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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF  MEDICINE




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ENGRAVINGS
OP
THE   ARTERIES
             BY J. P. HOPKINSON, M. D.

DEMONSTRATOR OF ANATOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
              PENNSYLVANIA, &C. &C.
   PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY J. G. AUNER,
   No. 333 Market Street.
1833. 
V-*  i*^   >,
/€33
  According to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-three, by J. P. HOPKINSON, M. D. in the Clerk's Office of the District
Court, for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
W. P. Gibboss, Pr. 
                             TO
         WILLIAM  E.  HORNER,  M. D.
      PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN  THE UNIVERSITY OF
                    PENNSYLVANIA, &c. &c.

  My Dear Sir,
                   The great interest you evince  in anatomical
pursuits, and the indefatigable exertions, for the instruction of
your  pupils,  that characterize your course of lectures, induce
me  to hope that any effort to facilitate the progress of the student
of anatomy, will meet with a favorable reception at your hands.
This little production, however, advances another claim  to your
kind attention, since the " Special Anatomy" has been assumed,
mainly as a guide in its composition. Should the former be found
worthy to attend the latter, the great object in its construction
must be accomplished.
  With assurances of the highest esteem and personal regard,
                            I remain your's sincerely,
                                J.  P.  HOPKINSON, M.D.
  Philadelphia, January 1, 1833. 
 
                                    V


                            ADDRESS
     TO  THE AMERICAN STUDENT OF  MEDICINE.

   Ik putting forth this collection of drawings, illustrating the distribution of the
 arterial system, it is to you that I now address myself, as it is for you that the
 work was undertaken.  Numerous as are the treatises on the subject of the arte-
 ries, accurate and elegant as may be the  engravings accompanying them, they
 are generally much too expensive to  find a place  on the table of the  medical
 student, whose means (often limited,) should  be  most ample, to meet  all the
 demands made upon them, during the course of a medical education.
   Such engravings, too, being more calculated to revive particulars which had
 only escaped the memory, than to impress them originally, are better placed in
 the hands of a graduate who once knew them,  than of a student who has yet to
 learn them.  Being executed on  a grand scale, and with  much pretension, the
 difficulty of reference is exactly so much  the  greater.  The more perfect and
 complete the work, in fine, the less is it calculated to render assistance to a be-
 ginner in the study, who requires  simplicity and conciseness of description, and
 facility  of reference.   This is not said with a view to detract from the merit  of
 any such work, but rather as an apology for offering a production, in many re-
 spects so inferior to its predecessors.
   Since I have been engaged in teaching anatomy, I have constantly remarked
 the great difficulty encountered  by the student in learning the arterial  ramifica-
 tions, and how easily he forgot them.  This, I  believe, has arisen from  the im-
 proper mode in which he  undertook to learn them: I will therefore  offer a
 remark on this subject.
   There are two ways in which the arteries are studied:  The one consists  in
 committing to memory, merely, the  names of  the  main trunks—the  branches
 that come off from them, and the order of their  succession : This is book anato-
 my.  The other is the dissecting and tracing out the arteries in connection with
 the muscles, nerves, &c. that surround them: This constitutes surgical anatomy.
 The first prepares, simply, for an examination:  the second for actual practice.
 Now it unfortunately happens, in the usual course of instruction, that the latter
 mode, if ever pursued at all, is made to precede the former.  Thus, during the
 first winter, the student  goes  through his  dissecting campaign, and gets some
 general ideas of  anatomy—seldom more.   The second winter arrives, and he is
 a candidate !—He has no time to dissect now:  the time is too precious for that:
 he must read over the lectures—anatomy  among the rest.  Now it is. that he
 pores over the muscles—the nerves—the arteries &c. and perhaps commits them
 to memory.   Upon this he graduates, and commences the practice  of surgery !
 —Is not this an occurrence of every year,  and  is it not to be  regretted ?   I will
not here urge upon you  the importance of dissections, but merely suggest a plan,
 by which you may acquire a more  useful  knowledge  of the  vascular  and ner-
vous svstems, at  least   Suppose you reverse the  order generally adopted, and 
                                    vi

