CHIEFS OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 
UNITED STATES ARMY 
1775 — 1940. 
Biographical Sketches 
Compiled hy 
James M. Phalen, 
oi 
Colonel, U. S. Army, Retired, 
Formerly Librarian, Army Medical Library, 
Washington, D. C. 
Peace to the ashes of the departed; years 
of zestful life to the surviving. FOREWORD 
More than thirty years have passed since the appearance in 
print of Major J. E. Pilcher’s Surgeon Generals of the Army. 
The edition of this excellent work was small, it is now out of 
print, and few copies of it are available to those interested in 
its material. While Major Pilcher’s book is largely concerned 
with the administration of the office of the medical chief by 
its incumbents, it is here desired to discourse on the man him- 
self, the details of his early career, the personal qualities and 
the fortuitous circumstances which brought him to the lead- 
ership of the corps. It goes without saying that every occupant 
of the office has been possessed of outstanding qualities, qual- 
ities of character, of personality, of leadership, of industry, of 
high intelligence. Some combination of these qualities together 
with a modicum \of ambition, has entered into the making of 
every one of these'careers. But not every man with the am- 
bition to lead the corps, even though richly endowed with the 
qualities to fill the office with distinction, has been able to see 
his ambitions realized. There are always a set of circumstances 
which limits the choice sharply, and, ultimately, some determin- 
ing circumstances which govern the selection. It is thus a 
misfortune for any man to set his heart too firmly upon this 
goal. No situation in the service is more unfortunate than that 
of the defeated candidate for the head of the corps who cannot 
accept philosophically the fact of his being set aside. 
While thus primarily concerned with the man himself, an 
attempt has been made to chart the major achievements of each 
administration, but with no thought of producing anything ap- 
proaching a history of the medical service. 
There appears to be no question in regard to the men who 
are entitled to places on the roll of “chiefs of the medical ser- 
vice.” During the years of the Revolutionary War, at the time 
of the threatened war with France in 1799, and again in the 
War of 1812, men were selected from the civilian profession and 
placed in definite charge of the medical service, to be returned 
to civilian life at the close of the emergency. There were thus 
considerable periods of years when there was no such medical FOREWORD 
head, when in fact there was no medical organization beyond 
that of the regiment. The Legion of General Anthony Wayne 
was organized in 1792 for service against the Indians in Ohio 
and Richard Allison was designated “Surgeon to the Legion.” 
Though he had subordinate medical officers, his position as chief 
medical officer of this field force hardly makes his status that 
of the chief of the national medical service. It was not until 
1818 that a medical department in time of peace was authorized 
and a medical officer of career appointed to be its head. The 
title of Surgeon General first bestowed in that year has carried 
down to the present day. 
Not all of our medical chiefs have been happy in their ad- 
ministration of the office. The first three to guide the destinies 
of the service during the Revolutionary War were unfortunate in 
being compelled to make bricks with a scarcity of straw and left 
the service under unhappy circumstances. The Civil War, too, 
with its Sanitary Commission and its tyrannical Secretary of 
War, proved the undoing of two surgeon generals. With the 
passing years, while the pressure of administration problems 
has increased, there has been a diminution in friction within the 
War Department and the later occupants of the office have reign- 
ed in comparative peace and quiet. 
Length of terms of the office have been extremely variable. 
General Lawson held the place for twenty-four years, while Gen- 
erals Lovell and Barnes each completed eighteen years. General 
Ireland’s thirteen years of office came next in length. In con- 
trast, four men held the place for less than a year, while a fifth 
completed but a little over one year. 
The circumstance of seniority has been a potent factor in 
the choice of our surgeon generals. For a considerable period 
it was apparently the decisive one. Generals Lawson, Finley, 
Murray, Baxter, Sutherland, and Forwood were the senior offi- 
cers of the corps and by reason of that fact were assistant sur- 
geon generals by title or by duties at the time of their appoint- 
ments. In later years absolute seniority has counted for little, 
though relative rank within the corps has always been an im- 
portant factor. 
The references appended to each biographical sketch are 
the principal, but by no means the sole, sources of information FOREWORD 
which have been consulted in the preparation of this work. 
Old records of the War Department, of the Pension Bureau, of 
the Census Bureau have furnished many items of pertinent in- 
formation as have the newspaper files of the Library of Con- 
gress. Only one acquainted with biogrophical research will ap- 
preciate the numberless sources which must be searched for the 
items to make up a complete and accurate record of a man’s 
career. 
It is desired to express deep appreciation of the courtesy 
and helpfulness of Colonel Harold W. Jones, M. C., Librarian, 
and the staff of the Army Medical Library in the collection of 
the material for the biographical work, to Lieut. Colonel James 
E. Ash, M.C., Curator, and Mr. Roy M. Reeve, photographer, of 
the Army Medical Museum for the reproduction of the portraits 
which add so much to the appearance and usefulness of the book, 
to Mr. George A. Scheirer of The Surgeon General’s Office for 
his valuable contributions toward completion of the manuscript 
and index, and last, though perhaps foremost, to Major General 
Charles R. Reynolds who kindly voiced approval of this useful 
employment of my otherwise purposeless days. 
J. M. P. 
March 27, 1940. CONTENTS. 
Foreword 
PAGE 
III 
The Roll. 
I. Benjamin Church, Director General and Chief Physician of 
the Hospital of the Army, July 27, 1775—October 17, 1775.... 1 
11. John Morgan, Director General and Physician in Chief of 
the American Hospital, October 17, 1775—January 9, 1777 ... 5 
III. William Shippen, Jr., Director General of the Military Hos- 
pitals of the Continental Army, April 11, 1777—January 
3, 1781 10 
IV. John Cochran, Director General of the Military Hospitals of 
the Continental Army, January 17, 1781—November 3, 1783.. 14 
V. James Craik, Physician General of the Uunited States Army, 
July 19, 1798—June 15, 1800 18 
VI. James Tilton, Physician and Surgeon General of the United 
States Army, June 11, 1813—June 15, 1815 22 
Vll. Joseph Lovell, Surgeon General, United States Army, April 
18, 1818—October 17, 1836 27 
VIII. Brevet Brigadier General Thomas Lawson, Surgeon General, 
November 30, 1836—May 15, 1861 33 
IX. Brevet Brigadier General Clement Alexander Finley, Surgeon 
General, May 15, 1861—April 14, 1862 38 
X. Brigadier General William Alexander Hammond, Surgeon 
General, April 25, 1862—August 18, 1864 42 
XI. Brevet Major General Joseph K. Barnes, Surgeon General, 
August 22, 1864—June 30, 1882 47 
Xll, Brigadier General Charles Henry Crane, Surgeon General, 
July 3, 1882—October 10, 1883 52 
XIII. Brigadier General Robert Murray, Surgeon General, 
November 23, 1883—August 6, 1886 55 
XIV. Brigadier General John Moore, Surgeon General, 
November 18, 1886—August 16, 1890 58 XV. Brigadier General Jedediah Hyde Baxter, Surgeon General, 
August 16, 1890—December 4, 1890 62 
XVI. Brigadier General Charles Sutherland, Surgeon General, 
December 23, 1890—May 29, 1893 66 
XVII. Brigadier General George Miller Sternberg, Surgeon General, 
May 30, 1893—June 8, 1902 70 
XVill. Brigadier General William Henry Forwood, Surgeon 
Generl, June 8, 1902—September 7, 1902 75 
XIX. Brigadier General Kobert Maitland O’Eeilly, Surgen General, 
September 7, 1902—January 14, 1909 79 
XX. Brigadier General George Henry Torney, Surgeon General, 
January 14, 1909—December 27, 1913 84 
XXI. Major General William Crawford Gorgas, Surgeon General, 
January 16, 1914—October 3, 1918 88 
XXII. Major General Merritte Weber Ireland, The Surgeon General, 
October 4, 1918—May 31, 1931 94 
XXlii. Major General Kobert Urie Patterson, The Surgeon General, 
June 1, 1931—May 31, 1935 101 
XXIV. Major General Charles Eansom Keynolds, The Surgeon 
General, June 1, 1935—May 31, 1939 107 
XXV. Major General James Carre Magee, The Surgeon General, 
June 1, 1939— 118 
INDEX 121 CHIEFS OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 
UNITED STATES ARMY 
1775 —1940. BENJAMIN CHUPxCH I. 
