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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
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THE
HYGIENIC HAND-BOOK.
INTENDED A3
St |J radical Swibe for % mch Moom.
ARRANGED ALPHABETIOAXXT.
WITH AN APPENDIX,
ILLUSTRATIVE OP THE HYGEIO-THERAPEUTTC MOVEMENTS.
        BY R. T. TRALL, M.D.,
AUTHOR OP *' HYDROPATHIC- ENCYCLOPEDIA," " PAMIXY GYMNASIUM,"
'COOK BOOK," ETC.
<&V
//S-
r.  »      I
REVISED EDITION. '      I
        V
           NEW YORK:
SAMUEL B. WELLS,  PUBLISHES,
        No. 389 BROADWAY.
              1873.
V. 
                         \873





  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by
                Samuel R. Wells,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D..C.
✓ 
PREFACE.
  Twenty-five years' experience in the practice of the Hygienic
System, and twenty years' observation in teaching the system
to classes of medical students, have  enabled us to see  very
clearly, what is needed in the way of Hygienic medical litera-
ture,  in order to establish  the system on an enduring basis,
and ensure to the human race the inestimable blessings which
the recognition of its principles and perfection of its practice
are calculated to confer.  The great masses of the people  have
neither time, opportunity, nor inclination to investigate intri-
cate  medical problems, nor to search  out  first  principles.
While they are in health they do not see nor feel the necessi-
ty nor importance of so doing, and when they are sick  they
are to a great extent, unfitted for the task.  Hence the  need
of plain rules for self-treatment, and specific directions for
administering the remedial appliances of our  system of the
Healing Art at the  bedside of the  patient.   For such this
work-is intended. For another class, who are  destined  to be
the leaders and pioneers in  the Geeat Health  Refoem Move-
ment, and for all who desire to be self-educated in the whole
Philosophy of Medical Science, and  especially for those who
propose to be Teachers and Practitioners of Hygeio-Therapy,
I am preparing, and  have nearly  completed,  a large and
elaborate work, entitled,  " Principles of Hygienic Medication,"
which will be a complete exposition  of all medical doctrines 
iv                      Preface.
and systems, and a full explanation and illustration of all the
Primary Problems of Medical Science and the Healing Art.
  If any apology is needed for the long delay in putting this
work to press, since it was announced as  forthcoming, I can
only plead multitudinous and engrossing  professional duties.
The medical direction of two Hygienic Institutions constantly
thronged with invalids; a large office practice; an  extensive
correspondence; the sole  care and management of the New
York Hygeio-Therapeutic College, with occasional popular lec-
tures, have so occupied my time, as  to  render book-making
nearly a business of odd moments and midnight toil.
                                               R. T. T
       Hygienic Home,
  Florence Hights,  N. J., 
INTRODUCTION.
  No m:rson can prescribe for the sick very satisfactorily, nor
with the success which is due  to the true Art of Healing,
without a general knowledge of the fundamental principles or
ground-work of the system  which he presumes to practice.
The curative agents of the Hygienic Medical System (improp-
erly called Hydropathy, or Water-Cure,) are normal materials
and influences, in contradiction to those of all Drug Medical
Systems which are abnormal, or in other words, toxicological,
morbific—poisons.
  The  following explanations are copied substantially from
my prescription circulars, and from, a small work I have pub-
lished entitled," Water-Cure for the Million."
    PRINCIPLES  OF  HYGIENIC  MEDICATION.

  All healing power is inherent in the living system.
  There is no curative "virtue" in medicines, nor in anything
outside the vital organism.
  Nature has not provided remedies for diseases.
  There is no " law of cure" in the  universe; and the only
condition of cure is, obedience to physiological law.
  Remedial agents do not act on the  living system, as taught
in medical books and schools,  but are acted on by the vital
powers. 
vi                      Introduction.
  Disease is not, as is commonly supposed, an enemy at war
with the vital powers, but a remedial effort—a process of puri-
fication and  reparation.  It is  not a thing to be  destroyed,
subdued, or  suppressed, but an  action  to  be  regulated and
directed.
  Truly remedial agents are materials and influences which
have  normal relations to the  vital organs, and not drugs,  or
poisons, whose relations are abnormal and anti-vital.
  Nature's materia  medica consists of Air, Light, Temperature,
Electricity, Magnetism,  Exercise, Rest, Food, Drink, Bathing, Sleep,
Clothing, Mental Influences, arid Mechanical or Surgical Appliances.
  The True Healing Art consists in supplying the living sys-
tem with whatever of the above it can use under the circum-
stances, and not  in the administration of poisons which it
must resist and expel.
  Drug remedies  are themselves causes of disease.   If they
cure one disease,  it  is only by producing a drug  disease.
Every dose diminishes the vitality of the patient.
  Drugopathy  endeavors to  restore health  by administering
the poisons which produce disease.
  Hygeio-Therapy (erroneously called " Hydropathy," or "Wa-
ter-Cure,") on the contrary, restores the sick to health by tho
means which preserve health in well persons.
  Diseases are caused  by obstructions, the obstructing mate-
rials being poisons or impurities of some kind.
  The Hygienic system removes these obstructions, and leaves
the body sound.
  Drug medicines add to  the causes  of obstructions, and
change acute into chronic diseases.
  To attempt to cure diseases by adding to the causes of dis-
ease, is irrational and absurd.
  Hygienic medication (Hygeio-Therapy) is not a one-ideaism
which professes to cure all diseases with "water alone." Nor
is it a "Cold Water-Cure," as is erroneously believed by many.
It adopts all  the remedial  appliances in existence, with the
single exception of poisons. 
Introduction.
vii
                BATHING PROCESSES.

   Wet Sheet Packing.—On a bed or mattress two or three
comfortables or bed-quilts  are  spread ; over them a pair of
flannel blankets ;  and lastly, a wet sheet (rather coarse linen
is best) wrung out lightly.  The patient, undressed, lies down
flat on the back, and  is quickly enveloped in the sheet, blan-
ket,  and other bedding.  The head must be well raised with
pillows, and care must be taken to have the feet well wrap-
ped.  If the feet do  not warm with the rest of the body,  a
jug of hot water should be applied ; and if there is tendency
to headache, several  folds of cold wet cloth should be laid
over the forehead.  The usual time for remaining in the pack
is from forty to sixty minutes.  It may be followed by the
plunge, half-bath, rubbing wet sheet, or towel wash, accord-
ing to circumstances.   The pack is not intended as a sweat-
ing process, as many suppose, though a moderate perspira-
tion  is not objectionable.  A comfortable temperature of the
surface is the desideratum, independent of more or less sweat-
ing,  or none at all.  When the  patient warms up rapidly,
thirty minutes or less will  be  long enough to remain envel-
oped ; but when he becomes warm slowly and with difficulty,
an hour, or more, is not too long.   In some cases it is neces-
sary to put  hot bottles to the sides  as well as to the  feet.
When the object is to cool  a  fever, the sheet should be al-
lowed to retain more water, or if the skin is very hot, double
sheets may  be used.   In chronic diseases, when  the  main
object is to  induce "reaction," or rather circulation, toward
the surface, the sheet  should be wrung more thoroughly, and
the patient enveloped with a greater quantity of blankets,
comfortables, or other bedding.

  Half-Pack.—This is the same  as the preceding, with  the
exception that the neck and extremities are not covered by
the wet sheet,  which  is applied merely to  the trunk of  the
body, from the armpits to the hips.  It is adapted to those 
viii                   Introduction.
whose circulation is too feeble for a full pack ; it is also often
appropriately employed as a preparation for the full pack.

  Half-Bath.—An oval or oblong tub is most convenient.
though any vessel allowing a patient to sit  down with the legs
extended will answer.  The water should cover the lower ex-
tremities and about half of the abdomen.   While in the bath,
the patient, if able, should rub the lower extremities, while
the attendant rubs the chest, back, and abdomen.

  Hip or Sitz-Bath.—Any small-sized wash-tub will  do for
this, although  tubs  constructed with  a straight back, and
raised four or five inches from the floor, are much the most
agreeable.  The water should just cover the hips and lower
part of the abdomen.   A blanket should  be thrown over the
patient, who will find it also useful to rub or knead the abdo-
men with the hand or fingers during the bath.

  Foot-Bath.—Any small  vessel, as  a  pail,  will answer.
Usually the water should be about ankle-deep ;  but very del-
icate invalids,  or extremely susceptible persons, should  not
have the water more than half an inch to one inch in depth.
During the bath, the  feet should be kept in gentle motion.
Walking foot-baths are excellent in warm weather, where a
cool stream can be found.

  Hot and Cold . Foot-Bath.—Place the feet  in water  as
warm as can be borne for five or ten minutes; then dip them
for  a moment in cold water, and wipe dry.

  Rubbing Wet-Sheet.—If the  sheet is used drippingly^et,
the  patient stands in the tub ; if wrung so as not to drip, the
patient may stand on a carpet or on the floor.  The  sheet  is
thrown around the body, which it completely envelops  below
the  neck;  the  attendant rubs the body over the sheet (not
with it), the patient exercising himself at the same time by
rubbing in  front. 
Introduction.                     be
  Pail-Do uche.—This means simply pouring water over the
chest and shoulders from a pail.

  Stream-Douche.—A stream of water may be applied to the
part or parts affected, by pouring from a pitcher or other con-
venient vessel,  held as high .as possible;  or a barrel  or keg
may be  elevated for the purpose, having  a tube of any de-
sired size.  The power will be proportional to the amount of
water in the reservoir.

  Towel or Sponge Bath.—Rubbing the whole surface with a
coarse wet towel or sponge, followed by a dry sheet or towels,
constitutes this process.

  Affusion Bath.—This implies  pouring water gently over
the surface of the body.  The patient may stand in a tub, or
lie  on the bed, the bedding being protected by a sheet of
India-rubber or gutta-percha. '

  The Plunge-Bath.—This is employed but little, except at
the establishments.  Those who have conveniences will often
find it  one  of  the best processes.  Any tub or box holding
water enough to allow the whole  body to  be  immersed, with
limbs extended, answers the purpose.   A  very good  plunge
can  be made of a large cask cut in two near the middle.  It
is a  useful precaution to wet the head before taking this bath,

  Drop-Bath.—A vessel, filled with very  cold  water, is  fur-
nished with  a small aperture through which the wate^ falls in
drops.  It is adapted to torpid, muscles, paralytic limbs, tu-
mors, etc.  It should be followed by active friction.

  The Sweating-Pack.—To produce perspiration, the patient
is packed in the flannel blanket and other bedding, as men-
tioned above, omitting the  wet sheet.  Some  will  perspire
in less than an hour ; others require several  hours.   This is
the severest of  the Water-Cure processes,  and in fact, is very 
X
Introduction.
 seldom called  for.  The warm, hot, or vapor-baths are,  in
 most cases, preferable.

   Head-Bath.—The patient lies extended on a rug or mat-
 tress,  the head resting in  a shallow basin or bowl, holding
 two or three inches of water, the  shoulders being supported
 by a pillow.  It is principally employed in chronic affections
 of the head, eyes,  and ears.  Wet cloths applied to the head,
 the " pouring-bath," and the " wet cap" are good substitutes.

   The Pouring Head-Bath.—The patient lies face downward,
 the head supported by an  attendant, projecting over the side
 of the bed,  which is protected by a  sheet or blanket thrown
 around the patient's neck;  a tub is placed under the head to
 catch the water, which is poured from a pitcher  moderately,
 but steadily, for several minutes, or until the head is  well
 cooled, the stream being principally applied to the temples
 and back part of the head.  It is useful in severe cases of
'sick headache ; in the early stage of violent choleras; in the
 early stages of fevers, when attended with great gastric irri-
 tation  or biliary disturbance.  In hysteria, apoplexy, delirum-
 tremens, nose-bleeding, inflammation of the brain, ophthalmia,
 otitis, etc., it has been employed  with advantage.

   Fountain, or Spray-Bath.—This  consists of a number of
 small  streams  of water directed to  a particular  part  of the
 body.   It may be regarded as a gentle douche or local shower.
 It is intended to excite action and promote absorption in  the
 part or organ to which it is applied.

   The Shower-Bath.—This needs no description.   It is not
 frequently used in Water-Cure,  but  is often very convenient.
 Those  liable to a "rush of  blood to the head," should not  al-
 low much of the shock of the stream upon the head.  Feeble
 persons should never  use  this bath until  prepared  by other
 treatment.  Placing the feet for  a  few minutes in warm water
 before taking the  shower,  is a good  preparatory measure for
 feeble persons. Standing  in warm water, ankle deep, will
 materially lessen its shock  on the brain and nervous system. 
Introduction.
ki
  Nasal, Mouth, and Ete Baths.—Drawing water gently up
the nostrils and ejecting it by the mouth, holding water in the
mouth, and  holding the eyes open  in water of a temperature
suited to the case, are the  processes indicated by these terms.
They are useful in relaxed and inflammatory affections of the
mucous membranes and other structures of the farts.

  Arm and Leg Baths.—The limbs may be held in any con-
venient vessel containing the requisite depth of water.  These
baths are useful in cases of fever sores, chronic ulcers, inflam-
matory affections of the joints, etc.

  Vapor-Bath.—Hot stones or bricks may be employed to
generate vapor or steam.   The patient may sit naked on an
open-work chair, with blankets pinned around  the neck;  a
small tub or a common tin-pan, holding a quart of water, is
placed under the chair, and red-hot bricks or stones occasion-
ally put in the vessel, so as to keep the vapor constantly rising
from the surface of the water.   Another very simple  plan is
this:  Procure a one-gallon tin boiler, with a half-inch  tin-
pipe, having two or  three  joints  and a single  elbow.   The
boiler may be heated on any ordinary stove, grate, or furnace,
and the pipe so attached to it as to convey the steam under the
chair in which the patient sits, covered from the neck down-
ward with blankets.  It may be employed from ten to thirty
minutes, according to the amount of vapor generated.

  Air-Bath.—The whole  body is suddenly exposed to cool or
cold air, or even to a strong current, and an excellent and in-
vigorating process it is  in many cases.  There is no  danger
from it, provided the surface has a comfortable glow or tem-
perature at the time, and the circulation is maintained by ac-
tive exercise.  Friction with the hand,  a sheet, towel, or flesh-
brush,  is beneficial at the same time.

  Bandages and Compresses.—These are wet cloths, applied
to any weak, sore, hot, painful, or diseased part,  and renewed
as often as they become dry or very warm.   The best surgeons 
xii
Introduction.
have, in all ages, employed "water dressings'  alone in local
wounds, injuries, and inflammations.  They may be warming or
cooling to the part, as they are covered, or not, with dry cloths.

  The Wet-Girdle.—Three or four yards of crash toweling
make a good.one.   One half of it is wet  and applied around
the abdomen, followed by the dry half to cover it.   It should
be wetted  so often  as it becomes dry.  It is extensively em-
ployed in bilious and dyspeptic affections, female weaknesses,
etc.   When required  to be worn for a long time, it should,
after the first few weeks, be omitted occasionally, or worn only a
part of each day, so that the skin over which it is applied will
not become too tender.  It should not be worn when it occasions
permanent chilliness.

  The Chest-Wrapper.—This is made of coarse  linen, to fit
the trunk like an under-shirt, from the neck to  the lower ribs;
it is applied as wet as possible without dripping, and covered
by a similar dry wrapper, made of Canton or light woolen flan-
nel.   It requires renewing two  or three times a day.   It is
useful in  most cases of pneumonia, asthma, consumption,
bronchitis, etc.   The same  precautions apply to its prolonged
employment as mentioned under the head of the wet girdle.

  Fomentations.—These  are employed for relaxing  muscles,
relieving spasms, griping, nervous headache; etc.  Any cloths
wet in hot water and applied as warm as can be borne,  gener-
ally answer the purpose; but flannel cloths dipped in hot water,
and wrung nearly dry in another cloth or handkerchief, so as
to steam the  part moderately,  are the most efficient  sedatives.
They are usually employed  from five to fifteen minutes.   They
are useful in cases of severe constipation,  colic, dysmenorrhea
hysteria, etc.

   Refrigeration.—One part  of common salt  to two parts of
enow or pounded ice makes a good freezing mixture.   It is
inclosed in  a very  thin cloth,  and applied for a few minutes, 
Introduction.
xiii
until the  requisite degree of congelation has taken place.  It
is useful in felons, styes, malignant tumors and  ulcers, fever
sores, cancers, and in some forms of neuralgia and rheumatism.

  Wet-Dress Bath.—This  is a method of self-packing, en-
abling the patient to dispense with the services  of an atten-
dant.   A linen sheet is fashioned into the form of a night-
dress, with large  sleeves, and after the  bed is prepared, the
dress can  be wet and put on; the patient can then get into bed
and wrap himself sufficiently to  secure a comfortable reaction.

  Electro-Chemical Bath.—A copper-lined bath-tub is neces-
sary for this process.   The patient is immersed in warm water
up to the neck; one hand is brought in contact with the posi-
tive pole of a strong galvanic battery,  the negative pole being
in contact with the metallic lining of the tub.   The water is
usually acidulated, though in some cases alkalies are employed.
From half a pint to a pint of nitric acid is put into the water
for each bath.   It should not be mixed with the water until
the galvanic circuit is completed, either by having the patient
in connection with the poles of the battery, or these in contact
with the copper-lining of the bath-tub.  The patient may re-
main in the bath from ten minutes to half an hour.  This bath
is very useful in a torpid condition of the skin  with low circu-
lation;  in glandular obstructions; scrofulas,  rheumatic and
gouty affections;  in chronic congestions of the liver, and to aid
the elimination of mineral medicines and other poisons.

  Injections.—These are warm or tepid, cool or  cold.   The
former are used to quiet pain and produce  free  discharges; the
latter to check excessive evacuations and strengthen the bow-
els.  For the former purpose as large a  quantity should be
used as the bowels can conveniently receive; and for the latter
purpose only a small quantity—as much as can be convenient-
ly retained.  Small enemas of very cold water are highly ser-
viceable in cases of  piles, prolapsus,  fissures,  etc.   The  self-
injecting  syringe is the most convenient instrument.   With a 
xiv                   Introduction.
rectal, vaginal, and intra-uterine tube, it will answer all pos-
sible purposes, for old or young, male or female.  These articles
can all be furnished for $3.
            GENERAL  BATHING  RULES.

  Never bathe soon after eating.   The most powerful  baths
should be taken when the stomach is  most empty.  No full
bath should be taken less than three hours after a full  meal.
Great heat or profuse perspiration are no objections to  going
into cold water, provided the respiration is not disturbed, and
the patient is not  greatly fatigued or  exhausted.   The body
should always be comfortably warm at the time of taking any
cold  bath.   Exercise, friction, dry wrapping, or fire may be
resorted to, according to circumstances.  Very feeble persons
should commence treatment with warm or tepid water, gradu-
ally lowering  the  temperature.  All shocks, such as shower-
baths, douches, plunges, etc., should be avoided by very  feeble
and irritable invalids; by consumptives in the second and later
stages; by those who are liable to great local determinations,
or congestions, as "rush of blood to the head," bleeding from
the stomach or lungs, etc.; in displacements of the bowels or
uterus; during the menstrual period of females; during any
considerable crisis  or critical effort;  after the crisis  or "turn"
of any fever, or other acute disease; during the existence of
any powerful emotion or excitement; soon after eating or copi-
ous drinking; in all cases attended with profuse discharges, as
diarrhea, cholera, diabetes, hemorrhages; during the suppur-
ative stage of extensive abscesses or ulcers.  The heat or  fever-
ishness which may attend any of the conditions or diseases
above-named should always be abated by tepid affusions or
spongings.   It is dangerous to employ the wet-sheet pack  in
prolonged or violent fevers, after the crisis or turn of the  fever.
Many errors have  been committed in ignorance of this rule.
Never eat immediately after bathing. 
Introduction.
x*
                DURATION OF BATHS.

  Many errors are committed by remaining in cold l>aths for
too long a time.  I have known cases in which dyspeptics and
consumptives, at Water-Cure establishments, were kept in cold
sitz-baths for two hours at a time, once or twice a day.  This
was intended as a derivative measure, but it worked very in-
juriously for the patients.   Derivative baths, like all others,
must be determined by the condition of the patient, not by the
thermometer nor chronometer.  Sitz-baths of a mild tempera-
ture should seldom be prolonged beyond twenty minutes; more
frequently ten to fifteen minutes are preferable.   It is better
to repeat all bathing appliances frequently, than to  make vio-
lent impressions less frequently.   Plunges, douches,  and show-
ers, if  the water is  cold or cool, should not ordinarily  be con-
tinued  more  than  a  minute; when the temperature of  the
water is temperate, or tepid, they may be taken  from five to
ten minutes.  Tepid half-baths should usually be taken from
five to  ten  minutes.  Sitz-baths, foot-baths, head-baths,  arm
and leg baths, etc., may vary from five to thirty minutes.  But,
as already intimated, regard must always be had to the tem-
perature of  the water and the circulation of the patient.
                         CRISES.

  Those general disturbances of the system, transfers of mor-
bid action, or aggravations of symptoms, constituting crises,
do not occur so frequently nor with so much severity in home-
practice as under the more thorough and systematic course at
a water-cure.  Nevertheless they do occasionally occur; and
then all the patient has to do is to moderate the treatment in
precise ratio to the violence of the crisis. Keep quiet and cool,
taking no more exercise than is agreeable to the feelings, and 
xvi
Introduction.
let Nature have her course.  After it is over, if the patient is not
cured, the treatment may be resumed as before.  In some few
cases, as in mercurial diseases, gout and rheumatism, the cri-
ses may be so violent  as to render some part of the body ex-
cessively sore and painful; or the whole body feverish, tender,
and inflammatory.  In these cases one or two full hot-baths,
ten to twenty minutes, should be employed.
  Crises usually take the form of diarrhea, feverishness, rashes,
or boils.  Should diarrhea  be very severe, it may be soothed
by warm hip-baths.  Feverishness is relieved by quiet, or a
warm bath at bed-time.   When rashes or boils become trouble-
some under the application of wet cloths,  these should be
omitted until the skin heals.  It is a common error with peo-
ple, and with some Hydropathic  physicians, that crises are
always  essential  to a cure.  Many cases of the worst kind
recover without any critical disturbance whatever. Nor should
the practitioner ever aim to produce a crises.  If a crisis ap-
pear spontaneously in course of the treatment, it indicates a
favorable effort of the vital powers, and is always followed by
an improvement.   But if provoked by excessive bathing, or
mal-treatment of any kind, it is more injurious than useful.
I have  known cases,  repeatedly, in which the patients were
"under crisis," as it was  said, for several months—in one  case
for two years.  Such cases can be cured, by judicious man-
agement, in half the time that they are kept "under crisis" by
the crisis doctors.

  Abraded and Ulcerated Surfaces.—The best application to
parts where the skin  is destroyed,  as in ulcers, burns, scalds,
rashes,  small-pox, erysipelas, and various  excoriations,  is dry
wheaten flour.  It should fill the cavities and cover the surface
completely so as to exclude  the atmospheric air.   Applied to
burns and scalds instantly, it will  stop the pain and prevent
vesication—a fact which all families will do well to remember.
• 
Introduction.                  xvii
                    TEMPERATURE..

  So far as protection from the atmosphere is concerned, the
general rule, is to keep the  patient as cool as possible consis-
tent with comfort. In cases of burns and scalds, when the
surface is destroyed, the pain may be very much mitigated by
keeping  the temperature of the room as high as the patient
can well bear.
  In the application  of water, for hygienic or for remedial
purposes, the invariable rule*to guide us is, the temperature
and circulation  of the patient.  The warmer his surface the
colder should be the water employed, and vice versa.   The
sensations of the patient should also be consulted.   The more
feeble and delicate the patient, and the more susceptible his
feelings to the shock  or impression of  cold water, or cold air,
the more carefully should  we regard his sensations,  in the
temperature of the baths  prescribed.  Mischief is frequently
done in home-practice, by applying the water too cold.  Very
cold or very warm baths should be brief, precisely in ratio of
their temperature.   Tepid  baths may  be more  prolonged.
Baths  may be regarded as very cold when the temperature is
forty degrees or below; cold, from forty degrees to sixty degrees;
cool, from sixty  to seventy  degrees;  temperate, from seventy
to seventy-five  degrees; tepid, from  seventy-five to eighty-
five degrees; warm, from eighty-five to ninety-eight degrees; hot,
above ninety-eight.  Hot-baths range from ninety-eight to one
hundred and fifteen; vapor-baths from ninety-eight to one hun-
dred and twenty-five.   For bathing infants and young children
the  temperature  should ordinarily be from seventy-two to
eighty-five degrees.   The greatest error in home treatment^ is
in giving too many cold baths. 
xviii                  Introduction.
                  WATER-DRINKING.

   Thirst is the general rule# for water-drinking.  Those who
 use a plain, unstimulating diet have little thirst, and require
 but little drink.  It is  injurious to load the stomach with a
 large quantity of water  when nature does not demand it.  As
 with food, all that can not be used is a burden which must be
 thrown off.  The  routine practice of  drinking so many tum-
 blers per day, as is advised at some water-cures, is very repre-
 hensible.  It is well to take a tumbler  of  water after the
 morning ablution,  and at other times according to thirst.  It
 is unnatural, and hence injurious, to drink at meals.  Through-
 out the whole animal kingdom nature has intended  the saliva
 to be the solvent of the food.  If the  food is well masticated
 and  insalivated, it will never need  any  water to "wash it
 down."  In apute  diseases there is often extreme thirst; and
 here water-drinking may be indulged ad libitum; but it is bet-
 ter to "take a little and often," than  to take  large draughts
 at long intervals.  In many cases of low fevers, cholera, etc.,
 warm  water will allay  thirst better  than cold.  Enemas of
 warm water will also check thirst very promptly.
   Cool, but not very cold, water is the most natural drink.  But
 it is always important to have the water pure.   Hard and im-
 pure waters are a prolific source of affections of the liver and
 kidneys.  For invalids it is of especial importance that all the
 water  taken into  the stomach be soft and pure.  Artificial
 " mineral waters," and,  the  saline, alkaline, ferruginous, sul-
 phurous compounds of the "medicinal springs," are pernicious
 beverages for the  sick  or well.   The drugs they contain are
 no better, and no different in effect, than the same drugs taken
 from the apothecary shop.   Those Water-Cure physicians who
permit  their patients to  use them may be justified  in thus
 yielding to popular prejudice; but to prescribe them, argues
 strange ignorance of Hygiene, or perhaps a worse  motive. 
Introduction.                   xix
                         FOOD.

  Dietetic Rules.—As fruits and farinacea are the natural
food of man, preference should always be given to a vegetarian
diet, whenever it can  be  properly prepared.  Those who use
animal food should never  eat of it more than once a day; and
they should restrict themselves to the lean flesh of vegetarian
animals.
  Milk, and its products—butter and cheese—though favorite
articles with many invalids, are in no sense physiological  or
natural food for adults.  A large experience in this matter
has convinced me that all invalids (except infants and young
children) can do much better without them.  Eggs, rare-boiled,
may he placed in this category.
  The best forms of animal food are beef and mutton, broiled
or boiled.
  Fish, and particularly shell-fish, are among the least nutri-
tious and grossest kinds of animal food.
  With regard to condiments of all kinds, salt, sugar, vinegar,
pepper, spices, etc., the rule is, the less the better.     \
  Salt is an indigestible mineral substance, and in no sense
dietetical.   This last is also true of vinegar.
  The best seasonings are the saccharine and acid principles
of vegetables  and fruits,  as sugar or syrup, lemon-juice, etc.
But even these should be employed in moderation.
  Among the fruits particularly recommended  to invalids are
apples, grapes, pears, peaches, cherries, sweet oranges, toma-
toes, prunes, berries in their season, squashes, and pumpkins.
  Of the vegetables we  may especially  commend potatoes,
leans, peas, parsneps, asparagus, spinach,  green peas, and
c reen corn.   Those whose digestive  powers are not much im-
r aired, can partake, without detriment, of cabbage, carrots,
(urnips, and cucumbers.
  Invalids, however, in addition to bread and fruit, had bet-
ter use but one or two vegetables at one meal.
  As a general  rule, breakfast should consist of  bread and 
XX
Introduction.
fruit; dinner, of bread and fruit with vegetables; and supper,
of bread with a small allowance of fruit.
  Those who use animal food should take it at the noon meal.
The breakfast should be light, and supper very light.  Those
who do not use fruit at dinner, may use a greater proportion
of vegetables.
  Mushes, as wheaten grits, rice, hominy, corn meal, etc., may
be used as a part of bread-food, at breakfast or supper.  But
they should  always be eaten with a hard cracker, dry crust,
parched corn, or something that will insure  due mastication
and insalivation.

  Times of Eating.—I do not regard it as of very great im-
portance whether we eat once, twice, or thrice a day, provided
we  are regular  in our habits, and  have a proper regard for
the time  between meals, and the quantity and variety of our
viands.  I  have known patients to do very well  on a single
meal a day.   One of my patients—Miss E. M. Hurd, of Sparta,
N. J.—who afterward became my student, and is now a  phy-
sician and the wife of Dr. N. W. Fales, of California, lived on
one meal a day for more than a year.  When she commenced
this plan she was an emaciated dyspeptic,  but became healthy
and fleshy while adhering to it.   I could name also several in-
stances in which dyspeptic invalids recovered  health, strength,
and flesh, under the Hygienic regimen with only one meal per
day.  But all who try this experiment should be very sure that
the one meal is proper both in material and preparation.
  I have known  hundreds to  improve rapidly  in  changing
from three meals a day to two.  Probably the majority of in-
valids, and especially those who are decidedly dyspeptic, will
hnd it beneficial to eat but twice.   Those who take three meals
a day should take breakfast from six to seven, a. m. •  dinner
from twelve, m. to one, p. m.; supper,  about six, p. m.  Those
who eat but twice should take breakfast at about eight, a. m.
and the other meal at about three, p. m. Those who adopt the
one-meal-a-day system, should obviously  feast about the  mid-
dle of the day. 
Introduction.
xxi
   Preparation of Food.—After all, the most difficult part of
 the Hygienic system is the management of the dietary.  Few
 persons know  anything about  hygienic cooking;  and  so
 perverted are the appetences of the masses, that to talk to
 them of physiological victuals is very much  like talking to a
 brandy-toper of the beauties of "clear cold  water," or to a
 tobacco-smoker of the virtues of a pure atmosphere.   Bread,
 which is,  or  should be, the staff of life, has, by  the perver-
 sions of flouring-mills and the bakers, become a prolific source
 of disease and death.  Much as Health Reformers declaim
 against the abominations of pork, ham, sausages, and lard,
 as articles of human food, I am of the opinion that fine flour,
 in its various forms of bread, short-cake, butter-biscuits, dough-
 nuts, puddings, and pastry, is quite as productive of disease
 as are the grosser elements of the scavenger swine.
   Nearly all the bread used in civilized society is  made of
 fine or superfine flour, which is always obstructing and con-
 stipating,  and which" is deficient in some of the  most impor-
 tant elements of the grain; and it is still further vitiated by
 fermentation, or by acids and alkalies which are employed to
gender the bread light.
   Pure and wholesome bread can have but  three ingredients
 —meal, water, and atmospheric air.  The water  is only use-
 ful  in converting the meal  into dough; and the atmospheric
 air  serves to expand its particles so as to  make light and ten-
 der bread. If properly managed, bread can be made as light
 as ordinary loaf-bread with no other rising than atmospheric
 air.   To  effect  this, three  essentials must  be regarded.  1.
 The dough must be mixed to a proper  consistence—neither
 too  stiff 'nor too soft.  2. The dough must be cut or rolled
 into cakes or pieces so as to expose the greatest possible sur-
 face to the heat of the oven.  3. The oven must have a brisk
 or quick fire.   The hotter the oven—provided it does not burn
 the  dough—when the baking process begins, the  lighter will
 be the bread.  The reason  is this: The heat, when sufficient,
 instantly forms a nearly impervious  crust over the dough, by
 which the air is retained, and, expanded by  the  heat of the 
xxh                  Introduction.
oven without being able to escape, separates  the particles of
dough, and thus renders the bread light.
  If the meal is  mixed with cold water instead of hot, and
allowed to stand and swell for several hours before baking, it
will be nearly as light as if mixed with hot water and baked
at once.
  As good  bread  may be regarded as the great regulator of
the patient's dietary, too much pains can not be taken with it.
All persons who undertake home-treatment should acquaint
themselves with the processes for making it.   Bread made in
the manner I am  about  to explain  can always be  had fresh
for each day or each meal, and may be eaten as  soon after
cooked as sufficiently cooled.   It requires but a few minutes
of time, and a supply can be made before breakfast for the day.
Or a supply can be made for several days.  J£ heated a few
minutes,  when two or three days old,  it has the tenderness
and flavor of freshly-made bread.  It is  still more tender if
dipped in cold water and then heated.

  Bread Rolls.—Mix wheat-meal (Graham flour) with boiling
water quickly, by stirring rapidly with a stick or strong iron
spoon to make a rather soft dough; as it cools, knead it a lit*
tie with the hands', make the dough into small  thin cakes or
rolls; prick them to prevent blistering, and bake about twenty
minutes  in a hot oven.  The baker—an  iron one is best—
should be well dusted with dry meal to prevent sticking.
  The cakes should be one-third of an inch in thickness, and
one and  a  half to two inches wide.  When made into  rolls
(which is the best form, as it exposes the largest  surface to
the heat and forms  a thinner and  more  tender crust,) they
should be about the length and thickness of the finger.
  When a large quantity is required, it is more convenient to
make them diamond-shaped.   The dough is rolled  out cut in
slips an  inch and a half or two inches wide, then cross-cut
into  diamond-shaped  cakes.   The  knife, roller, and board
should be kept well covered with dry meal.
  Fine flour bread may  be made light in the same way.  But
it must be mixed with cold instead of hot water.  It requires
baking from ten to fifteen minutes. 
Introduction.
xxiii
  Batter Bread.—Mix wheat-meal with cold water  to  the
consistence of ordinary batter for griddle cakes.  Pour  the
batter into any convenient baking-dish—the bottom of which
should be covered with meal to prevent sticking—and bake in
a quick oven.   The batter may be half an inch thick, or as
thin as can be spread.  .The thinner it is the better, although
if made very thin a large oven is required to bake much in
quantity.  For this reason the bread rolls are most  conve-
nient  for  families.  An individual who makes bread only for
number one, and who does not like the "muss" of working in
dough, will find  the batter-bread a very convenient article.
I have, many a time, made it and had it cooking in  a  gas
stove in less than two minutes from the time I commenced.

  Wheat-Meal Crisps.—Mix the meal with water, cold, warm,
or hot, into a stiff dough; roll it out as thin as possible,  and'
cut  into small narrow pieces  or strips, and bake  in a  quick
oven.   These  are excellent for sour stomachs and irritable
bowels.

  Wheat-Meal Crackers.—These differ from the bread rolls
in being very dry, hard, and brittle.   In order to render them
so, the dough is  thoroughly  kneaded, and then baked in a
brick oven till the moisture is entirely  evaporated.  If kept
dry they will retain their sweetness and rich flavor for several
weeks.  If kept  in a very dry and very cool place they  will
remain  good  for several months.   They are made a little
smaller and a little thinner  than the Boston cracker of the
shops.   All traveling invalids should supply themselves with
these  crackers.   J. H.  Schoonmaker,  New York, manufac-
tures them largely, and  sends them  to order to  any part of
the  country.

  Loaf-Bread.—Very good loaf-bread may be made  of six
parts of wheat-meal, two parts of corn-meal, and one part of
mealy potatoes, mixed with beiling water, and baked  in the
ordinary way. 
xxiv                  Introduction.
   Rye-Bread  Rolls.—Rye-meal [unbolted rye flour]  may
 be made into bread rolls or batter-cakes in the same manner
 as for wheat-meal bread rolls.  They are very light and
 delicious.

   Corn-Cake.—Wet coarse-ground  Indian-meal with boiling
 water, roll it into a cake or cakes of half an inch in thickness,
 and bake in a hot oven.   Some prefer  this made with cold
 water, after  the  manner of the wheaten batter-bread.   This
 is the old-fashioned and ever-to-be-admired "Jonathan-cake"
 —the "Johnny-cake" of "Down-East."

   Oat-Meal Cakes.—These may be made in the same manner
 as the wheaten bread rolls.

   Oat-Meal Crisps.—Made in the same  manner as the whea-
 ten article.   When these are thoroughly dried over a slow fire,
 they will, if kept in a dry  place, remain  good for months.

   Pumpkin  Bread.—Stewed  and sifted pumpkin, or richly-
 flavored winter squash, may be mixed with meal of any kind,
 and made into bread or cakes, in  any  of the ways already
 mentioned.

   Fruit Bread.—Stewed  apples, pears, peaches, pitted cher-
 ries, black currants, or  berries may be mixed  with  unbolted
 flour, and made into fruit bread.  A few  dates added will con-
 vert the article into sweet cake.

   Snow Bread.—When snow is plenty and clean, a light and
 beautiful article  of bread  can be made  by adding to flour, or
 meal, two or three times  its bulk of snow, and stirring them
 together with a strong  spoon.  It may be baked in  the  form
 of a cake or loaf an inch or two inches  in thickness.   The
 oven should  be quite hot.  It will bake  in about twenty niin-
• utes.  A few dates or currants, mixed  with the  flour  or  meal,
 will  convert this bread into  a very nice and tender sweet-
 cake. 
Introduction.
XXV
   Griddle^ Cakes.—Oat-meal, wheat-meal, or corn-meal may
be made into a batter by mixing with cold water and baking
on a soapstone griddle.  Some prefer hot water for oat-meal.

   Squash Cakes.—Mix  flour  or meal with  half its bulk  of
stewed squash, or West-Indian pumpkin ; add water sufficient
to make a batter and cook on a griddle.

   Pastry.—Baker's pastry, and  also " home-made pies," as  or-
dinarily  manufactured, are  among the worst of dietetic abomi-
nations.  But pastry can be made so as to be not only a luxu-
rious,  but a wholesome article.   Almost any kind of fruit, with
a few dates, and a  crust of wheat-meal, or of rye and  corn-
meal,  shortened with mealy potatoes, are all  the materials  re-
quired.  Squash, pumpkin,  and  custard  pies require no fluid
but pure water.

   Puddings.—I regard  all  these dishes, even  when made in
the plainest manner  possible, as  things to be permitted  rather
than recommended to invalids.  They are mushes, made thin,
moistened, and baked. Indian-meal, hominy,  rice, and wheaten
grits are the best farinaceous articles  for making puddings.
Sago  and  barley are allowable.   Stewed pumpkins, or rich
squashes, with a small proportion of farina or corn-starch, or
without  milk or sugar, make a  very simple and light dessert
that many  persons are very fond of.              •

   Mushes.—These are preferable to puddings.  Wheaten grits
and  hominy, well boiled, are the best mushes.  When whea-
ten grits are  coarse-ground they require boiling five  or  six
hours.   For an ordinary  family they may  be ground in a
large-sized coffee-mill; and if ground-as fine  as  convenient,
they will cook in an Lour and a  half.  Rye-meal,  Indian-
meal, and oat-meal  make favorite mushes also.  Rice should
be boiled fifteen to  twenty minutes; avoid stirring it so as to
break  the kernels; turn off  the water, and let it steam fifteen
minutes.  All mushes, when cold, may be cut into slices, and
moderately browned  in  an oven, when they become as good
as new—and even better.
                2 
xxvi                    Inteoduction.
  Gruels.—These are merely very thin mushes.  They are
properly regarded as "slop diet" for feeble invalids  during
convalescence after acute diseases, in  cases of obstinate con-
stipation, etc.  Wheat-meal, corn-meal, rye-meal, and oat-
meal are employed in gruel-making.   About two tablespoon-
fuls of meal are mixed with a gill of  cold water and the mix-
ture is then stirred into a quart of boiling water, and boiled
gently fifteen minutes.  Rice gruel is useful in some cases of
diarrhea.

  Porridges.—These are intermediate between mushes and
gruels.  Wheat-meal or oat-meal is usually employed.   Half
a pound of the meal to a little more than a quart of water is
the usual proportion.   They require boiling  about  twenty
minutes.  Raisins, pitted-cherries, black  currants, or dried
berries may be added if desired.

  Soups.—Split-peas, beans, barley, and rice are  employed in
the preparations  of hygienic soups.  One pint of split-peas,
boiled for three  hours, in  three quarts of water, makes one
of the best  soups for vegetarians.   Some add a trifle of rice.
Bean  soup is made of similar proportions,  and then boiled in
a covered pan for four or five hours.   Rice should be boiled
until entirely soft.  Barley should be soaked for several hours
and then boiled slowly in a covered pan for four or five hours.
Tomato soup, made in the following manner, is a pleasant
and wholesome  dish:  Scald and peel  good  ripe tomatoes;
stew them one hour, and strain through a coarse sieve; stir
in a little wheaten flour to give it body, and browned crusts in
the proportion of one ounce to a quart of soup  ; boil five min-
utes.   Okra, or  gumbo, is a good addition to  this and  other
soups.

   Boiled Grains.—Wheat, rice, hulled corn, and samp, boiled
until the kernels are entirely soft, but not broken nor dissolved
rank next to bread in wholesomeness.  They may be^eaten with
crackers, hard bread, or fruit. 
AJN PRODUCTION.                 XXvii
   Apple Dumplings.—Mix boiled mealy potatoes with flour
 into a dough;  roll it out a little less than  one-fourth of an
 inch in  thickness; inclose in  each dumpling a medium-sized
 apple, previously pared and cored, and boil or bake about an
 hour.

   Rice Apple  Pudding Without Milk.—Boil rice till nearly
 done, then stir in  sliced tart apples, and cook about twenty
 minutes.

   Boiled  Indian Pudding.—Wet  coarse corn-meal with boil-
 ing water, add  a few grocefV currants, tie the pudding in a bag,
 leaving room for it to swell, and boil three or four hours.

   Apple Jonathan.—Fill a baking-dish two-thirds full of sliced
 moderately tart apples ; mix  wheat-meal with water  (a little
 Indian  meal will make the  crust  more tender) into a batter,
 and pour over  the fruit until the dish is  filled ;  bake until the
 crust is well browned.

   Rich  Apple Pudding.—Take equal quantities of both tart
 and sweet apples, well stewed, and bread  rolls or crackers, pre-
 viously soaked soft in  cold water; mix  them and heat them
 thoroughly for a few minutes.  Any good fruit will answer in
 the above.

   Crisped Potatoes.—Boil good, sound mealy potatoes till a
little more than half cooked;  then peel  them, acid bake in a
hot oven till  moderately browned.

   Potato  Shortening.—Pare and boil good mealy potatoes,
choosing those  which are of an even size; pour off the water,
and  sift, while hot, through a  wire sieve.   An equal quan-
tity added to flour makes the best shortening in the world
for bread,  pastry, cakes, etc.   A little farina added makes a
richer but  less  wholesome article.

   Animal  Foods.—As I never recommend animal food to in-
valids, although I sometimes tolerate the use of it in special
cases, my  remarks under this  head must  be very limited, 
xxviii                   Introduction.
Beef-steak, without butter or gravy, is perhaps the very best
kind of flesh-food.  Slightly corned beef, boiled until quite
tender, is also admissible.  ' Mutton chops, broiled, or the lean
part of mutton, boiled, ranks next to fresh beef in wholesome-
ness.   Eggs are not materially different in this respect.  To
cook them as hygienically as possible, pour boiling water on
them, and let them remain  on top  of the stove, or near the
fire, but not allowed to boil, for seven to ten minutes. Chicken,
boiled or broiled, is next  in order;  and lastly, fish which are
not oily,  as cod, halibut, trout, perch, etc.  Milk is rarely ad-
missible.  With dyspeptic, bilious,*and  rheumatic invalids ii
is extremely objectionable.   Nor should persons affected with
constipated  bowels,  or profuse  discharges of any kind, use it
at all.   Butter and cheese should be out of  the question, and
cream and curd had better be avoided.
                        EXERCISE.

  "Little and often," is the rule for most invalids.  All exer-
cises should begin and end moderately.  The kinds of exercises
should be as varied as possible, so as to bring into action all
the muscles of the system.   Long walks should be alternated
with frequent runs  and  occasional rests.   The most severe
exercises should be taken in the early part of the day. Those
who are able should take  moderately active  exercise before
bathing  [except  in case of the morning bath  taken  on first
rising,] and  still more active exercise immediately after each
bath.  A morning walk or ride  before breakfast  is always
desirable.  Calisthenic, gymnastic, and kinesipathic exercises
and  manipulations,  except  in their  mildest   forms, should
only be taken when the stomach is nearly empty.  Regularity
is of great importance.   Feeble invalids should commence all
exercises  very  moderately, and  gradually increase them  in
time and severity. Whenever much fatigued, rest or a chano-e
of exercise is advisable.   Invalids should not get so fatigued 
Introduction.                  xxix
as to be restless in consequence during the night, nor so much
so that a night's rest will not remove all its disagreeable feel-
ings.  Those who can not go  into the open air will  derive
great benefit from exercising in their rooms with the windows
open.  Dancing and  dumb-bells are among the most  conve-
nient in-door  exercises.  As exercise develops strength, the
weakest muscles  should be exercised the most; but if very
weak, passive exercises should  be principally employed for a
while,  as rubbing, kneading,  riding, sailing,  etc.   Invalids
who do not  react well after bathing, should  be well rubbed
over with a dry sheet  by the hands of an attendant, and after-
wards by the bare hands.  Examples of all kinds of calis-
thenic and gymnastic exercises, illustrated with cuts, may be
found in the author's "Family Gymnasium,"  published by
Samuel R. Wells, 389 Broadway, New York.
                     VENTILATION.

   All  persons generally, and invahds particularly, should be
 very careful in having an abundant supply of pure air.  This
 is very apt to be neglected in sleeping apartments.  In sitting-
 rooms,  warmed  by the hot-air  stove or furnace, the air is
 rapidly contaminated unless special attention is paid to ven-
 tilation. Indeed, no room is fit to sit nor sleep in unless there
 is some inlet for the fresh air, and an outlet, for  the  impure
 air.  In fevers  and other acute  diseases, fresh  air should in
 all weathers be freely admitted  into the  sick room; and in
 putrid,  infectious, and contagious disorders, as  yellow fever,
 small-pox, etc.,  the  supply should be  abundant.   Invalids
 will find  it an  excellent practice to ventilate the lungs each
 morning before breakfast, by half a dozen or more deep inspi-
rations  and prolonged expirations. 
xxx                   Introduction.
                        LIGHT.

  The importance of light, as a remedial agent, is not suf-
ficiently appreciated.  Nearly all forms of disease are more
severe and unmanageable in low, dark apartments.   Many
persons who live in elegant and expensively furnished  houses
so darken many of the rooms, in order to save the furniture,
as to render the air in them very unwholesome.  The scrofu-
lous humors which prevail  among  those inhabitants of our
cities who live in rear buildings and under-ground apartments,
sufficiently attest  the relation between sunshine and vitality.
Invalids should seek the sunlight as do the flowers—care being
taken to protect the head when the heat is. excessive.  Ex-
posing the whole skin in a  state of nudity, frequently, to the
air, and even to the rays  of the sun, is a very invigorating
practice.  For scrofulous persons this is particularly serviceable
                      CLOTHING.

  The physiological rule is, the less clothing the better, pro-
vided the body is kept comfortable.  It should never be worn
so tightly as to impede, in the least degree, the free motions
of the body and  limbs.  Especially must it be loose and easy  s
around  the  chest and hips,  so as  not  to interfere with the
action of the vital organs  in  respiration.  Flannel  garments
next to the skin are objectionable.  In very cold weather
thicker outside garments, or more  of them, may be worn; but
flannel under-shirts and drawers tend  to make the skin weak
and  susceptible  to colds.  Invalids who are  accustomed to
them should leave them off in the spring or early part of the
summer, and so invigorate  the skin  by bathing,  etc.  that
they will feel no necessity for them the ensuing winter. 
Introduction.                   xyxi
                         SLEEP.

   Invalids generally do  not  sleep enough.  The importance
of sound, quiet, and sufficient sleep can not be too highly es-
timated, as may be inferred from the physiological fact, that
it is during sleep that the structures  are  repaired.  The ma-
terials of nutrition are  digested and elaborated  during  the
day; but assimilation—the formation of tissue—only takes
place during sleep, when the external senses are  in  repose.
Literary persons  require more sleep,  other  circumstances
being equal, than those who pursue manual-labor occupations.
If the brain is not duly replenished, early decay, dementa-
tion, or insanity will result.  The rule for invalids is, to retire
early, and  remain as  long in bed  as they can  sleep quietly.
If their  dietetic and  other  habits  are correct, this plan will
soon determine the  amount  of sleep which  they require.
Gross, indigestible, and stimulating food, heavy or late sup-
pers, etc., necessitate a longer time in bed, for the reason that
the sleep is less sound.   And for  the same reason, nervine
and  stimulating beverages, as tea and coffee, prevent sound
and refreshing sleep, and thus wear out the brain and nervous
system prematurely.   Those who are inclined to be restless,
vapory, or dreaming, during the night, should not take supper.
                 BEDS  AND BEDDING.

  All bedding should be as hard, and all bed-clothing should
be as light, as a due regard  to comfort will permit.  Feather
beds are exceedingly debilitating.  Hair, grass, husk, cork
shavin°*s, straw, etc., mattresses, made soft and elastic,  are the
proper materials to sleep on  in warm weather.   In winter a
light cotton mattress may also be employed.
                                                 * 
xxxii                 Introduction.
                 BODILY POSITIONS.

  Avoid crooked bodily positions in walking, sitting, working,
or sleeping.  Always bend the body on the hip joints;  never
by crooking the trunk.  Never lean forward while sitting so
as to compress the stomach and lungs.  Do not sleep on high
pillows.  Children are often injured and  the spines distorted
by this habit.  Invalids who  are so distorted, or so feeble
that they can not keep the erect position in  sitting but a few
minutes at a time, should change their position frequently—
walk, sit, and  lie down, etc., so often as either position be-
comes painful.
                 NIGHT-WATCHING.

  The usual custom and manner of watching with the sick is
very reprehensible.  If any persons in the world need quiet
and  undisturbed repose, it is those who are laboring under
fevers and other acute diseases.   But with a light burning in
the room, and  one  or more persons sitting by, and reading,
talking, or whispering, this is impossible.   The room should
be darkened, and the attendant should quietly sit or lie in the
same or in an adjoining room, so as to be within call, if any-
thing is wanted.  In an extreme case, the attendant  can fre-
quently step lightly to the  bedside, to see that  the patient is
doing well; but all noise and  all light should be excluded, ex-
cept on emergencies.  It is a common practice with watchers
to awaken the patient whenever he  inclines to sleep too soundly.
But this is unnecessary, because when the respiration becomes
very laborious,  the  patient will  awaken spontaneously.  Un-
der the drug-medical  dispensation the custom is to stuff the
patient, night and day, with victuals, drink, or medicines,  ev-
ery hour or oftener, so that any considerable repose is out of
the queition.   But, fortunately for mankind,  the Hygienic
system regards  sleep as more valuable than the whole of them. 
Introduction.                 xxxiii
                       FRICTION.

  Friction, more or less active, is desirable after all ordinary
baths, except in cases of fevers and acute inflammations.  And
in some cases of tumors, enlarged joints, and torpid muscles,
active and prolonged rubbing, in promoting absorption and in-
creasing the circulation, greatly assists the curative process.
  Many of the  cures of these affections performed  by special-
ists in which cases thorough hand-rubbing is conjoined with
the use of liniments,  decoctions, and other medicamentums,
are attributable mainly if not wholly to the friction employed.
Wens, chronic  swellings from sprains or bruises,  etc., have
been cured by the rubbing process.
                     ELECTRICITY.

  There are two. kinds of electrical  force,  mechanical and
chemical.  The  former is  the ordinary machine electricity,
which operates mainly by producing shocks which agitate the
motive fibers.  It is quite analogous to friction in its effect,
and is hence sometimes called friction-electricity.   It is a con-
venient method for exercising, in  many cases, particular sets
of muscles, exciting  action in some particular organ or part;
and to this extent is  a useful remedial agent.
                      GALVANISM.

  This is generated by alternate layers of metallic plates of
opposite electrical natures.   It is a powerful chemical agent,
and as such is extensively employed in the arts.   Its chemi-
eal  action enables it to effect, to some extent, the decomposi-
tion of foreign and effete matters in the fluids and tissues of 
xxxiv                 Introduction.
the  living system, and  thus favor their elimination.   The
galvanic current will often excite action and sensibility in semi-
paralyzed muscles and nerves, and is sometimes successfully
resorted to for the purpose of allaying rheumatic and neu-
ralgic  pains.  The galvanic  battery in connection with the
warm bath in the form of the electro-chemical bath, is proba-
bly the most convenient and efficient method of employing the
galvanic influence  as a depurating agent.
                      MAGNETISM.

  Whatever may be the intrinsic nature of  the  mysterious
property known as animal magnetism, and whatever may be
its relation to the life-principle, it is certainly capable, under
certain circumstances, of exercising a powerful influence over
the vital functions.  The salutary effects of a cheerful disposi-
tion, a hopeful  mind and a healthy organism, upon the minds
and bodies of invalids, are well known to physicians.  Many
persons  are exceedingly susceptible to  the influence of mag-
netism, while others can with great difficulty be impressed at
all.  In  some cases it will quiet pain and restlessness, and pro-
duce sleep more effectually than opiates ; and in rare cases it
can be made an efficient anesthetic agent to suspend sensibil-
ity, so that surgical operations can be performed without pain.
Its laws, however, are not yet sufficiently understood to enable
us to reduce its remedial applications to any very definite rules.
                    CLEANLINESS.

  Few persons seem to have a proper idea of the full.i.
of this term.  Being next to godliness, the term, cleanliness,
implies perfect purity in all our mental and organic relations.
Many persons who are  exceedingly nice and fastidiously neat 
Introduction.                 xxxv
in* their  attentions to the external skin, and  in the matters of
apparel, bedding, rooms, furniture, etc., are,  notwithstanding,
extremely heedless in regard to internal conditions and exter-
nal surroundings.   They will continually take into their stom-
achs and lungs such aliments and miasms as poison the blood
and befoul the secretions; while they will permit the elements
of contagion  to accumulate to any  extent  in  their  cellars,
yards,  cesspools and out-buildings.  I  have known half  a
dozen members of a family to be prostrated with typhus fever,
the chief cause being stagnant water and rotting vegetables in
the cellar.   Offal and garbage—dead and decomposing vege-
table and  animal  matters  of  all kinds—in or around  any
dwelling, are a prolific source of  disease.   The hog-pen of
many of our farmers causes more  strange,  putrid, and  even
fatal diseases than most persons suspect.  I can  hardly con-
ceive of a fouler concentration of malignant and pestilent mi-
asms than those which always  emanate from a den of swine
while undergoing the process of fattening.   If folks will per-
sist in keeping piggeries, they  should be located so far from
the dwelling-houses that the abominable stench thereof  will
not be offensive to noses polite.
                 THE  HEALTH-LIFT. •

  Since the first edition of this work was issued, this new and
admirable exercise has acquired considerable promise as a reme-
dial agent.   A dozen or  more patented  Lifting Machines are
now in successful operation ; but that of Dr. John Smith, No.
1516 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, embodies  the  good  quali-
ties of all cf them, while it is more convenient and less expen-
sive than most of them.   The Health-Lift is  one  of the best
exercises for sedentary persons, and  for  developing the  respi-
ratory apparatus  and invigorating the digestive organs.   It is,
therefore, useful in  aiding the development of feeble persons,
as well as in the treatment of invalids.  But, as its misuse may
do harm, all persons should be properly instructed by some com
petent teacher before undertaking a course of " Liftopathy." 
 
          HYGIENIC  HOME-TREATMENT:  •
                          OR

HAND-BOOK  OF  HYGIENIC  PRACTICE
   Abortion.—The expulsion of the foetus before the seventh
 month is termed abortion ; after the seventh month, miscarriage.
 The ordinary causes are violent exertion, intense mental emo-
 tion, plethora and constitutional frailty, acquired debility, dys-
 menorrhea, mechanical violence, drastic purgatives, powerful
 drugs, as quinine, tartar emetic, ergot.  The  chief danger re-
 sults from hemorrhage or loss of blood.   To prevent abortion,
 or to restrain the bleeding after it has occurred, the  patient
 must be kept perfectly quiet in the horizontal position; cloths
 dipped  in cold water applied to the lower abdomen; the feet
 must be kept warm ;  and in extreme cases it may be necessary
 to introduce a piece of soft sponge as nearly as possible to the
 mouths of the bleeding vessels.
  Abscess.—A collection of purulent matter in a cavity, one of
 the results of inflammation.   When practicable the pus should
 be evacuated, and the further extension  of the inflammation
 prevented, and the part healed by tepid or cold applications,
 according to the degree of heat, and by strict attention to the
 general health.
  Acataposis.—A term used sometimes for difficulty of swal-
 lowing,  which affection may result from spasm of the muscles,
 or be caused by a thickening of  the mucous membrane, or
 enlarged tonsils.  When the affection is spasmodic, warm fo-
mentations  and warm hip-baths are indicated.   In the other
cases a  plain and very abstemious diet, and a daily ablution,
are the  essentials of treatment.  When  the tonsils are very
much enlarged and indurated it is  sometimes necessary to re-
move them. 
38          Hand-Book of Hygienic  Practice.        Acr.
  Acephalocyst.—An Entozoa most frequently found in the
liver, buf sometimes in other organs and parts  of the body.
It is  a  hydatiforrn  vesicle, without head or visible organs.
The only assignable cause is gross alimentation, and  the  only ''
remedy, a return to  pure and  simple food.  But it happens
unfortunately that  its presence  is seldom known except in
post-mortem examinations.
  AcHOLiA.-^Deficiency or want of bile.  See Liver Complaint.
  Achores.—A term applied to crusta lactea, and also to small
superficial ulcers of the skin.  See Porrigo.
  Achylosis.—Defective  formation of Chyle.   See Dyspepsia
and Indigestion.
  Achymosis.—Defective Chymification.   See Indigestion.
  Acmasticus.—A fever  which preserves an equal  intensity
throughout its course.  See Entonic Fever.
  Acme.—The height of a febrile paroxysm.
  Acne.—A small pimple or tubercle on the face; or an erup-
tion of  distinct, hard, inflamed tubercles, usually appearing
on  the   forehead, temples  and Chin.  They are common to
both sexes, but the most  severe forms are seen in young men.
Authors notice four varieties, the simple, indurated, maggot pim-
ple and rosacea.  Bad blood, gross food, torpid liver, and "ner-
vous  debility" are the  common causes ; and all the  processes
of purification and invigoration constitute the remedial plan.
The Cosmetics, "Freckle eradicators" and "Skin beautifiers"
of the quacks are worse than useless.  I know many badly de-
formed  faces which have entirely recovered after persevering
in a life according to the  laws of health for two or three years.
  Acosmia.—A term applied to bald persons.
  Acrasia.—A term applied to intemperance or excess of  any
kind.

  Acratia.—Impotence, weakness, fainting.  See Syncope.
  Acrimony.—An impure condition of  the  blood,  resulting
from  retained bilious and other effete matters.  The ancients 
 Aeu.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.          39


 adopting the humoral pathology, conceived that an "acrimony
 of the humours" was the cause of many diseases.   The mod-
 erns have unfortunately rejected this doctrine, and instead of
 seeking to eliminate the impurities, they counteract or subdue
 the remedial  effort with narcotics, stimulants, alteratives, etc.
 The wet-sheet pack and the warm bath are the  best deter-
 gent processes.
   Acrodynia.—A term applied to a painful affection of the
 wrists and.ankles especially, which appeared as an epidemic
 in Paris in 1828 and  1829.  It was undoubtedly of a rheu-
 matic nature,  though some physicians imputed it to the vague
 phrase  "Spinal irritation."
   Acrorrheuma.—Rheumatism of the extremities.
   Acrotismus.—See Asphyxia.
   Acute.—Applied to  disease this term means, rapid in  pro-
 gress and of short duration.
   Adenitis.—Glandular inflammation.
   Adiposis.—See Plethora.
   Adynamic.—A state of debility.  Vital exhaustion.  Low
 diathesis.  Applied  to fever, the word implies the atonic  or
 typhoid form.   Applied to inflammation, it means passive, in
 contradistinction to active.
   Aerifluxus.—Flatulence, which see.
   Aerno-Enterectasia.—Tympanitis, which see.
   Aerophobia.—Dread of the air.  This symptom frequently
 accompanies hydrophobia, hysteria and some other affections.
   Aerothorax.—See Pneumothorax.
   ^Etherization.—See Etherization.
  Ague.—See  Intermittent Fever.
   Ague and Fever.—Intermittent Fever.
  Ague-Cake.—A chronic enlargement of the liver or spleen
—most  commonly  the  spleen—which  follows agues, and  is 
40         Hand-JBook of  Hygienic  Practice.        Alo,
 distinctly felt by external examination.  Nearly every person
 who has  taken quinine frequently  has some  degree of this
 affection.   It is to be remedied by  the wet-girdle, hip-baths,
 a daily ablution, hot  and cold foot-baths, and a rigidly abste-
 mious diet.  The  Hydro-Electrical  baths  are admirable in
 these cases.
   Albuginitis.—A term applied to inflammations of the albu-
 mineous  or  white tissues.  Some  authors regard gout and
 rheumatism as species of albuginitis.  See Arthritis.
   Albuminuria.—A disease of the urinary organs, character-
 ized by the presence of albumen in the urine, and indicated
 by its coagulation on the application of adequate  heat.   It is
 generally attended with  ulceration  or fatty degeneration of
 the kidneys.  It is justly regarded  as a very  dangerous dis-
 ease ; yet I have  thus far succeeded  in curing all the cases
 which I have  treated hygienically, with a single exception.
 There  is always a low grade of inflammation of  the kidneys
 with a very inactive  condition of the  skin, and often a  very
 torpid  state of the  liver.   These conditions are attended with
 more or less pain, aching or distress in the region of the  kid-
 neys ; much lameness or weakness  in the small of the back,
 and lower extremities, coldness of the feet, and  a variety of
 dyspeptic  symptoms.   The warm  or vapor-bath, followed by
 the tepid  ablution  two or three times a week; the tepid or
 moderately warm hip-bath once or twice a day;  the wet-gir-
 dle, whenever it can be worn  without distress or chilliness,
 and  the hot-and-cold foot-bath at bedtime, are the bathing
processes to be resorted to.   The  diet should be restricted to
unleavened bread, good fruit, and a  small allowance of vege-
tables, and should be quite  moderate in quantity.  Water-
drinking should be governed entirely by the thirst.   The pa-
 tient should indulge very moderately in active exercises but
passive exercises, as carriage  riding,  are highly useful.
  Albuminurorrhee.—Bright's disease of the  kidney.
  Alcoholismus.—A term recently applied by a writer  in the
Boston  Medical  and Surgioal Journal  to the alcoholic disease. 
Ame.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.          41
This subject is fully explained in the author's late work, "The
True Temperance Platform."
   Alopecia.—Baldness, falling off  of the hair.   The use of
hot drinks, and the excessive use of common salt are frequent
causes.   Cut the hair short, wet the head morning and even-
ing with cold water, and shampoo occasionally.  Avoid "hair
oils," "hair tonics," " hair invigorators," and hair humbugs
generally.
   Amaurosis.—Drop Serene, Gutta Serena, Black Cataract.
Diminution or  complete loss of vision,  with  no perceptible
structural disorganization of the eye.   It is usually imputed
to a loss of power in the optic nerve; and this is  generally
caused by  a viscid condition of the blood consequent  on de-
fective elimination of the effete matters.  A torpid or inactive
condition of the liver is almost always a prominent  precedent
condition.  It may be  induced suddenly by severe exposure
to intense  Hght, and is frequently induced by intemperance,
gluttony, tobacco,  excessive night study,  etc.   When the dis-
ease comes on gradually, letters and other objects seem misty,
confounded, doubled, or intermixed, and  sometimes undistin-
guishable.  Insects,  cobwebs and flashes  of hght often appear
before the  eye.
   The malady is only curable in its incipient stage.  The pa-
tient should at once adopt a rigidly  simple and abstemious
diet;  sugar, butter, milk, and all "hydro-carbonaceous" arti-
cles must be avoided. If the external temperature is sufficient
the wet-sheet pack should be employed daily; if not, the tepid
half-bath, in the morning; the tepid hip-bath in the evening,
and  the  hot-and-cold foot-bath at bedtime.  I need  hardly
add  that all exciting producing  causes must  be  carefully
avoided.
  Amblyopia.—The incipient stage of amaurosis.
  Amenorrhea.—Obstruction of the menstrual  or monthly
flow.   Of this affection there are two varieties.  Retention and
Suppression.  Retention of the Menses may be caused by an imper- 
42         Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.       A me.
forate hymen, or an obstruction of the uterine canal by viscid
and concreted mucous, in which case the effused blood will be
retained in the vagina, or  in the cavity of the uterus.   The
symptoms which denote this affection are, anadematous swell-
ing of the feet and ankles at night, a swelling of the eyes and
face in the morning, with more or less sense of weight or
heaviness in the pelvic region.   To be certain of the diagno-
sis it may be necessary-to make  a digital or instrumental ex-
amination.
  When the cause of retention is an imperforate hymen, this
can readily be obviated by a  crucial incision, and when the
os uteri or cervical canal  are  obstructed, warm water injec-
tions with  the gentle use of the probe,  or the apphcation of
a sponge tent, may be required.
  Suppression of the menses is that form of Amenorrhoea in which
the flux is arrested after having  been once established.   The
chief  constitutional symptoms are headache, palpitation, and
difficult breathing.  In many cases, complicated with dyspep-
tic conditions, there is a capricious appetite, and frequently a
longing  for  such  indigestible substances as  clay,  charcoal,
slate-stone, etc.  These patients are very liable to consumption.
  The constitutional treatment is of vastly more  importance
than the  local, though neither should  be neglected.  The
bowels  are usually constipated,  and  enemas  should be em-
ployed daily until  the fecal dejections become free and easy.
The patient  should exercise in the open air frequently, and
as much as possible without great fatigue.  Walking, riding
moderate dancing, and Kght gymnastics, are among the best
exercises.   Swedish Movements  are especially beneficial  to
those who have contracted chests and weak  abdominal mus-
cles.  The  diet should consist mainly  of coarse bread and
fruit, with a moderate allowance of vegetables.  Milk, butter
cheese,  and sugar  should  be eschewed,  nor should fine flour
bread or puddings be used.   Hip-baths, the wet-girdle, and
foot-baths, of a temperature suited to the temperature of the
patient, are  always proper.  In most cases one full  bath per
day is sufficient, and  this may be the wet-sheet pack,  or the 
Ana.        Hand-Book  of Higienic Practice.         43
 warm bath followed by the tepid spray or sponge, or the tepid
 rubbing wet sheet,  as may be  found most agreeable  to the
 patient.   When there  is much pain or distress  about  the
 loins or  in the pelvic region, at the time for the menstrual
 discharge, the warm hip-bath or hot fomentations should be
 resorted to.

    An^matosis.—Defective  preparation  of the  blood.  See
 Anaemia.

    Anjemia.—The opposite of Plethora ; Exsanguinity, Blood-
 lessness.   A state of the system in which  the blood is defi-
 cient in quantity and especially deficient in the red corpuscles.
 The  superficial  capillaries are disproportionately bloodless,
 and there is every  characteristic of debility.  The treatment,
 in a general sense, consists in  supplying the organism with
 whatever it can use under the circumstances.  First in impor-
 tance are air and exercise.  Gentle bathing of the whole  sur-
 face, with  active, yet not violent friction, is in  order.   The
 diet should be very plain and limited in quantity to the  capac-
 ity of the digestive  organs.   The  patient should  be careful
 to get sufficient sleep, and must, secondly, avoid all sources of
 mental disquietude.   The "blood-food"—preparations of iron,
 hypophosphites, cod-liver oil, etc., which is almost invariably
 recommended by drug doctors in all cases of anoemia, is always
 pernicious, and not unfrequently fatally so.

    Anaesthesia.—Insensibility,  privation  of  Sensation.  It
 may be general or partial, and may be induced by all power-
 ful narcotics, as  chloroform, alcohol, opium, belladonna,  and
 by some nervines,  as sulphuric  ether,  and  nitrous  oxide.
 Electricity and magnetism will, with some persons, induce a
 state of insensibility, during which surgical  operations may
 be  performed without pain.   Extreme  cold, or congelation,
 renders  the  part to which it is  applied insensible; it  also
-"diminishes and sometimes destroys the vitality of cancers and
 other morbid growths,  which fact affords the rational basis of
 the refrigerating treatment of cancers and other tumors. 
44         Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.       Ane.
  The remedy for anaesthesia is atmospheric air.  In extreme
cases the head should be moderately raised and inclined to
one side, the tongue drawn forward so that it will not obstruct
the glottis, ard the patient exposed to a current of  fresh air,.
or fanned vigorously.
  Anaphrodisia.—Absence  of sexual desire.  See Impotence
and Sterility.

