USEFUL DRUGS 
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND SUPERVISION 
OF THE COUNCIL ON PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY 
OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 
A List of Drugs Selected to Supply the Demand for a 
Less Extensive Materia Medica and Especially to Serve 
as a Basis for the Teaching of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics, and for Examinations on These Subjects by 
State Licensing Boards, with a Brief Discussion of 
Their Actions, Uses and Dosage. 
Sixth Edition 
PRESS OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 
535 North Dearborn Street Chicago 
1923 [Authority to use for comment the Pharmacopeia of 
the United States of America, ninth decennial revision, 
in this volume, has been granted by the Board of 
Trustees of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 
which Board of Trustees is in no way responsible for 
THE ACCURACY OF ANY TRANSLATION OF THE OFFICIAL WEIGHTS 
AND MEASURES, OR FOR ANY STATEMENT AS TO THE STRENGTH 
OF OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS.] 
Copyright, 1923 
American Medical Association PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION 
1916 
It has long been recognized that the multiplicity of drugs 
and preparations of drugs presented to the attention of the 
medical profession is an evil. Leaving out of account the 
articles described in the National Formulary and the vast 
number described in dispensatories and similar unofficial com- 
pilations, the number of drugs and preparations described 
in the Pharmacopeia alone is far too large for intelligent 
practical use. Of even greater importance is the well-known 
fact that a considerable proportion of pharmacopeial drugs 
and preparations are superfluous or worthless. Repeated 
attempts to eliminate such articles from the Pharmacopeia 
have failed because they have uniformly encountered the 
objection that the articles or preparations are used by some 
physicians and therefore should be recognized and authori- 
tatively defined. 
In the preface to the last edition of his “Text-Book of 
Pharmacology and Therapeutics,” Cushny announces that the 
space devoted to many of the less important and less reliable 
drugs has been much curtailed, that many have been omitted 
altogether from consideration, and that this is in accordance 
with the general trend of medical progress and further that 
therapeutics would probably not have suffered from an even 
more drastic selection. He further says: 
“For as long as he [the medical student] has to learn the supposed 
virtues of a host of obscure substances, he will tend to use them in 
practice, even if only tentatively. This in turn necessitates their 
inclusion in the pharmacopeias, which again gives them some standing 
and perpetuates them as subjects of teaching and examination. If 
examiners would break this vicious circle, they would render the sub- 
ject of pharmacology more attractive to him. There is no question 
that the insistence on numberless preparations of drugs of questionable 
value has discouraged interest in therapeutics.” 
Efforts were made by the Council on Medical Education of 
the American Medical Association and the Confederation of 
State Examining and Licensing Boards to restrict instruc- 
tion and examination in materia medica to. the more impor- 
tant drugs, and this suggested the desirability of selecting a 
fundamental list of drugs with which all medical students 
and practitioners might be expected to be familiar and to 
which, therefore, state examining and licensing boards might 
largely or entirely confine their examinations in materia 
medica. A list prepared by the Council on Medical Education 
and the National Confederation of State Medical Examining USEFUL DRUGS 
and Licensing Boards was taken as a basis by the Council 
on Pharmacy and Chemistry, and, after various revisions, 
more or less guided by numerous criticisms and suggestions 
from teachers of materia medica, deans of medical schools, 
secretaries and members of state medical examining ana 
licensing boards, and other members of th'e medical profes- 
sion, was published in a preliminary form under the title 
‘‘Useful Remedies.” After still further revision in the light 
of advice and information elicited through this preliminary 
publication, the first edition of the present volume was pub- 
lished under the title “A Handbook of Useful Drugs.” This 
little work presented a brief but practical discussion, from 
the modern point of view, of the drugs which remained after 
the winnowing and sifting process above described. It was 
offered as a text on which teachers of materia medica and 
therapeutics might base their instruction and state examining 
boards their examinations. In the words of the preface to 
the first edition, it was “confidently predicted that an intel- 
ligent and critical use of these selected drugs will prove 
their general sufficiency and show that many drugs now 
discussed in textbooks are superfluous and that many newly 
discovered or widely exploited proprietary preparations have 
-no. advantage over those contained in this book.” This pre- 
diction has been more and more justified since the original 
publication in 1913. A number of medical schools and state 
medical examining and licensing boards have taken “Useful 
Drugs” as a basis for their instruction and examinations in 
materia medica. 
As the time of publication of the ninth revision of the 
U. S. Pharmacopeia and the fourth edition of the National 
Formulary coincided with the preparation of this edition of 
“Useful Drugs,” the changes in the requirements of these two 
official books of standards have naturally been incorporated 
in this volume. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION 
1917 
The only important changes from the 1916 edition consist 
in the addition of Theophylline and of Antimeningococcus 
Serum, which, appeared to the Council of sufficient therapeutic 
importance to be counted among “Useful Drugs”; and the 
omission of Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid and of Diacetylmor- 
phin (Heroin) Hydrochlorid. The following reasons prompted 
the Council to order these deletions: 
Dilute hydrocyanic acid was admitted to “Useful Drugs” 
because of its importance as a poison. This is no longer a 
sufficient justification for its inclusion, since it has become 
practically obsolete as a remedial agent. The Council there- 
fore directed its omission from future editions of “Useful 
Drugs.” 
Heroin was included in “Useful Drugs” because of its 
extensive use in coughs, etc. This use originated largely 
because of claims, no longer accepted, that heroin was a safe 
drug, especially from the habit producing standpoint, as well 
as on account of other claimed advantages which further 
work has failed to confirm. 
The Council holds that heroin has no advantage over mor- 
phin; that it shares every disadvantage of morphin; and 
that, on the whole, its introduction has been harmful, in that 
it furnished a specious means on the one hand for avoiding 
the well founded popular fears of morphin by substituting 
another habit-forming drug. 
While heroin undoubtedly accomplishes whatever mor- 
phin accomplishes, and in that sense may be considered as 
a useful drug, it does not deserve a place in the selected list 
that is authorized by the Council. PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION 
1920 
The present revision involves a few additions and deletions; 
also some minor changes in the descriptions. These changes 
have been made in a consistent endeavor to emphasize espe- 
cially the information that would be of most value in med- 
ical practice. In a few cases—the local anesthetics, for 
instance—the articles have been practically rewritten. 
The common and convenient nonproprietary names of 
albutannin, arsphenamin, barbital, neoarsphenamin and pro- 
cain have been adopted in place of the monopolistic and 
nondescriptive proprietary titles; and the nonproprietary 
name cinchophen in the place of the cumbersome pharma- 
copeial term, phenylcinchoninic acid. 
The following drugs have been omitted: 
Ammonium acetate: As our knowledge of this drug has 
developed, its efficacy has become so doubtful that it no longer 
deserves a place in a list of selected drugs. 
Lobelia: The use of this drug is so restricted that it does 
not seem to merit a place in this list. 
Novatophan: This does not seem to have established suf- 
ficient advantage over cinchophen to entitle it to separate 
notice. 
Sodium arsanilate: As the use of this drug is justified only 
in the African sleeping sickness, it has little practical interest 
in this country. Its toxicity makes it an undesirable arsenical. 
The following drugs have been admitted: 
Argyrol type of silver preparations: The difference between 
the argyrol and protargol types is such as to render separate 
descriptions desirable. 
Chloramin-T and Dichloramin-T: These have achieved 
sufficient importance to deserve admission to the list. 
Incidental mention has also been made in the descriptions 
of a few drugs which, while useful, are rather minor modi- 
fications, and therefore not of sufficient importance to deserve 
separate titles. Instances of such are emetin-bismuth iodid, 
mentioned under emetin; mercury benzoate and succinimid, 
mentioned with the mercury salicylate; and alypin, holocain 
and tropacocain, under cocain. PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION 
1921 
In the present edition some revision of the text was made 
in the endeavor to keep Useful Drugs abreast of the times 
and to make it of increased value to physicians and medical 
students. 
The last edition contained, under argenti proteinas, a 
description of silver protein preparations of the protargol type 
and of the argyrol type. In the present edition these appear, 
respectively, under the nonproprietary names protargin fortius 
and protargin mite, which have been selected by the Council 
on Pharmacy and Chemistry for these two classes of silver 
preparations. 
The following drugs have been omitted: 
Bismuth Subsalicylate: This was omitted because it 
appears to have no advantage over other bismuth preparations. 
Citrated Caffein: The only advantage of this preparation 
over caffein itself is its greater solubility which is slight. 
Hydrastinin Hydrochlorid: This was deleted because the 
expectations as to its value have not been fulfilled. 
Ichthyol: This drug was introduced about forty years ago 
by Unna, who stated that it was of value in the treatment of 
various skin diseases. Unna attributed to ichthyol the capacity 
of causing vasoconstriction and an antiseptic action. He also 
attributed to the drug the property of producing keratiniza- 
tion. For a time ichthyol enjoyed an extraordinary vogue, 
especially among dermatologists. A careful study of the lit- 
erature fails to confirm the claims made by Unna; ichthyol 
lacks all the properties given (by him as a basis for its use. 
A letter of inquiry sent to a list of dermatologists, gynecolo- 
gists and general practitioners of recognized standing brought 
the almost unanimous answer that ichthyol has no therapeutic 
value, or that it is a simple emollient at best. In consideration 
of the lack of evidence for the value of ichthyol and the 
unfavorable opinion expressed by the Council’s consultants, 
the drug has been omitted from this edition of Useful Drugs. 
Sodium Arsenate: This has not proved to be an effective 
and useful drug and appears to be but little used. 
Pilocarpus, Physostigma, Morphin and Strychnin: The 
mention of these drugs was deemed superfluous. The drugs 
pilocarpus and physostigma are rarely used; instead the salts 
of their active constituents are employed. Similarly, the free 
alkaloids, morphin and strychnin, are rarely required and 
their salts are used. PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION 
1923 
The text of the present edition has been so revised as to 
bring the statements of the actions, usage and dosage of drugs 
in accord with present-day knowledge and practice. 
The following have been omitted: solution of arsenous and 
mercuric iodid (Donovan’s solution), lime liniment (Carron 
oil), compound tincture of cinchona, compound extract of 
colocynth, copaiba, extract of opium, extract of gentian, hydras- 
tis (golden seal) and its preparations, syrup (simple syrup), 
squill and its preparations, antidiphtheric serum, dried anti- 
diphtheric serum, antitetanic serum, dried tetanus antitoxin 
and exsiccated sodium sulphite. Antidiphtheric serum, dried 
antidiphtheric serum, antitetanic serum and dried tetanus anti- 
toxin were omitted because the use of these preparations has 
been abandoned in favor of, respectively, purified antidiph- 
theric serum and purified antitetanic serum, which are retained. 
Syrup (simple syrup) was omitted because it was thought that 
a simple solution of sugar in water need not be described. 
The remaining drugs and preparations were omitted because 
of their decreasing use or because it was felt that they could 
be replaced with advantage by better or simpler preparations 
which are still retained. 
The following have been admitted: Anhydrous d-glucose: 
The evidence indicates that the intravenous administration of 
glucose solutions may be of distinct value in hemorrhage, 
shock, fevers, etc. Chaulmoogra oil and Chaulmestrol (the 
ethyl esthers of acids of chaulmoogra oil) : These are of 
value in the treatment of leprosy. Insulin: Because of its 
profound influence on the metabolism of the diabetic, insulin 
has established itself as a useful and valuable addition to 
materia medica. Nitrous oxid: The use of this anesthetic has 
been established for minor operations and as a means of 
inducing anesthesia preliminary to the administration of ether 
or chloroform. Luminal: This sedative has certain advan- 
tages over other similar-acting drugs, particularly in the treat- 
ment of epilepsy. Diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture: The 
value of this has been abundantly demonstrated. Neocin- 
chophen: In addition to the advantage over cinchophen of 
practical tastelessness, the drug appears to be less prone to 
produce gastric disturbance. Rabies virus: The reported suc- 
cesses leave little room for doubt as to the value of thj§ USEFUL DRUGS 
9 
product. Quinidine sulphate: The use of the drug in certain 
heart affections is still in the experimental stage; however, the 
reports of favorable results appeared to warrant its inclusion. 
The discussion of pharmaceutical preparations, such as con- 
fections, honeys, fatty oils, volatile oils, has been transferred 
from the body of the book to an appendix. The Therapeutic 
Index has been revised. A series of tables of metric and 
apothecary equivalents have been added. These changes and 
additions will, it is believed, make the book of increased 
usefulness to the general practitioner, to the teacher and to 
the student. The following abbreviations occur in the text: 
U. S. P.—The Pharmacopeia of the United States of 
America. 
N. F.—The National Formulary. 
N. N. R.—New and Nonofficial Remedies. 
P. I.—International Protocol. 
STATEMENT OF SOLUBILITY 
For ease of reference the solubility of official articles is 
indicated in approximate terms in accordance with the follow- 
ing equivalents: 
Substances that are soluble in less than 
1 part of solvent = very soluble. 
From 1 to 10 parts of solvent = freely soluble. 
From 10 to 100 parts of solvent = soluble. 
From 100 to 1,000 parts of solvent = slightly soluble. 
From 1,000 to 10,000 parts of solvents very slightly soluble. 
From 10,000 to 100,000 parts of solvent = nearly insoluble. 
More than 100,000 parts of solvent = practically insoluble. 
The solubility values are for distilled water at approxi- 
mately 25 C. (77 F.) and for the official U. S. P. alcohol at 
the same temperature. 
ABBREVIATIONS USEFUL DRUGS 
Acacia (Acac.), Acacia, U. S. P. (Gum Arabic).—A gummy 
exudation from Acacia Senegal and other African species 
of acacia. 
Properties: Acacia occurs in colorless or pale yellowish opaque 
brittle, inodorous tears or fragments which are completely soluble in 
water (1:2), but practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Mucilago Acaciae (Mucil. Acac.), Mucilage of Acacia, 
U. S. P.—A 35 per cent, solution of acacia in distilled 
water. 
Action and Uses : Acacia and its mucilage are used as 
demulcents and as suspending agents in the making of 
emulsions and mixtures. In surgery acacia is used to pro- 
vide intravascular colloid. As its solutions readily ferment, 
mixtures containing it should be prescribed in small quan- 
tities, should be freshly prepared, or else preserved, prefer- 
ably by being kept cold. 
Acetanilidum (Acetanil.), Acetanilid, U. S. P. (Antifebrin).— 
The monacetyl derivative, CoH5NH(CH3CO), of anilin. 
Properties: Acetanilid is an odorless, crystalline powder, havi&g 
a slightly burning taste. It is only slightly soluble m water Tl: 190), 
but freely soluble in alcohol (1: 3.4). 
Incompatibilities : Acetanilid is incompatible with spirit 
of nitrous ether. It forms a semiliquid mass when 
triturated with chloral or antipyrin. 
Action and Uses : Acetanilid is analgesic, antipyretic 
and, in excessive doses, a cardiac depressant. These effects 
are probably due to para-aminophenoL into which it is 
converted in the body. 
Moderate doses have little effect on the temperature of 
normal animals and men, but such doses cause a marked 
reduction of the temperature in fever. Large doses, or 
small doses taken habitually, convert hemoglobin into met- 
hemoglobin and may destroy the red blood corpuscles. In 
poisonous doses acetanilid produces cyanosis, abnormal 
reduction of temperature, coldness of the extremities and 
profuse sweating. In individuals with an idiosyncrasy 
toward the drug similar symptoms may be produced by 
small doses. It should be avoided or used cautiously in 
patients who are debilitated from any cause, especially 
those wjth heart disease. Acetanilid is effective for the 
relief of headache, neuralgic pain, ancUfor the 'adlg'S' and 
pains, of the fever patient, but is not .suited to the treat- 
ment of pain caused by inflammation. It has been widely 
exploitedin the form of varying mixtures under different 
names as a universal analgesic. Many so-called headache 
powders contain it; its indiscriminate use in this way is 
dangerous. 12 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage: 0.20 Gm. or 3 grains. It is well to begin with 
0.10 Gm. or about ll/2 grains and to repeat cautiously. It 
may be administered dry in the form of powders, cachets 
or capsules; because of its slight solubility it should not 
be massed in pills or compressed into tablets unless the 
tablet is crushed before swallowing or unless care is taken 
in the manufacture of the tablet to insure its rapid disin- 
tegration in the stomach. 
The addition of caffein (0.06 to 0.1 Gm., 1 to IV2 grains 
to each dose) renders it more effective against certain 
headaches. Formerly mixtures of acetanilid with caffein 
or ammonium salts were advised on the supposition that the 
cardiac depression would thus be avoided, but this does not 
seem to be the case. Investigation has shown that acetanilid 
is rendered somewhat more toxic by caffein. 
Acetphenetidinum (Acetphen.), Acetphenetidin, U. S. P. 
(Phenacetin ).—CoFE (OC2H5) .NH (CH3CO). Acetphenet- 
idin differs from acetanilid in containing the ethoxyl 
group C2H.1O. 
Properties: Acetphenetidin occurs as white, crystalline scales or 
a crystalline powder. It is odorless and slightly bitter. It is very 
slightly soluble in water (1: 1,310), but soluble in alcohol (1: IS). 
Incompatibilities : The same as for acetanilid. 
Action and Uses : Similar to those of acetanilid. The 
analgesic, antipyretic and cardiac depressant effects of 
acetphenetidin, like those of acetanilid, are due to the for- 
mation of para-aminophenol, and its possible advantage 
over acetanilid is probably due to the fact that this decom- 
position occurs more slowly. It is best administered in the 
form of powders, cachets or capsules. 
Since the enactment of the Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 
1906, acetphenetidin has frequently displaced acetanilid as 
the active agent in proprietary mixtures for the relief of 
headache and other pain. Its relation to acetanilid sug- 
gests similar caution in its use. 
Dosage: A full dose is 0.30 Gm. or 5 grains. It is well 
to begin with 0.20 Gm. or 3 grains, and repeat every three 
hours if needed for a few doses. When small doses fail to 
relieve headache, larger doses are also usually ineffective. 
For mixtures with caffein see under Acetaniiidum. 
Acidum Aceticum (Acid. Acet.), Acetic Acid, U. S. P.—A 
solution containing about 36 per cent, by weight of 
absolute acetic acid, CH3COOH. (In some European 
countries a preparation comparable to glacial acetic acid, 
U. S. P., containing 99 per cent, of absolute acetic acid, 
is known as acetic acid, and the article that is official 
in the U. S. P. as “diluted acetic acid” is sometimes 
described as acetum or vinegar.) 
Diluted Acetic Acid, U. S. P., contains 6 per cent, of 
absolute acetic acid. USEFUL DRUGS 
13 
Properties: Acetic acid is a clear, colorless liquid. In all of its 
forms it is freely miscible with water. 
Action and Uses: Acetic acid, as such, is not ordinarily 
used internally, but when administered in the diluted form 
it is mildly diuretic. Externally it is a rubefacient, caus- 
tic and" parasiticide!- 
Acidum Acetylsalicylicum, Acetylsalicylic Acid, N. N. R. 
(Aspirin).—CgHjO(CHsCO).COOH,1 : 2. The acetic acid 
ester of salicylic acid. 
Properties: Acetylsalicylic acid occurs as a crystalline, odorless 
powder with an acidulous taste. It is slightly soluble in water 
(1: 100) and freely soluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : Moisture and alkalies decompose it. 
Action and Uses: Acetylsalicylic acid acts like salicylic 
acid and the salicylates, but its taste is less nauseant and 
it seems to be more efficient as an analgesic. It is employed 
as an antipyretic, analgesic and antirheumatic. It is much 
used for the relief of headache and colds. Acetylsalicylic 
acid is not free from untoward secondary effects, some- 
what similar to those of sodium salicylate (which see). 
It sometimes causes urticaria and dangerous acute edema 
of the respiratory passages. 
Dosage: 0.3 to 0.6 Gm. or 5 to 10 grains, repeated once 
in three hours unless symptoms of salicylism (ringing in 
the ear, etc.) are noted, or other toxic effects develop. 
Acidum Benzoicum (Acid. Benz.), Benzoic Acid, U. S. P.— 
An organic acid, C8H5.COOH, obtained from benzoin by 
sublimation, or prepared synthetically. 
Properties: Benzoic acid occurs as lustrous scales or needles, 
having an odor resembling benzoin, when obtained from the latter, 
and a pungent, acid taste. It is only slightly soluble in water 
(1: 275), but is soluble in alcohol (1:2.3). It reacts with alkali 
hydroxids, and carbonates to form water-soluble benzoates. 
Action and Uses : Benzoic acid is a mild antiseptic. It 
is excreted in the urine in the form of hippuric acid 
(benzoyl glycocoll). 
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains. It is preferably dis- 
pensed in the form of powder and may be enclosed, dry, in 
capsules or cachets. It is more frequently used in the form 
of soluble compounds (see Sodii Benzoas). 
Acidum Boricum (Acid. Bor.), Boric Acid, U. S. P. (Boracic 
Acid, obsolete) (H,BO.) = B(OH).. 
Properties: Boric acid occurs as transparent, colorless scales or a 
light, unctuous, very fine powder. It is odorless, has a faintly bitter 
taste and is slowly soluble in water (1: 18), soluble in alcohol (1: 18) 
and freely soluble in glycerin (1: 4). 
Action and Uses: Boric acid is a mild antiseptic and 
astringent. It has been occasionally administer"eT~TffEefr 
nally, but with little effect, in cystitis. Externally it is 
frequently used as a dusting powder, either alone or com- 14 
USEFUL DRUGS 
bined with diluents such as starch or talcum, or with 
active substances such as’acetanilid, salicylic acid or iodo- 
form. It is also widely used as a wash or lotion, especially 
for catarrh of the mucous membranes, cystitis, conjunc- 
tivitis, pharyngitis, etc., usually in simple aqueous solu- 
tions containing from 2 to 4 per cent, of boric acid. This 
is one of the most frequently used lotions for conjuncti- 
vitis. It is also very useful for irrigating the bladder in 
cystitis. The glycerite of boroglycerin is employed in 
washes and injections. The ointment is mildly antiseptic 
but is chiefly used as a protective dressing. 
Glyceritum Boroglycerini (Glycer. Boroglyc.), Glycerite 
of Boroglycerin, U. S. P.—A glycerin solution represent- 
ing 31 per cent, of boric acid. 
Unguentum Acidi Borici (Ung. Acid. Bor.), Ointment of 
Boric Acid, U. S. P.—A 10 per cent, mixture of boric acid 
with paraffin and white petrolatum. 
Acidum Citricum (Acid. Cit.), Citric Acid, U. S. P.—A 
tribasic organic acid, HsCaHsOr+EUO, usually prepared 
from the juice of limes or lemons. 
Properties: Citric acid forms colorless, transparent crystals; odor- 
less and having an agreeable purely acid taste. It is very soluble in 
water (1:0.5) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:1.8). 
Action and Uses : Citric acid is employed as an acid 
flavor (about 1 per cent.), and in effervescent drinks. It 
is oxidized in the tissues to carbonic acid, so that it does 
not act as an acid in the tissues; if given with alkalies, 
the effects of the latter predominate. Citric acid is not 
antiscorbutic, and therefore is not an effective substitute 
for lemon juice. 
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains. It may be prescribed in 
the form of a syrup (Syrupus Acidi Citrici, U. S. P.) or 
as lemonade. 
Acidum Hydrochloricum (Acid. Hydrochl.), Hydrochloric 
Acid, U. S. P. (Muriatic Acid).—A fuming corrosive 
liquid containing about 32 per cent, of hydrogen chlorid, 
HC1. 
Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum (Acid. Hydrochl. Dil.), 
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, U. S. P.—A solution con- 
taining about 10 per cent, of hydrogen chlorid, HC1. 
Properties: Diluted hydrochloric acid is a colorless, odorless, 
strongly acid aqueous solution; freely miscible in all proportions with 
water or alcohol. 
Incompatfblities : It is incompatible with alkalies, car- 
bonates and oxids, with which it reacts to form chlorids, 
and with the soluble salts of silver and of lead, forming 
insoluble silver chlorid and lead chlorid. USEFUL DRUGS 
15 
Action and Uses : Hydrochloric acid is the acid of the 
gastric juice and acts as an antiseptic in the stomach. 
Acidity is necessary to the digestive action of pepsin. By 
checking fermentation and putrefaction in the stomach 
hydrochloric acid tends to prevent these processes in the 
intestine. 
Diluted hydrochloric acid is used for the treatment of 
diseases of the stomach characterized by a deficiency of 
acid in the gastric juice on the theory that it replaces the 
acid lacking in the secretion. To restore the acidity of 
the stomach contents to the normal average would require 
much larger doses than are commonly given. It seems 
probable, therefore, that the acid as ordinarily given acts 
mainly as a stimulant to the gastric mucosa. The utility 
of hydrochloric acid in achylia gastrica is more manifest 
in the nervous forms and in the earlier stages of the 
organic variety. In some cases it causes distress and 
should be discontinued. There is some evidence to show 
that the continued administration of the acid is capable of 
increasing the gastric secretion. Hydrochloric acid also 
exerts a favorable influence on the secretion of the pan- 
creatic and intestinal juices and on the motor functions of 
of the stomach. 
Hydrochloric acid is also of service in intestinal putre- 
faction, when this is due to impairment of gastric digestion. 
It is indicated in achylia gastrica for the diarrhea caused 
by the irritant action of undigested meat and the putre- 
faction of proteins which have escaped gastric digestion. 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or 15 minims of the diluted acid in about 
half a glass of water. It should be given after meals and 
the dose repeated at the end of an hour. It is best to com- 
mence with a few drops and to increase the dose gradually, 
until relief is obtained or distress produced. Five drops 
in a wineglassful of water after meals are often sufficient; 
or it may be taken with the meal. 
Acidum Nitricum (Acid. Nitric.), Nitric Acid, U. S. P.—A 
liquid containing about 68 per cent., by weight, of 
hydrogen nitrate, HNOa. 
Properties: Nitric acid is colorless, fuming, very caustic and 
corrosive and has a peculiar, somewhat suffocating odor. It is mis- 
cible with water in all proportions, dissolves mercury and most other 
metals with evolution of red fumes and stains woolen fabrics and 
animal tissues a bright yellow. 
Incompatibilities : Like other inorganic acids, it is 
incompatible with alkalies, the alkali carbonates, many of 
the salts of organic acids, and, because of its oxidizing 
properties, with all readily oxidizable substances. Its addi- 
tion to organic liquids (alcohol, etc.), is apt to give rise 
to explosive reactions. 
Action and Uses: Nitric acid is a powerful caustic, 
used for removing warts and small nevi and for cauterizing 
chancroids and other sores, and the wounds made by 16 
USEFUL DRUGS 
rabid animals, but its action is very painful and not readily 
controlled. When nitric acid is used as a caustic, the 
surrounding healthy tissue should be coated with petro- 
latum and the acid applied on the end of a rod of glass or 
wood. 
Acidum Salicylicum (Acid. Salicyl.), Salicylic Acid, U. S. P. 
—An organic acid, CeH4(OH)COOH, generally prepared 
synthetically from phenol. 
Properties: Salicylic acid occurs as fine, white needles or as a 
bulky white crystalline, odorless powder, having a sweetish, subse- 
quently acrid taste. It is only slightly soluble in water (1: 460), but 
freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.7), or in ether (1:3). Salicylic acid 
reacts with alkali hydroxids and carbonates to form water-soluble salts. 
With solution of ferric chlorid it gives a deep purple color. 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with salts of iron 
and with spirit of nitrous ether. 
Action and Uses: Salicylic acid is an antiseptic. It is 
quite irritant to mucous membranes and somewhat corro- 
sive. Internally it has the actions described under sodium 
salicylate, in which form it is commonly employed. Exter- 
nally it has been used as an application in pruritus, 
urticaria, bromidrosis and in some forms of eczema; also 
in the form of ointments and collodions to cause exfolia- 
tion of corns and warts. 
Dosage: Internally it is best given in the form of soluble 
salicylates. (See Sodii Salicylas.) Externally it is 
applied as an astringent in from 1 to 2 per cent, alcoholic 
solution or ointment; as an antiseptic, antiparasitic and 
keratolytic agent, in 2 to 5 per cent, dusting-powder, or 
ointment, and as a strong keratolytic in proportions up 
to 20 per cent., best dissolved in collodion. Continuous 
application to the skin may occasion slight corrosion. 
Acidum Tannicum (Acid. Tann.), Tannic Acid, U. S. P. 
(Tannin, Gallotannic Acid).—A tannin usually obtained 
from nutgaLls. 
Properties: Tannic acid occurs as a light yellowish, amorphous 
powder, gradually turning darker when exposed to air and light. It 
has a faint, characteristic odor and a strongly astringent taste. Tannic 
acid is very soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin. 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with alkalies, 
alkaloids, salts of iron and of most other metals, albumin 
and gelatin. With alkaloids and the salts of the heavy 
metals it reacts to form insoluble compounds. 
Action and Uses: Tannic acid is used as an astringent 
and hemostatic. Internally it has been chiefly employed 
in the treatment of diarrhea, preferably in the form of USEFUL DRUGS 
17 
albutannin, acetannin or gambir, as the action of free tannic 
acid on the stomach may produce nausea or vomiting. It 
should be employed not as the principal curative agent, but 
as an occasional adjunct to proper dietetic and physical 
remedies when the discharges are unduly profuse. Local 
applications of tannic acid are frequently made to inflamed 
mucous membrane, especially in pharyngitis. It is also 
applied locally in the treatment of hemorrhoids in the form 
of a 20 per cent, ointment os as a suppository containing 
0.1 Gm. or 1)4 grains. 
Dosage : 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains. 
Glyceritum Acidi Tannici (Glycer. Acid. Tann.), Glyc- 
erite of Tannic Acid. U. S. P. (Glycerite of Tannin).— 
A 20 per cent, solution of tannic acid in glycerin. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims, corresponding to 0.4 Gm. or 
6 grains of tannic acid. This preparation is chiefly used 
externally and affords a convenient agent for making dilute 
solutions for local use. For local applications solutions 
containing from 0.5 to 2 per cent, of tannic acid are appro- 
priate. 
Aconitum (Aconit.), Aconite, U. S. P. (Monkshood, Aconite 
Root, Aconiti Tuber, P. I.).—The dried tuberous root of 
Aconitum napellus L. Yields not less than 0.5 per cent, 
of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite. When extracted 
and assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should 
not be greater than the equivalent of 0.04 mg. of aconite 
for each gram of body weight of guinea-pig. 
Action and Uses : Aconite slows the pulse and thus., 
tends to blood pressure. The nervous system..i&. 
fiT5r~sttmt!late3~' ariTl 'then"’depressed. Death occurs from 
respiratory paralysis. Epcally “applied, aconite causes -tin- 
gling, followed by numbness. 
Aconite is used internally as a cardiac depressant, anti- 
pyretic and diaphoretic, especially in asthenic Severs of 
snort duration or in the initial stage only of other fevers. 
It should be avoided in fevers accompanied by cardiac 
weakness. Its efficacy in fevers is doubtful, and its use is 
constantly diminishing. 
Externally it is used in the form of the tincture, as a 
local application for the relief of neuralgic pain. 
Tinctura Aconiti (Tr. Aconit.), Tincture of Aconite, 
U. S. P. (Aconiti Tinctura, P. I.).—Contains from 0.045 
to 0.055 per cent, of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite. 
The chemical assay, however, is not an index of activity. 
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should 
not be greater than 0.0004 Cc. for each gram of body 
weight of guinea-pig. One hundred Cc. represent 10 Gm. 
of the drug in approximately 65 per cent, of alcohol. 18 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims should be given hourly 
until the desired effecGon the pulse is secured. Locally 
the tincture may be applied cautiously over the course of 
the affected nerve, or a liniment containing 10 per cent, of 
the tincture may be prescribed. The application locally 
of considerable amounts of undiluted tincture is dangerous, 
as too much absorption may occur. It should not be applied 
to mucous membrane. 
Adeps, Lard, U. S. P.—True fats, chiefly those of animal 
origin, form an important class of ointment bases. They 
are especially valuable when penetrating ointments are 
desired for softening the skin, for inunctions, etc. Lard 
is the chief fat thus used. Like all animals fats, it is 
very likely to become rancid. To mitigate its odor and 
to hinder the occurrence of rancidity the following prep- 
aration is used. 
Adeps Benzoinatus (Adeps Benz.), Benzoinated Lard, 
U. S. P.—Benzoinated lard is made by incorporating 
with lard 1 per cent, of benzoin, and straining. 
Adeps Lanae Hydrosus (Adeps Lan. Hyd.), Hydrous Wool 
Fat, U. S. P. (Lanolin).—This preparation is made by 
mixing the purified fat of sheep’s wool with water in a 
proportion not to exceed 3 parts of the latter to 7 parts 
of the former. 
Hydrous wool fat is used as an ointment base. It has 
the advantage that it does not become rancid, and that 
a considerable amount, as much as twice its weight, of 
water can be incorporated with it; its odor and consistence 
are disagreeable. To improve the latter, it is well to add 
20 to 100 per cent, of petrolatum. The old statement that 
it is more readily absorbed than other ointment bases has 
not been borne out by experience. 
Aether, Ether, U. S. P.—A liquid composed of about 96 per 
cent., by weight, of ethyl oxid, (QH5)jO, and about 4 
per cent, of alcohol, GHUOH. 
Properties: It is volatile, inflammable, and the vapors, which are 
about two and one half times as heavy as air, are dangerously explo- 
sive when mixed with air. Ether is soluble in water (1: 12) and 
miscible with alcohol; when administered internally it is usually 
directed to be dispensed in the form of an alcoholic solution. 
Action and Uses : Ether is used mainly by inhalation 
for the production of anesthesia. It depresses all parts of 
the central nervous system, causing loss of sensation, loss 
of consciousness and abolition of the reflexes. The vital 
centers of the medulla are involved very late in the poison- 
ing, a fact which enhances the safety of this anesthetic. 
The respiratory center is the first of these to be affected. 
Later there is depression of the vasomotor center and con- USEFUL DRUGS 
19 
sequent fall of blood pressure. Ether does not a 
marked effect on the heartTTmt its first action Is a moderate 
reflex stimulation. In the administration of ether as an 
anesthetic, caution should be exercised to have the ether at 
a distance from and, if possible, below any fire or flame, 
to avoid setting fire to the heavy inflammable vapors. For 
anesthesia a pure ether, preferably anhydrous, should be 
used. It is occasionally administered internally, particu- 
larly in spirit form, as an anodyne, sedative, carminative 
and antfspasmodic. 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or 15 minims. 
Spiritus Aetheris (Sp. Aeth.), Spirit of Ether, U. S. P. 
—A 32.5 per cent, alcoholic solution. 
Dosage: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidram, well diluted with cold water 
or on cracked ice. 
Aether Nitrosus, Nitrous Ether.—Ethyl nitrite, GHUNCk. 
Used only in the form of: 
Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi (Sp. Aeth. Nitros.), Spirit of 
Nitrous Ether, U. S. P. (Sweet Spirit of Niter).—A 
solution of from 3.5 to 4.5 per cent, of ethyl nitrite in 
alcohol. 
Properties: Spirit of nitrous ether is a pale yellowish liquid hav- 
ing a fragrant, ethereal and pungent odor and a sharp burning taste. 
It is miscible with alcohol or water. It deteriorates rapidly. 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with such sub- 
stances as acetanilid, antipyrin, potassium iodid and sodium 
salicylate. „ . ' . 
Action and Uses : Spirit of nitrous ether is popularly 
used as a weak diuretic and diaphoretic. It is of doubtful 
value in many of the conditions for which it is commonly 
used. It is frequently prescribed in mixtures with other 
diaphoretics, notably the solution of ammonium acetate. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims, freely diluted with water. 
Ii 
Aethylis Chloridum (Aethyl. Chlor.), Ethyl Chlorid, U. S. P. 
—Monochlorethane, GHSC1. 
Properties: Ethyl chlorid is a colorless and very volatile liquid 
having an agreeable odor and a sweetish, burning taste. It should be 
preserved in hermetically sealed glass tubes and kept in a cool place 
remote from light or fire. /jJ 
Action and Uses : Etliyl chlorid is used for minor 
operations in the form of spray to produce a local anes- 
thesia by refrigeration. When i[ produce;: prompt 
anesthesia, suitable for very short operations, but even 
then not without danger of producing accidents similar to 
those of chloroform. Because of these dangers and the 
difficulty of handling, it is now rarely used for general 
anesthesia. Aethylmorphinae Hydrochloridum (Aethylmorph. Hydrochl.), 
Ethylmorphin Hydrochlorid, U. S. P. (Ethylmorphin 
Chlorid, Dipnin). 
' ‘/T 
20 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Properties: Ethylmorphin is an artificial base obtained by the 
action of ethyl iodid on morphin in the presence of an alkali. The 
hydrochlorid occurs as a white, microscopically crystalline powder, 
odorless and having only a slight bitter taste. Ethylmorphin hydro- 
chlorid is freely soluble in water (1:8) and in alcohol (1:22), but 
t practically insoluble in ether and in chloroform. 
Action and Uses : When administered internally, the 
action of this drug is intermediate between the action of 
morphin and that of codein, but it is claimed that ethyl- 
morphin hydrochlorid does not produce constipation, nausea 
or lassitude. The conclusion of careful observers, however, 
is that, for internal use, it possesses no advantage over 
codein. 
When applied to the eve this drug causes a local vaso- 
dilatation, terminating in acute conjunctival edema. The 
chemosis thus produced is employed for its analgesic and 
curative effects in conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer, acute glau- 
coma, iritis, scleritis and other inflammatory diseases of 
the uveal tract. The greater the edema of the conjunctiva 
induced by it, the more decided is its analgesic action. 
Dosage: 0.015 Gm. or % grain. Externally it is com- 
monly employed~1n~a'collyrium Tn strength varying from 
5 to_lQ_.per cent. The sTrength may be increased to 20 per 
cent., and it is sometimes used in powder form. The 
ophthalmologist should make the first application and deter- 
mine the minimum strength of solution which will produce 
the necessary chemosis. This dose should not be increased 
until it loses its effect. The action of the remedy may be 
regarded as sufficient as long as its application is followed 
by chemosis, redness and burning sensations for from one 
to two minutes afterward. Under these circumstances it 
may be instilled once a day. The patient should be 
instructed that the swelling of the conjunctiva is necessary 
to the therapeutic action of the remedy and that no harm to 
the eye will ensue from its use. 
In cases of corneal opacity ethylmorphin hydrochlorid 
has been applied to the eye in the form of powder. It may 
also be used as an ointment in strength varying from 1.5 
to 5 per cent. 
Alcohol, Alcohol, U. S. P.—In European pharmacopeias 
alcohol is usually designated as Spiritus, and varies con- 
siderably in strength. 
Properties: The official U. S. P. alcohol is a colorless volatile 
liquid containing about 94 per cent, by volume of absolute ethyl 
alcohol, CoHbOH, and 6 per cent, by volume of water. It has a 
characteristic odor and burning taste. It is miscible in all proportions 
with water, ether or chloroform. In addition to alcohol, the U. S. P. 
also describes dehydrated alcohol, used as a laboratory reagent, etc., 
and also diluted alcohol (approximately 50 per cent.) used in phar- 
macy as a menstruum. USEFUL DRUGS 
21 
Action and Uses : Externally, alcohol is a rubefacient 
and astringent, and by its evaporation, a refrigerant. It' 
is used to harden and cleanse the skin; as a mild counter- 
irritant (soap liniment), etc. In the concentration of 70 
per cent, it is markedly antiseptic and is employed in sur- 
’gery especially as tincture of green soap, to cleanse the 
'skin of patient and operator. 
Internally, alcohol is a narcotic; excessive doses depress 
and paralyze the central nervous system. Small doses pro- 
duce euphoria, stimulate respiration, moderately dilate the 
cutaneous and splanchnic vessels, and modify the circula- 
tion. It is burned in the body and thus serves to a 
restricted extent as a source of energy. 
Alcohol is employed as a diffusible stimulant, diapho- 
retic and hypnotic.1 In well selected cases, especially, 
>in patients accustomed to its use, it may be very valuable *• 
■otherwise it is apt to do more harm than good. In practice 
is usually administered in the form of whisky, brandy, 
wine or other alcohol-containing beverages. 
In pharmacy alcohol is used as a solvent and, for admin- 
istering medicines, is largely used as a vehicle in the form 
of: 
Aromaticum (Elix. Arom.), Aromatic Elixir, 
U. S. P. (Simple Elixir).—An aromatic and sweetened 
liquid containing about 23 per cent, of alcohol, by volume. 
Aloe, Aloes, U. S. P—The inspissated juice of various species 
of Aloe is included in all the pharmacopeias. It is used 
in its original form, as a watery extract or as a purified 
extract known as aloin. 
Properties: Aloes differs considerably in color and appearance, but 
in all its forms it has a rather characteristic color and a nauseous, 
very bitter taste. Aloes is partially soluble in water. 
Action and Uses: Aloes belongs to the emodin group 
of cathartics acting on the large intestine. The effects are 
similar to those of cascara, but somewhat more irritant. 
1. Instructions to collectors of internal revenue, issued by commis- 
sioner of internal revenue, Feb. 1, 1920, regarding the enforcement of 
the National Prohibition Act, direct, under the head of medical uses of 
wines and spirits, that physicians who have received permits may pre- 
scribe wines and liquors for internal use or alcohol for external uses; 
there are certain limitations on the quantity prescribed for a single 
patient at a given time; no alcoholic liquors may be prescribed unless 
the patient is under the personal supervision of the physician. Prescrip- 
tions, except in certain emergencies, must be written on official blanks 
furnished by the government on which must be indicated clearly the 
name and address of the patient, including street and apartment number 
if any, and permit number and date when written; on the stub retained 
by the physician record must be made of kind and quantity of liquor 
prescribed and the ailment for which prescribed. The physician must 
keep a separate record for each patient. The record also must. show 
under the patient’s name and address the date of each prescription. 
These regulations are subject to change, and the prescribing of alcohol 
is also subject to the restrictions of state laws. USEFUL DRUGS 
It is convenient for administration as pills, especially in 
the form of aloin, Purgative, doses may produce griping. 
Dosage: The purgative dose of aloes is from 0.125 to 
0.3 Gm. or from 2 to 5 grains. For the treatment of chronic 
constipation smaller doses, 0.03 to 0.06 Gm. or % to 1 
grain, should be used if the use of a laxative is deemed 
advisable. A preparation of belladonna is frequently com- 
bined with it on purely theoretical grounds and without 
demonstrated advantage. 
Extractum Aloes (Ext. Aloes), Extract of Aloes, N. F. 
Aloinum (Aloin.), Aloin, U. S. P.—A pentosid or mixture 
of pentosids obtained from aloes. 
Dosage: 0.125 Gm. or 2 grains. 
Dosage: Purgative dose 0.015 Gm. or % grain. In the 
treatment of chronic constipation aloin is frequently given 
in doses of from 0.005 to 0.02 Gm. of M.2 to % grain, often 
in combination with extract of belladonna and strychnin. 
The advantage of these additions is doubtful. It may be 
taken after supper or at bedtime: if at bedtime, with 
plenty of water and a cracker, or at least with some food. 
Alumen (Alum.), Alum, U. S. P.—Crystallized ammonium or 
potassium aluminum sulphate NHUAl or 
KA1(S04)2+12H20. 
Properties: Alum occurs as colorless crystals or a white powder 
without odor, but having a strongly astringent taste. It is freely 
soluble in water, practically insoluble in alcohol. It contains about 
45 per cent, of water of hydration, which can be removed by heat, 
the product being exsiccated alum. 
Incompatibilities : Alum is incompatible with alkalies 
and carbonates, which react with it with the formation of 
insoluble aluminum hydroxid. It is also incompatible with 
salts of lead because it precipitates the insoluble lead 
sulphate. 
Action and Uses : Alum is astringent. It is seldom 
administered internally. 
Dosage: Alum solution may be used as a gargle (from 
1 to 5 per cent.) but it is somewhat injurious to the teeth: 
it may be given as an injection in gonorrheajTrom 0.5 to 
1 per cent.) and as a lotion in skin diseases (1 per cent.). 
Alumen Exsiccatum (Alum. Exsic.), Exsiccated Alum, 
U. S. P.—A powder representing about twice its weight 
of the crystallized alum; it is sometimes used externally 
as a dusting powder or in the form of ointments. 
Alumini Acetas, Aluminum Acetate.—Used principally in the 
form of: USEFUL DRUGS 
23 
Liquor Alumini Subacetatis (Liq. Alumin. Subacet.), 
Solution of Aluminum Subacetate, N. F.—Described 
in the National Formulary III under the name of Liquor 
Alumini Acetatis. 
Properties : A clear, colorless solution, containing from 7.5 to 
8 per cent, of basic aluminum acetate, having an acetous odor and a 
sweetish, astringent taste. 
Action and Uses : Solution of aluminum subacetate is 
used extensively as a mild astringent and antiseptic. 
Because of the readiness with which this solution is decom- 
posed it is advisable to dilute it with water only. For 
application to the skin it should be diluted from four to 
nine times. 
COMPOUNDS.—Ammonium compounds are 
divisible into two classes. In the first class the ammonium 
is combined with a strong acid such as hydrochloric or 
sulphuric. These form stable neutral salts which act 
largely by their salt action. In the second class belong 
ammonium hydroxid and carbonate. These compounds are 
unstable, decomposing readily with liberation of ammonia. 
"Such compounds produce powerful local irritation and 
accompanying reflex effects by the action of the ammonia 
involved. 
Ammonium salts, when injected into the circulation, 
stimulate the central nervous system, but they are so 
rapidly excreted or converted into urea that they cannot 
produce marked systemic action when taken by mouth, even 
though they are absorbed very readily. Their effects are, 
therefore, chiefly local. The expectorant action of the 
neutral salts, such as the chlorid, is probably due to mild 
irritation of the mucous membrane. With ammonium car- 
bonate, this effect is reinforced by its alkaline reaction, 
through which it is supposed to increase the fluidity of 
mucus. All ammonium compounds used in medicine are 
soluble in water, and the carbonate and hydroxid have an 
alkaline reaction. 
Ammonia.—NFL. An irritating gas, soluble in alcohol, and 
in water, in which a part is converted into NH4OH. 
Water of ammonia and the several preparations contain- 
ing it are strongly alkaline. 
Incompatibilities: It is incompatible with acids, neu- 
tralizing them and forming the salts of ammonium. It is 
also incompatible with the soluble salts of many metals 
because it precipitates from these solutions the hydroxids 
of the metals. Thus ammonia water with solution of ferric 
chlorid produces an insoluble precipitate of ferric hydroxid. 
Solutions of ammonia are also incompatible with the salts 
of alkaloids, from which they liberate the alkaloid. 
Action and Uses: Ammonia internally in the form of 
water of ammonia or preferably of aromatic spirit of USEFUL DRUGS 
ammonia is a stimulant, because the escaping ammonia irri- 
tates the mucous membranes of the nose and of the stomach 
and causes a reflex increase in the force of the heart and 
in the blood pressure. Little, if, any, of the gas is absorbed 
by the respiratory tract. 
Externally, ammonia is used as a rubefacient, chiefly in 
form of the liniment. Applied in concentrated solution, 
especially if evaporation is prevented, it is apt to blister. 
Aqua Ammoniae (Aq. Ammon.), Ammonia Water, 
U. S. P.—An aqueous solution, containing about 10 per 
cent, by weight of ammonia (NHS). On standing, this 
solution loses ammonia and hence should be kept in well- 
stoppered bottles and should frequently be tested by the 
pharmacist. Ammonia water is a colorless liquid, hav- 
ing a very pungent, characteristic odor and a caustic, 
soapy taste. It is freely miscible with water and alcohol. 
Ammonia water is used chiefly for counterirritation in 
the form of: 
Linimentum Ammoniae (Lin. Ammon.), Ammonia Lini- 
ment, U. S. P. (Volatile Liniment, Hartshorn Liniment). 
—A mixture of ammonia water 25 parts and a fatty oil 
75 parts. -5 
Ammonii Carbonas (Ammon. Carb.), Ammonium Carbonate, 
U. S. P.—Consists of a mixture of ammonium acid car- 
bonate and ammonium carbamate. 
Properties: It occurs as white, hard masses, having a strong odor 
of ammonia and a sharp, saline taste. On exposure to the air the 
salt loses both ammonia and carbon dioxid. Ammonium carbonate is 
slowly but freely soluble in water (1:4), the ammonium carbamate 
being thereby converted into normal ammonium carbonate. Alcohol 
dissolves the carbamate and leaves the acid carbonate. 
Incompatibilities : Ammonium carbonate is incompatible 
with acids, which decompose it, forming salts of ammo- 
nium and evolving carbon dioxid (CO2). It precipitates 
the carbonate or the hydroxid of most metals and the 
insoluble alkaloids from solutions of their salts. 
Action and Uses : Ammonium carbonate is largely 
decomposed (hydrolyzed) when dissolved in water, and its 
solutions are irritant to mucous membranes from the action 
of the ammonia set free. It is used by inhalation or in 
solutions as a reflex or diffusible stimulant in syncdpe, or 
arrest of respiration, and as a liquefying expectorant in 
. ■ tbs'.'*1'' ■ • 
Dosage: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains, dissolved in sufficient 
water (about one tablespoonful) to avoid too great irri- 
tation, which may result in nausea and vomiting. On the 
other hand, as the action of the remedy depends on its irri- 
tating qualities, it should not be too greatly diluted. Syrup- 
pf glycyrrhiza forms a suitable, v£biclefor it.- USEFUL DRUGS 
25 
Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus (Sp. Ammon. Arom.), 
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, U. S. P.—A solution of 
ammonium carbonate with some free ammonia and 
aromatic oils in a mixture of distilled water with alcohol. 
Action and Uses : A useful reflex stimulant, antacid and 
carminative, having the action and uses of ammonium car- 
bonate combined with those of the alcohol and volatile oils. 
Dosage: From 1 to 5 Cc. or 15 to 60 minims, freely 
diluted with water. As the stimulating action is of short 
duration, a moderate dose may be repeated in from fifteen 
minutes to half an hour. 
Ammonii Chloridum (Ammon. Chlor.), Ammonium Chlorid, 
U. S. P.—NH<Cl. 
Properties: Ammonium chlorid usually occurs as a white, crystal- 
line powder, without odor, having a cooling, saline taste. It is freely 
soluble in water (1:2.6), and soluble in alcohol (1: 100), its aqueous 
solutions being neutral or very slightly acid to litmus. 
Incompatibilities : Ammonium chlorid is incompatible 
with alkali hydroxids and carbonates, which liberate 
ammonia. It precipitates the insoluble chlorids of silver 
and of lead from solutions of the salts of those metals. 
Action anp Uses:. Ammonium chlorid is used as an 
expectorant. 
Dosage: From 0.31 to 1 Gm. (from 5 to 15 grains), 
repeated at least every two hours. It is probably best 
administered in a sour mixture as: 
1$ Ammonii chloridi 10 Gm. 
Syrupi acidi citrici SO Cc. 
Aquae ad 100 Cc. 
M. Sig.: A teaspoonful, freely diluted with water, every two hours. 
To the preceding prescription codein may be added, if 
desired. 
Amylis Nitris (Amyl. Nitris), Amyl Nitrite, U. S. P.—A 
liquid containing about 80 per cent, of CjHuNOs (chiefly 
iso-amyl nitrite). It should be kept in hermetically 
sealed glass bulbs or in dark, amber-colored, glass- 
stoppered vials, in a cool, dark place. 
Properties: Amyl nitrite is a clear, yellowish liquid of a peculiar, 
ethereal, fruity odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. It is very 
volatile even at low temperatures, and is inflammable. It is prac- 
tically insoluble in water, but miscible in all proportions with alcohol 
or ether. 
Action and Uses: The “Nitrite Group,” as used in med- 
icine, comprises salts or esters of nitrous acid and certain 
organic nitrates which are reduced to nitrites in the organ- 
ism. The chief members are amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite 
and glycerol nitrate (glyceryl trinitrate or nitroglycerin). 26 
USEFUL DRUGS 
The characteristic action of this group is vasodilatation 
with a fall of the blood pressure. The members differ 
chieffynT the rapidity and duration of their effects, amyi 
nitrite being the quickest, though its action is of corre- 
spondingly short duration. 
When given by inhalation, amyl nitrite produces almost 
instantaneous dilation of the peripheral blood vessels, 
shown by redness of the skin beginning in the head and 
neck, rapidly spreading over the body and sometimes 
extending to the lower extremities. This is promptly fol- 
lowed by dilatation of the splanchnic and other vessels so 
that the blood pressure soon falls. The lowered pressure 
increases the heart rate. There is a feeling of fulness in 
the head, often accompanied by headache. The breathing 
is rapid. With excessive doses or oversusceptibility, 
unconsciousness may supervene, and convulsions may 
occasionally occur after toxic doses. Large doses kill by 
respiratory paralysis. It may produce methemoglobin in 
the blood and cause the excretion of sugar in the urine. 
As much as 0.6 Cc. may generally be inhaled without 
dangerous results. 
The effects of the medicinal administration of amyl 
nitrite are very transient. It is chiefly used to relax the 
spasm of the blood vessels in angina pectoris and Tn other 
painful affections in which th£re Is reasonlo believe that 
the pain depends on arterial spasm. It is also employed 
to some extent to relieve spasm in _epilepsy, sometimes 
averting an expected paroxysm. 
Amyl nitrite is given to reduce the blood pressure in 
cases in which hemorrhage is due to the rupture of a blood- 
vessel in the lungs, brain or other organ in consequence 
of elevated blood pressure, but in hemorrhage with normal 
blood pressure it may do harm. It has been used with 
favorable result's in bronchial asthma. 
Dosage: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims, by inhalation. It is con 
viently carried in the form of glass pearls, each pearl 
containing a dose. When required the pearl is crushed in 
the handkerchief and the contents are inhaled. 
Amylum (Amyl.), Starch, U. S. P. (Corn-Starch).—The 
starch grains obtained from the grain of Zea mays. 
I 
Properties: Starch occurs in the form of fine powder or irregular 
angular, white masses, insoluble in both water and alcohol, bul 
swelling into a colloidal “paste” when boiled in water. 
Action and Uses : Dry starch is used as a dusting and 
drying powder and also as a diluent for other more active 
'“substances. 'The gelatinous mass produced on boiling with 
water or glycerin is employed as an emollient and protec- 
tive; as a cataplasm, and as an antidote to iodin poisoning. 
The starches from other cereals, from cassava and the 
potato have practically the same medicinal properties as 
cornstarch. . , / USEFUL DRUGS 
27 
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras (Antim. et Pot. Tart.), Anti- 
mony and Potassium Tartrate, U. S. P. (Antimonyl 
Potassium Tartrate, Tartrated Antimony, Tartar Emetic). 
—A double salt of antimony and potasstiim"witTf the 
radical of tartaric acid. 
Properties: It occurs as a white powder or as colorless trans- 
parent crystals, becoming white and opaque on exposure to the air. 
It is soluble in water (1: 12), but practically insoluble_JiL.-alcahol- 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with alkalies and 
their carbonates, tannic acid and vegetable astringents. 
Action and Uses : Antimony and potassium tartrate, 
when applied to the skin, gives rise slowly to inflammatory 
changes, with pustules, followed by ulceration, which is 
somewhat difficult to limit. The ointment formerly 
employed as a pustulant counterirritant is now rarely used. 
Internally antimony and potassium tartrate produces 
local irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract, and thereby 
nausea and vomiting with marked prostration. Tf absorbed, 
symptoms very similar to those produced by poisonous 
doses of arsenic are observed.. 
The therapeutic uses of antimony and potassium tartrate 
until recently were confined almost entirely to the treat- 
ment of the first stage of acute laryngitis and bronchitis. It 
should be avoided in cases marked by depression. When it 
its given, the object should be to increase secretion and 
facilitate the expulsion of sputum. The administration of 
antimony and potassium tartrate should not be carried 
beyond the production of slight nausea. For the production 
of vomiting other agents are preferable. Antimony prep--, 
arations today’lire used~almo'sff exclusively in the treatment 
of certain diseases most frequently encountered in the 
tropics. The diseases that have been most favorably j 
affected by antimony and potassium tartrate are: schisto-/ 
somiasis (Bilharzia infections), kala-azar and granuloma/ 
inguinale, which also occurs in the United States. To be 
effective in these conditions, the drug must be administered 
intravenously. 
Dosage: As an expectorant small doses should be used, 
beginning with 0.001 Gm. or %o grain, which may be 
repeated hourly, taking care to avoid too great depression. 
The emetic dose is 0.03 Gm. or % grain. For intravenous 
administration, 1 per cent, solution in physiologic solution 
of sodium chlorid is used. The initial dose may be 0.04 Gm. 
or % grain. 
Antipyrina (Antipyr.), Antipyrin, U. S. P. (Phenazone, 
Phenyldimethylpyrazolon). 
Properties: Antipyrin occurs as a colorless, almost odorless, 
crystalline powder or tabular crystals having a slightly hitter taste. 
It is very soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol (1: 1.3). 28 
Incompatibilities : Antipyrin is incompatible with spirit 
of nitrous ether, or other nitrites, tannic acid and tannic- 
acid-containing preparations. Mixed dry with sodium sali- 
cylate, it liquefies on standing. 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Action and Uses: Antipyrin is an antipyretic and 
analgesic, acting similarly to acetanilid. 
It is used for the relief of pain, chiefly when of a neu- 
ralgic character, also as an antispasmodic in pertussis. It 
is not surfed to the treatment of the pain caused by inflam- 
mation. 
Antipyrin is now seldom used as an antipyretic. Because 
of its rapid and at times erratic action it is not a safe 
ingredient of preparations sold directly to the laity. 
Locally, it is used sometimes as a hemostatic. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains given with even greater 
caution than acetanilid and acetphenetidin. It is best 
administered in simple solution, or in powders, 
capsules or cachets. 
Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum (Apomorph. Hydrochl.), Apo- 
morphin Hydrochlorid, U.-S. P.—The hydrochlorid of an 
artificial alkaloid prepared from morphia by the abstrac- 
fioil-CT One molecule of water. 
Properties: Apomorphin hydrochlorid occurs as minute, white or 
grayish-white crystals, having a slightly bitter taste and acquiring a 
greenish tint on exposure to light and air. It is soluble (1:50) in 
both water and alcohol. If the salt imparts at once an emerald-green 
color to 100 parts of ypter-.it should he rejected. TllB amorphous 
form may contain dangerous impurities. 1 
Incompatibilities : It is precipitated by alkalies and the 
alkaloidal reagents. Solutions decompose rather readily. 