BENJAMIN CHURCH (August 24, 1734 - 1776), Director 
General and Chief Physician of the Hospital of the Army, July 
27, 1775 - Oct. 17, 1775, was born in Newport, R. I. He was 
the son of Benjamin Church, a merchant of Boston and deacon 
of the Hollis Street Congregation Church conducted by the Rev. 
Mather Byles. His grandfather, Colonel Benjamin Church, took 
a prominent part in the war with the Narrangansett Indians 
and led the force which hunted King Philip to his death on 
August 12, 1675. The third Benjamin attended the Boston 
Latin School and graduated from Harvard College in 1734. He 
studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Pynchon, later continuing his 
studies in London. While there he married Hannah Hill of Ross, 
Herfordshire. Returning to Boston he built up a reputation as a 
talented physician and a skillful surgical operator. With grow- 
ing friction between the colonies and Great Britain, Church sup- 
ported the Whig cause vigorously with his pen, but even in the 
early stages of the controversy he was accused of being secretly 
a supporter of the government. There is evidence that during 
this period he was variously considered as an ardent patriot and 
as a secret Tory sympathizer. He examined the bodies of the 
dead and treated some of the wounded in the so-called Boston 
Massacre on May 5, 1770, and in 1773 he delivered an anniver- 
sary oration, To Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth 
of May 1770, which marks him as an orator of high order. In 
1774, after a secret meeting of Whig leaders, it was stated that 
the business of the meeting had been divulged to the Tories and 
Church was accused of having furnished the information. He 
continued, however, in the confidence of the Whig leaders and 
in 1774 he was appointed a delegate to the Massachusetts Pro- 
vincial Congress and to membership in the Committee of Safety, 
which had charge of preparation for armed conflict. On Feb. 
21, 1775, the Provincial Congress appointed him with Dr. Joseph 
Warren a committee to make an inventory of medical supplies 
necessary for the army and on March 7 voted them the sum of 
five hundred pounds for the purchase of such supplies. On May 2 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
8 he was appointed a member of an examining board for sur- 
geons for the army and on June 19 a resolution ordered “that 
Dr. Church, Dr. Taylor, and Dr. Whiting be a committee to con- 
sider what method is proper to take to supply the hospitals with 
surgeons and that the same gentlemen be a committee to pro- 
vide medicine and other necessaries for hospitals.” As the 
chairman of a subcommittee of the Committee of Safety, he 
signed a report on May 12 which recommended a system of de- 
fensive works on Prospect Hill and Bunker Hill. On the other 
hand he came under criticism for having entered Boston after 
the battle of Lexington and having been in conference with Gen- 
eral Gage. In May he went to Philadelphia to consult the Con- 
tinental Congress about the defense of Massachusetts colony, 
and on July 27 that body authorized the establishment of a medi- 
cal department of the army with a director general and chief 
physician and chose Church to fill that position. In the mean- 
time, on July 2, General Washington had arrived at Cambridge 
to take command of the colonial forces and Church was one of 
the committee appointed to receive him. 
From the day of his appointment Church was in difficulty. 
Though of undisputed professional skill and of distinguished lit- 
erary and political ability he was deficient in the executive 
qualifications essential in an army staff and quite unfitted to 
cope with a personnel that was to give succeeding medical chiefs 
their main trouble—the regimental surgeons. His relations with 
these medical officers became so strained that a tempest of com- 
plaint poured in upon the army headquarters and Washington 
was compelled to order an investigation of the service. In de- 
fense Church complained of the jealousy of rivals for his posi- 
tion and is said to have asked for permission to leave the army. 
In the meantime an incident arose which brought him before an 
army court-martial on Oct. 4, 1775. 
In July 1775 Church had sent a cipher letter addressed to 
Major Cane, a British officer in Boston. The letter was inter- 
cepted and was sent to Washington in September. It was de- 
coded and found to contain an account of the American forces 
before Boston, but contained no disclosures of great importance. 
It contained, however, a declaration of Church’s devotion to the 
Crown and asked for directions for continuing the correspond- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
3 
ence. The matter was placed before a court of inquiry made up 
of general officers, Washington presiding, to whom Church ad- 
mitted the authorship of the letter but explained that it was 
written with the object of impressing the enemy with the 
strength and position of the colonial forces in order to prevent 
an attack while the Continental army was still short of ammuni- 
tion and in hopes of aiding to bring about an end to hostilities. 
The court considered that Church had carried on a criminal cor- 
respondence with the enemy and recommended that the matter 
be referred to the Continental Congress for its action. The re- 
port of Washington to the President of Congress is in part as 
follows: 
“1 have now a painful though necessary duty to perform, respecting 
Doctor Church, the Director of the Hospital. About a week ago, Mr. 
Secretary Ward, of Providence, sent up one Wainwood, an inhabitant of 
JN ewport, to me with a letter directed to Major Cane in Boston, in occult 
letters, which he said had been left with Wainwood some time ago by a 
woman who was kept by Doctor Church. She had before pressed Wain- 
wood to take her to Captain Wallace, Mr. Dudley, the Collector, or George 
Kowe, which he declined. She gave him the letter with strict injunc- 
tions to deliver it to either of these gentleman. He, suspecting some 
improper correspondence, kept the letter and after some time opened it, 
but not being able to read it, laid it up, where it remained until he receiv- 
ed an obscure letter from the woman, expressing an anxiety as to the 
original letter. He then communicated the whole matter to Mr. Ward, 
who sent him up with the papers to me. I immediately secured the 
woman, but for a long time she was proof against every threat and 
persuasion to discover the author. However she was at length brought 
to a confession and named Doctor Church. I then immediately secured 
him and all his papers. Upon the first examination he readily acknowl- 
edged the letter and said that it was designed for his brother, etc. The 
army and country are exceedingly irritated.” 
Congress on Oct, 17, 1775, elected Dr. John Morgan “in the 
room of” Dr. Church and on Nov. 7 passed the following resolu- 
tion: 
“That Doctor Church be close confined in some secure jail in the 
Colony of Connecticut, without use of pen, ink and paper, and that no 
person be allowed to converse with him except in the presence and hear- 
ing of a magistrate of the town or the sheriff of the county where he is 
confined, and in the English language, until further orders from this or 
a future Congress.” 4 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
In accordance with this resolution he was confined at Nor- 
wich, Connecticut. Previous to this action, however, he was ar- 
raigned on Nov. 2 before the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. 
Despite an eloquent appeal in his own defense he was unanimous- 
ly expelled as a member of the House. Owing to the unfavor- 
able effects of confinement upon his health he was, in January 
1776, released from jail and was permitted considerable move- 
ment under guard. On May 13 he was permitted to return to 
Massachusetts under bond. Shortly thereafter he sailed from 
Boston, presumably for the West Indies, but the vessel on which 
he took passage was never heard from again. 