  Anasarca.—General Dropsy, Leucophlegmasia.  That  form
of dropsy in which the fluid is effused into the areolar or cell-
ular tissue of the whole body.   The swelling is first  manifest-
ed around  the ankles, and is characterised by tumefaction of
the limbs, of the soft parts covering the abdomen, thorax, and
even the face.   The whole surface is dry, pale, and  easily in-
dented by pressure.  When it supervenes upon chronic local
disease, as consumption,  albuminuria, lumbar abscess, hydro-
thorax, etc., it is generally fatal.
  The proper plan of treatment contemplates the  invigora-
tion of the whole absorbent system, and the restoration of the
cutaneous  circulation.  The diet should be  hght,  dry, and
largely frugivorous; the surface should, be sponged daily with
tepid water, and followed  by active friction; the dry  sheet
rubbing should be  employed once or twice a day.  When the
kidneys are very deficient in the excretion of urine, a warm-
and-cool  hip-bath should be taken daily, and the wet-girdle
worn during the day, provided  it does not cause chilliness,
in which case it should be worn during the night.  An impor-
tant item  in the dietetic treatment of dropsical patients, ia
that of eating  very  slowly, and  this is still  more important in
the use of fruit.  Half an hour is not too long a time in which
to masticate and insaHvate  two good apples, or a  pound of
grapes.
  Anchylosis.—See Ankylosis.
  Andromania.—See Nymphomania.
  Anemia.—See anaemia.
  Anetus.—Intermittent Fever, which see. 
Ang.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.          4fl
   Aneurism.—A tumor caused by the abnormal dilation of an
 artery, or of the  heart.   In True Aneurism the blood forma
 the  tumor; and in  Spurious or False Aneurism, the blood  has
 escaped from the opened artery.   There are three  forms of
 the False Aneurism.  1, Diffused, which consists of an extra-
 vasation of the blood into  the  areolar texture of the part,
 immediately after the rupture or  division of an artery.   2,
 Circumscribed, in which the blood issues from the vessel some-
 time after the receipt of the wound, and  forms itself a sac in
 the neighboring areolar membrane.   3, Aneurism by Anastom-
 osis,  which arises from the simultaneous wounding of an artery
 and vein—the  arterial  blood passing into and producing  a
 varicose state of the vein.
   The treatment of aneurismal affections  is mainly  surgical,
 and  consists in obliterating the dilated or communicating ves-
 sels, when practicable.   But much may be done to prolong
 life,  and in many cases, to prevent  fatal  consequences.  It is
 obvious  that  all violent exertions which  disturb the circula-
 tion  will aggravate the malady; constipation of the bowels will,
 by obstructing the circulation, hasten an  incurable condition
 or a fatal termination.  The patient should be carefully regu-
 lar in all personal habits; exercise  moderately; diet temper-
 ately;  and avoid all violent shocks,  emotions, or agitations, of
 mind or body;  and in  all respects conform to organic law.
  Angeitis.—A term  applied  to inflammation of vessels in
 general.
  Angina.—The term  is generic and is applied to a variety of
 affections of  the throat and air  passages, among which  are
 quinsy, croup, diptheria, laryngismus,  laryngitis, aptha, pharyngi-
tis, coryza, sternalgia,  etc., all of which will be treated of under
their respective heads.
  Angina  Pectoris.—This term is applied  to  an  affection
characterized by a violent pain about the sternum, or breast
bone, extending towards the arms, accompanied with anxiety,
difficult breathing, and a sense of suffocation.   Some pathol-
ogists have regarded it as a neuralgia of the heart 
46
Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
Ano.
  It may be relieved by hot  fomentations to the chest, con-
joined, in extreme cases,  with warm sitz and foot-baths.
  Angina Pellicularis.—See Croup and Diptheria.
  Angina Strangulatoria.—This term  is applied to  inflam-
matory affections of the  tonsils, glottis,  windpipe, uvula, and
palate, when attended with a sense of choking or strangling.
  Anginosa.—Applied to that form of  scarlet fever which is
attended with swelling of the throat.
  Angine.—See Globus Hystericus.
  Anh^mia.—See Anaemia.

  Anhelation.—Short and rapid breathing.   See Dyspnoea.
  Ankyloblepharon.-;—A preternatural union between the free
edges of the eyelids, the result of adhesive inflammation.
  Ankyloglossia.—Tongue-tied.  It is  caused by the short-
ness of the fraenum, or an adhesion between its margins and
the gums.  In the  former case the  fraenum may be divided
with a pair of scissors, and in  the latter the adhesion may be
dissected away.
  Ankylosis.—Stiff-jointed.  It is complete and true when there
is a firm adhesion between the synovial surfaces, with union
of the articular extremities of the bones, and incomplete ox false
when there is obscure motion.
  The former condition  is generally incurable.  The latter
may be greatly relieved, and often entirely cured, by fomenta-
tions, douches, persevering friction, while gently and gradu-
ally exercising the partr.
  Anorexia.—Want of  appetite without  loathing  of food.
It exists in the early state of most acute diseases,  and  is a
symptom in  many  chronic  diseases, particularly dyspepsia.
The  treatment should  be directed to the primary malady 01
to the constitutional condition.
  Anosmia.—Loss of smell, a result of catarrh, the excessive
use of snuff, opium, quinine, etc. 
Ant.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.         47
  Anteversion.—Displacement of the uterus, in which the
body  or fundus  is directed forward toward  the pubes and
against the bladder, whilst the os uteri is turned backward to-
ward the sacrum and lower bowel.  To reposit the organ the
fundus may be pushed upward with the finger, while the pa-
tient ties on the back with the hips well raised.   When the
organ  and surrounding parts are feeble and relaxed, they
must be invigorated by means of vaginal injections, hip-baths,
abdominal manipulations,  and all the appliances of the Hygi-
enic System.
  Anthracia.—Carbuncular Exanthem.  An eruption of im-
perfectly suppurating tumors, with indurated edges, generally
with a foul, sanious core.   They indicate a gross and putres-
cent condition of the body, and are always among the symp-
toms of Plague and Yaws.   See Anthrax.
  Anthracosis.—A  species of carbuncle which affects the
eyelids and globe of  the eye.  The term is also applied to the
"black lung of coal  miners," an affection induced by accum-
ulation of  carbonaceous particles in  the lungs.   Sometimes
ulceration of the lungs results from this cause, and the mal-
ady is then termed black phthisis.  See Melanosis.
  Anthrax.—Malignant boil, carbuncle.  An inflammation
of the skin and areolar tissue, of a gangrenous tendency.  It
is frequently seen in the later stage of low fevers, and is some-
times among the critical manifestations of chronic diseases, in
persons of impure blood  or feeble vitality.
  Carbuncles are also among the remote results of mercurial
infection.  Patients who have  been  salivated, or who have
been subjected to the prolonged use of mercury in any form,
are very liable to the most aggravated forms of malignant ul-
cers, which are very difficult to heal, as the bony structure is
very liable to be involved in the disorganizing inflammation.
  Keep the part constantly surrounded with wet cloths cov-
ered with dry, so  long as there  is  any preternatural heat.
Cavities should be filled, and abraded surfaces covered with
flour,  reapplied once a day; and when the edges of the ulcei 
48         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Aor.
 become indurated or very painful, gentle douches with warm
 water, or mild fomentations, will relieve.  I need hardly add
 that the general health must be properly attended to.   The
 wet-sheet pack, warm baths,  or the  Hydro-Electrical baths
 should be employed to deterge mercurial and other impurities
 from the system, and  salt, sugar, milk, butter, and  cheese,
 must be excluded from the dietary.
   Aneuresis.—Anuria.   See Ischuria.
   Antimonialis.—The  antimonial  disease, occasioned by tar-
 tar emetic and other preparations of antimony being admin-
 istered  as  medicine, or accidentally taken  into the system.
 The symptoms are, burning pain in the pit of the stomach,
 with retching or vomiting; purging;  colicky pains;  sense of
 tightness in the  throat; and violent cramps.  If the poison
 has been recently swallowed, an emetic of warm water should
 be taken; when  small doses have been taken for days  and
 weeks, the medicine must be got rid of through the excreto-
 ry organs (the skin, liver, lungs, bowels, and kidneys). Pain
 and inflammation are to be allayed by fomentations and cold,
 wet cloths.  The full warm bath is to be applied daily, fol-
 lowed by the tepid ablution.
   Antigmatism.—A term which has been lately applied to de-
 fective and indistinct vision, and which may be improved or
 remedied entirely by proper glasses.   See Myopia.
   Antroveesion.—See Anteversion.
   Anxiety.—Great restlessness and agitation with a distress-
ing sense of oppression at the epigastrium.  It is a prominent
symptom in the early stage of all malignant  fevers,  and of
many acute diseases, and may attend the latter sta^e of all.
It is also induced by overloading the stomach, and by taking
indigestible substances.  It may be  relieved by warm water
drinking and fomentations.  When excessive  or indigestible
aliment is the cause, a warm-water emetic is the remedy!
  Aortitis.—Inflammation of the aorta, and, in my  opinion,
a nosological mistake. 
Aph.       Hand-Book of  HreiENic Practice.         49
   Apathy.—Suspension or loss of  the moral  emotions.  It
 takes place in malignant fevers, and in some chronic diseases
 attended with extreme congestion of  the brain.   I have  had
 several patients who evinced no  desire to live, and who did
 not seem-to care what happened  to themselves or to others.
 Fortunately the symptom is only temporary, and disappears
 entirely on a removal of the cause
   Apepsia.—See Dyspepsia.
   Aphonia.—Loss of voice.  Aphonia often exists as a symp-
 tom in catarrh.  It is sometimes caused by paralysis of some
 part of the vocal apparatus, but is more frequently the conse-
 quence of debility or extreme relaxation of the respiratory
 muscles.  In some cases it has resulted from a misuse of the
 respiratory muscles, by which the  effort of  phonation is thrown
 on the wrong muscles.  Strong mental emotions are sometimes
 the cause of this affection.
   The  remedial measures must of course have referenee to
 the causes.  Whatever will improve the whole breathing ap-
 paratus, will conduce to the  recovery of the voice.   In cases
 of general debility, or of abuse or misuse of the vocal organs,
 vocal  gymnastics  are especially  serviceable; but great  care
 should be taken to  have the  dorsal  and  abdominal muscles
 called  into play, or  the exercises will  be worse than useless.
   Aphronia.—A synonym for Apoplexy, which see.
   Aphrosyne.—Delirium, Insanity.
   Aphtha.—Thrush or sore mouth, stomatitis.  There are two
 varieties, the common, white, or milk thrush,  and the black or ma-
lignant.  Both forms, are  symptomatic of  bad digestion or
impure blood.  Hot drinks, strong green tea, strong cheese,
and stale butter and meats sometimes induce the mild form
of the  affection in  adults.  When it  affects nursing infants,
the mother should regulate her diet properly, and the mouth
of the child be frequently wet with a teaspoonful of cold water.
The malignant form is frequently an accompaniment of pu-
trid fevers, and is always to be treated with the constitutional
                3 
50         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice
processes of purification—the warm bath, the wet-sheet pack,
or frequent ablutions, as the temperature of the patient indi-
cates.  In all cases, cold applications to the throat, with bits
of ice or sips of cold water taken into  the  mouth frequently,
are the proper local measures.
  Apneustia.—Apnoea, Asphyxia.
  Apnosa. — Insensible  respiration,  Orthopncea.   See As-
phyxia.
  Aponeurositis.—Inflammation of an  aponeurosis.   Apply
very cold wet cloths until relieved.
  Apoplexy.—This disease  is characterized by a loss of con-
sciousness,  sensibility, and  voluntary motion.  It is  usually
attended with more or less rigidity  of  the  limbs, with .puffy,
stertorous breathing.  Authors  distinguish two species, the
Sanguineous, and the Serous, as the surface is flushed or pale.
The immediate cause is  congestion or  compression of the
brain.   The remote causes are whatever obstructs the circula-
tion, or renders the blood thick and viscid. Plethoric persons
are peculiarly subject to the disease.  Excessive alimentation
is its most common cause.
  Place the patient in an easy position with the head well
raised.  Free the bowels with an enema of tepid water.   If
the breathing is very laborious, apply fomentations to the ab-
domen. Apply hot bottles to the feet, if there is the least in-
dication to chilliness; wet cloths should be applied to the head.
When  the surface is warm and feverish,  it should be sponged
two or  three times a day with tepid water, followed by gentle
friction.
  Apostema.—The  word is sometimes  appliod to tumors  in
general, but is usually employed as a  synonym of Abscess,
which see.

  Apyrexia.—The  state of the  system  (Dunglison says it is
the condition of  an intermittent fever), between the paroxysms
cf an intermittent fever.  The term is sometimes applied to 
Arn.         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.         51
the  non-febrile  period of other acute diseases.  Strictly, it
means the" absence of the hot stage of a febrile disease.
   Arachnitis.—Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane of
the brain.   See Cephalitis.
   Aranea,—See Tarentula.
   Ardent Fever.—Synocha, or Inflammatory Fever.
   Ardor Urin^.—A scalding sensation experienced while the
urine is passing over the inflamed mucous membrane of the
urethra, or neck of the bladder. It is a symptom of gonorrhoea
and leucorrhcea, and may be induced by acrid poisons, as tur-
pentine, cantharides, etc.  The constant application of tepid,
cool, or cold water,  is necessary until relieved.
   Arenosa  Urina.—Sandy  Urine.   See Gravel.
   Argema.—A  white spot,  or ulceration  of  the  eye.   See
Leucoma.
   Aegentitis.—I have introduced this term for the malady
known as the Blue Disease, and which is caused by nitrate of
silver (argenti nitras) administered as a medicine.  Such cases
are not so frequent  as formerly, for the reason that the drug
is less used.  The malady has thus far proved incurable.  A
few  years ago,  when the Electro-Chemical baths were first
introduced in this city, it was claimed that they were capable
of removing this discoloration.  And an individual who was
frequently seen  in the streets, and who had been employed
for years to hand out the programmes in front of the Ameri-
can Museum, was reported to have been cured. And what is
singular, one operator in this city and another in Philadelphia,
each claimed to have cured him. But, as it happened, the
blue-dyed patient continued to present the same external ap-
pearance.
  Akgyria.—A term applied to the discoloration of the skin,
occasioned by the internal use pf lunar caustic, or nitrate of
silver.
  Arnicalis.—A term I have taken the liberty to apply to the
disease or " medioinal effects " occasioned by the drug Arnica 
52         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.
Montana.  The symptoms are—stupor, dilated pupil, anxiety,
spasmodic actions of the muscles, and in extreme cases, coma,
involuntary evacuations and paralysis.  The patient should be
kept quiet, with the  head well raised,  as in apoplexy, and
freely exposed to the fresh air.  Cold application? to the head
and warm applications to the feet  will assist the recovery.
When the skin is preternaturally warm, it should be sponged
with tepid water.
  Arsenicalis.—This term has already been employed by some
nosologists to indicate arsenical disease.  It is characterized
by a burning heat in the  stomach,  some degree of coppery
or metallic taste in the mouth, with fleecy or spongy gums, and
a swelling, fullness or puffiness of the face.  To eliminate the
poison the vapor bath, wet-sheet pack, and Hydro-Electrical
bath are useful.  I have no faith in chemical antidotes.  They
are proper when the drug is in the stomach, but when it is
diffused throughout the system they are worse than useless.
  Arsenicismus.—Poisoning by arsenic.
  Arteritis.—Inflammation  of  an artery.   Says Professor
Gilman, of the New York College  of Physicians and Sur-
geons :  " The continued  apphcation of cold water has more
power to prevent inflammation than any other remedy."   He
should have  said, to cure inflammation.  Cold  water may
either prevent inflammation, or  cause it, according to the cir-
cumstances of the case and the mode of its apphcation.
  Arthragra.—See Gout.
  Arthritis.—This term  is usually employed generically to
comprehend all forms of gout and rheumatism.
  Anthrochondritis.—Inflammation of the  cartilages and
joints.  Apply cold water.
  Arthrodynia.—Pain in the joints.  It is usually of a rheu-
matic or mercurial origin.  Foment the  part and then apply
the wet bandage.
  Arthrosia.—This is a generic term applied to  painful in-
flammatory sweUings of the  joints.  It induces  many forrns
of gout  and rheumatism. 
Asp.        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.          53
   Arthropongus.—A white, fungous tumor of the joints.  It
may be removed by congelation, or caustic, or both.
   Asbestos  Scall.—See Eczema of the Hairy Scalp.
   Ascaris—Ascarides.—Thread, Pin, or Maw Worms.  Char-
acterized by a  long, cylindrical body, extenuated at the ex-
tremities.  There are supposed to be several species of entozoa
included in the genus Ascaris.   Copious enemas of pure water,
and a dietary of coarse bread and fruit, with unseasoned vege-
tables, will in due time destroy them by obviating the cause on
which their existence  depends.  Sugar, all greasy substances,
and fermented  breads, should be abstained from by all who
are troubled with worms.
   Ascites.—Hydrops  Abdominis, (Dropsy of the Belly.)  A
collection of watery fluid  in the abdomen.   Characterized by
increased size of the abdomen, fluctuation, and the usual sighs
of serous accumulation.   Ascites proper is dropsy of the peri-
toneum, or  lining membrane  of the abdomen.   When the
constitutional vigor is not greatly reduced, it may be removed
by absorption, or by tapping—paracentesis.  When the fluid is
saccated (collected in separate cysts) it is incurable.  In some
cases the watery accumulation is exterior to the peritoneum.
   The warm wet-sheet pack, or the alternate warm and tepid
rubbing sheet,  with a dry and abstemious dietary,  are the
most effectual measures of treatment.
  Asphyxia.—Pulselessness,  Acrotismus,  Apparent Death,
Suspended Animation.  The immediate cause is the non-con-
version of venous into arterial  blood ; or, in other words, the
retention of effete carbonaceous matter.  The exciting causes
are the presence of irrespirable gases, or  the absence of at-
mospheric air,  as in  the cases of hanging and  drowning.
Narcotic fumes, and noxious vapors of various kinds, will in-
duce it.   The  "choke-damp,"  or carbonic  acid gas, which
accumulates in-deep caves, or in the bottom of dry wells, is
one of the most frequent causes of death of Asphyxia.  Chlo-
roform, ether and other anesthetic agents, when administered
without due precautions,  sometimes  induce the  asphyxiated
state,  ending in death. 
54         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.
  Atmospheric  air is the only remedy.   The patient should
be placed in a current of fresh air, or fanned vigorously, and
the tongue  drawn forward.   This last point is exceedingly
important, and lives have been lost by not properly attending
to it.  The tongue is paralyzed  and lies like a dead mechan-
ical weight in the back part  of the mouth, closing the glottis
and completely excluding the atmospheric air from the lungs.
To favor the inclination of the tongue forward, the patient
should be turned on one  side with the face inclining down-
ward.
  When the patient  has been for a long time exposed to
mephitic gases  or vapors, or submerged, the restoration of
the respiratory function  can often be achieved  as follows:
Support the patient in a sitting posture, carry the arms gradu-
ally upward and outward above  the head, and then as gradu-
ally depress them downward and forward, the whole to be
performed sixteen to eighteen times per minute; during the
downward motion an attendant should press firmly against
the abdominal muscles.   The object is to imitate the respira-
tory motions as nearly as possible, by which means a suffi-
cient quantity of air  may be made to enter the  lungs to re-
invigorate the  circulation of the  blood, and set the whole
machinery of life in motion again.
  The strangling is hot occasioned, as  is commonly supposed,
by the water or noxious gases or vapors entering the lungs,
but by the spasmodic closure of the glottis to  keep them out.
  Assultus.—Attack.  When physicians  learn that  diseases
are not things, or entities, foreign to the living organism,  but
that they are, on the contrary, the actions of the vital powers
in self-defence, we shall hear no more of diseases "attacking"
us,  "running through"  us,  "becoming  seated" within us,
being " self-limited," " deriving laws from their nature," etc.,
etc.; nor will physicians  then think  of  "breaking up," or
"neutralizing" or  "counteracting,"  or  "suppressing,"  or
"subduing"  disease, as is now the fashion.  They will  only
seek to  regulate and direct the remedial action, and supply
the living  system with whatever of  normal (not  morbific)
agents it can use under the circumstances. 
Ath.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.         55
  Asthenia.— Vis  Imminuta.   Applied by  Brown to desig-
nate debility  of the whole  system,  in contradistinction to
Stenia,  the state of augmented vitality.  The Brunonian hypo-
thesis is very absurd in theory, and very disastrous in practice.
  Asthenopia—Weak-Sightedness.  Ascertain  and remove
the cause.
  Asthma.—There are many varieties of asthmatic affections,
but the principal are the Common, or Spitting—Asthma Humi-
dum;  the Dry—Asthma Stecum, and the Say, or Marvest, or
Fever Asthma.  The first variety is attended with copious ex-
pectorations ; in the second variety the expectoration is scanty;
the third variety appears in the haying or harvest season only.
A kind of asthma, called Grinders, or  Grinder's Rot, is  some-
times eaused by the inhalation of earthy and metallic par-
ticles, and affects stone-cutters and metallic instrument-grind-
ers.  More frequently, however, "the disease is manifested in
some one of the several forms of consumption.
  The  immediate cause of asthmatic respiration is, in a great
majority of cases, an enlarged or congested state of the liver ;
noxious particles received into the  lungs, repelled eruptions,
suppressed discharges, rank odors, damp weather, dietetic er-
rors, and strong mental emotions, are frequent exciting causes.
  When the temperature of  the patient will admit,  the wet-
sheet pack  should be the leading bath, repeated daily, or
every other day.   When the temperature is lower, the tepid
half-bath, followed by the pail douche, should be taken daily.
The wet girdle should  be worn about one-half  of the time,
and a moderately eool hip-bath taken once or twice a day, for
ten or  fifteen minutes.  Feeble patients should take the hot
and'eold foot-bath at bed-time.  Fomentations to the abdo-
men may be resorted to for temporary alleviation during the
paroxysm.
  The  dietary can hardly be too strict, and must be  very ab- ^
stemious.  Milk is objectionable, and recovery will be accel-
erated, if every kind of animal food is abstained from.
  Atheroma.—A tumor formed of a cyst containing a pulpy
or fatty matter, like pap.  It can best be removed with the
knife. 
56         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Bab.
    Atony.—Want of tone.  General Debility.  Atonic is, and
  properly, applied to all chronic diseases, and to all fevers, ex-
  cept the inflammatory.
    Atrabilis.—Black Bile, or Melancholy.   The ancient phy-
  sicians ascribed many cases of hypochondriasis, mania, mel-
  ancholy, etc,  to the predominance of black bile;  but there
  does not happen  to be  any such humor.  Torpidity of the
  liver is a common cause of those affections.
    Atrophy.—Wasting of the Body, Marasmus.   A condition
  which may more or less attend any disease.

    Aura.—The sensation  of a vapor rising from the  body or
  limbs to the head or throat,  and inducing a feeling of suffoca-
  tion.  It  sometimes  precedes  paroxysms  of epilepsy and
  hysteria,  and has been  termed  Awa  Epileptica  and Aura
  Hysterica.
    Auriumalis.—The effects of the medicinal preparations of
  gold (Aurum) are very similar to  those of mercury.  They
  have been employed experimentally as  substitutes  for  the
  mercurials in scrofulous and  syphilitic  diseases,  and  in
  various cachexias.  The  gold malady is to be treated like all
  other mineral poisons, with  all the ehminating appliances of
  the Hygienic  system.    x
    Autumnal Fever.—Remittent and intermittent fevers occur
  most frequently in the fall of the year, and are termed Autum-
  nal.  The remittent type is often termed Bilious Fever.
    Balanitis, Balanorrhgsa.— Spurious Gonorrhoea.  A mucous
  01 muco-purulent discharge from the urethra without venereal
  infection.  For the treatment, see Leucorrhoea and Gleet.'

    Balbuties.—Traulismus, Stammering,  St. Vitus' Dance of
  the Voice.  The term is also applied to a vicious  and incom
*  plete pronunciation, in which almost all of the consonants are
  replaced by the letters B and L. Apply to a good elocutionist.

    Barbriers.—Beriberi.   A paralytic affection prevalent  in
  India.   The subjects  of  the disease are mostly  persons of 
Bil.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.          57
 weakly constitutions and dissipated habits, and the termina-
 tion is usually fatal.  These circumstances sufficiently suggest
 the remedial plan.
   Barrenness.—See Sterility.
   Belching.—See Eructation.
   Belladonnalis.—I venture to designate by this  term the
 disease which is the aggregate of the poisonous effects of the
 medicine known as Atropa Belladonna, or deadly night-shade.
 The symptoms are  stupor,  numbness, dizziness,  dimness of
 vision, nausea, dilated pupil, delirium, and, in extreme  cases,
 convulsions.   The treatment is the same as for Arnicalis.

   Belly-Ach.—See Colic.
   Benign.—Diseases of a mild character are so termed.
   Beriberi.—See Barbiers.
   Bex—See Cough.
   Bezoar.—A calculous concretion found in the stomach, in«
 testines and bladder of animals.   It was primarily regarded a*
 possessing wonderful medicinal virtues.  Urinary calculi were
 once employed as powerful alexipharmics, .or antidotes.   Bili-
 ary and lachrymal calculi have also been employed in  medicine.
 The Bezoard of the Indian Porcupine was formerly sold at an
 enormous price in Spain and Portugal.
   Bilious, Biliousness. — This  term   is  applied somewhat
 loosely to various diseases, and to many conditions of the
 system  in which there  is an excretion  of biliary matter, inor
 dinate in quantity or  acrid and irritating in  quality.   It is
 sometimes employed in a very different and even in the very
 opposite  sense, to denote a condition  of torpor or  inactivity
 of the  liver,  in  which  the biliary elements  remain in the
 blood, or are partially expelled through the other enunctories,
 as in jaundice,  and a  variety of cutaneous disorders.   The
phrase " bilious attack," is  applied to  the disarrangement or
disturbance of the digestive organs, consequent on the presence
of morbid  bile.  # Some  fevers are  termed " bilious," as are 
58         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.       Bojr.
some forms of visceral imflammation, because of the free ex-
cretion of bile which attends  their early stage.  A variety of
humors,  eruptions,  and nameless skin diseases, as well as
many aphthous, diphtheritic, and cankerous conditions of the
mucous  membranes,  are  attributable, more than to  any
single cause, to a defective action of the liver.   They are so
many manifestations of " biliousness."
  To remedy all of these  conditions, a plain, simple dietary,
with general bathing,  according to the circumstances of the
disease and the  condition of the patient,  are indispensable.
The indications of cure are, to purify the mass of blood of its
biliary elements, and to restore the function of the liver.

  Bismuthibmus.—I do not find this term in the Medical Lexi-
con, but I apply  it to the  bismuth disease, caused by the me-
dicinal administration  of the subnitrate  of bismuth.  The
symptoms are, great heat or sense of burning in the stomach,
thirst, furred tongue, vertigo, syncope, etc.  The  remedy is
negative—let the drug alone.

  Black Death.—This term was applied to the plague during
its prevalence in the middle ages.
  Black  Lung.—See Anthracosis.
  Black  Tongue.—A term which  has been applied to  Putrid
Sore Throat, which  see.
  Bleb.—See Bulla.
  Blennorbhagia, Blennorrhea.—See Gonorrhoea.
  Blepharopthalmia,  Blepharopthalmitis.—See Opthalmia.

  Blepharoptosis.—A falling down of  the upper eye-lid over
the eye.  It is an indication of great congestion of the brain,
and often one of the precursors of apoplexy or palsy.
  Blue Disease.—Cholera, Spasmodic,  which see.
  Boil.—See Furunculus.
  Bona Fever.—A  malignant fever which prevailed amongst
the troops of the garrison  at Bona, in Algeria, from 1832 to 
Bre.       Hand-Book of HrGiENic Practice.         59
1835, has been so called.  It did not differ in any essential
particular from the  ordinary typhus fever of camps and hos-
pitals.
  Bone Fever,—Inflammation of the Bone.

  Bones,  Brittleness of the.—£>ee Fragilitas Ossium, and
Mollifies Ossium.
  Borboeygmus.—The noise made by flatus or gas in the in-
testines.   Any condition  of indigestion which favors the fer-
mentation of the food, tends to the production of flatulence.
Sips of warm water will  relieve it, and a proper dietary may
cure.
  Bothriocephalus.—Broad Tape-Worm.   See Taenia.

  Boulimia.—Insatiable hunger.  It sometimes affects hyster-
ical  patients,  and pregnant  women.  Dyspeptics  are  often
troubled with an insatiate appetite or craving.   The remedy
is dry, solid food, which compels the patient to masticate very
slowly, as hard  crackers, parched corn, and, for those who
have good teeth, raw wheat.
  Bourgeons.—See Gutta Rosea.
  Bradysuria.—See Dysuria.
  Brash, Water.—See Pyrosis.
  Brash,  Weaning.—A severe  diarrhoea  occurring at the
time of weaning.  The warm-bath morning and evening, and
proper attention to diet, are the remedial measures.

  Breast, Abscess of. — Milk Abscess, Mammary Abscess.
See Mastodynia Apostematosa.

  Breast-Pang.—See Angina Pectoris.
  Breath', Offensive.—This  depends on decaying teeth, im-
pure blood, foul secretions and filthy habits, as tobacco-using,
liquor-drinking, pork-eating, etc.  Probably constipated bow-
els is the immediate cause of more feted and offensive breaths
than all other causes combined. 
60         Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice
  Bright's Disease of the Kidney.—A granular disease of
the cortical part of the kidney which gives occasion to the ex-
cretion of urine that contains albumen; so named, because it
was first described by Dr. Bright.  See Albuminuria.
  Broken-Windedness.—Asthma.
  Bromidrosis.—A term applied to offensive  sweat.  The
causes and  cure are indicated under the head of Breath,
Offensive.
  Bronchitis.—Inflammation of the lining or mucous mem-
brane of the bronchial tubes.   It has been called Pulmonary
Catarrh, Angina  Bronchialis,  Humid Pleurisy,  etc.  Laryn-
gitis and Follicular  Inflammation  of  the Throat, and even
chronic  Tonsilitis, are often miscalled  Bronchitis, and all in-
discriminately treated with the  murderous fumigations, inha-
lations, and cauterizations of poisonous drugs.  Acute Bronchitis
is attended with fever, and  requires precisely the same treat-
ment as inflammation of the lungs.  See Pneumonia.  Chronic
Bronchitis is one of the  forms  of consumption, and  requires
all the Hygienic appliances applicable to that disease.
  In the early stages, the chest wrapper should be worn con-
stantly, and derivative baths frequently employed.  The tepid
hip-bath, and hot-and-cold foot  bath should be taken once or
twice  daily,  and a full tepid or warm bath daily, each other
day, semi-weekly or weekly, according to the  patient's reac-
tive power.   The diet must be very simple and rather ab-
stemious, and the patient should exercise in the open  air all
he  possibly can, without great  fatigue.   Tobacco-users, who
have chronic  bronchitis, must renounce the luxury or expect
to die.
  In the early stages, the  wet-sheet pack may be advan-
tageously employed,  daily or tri-weekly;  and in all  cases,
the  " Swedish movements"  are admirable.
  Bronchitis  may  be  distinguished  from  laryngitis  and
"throat-ail"  by the pain and  tenderness being  deep-seated
and diffused in the chest; and chronic bronchitis may be dis-
tinguished from pleurisy or pneumonia by the absence of
fever of the continued type. 
Bub.       Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice.          61
  Bronchocele.—Swelled Neck, Goitre.  An enlargement of
the thyroid gland, sometimes amounting to a very large tu-
mor, and seriously obstructing respiration.  It is usually cur-
able in  its early stages,  and but rarely  afterwards.  The
patient must  avoid hard  water,  drink only soft  and pure
water, and only so much as  actual thirst demands; restrict
the diet to plain, solid food, and^be abstemious in quantity.
Cold wet cloths should be worn around the neck, and a mod-
erate douche, if practicable, applied two or three times a day.
If the patient is in otherwise good health, the wet-sheet pack
for an hour daily, followed by a moderate douche  along the
spine,  will assist the  absorption  of  the  tumor.  But if the
general  circulation is feeble,  the  tepid rubbing sheet should
be  preferred.   Gentle and persevering friction to the tumor
will often assist in its removal.

  Bronchocephalitis.—Hooping-Cough.  See Pertussis.

  Bronchorrhoja.—An  increased  excretion of  mucus from
the air passages.  It is symptomatic of  catarrh, indigestion,
and various other maladies.
  Bruise.—Contusion.   If there  is heat with swelling, ap-
ply cold  water; if not,  foment the part or apply warm water,
and then apply cold wet bandages.

  Brygma.—Grinding'of the teeth.  A common  symptom of
teething  in children, and of gastric irritation in both children
and adults.
  Bubo.—An  inflammatory swelling  of the  glands  of the
groin.   The term is sometimes applied  also to a similar affec-
tion of the glands of  the  axilla or armpit.  There are three
varieties  of this disease.  1. Simple, not connected with infec-
tion.   2. Venereal, occasioned  by the venereal virus.  3. Pes-
tilential, an accompaniment of the plague.
  In each of these cases the primary or constitutional condi-
tion must  be attended to.  The local  treatment consists of
frequent tepid or cool hip-baths, and  the  constant application
of cold  wet cloths.  When  the  swelling  is  attended  with 
62
Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.
Bun.
throbbing pain, indicative of suppuration, warm water should
be applied and the full warm-bath taken once or twice a day;
or, if this is impracticable,  the warm  sitz-bath will answer
very well.      ,
  Bubonalgia.—Pain in the groin.   It may be neuralgic Or
inflammatory. In the former case apply hot fomentations; in
the latter, cold wet cloths.
  Bubonocele.—Rupture of the groin,  Inguinal Hernia.   It
may be relieved by  a well-adjusted truss,  and is sometimes
cured by a surgical process.
  Bucket Fever.—Dengue, which see.
  Bucnemia.—See Elephantiasis.
  Buff, Inflammatory,  Buffy Coat.—Corium Phlogisticum.
A state of the blood  in which, in  consequence of disease, the
fibrinous element, instead of being assimilated, remains in the
blood and undergoes more  or less  alteration.  The rational
remedy is to remove the cause of the disease ; but physicians
have, most absurdly, for several thousands of years, been in the
habit of taking  the blood out by opening a vein with a lancet.
How this is to remedy the difficulty, no advocate of venesec-
tion  has ever told us, and probably never will.
  Bugantia.—See Chilblain.
  Bulla.—A Bleb.   A portion  of the cuticle detached from
the skin by the interposition of a transparent, watery fluid. It
is the consequence of  biliary  obstruction  of some morbid
humor or impurity of the blood, and may be cured  by means
of frequent tepid ablutions, and a  plain, simple diet.   When it
occupies  a large  surface, the wet-sheet pack should be  em-
ployed.
  Bunioid.—A term applied to a cancer which bears some re-
semblance to a turnip.
  Bunion, Bunyon.—An enlargement  with inflammation of
the  bursa mucosa at the inside of  the ball of the  great toe.
Alternate hot and cold foot-baths,  with  due attention  to the
general health, will remove or relieve them. 
Cal.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.          63
  Burn.—An injury caused by extreme heat.  In no diseases
are there greater discrepancies of treatment by the  drug doc-
tors, than in  burns and scalds.  Some recommend the stimu-
lating, and others  the opposite, or antiphlogistic plan ; while
the specifics recommended by regular and irregular physicians
are innumerable.   The reason of this confusion worse  con-
founded is, that the great majority of the cases will recover
more or less  perfectly with or without almost any treatment,
and in spite of  much mal-medication.
  The principle of treatment is, to regulate the temperature
of the part, and protect abraded surfaces from the contact of
atmospheric air. When the injury is not deep, the apphcation
of flour alone will soon relieve  the pain, and, if  promptly ap-
plied, may prevent blistering, or the destruction of the cuticle.
When the injury  is deeper, the part should be held in cool
water, of a temperature most agreeable to the patient, or cold
wet cloths  may be  applied, and frequently changed.  Should
the cuticle or parts beneath slough  off,  the exposed surface
should  be  kept constantly covered with dry flour, over which
cold wet cloths  may be applied.
  Burning of  the Feet.—Persons of feeble circulation and
of a bilious condition of the blood, are liable to this sensation,
which is readily relieved by hot and cold  foot-baths.  In  a
singular cachectic  disease, which  occurs in India, the most
prominent symptom is a sense of burning in the feet.
  Cachectic—Pertaining to a morbid condition of *the system.
A person affected with cachexia.
  Cachexia,  Cachexy.—A bad habit, or depraved condition
of the  body, as in scrofula, scurvy,  cancerous  and venereal
diseases, dropsies,  etc.
   Cachinnatio.—A tendency to immoderate laughter, as in
hysterical and maniacal affections.
   Cacod-emon.—An evil  spirit, to which were ascribed many
disorders.  Nightmare.   See Incubus.
   Calculi.—Concretions  of excrete  or 'earthy matters which
may form in any  part of  the body, but are most frequently 
64          Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.       Gal.
found in the organs that serve as reservoirs, and in the excre-
tory ducts and canals.  They have been met with in the tonsils,
joints, biliary ducts, intestines, lachrymal ducts, mammary
glands, pancreas, pineal gland, prostate gland, lungs, salivary,
spermatic and urinary passages, and in the uterus. The causes
are, an excess of  earthy, saline, or alkaline particles taken
with the food, the use of mineral waters, the drinking of hard
water, chalk, lime, magnesia, etc., taken as medicines.
  The general remedial plan consists in the avoidance of the
causes, and the use  of such measures as will  deterge  the
system of all existing impurities.   A  strict  dietary, with  a
daily  ablution or  pack,  and  free  but not  excessive water-
drinking,  are the essentials.
  Calculi, Arthritic—Nodes,  Chalk-Stones,  Concretions
which form in the  ligaments arid within the capsules of the
joints of persons affected  with the gout.   Their composition
is, soda, uric acid, and a  little animal matter.  In  some in-
stances, urate of lime and chloride of sodium are present also.
A persevering Hygienic regimen will often remove every ves-
tige of these concretions.
  Calculi, Biliary.—Gail-Stones,  Chololithus, Biliary Con-
cretions.  In some cases  these  concretions are only the  ele-
ments  of bile thickened;  some contain Picromel;  and  the
majority are composed of  a small quantity of the yellow mat-
ter of the bile, with a large proportion of Cholesterin.  They
are most frequently found  in the gall-bladder, but sometimes
in the substance of the liver, in the branches of the hepatic
duct, and in the  common duct of the liver and gall-bladder,
[Ductus  Communis  Choledochus).   Their presence  does not al-
ways  cause much uneasiness, but  sometimes they occasion
abscess  and  biliary fistulae.  The  passage  of gall-stones  is
very painful often excruciatingly so, and can only be relieved
by  copious  warm water drinking,  hot fomentations to  the
abdomen, and warm hip-baths.

  Calculi, of the Ear.—These are  merely indurated  cer-
umen, and are a frequent cause of deafness.  They can b« 
Oal.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.          65
easily seen, and may be removed with forceps, after being de-
tached by repeated injections of warm water.
  Calculi,  Lachrymal.—Concretions in the lachrymal  pas-
sages sometimes cause abscesses and fistulae, which cannot be
healed until they are removed.
  Calculi,  of the Mammas.—These concretions are rare, but
have  been found in abscesses of that organ.
  Calculi,  of the Pancreas.—These are not detected during
life, hence little is known of them.
  Calculi,  of  the Pineal Gland.—Their  composition  is
phosphate of lime, but no  symptoms indicate  their presence
during life.
  Calculi,  of the Prostate  Gland. — These  are  generally
composed of phosphate of lime.   They occasion a sense of
weight or heaviness, and more  or  less disturbance in urin-
ation.
  Calculi,  Pulmonary.—Consumptives often expectorate con-
cretions  formed of carbonate of  lime  and a little animal
matter.
  Calculi,  Salivary.—-Concretions, in the salivary glands, or
in their excretory ducts, are usually composed of phosphate of
lime and animal matter.
  Calculi, *Spermatic.—These cannot be detected during life,
but are sometimes found after death, in the vesiculte semin-
ales.  Their constituents are unknown.
  Calculi,  of the  Stomach and  Intestines.—Enteroliths.
Calcuh in the stomach  are rare; in the intestines they are
more  frequently met with;  almost any foreign substance may
supply a nucleus.  They are ordinarily found between the
valves of the  small intestines, or in the cells of the large.
Sometimes  they  form  a movable tumor which may be felt
through  the walls of the abdomen.  A plain, unconstipating
diet, with occasional copious enemas, and judicious manipula-
tions  of  the abdomen—rubbing,  kneading, etc.—will  cause
them to be evacuated in due time. 
66         Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.        Cau
   Calculi, of the Tonsils.—These are readily recognized both
 by the sight and touch.
   Calculi,  Urinary.—Several varieties of concretions are
 formed of the crystallizable substances in  the urine.  Their
 chief components are, Lithic Acid, Phosphate of Lime, Am-
 moniaco-Magnesian Phosphate, Oxalate of Lime, Cystic Ox-   •
 ide, and Xanthic Oxide.
   Concretions formed in the kidneys, called Renal Calcuh,
 have generally a very irregular shape, and often cause intense
 pain while  being expelled, attended sometimes with inflam-
 mation, and turbid  or bloody urine.  Warm water, externally
 and internally, affords all the relief possible.
   Calculi, Vesical.—Stone in  the Bladder.  These  are indi-
 cated by a sense of weight in the perineum, and often a sense
 of a body moving or rolling when the patient changes posi-
 tion; pain  or itching at the extremity of the urethra; fre-
 quent desire to  urinate; sudden  interruption of the stream ;
 and occasionally bloody urine.  But assurance should always
 be rendered doubly sure by an examination with  the sound.
 In some cases they will  be entirely dissolved and pass away,
 in consequence of a rigidly antilithic regimen.  In other cases
 they can be broken into fragments in the bladder—Lithotrity
 —so as to pass out  through the urethra with the urine.  But
 in many cases they can only be removed by the operation of
 Lithotomy.
   Calculi, Urethral.—When lodged in the urethra, they ob-
 struct the passage of urine, and  occasion a hard  tumor, and
 can be readily recognized by the sound.  The only remedy is
 incision.
   Caligo.—A mist.  A  speck  on  the cornea of the eye;
 Web-eye, Opaque Cornea.  It may  often be  removed  by a
 good surgeon oculist; no one else should meddle with it.
   Callous.—Hard or indurated.  Ulcers often have callous
edges which must be removed%with the knife or caustic before
they can heal.  This is particularly the case with fistulous ul-
cers. 
Can.        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.          67
  Cancer.—Carcinoma.  There are many varieties of cancers
and " cancroid growths," but they all consist  essentially of a
scirrhous, livid tumor, ultimately  terminating in a fetid and
ichorous ulcer.  Authors distinguish cancerous tumors into 1,
Encephaloid, which is of a dead white color, and resembles lob-
ulated cerebral matter; 2, Scirrhus, whicn is extremely firm
and dense, and resembles the rind of bacon traversed by cel-
lulo-fibrous septa;  3,  Colloid, when the mass of the tumor,
which is firm and resisting, contains a jelly-like matter.  The
first-named variety often attains an enormous size, has been
observed in almost every tissue and  organ of the body, and
frequently co-exists in several.  Its progress, especially after.
ulceration,  is usually very rapid.   The second variety gene-
rally grows very slowly, and is rarely to be  met with larger
than an orange.  The third variety is intermediate in its pro-
gress, size, and extension.
  All forms of cancers are to be treated on the same general
plan, yet each may require some modification of it.   In the
early stages, and when the tumors are small, repeated conge-
lations will generally arrest their growth, and in some cases,
so destroy their vitality as to occasion their removal by absorp-
tion.   The best  refrigerant is an admixture of  snow or
pounded ice with salt (two parts of snow or ice to one of salt)
which may be applied once a  week, for ten, fifteen or twenty
minutes, according  to the  size of the tumor, and the frozen
part gradually thawed, under the  application of iced-water.
If well  managed, this process produces but  little  pain. If
the tumor  cannot be arrested or greatly diminished in size
by this means, in two, three or four months (according to its
size) the best plan  of removal is by  means of caustic.  But
this can only be managed by a competent physician or atten-
dant, as  the material to be selected, and the  strength of the
preparation, must be adapted to the sensibility of the patient
and  the vital resistance  of  the diseased  mass; otherwise the
pain of the process would be unendurable.   Moreover, the
kind and strength of the caustic may have to be varied from
time to time according to its effects.   Chloride of Zinc, made 
68         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
into a  paste with wheat flour, and Anhydrous  Sulphate of
Zinc, in powder, are among the best articles to disorganize the
tumor.  To remove very large tumors I prefer to etherize the
patient, and apply the strongest caustics, as the concentrated
sulphuric acid made into a paste with saffron flowers.  While
the disorganized portion is being sloughed off, the part should
be covered with an elm-flour poultice.   The caustic should be
repeatedly  applied,  until all vestiges of the tumor and roots
are removed, after which it may be dressed with flour and
simple cerate.
  Meanwhile the general health should be carefully attended
to.  And it is better not to commence the local treatment un-
til the system has been thoroughly cleansed of -the impurities
which constitute the cancerous diathesis.  For bathing pur-
poses,  the wet-sheet pack, the tepid ablution, or the full hot-
and-cold bath may be preferable in different states of the cir-
culation.   But the  temperature of the surface is a sufficient
guide  in all cases.   The diet must be rigidly simple and ab-
stemious.   A little of the " Hunger-Cure " would promote the
elimination of morbific matters from the system, more rapidly
than excessive bathing.
  Canine Laugh.—Cynic Spasm.  Risus Sardonicus, Sardonic
Smile.  The facial  expression during laughter, to which this
term is applied, is due to a spasmodic contraction of the Can-
inus muscle.
  Cantharadismus.—This term will not be found in the Med-
ical Dictionary, I)ut I apply it to the disease occasioned by the
application or administration of Spanish flies, whether in the
form of blister-plaster, applied to the skin, or of tincture or
powder, taken into  the stomach.  The symptoms are, heat, or
a burning  pain in the urinary organs, with strangury, or re-
tention of  urine, from spasmodic action of the spineter mus-
cles of the  bladder.  The prolonged warm bath, with fre-
quent  sips  of warm water,  is the remedy.
  Capsicumismus.—The effect of cayenne pepper  applied  to
the living  organism, is inflammation; when  moderate, it is 
Car.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         69
called "StfinTrhftion," and when severe, "Irritation."  In all
cases it is disease.  And whether "heat is life," and "life a
forced state," or heat and force the manifestations of vital ac-
tion, it is, with me, a clear deduction from the plainest princi-
ples of common sense, to  say nothing of science, that  the
heat, stimulation, irritation or inflammation occasioned by poi-
sons of any sort, is in no way conducive to health and longevity.
  The remedy for the pepper malady is, sips of cool or cold
water, bits of ice, and tepid (not cold) ablutions.   When there
is much heat or burning in the epigastrium from an excessive
dose, the  wet girdle  should be  applied.   Indeed, pepper  to
the mucous membrane is what  fire is to the skin, and both
require the same remedial plan.
  Caque Sangue.—An old  French term for " Bloody  Flux."
See Dysentery.
  Carbuncle.—See Anthrax.
  Carbuncled Face.—See Gutta Rosea.
  Carbuncular Exanthem.—Anthracia.  See Plague.
  Cardialgia.—Gastralgia, Gastrodynia, Heartburn. A gnaw-
in^ or burning sensation in the stomach or epigastric region.
It is a dyspeptic symptom.  Sips of warm water  will  relieve
it.  Patients who are subject to  this symptom should adopt a
plain, dry, and sparing d'fet.   Milk, grease and sugar should
be eschewed.
  Cardiomalacia.—MoUities Cordis.  Softening of  the heart.
  Carditis.—Inflammation of the heart.   This is known by
intense pain in the region of the heart, throbbing or palpita-
tion, irregular pulse, short, dry cough, and difficult breathing.
The pain  is increased by pressing upward against the dia-
phragm, and by lying on either  side.   There is an insupport-
able sense of oppression, and the countenance is haggard and
anxious.  There is also general  fever.  It is a very rare dis-
ease for obvious reasons, except when induced by the  mal-
treatment of gout and rheumatism.  The treatment is the same
as for Pneumonia, which see. 
70         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Car.
  Caries.—Ulceration of Bone.  It is analog©^>; to gangrene
of the soft parts.  It may result from external injuries or in-
ternal cachexia.  Mercurial  medicines,  and  other mineral
drugs are among the most frequent causes.   It is to be treated
on the same plan as inflammation of the soft parts.   When
there is constant heat and pain in the part affected, cold wet
cloths should be constantly applied.  When there is little or
no heat, the warm fomentations two or three times a dayt fol-
lowed by the covered wet  compress,  should be employed.
When the ulcers are deep, they should be cleansed daily and
filled with fine flour.  The constitutional treatment  is of first
importance.  Pure air, simple diet, and  general bathing, ac-
cording to the superficial temperature, should never be ne-
glected.   The Hydro Electrical baths are especially useful in
this affection.
  Carnification.—Transformation into flesh; a term applied
to a morbid condition of certain organs, in which the tissue
acquires  a consistence like that of muscle or flesh.  When it
occurs in the lungs, they present a texture like that of the
liver, and are said to be hepatized.    The bony structure some-
times becomes transformed to a fleshy consistence, as in osteo-
sarcoma.   Local inflammation, and a general cachectic state of
the system, are the causes; hence the remedies are whatever
will remove inflammation and purify the  body.

  Carnositas.—A fleshy excrescence.   Nitrate of Silver, Sul-
phate of  Zinc, Nitric acid, or a white-heated iron may be used
to destroy it.
  Carnosities of the Urethra.—Carbuncles; small, fleshy,
fungous growths in the urethra.  They are frequently found at
the orifice of the female urethra, in persons who have suffered
much from acrid leucorrhoea.   A few applications of nitric
acid, or lunar caustic, will remove them.

  Carphologia.—A delirious picking of the bed-clothes.  In
fevers it denotes great irritation of the brain, and is an unfa-
vorable sign.  Cold wet cloths should be applied to  the head,
and warm applications to the feet. 
Cat.        Hand-Book  of Htgienic Practice.         71
  Carpologia.—See Subsultus Tendinum.    *
  Caruncle.—A fleshy excrescence.   See Carnositas.

  Carus.—Profound Sleep.   Coma, with complete insensibil-
ity, so that the patient cannot be aroused, even for an instant.
It is always symptomatic.  It requires the same treatment as
apoplexy.
  Catacausis.—Spontaneous combustion of the human body.
Cases seem to be well  authenticated in which the human or-
ganism will acquire that  hydro-carbonaceous condition, in
persons who have been long addicted to the excessive use of
liquors, that, on the approach of  a flame or lighted taper to
the mouth, the breath will inflame, and the whole body burn
to ashes.   It is fire which water will not quench.

  Catalepsy.—A disease characterized by  a sudden suspen-
sion of  the functions of the external senses and of volition,
the limbs and  trunk preserving the different positions given
to them.   The fit comes on suddenly, and often ends with
singing or whistling.  It deoends on nervous debility,  consti-
pation of the bowels, or congestion of the brain, or  all to-
gether,  and the treatment must  have reference  to  these
circumstances.
  Catabact.—An opacity of the  crystalline lens, or its  cap-
sule,  which precludes vision.  There are many varieties of
this affection, for which, the reader who is interested, may con-
sult M.  Desmarres, or any of the standard works on Surgery.
The  chief  causes are, excessive use, or rather abuse,  of the
eyes, especially by candle or gas-light, and a thick, viscid,  bil-
ious  state of the blood, the result of unphysiological habits.
The  disease appears insidiously.   At first objects seem misty
and  indistinct; light bodies float before the eyes, and vision
is gradually yet constantly diminished, till finally lost.
  If properly treated  in the incipient stage, the disease  can
generally be arrested.  The head must be kept cool;  the
eyes only moderately employed, and not  at all after dark; all
exciting brain  labor must be avoided ; derivative baths—hip 
72
Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.
Cat.
and foot;—should be taken daily, and the general bathing and
regimen be so adapted to the patient as to purify the mass of
blood as rapidly as possible.
  Catarrh.—Defluxion,  Coryza, Rheuma,  Cold, Phlegma-
torrhagia.  An inflammation of the mucous  membrane of the
nose and upper portion of  the air passages.  When caused
by exposure, it is called a common cold, or Acute Catarrh; and
when the consequence of a morbid state of the liver, or of
constitutional disease or impurity, it is termed Chronic Catarrh.
  Acute Catarrh can be readily removed by  a full warm-bath,
followed  by  a wet-sheet pack,  and often  by either  alone.
Warm sitz and  foot-baths  are  proper derivative measures.
The patient should fast for a  day or two, and remain in an
equable temperature.
  Chronic  Catarrh is almost  invariably  one  of  the cdmpli-
cations of dyspepsia or  liver  complaint, and the treatment
should be  mainly directed  to the primary malady.  Nasal
baths are always more  or  less  useful.   A moderate  vapor-
bath, not so  prolonged as to  occasion much relaxation, nor
any appreciable  disturbance of  the head, may be  employed
once or twice a week with especial advantage.  In no disease
is pure air more  indispensable.
  Catarrh, Epidemic—Influenza, which  see.
  Catarrh, of the Bladder.—An inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the  bladder,  attended with more or less of the
fibrinous excretion which takes place in croup and  diptheria.
The membraneous formation  is often expelled in fragments,
attended with great pain and difficult micturition.   It is to
be treated precisely as. Cystitis, which see.
  Catarrh,  of the Bowels.—See Diarrhosa Tubular.
  Catarrh, of the Uterus.—Membraneous inflammation ot
the lining membrane of the Uterus,  which attends  certain
forms of mismenstruation.   See Dysmenorrncea.
  Catharsis.—The purgation of the bowels;  usually applied
to discharges from the  bowels  when induced by cathartic 
Cep.       Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.         7S
medicines. The real disease is diarrhoea, whether caused by the
" modus operandi" of medicinal drugs, or by poisons accident-
ally introduced,  or  by  impurities  casually  accumulated.
Warm  hip-batlls,- fomentations, frequent sips of cool water,
and a quiet, horizontal position, are the remedies.
   Cat's-Eye.—An amaurotic condition.  See Amaurosis.
   Cauliflower Excrescence.—An excrescence which appears
in the vulva and  anus, at or near the origin of the mucous
membranes, and which, in appearance, resembles the head of
the  cauliflower.  It is frequently, though not always, of ve-
nereal  origin.    It may  be  cured by proper cauterization
with aquafortis, nitrate of silver, or caustic potassa
   Cauma.—Inflammatory Fever, Synocha.
   Caumatodes.—This and the preceding term have been ap-
plied by some authors to Inflammatory or Syr.ochal Fever,
which see.
   Causus.—A highly  ardent  fever.  Pinel regards it  as  a
complication  of bilious and inflammatory  fever.   Broussaib
considers it "an intense  gastritis, accompanied with bilious
symptoms."  It is properly Synocha, or inflammatory fever.
   Causus, Indemial.—Tropicus Endemicus, Yellow Fever of
the West Indies.   See Yellow Fever.
   Cenosis. —Emaciation, Inanition.
   Cephalgia.—Periodical  Headache, Sick  Headache.   A
nervous headache is  caused by  acid bile or acidity of the
stomach.  It may be relieved by drinking plentifully of warm
water, and applying  the  wet-girdle.  It  is symptomatic of
dyspepsia or  liver complaint,  and can only be permanently
relieved by curing the primary malady.
  Cephalsmatoma.—Thrombus Neonatorum.   A  sanguine-
ous tumor which frequently  appears on the head of new-born
children.  It is of httle consequence, and usually  disappears
in a few days.
  CEPHALiENiA. — Cerebral  Hyperaemia,  Congestion  of the
head. An accumulation or disproportionate amoimt  of blood in 
74         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        Cha.
 the vessels of the brain, inducing headache, flushed face, with
 more or less feverishness.   Apply  cold  applications  to  the
 head and warm to the feet.  If the bowels  are  constipated,
 relieve them with enemas of tepid water.
   Cephalagra.—Cephalae Arthritica,  Meningitis Arthritica.
 Gout in the Head.   Treat it as recommended in  the preced-
 ing case.
   Cephalalgia.—Cephalonia, Encephalgia, Dolorcapitis. This
 term includes  all  kinds   of  Headache. They are  ordin-
 arily symptomatic,  and  must be relieved  by attending to  the
 primary affection.  When idiopathic, the treatment advised for
 the preceding cases are proper.
   Cephalitis.—Encephalitis, Phrenitis, Brain Fever, Inflam-
 mation of the Brain.  The symptoms are, intense pain in  the
 head, violent fever, redness  of the face and eyes, intolerance
 of light and sound, and dehrium.
   Apply the coldest water, or what is better, pounded  ice, to
 the  head, sponge the surface with tepid or cool water fre-
 quently; the bowels, unless already loose, should be  freely
 moved with enemas of  tepid water; the  head must be well
 raised on the pillows, and all sources of irritation avoided.
   Some authors have applied the term Meningitis to inflamma-
 tion of the membranes of the brain, and  Cerebritis to inflam-
 mation of the substance of the brain.  But such  distinctions
 are neither practical nor  useful ;  and were they so, it would
 not in the least affect the required treatment.
  Cerebellitis.—Inflammation of the Cerebellum. This can-
 not be, and need not be, distinguished  from Cephalitis.
  Cerebro-Spinal  Meningitis.—This  phrase has been  ap-
plied to a form of putrid typhus, now prevailing in various
parts of  this country, and often  called "spotted fever,"  on
the absurd notion that  the  disease consists essentially in an
inflammation of the coats of the brain and  spinal  marrOw.
The ordinary drug treatment is as murderous as the theory ia
foolish.
  Chafing.—See Intertrigo. 
Chi.         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.         75
   Chlaza.—A round, hard, transparent tumor developed in
the eye-lids and other parts of the body.  It requires cauter-
ization.  This term is also applied to the cicatricula of the egg.
   Chancre.—Ulcerous  Cancrosum.  An ulcer resulting from
venereal infection, and located on a part of the genital organs.
It may be of a phagedenic or  rapidly-spreading character, or
take the form of deepening ulcers which are filled with an
acrid,  corroding,  and infectious  matter.  It  should  be thor-
oughly cauterized,  on  its  first  appearance,  with nitric acid
or  the solid  nitrate  of silver,  and the proeess  repeated as
often as there is  any appearance  of erosive  action.   Mean-
while, the system should be purified of the syphilitic taint as
rapidly as possible by a thorough bathing, and a strict regi-
men closely bordering on starvation.

   Chancre  Larve.—A concealed Chancre.   Ricord's vagary
that such a chancre  sometimes exists, and produces virulent
gonorrhoea,  is, in my opinion,  just a vagary and nothing else.

   Chrumosis.—Opthahma Membranarum.  A form of inflamma-
tion of the eye, in which the conjunctiva surrounding the cor-
nea swells so as to form a high ring, causing the cornea to be
seen, as it were, at the bottom of a well.  For treatment, see
Opthalmia.
  Chicken-Pox.—See Varicella.

  Chiggre.—See Chique.
  Chilblain.—Pernio.  An erythematous inflammation of the
feet, hands,  and other parts, caused by extreme and sudden
alterations of  temperature.  Sometimes  it degenerates into
painful, indolent  ulcerations, termed Kibes.   Keep the part
affected in a moderate  and equable temperature, arid bathe
them frequently in tepid or moderately cold water.

  Child-Bed Fever.—See Puerperal Fever.
  Child-Crowing.—Asthma Thymicum.   See Asthma
Chlnwhelk.—See Sycosis. 
76         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.
  Chique.—Tick, Chiggre, Jigger.   A small insect in Amer-
ica  and  the Antilles, which gets under the scarf skin and
produces great irritation.
  Chloasma. — Pityriasis  Versicoler.   A cutaneous  affection
characterized by one or more broad, irregular-shaped patches,
of a yellow or  yellowish-brown color.  It occurs most fre-
quently on the front of the neck, breast, abdomen, and groins
It is properly of bilious  origin, and may be removed by re-
storing the  action of the  liver.  The parts affected may be
frequently bathed with tepid water, and moderate friction ap-
plied afterwards.  In this, and in all similar affections of the
skin, milk,  butter and sugar,  should be excluded from  the
dietary.
  Chlorosis.—Green Sickness, Cachexia Virginum.   A morbid
condition of young females, particularly those who never men-
struated, characterized by-pale, lurid complexion, and general
debility.  Usually there is a capricious and depraved appetite,
with constipation of  the bowels, and palpitation of  the heart.
The blood  of chlorotic patients is generally deficient in red
corpuscles, and physicians dose them with the preparations of
iron and  other kinds of " blood-food," on the false and absurd
notion that  these inorganic poisons can supply the deficient
elements or  in some  mysterious way cause them to be manu-
factured  or created.
  The patient should exercise as much as possible in the open
air.  Moderate dancing or the hght gymnastics are admira-
ble.  The diet should be restricted to coarse bread, ripe fruits,
and unseasoned vegetables.   A warm bath should be  taken
once a week; the tepid ablution each other morning on rising;
the dry rubbing-sheet on the alternate mornings; the hip-
bath of a moderate temperature—90° to 80°—-should be taken
daily; the hot-and-cold foot-bath at bed-time, and the wet-
girdle worn  a  part of each day when the weather is so warm
that it does  not occasion chilliness.   When there are pains in
the loins and back at the time for the menstrual  period, the
warm hip-bath, or hot fomentations, should be employed until
relieved. 
Cho.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.         77
  Chol^mia.—A bilious condition of blood.   See Jaundice.
  Cholcystitis.—Inflammation of the gall-bladder.  It can-
not be, and need  not be, distinguished from  Hepatitis, which
see.
  Cholelithus.—Biliary Calcuh.  See Calcuh.
  Choler.—Bile, Anger. A superabundance of bile has been
supposed to be  a  cause  of  the  unamiable  malady called
anger.  Take sips  of warm water, and  repeat the  Lord's
Prayer.
  Cholera.—There are several varieties of this disease, all of
which are characterized by vomiting and purging, and usually
more or less griping  in the bowels, with  spasms in the legs
and  arms.   The  general jplan of treatment  applicable to all
forms is, in the early stages, the tepid rubbing or tepid half-
bath, warm  hip-baths, hot foot-baths,  an enema of warm
water to free the bowels, frequent sips of warm  water, the
wet  girdle  to the abdomen, and a  quiet  horizontal posture.
In the later stage, the extremities should  be kept  warm, hot
fomentations applied  to the abdomen, and hot bottles to the
armpits and sides, enemas of a small quantity of cool  or cold
water should be given once in two or three hours ;  and when
there is a sense of heat or burning about the region of the
stomach, small bits of ice may be swallowed occasionally, or
sips  of iced-water taken.   Should  there be  much  heat over
the whole surface in  the  early stage, the tepid  or cool wet-
sheet pack should be taken, while  bottles of hot  water are
kept to the feet;  and  if the surface inclines  to paleness, and
the system to chilliness, the full warm-bath, or vapor-bath,
should be given; or, if either is  impracticable, hot  bottles
should be applied to the feet and "sides, and fomentations to
the abdomen.
  Cholera, Asiatic—See Cholera, Spasmodic.
  Cholera, Asphyxia.—See Cholera, Spasmodic.
  Cholera,  Bilious.—Cholera  Morbus.   So termed, because
it is attended with a copious excretion of acrid bile.   In the 
78         Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.       Cho.
severest cases the vomiting, spasms, and pain, are intense and
agonizing, and death oft^n results in a few hours.
  This form of cholera, though of terrible violence  in its
symptoms, is scarcely dangerous under proper Hygienic man-
agement.  At first the patient should drink copiously of warm
water, and when the violent retching subsides, take frequent
sips  of cold water.   Cool wet cloths should be  applied over
the abdomen, extending well up on the chest so as to cover
the region of the liver;  and if the skin inclines  to  preterna-
tural heat  or  feverishness,  the whole  surface should  be
sponged with tepid or moderately cold water.
  Cholera, Epidemic—See Cholera, Spasmodic
  Cholera, European.,—See Cholera, Spasmodic.

  Cholera, Flatulent.—Wind Cholera, Cholera Sicca.  This
form is not so  dangerous as distressing, and is  characterized
by an oppressive flatulence and retching, and an absence of
bile  in  the discharges.   Dyspeptics are very   liable  to it.
Warm water drinking, and fomentations to the abdomen, are
the specialities of treatment.
  Cholera, Indian.—See Cholera, Spasmodic.

  Cholera,  Infantum.—Infantile  Fever,  Choleric  Fever of
Infants, Watery Gripes.  This form prevails among children
during the warm season.   Usually a  diarrhoea  precedes the
vomiting for several days.  There is irregular  febrile heat,
and the body rapidly emaciates.
  The full warm-bath should  be given at first, after which
the wet-girdle (well  covered with dry flannel,   except when
the surface is quite warm and feverish) should be  applied to
the abdomen;  a teaspoonful of cool, but not very cold water,
should be given frequently; if the thirst is excessive, tepid
water may be allowed with sufficient freedom to  allay it; the
feet should be kept warm, and  the head cool, and the whole
surface sponged twice a day with tepid water. An abundance
of fresh  air must be admitted  to the apartment; and  if the
milk which  the child  uses is not known to be pure, it should
be stopped at once. 
Cho.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         79
  Cholera, Malignant.—See Cholera, Spasmodic
  Cholera, Pestilential.—See Cholera, Spasmodic.
  Cholera, Sicca.—See Cholera, Flatulent.
  Cholera, Spasmodic—The Cholera, Rice Disease, the Blue
Disease, Cholera Asphyxia, Cholera Typhus, Malignant, Epi-
demic,  Asiatic, Pestilential, European,  etc, Cholera.  This
form  of Cholera is characterized by watery discharges from
the bowels, blue  appearance of the countenance or surface,
thirst, spasms in the abdomen  and extremities, and, in the
later  stages,  by coldness of the tongue and pulselessness at
the wrist.
  The treatment must  be  varied  to  meet the  indications as
they present  themselves, and the  different stages of the ma-
lady,  and different conditions of the patients.   For the early
stage, the directions given under the head of Cholera are suf-
ficient  In the stage of prostration or collapse, hot bottles to
the feet and  sides, or the full hot-bath, followed by the tepid
ablution and gentle  but active friction, or the warm sitz and
hot foot-baths, should  be resorted to.  The vapor-bath,  if
practicable, is excellent  The  patient should  (except when
bathino-) remain as quietly in bed as possible,  and endeavor
to restrain rather than promote the ejections.  Free ventilation
is important   When there is great thirst, frequent draughts
of tepid water may be taken, though the quantity taken at a
time should be very small   When there is a burning heat in
the stomach,  bits of ice or sips of iced-water may be frequently
taken ;  and when the spasms are violent, fomentations should
be  assiduously applied to  the  abdomen until relief  is ob-
tained.  In cases where the warm-bath or vapor-bath is indi-
cated, and  impracticable, the  warm wet-sheet  pack will
answer.
  Choleric Fever of Infants —See Cholera Infantum.
  Cholerine.—The  first stage  or precursory symptoms of
Spasmodic Cholera.   The term is usually applied to the pre-
monitoiy "diarrhoea." 
80        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Cho.
   Choleromania.—A morbid dread  of the Cholera.  The
 charms, amulets, incantations, etc., as  assafetida,  mustard,
 onions, hartshorn, camphor, brandy, salted codfish, dried beef,
 old cheese, etc, which are employed, even in these enlightened
 days, and even under the advice of " family physicians," and
 " Boards of Health," would be ridiculous were they not trag-
 ical.   They are each and all among  the causes of the real
 cholera.
   Cholerophobia.—Choleromania, which see.
   Cholero-Typhus.—Spasmodic Cholera.

   Cholesteatoma.—A kind of encysted fatty tumor.
   Chololithus.—See Calculi, Biliary.

   Cholorrhgsa.—An abnormal discharge of bile.  The affec-
 tion is symptomatic  of  biHousness, sick-headache,  cholera
 morbus, etc
   Cholosis Americana.—Yellow  Fever.  See Fever, Yellow.
   Cholozemia Febrilis.—Bilious Fever.  See Fever, Bilious.
   Chondritis.—Inflammation of Cartilage.

  Chondroma.—A morbid growth of cartilage proceeding
 from bones.  Of this nature are, Osteo  Sarcoma, spina ven-
 tosa, and some  other diseases.

  Chordapsus.—Intussusception.  See  Coliea Ueus.
  Chordee.—A painful inflammation of the •urethra attending
gonorrhoea.   Cold applications are required.

