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   ___     NATTOT'^Y OF MEDLINE
                E-.....•• 14, MD.
                     NATIONAL LIBRARY OP MEDICINE

           REPORT ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATIONS

I.  Activities during FY  1962                                               /?4

    A. Intramural Activities

       1. Organizational  Summary.  The National Library of Medicine's
mission is summarized in  the language of the Act establishing  it--
"to aid the dissemination and exchange of  scientific and other information".
As the Library's name indicates, the mission is national in scope, and  is
not limited to support of Public Health Service operations or  those of
the Federal Government, although the NLM functions as a member of the
PHS team, and acts in an  advisory capacity in areas of its competence.
The primary audience of the Library is the membership of the health profes-
sions in the United States.

Being a library, NLM  is interested almost  exclusively in the printed word,
the published record, and in those problems auxiliary to its effective
transmission, as technological developments in communication practice,
personnel training, and resource requirements of the national  medical
library network in which  NLM stands as a central focus.

The activities of the Library are carried  out by five operating divisions.
These are 1) the Technical Services Division, which performs the function
of acquiring and cataloging the output of  the world medical press; 2) the
Bibliographic Services Division, which prepares the major bibliographic
search tools which the Library v-.n* be€    > I   ing, in one form or another,
for almost a century; 3)  the R.    ence      i.<>  Division, which is respon-
sible for providing ser\i-es to    ?ders     vitit rhe Library  and for
filling the large numbei  i req    s for i, terlibrary loans received;
4) the History of Medic -.» Dlvj-  u, whi~h has custody of the  great histori-
cal collection of books,  manuscr.pes, aac  prints, aiid 5) the Office of  the
Director, which has as  its main subdivisions  a) Administrative Services,
under the Library's Executive Officer, and b) the Extramural Program,
under the cognizance of the Library's Deputy Director

The overall management and policy guidance of the Library is subject to
the scrutiny and review of the NLM Board of Regents, advisory  to the
Surgeon General.  The Board consists of 7  ex-officio members,  including
the four Surgeons General of the uniformed forces, the Medical Director of
the Veterans Administration, an Assistant  Director of the National Science
Foundation, and the Librarian of Congress,  and 10 members appointed by  the
President, for terms of four years each, chosen from persons prominent  in
the various fields of medicine.  It has been customary for this Board to
meet semiannually, in the spring and fall.  The current Chairman of the
Board is Dr. Warner L. Wells, Professor of Surgery at the University of
North Carolina, and a distinguished author, editor, and translator.

It is convenient to divide the intramural  activities of the Library into
two segments rather than  int   ie five segments related to its formal
organizational structure.  A     two segments may be identified as the  one 
 
2
which pertains to  the various means employed  to provide physical access
to the literature  of medicine, and the one which pertains  to  the provision
of bibliographic access  to  the literature of  medicine.

Bibliographic access embraces the areas of cataloging, indexing, and biblio-
graphical listing, and the  publication and dissemination of the resulting
products.  It responds to the question "What  materials exist  that are
directly pertinent to the subject of my inquiry?"  The nature of the problems
of bibliographic access  and the means available for  their  solution  lend
themselves readily to centralization.  This is what  the Library is  attemting
to do--to compile  centrally, and distribute widely,  the bibliographic record
of medicine, so that all members of the health professions, wherever they
may be, may have knowledge  of what of interest to them is  appearing in the
world literature.

Physical access embraces the area of acquisitions, at one  end of the line,
and as a representative  area at the other end, the provision of interlibrary
loans.  Only a universal acquis!ton program such as NLM's  can at once
provide the base for a universal bibliographic record, and at the same time
provide the rich and broad  store of materials on which lesser libraries may
rely for the provision of works which lie on  the more exotic side.  Provisions
for physical access respond to the question "How can I put my hands on these
items known to be  pertinent?"  Here the problem can be suitably fitted only
to a decentralized arrangement of facilities.  The fundamental characteristic
of the printing press is that it provides multiple copies, which may be
stored in multiple locations, convenient to the needs of users spread over
wide geographical  areas.  The interlibrary loan program of the Library,
enormous as it is, can properly be conceived  of as a central facility which
functions only as  a very necessary supplement to the basic decentralized
stores of the medical library network.

        2.  Activities Summary

            a.  Original articles and monographs

                1) Index Medicus

                In FY 1962  the Library indexed over  150,000 medical articles,
and these citations appeared on an average of 5 times each in the Index
Medicus, under multiple  subject and author rubrics.  The publication appears
monthly, and the print order is 7500 copies.  Approximately 900 copies are
distributed free to Federal medical installations; another 900 copies are
used for exchange  purposes,  i.e., to insure receipt of foreign publications;
the balance of the copies are subscribed to through  the Superintendent of
Documents at a price of  $20 per year.  The Library invests about 20% of its
manpower and 20Z of its  funds into this one operation.

                2) Bibliography of Medical Reviews

                For the  past 6 years the Library has published this annual
listing of the review literature of medicine.  The volume  published in 1962
was a cumulative volume, and contained some 20,000 subject entries. 
 
3
                 3) National Library of Medicine Catalog

                 This compilation has been published annually since  1949,
and has been cumulated at five year intervals.  It represents the record
of books and journals which are cataloged in  the Library.  The volume for
calendar year 1961 contained entries for 20,260 works in 32 languages.  It
is published for NLM by the Library of Congress, and sells for $20 a copy.

                 4) Index Catalogue

                 In 1880 John Shaw Billings began publication of his mammoth
Index Catalogue of the Library.  The decision to bring this compilation to
an end was reached in 1950; the Library publications noted above were conceive
as its successors.  The last two volumes of the Index Catalogue, volumes 60
and 61, were published in FY 1962.  Altogether, the 61 volumes of this work
organize some 5,000,000 references to the literature of medicine accumulated
during the five centuries since the invention of printing.

                 5) Biomedical Serials, 1950-1960
                    PHS Publication No. 910. 503p.

                 This work lists titles and holdings information on 8900
substantive serials received by the Library during the decade.  It has
been widely hailed by medical librarians everywhere as an essential tool.

                 6) Early American Medical Imprints

                 This work records 2105 medical works printed in the
United States between the years 1668 and 1820, and the several libraries
in which copies are held.

                 7) Russian Surgical Staplers

                 PHS Publication No. 87L  47p.  Contains 120 abstracts of
Russian journal articles on stapling devices and suturing techniques.
during FY 1962:
                  8)  Original Articles

                  The following  articles  by members of  the NLM  staff  appeared

                  E.  Brodman, Memoir  of Robert Fletcher
                  C.  Roos,  Physicians to  the  Presidents...a Biobibliography
                  E.  Moseley, Medical Dictionaries and  Studies  of Terminology
                  G.  Schiffmann, National Medical Bibliographies
                  R.  MacDonald,  Recataloging
                  L.  Falk & S. Lazerow, Comprehensive Collecting
                  D.  Schullian, Adams Jewett  and John Shaw Billings
                  E.  Blair, Medical Newspapers

Many of these appeared  in  a, special  NLM  anniversary issue of the Bulletin of
the Medical Library  Association which was edited by the Library's Director. 
 
4
             b.  Pamphlet8 and brochures

                 1) Toxoplasmosis

                 A bibliography covering western literature between 1950-1960

                 2) NLM Building Data and Floor Plan

                 A pamphlet describing the Library's new facilities

                 3) NLM Guide to Services

                 A periodic revision of a basic Library pamphlet.

             c.  Conferences and symposia

                 None

             d.  Audio-visuals

                 Shooting for an orientation film on the National Library of
Medicine began; the producer is CDC.  Completion date:  June 1963, in time
for premiere at Second International Congress on Medical Librarianship, to
be held in Washington.

             e.  Radio

                 None

             f.  Journals

                 None.  The Index Medicus, listed under a above, might have
been listed here instead.

             g.  Contracts

                 1) Research in Communications

                (a) Two large contracts for the MEDLARS program were let
during FY 1962.  The contract for MEDLARS Phase I, Preliminary Design
Considerations, was for $85,000.  The contract for MEDLARS Phase II,
Detailed Design of the System & Development of Graphic Arts Composing
Equipment, was for $954,000.  A description of the MEDLARS project is
pertinent here, as it has accounted for a large part of the Library's
effort during  1962.

                  V MEDLARS stands for Medical Literature Analysis and
Retrieval System.  At the heart of MEDLARS will be a digital computer.
Information will be fed into the system through punched paper tape, represent-
ing the indexing done by the •Li'tiraryXtaff.  This information is converted
to magnetic tape and manipulated in the computer.  The magnetic tape so 
 
5
processed is used to activate a very high-speed composing device capable of
producing photographic masters for printing.  Three types of products will
be derived from MEDLARS.  First, it will provide increased high-speed
composition capacity for the production of the Index Medicus.  Second, it
will provide recurring bibliographic listings of references selected in
accordance with the predetermined requirements of particular research
fields; for example, it will supply a weekly listing of the world's
medical literature on cardiovascular disease to that research group for its
dissemination.  Third, it will provide search and retrieval capacity to
answer on demand queries from individual research installations_concerning
newly published information bearing on their immediate problems.  In its
first year of operation, MEDLARS will contain 180,000 references; this will
increase by annual increments up to the point where over a million references
will be stored on magnetic tape for searching.  MEDLARS will turn out 50
recurring bibliographies of varying periodicity, and it will accept up to 90
complex demand  search questions daily.  On successful completion of this
project, scheduled for the fall of 1963, the medical sciences in the United
States will have access to a powerful bibliographic search tool equaled by
none in the world.
               Contract PH - 86 - 62 - 8     -$ 85,000
               Contract PH - 86 - 62 - 114   -$954,029

                 (b) The Library contracted with the Institute for
Advancement of Medical Communication in August 1961, for the purpose of
surveying the effectiveness of the Russian Scientific Translation Program.
The study attempted to measure the quality of Soviet research papers through
parallel refereeing by American editors, and to estimate the use made of the
translated material to date.4
               Contract PH - 86 - 62 - 9     -$ 17,656

                  2) Activities in Communications

                  Tabulated below are a number of contracts established
for the purpose of continuing the Scientific Translation Program.  These
represent for the most part the procurement and distribution of translations
from the Soviet biomedical literature.

                  The major contract (PH-86-62-159) with the Federation of
American Societies for Experimental Biology, established a comprehensive
program for the selection by American editors of significant Soviet research
papers, and their re-publication in translation in a new recurring supplement
to Federation Proceedings. 
 
Contracts and Purchase Orders. - 1962
Number
SA-43-ph-3031
(Suppl.agr.#6)
P.0.-312



P.0.-321




(supplement)

PH-86-62-159
PH-62-393
PH-62-396
Contractor
Consultants
Bureau Enter-
prises, Inc.
Joint Publica-
tions Research
Service

Office of Tech-
nical Services,
Department of
Commerce
Federation of
American Soci-
eties for Ex-
perimental
Biology

Consultants
Bureau Enter-
prises, Inc.

