&y& no.i nyan 1)1--------tLQ: SJt>31u0J0 : SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPai NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPHY SERIES January 1984 Reference Services Division National Library of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland 20209 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service • National Institutes of Health LABORATORY ANIMAL WELFARE JANUARY 1984 85 SELECTED CITATIONS Compiled by Fritz P. Gluckstein, D.V.M. Coordinator for Veterinary Affairs LABORATORY ANIMAL WELFARE This bibliography contains 85 citations to selected journal articles, books, and monographs on laboratory animal welfare. Items were selected for inclusion because they were judged to be representative of the most significant of those providing recent information or because they were considered to be useful guides to additional literature on the subject. The periods covered are 1977 - September 1983 for journal articles and 1975 - October 1983 for books and monographs. Two books published in 1882 and 1912 are included for historical reasons. Translations of foreign language titles are set in brackets. Parts of annotations that are direct quotations are indicated by quotation marks. The Library will consider revision and updating of this bibliography. Suggestions and critical comments concerning selection of titles and scope, coverage, and usefulness are invited. SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPHY SERIES This is one of a series of Specialized Bibliographies prepared and distributed by the Reference Services Division of the National Library of Medicine. These bibliographies are usually the result of a combination of manual and computerized searching, utilizing databases produced by NLM and others. Specialized Bibliographies are therefore more comprehensive in coverage than those bibliographies produced under NLM's Literature Search series, which are limited to our own databases. The only criterion for inclusion of a published work in a Specialized Bibliography is its relevance to biomedicine. The format, ownership, or location of the materials cited are not considered. CONTENTS JOURNAL ARTICLES I. Historical Aspects II. Ethical and Philosophic Aspects III. Animal Rights IV. Laws and Regulations V. Animal Experimentation in Specific Disciplines VI. Reduction of Animal Use and Alternative Methods VII. Other Aspects MONOGRAPHS 1. JOURNAL ARTICLES I. Historical Aspects Goodrich JE The first 100 years of antivivisection—1824 to 1924. Mayo Clin Proc 1977 Apr;52(4):257-9 The early history of the antivivisection movements in Great Britain, France and the United States. 14 references Loew FM Animal experimentation. Bull Hist Med 1982 Spring;56(l):123-6 A review in essay form of James Turner's Animals, Pain and Humanity in the Victorian Mind: Reckoning with the Beast and John Call Dalton's Experimentation on Animals as a Means of Knowledge in Physiology, Pathology (1875) and Practical Medicine and The Experimental Method in Medical Science (1882). 11 references Sechzer JA Historical issues concerning animal experimentation in the United States. Soc Sci Med (F) 1981 Mar;15(l):13-7 The author comments on the history of laboratory animal welfare in Great Britain and reviews developments in this field in the United States since 1866. 16 references Sechzer JA The use of animals for experimentation in the United States. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981 Apr;17(2):88-91 A historical comparison of British and American laboratory animal welfare movements and a review of the legislation and activities affecting animal experimentation in the United States. 8 references Sechzer JA The ethical dilemma of some classicial animal experiments. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:5-12 Type, significance, and justification of animal experiments carried out during the nineteenth century. 24 references Stevenson LG Physiology, general education and the anitivivisection movement. Clio Med 1977 Apr;12(l):17-31 A discourse on animal experimentation in general education and the antivivisection movement in nineteenth century Great Britain. 43 references 2. Ethical and Philosophic Aspects Bowd AD Ethical reservations about psychological research with animals. Psychol Rec 1980 Spring;30(2):201-10 Critical examination of the ethical defense of certain animal experimentation practices and a proposal of an ethical approach prohibiting painful experiments on animals. 25 references Caplan AL Beastly conduct: ethical issues in animal experimentation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:159-69 A presentation of the pro- and antivivisection points of view and a discussion of the moral worth of animals and humans. The moral legitimacy of animal experimentation is examined. 4 references Fox MW Humane ethics in veterinary education. J Vet Med Educ 1978 Spring;5(2):98-101 The author examines the veterinarian's ethical responsibilities and urges that greater emphasis be placed on these responsibilities in veterinary school. 