  Chorea.—St. Vitus' Dance, Convulsio BTabitualis, Epilepsia SaU
tatoria,  Danse de  St. Witt, Danse de St. Guy, Ballismus.  A syn-
clonic,  spasmodic  affection, characterized by irregular and in-
voluntary motions of one or more limbs,  and of  the face and
trunk.   It is caused by obstruction and  debility, and is nearly
always preceded by obstinate and prolonged  constipation, the
use of strong narcotics or nervines, powerful drug medicines
or exhaustive discharges. 
Cin.       Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.         81
  In the remedial plan, the dietary is of the first importance.
It must be rigidly plain, and very abstemious.   Coarse bread
and good fruit are the essentials; and the fruit should be largely
proportioned to the  bread.   Passive exercises in the open air
are excellent.  Abdominal manipulations—kneading, rubbing,
etc.—are very useful.   The tepid ablution or tepid half-bath
should be  taken once a day. Moderate douching along the
spine may be advantageous.  All disturbing mental influences
should be specially guarded against.  The Sitz-bath at 80° to
85° should be employed for ten minutes once or twice a day,
by those who are not deficient in external temperature.
  Chronic Disease.—The term,  chronic, applied to disease,
means, of long duration.  But in a stricter sense it applies to
any disease which does not tend to terminate in  a limited time
by a crisis, at which the patient manifestly begins to sink, or
becomes convalescent.  Thus, Dyspepsia, Consumption, Dia-
betis, Jaundice, Neuralgia,  etc., are chronic diseases;  while
fevers, and visceral inflammations of all kinds,  are its antith-
esis—acute.
  Chthonophagia.—The negroes of  the South,  and of the
West Indies,  are sometimes  affected with  a morbid  craving,
and an irresistible propensity to eat earth.   It is a malady of
the nutritive functions.  For the treatment,  see Chlorosis.
  Chyluria.—A discharge of milky urine, without apparent
structural disease of the bladder or kidneys.   See Diabetis.
  Cicatrization.—The process by which a scar is formed on
wounded or ulcerated surfaces.   Every tissue, except the cu-
ticle, hair, nails, and enamel, is supposed to  be  capable of ci-
catrization.  A scar or cicatrix may vary much in  consistence,
shape and thickness.   The  cicatrix of bone is called Callus.
The scars,  after small-pox, are called pits  or pock-marks.  To
prevent unseemly pitting and scarring after eruptive fevers,
burns, scalds,  etc., the ulcerated  surface -should be protected
from the contact of the atmosphere.   Fine flour is one of the
best appliances for this purpose.
  Cinchonism.—The disease resulting from the medicinal use
of Peruvian Bark.   See Quininism.                4* 
82         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.       Cod.
   Circumgyratio.—See Vertigo.
   Cirrhosis.—A term applied to a morbid condition in which
a  yellow coloring  matter is formed in the tissues.   It is un-
doubtedly owing to deficient action of the hver, in connection
with a  plethoric or cachectic state of the whole system.  A
tepid ablution daily, a spare and simple dietary, the hip-bath
once or twice a day, and the wet-girdle, are the remedies.
   Circocele.—Cirsocele, Varicose Hernia.  The varicose dila-
tation of the spermatic voins.   The scrotum feels as if it con-
tained earth-worms.   Many authors confound  this affection
with Varicocele, which is a  tumor formed  by the veins of tne
scrotum.  These complaints can  generally be  cured in the
early stages, by a  strict diet,  cold  hip-baths,  the fountain-
bath, cold compresses, etc.  It is always  advisable  to wear
the suspensory bandage.
   Cibsomphalus.— Varicose dilatation of the veins  surround-
ing the navel.                          *
   Clavus.— This term is  variously  applied  to warts, c©rns,
condylomatous excrescences of the   uterus,  and callous tu-
mors of the white of the eye.
   Clavus  HrsrEEicus.— An acute pain in the head, compared
by the patients to a sensation as if a nail were driven into the
head.  It is always symptomatic, and may be reheved by at-
tending to the primary affection.  See Headache.
   Climatic  Diseases. — The climate is  accused of causing
many diseases, which are due solely to the habits of the peo-
ple.   Indeed, if people in all climates would live  as hy-
gienic  as  possible, we should  hear  very httle of  climatic
diseases.
   Clonic—A term  applied to  convulsive motions, attended
with alternate contraction, and relaxation, in  contradistinction
to  Tonic Spasm, when the contractions are continuous and the
parts  rigid.  Hiccough, palpitation,  winking,  yawning, etc.,
are examples.
   Cnidosis.—A pungent itching.   See Urticaria.
   Codocele, Codoscella.—See Bubo. 
Col.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.          83
  Cosliac Flux, Celiac Passion. — Lieutery.  A species of
diarrhoea in which  the food is discharged in an undigested
condition.  It is symptomatic  of Dyspepsia, tuberculosis and
other affecrlons.   See Diarrhoea.
  Cold.—The simple feeling of cold in its various degrees is
called chilliness and shivering.  The disease commonly denom-
inated a  cold,  is the inflammatory or feverish condition conse-
quent on being exposed to sudden and extreme alterations of
temperature.  It is attended with  more or less sense of stiff-
ness  in  the muscles, and some degree of soreness about the
head and mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and wind-
pipe.
  The warm-bath, when the body is cold, and the wet-sheet
pack, when the  body is  hot, with hot foot-baths frequently,
cool  applications to the head, and the "hunger-cure" dietary,
are the remedies for colds.
  Colic—Colicus, Colique, Belly-ache, Gripes.  This disease,
of which there are several forms, is characterized by griping
pains in  the abdomen, with vomiting  and costiveness.  The
general plan of treatment consists in moving the bowels freely
with enemas of tepid water; the apphcation of fomentations
to the abdomen; draughts  of warm water  taken freely, and
such  other warm, tepid or cold applications, as the general
temperature demands.
  Colic,  of Constipation.—This is caused by indurated feces,
and  requires  a plain diet,  mostly frugivorous,  hip-baths,
abdominal manipulations, and  tepid  enemas, perseveringly
employed.
  Colic,  Constrictive.—This results from a stricture in some
part of the ahmentary  canal, occasioned  by a thickening of
the mucous membrane.   It  is known by discharges  of liquid
stools, and occasionally, after  a great  effort, sohd feces  of a
very slender caliber.  A rigidly abstemious dietary, free exer-
cise in the open air, and the careful abidance of salt, pepper,
spices, and all irritating causes, will generally overcome  the
difficulty in time. 
84         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        Col.
  Colic,  Convulsive.—Spasmodic Colic, Iliac Passion, Intus-
susception, Stercoraceous  Colic.   In this form of Colic  one
portion of the bowel passes into  another, and, by becoming
swollen  and inflamed, becomes, as  it were, fastened in  the
abnormal position.   The  vomiting is  exceedingly  violent,
ejecting bile from the duodenum,  and often fecal matter from
the bowels.   Constipation is always the predisposing cause,
while the act of vomiting, attended with spasmodic  contrac-
tion, may be the exciting cause of the displacement. Females,
in the early stages of  pregnancy, who  are  constipated,  and
are, from any cause, excited to vomiting, are very liable to
intussusception as a complication.    There is always in intus-
susception a hardness and tenderness, readily noticeable on
pressure with the hand near the umbilicus.
  The patient should take frequent sips of very cold water; cold
wet cloths should be applied over the umbilical region;  the
bowels must be moved, and kept free, by means of enemas of
tepid water, and the patient kept as still and  quiet as possible.

  Colic, Flatulent.—Wind Colic.   Warm water drinking,
and  fomentations to the abdomen, are all that this  form of
the disease requires, except it be an enema.

  Colic, Metallic—Lead Cholic, Devonshire Cholic, Plumb-
ers'  Colic, Painters' Colic, Rachialgia, Colica Pictonum,  Dry
Bellyache. This species of Colic is caused by the introduction
of lead  into the system, either as medicine,  or by its absorp-
tion while engaged in the  vocation of painting.  It is known
by a pain at the pit  of the stomach, at first dull and remittent,
but gradually becoming more violent and continued, extend-
ing upward  to the  arms, and downward to the navel, back,
loins, etc. The patient often feels as if some one were cuttino-
him through with a knife.  The  bowels are usually obstin-
ately constipated, and  often loaded with hard, fecal lumps,
called Scybala.
  The hot or vapor-bath, followed by a tepid spray, ablution,
or the rubbing-sheet, should be administered daily,  or every
other day.  Fomentations should be  applied  to  the painful 
Com.       Hand-Book of  Higienic  Practice.         85
 parts; the bowels relieved with  copious enemas of terld  or
 warm water.  In  cases where there is a comparatively good
 external circulation, the wet-sheet pack will be  even more
 beneficial than the hot or vapor bath.  The dietary should  be
 restricted to coarse bread, gruels, ripe fruit, and a moderate
 allowance of  vegetables.   The Electro-Chemical, or Hydro-
 Electrical baths, though not specifics for metallic poisonings,
 are highly beneficial auxiliaries in the treatment.
   Colic, of Surfeit.—Colica Cibaria.  This is occasioned by
 irritating or indigestible aliment, or by over-eating.  Shell fish
 often induce it in the warm season.   Old cheese, stale pork,
 sausages,  semi-putrescent  poultry, sometimes occasion it.   It
 is characterized by extreme nausea, with dizziness, a sense  of
 constriction in the throat, and an intolerable sense  of suffo-
 cation.
   The stomach should be relieved by warm water drinking
 until retelling subsides.  The bowels should be moved with
 copious  enemas, after which rest  and cold wet cloths to the
 epigastrium will be sufficient.
   Colitis.—Inflammation  of  that portion of the  intestinal
 tube termed the colon.  It may be treated  as  Enteritis,  of
 which it is a part.
   Colliquative.—A term applied  to various discharges which
 seem rapidly to exhaust the system, as Colliquative Diarrhoea in
 the later stages  of consumption; Colliquative Sweats in  low
 fevers, etc.
   Colonitis.—Dysentery, which see.
   Colpoerhc3A.—See Leucorrhcea.
   Coma.—Profound Sleep.   It is a symptom in many diseases,
and indicates extreme congestion of the brain, or the effect of
narcotic  drugs.  In some cases  it is attended with delirium.
Apply  cold applications to the  head, and warm to the feet,
and keep the patient quiet in a well-ventilated room.
  Combustion,  Spontaneous, or Human.—Preternatural Com-
bustibility.  See Catacausis.
  Commotion.—See Concussion of  the Brain. 
86          Hand-Book  of Htgienic Practice.
  Complication.—In pathology, this means  the co-existence
of several maladies, or the supervention of  several diseases
which are no part of the primary affection. Thus,  if a person
has a fever and takes large doses of opium, calomel, antimony,
and jalap, he will have, in addition to the fever, congestion of
the brain, ulceration of the mouth, inflammation of the intes-
tines, and diarrhoea.  Nine-tenths of all the complications
which so embarrass the physicians and  destroy the patients,
are really drug diseases.
  Compression of the  Brain.—This may arise from effusion,
extravasation, a soft tumor, or wounds and injuries by which
a portion of the skull-bone  is depressed, or a foreign body
lodged upon, or within the brain.   The  symptoms are of the
apoplectic and comatose character.   It is to be  treated  as
apoplexy and coma, except where surgical treatment is re-
quired.
  Concussion  of  the Brain. — Stunning, Shock.  In severe
cases there is a complete loss of sensation and voluntary mo-
tion.  It is induced by blows, falls, or other  sudden injuries,
and requires the same treatment as apoplexy, coma, etc.
  Confluent.—A term  applied to  small-pox, and  measles, in
which the pustules and pimples run together.  It indicates
the low, typhoid,  and most dangerous form of those diseases.
  Congenital.—Diseases  or  mal-conformations which  exist
from birth.
  Congestion.—Accumulation of Blood, Engorgement,  and
Disproportionate  Dilatation of the  Blood-Vessels.  A great de-
gree of congestion is called Stagnation.  In all diseases the circu-
lation of the blood is more or less unbalanced, hence there must
of necessity be a greater or less degree of congestion.  In hion
or entonic fevers, the  superficial  capillary vessels  are  in a
state of congestion; and in all low or atonic fevers, and in all
chronic diseases, some one or more of the internal  organs are
congested.   In inflammatory diseases, the  organ  or part in-
flamed is the seat of congestion.  Hence  congestion is always
symptomatic, and the treatment must have reference to the
primary disease.  The principle apphcable to the treatment 
Con.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.          87
of all forms of congestion is, to induce determination of the
blood from the part affected.  Thus, when the head or lungs
are congested, warm hip-baths, the wet-girdle, and hot foot-
baths, are proper derivatives, or, in medical parlance, " coun-
ter-irritants."
  Congestive Fever.—This term has been applied to various
forms of low fever, of the intermittent, remittent, and con-
tinued type, in which there is engorgement and disproportion-
ate functional disturbance of the brain or lungs.
   CoNjuNCTrvrns.—Inflammation of the mucous membrane
which covers the interior surface of the eye.   It  is sometimes
termed  Catarrhal,  Purulent, and  Egyptian Opthalmia.   See
Opthalmia.
  Consensis.—Consent  of  parts,  Sympathy.   A vagary of
the imaginations of medical men,  which "has no other exist-
ence in nature.
  Constipation.—Costiveness, Alvine Obstruction, Fecal Re-
tention'.   This is the most prevalent morbid condition of the
people of the civilized world; and it is  the parent-source of
more disease, impurity, dissipation,  premature  death,  and
human misery, than all other maladies  that can  be named.
And so long as  the present eating habits of  the people con-
tinue, constipation, and all its train of putrid fevers, choleras,
dyspepsias,  convulsions,  consumptions,   nervous debilities,
anaemias, etc., must fill  the  land with invalids and people the
graveyards with victims. There is  no remedy for constipation,
except in the adoption  of a plain,  simple, unstimulating diet,
and a due amount of  exercise.  In order to overcome con-
firmed habits of constipation,  the  diet should be largely fru-
givorous, enemas should be employed when necessary, hip-
baths should be employed frequently, and such exercises as
call into  activity the  abdominal and respiratory muscles,
should be  perseveringly resorted  to.  The  " Swedish move-
ments" are excellent.
  Consumption.—Phthisis, Phthisis-Pulmonalis.   In a  strict
and proper sense, this term is  apphed to all forms of chronic
inflammation of the  pulmonary  apparatus,  attended with 
88         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
 structural  disorganization.  The  disease is known by cough,
 difficulty or shortness  of breathing, expectoration, pain  or
 sense of weight in the chest, and, in the later stages, emacia-
 tion, and hectic fever.  There are no less than seven distinct
 forms of consumption, notwithstanding most authors recognize
 but two or three, and some but a single form—the Tubercular.
 The essential nature of consumption is an effort of the system
 to relieve the blood-vessels of effete matter, poisons,  or impu-
 rities through  the lungs, inducing  obstruction, inflammation,
 hemorrhage, tuberculatum, etc  Whatever tends to lower the
 tone of the vital powers,  and diminish the functional activity
 of the other excretory organs, and especially whatever tends to
 weaken the respiratory function, as  foul air, sedentary habits,
 overloaded  stomachs, stimulating viands, etc., are among the
 producing causes of  this prevalent and increasing malady.
  In  the general remedial plan, pure air, with regular and
 persistent exercise, are of  first importance.  Such exercises  as
 tend to develop the muscles of the chest and expand the lungs,
 should be  especially attended to, as rowing, pulling, rotating
 the arms with the hght dumb-bells, etc.  Horseback riding is
 excellent in the early stages.  The patient should keep the
 body in  as equable a temperature  as possible, and  carefully
 avoid overheated rooms.  The dietary can hardly be too sim-
 ple ; and when the lungs are much  ulcerated  or tuberculated,
 it should be rather abstemious.   Milk, butter, cheese, sugar,
 fat, alcohol, lard, pork, cod-liver oil,  and all such abominations
 of " Hydro-carbons," although now recommended by a ma-
jority of  physicians as remedial, should be carefully abstained
 from.  Consumptives should  never  take more than two meals
 per day.   The bathing apphances should  be  governed by the
 particular circumstances of each case, and will be noticed  in
 the following varieties.
  Consumption, Apostematosis.—This consists of an abscess—
 aposteme—formed in the substance  or  parenchyma of the
 lungs.  It  is attended with a fixed pain, dry  cough, and diffi-
 culty of lying on one side. The cough at length terminates in
 a sudden and copious expectoration.   The abscess  may then
 heal, to be followed sooner or later by another. 
Con.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.          89
  This form  of consumption is perhaps the least dangerous,
and most readily curable of all.  The patient should wear the
chest-wrapper,  whenever he  can  do so without permanent
chilliness;  take a tepid  ablution, half-bath, or the wet-sheet
pack, daily, and a hip-bath at 80° to 85°, ten minutes, to-
wards evening, with a hot-and-cold foot-bath at bedtime.
  Consumption, Bronchial.—This is the Chronic Bronchitis
of authors.  Acute Bronchitis is but another name for Pneu-
monia.   Bronchial consumption consists in  a  chronic inflam-
mation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial ramifications,
and is characterized by a diffused  sense of heat and  soreness
in the chest, increased on a full  inspiration,  moderate cough,
with  more or less expectoration.   It is easily cured  in the
early stages, and  should be treated precisely as recommended
for  the apostematous variety.  In  the later  stages, when the
patient is much reduced, the dry rubbing-sheet, in the morn-
ing, the  tepid half-bath—85^ to  90°—for  five minutes, at
noon, the hip-bath—85° to 80Q—for ten minutes, at four to
five, p. m., and the  hot-and-cold foot-bath, for  ten minutes, at
bedtime, will be adapted to  the majority of cases.
  Consumption, Catarrhal.—In this form  the cough is fre-
quent and violent, and the expectoration copious.  The cough
is also deep and resonant.  It is the sequel of repeated colds
and catarrhal affections.  It is quite curable in the early
stage, and  often in seemingly desperate cases.  The plan of
treatment is precisely the same as  recommended for  the pre-
ceding two varieties.
  Consumption, Dyspeptic—This  variety is  so  named, be-
cause it  supervenes upon a prior  dyspeptic condition.  It  is
always preceded by a diseased Hver.  This is the most preva-
lent form of consumption.
  In its treatment, the digestive organs, the hver particularly,
must  be  especially regarded.  The diet should be nearly lim-
ited to good "fruit and unleavened bread.  Fomentations should
be apphed  over the region of the hver for ten minutes daily,
or semi-weekly.   Hip and foot-baths, of a moderate tempera- 
90          Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice        Con.
ture, should be employed daily.  The wet-sheet pack, or tepid
ablution may be employed daily, or each other day, according
to the superficial temperature, and which is preferable, should
be determined by the heat of the body.   " Swedish move-
ments " apphed to the abdominal and respiratory muscles are
of great benefit.  When the patient is disposed to chilliness in
the forepart of the day, the  dry rubbing-sheet  is  the proper
morning application.
  Consumption, Hemorrhagic.—This is sometimes called the
"galloping  consumption."   It is characterized by repeated
turns of haemoptysis, or spitting of blood.  It indicates ex-
treme laxity of tissue, and is one of the most difficult varieties
to cure.
  The patient must remain much in the open air, but be care-
ful to preserve an equable and agreeable temperature of body
by means of proper clothing.  The exercises should  be very
gentle, and  mostly  passive,  as  sailing, carriage-riding,  etc.
The  diet must be very simple and quite abstemious.  When-
ever hemorrhage Occurs, the patient should remain quiet, in a
moderately recumbent posture, and take frequent sips of cold
or iced-water until the bleeding ceases.  The extremities must
at aU times  be kept warm. Hip and foot-baths are important
derivatives.   When  there is much sensation of heat in the
chest, a wet towel, covered  with dry flannel, should be laid
over it, and frequently changed.

  Consumption,  Laryngeal.--This  is  usually among the se-
quelae or complications of some of the other  forms of the dis-
ease, in their later stages;  but it  sometimes  occurs as the
primary  affection.    It is characterized by  soreness at the
upper  part  of the windpipe ;  hoarseness, which  is usually
quite variable; sense of tickling or irritation, which is some-
times excessive; and muco-purulent expectoration, which is
often streaked with blood.
  It is to be treated  precisely as the dyspeptic form, with the
exception that the throat should be frequently bathed  with
cold  water, followed by active friction with dry flannel;  and, 
Con.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.          91
whenever there is much heat or soreness in the larynx, wet
cloths, covered with dry, should be apphed around the throat
during the night.   When the cough iS very troublesome, fre-
quent sips of warm water will relieve it.
  Consumption, Tubercular.—This is  the  only form  of con-
sumption recognized by some authors.  Next to the dyspeptic
form it is the most prevalent.   Indeed, in a majority of cases
of dyspeptic consumption, the lungs become more or less tu-
berculated as the disease progresses.   It is characterized by
a short,  tickling cough, sense of weight, fullness, heaviness,
or stricture in the upper part of the chest; the  breathing is
short, and a full inspiration difficult, if not impossible;  expec-
toration  scanty and adhesive,  except  in  the later  stages.
Curdy,  cheesy,  or earthy particles are often found  in the
sputa.   Tubercular Consumption is usually, though not  al-
ways,  connected with the scrofulous  diathesis.   It may  be
regarded as the most intractable form of the disease.
  In the treatment, every measure and expedient which can
expand the lungs and increase  " the breath of  life," should
be  resorted to.  How much the patient can exercise with
benefit,  as well as  what exercises  will be the  most advan-
tageous, will  depend on the degree  of obstruction in the
lungs.   Exercises should never be of a kind nor so violent as
to occasion  panting or palpitation, nor seriously disturb the
respiration and circulation.  Derivative hip and foot-baths are
always indicated; but the  kind and temperature of the gen-
eral baths must, as mentioned in the  preceding varieties, be
selected  according  to the temperature  or feverishness of the
patient.
  Note.—It should be remarked that two or more forms of consumption
often co-exist, and there is a tendency in all forms to become more or
loss complicated with tubercular deposits and laryngeal inflammation, in
tae progress of the disease.  Laryngitis supervening on any other form,
is always a very unfavorable symptom.
  Contagious Diseases.—Diseases whose causes are capable of
beino* communicated through the atmosphere, or by contact, as
small-pox, measles, whooping-cough, mumps, etc.  If slaughter- 
92         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.       Con.
houses, stables, pig-stys, henneries, etc., and the use of animal
food,  were abolished, contagious  diseases would soon  dis-
appear.
  Continued Fever.—A fever whose paroxyms have neither
remissions nor intermissions until it reaches the  crisis.  Ty-
phoid, inflammatory, and eruptive fevers, are of the continued
type.                                                ,
  Contractura.—Entasia,  Muscular  Stiff-Joint,  Permanent
rigidity  of the flexor muscles  which prevents or limits the
action of the  extensor muscles.  The affected muscles form
hard cords beneath the skin.  It is a frequent sequel of rheu-
matic affections, and mercurial or other mineral medicines are
its most common causes.   Hot fomentations, attended with
the cool or cold  douche, the vapor-bath, and friction, are the
remedial measures.   The Hydro-Electrical bath is .applicable
specially to these cases.
  Contusion.—An injury occasioned by a blunt  instrument.
When slight and accompanied with an extravasation of  blood,
it is called a bruise; when the skin is  divided or  broken, the
injury is termed  a contused wound.  Cold applications are gene-
rally sufficient.  When the circulation is low, warm fomenta-
tions, followed by cold wet cloths, are advisable.
  Conversion  of Diseases.—By this phrase, the  Medical
Lexicons mean " the change or transformation of  one disease
into another."  This notion is  based on the popular and pro-
fessional fallacy that disease is a substance, or entity.

  Convulsio Cerealis.—Raphania, Ergotismus Spasmodicus.
A spasmodic affection attended with a peculiar tingling and
formication in the arms and legs.  It has prevailed  endemi-
cally in some parts  of Germany, and  has been attributed to
the use of damaged or diseased grain.
  Convulsions.—Eclampsia, Spasms, Fits, Cramp, Irregular
Muscular  Contractions.   The class of convulsive diseases is
very extensive, embracing no  less than five distinct groups of
spasmodic affections, termed respectively, the Comatose  the 
Cor.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.
93
 Synclonic,  the  Suffocative, the  Clonic,  and the  Constrictive or
 Tonic Spasm.  Examples of each are, Epilepsy, St. Vitus' Dance,
 Asthma, Hiccough, and Lock-Jaw.  The diseases of the different
 groups will be treated  of  under  their respective  popular
 names.
   Convulsion, Infantile.—These are  almost invariably the
 effect of indigestible food or constipated bowels; and as, un-
 der prevailing fashions, the children are fed  worse and worse,
 deaths of  convulsions are becoming more and more frequent.
 An enema of  tepid water to free the  bowels, a warm-bath,
 followed by perfect quiet, constitute the remedial plan.

   Convulsionnaire. — A French word which  was applied,
 during the last century, to persons who had, or pretended to
 have, convulsions induced by religious impulses.  See Dancing
 Mania.
   Convulsions, Puerperal.—So denominated when the con-
 vulsions affect  women in a state of pregnancy, during labor,
 or in child-bed.   They may be occasioned  by plethora,  con-
 stipation, local irritations, mental shocks, etc.
   The bowels should be freely moved, cold applications made
 to the head, warm to the feet, and, unless contra-indicated by
 inflammation or hemorrhage, fomentations to the abdomen.

   Cophosis, Cophotes.—Deafness.

   Copper-Nose.—Gutta Rosea, which see.
   Coprophoresis, Coprorrhosa.—Diarrhoea, Catharsis.
   Coprostasis.—Constipation.

   Cordee.—jChordee.
  Corn.—Clavus. A small, hard tumor which forms on the foot,
and commonly on the toes.   It is almost always induced by
the pressure of tight shoes or boots.  They may  be destroyed
by soaking the part in warm water occasionally, and after-
ward touching the tumor with  caustic — nitric acid, nitrate
of silver, or sulphate of zino. 
94         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Cou.
  Corpulence.—Obesity,  Polysarcia, Fleshy.  An  excess of
adipose matter, resulting  from excessive or abnormal alimen-
tation, with retention of effete or waste matters.  The remedy
is spare diet, with active  exercise.
  Corrosion.—Dunglison's  Medical Dictionary defines this
word, " The action or  effect of corrosive substances."  When
medical men learn  to distinguish  between actions,  effects, and
causes, we shall have a  new and perhaps  a true medical
science.  Those who wish to read a discussion involving this
subject, are referred to my recent work, " The True Tempe-
rance Platform."  My forthcoming work,  "Principles of Hy-
gienic  Medication," will  contain a more complete  exposition
of the problems concerned.
  Cobruption.—This word is  sometimes applied to the puru-
lent matter of a boil,  abscess, or ulcer, and sometimes to or-
ganic matter in a state of putrefactive decomposition.  Dung-
lison defines the term, " Reaction of the  particles of a  body
on each other;" and says, " it is probable  that something like
corruption may take place even in the living body."  A recog-
nition of the true distinction  between vital actions  and chem-
ical changes,  shows at once the impossibility of anything like
corruption in a living  bgdy.   Living thing3 never putrefy un-
til after they die.
  Coryza.—*Nasal Catarrh, Cold in the  Head.  Inflammation,
with a mucus, or muco-purulent,  discharge from  the lining
membrane of the nasal cavities, and the sinuses communicat-
ing therewith.
  Rest, abstinence,  an equable temperature, and warm foot-
baths, are the  remedies.  When the whole system is feverish,
a full warm-bath, or wet-sheet pack, is advisable.
  Cough.—Tussis.  A spasmodic and sonorous  expiratory
action  of  the  respiratory apparatus.   It is  symptomatic of
many diseases, and but rarely idiopathic.   To  suppress it
with opiates, as  is too  much the fashion  in asthma,  con-
sumption, etc., is, to say the least, a very dangerous practice.
It should be cured  by removing the cause; that is, treating
the primary malady. 
Cox.         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.         95
   Cough, Hooping.—See Pertussis.
   Cough, Winter.—A term applied to Chronic Bronchitis.,
   Counter-Irritation.—A morbid condition induced by reme-
dial agents in one part or organ of the body, in order to relieve
irritation or disease in another part or organ.  Vesicants and
caustics, of various degrees  of potency, as  mustard, vinegar,
cayenne-pepper, alcohol, nitric acid, nitrate of  silver, arsenic,
corrosive sublimate, chloride of zinc, salts of potassa and hme,
sulphate of. zinc, mercurials, etc.,  etc., are chiefly used for
this purpose.
   These drug diseases are to be treated precisely as Burns or
Scalds,  which see.
   Coup de Soleil.—Sun-Stroke.   Sudden  congestion or in-
flammation of the brain, occasioned by exposure to the direct
heat of the sun.  The condition and symptoms closely resem-
ble those of apoplexy, and the malady requires the same plan
of treatment.
   Courap.—An eruption on the skin, attended with perpetual
itching.  It is common in India, and is due to a bilious condi-
tion of  the blood. The remedies are, plain food, and a daily
ablution.                             ,
   Cowpox.—See Vaccina.
   Coxalgia.—Coxitis,  Coxarthritis.   Terms apphed to pain
in the hip, usually of a rheumatic nature or origin.   Fomen-
tation will relieve it.
   Coxarum Morbus.—Hip-Disease.   Caries of the head ol
the thigh bone, (os femoris,) often attended with displacement
of the head  of  the bone and shortening of the limb. Persons
of a scrofulous diathesis are most liable to this affection.
   The local inflammation is to be treated with cold wet cloths,
so Ion"-  as there is preternatural heat, while all the apphances
of Hygiene  should be  resorted to, in order to renovate the
whole system as rapidly as possible.  A light room, plenty of
sunshine, and an abundance  of fresh air, are  indispensable.
Hard water should not be drunk, nor should milk be allowed. 
96         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.         Cre.
 Even sugar is injurious.   The dietary should be very simple,
 largely frugivorous, and mostly solid.  Broths, gruels, soups,
 mushes, etc., are specially objectionable.   Tke skin should be
 invigorated with a daily ablution, and, if practicable, exposed
 to air and sunshine afterwards.
   After the inflammation has subsided, the deformity can fre-
 quently be partially, and sometimes completely, remedied by
 a surgical operation.
   Crablouse.—A species of Pediculus, which infests the pu-
 dendum and axilla. Anguintum or citron ointment will speed-
 ily destroy it.
   Crabyaws.—An ulcer on the soles of the feet, with edges so
 hard as to be cut with difficulty.  It is peculiar to the West
 Indies.
   Cramp.—Sudden, spasmodic, and painful contraction of one
 or more muscles.   Friction, compression, and fomentations are
 the remedies.  Cramp is symptomatic of some diseases, as coU
 ica pictonum,  cholera morbus, etc.
   Cramp,  of  the Stomach.—An extremely painful affection of
 the stomach, with a sense of constriction in the epigastric re-
 gion. Acrid  bile, and other  irritants, may cause it.  Copious
 warm-water drinking, hot fomentations, and the warm hip-
 bath are the  remedies.
  Cramp,  Writers'-.—Stammering of the Fingers; an irregu-
 lar contraction of the fingers, so that they are unable to gov*
 ern or even hold the pen, pencil, or  brush.   It is caused by
 too intense or prolonged use of the fingers, in a particular
 manner.  The exciting  cause is not unfrequently, an over-
 loaded stomach.   Rest, "temperance in all things," and vari-
 ety of exercise, are all that we need say of  remedial measures.
  Craziness.—See Insanity.
  Cretinism.—A state of idiocy, commonly accompanied with
 an enormous goitre. It is epidemic in the low valhes of Switz-
erland, Tyrol, and the Pyrenees.
  Mentally, the Cretin should be treated as we educate idiots;
and bodily, he should be  treated as we manage the scrofulous 
Cro.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         97
diathesis.   These unfortunate creatures rarely  attain an ad-
vanced age.
  Crick, in ■the Neck.—A painful rheumatic affection of the
muscles of the neck, causing the patient to incline the head to
ono side.   Fomentations,  and friction, will remedy the  diffi-
culty.
  Crisis.—A  prominent change, for better or  worse, in the
symptoms of a disease; or a new manifestation of remedial
action.  Patients, under Hygienic treatment, often have fev-
erish  paroxysms, eruptions of the skin, boils, diarrhoea, etc.,
which are to be regarded as critical efforts. Some  patients
have many crises during the process of cure, while others re-
cover perfectly with  nothing of the kind.   The rule of prac-
tice is, to suspend very active treatment.   Give the patient
more  rest, and treat  the symptoms with soothing appliances.
  Critical Days.—Days on which fevers are most likely to
terminate.   The ancient physicians could predict, with  com-
parative certainty. ^Jienuration of the different forms of fevers;
but the modern doctors have so shattered the remedial action,
and complicated the original malady, with  the superinduced
drug diseases, that critical periods are almost  wholly disre-
garded.  As a general rule, it may be stated that, when left
to themselves, inflammatory fevers and visceral inflammations
have  an  average duration of one  week; putrid fevers, two
weeks, and nervous fevers, three weeks.   Maltreatment or ac-
cidental complications, and constant dosing and drugging, may
prolong their duration to six, eight, ten or twelve weeks.
  Critical Period.—The  cessation of the menstrual flux, us-
ually called the " Turn of Life."  See Mismenstruation.
  Croup.—Cynanche  trachedis, Hives,  Rising of the Lights,
Stuffing.   Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the wind-
pipe, attended with an excretion of coagulable  lymph, which
often concretes intoamembraneous structure, and induces death
by suffocation.  The harsh voice,  sonorous and  suffocative
breathing,  and shrill, ringing, or barking  cough, afford  an
unerring diagnosis.   Says Dunglison, "The fever is always 
98         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Cur.
highly inflammatory."  This is a grave mistake.  The fever
which attends  croup  is  invariably of the  low or typhoid
diathesis.
  As the local affection, and also the constitutional febrile dis-
turbance have all degrees of severity and debility, the treat-
ment 'must be varied  accordingly.   It is  always proper, and
generally indispensable, in the  outset, to apply cold wet cloths
to the throat, to be frequently changed until the preternatural
heat subsides.  If this is promptly and thoroughly attended
to, the excretion will be arrested, and the formation  of the
fcilse membrane prevented.  If there is much heat of the whole
surface, the tepid half-bath or wet-sheet-pack should be em-
ployed; if not the warm bath should be preferred.   After
bathing, the patient should be placed in bed, and gentle per-
spiration encouraged.  The feet should be kept warm, and the
bowels free.  When the cough is tight and suffocative, and
expectoration difficult, warm water may be drunk moderately,
and fomentations apphed to the chest.  When there is great
thirst, with sense of heat in the mouth, throat, or chest, the
patient may be allowed frequent sips of cold or iced water.
  Croup, Hysteric—A  spasrdodic affection  of the laryngeal
muscles, which frequently affects hysterical females.  It can
be relieved by fomentations to  the throat and abdomen.
  Croup, Pseudo.—Dry Asthma.   See Asthma.
  Crusta.—A Crust or Scab.   An assemblage of small flakes,
formed by the drying up  of a fluid, excreted by the skin.
  Crusta Lactea.—See Porrigo Larvalis.
  Crusta Genu EauiNiE.—Sweat or Knee Scab, Hangers, Dew
Claws, Night Eyes, Horse Crust.  A morbid secretion of the
horse.
  Crustula.—A small shell or scab.  An ecchymosis of the
conjunctiva, is so called.
  Curvature.—A bending or  crooking  of any part  of the
body.  The common causes are, relaxation of the muscles and
caries of the bones.  Spinal curvatures are very prevalent in
these days of  dyspeptic  stomachs, and  constipated bowels.
The  curvature may be forward, backward, or lateral. 
Cya.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         99
  In addition to all  the ordinary Hygienic appliances, for in-
vigorating the whole muscular system, various gymnastic exer-
cises, and particularly the "Swedish Movements," as modified
and improved by the Hygeio-Therapeutic physicians, are of
inestimable value.   The Health-Lift is excellent.

  Cut.—A  solution of continuity, made by  a sharp instru-

ment.   Bring the divided parts together as accurately as pos-
sible; retain them there by adhesive plaster or sutures, and
keep the morbid heat down with cold compresses.

  Cutaneous Diseases.—The various eruptions of the skin are
naturally grouped into the following genera and species:

                            S Urticaria,
                             Eoieola,
                             Erythema.

                            f Pemphigus,

     3-Vesiculab...................iierpts,
                            [_ Eczema.

                            (Impetigo,
     3. Pustular.....................< Ecthyma,
                            £ Scabies.

                            f Lichen,
     4. Papular......................< Strophulus,
                            £ Prurigo.

                            ( Lepra,
     5. Squamous....................< Psoriasis,
                            ( Pityriasis.

                             {Acne,
                             Sycosis,
                             Ichthyosis,
                             Trichosis,
                             Favus.


  They will be treated  of under their common or  specific

names.

  Cutitis, Cytitis.—Terms applied to erysipelatous  inflam-

mation.

  Cyanopathy,  Cyanosis.—Kyanosis,  Blue  Malady.   These

terms are applied to a morbid condition in which the surface 
Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        Cys.
 of the lody is  colored blue.  It commonly depends on  a
 direct communication between the cavities of the right  and
 left sides of the heart, in consequence of which  a portion of
 venous blood is not carried  to the lungs for aeration.  This
 communication may exist, however, without occasioning the
 blueness.
   Ctnanche.—Angina,  Isthmitis,  Paristhmitis, Sore Throat,
 Paracynanche, Dog Choak.   Inflammation of the throat and
 upper portion of the air passages.
   Cynanche, Epidemica.—Mumps.  See Parotis.

   Cynanche, Maligna.—Putrid Sore Throat.  It is properly
 mahgnant scarlet fever.   See Scarlatina, Maligna.
   Cynanche, Parotide.—See Parotis.
   Cynanche, Pharyngea.—See Quinsy.
   Cynanche, Tonsillaris.—Tonsillitis.  See Quinsy.
  Cynanche, Trachealis.—See Croup.
 ~ CrsTALGiA.—Pain  in  the Bladder.  It may be occasioned
 by retention of urine, gravel, stone, or catarrhal inflammation,
 venereal infection, or diuretic medicines or beverages,  and
 should be treated accordingly.

  Cystirrhgsa.—Catarrh of the Bladder.  A copious discharge
 of mucus from the  bladder  with the urine, attended  with
 Dysuria.  It depends on ohronic inflammation of the mucous
 membrane.  The excretion is  often fibrinous, concreting into a
 preternatural membrane,  which  is cast  off and expelled in
 fragments.   For the treatment, see Cystitis.
  Cystitis.— Acute  Inflammation of the Bladder.   When
chronic, it is called Catarrh of the Bladder, and Cystirrhcea-
Frequent tepid or cool  hip-baths, the wet-girdle, and, when
feverish, the wet-sheet pack,  or the full warm-bath, are the
proper bathing appliances.  The  diet must be abstemious in
the acute form, and very plain, and simple in the chronic or
 catarrhal form. 
Dea.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.        101
   Ctstocele.—Hernia of the  Bladder.   The tumor is soft
and fluctuating; disappears on pressure, and increases in size
when the urine is retained.  The remedy is a truss,
   Cystodynia.—Rheumatic Pain of the  Bladder.  Fomenta-
tions, or warm hip-baths, will reheve it.
   CrsTOPARALYSis.—Paralysis of the Bladder.  See Eneuresis.
   Cystorrhagia.—A discharge of blood from the vessels of
the urinary bladder.   See Hematuria.
   Cttitis.—Inflammation of the skin.
   Dacryops.—An obstruction and swelling of the lachrymal
passages, inducing what  is called "weeping-eye."   It  is an
inflammatory condition, and requires cold applications.
   Dacryosolenitis.—Inflammation of the lachrymal ducts.
   Dancing  Mania.—Dancing Plague.  An epidemic, convuU-
sive affection, which appeared  at various times in the Middle
Ages, under the names of St. Vitus'  Dance, St. John's Dance,
Tarantism,  Hysteria, Tigretier, etc   It  was  no  doubt ex-
tended sympathetically.   " Moral and legal suasion," in the
form of " coercion," were found the  most effectual remedies.
For a complete history of the  strange malady, the reader is
referred to Hecker's  " Epidemics of  the Middle Ages."
   Dandriff, Dandruff.—See Pityriasis.
   Dandy.—See Dengue.
   Dartre.—See Herpes.
  Daymare.—See Incubus.
   Day-Sight.—See Hemoralopia.
   Deaf-Dumbness.—Mutitas Surdorum,  Aphonia Surdorum.
Speechlessness from deafness.  It may be congenital or acci-
dental.
   Deafness.—Diminution or loss of hearing.  It may result
from hardened ear-wax,  inflammation, paralysis, or.  mechan-
ical obstruction.   Syringing the ear  daily with warm or tepid
water, with  attention to all existing  morbid conditions, is the 
102        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        Del.
remedial plan.  Many cases of partial, and some cases of
complete deafness, are cured by purifying the mass of blood
of its viscid and biliary impurities.
  Death, Apparent.—Asphyxia.
  Death, Black.—The plague of the fourteenth century was
so termed.
  Debility.—Asthenia, Weakness.   This  is never a cause,
but always  an effect  of disease.  Authors undertake to dis-
tinguish between red  and apparent debility; but the terms ex-
haustion and prostration are more appropriate, and less liable to
mislead.
  Debordement.—A French word apphed to diarrhoea with
discharges of a biliary character.  See Diarrhoea.
  D ecidenti A- —Epilepsy.
  Decline.—-See Phthisis;  also Tabes.
  Deer's Tears.—Bezoar of the Deer.
  Defluxion.—Catarrh.
  Defluxus Dysentericus.—Dysentery.
  Degeneration.—A  change for the worse  in the solids 01
fluids; also  any morbid alteration of structure, as cancerous,
fungous, tubercular, etc.
  Deuquium Animi.—Syncope, Fainting.

  Delirium.—This  affection is always  symptomatic.  It is
frequently so violent  in putrid fever3 as to  be mistaken for
inflammation of the  brain.  Cold applications to  the head,
and warm to the feet,  are always in order.
  Delirium, Senile.-*—Demented.
  Delirium Tremens.—Drunkard's  Delirium, Mania-a-Potu
Delirium Ebriosita, Phrenitis Potatorum.  A kind of delirium
peculiar to those who  indulge in the  excessive use  of opium,
tobacco, strong tea and coffee, and especially alcohol.   It is
attended with  extreme agitation, sleeplessness,  and inco- 
Den.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        103
herency or falsity of language.  It often succeeds the sudden
abstraction of the customary excitant
   Medical men have not yet agreed whether" the narcotic or
stimulative  plan of treatment is the best.  But  both are
wrong.  The  warm-bath, the prolonged tepid  half-bath, the
tepid dripping-sheet, and, when the feverishness of the system
is considerable and the patient  manageable,  the  wet-sheet
pack, are the proper remedial appliances; to be repeated two,
three, or more times a day, as necessary.  The  bowels should
be freed with enemas of tepid water; the head kept cool with
cold wet Cloths, and the feet  kept warm with hot bottles, or
frequent hot foot-baths.   Fomentations  to the  abdomen will
often quiet the nervous restlessness, and induce the needed
sleep.
   Delusion.—Hallucination.
   Dementia.—Imbecility, Incoherent Insanity.   This term is,
in legal parlance, synonymous with insanity.  But, in a strict
medical sense, it applies to a state of idiocy.  Mania, melan-
choly, and other forms of insanity, often ultimate in Demen-
tia  Doting is called the dementia of the aged.   Constipation,
torpid liver, violent mental excitement,  and narcotic drugs,
are among the causes of dementia.
   Demonomania.—Religious Insanity.   A kind of  madness
in which the person conceives himself possessed of devils, and
is in continual  dread of  malignant spirits, death, eternal tor-
ments, etc.  Violent emotions of the religious  organs,  espe-
cially under the additional influence of nervous excitants, as
tea and coffee, may  occasion it.  Indigestion, in persons of a
highly nervous temperament and over-wrought moral organs,
predisposes  to  the  complaint.  Agreeable society, change of
scenery, and all the resources of mental hygiene, should  be
employed.
   Dengue.—Dingee, Dandy, Rheumatic Fever, Bucket Fever.
A disease which appeared in 1827 and 1828, in the  Southern
States, and in the West Indies, has been designated by  these
and many other names.  It was extremely violent, but not 
104        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
 dangerous.   It  differs from ordinary typhoid  fevers, only in
 being  attended  with pain in  the joints and muscles of the
 limbs.  The fever usually terminated in two  or  three days,
 with  copious perspiration.  Dengue is, no doubt, a form of
 acute  rheumatism.   The warm-bath, followed, when  the
i whole surface becomes hot, with the wet-sheet pack, and wet
 cloths to the affected joints, are all the bathing appliances the
 case requires.
    Dentition.—Dentitis.   Though dentition is a normal pro-
 cess, there are many disorderly complications connected with
 it to  which  the term  teething  is apphed.   The Temporary, or
 milk-teeth, usually appear in the following order : Central in-
 cisors  from the  sixth to the  eighth month; lateral incisors,
 seventh to tenth;  first molar, twelfth to fourteenth; canines,
 fifteenth to  twentieth; second molar, twentieth to  thirtieth.
 The Permanent Teeth appear: first molars, seventh year; cen-
 tral incisors,  eighth; lateral  incisors, ninth;  first bicuspids,
 tenth; second bicuspids, eleventh;  canines, twelfth ;  second
 molars, thirteenth.
    During the first dentition, the child is subject to pain,  irri-
 tation and inflammation of the gums, the result mostly of dis-
 ordered stomachs and constipated bowels.  In some cases, a
 free division of the distended gum will give instant  relief.
 But if the ahmentary canal is duly attended to, this operation
 will be unnecessary.
    Depression.—Dejection, Feebleness.
    Derandenitis.—Inflammation of the glands  of  the neck.
 Apply cold wet  cloths, covered with dry.
    Derangement.—Disorder, Insanity, Displacement.
    Derivation.—Antilepsis,  Antispasis,  Revulsion, Counterac-
 tion,   Counter-determination.   Dunglison  says:  "When a
 center of fluxion is estabhshed in a part, for the purpose  of
 abstracting the  vital manifestations from some  other, a deriva-
 tion is operated."  Prof. Payne expresses the same idea much
 more  lucidly:  " We do  but  cure one disease by producing
 another."  If the patient has apoplexy in the head, and the 
Det.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       IUo
physician gives a drastic purgative to produce diarrhoea in
the bowels, the practice would be derivative—a misnomer, by
the way, for the drug disease of the bowels does not derive its
malady from the brain, but from the medicine.
  Dermalgia, Dermatalgia.—Neuralgia of the nerves of the
skin.   It is always symptomatic   Treat the primary malady,
whatever that may be.
  Dermatitis,  Dermitis.—Inflammation  of the skin.  See
Erysipelas.
  Deroncus.—See Bronchocele.
  Desmitis.—Inflammation of Ligaments.   It is a rheumatic
affection.
  Desquamation.—Moulting.   Exfoliation or  separation of
the epidermis or scarf-skin, in  the form of scales.  It is a com-
mon consequence of eruptive fevers,  as scarlatina, measles,
erysipelas, etc.
  Desudatio. — Mucksweat.   A profuse  sweating,  with an
eruption of small pimples, similar to millet seeds.   Children,
who are not kept clean, are very subject  to it.  Tepid ablu-
tions will remove it.
  Determination.—" Rush  of Blood." Increased or preter-
natural direction of  blood  and nervous  energy to  a part
or organ.  The remedy is counter-determination, that is, such
appliance as will correct the abnormally disproportionate ac-
tion and restore the balance  of circulation.  Thus,  in apo-
plexy, we make cold applications to the head and warm to
the feet; in inflammatory fever, we apply  cold to the whole
surface; in low typhoid fevers, warmth to the whole surface ;
in diptheria,  croup, putrid sore throat, etc., cold to the throat
and warmth  to the  extremities, while the  surface is treated
with warm, tepid or cool applications, according to its temper-
ature.   It is an important rule in Hygienic practice, that no
powerful shock must  be made upon the  system, as with a
douche, plunge, wet-sheet pack,  shower, etc., when there  ia
strong local determination, or  much congestion of any impor-
tant internal organ-^-the brain, lungs, hver,  kidney, uterus, etc. 
106        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Dia.
  Diabetis.—  Urinary Diarrhoea, Excessive  Discharge of
Urine.  It is attended with great thirst and progressive ema-
ciation.   In some  cases the urine is saccharine, constituting
the variety called Diabetis Mellitus.  The function of the skin
is  exceedingly torpid, and the nutritive organs are all  more
or less deranged.
  The main indication is to restore  the action of the  skin.
Hot, warm,  or tepid bathing should be resorted to daily, ac-
cording to the condition of the superficial circulation.   Usu-
ally the  hot-bath, for  five to ten minutes, followed by the
tepid ablution, and this by dry, hand or towel rubbing,  is one
of the best of the bathing appliances.   The vapor-bath is also
excellent.  The  dry rubbing-sheet may  be  used advanta-
geously once> or twice a day, in a warm room.  Local baths are
of little use, and, if too cold, or too frequent, decidedly inju-
rious.  It is important to promote the respiratory functions as
much as  possible, in all possible ways.  Gentle exercise in the
open air, riding, hght gymnastics, etc., are applicable to this
indication.  In the matter of* dietj it  only need be said that
the more simple and plain it is the better.  Sugar, milk, and
grease, are especially objectionable.  Dunglison says, "all the
remedies which have been tried have usually been found inef-
ficient."   We have,  however, cured many cases, and, indeed,
all that we have treated Hygienically.
  Diapedesis.—Sweating of the Blood.  Transudation of the
blood, in the form of  dew, at the surface of the  skin, or  of
any membrane.          .
   Diaphoresis.—Cutaneous Evaluation.  Diaphoretic  medi-
cines, violent exertion, and many other causes, induce a mor-
bidly increased excretion from the skin.   The cure consists in
removing the cause.  Fevers, when attended with constant
sweating, have  been termed, not inappropriately, Diaphoretic
Fevers.
   Diaphragmalgia.—Pain in the Diaphragm.
   Diaphragmitis.—Inflammation  of  the Diaphragm,  Para-
phrenitis.  It cannot be, and need not be, distinguished from
Pneumonitis, which see. 
Dia.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.         107
  Diapyemia.—Empyema, Suppuration.
  Diar^emia.—A thin and putrescent condition of the blood,
so that it transudes through the coats of the vessels into the
cavities.   It sometimes occurs in putrid fevers.
  Diarrhoea.—Looseness, Alvine Flux, Purging, Catharsis,
Enterorrhcea, Intestinal Catarrh.  The chief varieties of this
disease are distinguished by the character of the discharges,
as bilious, serous, chylous, mucous, diptheritic, feed, etc.  They are
all  caused by the presence of irritating matter, accumulated
feces, inflammation, or obstruction in some one or more of the
depurating organs, so that there is a preternatural determina-
tion in the bowels.
  After the intestinal tract has been well cleansed, with tepid
enemas,  if necessary, the  warm hip-bath,  or  fomentations
to the abdomen, will  relieve the  griping pain and arrest the
discharges.  Small enemas  of  cold water,  after each  dis-
charge, are advisable, in obstinate.cases; also the wet-girdle,
well covered with dry flannel.  Exercising the respiratory ap-
paratus,  by means of deep, full inspirations and expirations,
will often arrest the most aggravated forms of diarrhoea.
  What is called tubdar diarrhoea in medical books, is attended
with a diptheritic excretion, which often hardens, and is ex-
pelled in fragments.   These have been sometimes mistaken
for  cast-off portions of the mucous membrane.   This is an
obstinate,  though not dangerous, malady, and  can only be
cured by a very strict dietary, in connection with  such bathing
appliances as tend to invigorate  the skin and restore the di-
gestive powers.
  Diarrhoea, Hectica.—This term has been applied to a very
fatal form of diarrhoea which prevails among the  native inhab-
itants of India.
  Diathesis.—State of the Body.  In febrile diseases, there
are  two diathesis.  The high and the low, entonic and atonic,
etc.  Inflammatory fever is always entonic, while typhoid and
all other fevers are atonic.  The  term also applies to peculiar
morbid conditions of chronic diseases, as  cancerous, scrofulous,
scorbutic,  arthritic, cdcdous, hemorrhagic, bilious, etc. 
108        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Dip
  Dichophyia.—An  affection  of  the  hairs, in  which  they
spht and grow forked.
  Digitalismus.—I coin this word to  express the disease in-
duced by the medicinal employment of digitalis.  It is known
by slow, feeble  pulse, coldness of the surface, dimness  of
sight, vertigo, and, when large doses  have been given, delir-
ium, vomiting, purging, hiccough, convulsions,  and death.  It
has been extolled as a specific for consumption.  " Why the
drug is called digitalis,"  said an  eminent medical professor,
" I cannot imagine, unless it be that it points to the grave."

  Dingee.—Dengue.
  Dinomania.—See Tarantismus.

  Dinus.—Dizziness, Vertigo.   A symptom in many diseases.
  Diptheria.—Diptherita, Diptheritis, Pellicular Inflamma-
tion.   An inflammatory affection of the mucous membrane,
and sometimes of the skin, in which there is a fibrinous ex-
cretion, forming, when concreted on the surface, a membrane-
ous coating,  termed false membrane.  It affects most frequently
the  mouth,  throat, nose, and  upper  part  of  the  windpipe,
though it may extend even into the bronchial ramifications.
  The excretion should be arrested as promptly as possible,
by cold applications  to the throat,  frequent sips of the cold-
est  water, and bits of ice held and allowed to melt in the
mouth.  This treatment must be persevered in until the pre-
ternatural heat  is permanently  relieved.   Meanwhile,  the
system must be treated according to the development of the
febrile symptoms.  When the whole  surface is hot and dry,
and the constitution not feeble nor scrofulous, the wet-sheet
pack is advisable; when the external heat is  less, the tepid
ablution is preferable; if the superficial heat is unequal, the
warm-bath should be employed.   The feet must at all times
be kept warm, and ventilation carefully attended to.  When,
in the later stage, there is suffocative respiration, and difficult
expectoration, fomentations to the chest and abdomen, with
frequent sips Of warm water, should be employed. 
Dis.        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.         109
  Diplopia.—Double Vision.  An affection of the sight, in
which  there  are two distinct recognitions of one object.  In
some cases several objects are seen, when the malady is called
Suffusio Mdiiplicans.  The defect is  in the visual axes, and
is a case for the oculist.
  Diplosoma.—This term has been  applied to an entozoon
which is sometimes expelled from the urinary bladder.  It is
several inches in length, and doubled upon itself so as to ap-
pear like two worms tied together at their heads.
  Dipsomania.—Thirst  Mania.  An  insatiable desire for  in-
toxicating drinks.   The term is sometimes apphed to habitual
drunkenness, and to delirium tremens.
  Dipsosis.—Morbid Thirst.  Excessive or impaired desire
for drink.  It is always symptomatic.
  Discrete.—Separate,  Distinct.   This term is applied  to
the spots or  pustules of measles, small-pox, and other exan-
thems,  when they are separated  from each  other.   When
they run or blend together, they are termed confluent.  Discrete
eruptions always indicate the milder forms of eruptive fevers,
while the  confluent denote the mahgnant or extremely putrid
cases.
  Disease.—Nosos, Morbus, Pathos, Malady,  Sickness,  Com-
plaint, Distemper,  Disorder,  Affection, Indisposition.  The
medical profession  has always labored under a strange delu-
sion  with regard to the nature or essence of disease ;  and the
authors are  perpetually confounding  diseases with  their
causes.  Disease is remedial effort—the veritable "vis medica-
trix  naturae"  itself.  Yet the  medical  profession have ever
regarded it, and still do regard it, as a mysterious entity;  an
incomprehensible  something  at  war with  the vital  powers.
When they discover the very simple truth that disease is vital
action in relation  to things abnormal—a  defensive struggle,
an effort to purify the system of morbific materials,  and  re-
pair  the damages—there will be a speedy revolution in medi-
cal science.   And when the people can be made to understand 
110
Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
Dis.
this, they will no more think of taking poisons because they

are sick, than they will think of taking them because they

are well.

  The following table, by Dr. C. J. B. Williams, presents, at

a glance, the  chief elements of  structural diseases :

                Increased—Hypertrophy.
                Diminished—A t i-ophy.
                        ' Inflammation,
                         Induration,
                         Softening,
                         Transformation and Degeneration.

                                 'Mastic.........j&Tse^mbranes.
                                               / Cirrhosis,
                         Deposits.. Cacoplastic.......  ggSffig'
                _ Perverted \                       [ Atheroma, etc.
                                                {Yellow Tubercle,
                                                Calcareous
                                                  matter, etc.
 Diseased
Nvtbition.. '
(Contraction,
Dilatation,
Obstruction,
Compression,
Displacement,
Rupture, etc.
' Non-Malignant.
( Cysts,
.Growths..
 Tumors,
(Hydatids, etc.
 (Carcinomn,
 Encephaloma,
 Melanosis, etc.
Disgorgement.—Vomiting.
                               Also  the abstraction  of fluid
previously collected in a part.  The opposite of Engorgement.

  Disgust.—Loathing, Aversion for Food.  It  exists in the

early stages  of many acute diseases, and  is symptomatic, in
some extreme cases, of indigestion.

  Dislocation.—Luxation.   The displacement of one or more
bones of a joint.

  Disorder.—See Disease.

  Disorganization.—An abnormal change in the structure of
an organ or part.

  Displacement.—This term is apphed to  various malposi-
tions of organs, and especially those of the uterus,  which are
technically termed Prolapsus, Anteversion, Retroversion, and In-
version, as  the organ is depressed,  inclined forward, tipped
backward, or turned inside out.   For a full  explanation of
these cases, see the  author's works,  " Uterine Diseases and
Displacements," and "Pathology of the Reproductive Organs."