Action and Uses : The chief of apomorphin is 
on the vomiting center, resulting" in production of 
vomiting with its usual accompanying symptoms, including 
nausea with increase of saliva and other secretions, depres- 
sion of the circulation, sweating, etc. It sometimes pro- 
duces respiratory paralysis, even in small doses. 
The drug is used chiefly as an emetic. For this purpose 
it has the advantage that it acts promptly and efficiently, 
and without local irritation of the stomach. It is therefore 
a useful emetic., in poisoning, if the stomach tube cannot be 
employed! TThas been advi,sed for the expulsion of foreign 
bodies from the air passages. As an expectorant it is 
inferior to other nauseants. 
It is said to be sometimes useful in asthma. Small doses 
(0.002 Gm., %o grain) are hypnotic, especially in acute 
alcoholism. 
Dosage: The emetic dose is 0.005 Gm. or Vi? grain, given 
preferably by hypodermic injection. If noeffect is pro- 
duced, this dose may be repeated after ten minutes, but it 
should be remembered that in some cases apomorphin pro- USEFUL DRUGS 
29 
duces toxic effects without causing vomiting, and a dose of 
0.004 Gm. or grain is said to have produced death in a 
person enfeebled by chronic bronchitis ; 0.012 Gm. or % grain 
may be given to robust patients at the first dose if the 
urgency of the case demands it, but care should be exercised 
in the use of these doses. 
As an expectoranUtfib proper dose is from 0.001 Gm. to 
0.002 Gm. or from %o to %o grain, repeated every hour or 
two, with the avoidance of more than slight nausea. Syrup 
/ of citric acid is a good vehicle for it. 
Aqua, Water, U. S. P.—Water used for medicines should be 
sterile; it is preferable to use: 
Aqua Destillata (Aq. Dest.), Distilled Water, U. S. P. 
—A colorless, limpid liquid, without odor or taste, and 
perfectly neutral to the official indicators. For some 
purposes (in making solutions of arsphenamin, for 
example), it is essential that it be freshly distilled. Ordi- 
j nary distilled water frequently is not sterile. 
Argenti Nitras (Arg. Nit.), Silver Nitrate, U. S. P.—AgNCh. 
Properties: Silver nitrate occurs in colorless, tabular, rhombic 
crystals, becoming gray, or grayish black on exposure to light in the 
presence of organic matter. It is odorless and has a bitter, caustic, 
and strongly metallic taste. It is very soluble in water (1: 0.4) and 
soluble in alcohol (1: 30). 
Incompatibilities : Silver nitrate is incompatible with 
soluble chlorids, bromids and iodids, with which it forms 
the corresponding very insoluble salts of silver. It is also 
incompatible with soluble carbonates and hydroxids, which 
precipitate the oxid of silver, and with practically all 
organic drugs and reducing agents. 5 
Action and Uses: Silver nitrate is an antiseptic and. 
_germicide, in solutions of a strength of 1 : 1,(100 destroying 
many micro-organisms, and in a strength of 1: 10,000 pre- 
venting their growth. Weak solutions are astringent to i 
mucous membranes and strong solutions are caustic when 
applied to mucous membranes, denuded surfaces, and, in 
some cases, to the normal skin. It has been proposed for 
the treatment of gastric ulcer and to reduce the gastric 
secretion in hyperchlorliydria. Its internal use for some 
time may be followed by its deposition in the skin, produc- 
ing the grayish discoloration known as argyria, whiqh is 
incurahle. Prolonged use should thereforeUie 
Silver nitrate is used as a mild caustic to wounds, ulcers 
and exuberant granulations. It is applied as an astringent 
and antiseptic in catarrhal infections of the mucous mem- 
branes. 
Dosage: As a caustic, silver nitrate is used in the form 
of fused silver nitrate. This should be moistened before 
use. To avoid blackening the fingers, it should be held 
with forceps or in a suitable holder. To parts difficult of 
access, it is often best applied fused to a probe. 30 
USEFUL DRUGS 
In applications to mucous membranes the following 
strengths of solution in water are most suitable: 
To the conjunctiva a strength of 4 per cent, may be 
applied in small quantity and the action stopped promptly 
by washing with a solution of sodium chlorid. This method 
of use is applicable to cases of severe conjunctivitis, espe- 
cially those of gonorrheal origin. 
For the prevention of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the 
new-born a drop of 2 per cent, solution should be instilled 
into the eye as soon as practicable after delivery. 
For other diseases of the conjunctiva, solutions varying 
in strength from 0.2 to 2 per cent, are sometimes used, 
but it is probable that other astringents are safer and 
quite as useful. Prolonged use may cause local argyria. 
To the larynx, application is made of solutions contain- 
ing from 2 to 10 per cent, of silver nitrate. 
For the urethra, it is employed in the strength of from 
1: 10,000 to 1 :2,000, and a 1 : 5,000 solution may be injected 
into the bladder. A solution of 1 : 100,000 may be used as 
an enema. 
Solutions of silver nitrate should always be made with 
distilled water, and the mucous membranes to which they 
are to be applied should receive a preliminary cleansing to 
remove mucus, pus, food, etc., which might interfere with 
the action of the silver nitrate. 
For the treatment of hyperchlorhydria and gastric ulcer, 
the salt may be given in pill form, preferably mixed with 
kaolin and massed with petrolatum. The average dose is 
0.01 Gm. or % grain. This dose may also be given in 
solution. It is most efficient, however, when 100 or 200 
Cc. of a solution of from 1:2,000 to 1:1,000 is used as a 
gastric douche, followed after two minutes by a solution 
of sodium chlorid which is then washed out of the stomach. 
Argenti Nitras Fusus (Arg. Nit. Fus.), Molded Silver 
Nitrate, U. S. P. (Lunar Caustic, Fused Silver Nitrate). 
—A white, hard solid generally in the form of pencils or 
cones. A small amount of silver chlorid is added in the 
process for the purpose of toughening the mass. 
Arseni Trioxidum (Arsen. Triox.), Arsenic Trioxid, U. S. P. 
(Arsenous Oxid, White Arsenic).—As203, formerly official 
as arsenous acid. 
Properties: Arsenic trioxid occurs as an opaque, white powder or 
in irregular masses of two varieties, one amorphous, transparent and 
colorless like glass, the other crystalline, opaque and white, resembling 
porcelain. Arsenic trioxid is very slowly soluble in water (1:30 to 
1: 100) and practically insoluble in alcohol. It dissolves quite readily 
in solutions of acids or alkalies. 
Incompatibilities : Solutions of arsenic are incompatible 
with salts of iron and of magnesium, lime-water and yege- 
table astringents. USEFUL DRUGS 
31 
Action and Uses : Arsenic trioxid applied to denuded or 
ulcerated tissue has a mildly caustic action which is quite 
painful. It has been used as a caustic, especially to malig- 
nant growths, but the painful character of the applications,' 
the danger of absorption, and the uncertain extent of the 
destructiye action have justly limited its use. 
Taken internally, arsenic trioxid Irritates" the mucous 
membrane of the stomach and intestines. Toxic doses 
cause nausea, vomiting, colicky pains in the abdomen, a 
diarrhea of a watery character resembling that of cholera, 
and fatty degeneration of the liver and other internal 
organs. Large doses produce great depression, and col- 
lapse may ensue. 
Arsenic is employed therapeutically in the treatment of 
neuralgia. It is thought to be especially adapted to cases 
of a periodic character. It is also used in the treatment 
chorea. Larger doses, especially if long continued, may 
cause peripheral neuritis. Arsenic stimulates the action of 
. blood-forming organs, especially the bone marrow. It 
is considered useful in the treatment of pernicious anemia^ 
•1 gubernia.. In _these~diseases it must 
ybe used in as large doses as can be borne. While improve- 
*ment often occurs in these conditions under the use of 
arsenic, it is usually only temporary. In these conditions 
it is best administered in the form of solution of potassium 
arsenite (Fowler’s Solution) or arsphenamin. 
Many skin-diseases are favorably influenced by proper 
doses of arsenic. It acts by stimulating the skin, in such 
cases as usually require external stimulating applications. 
It is also of service in lesions due to disturbances of inner- 
vation in which the skin is usually poorly nourished. The 
" following skin affections may be mentioned as likely to be 
benefited by arsenic: psoriasis, lichen planus, chronic 
eczema, pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis, chronic 
urticaria and disturbances of the sweat function. On the 
other hand, acute inflammatory conditions of the skin are 
made worse by arsenic. Arsenic has also been used in 
chronic respiratory affections, such as chronic bronchitis, 
emphysema, asthma, and tuberculosis. It may have some 
indirect benefit as a general tonic but much dependence 
cannot be placed upon it. 
Arsenic is a powerful rfmpfly against pmlnznal affprtions 
These include malaria, syphilis and relapsing fever. In 
' the form of arsenic trioxid it has been used successfully in 
malaria, particularly in the chronic form and in malarial 
For the treatment of the other diseases men- 
tioned it is employed in organic combination.. See Arsphen- 
amina. r > 1 v-t Haj Uj <b( 2^ 
Dosage : When used as a 'general tonic the dose may 
vary from 0.001 to 0.002 Gm. or Yeo to %o grain. In dis- 
eases of the blood the dosage should be regulated accord- 
ing to the effect, but it is well to use as large doses as the 
patient will tolerate. Arsenic may be used in increasing 
doses until symptoms of mild intoxication appear. One 32 
USEFUL DRUGS 
may begin with 0.003 Gm. or ]/jo grain of arsenic trioxid 
three times daily, and increase by 0.001 Gm. or %o grain 
three times daily. In using solution of potassium arsenite 
the initial dose may be 3 minims three times daily and 
increased by 1 minim three times daily. A slight toxic 
action is indicated by nausea, colicky pains or a puffiness 
under the eyes. The presence of albumin in the urine may 
also be observed. Such symptoms may make advisable 
the temporary withdrawal of the remedy, and its resump- 
tion in smaller doses. 
Liquor Potassii Arsenitis (Liq. Pot. Arsen.), Solution 
of Potassium Arsenite, U. S. P. (Fowler’s Solution, 
Liquor Arsenicalis Fowleri, P. I.).—Anaqueous solution 
containing potassium arsenite, corresponding to about 
1 per cent, of arsenic trioxid. 
Dosage: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims, increased to 1.0 Cc. or 15 
minims, or even more. ~3aJ <&%'L, 
This solution is often somewhat alkalirre and is therefore 
incompatible with alkaloidal salts and the salts of certain 
metals. 
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi (Liq. Acid. Arsen.), Solution of 
Arsenous Acid, U. S. P. (Hydrochloric Solution of 
Arsenic, “Solution of Arsenic Chlorid”).—An aqueous 
solution containing the equivalent of 1 per cent, of arsenic 
trioxid with 5 per cent, of hydrochloric acid. Being 
acid, it may be used in combination with salts of metals 
or of alkaloids, with which the solution of arsenite, on 
account of its alkalinity, would be incompatible. 
Dosage : 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims. 
Arsphenamina, Arsphenamin, N. N. R., introduced under the 
trade name “Salvarsan.”—Also known as “606” and by the 
trade names arsenobenzol and diarsenol. It is 3-diamino- 
4-dihydroxy-l-arseno-benzene hydrochlorid. Corresponds 
to 31.57 per cent, arsenic (As.). 
Properties: Arsphenamin occurs as a yellow, crystalline, hygro- 
scopic powder, very unstable in air, and hence marketed in ampules, 
each of which contains a dose, ranging from 0.1, 0.2, and up to 0.6 
Gm. _ It is soluble in water, yielding a solution with an acid 
reaction. 
Action and Uses : Arsphenamin is a specific remedy for 
syphilis in all stages, but is the more efficient the more 
recent the infection. It is especially indicated in the 
primary stage; in the later stages it should be given in 
repeated doses, in conjunction with mercurial courses.. It 
is, often efficient in” mucous membrane lesions, and in cases 
of malignant syphilis which resist mercury. 
Arsphenamin is also useful in various spirillar diseases 
such as relapsing fever, Vincent’s angina, etc. In Vincent’s 
angina local applications of the powder have been found 
useful, in addition to the intravenous administration. The 
drug administered intravenously cannot reach the spirilla 
embedded in the necrotic tissue of the throat. USEFUL DRUGS 
33 
Accidents : A rather common untoward result follow- 
ing intravenous injections is the so-called jjitritoid crisis. 
which consists of flushing of the face, rapid pulse, ancT 
dyspnea. Nausea and vomiting, and precordial pain may 
be present; even jaay occur. Edema of the lips 
and tongue, as well of the conjunctiva, have 
been noted. These symptoms usually occur while the drug 
is being injected but they may not appear until later, even 
the second or third day. They are obviously due to vaso- 
dilatation, and may be relieved by epinephrin. 
least 0.5 mg. must be given intramuscularly the moment 
the symptoms appean If relief is not obtained, the dose 
may be repeated at short intervals, and even increased, 
until facial pallor is produced. 
Arsphenamin sometimes produces toxic results which 
are equivalent to poisoning by arsenic. These have occurred 
more commonly after the intramuscular injections. The 
intramuscular injection is painful and is usually followed by 
a tender, inflammatory nodule, which persists for some 
time. The intramuscular injection has now been practically 
discarded by syphilojogists. 
After intravenous injections certain nervous symptoms 
have frequently arisen which have received the name-of 
nenrorecidive (nervous relapse). The evidence seems to 
show that" fftese nervous conditions are due not to the 
action of arsphenamin but to the increased activity of the 
spirochetes. They are best treated, therefore, by a specific 
remedy: another dose of arsphenamin or a compound of 
mercury. The optic neuritis which is so frequently pro- 
duced by other preparations of arsenic has occurred very 
rarely in connection with arsphenamin. The drug has 
been employed successfully in all types of syphilitic eye 
disease. Repeated doses should be given 
Dosage: From 0.3 to 0.6 Gm., or 5 to 9 grains (0.1 Gro.. 
tfl 18 Kg. (40 of body weight). 
For intravenous injection a clear alkaline solution is 
used. The contents of a tube should be used at once after 
opening and under no conditions should the contents of a 
tube, damaged in transportation, or any remnant of the 
powder from previously used tubes, be employed. 
The ampules should be laid in 95 per cent, alcohol for 
fifteen minutes before opening, to detect leaks. They may 
be prepared as follows: For each 0.1 Gm. of arsphenamin 
use 20 Cc. of cold water; dissolve and add 0.9 Cc. of normal 
sodium hydroxid solution, and dilute to 30 Cc. Inject by ' 
gravity, using not less than two minutes per 0.1 Gm. 
Special care should be taken to see that the water used 
in making the solutions is freshly distilled and completely 
• sterile. Various, forms of aQparatus have been devised to . 
facilitate intravenous injections. Of these, some form of 
graduated gravity pipet connected with a tube fitted with a 
three-way stop-cock seems most suitable. 34 
USEFUL DRUGS 
In the treatment of syphilis of the central nervous sys- 
tem the -Ellis method of intrasninal treatment is 
utilized at times. The technic is as follows: An injec- 
tion of the usual dose of arsphenamin or neoarsphenamin 
is given intravenously. One hour after the injection 40 Cc. 
of blood are withdrawn by venipuncture. This is allowed 
to clot and left on ice for twenty-four hours. The serum 
is then pipetted off and centrifuged: 12 Cc. of this serum 
is usually added to 18 Cc. of sterile normal salt solution 
to make.a 40 per cent, solution ,pf arsphenamized serum, 
although it may be used without dilution. This is then 
heated for thirty minutes at 56 C. Before making the 
injection a volume of spinal fluid equal to that 
lie, injection is often withdrawn. 
tabes dorsalis the results from this method are, as a 
rule, more satisfactory than with the ordinary intravenous 
therapy. The pains have disappeared, the reaction in the 
cerebrospinal fluid has returned more or less completely 
to normal, and certain symptoms, such as diminution of 
bladder control and sexual power, which are usually 
looked on as fundamental phenomena, may disappear 
entirely or be greatly improved. Patients also feel better. 
In cerebrospinal syphilis also the intraspinal method has been 
used to a considerable extent. It is questionable, however, 
whether the results are much better than those of the 
intravenous method. In dementia paralytica the results of 
this method have been distinctly disappointing. 
Neoarsphenamina, Neoarsphenamin, N. N. R.—Intro- 
duced under the trade name, “Neosalvarsan.”—The name 
applied to a mixture of sodium 3-diamino-4-dihydroxy 
1-arsenobenzene-methanalsulphoxylate with inert, inor- 
ganic salts. The arsenic content of 3 parts neoarsphen- 
amin is approximately equal to 2 parts of arsphenamin. 
k Action and Uses: Essentially the .same as those-of 
arsphenamin, although many observers claim better results 
from the latter. Neoarsphenamin differs from arsphenamin 
, in that it dissolves readily in sterile water, making a neu- 
l tral solution which can at once be injected. Water not 
warmer than from 20 to 22 C. (68 to 71.6 F.) should be used 
in dissolving the drug and the injections should be made 
at once, as neoarsphenamin oxidizes rapidly and becomes 
toxic. 
i 
Dosage: From 0.6 to 0.9 Gm., or 9 to 14 grains. This 
should be dissolved in cold water, using not less than 2 Cc. 
of water per 0,1 Gm. of drug. The time of injectiQn_shpu]&_ 
be not ttpvb.bye..® JJ1 e dose. 
Asafoeiida (Asafoet.), Asafetida, U. S. P. (Gum Asafetida).— 
f Gum resin obtained from the roots of Ferula asafoetida 
and probably other species of Ferula. USEFUL r DRUGS 
Properties: A good quality of asafetida should contain nor less 
than 60 per cent, of matter soluble in alcohol and should yield not 
more than 15 per cent, of ash. The gum of asafetida is freely soluble 
in cold or hot water and is present in sufficient amount to suspend 
in the form of a permai>en(* emulsion resin and 
volatile oil. , , 
Action and Uses : Asafetida is used in the treatment 
of hysteria, acting probably by its odor. It is also car- 
minative. 
Dosage : 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains—preferably in pill form. 
In tympanites an emulsion may be used as an enema. The 
emulsion is made by triturating 4 Gm. of the drug with 
100 Cc. of water until a uniform emulsion results. The 
strength may be varied to meet individual requirements. 
Aspidium, Aspidium, U. S. P. (Male Fern).—The (fried 
rhizome of several species of Dryopteris; used only in 
the form of: 
Oleoresina Asp™tt —Aspid.), Oleoresin of 
""'Aspidium, D. B. (Uieoresin of Malefern).—An oleo- 
resin prepared by extracting aspidium with ether, evaporat- 
ing and recovering the solvent. 
Properties: The most important constituent of male fern is filicic 
- 
Action and Uses: Oleoresin of aspidium is used as 
a teniacide against ordinary tapeworm, Tut it is 
be more efficient against the B 
ordinary tenias. Ordinarily the active constituents of 
aspidium are not absorbed and produce no symptoms except 
some nausea. If absorption occurs, violent symptoms of 
poisoning may ensue. These are vomiting and purging, 
weakness, spasms in the extremities, convulsions, stupor 
deepening into coma, and collapse. Disturbances of sight 
and hearing may occuj, permanent blindness some- 
times follows. Jaundice has been observed. 
Dosage: 2 Gm. or 30 grains is the dose stated in the 
Pharmacopeia, but-most authorities recommend a larger 
dose. The dose should be proportioned to the strength and 
health of the patient. Robust males can take as much as 
8 Gm. or 2 drams, while women sflbuld be given smaller 
special caution should "be” exercisea irf adminis- 
tering the drug to anemic or debilitated persons. Children . 
of 4 years mav take 4 Gm. or 60 grains. A dose««f 8 Gm. 
or 2 drams “has been-"fatal' to a child and 25 Gm. or 6 
drams have several times proved fatal to adults. 
Before this remedy is given, the alimentary canal should 
be emptied by a light diet or fasting for twenty-four hours 
and the administration of a saline cathartic in the morning 
before the anthelmintic is taken. The drug should be giyen _ 
early in the morning and is best prescribed in capsules, 
each containing U.3 Gm., or 5 grains, to be fa’Icen 
vals of fifteen minutes until the full dose has been swal- 36 
USEFUL DRUGS 
lowed. The last dose should be followed in threje hours 
by a saline laxative. Castor olTorJother fixed oils should 
not be ~given, because they favor the absorption of the 
"acTive principle 
Atropina (Atrop.), Atropin, U. S. P.—An alkaloid obtained 
from Atropa_ belladonna and from other, plants of the 
Solanaceai 
Properties: The alkaloid itself is only slightly soluble in water 
(1: 445), but freely soluble in alcohol (1: 2), and is usually prescribed 
in the form of one of its salts, which are readily soluble in water. 
The salt most commonly used is: 
Atropinae Sulphas. (Atrop Sui.ph.T Atropin Sulphate. 
U. S. F.—The sulphate of the alkaloid atropin. 
Properties: Atropin sulphate occurs as a white, crystalline powder 
or microscopic crystals, which are odorless but have a very bitter, 
nauseating taste. Atropin sulphate is very soluble in water_(l: 0.4) 
and in alcohols (1: 
Incompatibilities : Atropin sulphate is incompatible 
with alkalies and their carbonates? While no precipitate 
of the alkaloid would form, unless the solution were more 
concentrated than those ordinarily used in medicine, the 
alkaloid in the presence of alkalies is likely to be decom- 
posed. 
Solutions of the alkaloid are also incornpati^1p "M'th 
the general alkaloidal such as tannic acid, 
iodin and potassium mercuric iodid, all of which precipitate 
compounds of the alkaloid, and with salts of mercury, which 
decompose it. 
Action and Uses : Atropin and the related 
jjepress or paralyze the endings the vagus and othej; 
merves oi tne parasympathetic'svslern and_of~tEe 
the sweat VianZUsT 
Atropin cherts the secretion of saliva so that the mouth 
and throat become dry. 'inis dryness is due to some extent 
to a similar effect on the mucous secretions of the mouth, 
throat and iwse. an application of this action, the 
drug is occasionally used to check excessive secretion of 
saliva in ptyalism, mercurial salivation, etc. it is also used 
especially in the first stage, to diminish the con- 
gestion and excessive secretion of the nasal mucus. It is 
held by some to be very useful in sore throat. It is used 
in case of pxppggivp pvpeefpration in bronchor- 
rhea, etc. jt aJcn.rWl-s tbp cer-retion of saliva' and mucus 
during anesthesia-in operations on..ihe...throat larvnx. etc. 
diminishes the secretion of by 
the stomach. It is given for this purpose, often as bella- 
donna, in byperchlorhydria, gastric ulcer, etc. While it 
has a decided effect on the secretion, its use should not USEFUL DRUGS 
37 
be continued for a long time. It frhecks the secretion of 
the pancreatic or at least prevents the increase that 
Voilows the ingestion of physostigmin and other drugs, but 
does not prevent the action of secretin. It abolishes the 
secretion of that part of the bile which is under vagus 
control, but this action is probably unimportant. It is said 
not to affect the secretion of intestinal mucus. 
Atropin relaxes spasm nf the intestinal mnscplature and 
in small doses favors the normal peristalsis,. It is there- 
lore of service in spasmodic affections of 'the stomach and 
intestine. It may be prescribed in colic, painful spasms 
due to gastric, duodenal or intestinal ulcers, spastic con- 
stipation, etc. It is a serviceable anodyne in gallstone rnh>_. 
and may render the use of morphin unnecessary. 
In small or moderate doses it arts as a respirator stimu- 
lant, "hut very large doses cause respiratory paralysis. It 
may be empl6yecT~with good effect in cases in which the 
respiration is embarrassed from other than mechanical 
agents. It is used for this purpose in morphin poisoning, 
but it should be administered with great care on account of 
the respiratory depression caused by large doses. To 
obviate the effect of morphin on the respiration, it is given 
with the latter drug in hypodermic injections. It has also 
been given with morphin as a preliminary to anesthesia by 
ether; in such cases it also serves to lessen the salivary 
and bronchial secretions and tends to prevent vomiting. 
By paralyzing the vagus endings atropin increases the 
rapidity of the heart beat. Its depressant action on the' 
vagus is made use of in the diagnosis of certain distur- 
bances of the cardiac rhythm, particularly bradycardia. If 
the slow pulse is due to an organic lesion of the conducting 
mechanism (heart block), it will persist in spite of the 
action of atropin, but if it is due to vagal stimulation, an 
increased rate usually results from an effective dose. 
Atropin in moderate doses relaxes the blood vessels of 
the skin so that the skin, especially ol the iace and upper 
extremities, becomes red, sometimes showing an eruption 
closely resembling that of scarlet fever. In larger doses 
it contracts 4he vessels of the splanchnic area and .raises 
(he. In still larger doses a general fall of* 
blood pressure occurs, accompanied by a very rapid and 
feeble pulse. It is not, however, an essential heart tonic. 
The secretion of sweat is reduced by atropin. It is used 
for the suppression of night sweats, especially in pulmonary 
tuberculosis. A single dose given at night may be followed 
the next night by a larger dose if the first was not success- 
ful. The use of atropin for this purpose should be deferred 
as long as practicable and discontinued as soon as may be 
on account of its disturbing influence on digestion. 
Atropin produces dilatation of the pupil, paralysis of the 
accommodation and consequent disturbance of vision by a 
local action on the oculomotor nerve endings in the iris. 
When the drug is taken internally the effect is due to the 38 
USEFUL DRUGS 
atropin circulating in the blood, and is bilateral. When 
the drug is applied locally the action is unilateral unless 
some general absorption takes place or some of the solution 
is introduced into the other eye by accident. 
To produce these actions on the eye, atropin is employed 
in solution dropped into the conjunctival sac for the pur- 
pose of facilitating the examination of the eye with the 
ophthalmoscope. The dilatation of the pupil also serves as 
a diagnostic measure in case of iritis as the pupil dilates 
irregularly in this disease. The wide dilatation of the 
pupil also tends to prevent its adhesion to the cornea or 
lens. 
Sufficient absorption may take place from lotions dropped 
into the conjunctiva to produce general symptoms and even 
to cause toxic effects. Atropin may also provoke acute 
glaucoma. 
Atropin is sometimes used externally in the form of oint- 
ment of belladonna for the relief of neuralgias, especially 
those in which pain results from local conditions of the 
nerve or surrounding tissues. It has been recommended for 
local use in the rectum to relieve the pain of hemorrhoids or 
fissure, for which purpose it is commonly prescribed in the 
form of suppositories. It is an old remedy for enuresis, 
but must be regarded in most cases as a purely empirical 
treatment to be used after investigation has shown the 
absence of organic lesions which may be remedied in other 
ways. It is used for vesical spasm due to irritable neck of 
the bladder. 
While the influence of atropin on the secretion of milk is 
not established, it is quite generally used locally in mam- 
mitis, galactorrhea and when it is desired to check the 
secretion. 
Dosage: Average 0.5 mg. or grain. Whenever it 
is used for any one of these purposes, the appearance of 
some of the other effects of-the drug constitute “untoward 
actions.” Unpleasant symptoms of this kind are produced 
in some people by the average dose stated. It is best, 
therefore, to begin with half this dose, 0.25 mg. or 
grain. Such dose may be repeated every two hours until 
distinct effects are produced. For the effect on the 
stomach the drug should be given in solution about fifteen 
minutes before the meal. For effect on night sweats it is 
given at bedtime. In cases of pylorospasm of infants, it 
may be injected hypodermically or given in feeding in doses 
of 0.05 mg. to 0.1 mg. or Yiooo to %oo grain. 
When atropin is being administered the patient or his 
friends should be warned of the possible appearance of 
slight toxic symptoms, the first indication of which is 
usually dryness of the throat. Some dimness of vision 
is also likely to be experienced. 
Serious poisoning usually begins with rapid pulse, flush- 
ing of the skin, talkative delirium, marked dilatation of the USEFUL DRUGS 
39 
pupils, some elevation of the temperature and dryness of 
the throat and skin. This is followed more or less quickly 
by unconsciousness, prostration, paralysis of the voluntary 
muscles and marked vasomotor paralysis. 
Balsamum Peruvianum (Bals. Peruv.), Balsam of Peru, 
U. S. P. (Peru Balsam).—A balsam obtained from a 
tree,. Toluifera pereirae. 
Properties: Balsam of Peru occurs as a viscid, dark brown liquid 
that does not harden on exposure to air. It contains resins and traces 
of cinnamic and benzoic acids. 
Action and Uses : Balsam of Peru is not used inter- 
nally, but is sometimes applied in ointment or in the form 
of alcoholic solution or mixed with castor oil or even 
undiluted as a stimulant to indolent wounds and ulcers 
to promote the formation of granulations and the process 
of cicatrization. Balsam of Peru is also used as a para- 
siticide in diseases of the skin, such as scabies. 
In scabies a 4 per cent, petrolatum ointment of balsam 
of Peru, with the same amount of sulphur, chalk and green 
soap may be used. It should be applied freely at night and 
in the morning over all of the affected areas. The strength 
of this mixture can be doubled in obstinate cases. Balsam 
of Peru can be painted over portions of the body at night, 
followed by a bath in the morning. In rare instances, 
balsam of Peru produces violent dermatitis. Extensive 
application may be followed by renal irritation. 
Balsamum Tolutanum (Bals. Tolu.), Balsam of Tolu, U. S. P. 
(Tolu Balsam).—A balsam obtained from Toluifera 
balsamum. 
Properties: Balsam of Tolu occurs as a yellowish-brown or brown 
plastic solid, becoming brittle when old, dried or exposed to cold. 
It is very soluble in alcohol, but nearly insoluble in water. 
The use of balsam of Tolu in medicine is largely 
restricted. It is one of the ingredients of compound 
tincture of benzoin. It is chiefly employed as a flavor or 
pleasant vehicle, especially for expectorants, in the form of: 
Syrupus Tolutanus (Syr. Tolu.), Syrup of Tolu, U. S. P. 
—A solution of the aromatic constituents of balsam of 
Tolu in syrup. 
Dosage: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrams. 
Barbital, Barbital, N. N. R. (Diethyl-Barbituric Acid, Diethyl 
Malonyl Urea, Malourca, Veronal).—2, 4, 
diethyl pyrimidin, a ureid derived from diethylmalonic 
acid. 
Properties: Barbital occurs as a white, crystalline powder, odor- 
less, and having a faint, bitter taste. It is slightly soluble in water 
(1:150) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:8). 40 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Actions and Uses : Barbital is quickly absorbed, espe- 
cially when it is given in solution. Suitable doses induce 
apparently without any other effect. The hypnotic 
action begins in about half an hour after its administration. 
In larger doses the temperature falls and animals show 
trembling and restlessness in their sleep. Many cases of 
poisoning, some fatal, occur from its indiscriminate use by 
the laity. The symptoms are long-continued stupor, some- 
times interrupted by excitement; the condition has been 
confused with uremia, epidemic encephalitis and opium 
poisoning. Skin rashes are of frequent occurrence. 
Dosage : 0.3 to 0.6 Gm. or 5 to 10 grains, best prescribed 
in form of powder to be given in hot fluid, such as hot 
milk, half an hour or an hour before bed time. Pills or 
tablets should be crushed before swallowing to insure 
absorption. 
Sodii Barbital, Barbital-Sodium, N. N. R. Sodium 
Diethyl-Barbiturate, N. N. R. Also known as veronal- 
sodium, is the monosodium salt of diethyl-barbituric acid. 
Properties: Sodium diethyl-barbiturate occurs as a white, crystal- 
line powder, odorless, and having an objectionably bitter, alkaline 
taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:5). 
Action and Uses : Barbital-Sodium has the same prop- 
erties as Barbital, but is more soluble. 
Dosage: 0.3 to 0.6 Gm. or 5 to 10 grains. 
Belladonnae Folia (Bellad. Fob), T,eavesr TT S. P. 
(DeadlyTSIightshacle Leaves, Belladonnae Folium, P. I.). 
—The dried leaves of Atropa belladonna, yielding, by the 
1 process outlined in the Pharmacopeia, not less than 0.3 
per cent, of the total alkaloids from belladonna leaves. 
Action and Uses : The active principles of belladonna 
act like atropin (which see). 
Jinctura Belledonnae Foliorum TTr. Bellad. Fol.), 
Tinctur'e'of".belladonna Leaves, u. S. P.—One hundred 
Cc. represents about,, 10 Gm. of the drug. 
Incompatibilities : The tincture should not be presc.rihed-- 
.with alkalies. 
Dosage : jj.75 Cc. or 12 minims, representing approxi- 
mately 02 mg. or grain of mydriatic alkaloids. 
Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum (Ext. Bellad. Fol.), 
* Extract of Belladonna Leaves, U. S. P.—A hydro- 
alcoholic extract of belladonna leaves in either a pilular 
or a powdered form. One gram represents about 4 Gm. 
of belladonna leaves. 
Dosage: 0.015 Gm. or lA grain, corresponding approxi- 
mately to 0.2 mg. or 14oo grain of mydriatic alkaloids. USEFUL DRUGS 
41 
Action and Uses : The application of extract of bella- 
donna to the skin secures a local anodyne effect which is 
employed for the relief of rheumatic and neuralgic nains 
and soreness,. It" ''s a serviceable application in acute 
Inflammatory conditions. 
Empi.astrtjm Rf.t.i.amnnar (F.mp. Bellad.), Belladonna 
Plaster, TJ. S. P.—An adhesive plaster representing 
approximately 30 per cent, of extract of belladonna. 
Plasters are not commonly made by pharmacists, but are 
supplied already spread by the manufacturers. 
They are usually prescribed by the to the 
area of skin to be covered. 
£V!»; . 
IIncttf.ntttm BELLAnoNNAEu (Ung. Bellad.), Belladonna 
Ointment, U. S. P.—Anointment containing 10 per cent, 
of extract of belladonna in a mixture of hydrous wool 
fat and benzoinated lard. 
Benzoinum (Benzoin.), Benzoin, U. S. P.—A balsamic resin 
obtained from several species of Styrax trees growing in 
the East Indies. The drug is now official as Sumatra 
Benzoin and Siam Benzoin. 
Properties: Benzoin contains benzoic acid (Siam benzoin), cin- 
namic acid (Sumatra benzoin) and resins which are soluble in alcohol 
and to some extent at least in oils and fats. 
Tinctura Benzoinae Composita (Tr. Benz. Co.), Com- 
pound Tincture of Benzoin, U. S. P.—A mixture of the 
alcohol-soluble constituents of benzoin, 10 Gm.; aloes, 
2 Gm.; storax, 8 Gm., and balsam of Tolu, 4 Gm., in 
sufficient alcohol to make 100 Cc. 
Action and Uses : Compound tincture of benzoin is used 
as an application to the inflamed mucous membrane of the 
throat and bronchi by inhalation. It is soothing and acts 
as a stimulating expectorant. It is frequently administered 
by adding a teaspoonful to a glassful of boiling water and 
inhaling the vapor. It is also used as an addition to lotions 
of glycerin and water. It is useful as a stimulant and pro- 
tective for ulcers, bedsores, cracked nipples and fissures of 
the lips, anus, etc. 
Benzosulphinidum (Benzosulphinid.), Benzosulphinid, U. S. P. 
(Saccharin, Glusidum).—The anhydrid, CeHtSCh-CONH, 
of ortho-sulphamid-benzoic acid (Benzosulphonic-imid). 
Properties: Benzosulphinid is a white, crystalline powder, nearly 
odorless, having an intensely sweet taste even in dilute solutions. It 
is soluble in alcohol (1: 31), but only slightly soluble in water (1: 290). 
The addition of an alkali materially increases the solubility of saccharin 
in water by the formation of a salt, and it is often prescribed mixed 
with an equal quantity of sodium bicarbonate or in the form of a 
sodium salt known as “soluble saccharin.” 
Action and Uses : Benzosulphinid is used as a substitute 
for sugar in diabetes. It is about 500 times as sweet as 
sugab the usuaf quarter-grain tablet being about equal to a 
large “lump” of sugar. However, it tends to become dis- 42 
USEFUL DRUGS 
tasteful on continued use. It is excreted almost unchanged, 
and does not produce any marked pharmacologic effect. It 
has no food value, therefore its substitution for sugar in 
ordinary food lowers the nutritive value. Saccharin is 
rendered more soluble by the addition of an equal weight 
of sodium bicarbonate. 
Betanaphthol (Betanaph.), Betanaphthol, U. S. P. (Naphthol). 
—A monohydroxyphenol (C10H7OH) of the naphthalene 
series. 
Properties: It occurs as colorless, or pale buff-colored, crystalline 
laminae or a crystalline powder, having a faint phenol-like odor and 
a pungent taste. It is only very slightly soluble in water (1:1,000), 
but is very soluble in alcohol (1: 0.8). 
Action and Uses: Betanapffthol is a powerful anti- 
septic. several times stronger than phenol. It is irritating 
to the skin or mucous membranes when applied in solution. 
If absorbed in considerable amount it may cause nephritis. 
It tends to destroy the red blood corpuscles and has been 
known to produce changes in the retina and opacity of the 
lens. 
Betanaphthol is applied externally as a parasiticide and 
antiseptic. Internally it has been much used as an intes- 
tinal antiseptic, but its utility is limited because of the 
danger of poisonous consequences from its possible absorp- 
tion. It has also been used as an anthelmintic for the 
treatment of hookworm disease. 
Dosage: 0.1 to 0.3 Gm. or IV2 to 5 grains. It is best 
given diluted with an inert substance, such as sugar of 
milk, in powder or capsules. Externally it may be used 
in the form of ointment, 1 to 10 per cent. 
Bismuthi Subcarbonas (Bism. Subcarb.), Bismuth Subcar- 
bonate, U. S. P.—A basic carbonate of bismuth of vary- 
ing chemical composition, some specimens being more 
basic than others. 
Properties: Bismuth subcarbonate is practically insoluble in water 
or alcohol. It is decomposed by hydrochloric or nitric acid, giving a 
copious effervescence of carbon dioxid and producing a chlorid _ or 
nitrate of bismuth which enters into solution. When such a solution 
is diluted with water the insoluble basic chlorid (oxychlorid or sub- 
chlorid) or basic nitrate of bismuth is precipitated. Bismuth subcar- 
bonate is readily decomposed by the acid of the gastric juice, but 
in this case while the acid is neutralized, an insoluble oxychlorid 
of bismuth remains, coating the stomach and thus acting therapeuti- 
cally in the same manner as the original subcarbonate would. 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with sulphids, sul- 
phur, acids and acid salts. 
Action and Uses: Bismuth subcarbonate acts like other 
insoluble salts of bismuth; and as antacid. For its uses 
see Bismuthi Subnitras. In roentgenography the subcar- 
bonate is preferable to the subnitrate because of the fact 
that it cannot give rise to nitrite poisoning, which has 
JffcCasi'onally happened when large doses of the subnitrate 
were used. Barium sulphate, however, has largely replaced 
the bismuth salt in roentgenography. USEFUL DRUGS 
43 
Dosage : 0.5 to 2 Gm., 8 to 30 grains. Much larger 
doses are necessary in roentgen-ray work. 
Bismuthi Subgallas (Bism. Subgall.), Bismuth Subgallate, 
U. S. P.—A basic gallate of bismuth of varying chemical 
composition, containing bismuth equivalent to from 52 to 
57 per cent, of bismuth oxid. 
Properties: Bismuth subgallate occurs as an amorphous, bright 
yellow powder without odor or taste. It is practically insoluble in 
water and in alcohol, but is decomposed by hydrochloric, nitric or 
sulphuric acid if heated. It is also decomposed by alkali hydroxids. 
Incompatibilities : Bismuth subgallate is incompatible 
with acids, alkalies, sulphids and sulphur. 
Action and Uses : Bismuth subgallate was introduced 
for the treatment of skin diseases. Its action and uses are 
similar to those of Bismuth subnitrate, which see. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains. 
Bismuthi Subnitras (Bism. Subnit.), Bismuth Subnitrate, 
U. S. P.—A basic bismuth nitrate of varying chemical 
composition. 
Properties: Bismuth subnitrate occurs as a heavy, white, odorless 
and almost tasteless powder. It is practically insoluble in water and 
in alcohol. Hydrochloric acid of the usual strength of the gastric 
juice decomposes only a small amount in the course of several hours. 
Hydrochloric or nitric acid, if not too dilute, decomposes bismuth 
subnitrate, producing the chlorid or nitrate, which enters into solution; 
but when this solution is diluted with water the insoluble basic chlorid 
(oxychlorid or subchlorid) or basic nitrate (subnitrate) is precipitated. 
Incompatibilities : Bismuth subnitrate is incompatible 
with acids, tannins, sulphids and sulphur. With soluble 
carbonates and bicarbonates in the presence of water there 
is a liberation of carbon dioxid, a formation of insoluble 
bismuth compound, and the nitrate of the alkali metal. 
Hence, when bismuth is desired as an addition to a solu- 
tion of alkali, the subcarbonate should be used. With 
iodids a double decomposition has been noted with the 
formation of the red basic iodid of bismuth and the nitrate 
of the metal whose iodid was used. 
Action and Uses : Soluble bismuth compounds, as a 
rule, become converted in the presence of water into 
insoluble basic compounds. Most of the preparations used 
in medicine are already in the basic form. (As the action 
of bismuth preparations depends on the action of an 
insoluble powder, there is no object in prescribing a soluble 
salt.) All the insoluble compounds of bismuth used in 
medicine produce essentially the same effects. They are 
best administered in the form of powders, capsules, or 
cachets. The salt most frequently used is bismuth sub- 
nitrate; but since this sometimes produces poisonous 44 
USEFUL DRUGS 
effects, the subcarbonate is preferable. Under some cir- 
cumstances the nitrate radical may be reduced to nitrite, 
especially by the putrefactive bacteria of the large intes- 
tine. Poisoning by nitrites is indicated by vasomotor 
paralysis, tachycardia and asphyxia due to the formation 
of methemoglobin. 
Bismuth subnitrate is not appreciably affected by the 
gastric juice and does not materially lessen its acidity. 
When given in considerable doses it coats the mucous 
membrane and acts as a mechanical protective. It thus 
prevents the action of the digestive secretions and of irri- 
tating foods or other substances on the mucous membrane. 
The same is true of its effect on the mucous membrane of 
the intestine. It is not absorbed in the stomach. It under- 
goes chemical changes in the intestine and is probably 
absorbed there to some extent though seldom in sufficient 
quantities to produce symptoms of poisoning. It is 
excreted by the kidneys and mouth, as well as by the 
cecum and other parts of the large intestine. It is turned 
black in the large intestine, probably from contact with 
sulphids. 
When applied to the skin it acts mechanically, but on 
wounds and ulcers, as on mucous membranes, it acts as a 
protective, astringent and antiseptic. It is absorbed from 
wounds to a larger extent than from mucous membranes. 
A number of cases of poisoning have been so caused. 
Bismuth subnitrate and other insoluble salts of bismuth 
are used in irritation of the stomach and intestines for 
their protective and astringent powers. They are useful 
to allay vomiting from gastric irritation. In the same 
manner they serve to check diarrhea. They are useful 
in hyperacidity and ulcer of the stomach by coating and 
protecting the mucous membrane. They are also employed 
in catarrh of the stomach and intestines. They may be 
given for the same purpose in ulcerative enteritis. 
Externally the subnitrate and subcarbonate are used as 
protective and antiseptic applications in skin diseases and 
as applications to ulcers or suppurating wounds and to 
promote the healing of old sinuses and fistulous tracts. In 
the latter case the bismuth is used in the form of a paste 
(33 per cent.) combined with petrolatum and wax. A num- 
ber of cases of poisoning have been reported due to the 
absorption of the bismuth from such application. Hence 
care must be exercised in its use and on the appearance 
of toxic symptoms, such as a blue line on the gums, 
headache, nausea and stomatitis, the bismuth should be 
removed from the fistula by the injection of warm olive oil. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. For the treatment of 
peptic ulcer or in intestinal disease this dose may be fre- 
quently repeated (every 3 to 6 hours). Externally it is 
employed freely as a dusting powder or in ointment. USEFUL DRUGS 
45 
Caffeina (Caffein.), Caffein, U. S. P.—A feebly basic sub- 
stance obtained from the leaves of Thea sinensis or from 
the seeds of Coffea arabica and also found in other 
plants. Tea contains from 1 to 4 per cent, of caffein; 
coffee from 1 to 2 per cent. 
Properties: Caffein is trimethyl-xanthin, C5H(CH3)gN402. It 
occurs as white, silky, glistening needles, usually matted together 
in fleecy masses, odorless and having a bitter taste. It is soluble in 
water (1:46) and in alcohol (1:66). The solubility in water is 
materially increased by the addition of sodium benzoate or sodium 
salicylate. 
Action and Uses : Small doses of caffein act on the 
nervous system, stimulating the psychic centers, the respira- 
tory and vasomotor centers and the reflexes. It modifies 
the circulation by stimulating the heart and relaxing the 
vessels by direct action. The flow of urine is increased. 
Muscular contraction is facilitated and fatigue lessened. 
Excessive doses produce insomnia, nervousness, headache, 
palpitation and nausea or vomiting, especially in susceptible 
persons. They lessen the capacity for mental or muscular 
work. Toxic doses may produce tetanic convulsions and 
cardiac dilatation. 
Action on the Circulation : Caffein has a rather com- 
plex and, therefore, somewhat inconstant action. In thera- 
peutic doses the pulse may be quickened or slowed. The 
blood-vessels tend to dilate by tne peripheral action and to 
contract by the central action. The dilatation probably 
predominates in the kidney in most cases, but the blood- 
pressure may rise slightly by increased force and output of 
the heart. This increased output and lessened resistance 
tend to produce a more rapid flow of blood, and this results 
in an increased flow of urine. These effects make caffein 
especially efficient in some cases of cardiac dropsy, although 
it is generally inferior to digitalis. The cardiac stimulation 
is also useful in temporary cardiac weakness. 
Caffein is considered by some clinicians a most valu- 
able drug for the treatment of circulatory failure in acute 
infectious processes, such as pneumonia, peritonitis, scarlet 
fever, etc. On the other hand, some authors do not approve 
of the use of caffein as a cardiac remedy, but believe that 
its utility is confined to its diuretic action. A disadvan- 
tage in the use of large doses is the cerebral stimulation 
produced, which often prevents sleep. 
Caffein is useful in collapse by causing rise of blood- 
pressure and stimulating The respiration. It may be used 
in narcotic poisoning in the form of hot coffee, which may 
be administered by rectum, if the stomach is to be washed 
out meanwhile. It is especially valuable in opium poison- 
ing, and it may be used in alcohol poisoning on the same 
principle. It relieves some forms of headache, but in the 
congestive form it may increase the difficulty. It is 
excreted by the kidney partly under its own form, partly 
as mono- or dimethyl-xanthin. It does not increase the 
amount of uric acid in the urine. 46 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage : The dose of caffein varies from 0.06 Gm. to 
0.3 Gm., or about 1 to 5 grains. A cup of the beverage 
made from a tablespoonful (15 Gm.) of ground coffee 
would contain from 0.1 to 0.2 Gm. or from IV2 to 3 grains 
of caffein. The alkaloid may be given in the form of 
powder or in capsules or cachets. Caffein sodiobenzoate 
should be chosen for hypodermic use. 
Caffeinae Sodio-Benzoas (Caff. Sod. Benz.), Caffein Sodio- 
Benzoate, U. S. P.—A mixture of equal parts of caffein 
and sodium benzoate. 
Properties: It is freely soluble (1:1) in water and soluble in 
alcohol (1:30). It is well adapted for administration in solution 
either by mouth or hypodermically. 
Dosage: 0.1 to 0.6 Gm. or about 1.5 to 10 grains. 
Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus (Calc. Carb. Praec.), Precip- 
itated Calcium Carbonate, U. S. P. (Precipitated Chalk). 
—Calcium carbonate, CaC03, obtained by precipitating 
a solution of a salt of calcium by a soluble carbonate, 
collecting and washing the precipitate and drying. 
Properties: Precipitated calcium carbonate is a fine white powder 
without odor or taste. It is practicallly insoluble in water, but dis- 
solves to a considerable extent in water containing carbon dioxid. 
It is decomposed by acids, forming a salt of calcium and giving off 
carbon dioxid with effervescence. 
Action and Uses : Calcium carbonate neutralizes the 
acid of the gastric juice, calcium chlorid being formed 
and absorbed to some extent. If the contains no 
acid it may escape solution and absorption. When absorbed 
the action is that of the soluble salts of calcium, which 
will be described under Calcium Chlorid. 
Calcium carbonate is used chiefly as an antacid. For 
this purpose and as detergent it is employed as the base 
of many tooth-powders. It is given in the form of powder 
as an antacid and protective in gastritis, hyperchlorhydria 
and gastric ulcer. In prescribing it for such affections its 
constipating tendency should be borne in mind. It is 
especially appropriate to cases in which there is hyper- 
acidity with accompanying diarrhea and in diarrhea with 
acid fermentation. It may be used in skin diseases as a 
dusting powder to neutralize acid secretions and to pro- 
tect the skin. 
Calcium carbonate is the appropriate antidote to oxalic 
acid as it neutralizes the acid with the formation of the 
insoluble oxalate of calcium. It may be used as an anti- 
dote to other corrosive acids, though magnesium oxid is 
preferable, as it does not yield gas on reaction with acid. 
Dosage: From 1 to 3 Gm. or from 15 to 45 grains. Tea- 
spoonful doses can be given without fear of harm. One 
gram will neutralize 0.730 Gm. of absolute HC1, or approxi- 
mately the amount of free HC1 in 500 Cc., or 1 pint of 
stomach contents having 40 degrees of free acidity. Calcii Chloridum (Calc. Chlor.), Calcium Chlorid, U. S. P.— 
A hydrated form of calcium chlorid containing not less 
than 75 per cent, of CaCU. 
Properties: Calcium chlorid occurs as white, translucent fragments, 
which are odorless and have a sharp saline taste. It is very deliques- 
cent and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. It is freely 
soluble in water (1: 1.2) and also in alcohol (1: 10). 
Incompatibilities : Soluble carbonates, phosphates and 
sulphates produce a precipitate of the corresponding insol- 
uble salts of calcium. 
Action and Uses: Calcium salts depress the entire 
muscular and nervous system, when applied directly to 
these tissues, or inject eel into the blood stream. If the 
calcium concentration of the serum is normal, calcium salts 
administered by mouth or even intravenously are not 
absorbed or rapidly excreted. The soluble salts are con- 
verted in the intestine into the insoluble carbonate or phos- 
phate or into soaps. When the calcium concentration of the 
\serum is low, a&Jn infantile tetany, the continued adminis- 
tration the chlorid, will 
raise the concentration to a greater or less extent and cause 
a cessation of symptoms. But unless the cause of the con- 
dition is removed, the concentration sinks rapidly after 
withdrawal of the calcium. 
Calcium is believed to diminish inflammatory effusions 
and appears to be of some benefit in urticaria and serum 
rashes. 
There are grounds for believing that calcium diminishes 
or prevents some of the unpleasant reactions from ars- 
phenamin. 
Calcium bromid- appears to be somewhat more effective 
against epilepsythan the other bromids. 
The of calcium in blood coagulation has led 
to its use in hemorrhagic conditions, such as hemophilia, 
purpura, the intestinal hemorrhage of typhoid fever, etc. 
It is very improbable that it could be effective, since the 
blood in these conditions always contains an abundance of 
calcium. Both the experimental and the best clinical, evi- 
dence fail to establish its efficacy. UrtL'&.th 
USEFUL DRUGS 
47 
Dosage: From 0.5 to 1.0 Gm. or from 8 to 15 grains. 
Calcium chlorid is best administered in dilute solution sweet- 
ened with syrup or elixir. 
Calcii Lactas (Calc. Lact.), Calcium Lactate, U. S. P.—The 
hydrated form of calcium lactate. Contains when dried 
to constant weight not less than 98 per cent, of 
Ca (C3H5O3) 2. 
Properties: Calcium lactate occurs in white crystalline masses or 
powder, odorless and nearly tasteless. It is soluble in water (1:20), 
but very slightly soluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibilites : Calcium lactate is incompatible with 
carbonates, sulphates and other compounds forming insol- 
uble calcium salts. 48 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Action and Uses: Calcium lactate has the pharmacologic 
action of other soluble calcium salts (see Calcium Chlorid) 
but is less irritating than the chlorid and, therefore, espe- 
cially suitable for hypodermic use. 
Dosage: From 1.0 to 2.0 Gm. or from 15 to 30 grains. 
Calx, Calcium Oxid, U. S. P. (Lime, Quicklime).—Contains 
when freshly ignited not less than 95 per cent, of CaO. 
Properties: Calcium oxid occurs as hard, white or grayish-white 
masses, which, in contact with the air, gradually attract moisture and 
carbon dioxid and fall to a white powder; it is odorless and has a 
caustic taste. Calcium oxid is converted into calcium hydroxid on 
the addition of water, and this is slightly soluble in cold water 
(1: 840), less soluble in hot water and practically insoluble in alcohol.' 
Milk of lime is calcium hydroxid mixed with winter in 
the proportion of 1 quart of lime to 4 of water. , 
Action and Uses: Quicklime is a fairly active germicide. 
On account of its cheapness it is much used as a disinfec- 
tant. It is especially useful for the disinfection of excreta. 
Freshly prepared milk of lime may be added in volume 
equal to that of the material to be disinfected, the mass 
thoroughly mixed and allowed to stand for two hours 
before disposal. A still better method of using it is to 
add enough quicklime to make the excrement boil. Milk 
of lime or whitewash is a serviceable application to privies 
or to the walls of infected rooms. 
Liquor Calcis (Liq. Calc.), Solution of Calcium 
Hydroxid, U. S. P. (Lime-water).—A saturated solution 
of calcium hydroxid containing about 0.14 per cent, of 
Ca(OH)i. 
Properties: Lime-water is a clear, colorless liquid without odor, 
and has an alkaline, bitter taste. Lime-water absorbs carbon-dioxid 
from the air, readily forming the insoluble calcium carbonate, and 
leaving the solution weaker in consequence. The Pharmacopeia gives 
a convenient method of assay, and there is no excuse for the pharma- 
cist who dispenses an inferior preparation. The strength of lime- 
water should be preserved by keeping an excess of lime in the bottom 
of the container. When the lime-water is to be used the clear super- 
natant liquid should be decanted. 
Incompatibilities : Lime-water is incompatible with 
acids and with carbonated, or ordinary hard water. 
Action and Uses: Lime-water is antacid and astringent 
and is often used as an addition to”mTik for botK adults 
and children, to favor fine curdling. The usual proportion 
is 1 of lime-water to 4 of milk, but a mixture of equal 
parts may be given. This is administered in small doses 
to allay nausea and vomiting, as well as diarrhea.” Lime- 
"whter is used- externally in TFTp treatment of burns. 
Dosage : 15 Cc. or about 4 fiuidrams, containing approxi- 
mately 0.02 Gm. or Va grain of calcium hydroxid. USEFUL DRUGS 
49 
Calx Chlorinata (Calx Chlorin.), Chlorinated Lime, U. S. P. 
(Chlorinated Calcium Oxid, Bleaching Powder, often 
improperly called “Chlorid of Lime”).—A variable com- 
pound resulting from the action of chlorin on calcium 
hydroxid. It should contain not less than 30 per cent, 
of available chlorin, that is, chlorin which is set free by 
the action of an acid. 
Properties: Chlorinated lime occurs as a white or grayish-white 
granular powder, having a chlorin-like odor, and a repulsive saline 
taste. It is only partially soluble in water or alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Chlorinated lime is a disinfectant, 
A 5 per cent, solution is a convenient strength for ordP 
nary “"use. it is~beihg used quite extensively as the source 
of chlorin for treating contaminated drinking waters. The 
fresh solution of about 0.5 per cent. strengtK should be 
added to the water to be treateHPTn the proportion of 
about 25 gallons per million gallons of water, the propor- 
tion varying with different waters. 
jdypochlorites in acid, alkaline and slightly alkaline solu- 
tionsEave"been found useful in the treatment of infected 
wounds. 
The *icid solutioiijCLorrain Smith’s) “Eusol” may be pre- 
pared by shaking 12.5 Gm. of chlorinated lime and 12.5 Gm. 
powdered boric acTcT with 1 liter of water, allowing the 
mixture to stand for some hours, and filtering. Alkaline 
and slightly alkaline preparations of hypochlorites are de- 
scribed below. Unless strongly alkaline, solutions of hypo- 
chlorites decompose rapidly. 
Liquor Sodae Chlorinatae (Liq. Sod. Chlorinat.), Solu- 
tion of Chlorinated Soda, U. S. P. (Labarraque’s Solu-_. 
tion).—An aqueous solution of sodiunThypocHIorite and 
sodium chloricf containing at pef cent, of avail- 
able chlorin. It is made by decomposing a solution of 
chlorinated lime with sodium carbonate and removing 
the insoluble calcium carbonate formed. 
Surgical Solution of Chlorinated Soda, N. N. R., of 
Carrel and Pakin contains 0.43 to 0.4.8 per cent, of available 
chlorine, free from caustic alkali, it may be prepared by 
decomposing chlorinated lime with specified amounts of 
sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate in the presence 
of water. After the precipitate formed has subsided, the 
supernatant solution is filtered off and adjusted to the 
required alkalinity and content of available chlorine. 
Action and Uses: Solution of chlorinated soda, like 
chlorinated lime, is used chiefly as a disinfectant. Diluted 
with, from 15 to 20 parts of water it may~lie”employed as 
a spray, gargle or wash? 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or 15 minims. USEFUL DRUGS 
Camphora (Camph.), Camphor, U. S. P.—A ketone, obtained 
from Cinnamomum camphora. It is dextro-rotatory. 
Properties: Camphor occurs as white, translucent masses of a 
tough consistence and having a characteristic odor and a pungent 
aromatic taste. It is readily pulverizable in the presence of a little 
alcohol, ether or chloroform. It is very slightly soluble in water, 
but freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and in fixed and 
volatile oils 
Action and Uses : Camphor stimulates the central ner- 
vous system, especially the medullary centers, and the 
circulation. In toxic doses it produces "delirium followed 
Vy unconsciousness with epileptiform convulsions. 
Camphor tends to increase the blood pressure. The 
effects on animals are complex and rather inconstant. 
Many clinicians believe that camphor improves (.the pulse in 
impending cardiac collapse, probably by cardiac stimula- 
tion ; others believe!? ineffective. It is used as a circulatory 
and respiratory stimulant in cases of collapse, syncope, 
cardiac failure, etc., bv-hypodermic -administration.of from 
0.5 to 1 Cc. of a 10 to 20 per cent, sterile solution in olive 
or almond oil injected at short intervals for a few doses. 
