1 "> . . . , i jAijLrf 
- '• '.J . ' ■ > , . . Bacteriological Diagnosis: 
/ 
TABULAR AIDS FOR USE IN PRACTICAL WORK. 
BY 
JAMES EISENBERG, Pli.D., M.D., 
"Vienna. 
TRANSLATED AND AUGMENTED, WITH THE PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR, 
FROM THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION, 
BY 
NORVAL H. PIERCE, M.D., 
Surgeon to the Out-Door Department of Michael Reese Hospital; Assistant to Surgical 
Clinic, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, III. 
PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON: 
THE F. A. DAVIS CO., PUBLISHERS, 
1892. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892, by 
THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANY, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C., U. S. A. 
Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.: 
The Medical Bulletin Printing House, 
1231 Filbert Street. TO 
MY PROFOUNDLY ESTEEMED TEACHER, 
Dr. Robert Koch, 
THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY 
DEDICATED. PREFACE. 
" The further bacteriological investigation advances, the more 
obvious becomes the fact that it is absolutely unallowable to base 
our diagnosis of a given bacteria upon anything short of a careful 
consideration of all its characteristics and properties, and especially 
when such a bacteria resembles another in one or more respects. 
Thus, there exist many forms of bacilli which, morphologically, are 
almost indistinguishable, but which, in pure culture on potato or 
gelatin, or on inspissated blood-serum, differ essentially one from 
another." 
It is in daily practical work that one learns the truth of 
these remarks of Dr. Koch. And thus a well-defined demand has 
arisen for a work in which the specific differences of bacteria? shall 
be tabulated for ready reference, resembling, in this regard, the 
"Chemical Analysis Chart" which the chemist finds so essential in 
his laboratory work. With this end in view, I have endeavored to 
arrange the following series of tables in as concise a form as 
possible, that the worker may at once inform himself as to the 
identity and significance of a given micro-organism. 
There are blank forms occasionally interspersed, which may be 
filled out as further advance takes place. 
Of the organisms that have been described, only those which 
possess marked biological, anatomical, or physiological points of 
differentiation are here considered. In the anatomical description 
and arrangement I have followed the method of Koch, which, 
doubtless, is the most trustworthy. First, the cover-glass prepa- 
ration is studied; then the action in the moist chamber, by which 
procedure motility is ascertained; after which plate cultures are 
made, by means of which the next steps-pure tube cultures- 
are rendered possible. For the latter purpose 10-per-cent. meat- 
peptone gelatin and the 20-per-cent. meat-peptone agar-agar were 
used. The growth on potatoes and blood-serum has also been 
observed and noted, and occasionally that in bouillon. 
V VI 
PREFACE. 
In presenting the physiological attributes, only the most impor- 
tant have been selected. An aerobiosis has been studied in the 
following manner: The contents of a tnbe of sterilized gelatin is 
poured onto a glass plate and allowed to harden, after which it is 
inoculated in long strokes with the germ under observation. Half 
of the plate is covered with sterilized mica, and in the course of a 
few days we get a characteristic picture. Some organisms will 
grow beneath the mica, and others not, thus proving them anaerobic 
or aerobic. Spore formation was studied on agar-agar in shallow, 
double watch-glasses, and on potatoes. 
In selecting a classification I encountered some difficulties, 
and at last decided to adopt one that is quite arbitrary. But even 
this has not been strictly adhered to. In the first place, I made a 
division into the non-pathogenic and pathogenic, the former of 
which were again subdivided into those that did and did not 
liquefy gelatin. The pathogenic were subdivided into those that 
were and were not cultivated outside the animal body. As far as 
possible, an alphabetical arrangement has also been preserved. 
Finally, as an appendix, I have a summary of the most gener- 
ally distributed fungi, xoct' by which term is meant all those 
micro-organisms which possess the true " twig" formation, differing 
in this regard from all bacteries, while the absence of chlorophyl 
is common to both. Their sequence here is controlled by the 
difference in their organs of fructification, which divide them into 
several species, from the more complicated forms to the simple 
yeast-cell, which has no mycel whatever. I will mention the 
actinomyces as a transition form-a bridge between the fungi and 
those pathogenic bacteries which, by living and multiplying within 
the human organism, play the chief factor in disease, possessing, as 
this organism does, the characteristics of the former and the 
pathogenic attributes of the latter. From among a hundred or 
more species of fungi only a comparatively few have been selected, 
but these are the ones most frequently encountered and possess 
the most pronounced characteristics. 
The arrangement of these tables was commenced in company 
with Dr. F. G. Gade, of Christiania, who lias given especial atten- 
tion to the works of Bosenbach and Basset, and he has personally PREFACE. 
VII 
gone over the ground with each respective organism. In all sin- 
cerity, I extend to him my most heart-felt thanks for his generous 
assistance, only regretting that we could not complete the work 
together. 
Finally, I take especial delight in acknowledging the kind 
attentions of the Honorable Privicouncillor, Professor Koch, in 
whose laboratories these experiments were made, and to whose 
practical assistance and advice I shall ever feel indebted. 
Berlin, October, 1885. 
Preface to the Second Edition. 
A little over a year has elapsed since the appearance of the 
first edition of these tablets, and, since that was exhausted in so 
short a time, I believe that I may safely accept my publisher's 
suggestion to send forth a second and revised edition. I can 
only trust that this will meet with as fair a reception as the pre- 
vious edition, and that it may be found that I have profited by 
the advice and hints of my critiques. Special consideration was 
given to the observations of Professor Baumgarten and those of the 
late Professor Friedlander, and, in consequence, a different typo- 
graphical arrangement has been selected, whereby space has been 
saved without the sacrifice of matter. 
It may be thought by some that the number of micro-organisms 
might be extended. To this I will only say that only the most 
thoroughly studied and more-important species have been admitted. 
I have endeavored to preserve the original purpose of the book, 
namely, that of a guide to the student and an aid and a summary 
to the more-advanced worker. 
One hundred and thirty-eight micro-organisms are considered. 
I may add here that contemporaneous literature has been thor- 
oughly reviewed and applied in my own experiments. I have 
gained much from Fliigge's vast work, " Micro-organisms," and, in 
many instances, have taken advantage of his admirable terminology. VIII 
PREFACE. 
The greatest difficulty encountered in this edition, as in the 
former, was the classification, and I have had to retain the same 
arbitrary one. I hope that the alphabetical index will increase the 
practical working of the following pages. 
Wien, June, 1887. 
Translator's Preface. 
That the work is used in Professor Cohn's laboratory and 
by other teachers, and that it met with an almost universal in- 
dorsement from the German medical press, is sufficient guarantee 
of its worth. The task of translation was undertaken from a 
conviction that the book would be useful to the American worker 
in the important and everdeveloping field of bacteriology, and 
with a hope that it might increase the number so engaged-"a 
consummation devoutly to be wished." 
There are richer and more wondrous truths lying hidden in 
this direction than have as vet been dreamed of. 
•/ 
The arrangement of the text has been somewhat changed 
from the original, whereby a greater uniformity has been preserved. 
I have been tempted to admit several other recently-reported 
species to these pages, but have decided to allow further investiga- 
tion to corroborate them. The few that have been admitted were 
added to the Italian translation by Titto Ferretti, and may be 
considered as fairly established. 
Finally, I cannot refrain from acknowledging the great aid 
I have experienced from that most excellent work, the "National 
Medical Dictionary," and I most modestly compliment the eminent 
gentlemen upon the masterly manner in which they have acquitted 
themselves as editor and collaborators. 
Chicago, 1890. 
Norval H. Pierce. CONTENTS. 
I. Non-Pathogenic Bacteria. 
A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
NO. PAGE 
1. Bacillus prodigiosus. 3 
2. Bacillus indicus. Koch 4 
3. Sarcina alba 5 
4. Sarcina aurantiaca 6 
5. Sarcina lutea. Schroeter 7 
6. Bacillus violaceus 8 
6*. Bacillus coeruleus. Allen Smith 9 
7. Bacillus ruber 10 
8. Green-yellow bacillus 11 
9. Gas-forming bacillus • 12 
10. Liquefying bacillus 13 
11. Bacillus phosphorescens. Fischer 14 
12. Proteus vulgaris. Hauser 15 
13. Proteus mirabilis. Hauser 16 
14. Bacillus sublilis (hay bacillus). Ehrenberg 17 
14*. Bacillus scarlatinas. Klein, Edington 18 
15. Root bacillus 19 
16. Clostridium fcetidum. Liborius ...................... 20 
17. Potato bacillus 21 
18. Bacillus megaterium. de Bary ..................... 22 
19. Bacterium graveolens. Bordoni- Uffreduzzi 23 
20. Bacillus butyricus (butyric acid bacillus). Hueppe ' 24 
21. Clostridium polymyxa, Clostridium butyricum. Prazmowsky, Pasteur 25 
22. Miller's bacillus . . . 26 
23. Micrococcus aerogenes. Miller 27 
24. Streptococcus coli gracilis. Escherich 28 
B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
25. Micrococcus candicans. Fluegge 31 
26. Micrococcus versicolor 32 
27. Sarcina ventriculi. Goodsir . . . . 33 
28. Micrococcus urese. Pasteur, Van Tieghem 34 
29. Bacteria urese . . . 35 
29*. Bacteria of thready urine (bacillo gliscrogene). Malerba, Sanna-Salaris, Melle . 36 
30. Bacillus fiuorescens 37 
31. Bacillus muscoides. Liborius . .- ..................... 38 
32. Bacillus polypiformis 39 
33. Bacillus erytrosporus. Bidam 40 
34. Bacillus al'bus . . 41 
35. Proteus Zenkeri. Hauser « 42 
36. Bacillus of blue milk, Hueppe, Neelson 43 
37. Bacillus lacticus. Hueppe ........................ 44 
38. Bacillus epidermidis. Bordoni Uffreduzzi 45 
39. Bacterium Zopfii. Fluegge ........................ 46 
40. Bacillus resembling bacillus subtilis, I. Bienstock 47 
41. Bacillus resembling bacillus subtilis, II. Bienstock 48 
42. Bacillus of albumen decomposition. Bienstock 49 
43. Bacterium aerogenes. Jl/iZZer 50 
44. Helico bacterium aerogenes. Miller 51 
45. Bacillus aerogenes. Miller . . ..................... • 52 
46. Spirillum rubrum. v. Esmarch 53 
I. Non-Pathogenic Bacteria. 
IX Contents. 
X 
A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
NO. PAGE 
47. Comma bacillus of Asiatic cholera. Koch 57 
48. Finckler-Prior bacillus 58 
49. Cheese spirillum 59 
50. Bacillus cavicida (Brieger's bacillus) 60 
51. Bacillus neapolitanus (Emmerich's bacillus). Weisser............. 61 
52. Bacillus diphtherias. Loeffler ....................... 62 
53. Bacterium coli commune. Escherich .................... 63 
54. Bacterium lactis aerogenes. Escherich ................... 64 
55. Bacillus of intestinal diphtheria in rabbits. Hibbert ............. 65 
56. Bacillus diphtherias columbarum. Loeffler 66 
57. Bacillus necrophorus. Loeffler 67 
58. Gonococcus. Neisser ... 68 
59. Trachoma coccus. Sattler, Michael 69 
60. Bacillus of conjunctivitis. Koch, Kartulis 70 
61. Bacillus of Xerosis. Colomiatti 71 
62. Bacillus of chicken-cholera. Pasteur 72 
63. Bacillus of rabbit-septicaemia. Koch .................... 73 
64. Bacillus of swine-plague. Loeffler, Schuetz ................ 74 
64*. Bacillus of buffalo-plague, Gteste, Armann 75 
65. Bacterium of wild plague. Kitt, Hueppe .................. 76 
66. Bacillus septicus agrigenus. Nicolaier ................... If 
66*. Bacillus of senile gangrene. E. Tricomi .................. 78 
67. Bacillus oedematis maligni (vibrion septique). Hesse 79 
68. Bacillus of pseudo-oedema. Liborius ................... 80 
69. Bacillus murisepticus (moUse-septicasmia). Koch............... 81 
69*. Bacillus of haemorrhagic infection. Tizzoni, Giovannini 82 
70. Bacillus of pneumo-enteritis of the pig. Loeffler, Schuetz 83 
71. Bacillus of pseudo-septicaemia of mice (coprogenus parvus). Bienstock 84 
72. Bacillus coprogenes foetidus. Schottelius 85 
73. Bacillus anthracis. Pollender, Davaine, Koch 86 
74. Bacillus of symptomatic anthrax. Feser, Bollinger .............. 87 
75. Bacillus pneumoniae. Friedlaender 88 
76. Bacillus pseudo-pneumonicus. Passet.............. ... 89 
77. Diplococcus pneumoniae (microbe of sputum septicaemia). A. Fraenkel, Weichsel- 
baum . . . . 90 
78. Diplococcus intercellularis meningitidis. Weichselbaum ........... . 91 
79. Bacillus salivarius septicus. Biondi ................... 92 
80. Bacillus crassus sputigenus. Kreibohm ................... 93 
81. Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus. Wyssokowitsch 94 
82. Diplococcus of pneumonia in the horse. Schuetz ............... 95 
83. Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Rosenbach 96 
84. Micrococcus of osteomyelitis. Becker................... 97 
85. Staphylococcus pyogenes citreus. Passet 98 
86. Staphylococcus pyogenes albus. Rosenbach 99 
87. Micrococcus piogenes tenuis. Rosenbach 100 
88. Staphylococcus cereus albus. Passet 101 
89. Staphylococcus cereus flavus. Passet .................... 102 
90. Staphylococcus salivarius pyogenes. Biondi 103 
91. Coccus salivarius septicus. Biondi 104 
92. Bacillus saprogenes I. Rosenbach 105 
93. Bacillus saprogenes II. Rosenbach 106 
94. Bacillus saprogenes III. Rosenbach 107 
95. Bacillus pyogenes foetidus. Passet 108 
96. Streptococcus pyogenes. Rosenbach, Passet 109 
97. Streptococcus erysipelatis. Fehleisen 110 
98. Streptococcus pyogenes malignus. Fluegge Ill 
99. Streptococcus septicus. Nicolaier, Guarneri ................. 112 
100. Streptococcus septo-nyaemicus. Biondi 113 
101. Streptococcus articulorum. Loeffler 114 
102. Bacillus pyocyaneus. Gessard 115 
IL Pathogenic Bacteria. Contents. 
XI 
NO. PAGE 
103. Micrococcus botryogenus. Johne, Babe ................... 116 
104. Micrococci of progressive lymphoma of animals. Manfredi 117 
105. Bacillus of rhinoscleroma, n. Frisch ................... 118 
106. Bacillus mallei. Loeffler, Schuetz. 119 
107. Bacillus tuberculosis. Koch 120 
108. Lepra bacillus. Armauer, Hansen ..................... 121 
109. Tetanus bacillus. Nicolaier, Kitasato 122 
110. Micrococcus tetragenus. Koch, Gaffky ......... . 123 
111. Typhus bacillus. Eberth, Gaffky 124 
112. Bacillus alvei. Cheshire, Watson-Cheyne 125 
113. Bacillus pneumonicus agilus. Jens Schou 126 
114. Bacillus of acne contagiosa of the horse. Dieckerhoff, Grawitz ......... 127 
115. Micrococcus of mastitis of the cow. Kitt 128 
116. Micrococcus of lung-plague in cattle (pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa). Poels, Nolen 129 
116*. Bacterium of hog-cholera (swine-plague-infectious pneumonia, Salmon). Bil- 
lings, Dettmers 130 
116**. Bacteria of Texas fever. Billings 131 
II. Pathogenic Bacteria. 
B. Not Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
117. Spirochaete Obermaieri 135 
118. Syphilis bacillus. Lustgarten 136 
118*. Plasmodium malarias. Laveran, Marchiafava, Celli, Guarnieri, Osler 137 
III. Fungi. 
119. Actinomycoses 141 
120. Penicillium glaucum 142 
121. Aspergillus glaucus. de Bary ....................... 143 
122. Aspergillus niger 144 
123. Aspergillus fumigatus 145 
124. Aspergillus flavescens 146 
125. Aspergillus subfuscus. Olden, Gade 147 
126. Aspergillus nidulans, Eidam, Lindt 148 
127. Mucor mucedo 149 
128. Mucor rhizopodoformis. Lichtheim 150 
129. Mucor corymbifer. Lichtheim ....................... 15-1 
130. Mucor pusillus. Lindt 152 
131. Mucor ramosus. Lindt 153 
132. Achorion Schonleinii (favus fungus) 154 
133. Trichophyton tonsurans (fungus of herpes tonsurans). Eichstaedt 155 
134. Fungus of tinea galli (chicken-itch). Gerlach 156 
135. Fungus of mouse-favus. Nicolaier 157 
136. Oidium lactis 158 
137. Oidium albicans (Soor) 159 
138. Saccharomyces rosaceus (yeast-fungi) 160 
Appendix 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Baumgarten, Paul M., Jahresbericht ueber die Fortschritte in der Lehre von den pathogenen 
Mikroorganismen. 
Baumgarten, Paul M., Ueber pathogene pflanzliche Organismen. (S.-A. aus Deutsche Medi- 
zinal-Zeitung.) Berlin, 1884. 
Cohn, Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Breslau. 
Cornil et Babes, Les Bacteries. 
De Bary, A., Vergleichende Morphologic und Biologie der Pilze. Leipzig, 1884. 
Fluegge, C., Die Mikroorganismen. Leipzig, 1886. 
Fraenkel, C., Grundrifs der Bakterienkunde. 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1887. 
Hueppe, Ferd., Die Methoden der Bakterienforschung. 3 Aufl. Wiesbaden, 1886. 
Koch, Robt., Untersuchungen ueber die ZEtiologie der Wundinfectionskrankheiten. Leipzig, 
1878. 
Naegeli, C. v., Die niederen Pilze in ihren Beziehungen zu den Infectionskrankheiten und 
der Gesundheitspflege. Munchen, 1877. 
Passet, Untersuchungen ueber die ZEtiologie der eiterigen Phlegmone des Menschen. Berlin 
1885. 
Rosenbach, Fr. Jul., Mikroorganismen bei den Wundinfectionskrankheiten des Menschen. 
Wiesbaden, 1884. 
Virchow, Archiv f. pathologische Anatomie, etc. 
Ziegler, Ernst, Lehrbuch der allgemeinen und speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und 
Pathogenese. 4 Aufl., Bd. I. Jena, 1885. 
Zopf, W., Die Spaltpilze. 3 Aufl. Breslau, 1885. 
Arbeiten a. d. kaiserlichen Gesundheits-Amt. 
Archiv f. experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. 
Archiv f. Hygiene. 
Archives de Medecine Experimentale et d'Anatomie Pathologique. 
Berliner klinische Wochenschrift. 
Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie u. Parasitenkunde. 
Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 
Fortschritte der Medicin. 
Mittheilungen a. d. kaiserlichen Gesundheits-Amt. 
Zeitschrift f. Hygiene. 
Zeitschrift f. klinische Medicin. 
XII LITTERATUR. 
1. Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheits-Amt. 1881. Bd. I, S. 169. 
2. Methoden der Bakterienforschung. 3 Aufl. Wiesbaden, 1889. 
3. Wratsch. 1887. No. 40. Referat von Heydenreich, in Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Mikro- 
skopie. 1887. S. 502. 
4. Erganzungshefte zum Centralb. f. allg. Gesundheitspfl. Bd. II, Heft 2, S. 117. 
5. Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene. Bd. VIII, S. 143. 
6. Berliner klinische Wochenschrift. 1887. No. 32, S. 600. 
7. Annales de 1'Institut Pasteur. 1887. Bd. I, p. 19. 
8. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 1890. No. 14. 
9. Annuaire de 1'Observatoire de Montsouris pour 1'an, 1885, p. 569. 
10. Berliner klinische Wochenschrift. 1882. No. 15. 
11. Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheits-Amt. 1884. Bd. II, S. 452. 
12. Ueber die bacillare Pseudotuberkulose der Nagethiere. Leipzig, 1889. S. 18. 
13. Russkaja Medicina. 1887, p. 191. Referat: Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Mikroskopie. 1887. 
S. 405. 
14. Verhandlungen der deutschen dermatol. Gesellschaft. 1 Kongress, 1889. S. 92. 
15. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie. 1887. Bd. I, S. 26. 
16. " " " Bd. I, No. 18. 
17. Medical News. 1887, p. 318. 
18. Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene. 1887. Bd. Ill, S. 294. 
19. Annales de 1'Institut Pasteur. 1888. Bd. II, p. 28. 
20. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1889. No. 20. 
21. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie. 1888. Bd. Ill, S. 216. 
22. " " " 1888. Bd. IV, S. 80. 
23. " " " 1889. Bd. V, S. 340. 
24. Fortschritte der Medicin. 1888. No. 16. 
25. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie. 1887. Bd. I, S. 401. 
26. " " " 1888. Bd. IV, No. 1. 
27. " " " 1887. Bd. I, No. 9. 
28. " " " 1887. Bd. I, No. 18. 
29. Fortschritte der Medicin. 1884. No. 19. 
30. Die Wasserversorgung von Zurich. 1885 S. 84. 
31. Les Bacteries. 2 Aufl., S. 96. 
32. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 1888. Nos. 10-16. 
33. Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene. 1886. Bd. VI, S. 293. 
34. Berliner klinische Wochenschrift. 1884. No. 31. 
35. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1885. No. 14. 
36. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie. 1888. Bd. IV, S. 149. 
37. Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene. Bd. VIII, S. 41. 
38. Ein anaerober Eiterungserreger. Dissertation : Greifswald, 1890. 
39. Archiv fiir Hygiene. Bd. Ill, S. 412. 
40. Ueber Faulnisbakterien. 1885. 
41. Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene. 1886. Bd. I, p. 115 u. ff. 
42. Annales de 1'Institut Pasteur. 1887. Bd. I, p. 58. 
43. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie. 1888. Bd. Ill, Nos. 23, 24, 
44. " " " 1887. Bd. I, No. 12. 
45. Berliner klinische Wochenschrift. 1882. No. 15. 
46. Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheits-Amt. 1884. Bd. II, S. 439. 
47. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1882. No. 19. Allg. med. Centralztg. 1882. 
No. 77. 
XIII XIV 
Litter at ur. 
48. Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheits-Amt. Bd. II, S. 6. 
49. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1882. S. 451. 1883. S. 12 und 247. Ref.: 
Johne, Fortschritte der Medicin. 1885. 8. 201. 
50. Praktische Anleitung zum mikroskopischen Nachweis der Bakterien im tierischen 
Gewebe. Leipzig, 1888. S. 42. 
51. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1883. 8. 351. 
52. Annales de 1'Institut Pasteur. 1889, p. 160. 
53. Zeitschrift f. wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie. 1885. Bd. II, S. 49. 
54. Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. Bd. Ill, 8. 540. 
55. Berliner klinische Wochenschrift. 1884. No. 13. 
56. Zeitschrift f. wissensch. Mikroskopie. 1888. Bd. V, 8. 106. The Lancet, No. 3319. 
57. Fortschritte der Medicin. 1885. 8. 92. 
58. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1885. 8. 136. 
59. Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie. Bd. VI, 8. 209. 
60. " " " Bd. VIfS. 434. 
61. " " " Bd. VII, S. 630. 
62. Fortschritte der Medicin. 1884. No. 6. 
63. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1885. S. 136. 
64. Zeitschrift f. klinische Medicin. 1884. 8. 1. 
65. Aerztliches Intelligenzblatt. 1884. S. 370. 
66. Methode der Bakerienforschung. 1 Auflage. 
67. Zeitschrift f. wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie. 1888. Bd. V, 8. 97. Munchener medi- 
cinische Wochenschrift. 1887. No. 34. 
68. Zeitschrift fur Hygiene. Bd. IV, S. 25-46. 
69. " " " Bd. IV, 8. 175. 
70. " " " Bd. V, S. 173 ff. 
71. " " " Bd. V, 8. 482. 
72. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 1877. Bd. II, S. 419. 
73. Comptes rendus. 1887. Bd. CV, p. 684. 
74. Centralblatt f. Baktertiologie. Bd. V, S. 83. Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Mikroskopie. 1888. 
Bd. V, 8. 484. 
75. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1882. 8. 279. 
76. Munchener medicinische Wochenschrift. 1889. No. 14. 
77. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1882. 8. 269. 
78. Sitzungsberichte der physik.-medicin. Gesellschaft zu Wurzburg. 1882. No. 8. 
79. Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift. 1884. No. 12 und 13. 
80. Die Technik der Sputumuntersuchung. Wiesbaden. 
81. Deutsche militar-arztliche Zeitschrift. 1884. Heft 3. Berl. klin. Wochenschrift. 1883. 
S. 739. 
82. Zeitschrift f. wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie. 1884. 8. 367. 
83. Die Syphilisbacillen. Wien, 1885. S. 6. 
84. Referat im Schweiz Corresp.-BL, XV, 12, und Fortschr. d. Med., Bd. Ill, No. 16. 
85. Heber Syphilis und Smegmabacillen. Inaugural-Dissertation. Bonn, 1889. 
86. Thierarztliche Mittheilungen. 1883. 
87. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 1887. S. 472. 
88. Zeitschrift fur Hygiene. Bd. I, S. 553. 
89. Fortschritte der Medicin. 1887. S. 228. 
90. Monatshefte f. praktische Dermatologie. 1887. Erganzungsheft, 3. 
91. " " " " 1885. Erganzungsheft, 47. 
92. Dermatologische Studien. Herausgegeben von P. G. Unna. 1886. Heft 1. 
93. Zeitschrift f. wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie. 1884. Bd. I, S. 367. 
94. Vierteljahrestchrift f. Dermatologie und Syphilis. 1887. 
95. Fortschritte der Medicin. 1888. S. 860. I. 
NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 
A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
1 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
I. Bacillus prodigiosus. 
Place found. 
In amyloid substances, moist bread, cooked potatoes, etc. Most 
probably it settles from the air onto the nourishing material; 
but, up to the present, they have not been demonstrated in the 
air. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very short bacilli, closely related to the coccus form; often con- 
sidered as diplococci. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Circular, granular colonies with smooth rims. 
Later, a red color is developed in the centre of the colonies. 
Tube Culture.-Rapid growth along the inoculation stroke. On 
the surface a red coloring matter is formed, which settles to the 
bottom when shaken. The growth liquefies the gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-In the form of a pretty, purplish-red coating. 
The coloring matter does not enter the agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
An especially luxuriant growth occurs in twelve hours at com- 
mon temperature. The coloring is purple-red, which changes 
to a pretty fuchsin or greenish Color endowed with a metallic 
lustre. Later, an odor of trimethylamine arises. 
Blood-serum. 
The same as on agar-agar, with the exception that it liquefies 
serum. 
Temperature. 
Thrives best at 25° C. When the temperature is raised the growth 
is decreased. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Up to the present time no lasting spores have been found. Yet 
it is noteworthy that it retains the power of development for a 
long time after drying. 
Aerobiosis. 
Pigment formation is dependent upon the admission of air. Loes 
not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Very rapid liquefication. 
Color production. 
The pigment is red. When touched with acetic acid it becomes 
brighter and assumes the color of the bacillus indicus, which, 
treated with ammonia, returns to its original color. 
3 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
2. Bacillus indicus. Koch. 
Place found. 
First found in India in the contents of a monkey's stomach. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very fine and short bacilli with rounded ends. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Round, quickly-liquefying colonies, similar to No. 1. 
Tube Culture.-The growth liquefies the gelatin, which is colored 
a brick-red, and rests on the solid media. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-In the form of a brick-red coating, which often 
possesses a whitish fimbria. 
Potatoes. 
After twelve to twenty-four hours brick-red growth occurs, which 
is limited to the inoculation stroke. 
Blood-serum. 
Liquefies the serum, which is occasionally colored by the char- 
acteristic coloring matter. 
Temperature. 
Thrives best at 35° 0. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Very rapid. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Pigmentation depends upon admission of air. Does not grow 
under mica plate 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Very rapid liquefication. 
Color formation. 
Forms a brick-red coloring matter. When moistened with am- 
monia it assumes the color of the bacillus prodigiosus, which, 
treated with the acetic acid, returns to the original color. 
Pathogenesis. 
When injected in large amounts into the blood of rabbits, diar- 
rhoea occurs a short time afterward, and death results in from 
three to twenty hours. At the section signs of severe gastro- 
enteritis are found. 
4 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
3. Sarcina alba. 
Place, found. 
Air and water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small cocci, arranged in pairs and fours. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
On Plates.-Growth takes place slowly. The colonies are small, 
round, and white. 
Tube Culture.-A delicate growth along the inoculation punc- 
ture, which is surmounted on the surface by a whitish button- 
like formation. 
Grows very slowly in the form of a yellowish-white coating con- 
fined to the inoculation stroke. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
I 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefaction is only slight and takes place slowly. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
5 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
4. Sarcina aurantiaca. 
Place, found. 
Air. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small, hemispherical cocci, arranged in twos and fours, forming 
packets. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Small colonies. With low-power magnification 
a punctated appearance is observed. Colonies are round, with 
smooth edges. 
Tube Culture.-Liquefying slowly along the whole length of the 
inoculation stroke produces an orange-yellow color on the 
surface. 
Potatoes. 
Grows very slowly, of a yellow color, limited to the point of 
inoculation. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive (or very imperfectly) at incubator temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
Forms golden-yellow coloring matter. 
Pathogenesis. 
6 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
5. Sarcina lutea. Schrbter, 
Place found. 
Air. In conjunctival sac. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very large cocci, arranged together in twos or fours. (Like bales 
of cotton.) 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Grows very slowly in small, round, yellowish 
colonies. 
Tube Culture.-Not liquefying. Growth very slow, of a yellowish 
color along the stroke, and slightly spreading laterally. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Not liquefying. Growth of a pretty lemon color 
Potatoes. 
Grows very slowly in sulphur-yellow colonies at the point of 
inoculation. 
Temperature. 
Thrives at temperature of blood. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Spore formation. 
• 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Grows slowly and liquefies very slightly. 
Color production. 
Forms lemon-yellow coloring matter. 
Pathogenesis. 
7 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
6. Bacillus violaceus. 
Place found. 
Water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Slim staves with curved ends, the length of which is four times 
their width. They also form threads by continuity of indi- 
viduals. 
Motility. 
Quite motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate. Culture.-Round colonies with smooth edges, in the middle 
of which is found the coloring matter. They liquefy gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Liquefies in the form of a funnel, at the cusp of 
which is a violet granular mass. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth forms a gorgeous mass of a very pretty 
deep-violet color, spreading very quickly on the surface. 
Potatoes. 
Growth very slow, of a dark-violet, almost black color, confined 
strictly to the inoculation point. 
Blood-serum. 
Liquefies, forming violet coloring matter. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive at a high temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Spores of medium size. 
Aerobiosis. 
Same as No. 1. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies. 
Color production. 
Forms dark-violet coloring matter. 
Pathogenesis. 
8 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
6*. Bacillus coeruleus. Allen Smith. Medical News, Philadelphia, 
December 31, 1887. 
Place found. 
In the waters of the Schuylkill River. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very small, straight staves, 0.002 to 0.005 mm. in length and 
0.005 in breadth, sometimes curved. Occurring occasionally 
in chains resembling leptothrix. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Small, superficial colonies, forming a delicate film 
of light-blue color. Slight liquefaction. 
Tube Culture.-Development occurs along the inoculation punc- 
ture and on the surface. The deeper colonies are colorless ; the 
ones situated more superficially have an azure color, owing to 
their transparency. Slight liquefaction. 
Potatoes. 
The development is characteristic. Colonies are cup-shaped with 
well-defined margins, which lie on the surface of the potato. 
At first the color is dark blue, turning to a black as the culture 
grows older. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
The color productions depends upon the presence of air. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Limited liquefaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors well with all the aniline stains. The best is methylene 
violet. 
Color Production.-The bacilli produce an intense azure, which is 
unaffected by water, alcohol, or dilute acids. The pigment 
of the bacillus pyoscyamus, treated with soda or potassium, 
gives a red color, and with ammonia a violet color. That of 
the bacillus violaceus is dissolved in alcohol. That of the 
micrococcus cyaneus penetrates the potato, and is dissolved in 
water, coloring it at first green, later azure. 
Pathogenesis. 
Non-pathogenic. 
9 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
7. Bacillus ruber. 
Place found. 
Water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Medium-sized bacilli with rounded ends, often arranging them- 
selves in long threads. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Round, fine, granular colonies, with smooth rims, 
colored in middle; liquefies. 
Tube Culture.-Grows slowly and forms a reddish-brown color- 
ing; liquefies. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth of brown-red color, which spreads quickly 
over the entire surface. 
Potatoes. 
Growth of a pretty, reddish-brown color, not confined to inocu- 
lation point. 
Blood-serum. 
Liquefies, and produces a reddish-brown color. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive at high temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under cover-glass. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
Forms reddish-brown coloring. 
Pathogenesis. 
10 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
8. Green-yellow bacillus. 
Place found. 
Water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small, fine staves. 
Motility. 
Very motile. „ 
Growth. 
Plate Culture.-Colonies round, white in the middle ; forms funnel- 
shaped depressions on the media, which often assumes a green- 
ish-yellow color for 4 to 5 millimetres around the colonies. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Hardly visible along the inoculation stroke, 
where it grows very slowly; on the surface of media it grows 
quicker and forms bubbles. The firm gelatin around the 
colonies after awhile assumes a diffuse, greenish-yellow fluo- 
rescence. 
Potatoes. 
Growth of muddy-yellow color on inoculation stroke, the adja- 
cent surface assuming a light-brown color. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive at high temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows quickly. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
Forms greenish-yellow fluorescent coloring matter. 
Pathogenesis. 
11 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
9. Gas-forming bacillus. 
Place found. 
Water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small staves. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Liquefies quickly. Colonies of medium size, form- 
ing shallow depressions; with low power they are seen to 
have grayish contents, and gas-bubbles are often visible. 
Tube Culture.-Growth occurs quickly, resembling somewhat the 
shape of a stocking. In the solid gelatin alongside the 
inoculation stroke gas-bubbles occur. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive at high temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very fast. 
Spore formation. 
• 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Forms gas-bubbles. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
12 I. NON-PATIIOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
10. Liquefying bacillus. 
Place found. 
Water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short, rather thick staves, with rounded ends. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Round colonies, the edges of which are smooth; 
the centres are occupied by a slimy mass; liquefaction begins 
in excavations, which quickly spread. After a time an odor 
of putrefaction arises. 
Tube Culture.-Grows quickly along the entire 
puncture, funnel-formed, and whitish in color, 
occur at the base of the growth. 
inoculation 
Air-bubbles 
Potatoes. 
Growth colored a light yellow. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive at high temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very fast. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under cover-glass. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
On potatoes a light yellow is produced. 
Pathogenesis. 
13 /. N0N-PATH0GENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
II. Bacillus phosphorescens. Fischer. Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Bd.II,5f. 
Place found. 
Sea-water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small, thick staves, from two to three times as long as they are 
broad, with rounded ends, and having a tendency to form 
threads. 
Motility. 
Extremely motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
On Plates.-After thirty-six hours small, round, grayish-white 
dots are formed. Under a low power the colonies appear cir- 
cular and sharply defined, and of a sea-green color, with a 
rosy shimmer. Further advanced, they become distinctly gran- 
ular, of a dirty-yellow color, and the edges appear wavy and 
bent. 
Tube Culture.-On the fourth day a cup-shaped depression, about 
the size of a hemp-seed, is formed on the point of inoculation, 
which contains gas. Along the inoculation stroke a dim, 
whitish-gray, thread-like line appears. Later, the liquefaction 
advances, and, in old cultures, a thin, muddy-yellow scum floats 
on the surface. 
On Plates.-As a grayish-white coating. 
Growth occurs at 15° to 20° C. as a broad, thin, white film. 
The growth, which first appears as a grayish-white line, often 
increases to a deep, wavy stripe, reaching a breadth of | to 
1 centimetre, and setting in a depression that it has caused 
on the serum. Cooked fish, meat, and blood are favorable 
nourishing media. 
Temperature. 
20° to 30° 0. is the most favorable temperature. Under 10° C. the 
growth ceases, and at 55° C. it dies. They withstand a 
temperature of 15° 0. for three hours. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Very slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation not as yet observed. 
Aerobiosis. 
Do not grow under mica plate nor in an atmosphere of carbonic 
acid. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies. 
Color production. 
Common aniline colors are good for stains; in the centre uncol- 
ored spots remain, the same as in the bacilli of rabbit septicaemia. 
Pathogenesis. 
Do not possess pathogenic qualities. 
Physiological.-Animal matter in the presence of certain natural 
salts seems to form a good nourishing ground. The bacilli of 
old cultures emit a characteristic phosphorescence in the dark, 
which is dependent upon the presence of air, a certain degree 
of moisture, and a proper temperature (25° to 30° C. is best). 
Putrefaction and a temperature under 0° C. destroy the 
phenomena. 
14 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
12. Proteus vulgaris. Hauser. Ueber Fdulnis Bakterien. Leipzig. 1885. 
Place found. 
In putrefying animal matter and in meconium (Escherich). 
Form and arrangement. 
Slightly-bent staves, 0.6 m. in breadth and of very variable 
lengths up to 3.75 m. They often form long, twisted threads, 
resembling braided hair. Frequently involution forms are 
noticed. 
Motility. 
Very motile and possess long cilia. 
Growth. 
Gelatin, 
On Plates (5 per cent.).--Colonies are yellowish-brown in color, 
From their circumference they throw off outshoots which re- 
semble bunches of hair. Each colony rests in an area of 
liquefied gelatin. The intertwined processes gradually spread 
out until they occupy the entire surface of gelatin. (This 
arrangement is made visible by the microscope.) Peculiarly- 
shaped zoogloea forms are often seen in the gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Liquefaction occurs evenly along the puncture. 