  Disposition.—This term is sometimes  used in the  sense of
Diathesis, and sometimes Predisposition, which see. 
Dos.        Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice.         Ill
  Dissolution.—This word is sometimes employed to  indi-
cate  an impoverished state of the  blood, not amounting to
putrefaction.
  Distemper.—See Disease.
  Distoma Hepaticum.—Gourd Worm, Fluke, Liver Fluke,
Fasciola Hepatica.  An obovate, flat worm about an inch in
length, and nearly as broad.  It is sometimes found in the hu-
man gall-bladder, whence it occasionally passes through the
bile-ducts into the intestinal canal.  It is one of the most com-
mon kinds of  worms which infest the livers of domestic ani-
mals, especially those which are stye or stall-fed.  The filthy
enclosures and the foul  food are the chief causes; and clean-
liness, "natural food" and proper exercise, are the appropri-
ate remedies.
  Distortion.—Preternatural curvature of the bony structure.
It is sometimes apphed  to morbidly contracted muscles,  as in
Squinting.  Distorted spines seem to  be,  like consumption,
scrofula, dyspepsia,  constipation, etc.,  one of the increasing
maladies of these degenerate days.  They require gymnastic
and  "Movement" exercises, and machinery, under  the direc-
tion  of  a competent physician.
  Distrix.—An affection in which  the  hairs of the scalp be-
come slender, and split at their extremities.   The excessive use
of salt, night work, and various other  causes, may induce it.
The  hair should be cut  short, the scalp wet, morning and ev-
ening, with cold  water,  and occasionally shampooed.
  Ditrachyceras.—An  intestinal entozoon, of a fawn  color,
three to five  lines in length, with an oval head,  furnished
anteriorly with a bifurcated, rugous horn.  See Worms.
  Diuresis.—Copious urinary excretion. Tea, coffee, gin, and
other diuretic beverages or medicines, may occasion it.   It
may also  result from deficient action of the skin.  Dry diet,
water-drinking only to  the extent of actual thirst, and tepid
ablutions with abundant friction of the  skin, dry rubbing, etc.,
are the remedies.
  Dizziness.—See Vertigo.
  Dog-Choa'k.—See Cynanche. 
112        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  .Practice.        Dro.
  Dolor.—Pain—not a disease, but an indication of disease.
Every organ and structure, when diseased, has its pecuhar
morbid feeling, or pain, as each part, in health, has its own
noimal feeling, or sensation.  Were it not for the  beneficent
provision of pain, the mind could never come to the assistance
of the vital organism in its difficulties and derangements.
  Dormitatio.—See Somnolency.
  Dotage.—See Dementia.
  Dothien.—See Furunculus.
  Dothienteria,  Dothienteritis.—Inflammation and ulcer-
ation of the glands  or follicles of Peyer and Brunneb, and
which have been very absurdly regarded as  the essence, seat,
or cause of typhus and typhoid fevers.  They are  merely an
indication, not an " essence " of these diseases.
  Double Hearing.—Sounds heard doubly, and in different
tones or keys, because the action of the ears is unaccordant.
  Dracunculus.—Muscular  Hair  Worm,  Guinea  Worm,
Threadworm.  A variety  of worms, common to parts of India
and Africa.  When small, they may pass through the pores of
the skin, into the areolar tissue  between the  muscles, where
they occasion a tumor, like .a boil, which  suppurates, when
the worm emerges.   "Its head may then be seized, and the
animal be cautiously rolled round a small cylinder of linen or
other substance, and thus gently withdrawn  without break-
ing it."
  It is well to remark that, all authors do not credit this pro-
cess of cure, and  some deny that the reported cases of Dra-
cunculus, are really worms at all.
  Drivelling.—See Slavering.
  Drop.—See Gutta.
  Dropped  Hands.—Hand Drop,  Wrist Drop.  A popular
term for paralysis of the  hand, occasioned by lead.
  Dropsy.—Hydrops. An accumulation of watery fluid in the
cavities or  areolar tissue.   There are several varieties which
are treated  of under their respective heads,  as Anasarca, As-
cites, Hydrocephalus, Hydrothorax, Hydrometra, Hydropthal-
mia, etc. 
Dys.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.         113
  Drug Disease.—Drugalgia,Drugitis, Drugodynia, Drugania
Druggery, Drugopathy,  Poisonopathy.   When it is consid-
ered that, a majority bf all chronic maladies extant, are noth-
ing more nor less than drug diseases, and that as many people
are sent to their graves prematurely by drug medicines, as by
all other causes combined, we need not wonder at the strong
expression of  an earnest health reformer who pronounced the
civilized world to be "doctor-cursed and drug-damned."
  Drunkenness.—Temulentia, Intoxication, Ebrietas, Deliri-
um,  Mania, Hallucination, or Insensibility induced  by alco-
holic liquors.   Drunkenness requires the same treatment as
apoplexy.
  Dumbness.-—Mutitas, Speechlessness, inability to articulate.
When congenital, and arising from deafness, the subjects of it
are called, Deaf-Dumb.
  Dung a.—See Dengue.
  Duodenitis.—Inflammation of  the duodenum,  or upper
portion of the intestinal tube.  Dyspeptics, especially those
who have deranged livers with an excretion of acrid bile, are
very liable to  it in a  chronic form.   It is characterized by a
sense of "goneness,"  gnawing, sinking, or burning just below
the pit of the stomach, furred tongue, bad taste, and tenderness
in the epigastric region.  Eating will at any time relieve it for
the time.   Fomentations and the wet-girdle, with simple, solid
food, are the special remedial apphances; meanwhile the gen-
eral health, and the morbid condition of the hver and diges-
tive organs should be attended to.
  Dynamic Diseases.—In contradistinction to organic diseases,
which  are attended with structural lesions,  dynamic diseases
are  those which necessarily involve only functional diseases.
Fevers are dynamic or functional diseases, while aneurisms,
cancers, etc., are structural, organic diseases.
  Dys.emia.—A morbid  condition  of  the  blood.   Strictly
speaking, this  is more or less the case in every disease.
  Dysesthesia.—Diminution, or loss of sensation.
  Dyscrasia.—Dyscrasy, Dysthetica.  A bad habit of body.
See cachexia. 
114         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Dys.
  Dysentery.—Bloody Flux, Colitis, Colonitis, Colo-Rectitis.
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intes-
tines, characterized by fever,  mucus,  or  bloody discharges,
with violent  tormina  and tenesmus.   Dunglison says,  "the
fever is more or less inflammatory."  This is a sad mistake,
and leads to  grave  errors in practice.  The local affection is
always inflammatory, but  the  fever is always typhoid.  In
cases of extreme putridity, the disease is called Malignant Dys-
entery.  Dysentery  is always acute.   What is called chronic
dysentery  is merely severe diarrhoea.
  The first indication in the treatment  is to reduce the exces-
sive heat  and pain in the abdomen, by means of cold wet cloths,
frequently changed. After this has been accomplished, the
bowels should be freely moved, and then if the pain and grip-
ing continue,  fomentations should be apphed to the abdomen,
to be followed by cold and wet cloths covered with  dry.   The
general bathing must be regulated by the  degree of external
heat.   If the whole surface  is hot and dry,  the wet sheet
should be employed; if the superficial  heat is very unequal,
the warm bath  is  appropriate; if equal and moderate,  tepid
ablutions are preferable.   Though a very. distressing malady,
under proper treatment, it is not at all dangerous.
  Dyslochia.—Diminution or suppression of the lochial dis-
charge.   Warm hip-baths, hot foot-baths, and fomentations
will relieve the difficulty.
  Dysmenorrhcea.—Painful Menstruation.  The  menstrual
fluid is passed with difficulty, and not unfrequently with ex-
cruciating pain, of a "bearing-down" kind.
  There is more or less of a membraneous or diptheritic forma-
tion on the mucous membrane of the uterus, which is expelled
in fragments, as in croup, diphtheria, tubular diarrhoea, and
catarrh of  the bladder.  No disease,  not excepting cancer,
plague, cholera, consumption, diabetis, etc., has been treated
with less success, confessedly, by the  medical profession than
this; and for no ill that flesh is heir to, have mortals been
more unmercifully  and ruinously bled, blistered, cauterized,
sahvated, and narcotized. 
Dys.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        115
  The disease is one of chronic inflammation, and should be
treated accordingly, with tepid hip-baths, the wet-girdle, hot-
and-cold foot-baths, etc.  But it is always connected with, and
the consequence of,, some morbid condition of the general sys-
tem, which must be remedied, or no cure can be permanent.
Out-door exercise—all the  patient can take without fatigue,
abdominal manipulations, and the light gymnastics, are useful.
For general bathing, the tepid ablution or dripping sheet is
usually preferable.   While there is comparatively a good de-
gree of external circulation, the wet-sheet pack should be em-
ployed once or twice a  week.  To relieve the pain during or
preceding the menstrual flux, the hot-bath and  abdominal
fomentations are often necessary.   Warm vaginal injections
may be also employed for this purpose.  Milk, butter, cheese,
sugar and salt should be excluded from the dietary, as should
puddings,  mushes, broths, soups,  and  all preparations of
starch and eggs.
  Dysodia.—Fetid emanations from the  mouth, nose, lungs,
stomach, axilla?, groins, etc.  They indicate bad. blood,  and
foul secretions, imperfect depuration, retained fecal  matters,
etc.  Judicious bathing, and a proper dietary, with sufficient
exercise in the open air, will remove them.
  Dysopia.—Difficulty of seeing.
  Dysopia  Dissitorum.—See Myopia.
  Dysopia  Lateralis.—Sight-askew, Skew-Sight.  A morbid
condition of the eye in  which an  object can only be recog-
nized accurately when  placed  obliquely.  It  is generally
caused by some opacity of the cornea.
  Dyosmia.—Diminution of smell.  It may be  the  effect of
chronic inflammation, or of irritant drugs.
  Dyspepsia.—Difficulty of Digestion, Indigestion, Anorexia,
Apepsia,  Gastroataxia.                    \
  The symptoms of Dyspepsia are as numerous as are morbid
sensations;  'for the whole catalogue  of human  maladies
scarcely furnishes a sign of bodily derangement,  or of mental
distress, which is not found in some form or  stage of the  dis- 
118        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Dys.
ease under consideration.  The more prominent and  uniform
symptoms are, capricious appetite, irregular action of the bow-
els, and sense  of weight or pain  after meals.   Heartburn,
acrid eructations, flatulence,  duodenitis, throbbing, fluttering,
or palpitation of the heart, etc., are  common accompaniments.
  As bad living,  and especially unwholesome food, are the
prominent causes, a correct dietary  should be the leading fea-
ture in the process of cure.  And the rule happens to be ex-
ceedingly simple and eminently practicable.  Bread  made of
unbolted meal  and pure water, with no admixture of grease,
sugar, salt, acids,  or alkalies, with good ripe fruits, should be
the principal food.  Vegetables may be used in  moderation,
but only one or two kinds at a meal.  Two meals a day are
generally better than three.  It is of the first importance that
the patient eat very slowly, and swallow nothing without thor-
ough mastication.   This rule applies with still more emphasis
in the use of fruit.  Slop-food, mushes, puddings, etc., should
be eschewed.   The exercises should be frequent and varied,
but not  very fatiguing.  Those which exercise the respiratory
and abdominal muscles should be most resorted to, as walking
on  uneven  ground, the hght gymnastics, rowing, horse-back
riding,  moderate  dancing, etc.   "Early to bed  and early to
rise," is an invaluable adage for the dyspeptic  Indeed abun-
dant sleep is as  important  as  proper food.  All exciting or
vexing  brain-labor should be  as much  as possible  avoided.
Vocal gymnastics, reading aloud, singing, declamation, etc.,
are as useful to the dyspeptic as to the incipient consumptive.
In many cases the abdominal muscles are extremely enfeebled
and inactive, and whether  rigid or relaxed, can be greatly
benefitted by the " Swedish Movements and Health-Lift."
  Dyspeptics should carefully avoid watching their own sensa-
tions and noting their ever-changing symptoms, as the manner of
some  is.  Nothing can  be  more  pernicious.  They should
study their cases and seek information until satisfied what the
proper plan is, then "go ahead,"  and trust to Providence and
their own reouperative energies.
  Dysphagia.—Difficulty of Deglutition.  It may be caused
by spasm, or paralysis of the oesophagus, or a thickeninp- nf 
Ecp.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        117
its mucous membrane in consequence of chronic inflammation.
The treatment must  have reference to these  conditions.  In
the latter case everything of a heating or irritant nature must
be excluded from  the dietary, or the disease may be aggra-
vated until swallowing  i3 impossible, and starvation be  the
result.
  Dysphagia Constricta.—Stricture of the Oesophagus.
  When the thickened  mucous membrane becomes perma-
nently indurated the only remedy is the bougie.
  Dysphonia.—Imperfect or depraved  voice.  The  Aphonia
of some authors.
  Dyspnoea.—Pseudo-Asthma,  Anhelation,   Short  Breath,
Difficulty  of Breathing.  This  affection  is  symptomatic of
asthma, pneumonia, hydrothorax, enlargement of the hver,
empyema, phthisis, and  various other maladies.
  Dysthesi.v.—Morbid  Habit.   See Cachexia.
  Dysthetica.—Morbid condition of the blood.  See Plethora.
  Dystg:chiasis. — Irregular  position  of   the  eye-lashes.
Sometimes they inchne inward  and  irritate  the eyelids, in
which case they should be removed.
  Dysuria.—Difficult Urination.  It is symptomatic of gon-
orrhoea, stricture, gravel, etc., and is the first degree of reten-
tion of the urine.  It may generally be relieved-by warm or
tepid  bathing.
  Ebrietas, Ebriositas.—Temulentia.  See Drunkenness.
  Ecchymoma.—Ecchymosis, Livor Sanguinis, Hypocemia. A
livid,  black or yellow blotch produced by blood effused  into
the areolar tissue from a contusion.  Cold water will facihtate
the absorption of the effused matter.   Spontaneous effusions
occurring in disease or after death are called suggillations.
  Echinophthalmia.—Inflammation of the eyelids in which
the cilia project like  the quills of the porcupine.
  Eclampsia.—Convulsion.
  Ecphlogosis.—Inflammation.
  Ecphlysis.—See Herpes. 
118        Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.       Ecz.
  Ecphronia . —Insanity.
  Ecphyma.—Excrescence, Tumor.
  Ecpyema, Ecpyesis.—Abscess, Pustule.
  Ecstasis.—Ecstacy,  Trance, Spurious Catalepsy.
  Ecthyma.—Ecpyesis, Scabies Vera. A cutaneous eruption
characterized by large, round pustules, distinct, with an indu-
rated and highly inflamed base.  The wet-sheet pack should
be employed daily, and the  patient restricted to a plain and
abstemious diet.
  Ectopia.—Displacement, Laxation.
  Ectozoa.—Lice and  other parasitic animals which infest the
skin.
  Ectropion.—Eversion of the eyelids.   It may generally be
remedied by removing a. portion of the  conjunctiva.
  Eczema.—Humid Tetter,  Running Scall,  Heat  Eruption.
An eruption of small vesicles on various parts of the skin.
The wet-sheet pack, or tepid ablutions, and a strict diet are
advisable.
  Eczema Mercuriale.—Erythema Mercuriale, Eczema Ru-
brum,  Hydrargyriosis, Morbus  Mercurialis.  Mercurial Lep-
rosy.  A variety of Eczema  caused by mercurial medicines.
Patients who are strongly infected with the mercurial poison
do not bear very cold  baths with advantage.  A warm bath
daily, followed by the tepid ablution, and the wet-sheet pack
once or twice a week, can almost  always be employed ben-
eficially.  Salt> sugar,  milk and all greasy things  should be
excluded from the dietary.   Where the skin is abraded or
ulcers appear, the part should be covered and the .cavity filled
with fine flour daily.
  Eczema of the Face.—See Porrigo Larvalis.
  Eczema Impetiginodes.—Gall Itch, Grocers' Itch.  This is
produced by the  irritation of the sugar insect.
  Eczema of the Hairy Scalp.—This  differs from Pofrigo
and Tinea, in the eruption being vesicular instead of pustular.
The discharge is very  profuse, and in drying into crusts mats 
Ele.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       119
the hair into separate  tufts;   It  is often  complicated  with
scrofulous swellings or ulcers.   A variety of this disease has
been called Asbestos Scall.
  Eczematoses.—A term applied to a group of cutaneous dis-
eases, of which there are many  subdivisions.
  Edematous.—See OMematous.
  Edentulous.—Toothlessness.  See a good Dentist.
  Effloratio.—See Exanthem.
  Efflorescence.—Cutaneous  Blush.  The term is sometimes
employed as synonymous with  exanthem.
  Effusion.—The passing of blood or any other fluid into the
cavities of the body,  or into the areolar tissue.  The excre-
tion of coagulable lymph, on  membraneous surfaces, during
the process of inflammation, is called effusion; as is also the
pouring  out of serum.  Effusion into the areolar membrane
is more frequently termed infiltration.
  Egregorsis. — Vigilantia, Watchfulness.   See  Sleepless-
ness.
  Elcosis.—Ulceration.  A deep ulcer of the cornea.
   Elephantiasis,—Barbadoes Leg, Bucnemia Tropica,  Co-
chin Leg, Lepra Arabum, Mai Rouge de Cayenne, Pellagra,
Various affections of the people of Barbadoes, India, Arabia,
Cayenne, Greece, Italy and Java, have been described as Ele-
phantiasis.   Generally the term is applied to a condition in
which the skin becomes thick, rugous, tuberculated, and in-
sensible.  In the Elephantiasis of the Antilles the leg is enor-
mously  swollen and misshapen; in the Indian and Arabian
malady the tubercles  are chiefly on the face and joints; the
Cayenne and  Greek disease resembles a variety of Leprosy,
and is characterized by red and yellow spots on the forehead,
ears, hands, loins, etc.; in the Italian the skin is wrinkled and
scaly; and in the disease as it  appears in Java, white  tumors
affect the toes and fingers, resembling  scrofulous swellings.
  In wnatever form the disease appears, it indicates extreme
depravity of blood, with great  obstruction in, or torpor of, the 
120        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.       Emp,
 whole excrementous system.  Hence purification in all possi-
 ble ways, is the sum and substance of the required treatment.
  Emaciation.—Leanness.  This is not  a disease,  but  an
 effect of disease.  To obviate it we have only to restore the
 normal condition.
  Emansio Mensium.—See Amehorrhcea.
  Emesis.—Vomiting, Puking.  Tartarized Antimony, Ipe-
 cacuanha, Sulphate of Zinc,  Sulphate of Copper,  Yellow Sul-
 phate of  Mercury, Sanguinaria Canadensis, and Lobelia, are
 the drugs most commonly employed medicindly, to produce the
 disease, Emesis.  See Vomiting.
  Emeto-Catharsis.—Vomiting and Purging.  When occa-
 sioned by medicinal drugs it is called an emeto-cathartic operas-
 lion, and when induced by other "morbid poisons," it is termed
 cholera:  "What's in a name?"
  Empathema.—Ungovernable passion.
  Emphlysis.—Ichorous Exanthem.  An eruption of vesicu-
 lar pimples, filled with a colorless but acrid fluid, and terminat-
 ing in scurf or laminated scabs.  Warm baths or tepid ablu-
 tions should be employed.
  Emphyma.—Tumor.
  Emphysema.—Pneumatosis,  Flatulent  Tumor,  Inflation,
Wind-Dropsy.  An elastic, crepitant tumor occasioned by {he
introduction of air into  the  areolar texture.  It may  result
from injuries of the larynx, trachea or lungs, fractures of the
ribs, or wounds penetratiug the chest. '
  Emphysema Abdominis.—See Tympanites.
  Emphysema of  the Lungs.—The chest externally appears
 abnormally convex and prominent; the  intercostal spaces are
widened^ but depressed; the inspiratory efforts are increased
 and expiration is laborious, wheezing, and prolonged.   Rest
 and ventilation are the essential remedial conditions, aside
from such surgery as the case may require.
  Empresma.—Inflammation.
  Emprosthotonos.—Tetanus Antieus.  That form of Tetan-
 us in which the body is bent forward.  See Tetanus. 
Enc.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.         121
   Empyema.—Apostema Empyema.  A collection of blood or
pus in some cavity of the body.   It is most frequently found
in the cavity of the pleura, and is said to be one of the termin-
ations of inflammation of the lungs or pleura.  But as  the
inflammation seldom or never  "terminates"  at that time, it
were better to  say, one of the consequences of inflammation.
When the collection is large the surgical operation of paracen-
tesis  thoracis is necessary to remove the collected matter.
   Empyesis.—Pustular Exanthem.  An eruption of pimples
gradually filling with a purulent fluid, and terminating in thick
scales, frequently leaving pits or scabs, as in small-pox.
   Empyocele.—Accumulation of pus in  the Scrotum.  The
tumor should be opened.
   Enanthesis.—Rash Exanthem.
   Enanthesis Rosalia.—A term including Scarlatina and  Ur-
ticuria, which see.
   Encanthis.—Any morbid growth in the inner angle of the
eye.   Commonly apphed to a tumefaction or  degeneration of
the caruncida lachrymdis.  It may be cured by repeated refrig-
erations or freezings, and attention to the general health.
  Encanthis  Benigna.—Simple excrescence of the caruncula.
It yields to cold applications, or mild caustics.
 Encanthis Fungosa.—Morbid growths of the lachrymal car-
uncle.   Refrigeration and cauterization are the remedies.
  Encanthis  Inflammatory,—Inflammation  of the caruncle.
It only requires cold applications.
 Encanthis Maligna.—A cancerous  affection of the gland,
It should be removed at once by the refrigerating and cauter-
izing process.
  Encausis.—Moxibustion,  Eneauma.   See Burn.
  Encephalalgia.—Hydrocephalus Internus.
  Encephalitis.—Cephalitis, Phrenitis, Inflammation of the
Brain.  See Cephalitis. 
122        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice        Ent.
   Encephalocele.—Fungus Cerebri, Hernia of the Brain.  It
 may be congenital or accidental, and dependent on tardy ossi-
 fication of the foutanelles, or loss of substance in the bones of
 the  skull.  . When the tumor is small  it may  be  remedied by
 gentle pressure on the protruded portion  of the brain.  In
 other cases it is fatal.
   Encephaloid.—Scirrhous and cancerous  tumors are  so
 called, when they resemble the medullary substance of the
 brain.  They are also called Medullary.
   Encysted.—Pouched, Saccated, Sacculated.  A term apphed
 to tumors whose contents are enclosed in a cyst, or membrane-
 ous  sac.   They are movable and often elastic.   The remedy is
 excision, or puncture.
   Endemic—Diseases are called endemic when  they prevail
 in a given locahty, or district, or neighborhood; epidemic when
, they extend over several districts or neighborhoods, and spo-
 radic when they appear in isolated cases.
   Endocarditis.—Inflammation of the internal membrane of
 the  heart—the endocardium. It cannot be, and  need not be
 distinguished from Carditis.
   Endocolitis.—Dysentery.
   Endodontitis.—Inflammation of the lining membrane of a
 tooth.  See Odontitis.
   Endo-Enteritis.—See Enteritis.
   Endogastritis.  Inflammation of the lining membrane of
 the stomach.  See Gastritis.
   Endometritis.—See Metritis.
   Enecia.—Synochus, Inflammatory Fever.
   Enervation.—Debility, Weakness.
   English Disease.—Rachitis.
   Engorgement.—Congestion.  Disproportionate accumulation
 of blood in the vessels of  a part.
   Enostosis.—A morbid growth of bone inwards—the oppo-
 site  of Exostosis.
   Entasia.—Tonic spasm, as Cramp, Tetanus, etc
   Enteralgia.—Enterodvnis. C^1^ 
Eur.       Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.
   Enteritis.—Heo-Colitis, Enteralgia  acuta.  Inflammation
 of the intestines.  The essential symptoms are, violent pain,
 increased on pressure, with heat and swelling of the abdomen,
 and fever, which may be either of the inflammatory or typhoid
 diathesis.  The distinction of enteritis into the sero and muco
 varieties, as the serous or mucous coat is the seat of it, is sim-
 ply absurd.  It is enough for all practical purposes, and is all
 that can be known  without a post-mortem examination, to
 know that the bowels are in a  state of inflammation.
   The morbid heat of the abdomen must be subdued by cold
 applications, which  can  usually be accomplished in  a few
 hours, after which the bowels should be freely moved with
 tepid enemas.   Cool but not very  cold water may be  drank
 ad libitum.   The whole surface must be  sponged with tepid
 water two or three times a day, and if the superficial heat is
 very great, the wet-sheet-pack  should be employed daily.  In
 the low, or typhoid  cases, care must be taken to keep the
 circulation balanced, and the extremities warm.
   Enterocele.—Abdominal hernia, containing only a portion
 of intestine.
   Enterocystocele.—Hernia formed by  the bladder  and a
 portion of intestine.
   Entero-Epiplocele.—Hernia formed by intestine and omen-
 tum.
   Entero-Epiplomphalus.—Umbilical hernia, containing in-
 testine and omentum.     %
   Entero-Hydrocele.—Intestinal  hernia, complicated with
 hydrocele.
   Entero-Hydromphalus.—Umbilical hernia, in which the
 sac contains intestine and serum.
   Entero-Ischiocele.—Ischiatic hernia, formed of intestine.
   Enterolithus. — Calculi of the stomach and intestines. Be-
zoar, Scybula.   See Calcuh.
   Entero-Merocele.—Crural hernia, formed of intestine.
   Entero-Mesenteric Fever.—An  awkward term for the ner-
vous form of typhus fever. 
124        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        Eph.
   Enterozoa.—Worms.
   Enthelminthes.—Worms.
   Entheomania.—See Demonomania.
   Entonic—Strong determination to the sunace, as in high
 fevers; the opposite of atonic.  Medical men, almost univer-
 sally, recognize the principle of depletion in entonic, and stim-
 ulation in atonic diathesis.  But both practices are wrong.
 In the one case, the  determination is too violent to the surface,
 and the other, too violent from the surface.  The indication is
 not to reduce the blood, nor poison it, but simply to balance
 the circidation.  Were this  principle  recognized, thousands of
 lives would be saved annually.
   Entoparasites.—Worms.
   Entophthalmia.—Inflammation of the interior of the eye.
 See Opthalmia.
   Entoxismus.—Poisoning.  The treatment of disease,  ac-
 cording to the drug system, is, from  beginning to end, a tox-
 icological process.  Says Professor Paine, in his " Institutes
 of Medicine," " We do but cure one  disease by producing an-
 other."
  Entozoa,  Entozoaires.—Worms.
  Entropion, Entropium.—Trichiasis. Inversion of the eyelids,
 by means of which the eyelashes irritate and inflame the eye.
 It may be remedied by cutting out a portion of the skin.
  Enuresis.—Urorrhoea, Incontinence  of Urine, Involuntary
 urination.   It may be due to paralysis,  atony, over-distention,
 calculi, morbid irritability  or pressure from a tumor or dis-
 placed uterus.  The  treatment may be adapted to the  cause;
 and when this cannot be removed, the urethra must be com-
 pressed by appropriate instruments, or what is better, a urinal
 may be constantly worn.
  Ephelides.—Freckles,  Sunburn.   This term  includes  the
yellow discolorations which appear on persons of a fair skin
 the brown patches which arise from exposure to the sun, and
the large dusky  patches which occur  on parts of the  body
 covered with the clothing. 
Epi.         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        125
  Ephemera.—One Day Fever.
  Ephidrosis —Profuse sweating  It is symptomatic in many
low fevers and states of debility.
  Epidemic, Epidemy.—A disease which prevails over a large
tract of country, or in several districts.
  Epigastrocele.—Gastrocele, Hernia formed by the stomach.
  Epiglottitis.—Inflammation of the glottis.  See Laryngitis.
  Epilepsy.-—Falling sickness.  The convulsive paroxysms are
characterized by loss of sensation and voluntary motion, dis-
tortion of the eyes and face, foaming at the mouth, and fre-
quently sterterous breathing.  The fit lasts from a few sec-
onds to several minutes.  In some cases the spasms are pre-
ceded by the sensation of cold vapor, termed Aura Epileptica.
Furious mania  sometimes succeeds a paroxysm,  which is
termed Mania Epileptica, or Epileptic Delirium.
  Epileptic spasms  may  arise from structural lesions of the
brain or spinal  marrow,  or  from functional  derangements,
more  especially  obstructions or irritations in the  alimentary
canal.   The former class of  cases  are generally incurable;
the latter are mostly curable.  Epipleptic spasms are not un-
frequently owing to nervous exhaustion, consequent on dissi-
pation or debauchery of some kind.  Over-exertion, mental
excitement, an indigestible meal, and sexual indulgence are
common exciting causes.
  In the treatment little can  be done during the paroxysm
except to prevent the patient from injuring himself.  During
the intervals a rigidly  simple and rather, abstemious dietary
must be adopted.  The bathing  apphances  must be carefully
adapted to the circumstances of  each  case.. The tepid drip-
ping-sheet, or half  bath  can  almost always be taken once a
day with advantage. The best time is on rising in the morn-
ing.   The hip-bath—75° to 85°—may be taken for ten  min-
utes once or twice daily, say at 10 a. m.,  and 5  p. m.,  and
when there is tendency to colaness of the feet, or heat in the
head, the hot-and-cold foot-bath should be taken at  bed-
time.   The wet-sheet pack, once or twice  a week is advisa- 
126        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.
ble for  those  who have  an active external circulation.  As
there is almost always  torpor of the  abdominal viscera with
constipation,  abdominal  manipulations, with  "movements,"
are highly serviceable.  Enemas of tepid water should be em-
ployed when the bowels do not incline to act without.  When
the patient is subject to much heat in the head, with a ten-
dency to feverishness and a flushed face, the forehead and top-
head should be wet with cold water two of three times a day,
and on retiring at night; but I protest against the wet head-
cap in such cases as its effect is to induce determination to the
head, whereas the indication of cure is just the contrary.   It
may be necessary to persevere in this plan for weeks, and
sometimes for months, before the cure is obtained.
  Epiphora.—Weeping, watery  eye.  A constant and invol-
untary flow of tears upon the  cheek.  It is commonly owing
to an obstruction of the lachrymal passages so that the tears
cannot pass  into the nasal  duct.  In some cases of irritation
and inflammation the complaint is due to the excessive excre-
tion.  The remedial plan is, to remove the inflammation and
open the obstructed passage, by a probe, if necessary,
  Epiplocele.—Omental Hernia.
  Epistaxis—Bleeding at  the  nose.  It  occurs  most  fre-
quently at the period of puberty, when, unless  the depurating
organs are in good working order there is  a special tendency
to plethora.   Plain food, free bowels, and  an active skin, are
sure preventives, except when  the affection results from me-
chanical injuries.
  Many expedients  have  been  resorted  to  successfully to
arrest the hemorrhage.  Cold water applied to the head  and
nasal passages, with hot foot-baths often succeeds.  When the
whole body is hot and feverish, a cold ablution or half-bath
will succeed.   In severe cases  the  bowels should  be  freely
moved with enemas of tepid  water.  When the bleeding is
excessive the nostrils should be plugged with lint or soft sponge.
Nasal hemorrhage has often been arrested by compressing the
nostril with the finger,  while the patient stands with the head
elevated and raises the corresponding arm perpendicularly. 
Ere.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.         127
  Epizoa.—Parasitic animals, which infest the surface.
  Epizootia.—Epidemic.  Usually applied to diseases of cat«
tie in the sense that epidemic is to diseases of human beings.
  Epostoma, Epostosis.—See Exostosis.
  Epulis.—An excrescence on the gum, sometimes  becoming
cancerous.   It should be removed with caustic
  Equinia.—Glanders.   It affects chiefly the  horse, the ass,
and the mule, and from them the causes may be communi-
cated to man.  It is a pustular and contagious exanthem like *
small-pox.  The disease  closely resembles the plague in man.
Veterinary surgeons describe two varieties, one of which is
attended with a profuse discharge from the  nostrils, with
eruptions of small, suppurating tumors, and symptoms of gan
grene  in various  parts, and the  other, appearing in  the
shape of small tumors about the lips, face, neck, etc.  The lat-
ter  form is called Farcy Glanders.  Both forms occasionally co-
exist.   Each is attended  with malignant fever;  or rather,  the
disease is always malignant.
  An equable, mild temperature, pure air, tepid ablutions fol-
lowed by friction with a hair brush, and thin water gruel, pro-
vided the animal  can be made to drink it, constitute the re-
medial  plan.
  Erethism.—Orgasm.  % Augmentation of vital phenomena,
in any  organ or tissue.  Medical authors generally mistake
abnormal vital manifestations for augmented or increased vital-
ity,  and so bleed,  antiphlogisticate,  reduce,  and  antivitalize
their erethismatic patients, and with most disastrous results.
The term is often apphed to parts in a condition of irritation
or inflammation.
  Erethismus.—Erethism, Irritation.  Mercurial erethismus is
characterized by great depression of strength;  anxiety about
the praecordia; irregular action of the heart;  frequent sigh-
ing ; tremors; small, quick,  sometimes intermittent pulse ;  oc-
casional vomiting;  pale, contracted countenance, and sense of
coldness.  In  this state any sudden exertion may prove fatal. 
128
Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.
Eru.
  All that can be done remediaUy, is, to keep the patient aa
quiet as possible; let him drink tepid or warm water in small
drafts, as often as he can without provoking  nausea,  and
sponge the surface two or three  times a day, with tepid or
warm water.
  The preparations of antimony, gold, iron, iodine, etc., when
used medicinally, often induce erethismus or minerd fever, quite
as fatal, though more obscure in the phenomena of poisoning.
The patient may die of the drug inflammation,  without manifest-
ing any symptoms which would be recognized by the medical
attendant, as indicating a poisonous or dangerous effect of  the
remedy.
  Ergotism.—Poisoning by Ergot.  The morbid condition or
disease occasioned by Ergot or Spurred Rye, whether taken ac-
cidentally, or administered medicinally.  The prominent symp-
toms are, vertigo, numbness of  the hands and feet, spasms,
followed, in extreme cases, by gangrene and death.   Ergot is
frequently employed as a parturifacient, to intensify uterine
contractions in protracted labors, on the absurd theory that,
it has a " special affinity "  to act on the muscular structure of
the gravid uterus.  But it is extremely liable to occasion uter-
ine hemorrhage, convulsions, hour-glass contractions,  etc., in
the mother, and the death or permanent decrepitude  of  the
child.
  As in all cases of narcotic poisoning, the  remedial plan for
Ergotism is, perfect quiet; cold apphcations to the head, and
warm to the feet; tepid ablutions;  an elevated position of  the
head, and ample ventilation.
  Eromania—Erotomania.—Erotic Passion, Melancholy, De-
lirium, or ungovernable Sexual Passion, arising from sexual
excitement or disappointment.   See Nymphomania and Satyr-
iasis.
  Erratic—Wandering,  Irregular.   Rheumatic affections,
Agues, Menstrual disorders, etc., are so termed when they man-
ifest no regular form or type.
  Eructation.—Belching; a dyspeptic symptom.  Dry, sohd
food will relieve it. 
Ery.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        12tf
  Eruption.—This term applies  to rashes, vesicles, pustules,
etc., which appear on  the  surface,  and also to the sudden
evacuation of  any fluid, as serum, blood, or pus, from a canal
or  cavity.   Several  hundreds  of cutaneous eruptions have
been recognized by  authors, and treated of as distinct* dis-
eases.   All of them which  are important, are mentioned in
this work,  both under the technical and their popular names.
  Eruptive.—Applied to fevers which are essentially accom-
panied with cutaneous eruptions.  They are Smdl-pox, Measles,
Scatlatina,  Erysipelas, Miliaria,  and  Plague, constituting the
Exanthems of Good's  " Study of Medicine."
  Erysipelas.—St. Anthony's Fire ;  superficial inflammation
of the skin, with general fever, tension, redness and swelling
of the part, and an acrid, burning heat. The redness disappears
on  pressure.   In some  cases of Erysipelas the  fever is very
mild, but in other forms it is extremely putrid and malignant,
and liable  to terminate  in gangrene.   There are no maladies
in which mercurials  are more freely prescribed, and do more
extensive mischief, than the malignant fever of  Erysipelas.
  As the head and face are ordinarily most violently affected,
they must  be kept cool  by means of the constant  application
of cold, wet cloths very frequently changed.  When the ex-
ternal  heat is considerable and uniform over  the*«5vhole sur-
face, the wet-sheet-pack, for an hour or more,  should  be
employed daily.  Otherwise the  surface, wherever preternat-
urally  hot, should be sponged frequently with tepid  water.
The bowels must be freely moved, unless diarrhoea attends,
in which case  fomentations should be apphed to the abdomen
for  fifteen or twenty minutes, to  be  followed by the wet gir-
dle. Water may be drank at pleasure; but no food should be
allowed until the violence of the  fever has materially abated.
  Erythema.—This term is often confounded with Erysipelas;
but is  more frequently  applied to local affections of an ery-
sipelatous character.   Dermatologists describe many varieties
of Erythema,  as Chilblain, Carbuncle, Intertrigo,  Chafing, Burn,
Mercurial,  etc., which are treated of under their respective
                         fi*
names.                  v 
130         Hand-Book of Hygienic  Practice.        Eut.
   Eschar.—The crust or disorganized portion arising from
the death or mortification of a part.  The adjacent living tis-
sue removes it  by excreting pus  between itself and the dead
matter, causing the latter to fall  or slough off.
   Esoteric—Interior, Private, in contradistinction to Exoteric.
Esoteric causes of disease exist within the organism, as  poi-
sons introduced, or effete matter retained.   Exoteric causes
exist without, as malaria, heat, cold, etc.
   Esoterism, Medical.—M. Simon has applied this term to
"the esotery, or mystery and secrecy with which the practitioner
performs his daily duties, and which, he conceives, he is  com-
pelled to adopt, by the prejudices and ignorance of his patients."
   Alas! that medical men should conceive it a duty to act in a
perpetual mystification,  because  their patients are ignorant!
I fear  this practice will never cure them of  their ignorance
and prejudices.  How much better it would be to enlighten
them!   After  all  I suspect  however, this Esoterism is in-
tended more for the benefit  of the profession than the people.
   Esttval.—Happening in summer.   Summer diseases, so
called,  are diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera infantum.
   Etherization.—The aggregate phenomena occasioned by
the inhalation of ether.   Small doses induce excitement, with
more or less of mental exhilaration; large doses induce great
muscular relaxation with insensibility.  For the treatment see
Asphyxia.
   Etiolation.—Blanching,  Paleness,  whether  the  result of
chronic disease, or from the absence of light.  Bright  light
and abundant sunshine are among our. best remedial apphan-
ces for many forms of scrofulous, anemic, and other cachectic
conditions.
   Eutrophic—Professor Dunglison has introduced  this term
into his Medical Dictionary, for "an agent whose action is ex-
erted on the system of nutrition, without necessarily occasion-
ing manifest increase of any of the secretions."  And he
informs us that the chief Eutrophics are " mercurials,  the prep-
arations of iodine, bromine, cod-liver oil, the preparations of gold
and silver, sulphur, sugar and  sarsaparilla."  Was ever a medi- 
Exc       Hand-Book of-Hygienic Practice.        131
 cal  muddle so bemuddled?  Mercury and sugar belong to
 the  same  class of medicines.   If either of Dr. Dunglison's
 Eutrophics "exert any action" on  the  system of nutrition.
 except that which is damaging and disease-producing, the fact
 has  never yet been recorded in any medical text-book.
   Eversio Palpebr^.—Ectropion,
   Exacerbation.—An increase, or aggravation of symptoms.
 Often incorrectly employed as synonymous with paroxysm.
   Exjemia, Exjemos.—Anaemia, Exanguous.
   Exangia.—A term including Aneurism, and Varix.
   Exanthem.—Exanthema. Under  this term some  authors
 comprehend  all kinds of cutaneous  eruptions, while others
 apply it only to the eruptive fevers.
   Exanthematica.—Eruptive fevers.
   Exanthematophthalmia.—Inflammation of the  eye in the
 course of, or succeeding,  a cutaneous eruption.   For  treat-
 ment see Opthalmia.
   Exanthesis.—See Efflorescence.
   Excitation. —Excitement and stimulation are generally em-
 ployed as synonymous terms.  There is not so great a delusion
 in the world as  that which mistakes excitation for augmented
 vitality,  and stimulation for  strength.  The employment of
 stimulants  is predicated on this fallacy, and alcohohc  medi-
 cation, which is the parent source of intemperance in the land,
 would have no basis, were this error corrected.  For a full dis-
 cussion of this  subject the reader its referred to  my recent
 work, " The True Temperance Platform."
  Excoriation.—The abrasion  of the skin from a  slight
 wound, or an acrid excretion.  Excoriated surfaces should be
 protected from the contact of atmospheric air, by a covering of
 fine flour or simple cerate.
  Excrement.—The waste matter and debris of the tissues—
feces, urine, bile, sweat, and carbonic  acid gas.  The retention
of effete  matters  is a prolific source of disease.  And the ac-
cumulation of excrementitious matter in privies, stables, hog-
pens, and cow-yards, is no doubt the chief cause of conta- 
132         Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.       Exh.
gious diseases.  If people would be cleanly, within and with-
out, many of the most fatal acute diseases, and a long cata-
logue of chronic maladies would soon disappear.
  Excrescence.—A tumor which forms at  the  surface of or-
gans, and especially on the skin, mucous membrane, or ulcer-
ated surface*s, as Warts, Hemorrhoids, Polypi, Condylomata, etc.
Some of them can  be  destroyed  by freezing, and all  are re-
movable with caustic.
  Excretion.—The separation and ejection of waste or excre-
mentitious matter.  The excretory organs are the skin, lungs,
liver, bowels, and kidneys.  Any defect in  their eliminating
function becomes a source of bodily impurity, and  a cause
of  disease.   Nearly all medical  authors  confound  excretion
and secretion.  But they are very different processes.  See
Secretion.
  Exfoliation.—The separation of the dead portions of a bone,
tendon, cartilage, or aponeurosis, under the form of lamellse
or small scales.   It is analogous to sloughing of  the softer tis-
sues.   A large portion of dead and detached  bone  is called,
Sequestrum.
  ExHAuSTiON.-Debility.  Loss of strength.  One of the most
prolific sources of vital exhaustion, early decline, complicated
disease and  premature death, is the use of  stimulants, which
we  are mistaught  by the medical profession,  to regard as
capable of imparting strength, supporting vitality, etc.
  Exhilaration.—Intense and pleasiireable mental emotion.
In  pathology it  is a preternatural activity of the circulation
with increased sensibility.  The nervine medicines induce it,
as tea,  coffee, musk, castor, assafetida, skunk cabbage,  sul-
phuric ether, valerian,  etc.  Many agents which are regarded
by medical  authors as possessing a combination of nervine,
narcotic and stimulant properties, as alcohol, tobacco,  opium,
camphor,  lobelia, actea, etc.,—and  even the virus of the rat-
tlesnake when taken into the stomach—will  occasion, after
one has become  accustomed to them, and in moderate or cus-
tomary doses, a high degree of exhilaration.  This fact, how-
ever, does not prove their usefulness, but the contrarv. 
Fal.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         133
    Fxomphalus.—Umbilical hernia.   It occurs most frequently
 in infants.  It may be easily reduced, and retained by an elas-
 tic bandage, made in the form of a girdle, with a pad in the
 middle, to be applied against the navel, until a cure is effected.
    Exophthalmia.—Protrusion of the eye from its orbit, in con-
 sequence of an abscess or tumor in the  areolar tissue.  After
 subduing the inflammation, the treatment is entirely surgical.
    Exormia.—See Papula,
    Exostosis.—An osseous tumor.  This disease may be occa-
 sioned by the rachitic, scrofulous, or gouty diathesis, caused
 by syphilis, or induced by mineral drugs." But it is due more
 to mercurial medicines administered for the cure of venereal
 diseases, than  to all other  causes combined.  The  whole re-
 medial plan is expressed by the word, purification.
   Exoteric—See Esoteric.
   Expectoration.—The expulsion of mucus, pus,  or other
 matter from the air passages.  It is a symptom in pneumonia,
 influenza,  and  consumption, and often of a "common  cold."
 Certain medicinal drugs, called expectorants, as tartar emetic,
 lobeha, squills, elecampagne,  Senega snake root,  ipecac,  and
 many other agents which are very nauseous to the stomach,
 will aggravate expectoration when it exists,  and thus often
 occasion it when  it did not previously exist.  They are an ex-
 ceedingly pernicious class of remedies.
   Exsanguinity—See Anaemia
   Exsarcoma.—Sarcoma.
   ExspumoN.—Spitting.  This is really  a disease, for persons
in a strictly normal state never spit.
   Extravasation.—Escape of blood or other fluids from their
proper vessels into the surrounding textures.   Cold applica-
tions are useful to promote absorption.
  Fainting.—Faintness, Fainting Fit.  See Syncope.
  Falling  of the Bowels.—See Proctocele.
  Falling  of the Womb.—See Prolapsus Uteri.
  False Conception.—See Mole. 
134        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Fat.
  False  Membrane.—The  adventitious formation on mucous
surfaces,  in cases of croup,  diptheria etc
  False  Pleurisy.—Stitch in the  side, Pleuralgia,  Pleu-
rodynia.
  False  Peripneumony.—Bastard  Pleurisy.  Pseudo-Pneu-
monia.   A term applied to  cases of Pneumonia, in which the
attending fever has the nervous form of typhus-—properly,
"Nervous Typhoid Pneumonitis."   The  modern  "cattle  dis-
ease,"  " Pleura-Pneumonia" is this form of inflammation of
the lungs.
  Family Diseases.—See Hereditary.
  Fancy  Mark,—Nsevus.
  Fantom.—Phantom.   In pathology the term applies to dis-
orderly mental  recognitions of objects—the spectres and im-
ages, which disturb the patient, whether awake or asleep.
  Farcy  Glanders.—See Equinia.
  Fastidium,—Squeamishness.  Easily affected with nausea.
  Fat.—In a pathological sense the term means corpulence,
or obesity, in which effete matters are retained in the form of
fat.  A fattening process is,  therefore, a disease-producin g pro-
cess, let  the lovers of  fat meats, and the  admirers of  fat
persons  say what they will.  With some semi-civilized and
savage nations corpulency is regarded as the highest possible
personal  accomplishment.   Captain Speke in his late African
explorations to  discover the source of the Nile, made the ac-
quaintance of African princes and kings, whose wives were so
fattened that they were unable to stand erect, but obliged to
" go on all fours," and the children of the colored nobility
were compelled to suck milk several hours a day to promote
the desired plumpness.  A  fattened hog is now on  exhibition
in this city whose combined weight of grease and scrofula, is
said to De fourteen hundred  pounds, with a fair prospect of
accumulating to a ton.  In  the days of the New  York Crystal
Palace, we saw a swinish monstrosity on exhibition, which
was said to weigh  seventeen hundred pounds.   The animal
was unable even to stand on all fours. 
Fei.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       135
   The celebrated showman, Professor Barnum, of the Amer-
• ican Museum, of this city, often has " the most extraordinary
 sights in the world," in the shape of adipose humanity.  But
 enough on this theme.  The remedy is, plainer food and less
 of it.
   Fatty Degeneration.—This term  is applied to a morbid
 process,  by which the glandular structures  are rendered soft
 and oleaginous.  The liver is  most subject  to this condition.
 The cause is, too much of those articles which the  chemico-
 physiologists term  "calorifacient," or  "respiratory"  food.
 Geese and other poultry are  confined in a dark, warm room,
 stuffed with carbonaceous food, by means of which their liv-
 ers swell  up to a large  size, and acquire the condition  of
 "fatty degeneration," and make a dainty delicacy for the de-.
 praved taste of  the carnivorous epicure.  Exercise, and "low
 fare," are the remedies for degenerate livers, whether in man
 or animals.
   Fatuitas.—Mental Imbecility, Dementia,  Idiocy.
   Favosus.—A  state of ulceration, resembhng honeycomb.
   Favus.—Porrigo.
   Febricula.—A slight Fever, Ephemera.
   Febris.—Fever,  which see.
   Feigned  Diseases.—Many  are the simulated, or pretended
 diseases by. means  of which  impostors have* undertaken  to
 obtain  favors,  escape punishment, and military duty, and
 astonish their fellow beings.  A complete catalogue would
 occupy too much of my space. Suffice it to say that spas-
 modic diseases, as catalepsy, chorea, convulsions, and epilepsy
 are most easily  simulated.  Local  inflammations are readily
 excited by means of irritant drugs.  Fevers are produced by
 stimulants; cachexias are made manifest by hard-drinking and
 going without sleep.  Bowel complaints are readil^ manufac-
 tured with purgative medicines, or any of the cure-all pills in
 market.  Cutaneous affections are easily made to appear by
 means of acids  and irritants, antimonial ointment, for exam-
 ple, etc., etc.  The examining physician is sometimes obliged
 to tax his ingenuity to the utmost, in order to detect them. 
136         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Fev.
  Fever.—A simultaneous and  prominent disturbance of all
the bodily functions, attended with paroxysms of cold, hot,
and sweating stages.  Fever and  disease may almost  be re-
garded as synonymous, for there is scarcely a symptom of any
disease, aside from structural lesions, which may  not be pres-
ent in some form  or stage of fever.   When, therefore, we
know how to treat fever, in  all its stages, and complications,
we  have very nearly mastered the Heahng Art. And the rule
is exceedingly simple.  It is to regulate, balance, or direct the
remedial  action—very different indeed from the practice of
the drug system, which  mainly consists in  suppressing  the
remedial effort,  and counteracting the symptoms.   Fevers are
seldom intrinsically dangerous, though multitudes die of them
every year.
  The divisions and varieties of fever  recognized by medical
authors are multitudinous.  The only important  distinctions,
however, for all practical purposes, are into Inflammatory, Pu-
trid, and  Nervous, which  terms correspond  with the  entonic,
typhus, and typhoid of medical books and journals.  Simple fe-
vers are those winch are not, in their, early stages, complicated
with  any  considerable local affection.  Small-pox, measles,
scarlatina, erysipelas, miliaria, and plague, are called eruptive
fevers or exanthems.   Fevers are also denominated idiopathic or
primary; but when the fever is preceded by a local disease,
as consumption, it  is said to  be symptomatic or secondary, as
hectic.  Very dangerous fevers are termed malignant, and mild
ones non-mdignant.  Many cases of mild fevers are rendered ma-
lignant by mal-medication. Lastly, fevers are entonic or atonic,
high or low, dynamic or adynamic, sthenic or  asthenic, or
inflammatory or typhoid in diathesis, and  ephemeral, contin-
ued, remittent or  intermittent in type.
  The Hygienic treatment of all forms of fever is  exceedingly
simple, a^fl. is all  resolvable into good nursing.  Few patients
would  ever die of fever,  if  the  whole treatment was  left to
the  uneducated instincts and common sense of the people.
  When the circulation and temperature are unequal,* cold
wet cloths are to be apphed to the parts which are preternatu- 
Fev.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        187
 rally hot, and warm applications made to the parts which are
 pretei naturally cold.  Usually, in these cases, the head is hot
 and the feet and lower extremities cold.  When the body is
 disposed to much chilliness, warm  blankets, or bottles of hot
 water should be applied to the sides and armpits.  When the
 whole surface is moderately hot, tepid or cool ablutions should
 be employed frequently, and  if the heat be very great, the
 wet-sheet pack is preferable.   Griping  or  neuralgic pain is
 to  be quieted with  fomentations, and pain accompanied with
 heat and tension may be relieved with cold applications.  It
 is always desirable to move the bowels freely with tepid water
 enemas at the outset, unless there is tendency to diarrhoea, in
 which case small enemas of cold  water should be  adminis-
 tered.  The patient may drink pure water ad libitum, and may
 be allowed the  moderate  use of ripe, juicy fruits.  No food,
 save  thin gruel and a moderate allowance of fruit, should be
 permitted, until the crisis of the  disease,  or until the vio-
 lence of the paroxysms,  has materially abated.  Free ventil-
 ation is always  important, while all  sources of irritation or
 annoyance should be carefully avoided.  The patient  should
 be  kept  as quiet as possible, and  at all times be  allowed to
 sleep as much as he can.  Lights  should  not be  allowed in
 the room, except when waiting on the patient, nor  should
 whispering night-watchers be tolerated for a moment.   After
 the crisis has occurred no very cold bath, nor the pack,  should
 be  employed,  whatever the degree of feverishness, or however
 violent may be the "relapse."  Tepid ablutions, warm or cold
 local  apphcations are aU the  bathing processes required  in
 any form, state  or stage of fever, after the crisis or "turn of
 the fever" has  taken place.  Mischief has  been done by in-
 competent practitioners from not knowing  or not observing
 this rule.
  The only really dangerous features of fevers are the compli-
cations.   These  are  mainly, hemorrhage,  tympanitis, diarrhcea,
vomiting, retention or suppression of urine, compression of  the Irain,
determination of blood, locd inflammations and congestions, profuse
sweating,  and  involuntary  evacuations; but all these affections, 
138         Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.       Fev.
when occurring as the incidents of fevers, require precisely
the same treatment as when occurring as idiopathic affections.
The reader is referred to these terms for special instruction.

  Fever,  Adeno-Meningeal.—Various forms of fever, when
attended with considerable mucus excretion, especially from
the ahmentary canal, have  received this appellation.  They
have  also been called  Pituitous Fever, Mucous Fever, Mes-
enteric Fever, Catarrhal Fever, Gastro-Bronchitis, etc.

  Fever and Ague.—See Fever, Intermittent.

     Nosological Arrangement of the Simple Fevers.
it1-
   2.
II
Ephemeral—One day Fever.
In fl ammatory—Synochus—General Inflammation.
S Yellow Fever,
Nervous Fever,
Putrid Fever.
4. Remittent

5



6. Symptomatic.





7. Eruptive.
'Ship Fever,
 Spotted Fe^er,
 Camp Fever,
 Jail Fever,
„ Hospital Fever.

    Marsh Fever.
                         ( Nervous Eemittent,
                         ( Putrid Remittent,
                         I Quotidian—Everyday Ague,
            Intermittent. < Tertian—Third day Ague,
                         £ Quartan—Fourth day Ague.
                          {Hectic Fever,
                          Puerperal Fever.
                          Mesenteric Fever,
                          Milk Fever.
                         f Small Pox,
                         I Chicken-Pox,
                          Cow-Pox,
                         , Measles,
                          Scarlatina,
                          Erysipelas,
                          Miliria,
                         . Plague.

  Fever, Adynamic—Adynamic is employed in the sense of

atonic, feeble,  prostration of the  vital powers,  etc.,  and is
applied to low fevers, particularly to the various  forms of
typhus or typhoid fevers.

  Fever, African.—A fever which prevails  on the Western
coast of Africa.   It  is regarded  by medical  authors  as a
"malignant, bilious remittent," and is really a severe remittent
of the putrid form. 
Fev.      Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.         139
  Fever, Algid.—A term applied to a very pernicious and
fatal form of intermittent, accompanied by extreme coldness.
  Fever,  Anomalous.—A fever whose course and type  are
irregular has been so called.
  Fever,  Aphonic—A  form of intermittent in which  the
voice is lost during the paroxysm.
  Fever,  Apoplectic—Any fever  attended with apoplectic
symptoms.
  Fever, Articular Eruptive.—This term is apphed to Den-
gue ; also to Articular Rheumatism.
  Fever, Artificial.—Fever induced by Stimulants.
  Fever, Asthenic—Low fever.  The term is usuaUy apphed
to typhus.
  Fever, Asthmatic—A pernicious intermittent accompanied
with Asthmatic difficulty of breathing.  The asthmatic symp-
tom is atributable to great congestion or  enlargement of the
hver.
  Fever, Ataxo-Adynamic—Fever characterized by nervous-
ness and  great debility.  The term has been applied to the
nervous form of typhus.
  Fever,  Barcelona.—A form of Yellow Fever  which has
prevailed  in Barcelona,  sometimes  called  Bastard or Illegiti-
mate Fever.
  Fever, BilioUs.—The term bilious, is frequently apphed to the
common remittent fever of autumn. It is also sometimes apphed
to a mild form of putrid continued fever—the synochus of the
nosologists.   The term bilious remittent, has been applied to yel-'
low fever, though this is really of  the continued type.
  Fever,  Boa Vista.—A form of Yellow Fever which  was
very fatal at Fernando  Po, in 1845, termed also "malignant
bilious remittent.
  Fever,  Bona.—A malignant form of Remittent or  Marsh
Fever, which prevailed  among the troops  of the garrison of
Bona, in Algeria, from 1832 to 1835. 
140        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.
  Fever, Bone.—. See Dengue.
  Fever, Camp.—Putrid Typhus.
  Fever, Cardialgic—A  severe  Intermittent  accompanied
with violent pain in the stomach during the paroxysm.
  Fever, Carditic—Intermittent fever accompanied with vio-
lent pain in the region of the heart.
  Fever, Catarrhal.—See Fever, Adeno-Meningeal.
  Fevep, Cephalalgic—Intermittent fever with intense pain
in the head.
  Fever, Cephalic—The  feverish disturbance which accom-
panies hydrocephalus.
  Fever,  Cerebral.—Brain  Fever.  See Inflammation of
the Brain.
  Fever, Childbed.—Peritonitis.   Puerperal Fever.   Acute
inflammation of the peritoneum, or lining membrane of the
abdomen, with  low or typhoid  fever.   Lying-in women are
the subjects of it.   It is attended with heat and  tension of
the abdomen, with frequent pulse, thirst, coated tongue, and
all the indications  of fever of the atonic diathesis.   There is
usually  obstinate constipation,  but in some  cases diarrhoea
exists.   Medical authors recommend  diametrically opposite
methods of treatment;  some advising  copious bleeding, salts,
antimony, and other antiphlogistic agents,  while others insist
on opium and other stimulants as the proper remedies.   As
might be expected, apriori, the result of both plans of medi-
cation is fearfully fatal, the deaths averaging more than sev-
enty-five per cent.  We have never found any difficulty in
promptly curing the disease with  Hygienic appliances.  The
preternatural heat and tenderness of the abdomen  can be re-
lieved in a few hours, by the repeated  application of cold wet
cloths, care being  taken  to  keep the  feet and extremities
warm; after which the bowels are to be moved with enemas
of tepid or moderately warm water; the whole surface should
be sponged with water just pleasantly cool, two or three times
in each  twenty-four hours, until the fever  is permanently ro- 
Fev.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.       .141
duced.  In all other respects the patient should be managed
according to the general rules which apply to the treatment
of all fevers.   When the lochial discharge has been suddenly
suppressed, there will be "rush  of blood to the head" with
intense headache, or delirium,  in which case, cold applications
should be made to the  head,  warm  to the feet, with  warm
hip-baths, or, if the patient is not able to sit up, fomentations
may be apphed to  the abdomen.
  Fever, Choleric—Intermittent Fever, with biliary derange-
ment resembling Cholera Morbus.
  Fever, Choleric, of Infants.—Cholera Infantum.
  Fever, Chronic—Symptomatic Fever.   Hectic Fever.
  Fever, Colliquative.—Various forms of fever attended with
profuse  discharges and rapid  emaciation, have received this
appellation.
  Fever, Comatose.—See Fever Apoplectic.
  Fever,  Congestive.—The term, congestive,  is  employed
quite as loosely in  medical nomenclature as is the term bilious.
In both  cases,  a  word, which only  expresses a symptom is
made to designate  the disease.   This word, congestive, is ap-    ->
plied promiscuously to all fevers, whether intermittent, remit-
tent, or continued,  in which there is disproportionate accumu-
lation of blood  or  obstruction  in any organ so that  the hot
stage of the paroxysm—"reaction" as the books have it, is
imperfectly or not at all, developed.  In this form of fe/er
many patients die  in the cold  stage,  and within a  few hours
after the "attack," as it is absurdly called.   Warm  apphca-
tions, general and  local fomentations, the hot or tepid bath,
warm wet-sheet pack, etc., are the proper  remedial  apphan-
ces,  until the hot  stage is fully  developed, after which the
disease is to be  treated on "general principles."
  Fever,  Consecutive.—The  feverishness which follows the
sudden  suppression  of  evacuations by narcotics and stimu-
lants, as wheu  the alvine dejections are arrested by means of
large doses of  opium, morphine, or  brandy.   If the cholera 
142         Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.      Fey.
is "cured" this way, a bad matter is only made worse, as the
patient is certain to die of the "Consecutive Fever."
  Fever, Continent.—This term is usually applied to Syno-
chus or Inflammatory Fever;  but is not  unfrequently employed
to designate any mild form of fever  of the continued type.
The continued type of fever may be known by two excerbations
of the hot stage daily, one in the morning* and a more con-
siderable one in the afternoon or evening.  The continued fe-
vers are,  the  Inflammatory or entonic, the various  forms of
typhus or typhoid,  as Yellow, Spotted, Camp, Ship, Jail, Hospitd,
Sweating, Sinking,  etc., and the eruptive  fevers—Smdl-pox,
Meases, Scarlatina, Erysipelas, Miliaria and Plague.  Visceral in-
flammations are accompanied .with fever of the continued type.
  Fever, Convulsive.—Intermittent or Remittent Fever ac-
companied with Spasmodic Symptoms.
  Fever, Delirious.—Intermittent Fever with delirium.
  Fever, Depuratory.—A term  applied to fevers which were
supposed to have the property of purifying  the blood, or in
which such  an effect was produced.   All  fevers have  this
tendency.  Indeed, the very essence of fever  is, a process of
purification,  and happy would it be for the sufferers if their
physicians could practically recognize this truth.
  Fever, Diaphoretic—Intermittent Fever  with  excessive
sweating.
  Fever, Diary.—Ephemeral  or One  Day Fever.
  Fever, Digestive.—Prof. Dunglison says,  "the chilliness,
followed by increased heat and quickness of  pulse,  which
frequently accompanies digestion."  Indigestive Fever  would
be a better term, as these symptoms do not exist when  diges-
tion is well  performed.   The sole cause of this fever is food
of improper quahty or quantity, or extraneous matters taken
with the food.
  Fever, Double.—An Intermittent  which has  two parox-
ysms in a given time, instead of  one. 
Fev.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.       143
  Fever, Double-Quantan.—A fever whose paroxysms occur
two days in succession, and fail on the third day.
  Fever, Double-Quotidian.—An Intermittent whose parox-
ysms return twice every day at corresponding hours.
  Fever,  Double-Tertian.—An  Intermittent whose  parox-
ysms return every day.
  Fever, Dynamic—Synocha.  Remittent  fever.
  Fever,  Epileptic—Intermittent accompanied  with Ep-
ilepsy.
  Fever, Erotic—Fever occasioned by unrequited love.
  Fever, Erratic—Dengue. Hectic.
  Fever, Fainting.—A  singular and fatal epidemic,  resem-
bling cholera, which prevailed at Teheran, Persia, in 1842.
  Fever,  Gangrenous.—Fever  accompanied with gangrene
of various parts, especially of the limbs and genital organs.
  Fever,  Gastralgic—Intermittent with  burning pain  in
the epigastrium.
  Fever,  Gastric—A term sometimes  apphed to what  is
commonly called Bilious Fever.
  Fever, Gastro-Adynamic—This  term has been apphed  to
those forms of typhoid fever in which there is  much  gastric
or bihary derangement.
  Fever,  Gastro-Angiotenic—"A fever," says Dunglison,
"in which the symptoms of bilious are united to those of in-
flammatory fever."   In plainer Enghsh, this means,  a mild
form of Putrid Typhus.
  Fever, Gastro-Ataxic—This absurd phrase is apphed to
Putrid Typhus, when  the  diathesis is  a httle lower,  or the
debility a little greater, than in the preceding case.
  Fever, Gibralter.—Yellow Fever.
  Fever, Hemoptoic—Intermittent attended with periodical
hemorrhage from the lungs.
  Fever, Hay.—A periodical Catarrhal affection, with gen-
eral  feverishness, which affects some persons in the Bummer 
144        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.       Fev.
Season.  It has also been called Hay Asthma, Summer Ca-
tarrh, Rose Catarrh, and Summer Bronchitis.
  Fever,  Hebdomadal. — A fever whose  paroxysms  return
weekly, and on the same day.   It  is no doubt  purely im-
aginary.
  Fever, Hectic—Secondary, or Symptomatic Fever.  It is
a form of remittent which attends the later stages of chronic
diseases, when great emaciation or some degree of disorgan-
ization has taken place.  It  can only be cured by removing
the primary malady.  A tepid ablution with the hot-and-cold
foot-bath, and, perhaps, cool wet cloths to the head, are ap-
phcable to the fever part of the malady.
  Fever,  Hepatic — Intermittent with violent pain  in the
region of the liver.
 m Fever, Hill.—A form of remittent which has prevailed in,
the hilly districts of India.
  Fever, Hospital.—A form  of Putrid Typhus.
  Fever, Humoral.—A term  apphed to fever in which dete-
rioration of the humours is suspected. It will apply equally
to any and every form of fever, only differing in degree.
.  Fever, Hungary.—An epidemic typhus which has prevailed
among the soldiers in barracks, in Hungary.
  Fever, Hydrophobic—"Pernicious Intermittent with dread  *
of liquids," says Dunglison.
  Fever,  Hysteric — Intermittent  with  Hysterical par-
oxysms.
  Fever, Icteric—Fever accompanied with Jaundice.
  Fever,  Infantile Remittent. — Worm-Fever  ; Irritative
Fever.  A fever occurring in childhood, and caused by indi-
gestible food or constipated bowels.
  Fever,  Inflammatory.—Synocha;  Cauma.
  The  Entonic Diathesis.—Inflammatory Fever is the least
dangerous of all forms  of fever, and, although a multitude
of deaths  occur annually, I have no shadow of doubt they
are attributable to the medication, and not  to the malady.  L 
Fev.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.        145
   have never known nor heard of a person dying  of this dis-
   ease under Hygienic treatment.  The disease may be known
   by strong pdse, white tongue with red edges, uniform heat, and
   dryness of the skin,  turgescence and florid redness of the
   whole  surface, with a diminution of all the excretions.   The
   mental functions are never very much disturbed.
     The  treatment is very simple, and should be  alway3 suc-
   cessful.  The bowels should  be moved freely with enemas of
   tepid water at first, and subsequently, whenever there is hard-
•  ness, tension and uneasiness in the  abdomen.   The  patient
   may drink pure water  of any temperature  most agreeable,
   and in any quantity  he is,  inclined  to.   The whole  surface
   should be sponged with cool or cold water  as either  may be
   most pleasant, as often as the heat rises much above the nor-
   mal standard; or,.,if practicable, the wet-sheet pack  may be
   employed once or twice each  day. When the superficial heat
   is very great,  double  wet sheets should be used.  The pro-
   longed tepid full bath is well adapted to this form of fever,
   though it is nc,  so agreeable to the patient  as the wet-sheet
   pack.   No food should be taken until the skin becomes  moist
   and the coat of the tongue begins to disappear.
     Fever, Insidious.—A term applied to fevers which do not
   seem dangerous at first, but subsequently become malignant.
   I suspect these  superventions of mahgnancy are more fre-
   quently due to maltreatment than to any other cause.  The late
   Prince  Albert,  Senator  Douglass,  Count  Cavour, General
   Sumner, Thomas Starr King, and many other distinguished
   names I could mention, are illustrations.
     Fever, Intermittent.—This type of fever—ague and fever
   —is characterized by a complete subsidence of the hot  stage
   of the  paroxysm, constituting what is called an intermission,
   during which the patient is often enabled to attend to ordin-
   ary  duties or labors.   The  paroxysms may occur daily, or
   every second or third day, or even twice a day.
     Warm foot-baths, fomentations to the abdomen, bottles of
   hot water etc., to the sides and arm-pits are applicable to the cold
   Btage.   When the whole surface becomes preternaturally hot, 
146        Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice.       Fev.
tepid ablutions, or the wet-sheet pack, according to the degree
of heat, are to be employed.   During the period of intermis-
sion the patient should avoid fatigue, and be extremely care-
ful and abstemious in the dietary.
  Fever, Jail.—Putrid Typhus.
  Fever, Lochial.—A feverish disturbance which frequently
occurs during the discharge of the lochia.
  Fever, Lung.—Inflammation  of the Lungs.  Pneumonia,
Pneumonitis; sometimes applied to Influenza.
  Fever, Malignant.—Any fever which is dangerous may be
said to be malignant.  Plague and spotted fever, are always
malignant.   Various forms of typhoid and eruptive fevers
 aay be either malignant or non-malignant.
  "^ever, Malignant Pestilential. — A phrase which  has
 ..en applied to severe forms of Remittent, and sometimes to
Yellow Fever.
  Fever, Masked.—Dumb Ague,  Dead Ague.  Terms  ap-
phed to disguised or irregular forms of intermittent.
  Fever, Meningo-Gastric—Stomach  Fever.   The feverish-
ness of indigestion.
  Fever, Mesenteric—A term employed by Baglivi,  and
apphed to fevers  which other authors designate as  Bilious,
Mucous, Synochus, etc.
  Fever, Miliary.—Millet-Seed Rash.  See  Miliary Fever.
  Fever, Milk.—The febrile disturbance which precedes or
accompanies the secretion of milk in women  recently deliv-
ered.   Tepid or cool wet cloths  to the breasts, frequently
changed, and  warm foot-baths  are the specialities of treat-
ment.  Constipation  must be removed or obviated, and  the
general feverishness removed at  once, by means of the  full
warm bath and tepid ablutions, or a hngering illness with a
"broken breast" may be the result.
  Fever, Mixed.—Synochus; Putrid Typhus.
  Fever, Nephritic — Intermittent fever with pain in the
region of the kidneys during the paroxysm. 
Fev.       Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        147
  Fever, Nervous. — Typhus Mitior of Cullen ; Enteric fe-
ver of some modern authors.   This is  the Typhoid Fever of
tho'se authors  who  make  a distinction  between Typhus and
Typhoid—a distinction, however, without a difference.
  Nervous fever, of whatever type, always requires gentle
treatment.  No violent  shocks or very cold baths can be tol-
erated, or should  be prescribed.   Careful nursing is here the
best medication in an emphatic sense.  Te*)id ablutions, cool
or cold applications to the head, warm applications to the ex-
tremities, cold compresses or hot  fomentations, as either may
be indicated at any time, as best calculated to balance the
circulation, are the essentials of the remedial plan.   Quiet
and  rest are  of especial importance  in this form of fever.
The  very young, very old, and very feeble, are peculiarly the
subjects of it.
  Fever,  Niger.—A malignant  Remittent Fever,  which
proved fatal  to  many  in  the expeditions sent out by the
British  government to  explore  the Niger,  in 1841-2,  has
been so designated.
  Fever, Nonane.—"A  suppositious fever, whose paroxysms
recur every ninth day, or every eighth day."
  Fever, Octane.—An  intermittent whose paroxysms recur
every eighth day.
  Fever, Paludal.—Marsh or Remittent Fever, Elodes.
  Fever, Periodical.—Intermittent or Remittent Fever.
  Fever, Pernicious.—This term has been apphed to severe
or malignant intermittent.
  Fever, Pestilential of Cattle.—Murr.  Murrain.  A dis-
ease having a close resemblance to small-pox  which affects
cattle.
  Fever, Pleuritic.—Intermittent or Remittent Fever accom-
panied with   inflammation of the  pleura.   Pleuralgia, or
"stitch in the side"  is often mistaken for pleurisy.
  Fever,  Pneumonic — Pneumonia.   Inflammation  of  the
lungs.  Intermittent with  symptoms  of inflammation of the
lungs has been termed, though very absurdly, Pulmonic Fever. 
148         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
  Fever, Pseudo.—Feverishness.  General Irritation.
  Fever, Puerperal.—Peritonitis.  See Childbed Fever.
  Fever, Puking.—Milk Sickness.
  Fever, Purulent,—Fever which accompanies suppuration.
  Fever, Putrid.—This is the most common form of fever,
always was, and always will be.  Fever being essentially a
process of purification, its causes are necessarily impurities in
the system, whether in the form of retained effete matters, or
poisons.  These occasion grossness,  or  putrescency of the
blood, with its consequences—morbid secretions and foul ex-
cretions.   The term, putrid, applies properly to those forms of
fever in which grossness, foulness, or  impurity of the whole
mass of blood, is the obvious and  most prominent condition.
The milder forms of putrid fever, are often termed Bilious,
Synochus, " Bilious Fever with Typhoid symptoms," " Bilious
running into Typhoid," etc.   The severer forms—those de-
pendent on extreme grossness—are the  malignant forms of
Typhus or Typhoid,  as Spotted, Ship, Jail, Camp, Hospitd, Yel-
low, Sinking, etc, fevers.  Many of the visceral inflammations,
as Diptheria, Pneumonia,  and Dysentery,  are frequently accom-
panied with putrid  fever,  have been  denominated malignant
or typhoid.  The eruptive fevers—Small-pox, Measles, and Scar-
latina, are sometimes putrid, and are then  termed typhoid or
malignant.   Erysipelas and miliaria are always putrid, though
sometimes moderately so, while the plague is always extremely
putrid—the worst and most mahgnant form of Putrid Typhus
known.   Putrid Fever, in all its forms, varieties and complica-
tions, is easily recognized by a few characteristic and promi-
nent  symptoms—the crimson or  dark flush,  the dark-red,
dirty-yellow,  or black tongue, velvety redness of the eyes,
foul breath,  fetid excretions,  spotted, mottled,  or  blotchid
appearance of  the skin, delirium, etc.  Hemorrhages,  con-
gestions, abscesses, carbuncles, etc., are more liable  to  occur
in this form  of fever, than in the nervous or inflammatory
forms.
  The treatment, as in all other forms of fever, must be reg-
ulated by the  circulation  and temperature  of  the patient 
Fev.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        149
 The more feeble the pulse, the warmer should the baths be.
 Warm, tepid, cool or cold ablutions may be, best  in  different
 cases.  In the  mild cases, when the  whole surface is preter-
 naturally hot, the plan of treatment does not vary much from
 that applicable  to inflammatory fever.   As there is a constant
 tendency to congestion of,  or determination to, the brain,
 lungs,  or liver,  indicated by delirium, or coma, difficult respi-
 ration, or prolonged chills, with extreme yellowness of the eyes
 and surface, great care must be taken to maintain the balance
 of circulation, as  in  cases of nervous  fever.   When  the local
 heat and  pain  are  considerable, cold  apphcations must be
 constantly applied, and when there is tendency to ulceration,
 as in diptheria,  malignant scarlet fever, and putrid sore throat,
 ice should be freely employed.   Hemorrhagic tendencies re-
 quire cool applications locally, warm  to the extremities, bits
 of ice or sips of ice-water frequently  taken  into the stomach.
 The utmost attention should be given to ventilation, frequent
 changes of bedding and linen, and the instant removal of all
 effete or excrementitious matters.
   Fever, Quintan.—A fever whose paroxysms are supposed
 to return every  fifth day.  Doubtful.
   Fever. Quotidian.—Red Tongue.   The term has been ap-
 plied to Typhus.
   Fever, Red Tongue.—A form  of Typhus which has  pre-
 vailed in Kentucky.
   Fever, Regular.—Intermittent; whose paroxysms have a
 determinate order and succession of stages.
   Fever, Relapsing.—This term has been lately apphed to the
 secondary fever which occurs after the patient has had ordinary,
 simple  fever, passed the  crisis, a critical period, and been
.apparently convalescent for one, two, three, or more days.  It
 is nothing  more nor less than a drug disease, occasioned by the
 medicines which have been administered to  cure the original
 fever.   It is attended with profuse sweating,  and never occurs
 in patients who are  treated Hygienically.   The rationale of
 Relapsing Fever is easily explained.  After the primary fever 
150
Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.
Fey.
 has " run its course," and the body has rested long enough to
 recover a good degree of its normal sensibilities and vigor, it
 makes an effort to expel  the drugs which have been accumu-
 lating under the dosings of the doctors ; and this effort is all
 there is of this form of fever.   The only treatment required is
 perfect rest, tepid sponge baths occasionally, and strict atten-
 tion to all hygienic conditions.
   Fever, Remittent.—Marsh  Fever, Autumnal Fever.   The
 Remittent type of fever differs from the Intermittent in this :
 There is a partial, instead of a complete, subsidence of the hot
 stage of the paroxysm.   Remittent Fever has  one paroxysm
 every twenty-four hours.  It  may be of either the  pidrid or
 nervous form, and mahgnant or non-mahgnant.   As this form of
 fever is intermediate between Intermittent and continued, so
 the treatment should be.  All  of the rules I have indicated as
 apphcable to the management of putrid and nervous fevers
 are just as apphcable here, reference being had to the intensity
 and duration of the hot stage of the paroxysm.  The various
 forms of Remittent Fever are hable to the 'same accidents or
 complications as are the various forms of Putrid and Nervous
 fevers of the continued type, and  require precisely the same
 treatment.  The term, Bilious Remittent, is usually applied to
 the mild, and mahgnant Remittent to the severe form of the
 disease.
  Fever, Scorbutic—Feverishness accompanying Scurvy.
  Fever, Seasoning.—See Fever,  Strangers'.
  Fever, Secondary.—In a strict  sense this term is applied to
the febrile disturbance which recurs in certain febrile affections,
after having once ceased, as in  the Small-pox and other erup-
 tive fevers.
  Fever, Septan.—Intermittent, whose paroxysms recur every
six days, and consequently on the  seventh.
  Fever, Sextan.—A fever which recurs every five days, and
 consequently on the sixth.
  Feveh, Ship.—A form of Putrid Typhus. 
Fev.         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        151
   Fever, Simple.—Any fever uncomplicated with visceral in-
flammation, exanthem, or local disorganization.   Simple fever
may be of either the continued, remittent, or intermittent type,
or of either the entonic or atonic diathesis.
   Fever, Simple Continued.—The term is applied indiscrim-
inately to Inflammatory,  Putrid,  or Nervous fever, when they
are of a mild form.
   Fever. Singultous.—Fever accompanied with hiccough.
   Fever,  Sinking.—Typhus Syncopalis.  A mahgnant form of
Putrid Typhus.
   Fever, Spotted.—Putrid Typhus,  accompanied with spots
or blotches on  the  skin, absurdly  called " Cerebro-Spinal
Meningitis," on the supposition that  the disease consisted es-
sentially of an inflammation of the coats of the brain and spinal
marrow.  The horrid conglomeration of remedies—blistering,
cupping, leeching, bleeding, mercurializing, antiphlogisticating,
and alcoholizing—has  been as disastrous  to the patients as
the theory is nonsensical in medical science.
   Fever, Stercoral.—Fever induced  by accumulated fecal
matters in the intestines.
   Fever, Stomachic—Gastric Fever; Indigestion.
   Fever, Strangers'.—Acclimating or Seasoning Fever. Yel-
low or remittent fever to  which strangers are especially liable,
and which is endemic in certain places.
   Fever,  Subcontinual.—Remittent.
   Fever,  Subintrant.—Intermittent; in which  one paroxysm
is scarcely finished before another begins.
   Fever,  Sweating.—Sudor Anglicus.  Typhus Fever accom-
panied with profuse sweating.
   Fever, Syncopal.—Intermittent, accompanied  with one or
more faintings in every paroxysm.
  Fever,  Synochoid.—Synochus.
  Fever,  Syphixtic—Feverishness accompanying Syphilis. 
152  *      Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.
Fev.
  Fever, Tertian.—Intermittent; whose paroxysm return on
the third day, consequently every two days.
  Fever, Tragic—Fever accompanied  with delirium, during
which the patient declaims like an actor.
  Fever, Traumatic—The fever which  supervenes on wounds
and surgical operations.
  Fever, Typhoid or Typhus.—Continued  Fever of the donie
diathesis.   The fever of the visceral inflammations, when not
entonic, is typhoid; and the same is true of the Exanthems or
Eruptive fevers.  Thus we have typhoid pneumonitis, typhoid
dysentery, typhoid or confluent small-pox, typhoid or black
measles, typhoid or malignant scarlatina etc
  Fever, Verminous.—Worm Fever; Helminthropyra. Fever
occasioned by worms in the ahmentary canal.
  Fever, Vernal.—Fever occurring in the Spring.
  Fever, Vesicular.—Pemphigus.
  Fever, Walcheren.—Gall-Sickness.  The  remittent  and
intermittent, which affected British troops  attached to the ex-
pedition to Walcheren, in 1809.
  Fever, Water Brain.—Internal Hydrocephalus.
  Fever, Yellow.—A form of Putrid  Typhus, accompanied
with yellowness of the skin, sense of burning  heat in the re-
gion of the stomach, and commonly with an ejection of vitiated
bile, called " black vomit."  Though  of the continued type, it
has one peculiar feature  approximating the remittent, which
is, a remission on the second or third day.   The treatment is
in all respects the same as for putrid fever, of  which it is one
of its many varieties.  So far as I  have heard,  the Hygienic
treatment, in New  Orleans, Mobile, Vicksburg, Nicaragua,
and other places where it has been employed more or less, has
been  uniformly successful.   Under drug  treatment it  is as
fatal, nearly, as  is Spotted Fever when treated drugopathically.
  Feverishness.—A  disturbance of the temperature and cir
Dulation resembling a  slight fever. 
Fis.          Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       153
  Ficus.—Sycosis, Sycoma.   A fleshy excrescence on the eye-
lids, chin, tongue, anus, or organs of generation, hanging by
a pedicle, or formed by a fig.  It may be hard or soft.  They
may be readily destroyed with ligature or caustic.
  Fidgets.—Restlessness.   Great fatigue,  constipation, any
considerable local irritation, or the use of stimulants, nervines,
or narcotics, may occasion it.  The remedy consists in remov-
ing the cause.
  Fissure.—In pathology, a long, narrow, superficial ulcer,
most frequently affecting the rectum or lower bowel, but some-
times the os uteri  and vagina.  It is exceedingly annoying,
and  is attended with a burning or stinging  sensation, always
aggravated on the patient becoming warm in  bed.  Enemas of
cold water, with  a plain vegetable  dietary, and a few touches
of caustic will remove it.  Anhydrous sulphate of zinc is the
best application.
  Fistula.—A sinuous ulcer, the opening or outlet of which
is narrow, and  the disease  prolonged,  by an altered  tex-
ture of the  parts.  A fistula is complete when there are two
openings, and incomplete when there is only  one.  In order to
cure  it is necessary  to  destroy its lining  membrane, which
is somewhat analogous to mucous membrane,  and excretes an
acrid fluid.   This may be done with various caustics, of which
sulphate of zinc, proto-chloride of iron, and tincture of iodine
are among the best.  Those which are dependent on diseased
bone, cartilage, or tendon, do not heal until after the exfoliation
of the diseased part.  Fistulas of excretory ducts are produced
by an injury of the duct itself,  or by the retention and  accu-
mulation of the fluids to which they give passage.
  Fistula in Ano.—This is the most common form of fistula,
and generally arises from some mechanical pressure or imped-
iment.  Hardened and accumulated feces are the most frequent
cause.  Injections of  a strong solution of anhydrous sulphate
of zinc is the best  remedy.  But this will  not succeed unless
the bowels are kept in good condition by a proper dietary.
  Fistulous.—Relating to, or resembling, a fistula.
                 7* 
154         Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.      Fro.
  Flatulence.—Bombus,  Windy.   Accumulation  of gas  in
the ahmentary canal, or its emission by the mouth or anus.
It is symptomatic of indigestion, and is often the cause of severe
colic   Warm water  internally, and fomentations externally,
are the remedies.
  Elesh, Pkoud.—Fungosity.
  Fluctuation.—The motion or the undulation of a fluid col-
lected in any cavity, which  is felt by pressure or by percussion.
  Fluor.—Flux.
  Fluoe Albus.—Whites.   See Leucorrhcea.
  Flush. —Redness occasioned by accumulation of blood in the
capillaries of the  face, as the flush or blush of emotion, or  of
hectic fever.
  Flux.—A discharge.  Usually applied to dysentery.
  Flux, Bilious.—Cholera Morbus.
  Flux, Bloody.—Dysentery, Catarrh, Influenza, Spermator-
rhoea, Salivation, Hemorrhoids, the menstrual discharge, etc,
are termed fluxes  in some nosologies.  •
  Fluxion.—Determination.  An increased flow qf blood  or
other fluid to any  part.
  Fomites.—A term applied to substances which are supposed
to retain  contagious afnuvia, as  cotton and woolen  goods,
feathers, etc.
  Formica.—The  ant.  Also the name of a black  wart, verruca
formicaria,  the pain of which resembles the biting  of an ant.
  Formication.—A pain resembling that caused by a number
of ants creeping on a part.
  Framb^sia.—The  Yaws.  A disease of Africa  and the An-
tilles, characterized by tumors resembling raspberries, straw-
berries, or champignons. They ulcerate and become  infectious.
They indicate extreme grossness of the body, and purification
is all that  need be said of the treatment.
  Frostbite.—Congelation.  Frozen parts should  always be
thawed very gradually, to  obviate consequent inflammation.
Friction or rubbing should be avoided, for the reason that the 
Gal.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         155
angular particles of the congealed fluids will, if disturbed,
break-and disorganize the tissues.
  Fugacious.—Symptoms which rapidly appear and disappear.
  Fungosity.—Proud Flesh.  It requires compression in mod-
erate  cases,  and  in  severer  ones, astringents or caustics.
Wounds which are treated with water dressings are  seldom
troubled with fungus excrescences.
  Fungus.—Fungosity, Mycosis. Warts and vegetations which
arise on-the skin and on denuded surfaces; also tumors which
form in the substance of the textures.
  Fungus Hzematodes.—A bleeding Fungus. All kinds of fun-
goid tumors or excrescences are to be treated with caustic, due
attention being paid to the general  health.  The more exten-
sive and malignant the fungus the more powerful in its disor-
ganizing effects  should be the caustic selected.   Nitrate of
silver, nitric acid, sulphate of zinc, carbonate of potassa, ehk>
ride of sodium, etc., afford the most convenient apphances.
  Furfuraceous.—Resembling  bran.   Scurfy eruptions in
which the epidermis is detached in small scales ; also a bran-
like sediment sometimes observed in the urine.
  Furia Infernalis.—A  small vermiform insect, common
in Sweden, whose sting  occasions excruciating torture.
  Furor.—Mania, Rage.   Symptomatic of many morbid con-
ditions,  which will be treated of under their respective heads.
  Furunculus.—Boil.  A small phlegmon or abscess, having
its seat in the dermoid  texture.  It proceeds to suppuration,
and breaks  and discharges pus mixed with blood. The core
consists of  dead areola tissue.   Cold apphcations in the early
stages, and  fomentations  or poultices, after throbbing pains
are felt, constitute the remedial plan.
  Galactia.—A redundant flow of milk.  A  dry and abste-
mious dietary is the remedy.
  Galactoh^mia.—A condition of blood  in which it contains
milk. 
156         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.
  Galeanthropy.—A species of melancholy in which the pa-
tient imagines himself changed into a cat.
  Gall-Sickness.—Nausea and headache, caused by vitiated
bile.
  Gall-Stones.—See Calcuh, Biliasy.
  Ganglion.—A knot. In anatomy, applied to various struc-
tures which constitute the brains and reservoirs of the organic
nervous system.   In pathology, a ganglion is a hard, globu-
lar tumor, in size varying from  that of a pea to that of an
egg, and always situated in  the  course of a tendon.  It con-
tains a viscid fluid enclosed in a cyst, which is sometimes loose,
but in most cases communicates by a narrow footstalk with the
sheath of a tendon, or the synovial  capsule of a  joint.   They
may be removed by extirpation, incision, compression, or per-
cussion.
  Gangrene.^—Incipient mortification.  It is marked by a sud-
den diminution of feeling; livid discoloration ; detachment of
the cuticle, under which a turbid fluid is effused,  with crepita-
tion, owing to the disengagement of  air  into the areolar tissue.
Gangrene is to be regarded as one of the stages of inflamma-
tion, and should be treated  with tepid, cool,  or  cold apphca-
tions, according to the temperature of the part
  Gaping.—See  Yawning.
  Gastralgia.—Cardialgia, Heartburn.
  Gastritis.—Inflammation of the Stomach.  It is known by
great anxiety; heat and pain in the epigastrium, increased by
pressure, and by taking anything into the stomach; vomiting ;
hiccough, and general fever.  The inflammation may be active,
adhesive, or phlegmonous, with  corresponding  entonic fever,
or passive,  erythematic, or erysipelatous, with corresponding
atonic or typhoid fever. The fever part of the affection must be
managed precisely as we have indicated for simple inflammatory
or typhoid fever.  The local affection requires the constant ap-
plication of cold wet cloths, and frequent sips of cold water.
Iced-water, or pieces of ice  swallowed, are not objectionable.
The bowels are usually constipated, and should be freely evac-
uated by means of enemata of tepid water. 
Glo.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.         157
  Gastro-Arthritis.—Gout with inflammation of the stomach.
  Gastrocele.—Hernia of the stomach.   Epigastrocele.
  Gastro-Cephalitis.—Inflammationof the stomach and head.
  Gastrodynia.—See Cardialgia.
  Gastro-Enteeitis.—Inflammation of the Stomach and Bow-
els.  Broussais absurdly referred all fevers to gastro-enteritis,
as their essential nature or cause.
' Gastrorrhagia.—See Haematemesis.
  Gastrorrhosa.—Cceliac Flux.  A term applied to a copious
excretion of mucus from the lining membrane of the stomach.
It is a symptom in many cases of  indigestion and  hver com-
plaint.
  Genyantritis.—Inflammation of the Antrum of Highmore,
or cavity of the cheek-bone.
  Gibbositas.—A symptom of Rickets, Caries, etc.  See Hump.
  Giddiness.—Vertigo.   Slight congestion of  the brain, or
any sudden disturbance of the circulation, may induce it.
  Glanders.—Farcy.   Equinia.
  Glaucoma.—Paropsis  Glaucosis.   Opacity of the vitreous
humour of the eye, or of the tunica hyaloidea, which manifests
itself by a greyish or greenish spot, apparent through  the
pupil.  It is seldom curable.
  Glaucosis.—Glaucoma.
  Gleet.—A  muco-purulent  discharge from the urethra,
dependent  on  chronic inflammation, often the result of gon-
orrhoea, but more commonly the effect of the drugs which are
taken to cure gonorrhoea.  The local treatment  consists of
moderately warm hip-baths, gradually reducing the tempera-
ture  to tepid, then to cOol, and finally to cold.   The wet-girdle
is a useful adjunct.  The dietary should  be rigidly plain  and
abstemious.
  Globus  Hystericus.—Nodus Hystericus.   A sensation as
if a ball or round body were rising from the abdomen towards
the larynx, and producing a feehng of suffocation.  Hysteri-
cal persons are subject to it 
158
Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.
Gou.
  Glossalgia.—Pain in the Tongue.
  Glossitis.—Inflammation of the Tongue.  It is a rare dis-
ease, except when induced by mercurial medicine.
  Glossocarcinoma.-—Cancer of the Tongue.
  Glossocele.—Hernia  of the Tongue.   A  swelhng of the
organ so that it  protrudes from the mouth.  It is frequently
an accompaniment of mercurial salivation.  The enlargement
sometimes becomes chronic, and  necessitates amputation of a
portion of the tongue.
  Glossospasmus.—Cramp or Spasm of the Tongue.
  Gluttony.—Habitual indulgence in over-eating. A properly
restricted diet will  in due  time overcome the morbid craving.
  Goggle-Eyed.—Squinting, Strabismus.
  Goitre.—See Bronchocele.
  Gomphiasis.—Soreness of the Teeth, Odontalgia.  Scurvy
is the most frequent cause of looseness of the adult teeth, and
inflammation is the common cause of pain in them.  To purify
the blood is the indication in  the former case ; and this, with
fasting,  and warm or cold apphcations, as either may be most
soothing, is the  remedial plan in the latter case.
  Gonagra.—Gout in the Knees.
  Gonalgia.—Pain in the Knee.
  Gonarthritis.—Inflammation of the Knee-joint.
  Gonorrhoea.—Blennorrhoea Luodes, Urethritis.  Inflamma-
tion of the urethra, with mucus discharge, the result of vene-
real infection.   It is  accompanied with more  or less of heat,
smarting, and difficult  urination.  It is  readily  subdued by
means of prolonged tepid or cool hip-baths, repeated as often
as the pain and heat increase, with full warm baths or the wet-
sheet  pack, and  a very  abstemious  dietary.  I have never
found any difficulty in curing the worst cases in a few days in
this way.
  Gourd-Worm.—Distoma Hepaticum.   It has been supposed
to inhabit the liver and gall-ducts.
  Gout.—Podagra.  An inflammation of the joints, usuallv 
Gra.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        159
   commencing in the small joints, and more especially the joints
   of the  great toe.   The  London Lancet, with ludicrous grav-
   ity, informs us that the disease  selects this part in which to
   explode !
     Regular gout is an inflammatory and very painful swelling
   of the small joints, extending more or less to the larger, at-
   tended with indigestion and general feverishness, and subsid-
   ing in a few days.   The feet should be enveloped in wet cloths,
   covered with dry, which should  be frequently renewed until
   the preternatural heat subsides, and the pain and swelling are
   abated.  Meanwhile the whole body should be " packed" daily
   —and when the fever is considerable, twice a day—unless the
   patient is very weak  from colchicum, digitalis, veratria,  or
   other depressing drugs, in which case the warm-bath followed
   by the  tepid ablution, or dripping  sheet, is to be preferred.
   When the joints are permanently enlarged without much in-
   flammatory tenderness, the  douche will be advantageous.   It
   is always important to restrict the patient to a plain, abstemi-
   ous, fruit and farinaceous dietary.
     When the large joints are inflamed, in persons of a gouty
'   diathesis, the disease is called Rheumatic Gout.   When the dis-
   ease has existed for some time, and dyspeptic symptoms have
   become prominent, the case is termed Atonic Gout.   When the
   inflammation of the joints suddenly subsides, followed by great
   disturbance in the head, lungs  and  stomach,  or heart, it is
   called Recedent or  Retrocedent Gout; and when, at  the usual
   periods for the gouty paroxysms,  some one of  the organs are
   violently disordered without the  appearance of inflammation
   in the joints, the malady is termed Misplaced Gout.  The symp-
   toms of these irregdar forms  of gout are, however, to be treated
   precisely as when occurring  from any other causes.
     Granular Eyelids.—Minute tumors affecting the eyelids.
   They will generally disappear in  a few months on the adop-
   fion of a strict Hygienic regimen.  But in some cases they
  require the  repeated application of mild caustic, as nitrate of
  silver, or sulphate of zinc. 
160        Hand-Book  of Hygienic i-RACTicE.
  Granular Degeneration.—Bright's Disease of the Kidney.
A term applied to the disorganization of the  structure of the
hver or kidneys—the result of chronic  inllffinination.
  Granulated Liver.—Cirrhosis.
  Granulation.-^—The  process  by which conical,  flesh-like
shoots are formed at the surface of suppurating wounds and
ulcers.  They constitute the basis of the cicatrix.
  Gravel.—Urinary calculi.   Small  concretions, similar  to
sand or gravel, which form  in the kidneys, pass along the
ureters to the bladder, and are expelled through the urethra
with the urine.  They are  commonly composed of  uric acid
and animal matter.  The pain  occasioned by the passage of
these concretions can be reheved or mitigated by fomentations
or the warm  hip-baths, and  their further formation may be
prevented by purifying the whole mass of blood; and the most
effective method of doing this is the negative one—cease taking
impurities into the system.  The patient should not drink hard
water, nor use any earthy or mineral ingredient in his dietary
or with his medicine, as table salt, soda, lime, chalk, etc.
  Green-Sickness.—See Chlorosis.
  Gripes, Watery.—A disease of infants, common in  Eng-
land, and not differing essentially from the Cholera  Infantum
of this country.
  Grippe.—A vulgar  name  for  several catarrhal diseases
which have prevailed epidemically, among which  is  the In-
fluenza.
  Grog-Blossoms.—Gutta Rosea.
  Grog-Roses.—Gutta Rosea.
  Gumboil.—Parulis.  Small abscesses which  form  on the
gums.                                      ,
  Gutta Rosea.—Carbuncled Face, Rosy Drop, Whelk, Cop-
per-nose, Bottle-nose.  An  eruption of small suppurating tu-
bercles.  The redness  commonly appears first at the end of
the nose, and then  spreads on both sides, and  sometimes ex-
tends over more or less of the face.  It is commonly the effect 
ELem.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       161
 of "hard drinking."  Dunglison  says:  "Its cure must be
 attempted by regular regimen, and cooling means internally;
-- weak spirituous or saturnine lotions externally." Would it not
 be better to stop taking the spirituous potions  inside, than to
 try to counteract them with spirituous lotions outside ?
   Gutta Serena.—See Amaurosis.
   HiEMATEMESis.—Vomiting of Blood.  Blood ejected from
 the stomach is dark, grumous, and frequently mixed with the
 contents of the stomach. The disease is preceded by a sense of
 weight, oppression and pain, in the epigastric region, and often
 accompanied  with syncope.   The patient must be kept very
 quiet;  sips of cold water or bits of ice swallowed frequently ;
 cold  wet cloths covered with dry apphed over the stomach and
 abdomen,  and the extremities kept warm.  If there is fever-
 ishness, the surface should be spongeS with tepid water.
   Hematocele.—Blood Tumor.   An effusion of blood into a
 cavity,  or into the areolar tissue.  Apply cold wet cloths.
   Hematodes Fungus.—Spongoid Inflammation,  Pulpy  or
 Medullary Sarcoma,  Soft Cancer, Bleeding Fungus.  It is a
 mass of cancerous tumors, in which  the inflammation is accom-
 panied with  great heat and pain, and with fungus and bleed-
 ing excrescences.   For the  treatment, see Cancer.
   Hematopisis.—Retention of  the menstrual blood  in  the
 uterus.
   Hematuria.—Bloody Urine.  Hemorrhage of the mucous
 membrane of the  urinary passages.  It may proceed from the
 kidneys, bladder,  or urethra.  Cold wet  cloths, covered with
 dry,  apphed over  the abdomen;  sips of cold water taken fre-
 quently, and injections of a small quantity of cold water into
 the rectum, (or vagina, in women,) are the remedial processes.
   Hemodia.—Tooth-edge,  Odontalgia.   Pain  in the teeth.
 It is  occasioned by the contact of acid or acerb substances.
   Hemophthalmia.—Blood-shot Eye.  Effusion or extravasa-
 tion of blood  into the structures of the eye.  Apply cold water
 or ice 
162       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
H-EM.
  Hemoptysis.—Spitting of blood; Bleeding from the Lungs.
Hemorrhages  from the lungs are characterized .by a florid
color  of the blood, and its admixture with atmospheric air
giving it a frothy appearance.  They are preceded by more or
less cough, dyspnoea, and sense of weight and heat in the chest.
  Keep the patient profoundly quiet; apply cold wet cloths
covered with dry over  the  chest; give frequent  sips of cold
water, or  bits of ice to be swallowed; keep the extremities
warm; have the room well ventilated, and if the weather is
warm, the patient should be fanned; and whenever the surface
is feverish bathe it with tepid water.
  Hemoerhagia.—Haemorrhage; Bleeding. A discharge from
blood-vessels.   The Hoemorrhagic Diathesis is characterized by a
disposition to bleed from slight  injuries, and the blood being
putrescent and its corpuscles broken or dissolved, as in scurvy,
putrid fevers,  etc.,  or  the tissues flabby and  relaxed, as in
scrofula, plethora, etc   The free use of flesh meat and fer-
mented hquors, common salt, the preparations of iron, cod-
liver oil, and many other gross foods and poisonous drugs, are
efficient agents in inducing the haomorrhagic diathesis.  Reg-
ular bathing, active exercise in the open air, and plain, simple,
natural food, and the avoidance of all stimulating beverages,
irritating condiments, and impurities and poisons of every kind,
are the remedial measures for the diathesis.   The various forms
of hemorrhage are treated of under their respective heads.
  Hemorrhoides.—Heemorrhois ; Piles.   Livid and painful
tubercles or excrescences at the lower part of the rectum, at-
tended with a discharge of mucus or blood, are the common
manifestations of this  affection.  Constipation, and  straining
at stool are the ordinary causes.  In  some cases the tumors
inflame, with  tenesmus  and frequent  discharges  of mucus
mixed with blood.   These cases are often mistaken for dysen-
tery.  But the absence of fover, with little or  no distention,
heat, or pain  in the abdomen, ought  to determine  a  correct
diagnosis.   In many cases the lower bowel is so relaxed as to
protrude externally with every fecal evacuation, and so tender
as to be returned with  great difficulty. 
He a.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        163
  In the treatment a carefully regulated dietary is of the first
importance.  When the bowels are not d;sposed to move with-
out, an enema of tepid water should be employed daily; and a
small quantity of  cold  water  should be injected after  each
dejection, and again  at bed-time.  The hip-bath should  be
employed once or  twice a day ; and if there is obstruction or
inaction  of the liver, the wet-girdle may be advantageously
worn a part of each day.  When the tumors are very hard and
protruberant, they may be destroyed with nitric acid, or removed
with the hgature ;  but in nearly all cases, if  the treatment is
properly managed, no surgery will be required.
  A soft, red, strawberry-like  elevation of the mucous mem-
brane, constituting the most common form of internal bleeding
pile, has been called Vascidar Tumor by some authors.   It may
be removed by the application of caustic; but I have never
had any  difficulty in curing it by means of Hygienic treatment
alone.
   Hallucination.—Illusion,  Waking  Dream,  Phantasm.
Dunglison says, " A morbid  error  in one of the senses."  Are
not all errors morbid ?  Is there such a thing as normd error ?
It is disordered or abnormal recognition or perception of ob-
jects, involving one or but a few of  the mental powers.  It is the
immediate result of  congestion of, or determination to the
brain, or some portion of it,  and requires derivative treatment,
as hot-and-cold foot-baths, tepid hip-baths, etc.   Constipation
is the most common of the remote causes.
  Hamarthritis.—Universal Gout; Gout  in all the Joints.
  Hare-Lip.—A fissure or  perpendicular division of one 01
both lips.  It requires a surgical operation.
  Head-Ache.—Cephalalgia, Cephalaea. Headaches are  com-
monly symptomatic of congestion of, or determination to the
brain.   No cause  is so general as constipated bowels.  This
is why females are so  much  more subject to this affection
than  males.   Sick Headache is owing  to acrid  bile  in the
stomach.   Drink warm water until relieved, whether it occa-
sion vomiting or not. 
164       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
Hea.
  Hearing, Hardness of.—Deafness.
  Heart, Atrophy of.—A diminution  in thickness of the
parietes of the organ.  It is rarely detected during life.
  Heart  Disease.—Many dyspeptics with  badly congested
livers, and of constipated habits, are troubled with throbbing,
fluttering, and irregular action of the heart, with intermittent
pulse, short breath, and a multitude of distressing, but inde-
scribable sensations, all of which are commonly  disposed of
by a resort to that vague  phrase, disease of the heart.  These
symptoms are very frequently mistaken, even by reputable
practitioners and experienced surgeons, for organic disease of
the heart.  But in ninety-nine cases  in a hundred they are
merely symptomatic of indigestion, or constipation, or both,
and on restoring  the general health, the heart's action will
become  normal.
  Heart, Hypertrophy of.—A thickening of the muscular
substance of  the  organ, so that its cavities  are  diminished.
It is seldom detected until the prsecordial region becomes pre-
ternaturally prominent, and the heart's action  communicates
a marked jarring  or vibration  to the hand when placed  on
the cardiac region.  It can only be cured or retarded by such
habits of life as  keep the circulation well-balanced, and the
avoidance of all  violent exertions,  mental shocks;  in  short
whatever disturbs  the action of  the  heart.   The  dietary
should always be rather abstemious.
  Heart, Dilatation of.—In this case the cavities of the organ
are enlarged, with or without thickening or thinning of their
parietes.  The apex of the heart is lower down and more to
the left than in the normal state, and the pulsations can be
seen and felt over a larger space.  The pulse is hard, quick,
and vibratory.  The shock of the heart's action is often trans-
mitted to the whole body,  and to the bed on which the patient
is lying.  This symptom, however, is not decisive; constipa-
tion of  the  bowels will induce the most violent beating  of
the heart, and is  often mistaken for aneurism of the heart.
  Heartburn .—Cardialgia. 
 Hep        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.       165

