SURVEY OF KOREAN MEDICAL LIBRARIES March/April 1954 by FRANK B. ROGERS, LT. COL., M. C. WASHINGTON, D. C. 12 May 1954 X .675. M+- R7Z5s lcJ5i ARMED FORCES MEDICAL LIBRARY WASHINGTON, D. C. SURVEY OF KOREAN MEDICAL LIBRARIES March/April 1954 by FRANK B. ROGERS, LT. COL., M. C. (Director, Armed Forces Medical Library, Washington, D. C.) INTRODUCTION 1. In response to a request received from the Commanding General, Korea Civil Assistance Command, to visit Korea "to survey the medical literature problem," I departed from the United States on 17 March 1954, and arrived in Korea on 24 March. A detailed record of my activities is contained in Appendix A attached to this report. I departed Korea on 14 April, arrived in the United States on 24 April, and in Washington on 30 April 1954. 2. For convenience, this report is divided into three parts. Part I concerns -what has already been done, or what is in the process of accomplishment, in the rehabilitation of Korean medical libraries. Part II describes the situation as the surveyor found it in a number of representative Korean medical institutions. Part III contains discussion and general recommendations. Background information descriptive of the general medical situation in Korea is omitted; this area has been ade- quately covered before, and may be found in some of the works cite'd in the list of references attached to this report as Appendix B. FART I 3. Preliminary Remarks. The story of what has been done toward the rehabilitation of Korean medical libraries is a tangled one; the various strands have never before been gathered together in one place. This is easily understood, since it is merely one aspect of the picture which results from the series of events which followed the defeat of Japan in 1945. First came the occupation of South Korea by U. S. troops, and. the establishment of a military government under U. S. auspices, folbowed in turn by the establishment of the Republic of Korea and the departure of U, S. troops. In 1950 came the invasion from the north, the arrival of the U. N, command, and the see-sawing of the contending armies back and forth across the country. This period saw the establish- ment of UNCACK (United Nations Civil Assistance Command Korea), and the beginnings of UNKRA (United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency) as a planning operation, to bscome functional six months after the cessation of hostilities. Eventually, UNCACK metamorphosed into KCAC (Korea Civil Assistance Command); UNKRA became operational; and finally FOA (Foreign Operations Administration) came on the scene, with its Chief-of-Mission designated as overall coordinator. Meanwhile, private organizations, notably the American-Korean Foundation and various missionary groups, amuin became active. After the armistice certain U. S. Army funds be- came available in the form of the CRIK (Civilian Relief in Korea) program. Individual Army officers were active in promoting semi-official programs, as well as personal programs, with whatever resources could be mustered. Personnel assignments changed; people came and went; prospect of funds appeared and disappeared. Troops made large charitable contributions out of their own pockets; later the' official AFAK Program (Armed Forces Aid to Korea) came into being. At some points the program of these various agencies became intertwined; occasionally reports made by two or more agencies include the same program, and the unwary person is likely to be misled into believing that twice as much was accomplished as was actually the case. What follows is an attempt to record these activities as faithfully as possible. There is no assurance that this listing is complete, and in several cases projects have been listed arbitrarily under one heading when they might just as well have gone under another. 4. United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency. a. UNKRA Project 9.2-1, Restoration of School Libraries, was undertaken in 1952 with an allocation of $200,000. Lists of books de- sired were drawn up by the prospective Korean recipients, and procurement was handled by CARE, where the lists were somewhat modified while being processed. About 32,000 books were purchased and turned over in the late summer of 1953 to the Minister of Education for distribution to seven universities. Of these books, 2,500 were medical, and were distributed as follows! Seoul National University School of Medicine 250 Seoul National University School of Dentistry 250 Seoul National University School of Pharmacy 200 Taegu Medical College 550 Kwangju Medical College 550 Ehwa University School of Medicine and Pharmacy 700 In addition to these medical books, certain medical journals were also ordered from this same fund. The complete record of the journal trans- action is unavailable; it is known, however, that on 24 January 1954 UNKbb. entered the following renewal subscriptions: Seoul National University School of Medicine 27 (American) Seoul National University School of Dentistry 10 Seoul National University School of Veterinary medicine 13 Ehwa University School of Medicine 20 2 It is believed that complete records would show that additional renewal subscriptions for other medical libraries were also made at this time. While it has been established that the books purchased through this proj- ect have reached their destination, it is not clear what has happened to the journals. None of the schools visited were receiving journals currently, and all disclaimed any knowledge of such subscriptions. On the other hand, carbon copies of letters on file in the Division of Education, UNKRA, show that the various universities were notified from time to time that various journal issues had been received and could be picked up at the UNKRA warehouse in Pusan, b. A part of the funds made available by UNKRA for reconstruc- tion of the National Chemical Laboratory is to be used for the purchase of books and journals. A list of books desired, drawn up by the Direc- tor of the Laboratory with the help of Colonel Eveland, Consultant from the 406th Medical General Laboratory in Tokyo, is now on hand, and pre- sumably will be submitted for procurement along with the rest of the project in the immediate future, The money value of the books and journals to be procured is $5,661.75. c. Under Project 10.4-1, Medical Education Equipment for Taegu Medical College (total allocation, $300,000), 130 pre-medical and 150 medical titles have been purchased, many of them in multiple copies, as evidenced by the following partial list: Gray 20 copies Morris (anat) 20 copies Maximow 10 Karsnor (path)- 10 Howell 10 Christopher (minor) 10 S oilman 10 Best and Taylor 10 Christopher 10 and the following in five copies each: Boyd Curtis Cecil Bodansky Kirwin (urol) Witherspoon (gyn) Tood and Sanford Goldbert (TB) Andrews (derm) Berens (ophth) Davis (gyn & ob) Holt (ped) Stokes (syph) Cushny Callander Gilman and Goodman Jordan Stander Main (synopsis physiol) Davison (synopsis materia med) Sutton (synopsis derm) Zahorsky (synopsis ped) and others. Twenty-eight journal subscriptions have also been ordered. The money value of this material is not exactly known, although from UNKRA records it would seem that the figure of $1,700 has been suggested; from an examination of the list itself, however, it can be seen that 3 this amount is too low by at least 100$. Three cartons of these books (the percentage of the total is unknown) arrived in Fusan aboard the "SS Hong Kong Transport" during the last week of March 1954, d. Under Project 9.S-1, $50,000 was allocated as a revolv- ing fundtfor a Foreign Book Retail Store, This store accepts orders for books and journals from organizations and individuals, makes the purchases, and sells the books for hwon, (The process takes about six months.) A partial review of lists of books ordered under this plan shows that some medical books have been acquired in this way, but they represent a very small percentage (perhaps 1%) of the transactions. (Example: six medical books for Seoul National Uni-rcrsiby.) The avail- ability of this mechanism does not.seem to have been sufficiently publi- cized. e. A UNESCO "Gift Coupon" program is beir^ mmitored by UNKRA. Organizations abroad may purchase these Gilt Coupons, usually in >25 or C?50 denominations, and send them bo Korea specifying the purpose for which they are to be used (elementary rrhools, secondary schools, universities, etcu)P The Ministry of Education decides -which universities may use these giftsa Up to the present Dime, apparently only two such gifts have been used in the field of medicine, both in the amount of $50. One went to an unspecified health center in Pus an j the other, donated by the American Association of University Women, St. Joseph, Missouri, chapter, went to the Seoul National University School of Dentistry, and was used for subscriptions to 14 journals (none received so far), f. UNKRA has had funds available for scholarships abroad in various scientific, educational, and technological fields. (The amount of money available in the 1954 budget for this purpose is $48,000.) In the 1953 program, three Korean students (Kim Hyung Ki, Lee Woo Yung, Koh Chae Chang) were to be sent to the Keio University Library School, Tokyo, which has a partially American faculty headed by Mr. Robert Gitler. At the final moment this proposal was vetoed by the President of the Republic of Korea. g. Under Project 9.9-1, UNKRA has allotted &130,000 for a textbook printing plant. This plant is already under construction in Yongdungpo, outside of Seoul. While the stated purpose of this plant is for the printing of elementary school textbooks, there would seem to be no reason why it should not also be used, within its available capacity, for the printing of medical textbooks. 5• American-Koroan Foundation. a. The Rational Institute for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases (more familiarly known as thm National Vaccixie Laboratory) has been allotted $2,000 for books and ->4,000 for journal subscriptions. 