Solutions in~liquid petrolatum should not be used. 
The antiseptic action of camphor is utilized in gargles 
and mouth washes. It is also given in dyspepsia as a 
carminative, and is used in the first stage of colas and 
other infections of the respiratory tract. 
Locally camphor is mildly irritant, causing a loss of .tone 
of the peripheral blood vessels, and thus producing redness 
of the slcln. It is also a local analgesic. It is employed, 
for its mild rubefacient and couriterirritant effects, as an 
ingredient "of liniments. Powders containing camphor are 
antipruritic. 
Dosage: 0.10 Gm. or about 1 Vz grains. When a prompt 
cardiac or central action is demanded, much larger doses 
may be required. For oral administration, it may be given 
in an oily or alcoholic solution or in pills, capsules or 
cachets. j \ 
Aqua Camphorae (Aq. Camph.), Camphor Water, U. S. P. 
—A saturated solution of camphor in distilled water. It 
is a very weak preparation. Camphor water is often used 
as a vehicle for collyriaXvlP) 
Dosage: 10 Cc. or about 2Vz fluidrams (containing 0.04 
Gm. or Vz grain 61 camphor). 
Spiritus Camphorae (Sp. Camph.), Spirit of Camphor, 
U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. contain 10 Gm. camphor in 
alcohol. 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or 15 minims. 
Linimentum Camphorae (Lin. Camph.), Camphor Lini- 
ment, U. S. P. ('Camphorated Oil).—One hundred Cc. 
contain 20 Gm. camphor in cottonseed oil. This prepara- 
tion should not he used for hypodermic injection. USEFUL DRUGS 
51 
Cantharis (Canthar.), Cantharides, U. S. P. (Spanish Flies, 
Russian Flies).—The beetle Cantharis vesiatoria, yield- 
ing not less than 0.6 per cent, of cantharidin. 
Action and Uses : Cantharides is very irritating to the 
intestinal canal, producing hyperemia of the mouth and 
throat and vomiting. It is readily absorbed from the 
intestinal canar~arfd produces ma_rked irritation-of the 
kidneys, affecting, at tirst, fHe glomeruli and subse- 
quently the urinary tubules. In its passage through the 
urinary channels, it irritates the mucous membranes of the 
bladder and urethra and produces a desire to urinate, some- 
times amounting to is also a local 
irritant to the skin and produces blisters. It may be 
absorbed fipm the skin in sufficient quantities to cause 
nephritis. The internal use of cantharides is dangefOTEf. " 
The local irritant action of cantharides is the basis of 
its use for the treatment of baldness, for which it is used 
in the form of tincture greatly diluted with alcohol (from 
1:15 to 1: 30) or in ointments, but it is of little benefit in 
that condition. The chief use of cantharides is as a vesi- 
cant, for which purpose "canthandesplasters (see befowj 
"are”employed. It is contralndicatedUffnepliritis: and when 
vesication is desire<T Tn nephritis,' another agent such as 
ammonia or chloroform should be selected. Cantharides 
plaAtp.rq may be used to produce rubelacticn by applying 
them for a time insufficient "to FTister. When the irritation 
is carried just to the point of beginning vesication, the 
result is known as a flying blister. The counterirritation 
may be rendered continuous by a succession of such “flying” 
blisters. 
Ceratum Cantharidis (Cerat. Canthar.), Cantharides 
Cerate, U. S. P. (Blistering Cerate).—Contains 35 per 
cent, of cantharides. 
Ceratum cantharidis may be used for vesication, but the 
blistering plasters commonly put up by manufacturers have 
a slightly different base. A blister will usually be formed 
in the course of six hours. Vesication can sometimes be 
hastened by removing the cantharides plaster after a few 
hours and applying hot poultices. Cantharides cerate should 
not be applied directly over an inflamed part. 
Tinctura Cantharidis (Tr. Canthar.), Tincture of 
Cantharides, U. S. P. (Cantharidis Tinctura, P. I.).— 
One hundred Cc. represents 10 Gm. of cantharides in 
alcohol. 
Dosage: 0.1 Cc. or IV2 minims. 
Capsicum (Capsic.), Capsicum, U. S. P. (Cayenne Pepper, 
African Chillies).—The dried, ripe fruit of Capsicum 
frutescens. 
Action and Uses: Capsicum is carminative, stimulant 
and rubefacient. It is sometimes usecl "in atomc dyspepsia, 
especially in cases due to chronic alcoholism. Such use 
should be cautious and not long continued. USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage: 0.06 Gm. or about 1 grain. Externally it is 
.frequently used in the form of liniment, generally a mix- 
ture of the tincture (25 per cent.) with the official soap 
iliniment. The tincture mixed with an equal quantity of 
'glycerin is used as a gargle in tonsillitis, pharyngitis, etc. 
Capsicum plaster and ointment (25 per cent., in petro- 
latum) are suitable preparations for counterirritation in 
'neuralgia, muscular rheumatism, etc. 
Capsici (Tr. Capsic.), Tincture of Capsicum, 
U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represent 10 Gm. of the drug 
in approximately 90 per cent, alcohol. 
p/ age : 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims. 
]C§rbo Ligni (Carbo Lig.), Wood Charcoal, U. S. P. (Char- 
coal).—Prepared from soft wood (either willow or 
maple) and very finely powdered. 
Properties: Charcoal is a black, odorless and tasteless powder, 
free from gritty matter. 
Action and Uses: Locally charcoal may be employed as 
a deodorant for fetid ulcers, etc., best applied as the dry 
product sewn into a bag. 
Because of its well-known property of absorbing and 
condensing gases, charcoal has long been administered in 
.-cases or~gatuTence, the prescribers evidently losing sight 
of the fact that when thoroughly wet it loses its property 
■ of absorbing fermentative gases. It is used to indicate the 
oi time_fapd _remain s in the alimentary tract. Char-i 
coal administered with the test diet causes the feces 
'formed from that diet to have a black color. It is also 
'commonly used to distinguish the periods of diet in metab- 
olism experiments. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. Preferably administered in 
cachets, not more than 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains in each. 
''Cardamomi Semen (Cardam. Sem.), Cardamom Seed, U. S. 
P. (Cardamomum, U. S. P. VIII).—The dried seeds of 
Elettaria cardamomum. 
- Action and Uses: Cardamom is used as an aromatic, 
carminative and stomachic. 
cTinctura Cardamomi (Tr. Cardam.), Tincture of Carda- 
mom.—Represents 20 per cent, of cardamom in diluted 
alcohol. This preparation should not be confounded with 
compound tincture of cardamom (Tinctura Cardamomi 
Compositae, U. S. P.), which is a comparatively weak 
solution of the soluble constituents of cardamom, cinna- 
mon and caraway in diluted alcohol, colored red with 
cochineal; the latter may be used as an aromatic vehicle 
for medicaments that require dilute alcohol for solution. 
Dosage: 5 Cc. or 1 fluidram. USEFUL DRUGS 
53 
Caryophyllus (Caryoph.), Clove, U. S. P. (Cloves).—The 
dried flower buds of Eugenia aromatica. 
Oleum Caryophylli (Ol. Caryoph.), Oil of Clove, U. S. 
P. (Clove Oil, Oil of Cloves).—A volatile oil distilled 
from cloves, consisting largely (82 per cent.) of eugenol. 
Properties: Oil of clove occurs as a colorless or pale yellow 
liquid, becoming darker and thicker by age and exposure. Oil of 
clove is freely soluble in alcohol, but nearly insoluble in water. 
Action and Uses : Oil of clove is antiseptic and aro- 
matic. It is frequently used as a carminative and exter- 
nally as counterirritant. In dental practice it is used as 
an anodyne. 
Dosage : 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims dissolved in alcohol, or 
taken on granulated su'ghr, or in some emulsion, on shaved 
ice or in capsules. To relieve toothache it should be 
dropped on a minute piece of cotton and inserted into the 
cavity of the carious tooth. For external use it is diluted 
/ with 2 or 3 parts of fatty oil. 
Cascara Sagrada (Case. Sagr.), Cascara Sagrada, U. S. P. 
(Rhamnus Purshiana, U. S. P. VIII).—The dried bark 
of the trunk and branches of Rhamnus purshiana. 
Action and Uses : The preparations of cascara sagrada 
are laxative, acting mainly in the colon, and are widely 
used~fcrr—habitual constipation. The dose can often be 
gradually r£cfuce3~"without1 constipation following. 
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae (Fldext. Cascar. 
Sagr.), Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada, U. S. P. 
(Fluidextractum Rhamni Purs'nianae, U. S. P. VIII, 
Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada).—One hundred Cc. 
represent 100 Gm. of the drug in approximately 40 per 
cent, alcohol. The presence of a bitter principle renders 
this preparation useful as a stomachic as well as a 
laxative. 
Dosage: 1 to 2 Cc. or 15 to 30 minims, 3 times daily; 
smaller doses should be us"e3~TFeSicient for laxative effecfT*^ 
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum (Fldext. 
Cascar. Sagr. Arom.), Aromatic Fluidextract of 
Cascara Sagrada, U. S. P. Fluidextractum Rhamni 
Purshianae Aromaticum, U. S. P. VIII, Aromatic 
Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada).—One hundred Cc. 
represent 100 Gm. of the drug previously treated with 
magnesium oxid, to deprive it of its bitter principle, and 
aromatized and sweetened with extract of glycyrrhiza, 
benzosulphinid, oil of anise, oil of cassia, oil of coriander 
and methyl salicylate. This preparation is often pre- 
ferred as a laxative on account of its pleasant taste, but 
is considerably less active than bitter fluid extract. 
Dosages From 2 to 4 Cc. or from 30 to 60 minims. The 
smaller dose may be given several times a "’day'The larger 
once daily at bedtime. 54 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Extractum Cascarae Sagradae (Ext. Casc. Sagr.), 
Extract of Cascara Sagrada, U. S. P. (Extractum 
Rhamni Purshianae, U. S. P. VIII, Powdered Extract of 
Cascara Sagrada).—A powdered extract representing 
three times its weight of the drug. 
Dosage: From 0.1 to 0.5 Gm. or from 2 to 8 grains in 
pill or capsule form. '' 
Cera Alba (Cer. Alb.), White Wax, U. S. P., is the bleached 
form of: 
Cera Flava (Cer. Flav.), Yellow Wax, U. S. P.—A solid 
substance prepared from the honeycomb of the bee, Apis 
mellifera. In medicine wax is chiefly used to stiffen 
ointments, so that they will not run through a dressing 
(Cerates). 
Chenopodium.—Now used in medicine only as 
Oleum Chenopodii (Ol. Chenopod.), Oil of Chenopodium, 
U. S. P.—A volatile oil distilled from Chenopodium 
ambrosioides anthelminticum. It should be kept in well- 
stoppered amber-colored bottles, in a cool place, pro- 
tected from light. 
Properties: Oil of chenopodium is a colorless or pale yellow liquid, 
with a pungent, irritating odor and a bitter taste. It is soluble (1:8) 
in 70 per cent, alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Oil of chenopodium is an effective 
anthelmintic against ascarides and hookworm; it is also 
used against intestinal amebas. The drug paralyzes but does 
not kill_the worms, which must be eliminated by free purga- 
tion:—TheTapetfTfc doses "often produce minor toxic symp- 
toms, especially dizziness and nausea, sometimes vomiting, 
temporary deafness or general depression. The deafness is 
sometimes more persistent. 
Severe intoxication is rare, and generally attributable 
to gross overdosage'; but a few deaths are reported from 
therapeutic doses. The symptoms in severe cases pass into 
Revere- and convulsions and coma. Fasting 
Increases the toxicity of" the drug. 
repeated at intervals of' several days, become toxic, thus 
indicating . cumulation. The drug is absorbed slowly from 
the stomach, but rapidly from the intestine! Oil o? cheno- 
podium is also a local irritant. 
Dosage: The dosage against ascarides is 0.2 Cc. or 3 
minims, dropped on sugar 2 or 3 times daily for two days, 
and followed by a tablespoonful of castor oil. 
"Against hookworm or amebas, the routine consists in a 
light evening meal, followed by a purgative dose of mag- 
Jiesium sulphate. In the morning, the patient receives some 
milk followed by 3 doses of chenopodium oil, each of 0.5 
Cc. on a teaspoonful of granulated sugar an hour apart. 
Two hours after the last dose, magnesium sulphate is again 
given. The course is repeated every three to five days, 
until the parasites have disappeared from the feces. USEFUL DRUGS 
55 
The dosage for children is 1 drop, on sugar, for each 
year of the child’s age. The treatment may be 
TncTic£fe<rduring fever or acute gastro-intestinal inflamma- 
tions? TT toxic symptoms, particularly inordinate sleepiness 
or expression, manifest themselves, the drug should be 
withdrawn at once, active purgation induced and stimula- 
tion begun with strong hot coffee by mouth or rectum. 
Chloralum Hydratum (Chloral. Hydrat.), Hydrated Chloral, 
U. S. P. (“Chloral,” Chloral Hydrate).—A compound of 
trichloraldehyd or chloral, with the elements of one 
molecule of water. It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, 
of CCUCH(OH)2. 
Properties: Hydrated chloral occurs as colorless and transparent 
crystals, having an aromatic penetrating odor, and a bitterish, caustic 
taste. It is very soluble in water (1:0.25) alcohol (1: 1.3) or ether. 
Incompatibilities : Hydrated chloral is incompatible 
with alkalies and alkali carbonates, which cause the forma- 
tion of chloroform. From mixtures containing hydrated 
chloral, an alkali bromid and alcohol, a compound of 
chloral believed to be chloral alcoholate sometimes 
separates. 
Action and Uses : Hydrated chloral acts on the central 
nervous system, small doses producing a feeling of weari- 
ness followed by quiet sleep in which the pulse and respira- 
tion are slowed in the same manner as in normal sleep 
and the reflexes are Jiot abolished. From this sleep the 
person can readily be awakened. Larger doses produce 
more rapid and deeper unconsciousness and abolition of 
reflexes. There is slowing of the respiration and fall of 
blood pressure. The cutaneous vessels are dilated and a 
marked fall of temperature occurs. With fatal doses death 
results ordinarily from paralysis of the respiratory center 
but sometimes by paralysis of a weakened heart. 
Hydrated chloral is a reliable hypnotic in insomnia due 
to nervous excitation. It is not so valuable when the sleep- 
lessness is primarily due to a painful affection. In such 
cases morphin or codein is more effective. At times it 
may be combined with opium or morphin. It should not 
be used when there is degeneration of the heart muscle. 
In other cases of heart disease and in arteriosclerosis it 
may be given cautiously. 
Hydrated chloral may be given in moderate doses as a 
nervous sedative, especially in conjunction with the 
bromids. 
Hydrated chloral is valuable in tetanus, in which it must 
be used boldly to overcome the convulsions. In delirium 
in fever it may be administered in small doses. It should 
not be given, however, if the delirium can be controlled by 
other means, or if the circulation is feeble. It is useful 
as an antispasmodic in obstinate cases of hiccup. 56 
useful drugs 
Dosage: From 0.30 to 1.3 Gm. or from 5 to 25 grains, 
freely diluted with water or milk. The dose may be 
repeated in from one to three hours, according to its size, if 
needed, but the condition of the pulse and respiration 
should be carefully watched when large doses are given. 
While hydrated chloral has the reputation of being espe- 
cially dangerous, this refers to large doses. Smaller doses, 
0.3 Gm. or 5 grains, are about as effective as the ordinary 
doses of other hypnotics and relatively safe. Habit forma- 
tion is quite common, perhaps more so than with some 
other hypnotics. 
Chloramin-T.—Sodium Paratoluenesulphochloramid, N. N. R. 
— CH3'CT4S02NaNCl+3H20, 1:4 
Action and Uses : The actions of chloramin-T are 
essentially similar to those of surgical solution of chlori- 
nated soda." It lias the advantages of greater stability 
and convenience of preparaTTon, and produces less irri- 
tation. On the other hand, it lacks the solvent action of 
aTKafine hypochlorites. It is practically" nontoxic, but 
should not be taken by mouth, since it is decomposed by 
the gastric juice. 
Dosage: Chloramin-T is employed in 0.1 to 4 per cent, 
aqueous solution. For wounds, the normal strength is 
from 1 to 2 per cent., applied by the same technic as the 
surgical solution of chlorinated soda. It has also been 
employed for irrigation of the urethra, bladder and uterus, 
and as a mouth wash. It is also used as a paste, contain- 
ing 1 per cent, of chloramin-T in a base composed approxi- 
mately of 15 per cent, of sodium stearate and 85 per cent, 
of water. 
Chloroformum (Chlorof.), Chloroform, U. S. P.—A liquid 
consisting of from 99 to 99.4 per cent, of chloroform, 
CHCls, and from 0.6 to 1 per cent, of alcohol, C2HsOH, 
added as a preservative. 
Properties: Chloroform occurs as a heavy, clear, colorless and 
mobile liquid, of a characteristic odor, and a burning sweet taste. 
It is but slightly soluble in water (1:210), but is miscible, in all 
proportions, with alcohol, ether and the fixed and volatile oils. 
Chloroform should be protected from the light by stor- 
ing in a dark place or in dark well-stoppered bottles. It 
readily deteriorates under the influence of heat, light and 
air, and the decomposition products must be avoided in 
the use of this product in general anesthesia. For this 
reason the vapors should not be allowed to come in contact 
with a flame. 
Action and Uses : The main use of chloroform is by 
inhalation, for the production of| general anesthesia. The 
excitement stage resembles that of ether, but it is offehorter 
'duration" and therefore less~~unplea?ant. It 'is much more~ 
most acute fatalities occurring by stop-_ USEFUL DRUGS 
57 
page of the head: early in the administration. This danger 
"Ts tgSSEiiHTTiy atropin. "* “ 
The anesthetic stage is also more dangerous than with* 
ether, there being a gradual buf'progressive fall of blood 
pressure, even if the administration is carefully managed. 
The fall is due to depression of both the cardiac muscle 
and vasomotor center. The respiratory center, is also more 
depressed. If an excessive concentration is given, death ~ 
occurs, ?n this stage usually by stoppage of respiration: 
but since the heart and vasomotor center are also greatly 
weakened, recovery is more difficult than with: ether. 
Sometimes, especially in cardiac disease, the heart may be 
the first to fail. 
The irritant actions on the kidneys and respiratory tract 
are probably about the same as with ether. 
Prolonged administration is especially dangerous, often 
producing death after several days by so-called 
chloroform poisoning. This is characterized by general , 
fattv. degeneration, especially marked in the liver, which 
may pass lirFo a condition analogous to acute yellow 1 
atrophy. 
Chloroform is distinctly less safe as an anesthetic than 
ether and should be employed only when ether is unavail- 
able or its use inadmissible for some reason. Chloroform 
is held by many physicians as specially suitable for 
anesthesia in children and during childbirth. 
Chloroform acts locally as a penetrating and fairly 
powerful irritant, which may blister if its evaporation is 
prevented. It is used in liniments. Taken by mouth, small_ 
doses are carminative, anodyne and antiseptic : it is tfiere- 
jore used in gastric fermentation and colic! "Larger doses 
are sometime's employed as a vermitugef' Ex’cessfve doses 
produce unconsciousness and coma, similarly to the results 
of its inhalation. Analgesia for painful dressings and short 
operations may be produced by the s_elf-inhalation of a fixed 
dose of 5 Cc. of chloroform. This appears to be entirely 
safe, but the dose snouid never be exceeded. 
< 
Dosage: from 0.05 to 0.3 Cc. or from 1 to 5 
minims. 
TTi loro form may be prescribed in a variety of forms. 
The Pharmacopeia includes: 
» ■ * 
Aqua Chloroformi (Aq. Chlorof.), Chloroform -Water, 
U. S. P.—A saturated aqueous solution of chloroform 
containing approximately 1 part in 200. 
Dosage: It may be made extemporaneously by adding 
a few drops of chloroform to a bottle of water, shaking 
well and allowing the excess to subside. A teaspoonful 
contains approximately 0.02 Cc. or Vz minim of chloroform. 
The average dose of chloroform water is 15 Cc. or 4 
fluidramsv - "T " 58 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Spiritus Chloroformi (Sp. Chlorof.), Spirit of Chloro- 
form, U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. contain 6 Cc. of 
chloroform in alcohol. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims containing 0.12 Cc. or 2 
minims of chloroform. 
Linimentum Chloroformi (Lin. Chlorof.), Chloroform 
Liniment, U. S. P.—A 30 per cent, solution of chloroform 
in soap liniment* . 
Chromii—Trioxidum (Chrom. Triox.), Chromium Trioxid, 
U. S. P. (Chromic Acid, Chromic Anhydrid).—Contains 
not less than 95 per cent, of CrOs. 
Properties: Chromium trioxid occurs as small needle-shaped crys- 
tals or prisms of dark purplish-red color and metallic luster; it is 
odorless, destructive to animal and vegetable tissue, deliquescent in 
air and very soluble in water (1: 0.6). 
Incompatibilities : Because of its powerful oxidizing 
properties chromium trioxid should not"be brought in con- 
tact with' alcohol, glycerin or other oxidizable substances' 
lest explosion result. 
Action and Uses : In medicine chromium trioxid is 
used only as a caustic either in the solid form or in 
aqueous solution. In nasal hemorrhage from ulcer of 
septum Holt recommends touching the ulcer with chromium 
trioxid. Dilute solutions are used to check local sweating. 
Chrysarobinum (Chrysarob.), Chrysarobin, U. S. P.—A mix- 
ture of neutral principles extracted from Goa powder, a 
substance found deposited in the wood of Vouacapoua 
araroba. 
Properties: Chrysarobin is a pale orange-yellow to brownish, micro- 
crystalline powder, tasteless, odorless and irritating to the mucous 
membrane. It is very slightly soluble in water, but rather more solu- 
ble in alcohol (1: 385), soluble in chloroform (1:12.5). 
Action and Uses : Chrysarffbin is antioarasitic and a 
jTowerful irritant to the skin. It is more active than tar 
and must be used with corresponding, caution. It is espe- 
cially indicated in chronic dermatosesr in which the produc- 
tion of an acute inflammatory reaction is sometimes desired. 
It is also employed in ,the treatment of fungqs diseases of 
the skin. 
~ LdirysSrobin is used externally in ointment oV solution 
in the strength of from 2 to 10 or even 20 per cent. In 
the weaker proportions it is often quite as eitective as in 
the stronger and does not excite acute dermatitis. 
Chrysarobin stains the, skin brownish, the hair greenish- 
yellow, the nails reddish-brown. Its use about the head 
should be avoided. It also stains clothing a walnut brown. 
This stain can be removed by dilute elution of gausiic 
soda-jjr soiuriori 6f * Chlorinated* soda. USEFUL DRUGS 
59 
Unguentum Chrysarobini (Ung. Chrysarobin.), Ciirys- 
arobin Ointment, U. S. P.—Representing a solution of 
/about 5 per cent, of chrysarobin in benzoinated lard. 
Cinchona (Cinch.), Cinchona, U. S. P.—Official as cinchona 
and cinchona rubra. The dried bark of several species, 
principally hybrids, of Cinchona yielding 5 per cent, of 
the alkaloids of cinchona, the chief of which is quinin. 
Action and Uses : The preparations of cinchona are 
seldom used to obtain the systemic effects of quinin. They 
are mostly employed as bitter tonics. ’ -T 
Tinctura Cinchonae (Tr. Cinch.), Tincture of Cin- 
chona, U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represent about 20 Gm. 
cinchona in a mixture of alcohol (63 per cent.), water 
and glycerin. 
Dosage : 4 Cc. or 1 fluidram. 
Cinchophen, Cinchophen. Acidum Phenylcinchoninicum 
(Acid. Phenylcinch.), Phenylcinchoninic Acid, U. S. P. 
(Phenyl-Quinolin-Carboxylic Acid.—An organic acid, 2- 
phenyl-quinolin-4 carboxylic acid, CeHs.CTTN.CCOOH). 
Properties: Cinchophen occurs in small, colorless crystals or as 
a white or yellowish-white powder, having not more than a slight 
odor resembling benzoic acid, and a bitter taste. It is permanent in 
air, insoluble in cold water and only slightly soluble in cold alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Cinchophen increases the permeability 
of_tbe-kidneys selectively to uric acTcCand therefore greatly 
increases the excretion of urates, and tends to lower their 
concentration in the blood. This action is similar to that 
of salicylates, but more prompt and powerful. It disappears 
within a few hours after the administration is discontinued. 
There are no important effects on other metabolites. 
Cinchophen was originally introduced with the idea of 
removing accumulations of urates and tophi in gout. This 
expectation was not fulfilled; but cinchophen was found 
to be an exceptionally efficient analgesic in gout andlffidflfe' 
and chronic arthritis. In acute, gouty attacks',1~it relieves 
more colchicum and without undesirable 
by-effects. 
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains four times a dav to 1 Gm., 
or 15 grains three times', a day taken with large quantities 
of water. ( • ' ' » t ' 
Cinnamomum Saigonicum (Cinnam. Saigon.), Saigon Cinna- 
mon, U. S. P.—The commercial drug is the dried 
bark or inner bark of an undetermined species of 
Cinnamomum. 
Action and Uses : In medicine it is largely used as an 
aromatic or carminative. 60 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Oleum Cassiae (Ol. Cass.), Oil of Cinnamon, U. S. P. 
Oleum Cinnamomi, U. S. P. VIII, Cassia Oil.—A 
volatile oil distilled from Cinnammomum cassia, yielding 
not less than 80 per cent, of cinnamic aldehyd. It occurs 
as a yellowish liquid having the characteristic odor of 
cinnamon and a sweetish, spicy and burning taste. It is 
freely soluble in alcohol but only very slightly soluble 
in water. 
Dosage: 0.05 Cc. or 1 minim. 
Aqua Cinnamomi (Aq. Cinnam.), Cinnamon Water, 
U. S. P.—A saturated solution of oil of cinnamon in 
distilled water; it is largely used as a vehicle. 
Dosage : IS Cc. or 4 fluidrams. 
Cocaina (Cocain.), Cocain, U. S. P.—An alkaloid obtained 
from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca. 
Properties: Cocain forms large, colorless prisms, having a slightly 
bitter taste and producing on the tongue a temporary numbness. It 
is only slightly soluble in water (1:600), soluble in alcohol (1:6.5), 
and also soluble in fixed oils, but insoluble in petrolatum and lard. 
The hydrochlorid is freely soluble in water; hence cocain is gener- 
ally employed in this form. 
Incompatibilities : Solutions of cocain or of any of its 
salts after being kept a long time, or on boiling, are 
partly hydrolyzed into ecgonin, benzoic acid and methyl 
alcohol. Solutions of cocain cannot be sterilized by boiling 
without some loss, but the amount of decomposition is 
ordinarily so small as to be insignificant. 
Cocainae Hydrochloridum (Cocain. Hydrochl.), Cocain 
Hydrochlorid, U. S. P. (Cocain Chlorid, Cocainum 
Hydrochloricum, P. I.).—The neutral hydrochlorid of 
the alkaloid cocain. 
Properties: Cocain hydrochloric! occurs in colorless prisms, flaky, 
lustrous leaflets or a white, crystalline powder. It is "<*ry 
jn water (1: 0.4) and freely soluble in alcohol (1: 3.2). 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with alkalies and 
sodium borate. 
Action and Uses : The most important action of cocain 
is functional paralysis of nerve fibers, on direct applica- 
tion, resulting in local anesthesia. Tt also causes local 
vasoconstriction. When absorbed1, it is toxic by stimula- 
tion and paralysis of various parts of the central nervous 
system, in irregular sequence. 
Local Anesthesia. — Cocain is the oldest representative 
of the group of local anesthetics. Numerous synthetic 
drugs, however, have nearly identical actions, and have 
advantages, especially in certain fields. They may be dis- 
cussed together. They all have a selective depressant 
action on nerve fibers, especially on sensory nerves, result- 
ing “in temporary suppression of the function with com- 
plete recovery when the drug is removed. The local USEFUL DRUGS 
61 
anesthetics, therefore, lose their activity when they are 
absorbed into the general circulation. When absorbed, they 
are more or less toxic. It is, therefore, desirable to use the 
smallest quantity of the anesthetic, and to cqnfine it as 
closely as possibIeto~EIie"place of operation, as well as to 
prevent systemic absorption. These objects are attained by 
proper technic, and by the proper choice of the drugs for 
each field of use. 
When local anesthetics are applied to mucous mem- 
branes (surface anesthesia), it is essential that they pene- 
trate through the epithelium. In this respect, procain and 
its relatives are notably inferior to cocain and most of the 
other synthetic anesthetics. Absence of harmful irritation 
is also indispensable. For conjunctival application cocain 
(usually 1 to 4 per cent.) is still preferred. Phenacain 
(holocain) 1 per cent., is equally efficient,"but produces 
considerable smarting. Cocain dilates the pupil. 
Cocain is a mydriatic, "acting both locally and centrally, 
by stimulation of the sympathetic. The dilatation is not 
so complete as that produced by atropin and reaction to 
light is not abolished. For use in the urethra, low toxicity 
is important, since this is a good absorbing surface. None 
of the effective anesthetics are entirely safe; but the 
danger can be minimized by using dilute solutions. Cocain 
is effective, and there is little danger if used m the dilu- 
tion of 0.1 to 0.2 per cent for the bladder, or 0.5 per ceqt. 
for urethra. The efficacy is probably increased if the 
dilution is made just prior to use withj0.5j>er cent, sodium 
bicarbonate. A trace of epinepTirln may be added (J drops 
of 1: 1,000 solution per injectionX to diminish absorption 
or bleeding. Cocain itself produces some vasoconstriction, 
but the synthetic anesthetics do not constrict. 
For throat and nose operations, the difficulty of procur- 
ing prolonged contact has led to the use of strong solutions 
of cocain, 10 to 20 per cent., or a trace of the powdered 
drug on the"~pomt' 61 a probe. Epinephrin is usually added 
(1: 50.1)00) . The strong solutions oF"powder must be used 
only on small areas, procain being used for extensive 
operations. For deeper 'hneratlons, the local anesthetic is 
injected, first into the skin proper: then in the neighbor- 
hood of the sensory nerves~Tfiat supply the area, so as to 
anesthetize their distribution (conduction anesthesia). For 
this purpose, procain is equal to cocain in efficacy, and is 
very much less fikely'Tolead to poisoning. It fs used in 
dilutions of Vz of 1 per cent, to 2 per cent., preferably 
made with 1 per cent, of potassium chlorid, with the addi- 
tion of 1 mg. of epinephrin per gram of procain. Foi 
spinal anesthesia, tropacocain has largely been used iff/z 
to 1 Cc. of 5 per cent.) ; procain probably answers equally 
weTTr'~Potassium"chIbnd, 1 per cent., can be used as diluent. 
Toxic Effects.—These are likely to occur if the drugs 
are rapidly absorbed, whereas slow absorption is relatively 
harmless. The safety depends on the prompt destruction 
of these substances in the body. The destruction of 62 
USEFUL DRUGS 
cocain is relatively slow, and this accounts for the more 
frequent accidents. The toxic svipolame are similar for 
all the local anesthetics. They begin with excitement, .ver- 
tigo, pallor, palpitation, vomiting and and progress 
rapidly to collapse, sometimes with brief~cdnvulsions; Death 
may occur in a few minutes. The treatment is by artificial 
respiration and the injection of epinephrin. 
Cocain Habit: Coain was formerly used for its stimu- 
lant properties, as it produces in susceptible individuals a 
condition of psychic excitement. Such a use, however, 
easily leads to habituation. Cocain habit is especially 
difficult to treat, because sudden withdrawal is followed 
by distressing and even dangerous symptoms; whereas 
continuance of its use results in chronic poisoning, espe- 
cially characterized by psychic deterioration. The Har- 
rison Narcotic Law1 is of assistance in lessening the 
danger of cocain habituation as it makes refilling of pre- 
scriptions for cocain impossible. 
Dosage: The internal dose is stated as 0.015 Gm., or 
14 grain, but theHrug is rarely used other than locally. 
T-'hedosage for local application is given above. Cocain 
solutions do not keep well, although they may be steri- 
lized by brief boiling. The substitutes form stable solu- 
tions. 
Codeina (Codein.), Codein, U. S. P.—An alkaloid obtained 
from opium or prepared from morphin "bymethylation. 
Properties: Codein occurs as colorless translucent crystals or a 
crystalline powder, odorless and having a faintly bitter taste. Codein 
is slightly soluble in water (1:120), and freely soluble in alcohol 
(1:2). 
Action and Uses : Codein is algesic, hypnotic and 
sedative. Its effects resemble morphin, except that it is 
veryTtiuch less likely to produce habit. It should, there- 
fore, be preferred wherever feasible; especially in cough, 
where adequate doses are equally effective. Its analgesic 
and hypnotic effects are more feeble. It is preferred by 
some authors in diabetes. 
Prescriptions for codein must conform to the provisions 
of the Harrison Narcotic Law.1 
Dosage: 0.03 Gm. or Vz grain. 
1. The Harrison Narcotic Law requires that the prescriber shall 
state on the prescription the patient’s name and address, as well as his 
own name and address and the number of his registration license. The 
latter is obtained from the U. S. Department of Internal Revenue on 
payment of an annual registration fee. If the patient is suffering 
from an incurable disease or is an aged or infirm addict, these facts, 
together with the patient’s age, must be given on the prescription, 
together with a statement by the physician that the drug is necessary 
to sustain life. The following drugs whose use is restricted by the 
Harrison Law are dealt with in this volume: Cocain, codein, morphin 
and opium. USEFUL DRUGS 
63 
Codeinae Phosphas (Codein. Phos.), Codein Phosphate, 
U. S. P.—The phosphate of the alkaloid codein. 
Properties: Codein phosphate occurs in white, needle-shaped 
crystals, or as a crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in water 
(1:2.3) and only slightly soluble in alcohol (1:325). It is preferred 
for hypodermic use. 
Dosage: 0.03 Gm. or Vi grain 
Codeinae Sulphas (Codein. Sulph.), Codein Sulphate, U. S. P. 
—The sulphate of the alkaloid codein. 
Properties: Codein sulphate occurs in needle-shaped crystals, or 
as a crystalline powder. It is soluble in water (1:30), and very 
slightly soluble in alcohol (1:1,280). 
Dosage: 0.03 Gm. or grain. It may be prescribed in 
a cough mixture such as the following: 
fj Codeinae sulphatis 0.45 Gm. 
Ammonii chloridi 6.0 Gm. 
Syrupi pruni virginianae ad 120.0 Cc. 
M. Sig.: A teaspoonful every four hours. 
Colchici Semen (Colch. Sem.), Colchicum Seed, U. S. P. 
(Colchici Semen, P. I.).—The seed of Colchicum autum- 
nale, yielding not less than 0.45 per cent, of colchicin. 
Action and Uses : Colchicum produces marked irrita- 
tion of the intestines, leading to looseness of the bowels 
with much pain and watery stools. It may result in severe 
enteritis and collapse"! The collapse is believed to be due 
to the intestinal irritation and not to a central action. It 
also produces irritation of the kidney, which may lead to 
severe nephritis. Colchicum seed is said to be antineuralgic 
and analgesic. By many it is considered to be a jspecific 
gout, controlling the pain and cutting short the 
attack. It may be given to prevent the occurrence of gouty 
attacks, and it is recommended by some to continue it in 
smaller doses after the attack. It often fails, and there is 
wide divergence of opinion as to its usefulness. 
Tinctura Colchici Seminis (Tr. Colch. Sem.), Tincture 
of Colchicum Seed, U. S. P. (Colchici Tinctura, P. I.).— 
One hundred Cc. represent 10 Gm. colchicum seed in 
approximately 55 per cent, alcohol; it should contain 
about 0.04 per cent, of colchicin. It is similar to but 
not identical with the international standard tincture of 
colchicum <seed. „ > — _ / .- t *j f 
Dosage : 2 Cc. "or_ 30-minims. 
In acute gout the dose is from 10 to 30 minims of the 
tincture once every four hours until some decided evidence 
of its action, such as nausea or slight purging, is induced. 
Severe purging should be avoided. Colchicum is of little 
value in rheumatism. USEFUL DRUGS 
Collodium (Collod.), Collodion, U. S. P.—A solution con- 
taining, in 100 Cc., 4 Gm. of pyroxylin, or guncotton, in 
a mixture of 3 volumes of ether and 1 volume of alcohol. 
It is used as a protective and a vehicle chiefly in the 
form of: 
Collodium Flexile (Collod. Flex.), Flexible Collodion, 
U. S. P.—A mixture of collodion with camphor (2 per 
cent.), and castor oil (3 per cent.). The addition of the 
small proportion of castor oil makes the resulting film 
elastic and more tenacious. 
Colocynthis (Colocyn.), Colocynth, U. S. P. (Colocynth Pulp, 
Bitter Apple, Colocynth Apple).—The dried pulp of the 
fruit of Citrullus colocynthis, without admixture of more 
than 5 per cent, of seeds or more than 2 per cent, of 
epicarp. Colocynth belongs to the class of one-time 
popular hydragogue cathartics whose use appears to be 
on the decline. It is used in making: 
Extractum Colocynthidis (Ext. Colocynth.), Extract 
of Colocynth, U. S. P. (Powdered Extract of Colo- 
cynth).—Represents four times its weight of colocynth 
pulp. 
Dosage: 0.03 Gm. or % grain. 
Creosotum (Creosot.), Creosote, U. S. P. (Creasote).—A 
mixture of phenols and phenol derivatives, chiefly 
guaiacol and creosol, obtained during the distillation of 
wood-tar. 
Properties: It occurs as a colorless or slightly yellowish, highly 
refractive, oily liquid, having a penetrating smoky odor and a burn- 
ing, caustic taste. Creosote is slightly, but not completely soluble in 
water, and miscible in all proportions with alcohol, ether or fixed or 
volatile oils. Owing to its disagreeable odor and taste, it is seldom 
administered in the form of solution or mixture. 
Action and Uses: Creosote acts similarly to phenol. It 
is antiseptic and is one of the few drugs which appear to 
have a just claim to be useful as gast.ro-intestinal anti- 
septics. It is used to some extent locaTTyTm dilute form, 
for its antiseptic and anesthetic action. A droplet applied 
to the cavity of a carious tooth will usuallv’relieve toothr 
ache temporarily. It has been given as a stimulant expec- 
torant in chronic bronchitis and in tuberculosis. In the 
latter disease it has been credited with almost specific 
value. Experiments, however, show that it does not affect 
the viability of the tubercle bacilli in the lungs. Its favorable 
action in tuberculosis is due to gastro-intestinal antisepsis, 
its expectorant action and its antipyretic power. Less 
reliance is placed on it than formerly:' 
Dosage: 0.25 Cc. or 4 minims three times daily. It is 
preferably administered massed with glycyrrhiza or other- 
wise diluted, in the form of pills or capsules. If it impairs 
the appetite and disturbs digestion its use should be aban- 
doned. USEFUL DRUGS 
65 
Cresol, Cresol, U. S. P.—A mixture of isomeric cresols, 
CeH4.CH3.OH, obtained from coal tar, freed from phenol, 
hydrocarbons and water. 
Properties: Cresol occurs as a colorless or yellowish to brown- 
yellow refractive liquid, having a phenol-like odor and becoming 
darker on exposure to light and air. It is soluble.in water (1:50) 
and miscible in all proportions with alcohol, petroleum benzin, ether 
and glycerinit is miscible with soap solutions and with solutions of 
alkali hydroxids, yielding an economical form of disinfectant. 
Actions and Uses : Cresol is an active noison resem- 
bling phenol in its effects. Its germicidal power, is 
approximately four times as great as that of phenol. 
Dosage: 0.05 Cc. or 1 minim. As a disinfentant-it may 
be used in solutions varying in strength from % to 1 per 
cent. It is usually employed in the form of: " 
Liquor Cresolis Compositus (Liq. Cresol. Co.), Com- 
pound Solution of Cresol, U. S. P.—A mixture of equal 
parts of cresol and a solution of soap. 
Action and Uses : Compound solution of cresol has about 
twice the germicidal power of pure phenol. On account 
of Its saponaceous character it is much used for the dis- 
infection of the skin, for lubricating the hands, and for 
vaginal_ douches in the form of aqueous solutions contain- 
ing from I to 5 per cent. 
Cupri Sulphas (Cupr. Sulph.), Copper Sulphate, U. S. P. 
(Cupric Sulphate).—Contains not less than 98.5 per cent, 
of CUS04+5H.0. 
Properties: Copper sulphate forms large, transparent, deep-blue 
crystals, odorless, having a nauseous, metallic taste. Copper sulphate 
is freely soluble in water (1: 2.5), but only slightly soluble in alcohol 
(1: 500). 
Incompatibilities : Copper sulphate is incompatible 
with soluble salts jof lead, which precipitate the insoluble 
sulphate of lead; with fixed alkalies and alkaline carbon- 
ates, which precipitate copper hydroxid or copper carbon- 
ate ; with iodids. which form insoluble cuprous iodid with 
liberation of iodin, and with vegetable astringents con- 
taining tannin. 
Action and Uses: Copper sulphate is astringent in 
small doses and irritant in large doses, producing nausea 
and vomiting. Even minute amounts exert a germicidal 
actTdn'Tn water containing algae, fungi or bacteria of the 
colon group; but when organic matter is abundantly present 
the germicidal action is greatly weakened. Externally 
copper sulphate acts as an astringent, stimulant or mild* 
caustic according to the strength of the application.. 
Copper sulphate is employed as a mild caustic in tra- 
choma. It was formerly much used as“an"a[§Tfingent in 
conjunctivitis. It is sometimes administered as an emetic 
but is not to be recommended except in phosphorus poison- 
ing, in which it acts by rendering the phosphorus insoluble. 
It is occasionally prescribed for chronic diarrhea. 66 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage: As an astringent in diarrhea, 0.01 Gm. or % 
grain; as an emetic, 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains, not to be 
repeated. 
As~ a” caustic it is applied as the solid crystal or in 
pencils made by fusing 1 part of potassium alum and 2 
parts of copper sulphate. When applications are made to 
trachomatous lids the affected parts of the everted lids 
should be touched lightly with the copper stick and the 
eye washed out afterward with lukewarm water. Collyria 
containing from 1 part in to 1 in 100 may be used. 
Dichloramin-T. — Paratoluenesulphondichloramid, N. N. R. 
—CH3C6H4.SO2NCI2.—The dichloramid of paratoluene- 
sulphonic acid, CHa.CalL.SOaOH. 
• Action and Uses: Dichloramin-T is an effective germi- 
cide through its content of active chlorin. IFTs sparingly 
soluble in water by which it is easily decomposed; it is 
soluble in chlorcosane (chlorinated paraffin oil). The 
dichloramin-T-chlorcosane solutions produce a gradual, 
sustained antiseptic action. Dichloramin-T is more irritant 
than chloramin-T, but also more solvent. It should not be 
administered internally. Dichloramin-T is claimed To' be 
useful in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the 
nose and throat; it has been used with success as an applby 
catioriTd~wduncrr. *“ ' 
Dosage: Dichloramin-T dissolved in chlorcosane, is 
used in concentrations of from 2 to 10 per cent. When used 
as a spray, a 2 per cent, solution of dichloramin-T is 
employed; for application to infected wounds a 3 to 10 per 
cent, solution of dichloramin-T. (The solution of dichlor- 
amin-T is stable for a short time only.) 
DIGITALIS SUBSTANCES.—This group includes as its 
most important members digitalis and strophanthus. Others 
of the group are of minor importance. These drugs 
the tone of__ the heart and stimulate the .vagus 
mechanism. InTFns way they slow and regulate the heart- 
beat, increase the cardiac output, and thus improve the 
circulation without affecting the blood pressure directly. 
They are employed to secure compensation in cardiac insuf- 
ficiency, and are useful whenever the systole of the heart 
is insufficient on account of incomplete exertion of its 
muscular power. They cause the heart to empty itself 
more completely and prevent it from dilating excessively 
in diastole. They are especially valuable in auricular 
fibrillation, by partially blocking the auriculoventricular 
conduction. They relieve the ventricle of following many 
of the superfluous auricular contractions and permit the 
ventricle to contract at a slower rate and with more 
regular rhythm. This greatly improves the cardiac out- 
put, which in turn relieves the congestion, dyspnea, dropsy 
and other distressing symptoms, and increases the flow 
of urine. On the other hand, they are contraindicated 
, in-naxtia] hpart Overdoses produce nausea, vomit- 
jng, diarrhea, ITeadache, cardiac irregularities and heart- USEFUL DRUGS 
67 
block,. The emetic action of ordinary doses is not due to 
local irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract, as formerly 
supposed, but to the action on the heart itself; hence it can- 
not be avoided by rectal or intravenous administrations, or 
by the use of special preparations or isolated principles. 
When administered by mouth their absorption is slow and 
somewhat uncertain and their effects are correspondingly 
delayed and cumulative, so that they must be carefully 
watched. 
Digitalis (Digit.), Digitalis, U. S. P. (Foxglove, Digitalis 
Folium, P. I.).—The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea. 
When extracted and assayed biologically the minimum 
lethal dose should be approximately the equivalent o| 
0.6 mg. of digitalis for each gram of body weight of 
the frog. Digitalis contains a number of glucosidal 
principles, the most important of which are digitoxin, 
digitalin and digitalein, the actions of which are essen- 
tially similar. A number of preparations of these 
glucosids are on the market, but many are of uncertain 
compqsition, and since they have not yet demonstrated 
any superiority over good preparations of the whole 
drug, the latter are to be preferred. Digitalis is a fairly 
stable drug, and those preparations that are made' with' 
Tiigh"percentages of alcohol retain their full activity with 
little alteration for several years. Aqueous solutions 
deteriorate more rapidly. 
Action and Uses: Digitalis, either in substance or as 
one of the preparations referred to hereafter, is a cardiac 
Jgvlc. and indirectly diuretic. (See the preceding.)"' * 
Digitalis is useful whenever the systole of the heart Js 
insufficient on account of incomplete exertion of its mus- 
cular power. It causes the heart to empty itself more 
completely and prevents it from dilating excessively during 
diastole. It is useful in myocardial insufficiency and symp- 
toms arising therefrom, such as edema and dropsy, and 
in auricular fibrillation. b'W ±l'ft!‘ 
Dosage : 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain, in powder or pill three 
times daily after meals. Digitalis is a drug of variable 
strength, and hence a physiologically standardized prepara- 
tion should be used. No perceptible effect is generally to 
be expected in less than twenty-four hours after oral 
administration. The effect can be hastened by the inten- 
sive use of larger doses; but this requires very close super- 
vision. 
Amelioration of symptoms and, in auricular fibrillation, 
a slowing of the pulse indicates the beginning of its 
physiologic action; nausea and vomiting coming on during 
the administration of the drug are usually due to a com- 
mencing toxic action. If the vomiting is due to other 
causes, the administration of the digitalis may be continued 
best by a different channel, such as the rectum or the veins, 68 
USEFUL DRUGS 
or by hypodermic injection. For hypodermic and intrave- 
nous injections special preparations must be used, for 
which New and Nonofficial Remedies should be consulted. 
Overdosage: As an overdose of digitalis or cumulative 
effects are most readily detected by a study of the pulse 
and heart action, a patient who is given digitalis should 
be kept under close observation. 
Symptoms of digitalis poisoning are shown by pajisea 
and vomiting', sometimes witlTlitadominal pain and diarrhea, 
a very slow pulse, or heart block followed by a rapid and 
feeble one, and marked prostration. The heart may become 
irregular and sudden changes in position may result in 
great aggravation of the condition and sometimes in sud- 
den death on slight exertion. On the occurrence of any 
of these symptoms, the administration should be suspended. 
As a rule, the conditions wffiich require active doses of 
digitalis also require absolute rest in bed. 
Aside from its use in powder or pills, digitalis is used 
largely as: 
Tnfusum Digitalis (Inf. Digit.), Infusion of Digitals, 
U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represents the water-soluble 
constituents of 1.5 Gm. digitalis in a mixture of water 
and cinnamon water. It should be freshly prepared. 
Dosage: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidram. 
'Tinctura Digitalis (Tr. Digit.), Tincture of Digitalis, 
U. S. P. (Digitalis Tinctura, P. I.).—One hundred Cc. 
represent 10 Gm. digitalis in about 70 per cent, alcohol. 
Assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should 
not be greater than 0.006 Cc. for each gram of body 
weight of the frog. 
Dosage : 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims. 
Elaterinum (Elaterin.), Elaterin, U. S. P.—A neutral prin- 
ciple obtained from elaterium, a substance deposited by 
the juice of the fruit of Ecballium elaterium. 
Properties: Elaterin occurs as minute, white hexagonal scales or 
prismatic crystals, without odor and having a slightly acrid, bitter 
taste. It is practically insoluble in water and only slightly soluble 
in alcohol (1:325). 
The commercial substance is probably a mixture of prin- 
ciples. According to clinical observations, many lots of 
the drug have proved practically inert. Elaterin should not 
be confounded with elaterium. 
Action and Uses: Elaterin is a powerful 
cathartic, causing profuse watery evacuations with com- 
paratively little pain. 
Tt Ts used Tn "dropsy, convulsions, puerperal eclampsia, 
etc. If used too freely or in debilitated persons it may 
produce dangerous weakness. 
Dosage: 0.003 Gm. or grain. USEFUL DRUGS 
69 
Trituratio Elaterini (Trit. Elaterin.), Trituration of 
Elaterin, U. S. P., which is 10 per cent, in strength. 
Dosage: 0.03 Gm., or y2 grain. 
It is generally prescribed in the form of: 
Emetinae Hydrochloridum (Emet. Hydrochl.), Emetin Hydro- 
chlorid, U. S. P.—The hydrochlorid (C30H44N2O4.2HCI 
with not more than 19 per cent, water) of the alkaloid 
emetin obtained from ipecac. 
Properties: Emetin hydrochlorid occurs as a white or very slightly 
yellowish crystalline powder, freely soluble in water or alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Emetin acts similarly to ipecac, but 
is relatively more nauseant and less emetic: it causes rela- 
tively less renal irritation, but more cardiac depression. 
Emetin 'bydrdch 10ricl has been found "valuable in amebic 
dysentery and possibly other diseases due to pathogenic 
amebaST" 
Dosage: In ameb]c_ dysentery, 0.03 Gm. (Vz grain) gen- 
erally given subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Expec- 
torant, from 0.005 to 0.01 Gm. {}/% to % grain). From 0.01 
to 0.02 Gm. (Yq to Yz grain), given by mouth, causes emesis. 
The hypodermic administration often fails to reach the 
encysted amebas, which are found in the intestines, espe- 
cially in chronic cases in the carriers. It then becomes 
advisable to resort to the oral administration, using either 
salol-coated pills of ipecac, or the Emetin-Bismuth Iodid 
(N. N. R.), which is only slightly soluble in the stomach, 
but which dissolves freely in the intestines. The usual 
dosage of this is 0.2 Gm. (3 grains) daily for four days. 
It may be prescribed in capsules. 
Epinephrina (Epinephrin.), Epinephrin, N. N. R. (Adrenalin). 
—The blood pressure raising principle of the suprarenal 
gland, also produced synthetically (1-suprarenin), is 
official in the British, French, Italian and Belgian 
Pharmacopeias as adrenalin and in the German Pharma- 
copeia and the supplement of the Netherlands Pharma- 
copeia as suprarenin. 
Properties: Chemically epinephrin is described as 1, 2-dihydroxy- 
benzene, C6H3(OH)2(CHOH.CH2NHCH3), 
a substance with feeble basic properties, occurring in the suprarenal 
gland of the sheep or other animal. As commercially obtained it is 
a finely crystalline white or yellowish powder, odorless and slightly 
bitter. The free base is practically insoluble in water and is usually 
dispensed in the form of an aqueous solution, 1: 1,000, of one of its 
salts, generally the hydrochloric!. Epinephrin is oxidized readily and 
is thus destroyed in dilute alkaline solution. 
Action and Uses : Epinephrin excites the sympathetic 
neryes so as to produce a variety of effects according to 
tR*e function of the part supplied by the nerve. It causes 
a sudden rise of blood pressure by contraction of the 
arterioles. The pulse is slowed as the result of the 
increased blood pressure. The heart is stimulated directly, 
but the resistance offered by the contraction of ’ the blood 70 
USEFUL DRUGS 
vessels is such that at times the heart is unable to over- 
come it and suffers passive dilatation. The rise of blood- 
pressure which results from the action of this drug is very 
prompt but transient, lasting, as a rule, not more than five 
murafcs * ■ 
■“'''Epmephrin dilates the pupil. It inhibits the peristaltic 
movements of the intestine and increases the secretion of 
saliva and other glands which receive a nerve supply 
from the sympathetic. It relaxes bronchial spasm. 
Epinephrin mav_produce hyperglycemia and glycosuria, and 
experiments on rabbits indicate that its continued use may 
cause a degeneration of the internal coats of the arteries. 
When given by the mouth it produces no evident effect on 
the general circulation, hut it is readily absorbed into the 
mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, urethra, vagina and 
rectum, producing local contraction of the. blo.od vessels. 
Very large doses if" to 4 me\V are tolerated when given 
hypodermically on account of the slow absorption due to 
the constriction of the blood vessels of the part m which it 
is injected. Such injection may cause necrosis of the skin, 
owing to impairment of nutrition from vascular spasm, 
especially if part of the dose is given intracutaneously. 
Hvoersensitiveness occurs in certain “pervous” individ- 
uals!In sucH~"peisuns the intramuscular injection ot 0.5 
mg. is followed by tremors, palpitation, apprehensive sensa- 
tions, heightened blood pressure and increased heart rate.' 
Epinephrin acts promptly after intravenous injection, but 
is rapidly destroyed. Intravenous injection is dangerous, 
unless the dose is very minute, or a larger dose is given 
in great dilution and very slowly. Intramuscular injection 
is intermediate in effect between subcutaneous and intrave- 
nous injections. 
The chief therapeutic use of epinephrin is to constrict 
the peripheral blood vessets~~by local application. A period 
of sec.oHdaxy; dilalation follows. In this way it may be 
used to diminish hyperemia of the conjunctiva, to reduce 
/Swelling oFTtre turbfnafed bodies, to arrest hemorrhage 
from the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and in 
operations on the eye, nose, ear, etc. It is successtul only 
iTT~Eapiflary or "small arteriaTTIeeding, as it cannot stop 
a large vessel hemorrhage. 
For the of hemorrhage it must be applied directly 
to the bleeding vessels or congested area, if the blood 
washes it away the application may fail because it has not 
time to act. It may be swallovyed to check hemorrhage 
from the stomach, but the chances of success are small 
because a '■quantity of liquid is usually present in the 
stomach which dilutes the remedy so that it is useless. 
It should be given for internaL-coccealed 
in which raising the blood pressure is not desirable! 
Epinephrin is employed in conjunction with local anes- 
thetics, especially cocain, to limit the absorption bt the 
anesthetic and secure a more efficient locaPaclTon. It has USEFUL DRUGS 
71 
proved very useful in rdieying paroxysms of asthma by 
applying a spray to the nose or throat, and especially ’Ey 
hypodermic “injection; it is alscf useful in anaphylactic 
shock and in relieving the urticaria of serum sickness. 
Itffravenous injections of epinephrin are sometimes use- 
ful to stimulate the heart action and raise the blood-pres- 
sure, in various forms of collapse. Its efficacy, however, 
is limited by the brief action, and there is considerable 
danger of producing cardiac dilatation and sudden death. 
Dosage : Epinephrin or its hydrochlorid is employed in 
solutions of a strength of from to 1 r 1,000. For 
internal or hypodermic administration tEe dose oFa 
solution is 1 Cc.yf 15 drops; for intramusculax-.iniection. 
0.5 Cc. or Tdrops; for intravenousinjection, 0.1 Cc. diluted 
freely with salt solution, injected very slowly? When an 
oily vehicle is to be used the base itself is prescribed, but 
when aqueous solutions are wanted one of the salts should 
be employed. 
Ergota (Ergot.), Ergot, U. S. P. (Secale Cornutum, P. I., 
Ergot of Rye, Spurred Rye).—The dried sclerotium of 
Claviceps purpurea, replacing the grain of rye. Ergot 
owes its activity chiefly to ergotoxin (hydroergotinin), 
paraoxyphenylethylamin (tyramin), histamin (imidazo- 
lylethylamin) and probably other amins of minor impor- 
tance. Paraoxyphenylethylamin is closely related to 
epinephrin both in composition and in pharmacologic 
action. • i", 
Action and Uses : The several active principles of ergot 
have somewhat different actions, but the total effect is as 
follows: 
Ergot causes powerful tonic, sometimes tetanic contrac- 
tions of the uterus. It tends to slow the pulse by stimulat- 
ing the cardio-inhibitory centers. It also produces con- 
traction of other involuntary muscles such as those of the 
blood vessels, stomach and intestines, the bladder, etc. 
Extreme and long-continued contraction of the blood- 
vessels, especially of the extremities, may lead to gangrene. 
The only important use of ergot is to prevent post- 
partum hemorrhage. For this purpose a full dose is often 
given as soon as the second stage of labor terminates, but 
it is much safer to give it after the placenta has been 
expelled. Its use during labor should be avoided, as it 
may cause rupture of the uterus or asphyxia of the child. 
It is considered an effective prophylactic for “after-pains.” 
Ergot is also used for hemorrhage from the uterus in 
menorrhagia and metrorrhagia. Its use for hemorrhage 
from other internal organs is not rational, as it increases 
blood pressure and tends to prolong rather than check the 
bleeding. 
Ergot has also been employed against a number of other 
conditions, in which its use appears irrational; such as for 
congestions in various regions, for the treatment of the 72 
early stage of acute pneumonia, for pulmonary congestion 
in typhoid fever, in diabetes insipidus, in colliquative night- 
sweats due to relaxation of the blood vessels, and as a 
circulatory stimulant. 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage: 2 Gm. or 30 grains. It is sometimes admin- 
istered in the form of powder, but most commonly in the 
form of fluidextract. 
Fluidextractum Ergotae (Fldext. Ergot.), Fluidextract 
of Ergot, U. S. P. (Secali Cornuti Extractum Fluidum, 
P. I.).—A hydro-alcoholic extract of ergot similar to, 
but not identical with, the international standard fluid- 
extract of ergot. 
Dosage : 2 Cc. or 30 minims. 