American Insti-
tute of Bio-
logical Sci-
ences
Subject
Date Issued
Translation of: Bio-
chemistry, Bull, of
Experimental Biology
and Medicine
Translation of four
(4) items. I/j
Bibliography of Medi-
cal Translations,
1/59-12/61
    "     1/62-6/62

Procurement, seleetion
& publication of for-
eign scientific re-
search information
500 copies of journal:
Biochemistry
Purchase of multiple
copies of four books±/
12/1/61
4/20/62
5/1/62
6/12/62

6/20/62
6/21/62
6/25/62
Cost
$ 25,900




   3,567



   1,775




     325

 170,000 (est.)
8,750
10,000
2.
3.
1/  1.  Nikitin, B.M.  and  I.N. Petukhov,  compilers
          Scientific Eases of Physical Education and  Sport
        Zhdanov, D.A.,  editor
          Problems of  Functional Morphology and the Motive Apparatus
        Ivanitshkii, M.F.,  editor
          Collection of Scientific Works  of the Chair of Anatomy
    4.  Archives? of Anatomy, Histology,  and Embryology
          1961, #10 (separate)
                                  Total pp. 763, comprising 247,756 words
2/  1.  Ukhtomskii, A.A. - Selected Works
    2.  Vedenskii, N.E.  -  Selected Works
    3.  Sokolov, E.N.  - Perception and the Conditioned Reflex
    4.  Voronin, L.C.  et al. - Oriented Reflex and Exploratory Behavior 
 
7
            h.  Other

                1) One of the largest of NLM operations can only be dealt
with under this saving rubric.  This is the .photoduplication program, the
chief instrument in the interlibrary loan area.  In FY 1962 NLM responded
to over 125,000 requests for interlibrary loan.  Of these, more than
108,000 requests were filled by providing photoduplicates of the requested
material.  This amounts to the filling of such requests at the rate of almost
one per minute for every minute of every working day throughout the year.
Through this mechanism, some 2,000 libraries around the world received
2,244,000 pages of material (up 8% over the previous year).  One in eight of
these "loans" went to libraries overseas.  About 12% of the Library's funds
are committed to this single activity.

                2) During FY 1962, Library staff served in a consultant
capacity, or participated in, the following activities related to the
communication of scientific information.
        Staff Participation

Scientific Communication Activities
Functions
Library
representative
Activity
Date
Gordon Research
  Conference
Dr. F. B. Rogers
Talk on abstracting &   July 2-6, 1961
indexing
Civil Service
  Commission
Miss W. Sewell
Plan program on auto-   August, 1961
matic data processing
in libraries
Armed Services
  Technical
Information Agency
Miss W. Sewell
Evaluation of ASTIA
thesaurus - revision
of ASTIA
August, 1961
Oct. 17-18, 196
Jan. 15, 1962
Pacific Science
  Congress (Sec.
  10-Scientific
  Information)
Mr. S. Adams
Paper on biomedical
library resources or;
of the Pacific area
distributed copies of
a medical library
directory.
Aug. 21-26, 196
Aerospace Indust-   Miss W. Sewell
  ries Assoc.
Session on thesaurus
compatability
Sept., 1961
PMA Literature
Committee-NSF
meeting
Mr. S. Adams
Mr. S. Taine
Miss W. Sewell
Advisory Committee  Dr. F. B. Rogers
on Automation for
the Library of
Congress
Discussion of future
cooperation with PMA
group.

Member
Sept. 22, 1961
Oct. 1961
Oct. 16, 1961 
 
(Continued)
Functions
Library
representative
Activity
Date
National Science    Dr. F.B. Rogers
Foundation-Science
Information Council!
PHS Mission to
Polish Ministry
of Health
Mr. S.Adams
Member
Participant
Oct. 19-20, '61
Mar. 12-13, '62
June 24-25, '62

Oct.  9-13, '61
International       Mr. S. Adams
Seminar for medi-
cal Documentation
and Statistics

Division of Inter-  Mr. M. Hoseh  •
national Health     Mr. S. Adams
Seminar on PL 480
Programs

Ad Hoc Interagency  Miss W. Sewell
Study Group on
Language Compata-
bility in Mechanized
Storage and Retrieval
Systems

American Documenta- Mr. S. Adams
tion Institute
Participant
Oct. 1961
Joint Meeting of
Phila. and N. Y.
Regional MLA group

National Advisory
Health Council
Mr. S. Adams
Dr. E. B. Roger8
Division of Medi-   Mr. S. Adams
cal Sciences, NRC
Subject: coordinating  Nov.  1961
PL 480 programs        April 1962
                       May   1962
Participant
Nov. 1, 1961'
Jan. 15, 1962
Moderator for panelon.  Nov.   6-  8,  '61
published indexes
Preparation of "State- Sept.28, 1961
of-the-art" Symposium

Discussion on problems Nov.  18, 1961
of the Science Trans-
lation Program

Relation of NIH and   .Nov.  21, 1961
NLM communication
support interests

Discussion of Library's Nov.  28, 1961
present and potential
role in the improvement
of medical communication
International
Panel of the
President's Comm-
ittee on Mental
Retardation
Mr. S. Adams
Advisor
Nov. 30, 1961 
 
(Continued)
Functions
Surgeon General's
Conference

Office of Program
Planning, NIH
Staff Conferences
Mayo Foundation
Lecture
Conference of Bio-
logical Editors,
New Orleans
U.S. National Com-
mittee on the Inter*
national Federation
of Documentation
Library
representative
Activity
Date
Dr. F. B. Rogers   MEDLARS and library
                   affairs
Dec. 4,  '61
Jan.19,  <62
Mr..S. Adams
Dr. F. B. Rogers
Mr. S. Adams
Mr. S. Adams
Participation in report  Dec.  1961
NIH involvement and re-
sponsibility in scientific
communication

Electronic Devices and —.Jan. 25, '62
Problem of Storage and
Retrieval of Medical
Literature

Establishing CBE Commit- Feb. 1962
tee on Bibliographic
Standardization; Study
group on review papers;
Seminar with Latin American
Editors. Host to CBE meeting  1963
Represented NLM
Feb. 1962
Advisory Committee
on Computers in
Research, Bethesda
Mr. S. Adams
President's Science  Dr. F.B. Rogers
Advisory Council     Mr. S. Adams
panel on Scientific
Information, New York
NFSAIS
Bos ton
Project site visit
to Center for
Documentation Res-
earch, WRU
Mr. S. Adams
Mr. M. Hoseh
W. Sewell
Mr• S. Adams
American Standards   Mr. M. Hoseh
Association Committee,
Subcommittee on
Transliteration
Member, with interests in
storage and retrieval
problems

Describe NLM's programs  Mar. 14, 1962
related to information
services
Proposals for long range Mar.  28-30, '62
development and coordina-
tion of scientific
abstracting systems
Member ACCR
Member
Apr.  1962
Apr.  1962
May  1962 
 
10
(Continued)
Functions
Library
representative
Activity
Date
District of Columbia   Mr. S. Taine
Library Association
Excerpta Medica
Foundation,
Ams terdam

Special Libraries
Association
Dr. F.B. Rogers
Mr. W. Sewell
Mr. S. Taine
Workshop Information   Dr. F.B. Rogers
Systems Design
UCLA Conference Center
Lake Arrowhead, Calif

Special Study Section  Mr. S. Adams
(NIH)
Talk on MEDLARS
, Apr. 26, '61
International meeting     May  13, '62
on the modernization of
medical documentation

Talk on "Subject Heading  May 27-31,  '62
Work with MEDLARS"
Introduction to MEDLARS
Participant
May 29 -
June 1, 1962
Chairman of Ad hoc Commit- May 1962
tee to Review grant
applications related to
indexing and publication
Ninth Conference of
Cardiovascular
Training Grant Program
Directors,
Colorado Springs
Dr. F. B. Rogers  Address
June 9, 1962 
 
11
        Staff Participation

Scientific Communication Activities

          Library Related
Functions
Library
Representative
Activity
Date
Association of
Research Libraries,
Cleveland
Dr. F. B. Rogers
Appointed to represent ARL   July 8.  1961
Advisory Committee charged
with planning reorganization
of ARL
Joint Committee of
the union list of
serials, Cleveland

United Nations Library
New York

International Con-
ference on Cataloging
principles, Paris,
France

Executive Board
Special Libraries
Association, N. Y.

Committee on Procure-
ment of Foreign
Publications, USIB

MLA, Southern Region-
al Group Meeting,
Austin, Texas

Science Information
Officers Meeting

Dedication Ceremonies
for Hammarskjold
Library, UN

Committee on
Biological Hand-
books, NRC
Dr. F. B. Rogers
Committee meeting
New York

Chairman of annual JCULS
meeting
Dr. F. B. Rogers  Consultant
Miss R.
  MacDonald
W. Sewell
Member
Member
Dr. F. B. Rogers  Member



Miss M. Langner   Program participant



Dr. F. B. Rogers  Monthly meeting


Dr. F. B. Rogers  Paper on Acquisition
                  Principles in
                  Special Collections

Dr. F. B. Rogers  Member
July 28, 1961

July 11, 1961
July 15, 1961
July 31, 1961

Oct. 9-20,
  1961
Sept. 1961



Oct. 2^,1961
Oct. -20-21,
  1961
Nov. 1,1961
Nov. 16-18,
  1961
Nov. 27, 1961 
 
12
Functions
Library
Representative
Activity
Date
Council of the
National Library
Associations, NY

Federal Information
Officers! luncheon
meeting

Association of
Research Libraries
58th Annual Meeting,
Chicago
W. Sewell
Member
Dr. F. B. Rogers  Member
Dr. F. B. Rogers  Represent NLM
ALA Committee Meetings  Dr. F. B. Rogers
Chicago

Midwest Regional        W. Sewell
Library Association
Meeting, Chicago

Executive Board         W. Sewell
Meeting of SLA
Dearborn, Mich.
Member
Present talk
Member
Mr. S. Taine
Association of
Research Libraries,
Miami Beach

American Standard
Association, Z 39
Subcommittee on
Journal Title
Abbreviations
American Standards      M. Hoseh
Association, Z 39
Subcommittee on
Cyrillic Transliteration
Dr. F. B. Rogers  Member
Participant
Participant
Medical Library
Association,
Chicago
Dr. F. B. Rogers  President
Nov.	17,1961
Dec.	19,1961
Jan. 28-29 1962	
Jan. 30-31, 1962	
Feb.	2, 1962
Feb. 15-17 1962	
June	16,1962
Mar.	27,1962
June 3-8,
  1962 
 
13
    B.  Extramural Activities

        1.  Organizational Summary.  The  scope of the Library's extramural
programs has been sharply limited in the  absence to date of adequate author-
izing legislation and appropriations.  The activities reported below should,
therefore, be considered as prototypes of the planned support activities
described in Section II of this Report.

