III Sebastiao da Rocha Pitta 9 
IV Luiza Antonia 13 
V Friar Leandro do Sacramento 17 
VI Fiiar Francisco de S. Carlos 21 
VII Sergio Teixeira de Macedo 25 
VIII Antonio Jose da Silva-The Jew .. .~r. 31 
XI Jose Feliciano Fernandez Pinheiro, viscount of S. Leopoldo. 35 
X D. Francisca de Sandi 43 
XI Mathias Ayres Ramos da Silva E§a...T'. 45 
XII D. Rita Joanna de Souza 47 
XIII Ceetano Alberto Soares 51 
XIV D. Francisco de Lemos de Faria Pereira 55 
XV Joao Pereira de Sant'Anna 59 
XVI Bento Teixeixa Pinto 61 
XVII Bernardo Jose Pinto Gaviao Peixoto 63 
XVIII Marianno Jose Pereira da Fonseca, marquis of Marica 65 
XIX Father Joao Ribeiro de Mello Montenegro 69 
XX Jose Bernardino Baptista Pereira de Almeida Sodre 73 
XXI Antonio de Menezes Vasconcellos de Drummond 81 II 
XXII Ignacio Jose de Alvarenga Pelxoto 85 
XXIII Gabriel Rodrigues dos Santos 89 
XXIV Jose Martini 93 
XXV D. Violante Atabalipa Ximenes de Bivar 97 
XXVI Friar Manoel do Desterro 101 
XXVII Friar Ignacio Ramos 103 
XXVIJI Patricio Jose Correa da Camara, viscount of Pelotas 105 
XXIX Francisco de Paula Freire de Andrade 109 
XXX Prudencio do Amaral 115 
XXXI Joao Duarte Lisboa Serra 117 
June 
I Estacio de Sa 121 
II Cypriano Jose Barata de Almeida .• 125 
III Jose da Silva Mafra...rr 131 
IV Pedro Teixeira 135 
V Viscount of Souza Franco 139 
VI Claudio Manoel da Costa 153 
VII Pedro de Araujo Lima, marquis of Olinda 159 
VIII Braz Cubas 167 
IX Jose de Anchieta 171 
X Manoel da Fonseca Lima e Silva, baron of Suruhy 177 
XI Joao Guilherme Greenhalgh 183 
XII Francisco Padilha 187 
XIII D. Friar Antonio do Desterro 191 
XIV Joao Manso 195 
XV Friar Christovao da Madre de Deus Luz 197 
XVI Francisco Sotero dos Reis 201 
XVII Jose de Rezen de Costa 205 
XVIII D. Pedro Fernandes Sardinha 209 
XIX Martinho de Mesquita 213 
XX Bonifacio Joaquim de Sant'Anna 215 
XXI Joaquim Vieira da Silva e Souza 219 
XXII D. Manoela de Santa Clara e D. Rita do Sacramento... 223 
XXIII Joao Ignacio da Cunha, viscount of Alcantara 225 
XXIV Luiz Jose Junqueira Freire 229 
XXV Manoel Mauricio Reboutjas ; 233 
XXVI Antonio Thomaz de Godoy 239 
XXVII D. Manoel Joaquim da Silveira, count of S. Salvador... 245 III 
XXVIII Jose Alves Maciel 249 
XXIX Luiz Pedreira do Couto Ferraz 253 
XXX Friar Custodio Alves Serrao 259 
July 
I Antonio Pereira de Souza Caldas 265 
II Friar Manoel de Santa Rita Itaparica 271 
III D. Joanna de Gusmao 273 
IV Francisco Agostinho Gomes 277 
V Nieolao Rodrigues dos Santos Franca e Leite 281 
VI Jose Luiz Franca 285 
VII Bartholomeu Bueno da Silva, the anhanguera... .7T 287 
VIII Jose Joaquim Machado de Oliveira 291 
IX Jose Pereira Darrigue Faro, viscount do Rio Bonito 299 
X Diogo Duarte Silva 305 
XI Domingos Ramos 309 
XII Francisco Bernardino Ribeiro 311 
XIII Jose de Paiva Magalhaes Calvet 315 
XIV Friar Jose Pereira de Sant'Anna 319 
XV Antonio de Moraes Silva 323 
XVI Jose da Silva Lisboa, viscount of Cayru. ..r: 327 
XVII Francisco Velho 333 
XVIII Joao Antonio Gongalves da Silva....TT? 339 
XIX Francisco dos Santos Xavier 341 
XX Manoel Alves Branco, viscount of Caravellas 345 
XXI Gongalo Ravasco Cavalcanti de Albuquerque 351 
XXII Jose Bento Leite Ferreira de Mello 353 
XXIII Estevao Ribeiro de Rezende, marquis of Valenga 359 
XXIV Francisco Freire Allemao 365 
XXV Justiniano Jose da Rocha 369 
XXVI Antonio de Sa 375 
XXVII Francisco de Lima e Silva 377 
XXVIII Maria Barbara 385 
XXIX Caetano Lopes Ferreira 389 
XXX Joaquim Jose Ignacio, viscount of Inhauma 391 
XXXI Antonio Jose do Amaral 397 
August 
I Junius de Villeneuve 403 
II Antonio Gongalves Dias 409 IV 
III Vasco Fernandes Coutinho 421 
IV Augusto Netto de Mendonca 425 
V Bartholomeu de Gusmao 429 
VI Friar Gaspar da Madre de Deus 435 
VII Duarte Coelho Pereira 439 
VIII Joao Mendes da Silva, .rrr 44.1 
IX Friar Francisco de Souza 445 
X Alexandre Dias de Rezende 447 
XI Prudencio Giraldes Tavares da Veiga Cabral 449 
XII Salvador de Mesquita 455 
XIII Hypolito Jose Pereira Furtado de Mendonga 457 
XIV Joaquim Nunes Machado 461 
XV Andre Vidal de Negreiros 467 
XVI Francisco de Paula Souza e Mello 471 
XVII Luiz Nicolao Fagundes Varella 479 
XVIII Sebastiao do Rego Barros 485 
XIX Agostinho Marques Perdigao Malheiros 489 
XX D. Maria Quiteria de Jesus 493 
XXI Antonio Francisco de Paula Hollanda Cavalcanti de Albu- 
querque, viscount of Albuquerque 497 
XXII Dom Thomaz da Encarnajao 505 
XXIII Friar Matheus da Pina 507 
XXIV Antonio Joaquim Rodrigues Torres 509 
XXV Candido Borges Monteiro, viscount of Itauna 515 
XXVI Joao Pereira da Silva.. .77 523 
XXVII Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos 525 
XXVIII D. Manoel de Assis Mascarenhas 533 
XXIX Joaquim Caetano da Silva...77 537 
XXX Friar Vicente do Salvador 543 
XXXI Henrique Dias • 545 IWill llwttmW 
BY 
SiKOhn Mntunel 4c dHut'eihi 
VOLUME II. 
bu jiiNEibb 
TYPOGRAPHIA E LITHOGRAPHIA DO IMPERIAL INSTITUTO ARTISTICO 
61 - Rua d'Ajuda, Chacara da Florssta - 61 
1876