study them first, learning them by rote, if you will, (since this seems so essential,)
so that you can enumerate all the principal branches, as they come off in succes-
sion ; you may then proceed to the dissection, with more ability to trace them, and a
better chance of recollecting them, in their most important relations to other parts.
   Generally, the main object of pursuit with the young anatomist/ is  the mus-
cular system, because it is less  difficult, and affords more  employment  to the
hands and knife; and seldom does he finish his first subject, with more than a
general knowledge  of the muscles, and the contents  of the great cavities.  If,
however, you endeavor from the very commencement, to learn somewhat of the
arteries and nerves, while engaged in dissecting the muscles, or can accomplish
so much, as once to know them well in this way, all the associations of this first
dissection, will be  easily revived  by the  book;—and thus it will assist you,
which is, perhaps, all that it can do. Now, it is with the hope of facilitating the
accomplishment of both these objects, in relation to  the arterial system, that this
work has been undertaken, of which I shall next say a few words.
   The plan adopted, consists in a duplicate representation of  the arteries.  In
the one, the outline only is  presented, with  a view of assisting the  memory,
in retaining the order of their origin from the principal trunks,  and of imparting
some preparatory knowledge.   In the other, as much of  the vessels as can be
seen in their relative position to the muscles, is displayed in a  representation of
the part of the body to which they are distributed.   In neither of these is per-
fect accuracy made an  object, and much less in the former  than in the latter.
Preciseness is often made subordinate to the more  important consideration, of
avoiding confusion, as  actual dissection is all essential, and will easily correct
such inaccuracies.
   In the outline representing the arterial ramifications only, my  object  has been
to represent what may be considered  the first lesson, in which  every thing is
sacrificed to clearness of comprehension.
   These are, in fact, merely copies from my common place book; of the dia-
grams, I have long been in the habit of using in my lectures, and of the utility
of which, I am able to adduce  from experience, the strongest evidence.   One
addition has been made, to which I would specially invite attention.  The va-
rious anastomoses of the arteries, constitute so important a part of their history,
particularly in relation  to surgical operations, where  sometimes the regular chan-
nel is interrupted, and the blood obliged to find a new route, that I have intro-
duced from authorities  all the principal anastomoses and communications, exist-
ing among the branches.  This will be useful, by becoming at any moment an
easy reference on that point.
   Such as it is, this work has been made for you, and not  for the author.  Every
unnecessary expense, and  all useless display, have been avoided, to place it with-
in the reach of every ohe, and to make it  the student's  companion  in  the dis-
secting room.
   That these anticipations may not be unfounded, is the hope  of
                                      your  i'fiend,
                                                       THE AUTHOR. 
 
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            Plate 1.  EXTERNAL  CAROTID.

A.   The common Carotid, which divides just above the thyroid
     cartilage, into the two following :—
B.   Internal Carotid,  enlarged at its root, and situated more
     externally than  the next.
C.   External Carotid, which penetrates into the  parotid gland,
     and at the neck of the lower jaw, divides into internal max-
     illary and temporal.
D.   Internal Maxillary.
E.   Great Temporal. Emerging from the parotid gland, it passes
     between the ear and the zygoma, and divides into an ante-
     rior and a posterior branch.
  1.  Superior  Thyroid.  Distributed to the  larynx and thyroid
     gland, anastomosing with the  other arteries of this gland.
  2.  Laryngeal Branch of Sup.  Thyroid.   Supplying interior of
     larynx, and crico thyroid membrane.
  3.  Lingual.   Distributed as Dorsalis  linguae, Sublingual and
     Ranina, to soft palate tonsils,  sublingual gland, and tongue.
  4. Facial.  Emergingfrom within the lower jaw, it winds aroundJ^ ,    ■  ^ '(^
     its base to become superficial, and is distributed by the fol-»^3e*'r',         ;
     lowing five branches :—                                )
  5. First,  Submental, to  the muscles  inserted into the chin ;
     anastomosing with its fellow,  inferior coronary, &c.
  6.  Second, Inf. Labial:  To the  middle of the chin, sometimes
     wanting.
  7.  Third, Inf. Coronary: To the lower lip and the chin, anas-
     tomoses with its fellow.
  8.  Fourth, Sup. Caronary : To the upper lip, and anterior naris j
     anastomoses with its fellow.
  9.  Fifth, Nasal: To the ala nasi. The facial terminates at the
     internal canthus, anastomosing with the ophthalmic.
10.  Inf. Pharyngeal.  To the muscles and mucous lining of the
     pharynx.
11.  Occipital.  Deeply situated beneath the muscles of the mas-
     toid process. Goes to back of head : anastomoses with the
     vertebral posterior temporal and its fellow.
12.  Post. Auricular.  To the external ear, and side of the head.
13.  Transverse of the Face.  To the muscles, on the side of face ;
     anastomoses with facial and infra orbitar.
14.  Middle Temporal.  Passes over zygoma, penetrates tempo-
     ral aponeurosis, and anastomoses with deep seated temporals.
15.  Anterior Temporal.   To superior and anterior portion of
     cranium, anastomoses with the opthalmic and with its fellow.
16.  Posterior Temporal.  To superior and posterior portion of cra-
     nium, anastomoses with the occipital and other temporals. 
                             8