Eucalyptus (Eucalypt.), Eucalyptus, U. S. P. (Blue Gum 
Leaves).—The dried leaves of Eucalyptus globulus col- 
lected from the older parts of the tree. Used in medi- 
cine in the form of: 
Eucalyptol, Eucalyptol, U. S. P. (Cineol).—An organic 
compound, obtained from the volatile oil of Eucalyptus 
globulus and from other sources. 
Properties: Eucalyptol occurs as a colorless liquid, having a dis- 
tinctly camphoraceous odor, and a pungent, spicy and cooling taste. 
Eucalyptol is soluble in all proportions in alcohol, but is only slightly 
soluble in water. 
Dosage: 0.3 Cc. or 5 minims. 
Oleum Eucalypti (Ol. Eucalypt.), Oil of Eucalyptus, 
U. S. P. (Eucalyptus Oil).—The oil distilled from the 
fresh leaves of eucalyptus, and yielding not less than 70 
per cent, of eucalyptol (cineol). 
Properties: Oil of eucalyptus occurs as a colorless or pale yellow 
liquid, having a somewhat caniphoraceous odor, and a pungent, spicy 
and cooling taste. It is miscible in all proportions with alcohol, but 
practically insoluble in water. 
Action and Uses : Eucalyptol and oil of eucalyptus are 
antiseptic and expectorant. For internal use they are 
preferably administered in the form of capsules. For local 
application in the throat or nose they are used either in 
the form of oil sprays or are directed to be inhaled in the 
form of vapor from boiling water. Oil of eucalyptus, 
2 Cc.; chloroform, 3 Cc. and castor oil, 40 Cc., mixed and 
taken in two portions at half-hour intervals, is sometimes 
used as an anthelmintic for uncinariasis. 
Dosage : 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims. 
Fel Bovis, Oxgall, U. S. P.—The fresh bile of the ox, Bos 
taurus. Used principally in the form of: USEFUL DRUGS 
73 
Extractum Fellis Bovis (Ext. Fel. Bov.), Extract of 
Oxgall, U. S. P. (Powdered Extract of Oxgall).—A 
light yellow powder having a peculiar odor and a bitter 
taste. Represents eight times its weight of oxgall. 
Action and Uses: Extract of oxgall is an intestinal 
antiseptic* cholagogue and laxative. The bile salts are 
held to be the most powerful stimulants to the secretion 
of bile. 
Dosage: 0.1 Gm. or IV2 grains. It is best administered 
in the form of pills or in gelatin capsules which have been 
treated with a solution of formaldehyd. 
Ferri Carbonas, Ferrous Carbonate. 
Properties: Ferrous carbonate is made by precipitating a solution 
of a soluble ferrous salt by a soluble carbonate. Such a precipitate 
tends to give off carbon dioxid, absorb oxygen and change rapidly into 
a basic carbonate, and finally into ferric hydroxid. Various pharma- 
ceutical processes have been devised to prevent this change. The 
principle of these processes is well illustrated in the preparations 
described below as Vallet’s mass (massa ferri carbonatis) and Blaud’s 
pills (pilulae ferri carbonatis). 
Action and Uses : The action of all forms of iron is essen- 
tially the same so far as the action of the iron component 
is concerned. When an iron salt is taken into the stomach 
it may be converted into a chlorid, but this is further 
changed during the process of digestion. The original 
form in which the iron was combined seems to make little 
or no difference in regard to the extent or the form in 
which it is absorbed. A large part of the iron ingested 
passes through the intestines without being absorbed. A 
smaller portion is absorbed, mainly through the lymph, 
and is deposited for a time in the blood-making organs, 
chiefly the spleen, where it is retained for an indefinite 
time as “reserve iron.” Some of this supply is used in 
forming hemoglobin, which enters into the red blood 
corpuscles. The rest is eliminated by the mucous mem- 
brane of the large intestine and only traces by the kidneys. 
Iron is not excreted by the bile. The presence of iron in 
the blood in the amount resulting from medicinal adminis- 
tration produces no recognizable changes in normal indi- 
viduals. Its salts with the stronger acids may act as 
gastro-intestinal irritants and astringents. The only sys- 
temic therapeutic action attributable to iron is the improve- 
ment in the number of red blood cells and in the amount 
of hemoglobin in them. For this reason it is indicated in 
anemia and in diseases of the blood in which anemia is a 
factor, such as leukemia. It is chiefly of value in anemia 
following hemorrhage, in chlorosis and in secondary 
anemias. In pernicious anemia it is useless. 
Massa Ferri Carbonatis (Mass. Ferr. Carb.), Mass of 
Ferrous Carbonate, U. S. P. (Vallet’s Mass).—Contains 
not less than 35 per cent, of ferrous carbonate, FeCOs. 
with honey and sugar as preservatives, and sodium sul 
phate resulting from the process of manufacture. 74 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage : 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains. 
Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis (Pil. Ferr. Carb.), Pills of 
Ferrous Carbonate, U. S. P. (Chalybeate Pills, Blaud’s 
Pills, Ferruginous Pills).—These pills contain ferrous 
carbonate, potassium sulphate and sugar, with a smaller 
proportion of tragacanth and althea to make a mass. 
Each pill represents approximately 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain 
of ferrous carbonate. 
Dosage: 2 pills. 
Ferri Chloridum (Ferr. Chlor.), Ferric Chlorid, U. S. P 
(Iron Perchlorid, Sesquichlorid of Iron).—FeCU. Used 
in medicine principally in the form of: 
Tinctura Ferri Chloridi (Tr. Ferr. Chlor.), Tincture 
of Ferric Chlorid, U. S. P.—A hydro-alcoholic solution 
of FeCls, containing about 13 per cent, of the anhydrous 
salt, corresponding to about 4.5 per cent, of metallic iron. 
Properties: Tincture of ferric chlorid is a bright amber-colored 
liquid, having a slightly ethereal odor, a very astringent taste and an 
acid reaction. It is miscible in all proportions with either water or 
alcohol. 
Incompatibilities: It is incompatible with tannin, the 
vegetable astringents (which give an inky color to the 
mixture), and with alkalies and alkali carbonates. Tinc- 
ture of ferric chlorid is also incompatible with iodids, from 
which it liberates iodin. 
Action and Uses: Tincture of ferric chlorid is an 
astringent and is used in applications to the throat. It 
may be employed as a hematinic, but often disturbs diges- 
tion. It is sometimes given in infections like erysipelas, 
but it is doubtful if it has any special value in this disease. 
Dosage: 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims, freely diluted. Injury to 
the teeth should be avoided by taking it through a glass 
tube or a straw. Equal parts of the tincture, glycerin and 
water form a useful local application in acute tonsillitis. 
Ferri et Ammonii Citras (Ferr. et Ammon. Cit.), Iron and 
Ammonium Citrate, U. S. P. (Soluble Ferric Citrate, 
Ammonio-Ferric Citrate).—Should contain the equivalent 
of about 17 per cent, of Fe. 
Properties: It forms thin, transparent, garnet-red scales, without 
odor, having a saline, mildy ferruginous taste; deliquescent in moist 
air. It is freely and readily soluble in water, but practically insoluble 
in alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Iron and ammonium citrate is one 
of the more widely used of the soluble preparations of 
iron. It is practically nonastringent. It may be directed 
to be dissolved in water, aromatic elixir or syrup. It has 
been given hypodermically. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains. USEFUL DRUGS 
75 
Ferri Iodidum, Ferrous Iodid.—FeL. A very unstable com- 
pound, easily undergoing oxidation. In order to preserve 
it in the ferrous condition it is commonly used in medi- 
cine in the form of syrup. 
Syrupus Ferri Iodidi (Syr. Ferr. Iod.), Syrup of Ferrous 
Iodid, U. S. P. (Ferri Iodidi Syrupus, P. I.).—Contains 
about 5 per cent, by weight of FeL and is practically 
identical with the international standard syrup of ferrous 
iodid. 
Properties: Syrup of ferrous iodid occurs as a transparent pale 
green or yellowish green liquid having a sweet, strongly ferruginous 
taste and an acid reaction. 
Incompatibilities : The syrup is very susceptible to 
oxidation, and is incompatible with alkali carbonates, acid 
salts and vegetable astringents. On exposure to light the 
cane-sugar of the syrup undergoes gradual inversion. 
Action and Uses : Syrup of ferrous iodid has the general 
properties of both iron and iodid. 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or IS minims, containing approximately 
0.008 Gm. or Vs grain of iron and 0.03 Gm. or Vz grain of 
iodin. 
Ferri Phosphas (Ferr. Phos.), Ferric Phosphate, U. S. P. 
(Ferri Phosphas Solubilis, U. S. P. VIII, Soluble Ferric 
Phosphate).—Contains not less than 12 per cent, of Fe. 
Properties: Ferric phosphate occurs in thin, bright-green trans- 
parent scales without odor, and having an acidulous, slightly saline 
taste. It is freely soluble in water, but practically insoluble in 
alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : Strong acids decompose it with for- 
mation of the astringent ferric compound of the acid used. 
Like other soluble salts of iron it is incompatible with 
alkalies, alkali carbonates and vegetable astringents. 
Action and Uses : Ferric phosphate has been recom- 
mended for the administration of iron in soluble form. It 
may be dissolved in water and flavored with simple elixir 
or sweetened with syrup. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains. 
Ferri Sulphas (Ferr. Sulph.), Ferrous Sulphate, U. S. P. 
(Iron Protosulphate, Green Vitriol).—FeS04+7H20. 
Properties: Ferrous sulphate occurs as pale bluish-green crystals, 
without odor, having a saline, styptic taste. It is efflorescent in dry 
air. It is freely soluble in water (1: 1.4), but practically insoluble 
in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Ferrous sulphate is sometimes admin- 
istered in pills as hematinic, but is used chiefly for pharma- 
ceutical purposes, in the making of ferrous carbonate. The 
crude sulphate was formerly used extensively as a disin- 
fectant and deodorant but is now seldom so employed. 76 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage: 0.2 Gm. or 3 grains. 
Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus (Ferr. Sulph. Exsic.), Exsic- 
cated Ferrous Sulphate, U. S. P. (Dried Ferrous Sul- 
phate.)—Contains not less than 80 per cent, of FeSO-i. 
One hundred parts represent approximately 150 parts of 
the crystalline substance. It is preferred for prescribing 
in pill form. 
Properties: Exsiccated ferrous sulphate occurs as grayish-white 
powder, having the chemical properties of ferrous sulphate and being 
slowly but completely soluble in water. 
Ferrum (Ferr.), Iron, U. S. P.—Metallic iron, Fe, is used 
pharmaceutically in the production of preparations of 
iron, but in medicine is used chiefly in the form of: 
Ferrum Reductum (Ferr. Reduct.), Reduced Iron. U. S. P. 
(Ferrum Reductum, Iron by Hydrogen, Quevenne’s Iron). 
—Contains not less than 90 per cent, of metallic iron 
(Fe). 
Properties: Reduced iron occurs as a very fine, grayish-black 
powder without odor or taste, and permanent in dry air. It is insolu- 
ble in water or alcohol. 
Dosage: 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain. Reduced iron is still 
widely used as a hematinic; it is given preferably in the 
form of powder, enclosed in capsules. It should be admin- 
istered just before meals. 
Formaldehydum, Formaldehyd.—CFLO. Formaldehyd is a 
gas commonly obtained by oxidation of methyl alcohol. 
It is used in medicine in the form of: 
Liquor Formaldehydi (Liq. Formaldehyd.), Solution of 
Formaldehyd, U. S. P.—Often referred to in literature 
under the proprietary name, formalin. An aqueous solu- 
tion containing not less than 37 per cent, of formaldehyd, 
CH2O, and varying amounts of methyl alcohol. 
Properties: Solution of formaldehyd is a clear, colorless liquid, 
having a pungent odor and caustic taste. It is miscible in all pro- 
portions with water and alcohol. On standing it sometimes loses its 
transparency, owing to the separation of paraformaldehyd, a polymeri- 
zation product of formaldehyd. Paraformaldehyd is also frequently 
formed on evaporation of the solution. Paraformaldehyd is a solid 
which is largely changed again into formaldehyd on heating. 
Incompatibilities : Solution of formaldehyd is incom- 
patible with oxidizing agents and with alkalies. With 
ammonia it forms hexamethylenamin. 
Action and Uses: Formaldehyd is a powerful germicide, 
especially valuable in the form of gas because of its 
penetrating power, but it is active only in the presence 
of an abundance of moisture. The solution is germicidal 
in the strength of from jHxL.2--per_x£iLt. (percentages refer 
to amounts of absolute formaldehyd, HCHO), but it may USEFUL DRUGS 
77 
require from twenty to thirty minutes for it to act. In 
a strength of 1; S,DU0 it restrains the growth of many 
organisms, and in many cases a strength of 1:20,000 or 
T730,000 is sufficient to prevent the multiplication of bac- 
teria. It hardens tissues and is used in histology for this 
purpose. IFlias a similar hardening effect on the living4 
skin; it is very irritating and if repeatedly or continuously, 
applied produces reddening, inflammation and necrosis. It 
is applie<Tto the skin to restrain excessive 
1 to 10 per cent, solutions in alcohol are appropriate for 
this purpose, "it is sometimes used for the disinfection of 
the hands, in connection with a solution of soap. The use 
of formaldehyd for the preservation of food is condemned 
on account of the disturbance of digestion which often 
follows its ingestion. 
The principal, application of formaldehyd is in room dis- 
infection. For this purpose the"vapor must be generated in 
a tightly closed room, containing plenty of moisture. 
Several methods have been described for generating the 
vapor, the most convenient being by the use of potassium 
permanganate which, when added to the solution, by decom- 
posing a part of the formaldehyd, generates sufficient heat 
to vaporize the remainder. For an ordinary-sized room 2 
pounds of potassium permanganate are placed in a vessel 
of at least 25 quarts capacity and a mixture of 1 quart of 
formaldehyd solution and 1 quart of water poured on it. 
Intense heat is generated by the reaction of the two chem- 
icals, and by this heat the formaldehyd is vaporized. The 
heat is so great as sometimes to cause fire, against which 
due precautions should be taken. When the mixture has 
been made the operator should leave the room instantly. 
After the disinfection is complete the imtatmg_ftimes can 
be neutralized by ammonia. 
Gelatinum (Gelat.), Gelatin, U. S. P.—The purified air-dried 
product of the hydrolysis of certain animal tissues, as 
skin, ligaments and bones, by treatment with boiling 
water. 
Properties: Gelatin is an amorphous, more or less transparent 
solid, usually shredded or in thin sheets; colorless or with a slight 
yellowish tint, inodorous, or having a slight, characteristic odor and 
a somewhat insipid taste. Unalterable in the air when dry, but putre- 
fying rapidly when moist or in solution. Gelatin is practically insolu- 
ble in cold water, but swells and softens when immersed in it, 
gradually absorbing from five to ten times its weight of water. It is 
soluble in boiling water, acetic acid and glycerin, but is practically 
insoluble in alcohol, ether or chloroform. 
Incompatibilities : Gelatin is coagulated by tannin, 
chlorin, bromin, mercuric chlorid, and many other metallic 
salts. If a solution of gelatin be mixed with formaldehyd, 
the gelatin is rendered hard and insoluble after evaporation 
and drying of the residue. 
Action and Uses: Gelatin is largely used as a food, 
product, though its value in this respect has probably 
been exaggerated. It has also been used to some extent in 78 
USEFUL DRUGS 
solution by hypodermic injection to promote thy formation, 
of clot in aneurysms, and to arrest hemorrhage- Its effici- 
ency, however, is very doubtful, and there is serious danger 
of infection from its use. Even boiling will not insure 
sterility as it may contain tetanus spores which are not 
destroyed by simple boiling. In pharmacy gelatin is used 
for the coating of pills, the making of gelatin capsules. 
gelatin disks, glycogelatin pastilles and for the making “of 
glycerinated gelatin used as a base for suppositories. 
'Gentiana (Gentian.), Gentian, U. S. P. (Yellow Gentian 
Root).—The dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea. 
Action and Uses: Gentian is one of a large class of 
substances with a bitter taste which are credited with the 
power of stimulating the appetite and were formerly 
thought to stimulate the1 secretion4 of the gastric juice. 
Experiments show that this effect is not due, in any appre- 
ciable extent, to a direct action on the mucous membrane of 
the stomach, but can arise only reflexly from the action of 
the medicine on the nerves in the mouth, chiefly those of 
taste. Gentian and other bitters in moderate doses given 
a short time to fifteen minutes) before meals are 
useful in the treatment of loss of appetite and deficiency 
of the gastric secretions. If an effect be obtainable from 
it, this will show itself within a few days. It is most 
agreeably prescribed in form of: 
Tinctura Gentianae Composita (Tr. Gentian. Co.), Com- 
pound Tincture of Gentian, U. S. P.—A hydro-alcoholic 
tincture representing 10 per cent, of gentian with bitter 
orange peel and cardamom seed used for flavor. 
Dosage: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidram. 
It may be prescribed with nux vomica as follows 
r' 
1$ Tincture nucis. vomicae 10.0 Cc. 
Tincturae gentianae compositae ad 120.0 Cc. 
M. Sig: One teaspoonful before meals. 
Glucosum Anhydricum, Anhydrous D-Glucose, N. N. R.— 
Anhydrous dextrose, CsH^Oe.—A carbohydrate prepared 
by the action of dilute acids on starch and subsequent 
purification. It contains not less than 98 per cent, of 
anhydrous d-glucose. 
Properties: Anhydrous d-glucose is a white, finely granular, odor- 
less, sweet powder. It is permanent in air; freely soluble in water; 
slightly soluble in alcohol. An aqueous solution of anhydrous d-glucose 
(1:20) should be clear, colorless, free from suspended matter and 
neutral to litmus. 
Action and Uses : Glucose is a readily absorbed food. 
It may be administered in the form of gnemas. It is useful 
for parenteral alimentation, by hypodermic and intravenous 
injection. Such injections also supply fluid, to sustain the 
blood volume temporarily, and produce diuresis. The injec- 
tion of solutions of glucose has been proposed in infectious USEFUL DRUGS 
79 
diseases, and may have some value as food and as a means 
of introducing fluid, although this does not directly 
the course of the infection. 
Dosage : 180 Gm. or 6 ounces daily. Intravenously from 
250 to 300 Cc. or 8 to 10 flmdounces of a 15 to 20 per cent, 
solution in water or physiologic solution of sodium chloric! 
sterilized by boiling or in an autoclave; a 20 per cent, solu- 
tion may be used with gum acacia in cases of hemorrhages 
and shock. As an enema, from a 5 to 12 per cent, solution 
is used., jqjfefa* ~ 
Glycerinum (Glycerin.), Glycerin, U. S. P. \Glycerol).— 
CsH5(OH)3. A liquid obtained by the decomposition of 
vegetable or animal fats or fixed oils. It contains not 
less than 95 per cent, of the trihydric alcohol, C3H5(OH)s. 
Properties: Glycerin occurs as a clear, colorless liquid, of a thick, 
syrupy consistence, smooth to the touch, odorless or having not more 
than a slight, characteristic odor, a sweet taste and producing a 
sensation of warmth in the mouth. It is readily miscible with water 
or alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Glycerin is used in medicine chiefly 
as a solvent in preparing glycerites, and as a sweetening 
agent or vehicle in place of syrups. It also serves as a 
protective for the skin qnd, mucous membranes. tpkbl/sj 
1 r ! ' -t-jU. O. t> .:!c_ Vju U. ‘ -dop &frO*.!14 
Suppositoria Glycerini (Suppos. Glycerin.), Suppositories 
of Glycerin, U. S. P. — Each suppository contains 
approximately 3 Gm. or 45 grains of glycerin gelatinized 
by means of stearic acid soap. 
Action and Uses : A glycerin suppository, or glycerin 
itself, when introduced into the rectum absorbs water from 
the surrounding tissues and by this irritation causes prompt 
evacuation of the rectum. Habitual use should be avoided. 
Glycerylis Nitras, Glyceryl Trinitrate (Nitroglycerin, Tri- 
nitrin, Glonoin).—A compound obtained by the action of 
nitric acid on glycerol in the presence of sulphuric acid. 
Properties: Nitroglycerin is a moderately volatile, explosive liquid 
slightly soluble in water, but quite soluble in alcohol. Therapeutically 
it is employed only in form of: 
Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis (Sp. Glyceryl. Nit.), Spirit 
of Glyceryl Trinitrate, U. S. P. (Spirit of Glonoin, 
Spirit of Nitroglycerin).—An alcoholic solution con- 
taining about 1 per cent, by weight of glyceryl trinitrate. 
Properties: Spirit of Glyceryl Nitrate is a clear, colorless liquid, 
having the odor and taste of alcohol. Caution should be exercised 
in tasting it, since even a small quantity of it is likely to produce 
violent headache. 
Incompatibilities: Water, in excess of equal amount, 
causes white turbidity. Aromatic elixir is therefore a better 
diluent for it. Alkalies and their carbonates decompose it. USEFUL DRUGS 
Action and Uses : Although a nitrate, glyceryl nitrate has 
the physiologic action of nitrites but acts more slowly than 
amvl nitrite. It may be given when it is desired to effect 
a reduction of the arterial pressure, but it gradually becomes 
inefficient. It may be prescribed in arteriosclerosis, and 
in nephritis in which a high blood pressure is a prominent 
symptom. It is chiefly used with success in some cases of 
angina pectoris. It is sometimes combined with digitalis' 
iif order to produce vasodilatation and thus lessen the 
amount of work that the heart must do. 
Dosage: Average 0.05 Cc. or 1 minim repeated as often 
as required, which may be quite frequently, as its action is 
fleeting. It is best to use half of the average dose at first, 
to avoid excessive action; and it may be necessary to use 
several times the average dose later. Unless the patient 
experiences fulness in the head shortly after taking the 
dose, the drug has not been given the opportunity to 
demonstrate what it might accomplish. It is most com- 
monly prescribed in form of tablets, containing usually 
0.0006 Gm., or Jloo grain, each, of glyceryl nitrate. These 
are more effective whenneld in the mouth until absorption, 
which is rapid from the buccal mucous membrane, is com- 
plete. If tolerance is acquired, it is advisable to intermit 
the administration, so that the response may be restored. 
Glycyrrhiza (Glycyrrh.) Glycyrrhiza, U. S. P. (Licorice, 
Liquorice Root).—The dried rhizome and root of Glycyr- 
rhiza glabra typica (Spanish licorice), or of Glycyrrhiza 
glabra glandulifera (Russian licorice). Used in medicine 
chiefly as a vehicle and principally in the form of: 
Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae (Fldext. Glycyrrh.), 
Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza, U. S. P. (Fluidextract 
of Licorice) .—An aqueous extract of glycyrrhiza pre- 
served by means of glycerin and alcohol. It is usually 
mixed in some such proportion as 1:7 with syrup or 
water or both, but is incompatible wiTK acid. 
A simple mixture of 12 Cc. of fluidextract of glycyrrhiza 
and 88 Cc. of aromatic elixir is official in the U. S. P. as 
“elixir glycyrrhizae.” 
Glycyrrhiza in the form of powder is used as a flavoring 
agent and vehicle in connection with : 
Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus, which see under Senna. 
Guaiacol, Guaiacol, U. S. P.—Guaiacol is one of the chief 
constituents of wood-tar creosote. 
Properties: Guaiacol is a colorless or yellowish, strongly refractive 
liquid or a nearly colorless crystalline solid, having an agreeable 
aromatic odor. It becomes darker on exposure to light and air. 
Guaiacol is soluble in water (1: S3), and miscible with alcohol in all 
proportions. 
Action and Uses: Guaiacol is antiseptic and germicidal, 
but is milder than creosote. When rubbed on the skin it USEFUL DRUGS 
81 
is absorbed. When given in this way it is an active 
antipyretic, but its action is not easily controlled. It is an 
intestinal antiseptic and also an expectorant. It is not 
excreted by the lungs, however. 
Dosage : Guaiacol may be given in emulsion or in the 
form of capsules. The initial dose should not exceed 0.1 Cc. 
or about T% minims. This may be gradually increased to 
0.6 Cc. or 10 minims, if well borne. It is sometimes applied 
to the pharynx as a 50 per cent, solution in glycerin. The 
external use of guaiacol as an antipyretic is not to be 
recommended on account of the symptoms of collapse which 
sometimes follow these applications. 
Guaiacolis Carbonas (Guaiacol. Carb.), Guaiacol Carbonate, 
U. S. P.—A guaiacol derivative [C8H4(OCH3)]2COs. 
Properties :_ Guaiacol carbonate is a white crystalline powder of 
neutral reaction, almost tasteless and odorless. It is practically 
insoluble in water, but is soluble in alcohol (1: 60). It is decomposed 
readily with the liberation of guaiacol. 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with alkaline 
hydroxids. 
Action and Uses : Guaiacol carbonate is inactive until 
decomposed with the liberation of guaiacol. This occurs 
only in the presence of putrefactive organisms so that in 
the intestine it acts only when an antiseptic is needed and 
the excess fails to be absorbed and is excreted with the 
feces. Consequently it is ordinarily not poisonous. It is 
used internally as a tasteless and nonpoisonous substitute 
for guaiacol. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. It may be given in pow- 
ders, capsules or cacTTets. 
Hexamethylenamina (Hexam.), Hexamethylenamin, U. S. P. 
(Hexamethylene-tetramin).—Hexamethylenamin or hexa- 
methylenetetramin, (CH2)nN4, is a condensation product 
of ammonia and formaldehyd. 
Properties: Hexamethylenamin forms colorless, lustrous, odorless 
crystals, freely soluble in water (1:1.5) and alcohol (1:12.5). The 
aqueous solution has an alkaline reaction. Hexamethylenamin is a 
base which combines with acids to form salts. These salts tend to 
lose formaldehyd, and most acids decompose the base completely with 
the liberation of formaldehyd. Even in aqueous solution a slow sep- 
aration of formaldehyd occurs. The basic properties of hexameth- 
ylenamin are so pronounced that it displaces ammonia and other weak 
bases from their combinations. 
Incompatibilities : Hexamethylenamin is incompatible 
with acids which Hberate formaldehyd and with salts of 
ammonium from which it separates ammonia. Acid salts 
like acid sodium phosphate and combined acids like acetyl- 
salicylic acid (aspirin) react with it like other acids. It is 
also incompatible with tannin and mercuric chlorid, which 
precipitate hexamethylenamin. 82 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Action and Uses : Hexamethylenamin is not antiseptic. 
It produces no marked physiologic effects, except those of 
formaldehyd, to which it gives rise in the presence of free 
acid. It is chiefly excreted in the urine; and, when the 
urine is acid, hexamethylenamin is decomposed, yielding 
formaldehya This product exercises an antiseptic action 
on the urine and on the surface of the mucous membrane 
of the genito-urinary tract, which may become irritated 
should excess of the formaldehyd be produced. When the 
urine is alkaline, the decomposition does not occur and the 
drug is then ineffective. The chief use of hexamethylen- 
amin is as a urinary antiseptic. While it tends to free the 
urine from micro-organisms, and in some cases causes pus 
to disappear, it cannot be expected to act on micro-organ- 
isms located below the surface. Its chief value is as a 
prophylactic against infection in catheterization and in 
operations on the urinary organs. It is also employed in 
typhoid fever as a prophylactic to the bacilluria. As it has 
at times produced albuminuria and hematuria, it should be 
used with caution in cases in which inflammation of the 
kidney is present or threatened, or when the urinary acidity 
is abnormally high. Hexamethylenamin is also excreted 
in the bile, the cerebrospinal fluid and other serous fluids, 
and by the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and 
of the middle ear. Since these fluids are not acid, hexa- 
methylenamin cannot exert any antiseptic action there. 
Though formaldehyd is a solvent of uric acid, the use of 
hexamethylenamin in the hope of dissolving uric acid 
calculi, tophi, gravel, etc., has been disappointing. It has 
been shown that ordinary doses of hexamethylenamin do 
not confer any solvent action on the urine. Doses of 4 Gm. 
make the urine distinctly more solvent, but not more so 
than rendering the urine slightly alkaline, as may easily 
be done by administering sodium bicarbonate or acetate. 
Dosage: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains, or even double this amount, 
in half a glass of wafer every four hours. If the urine is 
not acid, sodium acid phosphate in doses of 1 to "2 Gm. 
should be administered every four hours, midway between 
the doses of hexamethylenamin. Enough sodium acid phos- 
phate should be used to render the urine acid, but not 
enough to cause diarrhea. 
Homatropinae Hydrobromidum (Homatrop. Hydrobr.), Homa- 
tropin Hydrobromid, U. S. P. (Homatropin Bromid).— 
The hydrobromid of an alkaloid, tropin mandelate, pro- 
duced synthetically. 
Properties: It usually occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline 
powder, having a bitter taste. Caution must be observed in tasting it. 
It is freely soluble in water (1:6) and soluble in alcohol (1:40). 
Incompatibilities : Homatropin hydrobromid has the 
ordinary incompatibilities of the salts of alkaloids. USEFUL DRUGS 
83 
Action and Uses: The actions of homatropin are iden- 
tical with those of atropin, except that the mydriasis pro- 
duced by it occurs more promptly and disappears in 
about eighteen hours. When applied freely to the conjunc- 
tiva it may be absorbed so that the bitter taste can be 
perceived, but the throat does not become dry as after 
atropin. The effect of this drug is increased by mixture 
with cocain. 
Dosage: 0.5 mg. or grain. Homatropin is used 
chiefly as a mydriatic "uT*“place of atropin. It may be 
employed in aqueous solution of 2 per cent, strength, or a 
drop of a 1: 500 solution may be introduced into the con- 
junctival sac every five minutes for five times to produce 
a maximum dilatation in three quarters of an hour. This 
will return to normal in from fourteen to eighteen hours. 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum (Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr.), 
Corrosive Mercuric Chlorid, U. S. P. (Bichlorid of Mer- 
cury, Corrosive Sublimate, Mercuric Chlorid, Perchlorid 
of Mercury).—Contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of 
HgCl* 
Properties: Mercuric chlorid occurs in the form of heavy colorless 
crystals or a heavy white powder having an acrid and persistent 
metallic taste. It is permanent in the air. It is very slowly soluble 
in water (1: 13.5), and freely soluble in alcohol (1: 3.8). Ammonium 
chlorid, sodium chlorid, tartaric acid and citric acid enhance its 
solubility in water. 
Incompatibilities : Mercuric chlorid is precipitated from 
its solutions by albumin, but redissolves in an excess of the 
albumin solution. Albumin in the form of egg-white forms 
an antidote of limited value. As the mercuric albuminate 
formed is still toxic, the antidote should be followed by 
evacuation of the stomach. 
Mercuric chlorid is incompatible with soluble carbonates 
and hydroxids, forming insoluble mercuric oxid7 and with 
: small amounts of iodids, forming mercuric iodid or com- 
plex mercuric iodids. As large excess of iodid dissolves 
these, prescriptions containing such combination are per- 
missible. It is incompatible with many alkaloids and other 
organic compounds. It is reduced to calomel or metallic 
mercury by iron, zinc and reducing agents in general. It 
dulls and tarnishes surgical instruments. 
Action and Uses : Mercuric chlorid is chiefly used as a 
germicide and an antiseptic. It is also sometimes used as 
a specific antisyphilitic agent. In a proportion of 1:20,000 
it kills non-spore bearing bacteria and in the proportion 
of 1:300,000 inhibits the growth of many forms. Spores of 
Bacillus anthracis are killed by a solution of 1:1,000. Its 
disinfectant action is limited by its deficient penetration 
and by the fact that it is greatly reduced by combination 
with organic matter. Mercuric chlorid is irritant to the 84 
USEFUL DRUGS 
skin, setting up a dermatitis. A sufficient amount may be 
absorbed from the skin to produce serious poisoning. The 
effects of the poison when absorbed from the skin or 
mucous membranes are seen in ulcerative stomatitis and 
diarrhea, characterized by the passage of frequent foul- 
smelling and bloody stools resembling those of dysentery, 
various nervous symptoms, marked weakness, irritation of 
the kidneys with albumin and casts in the urine, leading to 
anuria, etc. When taken in poisonous doses by the mouth 
it produces, in addition, irritation and ulceration of the 
mouth and throat, vomiting and corrosion of the mucosa of 
the stomach and intestines. Dilute solutions of mercuric 
chlorid are used by hypodermic or intramuscular injection 
in the treatment of syphilis. The injections must be 
repeated daily and have the disadvantage of causing con- 
siderable pain. Mercuric chlorid is used as a local applica- 
tion to the skin in some forms of skin disease, sometimes 
as an antiseptic, but also for the purpose of producing 
exfoliation of the epidermis. It is sometimes used in 1 per 
cent, alcoholic solution as an application to corneal ulcers. 
In the proportion of 1: 5,000 it may be added to collyria to 
prevent fungus growlhs. 
Dosage: From 0.002 to 0.01 Gm., or from to tfj grain, 
in solution or in pill form. As an antiseptic application it 
may be used in solutions varying in strength from 1:20,000 
to 1:2,000. For disinfection of clothing a solution of 
1:1,000 may be employed. To excite dermatitis and exfolia- 
tion, solutions varying in strength from 1: 1,000 to 1:200 
may be used, but caution should always be exercised in 
employing the stronger solutions for fear of absorption of 
the poison. The injection of mercuric chlorid solutions 
into the body cavities or its application to raw surfaces or 
mucous membranes should be undertaken only with the 
greatest caution. 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite (Hydrarg. Chlor. Mit.), Mild 
Mercurous Chlorid, U. S. P. (Mercurous ChTorlcf, 
Calomel, Protochlorid of Mercury, Subchlorid of Mer- 
cury 5".—Contains not less than 99.6 per cent, of HgCl. 
Properties: Mild mercurous chlorid is a white impalpable powder, 
becoming yellowish-white on trituration with strong pressure, odorless, 
tasteless and permanent in the air. It is practically insoluble in 
water, alcohol or ether. It undergoes changes when exposed to the 
action of light or under the influence of alkaline chlorids, bromids 
or iodids, by which mercuric salts are more or less rapidly formed. 
The mercuric salt enters into solution in combination with the salt of 
the alkali metal present. Alkaline hydroxids convert it into mercurous 
oxid; ammonia forms with it a mixture of mercury and mercuric 
ammonium chlorid. 
Incompatibilities : Calomel is incompatible with alkalies, 
with oxidizing acids like nitric acid and also with soluble 
bromids and iodids. The fear that nonoxidizing acids like 
hydrochloric acid will form mercuric chlorid from it is 
unfounded. Calomel is not incompatible with such acids. USEFUL DRUGS 
85 
Action and Uses : Mild mercurous chlorid is not irritat- 
ing to the mucous membrane of the mouth, esophagus and 
stomach, but it provokes bowel movements by a slow action, 
thought to be due to a partial change into a mercuric salt 
or a protein compound. The absorption of the mercuric 
salt may produce symptoms of subacute mercurial poison- 
ing, the chief indications of which are pain in the abdomen, 
loose passages, salivation, loosening of the teeth, swelling, 
soreness and ulceration of the gums, foul breath and gen- 
eral malaise. Calomel was formerly supposed to have a 
cholagogue action, but it does not increase the quantity of 
bile secreted, although by its cathartic action it may 
increase temporarily the amount poured out by the intes- 
tine. The stools resulting from the action of calomel are 
frequently greenish, because the bilirubin in the intestinal 
contents, being hurried through the colon, fails to undergo 
the change into urobilin which normally occurs. The 
change in color may also be due in part to the formation 
of mercuric sulphid. Calomel is useful as an intestinal 
antiseptic. It is considered valuable as a cathartic at the 
beginning of mild catarrhs of the stomach and intestines. 
It is also frequently used in conjunction with the more 
active salines to empty the bowels in cases of infection, or 
toxemia. It is frequently administered as a laxajfye when 
stomach is irritable because it is retained better tKan 
dfher cathartics. Calomel is sometimes an excellent 
diuretic in cardiac dropsy, in which condition its absorp- 
tion must be secured through the control of the purgative 
action. It is of much less value in other forms of dropsy. 
It is applied externally to sluggish ulcers, and is used by 
insufflation on the cornea for ujlceration or opacities, 
phlyctenular conjunctivitis, etc. 
Dosage : Only a small portion of the calomel is absorbed, 
so that minute doses are generally effective. From 0.00S 
to 0.02 Gm., or from JI2 to V3 grain may be given every 
half hour or hour until from 0.1 to 0.2 Gm., or from IV2 to 
3 grains have beerugiven. The calomel should be followed 
in a few hours or the next morning by a saline cathartic. 
When calomel is used externally, care should be taken that 
no iodids are administered internally at the same time, 
because the presence *0T* iodids in the secretions, for 
example, tears, may cause the formation of a mercuric salt 
and induce great irritation. 
Hydrargyri Iodidum Flavum (Hydrarg. Iod. Flav.), Yellow 
Mercurous Iodid, U. S. P. (Mercurous Iodid, Protiodid 
of Mercury, Yellow Iodid of Mercury, formerly also 
called “Green Iodid of Mercury”).—Contains not less 
than 99 per cent, of Hgl. 
Properties: Mercurous iodid is a bright yellow, amorphous powder, 
odorless and tasteless. By exposure to light it becomes darker, in 
proportion as it undergoes decomposition into mercuric iodid and 
metallic mercury. It is almost insoluble in water and wholly insoluble 
in alcohol. 86 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Incompatibilities : Mercurous iodid is incompatible with 
oxidizing agents, alkalies and the haloid salts of the alkali 
metals (chlorids, bromids or iodidsj, which tend to decom- 
pose it with the formation of mercuric salts. Alkali iodids 
decompose mercurous iodid with formation of metallic 
mercury and soluble alkali mercuric iodid. 
Action and Uses : Mercurotjs iodid is used to secure 
the constitutional effects of mercury by oral administration, 
especially in the treatment of syphilis. Injection and 
inunction methods are so much more effective, however, 
that the oral treatment of syphilis tends to become obsolete. 
Taken internally, the effects of mercurous iodid are much 
the same as those of calomel, although it is not so likely 
to produce diarrhea or salivation as the latter. 
Dosage: For oral administration in syphilis, mercurous 
iodid is best given in pill form in doses gradually increas- 
ing until slight toxic symptoms appear, such as diarrhea, 
tenderness of the gums, pains in the abdomen, etc. During 
its administration careful attention should be given to 
cleanliness of the mouth and skin. The teeth should be 
kept in good order, and soreness of the gums should be 
the signal for interrupting temporarily the administration 
of the remedy, or greatly reducing the dose. The initial 
dose should not exceed 0.015 Gm. or Vi grain in the form 
of a tablet, pill or powder, three times a day after meals, 
and this should be increased l>y the addition of 0.008 Gm. 
or Vs grain daily to the limit of tolerance. 
Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum (Hydrarg. Iod. Rub.), Red 
Mercuric Iodid, U. S. P. (Biniodid of Mercury, Mercuric 
Iodid, Red Iodid of Mercury).—Contains not less than 
99 per cent, of Hgl2. 
Properties: Mercuric iodid is a scarlet-red powder, odorless and 
tasteless, and permanent in the air. It is nearly insoluble in water, 
but slightly soluble in alcohol (1: 115). It is rendered soluble in the 
presence of soluble iodids, such as an equal weight of potassium iodid 
with formation of potassium mercuric iodid. 
Incompatibilities : Red mercuric iodid is incompatible 
with alkalies and their carbonates and with alkaloids and 
their salts. 
Action and Uses : Mercuric iodid is used as an anti- 
septic and germicide. It is more powerfully antiseptic than 
mercuric chlorid. It may be applied in potassium iodid 
solution. It is also used for the internal administration of 
mercury. A solution of mercuric iodid in sodium iodid 
(mercuric iodid 1 Gm., sodium iodid 3 Gm., water to make 
100 Cc.) is used as a means of administering mercury by 
intramuscular injection. 
Dosage : 0.003 Gm. grain three times a day. It is 
frequently formed for internal administration by the pre- 
scription of a mixture of corrosive mercuric chlorid and 
potassium iodid. USEFUL DRUGS 
87 
Pfc Hydrargyri chloridi corrosivi 0.060 Gm. 
Potassii iodidi 6.0 Gm. 
Aquae 100.0 Cc. 
M. Sig.: Teaspoonful in tumblerful of milk three times daily after 
meals. 
Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum (Hydrarg. Oxid. Flav.), Yellow 
Mercuric Oxid, U. S. P.—Contains not less than 99.5 per 
cent, of HgO. 
Properties: Yellow mercuric oxid is a light orange-yellow, amor- 
phous powder, odorless and having a somewhat metallic taste. It is 
permanent in the air, but turns darker on exposure to light. It is 
nearly insoluble in water and in alcohol. 
Incompatibilities: Yellow mercuric oxid is incompatible 
with acids, which dissolve it, forming mercuric salts. 
Action and Uses: Yellow mercuric oxid is employed 
externally as an antiseptic and stimulant chiefly in 
blepharitis, phlyctenular conjunctivitis, etc. Its value in 
treatment of styes lies probably in its preventing the dis- 
semination of"t1fe infection to other glands. 
Dosage: Yellow mercuric oxid is generally used in form 
of ointment varying in strength from 0.1 to 2 per cent. 
i Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi (Ung. Hydrarg. 
Oxid. Flav.), Ointment of Yellow Mercuric Oxid, 
U. S. P.—A 10 per cent, mixture of yellow mercuric oxid, 
with water, hydrous wool-fat and petrolatum. 
Dosage: For use in the eye it should be diluted with 
from 5 to 100 parts of petrolatum so as to reduce the per- 
centage of mercuric oxid to from 2 to 0.1 per cent. 
Hydrargyri Salicylas (Hydrarg. Salicyl.), Mercuric Salicylate, 
U. S. P. (Mercuric Subsalicylate).—A mercuric salt of 
salicylic acid in which one atom of mercury is combined 
with one molecule of salicylic acid. It contains from 54 
to 59.5 per cent, of Hg. 
Properties: Mercuric salicylate is a white or slightly yellowish or 
pinkish amorphous powder, tasteless, odorless and neutral to litmus 
paper. It is nearly insoluble, in water or alcohol, but soluble at the 
ordinary temperature in solutions of sodium hydroxid or sodium car- 
bonate with the formation of a double salt. 
Incompatibilities : Mercuric salicylate is incompatible 
with iodids and (probably) other halogen salts. 
Action and Uses: Mercuric salicylate is used as an anti- 
septic and for producing the internal actions of mercury 
especially by intramuscular injection in the treatment of 
syphilis. 
Dosage: Mercuric salicylate is given by intramuscular 
injection in a 10 per cent, suspension in vegetable fats; 
0.6 Cc. or 10 minims of this suspension is injected once 
in four days. It is held by many clinicians that the USEFUL DRUGS 
introduction by the mouth of sufficient mercury to eradicate 
syphilis thoroughly is practically impossible. The benzoate 
and the succinimid of mercury are also administered by 
intramuscular injection; they differ from the salicylate in 
that they are used as aqueous solutions. They are more 
absorbable and the injections are, therefore, made more 
frequently, and with smaller doses. 
Hydrargyrum (Hydrarg.), Mercury, U. S. P. (Quicksilver).— 
Contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of Hg. 
Properties: Metallic mercury in its ordinary form is a shining, 
silver-white, volatile and fluid metal without odor or taste. In its 
massive form it has comparatively little physiologic action and is not 
poisonous even in large quantities. When it has been reduced to a 
fine state of subdivision it is capable of absorption either by the skin 
or mucous membranes, and then produces the ordinary pharmacologic 
effects of its salts. It is also very active in the form of vapor. 
Mercury is widely used in the form of the following 
mixtures: 
t 
Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Hydrarg. cum Cret.), Mer- 
W1TH,_Chalk, U. S. P. (Gray Powder).—A powder 
containing about 38 per cent, of mercury with clarified 
honey and prepared chalk. 
Properties: By long shaking and trituration of the mercury with 
the other ingredients it is reduced to so fine a state of subdivision 
that distinct globules cannot be seen with a lens magnifying 4 diam- 
eters. The preparation then forms a light gray, slightly adhesive 
powder, with little odor, and a slightly sweetish taste. 
Action and Uses : This preparation is used in general 
in the same wav as calomel- but is believecPto-affect the 
intestines~Tess7 partly Because of the antagonizing influence 
onhe~cTVan<r It is often employed to secure the constitu- 
tional effects of mercury in cases of infantile and hereditary 
syphilis. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or 4 containing approximately 
0.1 Gm. or Wz grains oF metallic mercury. 
Massa Hydrargyri (Mass. Hydrarg.), Mass of Mercury, 
U. S. Pi CBIue Mass).—A mixture of 33 per cent, of 
mercury with glycyrrhiza, althea, glycerin and honey of 
rose. The mercury is reduced to such fine division that 
globules are not visible under a magnification of 10 
diameters. 
Action and Uses: The effects of and indications for this 
preparation are much the same as those of calomel. 
Dosage : 0.250 Gm. or 4 grains. 
/Unguentum Hydrargyri (Ung. Hydrarg.), Mercurial 
Ointment, U. S. P.—A mixture of 50 per cent, of mer- 
cury with prepared suet, benzoinated lard and 2 per cent, 
of oleate of mercury. The mercury is reduced by tritura- 
tion to such fineness that globules are no longer visible 
under a lens magnifying 10 diameters. USEFUL DRUGS 
'Unguent um Hydrargyri (Ung. Hydrarg. Dil.), 
Diluted Mercurial Ointment," U. S. P. (Blue Ointment, 
Hydrargyri Unguentum, P. I.).—Blue ointment is made 
by mixing 2 parts of mercurial ointmept with 1 part of 
petrolatum. It represents approximately 33 per cent, of 
metallic mercury and conforms to the strength, though 
not to the composition, of the international standard for 
mercurial ointment. 
Action and Uses: Mercurial ointment is a parasiticide; 
it is employed for the destruction of lice, but other" mea- 
sures are more cleanly and less Ocely to cause irritation. 
The rubbing of mercurial ointment into the skin allows 
the absorption of a part of the mercury, thus securing its 
constitutional effects. It ranks next to the intramuscular 
inj&qtions in antisyphilitic efficacy. 
Dosage: 2 Gm. or 30 grains of the ointment should be 
rubbed into a chosen area ot the skin at night, and the part 
anointed should be cleansed by washing in the morning. 
A new area of the skin should be chosen for inunction the 
next evening. If dermatitis is excited by this method of 
application it will subside rapidly as a rule on washing 
with a warm and dusting with some bland 
powder. If irritation seems likely to arise, the ointment 
may be diluted with an equal part of hydrous wool fat. 
'Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum (Hydrarg. Ammon.), Ammoniated 
Mercury, U. S. P. (White Precipitate).—A mercuric 
ammonium chlorid produced by the precipitation of a 
solution of mercuric chlorid by a solution of ammonia; 
it should correspond to from 78 to 80 per cent, of metallic 
mercury. • 
Properties: Ammoniated mercury, forms white pulverulent pieces 
or a white amorphous powder, having an earthy, afterward styptic 
and metallic taste. It is practically insoluble in water or in alcohol, 
but is gradually decomposed by washing with water. It is readily 
soluble in warm acids with decomposition. It also dissolves in cold 
solution of ammonium carbonate. 
Ammoniated mercury is chiefly used in the form of: 
Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati (Ung. Hydrarg. 
Ointment of Ammoniated Mercury, U. S. P. 
(White Precipitate Ointment).—A mixture of 10 per 
cent, ot armnomaTe ith white petrolatum and 
hydrous wool-fat. 
Action and Uses : Ammoniated mercury in the form of 
an ointment of from 2 to 10 per cent, is used as an anti- 
septic. and local stimulant. In the strength of from "T"tcf 
p per cent, it is an efficient and nonirritating application 
for small areas of suppurating dermatitis. In stronger pro- 
portions (from 8 to 12 per centT) it is a useful stimulating 
ointment for exciting a healthy inflammatory reaction, as 
in psoriasis. In seborrhea it may be applied after removal 
of crusts, in the form of a 2 per cent, ointment. USEFUL DRUG£ 
'Hydrogenii Dioxidum, Hydrogen Dioxid (Hydrogen Per- 
oxid).—Hydrogen dioxid or peroxid, H202, is a syrupy 
liquid, which has a strong tendency to decompose into 
water and oxygen in the presence of oxidizable sub- 
stances and of ferments capable of carrying oxygen. It 
is soluble in water, alcohol and ether. It decomposes 
readily when heated. Strong solutions are more stable 
than are dilute solutions. 
Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi (Liq. Hydrog. Diox.), Solu- 
tion of Hydrogen Dioxid, U. S. P. (Aqua Hydrogenii 
,i Dioxidi, U. S. P. VIII, Solution of Hydrogen Peroxid).— 
, A slightly acid, aqueous solution of H2O2 (approximately 
3 per cent.) corresponding to about 10 volumes of 
’ available oxygen. 
Properties: Solution of hydrogen dioxid is a colorless liquid with- 
out odor, but having a slightly acidulous taste and producing a 
peculiar sensation and thick froth in the mouth. It is prone to 
deteriorate on keeping. 
Action and Uses : Hydrogen dioxid kills hacteria in 
pure cultures because of its oxidizing power. In contact 
with tissues/however, its germicidal powerTs very limited, 
owing to the fact that "other organic matter is as destruc- 
tive to it as are bacteria. Its chief value is as a cleansing 
agent for suppurating wounds and inflamed mucous mem- 
branes. It is especially useful for this purpose because 
development of gas, which tepds to loosen adherent 
deposits 
Dosage: Solution of hydrogen dioxid is usually applied 
diluted with from 1 to 4 volumes of water. It should be 
used with care in deep cavities. A free opening for the 
escape of foam j gas should be provided. 
Hyoscyamus (Hyosc.), Hyoscyamus, U. S. P. (Henbane, 
Hyoscyami folium, P. I.).—The dried leaves and flower- 
ing tops of Hyoscyamus niger yielding not less than 0.065 
per cent, of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus. 
Tinctura Hyoscyami (Tr. Hyosc.), Tincture of Hyos- 
cyamus, U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represent the soluble 
constituents of 10 Gm. of hyoscyamus in diluted alcohol, 
and contain approximately 0.0065 Gm. of the total alka- 
loids of hyoscyamus. 
Action and Uses : The uses of tincture of hyoscyamus 
are similar to those of tincture of belladonna. 
Dosage: From 0.6 to 2 Cc. or from 10 to 30 minims. 
Hypophysis Sicca (Hypophysis Sic.), Desiccated Hypophysis, 
U. S. P. (Desiccated Pituitary Body).—The posterior 
lobe obtained from the pituitary body of cattle, cleaned, 
dried and powdered. USEFUL DRUGS 
91 
Properties: Amorphous powder having a characteristic odor. It is 
only partially soluble in water. Preferably used in the form of: 
Liquor Hypophysis (Liq. Hypophysis), Solution of 
Hypophysis, U. S. P. (Solution of the Pituitary Body).— 
A solution containing the water-soluble principle or 
principles from the fresh posterior lobe of the pituitary 
body of cattle; commercial preparations are generally 
supplied in sealed ampules. 
Properties: Solution of hypophysis is a clear, colorless liquid 
having a faint but characteristic odor. 
Action and Uses : Solution of hypophysis stimulates 
plain muscle, especially that of the blood vessels and the 
uterus. Injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly, it is 
used to stimulate uterine contractions in labor. It should 
not be employed during the first stage of labor, because, 
if the os uteri is not fully open, the energetic contractions 
may cause rupture of the uterus. It has also been recom- 
mended in uterine hemorrhage and certain cases of pul- 
monary hemorrhage, in shock and various other conditions 
of low blood pressure, and in postoperative intestinal 
paresis. It has been found to possess marked, though 
merely temporary, antidiuretic properties in diabetes insipi- 
dus. Its administration by mouth is practically ineffective. 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or 15 minims, given by subcutaneous or 
intramuscular injection. 
Insulin, Insulin, N. N. R.—An aqueous solution of an active 
principle from pancreas which affects sugar metabolism. 
The strength of insulin is expressed in “units,” one unit 
being one-third of the amount required to lower the 
blood sugar to an average of 0.045 per cent, over a period 
of 5 hours in a normal rabbit weighing 2 kg. which has 
been previously starved for 24 hours. 
Properties: Insulin is a clear, colorless or almost colorless liquid. 
A statement of activity and also the date of expiration of patency accom- 
panies each package. 
Actions and Uses : Insulin lowers the blood sugar in 
normal rabbits causing characteristic symptoms when a 
low level is reached, which symptoms are overcome by the 
administration of glucose. It prevents the hyperglycemia 
due to piqure, asphyxia and epinephrin. It increases the 
sugar consumption of the isolated mammalian heart. It 
causes glycogen to be deposited in the liver of diabetic 
animals fed with carbohydrates, and raises the respiratory 
quotient of such animals. It effects the metabolism of fat 
in diabetic animals and causes the acetone bodies to dis- 
appear from the urine. It has been demonstrated that the 
administration of insulin to diabetic dogs and to man in 
severe cases of diabetes mellitus restores to the body the 92 
lost ability to oxidize carbohydrate, and that glycogen is 
again stored in the liver. If insulin is administered at 
suitable intervals to a person suffering from diabetes mel- 
litus, the blood sugar is maintained at a normal level and 
the urine remains free of sugar; fat is also burned and as 
a result, ketone bodies do not appear in the urine and 
diabetic acidosis and coma are prevented. 
The administration of insulin is indicated in cases of 
diabetes mellitus which cannot be controlled at a satisfac- 
tory level by dietetic treatment. In such cases, with proper 
regulation of the diet, insulin should be administered in 
such amounts as to prevent glycosuria and a too great 
hyperglycemia. In some cases the dosage of insulin may 
be gradually decreased as the body power of utilizing car- 
bohydrate returns toward normal. 
Overdosage of insulin is followed by the development of 
serious symptoms which demand immediate treatment. The 
patient complains of weakness and fatigue and a feeling 
of nervousness or tremulousness. This is followed by pro- 
fuse sweating, which is the most characteristic sign of 
overdosage. There is sometimes pallor or flushing. In the 
more severe forms there is acute distress with mental dis- 
turbances and even unconsciousness. These symptoms are 
relieved by the administration of some form of available 
carbohydrate by mouth or stomach tube, or, if the patient 
is comatose, by the intravenous injection of from five to 
twenty grams of pure glucose in a five to fifty per cent, 
sterile solution. (The intravenous injection of glucose may 
at times be obviated by the subcutaneous injection of 0.3 
Cc. to 0.6 Cc. of a 1 : 1,000 solution of epinephrin chlorid, 
but this must always be followed by carbohydrates by 
mouth.) 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage: Insulin is administered subcutaneously in the 
arm, thigh or buttock, one, two or three times a day, IS to 
60 minutes before a meal, depending upon the rapidity of 
absorption of carbohydrate from the stomach and insulin 
from the subcutaneous tissue, as estimated after observa- 
tion of each individual patient. The dosage of insulin 
which is required to reduce the blood sugar to approxi- 
mately the normal level should be determined for each 
patient by estimations of blood sugar before and after 
administration of insulin. If insulin must be administered 
without adequate control of blood sugar, it is safer to 
have a blood sugar somewhat above normal with a tran- 
sient glycosuria, than to have the urine sugar free and the 
blood sugar at or below normal. The average dosage 
depends on the diet and severity of the disease. Small 
doses of a few units should be used in the beginning and 
this increased as may be necessary. When sugar is no 
longer found in the urine, the dose of insulin is decreased; 
the attempt being made to get rid of the noon dose by 
shifting the carbohydrate as far as feasible to breakfast 
and supper, and decreasing the noon insulin by a unit 
each day. USEFUL DRUGS 
93 
In cases of coma or severe acidosis, an initial dose of 
approximately 15 units of insulin may be given, followed 
subsequently at 3 to 4 hours intervals by doses of 10 units 
with the simultaneous administration in each case of 10 to 
20 grams of glucose. More than 60 units in twelve hours 
are rarely indicated. 
In a small number of cases of diabetes mellitus, insulin 
can be discontinued, particularly with patients who receive 
it because of an exacerbation caused by complications, and 
where diabetes is of recent onset (though perhaps the 
latter should receive it intermittently as a prophylactic 
against increasing severity). 
lodoformum (Iodof.), Iodoform, U. S. P.—Tri-iodomethane, 
CHI3, usually prepared by the action of iodin on alcohol 
or acetone in the presence of an alkali or alkali car- 
bonate. 
Properties: Iodoform occurs as a fine, lemon-yellow powder or 
lustrous crystals having a peculiar, very penetrating and persistent 
odor, and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish and iodin-like taste. It is 
very slightly soluble in water (1:10,000), soluble in alcohol (1:60), 
and very soluble in ether (1:7.5). It is also somewhat soluble in 
fixed oils. 
Incompatibilities : Iodoform is incompatible with cal- 
omel, silver salts, chlorates and nitrites. 
Action and Uses: Iodoform is a mild local analgesic, 
antiseptic and stimulant. When absorbed through the skin 
or from denuded surfaces it produces intoxication, which 
is not evident until after the lapse of some time. When 
swallowed it is partly decomposed with the production of 
iodids, which produce their ordinary effects. Part of the 
drug is absorbed, however, in a form of combination not 
yet understood, and produces symptoms that are different 
from those ordinarily caused by iodin. The symptoms are 
restlessness, anesthesia, sometimes unconsciousness, occa- 
sional convulsions, hallucinations and delusions of persecu- 
tion, rapid pulse and elevated temperature; collapse, coma 
and death may follow. Iodoform is slowly excreted, iodin 
compounds appearing in the urine for several days after a 
single dose. It is employed as a mildly antiseptic and 
analgesic dusting powder for open wounds. It has also 
been administered by injection into tuberculous joints, 
usually in form of a 10 per cent, suspension (incorrectly 
called “Iodoform Emulsion”), in sterile oil or other 
vehicle. Several odorless organic compounds of iodin have 
been devised as substitutes for iodoform, but they are 
uniformly less active. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains. It is usually applied 
externally in the form of a dusting powder, but may be used 
in the form of a suspension, as an ointment or as a sur- 
gical dressing in the form of gauze. In the treatment of 
hemorrhoids it is employed in the form of suppositories. 94 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Iodum, Iodin, U. S. P.—Contains not less than 99.5 per cent, 
of I. 
Properties: Iodin is a heavy, bluish-black, dry and friable solid 
crystallizing in rhombic plates, having a metallic luster, a distinctive 
odor and a sharp and acrid taste. It is readily volatile. It is very 
slightly soluble in water (1: 2,950), but soluble in alcohol (I: 10). It 
is also soluble in solutions of iodids. 