4 A list of books has been drawn up, with the help of Colonel Eveland, Consultant from the 406th Medical General Laboratory, which calls for the expenditure of $2,098.87. b. At the instigation of AKF, some three hundred books (quite a few are multiple copies) were received early in 1954 by the newly established School of Public Health in Seoul, The books were collected by Dr. James S. Simmons, Dean of the Harvard School of Public Health, from various contributors — individuals, publishers, and organ- izations. AKF paid for the transportation of these books to Korea. c. AKF has allotted $30,000 for Improvement of Libraries and Science Laboratories. The Ministry of Education selected 277 titles in multiple copies to go to some 20 different schools (total value, $20,000). None of these books were strictly medical in nature, although many psy- chology texts may be considered para-medical, d. In continuation of the program initiated by General Sham- bora, Dr. Howard Rusk stimulated, largely through the medium of letters to the Journal of the American Medical Association, the contribution by private individuals and organizations in the United States of medical books and journals for use in Korea. Inland transporation of these books to the Alameda .Medical Depot was paid for out of AKF funds, and their processing and shipment to Korea was paid for by the U. S. Army out of CRIK funds. Fifteen different shipments, totaling almost 20 tons, were made up between July 1953 and January 1954. None of these books have yet reached Korea, due to lack of available bottoms and low priority. Approximately 80$ of these shipments are now in the Japan Medical Depot, and shipment to Korea may be accomplished during the latter part of May 1954.* e. Two cases of books weighing 645 lbs,, and one carton weighing 45 lbs,, were found in Warehouse No, 2 in Pusan. These had arrived aboard the "SS Hawaii Bear" in January 1954. The consignee was AKF, and the books were addressed to the CARE office, Pusan. /it was recommended that these books and journals be distributed in Kyongsang- namdo by the local KCAC teani^/ f. AKF is currently (May 1954) sponsoring a large program of HELP KOREA TRAINS. One hundred freight carloads of material have been contributed, and the goal is 600 freight carloads. An effort is being made to get large contributions of books, particularly multiple copies of textbooks, from American publishers. All kinds of books are being accepted, and medical books are specifically included. Mr. Alan L. Heyneman of the Library of Congress is acting as consultant to the AKF in this program, and he is aided by a Book Advisory Committee. It may be expected that large quantities of medical books will be received in Korea as a result of this drive, ■^/Latest information received from OTSG/DA is that a total of 64,481 lbs, of books have been shipped from the West Coast, with an additional 7,500 lbs. to be loaded shortly^/ 6. United Nations Civil Assistance Command Korea. Early in 1952 Dr. Beechwood of UNCACK obtained 26 titles in 238 copies of Japanese veterinary books. These were turned over to the Seoul National Univer- sity, School of Veterinary Medicine. In addition, 90 Japanese veteri- nary journals, in two copies each, were ordered in December 19.52 and arrived in the early spring of 1953. An additional list of 25 veteri- nary journals, half Japanese, half American, was ordered, apparently under an UNKRA project designated 3«4-l# These magazines have been re- ordered for the current year. They are for the school in Seoul and for the National Veterinary Research Institutes at Anyang and Pusan. 7. Korea Civil Assistance Command. a. When a gift of 71 medical titles, some in multiple copies, was received from Army installations in the ZI in July 1953, KCAC super- vised their distribution to the following: Seoul Kwangju National Health Center National Leprosarium Dental College Taegu Ministry of Health (3 titles) National Relief Hospitals #1 and #2 National Vaccine Laboratory Pusan National Chemical Laboratory National Veterans TB Hospital (Ma3an) Taejon National TB Hospital (Masan) National Relief Hospital National Veterans Relief Hospital (Tongyung) b. When the AKF-Harvard School of Public Health books arrived KCAC expedited their delivery after the shipment had become entangled in the Korean customs office, c. KCAC expects to be responsible for the 20 tons of books which are being provided'under AKF-CRIK auspices, d. KCAC has been indirectly involved, through Colonel Eveland, in the provision of books for the National Vaccine Laboratory and the National Chemical Laboratory. Through Major Elmer R, Pede, veterinary officer of the Agriculture Branch, Technical Division, KCAC, the pro- grams initiated by Dr. Beechwood of UNCACK are being continued. e. The Nursing Section, Public Health Branch, Technical Division, KCAC, has an active program under way of reprinting nursing texts in the Korean language. This is described elsewhere. 8. United States Armed Forces. a. In the period 1945-48, Military Government officials ob- tained an undetermined number (probably small) of used medical texts and presented them to various medical installations. During the survey some of these books were seen both at the Kwangju and Taegu medical schools. 6 b. In the fall of 1952, General Shambora (Chief Surgeon, FEC) and General Ginn (Surgeon, Eighth Army) appealed for gifts of medical books and journals from medical installations in the United States. There were many contributors, among which the chief ones seem to have been the University of California, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Armed Forces Medical Library. These books were shipped to Korea by the U. S. Army, received at the 60th Medical Depot in Pusan, and distri- buted by the Surgeon, KComZ (Colonel Steger; Colonel Bauchspies), Four shipments consisting of 122 boxes of books and journals, weighing in all a little over one ton, were received between May 1953 and January 1954. Approximately 12 man-weeks were required to sort this material. Approxi- mately 80$ of the material was turned over to the Taegu Medical School, 10$ to the Seoul National University Medical School, and 10$ to Severance Medical College, both then located in Pusan. c. Various contributions have been made to the ROK Army Medi- cal Service, The Armed Forces Medical Library shipped 3,000 duplicate publications to the Surgeon General, ROKA, in early 1953. AFML has also been sending copies of its Current List of Medical Literature tc the Surgeon General, ROKA, and to the 5th ROKA Hospital, Pusan. Currently, about 4,000 duplicate volumes have been collected from U. S. Army instal- lations in Japan and are now in the Japan Medical Depot awaiting shipment to Korea and transfer to ROKA, 9. U. S, State Department, The State Department maintains six USIS libraries in Korea; at Seoul, Chonju, Kwangju, Taegu, Pusan, and Taejon. At the library in Seoul about 25 American medical journals are currently received, and some 50 medical books are on hand and available for reference. In addition, there is a "presentation program," through which small quantities of journals are given to hospitals and medical schools from time to time. Distribution is somewhat erratic, depending on funds which become available; it is believed that the program is relatively small. Some journals obtained through this channel were seen at the Kwangju Medical Celleg©. 10, Private Contributions. a. Many medical books and journals have been received through the efforts of American medical officers acting as individuals. In four medical schools, one civilian hospital, Wo ROKA hospitals, and one health center, books obtained by a Captain Sawyer of the 21st Evacuation Hospital were noted. No doubt others have made similar contributions. The volume of material received from such sources is relatively large, b. Current medical journals being received on private sub- scriptions by Service officers in Korea are frequently handed over te civilian medical institutions. c. The Honolulu County Medical Library is contributing medi- cal journals through Dr. Choy of the Korean War Orphans Relief Committee 7 of the Korean War Relief Society. This is probably only one instance of many donations of this type by various similar institutions, unknown to the surveyor. d. An article on page 142 of the May-June 1954- issue of Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons consists of a request from Dr. Keum Sung Sohn, head of the Seoul Red Cross Hospital, chiefly for textbooks. The request was relayed by the Association for Aid t» Korean Hospitals, which has offices at 2231 Broadway, San Francisco, California (Mr. Warren W. Smith, Jr., Secretary). The surveyor has no other informa- tion on this agency. e. The Medical Library Association (United States), through a Rockefeller Foundation grant, has a program for providing book and periodical materials to foreign libraries. The medium utilized for the program is the United States Book Exchange. USBE has been corresponding with a Dr. Tong Soo Cho of Severance Medical College in Seoul; in Novem- ber 1952 USBE sent a small shipment to Severance, and on 12 February 1954 consigned 7,000 periodical pieces to Severance, (CARE handles shipment and bears the administrative costs of shipment; the U. S. Information Agency bears cost of transportation to Philadelphia, and ocean freight costs are reimbursed through FOA.) [f. General Information. The surveyor was told that about 30 internationally sponsored relief agencies are active in Korea. A Korean Association of Voluntary Agencies (KAVA) is being formed, with Monsignor Carroll, of Maryknoll, as Chairman. Miss Helen Wilson, Liaison Officer for Voluntary Agencies at the UNKRA New York office, UN Building, New York City, who is in touch with the American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Overseas Service, is a suggested source of further infonnationJS/ PART II 11. Preliminary Remarks. April 1954 is an early hour in the recon- struction of Korea. Many schools are just returning to their proper buildings, now finally evacuated by troops. Book stocks which have sur- vived are disorganized and piled in heaps. Trained staff is unavailable; salaries are precarious. In the face of a total need, medical libraries have had low priority; drugs, beds, surgical instruments and the like understandably get first attention. Under these conditions an accurate assessment of the library situation is difficult, and necessarily frag- mentary. The following paragraphs describe the situation found by the surveyor in various categories of institutions, 12, Government Medical Schools. a. TAEGU (l) The Medical College of Kyung Puk University at Taegu 8 was established in 1924. The physical facilities of the College are good, and close to a million dollars are.being spent currently on rehabilitation of the physical plant and provision of equipment. A class of 80 students has been admitted this year. (2) Before the war the medical library contained 20,000 volumes, (It is estimated that 200 volumes were lost during the war.) The quality of the material is excellent; more than half is in German or English, and includes long runs of prominent journals, sets of basic Handbttcher such as Abderhalden and.IIcnke-Lubarsch, and bibliographical tools such as Chemical Abstracts (practically complete to 1940) and QCIM. The collection is heavily weighted in the areas of biochemistry, bacteri- ology and pathology., This collection had been improved through the re- ceipt in 1947 of 1,000 books given by Military Government and some 3,000 journal pieces from the