Thus miserably ended a career that had been brilliantly be- 
gun. It is difficult, even impossible, to estimate at this time 
the degree of his guilt. He was deeply in debt and the position 
he had won, promising eminence and profit, had proved only a 
source of trouble and devoid of glory. He was convicted, not of 
treason, but of communicating with the enemy. It should be 
remembered that Church’s letter was written at a time wher 
independence was in the minds of only a few medical leaders. 
The colonial conflict was popularly viewed as a struggle 
of British citizens for British rights. Church was an ambitious 
man with considerable personal conceit. A friendly viewpoint 
is that “he visualized himself as the arbitrator who should bring 
about the restoration of friendly relations between the father- 
land and the colonies, little suspecting that its effects would place 
him in the ranks of those we brand as traitors.” 
Appearances were decidedly against him, and at a time when 
party zeal and prejudice were keen in search of men suspected 
of disloyalty. However harmless his letter to his British officer 
friend may have been, its discovery marked him as a traitor to 
a cause to which he was ostensibly giving distinguished service. 
It is said that his family was pensioned by the British govern- 
ment. 
[L. C. Duncan Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1773-1783 
(1931). James Thacher American Medical Biography (1828). T. H. S. 
Hamersly Complete Army and Navy Register of the United States, 1776-1887 
(1888). Dictionary of American Biography, Yol. IV (1930). J. M. Toner 
Medical Men of the Revolution (1876). P M. Ashburn History of the Med- 
ical Department of the V S. Army (1929). F. K. Packard History of Medi- 
cine in the United States (1931).] JOHN MORGAN THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
5 
II. 
JOHN MORGAN (June 10, 1735 - Oct. 15, 1789), Director 
General and Physician-in-Chief of the American Hospital, Oct. 
17, 1775 - Jan. 9, 1777, was born in Philadelphia, the son of 
Evan and Joanna (Miles) Morgan. His father had emigrated 
from Wales, settling in Philadelphia, and had become a success- 
ful merchant. The family were Quakers. John Morgan at- 
tended the Academy conducted by the Rev. Samuel Finley at 
Nottingham, Chester County, and received the degree of B. A. 
from the College of Philadelphia in 1757 in the first class grad- 
uated from that institution. In the meantime he had been study- 
ing medicine for a number of years, for some time as an ap- 
prentice to Dr. John Redman a leading practitioner of Philadel- 
phia. In April 1758 he joined the British army operating against 
Fort Duquesne as a first lieutenant of the line but his duties 
were largely the care of the sick. After two years of military 
service he resigned and sailed for London in 1760 to resume the 
study of his profession. For the next year he ‘‘walked” the hos- 
pitals of London making the acquaintance of the leading lights 
of the medical profession of that time. Later he attended the 
University of Edinburgh where he received his M. D. degree in 
1763. Then followed a term of study in the hospitals of Paris 
and Rome. Returning to London he was elected Fellow of the 
Royal Society. He was already a licentiate of the College of 
Physicians of London and a member of the College of Physicians 
of Edinburgh. During all of his European sojourn he was plan- 
ning the creation of a medical school in his home city and when 
he returned there in 1765 he carried with him the recommenda- 
tions of a number of British medical educators in furtherance 
of that plan. He submitted his proposals to the board of trustees 
of the College of Philadelphia and on May 3, 1765, he was elected 
professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the new med- 
ical department. 
Thereby was created the first medical professorship in 
America. At the commencement exercises of the college at the 
end of May he delivered his famous address entitled, A dis- 6 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
course upon the Institution of Medical Schools in America, which 
he had prepared before leaving Paris. When the school opened 
the following October, William Shippen, Jr., filled the chair of 
anatomy and surgery, Adam Kuhn that of botany and materia 
medica, and Benjamin Rush that of chemistry. Morgan limited 
his practice to internal medicine and was one of the first phy- 
sicians in America to give up dispensing drugs and turn over 
that business to the practitioners of pharmacy. Not only was 
he in a short time in possession of a highly lucrative practice, 
but he enjoyed high standing in the arts and letters as well as in 
society. He became one of the leading men of the Philadelphia 
of his day. He was one of the founders of the American Phil- 
osophical Society in 1769 and contributed papers to its Trans- 
actions. For years he was physician to the Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital. The beginning of strained relations between the colonies 
and Britain moved him to write The Reciprocal Advantage of a 
Perpetual Union betiueen Great Britain and her Amercian Colon- 
ies, in 1766. But with increasing friction he definitely aligned 
himself with the cause of the colonies. His service in the Revolu- 
tionary army began on October 17, 1775, when he was elected by 
Congress director general and physician-in-chief of the Ameri- 
can hospital “in the room of” Dr. Benjamin Church. He accept- 
ed promptly and at once reported for duty to General Washington 
at Cambridge. Here he was confronted by an appalling situa- 
tion in which he found unequipped hospitals overcrowded with 
an unsegregated variety of patients and manned by incompetent 
personnel without the implements of their profession. Typhoid 
fever, dysentery, malaria, and smallpox were rife among the 
troops. He was able to do much to remedy these chaotic con- 
ditions. He began the campaign for vaccination by publishing 
Recommendation of Inoculation According to Baron Dimsdale’s 
Method (1776). He collected medicines and hospital supplies, 
instituted new examinations for medical officers, and brought 
about the beginning of system in the medical organization. He 
inaugurated a plan to supply to each regimental surgeon a well- 
stocked medical chest. By the time the British evacuated 
Boston in April 1776 he had brought about fairly satisfactory 
conditions. His orders to transfer the hospital to New York 
brought new problems. A branch of the hospital had to be THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
7 
left at Cambridge to care for the patients that could not travel. 
He was able to collect large quantities of blankets, rugs, bed- 
sacks, and pillows and these together with a considerable stock 
of medicine he transported to New York, where he established 
his hospital. The disastrous campaign which began with the 
battle of Long Island and resulted in the evacuation of Manhat- 
tan Island and the withdrawal to New Jersey and Westchester 
completely disorganized the frail system that had been built up. 
His chief difficulty was with the regimental surgeons, whose 
demands for supplies he was not able to satisfy, and who were 
persisting in maintaining regimental hospitals. He had collected 
in some way the supplies for his hospital and he was impatient 
that the regimental surgeons had not provided for themselves 
from the facilities of the neighborhood from which they came. 
Following a conference with the regimental surgeons Morgan 
submitted to Congress a set of regulations for the guidance of 
the medical service, remarkable in its scope and in its detail. 
Thus was suggested a system of medical supply by means of 
“Continental druggists’’ entirely independent of the director- 
general and issuing directly to the regimental surgeons. This 
system was adopted and functioned for a time with but scant 
success. Another provision called for the abolition of regimen- 
tal hospitals, but when put into effect it had only limited com- 
pliance from the regimental surgeons. Up to this time there 
had been a distinct line of demarcation between medical officers 
serving with troops and those serving in hospitals, their duties 
being in no way interchangeable. The inequalities existing be- 
tween the two groups were removed, but without entirely heal- 
ing the breach between them. Continued dissatisfaction was 
still rife among the regimental surgeons. They increased their 
efforts to undermine Morgan with Congress. Involved in this 
agitation was Dr. William Shippen, Morgan’s colleague in the 
Philadelphia Medical School and now Medical Director of the 
Flying Camp, operating in New Jersey. On October 9, 1776, 
Congress passed a resolution dividing the jurisdiction over army 
hospitals. All those east of the Hudson river were to remain 
under the control of Morgan, while those to the west of the 
river were assigned to Shippen’s control. Morgan supervised 
the medical service with the army in Westchester in such a man- 8 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
ner as to win the praise of General Washington. From New 
York the general hospital was moved to North Castle and after 
the battle of White Plains, to Peekskill. A branch was estab- 
lished at Stamford, Conn. In November Morgan went to Phil- 
adelphia for the purpose of obtaining from Congress an explana- 
tion of the resolution dividing the authority over hospitals. He 
was unable to obtain a hearing, but was privately informed that 
the arrangement was to stand. In the meantime the agitation 
of the regimental surgeons continued unabated and was aug- 
mented by complaints from the Northern army where Medical 
Director Samuel Stringer had from the beginning denied and 
resisted Morgan’s authority. On January 9, 1777, Congress, 
without consulting Washington and without holding any hearing, 
passed a resolution dismissing both Morgan and Stringer from 
the army. Thus ended the army career of a man who never had 
a chance of a success. A man of high character and ability, of 
tireless energy under every discouragement, he made a gallant 
struggle against the impossible. If the medical service of this 
period of the war was a failure, so was every other service of 
the army, and the army command itself. An army of amateurs 
was pitted against professionals and only the costly lessons of 
failure could equalize them. Morgan retired a disappointed and 
broken man, the victim of public clamor against failures which 
were more chargeable to Congress than to any army service. 