                                History

In response to the recommendations of the Jones Committee  (Federal Support
of Medical Research, p. 94-95), and of the Study Group on  Organization
and Functions of the Public Health Service (p. 53), the Library established
an Extramural Program for the  improvement of medical communication in the
fall of I960.  Subsequently, it took the  following actions to implement
the Program.

            a.  Draft of a program proposing support for scientific publi-
cation, for the strengthening  of medical  libraries, for education and
training, and for research and development in new communication practices.

            b.  The securing of clearances and endorsements of this Program
by the Library's Board of Regents, the Surgeon General's Office, and
appropriate PHS Bureaus and Divisions.

            c.  The submission of a preliminary budget in FY 1963, sub-
sequently denied by the Department in the absence of legislative authority.

            d.  Submission of  specifications for new authorizing legislation
in September 1961.

            e.  Submission and approval of a new mission and function state-
ment incorporating the Program in the Library's administrative structure.

            f.  Transfer from  the Division of General Medical Sciences,
NIH, of the Russian Scientific Translation Program, effective July 1, 1961.

            g.  Activation, with the cooperation of the NIH, of a new
publication support program.

As of July 1962, the Science Translation  Program alone has had operational
experience with granting mechanisms; discussion of all other aspects of the
Program is therefore deferred  to Section  II of this Report.

                        Philosophy and Policies

The Science Translation Program serves as a principal focus within the
PHS for meeting the needs of the American medical research community for
access to the reports of foreign medical  research published in infrequently 
 
u
read  languages.   It  is  therefore broadly  oriented  to the  improvement of
international  communication  in  the biomedical  sciences at the research
level.

While the translation of research papers, monographs, and journals is
a principal activity, the Program is  concerned with strengthening of
related practices of value in international  communication:  the prepara-
tion of review papers;  the provision  of abstracts  of the  foreign litera-
ture; and the  provision of various devices such as directories and
dictionaries which may  make  foreign research reports more readily avail-
able to American  scientists.

In doing so, it draws sharp  lines between those functions which may have
value to the intelligence community engaged  in estimating total foreign
potentials, and those functions which advance  basic scientific knowledge
toward the solution  of  biomedical research problems.

By historical  accident, the  Program concentrated on communication activities
related to the Soviet biomedical literature; it is currently seeking a
broader base.  The Program will be concerned with  meeting the needs of
American researchers for significant  new  information published in languages
read by small  percentages of American scientists.  Thus, it will be con-
cerned with the Japanese or  the Czech literature,  as well as the Soviet.

The Program operates in cooperation with  responsible research societies
and groups, within and  outside  the Service,  and delegates insofar as possi-
ble the determination of specific needs of the research community to such
groups.

The Program has two  sub-programs.  It conducts, through grants and con-
tracts (reported  under  Intramural Activities), support of domestic activities
with appropriated dollars; and  it conducts,  in cooperation with the National
Science Foundation,  the Service's foreign currency communication program
authorized under  Section 104 k  of Public  Law 480.

                        Organizational Mechanisms

The Science Translation Program is established as  a unit in charge of
a Program Officer under the  Program Director for Scientific Publications,
where it will  be co-equal to other Program units for the support of primary
and of secondary publication to be established in  the future.

The domestic translation program, during  its first year of operation, had
close liaison  with the  Division of General Medical Sciences, NIH.   In
the absence of grant authority  in FY  1962, DGMS retained responsibility
for funding and administering grants, making a comparative transfer of
funds for direct operations  only.  The Library has requested both funds
and authority  under Section  301 for the conduct of the Program in FY 1963,
and has requested a delegation  of authority from the Surgeon General for
the conduct of the Program. 
 
15
The  Library will accomplish the preliminary review of grant  applications
for  scientific translation activities through the newly established
Advisory Committee on Publications (see Section II).   In the absence of
specific authority for the Library's Board of Regents to recommend grants
to the  Surgeon General,  the Library intends to use channels  afforded by
the  National Advisory Health Council for this purpose in FY  1963.

The  Science Translation Program avails itself regularly and  informally
of scientific  advice  available  in the laboratories and divisions of  the
PHS  with respect to the scientific merit of specific  proposals.

The  Program is in frequent contact with other units of the PHS  (and  other
government  agencies)  for a number of purposes.   For example:

             a.   Division of International Health,  for advice  on the
political or protocol aspects of projects.

             b.   The service translation unit at NIH,  for suggestions and
comment related to selection.

             c.   NIH Laboratory  Chiefs in relation to  requirements.

             d.   National Science Foundation,  Atomic Energy Commission,
National Aeronautics  and Space  Administration,  for coordination with
comparable  ongoing programs.

             e.   Central Intelligence Agency,  for purposes of  coordination
and  information.

The  foreign currency  translation program has been directly administered
by the  Library over the last five years.   It has been conducted jointly,
and  in  close cooperation with,  the comparable program in the  National
Science Foundation, which by determination of the Bureau of  the Budget
budgets currently for all executive agencies with the exception of HEW.

For  the purpose of this report, the foreign currency  translation program,
although it uses contracts rather than grants as its  primary  mechanism,
is considered  in the  extramural category.

Section 104 k  of Public Law 480 authorizes  two functions:  first, the
indexing, abstracting,  and translation of foreign scientific  literature
to improve  international communication in the sciences;  and  second,  the
conduct of  research activities.  The Library conducts operations on  behalf
of the  PHS  under the  first function;  the Office of International Research,
NIH  and other Divisions throughout the Department conduct programs  under
the  second,  under the coordination of the interbureau P.L. 480 Seminar.

With the enactment of Public  Law 86-610,  the  International Medical Research
Act  of  1961, the Department requested the Library to  submit  its foreign
currency appropriation requests through Departmental  channels.  Accordingly 
 
16
 in FY 1962,  the Library assumed  responsibility for funding.   In order
 to achieve maximum economies,  it achieved a memorandum agreement with
 the  National Science Foundation, through which it transferred foreign
 currencies in Poland, Israel,  and Yugoslavia ($580,000 of the $667,000
 appropriated) for further implementation of contracts established  in
 these countries by the Foundation.   The Library is therefore  responsible
 for  the  following functions:

             a.   Budget estimates - budget is defended by OIR/NIH.

             b.   Programming -  selection of materials  for translation;
 adequacy of  scientific editing;  distribution of translations.

             c.   Coordination with other PHS foreign currency  programs.

 The  National Science Foundation  is responsible for:

             a.   The development  of service contracts  for translation and
 related  activities.

             b.   The administration of  these contracts.

             c.   The management of supplementary distribution mechanisms
 established  through the Office of Technical Services,  Department of
 Commerce.

 In practice,  the NLM solicits  suggestions for translation from both govern-
 mental and non-governmental research groups,  using the Program to supple-
 ment,  but not displace, its dollar-based domestic program.  For example,
 it programmed for an agreement with the Ministry of Health, Poland, for
 the  original publication in English (instead  of Polish)  of five Polish
 biomedical journals.  NLM then places  this requirement on NSF under the
 terms of the memorandum agreement;  NSF requisitions the  translation from
 the  overseas contractor;  NLM assists (if required)  in providing adequate
 scientific editing for publication;  the contractor publishes the trans-
 lation,  delivers 1,000 copies  to OTS,  who distributes 500 copies to NLM
 selected depositories, and maintains the balance of the  stock for sale
 to individual American scientists.

 NLM  retains  the balances of the  foreign currency appropriations not trans-
 ferred to NSF for further international communication projects unrelated
 to translation activities.

 Liaison  is complicated, involving both political and  administrative channels.
Among the offices with which the Program works are:   Office of the Science
Adviser, and  appropriate geographic  desks in  the Department of State;
 foreign  embassies and offices  within foreign  governments; Office of Inter-
 national Research,  NIH; Division of  International Health, PHS. 
 
                                                                         17

                   Policy  Formulation  and  Clearance

Since  the  translation programs were  initially  inspired  as much by
political  urgency  as  by  scientific need, policy formulation and  clear-
ance have  an  added dimension.  The following presents a case study  of
a fundamental change  in  translation  support  policy which occurred
during FY  1962.

When the Russian Scientific  Translation Program was  first established in
1956,  it borrowed  certain  mechanisms,  such as  the cover-to-cover trans-
lation of  Soviet biomedical  research journals,  from  other agencies.  It
did so with an understanding, shared by all  contractors and grantees,
that the use  of these mechanisms was experimental, that their impact
would  be tested over  a period of five  years, and the program adjusted
accordingly.

Over the five years,  the Program became increasingly skeptical of the
effectiveness of the  cover-to-cover  journals, while  commercial interests
became increasingly annoying to PHS  administrators.  Accordingly, the
NLM, in assuming responsibility for  the Program in July 1961,  took  the
following  steps:

            a.  Conditioned  its acceptance on  the making of  a field survey,
and informed  PHS officials of this intention.

            b.  Contracted with the  Institute  for Advancement of Medical
Communication for  an  evaluation of the Program's effectiveness to date.

            c.  Discussed  the results  of this  survey with officials in
DGMS;  Office  of the Director, NIH; Surgeon General's Office.

            d.  Discussed  the survey with  a  staff member of  the  Senate
Subcommittee  on Reorganization and International Organizations, and with
a Committee member of the  House Small  Business  and Un-American Activities
Committees.

            e.  Submitted  a  memorandum to  the  Surgeon General summarizing
the situation, indicating  new policy for the Program, and suggesting
clearance with the Senate  Appropriations Committee.

            f.  Discussed  the policy change at meetings  of professional
groups concerned.

            g.  Prepared a PHS announcement for  publication  in research
and professional journals.

The new policy involves  the  abandonment of  support for the cover-to-cover
translation of Soviet research journals, and the substitution of an
arrangement whereby the  Federation of  American  Societies for  Experimental 
 
18
Biology will provide selection, editorial, and distribution services in
a more direct response to the needs of American scientists.

        2.  Activities Summary

            a.  From its beginning in FY 1959 through FY 1962, the Science
Translation Program has funded thirteen grants for a total of $598,121.
These all relate to scientist-to-scientist communication.

                There are six grants currently active, for a total obliga-
tion in FY 1962 of $141,575.  The Program reconversion described earlier
resulted in a suspension of programming activities, with a resulting decline
in new applications.  The above obligations represent continuation support.

                The Library does not distinguish by object class in its
budget submission between grants and contracts.  It has requested a total
of $383,700 for translation operations in FY 1963, of which $225,000 is
earmarked for grants for programming purposes.

                Currently active grants are as follows:

T-9   Title - Translation and publication of Russian abstracts.

      Principal investigator - Dr. M. W. Woerdeman

      Sponsoring institution - Excerpta Medica Foundation
      Address -                2 East 103rd Street,
                               New York 29, N. Y. '                 $56,350

T-14  Title - Review of  Soviet literature in radiobiology.

      Principal investigator - Walter R. Stahl, M.D.

      Sponsoring institution - Oregon State College
      Address -                Carvallis, Oregon                    $ 4,653

T-27  Title - Evaluation of the Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR,
              Pharmacological Research.

      Principal investigator - Dr. Walter C. Jaskievicz, S.J.

      Sponsoring institution - Fordham University, Institute of
                               Contemporary Russian Studies
      Address -                New York 58, N. Y.                   $15,639

T-28  Title - Coverage of  Soviet biomedical research literature.

      Principal investigator - G. Miles Conrad

      Sponsoring institution - Biological Abstracts
      Address -                3815 Walnut Street,
                               Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania         $18,807 
 
                                                                            19

  T-29  Title - Survey of Cerebro-visceral physiology in the USSR.