International Exchange Service operated by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. (3) During 1953 about 400 book? and. 4.,000 journal pieces were received .tYon bl*e Surgeon, -KComZc In Ja'emary l'm>b an additional 200 books and 300 j:ma:'mb pieces, donated by the University of Pennsyl- vania, were received from this source. During the summer of 1953 there were 550 books received from UNKRA (although persons interviewed at Taegu estimated this number as ''about 300,j)'i, (4y While* at Taegu the surveyor was told that the College officials had no knowledge of plans for additional purchase of books and journals. It was subsequently discovered, however> that UNKRA has made such purchases, and that some of the books have actually arrived in Pusan. It was also stated that no current journals are being received; none were seen. (5) One room measuring approximately 60' x 20' has been set aside on the top floor of the main building to serve as a library. This room was bare of books at the time of the survey, but contained about 60 newly made 6-shelf bookcases of rough native lumber. A much smaller room across the hall has been set aside as a reading room. (6) In a separate building in temporary storage are the books and journals recently received, from UNKRA, KComZ, and other sources. Unbound journals are piled in stacks and have apparently not been sorted. In this group there are a few relatively worthless older texts, such as an 1899 system of therapeutics, and a--'few random pieces of old and obscure medical journals, but the general quality is good,, (7) In another separate shed are stored the* books and journals (mostly bound) which constituted the pre-war collection. There is apparently no plan for integrating this material with the material more recently received In this shed also is to be found a card catalog of sorts. The author catalog is barely adequate, with many peculiar entries, such as the listing of a Handbttch under the name of the publisher. There is also a rough classified catalog, with books grouped under very broad headings. 9 (8) At present there is no librarian.. In the spring of 1953 the University invited Mr. Koh Jai Uk of Seoul to spend three months in Taegu to reorganize the University library. All of Mr. Koh's work was done at the central University library; two girls who received on-the-job training from Mr. Koh are now employed there. b. KWANGJU (l) The Medical College of Chun Nam University at Kwangju was established in 1943. Considerable additions to the physical plant were built with American funds during the period immediately following World War II. Originally a medical school only, the institution became a university two years ago, with the medical college now being one of several schools within the university. (2) The medical library is situated on the third floor of the main building. In one room were found eight single standard sec- tions of medical books, mostly older titles of unimpressive quality. Catalog cards were stuck in each volume, as a preliminary to reorganiza- tion and rearrangement. Also in this room were eight single standard sections of books on geography, history, and other subjects, as well as many novels. The reason for the presence of these books could not be determined, (3) Off from this room there was a small reading room containing tables and benches, and behind the reading room was a small room which contained 12 double standard sections of bound journals, al- most entirely in Japanese. It was stated that before the war the collec- tion totaled about 4,000 volumes, and that the war loss had been about 20$, (4) Also on the same floor was a small room designated "Professors' Reading Room." Here were found about a dozen recent Ameri- can periodical issues, gifts of the American Cultural Center (USIS), Kwangju, There were also about a dozen recent Japanese medical journals; it was stated that these had been obtained from "traders," (5) In a separate room on the first floor of this same building were found 550 new books provided by UNKRA, They were on shelves locked behind a chicken-wire grating. It was noticed that only volume 3 of the 4-volume set of Thorek's Modern Surgical Technique was present; whether this represented a defect in original procurement, carelessness in housekeeping, or loan and use of the missing volumes, could not be determined. It was noted that a fair number of these UNKRA books are outside the field of medicine, as in social studies and history. It has to be remembered, however, that the two-year pre-medical portion of the six-year medical course in Korea is taught in the medical school proper. ..„ . u. [® The surveyor was also shown a separate building, high on a hill behind the University, which is to be used as a library. The building was.empty. It is believed that the building is intended for use as a central university library. 10 (7) As in other schools, the surveyor was introduced to the "Librarian" of the Medical College. As in other places, the person so designated is merely one of the professors who has a custodial and monitoring supervision of the library function. There is no trained librarian, with or without formal education. In 1946 Mr. Koh of Seoul had spent one year at this school trying to rehabilitate the library; his efforts were nullified by the disruption of the war. c. SEOUL (l) The Medical College*of Seoul National University (previously Keijo Imperial University) was founded in 1902. The physi- cal plant is excellent. It had been used as an Air Force headquarters during the war; the medical library was used as a briefing room for pilots, and steel doors were built over the entrances as a security measure. The Medical College had regained this building only a few weeks prior to the survey. The school admits 120 students normally; 135 have been admitted this year. (2) Before the war the collection in the medical school proper was said to be 70,000 volumes. An estimated loss of 20$ or 14,000 volumes was sustained during the war, leaving an estimated 56,000 volumes. These books are still packed in cardboard boxes which are piled high in a solid mass in the former medical reading room, which is of ample size. The books could not be inspected, and only a very rough estimate could be made of the quantity;- it did not seem probable, however, that 56,000 volumes were on hand, A more reasonable estimate might be between one-half and two-thirds of that figure. The room which housed the library proper, across the hall, is of ample size, but is now bare of books and furniture, and all shelves have been stripped away. (3) In addition to this collection, there was a separate collection of books on clinical subjects, said to number 30,000 volumes, housed in the University Hospital nearby. This building has also just now been returned to University control, and is undergoing much needed physical rehabilitation, with funds from an undetermined source. These books were found tied in bundles and pitched into a hugh pile in a locked room in the hospital; when the hasp was struck off to permit entry, the bundles spilled out into the corridor. It is probable that one-half to two-thirds of the original collection may still remain. (4) New books (250) received from UNKRA are located on shelves behind the desk in the office of the Dean of the School. Other books have been received through the Surgeon, KComZ, and through Captain Sawyer of the 21st Evacuation Hospital, (5) It was impossible to examine the collections in their present state. From collateral evidence, however, it is probably a sound guess that the collections are of high quality. This evidence consists of the following: 11 (a) A list of journals obtainable in the library, made up in 1938. This lists 400 prqminent titles, predominantly in German but with many English and Japanese titles, with extensive runs in each. Such a collection would be the envy of many American medical schools, (b) The central library of the University was inspected. It is a large library, well housed and well kept, and of excellent quality up to 1940, There is a supervisory connection between the central library and the medical library, although this may be tenu- ous, as in some American schools. (c) It is perhaps allowable to draw an analogy between the situation here and the one at Taegu, (6) The Dean stated that he and his faculty had drawn up a procurement list of 104 books at an estimated cost of $1,040, and two-year subscriptions to 141 journals at an estimated cost of $4,180, but that the request for procurement had been rejected by the Ministry of Health. (7) It was stated that members of the faculty of this School are currently preparing translations of Claude Bernard1s Princi- ples of Experimental Medicine. Bodansky's Biochemistry of Disease, and a textbook on pediatrics. There seems to be some vague hope that somehow these translations may be published, (8) Dr. Kim Tu Jong, a member of the faculty, has finished writing a History of Korean Medicine, It was indicated that a Korean publisher hopes to bring this out shortly; there was also a vague refer- ence to AKF support, which the surveyor was unable to confirm, 13• Private Medical Schools (all located in Seoul) a. Severance Medical College (established 1899) (l) This College has recently re-established itself in Seoul alter interim operation in Pusan, The buildings in Seoul suffered heavy war damage, perhaps half being totally destroyed. The entering class this year numbers 65, while the normal number is 50. (2) The library is located in a shabby two-story building which was apparently a staff residence in former years, In a large room on the first floor are shelved about 2,600 volumes, arranged according to a simple but adequate classification said to have been devised by Mr. Ko Chae Chang of the National Library, Most of these books were received through the Surgeon, KComZ, and from Captain Sawyer. Some 350 pounds of books, the gift of Dr. John R. Paul, were received in December 1953; the AKF paid for the shipping charges. In a sun-porch off this main room there are many large piles of unbound and largely unsorted medical journals received from the same sources. 