 ------ir---------------■----------------------------

   Hectic Fever.—See Fever Hectic.
   Helleborismus.—This term  has been applied  to a method
 of treating diseases with hellebore.  It comprises the selec-
 tion and preparation of the drug, the remedies for aiding it,
 and the precautions for obviating or lessening its pernicious
 effects.  The philosophy of the thing is precisely like that of
 the modern method  of treating  all  diseases  with  drugs—
 poisoning  the system to the extent of superseding the symp-
 toms of the original disease with those of  the,drug disease.
   Helminthia.—See Worms.
.  Hemeralopia.—Nyctalopia, Day-Vision, Night Blindness,
 Hen Blindness.   An affection in which, though vision is  per-
 fect while the sun is above the  horizon,  the patient is incapa-
 ble of seeing by the aid of artificial light.  The eye presents
 no external appearance of mal-organization, and the rationale
 of this peculiarity has never been explained.
   Hemicrania.—Pain confined to one half of  the head.  It
 is.always intermittent;  sometimes continuing only while the
 sun is above the horizon, and  is then called Sun-pain.  It is
 symptomatic of that condition of  diseased liver which accom-
 panies intermittent fever, and is to be cured by restoring the
function of  that viscus.
   Hemiopia.—Depraved vision  in which the person sees only
one half of an object.
   Hemiphonia.—Great weakness of voice. It may result from
malconformation of the  respiratory apparatus, debihty of the
respiratory  laryngeal  muscles,  or obstruction  in. the brain,
lungs, or hver.
   Hemiplegia.—Palsy of one side of the body.  See Paralysis.
   Hemorrhage—Bleeding.   See Hsemorrhagia.
   Hemorrhoids.—See Hsemorrhois.
   Hepatalgia.—Pain in the Liver.
   Hepathemorrhagia.—Hemorrhage of the Liver.  It some-
times occurs in putrid fevers. 
166        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Heb.
  Hepatitis.—Inflammation of the Liver.  Acute inflammation
of the liver is a rare affection in this latitude, though common
in tropical climates.  It is known by acute and constant pain
in the right side, shooting to the back and shoulders, increased
on pressure ;  difficulty of lying on the right side, short breath,
cough, jaundice, and general fever.  Tepid enemas to free the
bowels, the wet-girdle  constantly, with tepid ablutions to the
whole surface, or the wet-sheet pack, as the degree of the ex-
ternal heat may demand, constitute the plan of treatment.
Chronic Hepatitis, which is one  of the  forms  of " liver com-
plaint" so prevalent in this country, is known by a less degree
of the above local symptoms, and the absence  of fever.  The
proper medicinal appliances are the wet-girdle a part of each
day, or, in cold weather, during the night, hip-baths—75° to
85°—once or twice a day, the wet-sheet pack  once or twice a
week, the dripping-sheet or sponge-bath each morning on rising,
providing the external temperature is sufficient; otherwise,
the dry-rubbing sheet  a part of the time instead of the wet;
abdominal manipulations, or " Swedish Movements,"  and  a
very plain vegetarian, and rather abstemious dietary.  Milk,
grease, and  hard  water are specially objectionable  in this
disease.
  Hepatization.—A state of the lungs in which they are en-
gorged with effused matter, so that they become impervious to
air.
  Hepatocele.—Hernia of the Liver.  Protrusions of the hver
from enlargement  of the organ, or poison, or  injuries  to the
walls of the abdomen, have been so termed.
  Hepatogastrocholosis.—A  formidable  technicality  which
has been apphed to " bilious " and " gastric " fevers.
  Hepatopathia.—Disease of the Liver.
  Hepatoscirrhus.—Scirrhus or Cancer of the Liver.
  Hernia.—Any tumor formed by the  displacement of a vis-
cus, or of some portion  of a viscus, which has escaped from its
natural cavity by some aperture.   Herniae  are divided into
encephalic, thoracic, and dbdomind. 
Hir.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        167
   The medication is mainly surgical; and for the various forms
and manner of treatment, we must refer to the standard works
on surgery.   What is called the radical cure of hernia, consists
in maintaining for several weeks that degree of pressure which
will excite  adhesive  inflammation.  In  some  cases  several
months are required to effect a cure.
   Hebnia, Humoralis.—This term has been apphed to inflam-
mation of the testicle.
   Herpes.—Tetter, Fret.   A  vesicular eruption.   The ves-  •
icles appear  in distinct but irregular clusters on an inflamed
base, and pass through a regular course of increase, matura-
tion, and decline, in ten days to two weeks.  The affection is
attended with heat, pain, and considerable constitutional fever-
ishness.   Some authors have three varieties, the Miliary, Ves-
icdar, and Eroding.  The  cause  is acrid bile or retained effete
matters, and the process of cure is simply one of purification.
A daily wet-sheet pack or tepid ablution, two or three times a
day, are all the bathing processes required.
   Hiccough,  Hiccup.—Singultus.   A clonic spasm of the res-
piratory muscles, which arrests the air in the windpipe, while
the diaphragm contracts,  occasioning a pecuhar sound.  It is
symptomatic  of  fatigue,  debihty, or obstruction, and in low
fevers is indicative of  danger.  It can generally be arrested
by bits of ice, fomentations to the abdomen, and in many cases
by fixing the mind intently on any subject or object.
   Hidden Seizures.—An awkward term  employed by Mar-
shall Hall  to designate obscure forms of  epileptic spasms.
   Hilon.—Hilum, Hilus.   Terms applied to a small blackish
tumor, formed by the  protrusion of the iris through an open-
ing in the transparent cornea.
   Hip-Disease.—See  Coxarum  Morbus.
   Hippanthropia.—A variety of melancholy, in which  the
patient believes himself changed to a horse.
   Hippuria.—Excess  of hippuric acid in the urine.
   Hippus.—Morbid twinkling of  the eyes. 
168        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice
    Hirsuties.—Trichosis, Hairiness.  Growth of hairs on parts
  normally destitute, as in bearded women.  Various caustics—
  "depilatories"—of which preparations of iron, arsenic, quick-
  silver, potash, etc., are  the  chief ingredients, have been em-
  ployed to remove them. t
    Hirudolismus.—Hirudo, the Leech. -We coin this technical-
  ity to express the process of abstracting the life-blood by means
  of leeches.   When the  Hygienic method of purifying the blood
•  is fully recognized by physicians, they will see a better use for
  blood than feeding it to leeches.
    Hives.—Hyves.  This term  has been variously apphed to
  Croup,  Urticaria, and  Varicella.  In Scotland it  means any
  eruption of the  skin arising from an internal cause.
    Hoarseness.—This results from congestion, thickening, or
  ulceration of the mucous membrane  of the trachea, larynx,
  throat or nose,  or from obstruction of  the lungs, enlargement
  of the hver, weakness  of the abdominal muscles,  and various
  other causes.
    Hob-Nail Liver.—Cirrhosis of the Liver.
    Homesickness.—See  Nostalgia.
    Hordeolum.—Stye.  A small inflammatory  tumor,  of the
  nature of a boil, on the free edge of the eyelids.  The skillful
  application of a frigoiific in the incipient stage, will arrest it
  at once; otherwise the part may be frequently bathed with
  water of the temperature that is most agreeable.
    Horny  Excrescences.—Cornua, Horns.   Excrescences in
  shape resembhng the  horns of animals,  which  occasionally
  form on some part of the skin.   They sometimes grow to sev-
  eral inches in  length.   They should  be removed by excision
  or ligature, and the part from which  they spring deeply cau-
  terized with nitric acid or sulphate of zinc.
    Horripilation.—Horror.   The  general  chilliness  which
  precedes violent  fevers,  and accompanied with  bristling of
  hairs of the body.
    Horse Crust.—Crusta genu equina. 
Hyd.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.       169
   Hospital Gangrene.—Putrid  or  Malignant Ulcer.  Gan-
 grene occurring in ulcers or wounds in hospitals.  It is caused
 mainly by vitiated air.
   Humor.—Every  fluid of an  organized body  is  called a
 humor, as blood, chyle, lymph, etc.  Morbid humor means any
 depraved fluid or secretion.  The Humoral Pathology—Humor-
 Lsm—is the  doctrine that the fluids  are the primary seat of
 disease, or primarily affected in disease, the affection or disease
 of the solids being secondary and consequential.  The Nervous
 Pathology is the reverse of this.
   Hump.—Hunch, Gibber, Tuber.   A prominence formed by
 a deviation of the bones of the trunk from the normal position.
 The spine may be  curved backwards, forwards,  or laterally.
 Curvatures are the result of injuries, relaxation of the abdom-
 inal and dorsal muscles, or of the scrofulous diathesis.
   Hydarthrus.—See Hydrarthrus.
   Hydatid.—Hydrocystis.  Encysted tumors  containing an
 aqueous fluid, or vesicles developed  with organs, but  without
 adhering to their tissue.  They have been found in the uterus,
 ovaries, hver, an 1 various other parts of  the body.
   Hydatocele.—See Hydrocele.
   Hyderos.— Hydrops  See Anasarca.
   Hydradenitis.—Inflammation of a lymphatic gland.
   Hydremia.—See Hydroaemia.
   Hydrargyria.—Mercurial  Eczema ;  Mercurial Leprosy.
 Eczema induced by mercurial poison.  For the treatment, see
 Eczema, Mercuriale.
   Hydrargyriasis, — Mercurialismus  ;  Poisoning  by  mer-
 cury; Mercurial  Fever.  Authors have  noted no less  than
 fifty-one distinct diseases which  are occasioned by mercurial
 medicines.  The time cannot be  far  distant when physicians
 and people will look back with horror  on this most absurd
and outrageously  abominable practice.
  Hydrargyrosis.—Eczema Mercuriale.
  Hydrargyro-Stomatitis.—Salivation, which see.
                     ft 
170
Hand-Book of Hygienic  Practice.
Hyd.
  Hydrarthrus.—Hydrarthrosis, Articular Dropsy,  White
Swelling.   It may affect any one of the joints, but most com-
monly affects that of the knee.  Scrofulous children are almost
always the subjects of it.  It may consist in swelling and
softening of the soft parts and ligaments, or in ulceration of
the articular extremities of  the bones.
  In the  treatment, the part should be constantly enveloped
with cold wet cloths, covered with dry, and frequently renewed.
This practice should be continued so long as there is preter-
natural heat  in  the part,  after which*gentle showering or
douching,  followed by gentle friction,  should be persevered
in until the restoration is  complete.  The general system must
be treated according to its condition—all the processes of puri-
fication and invigoration practicable  being  resorted to.  The
diet should be strictly vegetarian, largely frugivorous, and
milk,  butter  and  cheese rigidly prohibited.  A daily tepid
 ablution, with the wet-sheet pack once a week,  will usually
be all that is required in the way of  general bathing.
   HYDRocEPHALUs.---See  Hydrocephalus Internus.
   Hydroemia.—Anaemia, which see.
   Hydrocele.—Dropsy  of the Scrotum.  A collection of se-
rous fluid  in the areolar texture  of the  scrotum, or in some of
the  coverings of the testicle or  spermatic chord.   The collec-
tion most  frequently  occurs in  the envelope of the testicle,
the  tunica  vaginalis testis.  It may be distinguished  from sar-
coma  or other tumors by  its semi-transparency, and by the
oblong shape of the tumor; also by its being greater below
than above.   In  the incipient or early stage it  can often.be
removed by means of persevering friction and the fountain or
coZ  «    ^t °ne °r two «te-bath*-70» to 80--daily; in
connection with  an  «.u t     .   ,.
Whin„ „.«T        "bstenuous dwtary, and such general



u.a of  tne  ,ocar%ome fi£ SS.'t^'X
uve  mflanunaUoa.  Wine,  diluted alcohol,  selu.il of ^ 
Hyd.      Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         171
 phate of zinc, and  the tincture of iodine have been employed
 successfully.  The latter is perhaps the most convenient  and
 efficacious.
   Hydrocephalus.—Water in the Head ; Dropsy of the Brain.
 Medical authors distinguish it into  Chronic, Externd, and Inter-
 nal, or  Acute.  Chronic Hydrocephalus is often congenital,  and
 generally fatal.   The fluid gradually accumulates in the cav-
 ities of the brain, distending the organ and separating the su-
 tures.  It is one of the numerous manifestations of scrofula,
 and httle can be done in the  way of medication, except  keep-
 ing the head cool, the feet warm,  the  bowels  free, the skin
 open  by means of tepid ablutions and gentle friction.  Exter-
 nal Hydrocephdus is a mere infiltration into the  subcutaneous
 cellular tissue of  the cranium, and  may easily be removed by
 cold applications.   Internal Hydrocephdus is a misnomer.  The
 disease so called consists  in scrofulous inflammation of the
 membranes of the brain, and has been called Tubercular Men-
 ingitis.  The first symptoms are, feverishness with headache,
 intolerance of light and sound, and delirium;  these are suc-
 ceeded, in the second stage, by moaning, dilated pupil, squint-
 ing, starting, and crying out as if in distress; in the third or
 last stao-e the child is comatose or stupid, and affected more or
 less with paralysis and convulsions.  The progress of the  dis-
 ease is rapid, and usually terminates in death in from three
 days to three Weeks.
  Treatment can seldom avail, except when commenced with
 in the first  stage.  The  whole surface should be frequently
 sponged with tepid water, so as to keep the heat down to the
 normal standard ; a cold wet  cloth must be kept on the head,
 and very frequently changed, so long as the local heat is pre-
 ternatural ; the temperature  of the room must be kept at all
 times  miltt and uniform, and ventilation carefully attended to.
  Hydroderma.—Anasarca.
  Hydromania.—A  term apphed to  Pellagra, in which  the
patient  feels a strong propensity to  drown himself.
  Hydrometra.—Hydrops  Uteri, Dropsy of the Womb.   A 
172        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        Hyd
rare disease,  and doubted altogether by some authors.  The
symptoms are said to be, a circumscribed protuberance of the
hypogastrium, with obscure fluctuation, progressively enlarg-
ing, without ischury or pregnancy.
   Hydrophobia.—Rabies, Canine Madness.  This disease may
be developed in animals by whatever  overheats and inflames
the  blood, and befouls  the  secretions and  excretions;  after
which it may be communicated to other animals or persons
through the media of the saliva and bronchial mucus.  The
chief symptoms are, sense of dryness and constriction in the
throat; excessive thirst; difficult deglutition; aversion for and
horror at the sight of brilliant objects, and of liquids; flushed
face; great irritability;  frothy  saliva;  grinding of the teeth,
etc.   Though the virus may remain for months in the system
before the disease is manifest, the patient seldom lives more
than four or five days after its  commencement.  So far as we
can learn from the testimony of medical books and journals,
the malady has been  uniformly fatal under drug treatment.
Cases of recovery, however,  are given in which patients have
recovered when no drugs of any kind were administered.
   The direct indication is to favor the elimination of the poison
in all possible ways, and soothe the nervous irritation as much
as possible.  The-warm-bath followed  by the tepid  ablution,
the prolonged tepid half-bath, or the wet-sheet pack, when the
patient can be controlled, are the best of the bathing processes.
Pieces of ice can often be  taken  with comfort and benefit
when water cannot be swallowed without exciting distressing
spasms.                       . ■  ,
   Preventive measures  should  always be  resorted  to, when
practicable.  The bitten .part should be excised or cauterized.
Any drug capable of immediately disorganizing the injured
part, so as to prevent the.absorption of the virus, will be effi-
cient ; but the more potent the  application the better.  Nitric
acid,  caustic  potash,  quick  lime, ammonia, etc., have  been
employed successfully.
   Hydropthalmia.—Dropsy  of the Eye.  An affection caused
by an abnormal quantity of  the  aqueous or vitreous humor, or 
Hyp.         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        173
of both.   Children are  most subject to it.  It is usually con-
nected with a scrofulous diathesis, and almost invariably pre-
ceded by constipated bowels.   The most important part of the
remedial plan is a correct dietary.
  Hydrops.—Dropsy.  An abnormal collection  of a  serous
fluid, in the areolar tissue, or in any cavity of the body.  When
the areolar tissue of the whole body is more or less filled with
fluid, the affection is termed Anasarca or Leucophlegmasia ; and
when this variety is local or partial it is called (Edema.   When
the fluid is enclosed in a  sac or cyst, the disease is termed
Encysted Dropsy.   As the action of the skin and kidneys is de-
fective in all forms of dropsical affections, the direct indication
in all cases is to restore the  functions of those organs. The
treatment apphcable to the  various forms of dropsy is men-
tioned under their respective  heads.
  Hydrorachis.—Dropsy  of the spine ; Spina  Bifida.  An
effusion of serum, forming a soft, frequently transparent tumor,
constituted of the membranes of the  spinal marrow.   When
the affection is  congenital the posterior walls of the vertebral
canal are wanting to a certain extent, from which point the
tumor projects backwards.  It is seldom or never curable.
  Hydrothorax.—Dropsy  of the  Chest.  Idiopathic hydro-
thorax is extremely rare.   When  symptomatic, it indicates
extreme  obstruction or  exhaustion, and  is, hence, in a great
majority of cases, incurable.  We have,  however, cured a few
cases in their early stages.   Short breath, frequent small pulse,
sense of weight or oppression in the chest, and swelling of the
lower extremities, are the principal symptoms.  Tepid ablu-
tions with gentle but thorough and persevering friction to the
whole surface, and a spare, plain dietary, are the essentials of
the treatment.  Milk and sugar must be abstained from, and
every article of  food should be solid, dry,  and well masticated.
  Hydruresis.—See Diabetes.
  Hyperacusis.—Morbid sensibility of the organ of  hearing.
It exists in many forms of  fever. 
174
Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.
Hys
  Hyperemia.-^Local Congestion.  Preternatural determina-
tion of blood to a part.
  Hyperaphia.—Excessive Acuteness of Touch.
  Hyperaphrodisia.—Inordinate Venereal Passion.
  Hypercardia.—Hypertrophy of the Heart.
  Hypercatharsis.—Excessive Purgation.
  Hyperemesis.—Excessive Vomiting after an Emetic
  Hypersarcoma.—Fungosity on Ulcerated Parts.
  Hyperemia.—Congestive-Accumulation of blood.
  Hypertonia.—This is defined in the medical dictionaries to
be, "excessive  tone in  parts;" but such a condition  cannot
exist.  We  might as well talk of excessive health.  It means
active inflammation, or  a vigorous determination of blood to
the part—the opposite of passive inflammation, or atony.
  Hypertrophy.—Abnormal Increase of Bulk.
  Hypnotism.—Somnambulism, Animal Magnetism.
  Hypochondriasis.—Hypo, Spleen, Vapors, Low Spirits.  A
condition of dysyepsia or liver complaint, in which the patient
is constantly troubled on the subject of his health, with a con-
tinual succession of uneasy feelings and mental illusions. Some
authors locate the seat of this malady in the brain, but I think
it will always be found in the  digestive apparatus.  In man-
aging this class  of invahds occupation is of much importance.
  Hyponomas..—A deep fistula  or ulcer.
  Hyponychon.—Effusion of blood under a nail.
  Hypopyon.—Pyosis; Abscesses of the Eye.  Small abscesses
between the layers of the cornea ; also collections of purulent
matter in the chambers of the  eye.  Subdue the pain  and
morbid heat with cold applications, and then, if necessary,
puncture the cornea and evacuate the pus.
  Hypersarcosis.—A Wart.
  Hysteralgia.—Irritable Uterus; Pain in the Uterus, Uter-
ine Neuralgia.  It is a frequent accompaniment of dysmenor-
rhoea and chronic inflammation. 
Ict.        Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.        175
   Hysteria.—It  occurs  in  paroxysms of  alternate fits of
 laughing and crying, with a sensation (Globus Hystericus) as
 if a ball ascended to the neck, producing a feeling"of  strangu-
 lation.   It is not  confined to the female, for irritable, nervous
 men are occasionally the  subjects of it.  It is often connected
 with menstpual disorder.  The paroxysm maybe relieved by
 cold applications  to the  head  and face, warm applications to
 the  feet,  and abdominal fomentations.   To prevent a  re-
 currence  of  the fits,  it  is necessary to  restore the general
 health.  The remedial plan should embrace the utmost  tran-
 quillity of mind and body, and, if practicable, agreeable occu-
 pation or amusements.
   Hysterocele. —Hernia of  the Womb.  A rare disease ; but
 the uterus may protrude through the lower part of  the linea
 alba, or through the inguinal or the crural canal.
   Hysteromania.—See Nymphomania.
   Hystriciasis.—A morbid condition, in which the hairs stand
 erect, like the quills of the porcupine.
   Ichor.—Sanies,  Foul  Pus, Virus, Sordes.  A thin, acrid,
 watery discharge from foul ulcers.
   Ichthyosis.—Fish-skin, Porcupine Disease.  A  dry,  scaly,
 and, in some cases, almost horny texture of the skin.  Obstruc-
 tion of the cutaneous pores, and foulness of blood, are the
 causes, and  bathing, friction, and a pure dietary, are the rem-
 edies.
   Icthyosis Pellagra.—See Pellagra.
   Icthyosis Sebacea.—An incrustation of a concrete substance
 upon the surface of the epidermis.
   Icteric Fever.—See Fever, Icteric.
   Icterus.—Bilious Dyscrasy, Yellows, Jaundice.   This  af-
 fection is  characterized by yellowness of the skin  and  eyes,
 lir^ht-colored feces,  and high-colored urine.   Its  immediate
 cause is torpidity of the hver.  A tepid ablution daily, the wet-
 sheet pack weekly, the wet-girdle a part of each day, when the
external temperature is sufficient, and one or two hip-baths 
                                                      1 Tg
176        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.
daily, are the proper bathing appliances.   Abdominal man.
ipulations are often indispensable; the dietary can scarcely be
too plain   Hydro-Electrical baths are adapted  to low states
of the circulation.  Milk, grease, and fine flour  should be ab-
stained from, and the patient should carefully avoid drinking
hard water.
   Icterus Albus.—Chlorosis.
   Icterus Infantum.—Yellow Gum,  Jaundice of Infants.
   Icterus Melas.—Melaena, Black Jaundice.
   Icterus Saturninus.—Jaundice occasioned by lead poisoning
   Ictus.—A Stroke or Blow.   See Coup de Soldi.
    Idiopathia.—A Primary Disease.
    Idiosyncrasy.—A pecuharity of constitution, in which one
  person is affected very differently from the majority by certain
  agents and influences.  Thus, some persons faint at the sight
  of blood; others cannot bear milk, butter, or cheese, shell-fish,
  etc., without disgust, distress, or sickness.
    Idiotism.—Fatuity.   It is often congenital, but may super-
  vene on mania, melancholy, and other maladies. Many chil-
  dren are born hopelessly demented  or imbecile, because  one
  or both parents were  in a debauched, drunken, morbid, ex-
  hausted, feverish, or inflammatory  condition at the  time of
  conception.   Excessive  bleeding  has  occasionally  reduced
  adults to perpetual idiotism.
    Ignis.—Fire.
    Ignis Calidus.—Acute Passive Inflammation about to  de-
  generate into gangrened
    I«*is FR1Qn>vs.__A  Cold Fire_  gee Sphacelus.

   i— S^^^^peia,
   W,_Inflamm^ *-*• of Infanta.

   WCHoi^s.-.Bilioua W*^™-  ^ Enteritis
   Iu»-Ooims.—See Enteritis.   '*"*' 
Inc.         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        177
   Ileus.—Hiac Passion; Spasmodic Colic,  See  Colic, Con-
 vulsive.
   Illegitimate, or Bastard.—This term is apphed to fevers
 and  inflammations  whose  paroxysms  are extraordinary  or
 anomalous.
   iLLOsis.^Strabismus.
   Illusion.—Hallucination.
   Imperforation.—Absence of a natural aperture, as of the
 mouth, anus, vulva, nostrils, etc.
   Impetigo.—Running Scall or Tetter.  This  term is applied
 to a variety of cutaneous diseases, and to  some forms of ca-
 chexia.  See Psoriasis.
   Imposthume.—Abscess.
   Impotence.—Impuissance.  Loss of power over one or more
 members;  usually applied to the sexual organs.  When the
 constitutional vigor is exhausted there is, of course, no remedy.
 In other cases all that is required, and all that can be done, is
 to restore  the general  health.  The stimulants and excitants
 advertised by the quacks, as Essences of Life, Rejuvenators,
 Invigorators, etc., etc.,  are only intended to rob the  unfortu-
 nate and despairing.  They injure all and cure none.
   Impoverished.—Poor Blood.  The idea that  preparations
 of iron, arsenic, cod-liver oil, blood-gravy, alcoholic liquors,
 etc,  can enrich poor, or rectify impure blood, is one of the
 most  preposterously absurd fantasies that  ever possessed the
 minds of intelligent beings.   Good food, fresh air, pure water,
 and  proper exercise are the only " blood-foods " that nature
 owns or blesses.
   Impuissance.—See Impotence.
  Inanition.—Exhaustion for want of nourishment.  The
feverishness which attends starvation or innutrition has been
called the " Hectic of inanition."
  Incarceration.—A condition in hernia in which  the sac ia
constricted about its neck, so that it cannot be returned to'ita
               8* 
178
Hand-Book of Hygienic  Practice.        I*f-
place without  difficulty.  The term is sometimes used in the
sense of strangulation.
  Incarnation.—Growth of flesh, or granulations.
  Incubation.—In pathology, this term is apphed to the pe-
riod which elapses between  the introduction of a morbific
ao-ent and  the manifestation of the consequent disease, as in
small-pox, measles, rabies, etc.
  Incubus.—Nightmare.   This  affection  is  almost always
caused by indigestion, or an overloaded  stomach.   It consists
in a sensation of distressing weight at the epigastrium during
sleep,  without the power to  move, speak or breathe—the pa-
tient at length awakening in terror.  Avoid the causes.
   Incubus Vigilantium.—Daymare.  A sense of pressure over
the abdomen, with frequent and laborious respiration, occur-
ring during wakefulness.
   Indication.—In nosology, a  symptom;  in  pathology, the
direct object to be accomplished by remedial measures.  Thus,
in  apoplexy the indication is,  to determine the  blood from the
brain; in cholera, to. determine circulation to the skin.
   Indigestion.—See Dyspepsia.
   Indisposition.—Any slight sickness.
   Indolent.—An epithet apphed to painless and inactive tu-
mors and ulcers.
   Induration.—Hardness of tissue, the result of inflammation.
   Inebriation.— Intoxication, Temulentia.   There are all de-
grees of this affection, from a slight faddlement—exhilaration
   to the apoplectic stupor or dead-drunkenness.  The treat^
ment is the same as for apoplexy.  The remedy is " teetotal^
   Inesis, Inethmos.—Cenosis.
  Infantile FEVER.-See Fever, Infantile Remittent

  Infectious Diseases-Diseases which  are caused by the an
plication or mgenerataon of some animal venom or       P
syphilis, hydrophobia, etc.  The term infection is often ernT' *J
synonymously with contagion, but this strictly  applies tof 
Inf.         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Pbactice.        179
 mites, malaria, and other "morbid poisons" which are com-
 municated through the medium of the atmosphere.
   Infiltration.—Effusion.  Accumulation of any fluid in the
 areolar tissue.
   Infirmity.—Any morbid condition ; in contradistinction to
 morbid action, which constitutes the essence of disease.
   Inflammation.—The diagnostic symptoms of inflammation
 are, heat, pain, redness, and swelling ; add to these fever and
 we have Visceral Inflammation, as cephalitis, pneumonitis, gas-
 tritis, etc.    The fever accompanying visceral  inflammations
 may be entonic or atonic, inflammatory or typhoid,  as in sim-
 ple fevers.   The fever, it  should  be understood, is  a  part of
 the disease, and not symptomatic, as the books have it.   End-
 less confusion in pathology and therapeutics, and not  a little
 of the fatal practice extant are the results of  this error.  For
 example, in typhoid pneumonia, medical authors cannot agree
 whether the fever, (which is of the typhus or typhoid form) or
 whether the  inflammation of the lungs, is the  primary disease.
 Neither is true.  Both the local and the  constitutional affec-
 tion are parts of one and  the same disease.  When the consti-
 tutional affection is atonic fever the local affection will be erysip-
 elatous, erythematic, asthenic, adynamic, passive, etc., inflammation;
 and when the constitutional effecti6h'5s'(?n^wc'<? fever, the local
 affection will be phlegmonous or adhesive inflammation, and  vice
 versa.  A world of confusion would be prevented, and an aw-
 ful extent of malpractice  would be obviated, if this distinction
 would be recognized by the profession.  As it is, those physi-
 cians who regard,  the inflammation as primary and the fever
 as secondary,  direct the strength of their treatment to the re-
 duction of the inflammation, by bleeding, leeching, blistering,
 narcotics, and antiphlogistics, though these measures confes-
 sedly increase the  constitutional  debility, and  aggravate the
typhoid state.  And on the other  hand, those who regard the
fever as  primary and the inflammation as secondary, pursue
the opposite practice—opium, alcohol, spirits nitre, turpentine,
etc.—the ugh injurious  to  the state of the lungs.  Both prac- 
180         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.
tices are wrong, as both theories  are erroneous.  For several
centuries the medical profession has been debating the ques-
tion, whether inflammation is an increased or a decreased action
of the parts ; and they are no nearer a solution of the problem
now than when the discussion was commenced.  It is neither.
It is simply irregular, abnormd action. It is morbid action as is a
fever, or any other disease, properly so called.  It is inflam-
mation  when  there is disproportionate accumulation of blood
(congestion) in some part, attended with heat, redness, pain,
and swelling.  When the morbid action (remedial effort) dis-
turbs the whole organism, without the existence of the above
local condition, the disease is fever.  In some visceral inflam-
mations the fever may be entonic  or atonic, as pneumonitis,
gastritis, enteritis, etc., and in others  it is always atonic, as
diptheria, croup, influenza, dysentery, etc.  The  type of the
fever  of visceral inflammation is  always  continued.   Chronic
inflammation is always characterized by the absence of fever at
the outset, as in consumption, hip-disease, dyspepsia, etc., and
 when fever supervenes in the course of the disease, it is of the
remittent type,  and is  termed hectic.   The notion that the type
and diathesis of the inflammation depend on the particular
tissue which is the seat of it,  is among the numerous and un-
fortunate errors of the medical profession ; and not only unfor-
tunate but disastrous, for it has been the death of millions of
the human race.   They depend solely on the condition of the
patient, whether gross, feeble, or vigorous, as I have explained
under the head of fever.
  Inflammation,  Bowels, of the.—See Enteritis.
  Inflammation,  Brain, of the.—See Cephalitis,
  Inflammation,  Ear, of the.—See Otitis.
  Inflammation, Eye, of the.—Se Opthalmitis.
  Inflammation, Heart, of the.—See Carditis.' .
  Inflammation, Kidneys, of THE.—See Nephritis
  Imflammation, Larynx,  of THE.—See Laryngitis'
  Inflammation, Liver, of the—See Hepatitis
  Inflammation, Lungs, of THE.—See Pneumonitis 
Int.         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       181
   Inflammation, Peritoneum, of the.—See Peritonitis.
   Inflammation, Pleura, of the.—See Pleuritis.
   Inflammation, Spleen, of the.—See Splenitis.
   Inflammation, Stomach, of the.—See Gastritis.
   Inflammation, Testes, of the.—See Orchitis.
   Inflammation, Throat, of the.—See Stomatitis.
   Inflammation, Tonsils, of the.—See Tonsillitis.
   Inflammation, Vagina, of the.—See Vaginitis.
   Inflammation, Uterus, of the.—See Metritis.
   Influenza.—Epidemic Catarrh.  An inflammatory affection
involving the mucous membrane of the nose and windpipe
and its bronchial  ramifications.  It usually occurs epidemic-
ally, and often extends over a large  area of territory.  The
fever is of the low or typhoid character, attended with sweat-
ing, sometimes  profuse,  and the  chief local  symptoms are
cough, thirst, watery  eyes, and great  sense  of oppression  in
the chest.  The  debility is often extreme, though the disease,
aside from bad medication, is one  of httle or no danger.
   Insanity.—Unsound Mind, Deranged  Intellect, Dehrium,
Mania.   The term  is generic  and includes all varieties of
mental alienation.
   Insensibility.—Anaesthesia.  Loss or absence of Feeling.
   Insomnia.—Morbid Vigilance,  Sleeplessness.  It indicates
determination to  the brain, or some disturbing influence within
or without.  It,is a frequent symptom in fevers,' and is often
one of the most  troublesome complications of dyspepties.
   Intemperance.—Usually  applied to the  immoderate and
habitual use of intoxicating drinks, but equally applicable to
excessive ahmentation.   Gluttony is, throughout the civilized
world, as great an evil  as intemperance ; indeed, improper
dietetic habits are the chief causes of that morbid appetite
which leads to the use of alcoholic beverages.
   Intermission.—The interval between two paroxysms of in
termittent fever.  The pulse is said to intermit when one or 
182 *      Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         Isc-
  more beats is wanting in a given number—a  state of pulse
  very common with dyspeptics.
    Intermittent Fever.—See Fever, Intermittent.
    Intertrigo.—Chafing, Fret, Erosions  of  the Skin.  Red
» excoriations which occur in consequence of the friction of parts
  Washing the part frequently with cold water and dusting it
  with  flour or hair-powder will readily cure them, if the gen-
  eral health is duly attended to.
    Intoxication.—The disturbance of the bodily and  mental
  functions occasioned by the use of alcoholic liquors.   Opium,
  tobacco,  tea, coffee,  and many other articles induce various
  forms and degrees of intoxication.
    Intumescence—Swelling, Tumefaction ;  Augmentation of
  size in a part.

   _ Intussusception.—The introduction of one part of the intes-
  tinal tube into another.  In most cases it is the upper portion
  of the small intestine which is intussuscepted.  See Colic,-
  Convulsive.
    Iodinism.—When  Iodine has been given in large doses, or
  long continued, it  often occasions  an exhausting colliquative
  diarrhoea, with rapid  emaciation and death.   In many cases
  the  male testes,  and in others thefemale breasts, are almost
  entirely absorbed.