Stung by the injuries of his arbitrary dismissal, Morgan 
prepared and widely circulated his Vindication of his Public 
Character in the Station of Director General of the Military Hos- 
pital and Physician-in-Chief to the American Army. Brought to 
the attention of Congress, it was referred to a committee, but no 
report was made upon it until May 12, 1779. This report, unani- 
mously approved by Congress was as follows: 
“Whereas, by report of the Medical Commission confirmed by Con- 
gress on the ninth of August 1777, it appears that Doctor John Morgan, 
late Director General, and Chief Physician of the General Hospital of 
the United States, had been removed from office on the ninth of January 
1777, by reason of the general complaint of persons of all rank in the 
army, and the critical state of affairs at that time: and that the said 
Doctor John Morgan requesting an inquiry into his conduct, it was 
thought proper that a committee of Congress should be appointed for 
that purpose: and whereas, on the eighteenth day of September last. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
9 
such a committee was appointed before whom the said Doctor John 
Morgan had in a most satisfactory manner vindicated his conduct in 
every respect, as Director General and Physician-in-Chief, upon the 
testimony of the Commander-in-Chief, General officers, officers in the 
general hospital department and other officers in the army showing 
that the said Director General did conduct himself ably and faithfully 
in the discharge of the duties of his office, therefore: 
.Resolved that Congress are satisfied with the conduct of Doctor John 
Morgan while acting as Director General and Physician-in-Chief in the 
general hospitals of the United States, and that this resolution be pub- 
lished.” 
This was a handsome apology, but it was long delayed and 
there was no word in it in regard to a restoration to the ser- 
vice. It could not entirely bolster the broken spirit which Morgan 
carried to the end of his days. He had been nourishing his re- 
sentment against his successor, Shippen, and now, his own record 
vindicated, he preferred against that officer charges of mal- 
practice and misconduct of his office. With the active support 
of Dr. Benjamin Rush, he pushed the charges before Congress 
and the army command until Shippen was ordered before a 
court-martial. Following his retirement from the army Morgan 
took up his practice and his teaching in Philadelphia. However, 
he withdrew more and more from contact with public affairs 
and in 1785 he resigned from the office of physician to the 
Pennsylvania Hospital. He continued to hold the chair of medi- 
cine in the medical school until his death in his native city at 
the age of fifty-four. 
He was married on September 4, 1765, to Mary Hopkinson, 
daughter of Thomas and Mary Hopkinson, who died in 1785. 
They had no children. Their burial place is in the churchyard 
of St. Peter’s in Philadelphia. 
[L. C. Duncan Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 
(1931). John Thacher American Medical Biography (1828). Joseph Carson 
History of the Medical Department of the Univ. of Pa. (1869). C. W. Norris 
Early History of Medicine in Philadelphia (1886). J. A. Morgan History of 
the Family of Morgan (1902). T. H. S. Hamersly Complete Army and 
Navy Register of the United States, 1776-1887 (1888). J. E. Pilcher Sur- 
geon Generals of the Army 1905).] THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
10 
III. 
WILLIAM SHIPPEN, JR. (Oct. 21, 1736 - July 11, 1808), 
Director General of the Military Hospitals of the Continental 
Army, April 11, 1777 - Jan. 3, 1781, was born in Philadelphia, 
the son of Dr. William and Susannah (Harrison) Shippen, His 
father was one of the most prominent medical men of his time, 
one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Hospital and of the 
University of Pennsylvania, a trustee for thirty years of Prince- 
ton College, and a member of the Continental Congress elected 
in 1788. The son attended Rev. Samuel Finley’s School at Not- 
tingham in Chester County and the College of New Jersey 
(Princeton) from which he graduated with the degree of A. B. 
in 1754. He was valedictorian of his class and showed such 
talent that he was urged to study for the ministry. However, 
he returned to Philadelphia and took up the study of medicine 
with his father. In 1758 he went to London where he studied 
anatomy under John Hunter and midwifery under the older 
brother, William. He obtained his doctorate in medicine from 
the University of Edinburgh in 1761, presenting a thesis en- 
titled, De Placentae cum Utero Nexu (1761). 
After a visit to the schools and hospitals of Paris he re- 
turned to Philadelphia in 1762 and immediately began prepara- 
tions for giving courses in anatomy and midwifery. He began 
his anatomical lectures and demonstrations in November 1762 
and achieved a notable success though meeting with much criti- 
cism and some violence on account of the popular hostility to 
human dissection. In 1765 he began his lectures on midwifery, 
the first systematic instruction in obstetrics given in this 
country. He engaged actively in this specialty, though as was 
customary at the time he left the actual management of the labor 
in the hands of female midwives. With the establishment of the 
medical school of the College of Philadelphia in 1765, Shippen 
was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery in 1766. When 
this school was merged with the University of Pennsylvania in 
1791 he was given the chair of anatomy, surgery, and midwifery. 
He was on the staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1778-79 and WILLIAM SH1PPEN, JR THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
11 
from 1791 to 1802. He was a member of the American Philo- 
sophical Society and was one of the founders of the College of 
Physicians of Philadelphia and its president from 1805 to 1808. 
Shippen’s military service began with his appointment on 
June 15, 1776, to the position of medical director of the Flying 
Camp, a force of about ten thousand troops, operating in New 
Jersey, with headquarters at Trenton. On October 9 Congress 
directed him to establish a general hospital for the troops with 
which he was serving and on November 24 passed a resolution 
giving him supervision over all military hospitals west of the 
Hudson river, and limiting Director General Morgan’s authority 
to those east of that river. This order and its administration 
caused a break in the friendly relations previously existing be- 
tween the two men, resulting eventually in a serious estrange- 
ment, which cast a cloud over the careers of both. It appears 
that Shippen was highly critical of Morgan’s administration of 
the medical service and that he made little or no effort to counter- 
act the dissatisfaction among the regimental surgeons. Follow- 
ing Morgan’s separation from the service there was an interval 
during which there was no head of the medical department. 
During this period a plan for the reorganization of the medical 
service, based upon the British system, was submitted by Ship- 
pen and Dr. John Cochran, a man of previous military service. 