12 (3) In a small room upstairs are to be found three standard double sections of Japanese books and journals, and six stand- ard double sections of English and German books. This represents ap- parently all that was salvaged from the pre-war library. The books are in bad physical condition, are old, and of generally poor quality, (4) Also on the second floor is a small room which serves as the librarian's work space, Here is to be found a barely adequate catalog, and some unbound fairly recent American medical jour- nals which have been given preliminary sorting, (5) The faculty member in charge of the library is Dr. Lee WooChoo, who is currently engaged in translating Grollman's Pharmacology, and says he expects the Ministry of Education to publish it. He has also been working on an English-Korean medical dictionary, modeled on the Kusama English-Japanese medical dictionary. This work is now two-thirds complete and could be finished in two or three months. (6) The real librarian is Miss Shin Chang Whan, who is a graduate of the library course held in the National Library during the years between the two wars0 (7) Students are not allowed to borrow books from the library, but staff members may borrow them, (8) While at Severance, the surveyor.found no one who is aware of the Medical Library Association-USBE-CARE program for providing back files of periodicals to this school (see paragraph lOe above). b. Ehwa University School of Medicine and Pharmacy. (l) This Christian Mission School was founded in 1925 and is operated exclusively for women. The campus is located on the outskirts of Seoul, and contains several large and imposing modern build- ings. The School of Medicine and Pharmacy is located in a separate building, previously occupied by an Air Force unit. The medical library room proper had served as a service club. At the time of the survey this room and the whole building were being rehabilitated. The number of entering medical students this year is 73. (2) The medical library consists entirely of 700 medical books provided by UNKRA during the past year. (3) The only present clinical facilities are provided by a small hospital (80 beds) located on the opposite side of Seoul. This hospital has no library whatsoever. Another small hospital, also of approximately 80 beds, is now nearing completion near the main campus, (4) Miss Lee Pong Soon, a graduate of this University, is now receiving library training at Indiana University, It is expected that she will return this fall to serve as University Librarian, There is no librarian for the medical library. 13 c. Women's Medical College. (l) This school was founded by a private philanthropist in 1939. It consists of one large building, which has been allowed to run down during recent years and has been stripped bare of all equipment and furniture; the only thing which remains from the evacuation in 1950 is a stock of cadavers for the anatomy classes. There is no library, and the only printed matter on hand is a two-foot high pile of duplicate copies of the Journal of the American Medical Association, donated by Severance, (2) The College has admitted 150 students to the begin- ning class this year. There are no oources of funds except for students' tuition fees. There are no clinical teaching facilities; the college's hospital, located immediately behind the main school building, is now occupied by a ROK-Army unit, (.3) While no information on the subject was obtained during the visit to the college, it was later learned through the Korean doctor who acts as Dr. Larsen's assistant on the KCAC Kyongi-do Team that a Professor Koo Kuk Hoi, a member of the faculty at Women's Medical College and a graduate of some medical school in Texas, had received a promise from this Texas school in January 1954 to send some 4,500 medical volumes to Women's Medical College, 14. Other Schools. a. Seoul National University School of Dentistry. (l) The only dental college in Korea is located in a modern building in Seoul. The building seems to have suffered very few ill effects as a result of the war. This year's class has 120 students. (2) The library proper is on the top floor, and is bare except for a few shelves which remain in place. A small collection of books and journals are spread out on table tops in an adjoining room, where they are being sorted by one of the dental students who serves as custodian of the collection. There were some fairly modern works in this group, (3) The School received 250 books through UNKRA last summer. These books are kept in the Dean's office, and were not seen. (4) The surveyor was told that no current dental peri- odicals are being received, and none were seen. This is in contradiction of UNKRA's records to the effect that ten renewal subscriptions for this College were placed in January 1954. b. Seoul National University School of Pharmacy. (l) The School of Pharmacy is located in a large building 14 separate from the main University campus. It is bare of almost all items of equipment. The library is located in a small room and is comprised of the equivalent of 12 standard sections of books. The surveyor was told that UNKRA had supplied 600 books; UNKRA records indicate that this figure should be 200, and inspection showed that the latter figure is probably accurate. In addition to the UNKRA books, there is the remainder of the previous library. This includes a complete set of Beilstein, and short runs of Berichte der Deutsche Chemisches Gesellschaft, Chemisches Zentral- blatt, and Helvetica Chemica Acta, among others. The UNKRA books lie in disarray on the shelves, in no apparent order. There is heavy emphasis on pure chemistry. (2) The surveyor saw copies of offset reproductions of two American texts, and was informed of the existence of a third, which are published by the firm of Che II Sa, Ltd., 164-2 Street, Eulchiro Chungku, Seoul. It was said that these books were printed in Korea, but it seems more probable that they had been printed in Japan. They were: Linus Pauling's College Chemistry, originally published by Freeman of San Francisco in 1951, available at 880 hwon; Freser & Freser's Textbook of Organic Chemistry (1950), available at 950 hwon; Mitchell's Textbook of Biochemistry (1950). (3) Besides this School and the School of Pharmacy at Ehwa University, there are five other schools of pharmacy in Korea — three in Seoul and two in Pusan, c. School of Public Health. This is a graduate school, estab- lished last year, under the direction of the Ministry of Health and with salary subventions from AKF, The library consists of some 300 books, many in multiple copies, collected by Dr. Simmons of the Harvard School of Public Health, and transported to Korea by AKF, With the help of Miss Shin Chae Sook, this collection has been put in excellent order; an up-to-date loan system is employed; and it was encouraging to find many books charged out to borrowers, 15. Other Institutions. a. National Vaccine Laboratory (Seoul) (l) This institution has at present a small library equiva- lent to 12 standard double sections. There are about 100 books, predomi- nantly in Japanese, with some in German and English. The remainder of the collection consists of journals, mostly bound. The following sample list of holdings reveals the nature and quality of the collection: Immunitaetsforschung und experimentelle therapie, v. 49-99. Zentralblatt ftlr Bakteriologie, v. 101-146. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine, v. 20 (1949-50). Journal of Experimental Medicine, v. 87-91 (1948-49). American Journal of Public Health, v, 36-40 (1946-50). Journal of Bacteriology, v. 44-58 (1942-49). Japanese Medical Journal, v. 1-3 (1948-50), Bacteriological Reviews, v. 11-13 (1947-49). Science, (1947-50), 15 (2) In consultation with Colonel -jiveland, the Director of the Laboratory has drawn up a list of books and journals which are to be procured with $6,000 provided by the American-Korean Foundation, b. National Chemical Laboratory (Seoul) (l) This institution is expected to function in a manner similar to the U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Its library collec- tion at present is modest, with ample reading space provided, (2) In consultation with Colonel Eveland, the Director of the Laboratory has drawn up a list of books and journals which will be procured at an estimated expenditure of $5,661,75, funds to be sup- plied by UNKRA. c. Veterinary Institutions. (1) There is only one recognized School of Veterinary Medicine in Korea, and this is a part of the Seoul National University. This School lost its entire library during the war. It received 90 new Japanese books from UNCACK, and currently has subscriptions to 115 journals, in Japanese and Driglish, provided by UNKRA funds. (2) There are three partial schools, which are really agricultural high schools, located in the provinces, (3) There are two National Veterinary Research Institutes, one at Anyang and one at Pusan. The one at Pusan is said to have a good library of between 8,000 and 10,000 volumes, through 1940. d. Medical Care Institutions. No hospital, health center, or dispensary visited had any medical library, with the minor exception of the small collection of books at the Presbyterian Hospital in Taegu, Any books present were Japanese texts privately owned by doctors working in the institutions. e. Nursing Education. (l) The Nursing Section of the Public Health Branch, KCAC, has been active in developing a program for providing nursing texts in 17 basic subjects, in the Korean language. Each of these is to be printed in 2,000 copies. The first text, Obstetrical Lectures for Nurses 1953), is now on sale. The second, dealing with the history of nursing, is at the printer. The third, dealing with physiology and anatomy, is complete except for revision. Completion of the project may require three years. Funds for the project were originally provided by UNKRA, on a revolving fund basis. Serious financial difficulties have been encountered because of inflation and a constantly devaluating hwon, (2) There are 17 schools now in operation, with three more projected. The Chief of the Nursing Section, KCAC, believes that 16 11 schools and one postgraduate school ought to be furnished with a si,all basic library, with half of the money expenditure going for cur- rent journals,, It is also her belief that the other- schools would profit more by bedim furnished with charts and other visual aids, rather than books. She believes, further, that a library should be established at the headquarters of the Korean National Nurses Association, and that a i subvention should be provided for the continuation of their journal, one issue of which was published last year. It would be helpful to pro- vide subscriptions for half a dozen nursing journals, one for the Minis- try of Health and one for each of the 11 provincial KCAC teams, copies to be circulated throughout each province. 