        Plate  II.  INTERNAL MAXILLARY.
A.   External Carotid.                   B.   Great Temporal.
C.   Internal Maxillary: concealed by the lower jaw and zygo-
     matic arch.   It passes first horizontally, next rises up, and
     then passes obliquely forward, to terminate at the spheno
     palatine foramen.  It is distributed by the following thirteen
     branches.
  1.  Tympanic.   Through the glenoid fissure to the tympanum.
  2.  Small Meningeal.  Through foramen ovale, to the dura mater.
     Often a branch of the next.
  3.  Great Meningeal.  Through foramen spinale, to dura mater ;
     also to  interior of  the ear.
  4.  Inf. Dental, or Maxillary.  Through posterior mental fora-
     men to  the lower jaw and teeth,  anastomosing  with facial.
'  5.  Post. Deep Temporal.  Beneath temporal muscle, anasto-
     mosing with other temporals.
  6.  Pteregoid.  Several branches to the pteregoid  muscles.
  7.  Baccal.   To the buccinator muscle, and mucous membrane
     of the cheek.

  8.  Ant. Deep  Temporal.  Beneath temporal muscle, anastomo-
     sing with other arteries of this muscle.
  9,  Sup. Alveolar, or Maxillary.   To antrum.  Large and small
     molar teeth of upper jaw.

 10.   Infra  Orbitar.  Through infra  orbitar  canal  :  to antrum.
     Bicuspid and incisor teeth : anastomoses with  facial and op-
     thalmic.

 11.   Sup. Palatine.    Through posterior palatine canal: to soft
     palate and roof of the mouth.

 12.   Sup. Pharyngeal.  To the upper part of the pharnyx.

 13.   Spheno Palatine.  Through spheno palatine foramen,  to
     schneiderian membrane. 
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      Plate III.  SUBCLAVIAN  AND AXILLARY.

A.   Aorta.   From its origin at the heart.

B.   Innominata.   The root of the  right carotid and right sub-
     clavian.

C.   Left carotid.   Arising directly from the aorta.

D.   Left  Subclavian.  The next trunk, coming from the aorta.

E. E.  Axillarry.  The continuation of the subclavian.

 1.  Vertebral.  Passing to the foramen, in  the transverse process
     of the sixth cervical vertebra.  Ascends to the brain.

 2. Inferior Thyroid.  Sending off the ascending cervical, and
     then passing beneath the carotid and jugular, to the thyroid
    gland, there anastomosing freely.

 3. Superior Intercostal.   To the two upper intercostal spaces.

 4. 4. Internal  mammary.   To the  diaphragm  and abdominal
    muscles.  It anastomoses with the intercostal arteries, and
    with the epigastric. 2jC

 5. Post. Cervical.  Crosses the neck, to the muscles of the sca-
    pula, above.

 6. Sup. Scapular.   From axillary :  to back of scapula.  Anas-
    tomoses with scapular artery.
 7.  Sup. Tlioracic.
  External mammary arteries, to  the
  parietes of the thorax and the axilla.
> Anastomosing with the interior mam-
  mary and the intercostal s.
 8.  Long Thoracic.
 9.  Acromial Thoracic.
10.  Axillary Thoracic.