Incompatibilities : Iodin is incompatible with alkalies 
and alkali carbonates, the alkaloids, with tannin and other 
vegetable astringents and with most volatile oils, partic- 
ularly the terpeneATontaining oils. 
Action and Uses: Cutaneous: Iodin irritates the skin,- 
causing a sensation of heat and itching. In concentrated 
solutions it may blister or even corrode, but it'acts more 
slowly than many other irritants. It penetrates into the 
deeper layers of the skin and small quantities are absorbed. 
Iodin is applied to the skin for the purpose of exciting 
congestion of the underlying tissues. This congestion is 
supposed to cause the absorption of exudates. The benefit 
is probably overrated. It is also used by surgeons for the 
disinfection of the skin, for which it is considered to be the 
most desirable agent. The application is made by painting 
the tincture or a 3 per cent, alcoholic solution over the 
area to be disinfected. The skin must be dry; wet applica- 
tions should not previously lie used. It is also employed 
in various skin diseases for the purpose of producing an 
acute inflammatory reaction in the skin, and causing the 
destruction of bacteria. Its effect on bacteria below the 
epidermis is probably due to the inflammatory reaction 
which it excites rather than to any direct action on the 
bacteria. 
Internal: Iodin is more irritating to mucous mem- 
branes than to the skin. It is seldom used internally 
because its action on the stomach 'and intestines may be 
sufficiently irritating to excite a suppurative gastritis, and 
in the intestines may cause diarrhea. Iodin is chiefly con- 
verted in the stomach and intestines into iodids and 
absorbed in this form. A certain amount of protein com- 
pound of iodin also is formed. After absorption iodin acts 
like the iodids (see Potassium Iodid). 
Local Uses: In the diseases of the eye iodin is some- 
times used as a caustic agent and germicide to corneal 
ulcers of the simple type. It should be applied by means 
of a pointed toothpick soaked in the solution and used very 
cautiously. For the treatment of chronic granular pharyn- 
gitis, in acute follicular tonsillitis, and in cases of middle 
ear catarrh associated with granular pharyngitis, it may be 
applied mixed with glycerin and combined with other reme- 
dies. The following formulas may be used: 
1$ Tincturae iodi 3 Cc. 
Glycerini 30 Cc. 
IJ Tincturae iodi 10 Cc. 
Tincturae ferri chloridi 10 Cc. 
Glycerini 10 Cc. USEFUL DRUGS 
95 
In gynecology the tincture is often applied directly to the 
interior of the cervix and painted over the mucous mem- 
brane of the vagina. This application is especially recom- 
mended in acute g;onorrheal endocervicitis. Solutions of 
iodin have been much used in surgery. The tincture is 
often injected into cysts to cause the adhesion of their 
walls. Such applications should be made with caution. It 
is applied in a similar way to fistulous canals.-- A diluted 
solution is useful as a stimulant to ulcers. For the dis- 
infection of wounds a 3 per cent, alcoholic solution of iodin 
should be applied to the skin about the wound; and to the 
wound itself, pieces of gauze soaked in the same solution. 
Tinctura Iodi (Tr. Iodi), Tincture of Iodin, U. S. P.— 
» One hundred Cc. contain 7 Gm. iodin and 5 Gm. potas- 
sium iodid dissolved in distilled water (5) and mixed 
with alcohol. This preparation, since it contains potas- 
sium iodid, is quite dissimilar to that formerly official 
in the U. S. P. or the international standard preparation 
generally prescribed in Europe. The present U. S. P. 
tincture of iodin has the advantage of being more stable 
so far as the iodin content is concerned and of being 
miscible with water. 
Dosage: 0.1 Cc. or IV2 minims. (If iodin is mixed with 
milk, the greater part is converted into iodid and protein 
'compounds, and larger doses are therefore tolerated.) 
Ipecacuanha (Ipecac.), Ipecac, U. S. P. (Ipecacuanhae Radix, 
P. I.)—The dried root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, com- 
mercially known, as Rio, Brazilian or Para ipecac, or of 
C. acuminata, commercially known as Cartagena ipecac. 
When assayed according to the method in the U. S. P., 
it should contain not less than 1.75 per cent, of the ether- 
soluble ipecac alkaloids. 
Action and Uses : When given by mouth in rather large 
doses, ipecac causes nausea and vomiting, partly through 
its local irritant action. It is, however, neither a very 
rapidly acting nor a trustworthy emetic. Its use as such is 
almost entirely confined to pediatric practice. In smaller 
dos£&. it is nauseant and is used to promote the secretions 
of the respiratory tract. Still smaller doses may act as 
stomachics through mild irritation of the gastric mucosa. 
When combined with opium, in the form of Dover’s powder, 
ipecac is a diaphoretic. Both ipecac and one of its prin- 
cipal alkaloids, emetin, are considered specific against 
amebic dysentery. In the treatment of this disease large 
doses of ipecac are required and opium or some other 
depressant drug may be necessary to prevent the occur- 
rence of vomiting. Emetin, in the form of the hydrochlorid 
can, however, be given hypodermically in doses which 
correspond to large amounts of the crude drug, without 
causing nausea or vomiting. (See Emitinae Hydro- 
chloridum.) 96 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage : The expectorant dose of ipecac is 0.06 Gm. or 
1 grain. As an emetic 1 Gm. or 15 grains may be given. 
For use in dysentery it may be given in salol-coated pills. 
The coating should not be too thick, lest too large a dose 
of salol be given. Ipecac may also be given, suspended in 
mucilage of acacia, by a duodenal catheter. In dysentery 
an initial dose of 2 Gm. or 30 grains may be given and 
vomiting should be prevented by a previous hypodermic 
injection of morphin. 
Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae (Fldext. Ipecac.), Fluid- 
extract of Ipecac, U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represent 
100 Gm. ipecac, in approximately 75 per cent, alcohol, 
and yields not less than 1.8 Gm. of the ether-soluble 
alkaloids of ipecac. 
Dosage: As an emetic, 1 Cc. or 15 minims; as an expec- 
torant, 0.05 Cc. or 1 minim. 
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae (Syr. Ipecac.), Syrup of Ipecac, 
U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represent 7 Cc. fluidextract 
of ipecac; it is approximately seven times the strength 
of the international standard syrup of ipecac. 
Dosage: As an expectorant, 1 Cc. or 1.5 minims given 
every two or three hours; as an emetic, 15 Cc. or 4 
fluidrams. To a small child, 1 teaspoonful (4 Cc. or 1 
fluidram) may be given every ten or fifteen minutes until 
vomiting occurs. Thus administered, it is an effective 
remedy in spasmodic croup. 
Jalapa (Jalap.), Jalap, U. S. P.—The dried tuberous root of 
Exogonium purga. Frequently used in the form of pow- 
der. It yields not less than 7 per cent, of the total resins 
of jalap. 
Action and Uses: Jalap is a powerful purgative, pro- 
ducing copious watery evacuations. It is used for the pur- 
pose of removing water from the tissues in the treatment 
of dropsy. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. It is best administered as: 
Pulvis Jalapae Compositus (Pulv. Jalap. Co.), Compound 
Powder of Jalap, U. S. P. (Pulvis Purgans).—A mixture 
of jalap (35 Gm.) and potassium bitartrate (65 Gm.). 
Dosage: 2 Gm. or 30 grains. 
Linum, Linseed, U. S. P. (Flaxseed).—The ripe seed of 
Linum usitatissimum. Used extensively in the ground 
form for making cataplasms. 
Oleum Lini (Ol. Lini), Linseed Oil, U. S. P. (Oil of 
Flaxseed, Raw Linseed Oil).—A fixed oil, obtained from 
linseed. Linseed oil which has been “boiled” must not 
be used in medicine. USEFUL DRUGS 
97 
Properties: Linseed oil occurs as a yellowish, oily liquid, having 
a peculiar odor and a bland taste. It is slightly soluble in absolute 
alcohol, but practically insoluble in water. 
Action and Uses : Linseed oil has the properties of other 
bland oils, but is seldom administered internally. For 
pharmaceutical purposes it is used in the making of lime 
liniment, and of soft soap. 
Dosage: 30 Cc. or 1 fluidounce. 
Luminal, Luminal, N. N. R. (Phenobarbital, Phenyl-Ethyl- 
Barbituric Acid, Phenyl-Ethyl-Malonyl, Urea).—2, 4, 6- 
trioxy-5-phenyl-ethyl pyrimidin. Luminal (phenobar- 
bital) differs from barbital in that one ethyl group (GH5) 
has been replaced by one phenyl group (GH0). 
Properties: Luminal is a white, odorless, slightly bitter powder. 
It is almost insoluble in cold water, slightly soluble in hot water; it 
is soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, and in alkaline solutions. 
Action and Uses: Luminal (phenobarbital), like bar- 
bital, is a hypnotic and sedative. Luminal has a sedative 
action on respiration, lessening the frequency of breathing. 
It kills by respiratory paralysis. It is eliminated by the 
kidneys, a certain portion being probably decomposed in the 
organism. No gastric disturbances have been observed. 
Luminal is used"as a hypnotic in nervous insomnia and 
conditions of excitement "of the nervous system. It is also 
used as a sedative and antispasmodic in the treatment of 
epilepsy—the condition in which it finds its chief field of 
usefulness. Luminal is used in a variety of conditions of a 
chronic character as a palliative measure, but it is well to 
bear in mind that its actions are purely palliative and never 
curative. 
Dosage : From 0.015 to 0.3 Gm. or % to 5 increased 
if necessary to 0.8 Gm. or 12 grains. The average dose is 
0.1 Gm. or grains. A maximum dose of 0.8 Gm. or 12 
grains should not be exceeded 
Magnesii Carbonas (Mag. Carb.), Magnesium Carbonate, 
U. S. P.—A mixture of hydrated magnesium carbonate 
and magnesium hydroxid, corresponding to not less than 
39.2 per cent, of MgO. 
Properties: Magnesium carbonate occurs as light, white, friable 
masses, or a bulky, white powder, without odor, and having a slightly 
earthy taste. It is practically insoluble in water and in alcohol, but 
soluble with effervescence in dilute acids. 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with acids, which 
form salts of magnesium. 
Action and Uses: Magnesium carbonate when taken 
internally neutralizes the acid in the stomach. It may be 
used in cases of hyperacidity or acid gastritis, but it is 
sometimes objectionable on account of the carbon dioxid 
gas evolved, magnesium oxid being generally preferred for 98 
USEFUL DRUGS 
this reason. The salt formed, is laxative. If magnesium 
carbonate passes the stomach without neutralization, it may 
escape solution in the intestines and not act as a laxative. 
Large doses sometimes produce an accumulation of the 
insoluble carbonate and may lead to intestinal obstruction. 
Magnesium carbonate is also used as a dusting powder in 
intertrigo and in similar conditions, and as a cosmetic. 
Dosage: 3 Gm. or 45 grains. 
Magnesii Citras, Magnesium Citrate.—Used in medicine as: 
Liquor Magnesii Citratis (Liq. Mag. Cit.), Solution of 
Magnesium Citrate, U. S. P.—A solution containing 10 
per cent, of a mixture of neutral and acid magnesium 
citrate corresponding to not less than 1.5 per cent, of 
MgO. 
The materials for making 360 Cc. or 12 ounces of the 
preparation are placed in a strong bottle, potassium bicar- 
bonate being added last, and the bottle properly corked. 
Action and Uses: Solution of magnesium citrate is 
an agreeable form of administering saline purgative. 
Dosage: The average dose is one bottle containing 360 
Cc. or 12 fluidounces, often given in divided doses. 
Magnesii Oxidum (Mag. Oxid.), Magnesium Oxid, U. S. P. 
(Magnesia, Calcined Magnesia, Light Magnesia).—Con- 
tains, after ignition, not less than 96 per cent, of MgO. 
Properties: Magnesium oxid is a white, very bulky and very fine 
powder, without odor, and having an earthy but not a saline taste. 
It is almost insoluble in water and alcohol, but dissolves very readily 
in acids, forming salts of magnesium. 
Action and Uses : Magnesium oxid is used mostly as an 
antacid to neutralize excessive acidity in the gastric juice. 
It is especially suitable for cases of hyperacidity accom- 
panied by constipation. It is preferable in most cases to the 
carbonates or bicarbonates because it yields no gas on 
being neutralized, although in the treatment of constipation 
it may be usefully mixed with these. It is sometimes given 
in diarrhea with excessive acidity in children. It is an 
efficient antidote to the corrosive acids. 
Dosage: From 0.6 to 3 Gm. or from 10 to 45 grains. 
Magnesii Sulphas (Mag. Sulpli.), Magnesium Sulphate, 
U. S. P. (Epsom Salt).—Contains not less than 99.5 per 
cent, of MgSCh+TTLO. 
Properties: Magnesium sulphate occurs as small, colorless prismatic 
needles or rhombic prisms, without odor, and having a cooling, saline 
and bitter taste. It is freely soluble in water (1: 1), but practically 
insoluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Magnesium sulphate is one of the 
most active of the saline cathartics. A considerable part USEFUL DRUGS 
99 
remains unabsorbed in the intestines, where it also retains 
fluid, and thus liquefies the stools. Whatever portion is 
absorbed acts as diuretic. It is thus a useful adjuvant in 
the removal of dropsies, especially in heart disease. The 
rate of absorption of magnesium sulphate from the alimen- 
tary canal is too slow to produce systemic effects; but if 
magnesium sulphate is injected intravenously o_r intramus- 
cularly, it depresses the muscles and the central and periph- 
eral nervous systems. Lumbar subdural injection pro- 
duces spinal anesthesia, but is not advisable in man, except 
in connection with tetanus. l£L Tetanus, magnesium sul- 
phate abolishes the convulsions temporarily and thus spares 
the patient; but it does not dispense with the need of anti- 
toxin treatment. It is used intramuscularly (0.6 Cc. of a 
25 per cent, solution of crystalline magnesium sulphate per 
kilogram of body weight, six times daily) ; or, in severe 
cases, by spinal injection (0.1 Cc. of a 25 per cent, solution 
per kilogram, repeated daily if necessary). Effective doses 
of magnesium sulphate may arrest respiration; this is suc- 
cessfully combated by artificial respiration together with 
physostigmin salicylate (Vs to 1 mg. given hypodermically) or 
calcium chlorid (50 Cc. of 2 per cent, given hypodermically 
or 600 Cc. of 0.02 per cent, in normal saline solution intra- 
venously). The physician must be prepared to adopt these 
measures with the first signs of respiratory failure. Con- 
centrated solutions of magnesium sulphate have been 
widely used as local applications in various inflammations, 
such as sprains, burns, erysipelas and the like, with asserted 
beneficial results. 
Dosage: 15 Gm. or 4 drams. Magnesium sulphate may 
be dissolved so that 2"Cc.* of"the solution contains 1 Gm. of 
the salt, and of this solution 5 Cc., properly diluted, are 
given hourly until evacuation is secured. 
Mentha Piperita (Menth. Pip.), Peppermint, U. S. P.—The 
dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita. 
Oleum Menthae Piperitae (Ol. Menth. Pip.), Oil of 
Peppermint, U. S. P.—A volatile oil distilled from the 
flowering plant of Mentha piperita. 
Properties: Oil of peppermint occurs as a colorless liquid, with 
the characteristic peppermint odor and a strongly aromatic, pungent 
taste, followed by a sensation of cold when air is drawn into the 
mouth. 
Action and Uses : Oil of peppermint is used as a stim- 
ulant, carminative and reflex. 
Dosages 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims. It is administered chiefly 
in form of: 
Spiritus Menthae Piperitae (Sp. Menth.), Spirit of 
Peppermint, U. S. P. (Essence of Peppermint).—One 
hundred Cc. contains 10 Cc. oil of peppermint in alcohol, 
colored with the chlorophyl extracted from peppermint. 100 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Action and Uses : See the oil. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims, taken in water or on a 
lump of sugar. 
Aqua Menthae Piperitae (Aq. Menth. Pip.), Pepper- 
mint Water, U. S. P.—A saturated solution of oil of 
peppermint in distilled water. 
Action and Uses : Peppermint water is used as a flavor- 
ing vehicle. 
Dosage: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrams. 
Menthol, Menthol, U. S. P.—A secondary alcohol, CioHibOH, 
obtained from oil of peppermint or other mint oils. 
Properties: Menthol occurs as colorless, acicular or prismatic 
crystals, having a strong and pure odor of peppermint and a warm, 
aromatic taste, followed by a sensation of cold when air is drawn 
into the mouth. It is only slightly soluble in water, but freely 
soluble in alcohol, ether, liquid petrolatum, etc. 
Action and Uses : Solid menthol is used in the form 
of “menthol pencils” as a cooling counterirritant, especially 
in neuralgia or headache, being frequently rubbed over the 
painful area. As an antipruritic, it is applied as a 1 to 
2 per cent, ointment or oily solution. As an antiseptic and 
stimulant for inflamed mucous membranes, especially in the 
nose and throat, menthol is used as 1 per cent, solution in 
liquid petrolatum. The inhalation of menthol vapor gives 
considerable relief in q£ute rhinitis. Internally, menthol 
is sometimes employed for the relief of gastric pains. 
Dosage: 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain. 
Methylis Salicylas (Methyl. Salicyl.), Methyl Salicylate, 
U. S. P. (Oleum Gaultheriae, U. S. P. VIII, Oil of 
Wintergreen, Oleum Betulae, U. S. P. VIII, Oil of 
Sweet Birch, Oil of Teaberry).—An ester, CH3C7H5O3, 
occurring in oil of birch and in oil of wintergreen, and 
also produced synthetically. 
Properties: Pure methyl salicylate is a colorless liquid, having a 
characteristic, strongly aromatic, wintergreen odor and a sweetish, 
warm and aromatic taste. It is nearly insoluble in water, but miscible 
in all proportions with alcohol. The oils obtained from natural sources 
frequently have a pinkish tint, because of the contamination with 
traces of iron, but in general have the same properties as methyl 
salicylate, to the requirements and tests for which they conform. 
Action and Uses : Methyl salicylate is antiseptic. When 
rubbed on the skin it is absorbed, producing irritation at 
the same time. When thus absorbed, or when taken inter- 
nally, it produces the effects of salicylic acid or the sali- 
cylates (see Sodium Salicylate). For the relief of pain 
in local rheumatic swellings and neuritis, it is frequently 
applied as counterirritant as well as for its action after 
absorption. USEFUL DRUGS 
101 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or 15 minims. When given internally 
this substance is administered preferably in the form of 
capsules, care being taken that the stomach is not empty 
anathat 'plenty of water is taken. It has the disadvantage, 
however, of being more irritant to the stomach than sodium 
salicylates. Locally, the oil may be applied pure or added 
to liniments. 
Mistura Toxici Diphtheritici et Antitoxici Diphtheritici, 
Diphtheria Toxin-Antitoxin Mixture, N. N. R.—A fluid 
containing both the diphtheria toxin and antitoxin; the 
toxin is partially neutralized by the presence of sufficient 
antitoxin. 
Properties: The requirements of the U. S. Public Health Service 
for diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture are that it shall be sterile and 
labeled to show the volume of each human dose and the number of 
L-|- doses (not more than three) of toxin contained in each human 
dose. The toxin must be so neutralized with antitoxin that five human 
doses shall cause death in not more than four out of five guinea-pigs, 
weighing 250 to 350 grams, in not less than four days after subcu- 
taneous injection. Surviving pigs must die of diphtheritic paralysis 
in from fifteen to twenty-five days. One human dose shall not cause 
acute death, but 50 per cent, may die of diphtheritic paralysis. 
Action and Uses : A more durable immunity against 
diphtheria is established by the use of a mixture of diph- 
theria toxin and diphtheria antitoxin,, than by the latter 
alone. The immunity does not appear until a considerable 
period of time has elapsed, and for this reason the mixture 
is not applicable in the presence of an outbreak of the dis- 
ease, in which case it is better to use an immunizing dose 
of antitoxin alone. The toxin-antitoxin mixture finds its 
greatest field of usefulness in the immunization of young 
children; adults and older children need be immunized 
when they react positively to the diphtheria immunity test 
(Schick test). 
Dosage: Pne Cc. subcutaneously, usually over the inser- 
tion of the deltoid muscle, at intervals of seven days for 
;£hree doses. Very young children may receive 0.5 Cc. for 
the first dose, and 1 Cc. each for the second and third doses. 
The individual dose in terms of partly neutralized toxin 
varies from 1/10 L+ dose to 3 L+ doses; at the present 
time the tendency is to use smaller doses than has been the 
custom in the past. 
Morphinae Hydrochloridum (Morph. Efydrochl.), Morphin 
Hydrochlorid, U. S. P. (Morphin Chlorid).—The hydro- 
chlorid, C17H10O3N.HCI+3H2O, of the alkaloid morphin. 
Properties: Morphin hyOrochlorid occurs as white crystals or as 
a crystalline powder, odorless and having a bitter taste. It is soluble 
in water (1: 17.5), and in alcohol (1: 52). 
Actions Uses: See Morphinae Sulphas 
Dosage: 0.008 Girr. or Vs grain. 102 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Morphinae Sulphas (Morph. Sulph.), Morphin Sulphate, 
U. S. P.—The sulphate, (CnHi»03N)2H2SC)4-{-5H20, of 
the alkaloid morphin. 
Properties: Morphin sulphate occurs as white, feathery crystals 
or in cubical masses, odorless, permanent in the air and having a 
bitter taste. It is soluble in water (1: 15.5), but only slightly soluble 
in alcohol (1: 565). 
Incompatibilities : Solutions of salts of morphin are 
incompatible with alkalies, tannic acid, iodids and other 
precipitants of alkaloic!sr~ 
Action and Uses : Morphin produces a specific central 
analgesic action; a depressant effect on the resPiratorv~anj3 
associated medullary centers: a descending depressant 
action on the entire central nervous system; and a consti- 
pating effect resulting from a combination of centraT and* 
local actions. Morphin is practically devoid of local action, 
except on the gastro-intestinal tract. ~ This local action is 
the subject of much debate, but it seems certain that it 
plays a part in the causation of the constipation which 
results from the administration of the drug. The systemic 
actions of morphin are greatly dependent on the dose used. 
The smallest doses producing therapeutic effects result in 
the relief of' pain; somewhat larger dose,s cause definite 
cerebral depression leading to more or less profound and 
prolonged sleep! persons react peculiarly to morphin, 
showing one or more of the following svmntom^: cerebral 
excitation, more common, perhaps, in women than in men, 
out usually_miTd and of short duration, soon giving place 
to the depressant action of the drug; nausea, and even vom- 
iting, which not infrequently result from the systemic admin- 
istration of a small dose. In some persons nausea is a 
very pronounced after-effect of the drug, lasting, at Times, 
for hours. The drug probably exerts a decided effect on 
lieart, through the vagus mechanism, chiefly influence 
mg thd rhythm, which may become irregular, '.file rate 
mav ne slower) considerably after large dosesT"but morphin 
does not endanger life through its cardiac action. Morphin 
causes a marked constriction of the pupil when given in 
moderate doses, and this phenomenon is often used as a 
gage for the cessation of its administration in cases in 
which large doses are necessary. It has no local miotic, 
jiction- when dropped into the eyes. The respiratory renter 
is depressefLJ-iv.relatively small doses of morphin—such as 
are too small to be hypnofife! Use "is made of this action 
in the treatment of persistent and troublesome cough, but 
it should be remenTbered that if the cough is "productive,” 
the depression of the cough reflex may lead to a dangerous 
retention of the secretions of the inflamed mucosa. Mor- 
phin may be used to relieve the attacks of asthma and to 
lessen dyspnea from other causes, but caution sTiould be 
exercised- that" the slowing of the respiration does not 
embarrass the heart. Usually it is better to treat the cause 
of the dyspnea, and asthmatic, attacks are jitter relieved 
bv epinenhrin. It should be used cautiously, in the pain 
and* dyspnea of uremia, as it interferes with elimina- SEFUL DRUGS 
103 
tion by the intestines. Morphin is used xhieflv as an anal- 
gesic in conditions of severe acute herlTits" 
Jiise should be very guaFded for various reasons, but chiefly 
on account of the great danger of the formation of the 
morphin habit. In surgical conditions in which the alle- 
viation of severe pain may obscure the course of the dis- 
ease and lead to the unwarranted postponement of an 
operation, morphin should not be used, or only in very 
small doses and with circumspection. In chronic condi- 
tions associated with pain, morphin should no! be used, "5s 
the formation ot tne nabit i<f almost certain to resuT!' irom 
its prolonged administration. Exceptions to this general- 
ization are to be found in such conditions as inoperable 
ffincer, etc., in which the condition is hopeless and at the 
same time the cause of much suffering. Morphin should 
not be used for the relief of pain in persons of a .neurotic 
or hysteric* temperament, unless absolutely 
In general, it may be said that morphin should not be 
for the relief of pain when any satisfactory relief can be, 
obtained by the use of other remedies. Since the 
tion of the coal-tar analgesics and of the hypnotics of the* 
chloral group, the use of morphin as a pure hypnotic has* 
become exceptional, but it is the only drug that has the 
power of inducing sleep in sleeplessness -rliie fp violent, 
pain or dysp?Tea.~ ■—» ' — —-• 
TOriabttrration to* morphin is readily established, and this 
habit is one of the most difficult to break. Heroin 
(di-acetyl-morphin) is even more dangerous. Too great 
discrimination in its use can scarcely be urged. Prescrip- 
tions for morphin or heroin must conform to the provisions 
of the Harrison Narcotic Law. (See footnote under Cocainae 
Hydrochloridum.) Overdoses of morphin lead to intoxication 
which may result fatally. "The symptoms Iiegin with the 
usual depression which deepens into sleep. The pupils become 
extremely constricted. Respiration becomes slow; the sleep 
deepens into coma from which the patient can be aroused 
with difficulty at first; later he cannot be aroused at all, and 
the respiration sinks to as low as three or four per minute. 
The Ijeart js somewhat weakened and its rgte is 
Death results respiratory failure. The treatment of 
morphin poisonIng~is fTftt germane to* this work, but its 
proper execution will often save a patient who is deemed 
hopeless. Morphin is excreted largely through the alimen- 
tary tract, including the stomach. Some of the morphin thus 
excreted may be reabsorbed into the circulation; hence, in 
cases of poisoning, the use of frequent gastric lavage with 
potassium permanganate 1:2000. to destroyThe morphin, is 
ail important measure. Even after the hypodermic adminis- 
tration of the drug it is excreted by way of the gastro- 
intestinal tract. Morphin is also used to lessen secretion 
and check peristalsis in diarrhea. For this purpose gpium5 
appears to be more efficient than morphin. 
Dosage: 0.008 Gm. or grain. Smaller doses, from 
0.00S to 0.006 Gm., or fa to Mn grain, are often sufficient. 104 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Myrrha (Myrrh.), Myrrh, U. S. P. (Gum Myrrh).—A gum 
resin obtatTOrfiom one or more species of Commiphora. 
Action and Uses : It is used as a carminative, especially 
in connection with aloes, in the form of pills. 
Tinctura Myrrhae (Tr. Myrrh.), Tincture of Myrrh, 
U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represent 20 Gm. myrrh in 
alcohol. 
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains. 
Action and Uses: Tincture of myrrh is used chiefly as 
an astringent in mouth washes and gargles for relaxed 
throat and spongy gums. 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or 15 minims. For use in the mouth 
dilute with an equal volume of water. 
Neocinchophen, Neocinchophen, N. N. R. (Ethyl-6-methyl- 
2-phenyl-quinolin-4-carboxylate. — The ethyl ester of 
methyl-phenyl-quinolin-carboxylic acid (cinchophen), 
CH3.C9H4.N.C6H5COOC2H5, 6:2:4. Neocinchophen was 
first introduced as novatophan. 
Properties: Neocinchophen is a pale yellow powder, odorless and 
tasteless; permanent in the air. It is nearly insoluble in water and 
in dilute alkalis. 
Action and Uses : The same as those of cinchophen. It 
has the advantage over cinchophen in that It is almost 
devoid of taste and is less prone to produce gastric distur- 
bance. 
Dosage : The same as that of 'cinchophen. 
Nitrogenii Monoxidum (Nitrogen. Monox.), Nitrogen Mon- 
oxid, U. S. P.—Nitrous Oxid, N20. 4-* 
Properties: Nitrogen monoxid is a colorless gas, possessing a 
slight, characteristic odor and a somewhat sweet taste. It is quite 
soluble in water at low temperatures. Nitrogen monoxid is readily 
liquified by pressure. 
Action and Uses: Nitrogen monoxid causes anesthesia 
by direct influence on the central nervous system, as well as 
by the production of asphyxia. After a few deep inspira- 
tions, the face assumes a deathly pallor and the patient 
becomes unconscious. Nitrogen monoxid and oxygen are 
most frequently used as a means of producing anesthesia 
for brief operations and in obstetrics. The combination is 
also used preliminary to the induction of anesthesia with 
ether or cHTbroform. 
Dosage: Nitrogen monoxid is .supplied in the compressed, 
liquid state in steel cylinders. For use the liquid is allowed 
to assume the gaseous state by decreasing the pressure and 
the gas is inhaled by the patientfrom an inhalation apparatus. USEFUL DRUGS 
105 
Nux Vomica (Nux. Vom.), Nux Vomica, U. S. P. (Strychni 
Semen, P. I.).—The dried, ripe seed*of~5trychnos nux- 
vomica, yielding, when assayed by the process given in 
the U. S. P., not less than 2.5 per cent, of the alkaloids 
of nux vomica, of which about one-half is strychnin. 
Action and Uses: The pharmacologic action of nux 
vomica is essentially the same as that of the strychnin 
which it contains. The preparations of nux vomica are 
used as stomachic tonics, and occasionally as respiratory 
and nerve stimulants. For the latter purpose the salts 
of strychnin are generally preferred. (See Strychninaa 
Sulphas.) 
Extractum Nucis Vomicae (Ext. Nuc. Vom.), Extract 
of Nux Vomica, U. S. P. (Powdered Extract of Nux 
Vomica, Nucis Vomicae Extractum, P. I.).—A powdered 
extract of nux vomica made by extracting the drug with 
a mixture of alcohol and water, yielding, when assayed 
by the process given in the U. S. P., from 15.2 to 16.8 
per cent, of the alkaloids of nux vomica. //, ,j. .•/ 
Dosage: 0.015 Gm. or */4 grain, preferably given in the 
form of pills; 0.020 Gm. or V3 grain contains about 0.001 
Gm. or %o grain of strychnin. 
Tinctura Nucis Vomicae (Tr. Nuc. Vom.), Tincture of 
Nux"~V6mica, U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represent 10 
Gm. of nux vomica in a mixture of alcohol and water; 
it should assay about 0.25 Gm. of total alkaloids of nux 
vomica in 100 Cc. 
Dosage: 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims. 
When the tincture is used as an appetizer, its effect 
depends largely on the psychic stimulation produced by the 
hitter taste, and the dose may vary from 0.05 Cc. to 0.6 Cc. 
or from 1 to 10 minims. Compound tincture of gentian is 
a vehicle for it. If it is desired to obtain the effect of 
strychnin, it is to be remembered that 0.6 Cc. or 10 minims 
contain approximately 0.6 mg. or }loo grain of strychnin.^ 
Oleum Chaulmoograe, Chaulmoogra Oil, N. N. R.—A fixed 
oil obtained by expression from the ripe seeds of Tarak- 
togenos kuruzi. 
Properties: Chaulmoogra oil is a yellow, or brownish yellow liquid, 
or, at a temperature below 25 C., a whitish, soft solid. It has a 
characteristic odor and a somewhat acrid taste. It is slightly soluble 
in alcohol; soluble in benzene, chloroform, ether and petroleum benzin. 
Action and Uses: The therapeutic properties of chaul- 
moogra oil appear to be due to optically active, 11nsat.nra.teri 
tatty acids, xhiefly chaulmoogric acid and hydnocarpic acid, 
which occur in the oil in the form of glycerids. These 
fatty acids, chiefly chaulmoogric acid and hydnocarpic acid, 
such as the bacillus of leprosy, and it is to this property 
that the beneficial effects of chaulmoogra oil in leprosy 
are probably due. 106 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Chaulmoogra oil has been used in the treatment of lep- 
rosy for many years. The bulk of the evidence indicates 
that it is of high value, though not having specific, cura- 
tive properties. 
Dosage : 0.3 Cc. or 5 minims jn capsules thrice daily, 
increasing the dose to 'the point of tolerance. For intra- 
muscular injection, 1 to 5 Cc. or 15 to 75 minims, mixed* 
with a fatty oil, once a week. The following mixture 
has been used: chaulmoogra oil 50 Cc., olive oil 50 Cc., 
camphor 0.5 Gm, Guaiacol 1 Gm. 
Chaulmestrol, Chaulmestrol, N. N. R.—The ethyl esters 
of the fatty acids of chaulmoogra oil. 
Properties: Chaulmestrol is a limpid, almost colorless oily liquid, 
neutral in reaction, having a faint odor and not unpleasant taste. It is 
insoluble in water, but miscible in all proportions with alcohol and 
ether. 
Action and Uses: The same as those of Oleum Chaul- 
moogra. It is claimed to be better tolerated than chaul- 
moogra oil and its injection is claimed to be less liable to 
produce abscesses. 
Dosage: 1 to 5 Cc. or 15 to 75 minims daily after meals 
in warm milk or hot tea, administered in gradually incrgas- 
ihg doses. Intramuscularly, 1 Cc. or 15 minims is the 
initial dose, this being increased by 1 Cc. or 15 minims 
every second or third injection until a maximum of 3 to 
5 Cc. or 45 to 75 minims is reached. The injections are 
administered once a week. 
Oleum Morrhuae (01. Morrh.), Cod-Liver Oil, U. S. P. 
(Oleum Jecoris Aselli).—A fixed oil obtained from the 
fresh livers of Gadus morrhua. 
Properties: Cod-liver oil occurs as a pale yellow, thin, oily liquid, 
having a peculiar, slightly fishy, but not rancid odor, and a bland, 
fishy taste. 
Action and Uses : Cod-liver oil is a nutrient, useful in 
certain conditions of nutritive deficiency. It deserves a place 
in therapeutics because it Is readily digestible and assim- 
ilable, and also because of its definitely'favorable influence 
in rickets. It is more palatable when administered in the 
form of a recently prepared emulsion, a formula for which 
is official (Emulsion Olei Morrhuae, 50 per cent.; average 
dose, 15 Cc.). Alcoholic preparations of the so-called active 
principles of cod-liver oil have no demonstrable therapeutic 
action. 
Dosage: 4 to 30 Cc., or 1 fluidram to 1 fluidounce, taken 
3 times daily, preferably two hours after meals. 
Oleum Ricini (Ol. Ricin.), Castor Oil, U. S. P. (Oleum 
Ricini).—A fixed'oil expressed from the seed of Ricinus 
communis. USEFUL DRUGS 
107 
Properties: Castor oil occurs as a pale yellowish or almost color- 
less viscid liquid, having a faint,_ mild odor and a bland, afterward 
slightly acrid and generally offensive taste. It is practically insoluble 
in water, but freely soluble in alcohol (1: 1). 
Action and Uses : Castor oil is used as a profuse 
cathartic mildly irritating both the small and the” large 
intestine. Locally, particularly in the eye, it is sometimes 
employed as a demulcent. - 
Castor oil may be administered to adults in form of 
elastic capsules (up to 5 Cc. in each), or floating between 
a heavy syrup and an alcoholic flavoring liquid, or in the 
foam of “soda water.” To children it may be given in 
the form of emulsion, Emulsum Olei Ricini, N. F., a 35 
per cent, emulsion. / 
Dosage: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrams. 
Oleum Santali (01. Santal.), Oil of Santal, U; S. P. (Sandal- 
wood Oil, Oil of Sandalwood).—A volatile oil distilled 
from the wood of Santalum album. 
Properties: Oil of santal occurs as a pale yellow, somewhat thick 
liquid, having the characteristic odor of sandalwood, and a pungent, 
spicy taste. It is readily soluble in alcohol, but practically insoluble 
in water. 
Action and Uses: Oil of santal is a local and excretory 
irritant, credited with an antiseptic effect in the urine, 
exerted especially against the gonococcus. It is used exten- 
sively in the treatment of gonorrhea, but is not, suitable to 
the acute stages of this disease on account of*the possibility 
of its increasing the irritation. Its use should be confined 
to the subacute and chronic stages, in which its irritant 
action may stimulate healing. It may produce gastric or 
renal irritation, and skin eruptions. 
Dosage: 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims, or more, if well tolerated, 
preferably given in capsules (0.3 Cc. or 5 minims in each), 
3 times daily after meals. 
Oleum Theobromatis (01. Theobrom.), Oil of Theobroma, 
U. S. P. (Butter of Cacao, Cacao Butter).—A fixed oil 
expressed from the roasted seecfiTof~TTTeobroma cacao. 
Properties: Oil of theobroma occurs as a yellowish-white solid, 
having a faint, agreeable odor and a bland, chocolate-like taste. It 
is freely soluble in ether, _ chloroform and benzene, soluble in abso- 
lute alcohol and insoluble in water. 
Action and Uses: Oil of theobroma is used in pharmacy 
chiefly for the making of suppositories; also as a lubricant 
in massage, and as an application to sore nipples. 
Oleum Tiglii (Ol. Tiglii), Croton Oil, U. S. P. (Oleum 
Tiglii).—A fixed oil expressed”from the seed of Croton 
tiglium. 
Properties: Croton oil occurs as a pale yellow or brownish-yellow 
somewhat viscid, and slightly fluorescent liquid, having a slight, fatty 
odor, and a mild, oily, afterward acrid and burning, taste. It is 
practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. 108 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Action and Uses : Croton oil is a drastic cathartic, pro- 
ducing violent irritation of the digestive canal. It is used, 
but rarely, to secure prompt evacuation of the intestines, 
especially in coma. When applied to the skin, it causes 
rubefaction, vesication, pustulation and ulceration. These 
effects develop slowly and are not readily controlled, so 
that its use is not advisable. 
Dosage: 0.05 Cc. or 1 minim, given in olive oil,, butter, 
etc. It may be placed on the tongue in granulated sugar 
if the patient cannot swallow. 
Opium, Opium, U. S. P.—The air-dried milky exudation 
obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Pgpaver 
somniferum and its variety .album. 
Action and Uses : The action of opium closely resem- 
bles that of morphin. Opium, however, is absorbed more 
slowly. It has also been" shown that some of the other 
opium alkaloids modify the action. Papaverin, N. N. R., 
for instance, has a relaxing action on involuntary muscu- 
lature. Thus opium is more constipating than morphin, 
and hence preferred for the- purpose of checking diarrhea. 
Prescriptions for opium and its preparations must con- 
form to the provisions of the Harrison Narcotic Law. See 
footnote under Cocainae Hydrochloridum. 
Opii Pulvis (Opii Pulv.), Powdered Opium, U. S. P. 
(Opii Pulvis, P. I.).—Yielding, when assayed by the 
official process, not less than 10 per cent, of anhydrous 
morphin. 
Dosage : 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain, containing about 0.006 Gm. 
or about Ho grain of morphin. Suppositories of opium have 
no advantage on account of local action. 
Tinctura Opii (Tr. Opii), Tincture of Opium, U. S. P. 
(Laudanum, Opii Tinctura, P. I.).—A solution of the 
soluble constituents of opium in diluted alcohol. One 
hundred Cc. contain about 1 Gm. of anhydrous morphin. 
Dosage : 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims. 
Tinctura Opii Deodorati (Tr. Opii Deod.), Tincture of 
Deodorized Opium, U. S. P.—Essentially a tincture of 
opium that has been deodorized by means of purified 
petroleum benzin. 
Dosage: 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims. 
Tinctura Opii Camphorata (Tr. Opii Camph.), Cam- 
phorated Tincture of Opium, U. S. P. (Paregoric, Opii 
Tinctura Benzoica, P. I.).—Each 100 Cc. represent pow- 
dered opium (0.4 Gm.), benzoic acid (0.4 Gm.), camphor 
(0.4 Gm.), oil of anise (0.4 Cc.), glycerol (4 Cc.), and 
diluted alcohol (to make 100 Cc.). USEFUL DRUGS 
109 
Dosage: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidram, containing 0.0016 Gm. or 
3/4o grain of morphin. 
Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii (Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii), 
Powder of Ipecac and Opium, U. S. P. (Compound Pow- 
der of Ipecac, Dover’s Powder, Opii et Ipecacuanhae 
Pulvis Composifus, P. I.).—A mixture of ipecac (10 
Gm.), powdered opium (10 Gm.) and sugar of milk 
(80 Gm.). 
Action and Uses: Dover’s powder is used chiefly for 
diaphoretic and analgesic effect in “breaking up a cold.” 
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains, containing 0.005 Gm. or 
1/i2 grain of morphin. 
Oxygenium (Oxygen.), Oxygen, U. S. P.—Gaseous oxygen, 
O2, in a compressed state. Contains not less than 95 per 
cent, of O. 
Properties: Oxygen occurs as a colorless, odorless and tasteless 
gas, slightly soluble in water and neutral to ordinary indicators. 
This gas is not inflammable, but supports combustion much more 
vigorously than does air. 
Action and Uses: Compressed oxygen is administered 
for the purpose of relieving difficult respiration in cases of 
.mechanical hindrance to the ingress of air to the lungs; 
and in the treatment of carbon monoxid poisoning. It is 
also mixed with nitrogen monoxid when this gas is used 
as an anesthetic. 
Pancreatinum (Pancreat.), Pancreatin, U. S. P.—A mixture 
containing enzymes existing in the pancreas of warm- 
blooded usually obtained from the fresh pancreas 
of the hog, Sus scrofa or the ox, Bos taurus. 
Properties: Pancreatin occurs as a cream-colored, amorphous 
powder, having a faint, peculiar, not unpleasant odor, and a some- 
what meat-like taste. It is partially solubleAlL_W3ter and should 
not contain more than 10 per cent, of insoluble matter. It is prac- 
tically insoluble in alcohol. Commercial samples commonly contain 
no steapsin, and other ferments may be present in traces only. 
Action and Uses : Pancreatin is used chiefly for the 
predigestion of milk and other foods. Since it is destroyed 
by the action of the gastric juice, its use for the digestion 
of food in the stomach is illogical, if the stomach contains 
any acid. In cases of achylia gastrica in which no hydro- 
chloric acid is secreted, it may be given to secure the 
digestion of the food in the stomach. In such cases it is 
well to administer a small amount of an alkali,, such as 
sodium bicarbonate, in order to neutralize any acidity that 
may be present. The attempt is sometimes made to further 
the digestion of protein in the intestines by the administra- 
tion of pancreatin in pills or capsules coated so as to 
prevent the action of the gastric juice. The drug may be 110 
USEFUL DRUGS 
used in this manner in cases in which it is believed that the 
secretion of the pancreas is lacking or deficient, but this 
method is not usually very successful. 
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains. Pancreatin may be admin- 
istered internally in (Tie form of salol-coated pills or in 
gelatin capsules that have been treated with formaldehyd. 
Paraffinum (Paraff.), Paraffin, U. S. P.—A purified mixture 
of solid hydrocarbons, obtained by chilling and pressing 
the higher distillates from petroleum and purifying the 
solid press-cake so obtained. 
Properties: Paraffin is a colorless or white translucent mass, with- 
out odor or taste and slightly greasy to the touch. It is practically 
insolubleiii.wafcer or jn .alcohol, ~ “ * 
Action ant> Uses: raramn is used as arprotective cover- 
ing for hums.. For this purpose a plastic” variety (“Par- 
affin for Films,” N. N. R.) is melted and painted or 
sprayed on the dried surface and covered with dry dress- 
ing. Paraffin has been employed also in surgery for pros- 
thetic purposes; its use for this purpose, however, is not 
without the danger of causing proliferation of surrounding 
tissue cells, leading to the of a. so-called 
“paraffinoma. 
Paraldehydum (Paraldehyd.), Paraldehyd, U. S. P.— 
(CH.i.CHO)3. A polymer of acetaldehyd, CH3.CHO. 
Properties: Paraldehyd is a colorless, transparent liquid, having 
a strong characteristic odor, and producing first a burning and then 
a cooling taste. It is soluble in water (1:8) and miscible in all 
proportions with alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Paraldehyd is hypnotic and anti- 
spasmodic. It has no direct action on the circulation, 
'5'Xcept that it dilates the blood vessels. It acts rapidly 
and produces a sleep which closely resembles natural sleep. 
Its promptT^fficTent action and low toxicity would make it 
a valuable hypnotic;, were it not lor its disagreeable odor. 
This persists in the breath of the patient and interfered 
with its use in many cases. It may cause a habit very 
similar to that induced hy alcohol. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims. Preferably administered 
with cracked ice or ice-water. Larger doses are employed 
in delirium tremens (a teaspoonful every hour, for several 
dosesif necessary)"'. 
Pelletierinae Tannas (Pellet. Tann.), Pelletierin Tannate, 
U. S. P.—A mixture in varying proportions of the tan- 
nates of four alkaloids obtained from pomegranate bark. 
Properties: Pelletierin tannate occurs as a light yellow, odorless, 
amorphous powder, having an astringent taste and a weak acid reac- 
tion. It is only slightly soluble in water (1:240), but soluble in 
alcohol (1:16). USEFUL DRUGS 
111 
Action and Uses: Pelletierin tannate is an effective 
anthelmintic and teniafuge. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or_4 Preferably administered 
in the form of capsuled! The alimentary canal should be 
emptied as completely as practicable by a mil9 purgative 
(castor oil or a saline). A light diet on the previous day 
and fasting on the morning on which the anthelmintic is 
given, should be prescribed. This remedy should be fol- 
lowed in two hours by a purgative (castor oil). Not more 
than 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains of pelletierin tannate should be 
given, as even this amount has produced paralysis. It may 
be given to children in syrup of citric acid, 0.1 Gm. (1)4 
grains) in 30 Cc. (1 fluidounce). 
Pepsinum (Pepsin.), Pepsin, U. S. P.—A mixture containing 
a proteolytic ferment or enzyme obtained from the glan- 
dular layer of the fresh stomach, of the hog, Sus scrofa. 
Properties: Pepsin occurs as pale yellow, transparent or trans- 
lucent scales or grains, or as a cream-colored, amorphous powder, 
free from offensive odor and having a slightly acid or saline taste. 
It is soluble, or almost entirely soluble in water (I: SO), the solution 
having more or less opalescence; it is practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Pepsin acts only in an acid medium. 
It is useful to secure the digestion of protein food in the 
stomach. It is seldom indicated, because the gastric juice 
usually contains sufficient pepsin to perform gastric diges- 
tion. It may be given in conjunction with hydrochloric 
acid in those cases of acute dyspepsia in which there is an 
absence of free hydrochloric acid in the stomach contents. 
In chronic cases it should be given only when the acid and 
pepsin are both lacking. As a rule, even when acid is 
absent, the pepsin is still secreted, and digestion will occur 
normally if hydrochloric acid is given without pepsin. 
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains. 
Petrolatum (Petrolat.), Petrolatum, U. S. P. (Petrolatum 
Ointment, Petroleum Jelly).—A purified mixture of 
hydrocarbons, obtained by distilling off the lighter and 
more volatile portions from petroleum, and purifying the 
residue. 
Properties: Petrolatum occurs as an unctuous mass, of about the 
consistence of an ointment, varying in color from white to dark 
amber. The white variety is official as Petrolatum Album, or White 
Petrolatum, U. S. P. 
Action and Uses : Petrolatum is used chiefly as a base 
for ointments. Sterilized petrolatum is employed as a 
lubricant. 
Petrolatum Liquidum (Petrolat. Liq.), Liquid Petrolatum, 
U. S. P. (Liquid Paraffin, Mineral Oil).—A mixture of 
liquid hydrocarbons, obtained by distilling off most of 112 
USEFUL DRUGS 
the lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum, 
and purifying the liquid residue. The specific gravity 
ranges from 0.828 to 0.905. In the Pharmacopeia two 
varieties are separately described as: 
Heavy Liquid Petrolatum.—Viscosity not less than 3.1. 
Light Liquid Petrolatum.—Viscosity not more than 3. 
Adapted for use in atomizers. 
Properties: It occurs as a colorless or very slightly yellowish, 
oily, transparent liquid, without odor or taste, but giving off, when 
heated, a faint odor of petroleum. It is practically insoluble in water 
and only slightly more soluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Liquid petrolatum is used as a 
vehicle for medicinal agent for local application. When 
employed as a spray, the light liquid petrolatum should be 
used. It is also given internally, largely for its mechanical 
action, to keep the stools soft in the treatment of constipa- 
tion. It is not absorbed by the intestine and has no nutri- 
tive properties. Liquid petrolatum should not be used as 
a vehicle for substances to be injected intramuscularly or 
subcutaneously, as it may lead to tumor formation. 
Dosage: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrams. It is best given at bed- 
time, or on an empty stomach in the morning; and, if 
necessary, before other meals as well. 
Phenol, Phenol, U. S. P. (Acidum Carbolicum, Carbolic 
Acid).—Hydroxybenzene, GHsOH, obtained from coal- 
tar by fractional distillation and subsequent purification 
or made synthetically. 
Properties: Phenol should contain not less than 97 per cent, of 
CeHsOH. It occurs as colorless, interlaced or separate, needle-shaped 
crystals, having a characteristic, somewhat aromatic odor. When 
copiously diluted with water, it has a sweetish taste, with a slightly 
burning aftertaste, and, when undiluted, cauterizes and whitens the 
skin and mucous membranes. Phenol is soluble in water (1: IS) and 
miscible with alcohol in all proportions. 
Action and Uses : Phenol is antiseptic and germicidal. 
A solution of 1:850 will prevent the multiplication of 
bacteria. A 1 per cent, solution will usually destroy non- 
sporulating bacteria in a few minutes at ordinary tem- 
perature, but a 5 per cent, solution fails to destroy anthrax 
spores after twenty-four hours’ exposure. Phenol is taken 
as the type or standard for comparing the activity of dis- 
infectants. The “Phenol Coefficient” means the relative 
strength of a disinfectant, as compared with a solution of 
phenol acting on the same organism and for the same 
length of time. It should be remembered that different 
micro-organisms show wide differences in their behavior 
toward antiseptics. Phenol is escharotic when applied to 
the skin, turning the skin and tissues white. If a finger 
or other extremity is surrounded with dressings wet even 
with a dilute solution of phenol, gangrene is likely to occur. USEFUL DRUGS 
113 
Phenol acts as a local anesthetic. In consequence of this 
property it is employed to relieve itching. It may be used 
in the strength of 1 per cent, in solution or in ointment. 
Phenol has been used as an antiseptic in mouth washes, 
gargles and sprays. It was formerly employed as an anti- 
septic in fermentation in the stomach, but it is of no value 
for this purpose. It is'sometimes given to check vomiting. 
The injection of phenol into the rectum for the destruction 
of parasites is dangerous and has sometimes resulted 
fatally. Superficial “burns” from the action of phenol 
should be treated by the application of alcohol, glycerin, 
ether or oils to remove the poison. In phenol poisoning the 
stomach may be washed out by diluted alcohol, which 
should be completely removed by washing with water. If 
left in the stomach, the alcohol may favor the absorption of 
phenol. 
Phenol Liquefactum (Phenol. Liq.), Liquefied Phenol, 
U. S. P. (Liquefied Carbolic Acid).—A liquid containing 
not less than 87 per cent., by weight, of CePLOH. 
Properties: Liquefied phenol is a colorless liquid which may 
develop a slight reddish tint on keeping. It has a characteristic, 
somewhat aromatic odor and the general chemical and physical char- 
acteristics of phenol. 
Dosage : 0.05 Cc. or 1 minim. 
Phenolphthaleinum (Phenolphthal.), Phenolphthalein, U. S. P. 
—A dibasic phenol derivative, dihydroxyphthalophenone 
(CaPLOH)jCO.GjPLiCO, produced by the interaction of 
phenol and phthalic anhydrid. 
Properties: Phenolphthalein occurs as white, or faintly yellowish 
crystals or as an amorphous powder; nearly insoluble in water and 
freely soluble in alcohol (1:13). Its solutions in acid liquids are 
colorless, but turn red when the liquid is made alkaline. 
Action and Uses : Phenolphthalein acts as a purgative, 
but appears to possess no further physiologic action, except 
that it may cause some irritation of the rectum and lower 
bowel. 
Uosage : The dosage varies according to its effect, from 
0.06 Gm. to 0.5 Gm., or from 1 to 8 grains. A case of 
mild poisoning has been reported from taking 1 Gm. (15 
grains). 
Phenylis Salicylas (Phenyl. Salicyl.), Phenyl Salicylate, 
U. S. P. (Salol).—The phenylester, QH4(OH)COOCeHo 
1:2, of salicylic acid. 
Properties: Phenyl salicylate occurs as a white crystalline powder, 
having a faint aromatic odor and a slight but characteristic taste. It 
is very slightly soluble in water (1:6,670) and freely soluble in 
alcohol (1:6). 
Action and Uses : Phenyl salicylate is slightly anti- 
septic. Its antiseptic action is greatly increased when it 
is decomposed into its constituents, phenol and salicylic 
acid. This is effected in the intestines by the fat-splitting 114 
USEFUL DRUGS 
ferment of the pancreas. After absorption, it produces the 
effect of salicylates, but if larger doses are given the phenyl, 
of which it contains 40 per cent., may produce toxic effects. 
The urine may become dark-colored by phenol derivatives 
excreted by the kidneys, hence, salol should not be used 
for its constitutional effect as a salicylate. Phenyl salicylate 
is prescribed as intestinal antiseptic in diarrhea, enteritis, 
and “intestinal putrefaction.” It is doubtful, however, 
whether this or other alleged intestinal antiseptics exert 
any appreciable control over the bacterial flora of the 
digestive tract. Salol is used in pharmacy for the purpose 
of coating enteric pills. It must be remembered that the 
coating of pills of moderate size entails the administration 
of a considerable dose of salol. 
Dosage: From 0.2 to 0.5 Gm., or from 3 to 8 grains. 
It is preferably administered in the form of powder and 
may be inclosed dry in capsules or cachets. Pills and com- 
pressed tablets are objectionable, because of the tendency 
of the substance to fuse into a hard, insoluble mass. 
Phosphorus (Phosphor.), Phosphorus, U. S. P.—Must be 
carefully preserved .under water. 
Properties: Phosphorus is a translucent, nearly colorless solid, 
of a waxy luster, having, at ordinary temperatures, about the con- 
sistency of beeswax. It has a distinctive and disagreeable odor and 
taste and should not be exposed to air. It is practically insoluble 
in water but slightly soluble in dehydrated alcohol (1: 350). It 
takes fire readily when exposed to the air. Great care should be 
used in handling elementary phosphorus. It should be carefully kept 
under water in a moderately cool place. It should be cut, or other- 
wise divided, under water. It may be secured in the form of small 
particles by cautiously melting under water and shaking until cool. 
Action and Uses : Small doses of phosphorus stimulate 
the formation of bone and have been used with apparent 
success in the treatment of rickets, and with less success 
for poorly uniting fractures. Slight overdosage may cause 
toxic symptoms. The presence of phosphorus compounds 
in nerve tissues led to the trial of phosphorus itself, and 
of all its various compounds, as “nerve foods,” tonics and 
stimulants, especially in neurasthenia and allied conditions. 
Its use for this purpose has gradually been abandoned, as 
it is realized that “nervous exhaustion” is not due to 
deficiency of phosphorus compounds. Toxic _ doses of 
phosphorus produce nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. These 
subside, but after an interval of several days, they 
recur and are complicated by womiting of blood, painful 
and enlarged liver, jaundice, drowsiness, and scanty pathg- 
logic urine. The nervous phenomena increase in severity 
to somnolence, delirium, coma, and sometimes convulsions. 
These symptoms are the result oTacute hepatitis and exten- 
sive fatty degeneration of the viscera, particularly the liver. 
The bone marrow maytbe stimulated, but this effect cannot 
be utilized in therapeutics, since it requires toxic doses. In 
workers in phosphorus, chronic poisoning is shown by a 
necrosis of the lower jaw. It is perhaps due to infection USEFUL DRUGS 
115 
through carious teeth, which is favored by previous changes 
in the bone due to phosphorus. 
Dosage : 0.5 mg. or )d.20 grain per day, for children. It 
may be administerecUTfEHer in the form of pills or as 
phosphorated oil (1:100). 
Physostigminae Salicylas (Physostig. Salicyl.), Physostigmin 
Salicylate, U. S. P. (Eserin Salicylate).—The salicyl- 
ate C15H21O2N3.C7H0O3, of an"’alkaloid obtained from 
physostigma. 
Properties: Physostigmin salicylate occurs as colorless or faintly 
yellowish, odorless crystals. It acquires a red tint on exposure to 
light and air. It is soluble in water (1: 75) and in alcohol (1: 16). 
Action and Uses : Physostygmin stimulates the periph- 
eral endings of the parasympathetic nerves and probably 
“acts on the musculature to enhance its response to normal 
stimulation. Thus it increases intestinal peristalsis, and 
produces contraction of“tlie pupil by local action. When 
instilled into one eye it causes contraction of the pupil on 
that side and not on the other. It stimulates the vagus, caus- 
ing slowing of the pulse, dizziness, a'nd faintness. It depresses 
the spinal cord. Physostigmin has been employed for its 
depressing action on the spinal cord in tetanus, strychnin 
poisoning, and other forms of convulsions, but it is not 
always reliable. Physostigmin is used occasionally to 
stimulate peristalsis in the paralytic form of constipation. 
It is employed chiefly in treatment of eye diseases for the 
purpose of contracting “the pupil and aTscTfo’ reduce intra- 
ocular tension. For the latter purpose it is serviceable"in 
glaucoma. It is a useful remedy in peripheral ulcer of the 
dflfflgT ' It may be employed to hasten recovery from the 
effect of mydriatics, such as homatropin. Physostigmin 
is used in the eve in solution (freshly prepared) of the 
strength oF from 0.1 to 1 per cent., often in conjunction 
with cocain. For ha'sfening recovery from a mydriatic, a 
drop of 0.1 per cent, solution may be employed. 
Dosage: 0.001 Gm. or %o grain. The following mixture 
may be used in glaucomaT ~ 
Cocainae hydrochloridi 0.02 Gm. 
Physostigminae salicylatis 0.01 Gm. 
Aquae destillatae '. 10.0 Cc. 
Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum (Pilocarpin. Hydrochl.), Pilo- 
carpin. Hydrochlorid, U. S. P. (Pilocarpin Chlorid).— 
The hydrochlorid, CuHieOsNz.HCl, of an alkaloid 
obtained from pilocarpus. 
Properties: Pilocarpin hydrochlorid occurs as colorless or white 
translucent crystals, odorless and having a faintly bitter taste. It is 
hygroscopic, very soluble in water (1:0.3), and freely soluble in 
alcohol (1:3). 
Actions and Uses: See Pilocarpinae Nitras. 
Dosage: From 0.001 to 0.01 Gm. or from %o to % grain. USEFUL DRUGS 
Pilocarpinae Nitras (Pilocarpin. Nit.), Pilocarpin Nitrate, 
U. S. P.—The nitrate, CnHioChNs.HNCh, of an alkaloid 
obtained from pilocarpus. 
Properties: This salt is less soluble in both water (1:4) and 
alcohol (1:75) than is the hydrocirturid.tmt has the advantage over 
that satr'of'Tieing permanent in air. 
Action and Uses: Pilocarpin stimulates the endings of 
the parasympathetic nerves. It increases secretion of the 
salivary, mucous and sweatglaE3& It stimulates the 
unstriatcd muscles ot including the 
motor system oT~Ehe intestines and bronchi. The vagus 
stimulation produced by it which would cause slowing of the 
pulse and a fall of blood pressure is unimportant in man, as 
it is soon followed by vagus depression with an accelerated 
pulse rate. It contracts the pupil and causes spasm of the 
muscles of accommodation by a peripheral action. Pilo- 
carpus is administered internally chiefly for its diaphoretic 
effect, especially in nephritis. It may also be of"serviceTn 
certain diseases of the skin.- In doses just short of produc-' 
ing free sometimes of great benefit to 
relieve itching in generalized acute eczema, urticaria, pru- 
ritus, etc. In diseases of the eye, such as glaucoma, 
corneal ulcer, etc., pilocarpin is employed as a weak miotic. 
Dosage: 0.01 Gm. or % grain. Smaller doses of 1 mg. 
or Yoo grain are sometimes preferable. 
Pix Liquida (Pix. Liq.), Tar, U. S. P. (Pine Tar).—A 
product obtained by the destructive distillation of the 
wood of Pinus palustris. 
Properties: Tar occurs as a semiliquid, viscid, blackish-brown 
product having an empyreumatic odor and a sharp and empyreumatic 
taste. Tar is miscible with alcohol and fixed or volatile oils, but is 
only partially soluble in water. 
* Action and Uses: Tar is an irritant to the skin, having 
antiseptic and antipruritic properties; often employed as 
the first remedy in changing the treatment from sedative 
to stimulating applications in dermatitis. "' When taken 
internally it stimulates the bronchial mucous membrane. 
The syrup is a rather feeble remedy for subacute bronchitis. 
Dosage : In beginning treatment with tar, the strength 
should be from 2 to 4 per cent. This is especially true 
when it is employed as antipruritic in acute inflammatory 
conditions. In chromic cases it is used in the strength of 
from 6 to 20 per "cent., and sometimes the pure tar is 
applied Tor use as an antiseptic in skin affections, the fol- 
lowing formula may be employed: 
Picis liquidae 2.0 Gm. 
Potassii hydroxidi 1.0 Gm. 
Aquae 8.0 Cc. 
This must be diluted for use. 
The dose of the syrup is. 4 Cc, j>r 1 fluidram. USEFUL DRUGS 
117 
Unguentum Picis Liquidae (Ung. Pic. Liq.), Tar Oint- 
ment, U. S. P.—A mixture of tar (50 Gm.) with yellow 
wax and lard to make 100 Gm. 
This should usually be diluted from 10 to 20 times before 
application. In chronic conditions, scaly eruptions, psoriasis 
and ringworm it may be applied in full strength. 
Plumbi Acetas (Plumb. Acet.), Lead Acetate, U. S. P. (Sugar 
of Lead.).—Corresponds to not less than 99.5 per cent, 
of Pb (C2ILO2) J+3ILO. 
Properties: Lead acetate occurs as colorless or heavy white crys- 
talline masses or granular crystals, having a faintly acetous odor 
and a sweetish, astringent, afterward metallic taste. It is freely 
soluble in water (1: 1.4) and soluble in alcohol (1:38). 
Incompatibilities : Solutions of lead salts are incom- 
patible with carbonates, hydroxids, iodids, chlorids and 
sulphates. 
Action and Uses : Lead acetate is an astringent. A 
saturated alcoholic solution is used as a "lotion in ivy- 
poisoning. 
Dosage : 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain. 
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis (Liq. Plumb. Subacet.), 
Solution of Lead Subacetate, U. S. P. (Goulard’s 
Extract).—An aqueous solution containing lead subace- 
tate corresponding to not less than 18 per cent, of lead- 
(Pb.). It is made by boiling a mixture of lead acetate- 
lead oxid and distilled water for half an hour. 
Properties: Solution of lead subacetate occurs as a clear, colorless 
liquid, odorless, having a sweetish, astringent taste and an alkaline 
reaction. 
Dosage: This preparation should be diluted from fifteens 
to thirty times before application. It as an 
astringent and antipruritic in inflammatory conditions of 
the skin and as an application to sprains and bruises. It 
should not be applied to denuded surfaces and should be 
used with caution on the face. 
Podophyllum (Podoph.), Podophyllum, U. S. P. (Mandrake, 
Mav Apple Rhizome).—The dried rhizome of Podophyl- 
lum peltatum. Used in medicine chiefly in the form of: 
Resina Podophylli (Res. Podoph.), Resin of Podophyl- 
lum, U. S. P. (P^dophyllin). 
Properties: Resin of podophyllum occurs as an amorphous powder, 
varying in color from light brown to pale greenish-yellow, turning 
darker when subjected to heat exceeding 25 C., or when exposed 
to light. 
Action and Uses : Resin of podophyllum is very irri- 
fating to mucous membranes, especially to that of the 
eyes"."' It has a slight, peculiar odor and a faintly bitter 118 
USEFUL DRUGS 
taste. It is very soluble in alcohol, but practically insolu- 
ble in water. It is used as a cathartic, chiefly in the form 
of pills. It was formerly thought to exercise a special 
Influence on the liver, but this idea has been abandoned. 
It is chiefly used in small doses for the treatment of 
chronic constipation. ~ 
Dosage: From 0.003 to 0.03 Gm. or from Yjo to % 
As its effects are somewhat uncertain, it i<T"adv7sable To 
commence with the small dose mentioned, to be increased 
as required. As it takes from twelve to twenty-four hours 
for action, it is usually given at Bed-time, 
Potassii Acetas (Pot. Acet.), Potassium Acetate, U. S. P.— 
Contains not less than 99 per cent, of KQH3O2. 
Properties: Potassium acetate occurs as a white powder or in 
crystalline masses, odorless, and having a saline taste; it is deliques- 
cent on exposure to air. It is very soluble in water (1:0.5), and 
is freely soluble in alcohol (1:2.9). 
Action and Uses: Potassium acetate is used as an 
alkaline djurelic in. nephritis,. and to render the urine less 
irritant iiTcystitis. It is also employed in fevers and in 
rheumatism. Potassium acetate is oxidized in the organ- 
ism 1o potassium carbonate or bicarbonate. This tends 
to increase -ther -alkaline reserve of the body. The salts 
excreted by the kidneys render .the urine less acid, and, 
after large doses, alkaline. It is an effective diuretic, 
increasing the amount of urine and the solids of the 'urine 
without irritation of the kidneys. It is preferable to more 
irritant diuretics in the treatment of nephritis, but should 
jjgtJie used in acute nephritis. Potassium salts are qyisan.- 
ous in excessive doses, but 'ordinarily the excretion is so 
efficient that there is no danger of toxic effects when 
therapeutic doses are administered by mouth. Toxic effects 
have been reported, however, after the administration of 
large doses in nephritis, and if an acetate is indicated, it 
is better to use the sodium salt. 
Dosage : 1 Gm. or 15 grains_once in three hours until the 
urine becomes sumciently alkaline. 
Potassii Bicarbonas (Pot. Bicarb.), Potassium Bicarbonate, 
U. S. P.—Contains not less than 99 per cent, of KHCOa 
Properties: Potassium bicarbonate occurs as colorless, transparent 
crystals, or a white, granular powder, odorless, having a saline and 
slightly alkaline taste; it is permanent in the air. It is freely 
soluble in water (1: 2.8), but is practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with acids. 
Action and Uses : Potassium bicarbonate is sometimes 
used to neutralize the acidity of the stomach, but sodium , 
Idcarbcnate is usually preferred. It may be employed for 
the extemporaneous preparations of potassium acetate or USEFUL DRUGS 
119 
potassium citrate. If a solution of acetic or citric acid or 
lemon juice is neutralized with potassium bicarbonate, an 
equivalent dose of potassium acetate or citrate is formed. 
Potassium bicarbonate tends to increase the reserve alka- 
linity of the body, and to lessen the acidity of the urine. It 
may be given to secure the same alkaline effects for which 
the acetates or citrates are usually employed. F.xternallv. 
potassium bicarbonate may be employed for its alkaline 
effects, for the purpose of softening the epidermis. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. 
Potassii Bitartras (Pot. Bitar.), Potassium Bitartrate, U. S. 
P. (Cream of Tartar).—Contains not less than 99.5 per 
cent, "of KHCihflOs. 
Properties: Potassium bitartrate occurs as a colorless or slightly 
opaque or white, somewhat gritty powder, odorless and having a 
■pleasant acidulous taste. It is slightly soluble in water (1: 155) and 
nearly insoluble in alcohol (1: 8,820). 
Action and Uses : Potassium bitartrate is diuretic and 
aperient. It is used chiefly in combination witfTjalap as a 
Tiydragogue cathartic. See Pulvis Jalapae Compo situs 
under Jalap. 
Dosage : 2 Gm. or 30vgrains. Preferably administered in 
the form of a jiowder. 
Potassii Bromidum (Pot. Brom.), Potassium Bromid, U. S. P. 
—Contains not less than 98.5 per cent, of KBr. 
Properties: Potassium bromid occurs as colorless or white cubical 
crystals or granular powder, odorless and having a very strongly saline 
taste. It is freely soluble in water (1: 1.5), but only slightly soluble 
in alcohol (1: 250). 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with mineral acids 
or oxidizing agents and with salts of silver or lead. J 
Action and Uses : Potassium bromid is a ngjLve seda- 
liv^f, It diminishes reflex excitability and depresses tTuT 
'motor area of the cortex. In large doses it is depressant 
to the circulation. When continued long it disturbs the' 
nutrition and may produce ipritation o'f the skin similar 
to that produced by the use of lddids. Potassium bromid is 
used to relieve convulsions, either of cerebral or of spinal- 
origin. bor this reason it is given in epilepsy. Large 
doses are also given to relieve the spasms of tetanus. 
Potassium bromid is also useful to qfliet nervous excit- 
ability in neurasthenia and hysteria. Tt may be given as 
an adjunct to hypnotics, such as chloral. Tt is said to be 
of value for the prevention of seasickness. The effects of 
potassium bromid are also producecTby sodium bromid, 
and the latter salt is often preferred as being less irritating. 
x Dosage: 1 Gm. pr 15 grains, freely diluted with water 
or with milIC usually given after meals and at bed-time. 
The dose may be increased to~5 Gm. orTnore if a powerful 
action is indicated. USEFUL DRUGS 
Potassii Carbonas (Pot. Carb.), Potassium Carbonate, U. S. P. 
—Contains not less than 99 per cent, of K2COs. 
Properties: Potassium carbonate occurs as a white, granular 
powder, odorless and having a strongly alkaline taste. It is very 
soluble in water (1:0.9), but practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Potassium carbonate is antacid, but 
because of its strongly alkaline and caustic properties is 
rarely used internally unless largely diluted. Solutions 
are applied externally to soften the epidermis. 
Potassii Chloras (Pot. Chloras), Potassium Chlorate, U. S. P. 
—Contains not less than 99 per cent, of KCIO3. 
Properties: Potassium chlorate is explosive when mixed with 
oxidizable matter, and caution should be observed in manipulating it. 
It occurs as colorless crystals or a white granular powder, odorless 
and having a cooling and characteristic taste. It is soluble in water 
(1: 11.5), but nearly insoluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Potassium chlorate is much used as 
a mouth wash in various forms of stomatitis. It is also 
employed as a gargle in the treatment of pharyngitis. Its 
value in these conditions, however,' is uncertain. It's yjter,* 
nal use is jiot to be recommended. Large doses are 
"actively poisoho\is,~ causing the formation of methemo- 
globin and the disintegration of the blood-corpuscles. 
Dosage : A saturated solution may be used as a mouth 
wash or gargle. 
) Potassii Citras (Pot. Cit.), Potassium Citrate, U. S. P.— 
Contains not less than 99 per cent, of K3C0H5O7+H2O. 
Properties: Potassium citrate occurs as transparent, prismatic 
crystals or a white granular powder, odorless, and having a cooling, 
saline taste. It is very soluble in water (1:0.6), but very slightly 
soluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : The actions of potassium citrate are 
much like those of the acetate, but it is less readily absorbed 
and consequently in large doses is more laxative. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. IS grains. 
Potassii Citras Effervescens (Pot. Cit. Eff.), Effer 
vescent Potassium Citrate, U. S. P.—A mixture of 
potassium citrate (20 per cent.) with sodium bicarbonate, 
tartaric acid and citric acid. 
Dosage: 4 Gm. or 1 dram. 
Potassii et Sodii Tartras (Pot. et Sod. Tart.), Potassium and 
Sodium Tartrate, U. S. P. (Rochelle Salt),—Contains not 
less than 99 per cent, of Kin aLiliiUoAtizU. 
Properties: Potassium and sodium tartrate occurs as colorless, 
transparent crystals or white powder, odorless and having a cooling 
saline taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:0.9), but practically 
insoluble in alcohol. USEFUL DRUGS 
121 
Action and Uses : Potassium and sodium tartrate is 
used as a saline cathartic. 
Eulvis Effervescens Compositus (Pulv. Eff. Co.), Com- 
pound Effervescing Powder, U. S. P. (Seidlitz Powder). 
—A mixture of sodium bicarbonate (2.b“Tj'rri.), potassium 
and sodium tartrate. (7.5 Gm) and tartaric acid (2.1 
Gm.). 
Dosage: 10 Gm. or 2% drams. 
The sodium bicarbonate is mixed with the potassium and 
sodium tartrate and the mixture is wrapped in a blue 
paper. The tartaric acid is wrapped in a white paper. 
Dosage: The contents of two papers, generally taken on 
an empty stomach in the morning. The contents of each 
paper are dissolved in about XA tumblerful of water, 
the solutions mixed, and the mixture is taken while 
effervescing. 
Potassii Hydroxidum (Pot. Hydrox.), Potassium Hydroxid, 
U. S. P. (Causljc Pptash. Potassium Hydrate).—Should 
contain not less than 85 per cent, of KOH. 
Properties: Potassium hydroxid occurs as dry, white or nearly 
white flakes, fused masses, or sticks, hard and brittle, showing a 
crystalline fracture, odorless and having, in dilute solutions, a very 
acrid and. caustic taste. It rapidly destroys organic tissues, and 
great caution is necessary in handling. It is very soluble in water 
(1:0.9) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:3). 
Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi (Liq. Pot. Hydrox.), Solution 
of Potassium Hydroxid, U. S. P. (Liquor Potassae. 
Solution of Potassa).—One hundred Cc. contain about 5 
Gm. of potassium hydroxid (KOH). 
Action and Uses : Solution of potassium hydroxid is 
.antacid. but, because of its irritant action, is seldom used 
Tnternatfy, and when so employed should be largely diluted. 
Its action on the urine is similar to that of potassium car- 
bonate, acetate or citrate. The carbonate and hydroxid 
are less satisfactory for the purpose than the acetate, 
and citrate, because of the possible deleterious effects of 
these alkalies in the stomach. Externally it may be used 
to soften the epidermis for the removal of warts, corns, etc. 
Potassii Iodidum (Pot. Iod.), Potassium Iodid, U. S. P.— 
Contains not less than 99 per cent, of KI. 
Properties: Potassium iodid occurs as colorless or opaque white, 
cubical crystals, or a white granular powder, having a peculiar, faint, 
iodin-like odor, and a pungent, saline, afterward bitter taste. It is 
very soluble in water Cl: QJQ- and .soluble, in alcohol (1:22). , 
Incompatibilities : Potassium iodid is incompatible with 
mineral acids and oxidizing agents and should not be pre- 
scribed in solution with alkaloids or alkaloid-containing 
drugs. 122 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Action and Uses : Potassium iodid is regarded as an 
alterative. Its tendency to increase secretion in the bronchi 
makes it of value in subacute and chronic bronchitis. The 
most remarkable action of iodids is their action in hasten- 
ing the absorption of gummatous exudates in tertiary 
The iodid does not" destroy the spirochetes, but 
possibly causes the formation of a proteolytic ferment 
that has a selective action on the round cells compos- 
ing the gumma. By promoting the absorption of cellular 
exudates in the walls of the blood vessels, it exerts a 
beneficial influence in many cases of arteriosclerosis and 
aortitis. There is evidence that the forms o7~ arterial 
disease which are improved by iodids are of syphilitic 
origin. A similar absorptive action, almost specific, is 
seen after administration of large doses of iodids in 
the granulomatous lesions of actinomycosis, sporotrichosis 
and Blastomycosis. Potassium'Tocfid is used! to promote 
the elimination of mercury and lead. The sodium salt 
is perhaps preferable, as it is probably less irritant to 
the stomach. Potassium iodid is slightly irritating 
the gastro-intestinal canal, After” 
absorption, therapeutic doses ordinarily produce no symp- 
toms. In large or moderate doses, Or if long con- 
tinued, it ffequeiltly ,produce"s"’symptoms of iodism. These 
are due to irritation of the nasal passages, the bronchi and 
the skin. The irritation of the nose is shown by coryza, 
and by pain in the region of the frontal sinus. On the 
skin it produces various eruptions, generally of a papulax._ 
character, which rarely become pustular. Eruption and 
inflammation of the skin may sometimes be so extensive 
as to produce constitutional depression. In iodism there 
are often symptoms resembling those of exophthalmic 
goiter—tachycardia, tremor, nervous irritability, etc. There 
may also be wasting. ififdXZhc, 
Dosage: The dosage varies in nonsvphilitic cases from 
0.3 to 2 Gm. or from 5 to 30 grains, but in cases of 
syphilis, especially in the tertiary form, much larger doses 
up to 3 Gm. and more may be necessary. It is often 
prescribed “asfollows: 
Potassii iodidi 30.0 Gm. 
Aquae destillatae ad 60.0 Cc. 
M. Sig.: Five drops in a glassful of milk, three times daily after 
meals; by iIxaD_Ecr day added to each dose. 
On the occurrence of symptoms of iodism, such as coryza, 
papular or pustular eruptions, rapid pulse, etc., the remedy 
should be discontinued and resumed in smaller doses after 
the disappearance of toxic symptoms. 
Potassii Permanganas (Pot. Permang.), Potassium Perman- 
ganate, U. S. P.—Contains not less than 99 per cent, of 
KMnOi. USEFUL DRUGS 
123 
Properties: Potassium permanganate occurs as slender prisms, of 
a dark purple color, almost opaque by transmitted light and of a 
blue metallic luster by reflected light, odorless and having a taste 
which is at first sweet but afterward disagreeable and astringent. 
It is soluble in water (1: 13.5) and decomposes when brought into 
contact with alcoB&i^-—' 
Action and Uses: Potassium permanganate has marked 
oxidizing properties and is used for this purpose "Th ItrtT 
tfeatment of cerfaTfl forms of poisoning when the poison 
ts stilfln the stomach. FT morphin poisoning the stomach 
should be washed with a solution of potassium perman- 
ganate (1:2,000). The same treatment is useful in ohos- 
phorus_ poisoning. In cases of snake bite it may be given 
by hypodermic injections of a solution (1:500) in the 
vicinity bUtbe""wQundT Potassium permanganate is deodo- 
rant, germicidal. irritant and astringent. It is usecTbn 
mucous‘membranes, especially the urethra, in dilutions of 
1*: 5,000 to 1: 1,000. It has been used to disinfect the hands 
in surgery. The hand is dipped into the disinfectant solu- 
tion until it is a mahogany brown, and then dipped into 
a warm saturated solution of oxalic acid and rinsed in 
sterile water. It is applied externally for excessive sweat- 
ing of the feet (solutions of 1:500). Internally, potassium 
permanganate has been used as emmenagogue, but is prob- 
ably useless for this purpose. 
Dosage : 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain, usually administered in 
the form of pills, being mixed with kaolin and massed 
with petrolatum. 
Procaina, Procain, N. N. R. (Novocainl.—CILfCeELNILCO 
0).CH2N.(C2H5)2- The monohydrochlorid of para-amino- 
benzoyl-diethyl-amino-ethanol. 
Properties: Procain occurs as fine colorless needles. It is freely 
soluble in water., (Ill) and soluble in alcohol (1:30). 
Action and Uses: Procain is a local anesthetic. Its 
applications are discussed under Cocama 
Dosage: For infiltration, anesthesia, solutions of 0.25 
Gm. (£ grains) in 100 or 50 Cc. (3.2 or 1.6 ounces) 
physiologic sodium chlorid solution, with 5 or 10 drops of 
epinephrin solution (1:1,000); for instillations and injec- 
tions, solutions of 0.1 Gm. grains) in 10 or 15 Cc. (150 
or 225 minims) sodium chlorid solution with or without 10 
drops of epinephrin solution (1:1.000). In ophthalmology, 
1 to 5 per cent, or even up to 10 per cent, solution, in rhino- 
laryngology from 5 to 20 per cent, solutions are recom- 
mended, with the addition of from 6 to 8 drops of epinephrin 
solution (1: 1,000) to each 12 Cc. (150 minims). 
Protargin Fortius, Protargin Strong, N. N. R. (Silver Protein 
—Protargol Type).—A colloidal compound of silver oxid 
and protein containing 2 to 8.5 per cent, of silver? The 
brands described in N. N. R. differ somewhat in com- 
position but are essentially equivalent therapeutically. 
They are proganol, protargentum-Squibb and protargol. 124 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Properties: Protargin strong usually occurs as a brown powder, 
freely but slowly soluble in water (about 1: 2) forming colloidal “solu- 
tions”; it is also “soluble” in glycerin but insoluble in alcohol and oils. 
“Solutions” are dark in color (but less deeply colored than solutions 
of mild protargin). “Solutions” are best prepared by sprinkling the 
substance on distilled water and allowing solution to take place spon- 
taneously. 
Incompatibilities : Acids and concentrated salt solutions. 
Action and Uses: Protargin strong is a fairly efficient 
antiseptic of the mucous membrane, especially against 
gonococcus infection. It is less powerful than silver nitrate, 
but this objection can be overcome by the use of stronger 
solutions. It does not precipitate protein and is, therefore, 
nfluas-tringent and almost nonirritant. This is a distinct 
advantage in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections 
of sensitive mucous membranes, such as the urethra, eye, 
ear. nose and throat. 
Dosage : Protargin strong is used in 0.25 to 1 per _££nL, 
solutions for instillations or injections ; in 1: l,000”to 11: 2,000 
solutions as irrigations. It" is also used in the form of 
tanipons and bougies. 
Protargin Mite, Protargin Mild, N. N. R. (Silver Protein— 
Argyrol Type).—A colloidal compound of silver oxid and 
a protein derivative containing from 19 to 30 per cent, of 
silver. The brands of protargin mild differ somewhat 
in composition but are essentially equivalent thera- 
peutically. The following brands are included in N. N. R.: 
argyn, argyrol, cargentos, silvol, solargentum-Squibb and 
vargol. 
Properties: Protargin mild occurs in black, lustrous scales or 
granules freely soluble in water to form deeply colored colloidal “solu- 
tions”; it is also “soluble” in glycerin, but insoluble in alcohol and oils. 
Incompatibilities : Acids and strong solutions of salts. 
Actions and Uses : Protargin mild differs from protargin 
strong in being entirely nonirritant; it is also less active 
as an antiseptic* but is more soothing. The high specific 
gravity of its solutions "“Facilitates their spreading and 
mechanically facilitates displacement of pus and secretions. 
Dosage: Protargin mild is usually employed in con- 
centrations of from 10 to 25 per cent., but may be used up to 
SO per cent., applied several times daily. 
Prunus Virginiana (Prun. Virg.), Wild Cherry, U. S. P. 
(Wild Black Cherry Bark).—The bark of Prunus sero- 
tina, used in medicine principally in the form of: 
Syrupus Pruni Virginianae (Syr. Prun. Virg.), Syrup 
of Wild Cherry, U. S. P.—Represents an aqueous 
extract of IS per cent, of wild cherry bark in the form of 
syrup. 
Incompatibilities : As it contains tannins it is incom- 
patible with salts of iron. USEFUL DRUGS 
125 
Action and Uses : Syrup, of wild cherry is largely used 
Dosage : 4 Cc. or 1 fluidram. 
Quinidinae Sulphas, Quinidin Sulphate, N. N. R.—The sul 
phate, (C2oH2402N2)2.H2S04+2H20, of the alkaloid quini 
din. 
Properties: Quinidin sulphate occurs as minute, silky, white crys- 
tals, usually cohering in tufted masses: odorless; taste very bitter 
and persistent; permanent in the air. On exposure to light, it acquires 
a brownish tint. Quinidin sulphate is soluble in water, alcohol and 
chloroform. 
Action and Uses : Quinidin, like quinin, is a protoplasm 
poison, affecting protozoa more than bacteria. Quinidin jicts 
heart in such a manner as to bring about the cessa- 
tion of fibrillation of the auricles in a certain proportion of 
instances. The pharmacology of the drug has been exten- 
sively investigated. It has been shown that quinidin 
increases the refractory period of auricular muscle and 
decreases its irritability and the rate of conductivity. Its* 
action is both on the auricular muscle and through the vagus. 
In ordinary doses the heart is slowed and the auriculoven- 
tricular conduction time is lengthened. 
Quinidin, in the form of quinidm sulphate, is used to 
restore the normal rhvthm of the heart in cases of auricular 
fibrillation. This has been brought about in approximately 
50 per cent, of the reported cases in which the drug was 
used. It appears to be most efficacious in the treatment of 
cases of fibrillation of short duration or of the paroxysmal 
type. It is feast effective in cases of fibrillation with marked 
cardiac insufficiency., Quinidm is not without untoward and 
even dangerous effects. Some patients appear to be more 
susceptible to its intoxication than others. The untoward 
symptoms brought about by its use in these pafients~a?fe 
pausea, vomiting, convulsions, palpitation, headache, faint- 
ness and flushing. In a few instances, such serious results 
as rapid idioventricular rhythms (ventricular tachycardia) 
have been initiated during the course of therapy. Toxic 
effects may appear after the establishment of a normal 
rhythm. Some cases have been reported in which sudden 
death occurred a short time after the drug had been stopped. 
The drug is rapidly eliminated and it appears that no cumu- 
lative effect can take place. It has no known-_nermanent 
effect. 
Dosage: 0.2 Gm. or 3 grains of quinidin sulphate com- 
monly is given as a preliminary dose and is repeated after 
twojiours to determine the patient’s susceptibility to the 
fTThere are no symptoms following this preliminary 
dose, therapeutic administration is begun on the following 
day when from 0.2 Gm. to 0.4 Gm. or 3 to 6 grains is given 
from three to five times daily, for from one to three days. 
As a rule, if the establishment of the normal rhythm can be 
effected, the change occurs after from one to three days’ 
treatment. The maximum dose per day advised by most USEFUL DRUGS 
authors is from 1 to 2 Gm. or 15 to 30 grains. If toxic 
symptoms occur, the administration of the drug should be 
discontinued. 
Quinina (Quin.), Quinin, U. S. P.—An alkaloid, C2oH2402N2+ 
3H20, obtained from the bark of various species of 
Cinchona. 
Properties: Quinin occurs as white, flaky, microcrystalline powder, 
odorless and having a bitter taste. It is very slightly soluble in water 
(1:1,560), but very soluble in alcohol (1:0.8). 
Action and Uses r Quinin is a protoplasmic poison, 
. affecting protozoa more than bacteria! It is~ somewhat 
to the stomach and intestines and when absorbed 
; n cause~s~ ringing in~~tlie~ears,~but in' moderate doses pro- 
duces no other marked effects in healthy persons. In 
.patients with fever it is antipyretic. Its cjj|e£ffse is as an 
antiperiodlc in maIa~ria.~~Tn this "disease it should De given 
>in large doses several hours before the time of the expected 
'chill. In large doses it produces depression of the heart 
and respiration!" and collapse. Such doses may produce 
more or less complete hemianopia terminating in per- 
manent loss of sight. Moderately large doses of quinin act 
as a stimulant to the uterine muscles, but do not produce" 
such spasmodic contractions as ergot. Quinin is said to 
tdiave ecbolic action. Quinin may be used as a tonic, like 
the simple bitters, for the improvement of digestion 
nutrition. Its .solutions produce local anesthesia, especially 
the solution of quinin and urea hydrochlorid." The ordi- 
nary quinin salts are irritant. 
Dosage: 0.1 to 0.25 Gm. or IV2 'to 4 grains. In malaria 
1 Gm. or 15 grains may be given at a dose. Urgent cases 
may require Intramuscular or intravenous injection; see 
Quininae et Ureae Hydrochoridum. For ordinary use it is 
preferably administered in the form of capsules. For use 
as a bitter tonic it is given in solution. For its use as a 
local anesthetic see Quininae et Ureae Hydrochoridum. In 
medicine quinin is customarily used in tne form of one of 
its salts. The intensely bitter taste of quinin and its solu- 
ble salts constitutes the greatest objection to its use, espe- 
cially with children. It may be masked by administering 
the alkaloid or the insoluble tannate in mixture containing 
glycyrrhiza or syrup of yerba santa (Svruous Eriodictvi 
Aromaticus, N. R> 
Quininae Bisulphas (Quin. Bisulph.), Quinin Bisulphate, 
U. S. P.—The acid sulphate, C20H2*O2N2.H2SO4+7H2O, of 
the alkaloid quinin. 
Properties: Quinin bisulphate occurs in colorless, transparent 
crystals or as small whitish needles, odorless and having a very bitter 
taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:8.5), and soluble in alcohol 
(1: 18). 
Dosage: Tonic, 0.1 Gm. or IV2 grains; antimalarial, 
1 Gm. or IS grains. USEFUL DRUGS 
Quininae et Ureae Hydrochloridum (Quin, et Urea.., 
Hydrochl.), Quinin and Urea Hydrochlorid, U. S. 
(Quinin and Urea Chlorid).—The compound of quinin' 
hydrochlorid and urea hydrochlorid, C20H24ChN2.HCl.CO 
(NH2)2.HC1+5H20, containing not less than 58 per cent..' 
of anhydrous quinin. 
Properties: Quinin and Urea Hydrochlorid occurs as colorless* 
prisms or as a white, granular powder, odorless and having a very 
bitter taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:0.9) and in alcohol : 
(1:2.4). 
vs 
Action and Uses: Quinin and urea hydrochlorid has 
the actions of quinin. When injected hypodermically it 
exerts an anesthetic action much more prolonged than that 
of cocain. It is reported that the anesthesia is in some 
cases prolonged for several days. Injections of strong 
solutions produce sufficient irritation to cause fibrosis. 
Quinin and urea hydrochlorid is useful in the treatment 
of malaria by intramuscular or intravenous injection. 
Dosage: Tonic and antimalarial, the same as that of 
quinin. For the production of local 
of a solution of from 0.25 to 1 peF'cent. strength is said to 
be free from the risTc" of producing fibrous indurations, 
which occurs with stronger solution. For application to 
mucous membranes solutions varying in strength from' 
10 to 20 per cent, should be used. For intramuscular 
injection, 1 Gm. in 10 Cc. may be employed; but care, 
should be exercised _nQt to inject fhic peax—w»pcmtant• 
.nerves. For intravenous injectionf the solution shouldoe 
mucIT"more dilute, not over V2 of 1 per cent. This must 
be injected slowly or the quinin may paralyze the heart. 
Quininae Hydrochloridum (Quin. Hydrochl.), Quinin Hydro- 
chlorid, U. S. P. (Quinin hydrochlorid, 
C20H24O2N2.HCI+2H2O, of the alkaloid quinin. 
Properties: Quinin hydrochlorid occurs as white, silky, glistening 
needles, odorless and having a very bitter taste. It is soluble in 
water (1:18) and very soluble in alcohol (1:0.8). 
Dosage: Tonic, 0.1 Gm. or IV2 grains: antimalarial, 
1 Gm. or 15 grains. 
Quininae Sulphas (Quin. Sulph.), Quinin Sulphate, U. S. P.— 
The sulphate, of the alkaloid 
quinin. 
Properties: Quinin sulphate occurs as white, glistening crystals 
of prismatic needles, odorless and having a very bitter taste. It is 
only slightly soluble in water (1: 725) and in alcohol (1: 107). 
Dosage: Tonic, 0.1 Gm. or IV2 grains; antimalarial, 
1 Gm. or 15 grains. 
Quininae Tannas (Quin. Tann.), Quinin Tannate, U. S. P.— 
A compound of the alkaloid quinin with tannic acid, 
containing from 30 to 35 per cent, of quinin. 128 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Properties: Quinin tannate occurs as an amorphous, pale, lemon- 
yellow, odorless powder without taste, or at most slightly bitter, with 
scarcely an astringency. It is only slightly soluble in water, but 
freely soluble in alcohol (1:3). 
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. or 8_grains 
Resorcinol (Resorcin.), Resorcinol, U. S. P. (Resorcin).— 
The diatomic phenol, metadihydroxybenzene, CoH4(OH)j 
1:3. 
Properties: Resorcinol occurs as colorless or nearly colorless 
needle-shaped crystals, having a faint, peculiar odor and a sweetish, 
followed by a bitter taste. It is very soluble in water (1:0.9) and 
in alcohol (1:0.9). 
Action and Uses: Resorcinol is antiseptic, antizymotic 
and antipyretic. On account of the readiness with which it 
causes the formation of methemoglobin and the resulting 
danger of collapse it is seldom administered internally. 
It is sometimes given to check fermentation in tTfe"stomach. 
Applied externally it is astringent in from 1 to 3 per cent, 
solutions, and produces exfoliation of the epidermis in 
strong proportions, from 10 to .20 per cent. 
Dosage: 0.125 Gm. or 2 grains. 
Rheum, Rhubarb, U. S. P.—The rhizome and roots of Rheum 
officinale and of other species of Rheum. 
Action and Uses: Rhubarb is occasionally administered 
either in the form of powder or in the form of “cubes” or 
“fingers”; but more commonly employed in form of one 
of its preparations. Rhubarb and the extract are cathar- 
tics. bitter tonics, and stomachics, while the aromatic tmc- 
ture and the aromatic syrup are laxative, and to a slight 
extent astringent. As cathartics they act chiefly on the 
colon, and have a tendency to produce constipation after 
the initial laxative effect. Hence they are an appropriate" 
remedy in the beginning of diarrhea as they cause the 
expulsion of irritating substances and promote a return to 
normal by their constipating influence. 
Extractum Rhei (Ext. Rhei), Extract of Rhubarb, 
U. S. P. (Powdered Extract of Rhubarb).—A hydro- 
alcoholic extract of rhubarb evaporated to dryness and 
powdered. Represents twice its weight of rhubarb. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains. 
Tinctura Rhei Aromatica (Tr. Rhei Arom.), Aromatic 
Tincture of Rhubarb, U. S. P.—Represents rhubarb 
(20 Gm.), cinnamon (4 Gm.), cloves (4 Gm.) and 
myristica (2 Gm.), in a mixture of glycerin, alcohol 
(46 per cent.) and water to make 100 Cc. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims. USEFUL DRUGS 
129 
Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus (Syr. Rhei Arom.), Aromatic 
Syrup of Rhubarb, U. S. P. (Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb). 
—For all practical purposes this represents aromatic 
tincture of rhubarb (15 Cc.) with sufficient syrup to 
make 100 Cc. 
Dosage : 10 Cc. or 2V2 fluidrams. This is a pleasant 
preparation, especially "suitable for children., 
Rosa, Rose.—Used in pharmacy chiefly in the form of: 
Aqua Rosae (Aq. Ros.), Rose-Water, U. S. P.—A solution 
of the volatile oil of rose in water. It is official as Aqua 
Rosae and as Aqua Rosae Fortior. The latter, a satu- 
rated aqueous distillate, is twice the strength of the 
former. 
Action and Uses : Rose-water and stronger rose-water 
are used for flavoring. 
Saccharum (Sacch.), Sugar, U. S. P.—Refined sucrose, 
C12H22O11, obtained from various sources. 
Properties: Sugar is official in the form of white, dry, hard, dis- 
tinctly crystalline granules, odorless and having a purely sweet taste. 
It is very soluble in water (1: 0.5) and soluble in alcohol (1: 170). 
Action and Uses : In medicine it is used for its sweet 
taste. Properly prepared concentrated sugar solutions, such 
as the official syrups, have good keeping qualities; dilute 
sugar solutions are prone to undergo fermentation. 
Saccharum Lactis ( Sacch. Lact.), Sugar of Milk, U. S. P. 
(Milk-Sugar, Lactose).—A crystalline sugar, C12H22O11+ 
H2O, obtained from the whey of cow’s milk by evapora- 
tion, and purified by recrystallization. 
Properties: Sugar of milk occurs as white, hard, crystalline masses 
or a white powder feeling gritty on the tongue, odorless and having 
a faintly sweet taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:4.9). but 
practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Sugar of milk is used as a diluent, 
and also as a fqod. particularly in connection with modified 
milk for infants. 
Santoninum (Santonin.), Santonin, U. S. P.—The inner 
anhydrid or lactone of santonic acid obtained from 
Artemisia cina and possibly other species of Artemisia. 
Properties: Santonin occurs as colorless, rhombic prisms or a 
crystalline powder, odorless and nearly tasteless when first put into 
the mouth, but afterward developing a bitter taste. It is very slightly 
soluble in water (1: 5,300), and soluble in alcohol (1: 43). 
Action and Uses : Santonin is used for its 
action on intestinal parasites, especially a ga insTWounff ~ 
worms7~IrUproper dosesTand' given under medical super- 
vision it may be prescribed with reasonable safety. When 
absorbed to a sufficient extent to produce symptoms, the 
chief effects are yellow vision and epTTeptiform convulsions. 130 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Dosage: 0.06 Gm. or _1_ graiq. It is frequently admin- 
istered j.vith calomel As absorption is to be avoided the 
remedy is preferably administered in the form of coarse 
crystals, either inclosed in a capsule or made up into a 
lozenge rather than in finely powdered form. The soluble 
sodium santoninate should be avoided as a vermifuge. 
Sapo, Soap, U. S. P. (White Castile Soap).—Soap prepared 
from sodium hydroxid and olive-oil (Castile soap). 
Properties: Soap occurs as a white or whitish solid, hard yet 
easily cut when fresh, or as a fine yellowish white powder, having a 
faint peculiar odor free from rancidity, a disagreeable alkaline taste 
and an alkaline reaction. It is soluble in water and in alcohol. 
Linimentum Saponis (Lin. Sapon.), Soap Liniment, 
U. S. P. (Liquid Opodeldoc).—A solution of soap, cam- 
phor and oil of rosemary in a mixture of alcohol and 
water. 
Action and Uses : Soap liniment applied externally is 
stimulant and rubefacient, but is used more frequently as a 
vehicle for the local 'application of other more active 
counterirritants. 
Sapo Mollis (Sapo Moll.), Soft Soap, U. S. P.—A soap pre- 
pared from potassium hydroxid and cottonseed oil. 
Properties: Soft soap occurs as a soft, unctuous, yellowish-white 
to yellowish-brown mass, having a characteristic odor and an alkaline 
taste. 
Action and Uses : Soft soap is used principally as a 
detergent; being soluble in alcohol, and in mixtures of 
'‘alcohol and water it is frequently used as a liquid soap. 
A convenient form is the “Tincture of Green Soap,” Lini- 
mentum Saponis Mollis, U. SUP:; an alcoholic solution con- 
taining about 65 per cent, of soft soap, flavored with oil of 
lavender. Soft soap is also used to some extent as a 
vehicle for other more active ipedicaments to Jbe applied in 
the form of an ointment. 
Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum (Scopolamin. Hydrobrom.), 
Scopolamin Hydrobromid, U. S. P. (Hyoscin Hydro- 
bromid, Hyoscin Bromid).—The hydrobromid, C17H21N 
04.HBr+3H20, of an alkaloid (levorotatory scopolamin) 
obtained from plants of the S'olanaceae. 
Properties: Sdopolamin hydrobromid forms colorless crystals, odor- 
less, having, in dilute solutions, an acrid, slightly bitter taste, freely 
soluble in water (1: 1.5) and in alcohol (1: 20). 
Incompatibilities : Scopolamin hydrobromid is incom- 
patible with alkalies and other precipitants of alkaloids. 
Action and Uses : Scopolamin resemhles atrooin in its 
influence on the nerve endings, but differs, from it in having 
a sedative instead of a stimulating effect on the brain. It USEFUL DRUGS 
131 
is used as a cerebral sedative in cases of mania and other 
forms of insanity, but must be employed with caution, as 
it sometimes induces a rapid fall in t>loocl pressure and 
collapse. It has been extensively used in conjunction witfi 
morphin for the production of surgical anesth'esia7~eTfher as 
a preliminary to the use of ether or chloroform, or as the 
operation anesthetic. In doses sufficiently large to produce 
anesthesia, however, it is likely to cause dangerous depres- 
sion of the respiration. Experience in these methods of 
anesthesia has not been satisfactory. It has been employed 
as a partial anesthetic in laboj, but the effect on the fetus 
is sometimes disastrous, many children bemg“1}6rn dead 
or asphyxiated., / 
It is frequently used as a mydriatic and is regarded by 
some ophthalmologists as preferable To atropin because it 
is less irritating, and produces a brief and complete 
cycloplegia. 
Dosage : 0.3 mg. or V?nn grain. 
Senna (Senn.), Senna, U. S. P.—The dried leaflets of Cassia 
acutifolia (Alexandria senna), or of Cassia angustifolia 
(India or Tinnevelly senna). 
Action and Uses : Senna belongs to the anthraquinone- 
containing group of vegetable purgatives and is one of the 
t most efficient drugs of this class. It is largely used for 
the treatment of chronic - constipation. 
Dosage: 4 Gm. or 1 dram, administered either as the 
powder, or as an infusion, or preferably in the form of 
one of its official preparations. 
Fluidextractum Sennae (Fldext. Senn.), Fluidextract 
of Senna, U. S. P.—A hydro-alcoholic extract, 100 Cc. 
of which represent 100 Gm. of senna. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims. 
, 
Syrupus Sennae (Syr. Senn.), Syrup of Senna, U. S. P. 
—Represents a mixture of fluidextract of senna (25 Cc.) 
with syrup (sufficient to make 100 Cc.). 
' Dosage: 4 Cc, or 1 fluidram- This is a pleasant prepara- 
tion, readily taken b^children. 
Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus (Pulv. Glycyrrh. Co.), 
Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza, U. S. P. (Compound 
Licorice Powder).—A mixture of senna (18 Gm.), glycyr- 
riuza (23.6 Gm.), sulphur (8 Gm.), oil of fennel (0.4 
' Gm.), and sugar (50 Gm.). 
Action and Uses : Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus has 
been widely used as a laxative. 
Dosage: 4 Gm. or 1 dram, administered mixed with a 
suitable licuflid. -preferably milk. 132 
USEFUL DRUGS 
SERA ET VACCINA, SERUMS AND VACCINES.— 
The vaccines, viruses and serums constitute one of the 
most important groups of drugs with which the physician 
has to deal. Some preparations of this group are specific 
cures for certain diseases; others are invaluable in pro- 
phylaxis and diagnosis. The supervision of these drugs is 
in charge of the United States Public Health Service, 
which periodically makes inspections of laboratories 
licensed in accordance with the law passed by Congress 
in 1902. Antidiphtheric and antitetanic serums are required 
to conform strictly to the standards which have been estab- 
lished by the United States Public Health Service. There- 
being no established standard for the various other prod- 
ucts, they are not examined for their therapeutic value but 
are tested for the amount of preservative and freedom from 
bacterial and toxic contaminations. (See also Vaccina.) 
Serum Antidiphthericum Purificatum (Ser. Antidiph. Purif.) 
Purified Antidiphtheric Serum, U. S. P. (Antidiphtheric 
Globulins, Concentrated Diphtheria Antitoxin, Diphtheric 
Antitoxin Globulins, Refined and Concentrated Diphtheria 
Antitoxin).—A solution in physiologic sodium chlorid 
solution of certain antitoxic substances obtained from 
the blood serum or plasma of the horse which has Teen 
properly immunized against diphtheria toxin. This 
product has the advantage of diminishing The incidence 
of serum disease. 
Properties: Antidiphtheric serum occurs as a yellowish or 
yellowish-brown, transparent or slightly turbid liquid, nearly odorless 
or having a slight odor due to the presence of an antiseptic used as 
a preservative. The standard of strength, expressed in units of 
antitoxic power, must be that approved or established by the 
‘United States Public Health Service. 
| Action and Uses: Purified antidiphtheric serum neutral- 
izes the toxin of diphtheria and is employed botnasa 
Curative and as a prophylactic agent in that disease. It is to 
)e administered hypodermically. 
i, Dosage: The dose of purified diphtheria antitoxin is 
sneasured by antitoxic units. Five hundred, or better,. 1,000 
ynits. are given as an immunizing or prophylactic dose" For 
curative treatment from 5.000 to 40.000 units should be given 
as an initial dose, according to the severity of the symptoms. 
'Subsequent injections are much less effectual and usually 
are not required if a sufficient initial dose has been given. 
In urgent cases it may be given intravenously. If there is 
reason to fear hypersusceptibility to horse serum, 0.1 Cc. 
may be administered the dose 
hourly till the full dose is given. 
Serum Antimeningococcicum (Ser. Antimening.), Antimenin- 
gococcus Serum.—A fluid separated from the coagulated 
blood of horses which have been properly immunized 
against antimeningococcus cultures. USEFUL DRUGS 
Properties: Antimeningococcus serum occurs as a yellowish or 
yellowish-brown, slightly turbid liquid, odorless or having an odor 
due to the presence of the antiseptic used as preservative. There 
are no standards of potency and the rate of deterioration is not 
known. 
Action and Uses : Effective as a curative agent. 
Dosage: The serum is to be used only intrathecally, the 
usual procedure being to withdraw spinal" fluid and mtro- 
duce an equal amount or somewhat less of the serum. The 
dose varies; 5 Cc. may be considered the maximum safe 
dose for a voting child and 30 Cc. for an aclult- Serum 
should be continued so long as active symptoms remain. 
Serum Antitetanicum Purificatum (Ser. Antitetan. Purif.), 
Purified Antitetanic Serum, U. S. P. (Antitetanic 
Globulins, Concentrated Tetanus Antitoxin, Refined and 
Concentrated Tetanus Antitoxin, Solution of Tetanus 
Antitoxic Globulin).—A solution in physiologic solution 
of sodium chlorid of certain antitoxic substances obtained 
from the blood serum or plasma of a horse which has 
been properly immunized against tetanus toxin. 
Properties: Antitetanic serum occurs as a yellowish or yellowish- 
brown, transparent or slightly turbid liquid, odorless or having an 
odor due to the presence of the antiseptic used as a preservative. 
It gradually loses its potency, the loss being greater at higher than 
at lower temperatures. The standard of strength expressed in units 
of antitoxic power must be that approved or established by the 
United States Public Health Service. 
Action and Uses : Effective as a prophylactic |and of 
some value as a curative: agent in tetanus. 
Dosage : Immunizing dose, on day of wound and repeated 
weekly till healed: 1,500 units subcutaneously. In actual 
tetanus, 3,000 to 5,000 units,, diluted with an equal volume 
of physiologic solution ot sodium chlorid, intraspinally, and 
10,0QQ_units intravenously _at the possible moment; 
the intfaspTiEll" dose to be repeated daily until recovery is 
assured, and units to be given subcutaneously on the 
fourth, day. ~ 
Sinapis Nigra (Sinap. Nig.), Black Mustard. U. S. P. 
(Brown Mustard).—The seed of Brassica nigra. 
Action and Uses : Mustard is used extensively as a 
counter-irritant. When mustard is mixed with water, the 
"volatile oil is generated by the action of a ferment, myrosin, 
on a principle called sinigrin, contained in black mustard. 
Dosage : As an emetic, 8 Gm. oj 120 grains, s^ispftided 
in a liberal amount of water. 
Emplastrum Sinapis (Emp. Sinap.7, Mustard Plaster, 
U. S. P. (Charta Sinapis, U. S. P., VIII, Mustard Paper). 
—A coating of black mustard on rather thick, well-sized 
paper, cotton cloth or other fabric, used in place of the 134 
USEFUL DRUGS 
domestic mustard poultice. The latter has, however, the 
advantage that its strength may be modified according 
to the sensitiveness of the skin. While, for a man, it 
may be prepared by mixing equal parts of mustard and 
of flour, it is preferable to use twice as much flour for 
women and four times as much for children. Duration 
of application is from fifteen to thirty minutes. 
*£)leum Sinapis Volatile (Ol. Sinap. Vol.), Volatile Oil 
of Mustard, U. S. P. (Mustard Oil).—A volatile oil 
obtained from black mustard by maceration with water 
and subsequent distillation, yielding, when assayed by the 
process given in the U. S. Pharmacopeia, not less than 
92 per cent, of allyl iso-thiocyanate. 
Properties: Volatile oil of mustard occurs as a colorless or pale 
yellow, limpid liquid, having a very pungent and irritating odor. 
Great caution should be exercised when smelling this oil, and it 
should not be tasted without being highly diluted. It is miscible with 
alcohol in all proportions, and is generally soluble in liquids con- 
taining alcohol. 
Dosage: 0.008 Cc. or Vs minim. Rarely used internally; 
chiefly employed as counterirritant in liniments up to 3 per 
cent. 
Action and Uses : See Sinapis Nigra. 
Sodii Benzoas (Sod. Benz.), Sodium Benzoate, U. S. P.— 
Contains not less than 99 per cent, of NaCrHsCb. 
Properties: Sodium benzoate occurs as a white, amorphous powder, 
odorless, and having a sweetish taste. It is freely soluble in water 
(1:1.8) and soluble in alcohol (1:61). 
Incompatibilities: It is incompatible with mineral acids 
and with ferric salts. 
Action and Uses: Sodium benzoate has an internal 
action similar to that of hpnzoir acid {q. v.). 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or grains. It is usually administered 
in the form of soluliou. 
Sodii Bicarbonas (Sod. Bicarb.), Sodium Bicarbonate, U. S. P. 
—Contains not less than 99 per cent, of NaHCCb. 
Properties: Sodium bicarbonate occurs as a white, opaque powder, 
odorless and having a cooling, mildly alkaline taste. It is soluble 
in water (1:10) at IS C., practically without decomposition, but 
above this temperature the solution gradually loses carbon dioxid, and 
at the boiling point of water the salt is converted into normal car- 
bonate; it is practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : Sodium bicarbonate is incompatible 
with acids and acid salts, and the solution should be made 
with cold water,’which tends to prevent its conversion into 
the more alkaline carbonate. 
Action and Uses : Sodium bicarbonate alone or in com- 
bination with bismuth subcarbonate or magnesia is used to 
neutralize the acid of the gastric juice in hyperacidity, acid 
etc. It is used to render the urine aTkajine.in 
gravel, pyelitis, etc. USEFUL DRUGS 
135 
.Large doses are given by the mouth in cases of qcidosis 
in* diabetes or from any other cause. Sodium bicarbonate " 
“may be used intravenously in cases of extreme acidosis. 
It should neypr, be miectecTTivpodermicaTry or mtramTTs- 
cularly unless special precautions are observecb~as it ts 
very likely to cause sloughing. (See under Dosage.) 
.Externally it is used as a mild alkaline wash. Solu- 
tions of sodium bicarbonate are antipruritic.' Absolution 
is employed to soften impacted Sodium bicar- 
bonate may be employed to neutralize acetic or citric acids 
for the extemporaneous preparation of sodium acetate or 
citrate. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. Much larger doses may be 
given in acidosis. AT much as 60 Gm. or 2 ounces may be 
given daily. It may be administered by a “drop enema” of 
a 4 per cent, solution. For intravenous injection a Tf~Per— 
cent, solutioTT slerilrzed by boiling and hence partly con- 
verted into the carbonate has been recommended. One 
thousand Cc. of such a solution may be injected, but great 
care must be taken that none of the liquid gets outside the 
vein lest necrosis of the tissues occur. 
In certain exceptional cases where sodium bicarbonate 
cannot be given by mouth or intravenously it may be 
injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in 3 or 4 per 
cent, strength. After thorough sterilization and cooling 
of the solution, carbon dioxid should be bubbled through 
the solution until it is colorless to phenolphthalein. The 
solution is then much less lilqely to cause necrosis. * , • 
Sodii Biphosphas (Sod. Biphos.), Sodium Acid Phosphate, 
N. N. R.—The monosodium dihydrogen salt, NaH2PC>4+ 
FLO, of orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4. 
Properties: Sodium acid phosphate occurs as large, colorless, trans- 
parent crystals or a white, granular crystalline powder, odorless and 
having a cooling, saline and somewhat acid taste; slightly deliquescent. 
It is very soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. 
Action and Uses : Sodium acid phosphate undergoes no 
.change in the stomach, but in the intestine is neutralized, 
Ty"alkali drawn trom the blood, into disodium hydrogen 
phosphate. The reduction of the alkalinity of the system 
which would otherwise result is prevented by the excretion 
of acid in the urine. Sodium acid phosphate thus renders 
the urine acid or increases its acidity, and is therefore 
used to assist the action of hexamethylenamin, which is 
effective only in acid urine. For this purpose the acid 
phosphate should be given long enough in advance so that 
it will have left the stomach before the hexamethylenamin 
enters it. In larger doses sodium acid phosphate produces 
laxative effects similar to those produced by the official 
disodium hydrogen phosphate (sodium phosphate, U. S. P.). 
Dosage: From 1 to 1.5 Gm. (15 to 20 grains), in water, 
repeated every two or three hours, for five or ten doses, 
until the urine becomes acid. Sodium acid phosphate may 136 
USEFUL DRUGS 
be administered in sweetened water like lemonade. It 
should not be prescribed in solution with hexamethy- 
lenamin. 
Note: By the addition of 1 Cc. of dilute hydrochloric 
acid or 4 Cc. of dilute phosphoric acid to each gram of 
sodium phosphate (U. S. P.), the latter is converted into 
the acid phosphate and may be used to render the urine 
acid. 
Sodii Boras (Sod. Bor.), Sodium Borate, U. S. P. (Borax, 
Sodium Tetraborate, Sodium Pyroborate).—Corresponds 
to not less than 99 per cent, of NasBjOi+lOI-LO. 
Properties: Sodium borate occurs as colorless, transparent crystals 
or a white powder, inodorous, and having a sweetish alkaline taste. 
It is soluble in water (1: 15), but practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : Sodium borate is decomposed by min- 
eral salts and is incompatible with mucilage of acacia, 
with the metallic salts of the mineral acids and with the 
salts of most alkaloids. 
Action and Uses : Sodium borate is antiseptic, astringent 
and detergent and is used both externally and sometimes 
internally in the form of solution. The continuous inges- 
tion of even small doses produces a deleterious effect. 
Moderate to large doses may cause nephritis. Very large 
doses cause gastro-enteritis, nephritis, skin eruptions, visual 
disturbances, fall of temperature, collapse and a wide- 
spread fatty degeneration. It is used in from 1 to 2 per 
cent, solution as an eye-wash in hyperemia of the con- 
junctiva and catarrhal conjunctivitis. 
For this purpose the following formula is very service- 
able : 
Sodii boratis 0.5 Gm. 
Aquae camphorae 5.0 Cc. 
Aquae destillatas ad. 25.0 Cc. 
It is sometimes used as an antipruritic solution : 
IJ Sodii boratis 1.0 Gm 
Glycerini 0.6 Cc. 
Aquae 30.0 Cc. 
It may be used as a gargle. 
Dosage : 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains. 
Sodii Bromidum (Sod. Brom.), Sodium Bromid, U. S. P.— 
Contains not less than 98.5 per cent, of NaBr. 
Properties: Sodium bromid occurs as colorless or white, cubical 
crystals, or a white, granular powder odorless, and having a saline, 
slightly bitter taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:1) and soluble 
in alcohol (1: 16). 
Action and Uses: Sodium bromid is used as a nerve 
sedative and cerebral depressant and in ordinary doses its 
action and uses are identical with those of potassium 
bromid, but it is probably less irritating to the stomach. 
See Potassium Bromid. USEFUL DRUGS 
137 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. It is preferably adminis- 
tered in dilute aqueous solution or in milk. 
Sodii Cacodylas (Sod. Cacodyl.), Sodium Cacodylate, U. S. P. 
—Sodium dimethylarsenate, Na(CH3)-AsO.', the sodium 
salt of cacodylic acid (dimethyl arsenic acid), with a 
somewhat variable amount of water of crystallization. 
Properties: Sodium cacodylate occurs as white crystals or a granu- 
lar powder, very soluble in water (1:0.5) and in alcohol (1:2.5). 
The aqueous solution is alkaline toward litmus paper, but nearly 
neutral toward phenolphthalein. 
Action and Uses : The action of sodium cacodylate is 
similar to that of other arsenic compounds, but it is 
much less toxic than the ordinary preparations of arsenic 
and is also less apt to cause undesirable side effects. This 
superiority is due to the slow liberation of the arsenous 
acid in the body. Sodium cacodylate has been particularly 
recommended in pseudoleukemia, anemia, chlorosis, malarial 
cachexia, etc. It has been tried in syphilis but is inefficient 
even in large doses, which injure the kidneys. As it is some- 
times decomposed in the stomach, imparting a garlic odor 
to the breath, it is preferable to give it hypodermically or 
intramuscularly. 
Dosage: 0.03 to 0.06 Gm. or % to 1 grain, hypodermically 
or intramuscularly in aqueous solution; or by mouth in 
elixir or in the form of pills. 