16, Librarianship in Korea. a. During the period 1946-50 there was in existence a Korean Library Association, with headquarters at the National Library, a member- ship of around 50, and a publication entitled Moon Worm The Association is not* in being at the present time, although Mr* Oho Kun Yong, Director of the National Library,, as a director-of the Library Association has assumed an imt.oriir re 3ncnsibilit'y for handling its correspondence b>, Darirm the .period 1946-50 a course in librarianship mas * offered at one Natioral Libre ry* The course is said to have lasted for one year; there are said to have been six sessions. In all about 120 persons were gracuated, of whom perhaps 10 were women. c. Besides Mr. Cho, Director of the National.Library, Mr. Lee Oo Young, Librarian of the Ching Hei Navy Academy, Kyongsang-namdo, and Mr. Koh Jai Uk,.of the R-m-eanch Library, Bank of Korea, Seoul, are re- ported to be persons of outstanding ability, d. • There is one american-trained* librarian in Korea, and there is soon to be another, hiss Shin Chai Sook, who worked in the Seoul National University Library until 1948, studied librarianship at ■ the University of Michigan between September 1948 and February 1950; she is now an employee of the AKF Seoul office, where she is concerned with the AKF educational fellowship program; prior to this she had worked at the USIS library-, Seoul. Miss Lee Pong Soon is now getting training in librarianship at Indiana University and will return this fall to be librarian at Ehwa University, There is also the* possibility that another person will be going to Vanderbilt University this fall on a Medical Library Association fellowship, 17, Medical Societies. a. The Korean National Medical Association is established by lav;, and all doctors must belong to it. There are branches in each prov- ince ?„nd major city. b. The headquarters of the National Medical Association in • Seoul has a small nucleus for a medical library in the form of a r i 17 « collection of books donated by Captain Sawyer, These books are now in the custody of Dr, Yun II Sun, Dean of the Postgraduate School, Seoul National University, and are located in hie office there. Officials of the Association are desirous of erecting a headquarters building and library in Seoul, Captain Avram Kattscher, M. C,, of the Air Evacuation Group located at K-16, has proposed an AFAK project which would provide the necessary building materials. But this would still leave the site to be provided and labor costs to be borne by the Association, c. The Pusan Medical and Dental Association is said to possess a library of about 300 books donated by Captain Sawyer, d. While in Taegu the surveyor was told that the Taegu Medi- cal Society had voted, at a meeting held the previous Sunday, to erect a building to house a medical library, e. The Report of the WHO/UNKRA Health Planning Mission in Korea, 1952, considered that medical associations "should be used to help in making imported medical literature available to as many doctors as possible" (p. 71), This is also the opinion of Dr, Richard F, Brown, Chief of the Preventive Medicine Section, Public Health Branch, KCAC, 18, Medical Publishing in Korea, a. Added to this report as Appendix C is a list entitled "Medical Journals Published in Korea," This list was furnished by the Ministry of Health, While it is obviously inaccurate in many respects, it is given here in the exact form in which it was transmitted to the surveyor. The list comprises fourteen journalst Of these, two were published for the benefit of tuberculosis patients; four were published for the benefit of the medical services of the ROK Army, Navy, and Air Force, and three journals are listed as being "under suspension." b. Of the titles listed, only four were actually seen by the surveyor. One was the Journal of Rural Health (v,2, no. 1, Sept. 1953), published by the Institute of Rural Health, located at Kaejon in Cholla- pukto. (This Institute is said to be under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture.) Original articles are published in this jour- nal. Another title seen was Bulletin of the MFSS (listed as "Medicine"), published by the ROK Army's Medical Field Service School at Masanj this journal consists largely of abstracts of articles from American periodi- cals, A third was The World of Health, and the fourth was Public Health and Medicine (the last two in Korean). c. United Nations personnel interviewed by the surveyor claimed to have seen the Medical JournalT ROK Army and the Medical Journal. ROK Air Force. The status of the remaining periodicals is unknown, d. In addition to the fourteen journals listed, there should be noted the Journal of the Korean Nurses Association of which one issue was published; and a small quarterly mimeographed journal, published by 18 the faculty of the school at Kwangju, consisting of abstracts of articles in American journals, in the Korean language, e. Publication of non-periodical literature has apparently been limited to issuance in mimeographed form of outlines of various courses. Ordinarily, these are distributed by the author to his own students, and the publications receive no wider circulation, An ex- ception is the special series of nursing monographs being prepared by KC..C, f. >v few special pamphlets were seen. Besides those published by the Hhvironmental Sanitation Section of KCb.C, there is a pamphlet for the tuberculosis patient published by CARE. Also widely available is a 1950 Korean edition of the U. S, Children's Bureau pamphlet Infant Care; this was published by the Tae Han Mun Hulg Hyp Cho Committee, Seoul, PART III 19• General Discussion. a. In general, I have tried to specify in this report what should be done, and to some extent how it may be accomplished, I have net attempted, save in rare instances, to suggest the agency which should be responsible for the work, or the means to be employed. The split in functions between UNKR.i and KCb.C, recently re-emphasized by a letter of 5 March 1954 from UNKRa to KCAC stating that "UNKft. wishes, within the terms of the amendment to the letter defining responsibilities, to accept full responsibility for all health projects funded by UNKR,MM which in the field of medicine is paralleled by the split responsibili- ties of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health of the ROK government, and the various activities of private organizations such as the American-Korean Foundation, and others, presents a complex organiza- tional and administrative problem -which cannot be gone into hero. But there are other difficulties. During the survey I acquired the strong feeling that the area in which the largest and most immediate dividends may be realized is the area of medical libraries connected with the various medical schools. But in making my recommendations I am hampered by what seems to me to be a lack of definition of the direction in which Korean medical education is proceeding. While a great deal of work has been done in rehabilitation of physical plants and provision of equipim nt and supplies, little attention has been paid to the content of the curri- culum, or to methods of teaching, or to rationalization of the output of graduates at a level which vail be adequate both to the needs of the people and to the capacity of the economy of the country to maintain. To be more specific, I offer two examples: (l) There are seven schools of pharmacy now operating in Korea. It is inconceivable to me that the Korean economy can sustain 19 the number of graduates produced by this program. If all the schools are to be operated, however, they must have libraries. Under the cir- cumstances, should UN and ROK support be given to one school, or to all? (2) Frior to 1945 women were not admitted to government- supported medical schools, and as one result two private medical schools arose in Seoul for the admission of women students only; one of these schools is now gettinm back on its feet; the other is now floundering without resources of any kind save for a bare building in which classes may be held. Since women students are now admitted to government-sup- ported schools, is there any longer a need for two schools out of a total of six to be operated exclusively for women? Would not one women's school be sufficient? Are the resources available to the UN forces and the ROK government sufficient to spread over all six schools? I was told that it is contemplated that a new government-supported medi- cal school is to be instituted in Pusan, to include a medical college utilizing the clinical facilities of the Pusan City Hospital, Should available resources be channeled into this new school, or into the moribund women's school, or split between both? b. These are questions which are outside my field of special competence; I am not qualified by general experience or by familiarity with the Korean scene to ansmer them. But my point is that answers to these questions, now unavailable, materially affect the kind of recom- mendations I might bring in. Medical libraries are important, very important; nevertheless, they are auxiliary, supporting functions, and their extent and character must depend on the size and nature of the institutions being supported. If the function of an institution is in doubt, or if its social usefulness is equivocal, then the provision of library services for such an institution must likewise be a moot question. 20, Basic Orientation. a. In general, the damage to Korean medical library collections has be^n far less than was originally feared; the loss of medical books as a result of the war is probably no greater than an overall 20$, b. The quality of several pre-war medical libraries in Korea is comparable to that of libraries in similar institutions in the western world, given a 1940 cut-off date. The strength of these Korean libraries lies in "pre-clinical" areas; the weakness, in the clinical field, c. There is widely prevalent in Korea the idea that libraries are for faculties only; the student is left to fend for himself as best he can. Efforts should be made to wipe out this idea. Students, faculty, hospital staff, neighborhood practitioners — all must bo given access to the library. As soon as circumstances permit, loan privileges should be liberalized to allow borrowing of books for use outside the library for limited lengths of time. d. Books acquired since the war, and books yet to be acquired, should be integrated with the collections already on hand. There is 20 a lamentable tendency to regard all the material on hand in 1940 as worthless, and perhaps contaminated because accumulated under Japanese auspices, It has been demonstrated that the pre-1940 material, by and large, is good material; it cannot be disregarded without grave loss, e. It is an unhappy paradox that books have been so highly regarded in Korea that they seem to have been little used, because the word "used" also has the connotation of "used up," Most of the books provided by UNKRA, for example, although on hand for a year, are still in a virgin state; some are in locked cases, and all are in in- accessible locations such as private offices. This situation should be reversed. As life is for living, so books are for reading; and if a few books are consumed in the process, no tears should be shed, 21, Textbook Stations. In the western world students