After some time the entire contents are liquefied. On the 
surface a grayish-white cloud appears, while the greater part 
of the culture sinks to the bottom as larger and smaller par- 
ticles. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-In the form of a fast-spreading, moist, lustrous, 
grayish-white, thin coating. 
Blood-serum. 
Growth forms a dirty, smeary layer. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 20° to 24° C. It retains its power of development 
after being subjected to a temperature of 15° to 20° C. for fifty- 
five hours. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation not observed, although the cultures retain their 
vitality after being dried in thin layers. 
Aerobiosis. 
Grows as well in hydrogen as in an atmosphere of carbonic acid 
' although very slowly. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefaction occurs very rapidly and is unlimited. 
Pathogenesis. 
Intra-venous and subcutaneous injections in rabbits and guinea- 
pigs produce toxic symptoms. 
Physiological Attributes.-On fresh as well as on boiled and 
sterilized meat the bacilli cause putrid decomposition. 
15 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
13. Proteus mirabilis. Hauser, Heber Fdulnir Bakterien. Leipzig. 1885. 
Place found. 
In putrefying animal substances. 
Form and arrangement. 
Staves 0.6 m. in breadth, but varying greatly in length; some are 
nearly round. Involution forms occur more frequently than 
in No. 12, and take the shape of spheres or pears, measuring 
from 3.75 to 7.0 m. in diameter. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Occurs as a rounded, white coating, which, under 
low power, gives a brownish, granulated appearance. The pe- 
riphery slopes to the gelatin in a series of gradations or steps, the 
last of which is marked by wavy inlets. From the edges the 
individuals swarm over the surface ; these are less motile than 
in No. 12. Zooglcea also occur. 
Tube Culture.-In the periphery of the inoculation stroke there 
arises concentric zones composed of bacilli and threads. After 
forty-eight hours the surface colonies amalgamate and form a 
compact, succulent, shining coating over the gelatin, which, 
after two or three days, becomes completely liquefied. , 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
As in No. 12. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
As in No. 12. 
Aerobiosis. 
As in No. 12. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies, but more slowly than No. 12. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
As in No. 12. 
16 I. N0N-PATH0GENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
14. Bacillus sublilis (hay bacillus). Ehrenberg, 
Place found. 
In hay-infusion. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli 5 to 20 m. long and a third as thick, resembling bacillus 
anthracis, but somewhat narrower, with rounded ends, and de- 
veloping into long threads. They are provided with flagellse. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Round colonies, with a halo-like periphery, 
whitish in color, and liquefying the gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Grows fast and liquefies all the gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Very characteristic. On account of the pressure 
exerted by the bacilli upon themselves, caused by their rapid 
multiplication in the resisting media, a stiff, easily-removable, 
wrinkled surface growth is formed, that may be compared to 
that of the bacillus of potatoes in appearance. 
Potatoes. 
Grows diffusely on the entire surface as a moist, white, cream-like 
veil. When the soil is impoverished spore formation occurs. 
Blood-serum. 
Liquefies the serum and forms a wrinkled membrane on the sur- 
face. 
Temperature. 
Is capable of developing/between 10° to 45° C. Grows best 
at 30° 0. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Spore formation. 
Spores 1.2 m. in length, 0.6 m. in breadth. Staves sprout in the 
direction of long axis of spores. (Prazmovsky.) 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. Has a strong affinity for oxygen. 
Gas production. 
Gelati'n reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
Possesses no pathogenic qualities. Spores introduced into circu- 
lation are soon removed, or conducted to the liver or spleen, 
where they remain without influence. (Wyssokowitsch.) 
17 I. N0N-PATH0GEN1C BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
14*. Bacillus scarlatinas. Klein, Edington, Jour, des Connaisance 
Med., August 25, 1887. 
Place found. 
Bacilli 2 to 5 m. long and 0.4 to 0.5 m. in thickness; isolated 
until third day. Mixed with cocci after four to five days. 
Form and arrangement. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Plate Culture.-After twenty-four hours deeply-seated colonies 
appear, which send forth delicate processes toward the surface. 
The gelatin is liquefied from the centre to the periphery. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-After twenty-four to thirty-six hours the gelatin 
becomes turbid along the inoculation stroke, and a liquefaction 
occurs in the "funnel form." On the surface a tough, thick 
film, which is ribbed, and possesses spots of yellowish brown. 
The bacilli are mixed with spores. After about a month the 
superficial growth falls to the oottom and disappears. 
Bouillon. 
The same as on gelatin, except that the margin of the film is 
markedly elevated to the extent of nearly 1 cm. 
Potatoes. 
At 18° C., after twenty-four hours, the growth forms a yellowish- 
white coating. Later, the centre assumes a lemon color, which 
by degrees extends to the periphery. Afterward the centre be- 
comes a yellowish ochre, and at last a coffee color. After forty- 
eight to sixty hours the growth consists almost exclusively of 
spores. 
Blood-serum. 
Development is slight, and not especially characteristic. 
Milk. 
Forms a pretty skin over the surface, with precipitation of the 
casein, which is later dissolved, disappears, and the media 
becomes clear. 
Temperature. 
Grows at an ordinary temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly at 16° 0., rapidly at 19° C. 
Spore formation. 
Forms oval spores from 1 to 1.5 m. in length and 0.5 to 0.75 m. in 
width. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors best with a solution of methylene blue. 
Pathogenesis. 
Experiments carried on by the ingestion, subcutaneous injection, 
and scarification of scarlatinal blood on calves were followed by 
negative results. A committee called to pass judgment upon it 
declared that the bacillus scarlatinas is an organism absolutely 
different from any other now known, but that it is morpho- 
logically identical with the streptococcus scarlatinae of Klein. 
18 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
15. Root bacillus. 
Place found. 
In the top layer of garden- or field- earth. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short bacilli, with rounded ends, about thrice as long as wide; 
often form long threads and chains. 
Motility. 
Very slightly motile. 
Growth. 
Plate Culture.-After two days veil-like, not very definitely cir- 
cumscribed, whitish colonies develop, which spread quickly. 
They resemble somewhat a mycel fungus. Under a low power 
the colonies are seen to consist of an intertwining net-work of 
threads. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-At first the growth throws out runners and threads 
around the inoculation puncture, so that the whole " looks like 
an inverted fir-treelater, the growth spreads on the surface 
of gelatin, and then quickly comes to replace the entire con- 
tents of the tube. In old cultures there is a thick skin over 
surface, under which is a clear layer. On broken ground they 
appear as whitish spots. (Frankel.) 
Potatoes. 
Grows very slowly in the form of whitish, greasy scum, confined 
to the inoculation point. Spore formation abundant. 
Blood-serum. 
: 4 
Temperature. 
Thrives at incubator temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Spore formation. 
Spores medium in size. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
Even in large masses it is not pathogenic. 
19 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
16. Clostridium foetidum. Liborius, Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Bd. II, 160. 
Place found. 
In the oedema exudate of mice which had been vaccinated with 
garden-earth, old cheese, and cow-excrement. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli, 1 m. in thickness and of variable length, occasionally 
growing in threads. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
They are easily obtainable when anaerobic conditions exist. 
Plate Culture.-Forms round, irregularly-limited colonies, which 
at an early date liquefy the gelatin immediately in contact 
with the growth, after which they form spherical bodies which 
contain in their interior an opaque liquid. 
Tube Culture.-Small, yellowish-white colonies, sending out short 
threads and lying in irregular heaps. 
Agar-agar. 
At the lower portion of the inoculation puncture a homogeneous 
cloudiness occurs in the media, after which isolated, irregularly- 
branching colonies are to be observed. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Formation of spores. 
Bacilli formed from the growth of spores, which are oval, strongly 
refractive, and of larger diameter than the oedema bacillus. 
Aerobiosis. 
Exquisitely anaerobic, yet not so sensitive to oxygen as the oedema 
bacillus. 
Gas production. 
Produces always a gas, which is decidedly offensive. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
20 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
17. Potato bacillus. 
Place found. 
Potatoes. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small, thick rods, with rounded ends, often lying two together or 
forming chains of four. Growing on gelatin or agar-agar, the 
ends are colored more than the centres. 
Motility. 
Quite motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Plate Culture.-Round colonies, which have in their centre a yel- 
lowish film, quickly spreading through the media, which it 
liquefies. 
Tube Culture.-On the surface it forms a scum. The gelatin is 
quickly liquefied, the liquefaction beginning at the point of 
inoculation. 
Quickly growing, at first as a moist layer, which afterward turns 
to a tough mass, lying in folds and wrinkles. The mass is 
found to consist of long threads intertwined. In this stage 
spore formation is abundant. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Production of spores. 
Forms spores which appear as shining, oblong bodies. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
21 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
18. Bacillus megaterium. de Bary. Vgl. Morphologic u. Biolog. de Pilze. 
Place found. 
On cooked cabbage-leaves. 
Form and arrangement. 
Slightly-curved staves, 2 to 5 m. in thickness and about four 
times as long; ends rounded; often form chains of ten. They 
possess a peculiarity that is always present, i.e., a granulation of 
the cell-contents. They have a strong tendency to bring forth 
involution forms. 
Motility. 
Movements take place in a peculiar, creeping manner, reminding 
one of the amceba. 
Growth. 
Plate Culture- Small, round, liquefying colonies. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Rapid growth. Liquefaction does not begin 
along the whole length of the inoculation puncture, but in a 
funnel form, beginning at the top surface. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Grows as a whitish scum on the surface, coloring 
the agar-agar dark. 
Potatoes. 
Grows very fast in the form of yellowish-white, cheesy colonies, 
confined to the point of inoculation. Spore formation quite 
abundant. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 20° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Formation of spores. 
Increase by transverse division and polar spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying slowly. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
22 /. N0N-PATH0GENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
19. Bacterium graveolens. Bordoni- Uffredu&zi. 
Fortschritte der Med. 1886. S. 157. 
Place found. 
In the epidermis from between the toes. 
Form and arrangement. 
0.8 m. long and broad. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Growth occurs at room-temperature in the form of 
irregular, whitish-gray colonies, which quickly liquefy the gela- 
tin and give forth a disgusting odor similar to that which 
arises from the feet. Later, they assume a greenish-yellow 
color. 
Agar-agar. 
Plate Culture.-The same as on gelatin. 
Potatoes. 
Forms grayish, very foul colonies. 
Blood-serum. 
Liquefying. Growth the same. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Growth very rapid. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
A greenish-yellow color develops late. 
Pathogenesis. 
23 /. N0N-PATH0GENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
20. Bacillus butyricus (butyric-acid bacillus). I Hippe. 
Mittheilg. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt. Bd. II. 
Place found. 
Fleshy roots, old cheese. 
Form and arrangement. 
Staves of varied lengths, somewhat bent, growing in threads. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Plate Culture.-In the deeper portions, pretty, yellowish heaps, 
which amalgamate into a seedy, brown mass with rounded 
corners. By their energetic action in liquefying the gelatin 
the observation of individual colonies is soon rendered impos- 
sible. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Growth elaborate, yellow, and quickly liquefying. 
The growth spreads from the entire inoculation point. On 
the surface of the gelatin the growth assumes the form of a 
thin, whitish-gray skin, which lies in delicate folds. The chief 
growth occurs, however, in the lower liquefying layers. 
Agar-agar. 
Plate Culture.-Growth forms a yellowish, smeared coating. 
Blood-serum. 
• 
Temperature. 
Grows most luxuriantly between 35° to 40° C., less so at 30° 0. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Occurs most abundantly at 35° to 40° C. The spore formation 
occurs at the end and at right angles with the long axis of the 
bacillus. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
Physiological Attributes.-Brings the casein of milk to the 
curdled condition of rennet, dissolves the albuminous body, and 
transforms it into a peptone, together with several bi-products, 
among them being ammonia,-the cause of the bitterness of 
sour milk. They also are the cause of butyric fermentation, 
and they are the active agents in the fermentation of sauer- 
kraut. 
24 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
21. Clostridium polymyxa, Clostridium butyricum. Prazmowsky, Pas- 
teur. Comp. rend. 1861-1879. Prazmowsky. Untersuch. uber die 
Entwickelungsgeschichte und Fermentwirk. ein. Bak. Leipzig. 1880. 
Place found. 
In putrefying plant infusions. In fossils of the carbonaceous 
period. (Van Tieghem.) 
Form and arrangement. 
Large, thick staves, with rounded ends, from 3 to 10 m. in length 
and 1 m. in breadth, frequently arranged in chains. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Attempts at experimental cultivation on solid media not as yet 
thoroughly successful. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Five minutes at boiling-point is sufficient to kill the spores. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
At the stage of spore formation the bacilli assume the shape of 
spindles. At the moment of germination the limiting mem- 
brane bursts, which membrane is often dragged about by the 
young staves. 
Aerobiosis. 
Exquisitively anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
Those gases issuing from the gelatin and agar-agar tubes are of an 
unpleasant odor, resembling butyric acid. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Color production. 
Possess a reaction similar to granulose, i.e., when in contact with 
aqueous solution of iodine are colored from a deep indigo blue 
to a dark violet. 
Pathogenesis. 
Physiological Attributes.-In solutions of starch, sugar, dextrin, 
or salts of lactic acid it produces an abundance of butyric acid, 
carbonic acid, and water. 
According to Fitz, the bacilli are also able to dissolve casein. 
25 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
22. Miller's bacillus. Med. Wochenschr. I884. Nos. 36 and J/8- 
Place found. 
From carious dentine, besides four other fungi (a, /3, y, <5) already 
cultivated. 
Form and arrangement. 
Delicate, more or less bent staves. Lying two or four together, 
forming S figures occasionally, more frequently O shapes, also 
broken and unbroken spiral threads. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Growth does not occur on surface. Liquefying. 
Does not cause the gelatin to melt away or evaporate. 
Tube Culture.-Growth similar to that of Finkler-Prior's bacillus. 
Potatoes. 
Not especially characteristic. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Produces, together with the four associate fungi (a, /?, y, J), an 
artificial caries that is not to be distinguished from the natural. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Color formation. 
Pathogenesis. 
26 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
23. Micrococcus aerogenes. Miller. Deutsche Med. Wochensch. 
1886. No. 8. 
Place found. 
From the digestive tract. 
Form and arrangement. 
Large oval cocci. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Most frequently form round colonies of a dark 
color, smooth in contour, with irregularities like miniature inlets 
at their circumference. The characteristics which distinguish 
their growth are the leopard-like spots occurring in the colonies. 
Tube Culture.-Growth occurs along the entire inoculation punc- 
ture, of a brownish-yellow color, forming on the surface a but- 
ton-like growth of a whitish color. After some time the gelatin 
is slowly liquefied. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Forms a yellowish-white, pulp-like surface growth. 
Potatoes. 
Grows over the surface as a yellowish-white, pulp-like mass, with 
irregular edges. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Grows with air admission slightly restricted. 
Gas production. 
Forms gas in carbohydrates. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Slightly liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
Physiological Attributes.-They possess a marked resistance to 
acids, so that they may be exposed for hours to an artificial 
digestive juice without impairing their development. 
27 24. Streptococcus coli gracilis. Escherich, Die Darnibakterien des 
Sdaqlinqs und Hire Beziehunq zur Physiol. der Verdauunq. 
Stuttgart. 1886. 
/. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Liquefying Gelatin. 
Place found. 
In the alimentary canal and feces of the carnivora; also in the 
meconium of the same after it has been exposed to infection 
from the air. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci, 0.2 to 0.4 m. in diameter, arranged in long S-shaped chains, 
consisting of from 6 to 20 members. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Small, dark colonies with sharp contour, at first 
round, later irregular, tunneling the gelatin in course of lique- 
faction. 
Tube Culture.-Liquefies along inoculation point in tubular form. 
In from six to eight days there appears at the bottom of the 
completely liquefied gelatin a precipitate of fine, whitish, seed- 
like particles. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth scant, occurs on the surface. 
Potatoes. 
Very slight and soon ceases. Growth occurs in the form of small, 
whitish buttons. 
Blood-serum. 
Slight growth in the form of small scales. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at incubator temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows tolerably fast. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Very rapidly liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
28 I. 
NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. 
B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
29 25. Micrococcus candicans. Flugge. Mikroorganismen. 
Leipzig. 1886. S. 173. 
/. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
Place, found. 
Air. Extremely frequent accidental contamination of plate 
cultures. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very large, round cocci, occurring in irregular heaps. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Colonies form after two days below the surface 
of inoculation stroke of a yellowish-white color, 0.4 to 0.5 
m. in diameter; on the surface they are of a pure, milk- 
white color, smooth, resembling a drop of lac. Under a low 
power they appear irregular and finely granular, lighter 
at the periphery, and dark brown at the centre. Those occur- 
ring at a depth appear more regularly round, possess smooth 
edges, and are of a dark-brown color, with a scarcely-perceptible 
surface granulation. 
Tube Culture.-Forms along the inoculation puncture a confluent 
whitish mass, and at its entrance a button-like elevation (rail 
culture). 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
31 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
26. Micrococcus versicolor. See No. 25. 
Place found. 
Frequent in the air. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small cocci, occurring in twos or h6aps. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-After twenty-four hours white dots occur at 
the bottom of the stroke, changing in two days to yellow, 
bullet-like colonies as large as 1 mm. Under a low power 
these appear round, sharply defined, of a yellowish-brown 
color, opaque and granular. On the surface the colonies are 
from 2 to 6 mm. in size, and after four or five days these 
may attain the size of even 10 mm.; they occur in heaps, 
smooth and irregular in outline, sometimes square. When 
they occur as a coating over the surface, it has a smeary ap- 
pearance, is shining, and of a yellowish-green color. The color 
varies, however, according to the degree of illumination, giving 
a greenish, bluish, or mother-of-pearl shimmer. 
Tube Culture.-Small, spherical colonies, yellowish in color; on 
the surface a shimmering coating, like mother-of-pearl, with 
irregular edges. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Yellowish green, or mother-of-pearl. 
Pathogenesis. 
32 /. NON-PATHOGEN/C BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
27. Sarcina ventriculi. Goodsir (1842), Falkenhaim, Archiv f. 
Exper. Path. u. Pharmolc., Bd. XIX, S. 339. 
Place found. 
In the stomach-contents of man and animals. 
Form and arrangement. 
Colorless or yellowish-brown, round or slightly-oval cells, having 
an average diameter of 25 m., unitea in groups of four or 
multiples thereof, producing cubes with round edges. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-After thirty-six to forty-eight hours, round, yel- 
lowish colonies occur. From these colonies we may have color- 
less, bullet-like cocci, diplococci, and tetrads, but no cubes or 
packets. 
Hay infusion. 
Forms a skum consisting of brownish scales, and a flaky precipi- 
tate, both containing, in contradistinction to all other media, 
distinct cubes arid packets. 
Potatoes. 
After twenty-four hours growth occurs along inoculation stroke 
in small, round, colorless, dry colonies, which, later, become 
yellowish, but always confined to point of inoculation. 
Blood-serum. 
Small, round, slightly-prominent, pale-yellow colonies. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
The outer covering gives with iodine and sulphuric acid or with 
iodine-chlor.-zinc solution a reddish-violet color (cellulose 
reaction). 
Pathogenesis. 
33 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
28. Micrococcus ureae. Pasteur, Van Tieghent. Jaksch, Zeitschr. f. 
Phys. Chemie, Bd. V, S. 395. Leube u. Grasser, Virchow's Archie, 
Bd. C, S. 556. 
Place, found. 
From ammoniacal urine and from air. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci 0.8 to 1 m. in diameter, often in form of diplococci, and 
grouped together in tetrads; also frequently occur in chains, in 
the form of a rosary and in zooglea. (Von Jaksch.) 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-After twenty-four hours, white, mother-of-pearl- 
like spots occur, about the size of a millet-seed, with a smooth, 
shining surface, and sharply-defined boundary. At the tem- 
perature of room they develop, after ten days, to the size of a 
three-cent piece. They are slightly elevated above the surface 
of the gelatin, giving the impression of a drop of stearine having 
fallen onto it. 
Potatoes. 
Tube Culture.-Grows in the form of a thin, tough thread. In 
old cultures an insipid, paste-like odor is noticeable. 
They grow best in Jaksch's artificial nourishing fluid. Its com- 
position is as follows : 1 litre of water; T*K gm. MgS04 ; | gm. 
acid phosphate of kalium; 5 gm. natrium-tartrate of kalium; 
5 gm. urine. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Thrives best at 30° to 33° C. At 0° C. no growth. Can be pre- 
served at 15° C. for days without losing its power of reproduc- 
tion. (Von Jaksch.) 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows quickly. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Requires acids for development. Growth more abundant on the 
surface than below. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production 
Pathogenesis. 
Physiological Attributes.-Decomposes urine into carbonic acid 
and ammonia (carbonate of ammonia). 
34 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
29. Bacteria ureae. See No. 28. 
Place found. 
From urine undergoing ammoniacal decomposition. 
Form and arrangement. 
Thick staves with rounded ends, mostly 2 m. long and 1 m. thick. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-On the second day a small, nearly transparent 
spot appears, which, in ten days, spreads to the size of a dime. 
They give an appearance to the surface of the gelatin 
similar to that of glass upon which we have blown our breath. 
The growth spreads from the inoculation point in irregular 
circular zones, the last of which is escaloped. 
Tube Culture.-After ten days a very thin, gray-colored growth 
occurs along the inoculation puncture. The surface growth is 
seldom extensive. Older cultures have a peculiar odor resem- 
bling herring-brine. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows unusually slow. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
Physiological Attributes.-Decomposes urine into carbonate of 
ammonia, and more energetically than No. 28. 
35 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
29*. Bacteria of thready urine (bacillo gliscrogene). Malerba, Sanna- 
Salaris, Melle. Giornale Internazionale delle Scienze Med., Fasc. II. 
Napoli, 1888. Alelle. Ref. Med., August 30, 1888. 
Place found. 
In thready urine. 
Form and arrangement. 
Micrococci elongated to the form of bacteria; at the period of 
cessation of growth a diplococcus-form appears, 1.14 to 1.57 m. 
long and 0.41 m. in diameter. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-After two days punctiform round colonies arise, 
which enlarge slowly and are granular. Some contain gas- 
bubbles at their centres; others are biconvex. The growth 
becomes corolla-formed and may be seen with the naked eye. 
The colonies later become umbellate and enlarged by the addi- 
tion of concentric layers, the margins of which are smooth. 
Innumerable bubbles are formed at the bottom, which gradually 
rise to the surface, displacing the gelatin and breaking the 
colonies. 
Tube Culture.-Nail culture made up of superimposed spheres. 
They are tenacious, glutinous, and difficult to detach. 
Agar gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-After three to five days, granular. Moniliform, 
opalescent colonies develop along the inoculation stroke. At 
37° C., after twenty to twenty-four hours, a thready liquid is 
deposited at the bottom. 
Agar gelatin peptonized. 
Tube Culture.-After twenty to twenty-four hours development 
is apparent in the form of sessile tufts, accompanied by numer- 
ous bubbles. A whitish pellicle at length forms on the top of 
a filamentous liquid. 
Bouillon. 
After twenty-four hours a diffused turbidity appears and the 
bouillon becomes glutinous and contains threads. After four 
to five days a whitish pellicle appears on the surface composed 
of bacteria. 
Potatoes. 
Contained in Striated colonies, yellow or brownish-yellow 
color. After four to five days gas develops in large bubbles, 
and the colonies become confluent and at length coalesce. The 
mass becomes creamy, filamentous, and invades the entire 
surface of the potato and spreads over the sides. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at the ordinary temperature-between 30° to 37° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Multiply by cleavage. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Develops numerous bubbles of inodorous gas. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors with all the aniline stains. 
Pathogenesis. 
A small quantity of urine containing the organism, mixed with 
normal urine, becomes acid in reaction after a day and becomes 
glutinous and thready. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
36 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
30. Bacillus fluorescens. 
Place, found. 
Water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short, fine bacilli with rounded ends. 
Motility. 
Not motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Colonies occur on the surface in the figuration of 
ferns, with a brilliancy resembling mother-of-pearl at the 
periphery. 
Tube Culture.-Growth very slight along inoculation puncture. 
More luxuriant on the surface, having the characteristic fluo- 
rescence. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth superficial, of an emerald-green color. 
Potatoes. 
Rapid growth, diffusely brown through the body of growth, and 
the surface assumes a grayish-blue color. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive at a high temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plates. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Forms greenish-yellow, fluorescent coloring matter. 
Pathogenesis. 
37 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
31. Bacillus muscoides. Liborius. Zeitschr. f. Hyg., Bd. I, S. 163. 
Place found. 
From the oedema fluid of mice inoculated with garden-earth, old 
cheese, and cow-excrement. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli about 1 m. thick, with a slight tendency to form threads 
Motility. 
Slightly motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Easily obtained as soon as anaerobic conditions are produced. 
Plate Culture.-Forms delicate colonies, with slender ramifications, 
resembling some delicate moss species. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Of polar origin, round or oval, strongly refractive. 
Aerobiosis. 
Exquisitely anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
38 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
32. Bacillus polypiformis. See No. 31. 
Place found. 
See No. 31. 
Form and arrangement. 
Thin bacilli, slightly more than 1 m. in thickness, and of various 
lengths, with no tendency to form threads. 
Motility. 
Slightly motile. 
Growth. 
Easily obtainable as soon as anaerobic conditions exist.' 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Growth forms a delicate, yellowish film, with 
serrated and overlapping periphery. Under low power nu- 
merous winding, bending, and intertwining continuations are 
seen, often polypoid in contour. 
Agar-agar. 
On Plates.-Growth forms whitish colonies of irregular contour, 
about the size of a pin-head. Under a low power they appear 
as brownish, finely-granular, mulberry-like masses. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Forms at the lower portion of the inoculation puncture a diffuse 
cloudiness. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Formation of spores. 
Spores oval and even rod-like, which ofttimes occupy as much as 
a half and even two-thirds of the parent-cell. 
Aerobiosis. 
Exquisitely anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
None in artificial media. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
39 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
33. Bacillus erytrosporus 
Bd. Ill, S. 128. 
tporus. Jfidain. Cohns Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pfl., 
128. Flugge, Mikroorganismen, S. 288. 
Place found. 
In meat-water, egg-albumen, and in drinking-water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Narrow bacilli, with rounded ends, often forming short threads. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Whitish colonies, which spread over the surface 
and become plaited and furrowed; around each colony there is 
a greenish-yellow coloring. Under low power they are found 
to be circular, with irregular but sharply-defined borders. The 
opaque, brownish centre is surrounded with a brighter green- 
ish-yellow zone, and the surface shows slightly radiating 
apophyses. 
Tube Culture.-Luxuriant growth along the puncture; especially 
so on the surface of gelatin. Under weak illumination the 
entire gelatin assumes gradually a greenish hue, beginning 
from above; under stronger illumination the color appears 
yellowish. 
Potatoes. 
A thinly-spread layer, at first reddish, later rust-color. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive at a high temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows quite rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
At temperature of room there arises from each bacillus from 2 to 
8 oval spores resembling a string of pearls, which, partly di- 
vided from the contour of the bacillus, show a distinct, muddy- 
red color. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Produces a greenish-yellow fluorescence. 
Pathogenesis. 
40 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
34. Bacillus albus. 
Place found. 
Water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short bacilli with blunted ends. Several individuals are fre- 
quently seen lying together. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Round, white colonies, about the size and shape 
of a pin-head. 
Tube Culture.-Grows slowly along the puncture, of a white 
color, and on the surface forms a button, as on the plates. 
Potatoes. 
Growth confined to inoculation stroke of a muddy, yellowish white. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Does not thrive at a high temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plates. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
41 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
35. Proteus Zenkeri. Hauser. Ueber Faulnisbakterien. Leipzig. 1885. 
Place found. 
In putrefying animal matter. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacillus 0.4 m. in breadth and 1.65 m. long. More-rounded 
forms may occur. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Plate Culture.-Growth occurs as a thick, whitish-gray coating 
which may be easily detached. Does not form in zobgloea, thus 
differing from Nos. 12 and 13. 
Tube Culture. 
Temperature. 
Thrives best at a temperature ranging from 20° to 24° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows fast. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation has not been observed, although they withstand 
desiccation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
See No. 12. 
42 /. N0N-PATH0GENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
36. Bacillus of blue milk. Hiippe. Mitth. a. d. Kais. Gesundh.-Amt., Bd. 
JI, S. 355. Neelson, Cohn's Beitr. z. Biol., Bd. Ill, Heft 2. 
Place found. 
In blue milk. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli varying greatly in length, from 1 to 4 m. long, 0.3 to 0.5 
m. broad, with slightly-rounded ends. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Finely-seeded, muddy-white, circular colonies, 
-with smooth edges. After some time the gelatin shows a dark 
discoloration. 
Tube Culture.-Nail-shaped growth with milk-white head; the 
surrounding gelatin assumes a diffuse, grayish-blue hue, which, 
later, becomes darker, and lastly black. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth of a grayish color, coloring the agar a 
dark brown. 
Potatoes. 
Growth of a yellowish color, confined to the inoculation point. 
The surface assumes a diffuse, grayish blue. 
Blood-serum. 
Growth characterized by absence of coloring. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Increases by division and spore formation. The spore conjoined 
with the bacillus at one end gives a club-shape. Spore forma- 
tion occurs in the dependent portion of the culture in gelatin, 
beginning at the third day. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Produces a grayish-blue coloring matter outside the organism at 
the expense of the media. 
Pathogenesis. 
43 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
37. Bacillus lacticus. Hiippe. Mitth.a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. II,8. 337. 
Place, found. 
In sour milk. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short, chunky staves, 1 to 1.7 m. in length, 0.3 to 0.4 m. in 
breadth, arranged usually in pairs, infrequently in chains of 
fours. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-At first the colonies have the appearance of small 
white dots, which increase to grayish-white plaques, having 
porcelain-like lustre, the rims of which are transparent. With 
higher power the superficial colonies have a flat appearance, 
yellowish in color, with a granular or indented centre, and 
very delicate, pale, irregular rims. 
Potatoes. 
Tube Culture.-The growth at first appears evenly distributed 
along the puncture in the form of delicate dots; and, later, de- 
velops on the surface as a dry, grayish-white, shimmering, 
hemispherical heap. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Under 10° 0. it is incapable of development in milk. At 10° to 
12° C. it commences, and at 15° 0. the lactic fermentation is at 
its height. At 45.5° C. it ceases. In about ten days casein 
is formed. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Increases by division and endogenous polar sporulation. Spores 
are bullet-like in form, glistening, and powerfully refractive. 
Aerobiosis. 
Indifferent. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color formation. 
• 
Pathogenesis. 
Physiological Attributes.-Decomposes milk-sugar into lactic acid 
and carbonic acid, and, by the acidity resulting in the process, 
casein is formed. 
44 /. N0N-PATH0GENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
38. Bacillus epidermidis (Bzzzozeros Lepthothrix epidermidis). Virchow's 
Archiv, vol. xcviii, p. 455. Bordoni Uffreduzzi. Fortschr. 
d. Med., No. 156. 1886. 
Place found. 
From scabs and epidermic scales and from the exfoliated 
particles from between the toes. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli about 2.8 to 3 m. in length and 0.3 m. in breadth. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Growth very slight. 
Agar-agar. 
Plate Culture.-Growth occurs on the surface. 
Potatoes. 
At 15° to 20° 0. development begins in the form of drops, which 
gradually elongate or spread out, and thus coalesce, become 
more condensed, and form a thin skin over the surface. 
Blood-serum. 
Growth forms a thin coating. 
Temperature. 
Best growth produced at 15° to 20° 0. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Spores are 1.2 to 1.5 m. in length and 0.3 to 0.4 m. in breadth. 
Sporulation occurs in a distinctly characteristic manner at 25° 
C. on the third day. At 14° 0. there is no formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculations in rabbits and guinea-pigs and on the human skin 
resulted negatively or failed altogether. 
45 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
39. Bacterium Zopfii. Flilgge. Mikroorganismen, S. 326. 
Place found. 
In the intestines of chickens. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli, 0.75 to 1 m. broad and 2 to 5 m. long; form threads which, 
on gelatin, are arranged in peculiar and manifold curves. 
Motility. 
Actively motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
On Plates.-The colonies resemble those of the spreading mycel 
fungi. 
Tube Culture.-Along the puncture a compact, yellowish-white 
line develops, which sends off white filaments which intersect 
and radiate in every direction. 
No growth. 
Temperature. 
Thrives best about 20° 0. At 30° to 37° 0. the motion of the 
spores ceases. Involution forms arise at a temperature of 37° 
to 40° C., and if they are exposed for a time to this temperature 
they die. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Forms spores which were considered cocci by Kurth. They are 
wanting in some of the peculiarities which are characteristic 
to spores, ex. eg., are not strongly refractive, are capable of 
being stained, and have no resistance against heat and evapo- 
ration ; but they have the power of developing into bacilli 
similar to the maternal organisms. 
Aerobiosis. 
Oxygen is an absolute necessity. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
They are non-pathogenic to all animals experimented upon. 
46 I. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
40. Bacillus resembling bacillus subtilis, I. Bienstock. Zeitschr. 
f. Iclin. Med., Bd. VIII, Heft 1. 
Place found. 
In fasces. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli about the size of the hay bacillus, whose ends are rounded. 
They develop in long threads of from 2 to 5 members ; later, the 
individuals often separate. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Agar-agar. . 
Tube Culture.-Growth occurs in a characteristic manner, resem- 
bling a mesentery, with veins of a yellowish-white color run- 
ning in all directions, connected by smaller anastomoses, which 
later amalgamate. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 37° to 39° 0. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
They possess neither a polar spore formation, nor are they endoge- 
nous, as in the bacillus subtilis (No. 14), but the ellipsoid poles 
of the spores both assume by degrees a cylindrical shape, while 
the intervening space appears swollen. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
47 /. N0N-PATH0GENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
41. Bacillus resembling the bacillus subtilis, II. Ifien stock. 
Place found. 
In fasces. 
Form and arrangement. 
As in No. 20. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth occurs over the surface, is shining and at 
first smooth, but later becomes uneven. At the periphery there 
are clusters of bacilli resembling grape-runners in arrangement. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 37° to 39° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows extremely fast. In from ten to twelve hours the surface 
of the nourishing ground is entirely covered. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
48 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
42. Bacillus of albumen decomposition. Jfienstock. 
Place found. 
In faeces. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short and long staves, forming threads, which occupy from | to 
f of the microscopic field. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Not very characteristic; in the first days it has a 
shimmer like mother-of-pearl; when allowed to stand some 
days grows yellow. The surface is homogeneous. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
• 
Spore formation. 
Process differs from that of No. 20, and is as follows: Lengthening 
of the staves into rosary-like chains; separation of the indi- 
viduals into shorter staves, which increase in length and again 
form into chains, and so on. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
49 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
43. Bacterium aerogenes. IMiller. Deutsche Med.Wochenschr., No.8. 1886. 
Place, found. 
From the digestive tract. 
Form, and arrangement. 
Short staves, single and in pairs. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Forms circular, sharply-defined, yellowish colo- 
nies, with darker lines radiating from the centre to the periphery, 
but ending before they arrive at the edges. 
Tube Culture.-Forms along the entire puncture a growth of a 
brownish-yellow color, and on the surface a flat, grayish- 
white button. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-As a grayish-white, pulp-like coating 
Potatoes. 
Forms a weak, yellowish-white, pulp-like coating, with irregular 
edge. (Said to form gas-bubbles.) 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rather rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
May grow without air, but this hinders their growth. Under 
cover-glass numerous air-bubbles are formed. 
Gas production. 
In media containing carbohydrates the production of gas is 
abundant. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
Physiological Attributes.-Possesses great power of resistance 
against acid, so that it may be exposed for hours to an artificial 
gastric juice without changing its power of development. 
50 !. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
44. Helico bacterium aerogenes. JMiller. See No. f3. 
Place found. 
From the intestinal tract. 
1 
Form and arrangement. 
Thin staves, single or in chains, which grow in long, wavy threads, 
sometimes bent. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
A 
Plate Culture.-Forms transparent, white, often slightly-yellow 
colonies, which assume a variety of forms; under low power 
the individual bacilli may be observed composing the threads. 
Tube Culture.-Growth forms evenly along the entire puncture 
of a light-yellow color; the surface is often covered with a 
thin, scarcely visible, dry film. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Not especially characteristic. 
Potatoes. 
Grows slowly. The colonies are of a brownish color, rather dry, 
whose edges are serrated. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Under anaerobic conditions the growth is very limited. 
Gas production. 
■ 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
See No. 43. 
51 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
45. Bacillus aerogenes. Miller. See No. 43. 
Place, found. 
From the digestive tract. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small staves of different lengths. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Plate Culture.-Forms exactly round, homogeneous, transparent 
colonies of a white or light-yellow color; the older ones often 
Gelatin. 
possess concentric circles. 
Tube Culture.-Evenly along the puncture, of a yellowish color. 
On the surface a thin, pearl-gray coating, with scalloped rim. 
Potatoes. 
Slow growth in form of a dry coating of bluish-yellow, n 
color, and irregular border. 
mddy 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Same as 44. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Pathogenesis. 
See No. 43. 
52 /. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Liquefying Gelatin. 
46. Spirillum rubrum. v. Esmarch. Centralblatt f. Bacterial, u. 
Parasitenlc, Bd. I, S. 255. 
Place found. 
From the putrefaction arising in the dead body of a mouse which 
had been killed by mice septicaemia. Isolated by the roll 
method. 