 the^acT08'-^01611* erUpti°n' Varus'  A ^ercular tumor of


 into th ^T^ST^ .^ ^^ P™ project
 -ent, JS^^t" " ir^ulai^^racted.   For treat-

 ^^^ZlS^^J^ fr**»* «* -nsibil.
  T™       -r.   ^gnosfac symptoms of inflammation
  Irritative FEvER.-General ^.^      matl<*-
  Ischiocele.— Isehiatic Hernia.
  IscHURiA.-Stoppage of Urine.  Inability ,  *•
—   It is appUed ^to^^^^*^**. 
Kin        Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.        18a
and to its accumulation in the bladder.   When the urine is
retained, if  alternate hot and cold applications do not succeed
in exciting the expulsive action of the bladder, the catheter
must  be employed.   The  necessity for this process may be
known by the hard, painful, and increasing tumefaction at the
lower part of the abdomen.   When  the  excretion does not
take place, the  remedy consists in restoring the action of the
kidneys.
  Isthmitis.—Inflammation of the Fauces.  Gargling with"
cold water, holding ice in the mouth, and the apphcation of a
cold wet cloth around the throat., are the local apphances.
  Itch.—Psora, Scabies,  Scratch.  A variety  of cutaneous
eruptions are called itch, as Cow-pox,  Psoriasis, Bakers' Itch,
Sycosis, Barbers' Itch, etc.  But the real itch is produced by an
insect of the genus  acarus, which burrows under  the  skin,
exciting  inflammation  with  intolerable   itching.   Various
poisons, as mercurial preparations, sulphur, iodine, turpentine,
hellebore, and tobacco, will destroy it; but we have never yet
failed with thorough ablution and persevering friction.  See
Psoria.
  Itis.—A suffix  denoting inflammation.
  Jactation.—Extreme Anxiety, or Excessive Restlessness.
A symptom in many serious diseases.                  •
  Jaundice.—Icterus, which see.
  Jaw Disease.—Ulceration  of the  Lower-Jaw,  by  Phos-
phorus.   Those who are exposed to its fumes in the manu-
facture of lucifer and congreve  matches are subject  to it.
  Jecoris Vomica.—See Hepatitis.
  Jejunitis.—Inflammation of the Jejunum.   See  Enteritis
  Jerks.—See Mania, Dancing.
  Jigger.—See Chique.
  Jungle Fever.—A Remittent of India.
  Kincough, Kindcocgh.—See Pertussis.
  King's Evil.—Scrofula. 
SI        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  practice.        Lab.
  Kink in the Head.—Insanity.
  Ktrrhonosis, Kirrhosis.—Cirrhosis.
  Kleptomania,  Klopemania. — Insanity with a  propensity
to steal.
  Knee Scab.—Crusta genu equinae.
  Kyanosis.—Cyanopathy.
  Kyllosis. — Congenital Distortion of the Foot.  Talipes,
Clubfoot.
  Kysthitis.—See Vaginitis.
  Laborious.—Parturition and Respiration are said to be
laborious when performed with great difficulty.
  Laceration.—Rupture, Dilaceration.   Breach made  by
tearing and rending.
  Lagophthalmia.—Hare's Eye.  A retraction of the uppei
eyehd so that it does not cover the globe of the eye during
sleep.
  Lancinating.—Shooting or darting painsj as in cancers, are
so termed.
  Langor.—Sense of Weariness.
  Lardaceous.—Alterations of the textures  so that they re-
semble lard in aspect and consistency.
  Laryngismus Stridulus.—Asthma Thymicum,  Spasmodic
Quinsy, Spasm of the Glottis, Child-Crowing, Spasmodic Croup,
Spurious Croup.  A disease, mostly of infants, characterized by
intervals of suspended respiration, great difficulty of breathing,
especially on swallowing or crying, and  frequently ending in
a fit of suffocation with convulsions.  It is a spasmodic affec-
tion of the  respiratory and  articulating muscles, induced by
some  irritating agent, or by obstruction  in  the  ahmentary
canal.  Fomentations to the abdomen, warm foot-baths, and
cold applications to the head and neck, are the remedies.
  Laryngitis.—Inflammation of the Larynx.  The symptoms
resemble those of croup, but may be distinguished by the ab-
sence of the sonorous inspiration, and by pain upon pressing
the larynx.  Cold and wet cloths around  the throat, bits of 
Leu.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       185
ice held in the mouth, or frequent sips  of iced-water, with
such attention to general bathing as the febrile symptoms de-
nand, will speedily reduce it.
   Chronic Laryngitis is a form of consumption,  which see.
   Lax.—Diarrhoea.
   Lead  Poisoning.—Molybdosis,  Morbus Plumbeus.   See
Colic, Metallic.
   Leaping Ague.—See Mania, Dancing.
   Lepidosarcoma.—A fleshy tumor covered with scales.
   Lepidosis.—Scaly diseases.
   Lepidosis Ichthyiasis.—Horny Excrescences.
   Lepra.—Leprosy.  The varieties of this disease are very
numerous, as  White, Black, Common, etc., each  comprehending
several sub-varieties.  The  leprosy of the Jews consisted of
shining patches, on which the hair turned white and silky, the
skin losing its sensibihty.  It was incurable.   The leprosy of
the Arabs was  a form of Elephantiasis.   That of the Greeks
is  characterized by scaly patches of different  sizes  and of a
circular form.   Lepra is endemic in  Egypt, in Java,  and in
certain  parts of Norway and  Sweden.  All varieties of this
disease  are but the outside manifestations of  foul blood and
exhausted  nerves,  and tell the story of gross diet, inattention
to  personal cleanliness, or dissipation in some  of its multitu-
dinous forms.   I have seen several marked cases of leprosy in
this city, and at " Hygeian Home," the result of accumulated
acrid and putrescent bilious matter in the  system.
   Tepid ablutions, with as much exercise  in the open air as
the patient can take short of great fatigue, and a simple, ab-
stemious, vegetarian dietary, constitute the remedial plan.
   Lesion.—Disorder, Derangement.   Any morbid structural
or  functional change.
   Lethargy.—A state of stupor from which it is impossible
to  arouse the  patient,  except  momentarily.   It is  always a
symptomatic affection.
   Leucemia.—-Deficiency of coloring matter of the blood. 
186         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Lrc,
  Leucocyth^mia.— Superabundance of white corpuscles in
the blood;  a condition  said to be accompanied with enlarge-
ment of the spleen, liver, and lymphatic glands.
  Lei coma.—Leucosis, Albugo,  Ephelotes.  Opacity of the
cornea.
  Leuconecrosis.—A form of dry Gangrene.
  Leucophlegmasia.—A dropsical habit.  General Dropsy.
  Leucorrhgsa.—Fluor Albus, Whites, Uterine Catarrh, Vag-
initis.  An excretion of white, yellowish, or  greenish mucus
from the lining membrane of the female genital organs.  It is
a result of inflammation.  It  is attended  with  pain, heat, a
sense of weight  or heaviness  in the loins, and when severe,
with a sense of burning or scalding in urinating.  It may be
important in some cases to know that the female  who has leu-
corrhcea with a very acrid discharge, may communicate to the
male, in the act  of copulation, a  similar  morbid condition.
This has been  sometimes mistaken  for that form of  venereal
disease called  gonorrhoea.  Of the  many causes of this very
common malady,  none  is so general and so efficient as consti-
pation of the bowels ; and hence nothing in the plan of med-
ication can be more indispensable than a strict dietary.  Milk,
grease, and condiments of all kinds should be rigidly abstained
from, and fine flour,  starchy preparations,  puddings, etc.,
should be avoided.   Tepid hip-baths, the wet-girdle, and vag-
inal injections, the temperature and frequency being  deter-
mined more or less by the  temperature and debility of the
patient, are the special " hydropathic " appliances.  Fresh air
and moderate  exercise are not to  be overlooked; and when
constipation is very considerable, or the abdominal muscles
greatly relaxed, manipulations,  or  the  Swedish  Movements,
are excellent auxilliaries.
  Leucorrhcea is often  connected with prolapsus, or other dis-
placements of  the uterus, and  this condition must be duly re-
garded in directing the exercises and manipulations.
  Lichen.—Scabies  Sicca, Exormia.  A general term includ-
ing several species of cutaneous affections, among which are 
Loo.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.         187
Prickly Heat, Summer Rash, Nettle Rash, etc.   Tepid ablutions,
and a spare, simple dietary, are all the treatment they require.
  Lientery.—Laxness  of the  Bowels, Dyspeptic Diarrhoea.
Frequent liquid evacuations, the food only partially digested.
Treat the dA'speptic condition.
  Limoctonia.—Starvation ; Suicide by Hunger.
  Limosis.—Stomach Disease ; Indigestion.
  Liparocele.—Fatty Tumor of the Scrotum.
  Lipoma.—A Fatty Tumor.
  Liposis.—See Polysarcia.
  Lippiiudo.—Blear-Eye, Gleme, Lema, Gramia.  A gumnrj
state of the eyelids from a copious excretion of the sebaceous
follicles,  the result of chronic inflammation.
  Lithia, Lithiasis.—Calculous cachexia.  The formation  of
calculous concretions,  gravel, or  stone in  the  human body.
The term is also applied to an affection of the eyelids in which
small, hard, stone-like concretions form on  their edges.
  Liver  Disease.—See Jaundice, Hepatitis, and Cirrhosis.
  Liver-Grown.—Chronic enlargement of  the organ.
  Liver, Hob-Nail.—Cirrhosis of the organ.
  Liver, Nutmeg.—Tuberculatum of  the liver; the  effect  of
intemperance.   The terms, gin-liver,  gin-drinkers' liver,  and
whisky-liver, are also apphed to this condition.
  Liver  Spot.—Chloasma, Cirrhosis,
  Lochia.—The Cleanings.  The  serous and sanguineous dis-
charge which follows delivery.  When this discharge is  sud-
denly suppressed by cold or  other causes, there is difficult
breathing, headache, or  " rush of blood " to  the head,  and
often delirium.   It  should be promptly restored by means of
warm hip-baths, fomentations to the abdomen, hot foot-baths,
etc.
  Lochiorbhagia.—Excessive  Lochial Discharge.  Cold ap-
phcations to the abdomen, cool vaginal injections, and enemas
of cold water will check it. 
188         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        Lxc
  Locked-Jaw.—See Tetanus
  Lozmia.—Plague.
  Losmocholosis.—Yellow Fever.
  Looseness.—Diarrhoea.
  Low Spirits.—Hypochondriasis.
  Lucomania.—Lycanthropia.
  Lues.—Disease, Plague, Syphilis.
  Lumbago.—Rheumatism of the Lumbar Region, Stitch in
the Back.  A spasmodic affection of the muscles of the loins,
attended with pain, and  often inability  to walk.  Fomenta-
tions will relieve the pain, after which the paroxysms are to " t
be prevented by restoring the general health.
  Lumbar Abscess.—Psoas Abscess.   An apostema or abscess
in the lumbar region.   The suppuration is often profuse,  and
attended with  severe and exhausting hectic.  In the eany
stage, the inflamed part  should be kept constantly covered
with cold wet cloths very frequently renewed, and the whole
surface  bathed  once  or twice a day with tepid water, or, if
the superficial  temperature is considerable, the  wet-sheet
pack should  be employed daily.  The dietary must be exceed-
ingly abstemious.
  Lunatic—Moonstruck.  One who  has lost the use of his
reasoning powers.
  Lunatismus.—Somnambulism,
  Lung Fever.—See Pneumonitis.
  Lupus.—Tubercular  Ulcer.  Noli me Tangere.  Tubercular
Excrescences about the nose, with  ragged, spreading ulcera-
tions.   Sometimes  they appear in the cheek where they de-
stroy the part deeply.  The  disorganized mass should be at
once destroyed with caustic.
  Luxation.—Dislocation; Displacement  of a part from its
normal position; putting out of joint.
  Lycanthe.—Hydrophobia, Dry Choak, Wolf Choak.
  Lycanthropia.—A variety of melanholy in which the  per
son believes himself changed into a wolf. 
Mal.        Hand-Book of Hygienic  Practice.        189
  Lymphadenitis.—Inflammation of a gland.
  Lyssa.—Hydrophobia.
  Macies.—Atrophy, Emaciation.
  Macula.—A spot.  Permanent Discoloration of the Skin.
  Mad.—Insane.
  Madarosis.—Loss of the Hair.   Depilitation.
  Madness, Canine.—Hydrophobia.
  Mador.—A  cold sweat.  A symptom in low fevers, and
various conditions of  exhaustion.
  Maggot Pimple.—See Acne.
  Mal Des Ardens.—A malignant  Erysipelas which pre-
vailed epidemically in France in 1130.
  Mal De Crimee.—A kind of Leprosy in the Crimea.
  Mal Del Sole.—Pellagra.
  Malacia.—Depravation of taste.   General loathing of food
with an  exclusive longing for some  particular  article.  It
affects  some pregnant  women, and is a symptom in several
nervous  and dyspeptic affections.  Whether  the  appetite
should be restrained or indulged, depends entirely on the na-
ture of the article craved.
  Malady.—Disease, Sickness.
  Malady, English.—Hypochondriasis.
  Malaise.—Indisposition.
  Malaria.—Miasm.
  Malasstmilation.—Imperfect or Morbid Nutrition.
  MALiGNANT^r-Applied to any very dangerous disease.
  Malvernmania.—I introduce this mad technicality for the
purpose of quoting an instructive paragraph from Dunglison's
Medical Dictionary, page 565:
  "Malvern, Waters  of.—The village of Great  Malvern,
(pronounced Maw-\ern,) in Worcestershire,  England, has foi
many years been celebrated for a spring of remarkable purity,
which  has acquired the name of the Holy well.  It i§ a car-
bonated water, containing carbonates  of soda and  iron, sub 
190         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        Man.
phate of soda, and chloride of sodium; and is  chiefly used
externally in cutaneous affections."
  How  can water be "remarkably pure" when it is strongly
impregnated with half-a-dozen  impurities surpasses my com-
prehension altogether.  Nor  is the puzzle at all  unpuzzled
when the same author informs us on page 912 that, water is
composed  of eight  parts by  weight of oxygen,  and  one of
hydrogen.   If pure water consists  of  oxygen and hydrogen,
how much purer does the addition or admixture of such drugs
as soda, iron, sulphur, and salt, make it?
  Mamapian.—A malignant erosive ulcer.
  Mammary Abscess.—Mastodynia Apostematosa, Mastitis.
  Milk  Abscess.—Phlegmonous  inflammation  of the breast,
usually  incident to the lying-in period.  It requires cold local
applications in the outset, with  tepid  ablutions for  the gen-
eral feverishness.  Should the disease progress to  suppuration,
indicated by a sense of extreme tension and throbbing  pain,
a bread-and-milk or elm flour poultice should be  applied; and
when pus  has actually formed, the abscess should be  opened
with a lancet.
  Mange. —Itch of Animals.  A cutaneous disease to which
all  domesticated animals are  liable, and which especially  af-
fects the horse, cow,  sheep and dog.  Uncleanliness  is the
obvious cause, and  I need hardly add that cleanliness is the
remedy. Too many of our farmers allow their animals to
stand over and sleep on their own accumulated excrement,
which poisons them all through, and sickens or vitiates those
who eat their flesh, drink their milk, or inhale their breath,
to say nothing of typhoid fevers, malignant erysipelas, putrid
sore throat, diptheria,   and  contagious diseases  generally,
which their owners and  neighbors are liable to from such
filthy associations.
  Mania.—Terror,  Madness, Insanity, Delirium.  The term
is commonly restricted to furious or raving insanity.  Dunglison
says "Mania attacks adults chiefly; and women more frequently
than men"  Such expressions exhibit in a striking hght the 
Mas.       Hand-Book of Hygienic Pbactice.         191
absurd notions which are entertained of the nature of diseases.
Maladies of all  kinds, mental as well as bodily, are regarded
and treated as entities ; as something extraneous to the living
organism, and acting upon it, or as the  phrase is "attacking"
it.   When this false dogma—this mania of the medical pro-
fession is exploded, and disease is understood to be the action of
the living system  itself, there will be a revolution  in medical
science, and a reform  in the healing art.  Many cases  of
mania are immediately caused by constipation, bad blood, and
their consequences,  congestion of, or "rush of  blood" to the
brain, and are curable by the appropriate hygienic  appliances.
When dependant on dissipation, nervous exhaustion, or organic
lesions, the asylum is the proper place for the patient.
   Mania, Dancing. — Dancing Plague,  St. John's Dance,
Tarantism, St. Vitus's  Dance.  A convulsive malady, which
prevailed epidemically, in various parts of Europe  during the
middle ages, and more or less connected with religious excite-
ments.  Similar affections have been manifested  in various
parts of the United States.  When one or more persons are
exercised in this manner, the malady is easily propagated sym-
pathetically.   Proper restraint, and a sufficiency of the "Hun-
ger-Cure," will prove infallible as remedies.
   Mania, Epileptic—Epilepsy.
   Mania a Potu.—Delirium Tremens.
   Mania, Pcerperal.—Insanity during childbed.
   Marasmus.—Atrophy,  Emaciation.   Wasting of the body
without fever  or inflammation.  It is really a form of indi-
gestion.  The  term is usually apphed to dyspeptic infants or
children.
   Marasmus Senilis.—Atrophy of the aged.
   Marasmus Tabes.—Tabes Dorsalis.  Atrophy from sexual
abuse.
   Mastitis.—Inflammation of the Breast.  See  Mammary
Abscess.
   Mastodynia.—Mastalgia.  Neuralgia of the  Breast   The
term is sometimes  apphed also to Mammary Abscess. 
192        Hand-'Book  of  Hygienic  Practice.       Mei
  Mastoncus.—A Tumor of the Breast or Nipple.
  Mastorrhagia.—Excessive Flow of Milk.  Cold apphca-
tions and a dry diet are the remedies.
  Masturbation.—Self Pollution;  Onanism.
  Materia Medica,—A-term applied to the sum total of the
materials employed as medicines.  I predict that before many
years have elapsed, the  phrase, Materia Morbus, will be sub-
stituted.
  Maturation.—Progression of an abscess to suppuration.
  Measles.—See Rubeola.
  Megrim.—Hemicrania.
  Mel.2ene.—Black Jaundice.   A term apphed to the vomit-
ing and purging of black matter.  It is also sometimes ap-
phed to hemorrhage from the bowels.
  Melancholy.—Lypemania,  Ecphronia.   Mental alienation
characterized  by mistrust,  depression, and gloom.   Thick
blood,  torpid liver, constipated bowels,  nervous exhaustion,
etc., are the common causes.   Prolonged religious or other
mental excitement, and  intense mental occupation, are pre-
disposing causes.
  MelanCholy, Erotic—Erotomania.   Melancholy or mono-
mania occasioned by restrained sexual passion.
  Melanosis.—Black Tubercle, Black Cancer, Fungus  Mel-
anodes.  Conversion  of the tissue  into a black, hard, homo-
geneous substance, near which cavities  and ulcers form.
This morbific change is  owing to the  deposit of tuberculous
matter; and the deposit  is owing to retained effete and un-
assimilable  chylous or nutrient matter.  It is met with in
the lungs, hver, areolar  tissue,  and other  parts.   It is to be
treated as a cachexy,  and this means that all possible proces-
ses of purification and invigoration should be resorted to.
  Melasma.—See Ecchymoma.
  Meliceris.—An  encysted tumor filled with a substance of
the consistency of honey.  It requires  excision.
  Melius.—Inflammation of  the Cheek. 
Men.        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        193
   Melcemia.—Putrescent state of the Blood.
   Membrane, False.—The concreted fibrinous excretion which
 exudes on  membraneous surfaces, as in Croup, Diptheria,
 Dysmenorrhcea, Catarrh of the Bladder, Tubercular Diarrhoea,
 etc.   A similar exudation sometimes takes place on ulcerated
 surfaces.
   Meningitis. — Meningiitis.   Inflammation of  the  menin-
 ges or membranes, usually applied to those of the brain and
 spinal cord.  The distinction which  authors  make between
 inflammation of the substance or parenchyma of an organ,
 and  its investing  coat or membrane, is neither useful nor
 practical  Both are more or less involved in the disease, and
 the treatment  is precisely the same whether one or both are
 affected, or in whatever degree they are relatively disordered.
   Meningo-Cephalitis.—Inflammation of the  brain and its
 membranes.  See Cephalitis.
   Menorrhagia.—Excessive  loss  of blood at  the menstrual
 periods.   The  term is  often  employed synonymously  with
 uterine hemorrhage.  Its essential causes are laxity and ob-
 struction,   The hemorrhage  should be arrested by  means
 of quiet in the horizontal posture, cold cloths to the abdomen,
 and  cold vaginal  injections.   In severe cases ice should be
introduced into the vagina, or cold water introduced into the
rectum.  If these measures do not restrain the bleeding, the
 introduction of a soft sponge to  the  os uteri is necessary.
The  apartment of  the patient should  be well  ventilated, but
the temperature should be comfortable.  Care must be taken
to keep the extremities warm.  The recurrence of the hem-
orrhage can only be prevented by  restoring the tone  and
vigor of the whole muscular system.
   Menostasia.—See Amenorrhcea.
   Menses Alba.—Leucorrhcea.
   Mensium  Retentio. — Retention of the Menstrual Flux.
 See Amenorrhcea.
   Menstruation DnPFicrLE.--*-Dysmenorrho9a.
                  9 
194       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
  Menstruation Vicarious. — Paramenia  Erroris.  Hemor-
rhage from other than the reproductive organs, at the time of
menstruation.   It  is to be cured by  restoring the normal
menstruation.
  Mentagra.—Sycosis.
  Mephitic—Unwholesome Exhalations. .
  Mercurial Humor,—A term  anciently apphed  to a suppo-
sititious humor which occasions melarjcholy.
  Mercurialismus.—Hydrargyriasis.  Mercurial Disease,
  Mercurialization.—The Poisoning by Mercury,. Mercurial
Fever, Mercurial Cachexy.
  Merocele.—Mirocele.  Femoral or Crural Hernia.
  Merocoxaigia.—See Coxalgia.
   Meropia.—Partial Obscurity of Vision.
   Merorrheuma.—Tropical "Rheumatism.
   Mesenteritis.—Inflammation of the Mesentery. The symp-
 toms are similar to those of Peritonitis, (of which it is a variety,)
 but milder and more obscure.   The treatment is  the same,
 though less in degree.  See Peritonitis.
   Mesmerization.—A state of Mental Passivity or  of Insen-
 sibility, induced by what is vaguely termed  "animal mag-
 netism."
   Mesmerization.—Magnetization.  The state  of being mes-
merized, or the act of magnetizing.
  Mesmerized,—An abnormal  condition induced by the pro-
cess or influence  called animd  magnetism, in  which the pa-
  ent is insensible, or  acts  according to  the volition  of the
operator   TVm  i    ' •  i
notization           P U1<iuced bv magnetism is termed Hyp-

  Metadermatosts  tu-  -w, ,
  Metallo        —M°rbid development of the epidermis.
silver, etc   ***  Pam CaUSed  b^ minerals, as lead^quick-
  Metamoephopsia.—Phantasm *+
faction of tho oyos i. %££%2**>. ^\ • *"
                               w patient  recognizes objects 
JU.ET.        tLAND-DOOK  OF JtLYGIENIC PRACTICE.       195
which are merely imaginary.  The objects  may be cob-webs,
insects, pieces of wood, black spots, etc., and are perpetually
moving.  They are sometimes called Jlaadce Volitantes.  They
may be owing to over-exertion of the eyes, or to thickening
or deposits  in the coats  or humors.  Rest of the organs and
purification of the blood are the measures to arrest the diffi-
culty and prevent total loss of vision.
  Metaptosis,—Change in the form or seat of a disease.
  Metastasis.—Morbid Translation; Change in the seat of a
disease.  The prevailing medical theories of  metastatic disease
are both absurd and amusing.   Gout and  rheumatism often
" change" from one joint or place to another ;  cutaneous affec-
tions on being " cured "  on the  surface appear, or as  the say-
ing is, "re-appear" on the mucous surface  of the alimentary
canal, or in the membranes of the brain ; mumps  when  " scat-
tered" from  the neck affect the testes or  breasts ; measles
when "repelled" from the skin "locate" on the pulmonary
mucous membrane; morbid humors when  " discussed " from
the outside " attack " the  inside, etc.  The  Humoral Pathol-
ogists attributed the " phenomena " to a " translation "  of the
morbific matter to a  new locality or different part; and the
Solidists, to the transfer or displacement of the  " irritation."
There is no unmuddling this muddlement on any of the the-
ories of disease except that of the Hygeio-Therapeutic school,
which regards disease as remedial action.   When the rem-
edial effort is checked or prevented in one place or direction,
it becomes  more manifest,  active, and apparent in  another, just
as the action of the kidneys are increased by diminishing the
action of the skin, and  vice versa.  This principle shows at a
glance the vast importance of the universal  rule in medicating
all diseases—balancing the circulation and thereby equalizing
the remedial effort;  and  it shows also  the rationale  of the
dangerous  and often fatal results of " curing one disease by
producing  another," or, in other words, of poisoning a  person
because he is sick.  Metastatic affections require  precisely the
same treatment as do the same  diseases when idiopathic. 
196        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.
  METHOMANiA.-Irresistible Desire for Intoxicating Substances,
Temulentia.  A madness or depravity of the instincts caused
by the use of stimulants.  All of the morbid appetences, with
their  consequences,  gluttony, drunkenness, dissipation, de-
bauchery, and sensuahty, may be traced to stimulation as the
parent or primary .cause.
  Metralgia.—Pain in the Uterus.
  Metritis.—Hysteritis,  Inflammation of the Womb.  The
symptoms  are, pain, swelling, and tenderness in the lower
part  of the  abdomen,  with heat and tenderness of the oa
uteri.  . Vomiting is usually an accompaniment, and there ia
fever of either the entonic or atonic diathesis—commonly the
latter.
   Cold applications to the part, tepid or cool vaginal injections,
tepid  hip-baths,  and tepid ablutions  are the proper bathing
processes.   In very low states of the system, the full warm
 bath, and fomentations to the abdomen are preferable.
   Metrocarctnoma.—Cancer of the Uterus.
   Metrodynia.—Metralgia.
   Metromania.—See Nymphomania.
   Metroperitonitis.—Puerperal Fever.   See Peritonitis.
   Metroproptosis.—Prolapsus Uteri.
   Metrorrhagia.—Uterine Hemorrhage.  Bleeding from the
uterus, at the menstrual period Or at other times, but in exces-
sive quantity.  When it occurs after delivery it requires to be
promptly arrested or death may speedily result.  Indeed, hem-
orrhage is one of the most dreaded complications of the young
72rT*i ^heremedial measures are, the horizontal posture,
 he Jlllt !t0 ^ abd°men' th^1S  and loias' ^-tions of
the coldest water. mto the  vagina, and, in extreme cases  nlue-
gmg the vagma with soft cloths or lint so as to  inA       P g
lation and close the bleeding vessel    The 1,     T * "^
an abundance of fresh, cool aT           ***""* shouId have
  Miasma.-Deleterious affluvia arising from d^,  •
composing  organic  matter.   Marsh ^^-mahSZ-wlith 
Mil.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       197
arise from  rotting vegetation, are among the chief causes of
intermittent fevers.
  Miliary Fever.—Mdiaria,  Sudatoria,  Millet-seed ' Rash.
One of the exanthems or eruptive fevers;  so caUed from the
small, red, numerous, and slightly raised pimples which appear
on the surface.  In about twenty-four hours the pimples become
vesicles,  filled with a whitish and  transparent fluid.  The
fever is continued in  type and atonic  in diathesis, and is ac-
companied  with a sour sweat, which is often profuse.  It is
caused by too much external heat, confined air, slop food, hot
drinks, irritating condiments, etc. - Women in the puerperal
state, when improperly nursed, are quite subject to it.  The
treatment is very simple—quiet, and tepid ablutions.
  Milk Abscess.—See Mammary Abscess.
  Milk Fever.—See Fever, Milk.
  Milk Leg,—Phlegmasia Dolens, White Leg,  Swelled Leg,
White Swelling of Lying-in Women.  An inflammatory affec-
tion, commonly limited to one leg, which occurs a few days
after delivery.  It is  hot, white, unyielding, and gives to the
touch a sensation of numerous irregular  prominences under
the skin.   It is attended with  considerable feverishness; the
pressure of the gravid uterus, in a plethoric state of the sys-
tem, interrupting the circulation of the neighboring veins and
absorbents, and inducing serous effusion into the areolar tis-
sue, is probably the rationale of the malady. Jdold wet cloths,
frequently renewed, until the morbid heat subsides, tepid ab-
lutions whenever the external temperature calls for them, and
due attention to the bowels, comprise the remedial plan.
  Milk Scale.—Porrigo Larvalis.
  Milk-Sickness.—Swamp-Sickness, Sick Stomach, Trembles,
Slows,  Tires, Stiff-joints, River-Sickness, Puking Fever.  A
form of putrid typhus fever which has occurred in some parts
of Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, and the other Western States,
characterized  by excruciating pain  in the knee  and other
joints, with general tremors.  It affects cows and other animals
in certain seasons, and those persons who feed on their flesh 
198       Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.         Mol.
or drink  their milk,' and is undoubtedly caused by poisonous
or rotting vegetation which the animals take with their food.
It is generally endemic ; another fact which points to the or-
igin above indicated.   The malady is commonly attended with
vomiting and purging, and extreme nervous agitation.   The
patient should take frequent sips of cold or iced-water; cold
wet cloths should be applied  over the stomach and abdomen,
well covered with dry flannel, and frequently changed ;  the
whole surface sponged with tepid water two or three times a
day, and the extremities kept  warm with hot bottles.
  Millet-Seed Rash.—Miliary Fever.
  Misanthropia.—Misanthropy;  aversion  to  man  and  to
society.   It is a symptom of melancholy, hypochondriasis, and
various other forms of indigestion.
 '. Miscarriage.—Abortion.
  Moaning.—Plaintive and Audible Respiration.  A sign of
great oppression or congestion in some internal organ.
  Mogigraphia.—Writers' Cramp. Spasmodic rigidity of some
of the muscles of  the fingers and arms, in consequence of close
application with the pen or pencil.
  Mole.—A fleshy, insensible mass, soft or hard, of variable
size, which sometimes  forms in the uterus.  It has been sup-
posed to be the result of impregnation with imperfect develop-
ment, and hence called Fdse Conception; but moles are occa-
sionally found in the virgin uterus.  The diseased mass may or
may not contain parts  of a fetus.  It is expelled as in cases of
abortion, and requires the same management.
  Mollities.—Preternatural softening of an organ or texture.
  Mollities  Cerebri.—Encephalomalacia ; Softening of the
Brain; Mollescence or liquefaction of  some  portion of the
cerebral substance.  This condition is  never certainly known
till revealed by a post-mortem examination, and it exists in the
imaginations  of physicians  and patients a hundred times as
often as it exists in the brains of the latter.  Various strange and
indescribable sensations which affect the heads and disturb the
mental operations of dyspeptic and nervous invahds, especially 
Mor.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice       199
those who have long suffered of constipated bowels, are often
vaguely referred to a supposed softening of the brain.  Hardening
of tlie bowels is nearer the truth. To relieve the head medicate
the bowels.
   Mollities Cordis.—Cardiomalacia.
   Mollities Medullje Spinalis.—Ramolhssement; Softening
of the Spinal Marrow.  An affection often suspected, but sel-
dom known to exist.   When it does exist it is incurable.
   Mollities Ossium.—Softening of the Bones.  A rare affec-
tion, and owing to defective assimilation; in other words, a
remote effect of indigestion.   The disease generally affects the
whole bony structure, and the urine contains  large portions of
phosphate of lime.   Medical authors do not pretend that it is
ever curable, and it  is  clear that no  remedial  measures can
avail, except  such as tend to restore the primary nutritive
functions.
   Molluscum.—Atheroma.   Numerous  tumors varying  in
size from  that of a pea to that of a pigeon's  egg, or even
larger, filled  with a fatty or  pulpy matter, developed  in  the
substance of  the skin, are so called from their resemblance to
certain molluscuous animals.  Cleanliness, a  simple and  ab-
stemious diet, with frequent ablutions  and gentle friction,  are
the remedies.
   Molopes.—Vibices.
   Molybdosis.—Lead-Poisoning.
  Monoblepsis.—Confused vision only when both eyes  are
employed.
  Monomania.—Mania or derangement of one of the mental
powers; madness or  hallucination in relation to some  partic-
ular person, object, or theme.
   Monopathy.—Disease of a single mental organ.
  Morbi, Morbus.—See Disease.
  Morphew.—Scurfy  Eruptions of the Face.
  Morpion.—Crab Louse.  See Pediculus.
  Mortification.—Loss of Vitality in a part  of  the Body 
200        Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.        Nav
The incipient stage  is called Gangrene; total death is called
Sphacelus.   Mortification of bone is called Necrosis.
  Mother's Marks.—Spots.  See Nsevus.
  Mulligrubs.—Tormina, Colic.
  Mumps.—See Parotis.
  Mur.—Coryza.
  Murr.—Pestilential Fever ; Murrain. An epizootic disease,
oommonly regarded  as contagious, having spme resemblance
to small-pox, which affects  cattle, especially sheep.  It is said
to have been transferred to man.  The treatment is the same
as for small-pox.   See Variola.
  Musicomania, Musomania.—Monomania for  Music.  The
passion for music so  strong as to derange the intellect.
  Mussitatio.—A motion of the tongue and lips, as iri the act
of speaking, but  without any sound.   It is a bad  symptom,
and indicates great oppression of the brain or lungs.
  Mutitas.—Dumbness, Speechlessness.
  Mutitas  Sudorum.—Deaf-dumbness.
  Myalgia.—Cramp, which see.
  Myelitis.—Inflammation of the spinal marrow or its mem-
branes.  It  is characterized by deep-seated, burning pain in
the  s*pine, with general feverishness, and a variety of distress-
ing sensations usually called " nervous."  It is a rare disease,
and much oftener suspected than proved to exist.
  Myopia, Myopy.—Purblindness, Mouse-sight, Shortsight-
edness.  It may be palliated by wearing concave glasses.
  Myosis.—Permanent contraction of  the pupil.  It is usually
a result of iritis.
  Myositis.—Myitis, Mysitis; Acute Rheumatism.
  Myringitis.—Inflammation of the Ear Drum.
  Nevus.—Maculae Matricis, Fancy Marks,  Mother's Marks<
Mother's Spots. Various spots on the skin with which children
are  born, are so designated.  Some are very superficial__mere
Btains; others are prominent;  while some are largely composed
of anastomosing blood-vessels.  The latter only aie properly
medicable, and may generally be removed by proper surgery 
Nec.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        201
   Narcosis.—Stupor, Stupefaction.   The state of torpor and
insensibility occasioned by narcotic drugs, as opium, henbane,
belladonna, etc.   The usual practice of exciting, stimulating,
exercising, and galvanizing narcotized patients only makes a
bad matter worse.  The patient should  have profound quiet,
abundance of fresh air, cold apphcations  to the head and
warm to the feet  When there is reason to suspect the pres-
ence of the drug in the stomach, the  stomach, or a warm
water emetic should be employed.
   Nausea. —Squeaminess,  Sickness,  Inclination  to  Vomit.
Symptomatic of many diseases and morbid conditions.  Warm
water-drinking until whatever offensive material may exist in
the stomach is removed, then sips of iced-water, or bits of ice
to swallow, with cold wet cloths to the epigastrium, are the
special remedies.
   Nausea, Kreatic—The sickness and vomiting which animal
food, in any quantity however small, occasions  in some per-
sons.   Vegetarianism is an infallible preventive !
   Nausea, Marina.—Sea-Sickness.  A very abstemious and
simple dietary will usually  prevent and  always mitigate this
distressing affection.   Wearing a rather tight girdle  around
the region of the epigastrium will lessen and  often remove it.
The horizontal posture will also relieve the paroxysm more or
less, and often prevent It altogether.  Many persons will be-
come sick in the ship's cabin, when the sea  is rough, who are
entirely free of it, so long as they are on deck.   If our ship-
builders would properly ventilate the cabins and  berths-^-and
it is not difficult nor  expensive to do so—they would save the
passengers an immense amount of suffering.
   Near-Sightedness.—Myopia.
   Nebula.—Nubes, Nephelion.  A slight speck on the cornea.
It is also apphed  to a mist or cloud suspended in the urine.
See Caligo.
   Neck, Derbyshire.—See Bronchocele.
   Necrophobia.—Exaggerated  Fear of Death.   A common
                9* 
202        Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice.        Neb.
 symptom in hypochondriasis.   It is regarded as a bad symp-
 tom when occurring in fevers.
   Necropneumonia.—Gangrene of the Lungs.  It occurs in
 bad cases of putrid pneumonitis, and is indicated by extreme
 fetor of the breath and expectoration.   When circumscribed
 it is not necessarily fatal.
   Nephralgia.—Pain or Neuralgia in the Kidney.
   Nephritis.—Inflammation of the Kidney.  The symptoms
 are, acute  pain, burning heat  and  sense of weight, suppres-
 sion or diminution of urine,  retraction  of the testicle, and
 numbness of the thigh of the  affected  side, and fever.  Cool
 hip-baths, tepid ablutions,  and, when the fever is of the  en-
 tonic diathesis, the wet-sheet pack,  are the  leading measures
 of treatment.
   Nephritis Albumensis.—Bright's Disease of the Kidney.
   Nephrolithiasis.—See Gravel.
   Nephromalacia.—Softening  of the Kidney.
   Nephrorrhagia.—Haamaturia Renalis ; Hemorrhage of  the
 Kidney.   See Haamaturia.
   Nervine.—The term is defined to be, " a medicine which
 acts On the nervous system."  A proper definition is, abnor-
 mal vital action, with a more especial disturbance of the nor-
 mal functions of the nervous tissue. • Instead of the medicine
 acting on the nervous system, the reverse is true.
   Nervous.—The term is employed  physiologically in the sense
 of active, vigorous, strong; and pathologically in the sense of
 weak, irritable, and frail.
   Nervousness.—Nervous  Diathesis,   Abnormal  sensibihty,
 or preternatural irritability.  A vague term.
   Nervous Diseases.—Diseases  whose symptoms are  most
prominently manifested by the  nervous system.
   Nervous Pain.—Neuralgia.