11.  11.   Scapular.  To the muscles of the scapula : Teres :  sub-
    scapular, &c.

12.   Dorsal Branch.   To  back of scapula: anastomoses  with
    superior scapular.

13.   Anterior Circumflex.  Surrounds neck of humerus in front:
    to deltoid and shoulder joint:  anastomoses with scapular
    and the next.

14.   Posterior Circumflex.  Passing posteriorly around neck of
    humerus, to shoulder joint  and deltoid: anastomoses  with
    anterior circumflex, and scapular arteries.
                               o




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                            10
  Plate IV.  ARTERIES OF THE ARM  AND HAND.
A.   Brachial.            B.   Radial.             C.   Ulnar.
 1.  Sup. Deep Humeral, (Profunda major.)  Winds around back
    of the arm, to get to exterior condyle : anastomoses with ra-
    dial recurrent.
 2.  Inf. Deep Humeral, (Profunda minor.) Inner side of arm and
    internal condyle.
 3.  Nutritious Artery. Through medullary foramen, to os humeri.
 4.  Anastomotic.   Upon internal  condyle, to anastomose with
    ulnar recurrent.
 5.  Radial Recurrent,  Around exterior condyle, to anastomose
    with profunda major.
 6.  Superficial Branch to Ball of the Thumb. (Superficialis Volae.)
 7.  Dorsal branch to the carpus.  (Dorsalis Carpi,)
 8.  Great Artery of the thumb.  (Magna pollicis.)  Along the
     palmar surface  of the thumb.    . .
 9.  Radial Branch of fore finger, (Radialis Indicis.) Along outer
     side of fore finger.
10.   Deep sealed Arch.   (Arcus Profundus.)   Situated beneath
     flexor tendons.
11.  Ulnar Recurrent.  Around external condyle.   Anastomoses
     with the anastomotic.
12.  Interosseal.  On interroseous ligament. Divides into anterior
     and posterior branches.
13.  Recurrent Branch of Interrosseal.   To back of elbow, anas-
     tomosing with radial recurrent and deep humeral.
14. Dorsal Brach, to back of the hand.   (Dorsalis Manus.)
15. Deep  Ulnar branch.   (Cubitalis manus profunda.)  To join
     arcus profundus.
16.  Superficial Arch. (Arcus Sublimis.) Situated between pal-
     mar aponeurosis and flexor tendons.
17.17.17.  Digital Branches.   To sides of fingers. Anastomose
     freely at their extremities. 
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                       Plate V.  AORTA.
  A. Semilunar valves of Aorta, and coronary arteries.
  B. B.  Termination of Aorta in common Jliucs.
   1. Artcria Innominata.   The common root to the right  sub-
      clavian and right carotid.
   2. 2.  Two Vtrlcbrals.    3. Left Carotid.   4.  Left Subclavain.
   5. 5.  Bronchial.   To the lungs.
   6. G.  Ten lower Intercostals.  Anastomosing with internal mam-
      mary.  The last with the lumbar and circuinflexa ilii.
   7. Phrenic.  To Diaphragm and liver.  Anastomoses with inter-
      nal mammary and intercostals.