Form and arrangement. 
Spirillum of from 1 to 3 screw-curves, which in bouillon may de- 
velop up to 50. They are about twice the thickness of the 
cholera spirules. 
Motility. 
Actively motile. 
Growth. 
On Gelatin Rolls.-Growth occurs at room temperature in small 
colonies, which at first are colored gray or bluish-red, and later 
wine-red. Their body is granular and their rims smooth. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Growth from- the entire puncture. The colonies 
are round and closely packed. From the first they are of a 
pretty, wine-red color, with the exception of those lying on the 
surface at the entrance of the puncture (thus differing from all 
color-forming organisms). 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Forms grayish-white, later pinkish-red, sharply- 
defined colonies, with a moist, shining surface. They possess 
no tendency to spread. 
Potatoes. 
Forms deep-red colonies, varying in size, but usually about that 
of a hemp-seed. 
Blood-serum. 
As on agar-agar; in the water expressed in desiccation they form 
a red sediment. The same thing occurs in bouillon. 
Temperature. 
Most prolific at 37° 0. When let for twenty-four hours at 42° C. 
the spirules become motionless and lose the power of growth 
when transplanted. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Spore formation. 
In old cultures on solid media, bright, strongly-refractive spots 
are observed, which always remain colorless; these must be 
considered spores, although they have resisted every known 
method of spore-coloring, inasmuch as cultures consisting only 
of spirillee, when dried on threads for six to eight days, are 
known to redevelop if this spore formation is present. This 
may take place after even five to eight weeks' exposure to the 
drying process. They have a poor resistance to heat. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Color production. 
Stains readily with the aniline dyes. 
Pathogenesis. 
Is non-pathogenic. 
53 it. 
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 
A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
55 II. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
47. Comma bacillus of Asiatic cholera. Koch. Berl. klin. Wochenschrift. 
188f. Nos. 31, 32, 33a. 
Place found. 
In the intestinal canals of recently moribund cholera patients, 
and from the faeces of same. 
Form and arrangement. 
Curved bacilli, about one-half or two-thirds, at most, as long as 
the bacillus tuberculosis. Frequently so connected as to form 
half-circles or 8-shapes. They also form long, delicate screws, 
resembling the spirilla of relapsing fever in length and appear- 
ance. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Plate Culture.-Colonies with a more or less irregularly defined, 
occasionally scalloped contour, of a granulated appearance, re- 
sembling pieces of glass. Young, superficial, flat colonies have 
a delicate, rosy-red tinge. Under a low power liquefaction may 
be observed in the funnel-shape, and this form is preserved 
throughout the process. 
Tube Culture.-Liquefaction begins slowly, commencing at the 
entrance of the puncture around an inclosed air-bubble, and 
continues along the entire slab in the form of a funnel. After 
four weeks liquefaction of the entire tube-contents has taken 
place. 
Tube Culture.-Non-liquefying and not especially characteristic. 
At 30° to 40° C., light, grayish-brown colonies, resembling those 
of B. mallei, which slowly deliquesce. At room temperature 
no growth. 
Rich growth, which liquefies. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 30° to 40° C.; under 16° growth seems to cease, 
though they may endure 10° 0. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Forms arthrosporea (Huppe), but it has no form which possesses 
a higher measure of resistance. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
It is best colored with aqueous sol. of fuchsin, and may be de- 
colorized by Gram's method. 
Color Reaction.-Add from 5 to 10 per cent, of hydrochloric acid 
to a bouillon culture, growing at 37° 0., and a pink or violet 
color develops, with a brownish tinge in a bright light (Bujwid). 
Brieger has allowed the same to stand, with the addition of 
sulphuric acid neutralized with soda and extracted with benzol, 
thereby producing a Burgundy-red color, which is innocuous 
-the so-called " cholera-red." 
Pathogenesis. 
Experiments on Animals.-Injections into the stomachs of guinea- 
pigs of pure cultures in bouillon, with the addition of tr. opii 
and Na2Co3, were successful (Koch). The first attempt at in- 
jection into the small intestine, after ligature of the intestine 
below the bile-duct, were also successful (Nicati and Retsch). 
The bacilli have been found in the contents of the intestine, 
the tubular glands, and in the mucous membrane of the intestine. 
Not as yet found in the blood of man, but positively in the 
intestinal walls. 
57 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
48. Finckler-Prior bacillus. Centr.-Bl. f. allg. Ges.-Pfl., Bd. I, Heft f u. 6. 
Place found. 
First found in faeces after standing fourteen days. 
Form and arrangement. 
Somewhat larger than Koch's comma bacillus, but not so curved; 
growing in spirilli that are not so long as those of the Koch 
comma bacillus ; they are thicker in the middle than at the ends. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Round colonies, having a granular appearance and 
of a yellowish color, increasing quickly in size and liquefying 
the media. After twelve to twenty-four hours the entire plate 
is liquefied and the colonies commingled. 
Tube Culture.-The growth liquefies from the top surface as well 
as along the puncture, thus forming the so-called stocking- 
shaped growth; in from one to two weeks the entire contents 
of the test-tube is liquefied. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Does not liquefy and is without special character- 
istic. 
Potatoes. 
Growth at room temperature is not confined closely to inocula- 
tion puncture. The colonies assume the form of soft, grayish- 
yellow plaques, with scalloped edges, and of slimy, glutinous 
consistency. 
Blood-serum. 
Growth unusually energetic and liquefying. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Growth more rapid than cholera bacillus and the cheese spirillum. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Is best colored by aqueous solution of fuchsin. 
After treatment with HC1 a reaction like that of the cholera ba- 
cillus is developed, but having a more brownish tinge, and this 
only after a much greater length of time. (Bujwid.) 
Pathogenesis. 
Guinea-pigs die after the injection of pure cultures per os, as well 
as after mixed alkaline cultures have been injected into the 
stomach or duodenum. The increasing of the bacilli is un- 
usually large in the alimentary canal of the guinea-pig, and 
are excreted in the urine. (Finckler-Prior.) 
58 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
49. Cheese spirillum. D. med. Wochenschr. 1885. No. 3. 
Place, found. 
In old cheese. 
Form and arrangement. 
Crooked bacillus, smaller than those of Asiatic cholera, having a 
tendency to form spirilla threads which acquire the same length 
as those of Koch's bacillus; but other screw-worms are closer 
together and of the same diameter along their entire length. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Under low power circular colonies with regular 
dark contour and greenisn-brown centres, irregularly granu- 
lar. Later, when liquefaction occurs and the colonies sink, 
the dark color disappears. 
Tube Culture.-The liquefaction tube is larger than that of the 
cholera bacillus, and occurs as rapidly at the surface as at the 
end of the inoculation stab. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth as a thin, yellowish coat, without special 
. characteristics. 
Potatoes. 
No growth at room or breeding temperature. 
Blood-serum. 
Growth of powerful liquefying powers. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Growth more rapid than the cholera bacillus and slower than 
Finckler-Prior bacillus. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Is best colored by aqueous solution of fuchsin. 
Pathogenesis. 
Guinea-pigs are killed by inoculation per os. (Of 15 animals 3 
died.) 
59 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
50. Bacillus cavicida (Brieger's bacillus). Berl. klin. Woch. 188f. No. If. 
Place found. 
In feces and in artificial putrefying matter. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small staff, twice as long as broad. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Plate Culture.-Very characteristic, occurring in concentric rings, 
prettily grouped, and of a whitish color. Arranged like the 
scales of the back of a tortoise. 
Forms a muddy-yellow coating. 
Thrives well on sterilized human blood. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Decomposes sugar solutions into hydrocyanic acid, with a trace 
of acetic acid, thus placing it in the category of putrefaction 
bacteria. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Very malignant to guinea-pigs, while mice and rabbits often 
resist its action. A few hours after subcutaneous injection 
guinea-pigs become unusually quiet, lose their voracious appe- 
tites, and succumb within three to twenty-four hours. Bacilli 
are found in the blood. Per os and per anum they have no 
effect. 
60 51. Bacillus neapolitanus (Emmerich's bacillus). I). med. Wochen. 188f. 
No. 50. Berl. klin. Wochenschr. 1885. No. 15. Weisser, 
Zeitschrift f. Hygiene, Bd. I, S. 315. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In stroke-cultures grown from the blood, the juice squeezed from 
the organs and the discharge from the bowels of those dead 
from, or attacked with, cholera in Naples. Weisser claims that 
they are present in normal as well as abnormal human excre- 
ment, in air, and putrefying liquids. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short staves, with rounded ends, single or in pairs, seldom several 
together. Their length is one and a half times as great as their 
breadth. In form and size they resemble the typhus bacillus. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Occurs as a glassy, milky-white, transparent 
growth, markedly superficial, and never liquefying, Under a 
low power those deeper colonies have a whetstone-shape ; with 
strong illumination they appear to have a fine, seeded appear- 
ance, and under a weaker illumination they are of a yellowish- 
brown color. Those on the surface resemble smooth, round 
mollusk-shells, slightly yellow in the centre, white toward the 
circumference. 
Tube Culture.-Similar to the typhus bacillus. Possesses the 
power of increasing the alkalinity of the nourishing media, and 
thereby causing a cloudiness of the same. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-As a whitish, moist coating. 
Potatoes. 
Forms a yellowish-brown, viscid layer. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Endures exposure to 24° C. for twelve days, and four weeks' 
desiccation at room-temperature without detriment. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore f ormation. 
Spore formation not observed. On the other hand, the bacilli 
have the power of remaining alive for a long time and under 
very adverse circumstances. 
Aerobiosis. 
After all oxygen has been consumed they still retain life. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Is not colored by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Introduced in large numbers into the animal organism (guinea- 
pigs, dogs, cats, and a monkey), it sets up an inflammation 
along the small intestine, which presents in all particulars great 
similarity to human cholera, the duration of which, five to six 
days, or, more rapid, sixteen to thirty hours, is governed by the 
number of bacilli introduced. 
Sections.-Spleen normal, great ecchymoses in the caecum and 
large intestine, mesentery glands swollen and yellowish. Ba- 
cilli are found in all organs and tissues. Weisser could not 
cause death of animals regularly, and, when it did occur, 
vomiting and cramps were absent, and the alvine discharges 
were not liquid, but pap-like. 
61 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
52. Bacillus diphtherias. Loeffler. Mitth. a. d. Kais. 
Place found. 
; In diphtheria membrane. 
Form and arrangement. 
Straight or crooked staves the same length as the B. tuberculosis, 
but twice as thick. Stain most intense at the ends (dumb-bell 
forms). 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture, 5 per cent.-Between 20° to 22° 0., growth takes 
place as small, round, white dots. The staves assume a dumb- 
bell form. 
Potatoes. 
No growth. 
Blood-serum. 
On Peptonized Meat-Sugar-Serum Infusion.-At 37° 0. a luxuriant 
growth occurs, which in two days is nearly 1 mm. thick. 
There may be isolated colonies, % cm. in diameter, or they may 
form a coating. 
Temperature. 
A temperature above 20° C. is requisite. Cultures kept for seven 
weeks at 37° C. still retain their life-power. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Rapidly on meat-peptone, sugar-serum infusion. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Sections are Best Colored by Loeffler's Method.-A few minutes in 
30 c.cm. concentrated alcoholic sol. of methylene blue, to which 
has been added 100 c.cm. of KHO solution (1 to 10,000), then a 
few seconds in |-per-cent. acetic acid, then absolute alcohol; 
clear in cedar-oil, mount in balsam. 
Pathogenesis. 
Experiments on Animals.-Mice are refractory; guinea-pigs and 
birds die after subcutaneous inoculation in a few days. Haemor- 
rhagic infiltration of the subcutaneous tissue and of the pleurae 
are found. When tracheal injection is practiced in chickens, 
pigeons, and rabbits, a pseudo-membrane is formed. 
62 53. Bacterium coli commune. JEscherich. Die Darmbakterin des Sdug- 
lings und Hire Beziehungen z. Physiol, der Verd. 1886. Fortschritte 
der Med. 1885. No. 17. 
II. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
Constant in the alimentary tube of man, and in those of all the 
lower animals examined. Especially plentiful in the lower 
intestine and in the faeces of infants. 
Form and arrangement. 
The typical form is a short, delicate staff 0.4 m. broad, 2 to 3 m. 
long. The lengths vary, noticeably, however, oval and coccoid 
forms having been observed, but the staffs predominate, arranged 
closely together and in pairs. 
Motility 
Slightly motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Growth on the surface, arranged in anisometric, 
flat colonies, of a faint-white color, the edges of which are 
sharply irregular. The surface presents indifferent pictures. 
Tube Culture.-Heavy growth along the inoculated puncture, in 
the form of white globules. On the surface this spreads out in 
a delicate growth resembling that on plates. 
Potatoes. 
Light, pea-colored, succulent, shining colonies, quite luxuriant, 
spreading over the entire surface. 
Blood-serum. 
Forms a white coating. 
Temperature. 
Thrives better at temperature of the room than at body tempera- 
ture. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows with moderate rapidity. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation not observed. There are suggestive uncolored 
spots not infrequently observed in the interior of the staffs. 
Aerobiosis. 
Aerobic. Can develop, however, on nourishing gelatin to which 
has been added grape-sugar, without addition of acid. 
Gas production. 
Produces, by anaerobic growth, a gas composed of carbonic acid 
and water. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Not liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Rabbits, and especially guinea-pigs, succumb to subcutaneous or 
intra-venons injections of small quantities in from one to three 
days, with diarrhoea and collapse. The upper intestine presents 
changes varying from rosy hypersemia to intense inflammation. 
Reddened plaques are found, which are markedly infiltrated, 
and there is sometimes a serous exudate into the peritoneum. 
In the blood and in the parenchyma of the various organs 
plentiful quantities of bacilli are found. They are not patho- 
genic to mice. 
63 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
54. Bacterium lactis aerogenes. Escherich. See No. 53. 
Place, found. 
In the small intestine of man, especially of infants and animals 
fed upon milk; in less numbers in faeces; once found in milk. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short, thick staves, with rounded corners, 0.5 m. to 0.8 m. broad 
and 1 to 2 m. long, lying most frequently in pairs, at other times 
in irregular heaps. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Forms on the surface isodiametric, peaked, soft, 
glazed colonies of a porcelain-white color. The deeper ones 
form yellowish, round spheres. 
Tube Culture.-Luxuriant growth along the puncture, with a 
more extensive growth at the entrance of same (nail-form). 
Potatoes. 
Forms white, luxuriant colonies, interspread with gas-bubbles. 
They sometimes assume a creamy character. 
Blood-serum. 
Forms a prominent, moist, shining, white coating. 
Temperature. 
Thrives at room-temperature, but better at temperature of the 
body. 
Rapidity of growth. 
■ 
Grows rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
See No. 53. 
Aerobiosis. 
Aerobic. On milk and grape-sugar solutions they are anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
Grown anaerobic on milk and grape-sugar solutions, it produces a 
gas composed of carbonic-acid gas and water. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
See No. 53. 
Physiological Attributes.-Affects albumen only slightly. They 
are energetic in setting up the lactic-acid fermentation in milk. 
64 55. Bacillus of intestinal diphtheria in rabbits. Ribbert. Deutsche 
Med. Wochenschrift, 1887, p. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
From the organs of rabbits dead of spontaneous intestinal 
diphtheria. 
Form and arrangement. 
Staves 3 to 4 m. long, 1 to 1.4 m. thick, with rounded ends, often 
arranged in pairs or more, forming chains. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Forms light, transparent, gray (later, brownish) 
colonies, the surface of which is granular and glistening like 
the mother-of-pearl. 
Tube Culture.-Minimum growth. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Forms a coating which gradually spreads, and 
which has an indistinct lustre. 
Potatoes. 
As a white, flat, slowly-spreading coating. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Thrives best at temperature of body. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows quite rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
A minimum growth if no oxygen is allowed to come in contact 
with the culture. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Does not liquefy. 
Aniline reaction. 
Stains with aniline-fuchsin-water; very difficult to stain other- 
wise ; not at all by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
After injection into the vein of a rabbit's ear, death supervenes 
after three days; on section, large numbers of the bacilli are 
found in the capillaries of the liver and spleen. Injected sub- 
.cutaneously, swelling of adjacent lymph-glands follow. Injected 
into the mouth, they cause an inflammation of the small intes- 
tine with superficial necrotic changes, which bear a close re- 
semblance to the diphtheritic process in man, and this before 
any other symptoms are noticed. 
65 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
56. Bacillus diphtherias columbarum. Loeffler. Mitth. a. d. Kais. 
Ges.-Amt., vol. ii, p. 
Place found. 
In the exudate from a dead pigeon which had succumbed to a 
disease similar to human diphtheria. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli somewhat longer and narrower than bacillus of rabbit 
septicaemia, rounded at the ends, most frequently arranged in 
heaps. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Colonies beneath the surface form white spheres; 
on the surface a white coating, which, under low power, gives a 
yellowish-brown, dusky appearance. 
Potatoes. 
Forms a coating which varies only slightly in color from that of 
the potato. 
Blood-serum. 
Forms a grayish-white, slightly transparent coating. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Not known. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pigeons, sparrows, and rabbits are susceptible; mice peculiarly 
so, owing to peculiarity of the liver. Chickens, guinea-pigs, 
rats, and dogs are immuned. 
66 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
57. Bacillus necrophorus. Loeffler. Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., 
vol. ii, p. 493. 
Place, found. 
Obtained on the occasion of implanting a broad condyloma in the 
anterior chamber of the eye of a rabbit. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli of different lengths but equal breadths, often forming long, 
thin, slightly wavy threads. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
No growth. 
Agar-agar horse blood- 
serum. 
Growth slight. 
Neutralized rabbit 
bouillon. 
There arises a white, downy coating, so that the particle of the 
organ used in inoculation appears to be wrapped in cotton. 
After some days numerous flakes float in the bouillon, which 
consist of closely-matted threads of full-grown bacilli. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Forms no spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
No growth on gelatin. 
Aniline reaction. 
Stains with the commonly employed aniline colors. 
Pathogenesis. 
Rabbits died after inoculation in the ear or anterior chamber of 
eye after eight days; at the point of inoculation a necrotic, 
cheesyprocess was found. White mice succumbed in six days; 
at the point of inoculation greenish-yellow, fatty masses were 
observed. The same were found in the muscles of the back 
and thigh, in the peritoneum, and everywhere accompanied by 
the bacilli. 
67 II. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
58. Gonococcus. Neisser. Bumm, Der Mikroorganismus der gonor- 
rhoischen Schleimhauterkrankungen. A. Neisser, Centr.-Bl.f.d. med. 
Wissensch. 1879. No. 28. D. med. Wochenschr. 1882. 8. 279. 
Place found. 
In the secretions from gonorrhoeic inflammation. 
Form and arrangement. 
Diplococcus, biscuit-shaped, lying in pairs, with flat surfaces lying 
together, resembling the coffee-bean. 
Motility. 
Rotatory and oscillatory motion, but no auto-locomotion. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Doubtful. 
Potatoes. 
Tube Culture.-Doubtful. 
Human blood-serum. 
The growth forms a very thin, grayish-yellow coating, which has 
a moist, smooth surface, the edges of which diffuse gradually 
into the surrounding media, which is not liquefied. Through- 
out its course it shows a tendency to form jagged protuberances 
or excrescences, which, with their sharply defined edges, give 
the appearance of plateau like mountains, or of an island with 
precipitous shores. 
Temperature. 
Grows at 33° to 37° C. Minimum, 25° 0.; maximum, 38° C. 
Rapidity of groivth. 
Very slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Increases by fission at right angles. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
No growth on gelatin. 
Aniline reaction. 
Fuchsin or methyl violet is best. Is not discolored by Gram's 
method (Roux). 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculation of the urethra of woman with a pure culture on 
blood-serum produced a severe gonorrhoea (Bumm). Cocci are 
found in large numbers, nearly always within pus-cells, seldom 
free. 
68 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
59. Trachoma coccus. Sattler, Michael. Knapp-Schwaiger's Archie 
fur Aug enheilk unde, Bd. XVI, S. 367. 
Place found. 
From contents of conjunctiva follicles of an inmate of the orphan 
asylum at Aschoftenburg, suffering from the Egyptian oph- 
thalmia in 1885, during an epidemic of the disease, and in the 
inclosed follicles of trachoma. 
Form and arrangement. 
Diplococci, biscuit-shaped, characterized by the minuteness of the 
partition slit. 
Motility. 
Rotatory and oscillatory movements; no auto-movement. 
Growth. 
Plate Culture.-In whitish films or flakes. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-A shining, whitish growth, which, at first, has a 
superficial coloring of gray. Along the inoculation stab 
small spherical colonies appear, arranged in the shape of a 
rosary. Later, the coloring becomes yellowish, and in the 
shrinking assumes the shape of a tulip. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-As a homogeneous, gray, or milk-white deposit. 
Potatoes. 
Slight growth. 
Blood-serum. 
Along the inoculation a white band is formed. When a portion is 
removed on a platinum needle it has a mucoid consistency. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at body-temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows most rapidly on agar-agar and blood-serum,-more slowly 
on gelatin. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Aerobic as far as known. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Is stained by all basic aniline colors, but not by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculated subcutaneously and in other various ways, and by 
direct introduction into the anterior chamber of the eye, pro- 
duced no results in the rabbit. In the human subject, however, 
inoculation in the conjunctiva was followed by typical tracho- 
ma. The cocci were found in the follicles of the excised con- 
junctiva after artificial as well as spontaneous occurrence, as 
well as in one case in which cicatrization had taken place. 
They are situated in and between the cells, most frequently in 
the centre of the follicles. 
69 60. Bacillus of conjunctivitis. Koch, Kartulis. Koch, Berichte 
aus Agypten au der Preussichen Staatmunster d. Innern. Kartulis, 
Cent. f. Bae., vol. i, p. 289. Knapp-Schwaiger"1 s Archie fur 
Augenheilkun.de, Bd. XVII, S. 318. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In the secretions of the conjunctival sac ot those affected with 
conjunctivitis. Found in Alexandria. 
Form and arrangement. 
Size, form, and arrangement similar to the bacillus of mouse- 
septicsemia. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar, 0.5 per cent. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
No growth except the inoculation be carried over from agar- 
agar ; even then very slight. 
Tube Culture.-At 28° to 30° C., after thirty to forty hours, fine, 
small dots of a gray-white color develop along the inoculation 
stroke. Later, these dots become confluent and form a dark 
coating, which becomes heaped above the level of the agar, 
and possesses a shining, fatty appearance. The edges are 
irregular, undulating, often jagged; old cultures resemble a 
fish-bone. 
A feeble growth. 
Meat extract furnishes a very good nourishing media. (Kartulis.) 
Temperature. 
Grows only at 34° to 37° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Is colored slightly by watery solution of aniline, but not at all 
by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculated on the conjunctiva of man it produces a conjunctivitis. 
The bacilli were found in the yellowish discharge as well as on 
the portion of the conjunctiva excised. The experiments were 
not made with pure cultures ; these were always mixed with a 
club-shaped bacillus very difficult to isolate. However, with 
pure cultures of the latter no results were obtained. 
70 61. Bacillus of Xerosis. Colomiatti. Kischbert-Neisser, Brest. Aerztl. 
Zeitschr. E. Frankel und Franke, Knapp-Schwaiger''s Archiv 
fur Augenheilkunde, Bd. XVII, S. 176. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
From xerotic masses of the conjunctiva of a child afflicted with 
xerosis, complicated with keratomalacia and an advanced gen- 
eral atrophy, and in certain forms of conjunctivitis, accompanied 
by a mucous secretion and hypersecretion of the Meibomian 
glands. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli as long as those of mice septicaemia, grouped in large 
masses. The breadth varies according to the method of stain- 
ing adopted, which, according to Neisser, is due to a fatty 
substance in the enveloping membrane. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
No growth. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-The bacilli were not taken direct from the eye, 
but were first grown on blood-serum. At 34° to 39° 0., a thin 
mucoid coating arose, giving the surface a greasy appearance. 
Potatoes. 
No growth. 
Blood-serum. 
Rosette-shaped colonies develop on both sides of the inoculation 
stroke for a distance of from 2 to 3 mm., having a pale-gray, 
greasy appearance; in the condensation water delicate gray 
scales are visible, which consist of colonies from the surface. 
Temperature. 
Grows only at body-temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly in blood-serum. 
Formation of spores. 
Spherical enlargement at both poles of the bacillus, the body of 
which colors weakly (Neisser). Propagation also by means of 
splitting. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
No growth. 
Aniline reaction. 
Preparations which are dried by heat and stained by watery so- 
lutions of aniline make the bacilli appear twice as broad as 
those which are treated with ether and stained with alcoholic 
solution of aniline. 
Pathogenesis. 
71 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
62. Bacillus of chicken-cholera (cholera des poules). Pasteur. 
Place found. 
Poultry affected with chicken-cholera. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short staves, with slightly rounded ends; they color character- 
istically and seem to often grow in chains. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Small, round, white, superficial, granular colonies 
with uneven borders. 
Tube Culture.-Growth lies on the surface in the form of a deli- 
cate, white, scalloped film. No liquefaction. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-As a white, shining coating of medium firmness. 
Potatoes. 
At the temperature of the room there is no growth, but at tem- 
perature of the body a scanty, yellowish-gray, transparent tuft 
arises after some days. 
Blood-serum. 
As on agar-agar. 
Temperature. 
At common and breeding temperature. 
1 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Not known. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
The poles color more intensively than the body with aniline 
colors, giving the impression of a diplococcus or a dumb-bell 
form of bacillus. In excised preparations they usually accept 
nuclear staining. Gram's double stain is unsuccessful. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculation of the most minute quantities brings forth in the 
chicken a characteristic chain of symptoms. They allow the 
wings to drop ; the feathers appear ruffled and dull. They are 
overcome with drowsiness, and death supervenes within twenty- 
four to thirty-six hours. At the section haemorrhagic duode- 
nitis is found, and the bacilli are present here as well as in the 
visceral organs and blood. Pigeons, sparrows, pheasants, mice, 
and rabbits are likewise susceptible. Guinea-pigs, sheep, and 
horses have abscesses at the point of inoculation. 
72 11. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
63. Bacillus of rabbit-septicaemia. Koch. 
Place found. 
In drainage-water. 
Form and arrangement. 
Resembles No. 62. They are very likely identical. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
1 
73 64. Bacillus of swine-plague. Loeffler, Schutz. Arbeiten a. d. Kais. 
Ges.-Amt., vol. i, Nos. J/.6 and 376. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In the organs of swine killed by swine-plague. 
Form and arrangement. 
Oval form, 0.2 m. long, 0.4 to 0.5 m. broad, lying singly or in 
threads, very similar to the bacillus of rabbit septicaemia. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Growth takes place along the stroke in the form of 
small, gray or white, dim, dot-like colonies, which soon coalesce. 
At the point of entrance of the puncture a grayish-white tuft 
arises, whose surface has a shining appearance. 
Potatoes. 
Doubtful. 
In peptone beef infu- 
sion. 
A dense cloudiness is developed, and, later, a grayish-white, 
tenacious sediment settles to the bottom of the bulb. 
Blood-serum. 
Growth in form of a dry, iridescent coating. In the water of con- 
densation a luxuriant growth occurs in the form of grayish, 
cloudy, mucoid layers. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 35° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Propagates by splitting. 
Aerobiosis. 
Facultative aerobic. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors like 62 and 63, so that between the intensely-colored ends 
the body, for a space of about J to J their length, remains un- 
colored. With Weigert's picro-carmine-gentian-violet they 
assume an intense blue color; they also color well with Gram's 
method. 
Pathogenesis. 
They quickly and surely kill mice and rabbits when injected sub- 
cutaneously. Introduced into the lungs of a pig, either by 
directed injection or by respiration, a malignant, infectious 
pneumonitis is produced. 
74 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
64*. Bacillus of buffalo-plague. Oteste, Arniann, 
Annali d'Agricoltara. Atti della Commissione per le malatte 
dagli animali. 1887. Vol. 121. 
Place found. 
In the blood and in the organs, in the yellowish exudate, in the 
saliva, bile, faeces, urine, and milk of animals affected with 
" gray beard." * 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacteria oval, similar to those of rabbit septicaemia, chicken- 
cholera, and septicaemia of swine. They color more intensely at 
the ends. They are 0.9 to 1.4 m. longer. 
Motility. 
They are not actively motile, but possess the oscillatory move- 
ments. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Bouillon. 
Plate Culture.-After two to three days, at ordinary temperature, 
very small colonies develop, resembling small, round, lustrous 
drops, which become thinner, granular, and more opaque. The 
edges are smooth. Their color is pearl-white, which becomes 
after a time yellowish. 
Tube Culture.-After twenty-four hours the gelatin becomes 
turbid and of a pearlish-white color along the stab, which be- 
comes more easily seen after two to three days, and is finely 
granular and transparent. 
As in gelatin. 
No development. 
| Along the track of the needle a minute, muddy granulation de- 
velops, closely arranged and numerous, and of a pearl color. 
The growth is much slower than in gelatin. 
Ordinary temperature, after twenty-four hours, a cloudiness de- 
velops, which after two days is more marked. At the third day 
the medium becomes clear again, and a muddy-yellowish, flaky 
sediment is deposited. 
Temperature. 
Develops at ordinary temperature (16° to 22° C.), better at the 
temperature of the incubator (37° to 40° 0.). 
Rapidity of growth. 
Moderately slow. 
Formation of spores. 
The bacteria elongate to double the usual size and separate in 
the direction of the lesser diameter. The two swollen poles 
divide and become micrococci, which afterward elongate 
to bacilli. The stage of sporulation has not as yet been 
observed. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not develop under mica plate, and the growth becomes more 
vigorous the freer the access of oxygen. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Does not liquefy gelatin. 
Aniline reaction. 
It colors well with an aqueous solution of fuchsin, methylin blue, 
and methylin violet. Beautiful preparations are obtained by 
Loeffler's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Clinical Picture.-The animals droop and isolate themselves. 
They do not eat, grind their teeth, heads droop, and their 
glance is fixed. Temperature is high. Yellowish mucus runs 
from nose. Tumefaction of the throat or various other por- 
tions of the body. Dyspnoea. Meteorism. In ten to twenty- 
four days the animal dies in cramps and convulsions. 
Section.-Yellowish, glutinous exudate in the subcutaneous tissue. 
Considerable injection of the peritoneum and gastro-intestinal 
mucous membrane. Tumefaction of liver, and hyperaemia of 
the lungs, which are also slightly cedematous. Abundance of 
bacteria are found in the blood and tissues. 
Experiments. - Subcutaneous inoculation of male and female 
buffalo calves, swine, fowls, guinea-pigs, chickens, pigeons, 
and small birds were followed by characteristic symptoms, fol- 
lowed by death. In the blood and organs and at the point of 
inoculation numerous specific bacteria were found. Dogs and 
rats are refractory. Manfred mixed grease with pure cultures 
and obtained a good vaccine. 
75 65. Bacterium of wild plague. Kittf Hoppe. Kitt, Sitzungsber. d. 
Ges. f. Morphol. u. Physiol. Munchen. I. 1885. Huppe, 
Berl. klin. Wochenschrift. 1886. Nos. -4-4, 
11. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In the blood and oedema fluid of some undomesticated animals 
dying of wild plague. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short staves, 2 to 3 times as long as broad, with markedly-rounded 
ends. About 4 of them are equal to the diameter of a red 
blood-corpuscle. According to Huppe they belong to the cocci 
which only become slightly elongated in process of develop- 
ment. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Along the interior they develop in white (on agar- 
agar, grayish- white) isolated colonies in the shape of small 
spheres of the size of a pin-head, which, under a low power, 
appear granular. 
Tube Culture.-Along the inoculation puncture they occur at first 
in isolated, small colonies, which, later, coalesce into one mass. 
On the surface white tufts develop about the size of a lentil, 
which is smooth, almost circular, and elevated above the solid 
gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Same as on gelatin, only more transparent and 
grayish white. 
Potatoes. 
As grayish-yellow, slightly-prominent tufts. 
Blood-serum. 
As a delicate, yellowish, slightly-iridescent layer. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at breeding-temperature. Under 12° to 13° C. growth 
seems to cease. Often cultures lose their virulence at room- 
temperature as well as on that of the incubator. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Fructification does not occur by endogenous spore formation. 
However, a process resembling arthrosporation is observed. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Cover-glass preparations are easily stained by aqueous solutions 
of fuchsin, methyl-violet, methyl-blue, and vervain. Sections 
are best stained in alcoholic solutions of methyl-blue and 
fuchsin. 
Pathogenesis 
Pathogenic to all cattle and horses, wild and domestic pigs, 
rabbits, mice, pigeons, and certain small birds. Rabbits, inocu- 
lated cutaneously or subcutaneously or by feeding, die in from 
fifteen to twenty hours. The bacteria are found almost exclu- 
sively in the plasma, and only occasionally within the cellular 
elements. The epidemic may take the form of a septicaemia 
with slight oedema and a continuous haemorrhage, but also may 
occur as an intestinal mycosis or contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 
Huppe considers wild plague, swine-plague, as well as rabbit- 
septicaemia and chicken-cholera, as different forms of a single 
infectious disease (septicaemia haemorrhagica), since cultures 
from all of these diseases have no distinguishing characteristics. 
(Huppe.) 
76 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
66. Bacillus septicus agrigenus, fficolalen. 
Flugge, Mifaroorganismen, Leipzig, 1886, p. 257. 
Place found. 
From field-earth, fertilized with manure. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacillus like No. 62 and 63, or somewhat longer. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
\On Plates.-Under a low power the growth consists of circular, 
finely granular, sharply defined colonies. In the centre a 
yellowish-brown color, at the circumference a grayish-yellow 
color, separated by a darker zone ; later, the colors are destroyed, 
but the granular appearance becomes more pronounced. 
Tube Culture.-As a thin, hardly-characteristic coating. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room-temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Grows best on surface of gelatin. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Give the same color reaction as No. 63, only not so frequent or so 
well defined. 
Pathogenesis. 
Mice inoculated subcutaneously and rabbits inoculated in the 
median vein of the ear die in from twelve to twenty-two and 
twenty-four to thirty-six hours, respectively. In the blood of 
the heart and of the capillaries of all organs the organisms are 
found, but only in relatively small numbers. They are 
frequently found lying close to the blood-disks. 
77 66*. Bacillus of senile gangrene. E. Tricomi, Tricomi, Il micro- 
parasita della gangrena. Napoli, 1886. Alt. della Soc. Italiana d. 
chirurgia. Seduta del 20 April, 1887. 
ll. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In parts attacked by senile gangrene, in blood, gangrenous ichor, 
in the lymphatic spaces, between the fasciculi of subcutaneous 
connective tissue. On the proximal side of the line of demarca- 
tion they are especially plentiful. 
Form and arrangement. 
Thin bacilli, not very long, similar to oedema maligna bacillus. 
Length nearly 3 m., breadth 1 m., ends rounded, lying isolated 
or in pairs. Some are enlarged at one end (club-form). 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Bouillon. 
Potatoe. 
Serum. 
Plate Culture.-After twenty-four hours, round, faintly-yellow 
colonies develop. They are finely granular and have smooth 
margins, and consist entirely of staves. The gelatin becomes 
liquefied after thirty-six to forty-eight hours. 
Tube Culture.-After twenty-four hours a slight opacity occurs 
along the track of the needle, which after forty-eight hours is 
found to consist of a series of whitish dots. On the fourth 
day a delicate film occurs on the surface, at the point of 
entrance of inoculation stroke, which spreads toward the walls 
of the tube and liquefies in the " funnel-shape," at the apex of 
which a bubble appears similar to that occurring in the comma 
bacillus. The gelatin at length becomes clear and the growth 
deposited at the oottom, which usually consists entirely of spores. 
After forty-eight hours an irregular white line is seen along the 
inoculation stroke, along which afterward small colonies de- 
velop, which are superficial and, gradually becoming confluent, 
form a homogeneous film, which is in slight relief. 
After 12 to 24 hours at 37° C., a diffuse turbidity develops, which 
afterward sinks to the bottom, leaving the media clear. 
After two to three days small white dots appear along the inocu- 
lation point which are scarcely perceptible. These spread 
slowly at ordinary temperature. At 37° 0. they become 
rapidly confluent, forming a dirty-white coating. 
At 37° C. the development is moderate, identical with that on agar. 
Temperature. 
Develops well at ordinary temperature; better and more rapidly 
at 37° 0., in Arsonwal's incubator. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Develops rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
The bacilli become enlarged at one end or in the middle, from 
which egg-shaped spores are developed. They are not colored 
by the ordinary methods, and are strongly refractive. The 
spores may be colored by methylene violet after passing the 
stained cover-glass preparation six times through alcohol-flame. 
Placed in the incubator at 22° C., they develop to ripe bacilli. 
They show a powerful resistance to drying. 
Aerobiosis. 
Aerobic. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies gelatin. 
Aniline reaction. 
May be colored by the aniline colors, especially methylene red 
and violet. Gram's method is also satisfactory. 
Pathogenesis. 
The bacilli inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue of animals com- 
monly used for experimentation produce a distressing, morbid 
process, which is similar to that occurring in man, e.g., the 
subcutaneous tissues are infiltrated with a fetid bloody serum. 
The muscles are flaccid and in a state of gray infiltration. Por- 
tions of the skin are mummified and afterward become tough 
and black. The gangrene spreads toward the abdomen, whether 
the inoculation be made in the thigh or back of the animal. 
Death ensues in guinea-pigs in two to three days, rabbits in 
four days, and in house-mice after twenty-four hours. White 
mice are exempt. A committee of the Surgical Congress, Pro- 
fessor Durante, president, before whom these experiments were 
repeated, indorsed these observations and results of Tricomi. 