   Neuralgia.—Neurodynia, Tic Douloureux, Nerve Pain.   A
disease characterized by acute, darting pain along the course of
I 
Nym.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        203
 a nerve, without fever.  It is always symptomatic of obstruc-
 tion, exhaustion, or the effects of mineral or narcotic drugs.
 Very hot applications will sometimes give relief, and in other
 cases very cold are best; while in still others, alternate warm
 and cold applications are preferable.
•  Neuritis.—Inflammation of a Nerve ;  Neuralgia.
   Neurodynia.—Neuralgia.
  ^Neuroma.—Subcutaneous and highly painful tumors formed
 on the tissue of the nerves.
   Neuromaxacia.—Softening of the Nerves.
   Nevus.—See Naevus.
   Nictation.—Twinkling of the Eye.  It sometimes becomes
 a morbid habit, to be overcome by " moral suasion."
   Noctambulismus.—Somnambulism.
   Nocturnal Emissions.—See Spermatorrhoea.
   Noddle-pox.—Syphilimania.
   Node.—Nodus.  A hard  concretion or incrustation which
 forms around  gouty  and rheumatic joints.   It is  often oc-
 casioned by mercurial medicines.
   Noli me Tangere—See Lupus.
   Nose-Bleed.—See Epistaxis.
   Nose, Running at  the.—See Coryza.
   Nosos.—Disease.
   Nostalgia.—Nostomania,  Home-Sickness.  Emaciation of
 the body, commonly attended with hectic, occasioned by the
 desire of returning to one's home or country.   It is a species
 of melancholy.
   Nursing  Sore Mouth.—See Apthse.
   Nycxatopia.—See Hemeralopia.
   Nymphitis.—Inflammation of the Clitoris.
   Nymphomania.—Furor Uterinus, Uteromania.   Insatiable
 desire in females for  sexual  commerce.   Its immediate cause
 is an inflammatory condition of the sexual organs; its remote 
204        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        One
causes are, constipation, irritating condiments, gross food, mas-
turbation, obscene hterature, etc.
  The prolonged tepid bath, with  frequent hip-baths of a
moderate temperature, and a plain, abstemious dietary, are
the remedies.   The patient sometimes becomes perfectly ma-
niacal, when sohtude is indispensable.
  OvARrns.—Inflammation  of the Ovarium.   The acute form
is rare.  In chronic ovaritis the  symptoms are very obscure.
The chief ones are pain, heat, and sense of weight in the lower
part of the abdomen,  aggravated at  the menstrual periods.
These  symptoms also  attend the incipient  stage of  Ovarian
Tumor, but in this case there is gradually progressing enlarge-
ment  noticeable externally.  Hip-baths, the wet  girdle, and
a rigidly simple dietary are the specialities.
  Obesity. — Polysarcia,  Corpulency,  Fatness,  Morbid accu-
mulation of adipose matter in the system.  It means exces-
sive ahmentation with defective  depuration, and  its causes
are, too much or too gross food, or deficient exercise, or both.
Correct these habits and the surplus fat  will be duly elimin-
ated.   I have had patients who had  accumulated  one, two,
and in  one case, nearly three hundred pounds of this effete
matter.  Such persons are hable to die at any  moment of
"apoplexy," or congestion in some vital part.
  Obstipatio .—Constipation.
  Occlusion.—Imperforation, as of the vagina, pupil, etc.
  Odontagra.—Dentagra.  Arthritic pain,in the Teeth.
  Odontalgia.—Toothache.  It is generally caused by inflam-
mation, and is usually connected with caries, which exposes
the cavity to the contact of  air, and other extraneous matters.
Fasting, warm hip-baths, hot and cold  foot-baths, cold appli-
cations to the head, and tepid or cool water held in the mouth
are the remedial resources.
  Odontitis.—Inflammation of the Teeth.  See Odontalgia
  Odontolithos. — Tartar;  Incrustation  of  the  Teeth.  It
consists of phosphate of lime, mucus, some animal substance, 
CEde.       Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice.        205
and  a small quantity of salivary  matter.   Infusoria have
been found in these incrustations.   The tooth-brush, or rins-
ing in the morning, and after meals, will be sufficient, if the
secretions of  the mouth are normal, and the diet proper.  A
very stiff brush should not be used, as it might injure  the
enamel.  When the tartar accumulates in spite of this meas-
ure, it should be removed by the dentist.
  Odontosteresis.—Loss of the  Teeth.  Hot drinks,  slop-
food,  condiments, especially salt and vinegar, and  alkaline
and mineral drugs, are the usual causes of the prevalent rot-
ting  out of the teeth.  It is as unnatural and  unnecessary
for the teeth to "decay prematurely, as it is  for the eyes, or
ears, or fingers, or toes, to do so.  Very few teeth would ever
decay if all the food taken was properly masticated.
  OSdema. — Hydrops  Cellularis.   Accumulation of serous
fluid in the areolar tissue.  The swelling is soft, pits  on pres-
sure,  and  preserves the  indentation * for  some  time.   See
Anasarca.
  GSdema Arsenicalis. — Swelling  of  the face  and eyehds
from the prolonged use of arsenic.
  GLdema of the Glottis.—QMematous Laryngitis, Hydro-
pneumonia.  An  inflammatory affection with serous  or sero-
purulent infiltration into the submucous tissue of the glottis.
The  symptoms very much resemble those of croup,  but  has „
less fever and cough, with more difficulty of breathing  in the
early stages.   It  also commonly affects adults, whereas croup
usually affects children.  The prompt and persevering apph-
cation of cold  wet cloths externally, and  ice or iced-water
internally, are the main remedial resources.  Of course,  due
attention should  be paid to the state of the bowels, and the
general feverishness.
  GSdema Lacteum.—Phlegmatia Dolens.   See Milk Leg.
  02dema of the  Lungs.—Hydrops  Pulmonum, Hydro-pneu-
monia, Infiltration of serum into the  Lungs.   It is one of
the effects of maltreated  pneumonia.   The cough is  attended
with aqueous expectoration, and the respiration  is laborious. 
206        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Oph
Bleeding and antimony are the most frequent causes of this
condition of the lungs.
   CEsorHAGisMus.—Dysphasia  Spasmodica, Stricture of  the
Oesophagus.   It may be spasmodic, or a thickening of the
mucous membrane; in either ease the dietary is the essential
thing to manage in the  treatment.  Salt,  grease, milk, and
sugar are especially to be avoided.
   Oesophagitis.—Inflammatory Dysphagia ; Inflammation of
the Oesophagus.
   Omentitis.—Inflammation  of the Omentum.   See  Per-
itonitis.
   Omphalorrhagia. — Umbilical  Hemorrhage.    New-born
infants are hable to it.  Cold water or ice will arrest it.
   Onanism.—Self-Abuse, Masturbation.
   Oneirodynia.—Painful Dreams ; Incubus and Somnambu-
lism are examples.
   Onychia.—Paronychia.
   Onychitis.—Inflammation of a Nail.
   Onychonosi.—Disease of the Nails.
   Onychoptosis.—Falling of the Nails.
   Onyx.—Pterygion.   A collection of purulent  matter  be-
tween the  laminse of the cornea, having the shape of a nail.
It is a proper subject for surgery.
   Opacity.—In  pathology,  applied  to a fluid or structure
which has  lost its transparency, or  the cornea or crystalline
lensof the eyes.
   Opisthotonos.—Tetanus with  inclination  backward.    See
Tetanus,
   Ophthalmia.—Ophthalmitis; Inflammation  of the Eye.
The various forms of this disease have received numerous ap-
pellations, as they involve more or less the different structures
of  the  eye and its  appendages.   These will be  treated of
•under their respective names.   The three leading forms, each
of which has several va ieties, are the Membraneous or Conjunc-
tival, the Egyptian or Purident, and the  Tarsd.  The fever at- 
Ost.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        207
tending Opthalmia may be of the entonic or atonic diathesis,
while  the  inflammation is correspondingly phlegmonous  or
erysipelatous.   In the treatment the room should be so dark-
ened or  shaded that the light  will  not be painful;  wet  or
cold apphcations—always preferring  the temperature  that is
most agreeable—should be constantly applied  to  the eyes;
hip and foot baths are  useful as derivatives; and the surface
must be " packed " or sponged  according to the diathesis of
the fever.  The bowels  must be kept free with tepid enemas,
and no food must be taken until the violence of  the fever has
subsided.  Caustics and astringents should never be applied
to inflamed eyes until the blood is well purified, and the heat
and tenderness of the organs entirely abated.  Thousands  of
eyes are  destroyed because of inattention to this rule.
   Opthalmitis.—See Opthalmia.
   Orcheitis.—Inflammation of the  Scrotum;  Hernia  Hu-
moralis.
   Orchiocele.—Scrotal Hernia.
   Orchitis.—Orcheitis.
   Orthopnea.—Suffocation, Strangulation.   Difficult breath-
ing,  especially in the horizontal posture.
   Orthopnea, Cardiaca.—Angina Pectoris.
   Oschocarcinoma.—Chimney  Sweepers'  Cancer ; Cancer of
the Scrotum.
   Oscheocele.—See Hydrocele.
  Ostalgitis, Osteitis.—Inflammation of Bone.
  Ostempyesis.—An Abscess in the Interior of a Bone.
  Osteocele.—Induration of the Testicles.
  Osteoma .—Exostosis.
  Osteomalacia, Osteomalacosis.—Mollifies Ossium.
  Osteoporosis.—Induration of Bone.
  0«teo-Sarcoma.—Cancerous Degeneration of Bone.
  Osteo-Steatoma.—Bony Tumor.
  Ostitis.—Ostalgitis. 
208        Hand-Book of Hygienic ifRAcncE.        Oxr
   Ostoma.—Exostosis.  •'
   Otagra, Otalgia.—Pain in the Ear.
   Otirrho3a.—Discharge of pus from the ear ; a symptom of
 chronic otitis.
   Otitis.—Inflammation of the Ear.  When acute the symp-
 toms are, excruciating pain, with intolerable  burning, and a
 discharge  of mucus  from the external meatus, or from the
 Eustachian tube.   The treatment is substantially the same aa
 for Opthalmia.
   Otopyorrhea.—Otirrhcea.
   Ovarian Tumor. — Hydrops Ovarii ;  Encysted Dropsy of
 the Ovary.  It  may be distinguished from Ascites by the en-
 largement commencing at one side of  the lower portion of the
 abdomen, and gradually extending upward and over the whole
 abdomen.   The early stage is accompanied with more or less
 menstrual disturbance, often noticeable only each  alternate
 month—a fact which strikingly corroborates the theory that
 ovulation is alternate with the right and left ovaries, and that
 the law of sex is thereby to be determined.*  In the  later
 stages of ovarian dropsy the treatment can only be palliative.
•In the early stages I have succeeded  in arresting the disease
 in several cases.  The dietary must  be rigidly abstemious, and
 the wet-sheet applied daily for an hour, if the strength and tem-
 perature of the patient will permit.. Local applications are of
 little consequence, unless there  is mismenstruation in some
 form,  in which case the  treatment  must be regulated accord-
 ingly.  Extirpation of the diseased mass  has been practiced
 with success in many cases, but a majority operated upon have
 not recovered.   Paracentesis will give  temporary relief; but
 as the fluid is accumulated in several  sacs, but a small portion
 of it  can be removed.
   Ovaritis.—Oaritis.
   Oxyopia.—Inordinate Acuteness  of the Sense of Sight.
   Oxyosphresia.—Inordinate Acuteness of the Sense of Smell.
  * This subject will be fully discussed in the  Author's
work, " Sexual Physiology Complete." 
Pai.        Hand-Book  of. Hygienic Practice.        209
   Oxyphlegmasia.—Violent Inflammation.
   Oz^na.—Malignant Coryza.  An affection of the mucous
 membrane of the nose and throat, owing to caries of the bones,
 or connected with syphihtic or mercurial infection, and attended *
 with a disagreeable odor like that of a crushed bed-bug.  The
 remedy is purification of the whole system.
   Pachjemia,—Morbid  Thickness  of  the Blood.   Inactivity
 of the hver, and the excessive use of grease, sugar, and other
 hydro-carbonaceous articles of diet, are the common causes.
 Constipated bowels indirectly conduce  to  the  same result;
 hence persons who  are habitually costive are constantly liable
 to congestion of the brain and  lungs, palpitation,  piles, and
 other manifestations of  a disordered circulation.
   Pacheablepharosis.—Thickening of the  eyelids from tu-
 bercles or excrescences formed on their margins.
   Pain.—Morbid Sensation.   It denotes the presence of some
 morbific agent, or some abnormal  condition;  its rationale is,
 doubtless, distention of  the blood-vessels or contraction of the
 muscular fibers, so  that the  nerves are compressed.   When
 the pressure  is  so  great  as  to  interrupt the  transmission of
 nervous influence, there is loss of feeling, as in palsy, apoplexy,
 etc.  There are  many kinds of pain, as acuter dull, burning,
 itching, lancinating, griping,  constant, remittent, lacerating,
 forcing, gnawing, grinding, etc., each  of which is  important
 in diagnosis.   The  practice  of  "curing" pain  by means of
 opiates, narcotics, bleeding, etc., is founded on an  erroneous
 theory of  the nature of disease.  Opium is more extensively
 employed  in medicine than any other drug, because it  is the
most convenient  agent  to allay pain.   But it  does  this  by
silencing the  outcries of nature.  The  vital instincts proclaim
that there  is an enemy within the vital domain, and, in the
language of  pain, they call for help—for such materials and
influences as  they can use in expelling the morbific cause, and
in repairing the damages.  The doctor poisons them with a
drug, which is resisted with such intensity in another direction
as to  suppress  the  original effort—and this  he calls a cure i 
210         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Pan
The whole process is resolved into curing the disease by killing
the patient.  Hygienic agencies relieve pain  by supplying
the conditions which nature requires to overcome or expel its
cause.
  Pains, After.—The pains which succeed delivery.   They
are occasioned  by coagula, or retained secundce, which excite
the expulsive action of the uterus.
  Pains, Labor.—Pains of Parturition.  They are caused by
the contraction of the uterus and adjacent muscles in the act
of expelling  the  foetus, or  in the preparations therefor.  The
excessive pain and agony which females suffer  in childbirth
are owing whoUy to  the  morbid and inflammatory condition
which results necessarily from the ordinary habits of hving
and drugging.
  Paleness.—Pallor, Leucosis, Whiteness of Complexion, It
implies determination of blood from the surface, and congestion
in the internal organs.
  Palpitation.—A term  applied to the heart's  action when
the individual is  more sensible of it than ordinarily.  When
the action is forcible, the pulsations are called throbbing ; and
when very frequent, fluttering.  Palpitations are sometimes
connected with organic disease of the  heart, but much more
frequently with nervous and dyspeptic conditions.  The  most
prolific cause of all is constipation of the bowels.  The rem-
edial plan must be directed to the removal of the obstruction,
whatever that may be.
  Palsy.—See Paralysis.
  Palsy, Lead.—See Paralysis Venenata.
  Palsy, Metallic—See Paralysis Venenata
  Palsy, Shaking.—See Paralysis Agitans.
  Palsy, Painters.—See Paralysis Venenata.
  Pamplegia.—General Palsy;  Paralysis of the whole body.
  Pancreatitis.—Inflammation of the Pancreas.  The symp-
toms  are very obscure, and  perhaps the disease is  never re-
cognized during life. 
Par.         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.       211
  Pandemic—An epidemic  which  attacks  the whole pop-
ulation.
  Pandiculation.—Stretching.  It is indicative of fatigue,
and is an effort to restore the balance of  circulation.
  Pantophobia.—Hydrophobia.
  Panzootia.—Epidemic Disease of  Cattle.
  Papula.-—A Pimple ; Exormia.
  Parabystia. —Engorgement of an organ ; an enlargement
consequent on accumulated blood.
  Paralysis.—Palsy,  Paresis.  Partial  or complete loss  of
sensation or motion, or both.   Paralysis of one half of the
body, Vertically or horizontally, is termed Hemiplegia ;  of the
lower  half, Paraplegia; and of particular muscles  or  sets of
muscles, Locd.
  Hemiplegia is more particularly connected with or caused by
torpidity of the  liver.  I have never known a  case in which
disease of the hver was not a precedent condition, and sudden
engorgement  or congestion of that organ an exciting  or im-
mediate cause.  The treatment should contemplate the puri-
fication of the mass of blood of its retained biliary matters  as
rapidly as possible.   When the system  is feverish, and the
patient has not  been  drugged much, nor suffered long  of
chronic disease, the wet-sheet pack repeated  daily will prove
the most efficient detergent.   In other cases tepid  ablutions,
followed by gentle, yet persevering friction, are to be preferred.
Cold water should never be applied to the surface, except when
and where there is preternatural heat.   The bowels must  be
carefully attended to, and free evacuations produced, if neces-
sary by means of injections of tepid  wa'er.   When there  is
sense  of weight and oppression with  heat in the  region of the
liver,  cold wet cloths, covered with  dry, should be applied.
In  diet, the patient should be abstemious, and mainly fru-
givorous.
  Paraplegia, when not the result of injury or mechanical
violence,  is  more especially connected with, and caused by 
212       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        Par.
constipation of the bowels; hence persons of sedentary habit"
gluttons, and those who are subject to  great mental excii
ments, while their dietary is very constipating, are common,
the subjects of this form of palsy.  The dripping sheet, o
spray bath, daily or semi-weekly, hip-baths  once  or  twice t
day, the wet  girdle  during the night in cold weather, and a
part of each day in warm weather, with a  plain, vegetable
and fruit diet, are the remedies.  The patient should abstain
from  milk,  fine  flour,  puddings,  and  all greasy dishes or
articles.
  Local palsy is produced by some specific  poison,  and the
treatment must be  directed to a removal of  the cause, and a
restoration of the circulation  and sensibihty of the part by
bathing, friction, etc.
  Paralysis  Agitans.—Shaking Palsy, Tremor,  Trembhng
Palsy.  A perpetual spasmodic  agitation of the muscles.  It
is indicative  of great nervous exhaustion, and is  caused by
mineral and narcotic drugs,  extreme constipation of the bow-
els, sexual dissipation,  etc.   Many cases  are incurable; and
all  that can be  done remedially will be found in living in
obedience to organic law, with such attentions to the functions
of the excretory organs as the symptoms may clearly indicate.
  Paralysis, Bell's,—A term which has been apphed to par-
alysis  of the muscles of the face, in consequence  of  a lesion
of the portio dura, the nerve which supplies these muscles.
  Paralysis  Beriberia.—Beriberi.   See Barbiers.
  Paralysis Venenata.—Paralysis  caused by  poisons, as  of
lead,  mercury, ergot, arsenic, etc.
  Paramenia.—Disordered Menstruation.
  Paraphimosis.—Strangulation of the Glans Penis.   Cold
applications may so eontract the part as to  relieve it; if not
the remedy consists in  dividing the "bridle" formed by the
prepuce.
   Paraphia.—See Paralysis.
   Parasite.—Plants or animals which attach themselves to 
Par.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        213
other plants or animals are called parasites.  Thus the mistle-
toe, which attaches itself to the oak, is a parasitic plant, and
the  lice or.acari, which attach  themselves to human  beings
and  domestic  animals, are parasitic animals.   They occasion
irritation, inflammation,  ulceration,  and feverishness, which
are then termed parasitic diseases. Morbid growths, as tubercles,
cancer,  etc., are sometimes termed parasitic.
  Parenchymatitis. — Inflammation of the substance of an
organ.
  Paresis.—Paralysis.
  Paristhmitis.—Cynanche.
  Paronychia.—Whitlow, Felon, Onychia.  A Phlegmonous
tumor of the fingers or toes.  Freezing the part a few times,
for ten or fifteen  minutes at a time, with some frigorific mix-
ture, in the incipient stage, will  generally arrest the disease.
When the tension and pain become very great, the  inflamed
part should be divided freely, even down to the bones, and
wet  applications,  of  any temperature which is most soothing,
continued as long as  any inflammation exists.
  Paropsis.—Disordered Vision.
  Parotis,  Parotitis.—Cynanche Parotidse, Mumps? In-
flammation of the Parotid Gland.  The symptoms are,  a pain-
ful tumefaction, with more or less heat and redness under the
ear.   A peculiar  symptom of this disease is  the benumbing
sensation, when acids are taken into the mouth.   The malady
is usually epidemic, and has been long regarded as contagious ;
this is, however, very doubtful   In some cases  it is  accom-
panied with, or followed by an inflammatory  affection of the
testes in males and  the breasts in females.  Suppuration or
induration  is  an  occasional sequel of the disease, but com-
monly the inflammation terminates in resolution.   Cold appli-
cations to the part, a very strict regimen, an equable temper-
ature, and a daily ablution, are  all the treatment the case or-
dinarily requires.   The  metastatic  affections are  to be  treated
precisely as should idiopathic affections of the parts, attended
with the same symptoms." 
214         Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.       Pex-
  Paroxysm.—The hot, cold and sweating stages of febrile
diseases;  applied  also to  periodical  exacerbations of  any
disease.
  Parulis.—Gum-Boil.  Small abscesses in  the gums, com-
monly occasioned by carious teeth.
  Paruria.—Morbid Excretion or Discharge of Urine,
  Passive.—When properly employed in pathology, this term
denotes atonic diathesis_ in febrile and inflammatory affections,
in contradistinction to active, which applies to entonic diathesis.
In  all visceral  inflammations, when the fever  is typhoid the
local affection is passive.  Authors speak of active internal con-
gestion, entonic plethora,  etc.; but these misapphcations of
language  result from false theories of the nature of disease.
Active congestion is always externd, and only exists in inflam-
matory fever.   Congestions  of internal organs« are  always
passive.  Much  erroneous and much fatd  medical treatment
would be avoided, if physicians  understood the rationale of
type and diathesis.  These'subjects will be  explained fully in
the author's work, " Principles of Hygienic Medication," now
nearly ready for the press.
  Pathema.—Affection; Disease.
  Pathology.—The Doctrine  of Disease.    Pathology  has
been  correctly defined as disordered physiology; but when au-
thors speak or  write  of the  " physiology  of disease" they
commit a most  egregious blunder.  They might as well tell
us of the "physiologicd effects" of poisons—as indeed they.do.
  Pathomania.—Moral Insanity.  Dunglison defines  it, "a
morbid perversion  of the natural  feelings, affections, inclina-
tions, temper, habits, moral disposition, and natural impulses,"
etc.   This is like the " morbid poisons " we read of in med-
ical books.
  Pathos.—Disease.
  Pellagra.—A wrinkled and scaly appearance of the skin,
especially in the. parts exposed to the air,  accompanied with
debility,  imbecility, cramps  and  convulsions.   This singular 
Per.        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice        215
malady has been noticed ^particularly among the Milanese, and
has been  supposed to follow the introduction of Indian corn.
The method of cooking the corn, and the alkalies, salt, grease,
sugar,  etc, with -v^fcich it is mixed or eaten, may have some-
thing to do with it.   Tepid ablutions, abundant friction, air-
baths,  exposure of the naked body to light, air, and even sun-
shine, with a plain, unseasoned  and solid dietary which se-
cures thorough mastication, constitute the materia medica in
the case.
  Pellialgia,—Neuralgia of the Foot.
  Pemphigus.—Pompholyx, Serous Exanthem, Vesicular Fe-
ver, Bladdery Fever.  This disease is characterized by vesicles
scattered over the body, transparent, filbert-sized, with a red,
inflamed edge, but without surrounding blush or tumefaction ;
on breaking they are liable to ulcerate;  the fluid is slightly
colored or transparent.  The accompanying fever is continued
and typhoid.   Frequent ablutions with tepid water, and due
attention to the bowels, are all the medication the patient re-
quires.
  Pericarditis.—Inflammation of the Pericardium;  It can-
not and need not be distinguished from Carditis.
  Perichondritis.—Inflammation of the Perichondrium.
  Periostitis.—Inflammation of the Periosteum.
  Periostosis.—A Tumor developed on Bone.
  Peripneumonia.—Pneumonia, Pneumonitis.
  Peripneumonia Biliosa.—Bilious Pneumonia;  Inflamma-
tion of the lungs with copious excretion of acrid bile.   The
term is commonly apphed to what is properly called Putrid
Typhus Pneumonitis; that is, pneumonitis, with typhus  fever
of the  putrid form.
  Peripneumonia Catarrhalis.—This term has been  indis-
criminately apphed to Bronchitis, Influenza, and  Peripneumonia
Notha.
  Peripneumonia  Notha. — Spurious  Pneumonia,   Bastard
Pneumonia, Pseudo-Pneumonitis, False Pneumonia.  These 
216        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.       Per.
terms, with others as vague and erroneous, have been apphed
to that variety of Typhoid Pneumonia in which  the fever is
of the nervous form.  Medical books are all in confusion on
this  subject,  simply because they recognjge either the local
inflammation, or the general fever, to be primary or idiopathic,
and the other secondary or symptomatic, instead of equal and
essential parts of one and the same disease.   See Pneumonitis.
  Peritonitis.—Puerperal Fever,  Low Fever of Childbed,
Uterine Phlebitis,  Metritis, Metro-Peritonitis.  This disease
consists of acute inflammation of the peritonaeum with typhoid
fever.   It is  characterized by violent pain in the abdomen,
increased by the slightest pressure, with general feverishness,
and  usually  occurs soon  after  parturition.   The ordinary
allopathic treatment in this disease is  not only horrid, but
horridly murderous—bleeding, calomel, large doses of opium,
etc., with hot flannel and turpentine  or heavy bags of hop
poultices to the  abdomen.  No wonder three-fourths of these
poor patients die, victims to
             "The deadly virtues of the healing art."
It should be treated precisely  as I have recommended for
Enteritis.  I  have treated many cases hygienically, as  have
other physicians of our school, and none of us have ever had
any difficulty in curing them  in  a few days, where there had
been no  bleeding or  drug treatment before  we took  the patient
in hand.
  Pertussis.—Bex  Convulsiva,   Kin-Cough,  Chin-Cough,
Kind-Cough,  Hooping Cough, Whooping Cough.  The cough
consists of several expirations, followed by a sonorous  inspi-
ration, returning periodically, with longer or shorter intervals.
The  disease  is  contagious, and rarely affects  the* individual
the second time.   The treatment must be adapted  to the
"grade" or degree of the attending feverishness, as in cases
of pneumonitis.  In mild cases a daily ablution, with a plain
and rather abstemious dietary are all  the attention  required-
but when the lungs are greatly engorged, or the pulmonary
mucous membrane much inflamed, evinced  by soreness, heat, 
Pha.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        217
 laborious breathing between the paroxysms of coughing, and
 difficult expectoration, the full warm bath should be given,
 and if the fever "rises" after it, the wet-sheet pack or tepid
 ablution should be resorted to.   When the heat and pain are
 continuous in the chest,<the chest-wrapper or wet towels should
 be apphed.   Warm water may be taken to reheve the cough
 and expectoration, when the mucus is viscid and tenacious.
 In all cases the bowels must be kept  free, and the diet must
 be hght  and sparing.  Nearly all  of the complications and
 dangers of the disease are owing to engorged stomachs and .
 constipated bowels.
   Pestilence.—Any mahgnant and prevalent disease.
   Pestis.—Plague.  In the middle ages this malady prevailed
 so extensively and fatally as to receive the appellation of "The
 Black Death," "The Black Mortality," etc  See Plague.
   Petechias.—Puncticula.  Small spots resembhng flea-bites,
 which appear, upon  the skin in the course of putrid  fevers.
 They are signs of  great putrescency and exhaustion.
   Phagedena.—Sloughing of the mouth, Hospital Gangrene,
 Boulimia, Watery  Cancer,  an eating or corroding Ulcer. This
 affection requires the coldest apphcations locally, with prompt
 measures for the purification of the whole mass of the blood.
 Free ventilation, and an airy, light apartrfrent are indispensable.
   Phalangosis.—Trichiasis.
  Phantasia.—Delirium, Disordered Imagination.
  Phantasm.—Phantom, False Appearance, Hallucination.
  Pharyngitis. —Cynanche Pharyngea, Inflammation  of the
 Pharynx.
  Pharyngitis, Apostematosa.—Abscesses of the Pharynx.
  Pharyngitis, Diptheritic—Membranific or Diptheritic In-
flammation of the Throat;  Cynanche Maligna.
  Pharyngocele.—Prolapsus of  the  OSsophagus.  An en-
largement of the upper part of the gullet, in which the food
sometimes lodges.  It is owing to a relaxed coadition  of the
mucous membrane, caused by inflammation  or chronic con-
              10 
218        H>nd-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice.        Phl.
  gestion. Cold water gargles, bits of ice, and a dry, abstemious
  dietary^ comprise the especial remedial resources.
    Pharyngophlegia.—Paralysis of the Pharynx or Oesopha-
  gus.   It may be a  part of a general  paralytic condition.  In
  acute disease it indicates approaching dissolution.
    Phenomena.—In pathology, the term includes all the symp-
  toms or signs of disease.
    Phimosis.—Stricture of the Prepuce. A preternatural nar-
  rowness of the opening  of the  prepuce, preventing it from
"  being retracted behind the corona glandis.   It may be congen-
  ital, or caused by  inflammation  or  swelling, as in syphilis.
  When cold applications will not overcome, circumscision, or a
  division of the prepuce, must be resorted to.
    Phlebismus.—Turgescence of the Veins.
    Phlebitis.—Inflammation of  a Vein.   It  often  follows
  blood-letting,  the  pain  and  swelling extending  from the
  wounded part to the neighboring parts of the venous system,
  and characterized  by a knotty, tense, painful cord  along the
  course of the principal vein, with more or less feverishness
  Cold applications are required.
    Phlegm.—Pituita.  Stringy mucus, expectorated or vomited.
    Phlegmasia,—Inflammation.
                          »
    Phlegmatia,  Dolens.—Dolens  Puerperarum.  See  Milk
  Leg.
    Phlegmon.—Boil; Suppurating inflammation of the areolar
  texture.   It requires only cold wet cloths.
    Phlegmonous Inflammation.—Active or entonic inflamma-
  tion, in contradistinction to erysipelatous, erythematic, passive, or
  atonic inflammation.
    Phlogistic—Inflammatory.  This term shodd be limited to
  entonic inflammation.
    Pheogosis.—Inflammation.
    Phlyctjena.—Phlyctis,  Phlysis.  Accumulation of serous
  fluid under the epidermis. 
Jfn.       Hand-Book of  Hjgienic Practice.        219
  Photophobia.—Intolerance of Light, Nyctalopia.
  Photopsia.—False perception of Objects.  Pressure on the
eye-ball, congestion  of the  brain, and inflammation of the
retina, are often accompanied with the recognition of sparks,
flashes of fire, luminous balls, etc.  Similar  appearances are
often noticed in the incipient stage of amaurosis.   See Reti-
nitis.
  Phrenicis.—See Cephalitis.
  Phrenz r.—Phrenitis.
  Phtheiriasis.—Lousy Disease; Lousiness.
  Phthisis.—Dechne, Tabes, Consumption, Phthisic, Gradual
Emaciation.
  Phthisis, Pulmonalis.—See Consumption.                     %
  Phyma.—Phlegmon, Boil, Anthrax.
  Phymosis.—Phimosis.
  Physconia.—Pot-belly, Swag-belly, Pendulous  Abdomen.
  Physema, Physesis.—See Tympanites.
  Physocele.—Hernia Ventosa.   An  emphysematous tumor
of the scrotum, or intestinal hernia.
  Physometra.—Uterine Tympanitis; Inflation of  the Womb
Collection of air  in the uterus.   It is connected with some
form of menstrual disorder, and  the treatment must be reg-
ulated accordingly.
  Pimelosis.—Fatty Degeneration;  apphed to certain morbid
states of the liver and  kidneys.   The ordinary process of fat-
tening animals, or human being3, tends directly to produce this
condition of  those organs.
  Pit, Pitting.—Pock Mark.
  Pityriasis.—Dandriff,  Dandruff, Tinea Furfuracea.  An
nnimportant affection, consisting in the formation of irregular
patches of thin scales on the surface, which repeatedly exfo-
liate. It indicates a slight defect in the functions of the cuta-
neous emunctory, or  a too viscid condition of the blood, and
is remediable by a daily ablution and a proper diet. 
220         Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.        Via.
   Plague.—Pestis, Black Death.  This is a mahgnant typhus
 of the putrid form.   It is attended with glandular swellings,
 ulcerations and carbuncles, and hence the term,  Carbunctdar
 Exanthem.  The Plague is  nothing more nor less" than the ex-
 treme manifestation of putrid typhus fever.  All of the lead-
 ing symptoms—black tongue,  fetid breath,  offensive excre-
 tions, burning  pain in the epigastrium, and  foul  eruptions,
 etc,—indicate extreme grossness of the body and putrescency
 of the blood.   It has thus far been the most fatal fever which
 has ever prevailed  extensively, the deaths having been more
 than two-thirds of all the cases.  In the fourteenth, fifteenth,
 and sixteenth centuries, more than one hundred millions of the
 human race died of it. For the treatment, see Fever, Putrid.
   Plague, Cold.—The term has been apphed to low states of
 the system in  pneumonia, and  in various fevers, where the
 hot stage—" the stage of  reaction "—was absent or slight.
   Plethora.—Repletion,  Fullness.  Medical authors give us
 two varieties of plethora,  sanguine and nervous ; the former
 being the condition of superabundance of blood, and indicated
 by turgescence and redness  of the  surface,  and  the latter
 being the condition of superabundance of serous fluid, indi-
 cated by fullness with paleness of the surface.   In both cases
 there is excessive ahmentation, or defective depuration, or both.
 When the retained excrementitious matters are so accumulated
 as to render  the blood very thick, gross  and putrescent, the
 individual is liable  on the application of the most trivial ex-
 citing causes, to fatal congestions of the brain or lungs.  Such
 persons often  die very suddenly of an " apoplectic stroke ;"
 usually termed, however, "visitation  of  God."   Plain, dry,
 sohd food in  spare quantity, with abundant exercise, and a
%daily bath, are infallible remedies.
   Pi eumonia.—Pneumonia.
   Pleuralgia.—Pleurodyne, Pleurodynia, Stitch in the  Side,
 Pain in the Side, False Pleurisy.  This disease is often mis-
 taken for pleurisy.  It is  a rheumatic or spasmodic affection of
 the  intercostal or  other  muscles of the chest; the  pain  is 
Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        221
 increased on inspiration,  and augmented by pressure, and
 there is more or less cough ; dyspnoea sometimes exists.  It
 may be distinguished from pleurisy, or pneumonitis, by the
 absence of fever.  Warm fomentations, followed by the wet-
 girdle, will invariably remove it.
   Pleurisy.—Pleuritis.
   Pleuritis.—Inflammation of the  Pleura.   This cannot be,
 and need not be, distinguished from Pneumonitis, of which it ia
 really apart.
   Pleuritis, Bronchialis.—Bronchitis.
   Pleurodyne,  Pleurodynia,—Pleuralgia, which see.
   Pleuropneumonia, Pleuroperipneumony.—Inflammation of
 the Pleura and  Lungs.  These  terms have  been applied to
 co-existent pleurisy and pneumonia ; and have lately been em-
 ployed to designate a disease which has been very fatal among
 cattle in some  parts of New England, and still more exten-
 sively fatal  among hogs in the Western States.  The real
 disease is, however, in all the cases to which these terms have
 thus far been  applied, nothing more nor less than typhoid
 pneumonia, of very low diathesis.
   Pleurothotonos. — Tetanus, with  incurvation  backward.
 See Tetanus.
   Plica. — Matted  Hair; interlacing, twisting  and aggluti-
 nation of the hair.   This affection has been endemic in Po-
 land, Lithuania, and other parts of Northern Europe.   Inat-
 tention to cleanliness is no doubt the essential cause ;  and this
 fact sufficiently indicates the remedial plan.
   Pneumathorax.—See Pneumothorax.
   Pneumapostema.—Abscess in  the Lungs  ; Apostematous
 Phthisis.  See Consumption.
   Pneumonia.—Pneumonitis.
   Pneumonitis.—Pneumonia;  Inflammation  of  the Lungs.
This is one of the least dangerous of all the diseases  which
are really serious ;  yot,  under  the ordinary drug treatment,
the mortahty is  enormous.  More than fifty deaths per week 
222        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        Pne.
have occurred in New York, not one in ten of whom would,
in my opinion, have died had there been no  physician in at-
tendance.   This may be said to be a mere opinion; but  it is
corroborated  by the facts that deaths of pneumonitis are  rare
when the patients take no medicine at all, and  that the phy-
sicians of the Hygienic school, who have treated hundreds of
cases in this city, have not yet lost the first patient.
  Pneumonitis is manifested in three forms: 1. Phlegmonoita
Inflammation of the lungs, with Synochal or  Inflammatory Fever;
this is commonly termed, simply, Pneumonia.  2. Erysipelatous
Inflammation,  with Putrid Typhoid Fever; this  form is usually
called Bilious Pneumonia.  3. Erysipelatous Inflammation, with
Nervous Typhoid Fever.  This form has been  denominated,
Peripneumony  notha.  The term Pleuropneumonia has been com-
monly  apphed to severe cases of the second or putrid variety;
while the term Congestive is not unfrequently applied to severe
cases of the  third  variety.   The  phrase, Malignant Typhoid
Pneumonia, has been applied to  severe cases of both the sec-
ond and third variety.   The " Typhoid Pneumonia," of which
so many of our soldiers are reported to  have died  during our
gigantic war, was of the second variety.
  Pneumonitis may be known by a fixed  pain in  the chest,
with sense of weight  and heat  in the lungs, cough, difficult
breathing, expectoration, and fever.
  Entonic Pneumonitis  is characterized by  strong pulse, white
tongue, florid surface,  whitish expectoration, and uniform heat
and dryness.
  Pidrid Typhoid Pneumonitis may be known by the  darker coat
of the tongue, fetid breath,  offensive excretions, crimson sur-
face, dark  or bloody expectoration, and, in mahgnant cases,
dark spots or blotches on the skin.
  In  Nervous  Typhoid Pneumonia  the  sputa is copious and
frothy; the coat of the tongue is hght colored without red
edges; the redness of the face is more like the flush of hectic
than the florid color of the entonic, or the crimson color of the
putrid  form; while the superficial heat is unequal, and the
surface disposed to partial sweats. 
Pne.         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice,        223
  So  far as the constitutional disturbance, or  fever, is con-
serned, the treatment should be precisely the same as for the
corresponding forms of simple fever.   In the entonic variety
the wet-sheet pack is incomparably superior to all other bath-
ing processes.   It should be employed daily, with tepid ablu-
tions two or three times a day in addition.  The chest should
be kept constantly covered with cold wet cloths; the bowels
should be kept free with enemas of tepid water ; the patient
may be allowed cold water or ice ad libitum; and  abstinence
from all food  must be the rule without any exception, until
the breathing  becomes free,  the  expectoration easy, and the
violence of the fever materially abated.
  In treating the putrid variety all the rules must be observed
which I have mentioned under the head of putrid fever. (See
Fever, Putrid.)  In many cases the wet-sheet pack  will be
advisable, after the hot stage is fully developed;  and in all
cases the whole surface should be sponged with moderately
cool water whenever the heat of the surface rises much above
the normal standard.   Cold  drinks  and ice may be allowed
freely; and towels wet with tepid, cool, or cold water should
be applied to the chest as long as there is preternatural exter-
nal heat  As there is always a tendency to congestion of the
brain and dehrium, the head must be kept cool, and the room
well ventilated.  The bowels must be moved freely at the
outset with enemas of tepid  water, and afterwards whenever
there is fullness, weight or uneasiness  in the abdomen from
fecal matters.
  In the nervous variety, the condition of the system is that of
debility rather  than grossness, and  the whole  plan of treat-
ment must be mild, and directed more especially to balancing
the circulation.  The pack is seldom advisable, and very cold
baths are never proper.  When the cold stage is  prolonged,
or the extremities cold, hot bottles should be placed to the feet
and sides.  After the fever is fairly developed on the surface,
tepid ablutions should be employed two or three times during
each twenty-four hours ;  and if the breathing is laborious,  or
expectoration difficult, fomentations should be applied to the
chest. 
224        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.         Tou
  Pneumorrhagia.—Haemoptysis.
  Pneumothorax.-—Accumulation of air in the cavity of the
pleura.  It is generally, if not always, accompanied with tu-
berculation or inflammation.
  Pock.—A Pustule of Small-pox.
  Pock, Kine.—Vaccina.
  Pockmaek.—Pock-hole, Pock-fretteu.  The pit or pitting
which remains after a small-pox pustule.
  Poisoning.—The condition occasioned by venoms, viruses,
malaria, drugs, banes, and all foreign substances.  The plan
of curing  diseases by  the administration of poisons, alias
medicines, is simply a poisoning process from first to  last—
Poisonopathy, and  nothing else.   Drugs are said to act" on the
system physiologically when taken from the apothecary shop and
prescribed  by the physician, and  to act pathologically when
taken from other sources, or swallowed accidentally, or when
administered in "excessive doses" by  medical  men.   This
is a distinction with a very curious difference.   And when the
people can understand the simple truism that poison is poison,
and that the effects of all poisons  are toxicological purely, no
matter what are the technicalities employed, there will  be an
end of " the greatest curse of the civilized world "—drug med-
ication.
  Polydipsia.—Excessive Thirst.  It is symptomatic in most
febrile and inflammatory diseases.  Nine-tenths of all the
water ordinarily drunk by human beings is to assuage morbid
thirst, induced by improper food and irritating  condiments.
Thos# who live physiologically have occasion  to drink very
httle water.
  Polyopsia.—Multiple Vision.
  Polyphagia.—Voracity.
  Polyphisia.—Flatulence.
   Polypus.—A tumor of a mucus, fleshy or scirrhous charac-
 ter which forms on the  mucous membrane, and has some re-
 semblance to certain zoophiles.  Polypi are  more frequently 
Pou.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       225
found in the nasal fossae, pharynx, and uterus.  They may be
soft, spongy, or vesicular.  They may be removed by ligation,
cauterization, excision, or extirpation, according to  their na-
ture and situation.
  Polysarcia.—Corpulency, Obesity. Dunglison recommends
"a severe regimen."  It cannot be too mild; but it should
be strictly physiological.   Children are often said to be exces-
sively fat " in spite of every care."  It is because they do not
have the right care.   Children who are properly fed never be-
come so.
  Polyuresis, Polyuria.—Diabetes.
  Pompholyx.—Bullae or Blebs.  See Pemphygus.
  Porrigo.—Scurf  or Scall in the Head.   There are many
varieties of this  affection, but each  is characterized by  a
pustular eruption of some kind,  unaccompanied with fever.
They are among the  numerous manifestations of the scrofu-
lous diathesis, or some other cachexy, and are more frequently
the  effects of the medicines which  their parents have taken,
particularly mercury,  iron, and antimony, than is commonly
supposed.   Cleanliness of the part, and general purification
of the system, comprise the essential medication.
  Porrigo^ Decalvans.—Limited  or Partial Baldness.   Cut
the hair short, wet the whole scalp with cold water, morning
and evening,  using also gentle  friction, or " shampooing."
Hot viands, salt and  pepper, are  especially injurious to such
patients.
  Porrigo,  Favosa. — Scabies of  the Head,  Honey-Comb
Scall, Tetter.   The  eruptions are pea-sized, and appear on the
body, and extremities also.
  Porrigo, Furfubans.—An eruption of small achores, the fluid
of which concretes  and separates in scale-like exfoliations.
  Porrigo,  Larvalis. — Crusta Lactea;  Milky Scall.  An
eruption of numerous minute white achores on a red surface,
which break and discharge a viscid fluid, which becomes in-
crusted in a thin, yeUowish, or greenish scab.   The eruption
              10* 
226        Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice.         Pro-
appears at first on the forehead  and cheeks, and is  almost
wholly confined to infants.  The mother, if nursing the child,
should look well to her own dietetic and other habits.
  Porrigo, Lupinoso.—This  variety consists of  patches of
minute  pustules which terminate in dry scabs,  resembling
lupine seeds.
  Porrigo, Scutulata. — Granulated  Tinea, Scalled Head,
Ringworm of the Scalp.   In this form the eruption commences
with clusters of small, yellow pustules, which soon scab off.
It is one of the mdSt unmanageable varieties of porrigo. Dung-
lison says, "The whole  tribe of stimulating ointments may
be used in succession." I would advise that the " whole tribe "
be  thrown into  the  sea.   The practice  of curing cutaneous
eruptions with lead, zinc, tar, mercurial, antimonial, sulphur,
etc., etc., ointments and lotions, is wrong in theory and disas-
trous in effect  The disease  may disappear on  the surface,
but it will exist in a  more insidious and more injurious form
in the internal organs.  I  have always succeeded in curing
this affection by proper bathing  and strict  attention to the
general regimen.
  Pregnancy, False.—Moles,  hydatids, polypus tumors, etc.,
which have formed in the cavity of the uterus, have received
this appellation.
  Presbytia,—Long-Sightedness.   A 'condition  of vision in
which near objects are seen confusedly, while those at a dis-
tance are clearly distinguished.  Convex glasses will remedy
the defect,
  Priapismus.—Painful and prolonged erection without sexual
desire.  It is symptomatic of  constipation, local inflammation,
inordinate accumulation of urine, the irritation occasioned by
acrid drugs, cantharides, etc.  Tepid, but not very cold water,
will in due time relieve it.  The bowels should be freely evac-
uated, and all sources of irritation or constipation carefully
avoided.
  Procidentia.—Prolapsus.
  Proctocace.—Gangrenous  inflammation  of the  rectum 
Pro.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        227
which is said to be common in Peru, and the neighborhood of
Quito and Lima, on the Honduras and Mosquito coasts,  in
Brazil, and on the Gold coast  It has been attributed to bad
food and spices.
  Proctocele—Prolapsus Ani;  FaUing of the Fundament.
Inversion  and prolapsion of the mucous  coat of the lower
bowel.  It is owing to relaxation, and may be restored by cool
or cold  hip-baths, enemas of a small quantity of cold water,
or the introduction of small pieces of ice into the rectum, with
due attention to the general health.
  Proctorrhcea.—Hsemorrhois.
  Profluvium.—Flux.   A term applied to morbid discharges.
  Prolapsus.—Procidentia,  Prolapsion, Delapsus, Protosis ;
a falling down.
  Prolapsus Ani.—See Proctocele.
  Prolapsus Uteri.—FaUing of the Womb; A displacement
of the organ downward, or a descent from its normal position.
This is a very prevalent abnormal condition.  Its remote causes
are constipation, sedentary habits, emmenagogues or "forcing"
medicines, drastic purgatives, etc. The most prominent symp-
tom is a sense of  weight or bearing down, which is increased
on standing or walking.  A digital or speculum examination
wiU  readily determine the  degree of the prolapse.   The re-
storative plan must comprehend not only the reposition of the
organ, but the invigoration of  the whole  muscular system,
and especiaUy the contractile tissue of the utero-vaginal region,
so that  it may be afterwards retained in the normal position.
The multitudinous surgical processes and mechanical applian-
ces which  are usually  resorted to, have done  immense mis-
chief; and it would be an incalculable blessing to womankind,
and  indirectly "to mankind,  also, if  the whole catalogue  of
inventions and contrivances, called "pessaries," and "abdom-
inal supporters,"  could be discarded at once and forever.
  When the prolapsus is slight, no other  local treatment is
necessary  than hip-baths, vaginal injections, and  abdominal
manipulations to remove the causes of inflammation, and 
228        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Pro.
restore tone to the relaxed muscles and membranes.  In se-
verer cases, when the organ is very low down in the passage,
and when the  os uteri protrudes externally, mechanical treat-
ment is generally indispensable.  The prolapsed organ should
be pushed gently yet firmly upward—the patient meanwhile
in the  recumbent or horizontal position—and if the relaxa-
tion  is extreme, a piece  of fine, compressed sponge  may be
introduced (most conveniently through a cylinder or specu-
lum,) and allowed to remain  for a few hours.  The patient
should continue to rest for an hour or two after each reposi-
tion (which may be repeated daUy or weekly according to the
degree of relaxation,) and while in this position, the abdom-
inal  muscles should  be manipulated by the attendant—rub-
bing, kneading, percussion, etc.   In most cases, and especially
when there is spinal curvature, or great weakness in the back,
or inability to  sit long in the erect  position,  an  additional
benefit will be derived from  turning face down  and  'patting,
rubbing, and kneading the muscles of the back.   Hip-baths
of a mUd temperature—75° to 90°—vaginal injections and the
wet-girdle, should be employed with a freedom proportioned to
the local heat and irritation.   In a majority of cases, there will
be more or less inflammation  of the mucous membrane—vag-
initis—and when this is attended  with much heat and pain,
very cold  injections,  or pieces of ice  introduced immediately
after each reposition, wiU be serviceable.
  Ulcerations  of the os uteri are  often found  in connection
with prolapsus. When they are superficial they readily heal
when the inflammation subsides, or soon after the congestion
is removed. When they are  deep, with irregular,  indurated,
or corroding edges, they  should be cauterized with nitrate of
sUver,  or  sulphate of zinc  The caustic should come in  con-
tact only with the part which is to be destroyed.  The object
is to destroy the abnormal edge or  surface, so that healthy
granulations may  start from the  sound  tissue.  When the
ulcers  are very deep, or their edges  very thick,  the caustic
may have to be repeated  several times.  No harm will arise
from the apphcation  of caustic agents to any required extent, 
Pso.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        229
 if the  treatment  is properly attended  to in other respects.
 The practice, as the manner of some is, of injecting strong
 caustic solutions over the whole vaginal mucous membrane,
 cannot be too strongly reprobated.  I have known the health,
 happiness, and usefulness of several ladies ruined in this way.
   No cases require a more strict and persevering regimen, so
 far as the dietary is concerned.  Mushes must be eaten spar-
 ingly ;  milk, butter, cheese, puddings,  and flesh-meat must
 be whoUy abstained from.   I have known  poo? women bed-
 ridden  for  years,  with a prospect of continuing so for many
 years longer, and,  probably, for the rest of their lives, because
 their own morbid sensations, and their own family physicians,
 told them that, they codd not live without meat.
   Prolapsus, Uvulje.—See Staphylcedema,
   Prolapsus, Vagina,—Protrusion of the upper part of  the
 vagina  into the lower.  The treatment  is substantially the
 same as for prolapsus uteri.  For a fuller explanation of these
 subjects, Ulustrated with plates, see the author's work, " Uter-
 ine Diseases and Displacements."
   Prosphysis.—Adhesion of the Eyelids.   -
   Prostratitis.—Inflammation of the Prostrate Gland.
   Prurigo.—An eruption  of the  papulae of nearly the same
 color as the adjoining cuticle, accompanied with severe itching.
   Pruritis.—Gargle, Itching, Prurigo.
   Psora.—Scabiola, Itch, Scratch, Physis.  The  eruption of
 very minute pimples, pustular, vesicular,  papular, intermixed,
 and alternating, itching intolerably, and terminating in scabs.
 It is probably caused by an insect of the genus acarus.   Sul-
 phur, heUebore,  potash, muriate of ammonia, will destroy the
 insect;  but water and  coarse towels have always proved effi-
 cient in my practice.
  Psoriasis.—Scaly Tetter, Dry Scall, Scabies Sicca.  This
disease occurs in many forms, some of  which are caUed Baker's
Itch, Grocer's Itch,  Washer-icoman's Scall, Psora agria.   The dis-
ease is  a cutaneous affection, consisting  of patches of rough,
amorphous  scales,  continuous or of indefinite outline.   The 
230        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Pur*
skin is generally extremely irritable and tender, and the bath-
ing should in most cases be of water of a very mild temper-
ature.
  Pterygion, Pterygium.—Onyx, Pyosis, Unguis, Onglet.  A
varicose  excrescence of  the conjunctiva, whence it extends
over the cornea.  It whl usually disappear soon after the in-
flammation  subsides;  if not, it can be  removed  with the
scissors.
  Ptosis Iridis.—Hernia of the Iris, Iridoptosis, Prolapsus
of the Iris.   A protrusion of the iris through a wound of the
cornea.
  Ptyalism, Ptyalismus.—Sahvation.
  Puerperal Convulsions.—Convulsions occurring during or
near parturition.   Constipation or plethora are the most fre-
quent causes.  See Convulsions,  Puerperal.
  Puerperal Fever.—Childbed  Fever.  See Peritonitis.
  Puffiness.—Inflation,  Sufflation. A soft intumescence with-
out redness,  occasioned  by  accumulation of serum,  air, or
extravasated  blood, into the areolar texture.   In different
cases cold, tepid, warm, or hot water, may be the best apphca-
tion.
  Puking.—Vomiting, Regurgitation.  See Emesis.
  Pulmonia.—Pneumonia, Phthisis  Pulmonalis.
  Puncticula.—Petechia?.
  Puogenia.—Pyogenia.
  Purblindness.—Myopia.
  Purgation.—Catharsis.  The  term is applied to  diarrhoea
or cholera, when induced by what are caUed cathartic or pur-
gative medicines.   Probably there is no class of drug medicines
which do so much mischief as this.  Nearly  aU persons are
taking them more or less, while  every drug doctor prescribes
them more or less in almost every case of disease he treats.
Next to eating their way into premature  graves, the great
error of mankind is in purging themselves to death. 
Put.        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        231
  Purpura.—Porphyra.   Livid spots on the skin from extra-
vasated blood, as in putrid fevers, scurvy, etc.
  Purpura, Simplex.—Petechial Scurvy.
  Purpura, Hemorrhagica.—Scorbutus, Land Scurvy,  Pur-
ples.  A putrescent state of the blood, characterized by hvid
or purplish spots, often in stripes or patches, irregularly scat-
tered over the body and extremities, with occasional  hemor-
rhages from the mouth, nostrils, or viscera, and great debility
and  depression  of spirits.  Abundance of pure  air, simple
food, with  a large proportion of fruits, of vegetables,  and
strict abstinence from greasy food and salted  meats, are the
remedies.
  Purpura, Nautica.—Sea Scurvy.  In this form of scurvy
there are spots  of different hues; the teeth  are loose; the
gums spongy and bleeding ; the breath is fetid; the debihty
is universal and extreme.  The treatment is  the same  as in
the preceding case.
  Pursiness.—Short-windedness; Dyspnoea with Obesity.
  Purulence, Purulency.—Pus, Suppuration.
  Pustulation.—The Formation of Pustules.  The process is
often resorted to as a remedial measure, on the principle of
counter irritation, for which tarter emetic is commonly employed.
  Putrefaction,—Rottenness, Putrid Fermentation.  Decom-
position of  dead organic substances. Antiseptics, as salt, nitre,
alcohol, charcoal, etc., have been used in medicine, on the
theory that they would prevent the putrescent tendency of the
fluids and solids of the body.  But  the theory is erroneous,
and the practice pernicious.
  Putrid.—Gross, Putrescent; tending to Putrefaction.   The
term is applied to certain states of the system in low fevers
and  passive inflammations, in which the excretions are very
offensive, and  exhale  an, odor of putridity,  as in  typhus,
plague,   confluent  small-pox, malignant  scarlatina, black
measles etc.
  Putrid Fever.—See Fever, Putrid. 
232        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  j/Ractice.        Qui.
  Pyemia.—Pyohsemia.  An  alteration  and depravation of
the blood by an intermixture of pus.
  Pyorrhcea.—A Discharge of Pus.
  Pyrexia.—Fever.
  Pyrosis. — Cardialgia  Sputatoria,  Water-qualm,  Black-
water, Waterbrash,  A hot sensation in the stomach, with
eructations of an acrid, burning liquid. It is a common symp-
tom of indigestion.  It may be relieved by warm water-drink-
ing, and can be cured by restoring  the  healthy condition of
the digestive organs.
  Pyuria,—Discharge of Purulent Urine.  It occurs in cases
of renal calcuh, and in organic diseases of the bladder.
  Quartan.—An intermittent fever  whose paroxysms recur
every fourth day.
  Queasiness.—Nausea.
  Quinialis.—Though this term is not found in the medical
lexicons, I intioduce it here for a purpose.  I m an by it the
state or  condition of torpor and exhaustion in the whole ner-
vous system which is induced by large or long continued doses
of quinine.  Dimness of vision, dullness of hearing,  a sense
of langor and lassitude, with torpidity of the liver, and a de-
pression of the  spirits, are the most obvious symptoms.  A
buzzing in the head, or ringing  in the ears,  or sense  of con-
striction in the  epigastrium,  are regarded by physicians as
evidences  that the drug has " taken full effect"—an effect,
however, whose consequences are as  mischievous as they are
lasting.   Nothing can be more absurd than the notion almost
universaUy entertained that quinine  has some specific virtue
or property of " neutralizing " or " counteracting " malaria.
It may indeed prevent or cure (in the drugopathic sense) ague
and fever, but it does it by preventing the  system from ex-
peUing it, and therefore leaves the poison within. A sufficient
number of such cures are sure death to  the  patient.  A late
author,  in the PhUadelphia Medical  and  Surgicd Reporter has 
Rac       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        233
capped the climax of absurdity, by expatiating on the virtues
of quinine in "preventing " malaria !
  Quininism.—Quinism,  Cinchonism, Quininismus.   All of
these terms are found in Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, and
are thus defined : " The aggregate  of  encephalic or neuro-
pathic phenomena induced by over doses of quinine."
  Quinsy.—Cynanche TonsiUaris, TonsiUitis, Inflammation of
the Tonsils.  It is easily recognized by the heat, redness, pain
and swelling of glands.   It is accompanied with continued
fever, commonly of the entonic diathesis ;  but sometimes the
local  inflammation is of the erysipelatous character and  the
corresponding fever of the atonic diathesis. In the latter case
the disease is termed, Typhoid or Mdignant Quinsy.   Cold wet
cloths around the throat, iced-water or ice in the mouth, with
tepid ablutions when the fever is typhoid, and the wet-sheet
pack  when the fever is entonic, are  the remedial  measures.
If these measures are promptly applied in the early stage,  the
disease wiU terminate by resolution, but  if it proceeds to sup-
puration, indicated by great sweUing, with throbbing, pain and
extreme difficulty of breathing and swaUowing, and a soften-
ing of the tonsils,  they should be  opened and the matter
evacuated.
  Quotidian.—Occurring Daily.
  Quotidian Fever.—Every Day Intermittent.
  Rabies Canina.—Hydrophobia.
  Rachialgia.—Lead Colic;  Metallic Colic  See  Colic, Me-
taUic.
  Rachiphyma.—Tumor  Dorsi.   A  tumor on  the back, or
spine.
  Rachisagra.—A gouty or  rheumatic affection of the  spine.
  Rachitis.—Enghsh Disease ;  Rickets.  An affection char-
acterized by  swelhng of the extremities,  crookedness of the
spine, prominent abdomen,  crookedness of the long bones,
large head, and  often precocity of  intellect.   Damp,  dark,
Ul-ventilated situations, with gross food  and poisonous drugs, 
2J4        Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.        Rea
are the predisposing causes.  Rickets is one manifestation of
the  scrofulous diathesis, and is often inherited from feeble,
consumptive,  mercurialized,  liquor-drinking,  tobacco-using,
and pork-eating parents.  Tepid bathing, a pure atmosphere,
plain food, exercise, active or passive, in the freijh air, and
frequent exposure to sunshine, constitute the remedial plan ;
but in many cases httle can be done except to palliate the pa-
tient's sufferings.
  Rachosis.—Relaxation of the Scrotum.  Frequent cold ab-
lutions and friction are the specialities of treatment.
  Radzyge. —Norwegian Leprosy ; a malignant Ulcer.   It is
probably a variety of Elephantiasis.
  Rale.—Rattle, Rhonchus.  Noise produced by air passing
through mucus, of which the lungs are unable to free them-
selves. It is seldom observed except at the approach of  death,
and  is then called " the rattles."
  Ramollissement.—Softening of the Structures.
  Ranula.—Frog-Tongue.  A smaU tumor which forms under
the  tongue,  in  consequence  of  accumulation  in  Wharton's
duct.  When cold apphcations wUl not remedy it, a portion
of the cyst may be removed with the scissors.
  Raphania.—A convulsive disease common in Germany and
Sweden,  and which has been attributed to the seeds  of a
species of Raphanus, being mixed with the corn.  The convul-
sive actions are mostly in the limbs, and are attended with acute
pain.  On the  whole, the disease very  much resembles the
milk-sickness of some of our Western States.
  Rash.—Exanthem; Cutaneous Disease.
  Reaction.—This term is misdefined in the medical diction-
aries, and misapplied by the medical profession.  Dunglison
says, "It is  a state  of activity which succeeds the action on
the nervous system of certain morbific influences."  As " mor-
bific influences " do not " act on the nervous  system," the ex-
planation  is a  faUure.  A correct definition would be  the
direct action of the vital  powers  in the process of expeUing a 
Rep.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        235
morbific agent through the surface.  Stimulants, especiaUy
the alcoholic, are given in the cold stage of low fevers to
"produce, " or " bring about," reaction; and in many diseases
of very low  diathesis, as diptheria, spotted fever, congestive
chUls,  etc.,  they are given  through  their whole course to
" maintain" action or reaction.   These facts show that stimu-
lation, and what medical books term " reaction," are precisely
one "state of activity," and  that both are^norbid processes
or remedial  efforts to expel poisons.   The common notion of
"reaction" is founded on a false doctrine of the  modus op-
erandi of medicine, and the common practice of- administering
stimulants is predicated on a false theory of the nature of
disease; while both  of  these errors are traceable to a funda-
mental error, a false dogma of the  relations  of  hving and
dead matter.
  Rectitis.—Inflammation of the Rectum.
  Red Tongue Fever.—See Fever,  Red Tongue.
  Regurgitation.—In pathology this term is applied to the
puking  or possetting of infants; and  to the rising of fluids or
solids into the mouth in the adult.   It is generally caused by
over-eating.   Dyspetics are sometimes troubled with it.  Some
persons have the power of regurgitating the food or other
contents of the stomach at any time,  or "vomiting at pleasure."
  Relapse. — The reappearance of a disease  after conva-
lescence  has commenced.
  Relapsing Fever.—See Fever, Relapsing.
  Relaxation.—Flabbiness, or looseness of a structure or
part.   It is the opposite of  tone, tonicity, contractility, etc.
  Remission.—Apphed  to  fever, it means a  prominent yet
partial subsidence of the hot stage of the paroxysm.  In a
more extended sense, it means  the  diminution of  any symp-
tom of disease.
  Remittens Icterodes.—See Fever, YeUow.
  Remittent Fever.—See Fever, Remittent.
  Repletion.—Fullness, Plethora. 
236
Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.
Ret.
  Resolution.—Removal or disappearance of disease without
structural lesion.
  Retention.—Permanent accumulation of  a solid or liquid ^
substance in a canal or cavity intended for its excretion.
  Retention of the Menses.—The menstrual flux may be re-
tained in the uterine cavity or vaginal canal in consequence
of obstruction of the os uteri or  imperforate hymen.  The
symptoms are, sense of weight or heaviness  in the  pelvis, in-
creased at  the monthly periods, with puffiness of the  face,
and swelhng of the feet in the evening.  A  digital or instru-
mental examination may be necessary to determine the nature
of the difficulty.   When  the os uteri is  closed by concreted
mucus, warm-water injections, and subsequently the introduc-
tion of the  uterine probe  or sound, wiU relieve it  If the hy-
meneal membrane  is imperforate, it should be divided by a
crucial incision.
  Retention of  Urine.—The urine  may accumulate in the
bladder  from strangury  or  spasmodic  contraction  of' the
sphincter muscles;  from atony of the muscular  fibers of the
body of the organ; from the presence of  tumors in the vicin-
ity,  or  foreign  bodies within the bladder obstructing the
urethra; inflammation of the urethra or  prostrate gland;
stricture, etc. Retention is a frequent complication in low fevers,
and  in paralytic  affections.  The application of Spanish flies
to the surface, in the form of blistering plaster, wiU often cause
spasmodic retention, whUe opium and other narcotic medicines,
when given in large doses, wUl cause atonic retention.  The
urine is sometimes  aUowed  to accumulate in the bladder be-
cause of the inconvenience or indelicacy of voiding it, until
the  muscles are  so distended as to  l<%e their power of con-
traction.  Alternate hot  and cold applications wiU always re-
lieve,  except  when  the obstruction  is mechanical.  The
warm sitz-bath—as warm as can be borne—for a few  minutes
immediately followed by the cold;  or hot fomentations to the
abdomen, followed by a dash of cold water, or the application
of cold wet cloths, wiU  relieve in most  cases.  But if they 
Ret.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       237
faU, resort must be had at once to the catheter.  When the
bladder is found distended above the pubis, with violent pain,
no  time  should be lost in the treatment, or rupture of the
bladder might take place.
  Retinitis.—Inflammation of the  Retina.  The symptoms
are, deep-seated pain in the eyeball; the appearance of flashes
of light, balls of fire, and various luminous bodies; intolerance
of light, and more or  less feverishness.  It demands prompt
attention, or the function of the optic nerve may be destroyed,
and vision lost forever. The patient's apartment should be
darkened, but weU ventilated;  cold wet cloths kept constantly
on the eyes and over the whole face; tepid hip-baths and hot
and cold foot-baths should be taken  once or twice a day, and
the whole surface sponged with tepid water whenever there is
preternatural heat.  Careful attention should be  paid  to the
bowels, which must be kept entirely free, and the dietary must
be simple and very abstemious.
  Retrocession.—Disappearance or  metastasis of an inflam-
mation, eruption, tumor, etc., from the outer parts of the body
to the inner.   The  practice of curing external diseases by re-
pelling them,  scattering  them away,  or  "driving them in,"  by
means of astringents and irritant ointments, lotions, etc., is
very common with physicians, but very dangerous  to their
patients.  Such "cures"-invariably make a very  bad matter
very much worse.
  Retroflexion of the Uterus.—That condition of retrover-
sion in which the organ is doubled  upon itself, the os uteri
and fundus being near each other at  the lower  part of the
tumor.   See Retroversion  of the Uterus.
  Retrovaccination.-—Vaccination with matter obtained from
the cow, after inoculating the animal with vaccine matter from
the human subject.
  Retro version of the Uterus.—Displacement of the  organ
backward, the fundus or body being toward the rectum,  and
the os, or mouth,  toward the bladder.  Enlargement or con-
gestion of the organ itself, and relaxation of the surrounding 
238         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.       Rhe.
 parts, more particularly of the vaginal  canal and the abdom-
 inal  muscles, are the common predisposing causes.   Violent
 exertions  and a distended bladder are the  usual  exciting
 causes.  There is a sense of weight and distress in the lower
 part of the pelvis, increased on standing or walking;  often an
 inability to walk at all; with constipation or difficult defeca-
 tion, in consequence of the pressure of the body of the uterus
 on the lower bowel.  A digital examination detects a globular
 tumor low down in and on the posterior part of the passage, with
 the os, or  mouth, anteriorly, and a  greater or less concavity
 between them, as the  retroversion  is more or less complete.
 The treatment is in all respects the same as for Prolapsus Uteri,
 with the exception of  the  manipulations.  After the inflam-
 matory condition is removed and the muscular tone manifestly
- improved,  the fundus is to be gently elevated with the finger,
 or some convenient instrument, as far as possible  toward its
 normal position; and these efforts  at reposition must be re-
 peated once,  twice, or thrice  a  week, until the  organ  wUl
 remain in the normal position.  The patient must gradually
 accustom herself to more  and more exercise of various kinds,
 particularly in walking.
   Revulsion.—Antispasis.   See Derivation.
   Rhachialgia.—See Spinal Irritation.
   Rhachitis.—Rachitis.
   Rhagadus.—See Fissure.
   Rhenchus, Rhenxis.—Rattle, Snoring.
   Rheum.—Any thin, watery discharge from the mucous mem-
 branes or skin,
   Rheum,  Salt.—Various forms of hepatic  and eczematous
 eruptions are so called.  It is also applied to a kind of chronic
 psoriasis; also to cutaneous affections  of those who expose
 their  hands to extremes of heat and cold, or immerse them
 in acid or metallic solutions.  Cleanliness, a simple diet  and
 an equable temperature, are the essentials of treatment.
   Rheuma.—Catarrh,  Diarrhoea,  Rheumatism. 
Khe.         Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice.      239
  Rheuma Catarrhale.—Bronchitis, Influenza, Leucorrhoea
  Rheumatism. —- Inflammation  of the Joints.  Rheumatism
differs from gout only in affecting primarUy the larger joints;
whereas, gout primarily affects the smaUer joints.   When
several or both the large and smaU joints are affected, it is
termed Rheumatic Gout,  or  Gouty Rheumatism,  as the disease
primarily affected the larger or smaller joints.  Rheumatism
may be  acute, with regular fever;  subacute, with irregular
feverishness; or chronic,  without  febrile  disturbance.   The
"seat," as it is improperly caUed, is in the muscles, or denser
tissues of the joints.  The principal forms of Rheumatism are
the Inflammatory, Articidar,  Spasmodic, and  Chronic.  The first
and second varieties, though both are acute and severe, are
of opposite diathesis, but are strangely confounded in medi-
cal  books, and hence, as a  necessary consequence, sadly mal-
treated by most physicians.
  Inflammatory Rheumatism is accompanied with entonic fever.
The discriminating symptoms are white tongue, strong pulse,
turgescence and florid redness of the whole surface;  tender-
ness and heat of the whole surface; great pain, lameness, 01
soreness about the small of the back, increased on the slight-
est  motion; in most cases the  patient cannot stand, nor rise
from the bed, nor be turned over, without excruciating  pain.
The joints are not greatly swoUen.  The treatment is pre-
cisely the same as for simple or entonic or inflammatory fever,
with the addition of cold wet cloths to the joints whenever
there is much swelhng, heat, and pain.  The wet-sheet pack,
when the patient  can be  handled  by experienced attend-
ants or nurses, should be employed for an hour, toward the
middle of the day, and again in the evening.   When the
heat of the surface  is very great, double sheets should  be
used.  When the  patient  cannot be  moved  without  great
distress, cool or cold ablutions should be employed with  a fre-
quency proportioned to the external heat.  The bowels are
always constipated, and should  be freely moved with tepid
enemas.  In  no  febrile disease is abstemiousness in diet, or
rather abstinence from food, more  important  No food at aU 
240       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Rhe
    should be taken untU the violence of the fever, and the swell-
    ing and pain of the joints has materially  abated, and then
    nothing more  than gruel in very moderate quantity, and a
    httle good ripe fruit should be taken until convalescence is
    fairly established.   By rigidly adhering  to this plan, the dis-
    ease can always be brought  to a favorable termination in a
    few days.  I have rarely had a case in which the patient was
    not convalescent in  one week; whereas, under the ordinary
    bleeding, irritating, blistering, opium, and mercurial treatment,
    patients generally  hnger for weeks, frequently for  months,
    and are often, very often, made cripples for hfe—not by the
    disease, but by the treatment.
      Articular Rheumatism is commonly termed Rheumatic Fever, or
    Acute Rheumatism, in medical writings.   Some of the larger
    joints are more swollen than in the preceding form, but there
    is not the same tenderness  of the  skin, nor distress in the
    back; the patient  can  be much more easUy moved; and,
    moreover,  the  fever is of the atonic diathesis, as indicated by
    frequent and not strong pulse, partial  and irregular sweats,
    etc.  In this form of rheumatism bleeding  is  even more dis-
    astrous, and, mistaking the  hard for the  strong  pulse, and
    acuteness for entonic action, physicians generaUy bleed more
    freely in this form,  than in the inflammatory,  which  practice
    seldom fails to shatter the constitution and render the patient
    a miserable invalid  for life.   But, worse even  than this, are
    opiates, mercurials, blisters, hydriodate of potassa, colchicum,
"*   etc.,  etc.,  with which  these unfortunates are  dosed and
    drugged.
      The  wet sheet pack is the best refrigerant as long as the
    febrile heat  is maintained on the surface.   Tepid ablutions
    will accomplish the same object, though not so rapidly.  When
    the  heat of the surface is slight or irregular, a fuU  warm
    bath should  be administered.  The  swollen joints should be
    constantly "soaked"" in cloths wet in the coldest water.  In
    other respects the directions given in the preceding case wUl
    apply here.  This form of rheumatism can  always be  cured
    within two weeks, by proper hygienic treatment.  It is rarely 
Ric       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.         241
"cured" drugopathicaUy in less than six or eight weeks, to
say  nothing  of the  "cure" being ten-fold worse than  the
disease.
   Spasmodic Rheumatism comprehends the various forms of the
disease, attended with pain,  stiffness, soreness, or cramping
in the muscles, without heat, redness or sweUing, as sciatica,
lumbago, and certain anomalous or nondescript aches and pains,
which have received the appeUation of  Rheumatdgia.  What
is caUed muscular rheumatism is more frequently the consequence
of mineral drugs,  especially  mercury,  than  of  any  other
cause ; and the  same may be said of a majority of the cases
of' chronic rheumatism extant
  In all of these cases  the local treatment consists  of hot
fomentations, or the warm or vapor bath, to relieve pain and
spasms, and due attention to the general health.
   Chronic Rheumatism requires no speciality of  treatment, ex-
cept the application of  wet bandages to the hot, swoUen or
inflamed joints.  The Hydro-Electricd,  dias Electro-Chemicd
baths, are  excellent in  most forms of chronic rheumatism,
rheumatalgia, sciatica, etc.; not  because they  have any spe-
cific virtue or property to ehminate mercury or any other drug,
as is pretended by certain charlatans, and believed by some
chemists who ought to know better, but because they are effi-
c ent agents in promoting and maintaining circulation to the
whole surface, and thereby accelerating the elimination of dl
impurities,  effete matters, and foreign  substances from the
system.
  Rhinanchone.—Snuffles.
  Rhinitis.—Inflammation of the Nose; Coryza.
  Rhinorrhagia.—Epistaxis.
  Rhonchus.—Rattle, Stertor, Snoring, Gurgling.
  Rhumatalgia.—Spasmodic Rheumatism.
  Rhume.—Rheum.
  Rhysis.—Flux.
  Rickets.—Rachitis.
      11 
242        Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.        Rub.
  Rigidity.—Stiffness and Immobility of Fiber.
  Rigor.—Shivering, ChUliness.
  Rigor, Mortis.—Death-Stiffening.
  Ringworm.—A variety of Herpetic Eruption. See Herpes,
  Rising.—Regurgitation.
  Rising of the Lights.—Croup.
  Ronchus.—Snoring, Stertor.
  Rosalia.—Scarlatina.
  Rose Drop.—See Gutta Rosea.
  Roseola.—Rose Rash; Erysipelatous Efflorescence.  It ap-
pears chiefly on the face, neck, and arms, in blushing patches,
alternately fading and  reviving, during dentition, in indiges-
tion, chronic and subacute rheumatic affections, etc.
  Roseola, Acnosa.—Gutta Rosea.
  Roseola, Ficosa.—Sycosis.
  Roseola.—Roseola; False Measles.  An imaginary malady
between scarlatina and measles.
  Rot.—Eructation.
  Rot, Grinders'.—See Asthma.
  Rubefaction.—The process of reddening the skin,  or the
action occasioned by the apphcation of  acids, irritants,  or
stimulants to  the  skin.  Mustard, vinegar, cayenne, alcohol,
etc., are commonly employed.   The effect is nothing more nor
less than inflammation.
  Rubeola.—Measles.   The premonitory  stage is marked  by
cough, sneezing, running at the nose, watery eyes, and other
catarrhal symptoms.  The rash, -which appears from the third
to the sixth  day, is  characterized  by distinct, red, and nearly
circular spots,  increasing and  coalescing, until they form small
patches of an  irregular figure, but somewhat resembling that
of  semicircles  or  crescents.   The rash and fever  usually  de-
cline after three or four days' continuance, and the disappear-
ance of  the eruption is foUowed by  a  desquamation of  the
cuticle. 
Sab.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         243
  Measles may be accompanied with the entonic or Inflammatory
fever, or with putrid typhus.  In the former case the disease is
benign or common measles, and in tho latter case malignant or
black measles.  The  treatment, as in aU  febrile diseases, must
be regulated by the external temperature.  If the determina-
tion to the surface is too great, the morbid  matter will not be
easUy eliminated, because of the over-distention of the super-
ficial capiUaries; and if it be too feeble it will be retained in
the system.  AU that is required  in either case is to maintain
the balance of circulation, and this means maintaining  the
heat of  the skin as nearly as possible at the normal standard.
When the eruption does not come out weU and there is little
heat at the surface,  with oppression of the head, lungs, or
distress in the region of the stomach, the  warm bath should
be given ;  but  if the pulse is  strong,  the  tongue  white,  the
skin turgid and florid, and the heat and dryness uniform over
the surface, tepid ablutions, or better still, the wet-sheet pack
should be employed.  When there is much cough, and pain
in the lungs, with difficult breathing, in the typhoid form, fomen-
tations to  the chest, with hot  bottles to the feet are proper;
but if these occur in the entonic form, cold wet towels should
be applied to the chest.  In the  majority  of cases very little
treatment, save quiet, fresh air, and due attention to cleanli-
ness is required.
  Rupia.—Rhypia, Rhyparia,  Atonic Ulcer.  An eruption of
large flatfish blebs, which contain a fluid which becomes puri-
form and bloody, and which soon concretes into crusts, at the
base of  which are ulcers of variable depths.  The part should
be fomented,  then  weU  cleansed, the ulcers covered  or filled
with fine flour, retained by strips of adhesive plaster, and wet
compresses applied over the whole.
  Rupture . —Hernia.
  Saburra.—Sabura, Sordes, Foulness of the Stomach.  The
presence of vitiated bUe, imperfectly  digested  ahment,  and
morbid"  excretions,  are  the  causes; and fasting, with small
draughts occasionaUy of pure water, is the remedy. 
244         Hand-Book of Hygienic  Practice.         Sal.
   Sacculated . —Encysted.
   Saint John's Dance.—See Mania, Dancing.
   Saint Vitus' Dance.—Chorea.   See Mania, Dancing.
   Salivation.—Sialismus, Sputum Oris, Sialorrhoea,  Sialoze-
mia, Ptyalism,  Ptyalismus, Fluxus Salivae, Flux de Bouche.
Copious excretion from the salivary glands.   It  may be occa-
sioned by acrid or irritating articles taken into the mouth, as
tobacco, lobelia, yarrow,  cayenne pepper, or by poisons re-
ceived into the  mass of the blood,  as the mercurials.
   When an  increased flow of saliva is excited  by the sight
smell, or thought of agreeable food, it is caUed mouth-watering.
In this case  the secretion has a mucilaginous  and sweetish
taste; but  when the  discharge from the salivary  glands  is
provoked by  the presence of poisons,  or by anger, rage, fury,
etc., the fluid is acrid and excoriating ; it is then an excretion,
and not saliva at all.
   Mercurial salivation is one of  the most  horrible  of  the multi-
tudinous, abominable effects of a false and murderous "healing
art."   The tongue is  swoUen, hot, painful, cracked, ulcerous,
fills the throat  almost to the  extent of inducing: suffocation,
and often protrudes from the mouth, whUe a stream of acrid
sanies, or sordes, issues from the mucous membrane; the gums
are tender,  fleecy and bleeding; the taste is nauseous and e< p-
perish; the breath foul; the  nerves  neuralgic; the  muscles
tremulous; the brain semi-delirious ; while  a  low,  wasting
fever, with  frequent and irregular pulse, tells of the destruc-
tion going on within the domain of organic life, in the struggle
of the vital powers to expel  their deadly enemy—the doctor's
medicine ! No person after being once thoroughly salivated can
ever have a  sound constitution afterward; and many of the
infirmities,  deformities, taints,  humors, scrofulas,  and other ca-
chexias, owe  their origin to the medicines which  their father's
took before they were begotten, or which were  administered
to their mothers before they were born.
   Salivation  is an  inflammation  of the mouth  and  salivary
glands, of the erysipelatous or passive kind, with  an accompa- 
Sar.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       245
 nying fever of the atonic diathesis  and putrid form—really pu-
 trid typhus.   The local affection which  mercury occasions in
 the mouth is precisely analogous to gonorrhceal inflammation
 of the genital organs, induced by the venereal virus;  and in
 its effects on the system much the worse of the two.  The
 treatment must  be very mild and gentle.   Very cold water
 must  be  avoided, and aU violent disturbances, or shocks to
 body or mind, must be  carefully  guarded against.  Patients
 under what is called "mercurial action " are  liable, on a httle
 exertion,  as rising suddenly from  the bed, walking across the
 room, etc., even after convalescence is considered as fairly es-
 tablished, to  die almost instantly.   The patient should  be
 kept as quiet as  possible, sponged with tepid  or moderately
 warm water occasionaUy, the extremities kept warm, the head
 cool, sips of cool, but not very cold, water allowed frequently,
 and the mouth washed or gargled with the same.  After the
 miserable patient has recovered sufficiently to be about, he may
 then begin to think of a radical cure,  which is a course of
 treatment at some Hygienic  establishment for  a year or two,
 in order to get the mercurial medicine out of his blood, glands
 and bones.
   Saltans Rosa.—Urticaria.
   Sand-Blind.—Defective vision,  in  which smaU  particles
 seem to float before the eyes.   See Metamorphopsia.
   Sanguinolent.—Tinged with Blood.
  t Sanies.—Ichor, Malignant Pus. A thin, serous fluid  resem-
 bhng an admixture of pus and blood, which is exhaled at the
 surface of foul ulcers.
  Sarcitis.—Myositis.
  Sarcocele.—Schirrhus or Cancer of the Testicle.   Extirpa-
tion of the organ is the only remedial resource, except in  the
very early stages, when the refrigerating  treatment might be
successful.  See Cancer.
  Sarcoma.—Sareosis.   Any excrescence having a fleshy con-
sistence.  Sarcomatous  tumors are found in the mammary
glands, testes, and other parts. 
246        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        Sca,
  Sarcostosis.—Osteo-Sarcoma.
  Sardiasis.—Canine Laugh ;  Risus Sardonicus.
  Saturnismus.—Saturnine Cachexy; Lead-Poisoning.
  Satyriasis.—Satyrismus.  An irresistible desire in man for
frequent sexual intercourse, with almost  constant priapism.
Irritant drug3, high seasonings, worms in the lower bowel,
combined with constipated  habits, and an inflammatory con-
dition, are among the principal causes. Abstinence, or abste-
mious diet, and prolonged tepid hip-baths, a daily ablution,
and active exercise or occupation, are the remedies.
  Sausage  Poison.—AUantotoxicum.   A poison developed in
sausages made of blood  and liver.   Such food  is extremely
unwholesome, if  not actuaUy poisonous,  under aU circum-
stances.*
  Scabies.—Psora.
  Scabies, Fesoria.—Itch of Animals.  See Mange,
  Scale.—An opake and thickened lamina of cuticle.
  Scale, Dry.—Psoriasis.
  Scall.—Impetigo.
  Scalled Head.—See Porrigo Scutulata.
  Scarification.—Small Incisions;  the act of scarifying. An
absurd and barbarous method of drawing blood, or of inducr
ing counter-irritation, to which  physicians frequently resort.
  Scarlatina.—Red Fever, Rash Fever, Scarlet Fever.   This
is the most common and prevalent of the eruptive fevers. No
disease, unless it is  consumption, can be named in which med-
ical men have pursued more discordant and conflicting plans
of practice ; and all the statistics which can be gathered from
the four quarters of the globe,  will sustain the assertion which
I make here, advisedly and deliberately, that the mortality
has ever, and in all places,  been precisely according to the po-
tency of the drug medication.  WeU did Professor Barker, of
the New York Medical College, say to his class not lono- since:
"The drugs which  are administered for the cure of scarlet
fever and measles, kill far more than those diseases do." 
Sca.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        247
  The characteristic symptoms of scarlatina are, a scarlet flush,
about the second day of the fever, on  the  face,  neck,  and
fauces, and spreading progressively over the body.   It termi-
nates in about one week.  The tongue has  a peculiar straw-
berry appearance, which has been regarded as pathognomonic.
  The disease exists in three distinct forms :  1. simple or mila
scarlatina, in which the fever is entonic or inflammatory, and
in which the throat is unaffected.  This form scarcely requires
medication.   An enema to  free the bowels,  and tepid ablu-
tions whenever  the  external heat calls for  it, are sufficient.
2. Anginosa  searldina, in which the glands  of the neck are
much swoUen, with typhoid fever of the nervous form.  This
form of the  disease is  much more  serious,  though scarcely
dangero as, independent of treatment.  The fever is more pro-
longed, generally continuing from nine to fourteen days, and
requires more frequent and more thorough  bathing.  After
the bowels have been moved freely, cold wet cloths should be
applied  around  the  neck;  renewed as often as they become
warm, and  continued until heat and  sweUing abate.   The
wet-sheet pack is apphcable to the hot stage of the fever daUy,
although frequent ablutions of tepid and cool water wiU be
efficient   3- Malignant scarlatina—sometimes  called " putrid
sore throat," and often confounded with the severer forms of
diptlierla—in which the fever is the putrid form of typhus, and
the throat more  or less ulcerated.  In all severe cases of scar-
latina, a single bleeding, an emetic, an antimonial sudorific,
or a castor oil cathartic, if performed or administered when
the vital powers are  exerting all of their  energies to carry the
morbid matter to the surface, (and just as the eruption is about
ta take place,) is often  as  sure death as  would be a dagger
through the  heart.  Yet thousands are finished in this  way
annually, and the physicians call it " medical science," and the
people think—nothing.
  The general treatment for all  forms  of  scarlatina is the
same, due regard being had to the degree and kind of fever,
as indicated by the  external temperature.  In some cases of
the malignant variety, though there maybe a sense of stinging 
248         Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.        Scr.
heat of the surface complained of,  the temperature wiU be
thermometrically low, and the warm bath should be employed,
to be  followed, when the external heat rises, by tepid ablu-
tions or the wet-sheet pack.   Cold apphcations must be made
around  the throat and sips of iced-water or bits of ice  fre-
quently taken into the mouth.  In very bad cases, pounded
ice should be apphed externally to the throat.
  Scarlet Fever.—See Scarlatina.
  Sciatica.—A  neuralgic  affection,  characterized by  pain
along the course of the  great sciatic nerve, extending from
the hip or pelvic region  to the leg and foot.  Fomentations,
foUowed by gentle friction, will relieve the pain.  The malady
is always symptomatic, and must be  cured by restoring the
general health.
  Scieropia.—Defect of vision in  which objects appear darker
than natural.
  Scirrhus.—Scirrhosis,  Carcinoma  Simplex, Hard Cancer,
Fibrous Cancer.  A hard tumor, usuaUy  the first stage of
true cancer.   It is accompanied, in most cases/ with shooting
pains, and is generaUy somewhat  irregular on its surface.   In
the early stage it can generaUy be arrested by repeated freez-
ings.  See Cancer.
  Sclerotitis.—Inflammation of the sclerotic coat of the  eye.
  Scorbutus.—Scurvy.    See Purpura.
  Scratch.—Psora.
  Scrofula.—The Evil, Cruels, the  King's Evil.   The man-
ifestations of scrofula are innumerable,  constituting  a large
number of distinct diseases in the nosologies, all of which are
treated  of in this  work  under their respective heads.   The
scrofulous diathesis is  a state of the system  characterized by
laxity and flabbiness of the muscular  tissue, glandular swell-
ings  or indolent  tumors, most frequently in the neck,  sup-
purating slowly, and healing with difficulty.  This diathesis
is often  induced in constitutions originaUy sound, by the  free
use of mineral medicines of which mercury and  antimony 
Sed.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Pbactice.         249
 (all  honor to  Surgeon-General Hammond, for expeUing them
 from the supply tables of the United States armies,) are the
 most potent, and  thence transmitted to their offspring.  The
 ordinary habits of living,  especially  in the  agricultural dis-
 tricts of the civUized world, where pork, ham, sausages, lard,
 hot  biscuit—made hotter  with saleratus—old  cheese, dried
 beef, salted fish, strong cheese, etc., constitute  the principal
 part of the dietary, are conducive, to scrofula in its multitu-
 dinous forms.  The more familiar diseases which are evidences
 of,  or essentiaUy  modified by,  the  scrofulous  diathesis,  are
 rickats, caries of the  bones, white swellings, hip-disease, lum-
 bar abscess, tubercular consumption, etc.   In the treatment of
 all forms of scrofula, pure air and abundant sunshine are of
 the  first importance  ; next in order is a healthful dietary,
 which should exclude  flesh meat, and even milk, after the
 teeth are developed.  Exercise, frequent,  various, but not ex-
 haustive, is next in order;  and last, though perhaps not least,
 is the daily ablution,  wnich, for feeble persons,  should always
 be of moderate temperature, and taken in a comfortably warm
 room.
  Scrotocele,—Scrotal  Hernia, Oscheocele.
  Scurf.—SmaU Exfoliations of the Cuticle.
  Scurvy.—Scorbutus.
  Scurvy of the Alps.—PeUagra.
  Scybala.—Indurated  Feces.  Hard fecal matters which are
 discharged in round lumps.
  Sea-Sickness.—See Nausea, Marina.
  Sedation.—The state of quietness  or torpor occasioned by
certain drugs which  are called sedatives.   They are  nervines
or narcotics,  as musk, valerian,  opium, henbane, etc.  They
are said to " allay morbid  irritability;" but  if  physicians
would explain the  rationale of this process, their patients most
certainly would refuse to be allayed by such means.
  Sediment.—A deposit of something suspended in a liquid.
Much attention has been paid to the sediment which is precip-
                11* 
250        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.         Sib.
itated from the urine, as affording a rule of diagnosis, and an
indication for treatment.  In calculous affections the sediment
contains various mucus, earthy and saline concretions ; and in
that state of the system, called  bilious,  there is a brany or
brick-dust like deposit.   In the latter case, the urine is also
high-colored.  The practice of analyzing the urine  with the
view of prescribing to its chemical elements, is absurd.   It is
the cause of those impurities to which  the physician should
direct his remedial resources.  The way to "cure" calculous
and biliary matters in the urine, is not  to neutralize them by
chemicals, which is  only introducing additional impurities, but
to stop the supply of the materials of which they are formed,
viz: bad water and impure food.  If this is donef the existing
impurities wiU in due time be ehminated, and there  wUl be  a
cure indeed.
   Seiriasis.—Coup de Soleil.
   Self-Abuse.—Masturbation.
   Self-Limited.—A modern epithet, applied to diseases which
run a definite course, independently of medication, and, as Dr.
Bigelow,  of Boston, says, " deriving  laws  from their own
nature," terminate—when their course is run.  The theory of self-
limitation is founded on a false doctrine of the nature of dis-
ease.   Disease, being remedial action, is limited to the accom-
plishment of the object in view—purification and reparation,
or the available resources  of  the vital powers  under the cir-
cumstances.  A fuU discussion of this subject wiU be found in
the author's large work, "Principles of Hygienic Medication."
   Semiplegia.—Hemiplegia.
   Shingles.—Herpes.
   Ship Fever.—See Typhus.
   Shock.—Concussion; sudden deprivation of Sensibihty
   Short-Sighted.—See Myosis.
   Shuddering.—Slight spasmodic movements of the muscles
with a sensation of coldness.
   Sibbens.—Frambcesia Scotica.  An infectious disease, sup-
posed to be venereal, in the  mountainous parts of  Scotland 
Sol.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        251
Some regard the affection as a complication of venereal disease
and the itch.  In  the  Orkneys, the  term sibbens means* itch.
The peculiarity  of the disease is  the appearance of fungi,
which resemble raspberries.  Cleanliness and caustic  are the
remedies.
   Sideratio.—Planet-Struck.  The ancients applied this ep-
ithet to paralysis, apoplexy, gangrene, etc., on the supposition
that the stars had some influence in inducing these maladies.
   Simulated Diseases.—Feigned Diseases.
   Singultus.—Hiccup,  Hiccough.
   Siriasis.—Coup de Soleil.
   Slavering.—DriveUing; involuntary flow of saliva.
   Sleeplessness.—See  Insomnia.
   Sleep-Walking.—See Somnambuhsm.
   Slo ws.—MUk-Sickness.
   Small-Pox.—See Variola.
   Sneezing.—Convulsive motion of the  expiratory muscles,
by which the air is driven rapidly and sonorously through the
nasal fossae.
   Snoring.—Rhonchus, Stertor.  Noise made in the back part
of the mouth and  nasal fossae during inspiration.  Relaxed
palate, an overloaded stomach,  enlarged tonsils, and compres-
sion of  the brain, as in  apoplexy, may occasion it.
   Snuffles.—Difficulty of breathing through the nose, owing
usually to  accumulated mucus,  or swelling of  the  mucous
membrane.   Infants are quite liable to it.  Warming the feet
and oiling the interior of the nostrils wiU relieve it.
   Solidism.—The doctrine  that all  diseases are essentially
owing to alterations in the  solids of the body, or have their
seat primarily therein, as opposed to Humoral Pathology.  It is
the prevailing medical doctrine.  When it is understood that
impurities in the  fluids  are the principal causes of disease, and
that the action of  the  solids  in  the  process of expelling them
constitute the essence of  disease,  these " pathologies " will have
very little importance. 
252       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.         Sor.
   Somnambulism.—-Lunatismus, Noctambulation, Sleep-Walk-
 ing.  Actions performed during sleep, and without the use of
 the external  senses, similar to  those  which are performed
 during the  wakeful period.  The immediate causes are, con-
 gestion of the brain, indigestion, or any source of irritation
 which prevents quiet rest.
   Somnium.—Insomnium; a Dream.   Confused and imper-
 fect recognition of objects by the mind during disturbed or
 imperfect sleep.    Dunglison,  in his  dictionary, says:  " A
 confused assemblage, or accidental  and involuntary combina-
 tions of ideas and images, which present  themselves  to the
 mind during  sleep."  This is a very confused definition, and,
-though  agreeing with  the  prevailing  metaphysics, does not
 quite square with sound philosophy.   It is  the mind which
 presents itself to the objects, and not the objects which present
 themselves to  the mind.  The " images" are mentd recognitions,
 not extraneous entities.  There is a world  of delusion in this
 notion  that external objects act  on, make an impression on,
 or present themselves to the mind.  Ideas do not present them-
 selves to the mind; they are the exercises of  the mind—men-
 tal recognitions, again.
   Somnolency.—Sleepiness.  It is sometimes an indication of
 congestion of  the brain.
   Soedes.—A dark, sanious matter discharged  from ulcers;
 also foul matters in the stomach, or on the teeth, in low, putrid
 fever-.
   Sore.—Ulce •.
   Sore, jBay.—A cancerous disease, said to be endemic in the
 Bay of Honduras.
   Sore Mouth.—Stomatitis, Clergyman's Sore Throat, Throat-
 Ail.  It i*  always symptomatic of diseased  liver or indiges-
 tion.  The  practice of  cauterizing  the  throat in these  cases,
 with a solution of  nitrate of silver, for months and years, with
 no regard to the primary malady or  real cause, though very
 profitable to the physician, and very fashionable in the " upper
 circles," is the contrary of beneficial to  the patient. 
Spe.         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.         253
  Stomatitis is often aggravated into laryngitis, and this to
consumption,  by this cauterizing process.   If the digestive
organs are properly medicated, the throaVaU wiU take care of
itself.

  Span^mia.—Poverty of the blood.  Some of the works on
materia medica give us a class of medicines which impoverish
the  blood!   They are called Spancemics, a term which  might
with propriety apply to every article in the drug shop.

  Spasm.—Involuntary and inordinate muscular contraction.
The following tabular  arrangement of spasmodic diseases,
copied from the author's " Hydropathic Encyclopaedia," may
be convenient for reference :
Comatose ["Convulsion,
        i Epilepsy,
        [_ Hysterics.
         ' Tremor,
Synclonic
 Spasm.
Suffocative
  Spasm.
 Delirium Tremens,
 Shaking Palsy.
 St. Vitus' Dance
 Raphania,
 . Bar biers.
 ' Cough,
 Dyspnoea,
 Asthma,
i Laryngismus, ,
 Incubus,
 Sternalgia,
 Pleuralgia.
       f Hiccough,
       j Sneezing,
Clonic  I Palpitation,
        INicitation,
        Suhsultus,
        Stretching.
       f Hydrophobia,
       Acrotismus,
       I Tetanus,
       I Locked Jaw,
       Cramp,
        Muscular Spinal
         Distortion,
        Muscular  Stiff-
         Joir.t,
Spasm.
Constrictive
  Spasm.
L Wry Neck.
  Spermatorrhea.—Nocturnal Emissions.  This affection re-
quires a rigidly simple dietary, and an entire  abstinence from
aU irritating condiments; even milk and all its preparations,
sugar  and puddings, should be  abstained from.  When the
temperature of the body is sufficient, a tepid  ablution should
be taken each morning, and, if there is not much emaciation,
a hip-bath  at  about 80°, once or  twice a day, is advisable.
The wet-girdle, a part of each day, is applicable to those cases
in which the liver is particularly inactive, or the bowels con-
stipated, provided it can  be worn without much chilliness.
Exercise of either work or  play is important.   It should be
frequent, varied,  and,  if possible, agreeable, but never  very 
254        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        Spl.
fatiguing.  No cases require a stricter regimen or greater per-
severance on the part of the patient.  In some cases one, two,
or three years are required for  a cure, though many wUl re-
cover in a few months, and some in a few weeks.
   Sphacelus.—Cold Mortification; total death of a part.
   Sphragidoxychargocometa.—The beauty of technicality may
be seen in this term, which has been applied to " a charlatan
who adorned his fingers with rings to the very naUs."
   Spinal Irritation.—Rachialgitis, Neuralgia Spinalis, Notal-
gia.   Dunglison says : " A modern pathological view, which
refers most nervous diseases to irritation of the spinal cord."
Thousands of invahds are cupped, leeched, blistered, irritated,
burnt, excoriated, and  tortured, along the spine, or around
the small of the back, in accordance with this " modern path-
ological view," but with most disastrous results  so far as the
patient is concerned.  Affections of the lungs, liver, stomach,
spleen, kidneys, uterus, etc, are  often accompanied with ten-
derness of the spine, especially  on  pressure, near the origin
of the nerves which are distributed to the diseased  organs ;
and this tenderness is vaguely pronounced, " spinal irritation,"
and the poor patient is drugged, and bled, and cauterized, and
perhaps also mercurialized, iodinized, antimonialized, ironized,
etc.,  un il utter prostration or unendurable neuralgia  causes a
respite in the  medication.  Of hundreds of cases which have
come under my professional notice of patients thus treated or
maltreated for " spinal  irritation," the real difficulty was ob-
struction, or chronic inflammation, or  tuberculation,  of some
one or  more  of the  internal organs, the  spinal tenderness
being a mere incident or s  mptom.  In relation to this symp-
tom Dunglison says: " Such tenderness, however, by no means
indicates the pathological condition in question, as it is often
met Avith in those enjoying perfect health."  I cannot imagine
how  "tenderness" of any kind,  or in  any place,  can  be  con-
sistent with perfect health, though I can easily understand how
persons thus affected may not be very sic1:.
  Splenis Tumor.—Ague-Cake. 
Spu.       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        255
     Splenitis.—Inflammation of the Spleen.  Acute inflamma-
   tion of  the spleen is very rare.  The  symptoms are, pain,
   sweUing and  heat in the part, with general fever.  The only
   special treatment required is,the wet-girdle.  Chronic inflam-
   mation of the organ is not uncommon, but the symptoms are
   very obscure.   Obstruction and enlargement  are still more
»  frequent morbid conditions, and are accompanied with general
   nervous debility, great torpor of the bowels, weakness of the
   lower extremities, and depression of spirits.  The  required
   treatment is general, as for dyspepsia.
     Splenization.—A condition of the  lung in  pneumonia, in
   which it resembles the spleen.
     Splenocele.—Hernia formed by the Spleen.
     Splenoh^emia.—Congestion or hyperaemia of  the Spleen. It
   occurs  more or less in all entonic fevers, and especially the
   typhoid and intermittent forms.
     Sporadic—Diseases which occur independently of epidemic
   or contagious influence.
     Spots, Red.—Rose Spots.   They are common to all putrid
   fevers, and are most freqently seen on  the chest and»upper
   part of the abdomen.
     Spotted Fever.—A form of putrid  typhus, and should be
   treated as such.  See Fever, Spotted.
     Sprain.—A Wrench,   Subluxation. Violent straining  or
   twisting of the tissues surrounding the joints.  The  conse-
   quence is inflammation,  and the result to be feared is perma-
   nent incurvation.   The prompt and persevering application of
   cold water in any  convenient manner,  is sufficient in aU ordi-
   nary cases.  When there is great pain and tenderness, with
   little heat, hot fomentations, followed  by cold compresses, are
   preferable. After the inflammation and tenderness have sub-
   sided, friction is useful to promote absorption and restore tone
   to the part.
     Sputum.—Spit, Spittle.  Excreted matter ejected from the
   mouth.  Spitting  is as much an abnormal process, a disease
   —remedid effort—a? is coughing, sneezing, expectoration, or 
256        Hand-Book  of Hygienic IraCtice.
 vomiting.  Tobacco-users are spitting their lives away.  Every-
 thing taken into the mouth, which occasions spitting, or which
 provokes the action of the salivary glands, except while food
 is being  masticated or swaUowed, cannot be otherwise than
 injurious.
   Squeasiness.—Nausea.
   Sgdtnting.—Strabismus, Cross-Eyed, Squint-Eyed.
   Stagnation.—Accumulation and retardation of fluids.
   Stammering.—Stuttering, Misenunciation.  Imperfect artic-
 ulation may be caused  by constitutional defect, or acquired
 habits.  In the latter, the training of a good elocutionist will
 generally effect a  cure ;  and in the former, the defect may be
 greatly relieved, and  not unfrequently cured.  Speaking very
 slowly and deliberately,  always taking care to keep the lungs
 well expanded, never undertaking to utter a sound when they
 are nearly coUapsed, wiU be sufficient, in some cases, to effect a
 complete restoration.   When  the muscles of articulation are
 extremely irritable and spasmodic, speaking loudly and deliber-
 ately, with pebbles or other  impediments in the mouth, has
 additional  advantages.  Mechanical instruments have been
 employed with advantage in some cases
   Staphyledema.—Relaxation of the Uvula.  In some cases
 it is so tumefied and elongated a§ to occasion cough and diffi-
 culty in swallowing.  It  is always connected with  a morbid
 condition of the stomach, and erythematic inflammation  or
 "  canker" of the mucous  membrane of the throat.   The local
 affection requires cold-water gargles and ice.  If these do not
 reduce  the  uvula  to comfortable  dimensions, in due time, a
 portion of it-one-third to one-half-should be clipped off.