9 references Gartner K [The human-animal relationship from ethical, sociologic and psychologic points of view and its significance for current public laboratory animal welfare concerns.] DTW 1980;87(7):266-72. German, English summary. A discussion of ethical, sociologic, and psychologic concepts in the light of demands for restriction and prohibition of animal experimentation. 43 references Hoff C Sounding board. Immoral and moral use of animals. N Engl J Med 1980 Jan 10;302(2):115-8 A discussion of the philosophic aspects of laboratory animal use and a comparison of the worthiness of human and animal life. The author opposes experimentation on nonconsenting human beings and approves of painful animal experiments only if they will yield substantial benefits for humans or animals. 4 references Ross MW The ethics of experiments on higher animals. Soc Sci Med (F) 1981 Mar;15(l):51-60 The author discusses what may or may not constitute unethical animal experimentation and examines the ethics of using animals in psychologic research. He urges the use of lower species whenever possible and calls for the avoidance of all animal experiments of doubtful scientific value. 30 references 3. III. Animal Rights Fox MW The question of animal rights. Vet Rec 1981 Jul 11 ;109(1):37-9 A review and examination of the question of animal rights. 25 references Soave 0 Animal rights, animal welfare, and the law. California Vet 1981 June;35(6):27-9 The writer, a veterinarian and lawyer, discusses the legal status of animals and their legal and moral rights. This article, while not dealing specifically with animal experimentation, should be of interest to those concerned about laboratory animals. 25 references Animal rights and animal experimentation. Prog Clin Biol Res 1981;50:65-94 A report on the presentations and discussion concerning animal rights and animal experimentation at the Fourth Conference on Ethics, Humanism, and Medicine held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, November 1979. It includes a comparison by Tom Regan of the concepts of moral and legal rights and an examination of arguments for and against ascribing such rights to animals. It also includes a discussion by Bennett J. Cohen of alternative methods and the treatment and protection of laboratory animals. 6 references Animal welfare and animal rights: is there a choice? California Vet (special issue) 1983 Jan;37(l):3-104 This special issue deals with the general question of animal rights. Nine articles are devoted to laboratory animals. Most articles have references. Do laboratory animals have rights? (news) Nature 1983 Mar 24-30;302(5906):287 Issue is taken with Peter Singer's arguments against the use of animals in scientific research and testing. 4. IV. Laws and Regulations Barany E The Swedish system of ethical committees in the laboratory animal field. Conquest 1983 Mar;(172):10-15 A report on tfje activities of Swedish advisory committees on animal experimentation. Blackman DE Regulating psychological experimentation with animals in the United Kingdom. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981 Apr;17(2):84-8 Regulations concerning animal experimentation and their effect on psychologic research in Great Britain. 4 references Broad WJ Legislating an end to animals in the lab. Science 1980 May 9;208(4444):575-6 A discussion of the probable effect of proposed legislation on biomedical research. (See also letters by Joe R. Held and Eleanor Selling, Science 1980 Jul 11 ;209(4453):214) Chambers KT, Hines C Recent developments concerning the use of animals in medical research. J Leg Med (Chicago) 1983 Mar;4(l):109-29 A presentation of current Federal and state laws relating to animal experimentation and a review of the criticism of these laws by animal rights advocates. Various legal proposals by animal rights advocates are discussed. 157 largely legal references Fitzgerald TA Implementation of regulations for the protection of man and animals used in biomedical research at a United States school of medicine. Dev Biol Stand 1980;45:203-12 Includes a discussion of the compliance with animal welfare regulations at the New York University Medical Center. Flowers FH Research animal care in Canada: its control and regulation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:144-9 A review of the Canadian approach to laboratory animal welfare, the activities of the CCAC (Canadian Council on Animal Care), and Provincial laboratory animal legislation. 6 references 5. IV. Laws and Regulations (continued) Goldsmith EI, Moor-Jankowski J (editorial) International movement for humane principles in animal experimentation. J Med Primatol 1980;9(l-2):l-4 The authors refer to movements toward standards in animal experimentation in the US, Canada, and Europe. 16 references Griffin A, Sechzer JA Mandatory versus voluntary regulation of biomedical research. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:187-200 The article deals with public policy regarding laboratory animal welfare and the bills concerning animal experimentation introduced in the 97th Congress. 