Sodii Carbonas Monohydratus (Sod. Carb. Monohyd.), Mono- 
hydrated Sodium Carbonate, U. S. P.—The form in which 
sodium carbonate is now official. Contains not less than 
99.5 per cent, of NasCOs+ELO. 
Properties: Monohydrated sodium carbonate occurs as a white, 
crystalline, granular powder, odorless and having a strongly alkaline 
taste. It i.s freely soluble in water (1:3) and practically insoluble 
in alcohol. Sodium carbonate, as now official, contains but one 
molecule of water of crystallization, and is nearly twice as strong 
in alkaline power as the ordinary crystalline carbonate, 
+ 10H2O, commonly known as “sal soda.’’ 
Incompatibilities: Sodium carbonate is incompatible 
with acids and acid salts and with the salts of the heavy 
metals and of alkaloids. 
Action and Uses : Sodium carbonate is a fairly cor- 
rosive alkali. It is employed in medicine chiefly in the 
preparation of alkaline baths. For this purpose it may be 
used in the proportion of from 2 to 6 ounces for 30 gallons 
of water. 
Dosage: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains, in dilute solution. 
Sodii Chloridum (Sod. Chlorid.), Sodium Chlorid, U. S. P. 
(Common Salt).—Contains not less than 99 per cent, of 
NaCl. 138 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Properties: Sodium chlorid occurs as colorless, cubical crystals or 
as a white crystalline powder, odorless and having a purely saline 
taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:2.8) and nearly insoluble in 
alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : Sodium chlorid is incompatible with 
salts of silver and lead. 
Action and Uses : Sodium chlorid is used for preparing 
physiologic solution of sodium chlorid: 8.5 Gm. to 1,000 Cc. 
of sterile water (Liquor Sodii Chloridi Physiologicus, U. S. 
P.). This solution is frequently referred to as normal salt 
solution, but should not be confused with the chemical nor- 
mal solution of sodium chlorid. When given by mouth in 
large doses sodium chlorid are emetic, and, in proper dilu- 
tion, laxative. 
Dosage: As an emetic, 15 Gm. or 4 drams. As a laxa- 
tive it is given in 1 per cent, solution. The dose, 4 Gm. 
or 60 grains, should be dissolved in from 0.25 to 0.5 liter 
(from V2 to 1 pint) of water and drunk on an empty 
stomach. 
Sodii Hydroxidum (Sod. Hydrox.), Sodium Hydroxid, U. S. P. 
(Caustic Soda, Sodium Hydrate).—Contains not less 
than 90 per cent, of NaOH. 
Properties: Sodium hydroxid occurs as dry, white or nearly 
white flakes, fused masses or hard and brittle sticks, showing a 
crystalline fracture; odorless, and, in dilute solutions, having a 
caustic taste. Great caution is necessary in tasting and handling it, 
as it rapidly destroys organic tissue. It is very soluble in water 
(1:0.9) and in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Sodium hydroxid has properties 
closely resembling those of potassium hydroxid. It is used 
chiefly for pharmaceutical purposes, though occasionally it 
is applied locally as a caustic or in dilute solution as an 
alkaline wash. Solution of sodium hydroxid largely diluted 
has also been administered internally. 
Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi (Liq. Sod. Hydrox.), Solution of 
Sodium Hydroxid, U. S. P. (Liquor Sodae, Solution of 
Soda).—An aqueous solution containing not less than 
4.5 per cent, of sodium hydroxid, NaOH. 
Dosage: 1 Cc. or 15 minims, well diluted. 
Sodii Iodidum (Sod. Iod.), Sodium Iodid, U. S. P.—Nal. 
Properties: Sodium iodid occurs as colorless, cubical crystals, or as 
a white, crystalline powder, odorless and having a saline and slightly 
bitter taste. It is very soluble in water (1:0.5) and freely soluble 
in alcohol (1: 3). 
Incompatibilities : Sodium iodid is incompatible with 
spirit of nitrous ether, bismuth salts, ferric salts, and the 
salts of many alkaloids. 
Action and Uses : Sodium iodid has properties closely 
resembling those of potassium iodid, and like sodium 
bromid is perhaps less irritating than the potassium salt. 
It is used in small doses to prevent simple goiter in 
“goitrous” regions. USEFUL DRUGS 
139 
Dosage: Average, 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains. For ordinary 
cases the dose may range from 0.3 to 1.25 Gm. or from 5 to 
20 grains. When employed for the energetic treatment of 
tertiary syphilis it is sometimes necessary to increase the 
dose to from 2 to 5 Gm. or from 30 to 75 grains or more. 
It should not be given on an empty stomach but should be 
administered after meals, freely diluted with liquid, pre- 
ferably milk. For prevention of simple goiter, 2 grams may 
be given in 0.2 Gm. doses (either solid, or in solution) for 
ten consecutive school days, repeated twice yearly. Sodium 
or potassium iodid, 1 Gm., mixed with 1 Kg. of table salt to 
be used as condiment for food will serve as a means of 
supplying an adequate amount of iodin for prophylactic 
purposes. 
Sodii Nitris (Sod. Nitris), Sodium Nitrite, U. S. P.—Con- 
tains not less than 95 per cent, of NaNCb. 
Properties: Sodium nitrite occurs as white, or nearly white, 
opaque, fused masses or sticks or as colorless, transparent crystals 
which are odorless and have a mild saline taste. It is freely soluble 
in water (1: 1.5) and very slightly soluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : It is incompatible with oxidizing 
agents generally. It must be protected from contact with 
the air on account of its tendency to oxidation. 
Action and Uses : Sodium nitrite has the characteristic 
properties of the nitrites, and resembles nitroglycerin in its 
action, though its effect is manifested more slowly and is 
somewhat more lasting. It sometimes produces gastric 
disturbance. 
Dosage: 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain. It should be administered 
in solution. 
Sodii Phosphas (Sod. Phos.), Sodium Phosphate, U. S. P.— 
Contains not less than 99 per cent, of Na2HP04-f-12H20. 
Properties: Sodium phosphate occurs as large, colorless, mono- 
clinic prisms, or a granular, crystalline salt, odorless, and having a 
cooling saline taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:5.5), but 
practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Sodium phosphate is used as a saline 
cathartic. Its mode of action has much in common with 
magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate. Its taste is less 
disagreeable, but it is also less active. 
Dosage: 2 Gm. or 30 grains dissolved in warm water. 
It may also be administered in liquid form by adding 
4 parts of sodium nitrate, 13 parts of citric acid and a 
little water to 100 parts of sodium phosphate. 
Sodii Phosphas Effervescens (Sod. Phos. Eff.), Effer- 
vescent Sodium Phosphate, U. S. P.—A mixture of 
exsiccated sodium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, tar- 140 
USEFUL DRUGS 
taric acid and citric acid, representing approximately 50 
per cent, of sodium phosphate as described above. 
Dosage : 10 Gm. or 2Vz drams. 
Sodii Salicylas (Sod. Salicyl.), Sodium Salicylate, U. S. P.— 
Contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of NaGHsOs. 
Properties: Sodium salicylate occurs as white microcrystalline 
powder or scales, or as an amorphous, white powder, having not more 
than a faint pink tinge, odorless, and having a sweet saline taste. It 
is very soluble in water (1: 0.9) and freely soluble in alcohol (1: 9.2). 
Incompatibilities : Sodium salicylate is incompatible 
with acids and acid salts and with solutions of most 
alkaloids, notably quinin, which precipitates as the sali- 
cylate. It gives a violet color to iron salts. 
Action and Uses: Sodium salicylate is the salt which 
is usually employed to secure the constitutional effects of 
salicylic acid. It is an analgesic and antipyretic. It is 
sometimes administered foT’-tlie rehet ot headache or of 
neuralgic pains, but is chiefly used for its effect in articular 
rheumatism in which it is highly efficacious. It promptly 
relieves all the local joint symptoms and the fever, but 
does not affect the endocarditis. Its effects last only while 
the medication is kept up. It is useful in tonsillitis and 
other catarrhal inflammations, but has not the decided 
action in the ordinary infections that it has in rheumatic 
fever. It is used in chorea. It is of no value in gonorrheal 
arthritis and arthritis deformans, and of little value in 
gout. It is useful in some forms of eye diseases, such as 
iritis, keratitis or glaucoma. It is slightly antiseptic, but 
not so much so as the free acid. It is irritant to mucous 
membranes and may cause pain and even vomiting when 
large doses are administered on an empty stomach. Large 
therapeutic doses produce a ringing in the ears, nausea, 
sometimes vomiting, occasional sweating and an increase 
in the amount of urine. It increases nitrogenous metab- 
olism, and an increased amount of uric acid is excreted in 
the urine. It stimulates the secretion of bile. In very 
large doses it may produce depression of the central ner- 
vous system, rarely convulsions, a slowing and depression 
of the respiration, and collapse from depression of circula- 
tion. Large doses may produce abortion, and hence the 
drug is contraindicated in pregnancy. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. The more efficient method 
is to repeat this dose every hour until salicylism occurs 
and then three times daily. It is well to combine it with 
alkali, such as sodium bicarbonate, so as to prevent its 
precipitation in the form of salicylic acid by the hydro- 
chloric acid of the stomach. It should be given well 
diluted in simple solution, but is sometimes administered 
in the form of powder inclosed in capsules or cachets, and 
followed by a sufficient amount of water to dilute it well 
in the stomach. USEFUL DRUGS 
141 
Sodii Sulphas (Sod. Sulph.), Sodium Sulphate, U. S. P. 
(Glauber’s Salt).—Contains not less than 99 per cent, of 
Na2SCh+10H,O. 
Properties: Sodium sulphate occurs as large, colorless prisms or 
granular crystals, odorless and having a bitter saline taste. It is 
freely soluble in water (1:2) and practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Sodium sulphate is used as a saline 
cathartic, but is less popular than magnesium sulphate or 
sodium phosphate. 
Dosage: 15 Gm. or 4 drams. 
Sodii Thiosulphas (Sod. Thiosulph.), Sodium Thiosulphate, 
U. S. P. (Sodium Hyposulphite).—Contains not less 
than 99 per cent, of NazSzOa+SHjO. 
Properties: Sodium thiosulphate occurs as colorless, transparent 
monoclinic prisms, odorless and having a cooling, afterward bitter 
taste. It is very soluble in water (I: 0.5) and practically insoluble in 
alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : Sodium thiosulphate is incompatible 
with acids, iodin and chlorin. It dissolves insoluble salts 
of silver. 
Action and Uses : Sodium thiosulphate is used exter- 
nally, in the form of lotion, as an application for ring- 
worm and other parasitic skin diseases. It may be used 
to remove stains of iodin or silver nitrate. Taken inter- 
nally, it is cathartic. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. Externally, it is used in 
aqueous solution or ointment of 10 per cent, strength or 
1 dram to the ounce. 
Stramonium (Stramon.), Stramonium, U. S. P. (Jamestown 
Weed, Jimson Weed).—The dried leaves of Datura 
stramonium or of Datura tabula. Its constituents and 
action are similar tot those of belladonna. Now seldom 
used in medicine except as an ingredient in so-called 
asthma powder for smoking which may be prepared from 
ground or granulated leaves to which is added one-eighth 
to one-fourth its weight of potassium nitrate. 
Strophanthinum (Strophanthin.), Strophanthin, U. S. P.—A 
glucosid, or mixture of glucosids, obtained from stro- 
phanthus. 
Properties: Strophanthin occurs as a white or faintly yellowish 
powder, having an intensely bitter taste. Because of its toxicity 
great caution should be used in tasting it. It is very soluble in 
■water and in diluted alcohol, but less soluble in absolute alcohol. 
Action and Uses: The effects of strophanthin are prac- 
tically identical with those of digitalis. It is not readily 
absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract; hence its oral 
use is not recommended. When injected intravenously or 142 
USEFUL DRUGS 
intramuscularly, however, its action is much more prompt. 
It therefore deserves preference in emergencies. It is also 
excreted more rapidly, so that there is less danger of 
cumulative action. 
Dosage: 0.3 mg. or %oo grain. It is best administered 
intramuscularly or intravenously, only a single dose being 
given daily, as a rule. 
The commercial strophanthins often contain varying 
amounts of ouabain (g-strophanthin or crystallized stro- 
phanthin), which is more active than the amorphous 
strophanthin. Caution should be exercised in using these 
preparations, especially in passing from the use of one 
preparation to that of another, and especial caution should 
be exercised if the patient has had other digitaloids pre- 
viously. 
Strophanthus (Strophanth.), Strophanthus, U. S. P.—The 
ripe seed of Strophanthus kombe or of Strophanthus 
hispidus. 
Action and Uses : Strophanthus and tincture of stro- 
phanthus have properties similar to those of the glucosid 
strophanthin, though the therapeutic results from the 
administration of strophanthus by mouth are more variable 
than the results obtained from the hypodermic or intrave- 
nous administration of strophanthin. It is doubtful if it 
has any advantages over the tincture of digitalis. 
Tinctura Strophanthi (Tr. Strophanth.), Tincture of 
Strophantiius, U. S. P.—One hundred Cc. represent 10 
Gm. strophanthus in approximately 92 per cent, of 
alcohol. It is nearly identical with the international 
standard tincture of strophanthus. If assayed biologically, 
the minimum lethal dose of tincture of strophanthus is 
not greater than 0.00006 Cc. for each gram of body 
weight of the frog. 
Dosage: 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims, 3 times daily after meals. 
The undiluted tincture is best prescribed to be taken in 
drop dosage, or else an alcoholic vehicle should be chosen. 
Not only is the tincture pharmaceutically incompatible 
with water, but aqueous solutions undergo rapid decom- 
position. For intramuscular or intravenous injection a 
much smaller dose should be given, not more than 0.12 Cc. 
or 2 minims, as a rule. 
Strychninae Nitras (Strych. Nit.), Strychnin Nitrate, U. S. P. 
—The nitrate C21H22O2N2.HNO3, of the alkaloid strychnin. 
Properties: Strychnin nitrate occurs as colorless, needle-shaped 
crystals, odorless, and having an intensely bitter taste. It is perma- 
nent in air, soluble in water (1: 42) and slightly soluble in alcohol 
(1: ISO). 
Action and Uses : See Strychninae Sulphas. 
Dosage: 0.0015 Gin. or *4o grain. USEFUL DRUGS 
143 
Strychninae Sulphas (StTych. Sulph.), Strychnin Sulphate, 
U. S. P.—The sulphate H,SO«+5H,Of of 
the alkaloid strychnin. 
Properties: Strychnin sulphate occurs as colorless or white pris- 
matic crystals, or a white crystalline powder, odorless, and having 
an intensely bitter taste. It is efflorescent in dry air, soluble in water 
(1:32) and in alcohol (1:81). 
Dosage: 0.001-5 Gm. or o grain. 
Incompatibilities : The salts of strychnin are incom- 
patible with alkalies, alkali carbonates, iodids, bromids, 
arsenates and arsenites. 
Action and Uses: Strychnin stimulates the reflex activity_ 
ofthespinalcord. but produces little or no elfect on the 
Large doses raise the blood- 
pressure by stimulating the vasoconstrictor center. It 
seems to have little direct effect on the heart. It stimulates 
the respiratory center, increasing the rapidity of the 
respirations. In poisonous doses it produces tonic con- 
vulsions similar to those of tetanus, but the trismus is less 
marked. Between the attacks there is usually complete 
relaxation of the affected muscles. The convulsions are 
spinal, but not cerebral in origin. Death may occur, during 
a convulsion, from fixation of the chest by spasm of the 
respiratory muscles or during the interval from medullary 
paralysis. Strychnin is used as a bitter tonic, generally 
in form of a preparation of nux vomica. It is also a tonic 
to the muscular system. It has been widely used as a 
respiratory and circulatory stimulant in pneumonia and. 
other infections, shock, etc., but careful observations have 
shown that nontoxic doses are ineffective. Strychnin is 
serviceable in some forms of paralysis.,- It is of no value 
when the paralysis results from an organic lesion and 
should not be employed in conditions of inflammation of 
the nerve centers. It may be given in paralysis due to 
poisons, such as lead, and in postdiphtheric paralysis. It 
is also of value in paralysis due to cortical lesions, if used 
in moderate doses, to improve the tone and with it the 
nutrition of the paralyzed muscles. In incontinence of 
urine, due to paresis of the vesical sphincter, it is useful, 
but if the incontinence depends on spasm, atropin is more 
serviceable. Strychnin is useful in amblyopia, acting best 
in disturbance of vision unattended by changes visible 
with the ophthalmoscope, especially hysteric and neuras- 
thenic forms. In lesions of the optic nerve it frequently 
produces an improvement in vision, which, however, is 
only temporary. It is used in acute and chronic alcoholism. 
It is added to cathartics in the treatment of chronic con- 
stipation, but probably with little if any advantage. 
Dosage: From 0.0005 Gm. (0.5 mg.) to 0.005 Gm. or 
from to Vi2 grain, 3 times a day or, in the case of 
the smaller doses, as often as once in three hours. 144 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Sulphonethylmethanum (Sulphonethylmeth.), Sulphonethyl- 
methane, U. S. P. (Trional).—Diethylsulphone methyl 
ethyl methane, (CHa) (CjEL) 
Properties: Sulphonethylmethane occurs as colorless, odorless, 
crystalline scales, which have a bitter taste in aqueous solution. It is 
slightly soluble in water (1:200) and freely soluble in alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Sulphonethylmethane is a hypnotic, 
producing, in ordinary doses, tp other symptoms than sleep. 
The sleep comes on in about an hour after the medicine is 
taken. In some cases the sleep is not secured until the next 
day. 
Sulphonethylmethane, when repeatedly taken, may pro- 
duce poisoning in which hematoporphyrin appears in the 
urine, giving it a pinkish tinge or recHcoTor. The con- 
tinued use of the remedy may, dead to the formation of a 
habjt. In addition to the excretion of 'hematoporphyrin in 
fhe urine there are lassitude, weakness, nausea and gastro- 
intestinal disturbance as shown by diarrhea and constipa- 
tion. More serious symptoms then develop, including 
abdominal tenderness, violent vomiting, ataxia, paresis of 
various muscles, loss of reflexes, and finally a condition of 
profound collapse. This condition ends in death in about 
75 per cent, of the cases. There is a nephritis which 
involves the glomeruli and may be hemorrhagic in 
character. 
Sulphonethylmethane is of little use when the insomnia is 
accompanied by severe pain. It has been recommended also 
as an antispasmodic in epilepsy, hiccup, chorea, etc. 
Dosage: 0.75 Gm. or 12 grains. Owing to its sparing 
solubility, it should be tfVFPn large quantities of hot 
liquids. It should not be used for more than two or three 
days consecutively. "Ailer this time recourse should be had 
toSffier""Hypnotics, if necessary. The appearance of hema- 
toporphyrin, as indicated by pink color in the urine, should 
be watched for and the remedy suspended on its occurrence, 
but it is then often too late. It may be effectively given 
with barbital (aa 0.3 Gm.) to secure a continuous sleep for 
the entire night. 
Sulphonmethanum (Sulphonmeth.), Sulphonmethane, U. S. P. 
(Sulphonal).—Diethylsulphone dimethyl methane, (CHs)i 
C(S02GH5)2. 
Properties: Sulphonmethane occurs as colorless, inodorous and 
nearly tasteless crystals or a crystalline powder, slightly soluble in 
water (1: 365), but soluble in alcohol (1:60). 
Action and Uses : Sulphonmethane, or sulphonal, is 
hypnotic and sedative, similar to Sulphonethylmethane, 
which see. It has the same dangers and drawbacks. It 
acts more slowly than sulphonethylmethane and is best 
given about 5 p. m. 
Dosage: 0.75 Gm. or 12 grains, given in a hot liquid. USEFUL DRUGS 
145 
Sulphur, Sulphur.—Official in the U. S. Pharmacopeia under 
three headings: 
Sulphur Lotum (Sulph. Lot.), Washed Sulphur, U. S. P. 
Sulphur Praecipitatum (Sulph. Praec.), Precipitated 
Sulphur, U. S. P. 
Sulphur Sublimatum (Sulph. Sublim.), Sublimed Sul- 
phur, U. S. P. 
Properties: Sulphur in any of the foregoing forms should contain 
not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure sulphur. Sulphur occurs 
as a fine yellow powder, the sublimed variety having a slight odor 
and a faintly acid taste. The other varieties are without odor or 
taste and all are practically insoluble in water or in alcohol. 
Action and Uses: Sulphur becomes active in the 
tines and on the skin by a partial conversion into hydrogen 
iuTphid or other sulphids. These products are antiseptic 
and irritant. By undergoing such conversion in the intes- 
tines, sulphur becomes a mild purgative. Sulphur is 
employed externally as a parasiticide against scabies ; and 
in seborrheal conditions. It is also used to produce sul- 
phur dioxid for room disinfection, especially against insect- 
borne diseases, such as vellowUever or malaria, by burn- 
ing it in the proportion of 3 pounds of sulphur to each 
1,000 cubic feet of air space. All surfaces and articles to 
be disinfected should be wet. 
Dosage: Each form, 4 Gm. or 60 grains, as laxative. 
Unguentum Sulphuris (Ung. Sulphur Oint- 
ment, U. S. P.—A mixture of washed sulphur (15 Gm.) 
with benzoinated lard (85 Gm.). When applied to the 
face, it may be diluted with five parts of an ointment 
base. 
Terebinthina (Terebinth.), Turpentine, N. F.—A concrete 
oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris. The source of: 
Oleum Terebinthinae (Ol. Tereb.), Oil of Turpentine, 
U. S. P. (Turpentine Oil, “Spirits of Turpentine”).—A 
volatile oil recently distilled from turpentine. Official in 
the Pharmacopeia also under the title Oleum Terebin- 
thinae Rectificatus (01. Tereb. Rect.), Rectified Oil of 
Turpentine, U. S. P. 
Properties: Oil of turpentine occurs as a thin colorless liquid, 
having a characteristic odor and taste, both of which become stronger 
and less pleasant by age and exposure to air. Oil of turpentine is 
practically insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol (1:3), 
and in all proportions of oil. 
Action and Uses : Oil of turpentine is antiseptic, anthel- 
mintic and diuretic. Only the rectified' nil shniiTiTEe jised 
internally. Applied externally it is rubefacient and counter- 
irritant. 146 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Oil of turpentine has been used as an expectorant in 
cases of bronchitis characterized by free secretion. For 
this purpose it is now generally replaced by terpin hydrate. 
It is also given for the relief of flatulence and a small 
amount (from V2 to 1 teaspoonful emulsified by means of 
yolk of egg) may be added to enemas to increase their 
effectiveness. Applied as a stupe over the abdomen it is 
used to relieve tympanites. 
Oil of turpentine has been thought to be efficient in cases 
of internal but this opinion is not well 
founded 
Dosage: 0.3 Cc. or 5 minims (rectified oil). It may be 
administered in the form of emulsion or in capsules. 
Terpini Hydras (Terpin. Hyd.), Terpin Hydrate, U. S. P.— 
The hydrate, of the diatomic alcohol 
terpin. 
Properties: Terpin hydrate occurs as colorless, lustrous, rhombic 
prisms, nearly odorless, and having a slightly aromatic and somewhat 
bitter taste. It is slightly soluble in water (1: 200) and freely soluble 
in alcohol (1: 13). 
Action and Uses : Terpin hydrate has some antiseptic, 
diaphoretic and diuretic properties, but it is chiefly used 
as an expectorant in bronchitis accompanied by free secre- 
tion. 
Dosage: 0.125 Gm. or 2 grains. Terpin hydrate may be 
administered in the form"of powder or in capsules. As a 
solution, usually in the formT ot elixir, it requires an 
excessive amount of alcohol. 
Theobromina (Theobrom.), Theobromin, N. N. R.—3,7- 
dimethyl-xanthin, a base occurring in Theobroma cacao, 
and also made synthetically. It is closely related to 
caffein (1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthin). 
Properties: Theobromin occurs as a white, crystalline powder, 
odorless, and having a bitter taste. It is very slightly soluble in 
water, but is soluble in alcohol (1: 100). 
Action and Uses: Theobromin has actions on the kid- 
neys and heart similar to caffein, but Tts effect 
7)11 "The centfal nervous system is Jess marked. The relative 
freedom from side actions constitutes an advantage over 
caffein. Theobromin is employed as a diuretic in all forms 
of dropsy. It is nonirritating to the kidney. Because of its 
sTTgTit water-solubility, it is used in Form of thpohrnmin 
.sodium salicylate. 
•Theobrominae Sodio-Salicyas (Theobrom. Sodio-Sal.), 
Theobromin Sodium Salicylate, U. S. P. (Diuretin)..—A 
double salt of theobromin-sodium and sodium salicylate 
in approximately molecular ' proportions. 
Dosage: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains. 
Properties: Theobromin sodium salicylate contains 50 per cent, of 
tbeobromin and occurs as a white powder, odorless and having a USEFUL DRUGS 
147 
saline taste. It is freely soluble in water (1: 1), but is readily 
decomposed on exposure to carbon dioxid or by the action of acids, 
and must therefore be preserved in well stoppered bottles. 
Incompatibilities : Theobromin sodium salicylate is 
incompatible with acids and has the other incompatibilities 
of salicylates. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains, three times a day. 
(Theophyll.), Theophyllin, U. S. P.—A feebly 
basic alkaloid, isomeric with theobromin. It is found in 
small amounts in the leaves of Thca sinensis, and is also 
prepared synthetically. 
Properties: Theophyllin is dimethylxanthin. It occurs as a 
white, crystalline powder; odorless and having a bitter taste. It is 
slightly soluble in water (1: 100) and in alcohol (1:80); it is perma- 
nent in the air. 
Action and Uses : Theophyllin is used in cardiac affec- 
tions, edemas, nephritis, etc. It has a djuretic"acIIorTsitTli- 
far to that of caffein or theobromin, but is more powerful, 
and often succeeds where the other agents fail. "However, 
the diuretic~resp(Ml!>e is not aslastlng; for this reason, it 
is advisable to replace it after two or three days by theo- 
bromin. Theophyllin may produce gastric and perhaps renal 
irritation, 
Dosage: 0.2 to 0.35 Gm. or 3 to 5 grains, three times 
daily in hot tea. 
f 
Thymol, Thymol, U. S. P.—A phenol, GH3(CHs)(OH) 
(C3H7), 1:3:4, occurring in the volatile oil of Thymus 
vulgaris and in some other volatile oils. 
Properties: Thymol occurs as large, colorless prisms, having an 
aromatic, thyme-like odor, and a pungent, aromatic taste. It is only 
very slightly soluble in water (1:1,010), but freely soluble in 
alcohol (1:1). 
Action and Uses: Thymol is antiseptic and anthel- 
mintic. As an anthelmintic it is used chiefly for the 
destruction of hookworm 
Dosage: As intestinal antiseptic. 0.125 Gm. or 2 grains; 
as anthelmintic, 2 Gm. or 30 grains, with the usual rnodi- 
ficafions“fbf'age. It is acTfhinisfered in fine powder, in 
capsules of 0.3 Gm., preceded and followed by a saline 
cathartic. As a mouth wash, a saturated watery solution 
may be used. No fats, oils or alcohols should be given 
at the same time as thymol, for fear of facilitating the 
absorption of the drug. 
Thymolis Iodidum (Thymol. Iod.), Thymol Iodid, U. S. P. 
(Aristol). — Dithymol - di - iodid, (CoH2.CH3.C.iH7.0I)2, 
obtained by the condensation of two molecules of thymol 
and the introduction of two atoms of iodin into the 
phenolic groups of the thymol. 148 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Properties: Thymol iodid contains, when dried over sulphuric acid, 
not less than 43 per cent, of iodin. It occurs as a bright, chocolate- 
colored, or reddish-yellow, bulky powder, with a very slight aro- 
matic odor. It is practically insoluble in water and nearly insoluble 
in alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Thymol iodid, is antiseptic and is 
.used in place of iodoform, chiefly as a dusting-powder. 
Thyroideum Siccum (Thyroid. Sicc.), Dried Thyroids, U. S. P. 
(Glandulae Thyroideae Siccae, U. S. P. VIII, Desiccated 
Thyroid Glands). The thyroid glands of animals which 
are used for food by man, freed from fat, and cleaned, 
dried and powdered. 
Properties: Dried thyroids is a yellowish, amorphous powder, hav- 
ing a slight, characteristic odor, and containing the active constitu- 
ent of the thyroid tissue. It is partially soluble in water. The 
preparation should be standardized to contain about 0.2 per cent, of 
iodin in organic combination. 
Action and Uses: Dried thyroid gland ac£a_chiefly 
through a compound of iodin contained in TFT Thera- 
peutically active doses increase destructive metabolism, as 
indicated by loss of bocfv weight and increase flf Urine- 
nitrogen, carbon dioxid production and oxygen assim- 
ilation. The loss of weight is at first due mainly to loss of 
water;* later to increased catabolism of adipose tissue., 
although there is also an increased breaking aown 
tein unless the diet contains an abundance of protein. With 
larger, ot long-continued doses there is a very rapid action 
of the heart, nervousness, tremors, headache, flusmng of the 
sweating and mucTi more pjonounced loss of weight. 
"* Thyroid gland is of service in cases marked bv deficient 
aptina pf the gland. The most striking results are obtained 
in cretinism ancTmyxedema and in the condition known as 
cachexia ffiyreoprTvaT~due To the removal of the thyroid 
glandmie beneficial"effects are seen in the improved con- 
dition of the skin, the reestablishment of perspiration and 
of a normal temperature, increased diuresis and loss of 
weight, improvement in the mental condition and, in young 
subjects, renewed growth, especially gi the long bones and 
pf the hair. In many cases after the more severe symptoms 
of hypothyroidism have disappeared, remarkably small 
doses suffice to keep the patient in an almost normal state; 
it is often necessary, however, to continue such small doses 
indefinitely. 
Thyroid is efficacious in many cases of milder degrees of 
hypothyroidism; but these are often difficult to diagnose. 
In some forms of goiter the function of the thyroid i? 
defective and*tIm~admims”tration of the dried gland is indi-_ 
cated; but in most cases of goiter its use is condemned. 
Thyroid has'been much used in obesity, but it is indicated 
in only a small proportion of cases and it should be given 
in moderate amounts so as not to do harm by the destruc- 
tion of proteins. The effects, which are marked at first, 
are not permanent. USEFUL DRUGS 
149 
Dosage: 0.06 Gm. or lgniin should be given as the 
initial dose three times daily, increasing gradually until 
improvement is“noted; its administration s I louTd' b e 'dTscom 
tinued if toxic symptoms appear. The patient shouTcT'be ' 
careful of exertion and should take sufficient protein in 
his diet to compensate for increased loss 67 nitrogen from 
the action of the drug. The remedy may be given in 
powder, cachets or capsules. A dose of 0.6 Gm. or 10 
grains a day should rarely be exceeded. For accurate 
dosage thyroxin, an active compound obtained from thyroid, 
is often preferable (see N. N. R.). 
Tragacantha (Trag.), Tragacanth, U. S. P. (Gum Traga- 
canth).—A gummy exudation from Astragalus gummifer. 
Action and Uses: Tragacanth swells on addition of 
water and gradually forms a cloudy gelatinous mass. On 
further addition of water it forms a mucilage which is 
occasionally used in pharmacy in the making of emulsions 
and is widely used as a basis for a greaseless catheter 
lubricant and an application for chapped skin. 
Trinitrophenol (Trinitrophen.), Trinitrophenol, U. S. P. 
(Acidum Picricum, Picric Acid). — CeH20H(N02)a 
(1:2:4: 6). An acid obtained by ’nitrating phenol. 
Properties: Trinitrophenol occurs as pale, yellow prisms, odorless 
and having a very bitter taste. It is explosive when heated rapidly 
or when subject to percussion. It is soluble in cold water (1:78), 
imparting a yellow color to a very large volume, more soluble in 
water at higher temperatures (1:25 at 80 C.), easily soluble in alco- 
hol (1: 12). 
Caution : For safety in transportation it is usually 
mixed with 20 per cent, of water. 
Action and Uses: Picric acid is an irritant, astringent, 
and antiseptic to the skin and mucous membranes. It is 
used mainly for the treatment of superficial burns, but its 
application produces severe thougfi temporary smarting. 
Its use on large areas also presents some danger of sys- 
temic poisoning. It has been largely"*displaced by the 
paraffin treatment. Taken internally, it may produce nau- 
sea, vomiting and diarrhea! The urine is colored recTTfr" 
yell'ow* and may show signs of nephritis. The skin and 
mucous membranes may be stained yellow and thus jaun- 
dice may be simulated. Red blood cells are partly dissolved 
and the white cells are increased in number. 
Dosage: The internal dose is stated as from 0.03 to 
0.1 Gm. (V2 to W2 grains). For use on burns, cloths 
moistened with the saturated watery solution are applied 
to the properly cleansed burned area. Over this is placed 
a pad of dry absorbent cotton which is fastened by a 
light bandage. The dressing rapidly dries and may be 
left in place for several days. 150 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Tuberculinum, Tuberculin, N. N. R.—This represents the 
products of growth of the tubercle bacillus. 
Properties: Tuberculin is marketed in a variety of forms, either 
as a filtered extract of the bacilli or as the pulverized insoluble sub- 
stance of the dead bacilli themselves. In the latter or emulsified 
form tuberculin is known as tubercle vaccine, and it is closely related 
to bacterial vaccines mentioned under Vaccina. 
Action and Uses: Tuberculin is used principally as a 
diagnostic agent and the characteristic properties of the 
traae product to be used should be studied closely before 
it is employed. 
VACCINA, BACTERIAL VACCINES, N. N. R.—Bacterial 
vaccines are suspensions of the killed bacteria in 
physiologic solution of sodium chlorid. Cresol is usually 
added as a preservative. 
Bacterial vaccines are used to secure the production of 
an active immunity. Great care and skill are necessary for 
their proper use, and no definite statements as to dosage, 
etc., can be given. 
The use of most of these vaccines is in the experimental 
stage. They are often prepared from cultures obtained 
from the individual to be treated (autogenous vaccines) ; 
these usually give the best results, ancTsome authors main- 
tain that “stock” vaccines should be used only when it is 
impracticable to secure the autogenous agent. (See also 
Sera et Vaccina.) •£)<>*# uW «A. 
Vaccinum Rabies, Antirabic Vaccine, N. N. R.—The virus of 
rabies rendered practically nonvirulent for man by pas- 
sage through a long series of _ rabbits-" and treated in 
various ways to decrease the infectivity still further, or 
by the addition of chemicals to destroy entirely. 
Properties: The method of preparing the vaccine commonly used 
s that of Pasteur, with modifications. Essentially it is this: The 
spinal cords of the infeetpd rabbits are dried over sodium hydroxid 
at constant temperature for from one to eight days, then cut in 0.5 
centimeter pieces and preserved in glycerin. For use, the cord is 
emulsified in physiologic solution of sodium chlorid. 
Action and Uses : After the bite of a rabid animal, treat- 
ment with antirabic vaccine (if not too long delayed) usually 
establishes immunity before the incubation period of the 
disease is completed, thus preventing rabies. The treatment 
fails occasionally and in a small percentage of cases it is 
followed by paralysis, which is usually transient but may 
be fatal. 
Dosage: The dosage varies with the method..pf 
jinn. Each dose is supplied in a single container and is 
(ftiected into the subcutaneous tissue, usually of. the anterior 
abdominal wall. In mild bites of the extremities or through 
ffie clothing, a series'"of fourteen injections on successive 
days js usually given, while in severe wound? of the face 
or trunk, the series consists of twenty-one daily injections. USEFUL DRUGS 
151 
/ 
Vaccinum Staphylococcicum (Vac. Staphylococ.), Staphylo- 
coccus Vaccine, N. N. R.—A vaccine made from the 
Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, from the Staphylococcus 
pyogenes albus, or from the Staphylococcus pyogenes 
citreus, or from all three. 
Action and Uses: Staphylococcus vaccine is thought to 
be useful in carbunculosis. furunculosis, sycosis, and certain 
cases of acne. An autogenous vaccine should be used by 
preferenceT" The forms oFqcue most likely to respond are 
characterized by pustules, with considerable 
induration, situated on the face, chest and back. When the 
lesions are superficiarand indolent, the acne vaccines give 
good results, and when there is a mixture of active and 
indolent lesions, a mixture of the two vaccines is indicated. 
Vaccinum Typhosum (Vac. Typhos.), Typhoid Vaccine, 
N. N. R.—A vaccine made from Bacillus typhosus. In 
some cases Bacillus paratyphosus A and Bacillus para- 
typhosus B are also used. 
Action and Uses : Typhoid vaccine is of recognized 
utility in the prevention of typhoid fever. The immunity 
probably persists in the majority of cases from t\vo to four 
years or longer. The vaccine may be of service also 
In the treatment of In such cases an 
autogenous to be Referred, The same is true 
in the bacterial complications and sequelae of typhoid 
fever, especially those that appear during convalescence or 
are prolonged into that stage. 
The use of vaccine in the treatment of typhoid fever has 
given very inconclusive results. No positive evidence of 
harm resulting from its use has been recorded. Many 
clinicians, however, believe that the giving of an addi- 
tional amount of the toxin of the disease may turn the 
balance against recovery in states characterized by marked 
toxemia. 
Dosage: As a preventive, typhoid vaccine should be 
administered ojilv to healthy persons. The skin should be 
sterilized with, iodin and an initial dose of 500,000,000 bac- 
teria injected aseptically. 'inis injection should be fol- 
lowed in from seven to ten days by a second dose of 
1,000,000,000 bacteria; a thhal injection of the same size is 
prvpri gpypn to ten days affpr the second. 
Valeriana (Valer.), Valerian, U. S. P.—The dried rhizome 
and roots of Valeriana officinalis. 
Action and Uses: Valerian is thought to be an antispas- 
modic and nerve sedative, but its influence is largely 
psychic, and in the ammoniated tincture the stimulating 
effects of the aromatic spirit of ammonia no doubt 
predominate. 152 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata (Tr. Valer. Ammon.), 
Ammoniated Tincture of Valerian, U. S. P.—One hun- 
dred Cc. represent the soluble constituents of 20 Gm. of 
valerian in aromatic spirit of ammonia. 
Virus Vaccinicum (Virus Vaccin.), Vaccine Virus, U. S. P. 
(Glycerinated Vaccine Virus, Smallpox Vaccine, Jen- 
nerian Vaccine).—The material obtained from skin 
eruptions of calves having vaccinia. The material is 
removed and prepared under aseptic conditions. The 
“pulp” is ground and mixed with varying percentages 
of glycerin. It is marketed in capillary tubes. Only such 
vaccipe may be sold as has been prepared in establish- 
ments licensed by the Secretary of the Treasury of the 
United States. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims. 
Action and Uses: Vaccine virus is used as a prophylactic 
against smallpox. 
Zinci Acetas (Zinc. Acet.), Zinc Acetate, U. S. P.—Corre- 
sponds to not less than 99.5 per cent, of Zn(C2H302)!+ 
H20. 
Properties: Zinc acetate occurs as soft, white, pearly crystals, hav- 
ing a faintly acetous odor, and in dilute solutions an astringent, 
metallic taste. It is freely soluble in water (1:2.3) and soluble in 
alcohol (1:30). 
Incompatibilities : Zinc acetate is incompatible with 
alkali carbonates or sodium borate. 
Action and Uses: Zinc acetate is astringent and anti; 
septic. It is used principally in the form of solution as an 
external application, for injections and collyria; rarely used 
internally. 
It may be used in collyria in the proportion of from 0.1 
to 0.5 per cent, or from V2 to 2 grains per ounce. 
Zinci Chloridum (Zinc. Chlor.), Zinc Chlorid, U. S. P.— 
Contains not less than 95 per cent, of ZnCh. 
Dosage: 0.125 Gm. or 2 grains. 
Properties: Zinc chlorid occurs as a white or nearly white granu- 
lar powder or in porcelain-like masses, irregular or molded into pen- 
cils, odorless, and of such intensely caustic properties as to make 
tasting dangerous, unless freely diluted with water. The dilute 
solution has an astringent metallic taste. It is very soluble in water 
(1:0.25) and in alcohol (1:1.3). 
Incompatibilities: Zinc chlorid is incompatible with 
sodium borate and with alkali carbonates. 
Action and Uses : Zinc chlorid is used as an antiseptic, 
astringent and escharotic. USEFUL DRUGS 
153 
Liquor Zinci Chloridi (Liq. Zinc. Chlor.), Solution of 
Zinc Chlorid, U. S. P.—An aqueous solution containing 
about 50 per cent., by weight, of zinc chlorid made by 
dissolving granulated zinc in hydrochloric acid. 
Zinci Oxidum (Zinc. Oxid.), Zinc Oxid, U. S. P.—Contains 
not less than 99 per cent, of ZnO. 
Properties: Zinc oxid occurs as a very fine, amorphous, white 
or yellowish-white powder, free from gritty particles, without odor 
or taste. It is practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : Zinc oxid is incompatible with acids. 
Action and Uses: Zinc oxid is slightly antiseptic and 
and is widely us (Tel either ajone or in 
combination with boric acid, bismuth subnitrate and starch 
as a dusting powder and as a sedative in ointment, for a 
variety of skin .diseases. Tt is now rarely used internally. 
Unguentum Zinci Oxidi (Ung. Zinc. Ox.), Ointment of 
Zinc Oxid, U. S. P. (Zinc Ointment).—A mixture of 
zinc oxid (20 Gm.) with benzoinated lard (80 Gm.). 
Zinci Stearas (Zinc. Stear.), Zinc Stearate, U. S. P.—A com- 
pound of zinc with stearic acid and small but variable 
proportions of palmitic acid. Contains about 15 per cent, 
of ZnO. 
Properties: Zinc stearate occurs as a very fine, white powder, 
tasteless, and having a very faint odor, resembling that of fat. It is 
practically insoluble in water and alcohol. 
Action and Uses : Zinc stearate is used as a dusting 
powder, but appears to have little or no advantage over 
zinc oxid. Care should be exercised against the accidental 
aspiration by infants and children of zinc stearate dusting 
powders. 
Zinci Sulphas (Zinc. Sulph.), Zinc Sulphate, U. S. P.—Corre- 
sponds to not less than 99.5 per cent, of ZnS04+7H20. 
Properties: Zinc sulphate occurs as colorless, transparent, rhombic 
crystals, or granular crystalline powder, without odor, and having an 
astringent, metallic taste. It is very soluble in water (1:0.6), but 
practically insoluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibilities : Alkali carbonates, sodium borate, 
tannin and vegetable astringents. 
Action and Uses: Zinc sulphate is astringent, styptic 
and gpietic. It is much used in collyria in conjunctivitis 
and is especially effective in that form caused by Morax- 
Axenfeld bacillus. It is employed as an injection in the 
treatment of the chronic stages of gonorrhea. 
Dosage: As an emetic, 1 Gm. or 15 grains. 154 
USEFUL DRUGS 
In collyria it may be used in the strength of from 0.1 to 
1.0 per cent, or from 1 to 5 grains per ounce. As an injec- 
tion in gonorrhea, solutions varying in strength from 0.5 to 
4 percent. ~~fnay be used. 
Zingiber (Zingib.), Ginger, U. S. P.—The dried rhizome of 
Zingiber officinale. Occasionally administered in the 
form of powder. 
Action and Uses : Ginger is aromatic, stimulant and a 
stomachic tonic. It is a serviceable carminative in colic. 
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains. 
Tinctura Zingiberis (Tr. Zingib.), Tincture of Ginger. 
U. S. P. (Tincture of Jamaica Ginger).—One hundred 
Cc. represent the soluble constituents of 20 Gm. ginger 
in alcohol. 
Dosage: 2 Cc. or 30 minims. PHARMACEUTIC PREPARATIONS 
The following are descriptions of the more commonly used 
pharmaceutic preparations of drugs : 
AQUAE AROMATICAE, AROMATIC WATERS. —The 
official aromatic waters are aqueous solutions of volatile 
substances, usually volatile oils. They are used as vehicles 
for the more active, water-soluble drugs. 
CACHETAE, CACHETS.—Cachets, or wafers, are made by 
pressing a mixture of flour, or starch and water between 
hot iron plates, and are used much in the same way as 
capsules for enclosing dry and powdered drugs, but are 
of greater capacity, accommodating from 0.5 to 1.0 Gm. of 
a powder. They have the advantage over capsules of being 
more readily dissolved and, despite their comparatively 
large size, are easily swallowed if previously dipped into 
water or if floated on a tablespoonful of water. 
CAPSULAE, CAPSULES.—Capsules, either hard or soft, 
are made of gelatin molded over a suitable form. Soft 
capsules containing an admixture of glycerin to the gelatin, 
are used extensively for oils and oleoresins or solutions of 
active drugs in oils. Such capsules, containing as much 
as 5 Gm. of oil can be readily swallowed by most persons. 
Hard gelatin capsules may be used for dispensing of pow- 
ders, masses, or liquids. They range in size from 00 to 5. 
Size 00 has capacity for about 0.5 Gm. of quinin sulphate 
or similar light substance, while it would hold 1.3 Gm. of 
as heavy a substance as bismuth subnitrate. Size 5 will 
hold about 0.05 Gm. of quinin sulphate. Aqueous or hydro- 
alcoholic liquids, such as fluidextract of cascara sagrada, 
may be filled into capsules by the patient just before taking 
the dose; owing to solvent action on gelatin, such cap- 
sules should not be prescribed for dispensing by the 
druggist. 
CATAPLASMATA, POULTICES.—Poultices are soft solid 
preparations used for the purpose of applying heat and 
moisture to localized areas of the body. This application 
of heat induces a superficial hyperemia which is believed 
to influence the circulation of the underlying parts. The 
poultices may also be made the means of applying counter- 
irritant drugs. A long-continued application tends to cause 
relaxation of the skin and to render it flabby. 
CERATA, CERATES.— Cerates are solid ointment-like 
preparations containing sufficient wax to prevent them 
from melting at the temperature of the body. 
CHARTAE, PAPERS. — Medicated papers are pieces of 
absorbent paper that have been treated with medicinal 
substances or suitably sized paper coated with a layer of 
the medicinal substance. 156 
USEFUL DRUGS 
COLLODIA, COLLODIONS.—Collodions are solutions of 
pyroxylin (guncotton) in mixtures of ether and alcohol, 
or of acetone, and are intended for external application. 
The following preparations are now among those included 
in the Pharmacopeia: 
CONFECTIONES, CONFECTIONS. — Confections, con- 
serves or electuaries were formerly used extensively, and 
usually occur as soft, pasty solids consisting of active 
drugs mixed with sugar or honey. 
DECOCTA, DECOCTIONS.—Decoctions are aqueous prep- 
arations made by boiling vegetable substances in water and 
then straining. They are generally made 5 per cent, in 
strength. 
ELIXIRES, ELIXIRS.—Elixirs are sweetened, aromatic, 
alcoholic liquids similar to cordials and having probably 
the same origin. 
EMPLASTRA, PLASTERS.—Plasters are solid preparations 
for external use and serve either as simple adhesives or as 
counterirritants. The official plasters are usually replaced 
by the commercial plasters made on a large scale by 
machinery, which have as a base a mixture of rubber, with 
solvents or diluents. 
EMULSA, EMULSIONES, EMULSIONS.—Emulsions are 
aqueous preparations in which oils or resins are suspended 
by means of mucilaginous substances or other colloids. 
ENEMATA, CLYSTERS.—An enema, or clyster, is a liquid 
preparation intended to be injected into the rectum. 
EXTRACTA, EXTRACTS.—Extracts are soft, solid or 
powdered preparations made by evaporating a solution of 
the soluble constituents of vegetable or animal drugs at a 
low temperature. 
FLUIDEXTRACTA, FLUIDEXTRACTS. — Fluidextracts 
are liquid preparations of such strength that each cubic 
centimeter represents the soluble constituents of 1 Gm. of 
the crude drug. 
GLYCERITA, GLYCERITES.—Glycerites are solutions of 
medicinal substances in glycerin. 
INFUSA, INFUSIONS.—Infusions are aqueous preparations 
made by pouring hot or cold water over a vegetable drug 
and allowing the mixture to stand for a definite period and 
then straining. They are usually made 5 per cent, in 
strength. 
LINIMENTA, LINIMENTS.—Liniments are oily, soapy, or 
alcoholic liquid preparations intended for external appli- 
cation. Aqueous liquid preparations intended for local 
use are generally termed washes or lotions (Lotiones). USEFUL DRUGS 
157 
LIQUORES, SOLUTIONS.—Pharmaceutically, solutions are 
aqueous liquid preparations in which one or more generally 
nonvolatile substances are completely dissolved. 
MASSAE, MASSES.—Masses are soft solid preparations of 
such consistency that they can be made into pills readily. 
MELLITA, HONEYS.—Honeys are sweet liquids having 
honey as a base; they formerly were much used as vehicles. 
MISTURAE, MIXTURES.—Mixtures are liquid prepara- 
tions containing insoluble or partly soluble medicinal solids 
suspended in them. 
MUCILAGINES, MUCILAGES.—Mucilages are aqueous 
solutions of gums or the mucilaginous principles of vege- 
table substances. 
OLEATA, OLEATES.—The official oleates are combinations 
of alkalies or metallic oxids with oleic acid. 
OLEA PINGUA, FIXED OILS.—Fixed oils and fats are 
neutral esters of vegetable or animal derivation, being com- 
pounds of acids (chiefly oleic, palmitic and stearic) with 
glycerol. 
OLEA VOLATILIA, VOLATILE OR ESSENTIAL OILS. 
—Volatile or essential oils are liquids derived'from plants 
and may contain or consist of. neutral principles, aldehyds, 
ketones, phenols, esters or compound ethers. 
OLEORESINAE, OLEORESINS. — Oleoresins are thick 
liquid preparations consisting of volatile oils and resins 
extracted from vegetable substances by ether, acetone or 
alcohol. 
PILULAE, PILLS.—Globular, oval or flattened bodies, of 
such size and consistency that they can be swallowed ,vhole. 
PULVERES, POWDERS.—Pharmaceutically, powders are 
combinations of several substances in powdered form or 
powdered vegetable drugs. The term “powders” is also 
applied to single dose quantities of a drug or mixture of 
drugs in powdered form wrapped separately in “powder 
papers” (chartulae). 
RESINAE, RESINS.—Resins are usually made by distilling 
the volatile oil from natural oleoresins or by precipitating 
resins from alcoholic solutions by the addition of water. 
SALES EFFERVESCENTES, EFFERVESCENT SALTS. 
—Effervescent salts are mixtures of soluble salts with 
sodium bicarbonate and citric or tartaric acid, or a mixture 
of the two acids, designed to yield effervescent drafts when 
added to water. 
SPIRITUS, SPIRITS.—Spirits are alcoholic solutions of 
volatile substances; either gases, liquids or solids. 158 
USEFUL DRUGS 
SUPPOSITORIA, SUPPOSITORIES. —Suppositories are 
solid bodies intended to be introduced into the several 
natural orifices of the body for the purpose of producing 
systemic or local effects. 
Suppositories are usually made with oil of theobroma 
as a base. Rectal suppositories should be cone-shaped and 
should weigh about 2 Gm. or 30 grains. 
SYRUPI, SYRUPS.—Syrups are strong solutions of sugar 
and water with or without the addition of active medica- 
ments. 
TABELLAE, TABLET-TRITURATES, COMPRESSED 
TABLETS.—Tablet-triturates are small disks made by 
diluting powdered medicaments with powdered sugar of 
milk or with: powdered sugar, moistening the powder with 
sufficient alcohol to make a paste, and pressing into suitable 
molds. Compressed tablets are medicinal substances oi 
mixtures of substances compressed to the form of disks. 
TINCTURAE, TINCTURES.—Tinctures, with a few excep- 
tions, are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic extractive prepara- 
tions of vegetable drugs; the tinctures of potent drugs 
represent 10 Gm. of drug in 100 Cc. of the preparation, with 
the exception of tincture of iodin, which contains 7 Gm. of 
iodin in 100 Cc., while tinctures of less potent drugs vary in 
strength, but represent usually 20 Gm. 
TRITURATIONES, TRITURATIONS.—Pharmacopeial trit- 
urations are active remedies diluted usually with 10 parts 
of sugar of milk. 
TROCHISCI, TROCHES.—Troches, or lozenges, are flat 
solid bodies intended to be dissolved in the mouth for their 
local effect on the mucous membrane of the mouth and 
the throat. 
UNGUENTA, OINTMENTS.—Ointments are soft, fatty 
solids of such consistency that they are readily spread at 
ordinary temperatures. When intended for systemic effect 
they are applied by inunction; ordinarily they are used as 
simple protectives. TABLE SHOWING THE RECORDED SOLUBILITY 
OF SUBSTANCES INCLUDED IN THE 
LIST OF USEFUL DRUGS 
Abbreviations and signs used: 
dec. = decomposed; ins. = insoluble; 00 = nearly insolu- 
ble; 0 = slightly soluble; sol. = soluble; part. s. = partly 
soluble; v. s. = very soluble; misc. = miscible in all propor- 
tions ; = unrecorded or uncertain. 
The solubility values are for distilled water at approxi- 
mately 25 C. and for the official U. S. P. alcohol at the same 
temperature and indicate the number of parts by measure of 
the solvent required to dissolve 1 part by weight of the 
substance. 
Soluble in 
Parts of 
Substance 
Parts of 
Alcohol 
Water at 25 C. 
at 25 C. 
Acacia U. S. P 
2 
ins. 
Acetanilidum U. S. P 
190 
3.4 
Acetphenetidinum U. S. P 
1,310 
15 
Acidum Aceticum U. S. P 
misc. 
misc. 
Acidum Acetylsalicylicum, N. N. R 
100 
V. s. 
Acidum Benzoicum U. S. P 
275 
2.3 
Acidum Boricum U. S. P 
18 
18 
Acidum Citricum U. S. P 
0.5 
1.8 
Acidum Hydrochloridum U. S. P 
misc. 
Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, U. S. P. 
misc. 
misc. 
Acidum Nitricum, U. S. P 
misc. 
— — 
Acidum Salicylicum, U. . S. T 
460 
2.7 
Acidum Tannicum, U. S. P 
V. s. 
V. s. 
12 
Aethyl-Morphinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P. 
8 
22 
Alcohol, U. S. P 
Alumen, U. S. P 
7.2 
ins. 
Ammonii Carbonas, U. S. P 
4 
part. s. 
Ammonii Chloridum, U. S. P 
2.6 
100 
Amylis Nitris, U. S. P 
ins. 
misc. 
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, U. S. P.. . 
12 
ins. 
Antipyrina, U. S. P 
V. s. 
1.3 
Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P.. . 
50 
50 
Argenti Nitras, U. S. P 
0.4 
30 
Arseni Trioxidum, U. S. P 
30-100 
ins. 
Arsphenamina, N. N. R 
sol. 
Asafoetida, U. S. P 
part. s. 
part. s. 
Atropina, U. S. P 
Atropinae Sulphas, U. S. P 
445 
2 
0.4 
5 
Balsamum Tolutanum, U. S. P 
ins. 
V. s. 
Barbital, N. N. R 
150 
8 
Barbital-Sodium, N. N. R 
5 
Benzoinum, U. S. P 
ins. 
sol. 
Benzosulphinidum, U. S. P 
290 
31 
Betanaphthol, U. S. P 
1,000 
0.8 
Bismuthi Subcarbonas, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Bismuthi Subgallas, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Bismuthi Subnitras, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Butyn 
i 
v. s. 160 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Soluble in 
Substance 
Parts of 
Parts of 
Water 
Alcohol 
Caffeina, U. S. P 
46 
66 
Caffeinae Sodio-Benzoas, U.' S. P 
1 
30 
Calcii Carbonas, U. S. P 
0t8 
ins. 
Calcii Chloridum, U. S. P 
ins. 
10 
Calcii Lactas, U. S. P 
1.2 
00 
Calx, U. S. P 
20 
ins. 
Calx Chlorinata, U. S. P 
part. s. 
part. s. 
Camphora, U. S. P 
00 
V. s. 
Chloralum Hydratum, U. S. P 
0.25 
1.3 
Chloramin-T, N. N. R 
6 
Chloroformum, U. S. P 
210 
misc. 
Chromii Trioxidum, U. S. P 
0.6 
dec. 
Chrysarobinum, U. S. P 
00 
385 
Cinchophen, N. N. R 
6,220 
119 
Cocaina, U. S. P 
600 
6.5 
Cocainae Hydrochioridum, U. S. P 
0.4 
3.2 
Codeina, U. S. P 
120 
2 
Codeinae Phosphas, U. S. P 
2.3 
325 
Codeinae Sulphas, U. S. P 
30 
1,280 
Creosotum, U. S. P 
00 
misc. 
Cresol, U. S. P 
50 
misc. 
Cupri Sulphas, U. S. P 
2.5 
500 
Dichloramin-T, N. N. R 
0 
Elaterinum, U. S. P 
ins. 
325 
Emetinae Hydrochioridum, U. S. P 
v. s. 
V. s. 
Eucalyptol, U. S. P 
00 
V. s. 
Ferri Chloridum, U. S. P 
0.2 
V. s. 
Ferri et Ammonii Citras, U. S. P 
V. s. 
ins. 
Ferri Phosphas, U. S. P 
V. s. 
ins. 
Ferri Sulphas, U. S. P 
1.4 
ins. 
Ferrum Reductum, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Formaldehydi, Liquor U. S. P 
misc. 
misc. 
Gelatinum, U. S. P 
swells 
ins. 
Glucosum Anhydricum 
V. s. 
0 
Glycerinum, U. S. P 
misc. 
misc. 
Glycerylis Nitratis, Spiritus, U. S. P 
ins. 
v. s. 
Guaiacol, U. S. P 
53 
misc. 
Guaiacolis Carbonas, U. S. P 
ins. 
60 
Hexamethylenamina, U. S. P 
1.5 
12.5 
Homatropinae Hydrobromidum, U. S. P.. . 
6 
40 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, U.S.P. 
13.5 
3.8 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, U. S. P... 
ins. 
ins. 
Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, U. S. P.. .. 
ins. 
ins. 
Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum, U. S. P.. . . 
ins. 
ins. 
Hydrargyri Salicylas, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Hypophysis Sicca, U. S. P 
part. s. 
— 
Iodoformum, U. S. P 
10,000 
60 
Iodum, U. S. P 
2,950 
10 
Linum, U. S. P 
ins. 
00 
00 
Magnesii Carbonas, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Magnesii Oxidum, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Magnesii Sulphas, U. S. P 
i 
ins. 
Menthol, U. S. P 
00 
v. s. 