        Principal investigator - Dr. Samuel A. Corson

        Sponsoring institution - Psychiatric Research Foundation of
                                 Columbus
        Address -                473 West 12th Ave., Columbua 10, Ohio $30,612

  T-30  Title - Soviet psychiatry and its context.

        Principal investigator - Dr. Jason Aronson

        Sponsoring institution - Massachusetts General Hospital
        Address -                Boston 14, Mass.                       $15,514

              b.   The following P.L. 480 translations were received and
  distributed in FY 1962:

  Israel                                                            No.  pp.

  1)   Turakulov,  Ya.  Kh.    -  The Metabolism of Iodine and the
                               Thyroid Hormones                       197

  2)   Skulme, K.A.          -  The Etiology, Pathogenesis and  Early
                               Diagnosis of Cancer  and Precancerous
                               Diseases of the Stomach                441

  3)   Modestov,  V.K., Editor-  The Use of Radioisotopes in Clinical
                               and Experimental Investigations         216

  4)   Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Instltut Eksperimental'noi Khirurgicheskoi
      Apparatury i Instrumentov
      New  Surgical Equipment and Instruments and Experience in  their use,
      No.  1                                                           198

  5)   Idem. - No.  2                                                   144

  6)   Bakulev, A.N.,  Editor-  Surgical Treatment of Mitral Stenosis   292

  7)   Instltut Farmakologii i  Khimioterapii
      Recent  Data on  the Pharmacology and Clinical  Aspects of
      Phenothiazine  Derivatives                                      186

 8)   Leningradskoe Nauchnoe Obshchestvo Nevropatologov i  Psikhiatrov
     Problems of Psychiatry and Neuropathology, v.  1                  375

 9)   Idem. - v. 2                                                     276

10)   Chepinoga, O.P.       -   The Biological Role of Nucleic Acids    157 
 
20
11)  Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Instltut Tsitologii
      Problems of Cytology and Protistology                          372

12)  Akademiya Nauk SSSR
      Works of the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity
      Physiological Series, Vol. 3                                   263

13)  Akademiya Pedagogicheskikh Nauk RSFSR, Instltut Psikhologli
      Studies in Higher Neurodynamics as Related to Problems of
      Psychology                                                     257

14)  Seventeen papers in Genetics from various Soviet Journals       238

 Poland

 1)  Acta Biochimica Polonica
          Vol. 8, Nos. 1-4, 1961                                     471
          Vol. 9, Nos. 1-2, 1962                                     188

 2)  Proceedings of the Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists
     Artificial Hibernation and Hypothermia, Warsaw.  1961           136

 Yugoslavia

 1)  Acta Medica Iugoslavica                      )
          Vol. 16, No. 1, 1962                    )  In manuscript
                                                     form
 2)  Journal of the Medical Association of Croatia)*
          Vol. 84, No. 1, 1962                    )

 3)  Boskovic, M. - The Morphology, the Contents, and the Topography
          of the Petromastodd Canal in Man.
          Acta Medica Iugoslavica - Vol. 12, 1958                     30 
 
II.  Plans
     A.  Intramural Activities

         1.  Firmly planned:

             a.  For FY 1963

                 In FY 1963 will  come  the big push for completing the
design, installation and testing  of  the MEDLARS system.  The third and
final phase of the MEDLARS project is  to begin in September 1962.  In the
FY 1963 NLM appropriation there is $700,000 budgeted to cover these costs,
and this should be ample.

             b.  For FY 1964

                 In FY 1964 MEDLARS  becomes operational (target date:
September 1963).  The need at that time will be for people to handle the
expanded activities of the operation.  It is planned that the staff of the
Bibliographic Services Division,  responsible for MEDLARS, will be increased
by 50% — from 46 to 72 positions.   In addition, the MEDLARS equipment must
be rented, or preferably purchased —  prior to this time all that NLM will
have bought will have been the system  approach itself.  There is adequate
funding in the FY 1964 budget for both items.  The equipment costs alone
come to $955,000.

         2.  Desirable

             NLM has projected in its  FY 1966 budget an expenditure of
$500,000 for a system of miniaturization and rapid retrieval of graphic
material, to take the place, in large  part, of the present system of
turning out photocopies for interlibrary loans, using microfilm cameras
and Xerox Copyflo output.  It is  predictable that within a few years'
time the present system will break down from overload.  It may be that it
would be desirable to advance this program by buying a study and survey
of system approaches that might be used, the study to be conducted in
FY 196A.  No firm plans along this line have been developed. 
 
22
      B.  Extramural Activities

                                  Foreword

 The NLM has proposed, and is currently implementing, an extramural program
 designed to strengthen the communication of the published results of medical
 research.  This program is a logical and necessary extension of intramural
 activities in this field which the Library has carried on without inter-
 ruption for over 125 years, and which are unique, both in the PHS, and in
 the nation at large.

               Toward a Definition of Research Communication

 The general term "communications" is used here in a highly specialized
 sense:  those practices and systems for the transmission of published scien-
 tific information across barriers of space and time.  Excluded are considera-
 tions of mass media practices for the understanding of a lay public, of
 audio-visual techniques, such as medical television, and mission-oriented
v programs for communicating special program information to special groups.

 It is in this last particular that the Library's functions and objectives
 differ most widely from those of other constituents of the PHS.  The latter
 are generally conceived as special purpose systems for the transmission of
 program-generated messages related to the specific mission of the constituent,
 be it air pollution or mental health.

 The Library is concerned with the preservation and strengthening of the
 scientific record, and the systems which support the accumulation, develop-
 ment and utilization of that record.  It is not pertinent to the Library's
 purposes whether a specific unit of the PHS has been responsible for
 generating the unit of research information, or whether it was independently
 generated by an agency of government, or privately in Germany.  The Library
 tends to view research communication from the point of view of its uses; it
 is oriented to the utilization of published information for the advancement
 of medical research and practice as a whole.

                       Why a Library Centered Program

 The Library is concerned with the system established for the original
 publication and dissemination of the results of research (primary publication);
 with the system established for the analysis and re-synthesis of research
 publication (secondary publication); and with the system established for the
 storage and retrieval of published scientific literature (medical libraries).
 Further, it is concerned with experimental activities in each of these
 systems, as well as with the strengthening of their present capabilities.
 These systems are all interrelated, and may be considered as a continuum.
 Piecemeal patching to serve the purposes of individual missions is less
 desirable than a comprehensive and coordinated support program.

 The Library has unique traditions, capabilities and expertise for under-
 taking such a comprehensive program.  Its intramural.activities are in the 
 
 same  field,  and have  the  same  user  orientation, with resulting reinforcement
 of  an extramural mission.   It  is  the  logical  unit within  the  PHS for  the
 conduct  of a comprehensive  program  designed to strengthen the communication
 of  the results  of research.

                             General Objectives

 There are three components  of  the so-called "crisis in  scientific  communi-
 cation."  The first is  the  exponential  growth of the literature; the  second
 is  a  difference in kind of  requirements related to the  rapid  growth of
 multidisciplinary research;  and the third  is  the requirement  for speed in
 both  dissemination and  retrieval.   The  Library's general  purpose is to
 improve research communication, both  by enabling existing systems  better to
 cope  with the challenges  implicit in  the above, and by  supporting  efforts to
 devise new and  non-conventional techniques for the solution of problems
 these trends have created.

                               Program  Areas

 The Library's extramural  program  is divided into the following program
 areas:

      Scientific Publication (including  both primary and secondary
      publication,  translations, and library fellowships);

      Medical Libraries  (including facilities  and resources);

      Education  and Training;

      Research and Development  (including both basic studies and applied)

 These program areas are considered  below in terms of a) mission; b) needs;
 c)  proposed  activities, and related needs.

         1.  Firmly planned

             a.   Scientific  Publications Program (Review of Applications)

                  1)  Mission and  Purposes

                     This section pertains to the NLM Scientific Publications
Program which is  concerned with the grant  and contract support of scientific
biomedical publications.  This activity must be considered in two parts:
a)  the primary  review of applications,  on  a PHS-wide basis, for the grant
support of publications; and b) the direct support and management,  via
grants and contracts, of publication projects which, because of their
particular nature, come more clearly and properly under the NLM purview as
opposed to the  Bureaus, Institutes  and  Divisions of PHS.

                     The purpose  of the review function will be to permit
the particular  skins which NLM can assemble to be brought to bear, for the 
 
24
 first time formally,  on proposals for grant support of scientific  publication
 projects,  with the aim of broadening and strengthening the  review  process
 and  establishing a central policy authority on the support  of publications.

                  2)  The Need for Improved Review Processes

                      In the past, applications to PHS for the support of
 scientific publications have been handled largely in the  same way  as  applica-
 tions  for  the  support of research projects.   They have been examined  by Study
 Sections,  or,  on occasion, by ad hoc review groups.   The  reviews by these
 mechanisms have not always been considered adequate,  since  these mechanisms
 did  not usually include the advice of experts professionally involved in the
 fields of  scientific  publishing and its  many critical facets,  forms,  and
 management devices, such as medical librarianship in general,  abstracting,
 indexing,  bibliographic services, etc.   Thus, while this  review mechanism
 could  and  did  speak to questions of apparent need within  a  particular bio-
 medical field,  it did not speak to questions relating an  application  to
 the  totality of communication practices  in its field and  related fields, or
 to the soundness of the concept of the application in consideration of its
 stated purpose, or to questions of its compatibility with general  publication
 policies of government support.  In short,  the review mechanism could answer
 certain questions of  scientific merit and desirability but  very few questions
 pertaining to  the technical aspects of scientific publishing and documentation.
 Applications often were considered without adequate,  or any,  concern  for what
 other  similar  activities were being considered or supported by other  elements
 of PHS and DHEW, and  other elements of the government.

                      In consideration of the great, diversity of scientific
 publication activities and in consideration  of the fact that these  activities
 can  involve separately or in combination all of the many  medical and  biological
 disciplines, it is apparent that applications for the support  of certain
 of these activities can be reviewed with greater effectiveness and  insight
 by a group concerned  principally with publishing concept  and technology,
 while  applications for the support of other  types of  activities should be
 reviewed primarily by a Study Section or group expertly oriented toward a
 particular discipline or field of interest with consultative assistance, as
 deemed desirable, from the former review group.

                      For example,  many applications concerned with publishing
 in or  research on the various aspects of printed-word communications
 technology, regardless of the disciplines involved, could be quite adequately
reviewed by the NLM Advisory Committee in its basic orientation toward such
matters, with  recommendations directly to  the National Advisory Councils.  On
the  other  hand,  an application for support to Write a review of the status
of research in a highly specialized discipline or  narrow field of interest,
for  example, should be evaluated by the  DRG  Study Section established in
that discipline or, on occasion,  by an ad hoc panel of experts selected from
that discipline.