78 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
67. Bacillus cedematis maligni (vibrion septique). Hesse. Deutsche med. 
Wochenschr., 1885, No. 11/.- Gaffky, Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. I, 
S. 81. Koch, Ebendaselbst, S. 5J.. Pasteur, Bull, de VAcad. de 
Med., 1887. p. 793. Liborius, Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, 
Bd. I, S. 158. 
Place found. 
In garden-earth. 
Form, and arrangement. 
Staves, 3.0 to 3.5 m. long and 1 to 1.1 m. broad, joined mostly in 
triplets, often forming threads 14 to 40 ni. in length; they are 
not so broad as bacillus anthracis, and have rounded ends. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-By applying the method of Esmarch and Li- 
borius, the colonies appear as small, shining, spherical bodies, 
with liquid contents. 
Agar-agar. 
On Plates.-Colonies form a pale-white or smoky cloudiness, the 
boundaries of which are illy defined. 
Tube Culture.-Diffuse cloudiness surrounding the inoculation 
stroke. Growth is much facilitated by the addition of 1- to 2- 
per-cent. solution of grape-sugar. 
Potatoes. 
At 38° C. it grows within a boiled potato after a piece of tissue 
removed from some organ of an animal dying of malignant 
oedema has been implanted. After several days the potato is 
permeated by a net-work of the bacilli. (Gaffky.) 
Guinea-pig bouillon. 
(Under hydrogen.) Commences as a diffuse cloudiness of the 
entire liquid, without the formation of flakes. Then, after two 
or three days a whitish precipitate is thrown down, and the 
liquid becomes clear. Differentiation from anthrax bacillus. 
(Kitasato.) 
Blood-serum. 
Diffuse cloudiness along the inoculation stroke. 
Temperature. 
Thrives best at temperature of the body. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation occurs in cultures at the end of first day. The 
bacilli swell at either end, or in the middle, thus assuming a 
spindle form ; at this stage they are capable of staining. Later, 
a spot appears that cannot be colored, and at last a fragile 
elliptical or cylindrical spore develops, bluish in color and 
refractive. Maximum spore formation at 37° C., minimum at 
room-temperature. 
Aerobiosis. 
Exquisitely anaerobic. Grows only when oxygen is excluded. 
Gas production. 
According to Liborius the pure cultures do not form gas, and 
when this does occur there is contamination. Upon opening 
a culture in guinea-pig bouillon a very penetrating stink is 
given off. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
All the aniline series answer as good coloring agents, and when 
stained they often present a beaded appearance. Gram's 
method is useless. 
Pathogenesis 
Spore-containing garden-earth, when injected into guinea-pigs, 
causes their death within twelve to twenty-four hours; 0.1 to 
0.5 c.cm. of bouillon culture, injected subcutaneously in guinea- 
pigs or mice, causes death in eight to fifteen hours. 
Post-mortem Section.-Extensive subcutaneous oedema commencing 
at the point of inoculation. The fluid is reddish, clear, and 
contains bacilli and isolated bubbles of gas ; the skin is tense. 
Bacilli are found in the fluids of the various organs, and in and 
on their serous coverings, especially in the ascitic fluid; in the 
blood of the heart only some time after death. Guinea-pigs 
inoculated with the contents of serous cavities die rapidly. 
79 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
68. Bacillus of pseudo-oedema. Liborius. 
Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Bd. 1, S. 163. 
Place found. 
In the oedema-fluid and tissues of mice inoculated with garden- 
earth. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli thicker than the oedema bacillus, with a distinct, bright 
fimbria surrounding them. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar (containing 
sugar). 
Easily obtained as soon as anaerobic conditions are present. 
Plate Culture.-Colonies form spherical bodies, at first the size 
of a hemp-seed, and later that of a pea, with liquid contents; 
the lower part containing a whitish sediment, surmounted by 
a clear fluid. In the centre a small gas-bubble, which gradu- 
ally increases in size. 
Plate Culture (containing sugar).-Forms spherical, oval, or whet- 
stone-shaped colonies, with irregular contour. 
Tube Culture.-A pronounced cloudiness forms, gas-bubbles de- 
velop all through the media, and a clear fluid is expressed. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room-temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Usually each bacillus forms two spores, without any perceptible 
change in its appearance. 
Aerobiosis. 
Exquisitely anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
Produces gas the odor of which resembles that of old cheese, and 
probably is due to butyric acid. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
A rabbit, after inoculation with 0.5 c.cm. of the liquid expressed 
from an agar culture, died after eight hours. No bacilli in 
blood or spleen. A mouse, after inoculation with 0.5 c.cm., 
died in twenty hours. In the spleen no bacilli; in blood of 
heart isolated masses. Rabbits, after intra-venous injections of 
1.5 c.cm., die in forty-five minutes. Section showed fibrinous 
peritonitis, and the spleen and heart blood contained numerous 
bacilli. The bacilli seem to be injurious from their ptomaines. 
80 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
69. Bacillus murisepticus (mouse-septicaemia). Koch. Ueber die 
AEtiologie dev Wundinfektionskrankheiten. Gaffky, Loeffler, 
Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. I, S. 80 u. 135. 
Place found. 
In draihage-water and putrid liquids. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very small staves, 0.8 to 1.0 m. long, 0.1 to 0.2 m. thick, often in 
pairs. At first sight they greatly resemble acicular crystals. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
On Plates.-They do not form a surface growth, and the colonies 
only form a diffuse cloudiness. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-The growth is slow, and is not limited either to 
the surface or along the inoculation puncture. Its color is 
white, resembling white clouds, which gradually change to a 
diffuse opacity. In gelatin of a strong alkaline reaction 
slight liquefaction occurs. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Definite, yellowish-white colonies. 
Potatoes. 
No growth. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
At room-temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Forms spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Grows under mica plate. Facultative anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying, except in old cultures, and then only superficially. 
Aniline reaction. 
Bacilli in sections are colored well by the common nuclear stains. 
Gram's method is also applicable. 
Pathogenesis. 
Domestic mice inoculated subcutaneously die in from forty to 
sixty hours. The course of symptoms is ushered in by an in- 
creased secretion from the conjunctiva and agglutination of the 
eyelids, followed by drowsiness, the animal sitting with back 
arched and coat ruffled. Thus death follows, and the animal is 
found sitting in the same crouching posture after life has fled. 
Numerous bacilli are found in the subcutaneous cellular tissue 
near the point of inoculation, through the entire circulatory 
system, even to the capillaries of the various organs. They are 
found inside the leucocytes, where they destroy the cells by 
multiplication, so that the body of a leucocyte may only be 
represented by a mass of bacilli. Field-mice are immune. 
81 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
69*. Bacillus of haemorrhagic infection. Tizzoni, G iovanniiti. 
Ref. Med,., August 29, 1888. 
Place found. 
In the pustules and blood of a female child dying of impetigo 
contagion, with haemorrhage. 
Form and arrangement. 
Length, 1 to 1.3 m.; breadth, 0.2 to 0.4 m. Similar to B. of 
mouse-septicaemia, but a little broader. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-In general, similar to strep, pyogenes. After 
two days, small refractive dots with very irregular borders; 
after four to five days, round, slightly-raised, grayish-yellow 
colonies, which under low-power magnification disclose a 
granular surface, while on the rims are seen fine interlacing of 
filaments, resembling platted, wavy hair. 
Tube Culture.-At 22° C., after two days, a superficial, whitish- 
gray point arises at the entrance of the inoculation stab, which 
increases in size, with pure-white, irregularly prominent rim, 
while the 'centre is slightly depressed. In the inoculation 
canal, a streak with jagged edges. They spread far into the 
media. 
Agar-agar. 
Plate Culture.-Like that on gelatin, only quicker development, 
and of a paler color; often shows a central thickening, which 
is darker colored. At the periphery a fine, net-like arrange- 
ment of bacilli chains. 
Tube Culture.-After twelve to twenty-four hours, grayish-white, 
slightly prominent points, which later become confluent. 
Blood-serum. 
Resembles growth on agar-agar. No liquefaction. 
Potatoes. 
10° to 12° 0. no growth. At 35° 0. growth is shown as a dark- 
yellow coloration, confined to the point of inoculation. 
Temperature. 
Develops at room temperature and incubator temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
No spores have as yet been observed. The bacilli divide in the 
direction of their breadth, forming smaller elements. 
Aerobiosis. 
Facultative anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
Old cultures develop a specially penetrating odor. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colored by Gram's method and by the ordinary aniline colors. 
Pathogenesis. 
Rabbits and guinea-pigs inoculated with £ to 1 c.cm. of culture 
die in one to two days. White mice are refractory. The tem- 
perature rapidly arose and as rapidly fell in the animals ex- 
perimented upon. The hair became rough, anorexia developed. 
Contraction of the posterior extremities, and a marked diminu- 
tion of the urinary secretion. 
Section.-Punctiform, hemorrhagic oedema at the place of inocu- 
lation, accompanied by ulceration. Acute nephritis. Inflam- 
mation of small intestines, which are distended either with a 
serous fluid or blood. Acute fatty degeneration of the liver. 
Punctiform haemorrhages in the great omentum. In very 
acute cases, hemorrhages of the lungs occur. Spleen normal, 
only a little browner than usual. 
82 II. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
70. Bacillus of pneumo-enteritis of the pig. Loeffler, Schutz. 
Arbeiten a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. I, Heft 1 u. 2. 
Place found. 
From the spleen of swine affected with pneumo-enteritis. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very like the bacillus of septicaemia of mice, but somewhat 
slenderer and shorter. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Remarkably like No. 69. The cloudiness is 
rather more confined to the gelatin immediately surround- 
ing the inoculation stab, is denser and more distinct. (Glass- 
brush appearance.-Schottelius.) 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Very probably form spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Grows under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Not liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Loeffler's potassium-methyl-blue solution and Gram's method are 
both good. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculated with a pure culture, mice die in two to three days, 
pigeons in three to four days, rabbits in six days. Guinea- 
pigs seem to possess an immunity. Pigs fall sick and die after 
having been inoculated with pure culture. Great numbers of 
bacilli are found in lung, spleen, liver, kidneys, and lymph- 
channels, but only a few in the blood. 
83 II. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
71. Bacillus of pseudo-septicaemia of mice (coprogenus parvus). 
Hienstock. Zeitschr. f. /din. Med., Bd. VIII, Heft 1. 
Place found. 
In faeces. 
Form and arrangement. 
Extremely small bacilli, resembling No. 70, but somewhat blunter 
and thicker ; easily mistaken for micrococci. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-After weeks the growth has extended only 1 mm. 
from the inoculation stroke, and is scarcely visible. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
• 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Not known. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
When inoculated at the base of the ear of mice, an extensive 
oedema is occasioned at the point of introduction and its sur- 
roundings. After twenty-four hours death results. The 
oedema liquid contains numbers of bacilli, the blood of the 
heart only a few. Cultures believed to be pure after many 
generations kill rabbits on the eighth day, preceded by an 
erysipelatous swelling. 
84 72. Bacillus coprogenes fcetidus. Schottelius. Schottelius, Der 
Rotlauf der Schweine. Wiesbaden, 1885. 
II. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In the alimentary contents of swine. 
Form and arrangement. 
Similar to bacillus subtilis, but shorter and with rounded ends. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Pale, yellowish, circumscribed colonies, forming 
on the surface a fine, transparent film. A penetrating stench 
is developed. 
Potatoes. 
In the form of a dry, light-gray coating. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rather rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Forms spores closely arranged together in strings. 
Aerobiosis. 
Spore formation occurs only by admission of air. 
Gas production. 
Breaks up the albuminoid molecule and produces a very pene- 
trating gas with a very disagreeable odor. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Mice and rabbits withstand subcutaneous injections of small 
quantities, but in large numbers they are toxic to rabbits, 
whereas swine are immune. 
85 73. Bacillus anthracis. PoUender, Davaine, Koch. Cohn's Beitr. 
z. Biol. d. Pflanzen., Bd. II, Heft. 3. Mitth. a. d. Kais. 
Ges.-Amt., Bd. I. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In the blood of animals afflicted with or dying of splenic fever. 
Form and arrangement. 
Staves from 3 to 20 m. long and 1.0 to 1.25 m. broad, with 
sharply-cut ends. They divide when they reach a size double 
the length of an individual bacillus. In bouillon at 36° C. 
they form long threads. 
Motility. 
Non motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.'-Round, white colonies. Under a low power 
tangled or interwoven threads are seen at the centre of a 
colony, and at the periphery these in bundles spread out and 
resemble locks of hair. They develop in about two days. 
Tube Culture.-A whitish cloud or line develops along the inoc- 
ulation stroke, from which fine filaments spread out in the 
gelatin, which frequently intertwine and form a delicate net- 
work. Liquefaction begins at the surface. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Characteristic, dry, easily-detached coating. 
Potatoes. 
A luxuriant growth, in the form of dry, white colonies, confined 
to the inoculation stroke. Spore formation is quite abundant, 
and occurs most plenteous at breeding temperature. 
Blood-serum. 
Liquefaction occurs. 
Temperature. 
Do not develop under 12° to 14° C., or over 45° C. Their power 
of development is not lessened by being frozen, (von Frisch.) 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Spores are egg-shaped, which spring from the long axes of the 
maternal cells. The maximum temperature at which they may 
be developed is 43° C., the minimum 12° to 18° C. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
The usual nuclear stains are applicable in section staining. 
Gram's method is also good. 
Pathogenesis. 
Mice, guinea-pigs, and most animals inoculated die in twenty- 
four hours; the former are usually found lying on their backs. 
Post-mortem Section.-Gelatinous deposits in the subcutaneous 
connective tissue around the point of inoculation ; great en- 
largement of the spleen. The bacilli are found in the blood 
and in all organs. 
86 74. Bacillus of symptomatic anthrax. Feser, Bollinger. Arloing, Cor- 
nevin, Thomas, Le charbon symptomatique da boe.uf. Paris, 1887. 
Kitt, Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Paras, Bd. I, S. C8.f 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In the myoma; in the inflammatory, bloody serum of the solid 
tissues; in the bloody transudations of the serous cavities, and 
in the gall of animals sick or dying of sympathetic anthrax. 
Form and arrangement. 
Fine staves 0.01 to 0.015 mm. long and up to 0.003 mm. broad. 
Motility. 
Rotatory movements. 
Growth. 
To be had under anaerobic conditions. 
Gelatin. 
On acid guinea-pig 
bouillon. 
Plate Culture.-Columns form irregular spheres with verrucous 
surfaces. Later, liquefaction occurs in their neighborhood, into 
which the thread radiates. 
In higher cultures, at 20° to 25° C., after two to three days, a 
slightly characteristic growth occurs along the inoculation 
stroke, accompanied by the formation of gas. 
Tube Culture.-At culture temperature, after twenty-four to 
twenty-eight hours, growth occurs, accompanied by the forma- 
tion of gas, which possesses a characteristic acid, penetrating 
odor. (Kitasato.) 
Under hydrogen, at 35° to 38° C., after twenty-four to twenty- 
eight hours, cloudiness of the entire liquid, and formation of 
separated flaky bodies, which float around in the bouillon. 
Gas is developed on the borders of the culture, and, lastly, a 
whitish precipitate is thrown down. 
Temperature. 
Like the anthrax bacillus, the virulence of these are modified by 
degrees of temperature. Exposed for twenty hours to a tem- 
perature of 100° C. their virulence is lost, while at so low a tem- 
perature as 13° C. no deleterious effects are noticeable. Chemi- 
cals also lessen their virulence. Under a temperature of 70° C. 
for two hours and ten minutes their virulence is much increased, 
and after two hours and twenty minutes it is lost. . 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Oval spores are formed in solid media and the animal body a 
short time after death. They are stained by Ziehl's method, 
not by Gram's. 
Aerobiosis. 
Exquisitely anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
Large gas-bubbles are formed in the course of growth on gelatin. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Aqueous solutions of aniline colors are quite suitable. An es- 
pecially pretty effect is produced by double staining with eosin 
and gentian. 
Pathogenesis. 
Guinea-pigs may be easily inoculated with sympathetic anthrax 
from cattle, sheep, or goats. Horses, mules, and white rats 
only suffer from a local tumefaction, while pigs, dogs, cats, 
rabbits, ducks, chickens, and pigeons almost always remain 
immune. Frogs are killed only when placed in water at 
a temperature of 22° 0. Intra-venous and intra-bronchial 
injection confers an immunity upon the animals so treated. 
87 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
75. Bacillus pneumoniae. Friedlaender. 
Fortschr. d. Med. 1883. S. 715. 
Place, found. 
In the pneumonic lung (croupous). 
Form and arrangement. 
Oval cocci or quite thick bacilli. The cocci often lie in pairs, with 
their tapering ends in apposition. Those in the lung are most 
often inclosed in a capsule. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Under the surface, sharply-defined, dark-yellow- 
ish, finely-granular colonies, which on the surface assume well- 
defined, whitish elevations. 
Test-tube Cultures.-After twenty-four hours at room temperature 
a slight grayish-white growth is visible, which assumes the 
shape of a round-headed nail. The head is formed first, and 
takes on a porcelain-like glaze, and assumes the form of a 
split pea. After a time the gelatin is colored a light brown, 
and gas-bubbles are formed. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth the same as on gelatin, with a white, 
porcelain-like color. 
Potatoes. 
Forms a yellowish, moist, viscid mass, in which gas is produced 
after a day, especially if the potato is kept at the brood 
temperature. 
Blood-serum. 
The growth is gray and slimy. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 16° to 30° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation has not as yet been observed with certainty. 
Aerobiosis. 
Grows under mica plate. Facultative aerobic. 
Gas production. 
Gas formation occurs in 4-per-cent. gelatin, and on potatoes at a 
temperature of 43° C. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Sections are colored well by the common nuclear stains. Dis- 
colored by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Mice, guinea-pigs, and dogs are affected with pneumonia after 
the bacilli have been injected into the pleura or have been 
inhaled; but this result is not constant. Rabbits are refrac- 
tory. 
88 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
76. Bacillus pseudo-pneumonicu.s-. Pas set. Untersuchungen uber 
die AEtiologie der eiterigen Phlegmone des Menschen. 
Place found. 
In pus. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci, occasionally short staves, and vice versa, as in the true 
bacillus of pneumonia. 
Motility. 
« 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Small, grayish-white dots, consisting of cocci. 
Tube Culture.-After twenty-four hours, grayish-white, shining, 
" nail-head," hemispherical in shape, on the surface. Along 
the inoculation puncture itself, no growth. Ifi three to four 
weeks a brownish discoloration of the gelatin occurs, which is 
accompanied by a putrid odor. 
Potatoes. 
At 37° C., a thick, white, succulent coating develops. Gas is 
absent. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room and incubation temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Aerobic. 
Gas production. 
Slight. (Compare No. 75.) 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
- 
Pathogenesis. 
Injected into serous cavities, the cocci cause an inflammation, ac- 
companied by the formation of pus. A milder effect is observed 
after subcutaneous injection. No results from inhalation. 
89 77. Diplococcus pneumoniae (microbe of sputum septicaemia). A. Frankel, 
Weichselbaum, Mikrobe der Sputumseptikamie. Frankel, Zeitschr. 
f. kl. Med., Bd. X, S. 401; Bd. XI, Heft 5 u. 6. D. Med. 
Wochenschrift, 1884, No. 25. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In the sputum of those suffering from pulmonary disease, and 
especially rusty sputum of pneumonia; in severe cases of em- 
pyema in the exudate of cerebro-spinal meningitis. 
Form and arrangement. 
Oval diplococci, lance-shaped. By higher power they appear as 
staves, and their pointed ends are seen to be separated by a 
small space. They are often joined together in chains of five 
or six members. In preparations from the body (but never 
from artificial cultures) they are inclosed in capsules. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. ' 
Plate Culture.-Difficult to cultivate. On 15-per-cent. gelatin at 
24° 0., small, round, sharply-defined, slightly-granular colonies, 
of a whitish color. Their growth is slow. 
Tube Culture.-Along the inoculation stroke a series of small 
globules develop which are distinctly separated from one an- 
other, resembling in this respect No. 97. All cultures are dis- 
tinguished by their delicacy and the rapidity with which the 
growths lose the power of reproduction. 
Plate Culture.-At 35° 0. delicate, shining, semi-transparent, and 
exceedingly fine dotlets appear, which are scarcely visible to 
to the naked eye. 
As a transparent veil resembling dew. 
Temperature. 
Does not develop under 24° C. Optimum, 35° C. Above 42° C. 
growth ceases. Its virulence is modified by exposure to 
different temperatures. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore for mation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Thrives well after addition of carbonic acid. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Is readily stained by the aniline colors, with the exception of the 
capsule, which remains uncolored. Gram's method may also 
be applied. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pathological to mice, guinea-pigs, and rabbits, which die in from 
twenty-four to twenty-eight hours. Encapsulated micro- 
organisms are found in great numbers in the blood as well as 
in all the organs. Very little reaction at point of inoculation; 
spleen greatly enlarged ; kept at temperature below or above 
that of the body, the virulence of the bacillus becomes dimin- 
ished. It is identical with the organisms known under the 
names diplococcus lancolatus (Fra Bardon), streptococcus lan- 
colatus Pasteuri (Gamameia). 
90 11. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
78. Diplococcus intercellularis meningitidis. Weichselbaum. 
Fortschritte der Medicin. 1887. No. 18. 
Place, found. 
In the fresh exudate of meningitis cerebro-spinalis in six cases. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci, single, more frequently lying in pairs or fours, forming 
tiny heaps. Often specially large ones are observed ; probably 
these are in the act of division. It is characteristic to find 
them within the cell. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
No growth. 
Agar-agar, with 2-per- 
cent. gelatin. 
Plate Cultures.-The deeper-lying colonies are very small; the 
superficial ones are larger and gray. .Under low power the 
former are found to be round or somewhat irregular, finely 
granulated, with indented edges, and have a yellowish-brown 
color; the latter possess a yellowish nucleus with an inner 
bluish-yellow colored areola, and an outer one that is nearly 
colorless and more transparent. 
Tube Culture.-Growth ceases at a slight distance from the sur- 
face, but there it is luxuriant, forming a smooth, gray, viscid 
mass, on the confines of which are single, confluent colonies. 
Potatoes. 
No growth. 
Blood-serum. 
(On fluid from human hydro-thorax.) Very slight growth, 
hardly visible, very shallow, colorless, and seeded. 
Temperature. 
At temperature of room, no growth. This only takes place at 
incubation temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Reaches maximum growth after forty-eight hours. The longest 
time it is capable of successive cultivation is six days. It is 
best to carry on re-inoculation after two days. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Shows a marked tendency to grow upon the surface. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
No growth. 
Aniline reaction. 
Sections are best colored by Loeffler's alcoholic methyl-blue solu- 
tion. They become discolored by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
1 
Pathogenic to mice, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and dogs. The former 
are especially susceptible, death occurring in from thirty-six to 
forty-eight hours. Multiplication occurs within the organism. 
91 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
79. Bacillus salivarius septicus. Biondi, 
Zeitschrift f. Hygiene, Bd. II, S. 196. 
Place found. 
In saliva of healthy and diseased individuals. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short, elliptical staves with ends somewhat pointed, and relatively 
thicker body. In blood and exudates they occur as diplo- 
bacilli; in animal tissue they sometimes occur in pairs, inclosed 
within capsules; at others, they are arranged in chains or small 
heaps. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Best growth by addition of 0.05 per cent. HOI, 
or 0.02 per cent. HN03 or 0.04 per cent. H3PO4. Beneath 
the surface, small, circular colonies appear, which possess an 
opalescent centre and a transparent periphery. In structure 
they consist of a zig-zag net-work. Their contour is sharply 
marked. 
Tube Culture.-Appears as a bright, thin, very delicate, and 
evenly-drawn line, with very fine dots at its periphery. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Success attends those cultures made directly from 
the blood; seldom those carried on from previous artificial 
cultures. The growth appears on the surface, and forms a fine, 
transparent covering, having the appearance of dew-drops. 
Bouillon. 
Without cloudiness. 
Temperature. 
Optimum temperature, 35° to 37° C. A temperature of 20° to 
22° C. is the maximum at which it preserves its virulence, and 
this after twenty days is spontaneously weakened. At 10° C. 
no development. At 8° to 9° C. they lose their power of de- 
veloping in fresh culture and also their virulence. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Growth extremely slow. 
Spore formation. 
Appears to have no lasting spores. Propagation occurs by seg- 
mentation. It is very susceptible to the drying process. 
Aerobiosis. 
Grows under glass cover and also in an atmosphere of carbonic- 
acid gas. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Is colored by all aniline colors; also by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pathogenic to mice and rabbits, which die in the course of twenty- 
four to seventy-two hours and fifteen to thirty days, respect- 
ively, and present the clinical picture and anatomical signs of 
an acute or subacute septicaemia. The most intense effect is to 
be observed at point of inoculation. Bacilli usually Jie in 
pairs, and always between the blood-corpuscles. Attenuated 
cultures serve as a true vaccine, which protects those animals 
inoculated with virus procured from a severe infection. Not 
pathogenic to guinea-pigs, thus differing from No. 77. 
92 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
80. Bacillus crassus sputigenus. Kreiboh nt. Inaugural Dissertation, 
Gottingen, 1889. Fiugge, Mikroorganismen. Leipzig, 1886. S. 260. 
Place found. 
From sputum and coating of tongue. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short, thick staves, occasionally oblong, with rounded ends, often 
curved and twisted like a sausage. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Forms grayish-white, round, viscid drops, which 
project above the level of the gelatin. Under high power the 
youngest colonies are superficial, and possess dark points, or 
short, dark flourishes, of a brownish color. The more superficial 
ones are brighter and irregularly circumscribed, and have granu- 
lar edges. 
Tube Culture.-Develops very rapidly, and presents a typical 
nail-form growth. 
Potatoes. 
As a thick, grayish-white, moist, shining coating, resembling a 
culture of pneumo-bacillus, only somewhat less elevated and 
tougher. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
At 35° 0. spore formation begins. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Easily stained. Gram's method is also suitable. 
Pathogenesis 
Mice die after inoculation with small quantities in forty-eight 
• hours. In the blood and organs (liver) numerous bacilli are 
found. After intra-venous injection rabbits are killed in 
twenty-four hours with septicaemia symptoms. Large masses 
of bacilli in pure culture produce, in rabbits and dogs, diar- 
rhoea and bloody stools, and death in three to ten hours. Sec- 
tion shows the characteristic signs of acute gastro enteritis. 
93 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
81. Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus. Wyssokow itsch. 
Flugge, Mikroorganismen. Leipzig, 1886. S. 268. 
Place found. 
From milk allowed to stand a long time. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short staves with rounded ends, somewhat shorter and thicker 
than the common lactic-acid bacteriae. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Beneath the surface, small, yellow colonies; under 
a low power the colonies appear finely granular, sharply de- 
fined and circular, of a yellowish-brown color. On the surface 
the colonies grow until their diameter is 1J mm.; these are 
grayish-white, round, and elevated. 
Tube Culture.-At first " nail form later, the growth spreads 
over the entire surface. 
In milk. 
Causes lactic-acid fermentation, but without odor. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Sp ore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Small quantities inoculated in mice or rabbits have no effect at 
all. Cultures from one or two test-tubes injected into the ear- 
vein of rabbits caused death without exception in 6 cases 
within three to twenty-two hours. About three-quarters 
of an hour after the injection severe diarrhoea ensued. At sec- 
tion, intense or haemorrhagic inflammation of the intestinal 
mucous membrane was found. 
94 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
82. Diplococcus of pneumonia in the horse. Schutz. 
Virchow's Archiv, Bd. 107, 5'. 37f. 
Place found. 
In the lungs of horses afflicted with genuine pneumonia. 
Form and arrangement. 
Oval cocci which divide in the direction of least diameter and lie 
most commonly in pairs, and possess a bright, homogeneous 
matrix. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Plate Culture.-At room temperature, small, round, white colonies 
are formed. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Along the inoculation stroke as small, white, dis- 
connected dots, which, although they grow larger, never amal- 
gamate nor project above the surface. 
Agar-agar. 
Plate Culture.-Colonies resembling small, transparent drops. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
No growth. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Not known. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Are decolorized by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pathogenous to mice, rabbits, and guinea-pigs. Direct injection 
into horses' lungs produces death within eight to nine days. 
95 11. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
83. Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Hosenbach. Mikroorganismen bei 
den Wundinfektionskrankheiten des Menschen. Passet, JEtiologie 
der eiterigen Ph.legmone des Menschen. 
Place found. 
Very frequently in pus, in draff, and in earth. (Ullmann.) 
1 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci of irregular size, arranged in heaps ; often as diplococci. 
The medium size is 0.87 m. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-After two days punctiform colonies of a yellowish 
color, sharply defined, which set in a slight depression in the 
solid gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-At first the growth appears as a dim, white line 
along the puncture ; in about three days it assumes a yellowish 
color, and, liquefying the geletin, sinks to the bottom as an 
orange-yellow deposit. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Non-transparent, yellowish, knotty masses along 
the stroke. After twenty-four hours a slightly opaque, later 
a yellowish to orange-colored growth develops, 3 or 4 mm. 
in breadth, having a wavy edge. 
Potatoes. 
Thin, whitish coating, which grows more and more succulent, of 
an orange-color, and having a strong, sour odor. 
Blood-serum. 
As on agar-agar. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 30° to 37° C. Somewhat slower at room tem- 
perature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Quite rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation has not yet been observed, but it possesses a 
remarkable power of resistance against destructive influences. 
Aerobiosis. 
Exists quite a long time without air (Bosenbach) ; does not pro- 
duce fetid putrefaction. 
Gas production. 
Does not form gas. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies gelatin. 
Aniline reaction. 
Is colored well by Gram's method. Color product is orange- 
yellow. 
Pathogenesis. 
Effect upon animals differs according to the mode of application. 
Subcutaneous inoculation is without effect in mice, guinea- 
pigs, and rabbits, with the exception of localized abscess at 
the point of inoculation in the two latter animals. Injected 
into the abdominal cavity, they are borne for a short time; into 
the vessels, they set up inflammation of the joints and kidneys ; 
later, they attack the valves of the heart, and set up a typical 
endocarditis ulcerosa. (Orth, Wyssokowitsch, Ribbert.) 
96 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
84. Micrococcus of osteomyelitis. Hecker. 
D. vied. Wochenschr. 1883. No. f6. 
Place found. 
In the pus of osteomyelitic foci. 
Form and arrangement. 
Micrococci, single and arranged in heaps. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-After three to twenty-four hours fine dots of a 
yellow or orange color occur. 
Tube Culture.-At room temperature whitish lines develop along 
the puncture on the third day. Liquefaction occurs from the 
surface, and at the point where the liquefied gelatin is in con- 
tact with the still solid media an intense orange sediment is 
found. Cultures exposed to the air possess an odor of sour 
paste. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
The growth is facilitated by a temperature of 36° C. It appears 
after twenty-four hours as an orange-colored coating. At 
30° C. the growth occurs as a whitish cloudiness along the 
stroke, which by degrees assumes an orange color. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 30° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Facultative aerobic. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Aqueous solution of methyl-blue forms the best coloring agent. 
Pathogenesis. 
Death of rabbits occurs in twelve to fourteen days after an intra- 
venous injection. If the bones are bruised or fractured, sup- 
puration occurs at the points so treated. The cocci are found 
in the blood and in the pus. Nos. 83 and 84 are probably 
identical. 
97 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
85. Staphylococcus pyogenes citreus. Passet. 
Place found. 
In pus. In air. (Pawlowsky.) 
Form and arrangement. 
Morphologically as well as physiologically entirely like No. 83, except that it produces lemon-yellow pigment. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
98 11. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
86. Staphylococcus pyogenes albus. Rosenbach. 
Place found. 
In pus. 
Form and arrangement. 
Motility. 
£ 
S 
o 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
QO 
cd 
X 
CD 
c-t- 
Agar agar. 
5 
Potatoes. 
3 
S- 
o 
q 
Blood-serum. 
aT 
o* 
Temperature. 
3 
§ 
o 
Rapidity of growth. 
era' 
S 
3 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Still retains vitality after three and a half years, and this, too, 
under anaerobic conditions. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
99 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
87. Micrococcus pyogenes tenuis, llosenbach. 
Place found. 
In extensive but rather benign phlegmons. (Infrequent.) 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci, somewhat larger than the staphylococcus, and without any 
especial arrangement. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Agar-agar. 
Plate Culture.-A surface growth somewhat hyaline in character. 
Tube Culture.-Growth occurs along the inoculation stroke as a 
very thin, vitreous layer, resembling a streak of laquer. 
Potatoe. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Not studied. 
Aniline reaction. 
The larger individuals color more intense at the poles. 
Pathogenesis. 
Animals inoculated give negative results. 
100 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
88. Staphylococcus cereus albus. Passet. 
Place, found. 
In pus. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci of irregular size, arranged in heaps, more rarely in chains. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Small white dots, which spread upon the surface 
until they reach 1 to 2 mm. in diameter. 
Tube Culture.-Surface growth of a grayish-white color, resem- 
bling drops of stearin, or wax, the edges of which are thickened 
and somewhat irregular. In stab culture they develop as a 
grayish-white line composed of minute colonies. (Staubchen.) 
Potatoes. 
Grayish-white coating of medium depth. 
Blood-serum. 
Along the stroke a pale, grayish-white line develops. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Rather rapid growth. 
Formation of spores. 
* 
Not known. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Not liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
101 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
89. Staphylococcus cereus flavus. Passet. 
Place found. 
In pus. 
Form and arrangement. 
Like No. 88, except that its pigment is yellow. (Darker than No. 85.) 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
102 H. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
90. Staphylococcus salivarius pyogenes. liiondi. 
Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Bd. II, S. 227. 
Place found. 
In an abscess occurring in a guinea-pig inoculated with the 
saliva of a patient suffering from angina scarlatinosa. 
Form and arrangement. 
Round cocci, smaller than most known at present, 0.3 to 0.5 m. 
in diameter. In the pus they were arranged in the form of 
grape clusters, differing in this from No. 83 to No. 86. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Under and on the surface round, sharply defined, 
opalescent colonies occur, of a whitish color; they slowly liquefy 
the geletin surrounding them. 
Tube Culture.-At 12° to 14° 0. growth begins at the surface, 
spreads along the stroke, and in eight days has occasioned the 
"funnel-shaped" depression. At the apex small, white, 
shining granules are deposited, and on the surface of the 
liquefied gelatin a whitish film is formed, of a slimy, tenacious 
character. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-At culture temperature a thick and broad streak 
results, about 1 mm. broad, extending along the inoculation 
stroke, of a golden-yellow color. 
Bouillon. 
If kept in the incubator a cloudiness occurs after two hours, 
which later settles to the bottom as a compact sediment. 
Temperature. 
Exhibits a great resistance to low temperatures and to the drying 
methods. Kept for three months at 8° to 9° 0., cultures re- 
tained their power of procreation and virulence, as also when 
kept at 40° 0. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very rapidly in agar, slowly in gelatin. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies gradually. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors the best by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Local, circumscribed suppuration in mice, guinea-pigs, dogs, 
rabbits, after subcutaneous inoculation. 
103 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
91. Coccus salivarius septicus. Jiiondi. 
Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Bd. II, S. 217. 
Place found. 
In saliva of a patient suffering from severe puerperal septicaemia. 
Form and arrangement. 
Round cocci, possessing, in stage of active division, narrow, 
median fissures. They occasionally assume a slightly oval form. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Beneath the surface, colonies of a whitish-gray 
color, sometimes bordering on black. 
Tube Culture.-The growth consists of dot-like, whitish colonies, 
of a markedly granular appearance. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-A rich growth on the surface. 
Potatoes. 
Very slight growth. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Active growth at incubator temperature. Grows also at 18° to 
20° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows quite rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors well with all aniline colors ; also by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pathogenic to mice, guinea-pigs, and rabbits, which are killed 
in from four to six days. Large numbers of cocci are found 
heaped in the organs and in the blood. Inflammatory symp- 
toms are absent. 
104 //. PA THOGEN/C BA CT ER!A. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
92. Bacillus saprogenes I. Rosenbach. 
Mikroorganismen bei Wundinf 'ektionskrankheiten. Wiesbaden, 188f. 
Place, found. 
In white thrombi of the mucous membrane of the fauces. 
Form and arrangement. 
Rather larger bacilli; at the ends of individual bacilli large spores 
are visible. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Tube Culture.-A yellowish gray, opaque streak occurs along 
the puncture, having a height of 1 mm.; it has a pap-like, 
sticky consistency. After a time the edges become wavy, and 
in from four to five weeks it emits an oaor resembling that of 
decomposed kitchen garbage. 
The growth emits an intense putrid odor. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Spores are terminal. 
Aerobiosis. 
Aerobic. With admission of air the intense, putrescent odor is 
developed. Under anaerobic conditions the growth is very 
slight. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Injected into the knee-joints of rabbits, they gave negative 
results. 
105 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
93. Bacillus saprogenes II. Bosenbach, 
Place found. 
In the secretion of bromidrosis pedis. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli, somewhat smaller than No. 92. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-After twenty to twenty-four hours numerous fine, 
transparent drops develop along the stroke, which increase 
in size and coalesce. At first they are white, later gray and 
mucilaginous. The culture yields the characteristic odor of 
sweating feet. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
A very rapid surface growth. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Aerobic. Facultatively anaerobic. Under the latter condition 
they emit a disgusting, putrid odor; under the former the 
odor is less disagreeable. 
Gas production. 
Emits odor resembling that from sweating feet. 
Gelatin reaction. 
No growth. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Has the power of invasion, and possesses pyogenic qualities. 