This plan, approved by Washington, was voted into effect by 
Congress on April 7, 1777, and on April 11 the medical officers 
to fill the places created by the act were elected. Shippen was 
elected director general, and Cochran physician and surgeon, of 
the army. This legislation definitely fixed the status of the 
director general as executive head of the department. In the 
reorganization a deputy director general was provided for each 
of three military districts, the director general himself retain- 
ing supervision over the fourth. An assistant director general 
was provided for command of each general hospital, and senior 
surgeons, second surgeons, and surgeons’ mates provided for 
their medical service, with apothecaries, commissaries, matrons, 
storekeepers, stewards, and nurses for other duties in the hos- 
pitals. A physician general and a surgeon general were pro- 
vided for each military district and a physician and surgeon gen- 
eral for each army. 12 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
During the winter of 1776-77 Shippen had collected practi- 
cally all of the army sick into hospitals at Bethlehem, Easton, 
and Allentown in the upper Delaware valley, and established his 
office in Bethlehem. In the latter part of March 1777 the hos- 
pital was transferred to Philadelphia. The service to the sick 
was much improved under the new system; but it was still far 
from giving general satisfaction and the same complaints that 
beset Morgan were renewed. The care of the sick in the hos- 
pitals again at Bethlehem, during the tragic winter of 1777-78, 
came under particular criticism. Immediately following his 
vindication by Congress on May 11, 1779, former Director Mor- 
gan addressed a letter to Congress charging Shippen with mal- 
practice and misconduct of his office and declaring himself ready 
to produce the necessary proof of his charges. In this action 
he had the active support of Dr. Benjamin Rush, a former medi- 
cal officer who laid his resignation from the service to Shippen’s 
ill-will. Other men of high standing in the medical service sup- 
ported Morgan’s charges. The specifications against Shippen 
included ignorance and neglect of his duties, misapplication of 
hospital supplies and funds and the rendition of false morbidity 
and mortality reports. After much correspondence a court- 
martial was ordered and Shippen appeared before it at Morris- 
town, N. J., on March 15, 1780. The case was not finally set- 
tled until August 18, 1780, when Congress passed a motion to 
the effect, “That the court-martial having acquitted the said 
Doctor W. Shippen that he be discharged from arrest.” The 
original motion calling for confirmation or approval of the ver- 
dict could not be carried. He remained in Philadelphia until 
November 24 when Congress ordered him to return to the head- 
quarters of the Commander-in-Chief in the highlands of the 
Hudson. The medical department had undergone another re- 
organization by act of Congress on October 6, 1780, and Ship- 
pen had been again elected medical director of the army. He 
reported at army headquarters in December, but resigned his 
post on January 3, 1781. 
Returning to Philadelphia he resumed practice and again 
took up his teaching. His later years were saddened by the 
death, in 1798, of his only son, a young man of much promise. 
After this event he gave up much of his public activities, THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
13 
including his practice and his teaching. He died at German- 
town near the age of seventy-two years. 
He had married in London, about 1760, Alice Lee, of a 
prominent Virginia family, the sister of Francis Lightfoot, 
William, Richard Henry, and Arthur Lee. 
Shippen’s character is one not easily understood. He had 
marked ability, energy, public spirit, and was gifted with great 
personal attraction. His mind, however, was of the contem- 
plative type, well fitted to his teaching career but lacking in 
creative ability. His habits of mind and body did not fit him 
for the rough experiences of army life in the field. His short- 
comings as chief of the medical service were largely due to his 
disinclination to share in any degree in the hardships of his 
subordinates. His disposition to avoid by whatever means all 
personal discomforts and administrative difficulties appears to 
have brought upon him the stigma of a court-martial. His career 
as a medical practitioner and as a teacher was distinguished. 
His lectures and demonstrations in the subject of anatomy were 
highly effective and his teaching of midwifery effected a revolu- 
tion in the practice of the city. He unquestionably exerted a 
marked influence upon the medical profession of his day. Except 
for his graduation thesis he appears to have written nothing for 
publication. 
[L. C. Duncan Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 
(1931). T. H. S. Hamersly Complete Army and Navy Register of the United 
States, 1776-1887 (1888). Joseph Carson History of the Medical Department 
of the Univ. of Pa. (1869). Dictionary of American Biography, Yol. XVII 
(1935). J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905).] 14 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
IV. 
JOHN COCHRAN (Sept. 1, 1730 - April 6, 1807), Director 
General of the Military Hospitals of the Continental Army, Jan. 
17, 1781 - Nov. 3, 1783, was born at Sadsburyville, Chester 
County, Pa., the son of James and Isabelle (Cochran) Cochran. 
His parents, cousins to some degree, of Scotch Irish descent, had 
both emigrated from Ireland. The Cochran family, members 
of the Dundonald clan, crossed from Paisley, Scotland, to North- 
ern Ireland in 1570 and to Philadelphia about 1700. John re- 
ceived his early education in the grammar school of Dr. Francis 
Alison at New London, near his home. He studied medicine with 
a Dr. Thompson of Lancaster, Pa., and at the beginning of the 
French Colonial war in 1755 he joined the Northern army based 
on Albany. He accompanied the expedition, headed by Colonel 
John Bradstreet, which captured Fort Frontenac in 1758, and 
served with the force of Lord Amherst around Lake Champlain 
in 1759. In the expedition against Fort Frontenac he formed a 
close friendship with Major (later General) Philip Schuyler, who 
induced Cochran to settle in Albany for practice after the close 
of hostilities in 1759. In the next year he married Mrs. Ger- 
trude Schuyler, widow of Peter Schuyler and sister of his com- 
rade in arms. Soon thereafter he removed to New Brunswick, 
N. J., where he practiced “physic and surgery” with marked 
success until 1776. He was one of the founders of the New 
Jersey Medical Society in 1766 and in 1769 became its president. 
He took an active part in procuring the passage of the act of 
1776 to regulate the practice of medicine and surgery in New 
Jersey, for which he received a vote of thanks from the state 
society. An early partisan of the colonies in their difficulties 
with the mother country, Cochran volunteered for duty without 
pay in the hospital department of the Continental army in the 
latter part of 1776, and, while still occupying that status, col- 
laborated in February 1777 with Medical Director Shippen of 
the Flying Camp in a plan for the reorganization of the medical 
service of the army. This plan, based on that of the British ser- 
vice, received the approval of General Washington who submitted JOHN COCHRAN THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
15 
it to Congress from his headquarters at Morristown, N. J., 
under date of February 14, 1777. At about the same time Wash- 
ington recommended Cochran to the consideration of Congress in 
the following terms: 
“1 would take the liberty of mentioning a gentleman who I think 
highly deserving of notice, not only on account of his abilities, but for 
the very great assistance which he has afforded in the course of this 
winter, merely in the nature of a volunteer. This gentleman is Dr. John 
Cochran, well known to all the faculty. The place for which he is well 
fitted and which would be most agreeable to him, is surgeon general of 
the middle department; in this line he served all of the last war in the 
British service, and has distinguished himself this winter particularly in 
his attention to the smallpox patients and the wounded.” 
In the reorganization that followed the submission of the 
plan and in accordance with Washington’s resolutions, Cochran 
was appointed on April 10, 1777, physician and surgeon general 
of the army of the middle department, which included that part 
of the theatre of war between the Hudson and the Potomac 
rivers. In this capacity he served through nearly the whole of 
the next three years, including the trying winter at Valley 
Forge. Cochran’s previous military experience and sound 
judgment made him Shippen’s chief reliance for advice and 
counsel during the latter’s term as director general. He at- 
tended the Marquis de Lafayette through a serious illness at 
Fishkill, N. Y., during the latter part of 1778. In the reorgani- 
zation of the medical service which took place in the latter part 
of 1780, Cochran, presumably the author of the plan, was ap- 
pointed under date of October 6, 1780, chief physician and sur- 
geon under Shippen as director general. On the resignation 
of the latter on January 3, 1781, there were nominated to Con- 
gress to fill the place the names of Cochran, James Craik, John 
Morgan, and William Brown. On January 17, Cochran was 
chosen by vote of Congress as Shippen’s successor, with Craik 
promoted to Cochran’s former position. These selections were 
undoubtedly influenced to some extent by a letter from Wash- 
ington to a member of Congress, dated October 9, 1780, com- 
mending a number of medical officers, but singling out Cochran 
and Craik for the highest commendation. 