                      The  long-established PHS practice of encouraging review
groups to interchange  information  and skills  to  help  insure evaluations of 
 
25
 the  greatest  competence would apply  here with particular merit.  Because
 of the breadth and depth  of NLM's activities in biomedical publications and
 in the techniques of  their development, management and use,  it is believed
 the  NLM  staff and/or  its  Advisory Committee could have beneficial supporting
 comments of a background  nature  on nearly all types of applications for
 printed-word  communications projects,  even when the prime review responsi-
 bility was assigned to a  Study Section.  Conversely,  there will be occasions
 when the StudyvSections could be of  valuable assistance to NLM on certain
 applications  for which NLM has the prime review responsibility.

                      The  recommendations then made to the National Advisory
 Councils  by either the Study Sections  or the NLM Advisory Committee will reflect
 assessments with regard to both  the  scientific desirability  and also the
 publishing and documentation compatibility and technology.

                 3)   Present Activities

                      On June 22, 1962, the Director,  NLM, formally approved
 the  establishment of  the  Advisory Committee on Scientific Publications.  This
 action was taken under authorities in  the General Administration Manual,
 Chapter  PHS 9-00-30,  following coordination with the  Office  of the Surgeon
 General,  and  BMS, BEH, BCH, and  NIH.   The Committee will be  compcsad of 15
 non-Federal members (including librarians, experts in abstracting services,
 scientists, medical, school deans, etc.), and eight ex officio members         y
 representing  NASA, NSF, AEC, the NLM Board of Regents, and the four Bureaus
 of the PHS.   A panel  of nominees for membership has been prepared and sub-
 mitted for approval through PHS  channels.

                      This Committee  will assume a major portion of the
 responsibility for providing primary reviews on applications to the PHS for   <S
 the  grant support of  primary and secondary publications and applications for
 the  support of research in printed-word communications.

                      In consideration  of the time necessary for the approval
 of proposed Committee members, it does not seem possible that the Committee
 can  be finally composed before October 1962.  Since the deadline for the
 receipt  of applications for the  November round of Study Section and National
Advisory Council meetings was July 1 past, the Committee cannot begin its
actual review activities  until after the November 1 deadline, looking toward
 the March 1963 round  of Council  meetings.

                      In addition, the Division of Research grants has
 established an office to  serve as a  reporting and coordinating point for
applications  and grants concerned with the support of scientific publica-
 tions and to  carry out liaison with NLM.

                 4)   Relationships to Other Programs

                      The  activities of the Advisory Committee and of NLM
in this regard necessarily must be closely integrated with the Bureaus of
the PHS in regard to  the  support of scientific publications.   Indeed, the 
 
26
whole purpose and value of the Advisory Committee concept and function will
be lost without such integration.  For example, it has been noted that this
Advisory Committee cannot and should not assume responsibility for reviewing
all types of publication support proposals.  Many proposals can be so
categorical or narrow in terms of subject matter as to require prime
attention from the PHS Study Section established in that particular field,
with secondary comments from the Advisory Committee.  At the same time
there will be a great many applications for the support of publication
projects which are broad and multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary in nature,
requiring prime attention by the Advisory Committee and secondary help from
one or another of several Study Sections.  The point, as made earlier, is
that there must be a close and continual interchange of information and
skills.

                     (On succeeding pages of this report there is informa-
tion pertaining to the NLM plans for the direct management and support of
grants.  The point probably should be made that the purview of the Advisory
Committee will be somewhat broader in scope than the programs NLM would
expect to carry out through the direct management of grant activities, and
that the purview of the Advisory Committee will not and should not be
affected by the addition to the NLM responsibilities of direct grant manage-
ment activities.  That is, the Advisory Committee should continue its PHS-wide
function even though the grants to be supported by NLM may represent a some-
what more narrow field.)

         2.  Desirable Activities in FY 1963 and beyond

             a.  Scientific Publications Program (Direct Support and
                 Management of Grants)

                 1)  Mission and Purposes

                     Highly desirable legislative and organizational
authorities in this area would enable NLM, through the support and manage-
ment of grants for scientific publications, to express and exercise directly
its unique talents and knowledge in guiding and expanding a major aspect of
the National biomedical communications requirement.

                     These authorities would permit NLM to design and
activate what would be the first PHS grant program specifically in the field
of scientific publications and related areas.  Various activities under this
heading have been carried out through grants for a number of years.  These
activities have not been given,clear-cut program structure or aims.  There
seldom has been coordination on individual grants and they have been sup-
ported by different PHS units — in the absence of overall policy and program
guidance __ often without cooperation or even coordination among the PHS
units.

                     The placement in NLM of a grant program specifically
oriented toward the speeding and strengthening of biomedical scientific 
\ 
27
     printed-word communications, clearly implying the development of new forms and
f    procedures, would seem an obvious first step toward the resolution of many
     PHS problems in grants for publication support and it would seem to be a
     major step toward the resolution of many National biomedical communications
     problems.

                      2)  Need

                          The need for vast improvements in biomedical communica-
     tions has  been urgently and vividly documented numerous times in recent
     years.   It should be sufficient to say that as communication is an integral
     part of research and medical care, communication inadequacies are threatening
     both the quality of biomedical research and the quality of medical care.

                          Some factors are:

                          The exponential growth of medical research.   Not only
                          has this development added to the flood of information,
                          but it has created thousands of new researchers to
                          struggle with the information.

                          The exponential growth of the scientific literature.
                          This has international as well as national dimensions.

                          Increasing specialization and cross fertilization.
                          The sciences use the literature of other disciplines
                          as never before.

                          The gap between bench and bedside has widened.   The
                          need for medical practitioners to utilize research
                          findings has become more acute.

                          This problem has major scientific and social implications.
     Communication inadequacies threaten both the quality of medical research,  and
     the quality of medical care.  Meeting it will require strengthening traditional
     mechanisms while new ones are devised.

                      3)  Present Activities

                          Attention is directed here to the Scientific Translation
     Program which includes grants as well as contracts and which is an integral
     part of'the Scientific Publication Program, under Section I.B. (Extramural
     Activities during 1962) of this report.

                          With regard to the major legislative and organizational
     authorities necessary for NLM to support and manage grants directly, these
     authorities are being sought from within PHS and DHEW and from the Congress.
     In addition, the Director, NLM, has sent to'the Deputy Director, NIH, a
     memorandum requesting negotiations for the transfer of certain publication
     support grants from NIH to NLM. 
 
28
aims would be to:
                 4)  Proposed Program

                     The establishment of a full-fledged grants program
within NLM would be the first organizational objective,  (it should be noted
that this temporarily could be tied into existing PHS grants mechanisms, but
obviously the program could have greater force and meaning with the NLM
Board of Regents being afforded the necessary legislative authority to make
grant recommendations to the Surgeon General.)

                     The program would have these goals:

                     In the area of primary publications the effort program


                     Strengthen existing media (such as journals) for the
                     prompt reporting of research results;

                     Provide adequate publication outlets for new research
                     fields;

                   %  Design and test experimental forms for the primary
                     dissemination of research information.

                   . In the area of secondary publications the effort program
aims would be to:

                     Strengthen existing media for the analysis and resynthesis
                     of biomedical research information in abstracts, indexes,
                     critical reviews, bibliographies, translations, handbooks,
                     and compendia;

                     Coordinate and relate such activities in the interest
                     of scientific needs, and economic considerations;

                     Promote new and experimental forms of secondary
                     publication.

                     The grant and contract support of scientific publications
necessarily constitutes a very major part of the total PHS concern for
biomedical publications because of the flexibility and diversity of activities
afforded by grants and contracts as opposed to the vast organizational and
personnel additions  that would be required if the PHS were to seek such a
breadth of publication activities solely through internal mechanisms.

                     The realignment, improvement, and expansion of PHS
activities in the grant and contract support of scientific publications will
aid in the achievement of several critical objectives in the concern of the
Service for biomedical communications: 
 
29
                      The  identification of  gap areas in biomedical
                      communication and the  design and implementation  of
                      activities  to meet these requirements;

                      The  reduction and possible  elimination  of what may
                      be an appreciable level of  duplication, repetition,
                      or overlapping of biomedical publication support
                      activities  among elements of the PHS;

                      The  improved  definition and strengthening of the
                      concepts and  mechanisms necessary for extramural
                      support of  publishing  to become a more  direct and
                      effective instrument to aid various PHS programs
                      in achieving  their different program objectives.

                  5)   Relationship  to Other  Programs

                      These activities, in a manner similar to the NLM appli-
cation review function discussed previously, must be closely related  to
other PHS activities.  In the interest of avoiding duplication and of filling
gap areas, the management of the NLM grants program must exercise close
coordination and  cooperation with  other grant-making agencies of PHS, DHEW,
AEC, NASA, etc.   In addition, the  NLM program would offer a  PHS-wlde  facility
for the tremendous value  and usefulness of  grants and contracts to be brought
to bear on problem areas  of the  various PHS programs where scientific
publications are  considered a helpful or necessary tool.

                      It is not difficult to imagine a number of examples
where specialized grants  and/or  contracts in scientific publications  could
be used to unearth and compile data pertinent to PHS and DHEW programs which
do not themselves have grant-making authority.

                      Because of  the fact that scientific publications more
often than not are an integral part of the  research processes, the NLM
activities must complement the grant-making activities of the Bureaus for
research and training purposes.  It is expected  that with the tremendously
increasing multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary character of biomedical
research the NLM  program  will be able to offer PHS research activities a
new armamentarium of  knowledge and skills in printed-word communications
bearing directly  on the critical problems of the exchange of information
between or among  disciplines.               {

                      It should be  made clear that the NLM grant program could
not and would not wish to support  itself all scientific publications
activities in PHS-  A considerable number of these activities, particularly
in the area of primary publications, are of such highly categorical or
disciplinary nature as to justify  their-support  by that PHS grant-making
unit with the primary responsibilities for  PHS activities in that particular
field.  Needless  to say,  there would be some grants in the primary publica-
tion field that would come under the NLM programs together with the majority,
perhaps, of grants in the secondary publication  areas and for research in
printed-word communications. 
 
30
             b.  Program for Library Fellows

                 1)  Mission and Purposes

                     The function of the proposed Library Fellows Program
is to realize the national and international potential of the Library as a
base for the symthesis and consolidation of new medical:.information through
stimulating publication by mature qualified scientists.  The program would
provide planned and systematic support for the preparation (to .be accomplished
in residence) and publication of critical reviews of the literature, handbooks,
and compilations of data, specialized monographs, bibliographies, and his-
torical studies relating to the medical sciences.

                 2)  The Need

                     Advances in medical research occur in many fragmented
units, representing individual contributions to a large number of problems
from a horde of disciplines, and are reported to other research scientists
in thousands of individual publications.  The integration of new knowledge
and the up-dating and reinterpretation of the past are essential to further
progress in any field.

                     By the fact that the NLM systematically receives,
indexes, and stores the literature of the medical sciences in all languages
and of all time, it makes a tremendous, but as yet only partially realized,
contribution to this process.  Unfortunately, however, literature research
affords only a low financial return and it is generally conce de d that
financial and other encouragement is needed if the up-dating and reinter-
pretation of present knowledge is to be enlarged.