106 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
94. Bacillus saprogenes III. Rosenbach, 
Place found. 
In septic, gangrenous pus. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short, thick staves, with rounded corners. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-At room temperature an ash-gray, almost liquid 
growth develops after eight days, 3 mm. in diameter, and 
having a wavy appearance. 
Potatoes. 
• 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Growth of medium rapidity. (Maximum in eight days.) 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Under anaerobic conditions albumen is quickly decomposed; under 
aerobic conditions the decomposition is slower. Cultures on 
all media, excepting milk, emit a putrid odor. 
Gas production. 
Cultures emit a foul odor. 
Gelatin reaction. 
No growth. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
A yellowish-green infiltration, accompanied by an extensive in- 
jection and a slightly putrid odor, follows subcutaneous or 
direct inoculation into the joints of rabbits. 
107 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
95. Bacillus pyogenes fcetidus. JPasset. 
AEtiologie der eiterigen Phlegmone des Menschen. Berlin, 1885. 
Place, found. 
In an abscess of the anus. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short staves with rounded ends, often arranged in chains of two 
or more. 
Motility. 
Slightly motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-In twenty-four hours little white dots develop. 
Those on the surface reach the size of a three-cent piece, or are 
confluent. In their centre they are thick and white, the 
periphery thinner and gray. 
Tube Culture.-In twenty-four hours a superficial, delicate, 
grayish-white veil develops, with somewhat thicker, irregular 
edges. Along the puncture itself a collection of dots develop, 
which, at first quite delicate, become larger. Older cultures 
cause a turbidity of the upper portion of the gelatin. 
Potatoes. 
A shining, luxuriant, light-brown growth results. 
Blood-serum. 
Along the stroke a medium thick, grayish-white streak. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly 
Spore formation. 
Probably forms spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Develops always a disagreeable stench. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Injected subcutaneously and into the abdominal cavity of mice 
and guinea-pigs, they cause death in twenty-four hours. Nu- 
merous bacilli are found in the blood, but not at the point of 
inoculation nor in the organs. 
108 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
96. Streptococcus pyogenes. Roseribach, Passet. 
Place found. 
In progressive erysipeloid suppuration. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci arranged in chains, consisting of as many as thirty mem- 
bers ; often in pairs. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Round, finely granular, little dots along the inocu- 
lation stroke. The cultures are thickest at the middle, and 
have a brownish color. By degrees the growth becomes 
thicker, punctate, wavy, heaped up, and later terraced. 
Tube Culture.-Delicate halo around the puncture, which is 
finely granular ; or, it consists of larger and smaller dots, with 
larger ones below. 
f 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-At 35° to 37° C. a continuous, grayish-white line 
develops, accompanied by little dots. No halo appears on the 
surface. 
Potatoes. 
They do not multiply on potatoes, but individual cocci increase in 
size, so that under the microscope we may see larger and 
smaller cocci. 
Blood-serum. 
Tube Culture.-As a thin, continuous line. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 35° to 37° C. Room temperature is less favorable. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Growth is slow. In tube cultures it is only 2 to 3 mm. in 
breadth in two to three weeks. In four months the culture is 
nearly lifeless. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Not especially affected by aerobic conditions. In vacuo it de- 
composes albumen. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Remains stained after Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Produces a progressive erysipeloid suppuration. 
109 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
97. Streptococcus 
Die AEtiologie des 
sus erysipelatis. Fehleisen, 
des Erysipels. Berlin, 1883. 
Place found. 
In the cutaneous lymph-channels of erysipelas. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very small cocci, arranged in pairs or in long chains. The latter 
arrangement is especially common in cultivations in bouillon. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Colonies are small, round, and finely granular. 
Tube Culture.-After twenty-four hours a growth resembling 
dust, interspread with dotlets, develops along the inoculation 
stab, which later coalesces into a homogeneous, opaque, white 
line. On the surface the growth is absent or so small as to be 
scarcely visible. 
Agar-agar. 
Plate Culture.-At incubator temperature a rather rapid de- 
velopment occurs as a delicate, transparent, gray-colored, 
drop-like growth, which does not spread but very little. 
Tube Culture.-Growth sparing and situated on the entire sur- 
face in colonies so small as to be almost invisible. 
Potatoes. 
No growth. 
Blood-serum. 
At 37° C. a pretty, white tuft develops, which is easily removable 
from the surface. 
Temperature. 
Best results at 30° to 37° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Forms no spores; we must, however, on clinical ground assume 
that there is some durable form. 
Aerobiosis. 
Facultative aerobic. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Retains color after Gram's method. 
\ 
Pathogenesis. 
It causes in rabbits a sharply limited hypersemia, which spreads 
and is unaccompanied by suppuration. The germ is constant 
in the lymph-spaces of the skin in erysipelas. Transferred 
from one person to another, it proved successful several times, a 
typical erysipelas occurring each time. There is a probability 
that Nos. 96 and 97 are identical. Their cultures are not to be 
distinguished one from another. Yet, we must admit this differ- 
ence : that while the living tissue furnished a most favorable 
nourishing media for the streptococcus, for the erysipelas coccus 
it is very poor. 
110 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
98. Streptococcus pyogenes malignus. Flugge. 
Flugge, Milcroorganismen. Leipzig, 1886. S. 153. 
Place found. 
From necrotic foci of leucaemic spleen. 
Form and arrangement. 
Not to be distinguished from Nos. 96 and 97. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Like Nos. 96 and 97, but the colonies appear 
to be smaller. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slower than Nos. 96 and 97. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculated mice die in from three to five days. Post-mortem 
shows suppurating area at point of inoculation, together with 
the cocci in the blood and scattered through the parenchyma- 
tous organs. Rabbits subjected to intra-venous inoculation 
die in four days, and at the point of inoculation give the same 
results as stated in Nos. 96 and 97. Section the same as in 
mice. 
111 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
99. Streptococcus septicus. Nicolaier, Guarneri. 
Flugge, Mikroorganismen. Leipzig, 1886. S. 15Jf 
Place found. 
In soiled earth. 
Form and arrangement. 
Similar to the other streptococci, but do not possess so distinct a 
tendency to form chains under all conditions. In the tissues 
diplococci forms are most frequently found. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-The colonies resemble those of the other streptococci, 
-small, white dots. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows even slower than No. 98. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Without exception inoculated mice die after forty-eight to seventy- 
two hours. During the last twenty-four hours a distinct par- 
esis of both sensation and motion in the hind extremities 
ensues. In the blood and organs large numbers of diplococci 
are found. In rabbits inoculated in the ear-vein, the first 
change occurring is the local hyperaemia, and death ensues in 
two to three days. In the organs immense numbers of cocci 
are found, which by degrees accumulate to such an extent as to 
form thrombi, and thus to necrotic foci. This tendency to 
thrombi and necrotic foci, according to Oberdick, causes the 
transfer of the streptococci to the foetus. 
112 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
100. Streptococcus septo-pysemicus. Biondi. 
Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, Bd. II, S. 225. 
Place, found. 
From the saliva of individuals, of whom one was afflicted with 
angina phlegmonosa and two with primary laryngeal ery- 
sipelas. 
Form and arrangement. 
Perfectly round cocci, 0.7 to 0.8 m. in diameter, arranged in pairs 
and chains of different sizes. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-After forty-eight hours at cultivation temperature, 
ovoid, yellowish-gray colonies with rough edges appear. 
Tube Culture.-In the form of finely granular, white dots, which 
are somewhat coarser at the periphery than in the middle. 
Agar-agar. 
On Plates.-Same as on gelatin, more rapid in growth. 
Potatoes. 
In small, plateau-like, dirty-white colonies, which never reach 
large dimensions. 
Blood-serum. 
Same as on potatoes. 
Temperahire. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
< 
Pathogenesis. 
Not invariably pathogenic to guinea-pigs, mice, and rabbits; in- 
jected into the auricular vein of the latter, they cause a true 
erysipeloid inflammation. Probably identical with No. 97. 
113 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
101. Streptococcus articulorum. Loeffler, 
Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. II, S. 451. Flugge, Mikroorg., S. 153. 
Place found. 
In different types of diphtheria, in and on the diseased mucous 
membrane. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci forming chains containing as many as one hundred mem- 
bers. In individuals there is a slight intimation of a median 
fissure. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Forms small, limpid, light-gray drops. Under 
low power their rims are resolved into small, curled lines 
(coccus chains). 
Potatoes. 
Growth very slow. After eight days they are only microscopi- 
cally visible. 
Blood-serum. 
As a thin, pale, glimmering coating, similar to the layer of cho- 
lesterin that forms on serum. 
The best nourishing media is serum with one-fourth volume neu- 
tral meat infusion-peptone-sodium-chloride solution. At 37° C. 
a distinct, grayish-white layer appears after one to two days. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room or incubator temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Not known. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pathogenic to mice; guinea-pigs are immune. Intra-venous in- 
jections in rabbits produce at first typical joint-disease, from 
which death slowly results in the majority of cases. 
114 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
102. Bacillus pyocyaneus. Gessard. 
De la pyocyanie et de son microbe. 1882. 
Place found. 
In green pus. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short, fine staves, sometimes easily mistaken for cocci. 
Motility. 
Actively motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-In two to three days the whole plate has assumed a 
light-green color; the surface colonies liquefy in the "funnel- 
form." Under low power, the deeper colonies appear round, 
yellowish, and transparent, with refractive, granular rims. 
Tube Culture.-Stab inoculation: After twenty-four hours the 
gelatin is superficially liquefied and depressed (funnel-form), 
while the surface of the firm gelatin assumes a fluorescence. 
Liquefaction becomes separated horizontally from the gelatin, 
and the fluorescence spreads through the entire extent of the 
media. Stroke inoculation: Moist, greenish-white coating. 
The entire media assumes a diffuse fluorescence. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Moist, greenish-white layer develops, after which 
the entire contents of the tube assumes a pretty, diffuse fluores- 
cence. 
Potatoes. 
Dry, rust-brown colonies develop, which are confined to the in- 
oculation stroke. When moistened with ammonia they assume 
a green color; with acids, a red color. 
Milk. 
They produce on the surface yellowish-gray flecks, separate 
casein, and peptonize it with production of ammonia. 
Temperature. 
Grows well at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Not observed. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Coloring matter, a blue body called pyocyanin. (Fordos and 
Gessard). 
Pathogenesis. 
Injected into the abdominal cavity, caused the death of guinea- 
pigs (Koch). Rabbits live after intra-venous injection. 
115 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
■ 103. Micrococcus botryogenus. Johne, Rabe. 
Zeitschr. f. Thiermed. u. Path., Bd. XII, S. 137. 
Place found. 
Connective-tissue tumors of the perimysium and the subcutis, the 
spermatic cord, and in the retroperitoneal tissue of the pelvic 
region of the horse. 
Form and arrangement. 
Micrococci, 1 to 1.5 m. in diameter, arranged in the form of wavy 
chains. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Circular, sharply-defined colonies, at first silver-gray 
and later of a more yellowish-gray color and metalic lustre. 
In time 1 he plate has the appearance of having been dusted over 
with dried blood, and is distinguished by a peculiar fruity, aro- 
matic, refreshing odor, reminding one of strawberries. 
Tube Culture.-At first a pale, grayish-white line develops, 
around which the gelatin is liquefied. Later the color is 
changed to a milk-white, and at the upper end of the stroke a 
characteristic bubble appears. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-A hardly noticeable growth. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
In the form of yellowish, frost-like covering, with an odor the 
same as from the plate cultures. They are the most favorable 
nourishing media. 
Temperature. 
Growth at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Liquefaction is hardly discernible. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
On gelatin or potatoes the cultures generate a characteristic odor, 
refreshing in its effect, resembling that of strawberries. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Scarcely discernible liquefaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Pathogenesis. 
Guinea-pigs are killed with symptoms of septicaemia. In sheep 
and goats they cause a severe inflammatory process to spread 
from the point of inoculation. Mice seem to be immune. In 
horses an inflammatory oedema is at first set up, followed in 
four to six weeks by connective-tissue nodules which some- 
times break down. They contain large numbers of micrococci. 
116 I I. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
104. Micrococci of progressive lymphoma of animals. Manfredi. 
Fortschritte der Med. 1886. S. 713. 
Place, found. 
In the sputum of pneumonia subsequent to morbilli. 
Form and arrangement. 
Oblong micrococci, with rounded and blunt ends, most frequently 
single; occasionally arranged as diplococci. Their size aver- 
ages about 0.4 to 0.6 m. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Colonies in the form of thin, transparent plaques; in 
direct light, of a bluish color; with reflected light, of a pale, 
gray color and slightly mottled surfaces. 
Tube Culture.-Grows slowly along the stroke as a delicate, gray- 
ish-yellow line, which remains stationary when formed. The 
surface end is crowned with a plaque. 
Potatoes. 
Growth slight. At 37° C., a very thin, delicate, moist, slightly 
granular layer is formed, which is rather lustrous and of a 
yellowish color. 
Blood-serum. 
In the form of delicate patinae, with irregular borders, lustrous 
surface, and colored a yellowish green. 
Temperature. 
Favorable temperature ranges from 18° to 37° C. At 46° to 
48° C., growth begins to cease, and at 48° to 60° C. it has 
ceased entirely, as well as its power of rejuvenation. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly on the surface of gelatin. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Aerobic conditions are more favorable. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
A characteristic staining has not as yet been found. They color 
well with Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculated animals-dogs, rabbits, guinea-pigs, domestic mice- 
die on an average in seven to twelve days, and their parenchy- 
matous organs exhibit an enormous increase in size, and within 
them gray and yellowish-gray nodules which belong to the 
granuloma. These undergo caseation, contain the specific 
micro-organisms, and are themselves infectious. 
117 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
105. Bacillus of rhinoscleroma, v. Frisch. 
v. Frisch, Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 1882. No. 32. Paltauf u. v. Eisels- 
Fortschr. d. Med. 1886. No. 19. 
Place found. 
In the connective-tissue juice of rhinoscleroma. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short bacilli, the length of which is two to three times greater 
than their breadth, the -ends of which are rounded; or they 
occur as oval cocci, usually united in pairs, which can grow to 
bacilli and seemingly into threads. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
The growth is similar to Friedlaender's pneumo-bacillus. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-On the second or third day, sharply circumscribed, 
whitish-yellow, round colonies appear. Under low power they 
are distinctly granular, and the superficial colonies are of a 
bright-gray color. 
Tube Culture.-Typical " nail " culture, the head of which is 
white, moist, and lustrous, and of a tough, mucilaginous con- 
sistency. 
Agar-agar. 
On Plates.-At 36° to 38° C., after twelve hours, the plate ap- 
pears as though milk had been poured upon it and partially 
curdled. 
Potatoes. 
As white or slightly yellowish growth, which later spreads over 
the entire surface. A gas is often formed. 
Blood-serum. 
As a whitish layer, which sinks in the water of condensation. 
Temperature. 
• 
Grows best between 36° to 38° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rather rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Facultative aerobic. 
Gas production. 
Often develops a gas on potato culture. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors well with Loeffler's methylene-blue solution. By stain- 
ing with aniline, gentian violet, and after-treated with acetic 
acid or with Ziehl's carbolic-fuchsin solution the bacilli ap- 
pear to be surrounded by a capsule. They are partially 
decolorized by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
The bacilli, inoculated into mice, guinea-pigs, etc., cause inflam- 
mation of pleura, abscesses in the subcutaneous and muscular 
tissue, and death of the animal. Their virulence is not so 
great as that of Friedlaender's pneumo-bacillus. 
118 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
106. Bacillus mallei. Loeffler, Schutz. 
D. Med. Wochenschr. 1882. No. 52. Weichselbaum, Wien. Med. 
Wochenschr. 1885. Nos. 21-24. 
Place found. 
In the nodules occurring in glanders. 
Form and arrangement. 
Staves the size of tubercle bacilli. They exceed them in breadth, 
however, being 2 to 5 m. long and 0.5 to 1.4 in. broad. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-At 37° C., whitish growth occurs, composed of 
chains and threads coiled and twisted in many directions, 
which penetrate the gelatin. 
On Plates.-At 37° C., bright-yellow or lustrous white colonies. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Drop-like, soft, grayish-white colonies. (Weich- 
selbaum.) 
Potatoes. 
At 37° to 38° C., on mashed potatoes, a brown, paste-like mass 
appears, similar in appearance to that of Koch's comma ba- 
cillus. At room temperature there occurs only a slight growth. 
Blood-serum. 
At 37° C., on the third day, growth is apparent as numerous 
small, lustrous, drop-like colonies, scattered over the surface. 
Glycerin agar-agar. 
More luxuriant growth than on any other media, even at room 
temperature. They form a pale-white, transparent stria (7 to 
8 mm.) along the puncture. (Kranzfeld.) 
Temperature. 
Growth best at incubating temperature,-between 30° and 40° C., 
and not over 43° C., nor under 25° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Forms spores (Weichselbaum). They can retain their life-power 
in a dry condition for nearly three months. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Not observed 
Gelatin reaction. 
Slight growth. 
Aniline reaction. 
Loeffler's concentrated alcoholic solution of methylene blue is the 
best stain, and after-treated with oxalic-sulphuric acid, alco- 
hol, cedar-oil. Gram's method is not applicable. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pure cultures injected into horses, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and field- 
mice produce typical glanders. Guinea-pigs die in about six 
to eight weeks, field-mice in a few days. Bacilli are found 
abundantly in the newly-formed nodules and abscesses, as well 
as in the blood and urine. White mice are immune. As ani- 
mals sensitive to the inoculation, Kranzfeld recommends the 
Spermophilus guttatus; Kitt, the forest-mouse,-Mus sylvaticus. 
In the latter, however, a longer incubation stage is required. 
119 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
107. Bacillus tuberculosis. Koch. 
Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. I. 
Place found. 
In all the products of human and animal tuberculosis. 
Form and arrangement. 
Very thin staves, 2 to 5 m. long,-| to | the diameter of a red 
blood-corpuscle,-nearly always beaded or spotted. Their 
ends are rounded 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
No growth. 
Glycerin agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-A luxuriant growth in the form of isolated, 
folded or wrinkled, smutty-white scales. (Nocard-Roux.) 
Potatoes. 
At cultivation temperature, whitish, smooth colonies form about 
the twelfth to twentieth day; these are easily loosened from 
the surface of the media. The potato must be hermetically 
enclosed in test-tubes. (Pawlowski.) 
Blood-serum. 
Colonies take the appearance of pale, white, lustrous dots, com- 
parable to small, dry scales. Numerous, and closely-arranged, 
they form a grayish-white layer on the surface of the water of 
condensation, in which it does not sink, but remains floating 
on its surface. Under a low power, dainty reticulations ap- 
pear, consisting entirely of bacilli. 
Temperature. 
Optimum, 37.5° C. Under 30° and above 42° C. they do not 
develop. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. Only visible after ten to fifteen days. In 
four weeks the maximum development is reached. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation occurs with an animal body. The exact mode 
of spore formation is not as yet definitely settled. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
No growth. 
Aniline reaction. 
Ehrlich: Twenty-four hours in aniline-water solution of fuchsin 
or gentian violet, a few seconds in nitric acid (1 to 4); then 
rinse in 60-per-cent. alcohol; after, stain with a weak, aqueous 
solution of methylene blue or Bismarck brown. 
Rindfleisch : (especially useful in cover-glass preparations of spu- 
tum.) The same as above, except that the stains are heated 
over a small alcohol-flame until bubbles arise. 
Gabett-Ernst: See Appendix. 
Pathogenesis. 
Injection of tubercular products and pure cultures cause tuber- 
culosis in animals. The bacilli are found in the nodules and 
especially in the giant-cells, in large numbers or singly. Found 
in the blood of those suffering from miliary tuberculosis. 
Field-mice, rabbits, and cats are inoculable. White mice, 
rats, and dogs are immune. 
120 108. Lepra bacillus. Armauer Hansen. 
Virchow's Archiv, Bd. LXXIX u. XC. Neisser, Ziemssen's Hdbch., 
Bd. XIV. Virchow's Archiv, Bd. CIII, S. 355. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In all the specific products occurring in the leprous process. 
Form and arrangement. 
Small, slim staves, about half to two-thirds the diameter of a red 
blood-corpuscle, with ends that are occasionally pointed. Ac- 
cording to Bardoni they are club-shaped at the ends. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Blood-serum. 
Potatoes. 
The addition of glycerin renders all media more suitable. 
Plate Culture.-The first generation does not develop upon gela- 
tin. Later, irregular, round colonies develop, both beneath and 
upon the surface, at 20° to 25° C. 
Plate Culture.-At 35° to 37° 0., gray, roundish flakes develop. 
Under low power the centres appear dense, the rims irregular 
and jagged, composed of a fine, irregularly-arranged, flocculent 
reticulum. 
Tube Culture.-Whitish-gray, roundish colonies, with prominent 
centres and jagged edges. 
On desiccated blood-serum, or on boiled chicken or duck-eggs, a 
small nodule appears, about the size of a millet-seed, which in 
three weeks is increased to double its original size, in the form 
of a narrow zone. (Neisser.) At 35° to 37° C. band-like col- 
onies develop along the inoculation stroke, the edges of which 
are irregular. Their color is light-yellow (waxy). The serum 
is not liquefied. 
No growth. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 37° to 38° 0. They grow, however, at 20° C. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very slowly. 
Spore formation. 
Endosporulation.-Two to three spores in each cell, having the 
appearance of oval vacuoles. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Not liquefied. 
Aniline reaction. 
They have the same stain reaction as the bacillus tuberculosis, 
but are colored more quickly, and they also accept the ordi- 
nary nuclear stains, as well as Gram's. They do not stain in 
Loeffler's aqueous, alkaline, methyl-blue solution, thus differ- 
ing from the tubercle bacillus. (Neisser.) 
Pathogenesis. 
Local leprous manifestations may be produced on animals by 
vaccination (Damsch and Vossius), but no general symptoms 
of leprosy. 
121 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
109. Tetanus bacillus. Nicolaier, Kitasato. 
Nicolaier, 1). med. Wochenschr. 1884- No. 52. Kitasato., Zeitschrift 
f. Hyg., Bd. VII, S. 225. 
Place found. 
Earth, and in the secretions from the wounds of those afflicted 
with tetanus. 
Form and arrangement. 
Fine bacilli, somewhat longer, hardly finer than Koch's mouse- 
septicaemia bacillus. They form threads, in irregular masses, 
which have a setaceous appearance in the sporulation stage. 
Motility. 
Possibly motile, but very slightly. 
Growth. 
Gelatin (containing 1.5- 
2 per cent, of grape- 
sugar). 
Pure cultures are to be obtained from pus with certainty by first 
heating the mixed cultures one-half to one hour for several 
days in a water-bath at 80° C., after which the plate-method is 
employed in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Von Kitt employs 
a method by which the pus is greatly attenuated. 
Plate Culture.-After four to five days at 20° to 25° 0., or in a 
week at 18° to 20° C., colonies resembling those of the hay 
bacillus develop. They are discreet, the centres are dense; 
they develop regularly in all directions in the form of a nim- 
bus. Laterally, liquefaction slowly occurs and gas is formed. 
Higher Culture.-Growth occurs along the stroke and under the 
surface, as a radiating cloudiness, often possessing aculeated, 
radiating apophyses. Later, liquefaction and the production 
of gas. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Most rapid growth if 1 to 2 per cent, of grape- 
sugar be added. 
Bouillon. 
As a dense cloudiness. 
Blood-serum. 
In one to three days, at 34° to 38° C., crescentic, isolated colo- 
nies, lying in shallow depressions, occur, which, later, become 
confluent and give an undulated appearance to the surface of 
the gelatin, from which the condensation water arises. After 
six to ten days, transverse division of the solid serum and 
softening of the bases of the undulations occur. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 36° to 38° C. Under 16° 0., no growth. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rather slow. 
Spore formation. 
Spore formation is characteristic. 
At 37° C., the bacilli assume a setaceous appearance after thirty 
hours, and round terminal spores are formed, which possess a 
rather marked resistance to destructive agencies. One hour's 
exposure to 80° C., in moisture, is not destructive to them, 
though six minutes in steam, at 100° C., are fatal. Dried spore- 
containing pus remains virulent after sixteen months. (Kitt.) 
Aerobiosis. 
Obligate anaerobic. Grows only when air is excluded; well 
under hydrogen ; not under carbonic acid. 
Gas production. 
Cultures give off a disagreeable odor. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefies. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors equally well with aniline dyes, and by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Domestic mice, inoculated at the roots of the tails with earth that 
contains the bacilli, remain unaffected for one and a half to two 
and a half days. Then tetanic spasms begin in one hind-leg, 
followed by the other. The fore-legs then become fixed, then 
follow reflex tetanic spasms, and death ensues in three to five 
days later. Rabbits and guinea-pigs are especially susceptible. 
Inoculations with cultures on blood-serum were equally 
successful. 
Section.-No suppuration at the point of inoculation; no bacilli 
or spores to be found in the organs or blood. They seem to dis- 
appear very rapidly from the organism, though the tetanic 
phenomena remain. 
122 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
110. Micrococcus tetragenus. Koch, Gaffky, 
Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. II, 8. Iff v. LangenbecKs Archiv, 
Bd. XXVIII, Heft 3, 8. 500. 
Place found. 
In the caverns and sputum of pulmonary phthisis. (Biondi.) 
Form and arrangement. 
Small cocci, lying together in twos and fours. Those procured 
from the body are found arranged in fours, which are inclosed 
in clear capsules that do not stain. 
Motility. 
Non-motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Small, white, dot-like colonies, which, under a low 
power, are finely granular, and possess a characteristic, vitreous 
lustre. 
Tube Culture.-Growth does not occur along the entire inocula- 
tion stroke; round, sharply-defined, milk-white or yellowish, 
lenticular colonies occur in isolated patches throughout the 
gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth occurs along the stroke. The colonies 
are circumscribed, round, and white. 
Potatoes. 
Forms a thick, slimy coating, which may be removed in long 
shreds. 
Blood serum. 
A white, moist circuitous streak. 
Temperature. 
Grows at warm temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Not known. 
Aerobiosis. 
Facultative aerobic. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Accepts the common nuclear stains as well as Gram's double 
stain. 
Pathogenesis. 
Mice and guinea-pigs inoculated with the micrococcus die in from 
three to ten days. In the blood and organs large numbers of 
the organism are found. Field-mice and rabbits are not 
susceptible. 
123 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
III. Typhus baciilus. Eberth, Gaffky. 
Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. II. 
Place found. 
In blood, urine, faeces, and tissues of typhoid patients. 
Form and arrangement. 
Bacilli three times as long as they are broad, accompanied by 
short staves, with rounded ends. They can form threads, and 
often have a filiform appearance. They do not stain so 
readily with the aniline colors as most similar organisms. 
Motility. 
Very motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-The entire surface is occupied by grayish-white 
colonies, which have scolloped edges. Under a low power 
braids resembling glass-wool, and of a brownish color, are 
visible. 
Tube Culture.-Slight growth along the puncture; more on the 
surface, in the form of a grayish-white layer, with jagged 
edges. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Growth is superficial and of a whitish color. 
Potato-gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Similar to gelatin, with this difference, however, 
that the colonies here lack the yellowish tint, and possess a 
characteristically shining and transparent appearance upon the 
surface. (Hotz.) 
Potatoes. 
After forty-eight hours the growth is still imperceptible, but the 
surface of the potato has a peculiar, moist appearance, which, 
if touched with the platinum needle, gives the impression of 
having an adherent skin. Examined microscopically, it is 
found to be composed of long spores containing threads of 
typhus bacillus. The growth becomes visible when grown on 
mashed potato, treated with alcohol, and kept at incubation 
temperature. It then has a dirty-yellow color, and is confined 
to the inoculation stroke. (Eisenberg.) 
Blood-serum. 
Growth only occurs in the tract of the puncture, and forms a milk- 
white streak. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room and incubator temperature, but is very suscepti- 
ble to high temperature. Destroyed in ten minutes at 60° 0. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. 
Formation of spores. 
Sporulation (polar mode most probable) occurs at 32° to 40° C. 
Slower at 20° 0., and below this none at all. 
Aerobiosis. 
Grows under mica plate. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Sections are best stained with saturated alcoholic solution of 
methyl-blue, added to water until opacity occurs. Allow the 
sections to remain in the stain twenty to twenty-four hours, 
then wash in water (without acid), then in alcohol, and clear 
in cedar-oil. Are not colored by Gram's method. Cover-glass 
preparations are colored less intensely by the aniline dies than 
any similar organisms. 
Pathogenesis. 
Injected into the auricular vein of a rabbit, caused death in twenty- 
four to forty-eight hours (Frankel, Simmonds). Guinea-pigs are 
killed by vaccination per os, as in cholera (Seitz). The bacilli 
were found in the internal organs, in the albuminous urine of 
very sick typhoid patients, in the blood (Neuhaus), and in the 
dejections of typhoid (Pfeiffer, E. Frankel, Seitz). 
124 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
112. Bacillus alvei. Cheshire, Watson-Cheyne. 
Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Ser. Il, Vol. V. 
Place found. 
" Foul brood,"-a disease attacking the larvae of bees. 
Form and arrangement. 
Slender bacilli, with rounded or conical ends. In artificial cul- 
tures they often assume various sizes. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Groiuth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Observed under a low power, a round or oval colony 
of bacilli is first seen, which, later, changes its shape to that 
of a pear, from the smaller extremity of which processes are 
thrown out. The bacilli grow along the stroke, with here and 
there small nodules, which send forth circuitous processes com- 
posed of bacilli, arranged in single file or in rows of several. 
These figures are very pretty. The gelatin is liquefied along 
the strokes, and canals are formed in which the bacilli move. 
Tube Culture.-At the entrance of the inoculation stab a deli- 
cate, ramifying growth occurs, and irregularly-shaped masses 
appear along the stab, which throw out threads with clubbed 
ends, giving a cloudy appearance to the gelatin. Evaporation 
occurs on the surface of the gelatin, accompanied by the forma- 
tion of air-bubbles (as in Koch's comma bacillus). Rapid 
liquefaction begins, which has reduced the entire gelatin in two 
weeks. The liquid has a yellowish color and a peculiar odor. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-At 37° C. the growth forms a whitish layer on the 
surfaces. 
Potatoes. 
At incubation temperature they form a dry, yellowish layer. 
Spores are formed. 
Blood-serum. 
At body temperature the growth is slow, and forms long spore- 
containing threads. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 37° 0. Does not grow under 16° C. In gelatin, 
best at 20° G. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows slowly. The rapidity of growth is in inverse ratio to the 
amount of material used. 
Formation of spores. 
Extraordinarily large spores, arranged in rows. The staves first 
swell, then become spindle-shaped. In opposition to most 
other spores, they are decolorized by tubercle-bacillus stain 
(Eisenberg). 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Very rapid liquefaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Does not color with aniline colors ; proportionately, the best stain 
is the methylene-blue and gentian-violet solution. They 
accept Gram's double stain. 
Pathogenesis. 
Half a syringeful of pure cultures injected into the subcutaneous 
tissue of a mouse's back caused its death in twenty-three 
hours. CEdema at the point of inoculation and in surround- 
ing tissues. No change in the internal organs. Bacilli 
and spores are found in the oedema fluid, less in the heart- 
blood. Guinea-pigs inoculated die in six days with extensive 
necroses of the muscles and tissues, which contain caseous 
spots. The presence of the bacilli in these has not been 
positively proven. 
125 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
113. Bacillus pneumonicus agilis. Jens Schou. 
Fortschr. der Medicin. 1885. No. 15. Neumann, Zeitschr. f. klin. 
Med., Bd. XIII, S. 73. 
Place found. 
In the pneumonia which develops in rabbits after injury or sec- 
tion of the pneumogastric nerve (vagus-pneumonia). 
Form and arrangement. 
Elliptical cocci, diplococci, and short, thick bacilli. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Round, dark, granular groups, with slightly rough- 
ened surface. Under a low power active motion is observed in 
the centre after twenty to twenty-four hours. The colonies 
are each surrounded by a circle of delicate processes, forming 
areoli. 
Tube Culture.-In a few days the gelatin is liquefied, and the 
growth deposited as a thick, whitish sediment. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-After twenty-four hours a somewhat prominent, 
moist, and transparent streak occurs along the inoculation 
stroke, from 1 to 2 mm. broad, which is not tenaciously 
adherent. 
Potatoes. 
Forms reddish, chamois colored colonies, which always remain 
flat, and which rapidly spread over the entire surface. 
Blood-serum. 
Grows very slowly and liquefies slightly. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Not known. 
Aerobiosis. 
Facultative anaerobic. 
Gas production. 
Develops, on serum at 37° C., a disagreeable odor. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Liquefying very rapidly. 
Aniline reaction. 
Colors with aniline colors in the usual way, but not with Gram's 
method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Injected into the trachea, into the pleura and lungs, or inhaled, 
pure cultures cause rabbits to die with symptoms identical 
with those found in vagus-pneumonia. They were found in 
the blood. Besides the rabbit, the mouse is very susceptible; 
the guinea-pig in a less degree. 
126 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
114. Bacillus of acne contagiosa of the horse. Dieckerhojf, Grawitz. 
Virchow's Archie, Bd. Oil, S. If8. 
Place found. 
In the pus and scabs of the pustules occurring in " English pox," 
-acne contagiosa. 
Form and arrangement. 
Short staves, 0.2 m. long, straight, or slightly bowed. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Tube (Stab) Culture.-Growth occurs sparingly along the punc- 
ture, at the entrance of which is a tuft the size of a millet-seed, 
of a pure-white color, or there may be many such bodies. 
Gelatin. 
Tube (Stroke) Culture.-On an oblique surface, round, knob-like 
bodies develop, which possess a peculiar arrangement of glisten- 
ing spots upon their surface, occasioned by the superaddition 
of numerous small refractive bodies. This appearance is 
likened to that of shagreen. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-As on blood-serum, but not so luxuriant. 
Potatoes. 
Growth is colorless and without odor. 
Blood-serum. 
After twenty-four hours at 37° 0., whitish colonies arise 
along the inoculation stroke, about the size of poppy-seeds, 
which, later, assume a light-yellow or gray color. In the 
water of condensation a sand-like sediment settles to the 
bottom. 
Temperature. 
Best at 37° 0.; under 17° 0. vegetation ceases. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rapidly on blood-serum; very slowly on other nourishing 
media. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
The growth is very slight when access to air is cut off. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
The best and quickest stain is aqueous solution of fuchsin. Aque- 
ous solution of gentian violet is hardly so good, and Loeffler's 
strong alcoholic solution of methylene blue is almost without 
effect. An exceedingly pretty, blue-black coloring is obtained 
by Gram's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pure cultures rubbed into the intact skin of the horse, calf, sheep, 
and dog cause typical acne. In the rabbit, after subcutaneous 
inoculation, it causes erysipeloid swelling, hsemorrhagbs, gen- 
eral intoxication, necroses or burrowing pus-formations, ac- 
cording to the proportion of bacilli used. Applied to the skin 
of guinea-pigs, they caused death at the latest in forty-eight 
hours, with toxic symptoms. In mice the skin was refractory, 
but after subcutaneous inoculation symptoms of pyaemia and 
death supervened. 
127 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
115. Micrococcus of mastitis of the cow. Kitt. 
Zeitschr. f. Thiermed. u. Path., Bd. XII, S. 18. 
Place found. 
In the milky, pus-like products arising from inflammation of the 
milk-glands of the cow. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci, occurring singly, in pairs, or united in heaps, with here 
and there a tendency to the formation of chains. They have 
a diameter of 0.2 to 0.5 m. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
On Plates.-Pearl-white, circular, sharply-defined, shining drops 
the size of a pin-head. 
Tube Culture.-Opaque, white, fungoid masses in the nail-culture 
form. 
Potatoes. 
Grayish-white, or muddy-yellow, quickly-growing colonies, 
which become lustrous after a few days, and take on the 
appearance of wax. 
In milk. 
Rapid growth when kept in the incubator. After six hours the 
milk has acid reaction. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at incubation temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows very rapidly. 
Formation of spores. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Stains well with all the aniline colors. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pathogenic to cows only, in which it causes a parenchymatous 
mastitis. Subcutaneous inoculation practiced on cows and on 
the smaller animals was without significance. 
128 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
116. Micrococcus of lung-plague in cattle (pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa). 
Poetsf Nolen. Fortschr. der Medicin. 1886. S. 217. 
Place found. 
In the lungs of cattle suffering from lung-plague. 
Form and arrangement. 
Cocci of varying size (0.9 m. in diameter), arranged singly and in 
twos and sixes, inclosed in distinct envelopes which are difficult 
to stain. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Sharply-defined, round, white colonies of a lus- 
trous, yellow color. 
Tube Culture.-Similar in appearance to the nail culture of 
Friedlaender's pneumo-bacillus; the head glistens slightly, and 
is of a cream-color. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-Same as on gelatin, but growth is more rapid, 
especially at 37° C. 
Potatoes. 
Forms a moist, light-yellow coating. 
Blood-serum. 
At first the cream-color is not marked. This only occurs in the 
older cultures. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 37° C.; resists temperature lower than 66° C., but 
if the atmosphere is laden with moisture it loses the power of 
development in fifteen minutes. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Non-liquefying. 
Aniline reaction. 
Stained by all aniline colors, but with difficulty by Gram's 
method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pure cultures, when injected into the lungs of rabbits, guinea- 
pigs, and dogs, cause pneumonic changes. Injected into the 
trachea, or by inhalation, they set up the same process in the 
dog. Injected into the lung of an ox, they cause an extensive 
pneumonic inflammation in seven days. 
129 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the, Animal Body. 