12 references Markell DL The case for revising our laws on animal experimentation. Int J Stud Anim Prob 1981 Mar/Apr;2(2):87-95 Markell, a practicing attorney, holds "that the absolute distinction the law makes between animal and human rights in the context of experimentation is unjustifiable." He agrees with Peter Singer that "an (animal) experiment cannot be justified unless the experiment is so important that the use of a human being would also be justifiable." 11 references Paton WD Animal experiment: British and European legislation and practice. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:201-14 A review of British laboratory animal welfare legislation and a detailed description of animal experimentation practices giving number and types of experiments and species of animals used. This is followed by a report on current issues affecting animal experimentation in Great Britain and a discussion of the European Convention for the Protection of Laboratory Animals as well as the future of British and international animal legislation. 13 references Rowsell HC The voluntary control program of the Canadian Council on Animal Care. J Med Primatol 1980;9(l-2):5-8 The author, Executive Director of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), discusses the Council's history and operation and describes the CCAC monograph Ethics of Animal Experimentation. 5 references Laws and Regulations (continued) Vallier G European concepts on the use of laboratory animals in relationship with animal welfare problems. Dev Biol Stand 1980;45:189-95 A discussion of the European Convention on the Protection of Animals including its scope, administrative procedures, and code of ethics. Law concerning the protection and control of animals (law no. 105) October 1, 1973. Experimental Animals 1982 Jul;31(3):221-31 A translation of the Japanese law concerning the prevention of cruelty to animals including standards for the care and management of experimental animals. 7. V. Animal Experimentation in Specific Disciplines Cunningham SG, Mitchell PH The use of animals in nursing research. ANS 1982 Jul;4(4):72-84 The authors deal with the history and the necessity of animal experimentation in nursing research. 58 references Dubner R Pain research in animals. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:128-32 The author believes that pain research does not require exposure of experimental animals to pain unacceptable to humans. He reviews the major points of the animal experimentation guidelines issued by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). 18 references Fox MW Experimental psychology, animal rights, welfare, and ethics. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981 Apr;17(2):80-4 A review of the literature on the use of animals in psychologic research and a discussion of animal experimentation in psychology 26 references Gallistel CR Bell, Magendie, and the proposals to restrict the use of animals in neurobehavioral research. Am Psychol 1981 Apr;36(4):357-60 A discussion of the use of animals in neurobehavioral research and a refutation of the claim that such research can be done solely by computer simulation. The writer concludes that abandonment of animal experimentation should only be urged if one believes that the moral value of the avoidance of animal suffering is greater than the alleviation of human suffering. 5 references Griffin RJ Jr Animals in pharmaceutical research. Am Pharm 1981 Jun;NS21(6):14-8 Statement of the American Pharmaceutical Association's position on animal experimentation and a discussion of pertinent legislation and alternative methods. 8. V. Animal Experimentation in Specific Disciplines (continued) Hegarty PV Use of experimental animals in human nutrition research—some justifications and precautions. ASDC J Dent Child 1981 Sep-0ct;48(5):368-71 The writer discusses the role of laboratory animals in nutrition research and the importance of selecting appropriate species and experimental procedures. 20 references Hodos W Animal welfare considerations in neuroscience research. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:119-27 The author deals with the need for living animals in neuroscience research and with the types of animals used. He discusses alternative methods and comments on approaches to humane treatment of experimental animals in neuroscience. 7 references Miller NE Understanding the use of animals in behavioral research: some critical issues. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:113-8 A review and justification of animal experiments in behavioral research. 15 references Simpson LL Animals and animal tissues in the discipline of pharmacology. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:74-81 A discussion of the necessity of the use of animals and animal tissues in pharmacologic research. 17 references Waddell CA, Desai ID The use of laboratory animals in nutrition research. World Rev Nutr Diet 1981;36:206-22 A review article. Among the aspects reviewed are history, species of animals used, disadvantages, and alternative methods. 