                 3)  Proposed Program

                     The Library proposes placing its unique resources and
services at; the disposal of mature qualified individuals under a system of
fellowships in order to encourage the productivity discussed above.  Con-
sequently, both a stipend and the prestige provided by an honorary appoint-
ment and title are planned.  While senior scientists and scholars would be
principally represented at the beginning of the program it may be desirable
later to establish fellowships for junior workers.  At present it^iS'-ex-
pected not more than 6-12 fellows would be appointed annually.

                 4)  Eligibility and Conditions

                     Individuals would be eligible for appointment in the
NLM fellowship program if they:

                     A. were citizens of the U.S. or had filed their dec-
laration of intent to become citizens. 
 
31
                     B.  possessed a graduate degree, usually the Ph.D  or
H.D.

                     C.  had demonstrated their ability and productivity in
a biomedical scientific field, in scientific [bibliography, or in the history
of medicine.                                 '

                     D.  had the intention of publishing the results of their
investigations,  In line with this point, it should be noted that the NLM
hopes to establish a publications series to which the fellows might, if they
wished, offer their work for printing and distribution.  It would not be
necessary, however, for the fellows to publish therein.  The NLM takes the
stand that the freedom to publish anywhere is a fundamental principle, and
that normal publication channels are generally the proper ones to be used by
scientists.  The new NLM publications series is meant merely to furnish an-
other possible outlet for scientific and scholarly work and thus cut down on
the delays encountered today in the publication of results in thesBfields.

                     Since each fellow would be working on his own problem,
no set length of time for a fellowship can be postulated.  Each request
would have to be examined individually, but it is expected that the fellow-
ships would nun for. not less than 3 months nor longer than 1 year with
renewals considered along with new applications.  Fellows would normally spend
at least 25% of their time in residence at the NLM.   Occasional outside teach-
ing, lecturing, or publishing would be encouraged.

                 5)  Relationship to Other Programs

                     The Service supports a significant number of scientists
engaged in the preparation of materials for publication.  The proposed pro-
gram would strengthen  this effort through placing the unique resources of
the Library at the disposal of grantees.  The Deputy Chief, DRG, in 1958
drafted a comparable program of grants for the preparation of critical
reviews, which was discussed with the National Advisory Health Council.
The closest library precedent for the proposed program exists in the system
of consultants developed for the Library of Congress in the 1940's, and still
operative in a limited degree.

                 6)o Budget

(in thousands of dollars) FY  64      65      66      67      68    Total

(No. of fellows                6      J$^    10      1?      12      48


Stipends

Publication Coats

Administrative Costs______

r    Total                    85     130     145     160     160     680
-50	70	85	100	100	405
20	40	40	40	40	180
15	20	20	20	20	95
 
 
32
                  C.  An  International Communications Support Program

                     1)  Mission and Purposes

                         This  program would serve as a principal focus with-
in the Public Health Service for meeting the needs of the American medical
research community for access  to the published results of biomedical
research conducted and published overseas.  It would act to strengthen practices
through which American scientists keep themselves informed of contributions
from other countries and published in languages other than English.  It would
include, but not  be limited to, current translation activities, extending,
these to other languages infrequently read by American scientists, concerning
itself with support for  the preparation of critical review papers, the more
adequate provision of abstracts for the foreign literature, the publication
of guides and directories  to the organization and personnel of foreign
biomedical research institutions and similar devices.

                     2)  Need

                         It is a truism that no country has a monopoly on sci-
entific ability,  and that  reports of fundamental significance to the advance
of knowledge may  occur in  a variety of languages.  It is equally true that
the American research community tends to depreciate the values of foreign
literature (with  a number  of obvious exceptions) except when deficiencies of
knowledge provide rude awakenings.  As the world shrinks, it becomes increas-
ingly important for American scientists to keep informed concerning the
advances made by  their overseas colleagues and published in unfamiliar
languages.

                         It is also true that English is becoming the lingua
francua of science.  The Library is aware of the political and scientific
implications of this development and has acted to speed this natural evolu-
tionary process.

                         The essential problem in international communication
is to identify the significant contribution early for its rapid communication,
and conversely to eliminate the work of secondary significance.  This calls
for selectivity at a high  level of professional competence and argues for the
use both within the United States and abroad of professional editorial groups
in which these competences reside.  Hence, the Program will follow a basic
principle of utilizing the editorial expertize existing in the scientific
societies and similar organizations.

                         Translation needs have two dimensions:  first, those of
individual investigators for specific information; and second, those of groups
or research areas for more general awareness.  It is not the Library's inten-
tion to compete with commercial interests offering satisfaction to the first
group of needs through the provision of .translation services.   The Library
would be concerned with  the wider use, however, of translations so made
through their deposit, duplication, and dissemination.  The Library is more
concerned with meeting the needs of the members of research groups interested
in common topics, and would make every effort to cooperate with such groups
in identifying common needs and satisfying them.

                    3)   Present Activities.  See section I.B.  of this report. 
 
33
                     4) ' Program Functions

                         The international communication program would operate
    through grants and contracts to prepare and disseminate information relating
■■■'■*  to the conduct and results of biomedical research accomplished overseas.
    The grant mechanism would be used where undirected intellectual activities
    are preponderant (e.g. critical reviews); contract mechanisms where the Program
    identifies and specifies work to be done.

                         In its domestic activities, the Program would develop
    for the clinical medical sciences a selective translation and publication
    program comparable to that established in basic sciences areas through the
    Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.  It would also
    undertake a systematic program for the publication of directories to the
    organization of foreign biomedical research, and a program for the accom-
    plishment of review papers describing the status and trends of research in
    foreign countries.  Expansion of the foreign currency programs is limited
    to a degree by available manpower resources in the countries where funds
    are available and research productive.  Programming in this area offers
    challenges.  Generally speaking more productive utilization of the available
    manpower is more desirable than an increased budget.  One promising develop-
    ment is the use of Public Law 480 funds to encourage the initial publication
    of research results in English language journals, a program of benefit
  ,  both to the country concerned and the United States.

                     5)  Relation to Other Programs

                         The Foreign Science Information Program of the National
    Science Foundation is closely related in its objectives and policies to the
    NLM function.  The Office of International Research, NIH, and the Division
    of International Health, PHS, are each concerned with specialized aspects of &■•«■
    the international communication problem.  The miscellaneous translation
    services maintained by PHS Bureaus exist to satisfy local service require-
    ments .

                         While the Library believes that the communication of
    United States research results to other countries falls within the purview
    of such organizations as the Agency for International Development, it is
    inevitable that the Library will be involved to some extent in advising
    and assisting foreign institutions and agencies in their efforts to improve
    communications from the United States.

           /'..-•■•                                 ;.'":'•  ,
                                  ■'  \ 
 
34
              d.   Medical  Library Support

                                  Foreword

The country's medical  libraries form an information storage and retrieval
system of great  size and  complexity, and one in which the society has made
major capital investments.  Yet, throughout the years, the medical school
libraries have been worsted in the competition for the academic dollar;
their percent share of the academic budget has shrunk from 4*3 to 3.9.  As
a result of chronic inattention, and of the enormously increased service
demands created  by the growth of medical research, the plight of medical
libraries has become desperate.  Of all resources supporting the conduct
and growth of medical  research, those founded on stored scientific knowledge
are the weakest.

There are gross  and cumulated deficiencies in three respects:

                                  Library facilities
                                  Library resources
                                  Library manpower

In the brief  time allowed for the preparation of this report, it has been
impossible to compile  complete national data on the complex problems of
the medical libraries, and a contract has been given to Harvard University
for the compilation of such data by September 30, 1962, in time for con-
sideration at the Surgeon General's October conference.  In the meantime,
to the extent possible with present information and in consideration of
the length of this report, this section treats with library facilities and
resources.  Library manpower deficiencies are covered under the Education
and Training  section of this report on succeeding pages.

                  l)  Library Facilities Construction Program

                     A.   Mission and Purposes

                          The function of a library facilities construction
program is to provide  support, on a matching basis, for the construction of
new facilities for medical school and research libraries, and for the
remodeling and expansion  of existing facilities.  This program would be
integrated with  the existing Research Facilities Construction Program and
the proposed  Educational  Facilities Construction Program (H.R. 4999) with
the NLM function limited  to technical support in programming and review of
applications.

                     B.   Need for Support

                          Medical school libraries have tended to double in
size every twelve years;  this rate compares to a sixteen year doubling rate
for general research libraries.  Micro-reproductions for space saving
purposes have not received consumer acceptance, and cannot be counted on to 
I 
35
offset this growth rate.  With more literature being published, with
research demanding the literatures of more related scientific fields,
with more research workers and students consulting the library, and with
inadequate space allocation to begin with, the need of medical libraries
for more space is desperate.

                         Except in a very few instances the schools have
not been able to assemble private funds for the building of new library
facilities.  Nor have Federal funds been available to date to assist them.

                     C.  Backgrounds of Federal Support for Library
                         Construction

                         In the first years of the Research Facilities
Construction Program, the Research Facilities Advisory Council considered
the admissibility of libraries as a research facility.  Other needs were
agreed to be more pressing.  In I960, the Council reversed its position,
admitted library applications to the extejai that they demonstrated
"proportionate use" for research, established a review committee, and
approved four grants totalling $666,112.  Awards have been held up, how-
ever, since the summer of I960 pending a resolution within the PHS of
the responsibility for a library support program, and, despite more liberal
language in the renewal legislation (H.R. 4999), administrative determination
of this responsibility, between NLM and NIH, has not been implemented.

                         H.R. 4999 would also authorize the construction
of school medical libraries, as education facilities.  Other bills before
the Congress would authorize Federal grants for university and college
library construction (H.R* 8900).

                         The Library's position is that construction
support programs within the Service should not be splintered; and that the
management function relating to grants for the construction of school
medical libraries should reside outside the Library,  Its own role would
be limited to the provision of expert consultation, and upon request, to
the administration of the review function.

                     D.  Estimate of National Need

                         Under H.R. 4999, library facilities support falls
into, two categories:  educational facilities, and research facilities.  In
the first category, approximately half of the 87 four-year schools require
new facilities, or the remodeling of old ones, over the next ten years.  In
addition, at a conservative estimate, at least ten new medical libraries
must be built.

                         In the research category, there is a limited but
significant number of research-related, non-educational institutions with
library construction requirements.  The building needs of the Medical
Library Center of New York are in point. 
 
36
                         A preliminary estimate of the needs may be based
on the 17 applications  (in both preliminary and final form) submitted
to the PHS.  These total approximately $14,000,000, of which $11,000,000
represents the construction of new facilities, and $3,000,000 the
renovation and expansion of existing facilities.  On this basis, it is
suggested that the total requirement for the nation may run to $50,000,000
or more over a 10-year  period.

                     E.  Operational Proposed Mechanism

                         On the assumption that H.R. 4999 will be enacted,
and that responsibility for its administration will be shared by the
Division of Research Facilities and Resources, NIH, and the Hospital
Division, BSS, the following plan is proposed:

             Funding:   DRFR and HD will defend appropriation requests,
assisted by the Library, and earmarking specified amounts for library
construction.
                                                                            4
             Review.  The Library will establish a review committee for the
purpose of recommending grants to the two programs.

             Management:  DRFR and HD

             Programming:  Library staff will assist in developing applications,
in collecting data, and developing budgets.