In contrast with the experience of his three predecessors 
Cochran served to the end of the war under happy auspices and 16 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
to the satisfaction of Congress and the military command. 
Though his office was with the headquarters in the field, he did 
not participate directly in the Yorktown campaign, but remained 
with the northern forces based on West Point. While his term 
as director general was in the main a happy one, it was not 
without its problems and troubles. He was immediately faced by 
a more than ordinary scarcity of medical supplies and by numer- 
ous resignations of medical officers. The latter were due some- 
what to their unsatisfactory status, but more particularly to the 
fact that their pay was badly in arrears. Legislation favorable 
on the whole to the medical service was passed. The medical 
committee of Congress was abolished and its functions taken 
over by a Board of War. Promotion by seniority was estab- 
lished by an act of September 20, 1781, and the offices of chief 
physician and surgeon of the army and chief hospital physician 
were abolished on January 3, 1782. Inspections of the medical 
service by officers of the Inspector General’s Department were 
instituted by the act of January 10, 1782, and regulations pro- 
vided for the operations of the medical purveyor’s service. 
The relative rank of medical officers was fixed by a res- 
olution of Congress January 3, 1781, providing that those who 
served to the close of the war should be entitled like other offi- 
cers to half pay for life, the director to the half pay of a lieu- 
tenant colonel and the others except mates, to the half pay of 
a captain. Cochran’s outstanding qualities, those that brought 
him safely through troubled conditions which wrecked the ca- 
reers of others, were industry, sound judgment, and unfailing 
tact. Thacher, the medical historian of Revolutionary days, re- 
garded him highly, saying that “he united a vigorous mind and 
correct judgment with information derived and improved from 
long experience and faithful habits of attention to the duties of 
his profession. He possessed the pure and inflexible principles of 
patriotism and his integrity was unimpeachable. It is gratify- 
ing to have this opportunity to express respectful recollections 
of his urbanity and civilities and of affording this small tribute 
to his cherished memory.” 
He was mustered out of the service November 3, 1783. His 
home in New Brunswick having been burned by the British 
troops he took his family to New York City, and there resumed THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
17 
the practice of medicine. Shortly after Washington became 
president in 1789, retaining, to use his own words, “a cheerful 
recollection of his past services,” he appointed Cochran to the 
post of commissioner of loans for the State of New York. This 
office he held for a number of years, until a paralytic stroke in- 
capacitated him for its duties. He retired to Palatine, Mont- 
gomery County, N. Y., where he resided until his death in his 
seventy-seventh year. 
[L. C. Duncan Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775-1788 
(1931). T. H. S. Hamersly Complete Army and Navy Register of the United 
States 1776-1887 (1888). J. Thacher American Medical Biography (1828). 
Dictionary of American Biography Vol. IV (1930). American Medical and 
Philosophical Biography, 2d Ed. I (1814). J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals 
of the Army (1905).] 18 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
V. 
JAMES CRAIK ( 1730 - Feb. 6, 1814), Physician 
General of the United States Army, July 19, 1798 - June 15, 1800, 
was born on the estate of Arbigland in the parish of Kirkbean, 
County of Kirkcudbright, near Dumfries in Scotland. His father, 
Robert Craik, a member of the British Parliament, had a gar- 
dener, John Paul, whose son, born upon the estate emigrated to 
Virginia and under the name of John Paul Jones became Amer- 
ica’s most famous naval hero. James Craik is said to have been 
an illegitimate son, but was acknowledged, protected, and edu- 
cated by his father. He took his academic and medical train- 
ing at the University of Edinburgh, joining the medical service 
of the British army immediately after graduation. In 1751 he 
went to the West Indies as an army surgeon but resigned soon 
thereafter, settling in Norfolk, Va., where he began medical 
practice. Later he removed to Winchester, a frontier village and 
the base for military operations to the West. On March 7, 1754, 
he was commissioned surgeon of the Virginia Provincial Regi- 
ment, commanded by Colonel Joshua Fry. With this force, 
later commanded by George Washington, he participated in the 
capture of the French force at Great Meadows and in the sur- 
render of Fort Necessity to the French. In this campaign be- 
gan the lifelong friendship of Craik and Washington. In 1755 
Craik was with Braddock’s army in the ill-fated advance against 
Fort Duquesne, was in the thick of the battle in which the Eng- 
lish were routed by the French under Beaujeu and their Indian 
allies under De Langlade. He dressed the wounds of Braddock 
on the field and attended upon him until his death on the fol- 
lowing day near Great Meadows. He accompanied the retreat- 
ing army to Fort Cumberland and later accompanied Washing- 
ton to Winchester, Va. Here from 1755 to 1758 Washington 
was in command of the Virginia provincial forces charged with 
the protection of the Virginia and Maryland frontier from the 
depredations of hostile Delawares, Shawnees, and Mingos from 
the valleys of the Allegheny, Muskingum, and the Scioto branch- 
es of the upper Ohio. Craik was the chief medical officer and JAMES CRAIK THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
19 
shared in all the hardships and privations of these hardy troops 
until the fall of Fort Duquesne on November 25, 1756. Follow- 
ing this event and the consequent cessation of Indian raids. 
Craik retired from the army and bought a plantation at Port 
Tobacco, Maryland, where he established himself for medical 
practice and built himself an imposing home. Here he brought 
his bride, Marianne Ewell, of Prince William’s County, Vir- 
ginia, whom he married on November 13, 1760. She was the 
great-aunt of General Richard S. Ewell of the Confederate army. 
In 1770 he accompanied Washington on a trip into the Ohio 
valley for the purpose of examining lands subject to military 
claims. They journeyed by horseback to Pittsburgh, then down 
the Ohio by canoe to the mouth of the Big Kanawha, and back 
by the same route. In 1784 after the close of the Revolution 
they made a similar journey, this time striking by horseback 
directly across the Appalachian mountains to the Ohio, thence up 
that river and the Monongahela, thence southward through the 
mountains, emerging into the Shenandoah valley near Staunton. 
In the midst of his practice at Port Tobacco, Craik took 
an active interest in the stirring events leading up to the Rev- 
olutionary War. As early as 1774 he took an active part in a 
meeting of Charles County citizens at Port Tobacco in which 
resolutions were adopted protesting against the blockade of the 
port of Boston and pledging aid in commercial reprisals against 
the British. His first service with the Continental army began 
in 1777 when Washington tendered to him a choice between the 
positions of physician and surgeon to the hospital or assistant 
director general in the Middle Department. He chose the lat- 
ter which gave him the opportunity of serving close to his old- 
time friend during the war. It was he who in 1778 warned 
Washington of the so-called “Conway Cabal” to make General 
Gates Commander-in-Chief. He attended the wounds of Gen- 
eral Mercer on the battle field of Princeton and of Lafayette at 
the Brandywine. When the French under Rochambeau landed 
at Newport, R. I., Craik established the hospital service for 
their sick and wounded. In 1780 a reorganization of the medical 
department made Craik the senior of four holding the title of 
chief hospital physician and surgeon. With the resignation of 
Director General Shippen in 1781, Craik was Washington’s choice 20 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
for the succession but the place went to John Cochran, Chief 
Physician and Surgeon of the Army, and Craik was advanced 
to second place with the latter title. In this capacity he served 
until the close of the war, participating in the final campaign 
against Yorktown. 