35 references Zimmerman, M Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals, (editorial) Pain 1983 Jun;16(2):109-10 The Committee for Research and Ethical Issues of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) proposes guidelines for studies causing experimental pain in animals. The guidelines deal with the importance of the studies and the intensity and duration of the pain. 9 references 9. VI. Reduction of Animal Use and Alternative Methods Hoi den C New focus on replacing animals in the lab. (news) Science 1982 Jan 1 ;215(4528):35-8 A discussion of the replacement of laboratory animals in biomedical research and testing and comments on the activities of the animal welfare movement. (See also D. M. Bowden's letter, Science 1982 May 14;216(4547):682,284.) Moor-Jankowski J, Goldsmith EI, Wittrup L Humane methodology and conservation of species in maintaining a primate animal laboratory for biomedical experimentation: twenty years experience, Dev Biol Stand 1980;45:197-202 A report on the activities of the Inter-institutional Utilization Committee of the Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates (LEMSIP). The Committee reviews protocols of prospective studies from the viewpoint of the three R's (Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement). The Committee also promotes the sharing of primates by several research projects. 23 references Stark DM, Shopsis C Developing alternative assay systems for toxicity testing. Ann NY Acad Sci 1983;406:92-103 A discussion of in vitro toxicity testing including its limitations and future. 34 references Rees KR Cells in culture in toxicity testing: a review. J R Soc Med (London) 1980 Apr;73(4):261-4 The author reviews the development and applications of cell and tissue cultures and discusses their use in toxicity testing. He concludes that for general toxicity screening, they do not have the potential they have for carcinogen testing. They may, however, prove valuable as rapid indicators of major toxicity. 15 references Renner HW Cell cultures or animal experiment? A comparison and an evaluation from the genetic-toxicological point of view. Z Versuchstierkd 1983;25(1):l-5 A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of cell cultures in mutagenicity studies. It is concluded that while the use of cell cultures is indicated in prescreening, laboratory animals are necessary for more relevant mutagenicity tests. 13 references 10. VI. Reduction of Animal Use and Alternative Methods (continued) Rowan A Animals, alternatives and biomedical research and testing. World Med J 1977 Jul/Aug;24(4):55-6 Rowan points toward the increasing use of laboratory animals in product testing by commercial firms. He describes FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments) and discusses various types of alternatives to animal experiments and tests. Rowan AN The concept of the three R's. An introduction. Dev Biol Stand 1980;45:175-80 A discussion of the concept of the three R's (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) now known as the concept of alternatives to laboratory animals. The concept does not oppose the necessary and humane use of laboratory animals. 22 references Rowan AN Laboratory animals and alternatives in the 80's. Int J Stud Anim Prob 1980 May/June;l(3):162-9 A discussion of the concept of alternatives and a review of European and US activities and legislation relating to it. Smith A Marine animals in medical research. JAMA 1979 Dec 28;242(26):2847 Marine animals, presently being underused, could be of noteworthy benefit to biomedical research. 10 references Wei he WH [The problem of alternatives to scientific animal experimentation.] Fortschr Med 1982 Dec 9;100(46):2162-5. German The author considers the concept of alternative methods unwarranted, unrealistic, and confusing and calls for its abandonment. As in the treatment of diseases, there are no true alternative methods in medical research. In both instances, ethical considerations demand the best and most direct methods and the rejection of alternatives. 11. VI. Reduction of Animal Use and Alternative Methods (continued) Wi.lk W [Animal experiments and their "indispensible extent"--possibilities and limits of supplementary and alternative methods.] Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1983 Apr 1;96(4):121-7. German, English summary A discussion of West German laws concerning animal experimentation and a listing of 36 arguments offered by opponents to the use of laboratory animals, followed by a presentation of methodologic and ethical guidelines for the reduction of animal experimentation as far as medical necessity will allow. [Animal experimentation and alternative methods: contributions and perspectives.] STAL 1982;7(4):265-314. 1983;8(1):5-58. 1983;8(2):79-125. French, English summaries. Papers presented at a symposium held at Chatenay-Malabry May 13-15, 1981. The papers deal with alternative methods in various disciplines such as parasitology, microbiology, vaccine production, and ophthalmology. References Other Aspects Adams PM The scientist's concern for animal welfare. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981 Apr;17(2):91-3 Discussion of the role of scientists in animal welfare. 