Methylis Salicylas, U. S. P 
ins. 
misc. 
Morphinae Hydrochioridum. U. S. P 
17.5 
52 
Morphinae Sulphas, U. S. P 
15.5 
565 USEFUL DRUGS 
Soluble in 
Parts of 
Parts of 
Substance 
water 
Alcohol 
Neoarsphenamina, N. N. R 
sol. 
Neocincophen 
00 
Nitrogen Monoxidum 
sol. 
Oleum Carophylli, U. S. P 
ins. 
V. s. 
Oleum Morrhuae, U. S. P 
ins. 
0 
Oleum Ricini, U. S. P 
ins. 
l 
Oleum Santali, U. S. P 
ins. 
sol. 
Oleum Sinapis Volatile, U. S. P 
00 
misc. 
Oleum Theobromatis, U. S. P 
ins. 
sol. 
Oleum Tiglii, U. S. P 
ins. 
00 
Oxygenium, U. S. P 
34 
3.6 
Pancreatinum, U. S. P 
part. s. 
ins. 
Paraffinum, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Paraldehydum, U. S. P 
8 
misc. 
Pelletierinae Tannas, U. S. P 
240 
16 
Pepsinum, U. S. P 
so 
ins. 
Petrolatum Liquidum, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Phenobarbital 
Sol. 
Sol. 
Phenol, U. S. P 
15 
misc. 
Phenolphthaleinum, U. S. P 
ins. 
13 
Phenylis Salicylas, U. S. P 
6,670 
6 
Phosphorus, U. S. P 
ins. 
350 
Physostigminae Salicylas, U. S. P 
75 
16 
Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P 
0.3 
3 
Pilocarpinae Nitras, U. S. P 
. 4 
75 
Pix Liquida, U. S. P 
part. s. 
misc. 
Plumbi Acetas, U. S. P '... 
1.4 
38 
Potassii Acetas, U. S. P 
0.5 
2.9 
Potassii Bicarbonas U. S. P 
2.8 
ins. 
Potassii Bromidum U. S. P 
1.5 
250 
Potassii Carbonas U. S. P 
0.9 
ins. 
Potassii Chloras, U. S. P 
11.5 
ins. 
Potassii Citras, U. S. P 
0.6 
ins. 
Potassii et Sodii Tartras, U. S. P 
0.9 
ins. 
Potassii Hydroxidum, U. S. P 
0.9 
3 
Potassii Iodidum, U. S. P 
0.7 
22 
Potassii Permanganas, U. S. P 
13.5 
dec. 
Procain, N. N. R 
1 
30 
Protargin Fortius, N. N. R 
2 
Protargin Mite, N. N. R 
2 
Quinidinal Sulphas 
sol. 
Quinina, U. S. P 
1,560 
0.8 
Quininae Bisulphas, U. S. P 
8.5 
18 
Quininae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P 
18 
0.8 
Quininae Sulphas, U. S. P 
Quininae Tannas, U. S. P 
725 
107 
00 
3 
Quininae et Ureae Hydrochloridum, U.S.P. 
0.9 
2.4 
Resorcinol, U. S. P 
0.9 
0.9 
Saccharum, U. S. P 
0.5 
170 
Saccharum Lactis, U. S. P 
4.9 
Santoninum, U. S. P 
5,300 
43 
Sapo, U. S. P 
sol. 
Sapo Mollis, U. S. P 
Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum, U. S. P.... 
1.5 
20 
Sodii Benzoas, U. S. P 
1.8 
61 
Sodii Bicarbonas. U. S. P 
10 
Sodii Biphosphas, N. N. R 
V. s. 
Sodii Bromidum, U. S. P 
1 
16 
Sodii Cacodylas, U. S. P 
0.5 
2 5 
Sodii Carbonas Monohydratus, U. S. P.. . 
3 
ins. 162 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Soluble in 
Parts ol 
Substance 
Parts of 
Cold 
Cold Watei 
Alcohol 
Sodii Chloridum, U. S. P 
2.8 
ins. 
Sodii Hydroxidum, U. S. P 
0.9 
v. s. 
Sodii Iodidum, U. S. P 
0.5 
3 
Sodii Nitris, U. S. P 
1.5 
ins. 
Sodii Phosphas, U. S. P 
5.5 
ins. 
Sodii Salicylas, U. S. P 
0.9 
9.2 
Sodii Sulphas, U. S. P 
2 
ins. 
Sodii Thiosulphas, U. S. P 
0.5 
ins. 
Strophanthinum, U. S. P 
v. s. 
v. s. 
Strychninae Nitras, U. S. P 
42 
150 
Strychninae Sulphas, U. S. P 
32 
81 
Sulphonethylmethanum, U. S. P 
200 
v. s. 
Sulphonmethanum, U. S. P 
365 
60 
Sulphur, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Terebinthina, N. F 
ins. 
3 
Terpini Hydras, U. S. P 
200 
13 
Theobromina, N. N. R 
ins. 
100 
Theobrominae Sodio-Salicylas, U. S. P 
1 
Theophyllina, U. S. P 
100 
so’ 
Thymol, U. S. P 
1,010 
1 
Thymolis Iodidum, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Thyroideum Siccum, U. S. P 
part. s. 
Trinitrophenol, U. S. P 
78 
12 
Zinci Acetas, U. S. P 
2.3 
30 
Zinci Chloridum, U. S. P 
0.25 
1.3 
Zinci Oxidum, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Zinci Stearas, U. S. P 
ins. 
ins. 
Zinci Sulphas, U. S. P 
0.6 
ins. (The following is taken with some abridgment from “A 
Manual of Pharmacology,” second edition, by Torald Soll- 
mann, with the consent of the author.) 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
The Metric System.—This is based on the decimal system, 
and has for the unit of the measure of length the meter (M.). 
This was intended to be a natural unit, viz., the ten-millionth 
part of the distance from the pole to the equator of the earth 
at a particular meridian. Subsequent measurements have 
given a slightly different value to this distance. The meter is 
therefore an arbitrary standard—the length of a platinum 
bar, the original of which is preserved in Paris. 
The meter is divided into 10, 100 and 1,000 parts, called, 
respectively, decimeter (dm.), centimeter (cm.), and milli- 
meter (mm.). The thousandth part of a millimeter is a 
micron (m). The contents of a cube whose edges measure a 
decimeter, or 10 cm., form the unit of capacity, the liter (L). 
The thousandth part of this is a cubic centimeter (c.cm., or, 
briefly, Cc.; also termed a “milliliter” or “mil.”). The unit 
of weight is given by the weight of a liter of distilled water 
at 4° C. in vacuo: this is the kilogram (Kg.). A thousandth 
part of this is a gram (Gm.). A quantity ten times the unit 
is expressed by prefixing the Greek numeral Deca; one hun- 
dred times, Hecto; one thousand times, Kilo. The tenth part 
of the unit is expressed by prefixing the Latin numeral deci; 
one-hundredth, centi; one-thousandth, milli. 
Thus : 
1,000 Gm. = Kilogram (Kg.)1 
IOC Gm. = Hectogram (Hg.) 
10 • Gm. = Decagram (Dg.) 
1 Gm. = Gram (Gm.) 
0.1 Gm. = decigram (dg.) 
0.01 Gm. = centigram (eg.) 
0.001 Gm. = milligram (mg.) 
[In “Useful Drugs” only Kilogram (Kg.) Gram (Gm.) and 
Milligram (Mg.) are employed.] 
In quantities including several denominations, only one unit 
is used: thus, 1.234 Kg. would be read as 1,234 Gm.; 0.0002 
Gm. as 2 mg., etc. The quantities are always denoted by 
arabic figures placed before the appellation. Fractional parts 
are always converted into decimal fractions. 
In continental Europe, the liquid measure is very little used 
in pharmacy, liquids being usually weighed. 
1. Some authors begin all the abbreviations with capitals; others 
employ capitals for the units, gram, liter and meter, and their multiples; 
and small letters for fractions (as in the above lists). The latter plan 
has some advantages. 164 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Common Systems of Weights and Measures.2—The denomi- 
nations are the following: 
apothecaries’ OR TROY WEIGHT 
Grain (gr.) 
[Scruple O) =20 gr.] 
Dram3 (-3) [=3 3] = 60 gr. 
Troy ounce (5) = 8 3 = 480 gr. 
[Troy pound = 12 3 = 5,760 gr.] 
(used in prescriptions) 
(3 j of water under standard conditions4 measures 504.83 minims.) 
AVOIRDUPOIS OR IMPERIAL WEIGHT 
(a system used in commerce) 
Grain = same as Troy grain 
Ounce (oz.) = 437)4 grains 
Pound (lb.) = 16 oz. = 7,000 grains 
Ton = 2,000 lb. 
UNITED STATES APOTHECARIES OR WINE MEASURE 
(used in united states for both prescription and commercial 
purposes) 
Minim (ig or min.) (approximately equal to 1 drop or to 1 grain of 
water — more exactly, 0.95 grain). 
Fluidram (f!3) - = 60 til 
Fluidounce (fl-5) = 8 fl3 = 480 111 (A3 j of water 
at 4 C. weighs 456% grains) 
Pint (pt., or Octarius, O) = 16 AS = 7,680 til 
Quart (qt.) = 2 pts. = 32 flj 
Gallon (gal., or Conguis, C) = 8 0 = 128 flj = 61,440 ig 
i A gallon holds 231 cubic inches 
Another system of liquid measure is in use in Great Britain, 
and must not be confused with the American system. It is 
the imperial measure. 
In writing the apothecaries’ measure in prescriptions, the 
figures are written in the roman system and placed after the 
appellation. Thus, gr. xx, not 20 gr. The ones are always 
dotted, and the last one is formed like a j: thus 3 iij, 3 vj, etc. 
The fl. before the sign is often omitted with liquids. Frac- 
tions are written as common fractions: gr. Mo, not gr. 0.1. 
Popular Measures.—These are formed of utensils commonly 
found in the household, and are, of course, inexact. They 
should be displaced by graduated medicine glasses, which can 
be obtained cheaply. Spoons are supposed to be filled so 
that the fluid stands level with the rim. The usually accepted 
equivalents of these measures are: 
2. Those in square brackets are practically obsolete. 
3. Also spelled drachm. 
4. At 4° C. and in vacuo. USEFUL DRUGS 
165 
1 drop (gtt.) = 1 minim® = 0.05 c.c. 
1 teaspoon = 1 fl36 = 4 c.c.7 
1 dessertspoon = 2 fl3 =10 c.c. 
1 tablespoon = 4 fi3 (J4 3) = 15 c.c. 
1 wineglass = 2 fl3 =50 c.c. 
1 teacup = 4 fl§ = 125 c.c. 
1 tumbler = 8 fi3 = 200 c.c. 
1 knifepointful (tableknife)= 15 to 30 gr. = 1.0 to 2.0 Gm. 
Equivalents of Metric and Common Systems.—Doses and 
formulas may be calculated from one system into the other. 
For this, it is only necessary to remember that 1 Gm. —15.4 
grains. However, this always entails the possibility of some 
error in reckoning, which may have serious consequences. 
The student is therefore advised to learn the dosage in both 
systems, and to construct prescriptions directly in whichever 
system is chosen. If a transposition must be made, the fol- 
lowing approximate equivalents (which should be thoroughly 
memorized and practiced) are sufficiently exact for prescrip- 
tion purposes, and being simpler, they are less apt to lead to 
arithmetical errors than the exact equivalents. 
1 Gm. ) = 
1 c.c. j 
15.5 grains or 
minims 
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS 
1 grain or minim =r 0.065 Gm. or c.c. 
1 dram = 4.0 (—) or c.c. 
1 ounce = 30.0 (—) or c.c. 
1 pint = 0.5 Liter (—) 
1 milligram = Yq4 grain 
1 Liter = 1 quart (+) 
1 Kilogram = 2.2 lb. 
Dosage Equivalents.—In memorizing “average doses” even 
this degree of approximation is needlessly complicated. The 
following table gives the most convenient figures: 
Above Above 
1 Gm. 15 gr. 
350 (12 S) 
120 ( 4 3) 
25 (IS) 
15 (4 3) 
10 ( 2Vi 3) 
4 (13) 
3 (45 gr.) 
2 (30 gr.) 
1 (15 gr.) 
0.1 to 1}4 to 
0.75 Gm. 12 gr. 
0.750 (12 gr.) 
0.500 ( 8) 
0.300 , ( 5) 
0.250 ( 4) 
0.150 ( 2'A) 
0.200 ( 3) 
0.125 ( 2) 
0.100 ( iyZ) 
2 to %o t0 
50 mg. 1 gr. 
0.050 (1) 
0.030 ()4) 
0.015 (54) 
0.010 (%) 
0.008 (]/») 
0.005 (%2) 
0.004 (Vis) 
0.003 (1/20) 
0.002 (%0) 
Below Below 
2 mg. %o gr. 
0.0015 (Vio) 
0.001 (%0) 
0.00075 (%o) 
0.0005 (%2o) 
0.0004 (i/ieo) 
0.0003 (1/200) 
0.00025 (1/250) 
0.0002 (%oo) 
0.00015 (%00) 
EXACT EQUIVALENTS 
1 m. = 39.370 in. 
' = 3 ft. 3.370 in. 
= 1 yd. 3.370 in. 
1 inch = 0.0254 M. = 2.54 cm. 
1 ft. = 30.227 cm. 
1 yd. — 91.440 cm. 
5. The size of a drop varies according to the nature of the fluid and 
of the container; there may be from 50 to 150 to a fluid drachm. The 
International Protocol authorized a standard dropper, designed to 
deliver exactly 20 drops per cubic centimeter of water. 
6. Really from J4 to 2 fl3. 
7. As a matter of fact, the actual capacity of teaspoons averages 5 c.c., 
when filled level 166 
USEFUL DRUGS 
1 c.c. = 16.23 ttl . 
1 L. = 33.815 fl3. 
= 2.113 pt. 
= 0.2642 gal. 
CAPACITY (UNITED STATES) 
1 m. = 0.06161 c.c. 
1 fl3 = 3.7 c.c. 
1 flj = 29.574 c.c. 
1 pt. = 0.4731 L. 
1 gal. = 3.7854 L. 
1 mg. = %4 gr. 
1 Gm. = 15.432 gr. 
= 0.03527 oz. Av. 
= 0.03215 3 Troy 
1 Kg. = 2.2046 lb. ' 
WEIGHT 
1 gr. = 64.8 mg. = 0.0648 Gm. 
1 3 = 3.888 Gm. 
1 oz.Av. = 28.3495 Gm. 
1 5 Troy = 31.1035 Gm. 
1 lb. = 0.4536 Kg. 
Thermometric Equivalents—Clinical Table of 
Centigrade and Fahrenheit 
c.° 
F.° 
C.° 
F.° 
36.0 
96.80 
39.0 
102.20 
36.2 
97.16 
39.1 
102.38 
36.3 . 
97.34 
39.2 
102.56 
36.4 
97.52 
39.3 
102.74 
36.5 
97.70 
39.4 
102.92 
36.6 
97.88 
39.5 
103.10 
36.7 
98.06 
39.6 
103.28 
36.8 
98.24 
39.7 
103.46 
36.9 
98.42 
39.8 
103.64 
37.0 
98.60 
39.9 
103.82 
37.1 
98.78 
40.0 
104.00 
37.2 
98.96 
40.1 
104.18 
37.3 
99.14 
40.2 
104.36 
37.4 
99.32 
40.3 
104.54 
37.5 
99.50 
40.4 
104.72 
37.6 
99.68 
40.5 
104.90 
37.7 
99.86 
40.6 
105.08 
37.8 
100.04 
40.8 
105.44 
37.9 
100.22 
41.0 
105.80 
38.0 
100.40 
41.2 
106.16 
38.1 
100.58 
41.4 
106.52 
38.2 
100.76 
41.6 
106.88 
38.3 
100.94 
41.8 
107.24 
38.4 
101.12 
42.0 
107.60 
38.5 
101.30 
42.2 
107.96 
38.6 
101.48 
42.4 
108.32 
38.7 
101.66 
42.6 
108.68 
38.8 
101.84 
42.8 
109.04 
38.9 
102.02 
43.0 
109.40 
Method of Converting Centigrade to Fahrenheit 
Multiply the centigrade reading by 9/5 (or 1.8) and add 32, 
which will yield the Fahrenheit equivalent. 
Method of Converting Fahrenheit to Centigrade 
Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit reading and then multiply 
by 5/9, which will yield centigrade equivalent. 
Example: Convert — 4 F. to centigrade. 
— 4 • 
— 32 
— 36 
— 36 X % = — 20 centigrade THERAPEUTIC INDEX 
The following classification of articles included in the list 
of useful drugs according to their therapeutic use has been 
adapted from the sixth edition of a textbook on pharma- 
cology and therapeutics by Arthur R. Cushny. This index 
serves to indicate the comprehensiveness of the list and 
should assist in suggesting to practitioners and teachers 
possible additions and deletions that might be made so that 
the list will include all of the well-established remedies that 
are really of use. 
For ready reference the titles used are those under which 
the drug or preparation has been included and described in 
the list of useful remedies. 
I. Drugs Applied for Their Local Action to the Skin, Wounds or Visible 
Mucous Membranes 
Corrosives or Caustics. 
Acidum Acetjcum 
Acidum Nitricum 
Alumen Exsiccatum 
Argenti Nitras 
Arseni Trioxidum 
Chromii Trioxidum 
Iodum 
Phenol 
Potassii Carbonas 
• Potassii Hydroxidum 
Sodii Carbonas 
Sodii Hydroxidum 
Zinci Chloridum 
Disinfectants and Antiseptics. 
Acidum Benzoicum 
Acidum Boricum 
Acidum Salicylicum 
Argenti Nitras 
Calx 
Calx Chlorinata 
Camphora 
Chloramina-T 
Cresol 
Dichloramina-T 
Eucalyptol 
Formaldehydi, Liquor 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corro- 
sivum 
Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum 
Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum 
Hydrogenii Dioxidi, Liquor 
Iodoformum 
Iodum 
Olea Volatilia 
Phenol 
Pix Liquida 
Potassii Permanganas 
Protargin Fortius 
Protargin Mite 
Sulphur 
Thymol 
Zinci Chloridum 
Local Anesthetics. 
Aethylis Chloridum 
Cocainae Hydrochloridum 
Menthol 
Phenacaina 
Procaina 
Astringents. 
Acidum Tannicum 
Alcohol 
Alumen 
Alumini Acetatis, Liquor 
Argenti Nitras 
Bismuthi Subcarbonas 
Bismuthi Subgallas 
Bismuthi Subnitras 
Cupri Sulphas 
Ferri Chloridum 
Ferri Sulphas 
Plumbi Acetas 
Zinci Acetas 
Zinci Oxidum 
Zinci Sulphas 
Styptics. 
Alumen Exsiccatum 
Ferri Chloridum 
To Contract Vessels and Reduce 
Hemorrhage and Swelling 
Epinephrina 
Protectives 
Amylum 
Bismuthi Subcarbonas 
Bismuthi Subnitras 
Magnesii Carbonas 
Collodion 
Talcum 
Zinci Oxidum 
Zinci Stearas 168 
USEFUL DRUGS 
Emollients 
Adeps 
Adeps Lanae 
Olea Pingua 
Petrolatum 
Paraffinum 
Local Anodynes and Analgesics for 
Pain and Itching. 
Aconitum 
Ammoniae, Aqua 
Atropinae Sulphas 
Chloroformum 
Cocainae Hydrochloridum 
Phenol 
Sodii Bicarbonas 
II. Drugs Used for Affections of the Alimentary Tract 
Mouth and Throat. (See also 
Section 1): 
Demulcents. 
Acacia 
Ammonii Chloridum 
Glycerinum 
To Lessen Salivation. 
Atropina 
Flavoring Substances. 
Acidum Citricum 
Olea Volatilia 
Saccharum 
Syrupus Pruni Virginianae 
Syrupus Tolutanus 
Stomach: 
Digestives. 
Acidum Hydrochoricum 
Pepsinum 
Emetics. 
Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum 
Cupri Sulphas 
Ipecacuanha 
Sinapis 
Sodii Chloridum 
Zinci Sulphas 
To Lessen Irritation and Vomit- 
ing. 
Bismuthi Subcarbonas 
Bismuthi Subnitras 
Chloralum Hydratum 
Chloroformum 
Liquor Calcis 
Menthol 
Morphinae Sulphas 
Opium 
To Lessen Acidity, Antacids. 
Calcii Carbonas 
Calx (Liquor Calcis) 
Magnesii Carbonas 
Magnesii Oxidum 
Sodii Bicarbonas 
To Increase Secretion, Bitters. 
Cinchona 
Gentiana 
Nux Vomica 
Quininae Sulphas 
Strychninae Sulphas 
To Destroy or Expel Parasites, An- 
thelmintics. 
Aspidium 
Chenopodii, Oleum 
Chloroformum 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite 
Pelletierinae Tannas 
Santoninum 
Terebinthinae, Oleum 
Thymol 
Carminatives. 
(See also Bitters) 
Alcohol 
Camphora 
Capsicum 
Cardamomum 
Caryophyllus 
Myrrha 
Olea Volatilia 
Sinapis 
Zingiber 
Intestine: 
To Promote Digestion. 
Pancreatinum (?) 
To Promote Evacuation, Purga- 
tives. 
Vegetable Purgatives: 
Aloes 
Aloinum 
Cascara Sagrada 
Colocynthis 
Jalapa 
Physostigminae Salicylas 
Podophyllum 
Rheum 
Ricini, Oleum 
Senna 
Tiglii, Oleum 
Saline Purgatives. 
Magnessii Carbonas 
Magnesii Citratis, Liquor 
Magnesii Oxidum 
Magnesii Sulphas 
Potassii Bitartras 
Potassii Citras 
Potassii et Sodii Tartras 
Sodii Phosphas 
Sodii Sulphas 
Mercurial Purgatives. 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite 
Hydrargyrum cum Creta 
Massa Hydrargyri USEFUL DRUGS 
169 
Miscellaneous. 
Fel Bovis 
Glycerinum 
Petrolatum Liquidum 
Phenolphthaleinum 
Sulphur 
To Lessen Movement and Rela.r 
Spasm. 
Acidum Tannicum 
Acetannin 
Albutannin 
Argenti Nitras 
Atropinae Sulphas 
Belladonna 
Bismuthi Subcarbonas 
Bismuthi Subnitras 
Calx (Liquor Calcis) 
Gambir 
Morphinae Sulphas 
Opium 
Plumbi Acetas 
To Decrease Intestinal Flora 
(See also Vegetable, Saline and 
Mercurial Purgatives) 
Creosotum 
III. Drugs Used for Their Effects on the Circulation 
Heart: 
To Strengthen Contraction. 
Digitalis. 
Quinidinae Sulphas 
Strophanthinum 
Strophanthus 
To Accelerate Pulse. 
Atropinae Sulphas 
To Slow Pulse. 
Aconitum 
Digitalis 
Quinidinae Sulphas 
Strophanthinum 
Strophanthus 
Vessels. 
To Contract Caliber and Raise 
Blood Pressure. 
Epinephrina 
Ergota 
Hypophysis 
To Relax Vessels and Lower 
Blood Pressure. 
Amylis Nitris 
Glycerylis Nitratis, Spiritus 
Sodii Nitris 
To Arrest Internal Hemorrhage. 
Morphinae sulphas ) 
Opium ) 
To allay rest- 
lessness 
To Remove Fluid (Dropsy, 
Anasarca). 
[See also Diuretics (Kidney), 
Diaphoretics (Skin), Veget- 
table and Saline Purgatives 
(Intestine)] 
Digitalis 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite 
Strophanthinum 
Strophanthus 
IV. Drugs Used for Their Effects on the Genito-Urinary System 
To Increase the Flow of Urine 
(Diuretics). 
Caffeina 
Digitalis 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite 
Potassii Acetas 
Potassii Citras 
Potassii Nitras 
Strophanthinum 
Strophanthus 
Theobromina 
Theophyllina 
To Render the Urine Less Acid. 
Potassii Acetas 
Potassii Bicarbonas 
Potassii Citras 
Sodii Bicarbonas 
Sodii Carbonas 
To Render the Urine More Acid. 
Sodii Biphosphas 
Mineral Acids 
Sodii Benzoas 
To Render the Urine Antiseptic. 
Acidum Benzoicum 
Acidum Salicylicum 
Hexmethylenamina 
Santali Oleum 
Sodii Benzoas 
Sodii Boras 
Sodii Salicylas 
Local antiseptics, etc. 
To Promote Menstruation, Em- 
menagogues. 
Aloe 
Aloinum 170 
USEFUL DRUGS 
V. Drugs Used for Their Effects on the Respiratory System 
To Stimulate the Respiratory Cen- 
ter. 
Atropinae Sulphas 
Caffeina 
Strychninae Sulphas 
To Reduce the Irritability of the 
Center in Cough. 
Chloroformum 
Codeinae Sulphas 
Morphinae Sulphas 
Opium 
To Increase and Liquefy the 
Bronchial Secretion. 
Ammonii Chloridum 
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras 
Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum 
Ipecacuanha. 
Potassii Iodidum 
Sodii Iodidum 
To Lessen the Secretion of the 
Bronchi (t) 
Atropinae Sulphas 
Terpini Hydras 
To Relax Bronchial Spasm in 
Asthma. 
Amylis Nitris 
Atropinae Sulphas 
Belladonna 
Epinephrina 
Glycerylis Nitratis, Spiritus 
Potassii Iodidum 
Sodii Iodidum 
To supplement Deficient Respira- 
tory 
Oxygenium 
VI. Drugs Used for Their Effects on the Central Nervous System 
Stimulants. 
(a) The spinal cord: 
Strychninae Sulphas 
(b) The brain and medulla ob- 
longata : 
Atropinae Sulphas 
Caffeina 
Depressants. 
(a) To paralyze sensation (gen- 
eral anesthetics): 
Aether 
Chloroformum 
(b) To induce sleep and rest 
(hypnotics or narcotics): 
Alcohol 
Barbital 
Barbital-Sodium 
Chloralum Hydratum 
Codeina 
Luminal 
Opium 
Paraldehydum 
Potassii Bromidum 
Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum 
Sodii Bromidum 
Sulphonethylmethanum 
Sulphonmethanum 
(c) To relieve pain (analgetics 
or anodynes) : 
Acetanilidum 
Acetphenetidinum 
Acidum Acetylsalicylicum 
Acidum Salicylicum 
Amidopyrina 
Antipyrina 
Codeina 
Methylis Salicylas 
Morphinae Sulphas 
Sodii Salicylas 
To Relieve Convulsions 
Aether 
Chloralum Hydratum 
Chloroformum 
Magnesii Sulphas 
Potassii Bromidi 
Sodii Bromidi 
Acetanilidum 
Acetphenetidinum. 
Acidum Acetylsalicylicum 
Acidum Salicylicum 
VII. Drugs Used to Reduce Fever Temperature 
Antipyrinum 
Guaiacol 
Sodii Salicylas 
VIII. Drugs Used for Their Effects on the Liver 
Cholagogues. 
Fel Bovis 
To Increase the Secretion of Bile, 
Acidum Salicylicum 
IX. Drugs Used for Their Effects on the Blood 
To Increase the Hemoglobin. 
Arseni Trioxidum 
Ferri Carbonas 
Ferri Iodidum 
Ferri Phosphas Solubilis 
Ferri et Ammonii Citras 
Sodii Cacodylas 
To Increase Alkali Reserve. 
Potassii Bicarbonas 
Potassii Citras 
Sodii Bicarbonas 
Sodii Carbonas 
To Increase Coagulability (f) 
Calcii Chloridum 
Calcii Lactas USEFUL DRUGS 
171 
X. Drugs Used Against Specified Diseases 
Amebic Dysentery. 
Emetinae Hydrochloridum 
Emetinae Bismutho-Iodidum 
Ipecacuanha 
Cerebrospinal Meningitis. 
Serum Antimeningococcus 
Diphtheria. 
Mistura Toxici Diphtheritici et 
Antitoxici Diphtheritici 
Gout. 
Cinchophen 
Colchici Semen 
Neochin chophen 
Malaria. 
Arseni Trioxidum 
Quinina 
Myxedema and Some Other Thy- 
roid Diseases. 
Glandulae Thyroideae Siccae 
Potassii Iodidi 
Sodii Iodidi 
Rabies. 
Vaccinum Rabies 
Rheumatic Fever. 
Acidum Acetylsalicylicum 
Acidum Salicylicum 
Cinchophen 
Methylis Salicylas 
Neocinchophen 
Sodii Salicylas 
Rickets. 
Calcii Chloridum 
Calcii Lactas 
Oleum Morrhuae 
Phosphorus 
Smallpox. 
Virus Vaccinicum 
Syphilis. 
Arsphenamina 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corro- 
sivum 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite 
Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum 
Hydrargyri Salicylas 
Hydrargyrum _ 
N eoarsphenamina 
Potassii Iodidum 
Sodii Iodidum 
T etanus 
Serum Antitetanicum Purifica- 
tum 
Magnesii Sulphas 
T rypanosomiasis. 
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras 
Arsphenamina 
T uberculosis. 
Tuberculin 
Typhoid. 
Vaccinum Typhosum 
(See also Corrosives or Caustics; 
Emollients and Protective 
Local Anodynes and Anes- 
thetics) : 
Irritants. 
Aconitum 
Alcohol _ 
Ammonia 
Camphora 
Cantharis 
Capsicum 
Chloroformum 
Iodum 
Menthol 
Sinapis 
Terebinthinae Oleum 
Disinfectants or Irritants Used 
Chiefly in the Form of Oint- 
ments in Parasitic Skin Dis- 
eases. 
Balsamum Peruvianum 
Betanaphthol 
XI. Drugs Used for Their Effects on the Skin 
Camphora 
Chrysarobinum 
Hydrargyrum 
Iodum 
Pix Liquida 
Resorcinum 
Sulphur 
Drugs Administered Internally to 
Increase the Secretion of 
Perspiration, Diaphoretics or 
Sudorifics. 
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras 
Camphora 
Ipecacuanha 
Opium 
Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii 
Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum 
Drugs Administered Internally to 
Lessen Secretion of Per- 
spiration 
Atropinae Sulphas 
Belladonna 
(See also Astringents, Disinfec- 
tants, Caustics, Anodynes and 
Anesthetics): 
Drugs Contracting the Pupil and 
the Ciliary Muscle, Myotics. 
Physostigminae Salicylas 
Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum 
XII. Drugs Used Locally for Their Effects on the Eye 
Drugs Dilating the Pupil and Re- 
laxing the Accommodation, 
Mydriatics. 
Atropinae Sulphas 
Cocainae .Hydrochlridum 
Homatropinae Hydrobromidum 
Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum INDEX 
PAGE 
Abbreviations 10 
Acacia 11 
mucilage of 11 
Acetanilid 11 
Acetic acid 12 
Acetphenetidin 12 
Acetylsalicylic acid 13 
Acid, acetic 12 
acetylsalicylic 13 
arsenous 30 
arsenous, solution of 32 
benzoic 13 
boric 13 
carbolic (phenol) 112 
carbolic, liquefied 113 
“chromic” 58 
citric . 14 
diethyl - barbituric (bar- 
bital) 39 
hydrochloric 14 
hydrochloric, diluted 14 
nitric 15 
phenylcinchoninic (cincho- 
phen) 59 
phenyl-ethyl-barbituric ... 97 
picric (trinitrophenol) 149 
salicylic 16 
tannic 16 
tannic, glycerite of 17 
Aconite 17 
tincture of 17 
Adeps 18 
benzoinatus 18 
lanae hydrosus (lanolin).. 18 
Adrenalin (epinephrin) 69 
Aether 19 
nitrosus 19 
spiritus 19 
Aethylmorphinae hydrochlori- 
dum 20 
Aethylus chloridum 19 
Alcohol 20 
Aloes 21 
extract of 22 
Aloin 22 
Alum 22 
exsiccated 22 
Aluminum acetate 22 
subacetate, solution of. ... 23 
Ammonia 23 
aromatic spirit of 25 
liniment 24 
water 24 
Ammoniated mercury 89 
mercury, ointment of 89 
Ammonio-ferric citrate 74 
Ammonium carbonate 24 
chlorid 25 
citrate and iron.. 74 
compounds 23 
Amyl nitrite 25 
Amylum 26 
Anhydrous D-glucose 78 
Antidiphtheric serum, purified. 132 
Antifebrin (acetanilid) 11 
PAGE 
Antimeningococcus serum 132 
Antimony and potassium tar- 
trate 27 
tartrated 27 
Antipyrin 27 
Antirabic vaccine 150 
Anti tetanic serum, _ purified. ... 133 
Antitoxin, diphtheria 132 
diphtheria, concentrated... 132 
refined and concentrated... 133 
tetanus 133 
Apomorphin hydrochlorid 28 
Aqua 29 
ammoniae 24 
camphorae 50 
chloroformi 57 
cinnamoni 60 
destillata 29 
menthae piperitae 100 
rosae 129 
Aquae aromaticae 155 
Argenti nitras 29 
nitras fusus 30 
Argvrol (protargin mite) 124 
Aristol (thymol iodid) 147 
Aromatic elixir 21 
spirit of ammonia 25 
syrup of rhubarb 129 
tincture of rhubarb 128 
waters ._ 155 
Arsenic chlorid, solution of.... 32 
trioxid 30 
Arsenobenzol (arsphenamin) . . 32 
Arsenous acid (arsenic trioxid) 30 
acid, solution of 32 
Arsphenamin 32 
Asafetida 34 
Aspidium 35 
oleoresin of 35 
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). . 13 
Atropin 36 
sulphate 36 
Bacterial vaccines 150 
Balsam of Peru 39 
of Tolu 39 
Barbital 39 
sodium 40 
Belladonna leaves 40 
extract of 40 
ointment 41 
plaster 41 
tincture of 40 
Benzoic acid 13 
Benzoin 41 
tincture of, compound 41 
Benzoinated lard 18 
Benzosulphinid (saccharin) .... 41 
Betanaphthol 42 
Bichlorid of mercury 83 
Biniodid of mercury 86 
Birch, sweet oil of 100 
Bismuth subcarbonate 42 
subgallate 43 
subnitrate * 43 174 
INDEX 
PAGE 
Bitter apple 64 
Black mustard 133 
Blaud’s pills 74 
Bleaching powder (calx chlori- 
nata) 49 
Blistering cerate 51 
Blue gum leaves 72 
mass 88 
ointment 89 
Borax (sodii borax) 136 
Boric acid 13 
acid, ointment of 14 
Boroglycerin, glycerite of 14 
Brown mustard 133 
Cacao butter 107 
Cachets 155 
Caffein 45 
sodio-benzoate 46 
Calcined magnesia 98 
Calcium carbonate, precipitated. 46 
chlorid. 47 
hydroxid, solution of 48 
lactate 47 
oxid 48 
oxid, chlorinated 49 
Calomel . (hydrargyri chloridum 
mite, mercurous chlorid 
mild) . .. 84 
Calx . .... 48 
chlorinata (bleaching pow- 
der) 49 
Camphor 49 
liniment ,• • • • SO 
spirit of 50 
water 50 
Camphorated oil 50 
tincture of opium 107 
Cantharides 51 
cerate 51 
tincture of 51 
Capsicum 51 
tincture of 52 
Capsules 155 
Carbo ligni 52 
Carbolic acid (phenol) 112 
acid, liquefied 113 
Cardamon seed 52 
tincture of 52 
Carrel-Dakin solution 49 
Cartagena ipecac 95 
Caryophyllus 53 
oil of 53 
Cascara sagrada 53 
sagrada, extract of 54 
sagrada, fluidextract of. . . 53 
sagrada, fluidextract of, 
aromatic 53 
Cassia oil 60 
Castile soap 130 
soap, white 130 
Castor oil 106 
Cataplasmata 155 
Caustic potash 121 
soda 138 
Cayenne pepper 51 
Cera alba 54 
flava 54 
Cerate, cantharides 51 
Cerates 155 
Chalk, precipitated 46 
Chalybeate pills 74 
Charcoal, wood (carbo ligni)... 52 
Charta sinapis 133 
PAGE 
Chartae 155 
Chaulmestrol 106 
Chaulmoogra oil 105 
Chenopodium 54 
oil of 54 
Cherry, wild 124 
wild, syrup of 124 
Chloral, hydrated 55 
Chloramin-T 56 
Chlorinated lime 49 
soda 48 
Chloroform 56 
liniment 58 
spirit of 58 
water 57 
Chromic anhydrid 58 
Chromium trioxid 58 
Chrysarobin 58 
ointment 59 
Cinchona 59 
tincture of 59 
Cinchophen (phenylcinchoninic 
acid) 59 
Cineol 72 
Cinnamon, oil of 60 
saigon 59 
water 60 
Citric acid 14 
Clove 53 
oil of 53 
Clysters 156 
Cocain 60 
hydrochlorid 60 
Codein 62 
phosphate 63 
sulphate 63 
Cod-liver oil 106 
Colchicum seed 63 
seed, tincture of 63 
Collodion 64 
flexible 64 
Collodions 156 
Colocynth 64 
extract of 64 
Common system of weights.... 164 
Compound effervescing powder 121 
powder of jalap 96 
Compressed tablets 158 
Confections 156 
Copper sulphate 65 
Corn-starch 26 
Corrosive mercuric chlorid 83 
sublimate 83 
Cream of tartar 119 
Creosote 64 
Cresol 65 
solution of, compound 65 
Croton oil 107 
Cupric sulphate 65 
Dakin’s solution 49 
Decoctions 156 
Deodorized opium, tincture of 108 
Dextrose, anhydrous 78 
Diarsenol (arsphenamin) 32 
Dichloramin-T 66 
Diethyl-barbituric acid (barbi- 
tal) 39 
Diethyl malonyl urea (barbi- 
tal) 39 
Diethylsulphone dimethyl me- 
thane 144 
methyl ethyl methane 144 INDEX 
PAGE 
Digitalis 67 
infusion of 68 
substances 66 
tincture of 68 
Dionin (ethylmorphin chlorid). 20 
Diphtheria antitoxin, concen- 
trated 132 
antitoxin, refined and con- 
centrated 132 
toxin-antitoxin mixture ... 101 
Dover’s powder 109 
Dried thyroids 148 
Effervescent potassium citrate.. 120 
sodium phosphate 139 
Elaterin 68 
Elixir, aromatic 21 
Elixirs 156 
Emetin hydrochlorid 69 
Emplastra 156 
Emplastrum, belladonae 41 
sinapis 133 
Emulsions 156 
Enemata 156 
Epinephrin (adrenalin) 69 
Epsom salt (magnesii sulphas). 98 
Equivalents, Centigrade to 
Fahrenheit 166 
dosage 165 
Fahrenheit to Centigrade.. 166 
metric and common 165 
Ergot _ 71 
fluidextract of 72 
Eserin salicylate 115 
Essence of peppermint 99 
Essential oils 157 
Ether 18 
nitrous 19 
nitrous, spirit of 19 
Ethyl chlorid 19 
Ethylmorphin hydrochlorid ... 20 
Eucalyptol 72 
Eucalyptus 72 
oil of 72 
Extract of aloes 22 
of belladonna leaves 40 
of cascara'sagrada 54 
of colocynth 64 
of nux vomica 105 
of oxgall 73 
of rhubarb 128 
of rhubarb, powdered .... 128 
Extracts 156 
Fel bovis (oxgall) 72 
Ferri et ammonii citras. ...... . 74 
Ferric chlorid 74 
chlorid, tincture of 74 
citrate, soluble 74 
phosphate 75 
phosphate, soluble 75 
Ferrous carbonate 73 
carbonate, mass of 73 
carbonate, pills of 74 
iodid 75 
iodid, syrup of 75 
sulphate 75 
sulphate, exsiccated 76 
Ferruginous pills 74 
Ferrum 76 
reductum 76 
Fixed oils 157 
Flaxseed 96 
PAGE 
Flies, Russian (cantharides) ... 51 
Spanish (cantharides) 51 
Fluidextract of cascara sa- 
grada 53 
of cascara sagrada, aro- 
matic 53 
of ergot ... 72 
of glycyrrhiza 80 
of ipecac 96 
of licorice 80 
of rhamnus purshiana (cas- 
cara) 52 
of senna 131 
Fluidextracts 156 
Formaldehyd 76, 81 
solution of 76 
Formalin 76 
Fowler’s solution 32 
Foxglove (digitalis) 67 
Gallotannic (tannic) acid 16 
Gelatin 77 
Gentian 78 
tincture of, compound 78 
Ginger 154 
tincture of 154 
Glandulae thyroideae siccae.... 148 
Glauber’s salt (sodium sulphate) 141 
Globulins, antidiphtheric 132 
antitetanic 133 
Glonoin 79 
- spirit of 79 
Glycerin 79 
suppositories of 79 
Glycerite of boroglycerin 14 
of tannic acid 17 
of tannin 17 
Glycerites 156 
Glycerol 79 
Glyceryl trinitrate 79 
trinitrate, spirit of 79 
Glycyrrhiza (licorice) 80 
fluidextract of 80 
powder of, compound 131 
Goa powder 58 
Goulard’s extract 117 
Gray powder 88 
Green vitriol 75 
Guaiacol 80 
carbonate 81 
Gum arabic (acacia) 11 
asafetida 34 
myrrh 104 
tragacanth 149 
Harrison narcotic law 62 
Hartshorn liniment 24 
Henbane (hyoscyamus) 90 
Heroin (di-acetyl-morphin) .... 103 
Hexamethylenamin 81 
Homatropin bromid 82 
hydrobromid 82 
Honeys (mellita) 157 
Hydrargyri chloridum corro- 
sivum 83 
chloridum mite 84 
iodidum flavum 85 
iodidum rubrum 86 
oxidum flavum 87 
salicylas 87 
Hydrargyrum 88 
ammoniatum 89 
cum creta 88 176 
INDEX 
PAGE 
Hydrated chloral 55 
Hydrochloric acid 14 
acid, diluted 14 
solution of arsenic (liquor 
acidi arsenosi) 32 
Hydrogen dioxid 90 
dioxid, solution of 90 
peroxid 90 
peroxid, solution of. 90 
Hydrous wool fat (lanolin) .... 18 
Hyoscin bromid 130 
hydrobromid 130 
Hyoscyamus 90 
tincture of 90 
Hypophysis, desiccated 90 
solution of 91 
Infusion of digitalis 68 
Infusions 156 
Insulin 91 
Iodin 94 
tincture of 95 
Iodoform 93 
Ipecac 95 
and opium, powder of 109 
Brazilian 95 
cartagena 95 
fluidextract of 96 
Para 95 
Rio 95 
syrup of 96 
Iron ' 76 
and ammonium citrate 74 
perchlorid 74 
protosulphate 75 
reduced 76 
See also ferrous and ferric 
compounds 
Jalap 96 
compound powder of 96 
Jamestown weed (stramonium) 141 
Jelly, petrolatum Ill 
Jennerian vaccine 152 
Jimson weed (stramonium).... 141 
Lanolin (adeps lanae hydrosus) 18 
Lard 18 
benzoinated 18 
Laudanum 108 
Lead acetate 117 
subacetate, solution of’..... 117 
sugar of 117 
Licorice (glycyrrhiza) 80 
fluidextract of 80 
Russian 80 
Spanish 80 
Light magnesia 98 
Lime 48 
chlorinated 49 
water 48 
Liniment, ammonia 24 
camphor 50 
chloroform 58 
soap 130 
Liniments 156 
Linseed 96 
oil 96 
oil, raw 96 
Liquid opodeldoc 130 
paraffin Ill 
petrolatum Ill 
PAGE 
Liquor acidi arsenosi 32 
alumini acetatis 23 
alumini subacetatis 23 
calcis 48 
cresolis compositus 65 
formaldehydi 76 
hydrogenii dioxid 90 
hypophysis 91 
magnesii citratis 98 
plumbi subacetatis 117 
potassi arsenitis 32 
sodae chlorinatae 49 
sodii hydroxidi 138 
zinci chloridi 153 
Liquores 157 
Lozenges 158 
Luminal 97 
Lunar caustic (argenti nitras- 
fusus) 30 
Magnesia 98 
calcined 98 
Magnesium carbonate 97 
citrate 98 
citrate, solution of 98 
oxid 98 
sulphate 98 
Male fern (aspidium) 35 
oleoresin of 35 
Mandrake (podophyllum) 117 
Mass, blue 88 
of ferrous carbonate 73 
of mercury 88 
Masses 157 
May apple rhizome (podophyl- 
lum) 117 
Measures 163 
Mellita 157 
Mentha piperita 99 
Menthol 100 
Mercurial ointment 88 
ointment, diluted 89 
Mercuric chlorid 83 
chlorid, corrosive 83 
iodid, red 86 
oxid, yellow 87 
oxid, yellow, ointment of. . 87 
salicylate 87 
subsalicylate 87 
Mercurous chlorid 84 
chlorid, mild 84 
iodid 85 
iodid, yellow 85 
Mercury (quicksilver) 88 
ammoniated 89 
ammoniated, ointment of. . . 89 
benzoate of 88 
bichlorid of 83 
biniodid of 86 
iodid of, green 85 
iodid of, red 86 
iodid of, yellow 85 
mass of 88 
perchlorid of 83 
protiodid of 85 
protochlorid of 84 
subchlorid of 84 
succinimid of 88 
with chalk 88 
Methyl salicylate 100 
Metric system 163 
Milk sugar 129 
Mineral oil Ill INDEX 
177 
PAGE 
Misturae 157 
Mixtures 157 
Monkshood (aconite) 17 
Morphin chlorid 101 
hydrochlorid 101 
sulphate 102 
Morrhuae oleum 106 
Mucilage of acacia 11 
Mucilages 157 
Muriatic acid 14 
Mustard, black 133 
brown 133 
oil 134 
oil, volatile 134 
paper 133 
plaster 133 
Myrrh 104 
tincture of 104 
Naphthol (betanaphthol) 42 
Neoarsphenamin 34 
Neocinchophen 104 
Neosalvarsan (neoarsphenamin) 34 
Nightshade leaves, deadly (bel- 
ladonna leaves) 40 
Nitric acid 15 
Nitroglycerin 79 
spirit of 79 
Nitrogen monoxid 104 
Nitrous ether 19 
ether, spirit of 19 
oxid 104 
Novatophan (neocinchophen).. 104 
Novocain (procain) 123 
Nux vomica 105 
extract of 105 
extract of, powdered 105 
tincture of 105 
Oil, camphorated 50 
castor 106 
cod-liver 106 
croton 107 
linseed 96 
of birch 100 
of cassia 60 
of chenopodium 54 
of cinnamon 60 
of clove 53 
of eucalyptus 72 
of mustard, volatile 134 
of peppermint 99 
of sandalwood 107 
of santal 107 
of sweet birch 100 
of teaberry 100 
of theobroma 107 
of turpentine 145 
of turpentine, rectified .. . 145 
of wintergreen 100 
Oils, essential 156 
fixed 156 
volatile 156 
Ointment, belladonna 41 
blue 89 
chrysarobin 59 
mercurial 88 
mercurial, diluted 89 
of ammoniated mercury. . . 89 
of boric acid 14 
of yellow mercuric oxid... 87 
of zinc oxid . 153 
petrolatum Ill 
Ointment—Continued. page 
sulphur 145 
tar 117 
white precipitate 89 
Ointments 158 
Olea pingua 157 
volatilia 157 
Oleates 157 
Oleoresin of aspidium 35 
Oleoresins 157 
Oleum betulae 100 
caryophylli 53 
chaulmoograe 105 
chenepodii 54 
eucalypti 72 
gaultheriae 100 
lini 96 
morrhuae 106 
ricini 106 
santali 107 
sinapis volatile 134 
terebinthinae 145 
tiglii 107 
Opium 108 
and ipecac, powder of 109 
powdered 108 
tincture of 108 
tincture of, camphorated.. 108 
tincture of, deodorized.... 108 
Opodeldoc, liquid 130 
Oxgall (fel bovis) 72 
extract of 73 
Oxygen 109 
Pancreatin 109 
Paper, mustard 133 
Papers 155 
Paraffin HO 
liquid Ill 
Paraldehyd 110 
Paregoric (tinctura opii cam- 
phorata) 108 
Pelletierin tannate 110 
Pepper, Cayenne 51 
Peppermint 99 
essence of 99 
oil of 99 
spirit of 99 
water 100 
Pepsin Ill 
Perchlorid of mercury 83 
Peroxid of hydrogen 90 
Peru, balsam of 39 
Petrolatum Ill 
liquid Ill 
ointment Ill 
Petroleum jelly Ill 
Pharmaceutic preparations .... 155 
Phenacetin (acetphentidin) ... 12 
Phenobarbital 97 
Phenol (carbolic acid) 112 
liquefied 113 
Phenolphthalein 113 
Phenyl salicylate 113 
Phenylcinchoninic acid (cin- 
chophen) 59 
Phenyl-ethyl-barbituric acid ... 97 
Phenyl-ethyl-malonyl 97 
Phosphorus 114 
Physostigmin salicylate 115 
Picric acid (trinitrophenol).... 149 
Pills 157 
of ferrous carbonate 74 178 
INDEX 
PAGE 
Pilocarpin chlorid 115 
hydrochlorid 115 
nitrate 116 
Pilulae 157 
Pine tar 116 
Pituitary body, desiccated 90 
solution of 91 
Pix liquida 116 
Plaster, belladonna 41 
mustard 133 
Plasters 156 
Plumbi acetas 117 
Podophyllin 117 
resin of '... 117 
Popular measures 164 
Potash, caustic 121 
Potassium acetate 118 
and sodium tartrate 120 
arsenite, solution of 32 
bicarbonate 118 
bitartrate 119 
bromid 119 
carbonate 120 
chlorate 120 
citrate 120 
citrate, effervescent 120 
hydrate 121 
hydroxid 121 
hydroxid, solution of 121 
iodid 94 
permanganate 122 
tartrate 27 
Poultices 155 
Powder, compound effervescing 121 
Dover’s 109 
gray 88 
of ipecac and opium 109 
of jalap, compound 96 
Seidlitz . . 121 
Powdered opium 108 
Powders 157 
Precipitate, white 89 
Precipitated calcium carbonate. 46 
sulphur 145 
Procain 123 
Proganol (protargin fortius). . 123 
Protargentum-Squibb 123 
Protargin fortius 123 
mild 124 
mite _ 124 
Protargol (protargin fortius).. 123 
Protiodid of mercury 85 
Protochlorid of mercury 84 
Prunus virginiana 124 
Pul veres 157 
Pulvis effervescens compositus. 121 
glycyrrhizae compositus ... 80 
ipecacuanhae et opii 109 
jalapae compositus 96 
opii 108 
Quicklime 48 
Quicksilver (mercury) 88 
Quinidin sulphate 125 
Quinin 126 
and urea hydrochlorid 127 
bisulphate 126 
hydrochlorid 127 
sulphate 127 
tannate 127 
Rabies virus 150 
Raw linseed oil 96 
PAGE 
Red mercuric iodid 86 
Reduced iron 76 
Refined and concentrated diph- 
theria antitoxin 132 
Resin of podophyllum 117 
Resins 157 
Resorcin . 128 
Rhamnus purshiana 53 
Rheum 128 
Rhubarb 128 
extract of 128 
syrup of, aromatic 129 
tincture of, aromatic 128 
Rochelle salt 120 
Rose 129 
water 129 
Russian flies 51 
Rye, ergot of 71 
Saccharin (benzosulphinid) ... 41 
Saccharum 129 
lactis 129 
Saigon cinnamon 59 
Sales effervescentes 157 
Salicylic acid 16 
Salol 113 
Salt, Epsom 98 
Glauber’s 141 
Rochelle 120 
Salts, effervescent 157 
Salvarsan (arsphenamin) .... 32 
Sandalwood oil 107 
Santal, oil of 107 
Santonin 129 
Sapo (soap) 130 
linimentum 130 
mollis 130 
Scopolamin hydrobromid 130 
Secale cornutum 71 
Seidlitz powder 121 
Senna 131 
fluidextract of 131 
syrup of 131 
Serum, antidiphtheric, purified. 132 
antimeningococcus 132 
antitetanic, purified 133 
Serums and vaccines 132 
Sesquichlorid of iron 74 
Silver nitrate 29 
nitrate, molded 30 
protein (argyrol type) 124 
protein (protargol type)... 123 
Sinapis nigra 133 
Smallpox vaccine 152 
Soap 130 
liniment 130 
soft 130 
Soda, caustic 138 
chlorinated, solution of.... 49 
Sodium acid phosphate 135 
benzoate 134 
bicarbonate 134 
biphosphate 135 
borate 136 
bromid 136 
cacodylate 137 
carbonate, monohydrated . . 137 
chlorid 137 
diethyl barbiturate (barbi- 
tal-sodium) 40 
hydrate 138 
hydroxid 138 
hydroxid, solution of 138 INDEX 
179 
Sodium—Continued page 
hyposulphite 141 
iodid 138 
nitrite 139 
phosphate 139 
phosphate, effervescent ... 139 
pyroborate 136 
salicylate 140 
sulphate . 141 
tartrate and potassium 120 
tetraborate 136 
thiosulphate 141 
Solubility .. 10,159 
Soluble ferric phosphate 75 
Solution, Dakin’s 49 
Fowler’s 32 
Labarraque’s 49 
of aluminum subacetate... 23 
of arsenic chlorid 32 
of arsenous acid... 32 
of calcium hydroxid 48 
of chlorinated soda 49 
of cresol, compound 65 
of formaldehyd 76 
of hydrogen dioxid 90 
of hydrogen peroxid 90 
of hypophysis 91 
of lead subacetate 117 
of magnesium citrate.... 98 
of potassium arsenite 32 
of potassium hydroxid 121 
of sodium hydroxid 138 
of zinc chlorid 153 
surgical, of chlorinated soda 49 
Solutions 157 
Spanish flies 51 
Spirit of ammonia, aromatic.. . 25 
of camphor 50 
of chloroform 58 
of ether 19 
of glonoin 79 
of glyceryl trinitrate.. 79 
of nitroglycerin 79 
of nitrous ether 19 
of peppermint 99 
Spirits 157 
of turpentine 145 
Spiritus (alcohol) 20 
Staphylococcus vaccine 151 
Starch .. 26 
Stramonium 141 
Strophanthin 141 
Strophanthus 142 
tincture of 142 
Strychnin nitrate 142 
sulphate 143 
Subchlorid of mercury 84 
Sublimed sulphur 145 
Sugar 129 
of lead 117 
of milk 129 
Sulphonal (sulphonmethane) .. 144 
Sulphonethylmethane (trional). 144 
Sulphonmethane 144 
Sulphur 145 
ointment 145 
precipitated 145 
sublimed 145 
washed 145 
Suppositories 158 
of glycerin 79 
Sweet birch, oil of 100 
Syrup of ferrous iodid 75 
of ipecac 96 
Syrup—Continued. page 
of rhubarb, aromatic 129 
of rhubarb, spiced 129 
of senna 131 
of Tolu 39 
of wild cherry 124 
Syrups 158 
Tabellae 158 
Table of solubility 159 
Tables of conversion 163 
Tablet-triturates 158 
Tablets, compressed 158 
Tannic acid .. . .. 16 
acid, glycerite of 17 
Tannin, glycerite of 17 
Tar 117 
ointment 117 
Tartar, cream of 119 
emetic 27 
Teaberry, oil of 100 
Terebinthina 145 
Terpin hydrate 146 
Tetanus antitoxin 133 
antitoxin, concentrated . . 133 
antitoxin, globulin, solution 
of 133 
antitoxin, refined and con- 
centrated 133 
Theobroma, oil of 107 
Theobromin 146 
sodium salicylate 146 
Theophyllin 147 
Therapeutic Index 167 
Thermometric equivalents 166 
Thymol 147 
iodid (aristol) 147 
Thyroids, dried 148 
Tiglii oleum 107 
Tincture of aconite 17 
of belladonna 40 
of benzoin, compound 41 
of canthandes 51 
of capsicum 52 
of cardamom 52 
of cinchona 59 
of colchicum seed 63 
of digitalis 68 
of ferric chlorid 74 
of gentian, compound 78; 
of ginger 154 
of hyoscyamus 90< 
of iodin 95 
of myrrh ... 104 
of nux vomica 105 
of opium 108 
of opium, camphorized.... 108 
of opium, deodorized 108 
of rhubarb, aromatic 128 
of strophanthus 142 
of valerian, ammoniated... 152 
Tinctures 158 
Tolu, balsam of 39 
syrup. of 39 
Toxin-antitoxin mixture 101 
Tragacanth 149 
Tri-iodomethane ... 93 
Trinitrate glyceryl, spirit of... 79 
Trinitrin (glyceryltrinitrate)... 79 
Trinitrophenol (picric acid) .. . 149 
Trional (sulphonethylmethani- 
um) 144 
Triturations 158 
Troches 158 180 
INDEX 
PAGE 
Tuberculin ISO 
Turpentine 145 
oil of . 145 
oil of, rectified 145 
spirits of 145 
Typhoid vaccine 151 
Unguenta 158 
Unguentum acid borici 14 
belladonnae 41 
chrysarobini 59 
hydrargyri 88 
hydrargyri ammoniati 89 
hydrorgii dilutum 89 
picis liquidae 117 
sulphuris 145 
zinci oxidi 153 
Urea 97 
hydrochlorid and urea.... 127 
Vaccina 150 
Vaccine, antirabic 150 
jennerian 152 
smallpox 152 
staphylococcus 151 
typhoid 151 
virus 152 
virus, glycerinated 152 
Vaccines and serums 132 
bacterial 150 
Valerian 151 
tincture of, ammoniated... 152 
Vallet’s mass 73 
Veronal (barbital) 39 
sodium (barbital-sodium)... 40 
PAGE 
Virus, rabies 150 
vaccinicum 152 
Vitriol, green 75 
Volatile oils 157 
Water 29 
ammonia 24 
camphor 50 
chloroform 57 
cinnamon 60 
distilled 29 
peppermint 100 
rose 129 
Wax, white 54 
yellow 54 
Weights 163 
“White arsenic” 30 
castile soap 130 
precipitate 89 
precipitate ointment 89 
Wild cherry 124 
cherry, syrup of 124 
Wintergreen, oil of 100 
Wood charcoal 52 
Wool fat, hydrous 18 
Yellow gentian 78 
mercuric oxid 87 
mercurous iodid 85 
Zinc acetate 152 
chlorid 152 
chlorid, solution of 153 
oxid .; 153 
oxid, ointment of 153 
stearate 153 
sulphate 153 
Zingiber 154