are required to buy a certain number of textbooks for their personal use. For the next few years at least, in Korea, this will be impossible; the libraries of medical /pharmacy, dental, etc^schools should rise to the occasion by maintaining what I would designate "textbook stations" as a part, .but a separate part, of the main library collection. Into the textbook sta- tion collection should go all multiple copies, after the first copy, of common, basic texts. Records of books in the main library collection rand in the textbook station collection should be maintained separately; the textbook station records may be much simpler in character. Books in the textbook station collection should be loaned freely to students, for prolonged periods. As there would rarely be enough books in the textbook station collection to provide each student with a copy of each text, simple systems of proportional loan should be worked out — as, for instance, one anatomy text to each group of dissecting table part- ners, or to two groups, 22 • Funds for Textbook Stations. For the next three years, at least half of the funds provided for libraries should be channeled into augmentation of the textbook station collections, 23« Books vs. Journals. It is often said that in the literature of science, the importance of journals far exceeds the importance of books. This I believe, at least as it applies to the western world. But it should be remembered that historically books preceded journals, and I think that here we should take a lesson from history; in the immediately ensuing period (say, next five years) in the Korean situation, emphasis should be placed on the acquisition of books, as opposed to journals. At the same time, some journals must be acquired; these should be prac- tical in nature, and in broad fields. I have in mind particularly such titles as Journal of the American Medical Association, British Medical Journal, American Journal" of Public Health, Surgical Clinics of North America, and the like. As a rough estimate, we may hazard a guess that onm-third of the funds devoted to building the main library collections should go into journals, with two-thirds into books. After five years this proportion might be reversed. 21 24. Reference V/orks. This encompasses a broad field, but I am thinking maj.nly of indexes, abstract journals, and dictionaries. Dic- tienarias are a necessity, and should be provided in the textbook sta- tion collections if possible. Strictly speaking, all indexes and ab- stract journals are indispensible. But in this situation a choice has to be made, and I would recommend that every large medical library sub- scribe to those sections of Excerpta Medica which pertain to its fields of interest. Excerpta Medica is relatively expensive, but in Korea, and if my recommendations concerning the proportion of books and journals is carried out, abstracts will be of much greater usefulness than indexes. To obtain the full text of articles of special interest from journals which do not exist in Korea, the microfilm services of the Armed Forces Medical Library, of the Royal Society of Medicine in London, and of other libraries, may be obtained for a modest fee, 25. Immediately Needed Shelving. A way should be found to make separate funds available immediately to provide adequate simple shelv- ing areas for those school libraries -which have recently re-entered premises from which the shelving has disappeared. Until this has been done the task of reorganizing the collections on hand is hopeless, and until the collections have been reorganized, no sound plan for adding specific titles to the collections can be evolved. 26, Binding, Once the libraries have organized the back files of journals which have already been received, and which are due to be received shortly, the necessity of keeping the various issues of a single journal title permanently segregated by volume and year will have to be faced. The only entirely satisfactory way to do this is to bind the material. Before the war, Seoul National University had its own bookbindery. This could be re-established, or commercial sources could be utilized, here and elsewhere. (For example, there is a book- bindery in Taegu — Ee Woo S&, #16, 2nd Street, Chong-no — which will bind journal volumes at 500 hwon each.) Binding is relatively expen- sive; but on the other hand-it does not make sense to spend money in acquiring and shelving journals only to see them disintegrate and be lost due to lack of care. Simple binding styles could bo developed, such as the heavy paper with cloth hinge style used widely in Japan. Money could be saved by eliminating binder's lettering on the spine, and substituting typed paper labels attached with glue. Rehabilitation agencies in hospitals, and veterans' hospitals, could possibly be inter- ested in developing binding services as occupational therapy. At the very least, open-end cardboard boxes of various sizes could be used to house the journal volumes, 27. Position of the Librarian. The position of the librarian should be redefined. In all instances he should be considered as one of the officials of the institution, with corresponding responsibilities. He should be answerable directly to the Dean of the School, or to tho Director of the institution. In the case of universities, he rway also be under the technical supervision of the university librarian. 22 Faculty members presently styled as "librarians" should be designated Chairman of the Library Committee, and with two or three other members should meet at least quarterly to review the progress of the library -nd to validate and support the librarian's efforts. The salary of the librarian should be at the professional level; ha should be provided with additional clerical employees as each situation may demand, 2°, Sources of Libriarians. a. As soon as a collection of books reaches any considerable size, it requires the ministrations of a trained and competent librarian. Without a librarian it is doomed to remain just a pile of books; with a librarian it may become truly a library which is used .and acts as a powerful force in the advancement of the discipline which it supports. A librarian is required to promote the growth of the collection, to provide adequate catalogs as a key to its use, to preserve the collec- tion physically and to keep it well ordered on the shelves, and to help readers in the most efficient use of the materials, b, A search should be made for the graduates of the library training sessions held at the National Library between the two wars. Perhaps the Director of the National Library could provide such a list, and the graduates could be tracked clown and their interest solicited in accepting decently-paid and decently-respected jobs as librarians. 29, Education of Librarians, An effort should be made to reinsti- tute the library training school at the National Library, A Training Committee could be formed, with Mr. Cho Kun Yong, Director of the National Library, as Chairman, and Miss Shin Chai Sook and Mr, Koh Jai Uk as members. Perhaps this sort of project would be suitable for re- ceiving a grant from the American-Korean Foundation. If, at the same time, the Korean Library Association could be formed anew, and the Training Committee could become a part of the Association, two valuable goals could be achieved at one stroke. A library association is much needed to spark the whole drive toward better library standards, and to act as a clearing house for all the problems which will arise once the program, is under way. 30. Meo^:ca^Jbibrar^ar^-hJ^^ I do not believe that an attempt should be made to train specifically medical librarians at the moment. Here again we should take a lesson from history: the undifferentiated librarian came first, and the medical librarian is a much more recent phenomenon. What is needed now in Korea are librarians who are versed in the general economy of library housekeeping; the country cannot sup- port greater specialization in this field at this time. Later, after librarians have been selected for school jobs, after they have worked in their particular libraries for some time, after they have had their basic training and some experience on the job, they might become candi- dates for fellowships of six months' duration in the United States, where they would take the two-month summer course at Columbia or at 23 nmnry, *.nd spend the rest of their time visiting other medical libraries. staying Several weeks in each place. To my mind, a highly preferable I roc lure -would be to train these people at Keio University Library ocbo.l in Japan, but apparently this is impossible in the present state of Korean-Japanese relationship, 33 • Dcvalo,merit of Cooperation. Principally through the medium of a revitalized Library Association cooperative measures could bo undertaken which would go far toward extending such resources as are available. The chief early specific projects are two: l) the efficient disposal of library duplicates; and 2) arrangement of an inter-library loan system. When the great volume of material now enrovtn is finally distributed, many libraries will find that they have duplicate books and*journals which are beyond their own needs; these should be promptly disposed of to other libraries, A liberal interlibrary loan policy, along with froer internal loan privileges, will also make for better use of materials. This will eventually call for a union-list apparatus, but this is for some years in the future, 32, Me^i_c_al_Aj-sociation Activities« The T-JHO/TJNKRA report, and the present.Chief of Preventive Medicine, KCAC, both recommend the utiliza- tion of the Medical Association, at the national headquarters and at local branch levels, in the dissemination of medical literature, This recommendation is lent weight by the fact that the headquarters of the Korean i'-'ieoical Association in Seoul desires to build a central meeting place and library, and already possesses a small collection of books which would serve as a nucleus for such a "Library, and by the fact that the Taegu Ledical Association has voted to build a similar struc- ture, with a library,. On the one hand, with necessarily limited re- sources, it would s,.oiti unwise to encourage and support the growth of additional medical libraonos in cities like Seoul and Taegu, already fairly well endowed. It would seem more reasonable to work out a scheme under which practitioners in Seoul and in Taegu would be given free access to the libraries of the respective universities, in return for which they would supply means which would aid the libraries' growth and development; such arrangements are not unknown in the United States, On the other hand, where such strong motivation already exists, it is perhaps wise to encourage it. Libraries under the auspices of the Medical Association could: a. Capitalize on the strong nationalist feeling of its members; b. Concentrate on the development of historical collections; c. Grow by encouragement of gifts of private medical libraries (of which there are many good ones, if information reaohing the surveyor is correct); and d. Have a bcttor-than-even prospect of continuing financial support. (It must be remembered that Korean physicians as a class are far from being indigent.) 