Jheo^hT'^™™ tUm°rS °f thG anteri°r SUrfac* of the
globe of the eye have received this appellation.
   Stearkhosa.—Sebaceous Flux.   Inordinate ^    \-   „
the sebaceous foUicles of the skin  probabl^ h       ^ ^
fary is too hydro-carbonaceous,  or'g^easy       ^ ** **
  Steatocele.—Fatty Tumor of the Scrotum. 
Sn.         Hand-Book of Hygtenic  Practice.        257
  Steatoma.—An encysted tumor whose contents are similar
to fat.  It should be removed with the knife.
  Stenia.—Sthenia.
  Sterility.—Infecundity, Barrenness.   It may depend  on
malformation of the  genital organs.  The most frequent cause
is dysmenorrhea.  Leucorrhcea, with great relaxation of the os
uteri, and monorrhagia, are  sometimes the causes.  " Irre-
spondence," or the absence of the sexual orgasm, on the part
of  the  female, has  been, though  very erroneously, placed
among the causes of sterility.  Another  cause may sometimes
be found  in constitutional infirmity, the female being incapa-
ble of developing  a fully matured ovum.  The medication
must be directed to  the removal of the cause, whatever that
may be.
  Sternalgia.—Angina Pectoris.
  Stebnutation.—Sneezing.  Sternutatory medicines—sneez-
ing snuffs—constitute a class in the drugopathic materia med-
ica; but. such medication ought to  be sneezed out of existence.
  Stertor.—Ronchus.
  Sthenia.—Entony.  The Entonic Diathesis ; Inflammatory
or Dynamic Fever.   Dunglison's Medical Dictionary defines
this, "Excess of strength;"  but as  such a condition is  im
possible,  as much as is excess of health, or excess of truth,
or excess of  honesty,  he  must  mean something else.  The
term only properly apphes to phlegmonous inflammation  and
entonic fever, and means  determination of  morbid action to
the whole surface of  the body,
  Stillicidium.—Voiding  urine only in drops.
  Stimulation.—This is said to be " the  action of stimulants."
But never was there a more egregious error—an error which
is the parent  source  of all the dissipation and debauchery in
the world.  What is called stimulus or stimulation, so far from
being the action of a dead, inert, inorganic matter on a living
organism, it is a state of feverishness, irritation or inflamma-
tion ;  this being the  action of the vital powers in resisting or
expeUing  the poison.  To stimulate a hving organism is to 
258        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        Stb
poison it.   Stimulants are caUed diffusible or permanent, as they
are supposed to act transiently, or to maintain their action per-
sistently.  But the rationale is, the vital powers  act very vig-
orously in determining certain  agents toward the cutaneous
emunctory, whUe they resist others  with less energy, and for
that very reason, for a longer  period, in the  same direction.
These are called tonics.   When  the rationale of stimulation is
understood, there wiU be an end of alcoholic medication;  and
then, and not tiU then, wiU be hope for the temperance cause.
For the full discussion of this subject, I  must  refer the reader
to my recent work, " The True  Temperance Platform."
   Stomacace.—Stomalgia; Cancer Oris, Canker, Cancer Aqua-
ticus.   Fetor of the mouth, with a bloody discharge from the
gums.   The term is also applied to scurvy.
   Stomacalgia.—Cardialgia.
   Stomachic—Medical dictionaries define this word, " A med-
icine which gives tone to the stomach."  Unfortunately there
is no such medicine.  AU the medicinal stomachics thus far
discovered only abstract tone from the stomach.
   Stomatitis.—Inflammation of the mouth.  If nothing inju-
rious is taken into the  mouth, the  disease wiU, in due time,
disappear.
   Stomatitis, Apthous.—See Apthae.
   Stomatitis, Mercurial.—See Salivation.
   Stomatitis, of Nursing  Women.—See Apthae.
   Stomatitis, Pseudo-Membraneous.—Diptheritic Inflamma-
tion of the Mouth.
   Stomatorrhagia.—Hemorrhage from the mouth.   Methodus
medendi—ice.
   Stone in the Bladder.—Vesical Calculi.  By avoiding aU
impurities in the food and drink, almost  all forms of calculous
concretions  in  the bladder may be, in time, dissolved, and
washed awav.  Whenever soft water is substituted for hard,
those  affections diminish.
   Strabismus.—Squinting, Goggle-Eye.  Discordance or dis- 
Stb.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.       259
order of the optical axes  It is commonly dependent on in-
equality of the action of the motor muscles, or on a spasmodic
condition of one  of them.  In  some  cases it is  caused by
inflammation  of the brain, as  in Hydrocephalus Internus;  and
occasionally it is owing to a difference of sensibUity or irrita-
bility in the two eyes.   When dependent on inequality or ab-
normal contraction of the muscle, it may be relieved by divid-
ing the muscle at fault.   In  other cases it may be remedied
by medicating the malady of which it is symptomatic.
   Strain.—See Sprain.
   Strangers'  Fever.—See Fever, Strangers'.
   Strangulation.—Constriction,  Suffocation.   The compres-
sion of a part so as to seriously impede its  circulation.   It
applies to hernial  protrusions, hanging, choking, etc.  When
the protruded intestine is strangulated, as  most  frequently
happens in Inguind Hernia, efforts should be made immediately
to reduce it, by the application of cold,  and by manipulations
with the hand.  The process is sometimes greatly accelerated
by having the patient's head downward, the hips resting against
the side of  a  bed, or whatever  else is  convenient.  If these
measures faU, the only remedy is a surgical operation, which
consists in carefully dissecting down to the part, and dividing
the constricting fibers.   The preventive remedy is a properly
adjusted truss.
   Strangury.—Dysuria.  Extreme difficulty  in  voiding  the
urine, which only  passes in drops.  See Ischuria and Reten-
tion.
   Strepitosus Morbus.—Noisy Disease;  a species of flatu-
lence.
   Stricture.—A diminution or contracted condition of some
tube or duct.   It most commonly affects the urethra, rectum,
or ce&"|>hagus.   It may be caused by  a spasmodic contrac-
tion of  the muscular fibers, or by a thickening of the mucous
or lining membrane. In a majority of cases, it is connected
with an inflammatory  condition  of  the  part, and will disap-
pear when  that  is  removed.   In  other  cases  the dilating 
260         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       Sub.
bougies must  be resorted to.   Urethral stricture, which is the
most common and most distressing of all, is almost always the
consequence of astringent or irritating injections, as lead, zinc,
copper,  corrosive sublimate,  etc., which have been  admin-
istered for the  cure of  gonorrhoea or nocturnal emissions.
In treating several  scores of cases, I  have not met with one
that resulted from any other cause.
  Stroke, Apoplectic—The occurrence of apoplexy.
  Stroke, Paralytic—Sudden occurrence  of cerebro-spinal
paralysis.
  Strophulus.—Red-Gum, Tooth-Rash, White-Gum, Milk-
Spots, Red-Gown.   An  eruption  of red or  whitish pimples,
occurring in early infancy, chiefly about the face, neck, and
arms.  They exhibit much variety in  appearance, are of no
great importance, and only require the tepid ablution occa-
sionally, with a little closer attention to fresh  air, equable tem-
perature, and simple diet.
  Struma.—Scrofula.
  Stuffing.—Cynanche Trachealis.
  Stunned.—Unconscious from a blow or fall. It was formerly
the prevalent practice to bleed in  this  case,  to " start  the cir-
culation."  But, fortunately, the practice is now condemned as
worse than useless,  by the most eminent American and Euro-
pean physicians and surgeons.  Pure air and perfect quiet are
the best remedies.
  Stupor.—Diminished manifestation  of the mental powers.
There are all degrees, from partial lethargy to complete nar-
cosis.   The immediate cause is congestion of the brain; the
remote causes  are, excessive cold  or heat, mental shock, nar-
cotic drugs,  etc.   The treatment is the same as for apoplexy
  Stuttering.—See Stammering.
  Styan, Stye,—See Hordeolum.
  Stypsis.—Astriction, Constipation.
  Subluxation.—Sprain. 
Sum.        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       26]
  Submersion.—Drowning.  Asphyxia by submersion is not
owing to  the introduction of water  into the windpipe, as is
commonly  supposed, but  to the  non-introduction of atmos-
pheric air; the spasmodic closure of the glottis prevents the
water from entering the air  passages until the exhaustion of
the vital powers.   See Asphyxia.
  Subsultto.—Palpitation.
  Subsultus Tendinum.—Clonus Subsultus, Saltus Tendinum.
Twitching  of  the Tendons.   Involuntary, instantaneous,  and
spasmodic contraction of the muscular fibres, communicating
a jerking motion to the tendons.  It  is an indication of great
irritation or exhaustion, and is  generally noticed prominently
in low and mahgnant fevers.
  Succubus, —Nightmare; also  a male or  female phantom
which appears to the opposite sex during lascivious dreams.
  JSudamina.—Hydroata,  Planta noctis.  A mUiary eruptive.
See Miliary Fever.
  Sudor.—Sweat, Miliary Fever.
  Sudor Anglicus. — Sweating Fever,  Sweating Sickness.
This term has been apphed to a severe epidemic disease which
prevaUed extensively in England and other parts of Europe,
in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and  sixteenth centuries, character-
ized by profuse  sweating, with coldness, great prostration, and
usuaUy terminated, favorably or unfavorably, within  twenty-
four hours.  It was very fatal, and was no doubt a malignant
form of Miliary Fever.
  Sudor Cruentus.—Cutaneous Hemorrhage, Bloody Sweat.
Cutaneous perspiration mixed with blood.
  Suffocation.—Strangling.  See Asphyxia.
  Suggillation—A Bruise, Ecchymosis.
  Summer Complaint.—A popular phrase including cholera,
diarrhoea,  and  dysentery, and, indeed, all  affections  of the
alimentary canal attended with  vomiting or purging, or both.
They are also termed " Summer Diseases." - Deaths of these
diseases constitute a  large percentage of the mortahty of bur 
262       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.
Syc
cities during the months of July and August, especiaUy among
children.  Hot weather, unripe fruits, crude vegetables, and
ill-ventilated apartments are among the causes of this "mur-
dering of the innocents;" but the ordinary feeding and drug-
ging of American children, is  a tenfold greater cause of the
"Infanticide." Tepid ablutions, cool wet cloths to the abdomen,
abundance of fresh air, and good ripe fruit, are the essentials
of the treatment.  When bowel complaints prevail among
children, the milk on which  they are fed  should  be carefuUy
looked to.  An immense amount of "swill  milk" is sold  in
our cities, and not  a httle in the rural  districts, under the
name of the "pure  country" article.   But; as rich men own
the distilleries,  and find it profitable  to seU  their alcoholized
slops for "baby food," and as legislators and municipal officers
are supposed to be susceptible  to certain  influences  not  here
to be named, I see no chance for abating  the evU, though the
children are  sent graveward in droves, untU the people pn
receive a health education.
  Sunburn.—Rash, Freckle.
  Sun-Stroke.—See Coup de Soleil.
  Suppression.—Usually apphed to  amenorrhcea, but some-
times also to ischuria.
  Suppuration.—Purulency;  Formation  of Pus.   It  may
take place in any  of  the tissues.   It is characterized by slight
chills;  remission of  the  lancinating. pain, which  becomes
heavy;  a sense of weight in the part, and when  the part can
be felt by fluctuation.  When found on the surface, exposod
to air, the part is caUed an ulcer, otherwise an abscess.
   Surfeit.—Colica Ciburia.    See Colic, of Surfeit.
  Suspirium.—Sigh, Suspiration, Short-Breathing.
  Sweating Sickness.—Miliary Fever.   See Sudamia.
  Swelling.—Any abnormal increase of bulk.  See Timor.
  Swelling, White.—See Hydrarthrus.
   Swoon,. Swooning.—See Syncope.
   Sycoma, Sycosis.—See Ficus.               „ 
Stn.         Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.       263
   Symplepharosis. — Preternatural  adhesion  between  the
eye-lids.
  Symmetrical Diseases.—A strange  technicality, the  off-
spring of a queer hypothesis.  "It has been affirmed to be a
law of the  animal economy that, when uninfluenced by dis-
turbing  agents, aU general  or  constitutional diseases affect
equally and similarly the corresponding parts of the two sides
of the body."   This has been caUed, the Symmetry of Disease;
and the resulting diseases are said to be symmetrical.  A more
rational "law of the animal economy," may be thus stated :
when the whole mass of blood is so impure, or when the mor-
bific condition is so great that all the vital powers are involved
in the remedial struggle, as in  the febrUe diseases, the man-
ifestations or phenomena of  disease must necessarily be equal
and similar in the corresponding parts of the two sides of the
body.
   Symptosis.—Depression, Emaciation, CoUapse.
   Synanche.—Cynanche.
   Synclonus.—Tremulous agitation of various muscles.
   Syncope,—Fainting, Swoon.  Complete and sudden loss of
sensation and motion.  The patient should be placed in the
horizontal jposture, and fanned  or exposed to the fresh air.
Sprinkling cold water over the  faoe accelerates the recovery.
   Synechia.—Adhesion between the  iris and transparent cor-
nea, or between the iris and crystalline lens.
   Synezisis.—Occlusion or obliteration of the pupil. It may
sometimes be remedied by the operation for artificial pupil.
   Synocha.—Cauma. Dynamic Fever, Entonic Diathesis, Gen-
eral Inflammation.   See Fever,  Inflammatory.
   Synq£HUs.—Mixed Fever, Synochoid ; Common  Continued
Fever.  This is defined to be, " continued fever compounded
of inflammatory and typhus."  The  error consists in mistak-
ing a mild form of putrid  typhus for one kind of fever in the
outset and another in its progress.  It is often termed " bihous 
264 -.     Hand-Book of Hygienic  Practice.         Sxp
fever with typhoid symptoms," or " synocha in the beginning,
and typhus in the end."
  Synovitis.—Inflammation of the Synovial Membrane.  It
most frequently affects the knee-joint, and is a very obstinate
malady.  It is characterized  by more or less heat, pain, and
swelhng, aU of which are increased by standing or walking.
Mercurial infection is the most common cause.  It requires a
persevering application of leg-baths, foot-baths, the  wet-com-
press, and such  general bathing as the state of the system
calls for.  The Hydro-Electrical bath is especiaUy serviceable
in these cases.
  Syphilides.—This term is  applied to cutaneous  eruptions
which accompany syphUis.  They are, in a great majority of
cases, the effects of mercurial medicines.
  Syphilis.—Lues Venera, Pox, French Pox.   This form of
venereal disease  first appears  in the form of chancres, or infec-
tious ulcers, on the genital organs;  if these are aggravated
by improper  treatment, or allowed to exist for - many days,
there wiU be  more or less feverishness, with swelhng and in-
flammation of the glands of  the groin, called bubo,  generally
progressing  to  suppuration.   The  absorption of the  virus
eventually occasions  ulcers in the throat, and copper-colored
blotches on  the  skin, which  are termed, constitutiond syphilis.
And when  the  patient is affected  with pains in the bones,
nodes, etc., these symptoms are termed, tertiary syphilis.  But
a long course of  observation,  and much  experience in  the
treatment of  syphilis, in all its forms and phases, primary and
secondary, have satisfied me, beyond all shadow of doubt, that
"constitutional" and "tertiary" syphilis are, in a very great
majority of cases, *the effects of mineral drugs, and not of the
venereal disease.  I have not, in a single case, known any sec-
ondary nor tertiary complications—no ulcers of the thrpat,*no
caries of the bones, no decomposition of the palate, no destruc-
tion of the nose, no nodes, etc., etc.—in patients whom I have
treated for the  primary symptoms, or who have not  taken
mineral  medicines;  and I have watched this point  for more 
T^en.        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.        265
 than twenty years.  (A full account of syphihzation and mer-
 curialization may be  found in my work, " Pathology of the
 Reproductive Organs.")  The  consequences of drug medica-
 tion generaUy,  and of mercurial " specifics" particularly, in
 aU forms of venereal disease, are  most horrible.  The disease
 is bad enough; but the ordinary treatment is much worse.
   The chancre should be thoroughly destroyed on its  first ap-
 pearance ; aquafortis,  nitrate of silver, or a red hot iron, may
 be employed for this purpose.  One, two, three, or more appli-
 cations  may be  required.   The  whole surface of the sore
 should  be trouched every day, or  every other day, until all
 appearance  of virus  or corrosion  disappears, and  healthy
 granulations appear  at  every point. ,If  this treatment is
 promptly and properly pursued, and the patient subjected to
 a warm bath, or a wet-sheet pack daUy, with a very abstemi-
 ous and simple dietary, there wiU be no danger  of buboes, nor
 of eecondary, constitutional, nor tertiary symptoms.
   Syphiloid.—Resembhng SyphUis; Mercurial Cachexy.
   Syspasia,—Clonic Spasm.
   Tabes.—Marasmus.  General emaciation.
   Tabes Dorsalis.—Wasting of the body from sexual abuse.
   Tabes Mesenterica.—Mesenteric Disease, Infantile Atrophy.
 Emaciation  and  wasting  of  the body with engorgement and
 tubercular degeneration of  the mesenteric glands.  It is one
 of the manifestations of the scrofulous diathesis.
   T^nia.—Tape Worm.  Only two species of intestinal worms,
 of the genus Tenia, are found  in the human body, the Tcenia
 lata,  and Taenia solium.  The  former  species is called the Broad
 Tape Worm,  which has been known to reach  sixty yards in
 length;  the  latter is known as the Long Tape Worm, and cases
 are recorded in which they attained the enormous length of
 six hundred feet. •  Many nostrums have acquired  celebrity
for destroying this  species  of worm—turpentine, male fern,
 pumpkin seed, etc.; but, like  other worms which  infest the
bowels,  they wiU disappear when the cause of  their presence
is  removed.   Probably none  of them  could long survive  a
             12 
266        Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.        Tet.
physiological dietary.   They are by nature scavengers, as are
flies, vultures, hogs and cockroaches; and when there is no
appropriate food for them to subsist upon, they wiU necessarily
die or emigrate.
  Talipes'.—Club-Foot.
  Talpa.—A tumor on the head, which has been supposed to
burrow like a mole.
  Tarantismus. — Tarantism,  Tarentalismus, Chorea Sancti
Valentini.  A spasmodic affection in which the patients mani-
fest an inordinate propensity to dance to the sound of music.
No doubt the malady  is frequently  feigned.   It  was one of
the epidemics of the middle ages.
  Temulentia.—Inebriation, Drunkenness,  Intoxication.
  Tenesmus.—Frequent,  painful, and vain desires  to go to
stool.  It is a symptom in dysentery, and in pUes.
  Tenia.—Taenia.
 . Tertian Fever.—Tertian Ague. Third day Intermittent.
  Tetanus. — Constrictive Spasm.   It is  characterized by
closure of the jaws; difficult deglutition, and rigidity of the
hmbs and trunk.   When  the spasm is confined to the mus-
cles of the jaws, it is called Trismus.  The body may be curved
forwards, backwards, or to one side, constituting the forms
termed Emprosthotonos, Opisthotonos, and Pleurothotonos.  The
immediate  cause  is generally the wounding of a  nerve  or
tendon; sometimes mental shocks, or extreme exposures wiU
occasion  it.  Certain narcotic drugs, Strychnine, Brucine, etc.,
in large doses, induce tetanic spasms.
  The prolonged  warm or tepid bath, or the hot-bath, followed
by the tepid ablution,  or dripping sheet, is our principal reli-
ance in the treatment.   In cases where the external temper-
ature is considerably above the normal standard, constituting
a general feverish condition, the wet-sheet pack is the prefer-
able appliance.   The  patient should be  kept as quietly as
possible, and aU  sources of irritation removed as far as prac-
ticable 
atc        mand-uook of  Hygienic Practice.       267
  The ordinary remedy for tetanus, according to the "healing
art," as it is in druggery, are, (I quote Dunglison's Dictionary,)
" Copious,  and  repeated blood-letting ;  bathing,  cold  and
warm, powerful doses of opium, and other narcotics."  If
any one should, perchance, survive  such treatment, it would
t e a powerful demonstration that humanity is tough /
* Tetter.—See Herpes.
  Thelitis.—Inflammation  of the Nipple.
  Theomania.—Demonomania.
  Therioma.—Any Mahgnant Ulcer.
  Thirst, Morbid.—A symptom  in  many diseases.  Nine-
tenths of the  thirst of the majority of persons, who call them-
selves  weU,  is  abnormal, and  occasioned by unwholesome
articles or preparations of food, condiments, irritants, etc.
  Thoracodyne.—Pleurodynia.   See Pleuralgia.
  Thoracystis.—Hydatids  of the Chest.   Encysted Hydro-
thorax.
  Throat-Ail.—FoUicular  Inflammation of the Fauces.  It
is always an indication of a morbid stomach or diseased hver,
and can only be permanently cured by restoring the integrity
of the digestive organs.
  Throbbing.—Pain which  is augmented by the arterial pul-
sations. This term is also apphed to the strong, jerking motion
of the heart or arteries.
  Thrombus-—Hsematoma.  A smaU, round, bluish  tumor,
formed by an  effusion of blood into the areolar texture, in the
vicinity of the vein which has  been opened  in the operation
of venesection.   It is commonly owing to the incision through
the skin not  corresponding exactly  with  that in  the  vein.
Cold applications are proper.
  Thymion.—A small wart, resembling a bud of thyme.
  Thymiosis.—Frambcesia.
  Thyrocele. —Bronchocele.
  Tic.—Vellication, Twiching; habitual convulsive motion of
cortain muscles. 
268       Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.        Ton.
  Tic Douleureux.—Tic Douloureux, Neuralgia.
  Tinea.—Porrigo.
  Tinnitus Aurium.—An imaginary sound, hke that  of the
motion of the wind, the murmur of water, the  ringing  of a
beU, etc.  It often accompanies cerebrai congestion, irritation.
  Tixes.—Milk Sickness.
  Titubutio.—Fidgets.
  Tobacco-Using.—An extensive and rapidly increasing habit,
and more ruinous to the human race than is the use of al-
coholic  beverages.   It  comprehends chewing, snuffing, smoking,
and dipping.   Tobacco-using, in aU its forms, is  the most filthy,
indecent and disgusting habit to  which depraved  human
nature was ever addicted.   Those who would be reheved of
this infernal infirmity, can mitigate  the horrors of the  transi-
tion state to purity and  normal sensations, by  taking a warm
bath daUy;  adopting a  very plain and abstemious diet; exer-
cising very moderately;  lying down whenever  headache, rest-
lessness, morbid irritability, mania, or  delirium tremensyhecome
insupportable, and abstinence from  aU care or business, for a
few days.   Substitutes  had better  be let alone, as they  only
prolong the struggle, and may occasion a relapse.
  Tonic Spasm.—Rigid  contraction of the muscles without re-
laxation, as in tetanus.
  Tonicity.—Dunglison defines this word: " The faculty that
determines the general tone of the sohds;" and he adds, " ex-
cessive tonicity causes erethism or crispness ; deficient tonicity,
atony or weakness."   How  can there be "excessive facidty" to
determine tone ?  The author has  made a distinction where
there is no difference.   Tonicity is not a faculty, for faculties
are inteUectual quahties; and it can no  more be excessive than
vitahty or health can be excessive.   "Erethism " of a part is
simply disproportionate morbid action; and erethism  of the
whole system is simply preternatural determination of action to
the whole surface ; in other words, entonic diathesis.  The error I
am refuting is the cause  of an incalculable amount of bleeding,
antimonializing, depleting, and reducing practice, and occasions 
Tra.         Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.       269
 more deaths than " war, pestilence, and famine combined.'1  To
 remedy erethism, or " excessive tonicity," we should  not de-
 stroy the vitality, but balance the remedial action—a rule, by
 the way,  which applies  to  all diseases; which has no excep-
 tions, and which is absolutely infaUible.   And he is the most
 skillful physician, whether learned or illiterate in the techni-
 calities of the medical profession, who best adapts his remedial
 appliances to this rule, in view of aU the circumstances of the
 patient's  case.                              /
   Tonsillitis.—Inflammation of the TonsUs.   See Quinsy.
   Toothache.—See Odontalgia.
   Tophus.—Calcareous concretions around the joints of gouty
 persons.
   Tormentum.—Ileus; Intussusception.   See Colic
   Tormina.—Acute Colicky Pains ; Dysentery.
   Torpid. - Inactive,  Numb.
   Torpor, Torpitude.—Narcosis; Insensibility.
   Torticollis.—Stiff-neck, Wry-neck.  A rheumatic affection
 of the muscles  of the neck, which  inclines the head to the
 side.  Fomentations wUl relieve aU ordinary cases.   If the
 muscles  are permanently contracted, the  remedy consists in
 dividing them.
   Toxical.—Poisonous.   The whole  drug materia medica is
 but a collection of poisons;  and their effects, though termed,
 " physiological," in medical books,  are actuaUy toxicologicd.
 If pharmacy was called  the art of mingling poisons, as it truly
is; and if drug medication was  entitled, the practice of poison-
ing the people, because they are sick, as it reaUy is, nobody would
have anything to do with it.
  Toxicosis.—Drug Diseases.
  Tracheitis.—Cynanche Trachealis.
  Trachelismus.—Spasm of the Muscles of the Neck.
  Trachelitis.—Cynanche Trachealis.
  Tracheocele.—Broncheocele. 
270        Hand-Book of  Hygienic Practice.  .        TaL
  Teacheophthisis.—Laryngeal Consumption.
  Trachitis.—Cynanche Trachealis.
  Trachoma.—Granular Eyelid.
  Trance.—Catalepsy, Ecstasis.
  Translation of Disease.—See Metastasis.
  Transplantation  of  Disease.—Paracelsus pretended  to
cure diseases  by transplantation, which consisted  in  making
them pass from one  individual to another, either animal  or
vegetable.   The pretension, though very absurd, is perfectly
consistent with the theory which the regular physicians of the
present day teach, concerning  the nature of disease.  If dis-
ease be ieaUy an  entity, a thing, a  substance, a something
which  "attacks  us," "runs a course," "passes through us,"
" supervenes," " changes its seat," etc., etc., why could  it not
be driven out of the system ?  And if it can be driven oid of
one individual, what is to hinder it being driven into another ?
  Transport.—Delirium.
  Trembles.—Milk Sickness.
  Trembling.—Tremor.
  Tremor. — Trepidation,  Trembling,  Synclonic Spasm ; in-
voluntary agitation of some one or aU of the muscles.  This
disease is always connected with great debility or exhaustion,
and is  often occasioned by narcotic or mineral drugs.   Hard*
drinkers, and  workers in mercury, lead, etc., are very liable
to it.   These considerations sufficiently suggest the remedial
plan.
  Trichia.—Entropion.
  Trichiasis.—Trichiosis.  This term is applied to catarrh of
the bladder, to inflammation of the  breast, and to inversion
of the  eye-lashes.
  Trichina  Spiralis.—A  small species of entozoa, discovered
in the voluntary muscles.   They are similar to the eels found
in paste and vinegar.  They are occasionally communicated
to the  human  being through the  swine's  flesh, on which  ho
feeds. 
Typ.'        Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice.       271
  Trichocephalus.—Long Thread-Worm.  It generaUy in-
habits the large intestines, especially the caecum and colon.
A physiological dietary is the remedy.
  Trichosis.—Morbid condition of the Hair.
  Trismus.—Partial Tetanus; Locked-Jaw.
  Tromania—Delirium Tremens.
  Trumbus.—Thrombus.
  Tubercule.—A tumor in the  substance of an organ, from
the production of new matter.  Tubercles may form in any
part of the body, but most frequently occur in the lungs and
mesentery.
  Tumor.—Swelhng.
  Turgescence.—Turgidity, Fullness, Congestion.
  Turn of Life.—The cessation of the function of ovulation.
  Tussis.—Tussicula, Cough, Bex.  It is symptomatic of many
diseases.
  Tympanites.—Wind-Dropsy.   Swelling of  the  abdomen
from air accumulated in the peritoneum, or in the intestines.
The abdomen  sounds like a drum, when struck.  It may be
owing to exhalation of gas from the inner coat of the intesti-
nal tube, or to decomposition of  substances contained  in it
It is always a dangerous  symptom.  When it occurs in low
fevers after free bleeding, drastic purging, or severe drugging
of any kind, it is almost  invariably the precursor  of death.
The treatment consists of hot fomentations, or cold wet cloths,
as the temperature of the  part is below or above the normal
standard.  The heat may be variable, requiring corresponding
alternations  in the  treatment.  An enema of tepid water is
proper, when there  is evidence of fecal  accumulation in the
bowels.
  Tympanitis.—This term is applied to inflammation of the
lining membrane of the middle ear, and also to Tympanites.
  Type.—The form of disease as relates to the periodicity  of
the  paroxysms.  It  properly applies only to the febrUe dis-
eases, of which there are three types, Continued, Remittent, and 
272        Hand-Book of Hygienic  Practice..       Ula.
Intermittent.  The term is used loosely, and in several senses,
in medical writings.   Thus, we read of dysentery of a mahg-
nant type; small-pox of a mild type; fever of the typhoid type,
etc.  There may be mild or malignant, typhoid or inflamma-
tory, bUious or epidemic forms of disease, but there are no
such types.
  Typhoid.—Resembling  Typhus.   The term typhoid is  ap-
phed generically to all continued fevers of low or donlc diatlte-
sis, in contradistinction to inflammatory fever, which is entonic
diathesis.   It apphes also to aU visceral inflammations of  the
atonic diathesis.  As the term is apphed in medical writings
to fevers, it generally means nervous continued fever, or the ner-
vous form of typhus, in contradistinction to putrid nervous fever,
or putrid form of typhus.  The notion that typhoid fever is
symptomatic of, or essentially connected with inflammation of
Peyer's gland, while typhus is  symptomatic of, or essentially
connected with inflammation of Brunners' gland, is one of the
faUacies and fantasies that abound in medical books.   Inflam-
mation, and also ulceration of those glands may exist; not as
a cause, however, but as an effect of  the disease.  See Fever,
Nervous.
  Typhomania.—The Delirium of Typhus or Typhoid Fever.
  Typhus.—This term is usually  applied to what I explain as
pxitrld  continued fever.  It  comprehends all  continued fevers
whose  leading characteristic are grossness of  the body, and
impurity of the blood, as manifested  in a dark coat of  the
tongue, foul breath, fetid excretions, crimson surface, blotches,
spots, petechiae, carbuncles, etc.   Hospital, Jail, Ship, Camp,
Spotted,  Yellow,  etc., fevers, and also plague, are forms of
typhus.  The terms, Adynamic and Asthenic, have been  ap-
phed indiscriminately to both the nervous and putrid forms
of fever; but more especially to those of the continued type.
The "rose  spots" and "mulberry rash" which some authors
regard as peculiar to typhus, are not  always present.  They
merely indicate a more severe or  aggravated  form of  the dis-
ease.   See Fever, Putrid.
   Ulatrophia.—FaUing away of the Gums,  > 
Ovu.       Hand-Book of Hygienic Pbactice.        273
  Ulcer.—A Sore.  Ulcers are variously divided into simple,
sinuous,  fistulous,  fungous,  gangrenous, scorbutic, syphilitic,
cancerous, scrofulous, phagedenic, virulent, carious, varicose,
indolent, erosive,  etc   They are always symptomatic, and,
hence, in their treatment the constitutional  cause must  be
primarily regarded.  The local treatment consists in regulat-
ing the temperature of the part, keeping it excluded as much
as possible from the contact of air, by covering the surface or
filling the cavity with fine flour, chalk-powder, or other ab-
sorbent  and inert material,  covering with simple  cerate or
adhesive plaster, and removing fungous granulations, caUous
edges, or adventitious formations, with caustic.
  Ulitis.—Inflammation of the Gums.
  Uremia.—A Urinous state of the Blood.
  Ureteralgia.—Pain in the course of the Ureter,  Calculus
is the common cause.
  Ureteritis.—Inflammation of the Ureter.   It is commonly
caused by calculus.
  Urethralgia.—Pain in the Urethra.
  Urethritis.—Gonorrrhoea.
  Urethroblenorrhosa.—Gonorrhoea, or Gleet.
  Urine, Incontinence of.—See Eneuresis.
  Urocrasia.—Eneuresis.
  Urorrhgsa.—Eneuresis, Diabetis,
  Urozemia.—Diabetis.
  Urticaria,—Nettle-Rash, Hives, Bold Hives.  The  erup-
tion is distinguished  by those elevations of the cuticle  caUed
wheals, and resembles that produced by the sting of the nettle.
It is  accompanied with intolerable itching, especially when
the patient is warm in bed.  It is of biliary origin, and is
connected with gastric derangement.   Tepid ablutions,  and a
plain, abstemious diet, wiU soon remove it.
  Uteromania. —Nymphomania,
  Uvuxitis.—Inflammation of the Uvula
            12*              • 
274        Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        Vaq
   Vaccina.—Vaccinia,  Cow-Pock,  Eine-Pock,  Inoculated
 Cow-Pox.   The small-pox of the cow, called  cow-pox,  when
 transmitted to man, will, in most cases, protect him from the
 small-pox.  Though medical authors are very fond of boasting
 of the discovery of Jenner, (whom the profession persecuted,)
 it has long been a controverted question whether his discovery
 of vaccina, as a preventive of small-pox, has been a blessing
 or a curse  to the world.  We are of opinion its evils immeas-
 urably overbalance aU the good the world has derived from it.
 There  is something revolting  to  plain, unsophisticated com-
 mon sense  in the idea of infecting the blood of a healthy per-
 son with some bane or baleful thing, some venom or virus, to
 produce immunity from disease ; yet it is in character with the
 whole drug system.  And quite recently syphilizatlon has been
 gravely proposed as a preventive  of venereal disease!  And
 why not ?  If persons ought to be poisoned, because they are
 sick, the same reasoning would poison and infect them to pre-
 serve health;  and it does-  The vaccine virus is usually taken
 from the human vesicle ;  but this  exposes the  innoculated
 person to a worse infection than that of smaU-pox.   Scrofula
 and  venereal disease  are  often  communicated in  this way.
 Vaccina  requires no  other treatment than a daUy ablution,
 with due attention to the dietary.
   Modified small-pox, termed varioloid, is the small-pox occur-
ring after successful vaccination.  It is sometimes epidemic.
   Vaccination.—-This operation consists in inserting the vac-
cine virus under the cuticle, or scarf-skin, so that it may come
in contact with the absorbents.   The best time  for taking  the
matter is about the eighth day, when it  ought to  be limpid
and transparent.  The scab, which faUs off in about twenty
days, is often employed; but it is less rehable.
   Vaginitis.—Inflammation of the Vagina.   This term is
often applied to leucorrhcea. This affection is not uncommon
and commonly not  difficult to  cure.  But when  ao-o-ravated
with astringent and caustic injections, it often becomes exceed-
ingly obstinate and distressing.  Tepid, cool or cold injections,
hip-baths, and the wet-girdle, are the special apphances. 
Var.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        275
   Vagitus.—SquaUing.  The cry of the new-born child.
   Varicella.—Chicken-Pox; Bastard SmaU-Pox.  It is char-
 acterized by transparent vesicles, about the size of peas, scat-
 tered over the body.   There are several varieties; some of
 which are caUed swine-pox, water-pox, water-jags, etc.  It is
 an unimportant affection, and cleanliness is aU that is necessary
 to regard in the matter of treatment.
   Varicoblepharon.—Varicose Tumor of the Eyelid.
   Varicocele.—Spermatocele, Cirsocele. Varicose dilatation of
 the veins of  the  scrotum and  spermatic  cord.  It is  a soft,
 knotty,  compressible tumor, situate in the course of the cord,
 and increasing from below upwards.  It does not usuaUy cause
 much inconvenience, and a suspensory bandage is all the treat-
 ment necessary.
   Variola.—SmaU-Pox. There are two forms of this disease,
 the discrete, or distinct, and the confluent.   In  the first named
 variety, the  pustules are nearly the size of peas, distinct, dis-
 tended,  and circular,  and the fever is inflammatory.  In the
 confluent form the pustules are irregularly circumscribed, and
 run together, and the fever is typhoid. In the distinct or mild
 form, the pustules appear from the third to the fifth day,  and
 suppurate from the eighth to the tenth.  In  the confluent or
 malignant form, the course of the symptoms are less uniform.
 The constitutional disturbance  which precedes and accompa-
nies the eruption is  termed Eruptive Fever,  and that  which
succeeds the pustules, and which occurs from the tenth to the
thirteenth day, is termed the Secondary Fever.
  Small-pox represents the most putrescent of the exanthems,
or eruptive fevers,  as the plague  does the  extreme of gross-
ness and putresceUcy  among the simple fevers; hence the
prime importance  of an abundance  of fresh air, hght, and a
cool, equable temperature.  The temperature of the  apart-
ment  (and  this  rule  applies with  emphasis to  aU  eruptive
fevers, and with especial emphasis to smaU-pox,) should always
be as low as the patient can bear, Avithout absolute chilliness.
The  constitutional symptoms—the  fever—should  be treated 
276       Hand-Book of  Hygienic  Practice,         Sob,
precisely as aU other fevers of the same type and  diathesis.
The external apphcations must be regulated by the tempera-
ture of the skin.   The greater the morbid  heat and dryness,
the more frequently should it be  bathed or sponged, and the
cooler or colder should be the temperature of the water em-
ployed.   When the  diathesis of the fever is  inflammatory,
the wet-sheet pack daily is preferable ; it is also to be preferred
in the typhoid cases, except when the pulse is low,  and there
is a disposition to chilliness, or to coldness of the extremities.
In these cases, tepid ablutions should be frequently employed.
Pure water, of any temperature most agreeable to the patient,
may be taken ad libitum ; no food  at all should be taken until
the eruption on the surface is weU estabhshed, and very little,
and that  only of mUd, ripe, juicy fruits and gruel, until the
process of pustulation is completed.  To prevent pitting, cold
wet cloths should be  kept constantly on the parts exposed to
the air, and the sores covered with fine flour, chalk-powder, or
something to protect them from atmospheric air.
  Varioloid.—Modified SmaU-Pox.   This is small-pox occur-
ring after vaccination.  The matter of a varioloid pustule will
occasion small-pox in one who has never had the disease " the
natural way." Varioloid sometimes prevails epidemically, but
is a much milder disease than variola.   It  requires no  other
attention than hght diet and tepid ablutions.
  Varix.—Varicose Vein; Dilatation of a Vein.  Varicose tu-
mors  occur most  frequently in the superficial veins  of the
lower extremities, and are owing to relaxation or obstruction.
They  are  soft, unequal, knotty, and livid.   They wiU  often
disappear when  the general  tone of the muscular system is
restored,  or the  particular cause of the obstruction, (as the
pressure of the gravid uterus, an  enlarged liver, extreme con-
stipation, etc.,) are removed.   In  severe cases, they  require to
be checked  by, and compressed  with, an  appropriate band-
age.  The radical cure, in bad cases, is by caustic or ligature.
  Venom.—A poisonous fluid, secreted by certain animals, as
the viper, rattlesnake, etc 
Ves.         Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice,       277
   Venosity.—An unusual preponderance of venous or impure
 blood.   Whatever tends to obstruct the eliminating functions,
 especially those of the lungs and skin, favors the  production
 of a carbonaceous or  impure state of the whole mass  of the
 blood.   This condition is seen in dropsy, plethora, asphyxia,
 etc., and in low fevers of'the putrid form.  To  cure venosity,
 it is only necessary to  arteridlze or purify the blood.  And yet,
 strange  as  it may seem, the celebrated author, Rokitansky,
 who is said to be the greatest pathologist now living, teaches
 that consumption is owing to a  want of venosity  in the blood !
 or too great a proportion of p'ure blood ! !  And his treatment
 is consistent with his theory, and with the practice of our allo-
 pathic brethren all over the civUized  world—hydro-carbona-
 ceous diet, drink, and  medicine, as pork, grease, cod-liver oil,
 alcohol,  etc, etc
   Ventosity.—Flatulence.
   Verminous.—Caused  by .Worms.  Many symptoms of ob-
 struction, indigestion, and constipation in children are errone-
 ously attributed to worms, and the patient drugged with pink,
 senna, turpentine, powdered  glass, or calomel, which occasion
 more mischief, frequently in a single hour, than the worms
 would, if let alone, in a whole year.
   Verruca.—Wart.  A few touches of nitric acid, nitrate of
 silver, or any other strong caustic, wiU destroy them, as their
 vitality is very low, comparatively.
   Vertigo.—Giddiness,  Dizziness,  Swimming of the Head.
 In this condition the patient experiences sensations as if all
 )bjects were circumvirating  around him.   It is immediately
 )wing to congestion of the brain,  and often precedes apoplexy,
 epilepsy, etc.
  Vesania. —Madness.
  Vesication. — The   formation  of Blisters.   The medical
dictionaries  say, "The action of  a vesicant," but as vesicants
do not act  in the  production  of blisters, the definition  is a
faUure.   The practice of destroying some part of the surface, 
278         Hand-Book  of  Hygienic Practice.        Vis.
because another part is  in a bad way, is of a piece with the
phlosophy of poisoning the whole body through and through,
because it is  sick.
  Voices.—Spots.   Large purple discolorations of the skin,
which appear  in mahgnant putrid fevers.   They  resemble
the marks  produced by the strokes of a whip, and indicate
extreme putrescency.
  Vicarious.—This  term is applied to secretions,  excretions,
hemorrhages, and diseases, when they appear to  be substi-
tutes for, or to take the place of, some other affection or action.
Thus, nose-bleeding at the menstrual period would be called
vicarious hemorrhage; increased discharge of urine, because
the action of the skin was diminished, would be called vica-
rious urination, etc.   The practitioner should carefuUy watch
the evidences of, and as far  as possible obviate the  necessity
for, vicarious functional  duty, without, however, directly re-
pressing it, as is the ordinary practice.
  Vigilance.—Insomnia.
  Virus.—Prof, Dunglison defines this word, "the agent for
the transmission of infectious  diseases."  It is the cause of
infectious diseases, not the agent by which they are transmit-
ted.   It is the poison which, being resisted or expeUed by the
vital powers,  occasions the disease we call infectious.  Infec-
tion is unappreciable  by any chemical or physical  tests, and
the result of  a morbid process, thereby differing from venom,
which is an ordinary excretion or secretion.
  Vis Medicatrix Nature.—This term  is  usuaUy defined,
'' the inherent and instinctive healing power, in an animal or
vegetable, by virtue of which  it can repair  injuries inflicted
upon  it,  or remove disease."  A world  of  delusion will be
removed from the minds of medical men, when they can un-
derstand  that, so far from the vis medicatrix naturce  bein°- tii9
power that removes the disease, it is  the disease itself.   And
when the people recognise this great truth, they wiU demand
a very different method of medicating their maladies, than
that which  has been in vogue for some three thousand years. 
Whe.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.       279
   Vomica.—CoUections of purulent matter in the lung?, which
 open into the bronchial tubes, and are discharged by  the
 mouth, constituting the apostematous  form  of consumption.
 See Consumption, Apostematous.
   Vomit,  Black.—The vitiated matter ejected from the stom-
 ach in yellow fever  and other putrid diseases.
   Vomiting.—Spewing, Puking.  See Emesis.
   Vomiturition. — Retching, Heaving, Ineffectual efforts to
 vomit
   Vulvitis.—See Vaginitis.
   Wale.—Wheal.
   Wart.—See Verruca.
   Washerwoman's  Scall.—A species of Psoriasis, which see.
   Wasp, Sting  of.—The poison may be decomposed by any
 caustic which wiU slightly disorganize the part to which it is
 applied, as aquafotis, aqua ammonia,  or sulphate of  zinc
 The inflammation may be  assuaged by  means of very cold
 water or ice.
   Waterbrash.—See Pyrosis.
   Water-Jags.—See Varicella.
   Water-Pox. —Varicella."
   Water-Qualm.—Pyrosis.
   Weaksightedness.—Asthenopia.
   Weal.—Wheal.
   Weaning Brash.—See Brash, Weaning.
   Web-Eye.—Caligo.
   Welk.—Whelk.
   Wen.—Tumor.  Indolent, circumscribed and non-inflam-
matory tumors, occuring  in any part of the body, are termed
wens.  They sometimes  increase to an enormous size.  The
remedy is  extirpation with the knife.
   Wheal.—Wale, Weal.  Elevations or  ridges  of the skin,
as if produced by a rod or whip. They are seen in urticaria. 
280         Hand-Book  of Hygienic  Practice.       Wob.
   Whelk.—Welk.   See Gutta Rosea.

   Whisky Liver.—See Liver, Nutmeg.

   White  Swelling. — See  Hydrarthus,  and   Phlegmatia
 Dolens.

   Whites.—See Leucorrhcea.

   Whitlow.—See Paronychia.

   Whooping Cough.—See Pertussis.

   Wind  Dropsy.—Emphysema, Tympanites.

   Windiness.—Flatulence.

   Wobms.—Entozoa, Vermes.  Animals which are  known to

 exist only in other animals, are found not only in the natural
 cavities, but also in the tissue of the organs.

   The following is a tabular arrangement of the entozoa, with

 their usual habitude,  which have been found in the human
 body:                                  •
             Entozoa.                   Where found.

        Trichocephalus dispar,          "]
        Oxyuris vermicularis,
        Ascaris lumhricoides,           ( T    .
        Bothriocephalus latus,          f Intestines.
        Taenia solium,
        Ditrachyceras rudis,            J
        Diplosoma crenata,            1
        Spiroptera homihis,            \ Urinary Bladder.
        Dactylius aculeatus,            J
        Distoma hepaticum,             Gull Bladder.
        Strongylus gigas.               Kidney.
        Filaria oculi,                   Eye.

        Echinococcus*hominis,          X LiYe£  Sp1***.
                                    J and Omentum.
        Polystoma pinguicola,           Ovary.
        Polystoma venarum seu sangui-  > v .
          cola Hexathyridium venarum,  J Veins-
        Filaria hronchialis,              Bronchial Glands.
        Trichina spiralis,              i
        Cysticercus cellulosae,          J Mus3les-
        Acephalocystis multifida,         Brain.
        Filaria medinensis,              Cellular texture.

  The most common of these  are the Oxyures, Ascarides, and
Taenia,  which  are found  in  the intestines.  There  are no

symptoms which positively indicate their presence, except their

discharge.  As  they are never  found outside of a living  or- 
Zoa.       Hand-Book  of Hygienic Practice.        281
ganism, and only subsist within on the offd of the ahmentary
canal, being essentiaUy scavengers, it is clear that a physio-
logical dietary is the chief and probably all-sufficient remedy.
  Wound.—Mechanical Injury.  Any sudden solution of con-
tinuity, or displacement of parts by some  mechanical  force.
They are distinguished into incised, punctured, lacerated, and
poisoned.  Aside from the surgery, water dressings to regu-
late  the temperature, or in other words, control the inflam-
mation, are aU the treatment which can be necessary or useful.
  Wrench.—Sprain.
  Wrist-Drop.—Paralysis  of the muscles of  the forearm,
occasioned by the poison of lead.
  Writer's  Spasm.—See Spasm, Writer's.
  Xanthopsia.—YeUow Vision, Jaundice.
  Xanthosis.—The yellow discoloration  which is often ob-
served  in cancerous tumors.
  Xanthuria.—Depoits of xanthic oxide in the  urine.
  Xerophthalmia.—Lippitudo, also an inflammation  of the
eye without discharge.
  Yawning.—Gaping.   A deep, slow inspiration, followed by
a prolonged and slightly  sonorous expiration.  It  indicates
torpor,  or fatigue of the respiratory  system, and  is an effort
to promote aeration of  the blood.
  Yaws.—See Frambcesia.
  Yellow Fever.—See Fever, Yellow.
  Yellows.—Jaundic e.
  Zelosis, Zelotypia.—Melancholy, Mania.
  Zoanthropia.—A species of monomania in which the suf-
ferer imagins himself transformed into an animal.
  Zoara.—Insomnia. 
 
APPENDIX.
hygeio-therapeutic  movements.
  As there are many cases of disease and infirmity for which
it is impossible to give special directions, in a work of this
kind, for such gymnastic, calisthenic, or kinesipathic exercises
and manipulations as may be desirable in the course of treat-
ment, I have deemed it important to supply, in an appendix,
such  instructions  and iUustrations  as wiU enable those who
cannot avaU themselves of the advantages  of teachers, nor
the privileges of Health Institutions, in a measure to "work
out their  own salvation."  I would, however, recommend  to
all who desire fuller  instructions and a greater variety of  U-
lustrations than can be given here, to study the various works
on this  subject, particularly the author's " Illustrated  FamUy
Gymnasium," published by S. R. Wells, No. 389 Broadway,
New York.

                   GENERAL RULES.
  The following remarks are copied from the above mentioned
work, with the kind permission of the publishers:
  " It is  no doubt a  correct maxim, that aU violent exertions
should  be made  when  the  stomach is empty, or nearly  so.
The best  times for the most active  gymnastic exercises are
early in the morning and towards evening; when practiced at
or near  bedtime, they should be  more  moderate.  They
should  never be  practiced immediately after meals, nor very
near the time for  eating, as digestion is never well performed
when the system  is  in an agitated, or exhausted condition.
  "Exercises should always be commenced, as  well as fin-
ished, gently.  This  is  especiaUy important for new begin-
ners, as  they are sometimes injured, and  their  progress  re* 
284
Appendix.
Fig. 1.
tarded by too severe  efforts  at first.   As a general rule, aU
very abrupt transitions are objectionable.
  "Let the pupil never forget that the organs or parts are to
be developed and strengthened by moderate  and prolonged
exertions, rather than by violent and fitful ones.  The weaker
organs Or limbs should always receive most attention, and be
more frequently subjected to exercises speciaUy adapted to
their invigoration."
  "The dress should always be light and easy, and all super-
fluities in the dress itself, or in the pockets, as toys, knives,
etc,  dispensed with.  Pupils should be careful and not sit in
                   a  draught of  cold air,  nor drink very
                   much cold water, nor he down on damp
                   or cold ground when fatigued from exer-
                   cise.  Nor should they bathe or wash all
                   over when much fatigued.   A high tem-
                   perature,  perspiration, or 'feverishness'
                   of the body, is, in  itself, no objection to
                   cold bathing, but rather an indication foi
                   it, provided the body is not at all fatigued,
                   and the respiration is not disturbed."
                      "It is always important to vary the ex-
                   ercises frequently, so as to call into action
                   alternately various sets of muscles. When
                   large classes take lessons together, it is a
                   good plan to divide them into sub-classes,
                   giving the easier exercises to the smaUer
  Exercising Dress.      and weaker."
BODILY POSITIONS.
  "In aU kinds of gymnastic performances, as weU as  in aU
occupations, it is essential to observe undeviatingly, correct bod-
ily positions.   In lying, sitting,  standing, walking, riding  or
laboring, the  trunk of the body is to be kept erect.   The
bending  is to be done on the hip-joint, and not by crooking
the spinal  column forward,  and thus forcing  the  ribs and
sternum  in upon the stomach and  lungs.   Immense mischief
results from this habit^" 
Appendix.
285
  " Bolsters and high piUows are among the abominations of
fashionable life.  The head should never be raised more than
a few  inches, by a single small pillow.   But it is a general
custom to pile pillow  on pillow, like 'Alps on Alps,' until  the
poor doubled and twisted victim is elevated out of all reason-
able shape, and the neck  so  bent, and lungs so  compressed,
that congestion is sure to affect the brain, while free breath-
ing is utterly impossible.   Dullness of mental comprehension,
  Fig. 2.   and general torpor or  stupidity of the intellectual
  i\ •     faculties are among the consequences of this perni-
          cious habit."                            •
            The mihtary position, which brings the ear, shoul-
          der, hip, knee and ankle into  aline, is the proper
          standing position, as seen in fig. 2.
            In this position  the  shoulders  are squared,  the
          heels placed slightly apart in hne, the toes  out to
          an angle of sixty degrees, the knees straight,  the
          arms hanging easUy by the side, and the hands open
          to  the front.  The chest must be slightly inclined
          forward, the abdomen moderately drawn  in,  the
          head erect, the eyes looking directly forward, and
          the weight of  the body resting more  on the  fore
          part of the feet than on the heels.
                     Fig. 3 represents  an excellent position
                  for  straightening a  crooked  spine  and
                  securing erectitude of body, with free and
                  unrestrained action of the whole respira-
                  tory system.  It may be assumed  in  the
                  standing  and lying positions alternately,
                  and, although it may prove  difficult and
                  painful to maintain this attitude at first,
                  it wiU soon  become  easy.   The  person
                  may  stand  against a waU, or lie  on the
                   floor,  for a few minutes  at  a time,  and
                   repeat the exercises as  many times a day
             £r    as convenient.
Fig. 3.  Erectitude. 
286
APPENDIX.
                 ABDOMINAL MANIPULATIONS.
   In many cases of dyspepsia, attended with a rigid or re-
 laxed, and, consequently, feeble  condition of the abdominal
 and dorsal muscles, spatting, kneading,  thumping and rub-
bing, with the hand, are very useful, and often very impor-
 tant  exercises.  They should  never be  so violent nor pro-
 longed as  to occasion more than temporary pain or inconve-
 nience.  They should be performed for  a few minutes while
 the patient lies on the back, and then with the patient lying
 face downward.  As the muscles of the abdomen and back
 run in aU directions—transverse, longitudinal and oblique—
 the rubbing motions should be correspondingly varied, so as
 to  stir aU of the muscles  in the  direction  of  their fibres.
 When kneading  or spatting the abdomen or back,  the  pa-
 tient should be directed to expand the lungs by a full inspira-
 tion,  and to hold the  breath as long as possible, whUe the
 "percussion" is being performed.   For spinal irritations and
 curvatures, great benefit  may be derived from gently, but per-
 severingly, spatting and rubbing the muscles along the spinal
 column for ten or fifteen minutes,  daUy. For habitual con-
 stipation, kneading the muscles  of  the  abdomen is the spe-
 cialty of "movement cure."
Fig. 4. Turning of the Body.
  There are some movements which the patient can perform
without an  assistant or manipulator, which  are  admirably
adapted to overcome torpor  and sluggishness of the abdom-
inal organs.
  "With  a mattress to he upon, and  a smaU piUow for the
head, the patient lies down on the back, with the arms folded 
Appendix.
287
    a( ross the breast, the legs half bent at the knee, and the feet
    resting on the floor.  The whole body then makes a simple
    turning motion which brings it on the arm, shoulder, and the
    side of the hip-joints, then back again, and then the same to
    the other side.   The movement should be a complete change
    of the body from a back to a side position, so that it forms a
    semicircle."
*     The aim of the motion is not so much exercise of the mus-
    cles—for here there is  no particular  use of them, and  the
    amount is unimportant which is  the reason that this move-
    ment  has  nothing  straining or fatiguing—as a rocking, alter-
    nating change of position of the more easily moved inner organs, es-
    pecially the abdomind intestines.  Such a  change of position
    may, however, be, in a  simple manner, a means of causing
    many a cure, or at  least of  aiding in doing so, as every phy-
    sician knows.  So, for instance, for a more regular distribu-
    tion of blood in aU such cases where  the obstruction of the cir-
    cdation of the Hood  in the organs of the lower part of the abdomen
    requires remedy, as in cases of hemorrhoidd tumors (not yet
    inflamed, but already, perhaps, in  an advanced state), of  con-
    traction of the urinary bladder, which stands in connection with
    the above; or congestion of blood in the abdomen  before the men-
    strud period of females, giving cause to hemorrhage, etc.   It is
    further of use  in preventing  or removing flatulence, also for
    the reduction of strangulated hernia.
                   Fig. 5.  Raising of the Trunk.
  Raising of the' trunk  is another very useful and very con-
venient exercise.   The body must be placed in a horizontal 
288                    Appendix.
position, on  a bed, mattress, or carpet;  or two cushions, one
under the head and the other under the hips, will answer all
purposes.  The exercise consists simply  in raising the trunk.
to an upright position, without moving the legs.  Many will
require the assistance of a block of wood, or a heavy cushion,
at first, which, being laid across the  legs above the ankle,
serves as a compensation weight.  After a little practice, this
may be  dispensed with.  At first the  arms should be crossed
over the breast.  If this succeeds, the  hands may then be
placed behind the head, as in the Ulustration.   If it is desirable
to render  the movement stiU more difficult, and put the mus-
cles  in greater tension, dumb-bells  may be used, the hands
being held close down by the body.
   " This is a movement setting powerfully in motion all the
muscles of the abdomen, but  more especiaUy those of the
fore  part, whose activity,  and the straining they undergo,
exert a direct and very decided influence on  the functions of ,
the body, but which are, however, just those that are  in so
                      many cases so much neglected.  After
                      a repetition of the motion for a few
                      times, the beneficial influence of it wiU
                      be already experienced by the feeling
                      of warmth which immediately foUows,
                      and spreads itself over the whole re-
                      gion of the  abdomen."
                        " For very feeble patients, and for
                      female weaknesses, where the abdom-
                      inal muscles are very much  relaxed,
                      the patient may have the head slightly
                      raised.  A sofa or lounge can be easUy
                      arranged for this purpose.
                        A combination movement, to act on
                       the whole respiratory system, as well
                      as the abdominal  muscles,  is repre-
                      sented in  fig.  6.   The  arms are
   Combination Movement.   stretched Out, but not stiffly, with the
fists  closed, and then thrown forcibly backward and forward.
 
Appendix.
289
The  trunk must not remain stiff, but rather yielding upon
the hip-joints, in such a manner that, acting as a balance, it
is now bent a httle forward, now a httle backward, according
as the arms are swinging backward or forward.  The whole
movement is thereby rendered easier, and the effect more uni-
versal.  Besides the respective arm  and shoulder muscles,
most of those of the abdomen and back  are set in a  sort of
rocking motion.  The immediate effect of this motion is an
agreeable feeling, and although the motion itself is somewhat
violent, its  influence is, on the whole, a mild one.  It  power-
fully promotes  a general and  equable  circulation  of  the
blood, and  is of essential benefit in cases of sub-paralysis or
extreme torpor of the muscles of the arm,  back, and abdo-
men, and is a most exceUent preparatory exercise  for a course
of gymnastics.   For sedentary persons, and for young  per-
sons with  contracted  chests and consumptive  tendency, it
cannot be too highly recommended.

                   thoracic movements.
  To expand  the chest and enlarge the whole breathing ap-
paratus, the Indian club exercises are exceUent.   The  foUow-
ing remarkable instance of its beneficial effects is  copied from
the Illustrated News:
  " We learn that Mr. Harrison first began to use the clubs
three years ago, at which time his muscular  development was
regarded as being very great;  his measurement being then:
Bound the chest, thirty-seven  and a  half inches; round the
upper arm, thirteen  and seven-eighths inches, and round the
forearm,  thirteen and one-fourth inches.  The clubs  with
which Mr. Harrison commenced, weighed about seven pounds
each; he has  advanced progressively, until he can now wield
with  perfect  ease  two clubs,  each weighing  thirty-seven
pounds, and his heaviest weighs forty-seven pounds.  The
effect of this exercise on the wielder's measurement is as fol-
lows: Bound  the chest  forty-two and  a  half  inches;  the
upper arm, fifteen inches, and the forearm fourteen  inches.
At the same  time his shoulders have increased immensely,
           18 
290
Appendix.
and the muscles of his loins, which were weak when he first
used the clubs, are now largely developed and powerful.  In
short, aU the muscles of the trunk have been much improved
by this exercise."  The robust appearance of Mr. Harrison
 after three years' ex-
 periment, is  repre-
 sented is fig.  7.
   A very intelligent
 clergyman, whose
 wife is now  under
 treatment at  West-
 ern Hygeian Home,
 assures me that he
 overcame  a strong
 predisposition to
 consumption  with
 haemoptysis, by sim-
 Uar  gymnastic ex-
 ercises. He has now
 powerful,  muscular
 arms which  will
 compare not  unfa-
 vorably with those
 of Mr. Harrison.
  The hght dumb-
 beUs are weU adapt-
 ed  to  persons who
have very feeble
chests, and for many
 beginners are even
preferable to  the
V
IF
Fig. 7.  Mr. HaxxiMtt. 
Appendix.
291
clubs. Figs. 8 and 9 represent one of the many useful exercises
which can be performed with them.
           Kg. 8.                          Fig. 9.
                  Exercises with the Dumb-Bells.
  When the weights are extended horizontaUy, the pupil
may advantageously march to counting or music.

          FREE EXERCISES FOR SEDENTARY PERSONS.
                             There  are many  persons la-
                           boring under dyspepsia, torpid
                           hver, constipated bowels, and of
                           consumptive tendency, whose oc
                           cupations or circumstances pre-
                           clude ordinary outdoor, or much
                           in-door exercise of  a healthful
                           kind, who might keep up  their
                           health by devoting twenty min-
                           utes, twice a day, to gymnastics
                           suitable to their condition.
                             With nearly aU such persons
                           the special indications are to keep
                           the lungs expanded, and promote
                           the action of the digestive sys-
                           tem.
                             In addition  to the  exercises
    Fig. w.  chopping Motion.    already pointed  out, there are
 
292                    Appendix.
a few which may be very conveniently practiced by almost all
persons of sedentary occupations, especiaUy adapted to invig-
orate  the respiratory  and digestive organs, and, if duly at-
tended to, would prove infallible as a preventive of that prev-
alent malady of our country, consumption.
  In the first place, let the patient or gymnast purify the air
in the lungs thoroughly, by drawing in the abdominal mus-
cles upon the diaphragm, throwing the  chest forward,  and
expiring aU the air out of the lungs possible;  then  inhale
slowly tiU the lungs are  filled to their utmost capacity, retain
the whole volume  of  air in the  lungs a few moments, and
then expire or blow it out as completely as possible.  This
may be repeated from half a dozen to a  dozen times, which
will serve, in most cases, to decarbonize the lungs effectuaUy.
  Some persons, not  accustomed  to gymnastic  respiratory
movements, may experience, at first, some degree of vertigo
or dizziness; but  this wiU  soon wear  off.   Such persons,
should, however, be gentle in their first exercises.
  Next, the movement represented in fig.  10, called the chop-
ping motion, may be  practiced a few minutes.  The lungs
should expire  as the hands descend, and  inspire as the body
regains its  erect posture, taking  care to have  the lungs fuUy
                                inflated each  time  the
                                body becomes erect.
                                  These movements act in
                                one direction quite power-
                             Kp folly on the sluggish  rec-
                                tal and transverse muscles
                                of the abdomen; and then,
                                by resorting to the mowing
                                movement,  (fig.  11),  we
                                bring the action more di-
                                rectly on the oblique mus-
                                cles and internal organs.
                                After performing these
                                motions a few times, they
                                should be so extended as
       n  n.  Mowing Motion.        to brine the points  of the
 
Appendix.
293
Sawing Movement.
fingers down to the floor on each side.  The same precautions
as to respiration are  necessary here  as in the  preceding
movement.                                 Kg. 12.
  The sawing movement may next be
practiced.  One arm is thrown forward
as the other is drawn back, precisely
as though you were striking at an ob-
ject with one hand, and drawing it to-
ward you with the  other.  This pro-
duces a very general  or universal  ac-
tion  of the muscular system.
  The joints of the lower extremities
should lastly be speciaUy brought into
play, by a few of the rising and sinking
movements, as shown in fig. 12.
  The exercises may be concluded with
any famUiar dancing step, or with the
trotting movement [fig. 14], which consists in hopping on the
points of the toes, first with one foot, ten, twenty, fifty or one
                           hundred times,  and then  with
                           the other.  This movement may
                           be easy or severe, as it is pro-
                           longed on one foot, and accord-
                           ing to the height of the hop. In
                           moderation, it  is  an excellent
                           sleep-promoting  and  soothing
                           exercise for nervous invalids.

                               PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES.
                             A variety of useful iUustra-
                           tions, which were  selected and
                           arranged  for  the  Water-Cure
                           Journal for 1853, are weU adapt-
                           ed  to individual cases  and for
                           family use, and may be properly
     Flexion.     Hop Movement, introduced in this place.
  In fig. 15, the feet  being placed close, the hands fixed on
the hips, rise on the toes, then bend the knees, and lower the
Fig. 13.
Fig. u.
 
294
Appendix,
body graduaUy till the thighs  touch the heels;  extend the
arms in front, and faU forward, so that the body forms a
straight line from the head to the heels,        Fig. 15.
and rests on the hands and toes.  These         /^~^J»
motions call into powerful action nearly   j^^^~    u\
three hundred muscles—those of the up-   ^-----——*^-
per and lower extremities, chest, spine, and.abdomen.
  The action in fig. 16 is  intended  to exert mainly the  mus-
cles of the lower extremities alone.  The  feet being placed
   Kg. 16.   close, the hands open, the arms straight upward,
           the palms in  front, bend the body forward, and
           touch the ground with  the points of the fingers.
           The knees are to be kept straight.
              The exercise in  fig. 17 acts particularly on the
muscles of the toes,  ankle-joints and  hips.  The  Ks-17,
feet close, the hands on the hips, cross  the  legs,
bend the knees graduaUy, sit down, and rise again.
  The action in fig. 18 throws the whole effort on Qx^J^j)
the muscles of one ,of the lower extremities.   The
   Fig. 18.    feet dose, the arms extended in front,
            raise the left leg in front, bend the right  knee
            graduaUy, and sit down on the ground, then get
            up again in  the same  position.
              The action in fig.  19 is performed  by two per-
sons facing each other, so as to  act upon        *%•19-
the muscles of the upper  and lower ex-
tremities simultaneously.  The left hand
on the hip, the right foot in front, lock
the middle finger in  each other's right
             hand, and pull backward.
                The  action  in fig. 20
             brings  into play the muscles of the chest, shoul-
             ders, and upper  portion of the back.  Let the
             palms of the hands touch behind, fingers point-
             ing downward;  turn the  fingers  inward, and
             bring the hands as high as  possible up the  back,
taking care to keep the palms of  the hands close together.
 
Appendix.                     295
Fig. 24.
   In fig. 21 the action is calculated to give great power and
 flexibility to the  muscles of the legs and feet.   The  *«g^2i.
 feet close, the.hands on the hips, jump up and spread
 out the legs and  close them alternately.
   In fig. 22 the  action is performed by two persons
 sitting down, who face each other, the soles of the
       Fig. 22.       feet  touching, then  grasping a
                   stick  and pulling against  each
                   other, first with knees straight, secondly
                   with knees bent, and thirdly with the legs
                   open.  The principal force is exerted  by
 the muscles of the arms, and those about the knee-joints.
   Fig. 23 mainly exerts the muscles of the toes and  legs.
 The hands  are placed on the hips, the right foot in front, the
 toe pointing downward; spring or jump twice  on the  right
  Fig. 23.   toe, an)j twice on the left, alternately, the knees be-
          ing kept straight.
            Fig. 24 exercises the muscles of
          the upper extremities, smaU of the
         back, and feet.  In performing this
         exercise, take hold of each other's
         hands, with the toes opposite; then
 lean back and go  round quickly.
  In fig. 25  the action exercises the pectoral
       Fig. 26.      muscles,  with  those  around the Kf^s.
                  shoulder joint.  Grasp the left hand
                  with the right,  bring the arms be-
                  hind  the  head, and  move  them
                  from one side to the other.
                     The action in fig. 26 is intended
                  to act powerfully on the muscles of
the leg and  instep.  Place the hands on the hips, the left leg
in front, toe toward the ground;  then jump for-
ward on the  right toe, both legs being kept quite
straight.
  In fig. 27  the action exerts powerfully all the
muscles of the  leg and  hip.   Lift the left foot
behind, bend the right  knee, lower  the body
 
296                    Appendix.
Fig. 28.
              graduaUy,  touch the ground with the left
              knee, and rise again.
                In fig. 28  the action  strongly exerts the
              muscles of the  wrist and  shoulder.  Hang
              from the pole by one hand—first by the right,
              then by the  left—several times alternately.
              Walking by the hands along the rounds  of
              a ladder, where there is room, is an improve-
ment on this exercise; and a semicir-       Kg' 29
cular ladder, on  which the gymnast
can ascend and descend, is better yet.
  In figs. 29 and 30 the exercises are
designed for putting the muscles of
the arm and the chest to the utmost
possible tension.  In performing these
evolutions the gymnast swings back-
ward and forward a number of times,
and finishes by jumping as he swings back, and comes down
on the pole.
  In fig. 31 the  action caUs  the muscles of the wrists, arms,
       Kg. si.       an(j shoulders  into strong  contraction.
                   First throw the right leg  over  the pole;
                   then, with a spring, bring up the right
                   elbow; lastly, by another spring, bring up
                   both arms straight, so as  to sit across the
                   pole.
                     The  action  in  fig. 32
                   throws  nearly the  whole
effort upon the muscles of the wrist.  Draw up
the body as high as possible, and with a spring
   Fig. 83.   elevate both elbows at once, if pos-
           sible, or one at  a time; then rise
           graduaUy, the whole of the body being on one
           side of the pole; change the position of the hands,
           and come gradually over the pole tiU the feet touch
           the ground.
              The  action iu fig.  33 brings  the principal effort
 
Appendix.                    297
Fig. 35.
on the muscles of the elbows and shoulders. Bise up as high
as possible, and  throw the arms over the pole,  holding firmly
by them.
  The action in fig. 34 brings the principal effort on the elbow
and  shoulder of each arm alternately.   Bise up    Hs- 34.
as in the preceding  case, and try to keep up the
body by the right arm only, and then with the
left.
                    For the  special  purpose of
                 expanding the chest  in cases
                 of weak  lungs or  malformed
                 chests, and in persons predisposed to con-
                 sumption, the foUowing exercises are  ex-
                 ceUent:
                    Fig. 35.—Bring the arms up quickly in
front, as high as the shoulders—naUs turned upward—then
swing  them forcibly backward, at the same time turning  the
nails backward,  keeping the  body perfectly upright.
  After the above exercise is mastered, the next wiU call  the
respiratory muscles into stUl stronger play.
  In the action in fig. 36 the elbows are to be
drawn back so that the fists may be  close to
the sides; then throw the arms straight for-
ward, and then  back as before.  When this
action becomes easy and familiar, the succeed-
ing ones are very easily acquired.
  In the action in fig, 37 is a circular motion
of the arms striking  the wrists and  palms to-
             gether as the  hands pass in front.   It is  one
           ,  of the very best methods of enlarging the capac-
           ity of  the air-ceUs  of the lungs, by bringing
            ithe principal action upon the diaphragm and
           ••'' the pectoral muscles.   These exercises may be
             improved   upon  by completely  inflating  the
             lungs with a fuU inspiration, and then holding
             the breath while half a dozen circular motions
                                            And the best
Fig. 36.
Fig. 37.
are made as rapidly as possible.
  13* 
298                     Appendix.
time to practice these  gymnastics forcibly is  just after the
morning bath, while the body is but partiaUy dressed.  AU
sedentary persons, and aU the pent-up inhabitants of cities,
who do not enjoy the benefit of a walk before breakfast  in
the open air, can  find an  excellent substitute  in these mus-
cular exercises.
          Fig. 38 exercises the muscles of the lower extrem-
        ities  powerfuUy,  and the abdominal  muscles, with
        the whole respiratory apparatus, moderately.   The
        feet are to be brought close, the  hands on the hips,
Fig. 38.
        then rise on the toes, and jump on the    Fig. 39
        toes, with  the  knees kept  perfectly
        straight.
  In the  next  action [fig. 39] the arms are
again brought into activity.  The fists are to
be brought  up to the shoulders, the elbows
being close to the sides.   The arms are then to
be thrown upward, and then brought  back
again to the previous position.  The action
may be extended to the abdominal muscles by, lastly,  throw-
ing the hands downward.
           Fig. 40.              In fig. 40 the arms and mus-
                            cles of the upper part  of the
                            chest and back are more  par-
                            ticularly  caUed  into   action.
                            Baise the elbows to the  height
                            of   the shoulders,    Fig. 41.
                            with the  fists  on
                            the front  of   the
shoulders,  the  naUs  turned  inward, and then
throw the arms forcibly back, the body being kept
perfectly upright.
  A stiU more  powerful method of giving  fuU
activity to aU the muscles of the chest  is represented in  fig. 41.
Bring the right fist on the left shoulder;  extend the left arm
in a  line with the shoulder; throw the right arm toward the
 
Appendix.                  299
Fig. 46.
right side, naUs toward the ground; then bring the left fist
to the right.
           The next action (fig. 42) caUs into play    Fis*43-
        those muscles of the back most intimately
        connected  with respiration.    Open  the
        hands, then raise the arms sideways, and
        touch the back of the hands straight over
        the head.
          In  figs. 43, 44, 45, and 46  are  shown
        a variety of exercises calculated to act es-
        pecially on the  limbs, the upper extremities particu-
larly.  Some of them, as will be seen at a glance, act power-
fully upon the muscles, ligaments, and fascia of the fingers,
hands, and wrists, as in fig. 44;  and  motions testing the
strength and  action of
the structure around the
knee are seen in fig. 46. *
    Fig. 44.        Fig. 45.
  The  flying steps, or giant strides [fig. 47,] are a very good
and very amusing  exercise for the arms and legs.   A strong
                            post or mast is fixed firmly in
                            the ground, on the top of which
                            is an iron cap, revolving easUy,
                            to which the ropes are fastened.
                            When  in rapid motion, the
                            pupils touch the ground hardly
                            once to an entire revolution,
                               The  paraUel bars  [fig.  48
                            and 49] are very conveniently
                            constructed, and are calculated
                            to act particularly on the joints
Fig. 47.
        The Flying Steps.
of the wrist and shoulders, and generaUy on the whole res
ptiatory system. 
800
Appendix.
  The body is first raised by the hands, and then swung
Alternately forward and backward; also pass along by moving
the hands alternately, and then by moving both hands at once.
The exercise may be varied  in many ways, as throwing the
hmbs, and then the body, over the bars, lowering the body
down until the elbows are level with the head,  etc
       Fig. 48.                            Fig. 49.
The Parallel Bars.
  For young cluldren of narrow, contracted chests, and weak
digestive  powers especiaUy if they are attending school, this
exercise is exeeUent.
ran*. 
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                                      Food and Diet.   With observations
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                                      Fruits   and  Farinacea.   the
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                                      Hydropathic Cook. Book. With
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                                      Hydropathic Encyclopedia.  A
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                                       The most complete  Work on the subject
Anatomical and Physiological
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 Price for the set, net $20.
Avoidable  Causes of Disease,
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Children, their Management in Health
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Diseases  of the  Throat  and
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Domestic Practice  of Hydro-
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Family  Gymnasium. Containing
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 Gymnastic,  Calisthenic,  Kinesipathic,
 and Vocal Exercises, to the Develop-
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Family Physician.  A Ready Pres-
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Management of Infancy, Physio-
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Midwifery and the  Diseases of
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Movement-Cure. An Exposition of
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Notes on Beauty, Vigor and De-
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Physiology of Digestion.  Con-
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Philosophy of the Water-Cure.
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Practice of the Water-Cure. Con-
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Physiology,  Animal  and Mental:
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Principles of Physiology applied to
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Science of Human Life, Lectures on
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Sober and Temperate Life.  The Dis
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Tea and Coffee, their Physical, Intel-
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The AlcohoHc Controversy.  A Re-
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Three Hours' School a Day. A Seri-
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Water-Cure  in Chronic Diseases.
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iEsop's Fables. The People's Pictorial
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Benny.  An Blustrated Poem.  By Anna
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I----------------------------------------—
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 Footprints of Life; or, Faith and Na-
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   The Body. The  Soul.  The  Deity.  By
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 Fruit Culture for the  Million.  A
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I Home for All; The Concrete, or Gra-
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 Library of Mesmerism and Psy-
   chology/.  Comprising the  Philosophy
r   of Mesmerism, Clairvoyance, and Men-
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|   er of Charming:  The -Macrocosm, or the
   World of  Sense ; Electrical Psychology,
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 Life at  Home; or, The Family and its
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 Life in  the West; or, Stories of the
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 Man, in G-enesis and in  Geology;
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   Thompson, D.D.,LL.D. One vol. $1.

 Pope's Essay on Man. With Notes.
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Oratory—Sacred and Secular;  or,
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  Chairman's Guide for conducting Pu?>U«
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Temperance in Congress.  Ten Min-
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The Christian  Household.  Embrac-
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The Emphatic  Diaglott; or. The New
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  Word-for-Word English Translation.  A
  work for Students in Theology, and S. S.
  Teachers.  By Benjamin Wilson. Price,
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The Planchette Mystery; An Inquiry
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The  Right  "Word in  the  Bight
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The Temperance Reformation.  Its
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Ways of Life, showing the Right Way
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Weaver's Works  for the  Young-.
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Wedlock;  or, the Right Relations of the
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Capital Punishment; or, the Proper
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3583 
 
 
 
ARY OF MEDICINE
NATIONAL LIBRARY
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