5 references Baker HJ, Lindsey JR, DaRif CA Animal welfare and human health, (editorial) Ala J Med Sci 1982 Apr;19(2):117-9 The authors deal with the importance of animal experimentation and dispute the claims that inhumane treatment of laboratory animals is widespread in the US. They examine current efforts and provisions to safeguard the well-being of experimental animals. 12 references Bertrand M [The veterinarian and animal experimentation.] Bull Acad Vet de France 1977;50:183-9. French, English summary A discussion of laboratory animal welfare from a veterinary point of view including ethics, legislation, animal selection, and significance of animal experimentation. 6 references Britten S Animal research: whose responsibility? World Med J 1977 Jul/Aug;24(4):51-3 After a review of the history of animal experimentation, the author questions the use of animals by commercial firms whose primary interest is the sale of new products and not the good of the public. He believes investigators using laboratory animals should be accountable to their profession, the law, and the public. 3 references Held JR Responsibilities of the investigator in the utilization of laboratory animals. Dev Biol Stand 1980;45:213-9 A discussion of the technical, ethical, and legal responsibilities of investigators using laboratory animals. Held JR, Milouchine V Use and protection of laboratory animals. Anim Regul Stud 1981;3:273-9 A review of the human-animal relationship and a discussion of man's technical, ethical, and legal responsibilities toward research animals. 9 references 13. VII. Other Aspects (continued) Henig RM Animal experimentation: the battle lines soften. Bioscience 1979 Mar;29(3):145-8,195-6 The writer comments on the use of animals in research and the search for alternatives, discusses the controversy surrounding the use of animals in toxicity testing and high school teaching, and reviews developments concerning the regulation of animal experimentation. Hillman H "Humane" killing of animals for medical experiments. World Med J 1978 Sep/Oct;25(5):68-70 A discussion of various methods of killing (e.g. neck dislocation, guillotining, excess anesthesia) of experimental animals. Kitchen H Thoughtful use of animals. Int J Stud Anim Prob 1983 Jan-Mar;4(l):24-32 The writer stresses the importance of education in the attainment of high standards in laboratory animal welfare. He urges closer communication between scientists and antivivisectionists. 5 references Paton WD Animal experiment and medical research: a study in evolution. Conquest 1979 Feb; (169):1-14 Paton reviews the benefits of animal experimentation to humans and animals. He addresses the question of conducting experiments on humans and deals with the increasing demand for biomedical research and its changing pattern. He stresses the importance of scientists explaining the nature of their experiments. 32 references Visscher MB Animal rights and alternative methods—two new twists in the antivivisection movement. Pharos 1979 Fall;42(4):ll-9 The writer takes issue with opponents of animal experimentation. He discusses the efforts of Peter Singer (speciesism), Jeremy Stone, and other prominent members of the antivivisection movement. 21 references 14. VII. Other Aspects (continued) Rozemond H [List of species of animals used in experiments in the Netherlands in 1980.] Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1981 0ct;106(19):996-1000. Dutch, English summary 1,486,639 animals were used for experiments in the Netherlands in 1980. The purpose of the experiments as well as the species of animals and the relative frequency of their use are listed. 7 references Wei he WH [Animal protection and animal experiment from the viewpoint of biomedical research.] Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1979 Nov 3;109(42):1577-83. German Discussion of arguments offered by opponents of animal experimentation and a critique of the concept of alternative methods. The necessity for the use of laboratory animals is explained. 12 references Wei he WH [The changes of views on the status and use of experimental animals.] DTW 1982 Sep 6;89(9):373-6. German, English summary Deals with the changes in public perception of animal experimentation. 15 references Wittke G [Animal experiments in medical education.] Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1983 Apr 1;96(4):113-6. German, English summary A justification of animal experimentation in medical and veterinary education. 15. MONOGRAPHS Diner, Jeff Physical and mental suffering of experimental animals: a review of scientific literature 1975-1978. Washington, Animal Welfare Institute, 1979. 195 pp. Reviews of articles dealing with experiments in which, in the opinion of the reviewer, animals were treated inhumanely. Dodds, W. Jean and Orlans, F. Barbara, eds. Scientific perspectives on animal welfare. New York, Academic Press, 1982. 