24 In any event, building of school libraries should have first priority of UN funds; if medical associations go ahead with their plans for libraries, at least token gifts of material would be helpful, along with a larger measure of general advice, 33. Provision of Availability Information. Previously undertaken programs for the purchase of books have been hampered by the unavail- ability of reference works on source materials, Korean educators, drawing up lists of books desired, frequently have been imperfectly informed of what is available in the market. Instances were adduced of reliance on a handful of outdated publishers' catalogs, for example. To do a good job, a more comprehensive list is needed. There are several available lists, one of which is the Bibliography of Professional and Scientific Books, compiled by the CARE Bibliography Committee for the CARE Book Program, 20 Broad Street, New York 5, New York, The original pamphlet published in 1951, along with a supplement published in 1952, lists upwards of 1,200 medical books, among thousands of other scienti- fic books available. But on the whole, the best source available is the second supplement to Hawkins' Scientific, Medical, and Technical Bo_qks covering the period 1948-1952, and issued in 1953 by Bowker at MO. This book is superior for the purpose, because it is classified by subject, and because it is annotated. It might be supplemented for the 1953 period by Books in Print, 1953. Several copies of Hawkins should be acquired so that in any future selection program, rational choices may be made, 34. Distribution of Gifts, a. A problem of some magnitude which must soon be faced is the sorting and distribution of some 20 tons of miscellaneous books and journal "issues which will soon arrive in Korea (see paragraph 5d). Pre- sumably this task will fall to the lot of the Public Health Branch, KCAC. As a guide to planning, vre have the fact that the approximately one ton of books and journals previously processed at KComZ required about 12 man-weeks of labor. On the same basis, 20 tons would require about 5 man-years; obviously such an expenditure is out of the question. To do the job with the larger amount with reasonable success and within a reasonable period of time, the following suggestions are made: (l) Provide adequate space and adequate number of low- grade helpers, (2) Separate books roughly by large subject (medicine, surgery, obstetrics, etc.) (3) Separate journals by title, then by year, then by volume and issue. Take advantage of any internal packaging, within the crates, which may have been accomplished prior to shipment, (4) Dispense with all but the simplest gross records; no attempt should be made at detailed tabulation, (This phase of the KComZ effort consumed the greatest amount of time.) 25 b. Once the material has been sorted, priorities of distri- bution must be established. This will be extremely difficult, as records of what is already on hand are only partially available, and in any event comparison of holdings with prospective gifts would be an interminable procedure. It is suggested that Major Leon Sternfeld, who accompanied the surveyor throughout his survey, be assigned the task of making allocation of the materials; Major Sternfeld, having a general idea of what is on hand in the various schools, could make a fair and reasonable distribution. The following guiding principles are suggested: (l) Long runs of a single periodical title ordinarily should not be broken. (2) School libraries should have priority over other libraries. (3) Taegu, having already received the lion's share, should get a somewhat lower priority on common titles. (4) Kwangju, being of much more recent date of establishment, and having received little material previously, should have a higher priority. (5) Titles of special interest in Public Health, Fharmacy, and Dentistry should go to the respective schools where these subjects are taught. (6) Beyond this, the various schools should fare approximately equally in the distribution, the "haves" getting as much as the "have-nots." This recommendation has a sort of insurance value, in the absence of basic decisions concerning the future roles of the various schools. (7) Remaining titles can be distributed to hospitals and dispensaries. (8) Emphasis should be placed on early processing of the material and absorption into the main collections of the receiving institutions. An understanding with the receiving institutions should be reached to the effect that they would undertake to provide, at an early date, a list of the journal material found to be duplicate to their collections. Instructions as to disposition of this duplicate material could then be given by KCAC, or by the Library Association, if such is then in being. 35. Saturation Distribution. Arrangements have been made by the surveyor, with the concurrence of KCAC, to ship 7*000 excess copies of the 1939 edition of the Handbook of the Hospital Corps, U. S. Navy to Korea. These may be distributed on the basis of one to every physician 26 and medical student, and the remainder may be held for medical students entering school next year0 In addition, KCAC officials may wish to con- rider the merit of buying a large number or copies of a pamphlet such as The Control of Containable Diseases in Man, published by the American Fublic Health Association and relatively inexpensive, and making a simi- lar saturation distribution of it. 36. Promotion of Indigenous Literature. During this interim period, serious language problems beset the various scientific corps in Korea. While English-language publications will serve the medical school popula- tion fairly well, and in larger measure as time goes by, only a small proportion of the generation of practitioners actually working in the field will profit much from English publications. To provide for this important segment, and in any event to provide for the long-term well- being of the Korean medical program, publications in the Korean language must be promoted. This should be done along the lines here indicated: a. The continuance of the Journal of Rural Health, and the Journal of the Korean Nurses Association, should be encouraged, b. Representation should be made to the Korean Ministry of Defense for combining the four ROK military medical publications into a single journal, after the pattern of the U. S. Armed Forces Medical Journal, Sufficient copies should be published for circulation not only to the Armed Services but to all civilian medical institutions as well. c. Efforts of the Korean Medical Association to bring out a medical periodical should be encouraged. d. Eventually, each of the three government medical schools should be capable of bringing out a medical journal, a modest begin- ning in this area has already been made by the school at Kwangju, In the early stages, these journals might well consist of abstracts from the foreign literature, issued quarterly, in mimeographed form, and in the Korean language. Special emphasis should be placed on wide distri- bution outside the originating institution* The School of Dentistry might undertake a similar dental publication. e. A conference of Korean medical educators- should be called with the object of coordinating the production of printed outlines, lecture notes, and translations of foreign texts. This work is being undertaken locally in many places, and great economies in time and effort might be made if a coordinated plan were to be evolved. The selection of texts to be translated might also be rationalized at such a conference. 37. UNESCO. The Korean national committee for UNESCO is only a few months old. Steps should be taken to invite a representative from UNESCO to come to Korea to get this unit on its feet. Not the least of his duties would be to set up, explain and publicize the UNESCO coupon system for obtaining foreign books by individuals who have 27 only soft currency available, If this program could be put into effect it would have tb- sarrm benefits it has shown in ether countries; it would largely el".mmm to :*-;e coed t \r suc.i an operation a^ the Foreign Book Retail buoimg wi bh all it5 c^.ljorto.uc apparatus; 38, Response to Specific Charges. In the original letter of invi- tation from KCAC to the surveyor, the purpose of this survey -was specifi- cally defined as "a. Arranging for the free donation of suitable and needed medical textonoks, manuals, and journals from available sources in the United Statesj" RESPONSE: It is believed that this is beyond the necessary limita- tions imposed by a survey of a few weeks. This report, however, out- lines the many programs which are already under way in this area, "b. Recommend to the Korean Government the best method of pooling its medical library resources to obtain the maximum benefit." RESPONSE: Considering "medical library -resources" in the broad sense, this is the entire burden of this report0 "c. Arrange for local training and pessibly for the train- ing of at least one Korean medical librarian in the United States." RESPONSE: Recommendations on training are included* "d, Possibly arrange for the same microfilm service to Korean medical personnel from the Armed Forces Medical Library." RESPONSE: The photoduplication services of the Armed Forces Medi- cal Library are available to all. If UNESCO coupons were placed on sale in Korea, as recommended in paragraph 37 above, Korean physicians would have a mechanism by which payments for microfilm could be made, 39. Check-ups. Matters mentioned in Farts I and II of this report which require farther elucidation and action should be vigorously followed up. Specifically: a. What has become of the new journal subscriptions pro- vided out of UNKRA funds? (Paragraph 4a; 12a(4); 14a(4)) These should be found, distributed, and put into use. b. Books purchased for Taegu should be delivered. (Para- graph 4c) c. The program of the Foreign Book Retail Store should be made more widely known. (Paragraph 4d) d. What has become of the 14 journals provided by a UNESCO gift coupon for the School of Dentistry? (Paragraph 4e) e. The question of using the Textbook Printing Plant, being 28 provided with UNKRA funds, for the publication of medical textbooks should be explored. (Faragraph 4g) f. Shipment from Japan of the 20 tons of donated medical books and journals should be expedited, (Paragraphs 5d