                 2)  Library Resources

                     A.  Mission and Purposes

                         It is proposed to establish a program of medical
library institutional grants for the purpose of rehabilitating medical school
and research libraries.  Such grants would provide Federal support at the
rate of 33 l/3 percent  of the Library's total budget for the previous year,
provided that the school made no decrease in the base amount budgeted for
the Library.  Subject to the appropriation of funds by the Congress, such
grants would be renewable yearly up to a maximum of five years continuations.
The Federal contribution could be  spent at the discretion of the school,
but in specified areas  of library resources and services.

                     B.  Need

                         Growth is the normal healthy state of scientific
libraries.  Growth rate, however, is not innate, but rather determined by
forces outside the control of the library.  Some of these forces are:

                         The increasing volume of literature pertinent to
                         medical research (in part generated by Federal
                         support of medical research).

                         Changes in both volume and character of demands
                         placed on the library by research. 
 
37
                         The character of the research and education programs
                         of the parent institution.

                         The ability of the parent institution adequately to
                         fund for library support.

                         The rate of production of published new information
is at an all-time high; medical researchers are requiring collections in
depth in non-medical disciplines as a concommitant of the multi-disciplinary
revolution in the sciences; institutional research and education programs
stress the basic sciences, which require library collections in historical
depth.  Finally, in the competition for the university dollar, funds for the
acquisition of books and journals for central library functions for years
have not been adequate.

                         As a result, the medical libraries are falling far
behind in their struggle to discharge their responsibilities of providing
for the information needs of contemporary medical research and education.
It has been said that the medical library network of the country is in
imminent danger of collapse, as a result of these accumulated deficiencies.

                         These deficiencies are not limited to gaps in the
collections of books and journals, important as these collections are to the
effective conduct of research and educational programs.  Other ways in which
these deficiencies should be measured are:

                         Backlogs in cataloging, and organizing materials for use.

                         Backlogs in binding programs.

                         Inadequate staffing of loan and interlibrary
                         loan functions.

                         Inadequate provision of reference services.

                         The medical library situation is therefore, one of
generalized inadequacy.  Their resources, organization, staff, and service
concepts are perhaps adequate by the standards of the 1930's, but they are
trying against odds to maintain even these.  They are not adequate for the
1960's.

                         This suggests a generalized support program with a
view to massive rehabilitation, a variant of the institutional grant program
already established within the PHS.

                     C.  Support for Operating Expenses

                         The Service has yet to establish a program which would
support the direct operating costs of medical schools, and it may be argued 
 
38
that the payments  to  schools  for the purpose of buying ^ooks and journals,
or for that  of hiring catalogers to organize them constitutes such support,
and establishes  an unwelcome  precedent.  Against this are the following
considerations:
                         The  Federal government as a sponsor of research has a
                         vital  interest in the adequacy of information resources
                         supporting that research.

                         The  massive program represents a capital investment
                         rather than the assumption of indefinitely continuing
                         operating costs.

                         The  library and its collections constitute a research
                         resource in the same sense that a laboratory and its
                         basic  scientific equipment are resources.

                      D.  Funding Requirements

                         Sixty-six medical schools reporting spent a maximum
of $184,000  and  a  minimum of  $7,000 on their libraries in 1959.  The median
was $58,000.  Approximately 50  additional research libraries would be eligible
for such assistance.   The estimate below is based on the median figure for
150 libraries.

                         One-third of the median x 150 libraries x 5 years =
                         $12,000,000

                      E.  Stocking New Libraries

                         A special problem exists in the major capital
investments  which  newly established libraries must make in books and journals
before they  are  able  to function.  Not only are the basic files of journals
high-cost; frequently they are  unobtainable for years.  This suggests a
variation of the above formula, to provide for a matching grant program
whereby the  Federal government  would meet one-half the costs of building a new
collection for a period of five years.  There would be a minimum Federal
contribution of  $25,000. An estimate of this requirement follows:

                         One-half of $100,000 x 10 libraries x 5 years a
                         $2,500,000

                         It is  conservatively estimated that a minimum library
for a four-year  school of medicine (50,000 volumes) would cost $500,000.

                      F.  Reprinting Programs

                         Since  many files of essential research journals are
commercially unavailable, or  available only at exorbitant costs, it may become
necessary for the  Library to  stimulate the reprinting, through commercial and 
 
39
other sources, of such publications.  It is proposed to accomplish this
through a corporation similar  to Franklin Publishers,  who handle reprinting
contracts with the book trade on behalf of the U.  S. Information Service.

                     G.  Legislative Requirements

                         The Library Resources Program would require new
authorizing legislation. 
( 
40
               e.  Education and Training

                  1)  Mission and Purposes

                      The  education and training program would be directed
toward meeting national manpower requirements for personnel with skills in
the management, processing, and utilization of the published literature in
the biomedical sciences.   It would accomplish this purpose through strengthening
the curricula  of  schools engaged in training in medical librarianship and
medical informational activities, through increasing the number of adequately
trained professional librarians, through Improving professional skills of
currently employed personnel, and through improving and expanding the available
training for professional  workers in related information processing technologies.

                  2)  The  Need

                      Manpower needs fall into two basic categories:  first,
the need for professional  medical librarians; and second, the need for training
in broad areas of medical  communication and information processing technology.
The need for the  training  of medical librarians has two dimensions.  Not only
are more librarians required, but the  skills of currently employed librarians
need up-dating.

                      In general there has been considerable professional attention
paid to medical library education.  The Medical Library Association has had
active committees which have functioned to encourage the establishment of
medical library training courses, to establish standards of medical library
training, to initiate and  police a program for professional certification, and
to engage in recruitment activities.   The voluntary efforts of the Association
members have,  however, fallen far short of meeting national requirements for
manpower.  Evidence for this may be found in the assignment of untrained clerical
staff to professional library duties,  in the extent to which medical records
personnel are  expected to  perform professional library duties, in the diffi-
culties experiencedby institutions in  finding medical library administrators,
and in the extent to which librarians  transfer from general libraries to medical
libraries.

                      Historically, salary levels have been depressed,
discouraging qualified personnel from  entering the field; with the changing
valuation placed  on biomedical research information, the salary levels have
been raised, demand has now out-stripped supply, and well trained professional
medical librarians constitute a manpower scarcity.

                      In the absence of a comprehensive survey, it is difficult
to estimate the quantity of total manpower needs.  There are approximately
1,000 medical  librarians in the U. S.  today, of which about 500 work in libraries
of schools of  medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, and nursing.  Some 300 are in
research and commercial medical libraries, and about 200 are employed in
hospitals not  part of the  above.  It is said that some 1,900 other hospitals
accredited by  the AMA-AHA  Joint Committee on Accreditation contain libraries
run without trained medical librarians. 
 
4i
                      In the field of the medical libraries of schools and
research institutes, a normal attrition level of 5% occurs, due to
retirements, deaths, and permanent withdrawals from medical librarianship.
Other factors which influence the manpower needs of libraries are:  (1) the
growth rate of active libraries, and  (2) the founding of new libraries,
particularly in new schools of medicine and the allied sciences.  It has been
estimated that 40 new medical librarians are needed merely as replacements,
and that a total of 100 medical librarians could be absorbed annually.

                      To meet this need the U. S. is today recruiting and
training only 35 medical librarians per year who are new to the field.  This
leaves a deficit of 65 medical librarians annually.  If allowed to continue
unchecked for 5 years, there would result a deficit of 325 medical librarians;
that is at the end of 5 years somewhat more than 1 in every 5 positions
requiring a professional medical librarian could not be filled by such a person.

                      Related to the  requirement for medical librarians, there
are similar manpower shortages in such areas as medical indexing and abstracting,
and in the design, operation, and maintenance of mechanized storage and re-
trieval systems for medical information.  This is the so called "medical
documentation" area which  is attracting professionals with biomedical training,
and for which minimal education and training resources are available.  As
mechanized systems similar to MEDLARS are developed, needs for courses in
computer programming related to the retrieval of published medical information,
for example, will become critical.  Want ads in daily newspapers testify to the
scarcity of trained personnel available for such functions.

                      Estimates of manpower requirements are even more
difficult In this rapidly  developing  field.  It is estimated conservatively
that at the minimum 100 individuals should be trained over the next five years.

                  3)  Proposed Program

                      For  the training of medical librarians, the Library
proposes a composite program including the following elements:

                           a.  Long-term traineeships leading to academic degrees
at the masters and doctorate levels.

                           b.  Short-term traineeships providing for intensive
training at an accredited  degree-granting institution, designed to improve the
skills of currently employed librarians.

                           c.  Training grants to institutions for the purpose
of expanding and improving their training facilities by strengthening their
teaching staffs and encouraging them  to establish specialized courses.

                           d.  Support of post-masters or doctoral degree
internship programs in established and qualified medical libraries. 
 
42
-                     The same general types of.programs would be undertaken
 or  he training of professional personnel in information processing
 echnologies, with particular reference to the support of short-term academic
institute
                   4)   Related Programs

                       Individual  incidences of  these training needs have been
supported  through grants  from the Public Health Service.  In recent years
grants have been  made  to  the University of Illinois for the holding of a post-
graduate seminar  on medical library  administration, and to Emory and UCLA,
for internship programs.   The national manpower needs for specially trained
librarians and science information personnel have been under close study by
the Office of Science  Information Service, National Science Foundation, which
has sponsored the publication of  a report on the education and training of
science information personnel,  as well as a specialized training course offered
by the Biological Communication Project, American Institute of Biological
Sciences.  The national need for  the training of librarians generally finds
expression in title 4  of  H. R.  11823, currently before the General Subcommittee
on Education of the House Education  and Labor Committee.  This bill would
authorize  $10,000,000  a year for  the holding of short-term or regular session
institutes for the provision of training to improve the qualifications of
libraries  and Individuals preparing  to engage in library work.

                   5)   Authority for  Education   and Training

                       It  should be pointed out  that the Library's existing
authorities are not adequate for  the conduct of a program in education and
training,  and that new legislation will have to be sought for this purpose.

                   6)   Mechanisms

                       In  conducting  this program, the Library would establish
a training grant  committee for  the purpose of reviewing applications.  In the
absence of legislation authorizing the Library's Board of Regents to recommend
grants for training to the Surgeon General, the balance of the preliminary
review would be accomplished by referral to the National Advisory Health Council.
The Library would  provide  program development,  administrative and management
functions, through an  education and  training program staff.
7)  Budget

  FY 64       FY 65
FY 66
FY 67
FY 68
	No.	Cost*	No.	Cost*	No.	Cost*	1 No.	Cost*	No.	Cost*
Long-Term (New students)	20	88	25	110	50	220	»	330	100	440
Short Term	25	7.5	35	12	50	16.5	60	19.5	75	24
Internships	6	86	15	165	20	220	20	220	20	220
Institutions	8	18	■«	22.5		45	6	67.5	6	90
privately Supported	35		35		35		35		35	
 
 
43
               f.   Research and Development in Medical Communications

                   1)   Mission

                       The Research and Development Program is intended to
 support  investigation at  two levels:   first,  into the principles and practices
which  underlie naturally  evolved systems for  the communication of research
 information;  and  second,  into experimental devices and solutions which offer
promise  for the improvement of research communication practices.  This latter
 involves support  for  demonstrations of the application of new technology, as
well as  limited support for the development of new technical devices.