116*. Bacterium of hog-cholera (swine-plague-infectious pneumonia, 
Salmon). Hillings, Dettmers. Salmon, Second Annual Report 
of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1885. Washington, 1886. 
S. Frank Billingsf Dr. E. Salmon's Swine-plague and Hog- 
cholera Critically Considered.'1'1 Lincoln, Neb., 1889. 
Place found. 
In the blood and organs of swine dying of hog-cholera. 
Form and arrangement. 
Ovoid cells, 0.8 to 1.2 m. long and 0.6 m. broad. 
Motility. 
Motile. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Irregularly bounded colonies, the edges of which 
are sharp, their centres raised. In diaphanous light they have 
a bluish color; under low power they have the appearance of 
cloudy nets. 
Tube Culture.-Along the stab, white, irregular, round, crystalloid 
colonies. Upon the surface, a white, milky, rapidly-spreading 
coating, the periphery of which is often serrated. 
Agar agar. 
Tube Culture.-A white coating along the stroke. 
Potatoes. 
A coffee-brown layer, resembling the growth of bacillus mallei, 
with sharply-defined edges. 
Temperature. 
Grows at room temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Grows rather rapidly. 
Spore formation. 
Not known. Multiplies by segmentation. Bears drying for a 
long time. 
Aerobiosis. 
Does not grow under anaerobic conditions. 
Gas production. 
Not observed. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Does not liquefy. 
Aniline reaction. 
Are stained by the common aniline colors, but usually the ends are 
more intensely stained than the middle. Are not stained by 
Gram's or Weigert's method. 
Pathogenesis. 
Mice, rabbits, and guinea-pigs are very susceptible to subcuta- 
neous inoculation ; pigeons are less susceptible, while chickens, 
sheep, and calves are refractory. The animals die in from 
eight to sixteen days; there frequently occurs a slight local 
reaction; the spleen, liver, and kidneys are enlarged, while 
haemorrhages occur in all the internal organs. Swine react 
best after being fed upon cultures of the bacilli following a 
forced fast of several days. Under these conditions large areas 
of a necrotic process are seen in the mucous membrane of the 
large intestine, and inflammation and occasionally ulceration 
of the stomach and ileum. 
130 116**. Bacteria of Texas fever. Billings. 
The Southern Cattle Plague (Texas fever). Lincoln, Neb., 1888. 
//. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. A. Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
Place found. 
In the blood, gall, urine, and organs of animals sick or dying of 
Texas fever. 
Form and arrangement. 
Ovoid cells, about twice as long as they are broad. Their length 
is about one-sixth the diameter of a red blood-corpuscle. Be- 
sides these typical forms, there are others which vary in size 
and form. 
Motility. 
Possesses rotary and scintillating movements. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Agar-agar. 
Potatoes. 
Blood-serum. 
With the exception of very slight variations, the same as the 
bacteria of swine-plague. 
Temperature. 
The same as bacteria of swine-plague. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Nuclear stains are taken up quicker by and color deeper the 
ends of the bacteria, while the middle remains colorless. 
Pathogenesis. 
Small animals, inoculated by pure cultures, suffer from fatal sep- 
ticaemia. An inoculated steer died after an illness lasting five 
months and resembling Texas fever. The section showed 
catarrhal inflammation of the stomach and intestines; paren- 
chymatous changes in the heart, liver, kidneys; the spleen was 
much enlarged. 
131 ii. 
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. 
B. Not Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
133 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
117. Spirochaete Obermaieri. 
Cent.f. d. med. Wissensch. 1873. XI, 10. 
Place found. 
In the blood of patients afflicted with recurrent fever. 
Form and arrangement. 
Spiral threads, 16 to 40 m. long, with "screw threads" of equal 
arrangement. The flagellum is distinctly visible. (Koch.) 
Motility. 
Very motile by means of wavy undulations. 
Growth. 
Has not as yet been cultivated successfully outside the animal 
body, although in blood-serum they preserve their movements 
for some time. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
After " fixing" in the flame, cleanse with 4 to 5 per cent, acetic- 
acid solution and stain with the ordinary aniline solution. 
Pathogenesis. 
Found in the blood of those suffering from recurrent fever. 
Apes inoculated with this blood are found to contain the organ- 
isms circulating in the blood. The animals were killed at the 
climax of the disease. Carter: D. Med. Wochenschr., 1879, 
Nos. 16 and 25; Koch: Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. 1, 
S. 40. 
135 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
118. Syphilis bacillus. Lustgarten. 
Med. Jahrb. d. k. k. Ges. d. Aerzte. Wien, 1885. 
Place found. 
In the tissues and secretions arising in syphilis. 
Form and arrangement. 
In size and shape they resemble the tubercle bacillus, frequently 
bent or curved, or slightly S-shaped. Their ends are often 
thicker or clubbed, ana their outlines seem broken. 
Motility. 
Growth. 
Not cultivated as yet outside the animal body. 
Temperature. 
Rapidity of growth. 
Spore formation. 
The bacilli contain two to four bright, shining, oval spots; 
probably spores.. 
Aerobiosis. 
Gas production. 
Gelatin reaction. 
Aniline reaction. 
Lustgarten : Sections are placed for twelve to twenty-four hours 
in the following solution at room temperature, after which it is 
warmed for two hours at 40° C. -. solution of gentian violet 11, 
aniline water 100. The sections are then placed for a few 
minutes in absolute alcohol, and from there transferred to a 
1.5 solution of permanganate of potassium. After ten minutes 
they are immersed in a solution of c. p. sulphuric acid for a 
moment, then rinsed in distilled water. If sections are not 
discolorized this process must be repeated. Dehydrate with 
alcohol and mount in Canada balsam. 
De Giacomi: Twenty-four hours in fuchsin solution, rinse in water, 
then in solution of chloride of iron, alcohol, clove-oil. 
Pathogenesis. 
The bacilli do not occur free in the tissues, but inclosed in cells, 
which are round, oval, or irregularly polygonal, enlarged to 
twice the size of a white blood-corpuscle. Occur most numer- 
ous when only a short time has elapsed since the infection, and 
especially when the primary infiltration is young. 
136 //. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. B. Not Cultivated Outside the Animal Body. 
118*. Plasmodium malarias. Laveran, Marchiafava, Celli, 
Guamieri, Osler. For full bibliography, see Archives de 
Med. Experimentale. 
Place found. 
In blood-corpuscles of those suffering from malarial poisoning. 
Form and arrangement. 
Protoplasmic corpuscles of varied form (round, oval, crescentic 
bodies and flagella), with or without pigment, as the malarial 
process in which they occur is chronic or acute, due to changes 
occurring in the haemoglobin. They present a cortical sub- 
stance (ectoplasma), surrounding a less colored portion (endo- 
plasma), which contains sometimes one or more nuclei and 
nucleoli. 
Motility. 
Rapid amoeboid movements. 
Growth. 
A method by which these organisms may be cultivated outside 
the human body has not as yet been found. They probably 
need a vital nutritive media. 
Spore formation. 
It multiplies by cleavage of a whole or a part of the protoplasmic 
substance. It becomes stationary, and the pigment of those so 
supplied accumulates in the centre, while new elements bud 
from the periphery, which elements may from the first be 
pigmented, and may possess undulating flagella. 
Aniline reaction. 
The organisms may be observed when the blood is fresh. A 
strong lens is required (Zeiss, to homogeneous immersion) 
to detect them. Dry preparations may be beautifully stained 
by methylene blue. 
Pathogenesis. 
The blood of a person suffering from malaria inoculated into the 
blood of a second individual produces a typical malarial 
attack, and the organisms multiply and are capable of pro- 
ducing progressive infection. They disappear rapidly under 
the administration of quinine. 
Celli and Guarneri believe the organism belongs to the genus 
Sporozoa (protozoa), family Gregarinidse, and order Coccidium. 
137 HL 
FUNGI. 
139 ///. FUNGI. 
119. Actinomycoses. 
Bollinger, Centr.-Bl. f. d. med. Wissenschaft. 1877. No. 27. Israel, 
Virchow's Archie, Bd. LXXVIIu. LXXVIII. 
Place found. 
In actinomycosis occurring in man and cattle. 
Color of growth. 
Mycel arrangement. 
The parasite is a round, seldom oblong, sometimes flattened, hol- 
low body, with a small central cavity and a relatively thick 
wall, made up of pyriform or club-shaped elements arranged 
perpendicular to the surface. The arrangement gives it the 
form of a rosette. The club-shaped elements are separated 
with difficulty. The parasites are sometimes calcified. 
Fructification organs. 
Growth. 
Typical cultures were obtained after five to six days on cattle 
serum, agar-agar, and gelatin, without liquefaction. The 
centre of the culture consists of small, yellowish-red, nearly 
round spots, which are provided at their periphery with ex- 
tremely delicate, cloudy-looking, ramifying processes. By de- 
grees the small, yellowish-red masses increase in number, and 
are provided with a flaky-white covering. (Bostrbm.) 
Easily procured when conditions for anaerobic existence is pro- 
vided according to Buchner's method. 
Agar-agar. 
In forty-eight hours at 36° C. a slight prominence at the point of 
inoculation occurs ; this increases in size until in several weeks 
it presents the appearance of a rather large, yellowish-white 
body, which grows into the agar and is with difficulty sepa- 
rated from it. (Bujwid.) 
Temp erature. 
Grows only at cultivation temperature. 
Examination methods. 
Very difficult to stain. Sections are best stained by Gram's or 
• by Weigert's method: first in orseille, then in 1-per-cent, 
aqueous gentian-violet solution, whereby the central thread- 
work is colored blue and the periphery a ruby red. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculation subcutaneously in calves was frequently successful. 
Feeding was without effect. Dogs are not susceptible. Lately, 
Israel has injected pure cultures into the abdominal cavity of 
rabbits with typical pathological results. Test experiments 
have been frequently made by Bostrbm. 
141 ///. FUNGI. 
120. Penicillium glaucum. 
Place found. 
Spores are present everywhere. It is the most common mold. 
Color of growth. 
Green. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Arranged horizontally, are straight or slightly undulating and 
continuous. The fruit hyphae are arranged perpendicularly. 
Fructification organs. 
The fruit hyphae are divided at their terminal ends in a forked 
form (basidien), from which spring fine processes (sterigmata) 
which give off the greenish conidia. 
Growth. 
Whenever mold formations may exist. 
Temperature. 
Optimum for mycelium formation, 26° C.; that for conidia, 22° 0. 
(Wiesner). Room temperature is most suitable; no growth at 
all at body temperature. 
Examination methods. 
Since mold fungi are not moist, it is well to first treat with 
alcohol to which some (3 to 4 drops) ammonia has been 
added, and they are allowed to sink to the bottom. They may 
then be preserved in glycerin or stained with aniline color; the 
best is Loefler's methylene blue, whereby the mycel and fruit- 
bearers are brought into prominence, while the spores remain 
unstained. 
Pathogenesis. 
Non-pathogenic. 
142 ///. FUNGI. 
121. Aspergillus glaucus. de Bary. 
Place found. 
On sugar fruits. 
Color of growth. 
Green. 
Mycel arrangement. 
As in No. 120. 
Fructification organs. 
Fruit hyphae are much longer than those of No. 120, but do not 
ramify at the end. A mace-like enlargement occurs here, 
instead, from which ray-like, short, club-shaped sterigmata 
arise, which give off the spores from their long extremity. 
Growth. 
It shows a special preference for the juice of fruits. 
Temperature. 
Thrives well at 10° to 15° C. Disappears at 25° C. (Siebenmann.) 
• 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
Not pathogenic. Has often been described as a pathogenic, but 
was then confounded with aspergillus fumigatus. 
143 ///. FUNGI. 
122. Aspergillus niger. 
Place found. 
Color of growth. 
Black. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Fructification organs. 
(M 
6 
£ 
co 
c3 
s 
oS 
ca 
o 
H 
Growth. 
Temperature. 
Optimum 
of mycel as well as conidia formation, 34° C. (Raulin.) 
* 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
144 123. Aspergillus fumigatus. 
Lichtheim, Bert. klin. Wochenschr. 1882. No. 9 u. 10. Gaff kg, Mitth. a. d. 
Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. I, S. 126. Schutz, ebendaselbst, Bd. II, S. 208. 
///. FUNGI. 
Place found. 
In the air-passages of a bird (Fresenius). On white bread (Lich- 
theim). Observed saprophytically in human lungs, external 
auditory meatus, etc. (Pierce). 
Color of growth. 
At first blue-green, very like the color of penicilium glaucum. 
Older cultures assume a dirty, grayish color. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Smaller in all parts than No. 121. 
Fructification organs. 
Spores only one-quarter as large as the conidia of No 121. 
Growth. 
Best growth occurs on bread. 
Gelatin. 
Under low power the spore-bearing sterigmen are seen actively 
engaged in fructification, giving the appearance of a thorn- 
apple. 
Temperature. 
Optimum for fructification, 37° to 40° C. (Lichtheim.) 
Minimum, 15° 0. (Fresenius.) 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
Dogs and rabbits, into whose blood-vessels the spores have been 
injected, present peculiar disturbances of co-ordination, the 
cause of which is localization of the fungi in the membranous 
labyrinth. The animals die in twenty-four hours. The fungi 
are found germinating in the various organs, especially in the 
kidneys and heart-muscle. Small pieces of the organs placed 
in sterilized bread cause a characteristic growth of the asper- 
gillus. It is not to be presumed that the human organism is 
immune. 
145 ///. FUNGI. 
124. Aspergillus flavescens. 
Place found. 
On white bread. 
Color of growth. 
Yellowish green. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Smaller than No. 121, but larger than No. 123. 
Fructification organs. 
Spores one-half the size of No. 121. 
Growth. 
Grow best on bread. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at breeding temperature. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
Like No. 123. 
146 ///. FUNGI. 
125. Aspergillus subfuscus. Olden, Gade. 
Norm. med. Arkiv. 1886. Bd. XVIIINo. 9. 
Place found. 
On white bread. 
Color of growth. 
Olive-yellow, bordering on black. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Mycels are snow-white, evenly spread on the substrata, with 
rather thick threads, having the same diameter as the fruit 
hyphae. 
Fructification organs. 
Fruit hyphae 300 to 400 m. long and 10 to 20 m. broad, with 
globular heads about 30 m. in diameter. From these the 
sterigmata radiate. Their pointed ends give off small 
greenish-black spores. 
Growth. 
Best growth occurs on acidulated nourishing media. 
Temperature. 
Optimum at 37° to 38° C.; thrives also at 15° to 20° C., but 
slowly. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
When introduced into the circulation of rabbits and cats, they 
cause a general mycosis, from which the animal dies. The 
process is less severe than those caused by Nos. 123 and 
124. The stomach and alimentary canal are sometimes 
attacked by the fungus. 
147 ///. FUNGI. 
126. Aspergillus nidulans. JEidani, Lindt. 
Archiv f. exp. Path. u. Pharmak., Bd. XXI, S. 28f. Beitr. z. Biol. d. 
Pflanzen, Bd. IlI, S. 392. 
Place found. 
On white bread. 
Color of growth. 
Forms a pretty, chlorine-green, delicate layer, 1 mm. in depth. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Mycels possess hyphae with many ramifications. In older cul- 
tures thick, white mycels, which frequently have a rosy-red 
color, giving them a soiled appearance. 
Fructification organs. 
Fruit-bearers are at first colorless and are not ramifying. Later 
they color brown and become branched. Ramifying sterig- 
mata rest on hyphae that are at first club-formed and later more 
triangular. The chains of conidia in their arrangement resemble 
at first the head of a Medusa, and, later, collect and form a 
long cylinder. Spores are round, very small (3 to 4 m.). In 
old cultures perithecien and ascospores are formed. 
Growth. 
Grows on bread-infusion, agar-agar, potatoes, bread. Has a 
peculiar circular or concentric form. The coloring matter that 
is formed colors the potato a dark, brownish red. This dis- 
coloration is visible also on bread. Agar-agar remains un- 
colored. 
Temperature. 
Grows best at 40° C. 
Examination methods. 
As in No. 123. 
Pathogenesis. 
Death results in a rabbit sixty hours after the spores are injected 
into the ear-vein. On section the kidneys are found to be en- 
larged to twice their original size, and are filled with fungous 
foci. Numerous foci are also found in the heart-muscle. The 
fungus produces yellow conidiee in the animal body. They are 
less pathogenic than Nos. 123 and 124, inasmuch as only a 
relatively small number reached fructification. 
148 ///. FUNGI. 
127. Mucor mucedo. 
Place found. 
Generally on animal excrements, especially horse manure. 
Color of growth. 
White. 
My cel arrangement. 
Form of widely ramifying threads consisting of single cells. 
Fructification organs. 
Undivided fruit-bearers ending in an enlargement (antheridium), 
which, when ripe, forms darkly-colored parenchyma. Large, 
oval, brown-colored spores are formed in its interior, which 
escape by bursting their envelope. 
Growth. 
Best growth on acid media. The pure culture gives a layer an 
inch in thickness, which is composed of threads arranged at 
right angles with each other, the ends of which are surmounted 
by a round body the size of a poppy-seed. 
Temperature. 
Grows at body temperature. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. ( 
Non-pathogenic. 
149 ///. FUNGI. 
128. Mucor rhizopodoformis. Lichtheim. 
Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., Bd. VII, Heft 2. 
Place found. 
On white bread. 
Color of growth. 
Snow-white; later, mouse-gray. 
My cel arrangement. 
Forms colorless, disconnected mycels, growing into the substrata. 
Fructification organs. 
Fruit-bearers have the appearance of tufts, which are attached 
to the nourishing media by special hair-like roots. Sporangia 
regular, globular expansion ; spores globular. 
Growth. 
Grows best on bread-gelatin infusion, which it liquefies. It 
forms a solid, blackish-gray, fungoid scum. 
Temperature. 
Best at 37° 0.; in room temperature; also development between 
12° to 15° 0. 
Examination methods. 
In fresh sections the fungus is easily observed after treating with 
acetic acid or solution of potassium. Pretty preparations are 
made bv staining with picrocarmine and preserving in glyc- 
erin. The mycelium cannot be colored separately, except by 
Ehrlich's haematoxylin solution. They then assume a blue 
color. 
Pathogenesis. 
Spores have been injected into the' circulation of rabbits. For 
twentv-four hours after the injection a period of latency is ob- 
served, then death follows in forty-eight to seventy-two hours. 
On section we find evidences of a high grade of disease. The 
kidneys are enlarged to double their normal size, and within 
them herds of fungi are found larger than those occurring after 
inoculation with aspergillus. There are striking changes in 
the lymphatics of the alimentary canal. It is often possible to 
demonstrate the presence of the fungi in the spleen and bone- 
marrow, exceptionally in the liver. They are numerous in the 
diseased portions of the intestines. All other organs remain 
unaffected. This is especially true of the striped muscles, 
differing in this from the aspergillus, which seems to have a 
Selective affinity for the striped muscle. When animals retain 
life for a greater period (eight to fourteen days) the fungus is 
sometimes found in the lungs. Dogs are immune. It is 
doubtful whether the fungi can grow in the human body. 
150 ///. FUNGI. 
129. Mucor corymbifer. JAchtheini. 
Place found. 
Is an infrequent contamination of gelatin-bread infusion; other- 
wise, of seldom occurrence. 
Color of growth. 
The gray color is not so deep as that of No. 128, on account of 
the small, colorless sporangium. 
My cd arrangement. 
Loose, curly mycel, with smaller germinal sacs than No. 128. 
Fructification organs. 
Fruit hyphae are umbellate, resembling a bunch of grapes, and 
have pear-shaped sporangia. The spores are oblong and 
smaller than those of No. 128. 
Growth. 
On gelatin-bread infusion forms a moldy scum, the texture of 
which is looser than No. 128. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 37° C. In room temperature the growth is less 
rapid than No. 128. 
Examination methods. 
In contrast with No. 128 the germinal sac stains with methylene 
blue and like coloring agents. 
Pathogenesis. 
Less malignant than No. 128. 
151 ///. FUNGI. 
130. Mucor pusillus. Lindt. 
Archiv f. exp. Path. u. Pliarm., Bd. XXI\ S. 272. 
Place found. 
On moist, white bread. 
Color of growth. 
Snow-white; later, mouse-gray. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Mycel continuous, without septi, very fine and delicate. They 
ramify in every direction, and form a thin, velvety layer. The 
mycelium send forth numerous short hyphse on the nourishing 
substrata, and numerous additional continuations up into the 
air ; but true air-mycels are wanting. All parts of the fungi 
are distinguished by their delicacy. 
Fructification organs. 
Possess numerous sporangia-bearers, 1 mm. in height, with globu- 
lar, black sporangia, surrounded by a prickly sclerotium. They 
possess, toward the fruit hyphae, a sharply-defined, oval, or 
globular columella. The spores are very small (3 to m.), 
globular, colorless, and are surrounded bv a delicate mem- 
brane. 
Growth. 
Best on agar-agar-bread infusion. At first is sharply defined at 
the point of inoculation, and, later, spreads over the whole 
plate. 
Temperature. 
Thrives only at a high temperature, the lowest being 24° to 25° C.; 
maximum, above 50° C.; optimum, 45° C. 
Examination methods. 
It cannot be stained trustworthily by aniline colors, nor with 
Lichtheim's acid haematoxylin solution. The presence of the 
fungi is best ascertained in sections which have been placed in 
Muller's fluid. 
Pathogenesis. 
Spores injected into the blood-vessels of rabbits caused death in 
two ana a half to four and a half days. The pathogenic and 
anatomical picture is the same as that caused by Nos. 128 and 
129, but is of a more benign character. 
The pathogenic process occasioned by the mucores is the same in 
every instance, and the same organs are affected in the same 
typical order : kidneys, alimentary canal, mesentery glands, 
and spleen. 
152 ///. FUNGI. 
131. Mucor ramosus. Lindt. 
Archie f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., Bd. XXI, S. 275. 
Place found. 
On moist, white bread. 
Color of growth. 
Snow-white; later, gray-brown ; somewhat darker than No. 129. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Mycelium very delicate, sending forth atmospheric hyphse 3 to 
6 mm. in height. 
Fructification organs. 
Fruit hyphae similar to No. 129, dividing dichotomously, with 
pear-formed sporangia; columella similar to No. 129; some- 
times spherical at the vertex. Spores colorless, with delicate, 
smooth walls, markedly oval, and measuring 3 to 4 m. in width 
and 5 to 6 m. in length. 
Growth. 
In agar-agar-bread infusion, mostly confined to the inoculation 
stroke at first; later, spreading over the whole plate. Growth 
is excellent also on potatoes. 
Temperature. 
Best at 40° 0.; also in room temperature at 1§° to 16° C., pro- 
ducing in five or six days a fructifying mycel. 
Examination methods. 
As in No. 130. 
Pathogenesis. 
Pathogenesis similar to that produced by the other mucores, but 
the fatal issue is more rapid on account of the rapidity with 
which it develops in the organism. The mesenteric glands, 
Peyer's patches, and kidneys are especially diseased, and have 
a marked htemorrhagic character. 
153 ///. FUNGI. 
132. Achorion Schonleinii (favus fungus). 
Grawitz, Virchow's Archiv, Bd. GUI, S. Jfi2. 
Place found. 
In the scales and scabs from those suffering from favus. 
Color of growth. 
White, or yellowish. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Rather extensive ramifications; flat, distinct hyphae; distin- 
guished by the ramifications occurring at acute right angles. 
Fructification organs. 
Special fruit hyphae are wanting; yet, under certain conditions 
(serum at 30° C.), small, ellipsoid conidia are observed, 5.2 m. 
to 6.5 m. in diameter. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Growth slow, in form of white, round masses, 
situated in foci of liquefied gelatin. Mycel sterile. 
Tube Culture.-Very poor, conidia not formed. 
Agar-agar. 
At 30° C. similar to No. 129. 
Blood-serum. 
30° 0. the best nourishing media. 
Milk. 
No growth occurs. Fungi destroyed. 
Temperature. 
Completely destroyed at room temperature. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
At the stage of conidia genesis it produces true favus. 
154 ///. FUNGI. 
133. Trichophyton tonsurans (fungus of herpes tonsurans). Eichstiidt. 
Grawitz, Virchow's Archiv, Bd. CHI, S. fi02. 
.Place found. 
In the scales and scabs from persons afflicted with herpes 
tonsurans. 
Color of growth. 
Yellowish white. 
Myeel arrangement. 
Divided into many ramifications, flat, with distinctly articulate 
hyphae. 
Fructification organs. 
Possesses no special organs of fructification; yet, under given con- 
ditions (serum 30° C.) we may observe the breaking up of the 
myeel into small, rounded conidia 6.5 m. in diameter. 
Growth. 
Slower growth than No. 132; more rapid than No. 128. 
Gelatin per cent, 
alkaline). 
Plate Culture.-At 30° 0., white, circumscribed foci develop, 
having a somewhat acutely-prominent centre. The mycel- 
threads radiate over the gelatin. Older cultures assume an 
orange color. 
Gelatin. 
Tube Culture.-Gelatin rapidly liquefies. The growth floats on 
the surface. It is thick and arranged in two layers, the upper 
one white, the lower yellow. The clumps which cling to the 
tube-wall have dark-yellow centres and radiating threads form 
their periphery. 
Agar-agar. 
Elbe Culture (at 30° 0.).-At first the growth is similar to No. 
132. Later, distinct differences develop; lentel-shaped spots 
arise in the clumps of mycelium which become orange-yellow, 
while a flour-like dust arises on their surface. 
Blood-serum. 
Tube Culture (at 30° C.).-Invades the entire surface. When the 
tube is held to the light the coating seems to be made up of 
coalesced round clumps. After a few days the growth assumes 
a yellow color and the serum is liquefied. The development 
on serum is not, however, complete or rapid. 
Milk. 
Is destroyed. 
Temperature. 
Growth is retarded in cool room temperature. Best growth at 
30° 0. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
At the stage of conidia generation it causes, in man, herpes 
tonsurans. 
155 ///. FUNGI. 
134. Fungus of tinea galli (chicken-itch). Gerlach. 
Schutz, Mitth. a. d. Kais. Ges.-Amt., Bd. II, S. 22J/.. 
Place found. 
From scabs removed from the combs of chickens affected with 
the so-called "white-comb." 
Color of growth. 
White. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Consists of articular threads, often ramifying, and of variable 
sizes. 
Fructification organs. 
Fruit-bearers are wanting. Conidia are, perhaps, present. 
Growth. 
Best growth occurs on bread-infusion at 30° C.; it occurs as 
pale-white, glistening layers or plaques, and produces dark- 
red coloring matter which diffuses through the nourishing 
media. 
It also occurs on gelatin, which it liquefies; also very well on 
agar-agar and potato. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 30° C. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculations of pure cultures on chickens produce the charac- 
teristic disease. Mice, rabbits, and other test animals are 
immune. 
156 135. Fungus of mouse-favus. Nicolaier. 
Flugge, Mikroorganismen, S. 100. 
///. FUNGI. 
Place found. 
Accidentally. 
Color of growth. 
Pure white; later, reddish to reddish brown. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Dense, thin mycel with delicate hyphae superimposed. 
Fructification organs. 
Special organs of fructification or distinct spore formation not as 
yet observed. 
Growth. 
Development occurs on acidulated agar-agar and on potatoes 
acidulated with acetic acid, having the appearance of a crust 
of sugar. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at 30° to 35° C. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
Inoculated with small masses of pure culture, mice become 
affected with a peculiar disease. A scab forms on the head of 
the animal, which enlarges and spreads until it becomes an im- 
mense grayish, whitish mass of scales. Inoculation on a 
rooster was without effect. 
157 ///. FUNGI. 
136. Oidium lactis. 
Grawitz, Virchow's Archiv, Bd. CIII, S. J/02. 
Place found. 
In sour milk and butter. 
Color of growth. 
White. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Closely arranged mycelium from which spring undulating and 
bent threads. 
Fructification organs. 
No antheridium, but rows of cylindrical conidia spring directly 
from the filaments arising from the mycelium. It forms the 
boundary-line to the unicellular fungi, which propagate by 
budding (yeast-fungi). 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Grows at 20° C. on alkaline 7J-per-cent. gelatin. 
Its growth is the most rapid and luxuriant of the fungi, with 
the exception of Nos. 132 and 133. It covers the whole sur- 
face of tne plate with delicate white, long, hair-like mycelium, 
and emits an odor resembling that of sour milk. 
Tube Culture.-Sends forth long, delicate threads through the 
gelatin, but does not liquefy it. 
Agar-agar. 
Tube Culture.-At 30° C., forms fine, white, stellate bodies, 
which coalesce in an even, delicate film, which spreads over the 
surface. At the latter point it assumes a shiny character. 
Blood-serum. 
Tube Culture.-At 30° C., diffuse vegetation spreads evenly over 
the surface. No limited foci. 
Milk. 
Forms a moldy skin. 
Temperature. 
Best growth between 15° to 20° C. Growing faster than Nos. 
133 and 134. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
Non-pathogenic. They have been inoculated by subcutaneous 
inoculation and injections into the subcutis, and directly into 
the blood-passages, but without effect (Huppe). 
158 ///. FUNGI. 
137. Oidium albicans (Soor). 
Grawitz, Virchow's Archiv, Bd. LXX. Baginsky, Deutsche Med. 
Wochenschr. 1885. S. 866. 
Place found. 
From the mucous membrane of the mouths of infants. 
Color of growth. 
Mycel arrangement. 
Consists of oval or cylindrical cells, 3 to 5 m. in length to 5 m. in 
thickness. Develops like the saccharomycetes, or in long, 
thread-like mycelii. 
Fructification organs. 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Plate Culture.-Not liquefying. Forms snow-white colonies. 
Tube Culture.-^-White or light-yellow groups occur through the 
gelatin. Those toward the bottom have delicate, ray-like con- 
tinuations ; the same toward the surface are club-shaped at 
their ends. The deepest situated develop thread-like my- 
celium. 
Potato. 
Growth is rapid, and forms a thick, white, yeast-like covering, 
made up of little heaps, varying in size from a hemp-seed to 
that of a lentil. The spores occur in chains. 
Bread. 
Growth from the inoculation stroke over the surface is veil-like 
and nearly snow-white. 
Temperature. 
Examination methods. 
Pathogenesis. 
According to Klemperer, pathogenic to rabbits, which die within 
twenty-four to forty-eight hours after intra-venous injections 
of pure culture. The organs are crowded with long threads 
of mycelium. 
159 ///. FUNGI. 
138. Saccharomyces rosaceus (yeast-fungi). 
Place found. 
Air. 
Color of growth. 
Pink. 
Mycel arrangement. 
No mycelium. 
Fructification organs. 
Proliferate from spore chains (yeast-chains). 
Growth. 
Gelatin. 
Non-liquefying. Pink colonies grow on surface. 
Agar-agar. 
Same as on gelatin. 
Temperature. 
Best growth at room temperature. 
Examination methods. 
Is stained the same as the bacteries, with aniline colors. 
Pathogenesis. 
Not pathogenic. 
160 APPENDIX. 
BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE USED IN THE CULTIVATION 
AND STAINING OF BACTERIA. 
NOURISHING MEDIA. 
Fluid Nourishing Media. 
Meat-water Bouillon, after Loeffler (1). 
One-half kilo of finely-chopped lean meat is added to a litre of water; this mixture is 
usually allowed to stand for twenty-four hours in a cold place, or it may be placed in a 
water-bath for three-fourths of an hour and then filtered. Add 10 grammes dry, powdered 
peptone and 5 grammes table-salt. Warm to cooking-point, and add gradually saturated 
solution of sodium carbonate until red lacmus-paper shows a light-red color and the blue 
turns slightly red. Cook for one or two hours, until the separable albuminous matter is pre- 
cipitated from the clear fluid. After cooling, the whole is filtered through a dampened filter. 
An almost colorless, weakly, alkaline bouillon is the result, which must not become turbid 
after sterilization.1 If it does become cloudy it must be again filtered. 
One litre of water, 30 grammes powdered peptone, 5 grammes grape- or cane-sugar, and 5 
grammes meat-extract (instead of peptone and meat-extract 20 to 30 grammes meat-peptone 
may be used). Cook, neutralize, and proceed, as in the preceding preparation, except that 
this must be exposed to the sterilization process for a longer time, as the meat-extract contains 
innumerable spores. The resulting bouillon is always of a yellow color. 
Meat-extract Bouillon, after Hueppe (2). 
Milk. 
Fresh milk, contained either in cotton-corked vessels or in double-saucers, is exposed 
to 120° 0., in steam under pressure, for ten to fifteen minutes; or, in a current of steam at 
100? C. for twenty to thirty minutes, for three successive days. 
Ten-per-cent. Meat-water Peptone Gelatin, after Koch and, Loeffler (1). 
To 1 litre of meat-water bouillon (either cooked or allowed to stand twenty-four hours), 
100 grammes gelatin, 10 grammes peptone, 5 grammes table-salt are added, the whole shaken 
and warmed on water-bath until the gelatin is melted. Neutralize as in No. 1 : cook for one- 
half hour in Koch's steam-sterilizer until the fluid is clear and the separable albumen coagu- 
lated ; filter hot through a food-filter or hot-water filter. The gelatin so produced must have 
a weakly alkaline reaction, must be clear as water, of a very high amber color, and the " con- 
trol tubes" must remain sterile. If a slight cloudiness does occur from any cause other than 
a wrong reaction or insufficient cooking, it is easily cleared by adding the white of one or 
two eggs, or 10 to 20 cubic centimetres blood-serum, cooking for one-fourth of an hour, and 
filtering as before. 
Solid Media. 
1 Sterilization of all nourishing media, where not otherwise specified, is accomplished by cook- 
ing for fifteen or twenty minutes on three successive days in Koch's steam-sterilizer. The first or 
even second cooking does not always kill the spores ; hence the necessity for three cookings 
161 162 
Appendix. 
One litre of water, 100 grammes gelatin, 30 grammes peptone, 5 grammes grape-sugar, 
and 5 grammes meat-extract, treated as the preceding. The resulting gelatin is brownish 
yellow. Sterilize eight times on account of meat-extract. 
Ten-per-cent. Meat-extract Peptone Gelatin, after Hueppe (2). 
Wort Gelatin. 
Especially good for acid media used in the culture of fungi. Beer-wort, mixed with 10- 
per-cent. gelatin, liquefied by warming, and the mixture is cooked several times in steam- 
sterilzer, after which it is filtered without neutralizing. 
(а) Substitution of the Casein by Peptone.-One litre of unskimmed milk is warmed to 
60° to 70° C., and then 70 to 100 grammes gelatin added. After the gelatin has melted the 
whole is cooked several minutes, whereby the casein is precipitated. The cloudy fluid is 
heated about twenty minutes at incubation temperature to allow the fat to accumulate upon 
the surface. It is then allowed to cool and afterward skimmed. The nearly clear fluid is 
now cooked, with 1-per-cent. peptone added, neutralized, and then filtered. 
(б) Substitution of the Casein by Sodium-egg-Albumen.-To the whites of eggs is 
added drop by drop a concentrated solution of sodium, until the albmen is a nearly solid, trans- 
parent mass. This is cut up with a sterilized knife, washed with sterilized distilled water, 
and then allowed to stand until it is changed to a thick, yellowish fluid. Three per cent, of 
this strongly-alkaline fluid is added to milk-serum gelatin (a) instead of the peptone. Any 
particular neutralization is unnecessary. 
(c) Milk-Casein Gelatin (containing casein).-Milk is left for two days, then skimmed 
and the coagulum warmed twenty minutes at 70° C., whereby the serum is more easily 
pressed out. The well-squeezed casein coagula is then washed in 95-per-cent. alcohol, dried, 
pulverized, and the fat extracted by exposure to ether in a bulb. The casein is then dried 
between filter-paper and heated for ten to fifteen minutes at 120° to 140° C. The casein is 
then found transformed to a sticky, tenacious mass, which, after washing with natrium solution 
becomes horny, transparent, and, after drying, becomes hard as stone. Milk-serum gelatin is 
mixed with 2.5 per cent, of this preparation of casein. 
Milk-serum Gelatin, after Raskina (3). 
Lactic-acid Gelatin, after Marpmann (4). 
One litre of milk is heated to boiling and then added to the same amount of a weak 
solution of sulphuric acid until precipitation occurs. The resultant transparent serum is 
freed from the flocculent albuminous bodies by straining through a woolen collatorium, mixed 
with pure calcium carbonate to oversaturation, and then cooked once The clear fluid, which 
must have a pronounced alkaline reaction, is decanted off and 10-per-cent. gelatin is dissolved 
therein. Sterilize by heating in dry-oven for one hour at 80° C. for eight days. 
Potato Gelatin, after Holz (5). 
Potatoes are pared and thoroughly cleansed and then grated on a common kitchen-grater. 
The juice from this pulp is pressed through a clean woolen cloth, and allowed to stand for 
twenty-four hours at 10° C. in a bulb, the mouth of which is closed by a cotton plug. A 
smutty-brown fluid is the result. After twenty-four hours it is filtered and the filtrate is 
heated in steam-sterilizer for one-half hour and then again filtered; 400 grammes of the 
resulting clear potato-juice are mixed with 40 grammes of gelatin and heated in the steam- 
sterilizer for three-fourths of an hour, filtered, and then poured into whatever vessel desired. 
Sterilize by heating in steam-sterilizer for one-fourth of an hour on three successive days. 
The potato gelatin so procured is clear, transparent, and of a brownish color. 
Two-per-cent. Meat-water Peptone Agar-agar, after Koch. 
To 1 litre of meat-broth (procured either by heating or allowing it to remain in a cool 
place) add 10 grammes peptone and 5 grammes of salt, and filter. It is then cooked for one Appendix. 
163 
hour, filtered, and to the filtrate is added 20 grammes finely-cut agar agar, which has before 
been soaked for twenty-four hours in water and squeezed through a cloth just before using. 