and 7c) g. The lihglish-Korean medical dictionary project (paragraph 13a(5)) should be looked into further, with an aim toward providing funds, if neceBsary, for its completion, publication) and wide distri- bution at an early date. The work in progress is imperfect, but it has the great advantage of being in being; it should be published with- out delay, imperfections or no. By this single stroke a really marked advance will have been made. h. Further information should be sought on the whereabouts of books promised to VJomen's Medical College. (Paragraph 13c(3)) i, The question of commercial reprinting of texts in Korea should be further explored. (Paragraph 14b(2)) j. Funds should be provided for continuing the publication of nursing texts in Korean. (Paragraph 15e(l)) k. The recommendations of the Chief of the Nursing Section, Public Health Branch, KCAC, are sound and should be followed. (Para- graph 15e (2)) 1. At Severance Medical College Dr. Tong Soo Cho should be advised to communicate with the Dean, Dr. Kim, and the librarian, Dr. Lee, in regard to the Medical Library Association gift program. (Paragraph lOe and 13a (8)) 40. Money Allotment Plan. In an unpublished paper headed "Draft Number 4, 1 June 1953," Colonel J. P. Pappas, then Chief, Public Health Section, UNCACK, outlined a tentative scheme for "Technical Expendable Equipment and Supplies for Hospitals and Professional Schools," to be brought in as "Supporting Imports" under the FY 1954 program. He suggests (page 10) the following: Number Total Basic Books -Each hospital and public health center &300 114 $ 34,200 National Vaccine Laboratory 400 Nursing Schools &500 20 10,000 Medical Schools $1,000 5 5,000 Dispensaries &L00 100 10,000 CurrentJournals ----Medical installations $100 130 13.000 TOT'JL..... $ 72,600 29 /"PMED FORCES MEDICAL LIBRARY WASHINGTON. D. C. The surveyor hesitates to make any specific recommendations of this kind. He can only comment that the order of magnitude of Colonel Pappas' total figure seems reasonable; that the National Vaccine Laboratory has already been taken care of; that the figure on nursing schools might be modified according to the recommendations in paragraph 15e(2); that there is a question of whether the money specified for dispensaries would not better be used in support of Medical Association library programs; that the emphasis on books over journals is basically sound, but that journals should be provided to a lesser number of libraries, and in larger pro- portionate amounts. Beyaand this it is impossible to see; further action should await the partial resolution of other problem areas outlined herein. 41. New Survey. When the present frenzy is over; when the shelves are built and the present collections are on the shelves_> when the im- minent tons of arrivals are integrated — this will be the time when a real assessment of the medical library situation can be made* I recommend that negotiations be undertaken immediately to acquire the services of a competent civilian medical librarian for the three month period of January-March 1955c At that time it should be possible to make a real assessment of the situation, provided that the requisite preliminaries specified above are undertaken during the interim. WASHINGTON, D. C. 12 May 1954 30 APPENDIX A ITINERARY IN K0R&5 ■j/i and LIST OF PERSONS INTERVIEWED 24 March 19:54 - Arrived Kor«^a 25 March 1954 -- SEOUL Hq KCAC - Colonel Ralph Vr Plew, MC, Chiefs Public Health Branch Lt, Colonel Charles J, Gorrell, MSC, Chief, Medical Supply Section Colonel Wa.*ren Eveland, MSC (40rJ:h Medical Gene-.ral Labora- tory, Tokyo) UNKRA - Mr, Brian J. Edwards, Project Officer, Department of Operations School of Public Health - Dr. Han Pum Sook, Dean 26 March 1954 - SEOUL Embassy of the United States - Mr. Grigis, USIS Ministry of Education - Mr, Huh Cheung Soo, Vice-Minister Mr. Oh Jae Kyung, Liaison Officer Ministry of Health - Dr, Choi Gai Yu, Minister Dr, Han Eun So, Tuberculosis Coordinator 27 March 1954 - SEOUL National Institute for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases (National Vaccine Laboratory) - Dr. Lee Pyung Hak, Director 29 March 1954 - SEOUL American-Kerean Foundation - Dr. Howard Brooks Mr. Melvin Frarey 29 March 1954 - SEOUL Severance Medical College and Hospital - Dr, Kim Myung Sun, Dean Jr. Florence Murray Dr. Ernest B. Struthers Dr. Lee VJoo Choo. Professor oi F logy (in charge of the library) Miss Shin Chang Whan, Librarian 30 March 1954 - SbpU.L Seoul National University - School of Medicine •• Dr. Lee Chae Koo, Dean Dr. Nam Kee Yong Seoul National bnivmmity - School of bnema-m* •■ Dr„ Ha- Imo bm, Dm;n Seoul National b*fib/e:mm*iy - School m bent: m\ry - Dr- Yii.u Jb.e Slu* Dr. Kim Dong.Scon UNKRA - Mrs. bvalyn McCune, Liaison Officer 21.Marcli 1954 -.SEOUL Ehwa University •- Hospital - Dr, You.-. H B., Director of Medicine Dr* Lee K, Sv., Director of Surgery Ehwa University - Scnool of Medicine and Pharmacy - Dr. Lee beur i Kyu, Dean Women's Medical College - Professor Park Moon Ock, Chief, Pre-medical Department Professor Lee Myong Book, Professor of Anatomy 1 April 1954 - SEOUL UNKRA - Miss Abeille, Division of Education Eighth Army - Lt. Colonel E. b. McMeen, MSC Lt. Colonel Claude Eberhart, MC, Chief, Preventive Medicine Korean Medical association - "br. Chung Ki Sup, Chairman, Board of Directors Dr. Shim Ho Sup, President (2) 1 April 19^4 - SEOUL USIS Library - Miss Shin Chai Sook 2 April 1954 - SEOUL National Library - Mr. Cho Kun Yong, Director National Assembly Library - Mr. Pak Chong Man, Secretary-General, National Assembly National Chemical Laboratory - Dr. Choi Rhee Suk, Director Bookshop - Mr. Yi Kyom No 5 April 1954 - TAEGU Kyongsang-pukto KCAC Team - Captain Ralph Singer, MC, Public Health Officer Kyong Puk University Medical School - Dr. Koh P.K., President Dr. Lee Chong Man, Acting Dean Colonel Paul E. Keller, Surgeon, KComZ Colonel Frank 0. Alexander, Surgeon, KMAG Colonel Paik, Commanding Officer, 1st ROK army Hospital Miss Lee Larsen, Librarian, Taegu Military Post Mr. Ee Woo Sa, Bookbinder, No. 16, 2d Street, Chong-no, Taegu 6 April 1954 - TAEGU Presbyterian Mission Hospital - Dr. Whong Yong Oon, Superintendent Miss Edna May Lawrence, Superintendent of Nurses Dr. Huh Kon, Chief, Public Health Section, Kyongsang-pukto AApril 1954 - KWANGJU (Cholla-namdo) Cholla-namdo KCAC Team Dr. Andre Maleterre, Public Health Officer (3) 6 April 1954 - KWANGJU (Cholla-namdo) Chun Nam University Medical College - Dr. Choi Sang Chai, President .;■ Dr. Eun Joong Ki> Dean of the School of Nursing Dr, Kim Sung Hi, Professor of Psychiatry (in charge of•'i4.br Hr. Shin Sang Soon, Secretary and interpreter 7 April 1954 - KWANGJU Provincial Health Laboratory .* :m,'I. :*:• ,-. • Provincial Public Health Center ■ ,.) ji\.}• -h ' Warehouse No. 2 - Captain Kahn VJarehouse No, 2G - Major Sharpe KCAC Port Operations Section, Pier No. 1 - Mr, Sandberg KCAC Medical Warehouse - 1st Lieutenant Nicholas Afetato UNKRA - ., ■ . ,. Miss Ruth Davies (Division of Education) . . . , 1 ■■ • * ', Fir. Van Hoff Mr. Donald Whitaker *; Mr, Armstrong .,-, \f% Supply Division 9 April 1954 - PUSAN Kyongsang-namdo KCAC Team - Dr. F. Blaaflat, Public Health Officer Sung Gae Leprosarium 5th ROK Army Hospital - Colonel Kim Soo Nam Provincial Health Center - Dr. Paik Nan Jin CARE, Pusan Office - Mr. Joy 3.0 April 1954 - SEOUL KCAC - Miss Susan J. Haines, Chief, Nursing Section *• .£aa- '-' \ U) 10 April 19*54 - SEOUL UNKRA - Miss A. Mayerson, Voluntary Agencies Liaison Sir Arthur Rucker, Chief, European Branch, UNKRA 12 April 1954 - SEOUL KCAC - Dr. Ragnar Nilssen, Chief, Medical Care Section Dr. Richard F. Brown, Chief, Preventive Medicine Section Foreign Book Retail Store 13 April 1954 - SEOUL KCAC - Major Elmer Rc Pede, VC, Agriculture Branch Hq Eighth Army - Mr, Ray Stewart, Special Services Library 14 April 1954 - Departed Korea (5) I 4 4 'f APPENDIX B LIST OF REFERENCES U. S. Army Forces, Pacific. Summation of U. S. Army Mlitary Government Activities in Korea. No, 9, June 1946, through No. 34, July-August 1948. U, S. Economic Cooperation Administration, Mission to Korea, Public Health in Korea, compiled by Chang Chai Choi, Seoul, October 1949. U, S. Public Health Service, Report on Public Health Problems of the Republic of South Korea. Washington, 1950c U, S, Library of Congress, Korea; annotated bibliography of publications in western languages,, Washington, 1950, In Ho Chu, Public Health Reports in Korea. 1951. Report of the WHO/UNKRA Health Planning Mission to Korea. /London/, 1952, Korea Civil Assi.stance Command, Annual Report of Public Health in KoreaT 1953. Deitrick, J. E, and Berson, R. C, Medical schools in the United States at mid-century. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1953. (Chapter 10, The Library, pp. irbl-192.) Steger, B. L,, McCreary, F, D., and Smith, M. E. "Rehabilitation of Medical Education in South Korea," in U. S. Armed Forces Medical Journal 4:1675-1692. (December 1953) " /Various notes and letters in the Journal of the American Medical Association, especially: Volume 152:476-7 (30 May 1953) Volume 152:950 ( 4 July 1953) Volume 152:956 ( 4 July 1953) Volume 153:509 ( 3 October 1953) Volume 153:1184 (28 November 1953) Volume 154:440 (30 January 1954)_7 (6) APPENDIX C MEDICAL JOURNALS PUBLISHED IN KOREA Title Publisher Remarks Health World Rural Health Kim Tae Kyoo Pokun-Sehke Sa Rural Health Institute T.B. Journal aims at public enlightenment and guidance, pp. 10-12, Medical Journal dealing with research and thesis of the Rural Health Institute, pp.100 Bulletin, Insti- Institute for Prevention Medical Journal containing tute for Preven- of Infectious Diseases tion of Infecti- ous Diseases Medical Journal, ROK .vrmy Medicine Medical Journal, ROK Navy- Medical Journal, ROK Air Forces Chosun Medical Journal Office of Surgeon, Hqs. ROK Army Army Medical Officers' Training School Office of Surgeon, Hqs, ROK Navy Medical Research Insti- tute, ROK Air Forces Chosun Yibo Sa Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Association Bulletin, Korean Korean Medical Assn. Medical association thesis and research of the Institute Medical Journal for medical officers, ROK Army Medical Journal for medical officers, ROK urmy For medical officers, ROK Navy For ROK medical personnel Under suspension Specified journal of clinical medicine, now under suspension Annual periodicals published by Korean Medical Association Bulletin, Korean Internal Medicine association Korean Medicine Bulletin Public Health & Medicine Public Health Korean Internal Medicine Internal Medicine Journal Association Korean Medicine Publish- Weekly periodical ing Company Ministry of Health & Public Health and Medicine KCAC, Public Health Sect. Journal, now under suspension Yoyang Dongin Hea (7) Tuberculosis care journal for benefit of patients