                   2)   Needs

                       Since Vannevar Bush published his account of MEMEX in
 1945,  a  major objective of the Federal and non-governmental agencies concerned
with the problems of  scientific communication has been to explore and  develop
new devices to replace elements of the traditional systems.  Attacks on these
problems have been made in fields of machine  storage and retrieval, machine
 translation,  auto-abstracting, computer based indexing, facsimile transmission,
 and many others.

                       Invariably these attacks have experienced limited successes,
but the  scientific, economic and political motivations behind them are
 formidable, and the possible benefits from break-throughs great.

                       Experience has shown that a fundamental reason for limited
 success  in the past has been a general ignorance of the characteristics,
 functional relationships, purposes and objectives of the naturally evolved
 communication practices.   The technologies involved have outstripped theory;
 there  is no common agreement among scientists as to guidelines they should give
 the engineers. Since the problem is essentially one of information logistics,
 involving close controls  over units of information to insure their motility from
place  to place and time to time, it constitutes a complex more susceptible to
 operations research procedures than to the engineer's drafting board.

                       The Library's Research  and Development Program recognizes
both the sociological and the technological aspects of the problem.   It would
operate  to support studies which would describe and quantify the functions and
activities which  make up  natural communication systems, viewing these
essentially as sociological phenomena.  Concurrently, where a base in  theory
exists,  or where  the  need is patent,  it would provide support for the
development of special purpose solutions, including, but not limited to,
mechanized ones.   Again,  it would be concerned with the testing of non-
conventional solutions under controlled conditions, and to this end would
support  demonstrations.

                   3)   Related Programs

                       The Documentation Research Program of the Office of
Scientific Information Service, NSF,  accents  support of basic investigations
into the principles and theory of scientific  communication. 1/  The

1/  Brownson,  H. L.: Research on Handling Scientific Information.   Science,
~   132:  1922-31.   (Dec. 30, 1960) 
 
44
Advisory Committee on Computers in Research,  NIH,  touches  on  this  field, with
special attention to computer applications for storage  and retrieval  of
information.   In its report to the Director,  NIH,  the Committee  staff has
estimated that about 5% of applications in the computer field would fall into
the  information storage and retrieval category.  The Department  of Defense,
particularly  the Air Force Office of Scientific Research,  have ongoing
development programs of considerable size.  The Office  of  Basic  Instrumentation,
NBS,  offers consultation services on the application of computers  to  the
information storage and retrieval problem.  Finally, this  area is  related  to
the  Library's intramural planned program activities centering in the  MEDLARS
program.

                   4)  Relationship to MEDLARS

                       In addition to and in supplementation of the research
and  development objectives previously described, the Library  would devote
concentrated  attention to programming for extending and developing the unique
capabilities  of the MEDLARS system.   In developing these capabilities, certain
basic principles underly the MEDLARS concept:

                           Access to the literatures of  the biomedical sciences
has  two dimensions,  physical and bibliographic.   The physical access should
be strongly decentralized through libraries and  information centers.   The
provision of  bibliographic access should be a centralized  function.

                           The biomedical literature is  so  vast that only the
processes of  irreducible units of information (citations)  can possibly be
justified within dollar and equipment limitations.

                       It is sound both economically and logistically  to conceive
of MEDLARS as a unique capability based on a unique institution.   The
multiplicity  of MEDLARS systems,  if engaged in competitive analysis of the
comprehensive literature of medicine,  is indefensible.   A  more proper objective
is to exploit to the maximum secondary and derivative systems based on the
parent  organization.

                       It is in this context that the Library proposes a long
range program for the development of MEDLARS  capabilities.  In doing  so the
Library is fully aware of the precedents it would  establish.  MEDLARS is the
only  mechanized storage and retrieval system  developed  to  date for an "open"
user  group.   Other general systems (e.g.  ASTIA, CIA, NASA)  are designed for use
by restricted clientele.   Other specialized systems are concerned with but
small fractions of the literature.

                       This circumstance not only raises questions of  public
policy, but also raises to a high order of magnitude the groups, agencies, and
Institutions  which MEDLARS and its derivative  systems may  be called on to service.
The   Library  is aware of both the opportunities and challenges,  and is
responding to them by planning the outlines of a National  system for  the storage
and retrieval of published medical Information based on a  centralized  MEDLARS 
 
45
operation.   At  the same  time,  sufficient  experience has accumulated both
within and without the Library to  argue for  a  realistic step-by-step approach
in  the development of such a National  system.   The Library's operational
re?p£nsibillties are heavy;  it is  fully aware  of  the many practical difficulties
which will present themselves, and the impediments to their rapid solution.

                       The areas in which  the Library Intends to develop MEDLARS
utilization  are as follows:

                           A.   Support  of  secondary publication activities in
biomedical research.          "~~~

                               The  MEDLARS contract called for the provision of
50  concurrent  listing services tailored to meet the requirements of any research
field.   The  Library staff has had  discussions  with the National Heart Institute
concerning the  configuration of such listings,  and has collected over 50
preliminary  applications from interested  scientific groups and services asking
benefits from  them.   A significant number of these fall in the area of abstract
support of secondary publications  of various types.

                               The  citations  printed out by MEDLARS will provide
a bibliographical substrate  for a  large variety of specialized services where
these are both  scientifically desirable and  economically justifiable.  In this
regard MEDLARS  will  provide a base for specialized abstracting services, for
the preparation of review papers,  compendia, handbooks, etc. which may meet the
changing requirements of medical research.   The potential for these activities
will  be multiplied upon  the  realization of the objective described in (B.) below.

                           B.   Decentralized  search centers.

                               Once magnetic  tapes have been prepared for the
MEDLARS system,  the  cost of providing  duplicate tapes will be minimal.  The
Library would propose support  of the establishment of up to 50 regional search
centers to be supplied with duplicate  tapes.   These would be of two types:
Search only, and Search  of Complete MEDLARS  System.  It is believed that
special purpose computers could be devised for searching MEDLARS tapes at a
cost  of approximately $200,000 each.   The computers would be limited in speed,
capacity, and usability,  but would effectively search the citations supplied
by  the  Library.   Each computer could provide up to 10 searches daily of the
MEDLARS file.   The Library would be interested in developing such a special
purpose computer and in  programming for the  establishment of a National search
system.

                               The  MEDLARS system  itself can be duplicated for
approximately $1,500,000.  The Library would propose the installation of
complete MEDLARS systems in three  regional centers on the east coast, middle
west,  and west  coast,  Devoted exclusively to  search and listing services, and
not to  the preparation of the  Index Medicus, such systems would increase the
listing service potential by a factor  of  10, thereby making it possible to
provide up to 500 current listing  services for research purposes.  This
development  could proceed at modest cost  on  an experimental basis through the
rental  of computer time,  since the capacities  of  high speed graphic arts
composing equipment  would not be required. 
 
46
                           C.   Compatability with other  systems.

                               A final long range objective  is  that of working
 toward optimum practical compatability with electronic  storage and retrieval
 system being developed in  other areas of science and technology.  The
 objectives here are to enable scientists to draw upon multiple systems for
 their information with minimum difficulties in translation  between the elements
 of  the various systems.

 III.   State of Planning

 The Library's preliminary extramural budget estimates for FY 63 were based
 on  its existing authorization: Sec.  371-377 and Sec. 301 of the PHS Act,
 the latter restricted to the  translation of foreign scientific documents.
 Subsequently, the restriction was eliminated  by Senate  Committee action,
 but the appropriations were not increased over the Library's preliminary
 estimates.

 Only those activities which can be conducted  within the FY  63  budget and those
 on  which actions leading to comparative transfers of funds  are described as
 "firmly planned" in the recapitulation below.

       A.   Scientific Publications Program

 It  is Intended to activate and develop the Science Publications Program
 during FY 63.  The state of its development is summarized below.

 Authorization:  Sections 301  and 372 of the PHS Act.

 Clearances:   Approval of the  S.G. and the Interbureau Advisory Committee for
 Extramural Programs for the establishment of  an Advisory Committee; Bureau
 Chief clearances;  close working liaison established with DRG/NIH; request
 made  of Deputy Director, NIH  to initiate comparative transfers for support
 of  certain grants;  delegation of authority under Sec. 301 requested of S.G.

 Resources:   Library currently supporting personnel, travel, and administrative
 costs;  DRG to fund costs of Advisory Committee;  comparative transfers to be
 negotiated with Institutes and Bureaus for support of mutually agreed project
 grants.

      B.   Science  Translation Program

 This  program will  be continued as an organizational unit of the Scientific
 Publications Program during FY 63.

Authorization:   Sections 301  and 372 of the PHS Act. PL 480, Sec. 104k;
P.L.  86-610;  Exec.  Order 10,900.

 Clearances:   Approval of S.G.  for transfer from DGMS/NIH; approval of S.G. for
reconversion of program in FY 62;  review procedures using Advisory Committee
cleared with DRG/NIH;  use of  National Advisory Health Council  cleared with
DGMS/NIH. 
 
47
 Resources:   The following are budgeted  in FY 63:

                 Contracts:      150,000
                 Grants:          225,000
                 Foreign
                   currencies    356,000

       0»  Library Fellowships Program

Authorization:   The Library considers it  desirable  to  secure an amendment to
 Sec.  372  of  the PHS act  to provide  adequate  basis in law for this program.

 Clearances:   Not yet initiated.

 Resources:   Staff work to be undertaken by Scientific  Publications staff;
 no budgetary provisions  made.

       D.  Medical Library Facilities  Construction Program

Authorization:   Current  authorization limited  to Health Research Facilities
 Construction Act,  as amended.  Possible future authorization under HR 4999,
when  passed.  NLM has no authorization  permitting it to seek funds directly.

 Clearances:   Discussions with S.G.  and  Director, NIH Delegation of
 responsibilities has not been clarified.  Operational  liaison with RFCP/NIH
 and with  Division of Hospital and Medical Facilities,  BSS.

 Resdurces:   Limited staff services  from NLM; minimal funds could be
 reprogrammed  for studies of needs.

       E.  Medical Library Resources Program

Authorization:   The Library believes  new  legislation would be required.  This
program can be  interpreted as supporting  the operating costs of medical
 schools.

Clearances:   Not initiated.

Resources:  The NLM has  minimal  funds for staff planning functions.  Minimal funds
could be  reprogrammed for studies of  needs.

      F.  Education and  Training

Authorization:   Since this function is  not authorized  by Sec. 301, the NLM
believes  it essential to seek new authority  through an amendment to Sec. 372.

Clearances:   Discussions at operating levels with multiple PHS training programs.

Resources:  NLM has minimal funds for staff planning functions, NLM will avail
itself of services in the Office of Education with minimal reprogrammed funds. 
 
48
      G.  Research and Development



Authorization;  Currently authorized under Sec. 301.



Clearances:  Not initiated.




Resources:  NLM has devoted minimal effort to  staff planning functions. 
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