The whole is then neutralized by adding several drops of a concentrated-solution of natrium 
carbonate. It is then heated over a common water-bath, in which case care must be taken 
that the water of condensation is replaced; or it may be placed in the steam-sterilizer for an 
hour, until the albuminous bodies are precipitated in a flocculent mass from the clear agar 
solution. This precipitation is accelerated by adding the whites of one or two eggs. The 
filtration can be accomplished only by the aid of the hot-water filter, and, if the mixture has 
been insufficiently cooked, or the separation of the albumen has not thoroughly taken place, 
the filtration is rendered still more tedious, even if this takes place in the steam-sterilizer. 
Sterilize as with bouillon. The finished agar-agar is, in the fluid state, clear and white as 
water; when hardened, it is somewhat opaque. 
After Richter (6). 
The agar-agar is soaked for two hours over a water-bath in about 300 cubic centimetres 
Mosel wine; the agar is quite soluble in this warm wine. This solution is at once sterilized 
and added to meat-broth containing peptone and salt, and filtered in the hot-water filter. 
Two-per-cent. Meat-extract Peptone Agar-agar, after Nocard and Roux (Tp 
Simply add 6- to 8-per-cent. glycerin to the agar-agar produced by the methods already 
mentioned. 
One kilo of calve's lung is chopped very fine, then placed in 2 litres of distilled water, 
cooked, and after one-half hour filtered and pressed in a clean piece of linen. To the result- 
ant fluid add chloride of sodium, 18 grammes; sulphate of natrium, 25 grammes ; phosphate 
of kalium, 9 grammes; sugar, 90 grammes; sulphate of ammonia, 9 grammes; peptone, 25 
grammes. After complete solution has taken place, 10- to 15-per-cent. gelatin or 2-per-cent. 
agar is added, the latter ingredient having been soaked in water for twenty-four hours. 
The mixture is then dissolved by cooking and an occasional active shaking. It is then neu- 
tralized by a solution of equal parts of potassium and sodium carbonates, brought up to 2J 
litres by addition of water, and set to cool in a temperature under 50° 0., after adding the 
foam of the whites of 5 beaten eggs. Finally, it is once more cooked for several minutes and 
then filtered. To the clear, straw-yellow filtrate 8- to 10-per-cent. glycerin is added, and after 
having been poured into the test-tubes they are sterilized in the steam-sterilizer for ten 
minutes on three successive days. 
Media according to Kowalski (8). 
Lactic-acid Agar-agar and Wort Agar-agar. 
The same as the preparation of lactic-acid gelatin, only instead of 10-per cent, gelatin 
1- to 2-per-cent. agar-agar is added. 
Nourishing Jelly, after Miquel; Melting-point, over 50° C. (9). 
Three hundred to 400 grammes Irish moss (caragheen, Fucus crispus) are cooked for several 
hours in 1 litre of water, strained through a sieve and the strained fluid again cooked. It is 
then steamed over the water-bath, and then dried in a temperature of 40° to 45° C. One per 
cent, of this jelly renders bouillon firm at 45° to 50° C. 
Blood-serum, according to Koch (10). 
Blood is procured from a wounded animal which bleeds freely, and caught in a sterilized 
glass cylinder about 20 centimetres high and 8 to 10 centimetres in diameter, the mouth of 
which is closed by a glass capsule, and the whole allowed to remain undisturbed in an ice-box 
for two to twenty-four hours. The separated serum is then taken out by means of a pipette 
and placed in the sterilized test-tubes. By careful manipulation sterilization may be rendered 
unnecessary. If sterilization is necessary, it may be achieved by warming for one to two 
hours each day at 58° C. for five to six days. The serum so treated however, has a layer of 164 
Appendix. 
cholesterin upon its surface, which may often be mistaken for bacteria growth. The serum is 
hardened (desiccated) by placing it in a " desiccator" and warmed at 68° C. The serum so 
treated is hard and firm, amber-colored, and, if cows' or sheep's blood has been employed, 
transparent, or only in the deeper parts slightly milky. The water expressed by condensation 
is abundant 
To meat-broth are added 1-per-cent. peptone, 1-per-cent. grape-sugar, and 0.5-per-cent. 
table-salt, neutralize with natrium carbonate, cooked on the water-bath until the albuminous 
bodies are completely precipitated, and then filtered. This bouillon is sterilized in the steam- 
apparatus, and after it has cooled is mixed with fluid blood-serum in the proportions of 1 to 
3; the whole is again sterilized by interrupted exposures in the steam-sterilizer at about 58° 
to 60° C., and then desiccated as in the preceding preparation. 
Blood-serum, after Loeffler (11). 
Glycerin Blood-serum, according to Nocard and Roux (T). 
To ordinary blood-serum add 6- to 8-per-cent. glycerin. Otherwise, the same as the pre- 
ceding one, except that this must be heated to 75° to 78° C., in order to have the mixture 
perfect. 
Blood-serum Gelatin. 
Sterilized blood-serum is mixed with an equal mass of a concentrated solution of gelatin, 
the concentration of which is double the volume of the serum gelatin which is desired, pro- 
cured by heating at 37° C. Afterward, the mixture may be heated several successive days at 
52° C. for one to two hours. 
Blood-serum Agar agar, after Hueppe (2). 
Equal quantities of blood-serum, made alkaline by addition of a 2-per-cent. solution of 
carbonate of sodium, and liquefied 2-per-cent. agar-agar solution. This solution bears heat 
to the boiling-point, enabling us to use a high temperature in sterilization. 
Blood as procured under the same precautions as mentioned above, and poured into the 
test tubes (sterilized), and by a gradually-rising temperature brought to desiccation. Such a 
preparation is chocolate-brown colored, thoroughly opaque, and possesses a smooth, shining 
surface. 
Desiccated Blood, after A. Pfeiffer (12). 
Alkali-albuminate, after Tarchanoff and Kolesinkoff (3). 
(a) Bouillon Albuminate.-Hens' eggs, with their shells, are allowed to remain four days 
in a 5- to 10-per-cent. solution of kalium hydrate, whereby the albumen becomes gelatinous 
and transparent. They are then placed in water in the proportions of 10 to 100, and 
sterilized for three days in steam-sterilizer. 
(5) Syrup-like Albuminate.-Chickens' eggs, with their shells, are soaked for four days 
in a 5- to 10-per cent, kalium-hydrate solution, the albumen thinned to one-half its solidity 
with water, and then sterilized in steam-cylinder. 
(c) Solid Albuminate.-Chickens' eggs with their shells are laid in a 5- to 10-per-cent. 
solution of kalium hydrate for fourteen days, whereby the albumen becomes gelatinous, and, 
if torn, does not close together again ; it is, however, transparent. This is cut into thin lamellae, 
and manipulated the same as sliced potatoes. Sterilize in steam-sterilizer. 
Rice-milk, after Kral (14). 
One hundred grammes of rice-powder are thoroughly mixed with 250 cubic centimetres 
of skimmed milk, and after placing in a porcelain dish warmed over a Bunsen burner until it 
becomes colloidal; during this process it must be constantly agitated. While hot it is pressed 
firmly into a " potato-borer," by means of a horn spatula. After allowing to cool, the molded 
cylinder of rice-milk is shoved slightly forward out of the potato-borer, cut, by means of a Appendix. 
165 
highly-strung bow of thin platinum wire, into pieces 6 to 7 millimetres in thickness, which 
are placed in glass boxes; then, after the addition of 8 drops of milk to each, they are placed 
in the steam-sterilizer for one to one and one-half hours. 
Milk-bouillon Rice, after Soyka-Eisenberg. 
One hundred grammes of rice-powder, 210 grammes milk, and 70 grammes bouillon are 
thoroughly triturated in a mortar, then placed in glass boxes, which are heated uncovered in 
a water-bath until it becomes stiff. After placing on the covers the boxes are sterilized for 
three successive days, for fifteen to twenty minutes. The mass is then homogeneous, dirty- 
white or milk-and-coffee colored, with a smooth surface. 
Potatoes. 
(a) Unpeeled Cut Potatoes, after Koch (1).-Unpeeled potatoes are thoroughly cleansed 
with a brush, then washed in 1-per-cent. sublimate solution, and then allowed to soak in 1- 
per-cent. sublimate solution for one-half to one hour; they are next thoroughly cleansed in 
water, after which they are cooked in the steam-sterilizer for three-fourths to one hour. The 
potatoes are now ready to be cut in half. The hands are first sterilized, and the knife to be 
used heated to red heat. After cutting they are placed in damp chambers to await employ- 
ment. 
(&) Peeled Potatoes, after Esmarch (15).-The potatoes are peeled, washed, the " eyes" 
and rotten spots cut away, and then cut into pieces about 1 centimetre thick ; these are 
placed in double-saucers. Sterilize by exposure in the steam-sterilizer for three-fourths to 
one hour on three successive days. Soyka's (16) modification consists m the use of peculiar 
dishes. 
(c) Cylinders of Peeled Potatoes, after Bolton (17), Globig (18).-By means of an 
"apple-corer" or a large cork-cutter cylinders are cut from peeled potatoes; the diameter of 
such cylinders must be smaller than the test-tubes into which they are to be placed. After 
cutting they are sliced diagonally in half, and each half placed in a test-tube with the large, 
slanting surface uppermost. Sterilize in the test-tubes for three successive days. The modifi- 
cations of Roux (19), Hueppe (2), Gunther (20), consist in peculiar appliances for retaining 
the moisture of the potatoes. 
(c?) Potato-Meal.-Peeled potatoes are cooked for three-fourths of an hour in the steam- 
sterilizer and pressed into Erlenmayer's bulbs. Eisenberg's modification (21): The potato- 
meal is pressed with a spatula into glass dishes, having plain, unrimmed glass covers. 
Sterilize as usual. Seal with paraffin for lasting culture. 
Potatoes Cut into Bisks, after Wood (2). 
From good, white potatoes disks are cut, which are pressed on strips of glass which are 
placed in test-tubes. Sterilize by steam. 
Dry, gray bread is rubbed into a powder, with which Erlenmayer's bulbs are filled to 
j centimetre, and with a little water brought to a pap. Neutralize by means of natrium 
carbonate if it is to be used for bacteria; not if for fungi. Neutralize in steam. 
Bread-pap. 
Fresh Egg for Anaerobic Cultures, after Hueppe (22). 
Fresh eggs are thoroughly cleaned and sterilized by means of sublimate solution, rinsed 
in sterilized water, and dried in sterilized cotton. The inoculation of such an egg is procured 
through a fine hole in the shell made by a glowing needle, which, after inoculation, is closed 
by means of a small piece of fine, sterilized paper, over which a layer of collodium is laid. 
Meat-disks, after Kral (14). 
Fresh meat is carefully freed from connective tissue, chopped fine, and then spread out 
thinly upon large glass plates, and dried in a sterile air at 40° to 50° C. The horny mass 
which results is rubbed into a fine powder and sifted through a fine sieve; 100 grammes of 166 
Appendix. 
this meat-powder are mixed with 300 cubic centimetres of peptonized bouillon and rubbed up 
in a porcelain dish to a pap. This is placed upon circular glass disks, which have been 
moistened with glycerin, and the disks placed one upon the other (10 to 15). They are then 
placed in a sheat-iron box filled with bouillon and left fifteen minutes in a temperature of 
100° 0. The glass disks are then carefully separated, the meat-layers detached and shaped 
with the cork-cutter, and then placed in glass dishes ; after which they are sterilized by 
exposure for one to one and one-half hours in a stream of steam. 
Ordinary church-wafers are moistened in a nourishing media and sterilized in glass 
dishes. They make good media, especially for chromogenic bacteria, the products of which 
are made prominent by the white background. 
Wafers, after Schill (23). 
USE OF THE NOURISHING MEDIA. 
Ten cubic centimetres of the nourishing media in a fluid condition are poured into the test- 
tubes. the circumference of which is not too small nor the glass very thin. Care should be 
exercised, in pouring the media into the tubes, so that the mouths of the tubes are quite free 
from the same, otherwise much annoyance may be occasioned by the media hardening around 
the cotton plugs, thus rendering their withdrawal difficult, and that at a time when all 
manipulation should be performed with rapidity and dexterity. The tubes are closed with a 
firm cotton plug. It is not absolutely necessary to sterilize the empty tubes in dry air before 
pouring in the media, as the subsequent exposure of them in the steam-sterilizer is sufficient 
for practical purposes; but new test-tubes should be first thoroughly washed in acidulated 
water, inasmuch as these have usually a strong alkaline reaction, and this, in the course of 
the subsequent boiling of the gelatin, renders the media cloudy. During the process of 
solidification the tubes containing gelatin are usually allowed to stand upright, so that the 
surface of the gelatin is at right angles with the sides of the tube; with tubes containing 
serum or agar-agar, they are placed in an oblique position, so that the media has a sloping 
and therefore the greatest area of surface. The cultures upon the former are called stab 
cultures ; those upon the latter, stroke cultures. 
Test-tube Cultures. 
Object-glass Cultures, after Koch. 
Fluidified gelatin is poured upon the surface of a sterilized object-glass, allowed to 
solidify, and then inoculated by stroking the surface with the infected platinum needle. 
Plate Cultures, after Koch. 
These are used in isolating the various bacteria and in procuring pure cultures of the 
same, and may be employed with all the gelatinous and agar media, as well as with serum. 
A tube of liquefied media is first inoculated and thoroughly mixed with the material to be 
examined. In pathological fluids 3 to 4 platinum osen are required; of water, beer, milk, 
etc., 1 cubic centimetre. Then follows the process of attenuation, thus: From the first 
tube 3 bsen are taken and carried over to the second tube of liquefied gelatin, and from 
this second tube 3 bsen are carried over to a third tube (water requires 1 cubic centimetre 
from the first to second tube, etc.). After thorough mixture and sterilization of the mouths 
of the tubes by heating in the gas-flame, their contents are poured evenly upon the surface 
of the sterilized glass plates, which are then placed upon the leveling apparatus and allowed 
to cool; after which they are ready for use in the damp chamber. 
Modifications, after Schimmelbusch (24), Schill (23), Babes (26), Patri (TT), Soyka (28). 
These modifications have for their object: to avoid the necessity of the leveling appa- 
ratus, to exclude as far as possible the contamination from the air, and the prevention of Appendix. 
167 
drying of the nourishing media, especially agar-agar, by retaining the condensation water. 
They consist, in part, of two glass plates separated by a piece of dry pasteboard, and held 
together by a metal clamp, or of flat flasks with parallel walls and an opening at the side, or 
of flat, glass double-dishes. 
Bulb Cultures, after Salomonsen (29), Cramer (30), Cornil-Babes (31), Kowalsky (32). 
For the prevention of air infection the nourishing media is placed in sterilized Ehrlen- 
meyer's bulbs, which are stoppered with a cotton plug. Pasteur's bulbs are sealed by fusing 
the glass. The disadvantage of all these methods is, first, that the culture cannot be placed 
under the microscope, but can only be examined by the hand magnifying glass, and, second, the 
material contained in thg bulbs is very difficult to get at. 
Gelatin or agar (with the addition of 1- to 2-per-cent. gum arabic) is liquefied in the 
test-tubes, inoculated as before described, and the cotton plug covered by a rubber cap. The 
media is then made to spread upon the sides of the tubes in an even layer by turning 
the tubes around and around in a dish of ice-cold water. This method has many points 
of advantage,-rapidity of results with the minimum amount of apparatus, prevention of air 
infection, and unusual length of time the growth may be observed. The only disadvantage 
is that those colonies which liquefy gelatin soon sink to the bottom of the tube, thereby 
preventing further observation. 
Roll Culture, after Esmarch (33). 
Methods for Aerobic Bacteria 
After Koch (34), by laying thin sheets of mica on the gelatin or agar at the moment of 
hardening. 
After Hesse (35), by pouring gelatin or sterilized oil on tube culture. 
After Esmarch (33), by pouring fluid gelatin into the centre of roll culture, and hard- 
ening by at once placing the tube in ice-water. 
After Buchner (36), by placing ordinary tube culture and roll culture in a larger tube 
which contains 1 gramme of pyrogallic acid, to which is added 10 cubic centimetres of 
solution of kalium, and which is then hermetically sealed. The alkaline pyrogallol absorbs 
the oxygen; so that the culture is contained in an atmosphere of hydrogen, with traces of 
carbonic acid and carbonic oxide. 
After Hueppe (2), in fresh eggs. (See Hueppe's method.) 
After Kitasato-Weyl (37), by the addition of some active reducing agent to the solid 
nourishing media. The best is 0.3- to 0.5-per cent, formic acid to liquefied agar-agar. Sterilize 
as usual. 
After Fuchs (38). The condensation water is first poured off from the inoculated tube. 
The tube is then inverted, and by means of glass tubing hydrogen is led into it for several 
minutes; after which it is closed by a rubber cap and sealed with paraffin. 
Atmospheric Restriction. 
Under Hydrogen, after Buchner (39), Hauser (40), Liborius (41). 
COMPLETE EXCLUSION OF AIR. 
At the side of the test-tube is a protuberance for the purpose of connecting the 
interior of the tube with the gas-apparatus. After inoculation the tubes are melted together 
beneath the cotton plugs, while the hydrogen-gas is still entering. Afterward the protuber- 
ances at the sides of the tubes are also sealed together by heat. 
In Hydrogen-gas, after Roux (42) and Liborius (41). 
These Sprouvettes have a right-angle tube which extends to the bottom of the same in- 
ternally. Thus, after inoculation the gas is conducted through the liquefied media for about 
ten minutes. The tubes are then melted together. 168 
Appendix. 
The 6prouvettes are closed by rubber corks, which have two holes. Through one of 
these a long tube passes to the bottom of the media, and to which communication is pro- 
cured with the gas apparatus ; the other shorter tube, which ends immediately below the cork, 
is for the purpose of conducting the gas off. The gas is allowed to pass through the media 
after inoculation for about ten to twenty minutes, when the egress tube is sealed, and then 
the ingress tube. In the case of agar being employed, the tube must be kept at a temperature 
of 40° to 42° C.; gelatin, 30° to 35° C. The shape of the Fraenkel tube renders plate methods 
possible. 
In Hydrogen, after Hueppe (2) and C. Fraenkel (43). 
An fiprouvette, after being filled with the media, is, by means of heating over a flame or 
immersion in simmering water, freed from air, and then quickly plunged into cold water 
(temperature 30° to 40° C.) and allowed to cool. It is then inoculated, mixed, and the glass 
melted together. 
Substitution of Air by Steam-"High Culture," after Leborius (41). 
Exhaustion of Air by Means of Air-pump, after M. Gruber (44). 
Tubes larger in length, breadth, and thickness than the ordinary tubes are required. 
About 5 centimetres below their mouths they have a constriction. The tubes are filled with 
about 10 cubic centimetres of nourishing media, stoppered with cotton, and sterilized. When 
inoculated, the cotton plug is pushed deep into the tube to the narrowed portion and a 
rubber cork inserted, through which passes a piece of tubing bent at right angles. While 
the tube is being heated at 30° to 35° C., or if agar-agar at 40° to 47° C, in the water-bath, 
the tubing is connected with an air-pump and the air evacuated from the tube. To prevent 
foaming'of the contents the tube may be gently heated over a Bunsen burner just below the 
constricted portion. The tubes are then melted together below the constriction, and the 
media solidified according to Esmarch's roll method. In a like manner we may observe the 
anaerobic bacteria growing on potatoes. 
STAINS AND REAGENTS. 
Staining Solutions. 
The coloring agent, in powder, is placed in a bottle and absolute alcohol poured upon it; 
the whole is then well shaken and allowed to stand. After a time a certain amount of un- 
dissolved coloring matter must have fallen to the bottom; otherwise, more is added. As the 
solution is consumed, fresh alcohol is added. 
Concentrated Alcoholic Solution. 
To distilled water add concentrated alcoholic solution sufficient to color it deeply, but the 
bottom of the watch-glass must always be visible. The stains usually thus employed are: 
fuchsin, gentian violet, methyl-violet, Bismarck brown, or vesuvin; the latter may be kept in 
concentrated solution, in equal parts of glycerin and water, after Koch. The stains most 
durable and having the greatest staining-power are gentian violet, fuchsin, and, laterally, 
Bismarck brown. Methylene blue stains weaklier and more slowly, and is rather permanent, 
but hardly ever overstains. 
Aqueous Solutions and Dilute Alcoholic Solutions. 
Alkaline Solution of Methylene Blue. 
(а) Weak, after Koch (45). 
Concentrated alcoholic solution of methylene blue, 1.0 cubic centimetre. 
Distilled water 200.0 cubic centimetres. 
• Kalium solution (10 per cent.), .... 0.2 cubic centimetre. 
(б) Strong, after Loeffler (11). 
Concentrated alcoholic solution of methylene blue, 30.0 cubic centimetres. 
Kalium solution (0.01 per cent.), . . . 100.0 cubic centimetres. Appendix. 
169 
(c) After Schutz (46). 
Concentrated alcoholic solution of methylene blue, 
Kalium solution (0.01 per cent.),aa equal parts. 
(a) Aniline oil is added to distilled water until oversaturated, well agitated, and allowed 
to stand for several minutes; after which it is filtered, the filter-paper having been previously 
moistened with water. To the thoroughly clear filtrate (aniline water) enough of a concen- 
trated solution of fuchsin, or methylene violet, is added to produce opalescence. 
(&) Modification after Weigert-Koch (45). 
Saturated aniline water,100 cubic centimetres. 
Concentrated alcoholic solution of methylene blue, or 
fuchsin,11 cubic centimetres. 
Absolute alcohol,10 cubic centimetres. 
The solution will keep ten to twelve days. 
Aniline-water Solution. 
Weak Alkaline Aniline-water Solution, after Loeffler (48). 
To 100 cubic centimetres of saturated aniline water 1 cubic centimetre of a 1-per-cent. 
solution of NaHO is added. Fresh aniline water has a neutral reaction, and after the 
addition of the sodium solution it has a marked alkalinity. This alkaline aniline-water is 
poured into an Erlenmeyer bulb, in which has been placed 4 to 5 grammes of methylene 
blue, methylene violet, or fuchsin. After stopping the mouth of the bulb with a good rubber- 
cork, it is well shaken. We now have a very concentrated solution of the stain, which keeps 
well for a week. In using, a few drops are filtered off on the cover-glass. 
Carbolic-acid Solution. 
(a) After Zielil Neelsen (49). 
Distilled water 100 grammes. 
Acid, carbolic, cryst., 5 grammes. 
Alcohol, .......... 10 grammes. 
Fuchsin 1 gramme. 
This solution is permanent. 
(i) After Kuehne (50). 
Methylene blue 1.5 grammes. 
Alcohol (absolute), 10. grammes. 
This is rubbed up gradually with 100 cubic centimetres of 5-per-cent. carbolic-acid 
solution. The staining-power of this solution is increased with time. 
Ammonia Solution, after Weigert (51). 
Liq. ammon., ......... 0.5 gramme. 
Alcohol, absolut 10.0 grammes. 
Aq. destil. .......... 90.0 grammes. 
Gentian violet, 2.0 grammes. 
Ammonia-carbolate Solution, after M. Hermann (52). 
(a) Crystal violet 1 gramme. 
Alcohol (95 per cent.), ....... 30 c.cm. 
(Z>) Ammon, carb 1 gramme. 
Distilled water, 100 c.cm. 
Enough of solution a is added to solution b to produce on filter-paper a dense stain. 
Distilled water, 40.0 grammes. 
Sat. aqueous sol. methylene blue,24.0 grammes. 
Borax sol. (5 per cent.),16.0 grammes. 
Borax Solution, after Sahli (53). 170 
Appendix. 
To 20 grammes distilled water 0.5 gramme of boric acid is added, after which 15.0 
grammes absolute alcohol, whereupon the crystals are nearly all dissolved. Lastly, 0.5 
grammes fuchsin is added and made to dissolve by agitating the flask. The completed 
slightly-acid solution is transparent and clear. 
Borfuchsin, after Luebimoff (54). 
Aniline-oil and Clove-oil Solution, after Kuehne (50). 
As much of the stain (methylene blue, safranm, methyl-green, auramin, acid violet, 
fluorescin) as may be held on the point of a knife-blade is rubbed lightly in a mortar with 
10.0 grammes of clarified aniline oil or 15.0 grammes clove-oil. If the coloring-matter is 
not entirely dissolved the whole is poured unfiltered into a flask and allowed to stand until 
the undissolved stain has been deposited and the oil is transparent. Several drops of this 
are removed when required and added to pure oil until the desired concentration is produced. 
Acetic-acid Gentian-molet Solution, after Friedlaender (57). 
Concentrated alcoholic solution of gentian violet, . . 50 grammes. 
Acetic acid, 10 grammes. 
Distilled water, ......... 100 grammss. 
(а) After Cuccati. Twenty grammes crystallized carbonate of sodium are dissolved in 100 
grammes warm water, 50 grammes carmine added, boiled, taken from the fire, and 30 grammes 
absolute alcohol added. Several days after the solution is filtered, and the following ingre- 
dients are slowly added; 300 grammes of water, 8 grammes of a 20-per-cent. solution of 
acetic acid, 2 grammes chloral hydrate. Time requisite for staining, about one-fourth hour. 
(б) Lithion Carmine, after Orth. To a cold saturated aqueous solution of carbonate of 
lithium 25-per-cent. carmine is added, cooked for ten minutes, and, after cooling, filtered. 
(c) Hydrochloric-acid Carmine. To 50 grammes alcohol (60 to 80 per cent.) add 4 
drops of hydrochloric acid and 0.5 gramme carmine, cook for ten minutes, and, after cooling, 
filtered. 
Carmine Solutions (50). 
To 200 cubic centimetres of a concentrated aqueous solution of ammonia a solution of 2 
grammes hsematoxylin in 12 cubic centimetres of absolute acid is added. After this mixture 
lias stood exposed to air and light for three to four days it is filtered and mixed with 50 
grammes glycerin and 50 grammes methyl-alcohol. The solution is allowed to stand until it 
assumes a dark color, whereupon it is again filtered and stored in a glass stoppered bottle. 
When needed, the solution is diluted with more or less water, according to the rapidity of the 
stain. The weak solution gives the best results. 
Delafield's Haematoxylin Solution (50). 
Fluorescin-alcohol (50). 
One gramme fluorescin is rubbed up with 50 cubic centimetres absolute alcohol and the 
mixture poured into a bottle. After a time the undissolved fluorescin is deposited. When 
about half of the clear solution is used up, fresh alcohol is poured in, and so on until the 
undissolved fluorescin is present. 
(а) After Gram. 
Iodine, 1 gramme. 
Iodide of kalium, . 20 grammes. 
Distilled water, 300 grammes. 
(б) After Kuehne. 
Iodine, 2 grammes. 
Iodide of kalium, 4 grammes. 
Distilled water, 100 grammes. 
When required, enough of either of these solutions is added to water until it assumes the 
color of madeira. 
Iodide-of-kalium Solution. Appendix. 
171 
Sulphuric, hydrochloric, or nitric acid, in about 25-per-cent. aqueous solution. 
Acetic acid, in to 1-per-cent. solution. 
Acid Solutions for Decolorization. 
Acid Alcohol. 
Nitric acid, 1 part. 
Alcohol 10 parts. 
Macerating Fluid, after Loeffler (59). 
To 10 cubic centimetres of a 20 per-cent, aqueous solution of tannin add, drop by drop, 
an aqueous solution of sulphate of iron until the solution assumes a deep-violet color. To 
this add 3 or 4 cubic centimetres of logwood infusion (1 part wood to 8 parts water). The 
addition of a greater quantity of this logwood infusion produces a granular condition, which 
renders the staining functions of the solution useless. The fluid assumes a dark-violet tone, 
which it retains for several days, and then it gradually changes and takes on a deep-black 
color. At the same time a thin skum develops upon the surface, and on the sides of the 
vessels containing it dark granular bodies are deposited; this does not interfere with the use- 
fulness of the solution, which should be stored in well-fitting glass-stoppered bottles. The 
addition of 4 or 5 cubic centimetres of a 5-per-cent. solution of carbolic acid renders the 
solution permanent and does not affect its macerating strength materially. 
(а) Tannin, 1 per cent. 
Hydrochloric acid, ........ per cent. 
(б) Concentrated solution extract logwood. 
Hydrochloric acid, ........ J per cent.; or 
Gallic acid J per cent.; or 
Carbolic acid . 1 to 2 per cent. 
(c) Saturated solution of catechu acid (produced by soaking 
catechu powder in excess of water for several days 
and filtering), ........ 4 parts. 
Saturated aqueous solution of carbolic acid, . . .1 part. 
Macerating Fluid, after Treukmann (60). 
Tannin solution (20 to 80 water), 10 c.cm. 
Cold saturated solution of sulphate of iron, ... 5 c.cm. 
Aqueous or alcoholic solution of fuchsin, methyl-violet, 
or wool-black 1 c.cm. 
The suitable fixing agent for individual organisms, whether 1-per-cent. solution of 
sodium or any 'of the acid solutions herein given, must be ascertained by several trials. 
The same, after Loeffler (61). 
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE BACTERIA. 
Detection of Bacteria in Fluids (Nourishing Media, Pus, Blood, Sputum, Water, etc.). 
(а) Uncolored, on Glass Slide. A cover-glass is thoroughly cleaned and passed several 
times through the gas-flame. A drop of the fluid to be examined is quickly carried over 
on a platinum needle to the cover-glass, which is as quickly inverted over a concavity in an 
object-glass and made fast by means of vaselin. With the assistance of the color-glass 
in the sub-stage the form and motility of the various bacteria may then be examined. 
(б) Stained Cover-glass Preparations. The Koch-Loeffler process is to place a drop of 
the fluid on a clean cover-glass, with or without the addition of a drop of sterilized water, and 
evenly spread it over the surface of a cover-glass, by means of the platinum needle, or, in the 
case of thick fluids, by placing another clean cover-glass in contact with the first and draw- 
ing it across the same in a parallel direction until the fluid is evenly distributed, and then 
drying it in the air. It is then carried thrice through the flame and stained as follows:- 172 
Appendix. 
The cover-glass, prepared as aforesaid, is held in a pincette by one corner and a drop of 
the stain (concentrated aqueous basic aniline solution) is brought in contact with it and 
allowed so to remain one to five minutes, when the excess of stain is rinsed off with distilled 
water. Examine in the same, or, if it is to be preserved, dry in the air and mount in Canada 
balsam. Gunther rinses the preparation in 1- to 5-per-cent. acetic-acid solution previous to 
staining. 
Simple Staining. 
Isolating Staining of Bacteria by Decolorization, after Gram (62). 
The preparation, stained with the aniline-water gentian violet of Ehrlich, is placed for one 
minute in the iodide-of-kalium solution, and then immediately in absolute alcohol, until the 
preparation is colorless. Rinse in water. The decolorized elements may be stained with 
Bismarck-brown solution for one minute. 
Capsule Staining. 
(а) After Ribbert (63). The cover glass preparation is hastily exposed in Ribbert's 
solution and immediately rinsed in water. The bacilli are dark, the capsules light blue. 
(б) After Friedlaender. Stain for twenty-four hours in Friedlaender's acetic-acid gentian- 
violet solution, decolorize in 0.1-per-cent. acetic-acid solution, and rinse in water. 
Spore Staining. 
(a) After Neisser-Bienstock (64). Stain with heated aniline-water fuchsin, wash in 
hydrochloric-acid alcohol, double stain with methylene blue. Spores red, bacteria blue. 
(5) After Buchner-Hueppe (65, 66). The cover-glass; prepared after Koch-Loeffler, is ex- 
posed to dry heat at 210° C. for one-half to one hour, or in moist heat at 120° C. for one hour, 
or touched with concentrated English sulphuric acid, and, after fifteen seconds, carefully 
washed according to Hueppe (thrice) and drawn through the flame seven to ten times. The 
staining then proceeds according to that employed with the tubercle bacillus by Ehrlich and 
Rindfleisch. 
(c) After Hauser (67). A cover-glass preparation, after having been thrice passed 
through the flame, is covered with a concentrated aqueous solution of fuchsin, and again 
passed through the flame thirty to forty times until steam begins to arise from it. It 
is then exposed to 25-per-cent. sulphuric acid for several seconds, washed in water, and 
double stained in aqueous solution of methylene-blue solution. 
(d) After Ernst (68). The cover-glass preparation, while yet warm from being passed 
thrice through the flame, is covered with as much as possible of the strongly alkaline methylene- 
blue solution of Loeffler. It is then picked up in a pair of pincettes by one of its corners and 
moved over the blue flame of a Bunsen burner until steam arises from it, care being taken that 
it does not boil. Rinse in water and double stain in Bismarck-brown solution for one to two 
minutes, or in very much diluted fuchsin solution. Spores are stained blue. 
(e) After Neisser (69). Stain in heated carbol-fuchsin, rapidly rinse in 1-per-cent. 
aqueous solution of sulphuric acid, double stain in aqueous or Loeffler's solution of methylene 
blue: or, stain in aniline-water methylene-violet solution, wash in 1-per-cent. aqueous solu- 
tion of sulphuric acid, and after-stain in acid brown. 
Staining of Special Parts of Bacteria, after Babes (70). 
Concentrated Loeffler's methylene blue is dropped on a cover-glass which has been only 
partially dried and allowed to remain for about one-fourth of an hour until the stain is 
beginning to dry up; it is then carefully rinsed in water, and mounted in water or Canada 
balsam. 
Bacteria Nuclear Stain, after Ernst (71). 
(a) Stain with warm, not hot, alkaline methylene-blue solution, wash in water, and after- 
stain in cold Bismarck-brown solution. The nuclei (sporogenous spots) are blue-black, thus 
differentiating the light-blue-stained spores. This effect is produced by " mixed staining." Appendix. 
173 
(&) Stain with Delafield's haematoxylin ; the bacillus is of a light-blue color, the nuclei 
dark violet. 
(c) Stain with Platner's nucleus-black ; the nuclei are black. 
Flagella Staining. 
(a) After Koch (72). Stain with a concentrated solution of extract of logwood; then 
immerse in 0.5-per-cent. chromic-acid solution, or in Muller's solution. Under this condition, 
a brown-black insoluble combination of the extract of logwood with the chromic acid is 
formed. Rinse in water, dry, and mount. 
(i) After Kiinstler (73). Several drops of the fluid to be examined is placed on the 
object-glass and a small drop of osmic acid added to it. It is allowed to stand for fifteen 
minutes to evaporate. It is then covered with a cover-glass, and a drop of concentrated Col- 
lins black placed in the middle of each of the four sides, which is made to mix with the 
stain under the glass by teasing with a needle. The glass is then surrounded by paraffin and 
then with wax to prevent further evaporation. In about eight to fourteen days the cilia are 
visibly stained. 
(c) After Neuhaus (74). The prepared cover-glass is allowed to swim on the surface of a 
warm solution of sulphate of iron for a few minutes; then stain in logwood solution, after 
which soak in a neutral solution of chromate of sodium. This latter solution is produced by 
adding 5-per-cent. sodium solution, drop by drop, to a weak solution of chromic acid. Or;- 
Boil the cover-glass five minutes in the common " Kaiser tint," then soak for fifteen 
minutes in a very weak solution of neutral chromic-acid sodium which has been warmed. 
This process is repeated twice or thrice. 
(d) After Trenkmann (60). A very small drop of the fluid to be examined is placed on 
the cover-glass, to which is then added a large drop of distilled water, and the whole is spread 
evenly over the surface of the glass and allowed to dry in the air without heating. Then:- 
1. Two to twelve hours in the tannin-beize, wash in a weak solution of dahlia (2 drops 
concentrated alcoholic solution of dahlia to 20.0 water), or fuchsin (2 to 4 drops concentrated 
alcoholic solution of fuchsin in 20.0 water), or gentian violet (1 drop in 80.0 water), or carbol 
fuchsin (2 drops to 20.0 of 1-per-cent. carbolic-acid solution. After one to four hours in the 
stain, wash in water. 
2. Two to twelve hours in concentrated solution of extract of logwood Wash ; stain in 
some acid aniline stain. 
3. Two to twelve hours in catechu acid. Wash; stain in some aniline stain. 
(e) After Loeffler (61). The cover-glass must always be perfectly clean and free from 
grease. To this end they should be'treated as follows : Immerse in concentrated sulphuric 
acid and warm, rinse in distilled water, and then rub dry with a cloth free from grease after 
soaking in a solution composed of equal parts alcohol and ammonia. A drop of the fluid 
to be examined is then placed on the cover-glass by means of the platinum needle, several 
drops of water added, and the whole carefully spread out over the surface of the glass. Dry 
in the air, and afterward pass three times through the gas-flame, being careful that it is not 
heated too highly. A few drops of beize are then placed upon the cover-glass while it is yet 
warm, whereupon it is again moved to and fro over the flame until steam begins to arise, and, 
after a half to one minute, is washed in distilled water, then in absolute alcohol, until the cover- 
glass appears completely colorless. This operation is repeated entire, and the preparation is 
then ready to be examined. The best stain is a neutral, saturated solution of aniline-water 
fuchsin. 
Gonococcus Staining. 
(a) After Neisser (75). The preparation is first floated on the surface of a concentrated 
alcoholic solution of eosin, which is then heated. The excess of eosin is then removed from 
the cover-glass by means of blotting-paper. It is then placed in a concentrated alcoholic 
solution of methylene blue for one-fourth of a minute. Rinse in water. 174 
Appendix. 
(6) After Schutz (76). Stain for five to ten minutes in a cold saturated solution of 
methylene blue in 5-per-cent. carbol-water, which has been filtered; wash with water; dip in 
acetic-acid water (5 drops of dilute acetic acid in 20 cubic centimetres distilled water). Double 
stain with very much diluted solution of safranin. Gonococcus, blue; pus-cells and their 
nuclei, salmon-colored. 