   8. Cceliac. Divides into three following branches.
   9. Sup.  Gastric,  or Coronary : to stomach.
 10. Splenic :  to spleen.                 11. Hepatic : to liver.
 12. Sup. Mesenteric.  To small intestines.
 13. 13. Emulgents :  to kidnies.
 14. 14. Lumbar Arteries.   To abdominal muscles and medulla
     spinalis, anastomose witli epigastric, circumflex  of ilium  and
     gluteal.
 15. 15. Spermatic.   To testicle or ovarium.
 16. Inf. Mesenteric.   To large intestines.
 17. Sup. Hemorrhoidal. To the rectum: anastomoses with other
     hemorrhoidal and lateral sacral.
 18.  Middle Sacral. To sacrum.
 19.  Epigastric. To rectus abdominis : anastomoses with internal
     mammary, lumbar, intercostals, and  spermatic.
 20.  Internal Mammary :  anastomoses with phrenic,  intercostal,
     and epigastric.
21. Circumflex of Ileum': anastomoses with ileo lumbar, internal
     mammary, lumbar, and intercostal. 
                            12
   Plata VI.  EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL  IL1ACS.
A.  Aorta.     B—B.  Common  Iliacs.      C.  Ext.  Iliac.
D. Int. Riac.   E. Pouparfs Ligament.    F. Foramen Ovale.
 1—1. Middle Sacral. Down middle of sacrum to coccyx.
 2—2. Ileo Lumbar.  To iliacus and quadratus muscles : anas-
    tomoses with circumflexa ilii and lower lumbar arteries.
 3—3. Lateral Sacral. To interior of spinal canal:  anastomoses
    with middle sacral.
 4—4. Obturator.  Passes through obturator foramen to hip
    joints, and to muscles on inner side of thigh :  anastomoses
    with ischiatic, and surrounds obturator foramen.
 5. Dotted line j  representing obturator arising from epigastric.
 6. Middle Hemorrhoidal.  To lower  part of rectum, prostate
    gland, &c.
 7. Vesical.  To bladder. From  root of umbilical artery of foetus.
 8. Uterine.  In female,  to uterus : anastomoses with arteries of
    uterus, ovarium, and fallopian tubes.
 9—9.  Gluteal.  Through ischiatic foramen, to glutei muscles :
    anastomoses with ischiatic and femoral.
10—10.  Ischiatic.  Through sacro-sciatic notch, to hamstring
    muscles : anastomoses with branches of femoral.
11. Internal Pudic.   Branch of preceding. Passes out of pelvis
    and returns between two sacro-sciatic  ligaments.
12. Lower Hemorrhoidal.  To sphincter ani muscle.
13. Perineal.   Transversely across the perineum.
14. Urethro-Bulbar.   To corpus spongiosum urethrae, at the bulb.
15. Dorsal Branch.   To back of penis.
16. Cavernous Artery.  To cellular structure of penis.
17. Circumflex of the Ilium.  To iliacus internus, and abdominal
    muscles; anastomoses with ileo-lumbar, internal mammary,
    and lumbar arteries.
18. Epigastric.  To rectus abdominis muscle :  anastomoses with
    interior mammary, lumbar, and lower  intercostals. 
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         Plate VII.  FEMORAL  AND TIBIALS.