With the close of the war, Craik, at the suggestion of Wash- 
ington, took up his residence in Alexandria, Virginia, and re- 
sumed the practice of medicine. He was a frequent visitor at 
Mount Vernon and attended whatever sickness occurred there. 
When in 1798 Washington was summoned from his retirement 
to command the army in a threatened war with France, he made 
it a condition of his acceptance that he should have the naming 
of the principal members of his staff. He chose Craik for his 
chief medical officer, who was appointed physician general on 
July 19, 1798, with the pay and emoluments of lieutenant colonel 
but without rank. By 1800 it became a certainty that there 
would be no war and Congress passed a bill, on May 14, 1800, 
directing the discharge of nearly all the troops involved in the 
emergency increase. Craik was mustered out of the service on 
June 15, 1800, leaving in the medical department but six sur- 
geons and twelve surgeon’s mates. For over a decade again 
it was without a chief. 
While Craik was still the army medical chief he had the 
unhappy duty of attending his old friend and commander in his 
last illness. On Dec. 13, 1799, he was called to Mount Vernon 
in attendance upon Washington and found him in a serious con- 
dition from a throat ailment upon which was made a diagnosis 
of “cynanche trachealis”, a term denoting what might now be 
called a streptococci cellulitis of the throat. Dr, Elisha C. Dick 
of Alexandria was called in consultation and later Dr. Gustave 
R. Brown of Port Tobacco, Maryland. Despite every effort the 
condition proved fatal on the evening of the following day. 
The only known published writing of Dr. Craik was a pam- 
phlet relating to Washington’s illness, A Sermon Occasioned by 
the Death of General Washington Preached Dec. 29, 1799, By 
the Rev. Hezakiah N. Woodruff, A. M. To which is added 
—An Appendix Giving a Particular Account of the Behaviour 
of General Washington During his Distressing Illness, Also of 
the Nature of the Complaint of which he died, by Doctors James THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
21 
Craik, and Elisha C. Dick, Attending Physicians (1800). 
Craik survived his illustrious friend for fourteen years. He 
gave up his practice in Alexandria and retired to his nearby es- 
tate, Vaucluse, where he and his wife lived with his daughter-in- 
law, Mrs. George Washington Craik, until his death here in his 
eighty-fourth year. His burial place is in the cemetery of the 
old Presbyterian meeting house on South Fairfax Street in 
Alexandria. He was an original member of the Maryland So- 
ciety of the Cincinnati. His son studied medicine but abandoned 
a career in that profession to become Washington’s private secre- 
tary. 
[W. B. Blanton Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century (1931). 
J. Thacher American Medical Biography (1828). L. C. Duncan Medical Men 
in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 (1931). H. E. Brown Medical Depart- 
ment of the U. 8. Army from 1775 to 1873 (1873). Dictionary of American 
Biography, Vol. IV (1930). J, M. Toner Medical Men of the Revolution 
(1876).] 22 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
VI. 
JAMES TILTON (June 1, 1745 - May 14, 1822), Physician 
and Surgeon General of the United States Army, June 11, 1813 - 
June 15, 1815, was born on a farm in Kent County, Delaware, at 
that time a part of Pennsylvania. His father, Thomas Tilton, is 
said to have been descended from John Tilton, who emigrated 
from England to Lynn, Mass., between 1630 and 1640. His 
mother, early left a widow, sent him to the Nottingham Academy, 
Nottingham, Pa., conducted by the Rev. Samuel Finley. Later, 
after studying under Dr. Ridgely, a prominent physician of 
Dover, Del., he entered the newly established medical depart- 
ment of the College of Philadelphia where he received the degree 
of B. M. with the first class graduated by that institution in 
1768. He presented a graduation thesis on the physiology of 
respiration. He established himself for practice at Dover, but 
returning to his old school was given the degree of M. D. in 
1771, his graduation thesis being entitled, De Hydrope. When 
the Revolutionary War broke out he was again a practitioner at 
Dover and a lieutenant of infantry in the local militia. When 
the Delaware Regiment, commanded by Colonel John Haslet, was 
organized, Tilton was appointed regimental surgeon on Jan- 
uary 16, 1776. He served with the regiment through that year 
in the battle of Long Island, at White Plains, at Trenton, and 
until the regiment was practically wiped out and Colonel Haslet 
killed at the battle of Princeton on Jan. 2, 1777. He served with 
the sick and wounded remnant of the regiment in a hospital 
at Wilmington for the remainder of that winter. On April 3, 
1777, he was appointed hospital physician and on April 23 Con- 
gress passed the following resolution: 
“Resolved, That Dr. James Tilton be authorized to report to Dum- 
fries in Virginia, there to take charge of all Continental soldiers that 
are or shall be inoculated, and that he shall be furnished with the neces- 
sary medicines.” 
While inoculations for smallpox had been largely practiced 
since the beginning of the war this resolution and others fol- 
lowing which called for the assembling of troops for inoculation JAMES TILTON THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
23 
were the first actions taken by Congress in the matter. Follow- 
ing this duty he was placed in command of a hospital established 
at Princeton, N. J., after the retreat from the battle at the 
Brandywine in September 1777. While on this duty he con- 
tracted typhus which necessitated a sick leave of some months. 
During this time he visited the military hospitals at Bethlehem, 
Reading, Lancaster, and elsewhere studying conditions which 
later formed the basis for the sharpest criticism of military hos- 
pital management and of the system that made these conditions 
possible. He was also outspoken in criticism of the director 
general being also the purveyor of supplies. During the cam- 
paigns of 1775-80 he was in charge of hospitals at Morristown 
and Trenton, N. J., and at New Windsor, N. Y., at which places 
he was able to give trial with considerable success, to his pet 
scheme of small well-ventilated log huts capable of holding but 
six or eight patients each. In the medical department reorgan- 
ization of 1780 his name apeared at the head of the list of “hos- 
pital physicians and surgeons”. In this capacity he conducted a 
hospital at Williamsburg during the Yorktown campaign and 
was left in charge of the hospitals at Yorktown after its evacua- 
tion following the surrender. He had been largely instrumental 
in securing the action of Congress on September 20, 1781, pro- 
viding for promotion by seniority of medical officers. This 
legislation however, placed hospital surgeons above regimental 
surgeons, who were given the same rank as hospital mates. 
Eventually regimental surgeons wrere given an intermediate posi- 
tion between hospital surgeons and hospital mates. 
With the close of hostilities he returned to his practice at 
Dover. In the meantime he had been offered and had declined 
the chair of materia medica in his old medical school, reorgan- 
ized in 1791 as the medical department of the University of 
Pennsylvania. He served one term (1783-85) in the Continental 
Congress, and repeated terms as member of the state House of 
Representatives. From 1785 to 1801 he occupied the position 
of government commissioner of loans for Delaware. 
The climate of Dover not being to his satisfaction, he bought 
a farm in the hill country back of Wilmington and varied his 
medical practice with the cultivation of his fields and by an 
occasional essay on some agricultural subject. In these circum- 24 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
stances he continued for years the leading medical man and 
the most frequently employed consultant in the state. 