(c) After Steinschneider and Galewski. To differentiate from other diplococci, prepara- 
tion is placed in aniline gentian violet for twenty-five to thirty minutes, washed; then in 
iodide-of-potassium solution for one or five minutes; then in alcohol until the preparation is 
decolorized. After again washing and drying, after-stain for several seconds in Loeffler's 
methylene-blue solution ; the gonococci are then lightly and the other diplococci darkly 
stained. 
(a) After Koch and Ehrlich (77). Cover-glass preparations, dried and fixed in the air, 
are stained for twelve hours in Weigert-Koch aniline-water aniline-stain solution, then dipped 
for one to three seconds in weakened sulphuric acid (1 to 3 or 4), and at once agitated in 60- 
per-cent. alcohol. After-stain in aqueous solution of vesuvin or methylene blue for several 
minutes. 
(&) After Rindfleisch (78). The staining solution is exposed to heat until steam arises 
and bubbles appear on its surface. Otherwise, the same as above. 
(c) After B. Frankel (55). Boil aniline water in a test-tube, pour into watch-glass, add 
as many drops of a concentrated alcoholic solution of fuchsin as will produce a shimmering 
color to the surface of same. The cover-glass preparations are then allowed to swim on the 
surface of this solution for five to ten minutes, after which it is placed in Frankel's methylene- 
blue sulphuric-acid solution for one to two minutes. Rinse in water or |-per-cent. acetic-acid 
water. 
(<7) After Ziehl and Neelsen (49). The cover-glass preparation is stained in boiling 
Ziehl-Neelsen carbol-fuchsin solution. After a short time rinse in water and decolorize for a 
moment in 5-per-cent. sulphuric acid or diluted nitric acid (1 to 3), then in 70-per-cent. 
alcohol and water. After-stain in methylene blue. 
(e) After Weichselbaum (79). Stain as with Ziehl-Neelsen, and then, after rinsing in 
water, directly in a concentrated alcoholic solution of methylene blue, where the cover-glass is 
allowed to remain until it is evenly stained blue. Rinse in water. 
(/) After Kaatzer (80). The cover-glass preparation is placed in an oversaturated alco- 
holic solution of gentian violet for twenty-four hours, or, if the solution is warmed to 80° C., 
for three minutes. Decolorize in a solution composed of 100 cubic centimetres 90-per-cent. 
alcohol, 20 cubic centimetres water, and 20 drops concentrated hydrochloric acid. Wash in 
90-per-cent. alcohol. After-stain with concentrated aqueous solution vesuvin solution. 
(y) Pfuhl-Petri (81). Stain in a warmed solution composed of 10 cubic centimetres of 
saturated alcoholic fuchsin solution to 100 cubic centimetres water for one to two minutes. 
Decolorize in acetic acid for one to two minutes, rinse in water, and double stain in alcoholic 
aqueous solution of malachite green for one-half to one minute; rinse in water, dry, and 
mount in balsam. 
(A) After Liibimoff (54). Stain with borax-fuchsin as in Koch Ehrlich method. De- 
colorize in sulphuric acid (1 to 5). 
(i) After M. Hermann (52). In the heated mixture of Hermann's solution a and b, 
the cover-glass preparation is allowed to remain not to exceed one minute, then for four to 
five seconds in nitric acid. Wash in 95-per-cent. alcohol, and after-stain in eosin 
(1 gramme to 100 cubic centimetres 60-per-cent. alcohol) one-half minute. 
(k) After Gabett-Ernst (56). Stain cover-glass preparation in cold Ziehl-Neelsen's solu- 
tion for two to five minutes, then for one minute in Gabett's methylene-blue sulphuric-acid 
solution, and rinse in water. This method is the quickest, most convenient, and most exact. 
The methods of Gram, Kuehne, Weigert, Lustgarten, which, though not specific for the 
tubercle bacillus, yet stain the same, will be spoken of under " Staining of Sections." 
Tubercle-Bacillus Staining. Appendix. 
175 
(a) After Baumgarten (82). Stain for six to seven minutes in dilute alcoholic solution 
of fuchsin, and decolorize for one-fourth minute in acidulated alcohol (nitric acid and alcohol 
1 to 10); rinse in water, double stain in aqueous solution of methylene blue. Lepra bacilli 
red on blue ground. Tubercle bacilli do not stain in this space of time. 
(5) After Lustgarten (83). Stain with aniline-water fuchsin or gentian violet, and 
decolorize in 1-per-cent. chloridate of sodium for a long time, then rinse thoroughly in water. 
The tubercle bacilli are decolorized earlier than the lepra bacilli. 
Lepra-Bacillus Staining. 
Syphilis-Bacillus Staining. 
(а) After Lustgarten (83). Stain in aniline-water gentian violet for twenty-four hours, 
rinse in water, place in IJ-per-cent. solution of kalium permanganate for ten seconds, then 
for one or two seconds in an aqueous solution of sulphurous acid (produced by treating 
metallic copper with sulphuric acid), and rinse in water. If the preparation is insufficiently 
stained, the treatment with kalium permanganate and sulphurous acid is repeated for three 
or four seconds, until complete staining is accomplished. A durable stain is impossible. 
(б) After Giacomi (84). Stain for several minutes in aniline-water fuchsin, then place 
in water to which has been added several drops of chloride-of-iron solution, and finally rinse 
in water. The syphilis bacilli lose their color in mineral acids at once, or very quickly,- 
thirty-five to forty-five seconds (differentiation between tubercle and leprosy bacillus),-but 
bear treatment in alcohol for a longer time without effect (differentiation between smegma 
bacillus : Alvarez and Tavel). 
(c) After J. Lewy (85). Stain with carbol-fuchsin and decolorize with water. 
DETECTION OF BACTERIA IN TISSUE. 
1. In Alcohol. Small pieces of tissue, about the size of a hazel-nut, are taken while warm 
from the body, when possible, and placed in a bottle containing absolute alcohol, and having 
at its bottom a piece of filter-paper. Care must be taken that fresh absolute alcohol be added 
to the alcohol as it takes up the water of the tissue and of the air. In about two days the 
tissue is hardened. 
2. In Chromic Acid. Place the piece of tissue in 0.1- to 0.5-per-cent. solution,, and allow 
to remain one to eight days. Afterward, rinse in water until the water is not discolored 
Then place in 90-per-cent. alcohol, then in absolute. 
3. In Picric Acid. The piece of tissue remains for one to two days in concentrated aque- 
ous solution of picric acid, is then washed in running water for twenty-four hours, and then 
carried gradually through 50-per-cent. to absolute alcohol. 
4. In Sublimate. The tissue is taken as warm as possible and placed in 5-per-cent. corro- 
sive-sublimate solution, which is warmed to 60° or 70° C. for about ten to thirty minutes. 
Then, into 70- to 80-per-cent. alcohol for one day; from this into 90-per-cent., and then in 
absolute alcohol. 
Hardening. 
Fastening and Cutting of Tissue. 
The piece of tissue is fastened to a small cork by means of glycerin-gelatin: 1 part gela- 
tin, 2 parts water, 4 parts glycerin, made into a solution by warming, and then cooked for a 
short time; to hinder the development of bacteria in the same, it is well to add a few drops 
of sublimate solution. A drop of this glycerin-gelatin is placed on a cork, and the piece of 
tissue pressed into it; then it is exposed to the air for about one minute, and then the whole 
is replaced in alcohol. After a few hours it is ready for the microtome. Before coloring, 
always place the sections in alcohol. 
Staining of Sections-Common Methods. 
1. After Loeffler. The section is placed in Loeffler's methylene-blue solution (or the con- 
centrated aqueous solution of any stain will do equally as well); then for a few seconds in 0.5- 
per-cent. acetic-acid solution, absolute alcohol, cedar-oil; then Canada balsam. 176 
Appendix. 
2. After Koch. The stained section is placed for five minutes in a saturated solution of 
carbonate of kalium, prepared by mixing a saturated solution of the salt with equal parts 
of distilled water. Then in alcohol to dehydrate; then cedar-oil; then balsam. 
3. After Schutz (86.) Stain in kalium solution, 1 to 10,000, and concentrated alcoholic 
methylene-blue solution, equal parts, for about twenty-four hours. Rinse in water which 
contains 4 drops of acetic acid; alcohol (50 per cent.) for five minutes; alcohol, absolute, 
fifteen minutes ; cedar-oil and Canada balsam. 
4. After Gram. Stain in aniline-water gentian violet one to three minutes. Rinse in 
water; iodide-of-kalium solution two and one-half to three minutes. Repeated washings in 
90-per-cent. alcohol; absolute alcohol, cedar-oil, and Canada balsam. 
5. After Gunther, Modification of Gram's Method (87). Stain the section in aniline-water 
gentian violet one minute. Dry with filter-paper ; iodide-of-kalium solution two minutes; 
alcohol one-half minute; hydrochloric acid, 3 per cent., ten seconds; alcohol, cedar-oil, and 
Canada balsam. 
6. Kuehne's Modification of Gram's Method (50): (a) Stain the section in a solution 
composed of 1 gramme Victoria blue, in 50 cubic centimetres 50-per-cent. alcohol, added to 
an equal part of a 1-per-cent. aqueous solution of carbonate of ammonia for five minutes. 
Rinse in water; kalium iodide solution (2:4:100) two to three minutes. Rinse in water; 
extraction of stain by fluorescin alcohol. Rinse in pure alcohol; carry over into aniline oil; 
extraction of aniline oil by immersion in a high ethereal oil and xylol; Canada balsam. 
(6) Stain the section in concentrated aqueous solution of violet, to which has been added 
hydrochloric-acid (1 drop to 50 drops of water). Rinse in water ; iodide-of-kalium solution 
two to three minutes. Rinse in water ; absolute alcohol for several seconds ; extract in aniline 
oil; ethereal oil and xylol; balsam. 
7. Kuehne's Carbol-Methylene-Blue Method (50). Stain in carbol-methylene blue one- 
half to two hours. Rinse in water. Extract in acidulated water (10 drops HC1, 100 drops 
water). Rinse in a weak aqueous solution of carbonate of lithium (10 drops water, 6 to 8 
drops of a saturated solution carbonate of lithium); then in pure water; dip in absolute 
alcohol containing a small quantity of methylene blue; methylene-blue aniline oil a few 
minutes. Clear in pure aniline oil; ethereal oil (cloves, terpine) two minutes. Extract oil 
in xylol; balsam. 
8. Kuehne's Fuchsin Method (50). Stain in carbol fuchsin three to five minutes. Rinse 
in water ; dip in alcohol. To differentiate and decolorize, place in methylene-green aniline 
oil from fifteen minutes to two hours, according to the thickness of the section. Ethereal 
oil; xylol; balsam. 
9. Kuehne's Fluorescin and Oil-of-Cloves Method (88). Soak sections in a concentrated 
aqueous solution of oxalic acid five to ten minutes. Rinse in water; dehydrate in alcohol. 
Stain in fuchsin-aniline water or methylene blue in J- to 1-per-cent. aqueous carbonate-of- 
ammonia solution. Dehydrate in alcohol containing small amount of fuchsin or methylene 
blue five to ten minutes. Ethereal oil; then xylol; balsam. 
10. After Weigert (89). The section is exposed to a saturated solution of gentian or 
methylene violet in aniline water. If the section is stained on the object-glass, the excess of 
staining solution io removed by blotting-paper and the iodide-of-kalium solution is dropped 
upon it. In this case the staining solution is allowed to remain in contact with the section 
for only a very short time. The sections stained in the saucer are afterward washed in solu- 
tion of common salt, placed upon the object-glass, dried, and treated with iodide. Afterward 
again dried with blotting-paper, and aniline oil is dropped upon it several times. The 
section is then transparent. Remove aniline oil with xylol; then in balsam. 
11. Weigert's Modification of Kuehne's (90). Stain in 50 grammes concentrated aqueous 
solution of violet, to which has been added 1 drop of HC1. Rinse in water ; iodide-of- 
kalium solution ; absolute alcohol; pure aniline oil; xylol; balsam. 
12. Dry Method, after Kuehne (50). Stain in 1-per-cent. aqueous solution of ammonia Appendix 
177 
carbonate, to which has been added aqueous solution of methylene blue for ten to fifteen 
minutes. Rinse in water; decolorize in 1- to 2-per-cent. HC1; wash in water; dry on the 
object-glass by means of a stream of air produced by bellows; xylol; balsam. 
Double Stain. 
By the use of the common methods in:- 
1. Protoplasma Staining. By hardening in chromic or picric acid. 
2. Nuclear Staining. With carmine solution, by the common methods, No?. 4, 6, 7, 8, 
10, 11, and No. 6 first in b solution washed in water; then several hours in c solution. 
3. Double Staining of the Decolorized Nuclei:- 
(а) By Treatment with Alcohol. After first staining in some aqueous solution, rinse in 
alcohol, then double stain in some contrast color (vesuvin, methlene green); dehydrate in 
alcohol; clear, and mount in balsam. (May be used with No. 4.) 
(б) Dehydrate in Aniline Oil. From the xylol the section is placed in aniline oil con- 
taining some contrast color (safranin, auramin, eosin, fluorescin) for two to ten minutes, after 
which the section is transparent; then aniline oil, ethereal oil, xylol, balsam. To be used 
with Nos. 6, 8, and 9. 
1. After Ehrlich (77). Stain section in aniline-water gentian violet or fuchsin for twenty 
to twenty-four hours. Decolorize in 20- to 30-per-cent. HN03 for a few seconds, until only 
slight traces of the coloring matter is visible; alcohol (70 per cent.) until no more coloring 
matter is' given up ; after-stain in methylene-blue or malachite-green or Bismarck-brown 
solution for a few minutes; rinse in alcohol or water; dry or dehydrate; clear in oil; 
mount in balsam. 
2. After Ziehl-Neelsen (49). Stain section in warmed carbol-fuchsin solution for one 
hour; decolorize in 5 per-cent. H2SO4 for a few seconds ; alcohol, 70 percent.; continue as 
in Koch-Ehrlich. 
3. After Gabett-Ernst (56). Stain the section in cold carbol-fuchsin solution for two to 
five minutes; decolorize and double stain in methylene-blue sulphuric acid one minute; rinse 
in water; dry or dehydrate; clear in oil; Canada balsam. 
4. After Hermann (52). Stain in a heated mixture of Hermann's solution, a or &, for 
one minute; decolorize in nitric-acid four or five hours; wash in alcohol, 95 per cent.; 
clove-oil, turpentine, xylol, Canada balsam. 
5. After Liibimoff (54). Stain for twenty-four hours in cold borax-fuchsin solution ; de- 
colorize in H2SO4 (1 to 5). Differentiation from lepra bacillus is, that the decolorization 
does not take place so rapidly. 
6. After Kuehne (50):- 
(а) Stain in carbol-fuchsin ten minutes ; decolorize in 30-per-cent. HN03 ; extract in 60- 
per-cent. alcohol until the section has a rosy color; wash in water; dehydrate in absolute 
alcohol thirty minutes; place in methylene-green aniline oil, diluted by adding equal parts 
aniline oil, five to ten minutes; ethereal oil, two minutes; xylol, Canada balsam. 
(б) Stain in carbol-fuchsin for ten minutes; rinse in water; extract in fluorescin alcohol 
a few minutes: double stain in methylene-green aniline oil five minutes; ethereal oil, xylol, 
Canada balsam. 
(c) Stain in 1-per-cent. aqueous solution of carbonate of ammonium, to which has been 
added concentrated aqueous solution of crystal violet, for one hour; rinse in water; iodide-of- 
kalium solution, two to three minutes; concentrated alcoholic solution fluorescin; alcohol, 
clove-oil, terebene, xylol, balsam. 
7. After Kuehne. Triple Staining (50) :- 
(a) Weakly stain in Delafield's haematoxylin solution; wash in water several seconds; 
dehydrate in alcohol; stain in carbol-fuchsin ten minutes ; rinse in water; extract fuchsin in 
fluorescin-alcohol ; rinse in pure alcohol; ethereal oil, xylol; place in auramin-aniline oil 
Characteristic Staining Methods-Tubercle Bacillus. 178 
Appendix. 
until stained a yellowish color; rinse in pure aniline oil; ethereal oil, xylol, Canada balsam. 
We produce thus a triple staining : nuclei, violet; protoplasm, yellow ; bacillus, red. 
(6) Stain in haematoxylin solution ; then in a weak solution of extract of logwood con- 
taining alum ; rinse in water for a long time; absolute alcohol a short time. Stain in a mix- 
ture composed of a concentrated alcoholic solution of fuchsin and a solution composed of 
1-per-cent. solution of ammonium carbonate, thymol-water, equal parts, for twenty-four hours. 
Rinse in water; dehydrate in alcohol; aniline oil several minutes; concentrated aniline-oil 
auramin solution ten to fifteen minutes ; turpentine, xylol. The cell-protoplasm is yellowish 
gray ; nuclei, violet; tubercle bacilli, red. 
(c) Stain the section in nucleus black, diluted three or four times by water, for several 
minutes, until the section assumes a dark-gray tone. Rinse in a weak aqueous solution of 
carbonate of lythium until the section is a light-gray color; rinse in water; dehydrate in 
alcohol for five minutes; stain in carbol-fuchsin ten minutes; wash in water; extract in 
fluorescin-alcohol; wash in pure alcohol; place in methylene-green aniline oil, not too concen- 
trated, for five to ten minutes; ethereal oil, xylol, balsam. 
Bacillus, red; nuclei, vessels, and protoplasm, of different tones of bluish green. The 
tubercle bacillus is also stained in sections by the common methods of Gram, Kuehne, and 
Weigert. 
Lepra Bacillus. 
1. After Ulina's Dry Method (91). Stain in aniline-water fuchsin twelve to twenty-four 
hours. Differentiate in 10- to 20-per-cent. aqueous solution UNO3 until the section assumes 
a yellowish color; spiritus dilutus several seconds, until the red color returns; wash out the 
acid by prolonged rinsing in distilled water, or by dipping once in weak ammonia-water; 
on the object-glass the excess of water is removed by blotting paper ; careful heating over the 
flame one to two minutes until the section is absolutely dry; immediately mount in chloro- 
form balsam. 
2. After Lutz-Unna's lodide-Pararosaniline Method, Modified from Gram's Method (92). 
Stain in a heated dilute aniline water gentian-violet solution until the section shows an in- 
tense dark-blue violet color; then it is carried from one to the other of the following agents, 
allowing to each a few minutes,-iodide-of-kalium solution, absolute alcohol containing 10- 
to 50-per-cent. fuming HN03, and then pure absolute alcohol. The latter part of this 
process may be repeated several times (laterally the iodide solution may be omitted) until the 
section shows only a bluish-green or slate color ; then clear in thymol or oil of cloves; balsam. 
3. After Baumgarten (93). Stain in dilute alcoholic or concentrated aqueous solution 
of fuchsin for twelve to fifteen minutes; decolorize in acidulous alcohol (1 part HN03, 10 
parts alcohol) one-half minute; wash in water ; dehydrate in alcohol, oil, balsam. 
Differentiation of the tubercle bacillus, inasmuch as they do not stain at all in so short 
a time. 
4. After Luebimoff (54). Stain the section one-half to twenty-four hours in borax- 
fuchsin, then place in H2SO4 (1 to 5) for a few seconds, until the dark-brown colors change 
to a yellow-brown ; then wash in alcohol, oil, balsam. 
The methods of Gram, Kuehne, and the various tubercle stains are all practicable. To 
differentiate the bacillus of tuberculosis the bacillus of leprosy is not stained by Loeffler's 
alkaline methylene-blue solution (Neisser). 
Syphilis Bacillus. 
1. After Lustgarten. Stain in aniline-water gentian violet twelve to twenty-four hours 
at room-temperature, and afterward at 40° C. for two hours; rinse in absolute alcohol 
several minutes; place in a 1 J-per-cent. aqueous permanganate-of-potassium solution ten 
seconds; place in an aqueous solution of sulphurous acid (produced by treating metallic 
copper with H2SO4 one or two seconds); rinse in water; repeat the process from treatment 
with permanganate of potassium until the section appears completely colorless; alcohol, oil 
of cloves, xylol, Canada balsam. Appendix. 
179 
2. After de G-iacomi (84). Stain in hot aniline-water fuchsin twenty-four hours; de- 
colorize by first placing in much diluted and then in concentrated solution of chloride of 
iron ; rinse in alcohol; oil of cloves, xylol, Canada balsam. 
3. After Doutrelepont and Schutz (94). Fuchsin in 1-per-cent. aqueous solution of 
methylene violet twenty-four to forty-eight hours; decolorize in dilute HN03 (1 to 15) several 
seconds ; alcohol, 60 per cent., five to ten minutes; when a pale-blue color, place in a weak, 
transparent, aqueous solution of safranin for a few minutes; the intensely red section is then 
placed in 60-per-cent. alcohol several seconds ; rinse in absolute alcohol for just a moment; 
dehydrate ; clear in cedar-oil; balsam. 
The bacilli are blue, the nuclei and tissue light-red, and round cells (Ehrlich's cells) are 
blue with red nuclei. 
Stain in Loeffler's methylene blue several minutes. Differentiate in aq. destill., 10 cubic 
centimetres; cone. H2SO4, 2 drops; 5-per-cent. oxalic acid, 1 drop, for five seconds; absolute 
alcohol; cedar-oil; balsam. 
After Kuehne (95). From alcohol to water; stain in carbol methylene blue three to 
four minutes; acidulous water (500 drops water, 10 drops HC1) for a few seconds until the 
section assumes a pale-blue tone ; wash in distilled water ; dehydrate in alcohol f<jr a moment; 
aniline oil, with the addition of 6 to 8 drops oil of turpentine, 5 minutes ; turpentine-oil, xylol; 
contrast stain in oil of turpentine, containing 2 drops of an aniline-auramin solution, or 5 
drops of safranin solution; xylol; Canada balsam. 
The bacilli appear blue on a rosy or greenish ground. 
Bacillus Mallei. 
The best stain is Loeffler's methylene-blue solution or Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin for twenty- 
four hours; rinse in water; alcohol, cedar-oil, balsam. 
May also be stained by Kuehne's carbol methylene-blue solution ; by other methods they 
remain colorless, and are not capable of double staining. 
Typhus Bacillus. LABORATORY INVENTORY. 
Microscope, with Abbe and oil immersion. 
Koch's steam-sterilizer, with wire basket, etc. 
Thermostat. 
Gas-pressure regulator. 
Hot-water funnel. 
Meat-press. 
Ice-chest. 
Scales. 
Water- bath. 
Gas-burners, with one and three jets (Koch- 
Pfeil or Griffin). 
Leveling apparatus for preparing gelatin 
plates. 
Apparatus for counting colonies. 
Stand, containing knife, scissors, pincettes, 
spatulas, inoculation and other needles. 
Platinum needles and bses. 
Potato-knife. 
Syringes, after Koch, Petre, Stroschein. 
Glass bulbs: capacity, J, 1, 2, and 3 litres. 
Erlenmeyer's test-tubes, made of hard glass ; 
very long, for Gurber's anaerobic cul- 
tures; also Liborius's. 
Saucers, double, for potato-cultures. 
Watch-glasses. 
Glass bell for damp chamber. 
Plates, in copper box. 
Pipettes, in copper box. 
Glass benches and glass rods. 
Funnel. 
Glass slides and object-glasses. 
Jars for preparations and mice. 
Rubber tubing and caps. 
Clamps. 
Cotton. 
Filter-paper, pasters, litmus-paper. 
REAGENTS, CHEMICALS, STAINS. 
Distilled water. 
Alcohol, ether, xylol, chloroform. 
Acids: sulphuric, nitric (fuming), acetic, 
chromic, osmic, oxalic. 
Salts: natrium; kalium, lithium, ammonium 
carbonates; chloride of sodium, hydrate 
of sodium, potass-ammonium alum, iodide 
of kalium, chloride of iron, and sulphate 
of iron. 
Iodine, metallic copper. 
Thymol, sublimate, carbolic acid. 
Picric acid, tannin. 
Oils: clove, cedar, bergamot, aniline. 
Ethereal oils: oil of thyme, oil of terebene. 
Paraffin, celloidin, vaselin. 
Glycerin. 
Canada balsam. 
Peptone, cell-gelatin, agar-agar. 
Fuchsin. 
Gentian violet. 
Bismarck brown (vesuvin). 
Malachite green, methylene green. 
Fluorescin, eosin. 
Dahlia, Victoria blue. 
Carmine, haematoxylin. 
Planter's nuclear black, Collin's black. 
Safranin. 
Auramin. 
180 INDEX. 
(The numbers refer to tables.) 
Achorion Schonleinii, 132 
Acne contagiosa of horse, 114 
Actinomycoses, 119 
Aerogenes, bacillus, 45 
bacterium, 43 
helico bacterium, 44 
micrococcus, 23 
Albuminous decomposition, bacillus of, 42 
Allen Smith, 6* 
Alvei, bacillus, 112 
Anthracis, bacillus, 73 
Anthrax, symptomatic, bacillus of, 74 
Arlolng, 74 
Armann, 64* 
Armauer, Hansen, 108 
Articulorum, streptococcus, 101 
Aspergillus flavescens, 124 
fumigatus, 123 
glaucus, 121 
nidulans, 126 
niger, 122 
subfuscus, 125 
Bacillo gliscrogene, 29* 
Bacillus aerogenes, 45 
albus, 34 
alvei, 112 
anthracis, 73 
butyricus, 20 
cavicida, 50 
coeruleus, 6* 
coprogenes foetidus, 72 
crassus sputigenus, 80 
diphtheriae, 52 
diphtherias columbaruin, 56 
epidermidis, 38 
erytrosporus, 33 
Finckler-Prior, 48 
fluorescens, 30 
gas-forming, 9 
green-yellow, 8 
indicus, 2 
lacticus, 37 
lepra, 108 
liquefying, 10 
mallei, 106 
megaterium, 18 
Miller's, 22 
murisepticus, 69 
muscoides, 31 
neapolitanus, 51 
necrophorus, 57 
oedematis maligni, 67 
of acne contagiosa of horse, 114 
of albumen decomposition, 42 
of blue milk, 36 
Bacillus of buffalo-plague, 64* 
of chicken-cholera, 62 
of conjunctivitis, 60 
of haemorrhagic infection, 69* 
of intestinal diphtheria in rabbits, 55 
of pneumo-enteritis of the pig, 70 
of pseudo-oedema, 68 
of pseudo-septicaemia of mice, 71 
of rabbit-septicaemia, 63 
of rhinoscleroma, 105 
of senile gangrene, 66* 
of swine-plague, 64 
of symptomatic anthrax, 74 
of xerosis, 61 
oxytocus perniciosus, 81 
phosphorescens, 11 
pneumoniae, 75 
pneumonicus agilis, 113 
polypiformis, 32 
potato, 17 
prodigiosus, 1 
pseudo-pneumonicus, 76 
pyocyaneus, 102 
pyogenes foetidus, 95 
resembling bacillus subtilis I, 40 ; II, 41 
root, 15 
ruber, 7 
salivarius septicus, 79 
saprogenes I, 92; II, 93; III, 94 
scarlatinae, 14* 
septicus agrigenus, 66 
subtilis, 14 
syphilis, 118 
tetanus, 109 
tuberculosis, 107 
typhus, 111 
violaceus, 6 
Bacteria of Texas fever, 116** 
of thready urine, 29* 
ureae, 29 
Bacterium aerogenes, 43 
coli commune, 53 
graveoleus, 19 
lactis aerogenes, 54 
of hog-cholera, 116* 
of wild plague, 65 
Zopfii, 39 
Baginsky, 137 
Bary, de, 18, 121 
Becker, 84 
Bienstock, 40-42, 71 
Billings, 116*, 116** 
Biondi, 79, 90, 91, 100 
Bizzozeros, 38 
Blue milk, bacillus of, 36 
Bollinger, 74,119 
181 182 
Index. 
Bordoni-Ufireduzzi, 19, 38 
Bostrom, 119 
Botrygenus, micrococcus, 103 
Brieger, 47, 50 
Bujwid, 47, 48 
Bumm, 58 
Butyric acid bacillus, 20 
Candicans, bacillus, 25 
Carter, 117 
Celli, 118* 
Cereus albus, staphylococcus, 88 
flavus, staphylococcus, 89 
Cheese spirillum, 49 
Cheshire, 112 
Chicken-cholera, bacillus of, 62 
Chicken-itch, 194 
Cholera Asiatica, 47 
gallinarum, 62 
Clostridium butyricum, 21 
foetidum, 16 
polymixa, 21 
Coccus, erysipelas, 97 
salivarius septicus, 91 
trachoma, 59 
Cohn, 73 
Coli commune, bacterium, 53 
gracilis, streptococcus, 24 
Colomiatti, 61 
Comma bacillus of Asiatic cholera, 47 
Conjunctivitis, bacillus, 60 
Cornevin, 74 
Crassus sputigenus, bacillus, 80 
Damsch, 108 
Davaine, 73 
Decomposition bacillus, 50 
Denecke, 49 
Dettmers, 116* 
Dieckerhoff, 114 
Diphtheria bacillus, 52 
Diphtherias columbarum, 56 
Diplococcus intercellularis meningitidis, 78 
of pneumonia in the horse, 82 
pneumoniae, 77 
Eberth, 111 
Edington, 14* 
Ehlers, 74 
Ehrenberg, 14 
Ehrlich, 107 
Eichstadt, 133 
Eidam, 33, 126 
Eiselsberg, von, 105 
Eisenberg, 111, 112 
Emmerich, 51 
English pox of horses, 114 
Erysipelas coccus, 97 
Erytrosporus, bacillus, 33 
Escherich, 12, 24, 53, 54 
Esmarch, von, 46 
Faeces, bacillus in, 40-42, 50, 51, 71 
Falkenhaim, 27 
Favus, 132 
of mice, 135 
Fehleisen, 97 
Feser, 74 
Finckler-Prior bacillus, 48 
Fischer, 11 
Fitz, 21 
Fliigge, 25, 33, 39, 66, 80, 81, 98, 99, 101, 
135 
Fluorescent bacillus from water, 30 
Fordos, 102 
Franke, 61 
Frankel, A., 77; C., 15; E., 61, 111 
Fresenius, 123 
Friedlander, 77 
Frisch, von, 78, 105 
Fungus of mouse-favis, 135 
of tinea galli, 134 
Gade, 125 
Gaffky, 67, 69, 110, 111, 123 
Gas-forming bacillus, 9 
Gerlach, 134 
Gessard, 102 
Giacomi, de, 118 
Giovannini, 69* 
Gonococcus, 58 
Goodsir, 27 
Grasser, 28 
Grawitz, 114, 132, 133, 136, 137 
Green-blue pus, 102 
Green-yellow bacillus from water, 8 
Guarneri, 99, 118* 
Haemorrhagic infection, bacillus of, 69* 
Hansen, Armauer, 108 
Hauser, 12, 14, 35 
Hay bacillus, 14 
Helico bacterium aerogenes, 44 
Herpes tonsurans, 133 
Hesse, 67 
Hog-cholera, bacterium, 116* 
Hiippe, 20, 36, 37, 47, 65, 136 
Indicus, bacillus, 2 
Intestinal bacillus, 24, 53-55, 72 
diphtheria of rabbits, 55 
Israel, 119 
Jaksch, von, 28 
Jens Schon, 113 
Johne, 103 
Kischbert, 61 
Kitt, 65, 74, 106, 115 
Klein, 14* 
Klemperer, 137 
Koch, R., 2, 47, 63, 67, 69, 73, 102, 107, 110, 
117; W., 74 
Kranzfeld, 106 
Kreibohm, 80 
Kurth, 39 
Lactis aerogenes, bacterium, 54 
Laveran, 118* 
Lepra bacillus, 108 
Leptothrix epidermidis, 38 
Leube, 28 
Liborius, 17, 31, 32, 67, 68 
Lichtheim, 123, 129 
Lindt, 126, 130, 131 
Liquefying bacillus from water, 10 
Loeffler, 52, 56, 57, 64, 69, 70, 191, 106 
Lung disease of cows, 116 
Lustgarten, 118 Index. 
183 
Malariae, plasmodium, 118* 
Malerba, 29* 
Malignes oedem, 67 
Manfredi, 104 
Marchiafava, 118* 
Mastitis of the cow, 115 
Megaterium, 18 
Melle, 29* 
Meningitis, diplococcus, 78 
Michael, 59 
Microbe of sputum septicaemia, 77 
Micrococcus aerogenes, 23 
botryogenus, 103 
candicans, 25 
of gonorrhoea. 58 
of lung-plague in cattle, 116 
of mastitis of the cow, 115 
of osteomyelitis, 84 
of progressive lymphoma of animals, 104 
of trachoma, 59 
pyogenes tenuis, 87 
salivarius septicus, 79 
tetragenus, 110 
ureae, 28 
versicolor, 26 
Milk-acid bacillus, 37 
blue, bacillus, 36 
Miller, 22, 23, 43-45 
Mouse favus, 135 
septicaemia, 69 
pseudo-, bacillus of, 71 
Mucor corymbifer, 129 
mucedo, 177 
pusillus, 130 
ramosus, 131 
rhizopodoformis, 128 
Neapolitanus, bacillus, 51 
Necrophorus, bacillus, 57 
Neel son, 36 
Neisser, 58, 61, 108 
Neuhaus, 111 
Nieati, 47 
Nicolaier, 66, 99,109, 134 
Nolen, 116 
Oberdieck, 99 
Oberinaier, 117 
(Edem bacillus, 67 
Oidium albicans, 137 
lactis, 136 
Olden, 125 
Orth, 83 
Osler, 118* 
Osteomyelitis, micrococcus, 84 
Oteste, 64* 
Oxytocus perniciosus, bacillus, 81 
Paltauf, 103 
Passet, 76, 83, 85, 88, 89, 95, 96 
Pasteur, 21, 62, 67 
Penicillium glaucum, 120 
Pfeiffer, 111' 
Phosphorescent bacillus, 11 
Plasmodium malariae, 118* 
Pneumo-bacillus, 75 
pseudo-, 76 
Pneumo-enteritis of pigs, bacillus of, 70 
Pneumonia coccus, 77 
in the horse, coccus of, 82 
Poels, 116 
Pollender, 73 
Polipyformis, bacillus, 32 
Potato bacillus, 17 
Prazmowsky, 14, 21 
Prodigiosus, bacillus, 1 
Progressive lymphoma in animals, micrococ- 
cus of, 104 
Proteus mirabilis, 13 
vulgaris, 12 
Zenkeri, 35 
Pseudo-oedema bacillus, 68 
Pyaemicus, streptococcus, 100 
Pyocyaneus, bacillus, 102 
Pyogenes albus, staphylococcus, 86 
aureus, staphylococcus, 83 
citreus, staphylococcus, 85 
foetidus, bacillus, 95 
malignus, streptococcus, 98 
salivarius, staphylococcus, 90 
streptococcus, 96 
tenuis, micrococcus, 87 
Rabbit-septicaemia, 63 
Rabe, 103 
Raulin, 122 
Recurrens spirillum, 117 
Red bacillus from water, 7 
Rhinoscleroma bacillus, 105 
Ribbert, 55, 83 
Rindfleisch, 107 
Ritsch, 47 
Root bacillus, 15 
Rosenbach, 83, 86, 87, 92-94, 96 
Saccharomyces rosaceus, 138 
Salivarius pyogenes, staphylococcus, 90 
septicus, bacillus, 79 
coccus, 91 
Sanna-Salaris, 29* 
Saprogenes, bacillus, 92-94 
Sarcina alba, 3 
aurantica, 4 
lutea, 5 
ventriculi, 27 
Sattler, 59 
Schbnlein, 132 
Schottelius, 72 
Schou,113 
Schutz, 64, 70, 82, 106, 123, 134 
Seitz, 111 
Septicus, agrigenus, bacillus, 66 
pyaemicus, streptococcus, 100 
streptococcus, 99 
Siebenmann, 121 
Simmonds, 111 
Soor fungus, 137 
Spirillum rubrum, 46 
Spirochaete Obermaieri, 117 
Sputum bacilli, 77, 80 
septicaemia, 77 
Staphylococcus cerius albus, 88 
flavus, 89 
pyogenes albus, 86 
aureus, 83 
citreus, 85 
salivarius, 90 
Streptococcus articulorum, 101 
coli gracilis, 24 
erysipelatis, 97 Index. 
184 
Streptococcus pyogenes, 96 
malignus, 98 
septicus, 99 
septo-pyaemicus, 100 
Subtilis, bacillus, 14 
Swine-plague, bacillus or, 64 
Symptomatic anthrax, 74 
Syphilis bacillus, 118 
Tetanus bacillus, 109 
Tetragenus, micrococcus, 110 
Tinea galli, 134 
Tizzoni, 69* 
Trachoma coccus, 59 
Trieomi, 66* 
Trichophyton tonsurans, 133 
Tubercle bacillus, 107 
Typhus bacillus, 111 
Ureae, bacterium, 29 
micrococcus, 28 
Van Tieghem, 21, 28 
Ventriculi Sarcina, 27 
Versicolor, bacillus, 26 
Vibrion septique, 67 
Violaceus, bacillus, 6 
Vossius, 108 
Watson-Cheyne, 112 
Weeks, 60 
Weichselbaum, 77, 78, 106 
Weisser, 51 
White bacillus from water, 34 
Wiesner, 120 
Wild plague, bacillus of, 65 
Wyssokowitsch, 14, 81, 83 
Xerose bacillus, 61 
Yeast-fungi, 138 
Zenker's proteus, 35 
Zopf's bacterium, 39