A.  Pouparfs Ligament.      B. Femoral.      C.  Profunda.

D. D. Tendinous insertion of triceps.      E.  Anterior Tibial.
F.  Posterior Tibial.

 1. Subcutaneous of abdomen. (Art. ad cutem abdominis j) anas-
    tomosing with epigastric and interior mammary.
 2. External Pudics.  To penis and scrotum : or labium ex-
    ternum.
 3. Extern.  Circumflex.  To glutei: vastus  externus,  cruralis,
    knee and hip joints ;  anastomoses with gluteal, ischiatic, and
    articular arteries.
 4. Intern. Circumflex.   To  adductor and  hamstring muscles
    and hip joint:  anastomoses  with obturator, and  external
    circumflex.
 5. 5.5. 5.  Four Perforating. Passing through triceps tendon to
    gluteus magnus, and flexor muscles  of thigh :  anastomoses
    with external circumflex, gluteal, and ischiatic.
 6.  Anastomotic.  To inner side of knee joint:  anastomoses
    with the articular.
 7. 7. 7.7. 7. Five Articular.  From Popliteal to knee joint, in-
    ternally and externally.
 8. 8.  Gastrocnemial.  To two heads  of gastrocnemius muscle.
 9. Recurrent  Tibial.   To anastomose with articular arteries.
 10.  Int. Malleolar. To inner side of ancle joint.
 11. Ext. Malleolar.  To outer  side of joint:  anastomoses with
     peroneal and tarsal.
 12.  Tarsal.  To outer surface of tarsus : anastomoses with ex-
     ternal malleolar, external plantar, and metatarsal.
 13.  Metatarsal.   To metatarsus : anastomoses with branches of
     external plantar.
 14.  Dorsal of Great Toe, (Dorsalis Hallucis.)  To back of great
     toe, and outer side of next toe.
 * Termination of anterior tibial, passing to the sole of the foot
     to join plantar arch.
 15.  Peroneal or Fibular.  From posterior tibial, down to ankle
     and outer side of foot:  anastomoses with anterior tibial.
 16.  Nutritious.   To the tibia.
 17.  Int. Plantar.  Along inner side  of  foot to the great  toe :
     anastomoses with dorsalis.
 18.  Ext. Plantar.  Crosses sole of foot to outer margin.
 19. 19.  Plantar Arch.  Sending perforating arteries to interosseal
     muscles ;  anastomoses with metatarsal arteries ; terminates
     in anterior tibial.
 20. 20. 20. 20.  Four Digital Arteries. Arising from platar arch
     to supply the toes. 
                             14
         Plate VIII.  FffiTAL CIRCULATION.
                           Fig. I.
A. A.  The liver.              B. Vena cava, ascendens.
1. Umbilical Vein.  Running in the umbilical fissure, to open in
    left branch of sinus venae portae.
2—2.  Vena Porte.  Dividing to form the  Sinus.
3—3.  Left branch of sinus venae portae.
4. Right branch of sinus venae portae.
5. Left hepatic vein.
6. Ductus Venosus.   Conveying blond from umbilical vein, into
    left hepatic vein, and thus into vena cava.
                          Fig. II.
1. Right ventricle of foetal heart.         2. Left ventricle.
3. 3. Aorta.                            4.  Pulmonary Artery.
5. 5.  Branches of pulmonary artery, to right and left lungs.
6. Ductus Arteriosus.  Conveying blood from  pulmonary artery
    into aorta.
7. 7. Great trunks from  aorta, to supply head and  upper ex-
    tremities.
                         Fig. III.
A. A.  Right auricle and  ventricle,  communicating by osteum
    venosum.
13. B.  Left auricle and ventricle ; also communicating.
1. 1. Superior and Inferior  vene cave.
2. EustachianVatve.  Directing the blood toward the foramen ovale.
3. Foramen Ovale.  Forming a communication between the two
    auricles.
4. Valve in left auricle, opposed  to  foramen ovale, and subse-
    quently closing it.
5. Pulmonary Veins. Returning blood from lungs to left auricle. 
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                             15
               Plate IX.   CELIAC  ARTERY.
                           Fig. i.              ^j^ 4r)
1. Celiac Trunk.         2. Hepatic,  to liver and gall bladder.
3. Right Gastro Epiploic.   To right extremity of the stomach.
     Branch of the hepatic.
4. Superior Gastric, or Coronary.  To cardia, and upper curve
     of stomach.
5.  Splenic, which supplies the pancreas, in  its course to the
     spleen.
6. 6.  Vasa Brevia.  From cul de sac of the stomach.
7. Left  Gastro Epiploic.   Termination of splenic, to great cur-
     vature of stomach.
•8. Branches passing into the spleen.
              Fig. II.   Arteries of  Colon.
A.  Superior Mesenteric.                B. Inferior Mesenteric.
1. Ileo  Colic.  To caput coli, and termination of ileum.
2. Right Colic.  To right ascending colon.
3. Middle Colic.  To transverse colon.  Terminates in superior
     left colic branch.
4. Superior Left Colic.   To transverse  colon, completing the
     great colic arch.
5. Middle Left Colic.  To ascending colon.
6. Inferior Left Colic.   To sigmoid flexure.
7. Superior Hemorrhoidal.   To rectum.  Being the termination
     of inferior mesenteric.
8. Great Colic Arch.
                    Fig. III.  Vexa Portje.
A. Vena Cava.    B.  Vena Portae.     C.  Sinus Arenae Portae.
1. Superior Mesenteric Vein.
2. Inferior Mesenteric Vein.
3. Splenic Vein.  Receiving also those from left end of stomach.
     and from the pancreas.
4. Superior  Gastric, or Coronary.
5. 5.5.   Three  Vcne Cave Hepatice.   From liver,  opening into
     vena cava. 
 
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