131 pp. Based on the proceedings of the First Conference on Scientific Perspectives in Animal Welfare, November 1981; sponsored by the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare. Deals with the responsibilities of investigators, research institutions, funding agencies, and editors in regard to animal experimentation. It offers recommendations concerning proper care and use of laboratory animals. French, Richard D. Antivivisection and medical science in Victorian society. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1975. 425 pp. A scholarly book on the antivivisection movement in England from ca. 1870 to the mid-nineties and its effect on the development of experimental medicine. French, R.D. Historical aspects (of animal experimentation). In: Encyclopedia of Bioethics v.l, Reich WT, et al, eds. New York, Free Press, 1978. pp. 75-9 A discussion of the history of animal experimentation and the development of the antivivisection movement. 18 references Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Institutes of Health, MIH Publication No. 80-23, Revised 1978; Reprinted - April 1980. 70 pp. Prepared by the Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council. Provides guidelines for the proper care and use of laboratory animals in scientific institutions. A revision is in progress. Owen, Richard Experimental physiology: its benefits to mankind. London, Longmans, 1882. 216 pp. An historic account of the effect of animal experimentation on the progress of medicine. 16. Paget, Stephen For and against experiments on animals: evidence before the Royal Commission on Vivisection. London, H. K. Lewis, 1912. 344 pp. This book was written at the request of the Research Defence Society and was intended to give "a clear account of the chief results, obtained during the last thirty years, by the help of experiments on animals." Pratt, Dallas Painful experiments on animals. New York, Argus Archives, 1976. 207 pp. The author, formerly a practicing psychiatrist, examines various aspects of animal experimentation and discusses the use of non-animal research techniques. Pratt, Dallas Alternatives to pain in experiments on animals. New York, Argus Archives, 1980. 283 pp. A sequel to Painful Experiments on Animals. The author describes specific experiments and proposes alternatives to the animals used. Regan, Tom and Singer, Peter, eds. Animal rights and human obligations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1976. 250 pp. A collection of past and current writings on the human-animal relationship and animal rights. Rowan, Andrew N. and Stratman, Carl T., eds. The use of alternatives in drug research. London, Macmillan Press, 1980. 190 pp. Based on a symposium on alternative methods in pharmacologic and toxicologic research and testing. The participants were asked to "concentrate on ascertaining the shortcomings of in vitro models, to discuss how the problems may be overcome, and to compare the current and future effectiveness of in vivo and in vitro systems." 17. Singer, Peter Animal liberation: a new ethics for our treatment of animals. New York, New York Review, 1975. 301 pp. The author calls for a change in human attitudes toward animals. He introduces the concept of speciesism - " a prejudice or attitude of bias toward the interests of members of one's own species and against those of members of other species." Singer, Peter Philosophical perspectives (on animal experimentation). In: Encyclopedia of Bioethics v. 1, Reich WT, et al, eds. New York, Free Press, 1978. pp. 79-83 An examination of the case for and against animal experimentation and a discussion of the moral status of animals. 14 references Smyth, David Henry Alternatives to animal experiments. London, Scolar Press, 1978. 216 pp. This report, commissioned by the Research Defence Society, explains the reasons for animal experimentation and examines the role of alternative methods. Sperlinger, David, ed. Animals in research: new perspectives in animal experimentation. New York, Wiley, 1981. 373 pp. The book evaluates the use of research animals and raises questions as to the justification of animal experiments. It deals with legal, political, and social aspects of animal experimentation and discusses pertinent issues such as ethics, alternative methods, and reduction of animal use. Turner, James Reckoning with the beast: animals, pain, and humanity in the Victorian mind. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. 190 pp. A history of the animal protection and antivivisection movements during the nineteenth century in England and the United States. 18. The welfare of laboratory animals: legal, scientific and humane requirements. Potters Bar, England, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), 1977. 131 pp. Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Universities Federation of Animal Welfare, the British Laboratory Animals Veterinary Association, and the Laboratory Animals Science Association in 1976. Deals with legal and voluntary control of animal experimentation and with the benefits derived from animal experiments in various disciplines. Also contains statements by organizations devoted to or concerned about laboratory animal welfare. 3 tWJ,vj"a?5'"j";-v^*"**^"H^v*->"»* j>< is-..-« i_:. -7 'fQC*?-'=C* W NLM030298007