In February 1813, while the country was at war with Brit- 
ain, he published a small treatise entitled, Economical Observa- 
tions on Military Hospitals and the Prevention and Cure of 
Diseases Incident to an Army. It was dedicated to General 
John Armstrong, secretary of war, and embodied his observa- 
tions during the Revolutionary "War and repeated his former 
recommendations regarding the construction and administration 
of military hospitals. Probably as a result of this publication 
he was offered the position of physician and surgeon general 
of the army, an office created by a reorganization of the staff 
departments under an act of March 3, 1813 (2 Stat. 819). On 
account of his age he was loath to accept the appointment, but 
did so upon being assured that his duties would be chiefly execu- 
tive in character and that he would not be required to serve in 
the field. His appointment was confirmed by the Senate to 
date from June 11, 1813. At the same time Dr. Francis Le 
Barron of Massachusetts was appointed apothecary general. In 
the meantime under date of May 1, 1813, the President caused 
to be issued Rules and Regulations for the Army, and therein 
were prescribed the duties of the chief medical officer as fol- 
lows : 
“It shall be the duty of the Physician and Surgeon General to pre- 
scribe rules for the government of the hospitals of the army, to see these 
enforced, to appoint stewards and nurses, to call for and receive returns 
of medicine, surgical instruments and hospital stores, to authorize and 
regulate the supply of regimental medical chests, to make out general 
half year returns of these and of the sick in hospital to the War Depart- 
ment, and yearly estimates of what may be wanted for the supply of the 
army. 
“The apothecary general shall assist the Physician and Surgeon 
General in the discharge of the above mentioned duties, and shall receive 
and obey his orders in relation thereto.” 
One of his first acts after assuming office was to make 
a tour of inspection of the hospitals and camps along the north- 
ern frontier. Here he found that all the lessons of sanitation 
learned from the bitter experience of the last war had been 
forgotten. In both camp and hospitals he found such utter 
contempt for sanitary measures and such dire results of this THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
25 
neglect that immediate action was necessary. By moving the 
hospitals and establishing new ones and by the elimination of 
incompetent personnel he was able to do much in improving 
these unsatisfactory conditions. His efforts to improve hos- 
pital conditions and to rehabilitate the medical and hygienic ser- 
vice of the army resulted in the publication of the Regulations 
for the Medical Department issued in general orders of December 
1814. 
This, the most important result of his administration, de- 
fined clearly for the first time the duties of medical officers 
and other sanitary personnel. With the end of the war in the 
spring of 1815, the army was greatly reduced by the act of 
March 3, 1815 (3 Stat. 224), and the office held by Tilton was 
terminated June 15, 1815. During the later months of Tilton’s 
term of office his usefulness was greatly impaired by the develop- 
ment of a malignant tumor of the knee. On December 7 following 
his relief from office it became necessary to perform a thigh 
amputation in order to prolong his life. Despite his seventy 
years and his previous suffering, he withstood the pre-anaes- 
thetic era agonies of the amputation with the utmost fortitude 
and even counseled with the operator and his assistants con- 
cerning the details of the operation. 
The remaining years of his life were passed in the stone 
mansion he had built overlooking the city of Wilmington, his 
time occupied by the supervision of his fields and gardens. Here 
he died near the end of his seventy-seventh year. 
After Yorktown, the Delaware troops were brought back 
from duty in the Carolinas and went into camp at New Castle 
awaiting discharge. The officers of this camp, with others, met 
at Wilmington, where following the example set by officers in 
other states, they formed on July 4, 1783, the Delaware State 
Society of the Cincinnati, and elected Tilton its first president. 
He held this office until 1795 and w’as delegate to the general 
meetings of the Society of the Cincinnati from 1784 to 1793. 
He was a member of the American Philosophical Society and 
of his state medical society, which he served as president for 
years. He was not a prolific writer. Aside from his doctor- 
ate theses and his Economical Observations, his published writ- 
ings were limited to four pamphlets on agricultural subjects. 26 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Tilton was outstanding both in appearance and in charac- 
ter. He stood six and one-half feet tall, was spare in build and 
notably dark of hair and complexion. Though he never married, 
he was of a sociable nature and was companionable with all 
ages. He was especially generous in his friendships with the 
younger members of the medical profession of his community. 
Despite an absolute honesty, positive views, and unusual frank- 
ness of speech, he does not appear to have made active enemies. 
He was a man of many eccentricities, few of which seem to have 
been of a displeasing character. 
[H. E. Brown Medical Department of the U. S. Army from 1775 to 1873 
(1873). L. C. Duncan Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 
(1931). H. H. Bellas History of the Delaware Society of the Cincinnati 
(1895). F. J. Tilton History of the Tilton Family in America, Vol. I (1928). 
J. T. Scharf History of Dclatvare, Vol. 1 (1858).] JOSEPH LOVELL THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
27 
VII. 
JOSEPH LOVELL (December 22, 1788 - October 17, 1836), 
Surgeon General of the United States Army, April 18, 1818 - 
Oct. 17, 1836, was born in Boston, Mass., the son of James S. 
and Deborah (Gorham) Lovell. His father attained the grade 
of major in the Continental army during the Revolutionary War 
and his grandfather, James Lovell, was an active member of the 
Whig organization in Boston before the Revolution, and was a 
member of the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1782. He 
was one of the prime movers in the scheme to supplant General 
Washington as commander-in-chief by General Horatio Gates. 
He was an original member of the Massachusetts Society of the 
Cincinnati. 
Joseph Lovell obtained his early education in the Boston 
schools, after which he entered Harvard College, where he gradu- 
ated in 1807. He began the study of medicine with Dr. Wil- 
liam Ingalls of Boston and was graduated from the Harvard 
Medical School in 1811, with the first class to receive the degree 
of M. D. With the practical certainty of a second war with 
Britain, Congress passed an act on January 11, 1812 (2 Stat. 
671), increasing by thirteen regiments the military forces of 
the country, and providing a surgeon and two surgeon’s mates 
for each regiment. On May 15, 1812, Lovell was appointed 
major and surgeon, 9th Infantry. With an unusually thorough 
medical education, he early became an outstanding medical offi- 
cer. When, late in 1812, the troops were moved to the Canadian 
border, general hospitals were established at Plattsburg, N. Y., 
and at Burlington, Vt., Lovell was detached from his infantry 
regiment and placed in command of the Burlington Hospital. 
During this time, while the hospitals as a whole came under 
severe criticism the Burlington Hospital was held up as a model 
of what a hospital should be. Lovell attracted attention not 
only as a skilled practitioner but as an officer of marked execu- 
tive ability. In recognition of his exceptional service he was 
selected for appointment to the grade of hospital surgeon on 
June 30, 1814. During the latter part of the war his longest 28 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
service was in the hospital at Williamsville, N. Y., which re- 
ceived the casualties for the operations along the Niagara river., 
In 1817, Lovell, then chief medical officer of the Northern 
Department, addressed to Major General Jacob Brown, the de- 
partment commander, a letter dealing with the Sick Report of 
the Northern Division for the Year ending June 30, 1817, in 
which he discussed not only the cause of disease in the army, 
but also gave his views upon the duties of medical officers and 
their for the sickness occurring among the troops. 
During the winter and spring of 1818 Congress was en- 
gaged on a bill for the reorganization of the staff of the army. 
This bill, passed April 14, 1818 (3 Stat. 426), repealed certain 
previous legislation in regard to the medical department and 
carried the following section: 
“Section 2. And be it further enacted, That there shall be one Sur- 
geon General, with a salary of two thousand five hundred dollars per 
annum, one assistant surgeon general with the emoluments of a hospital 
surgeon * * * and that the number of post surgeons be increased not to 
exceed eight to each division.” 
Pursuant to this legislation Lovell v/as appointed Surgeon 
General to date from April 18, 1818, with Hospital Surgeons 
Tobias Watkins and James C. Bronaugh, assistants, one for each 
of the two divisions of the army. Apothecary General Le Bar- 
ron was retained in his old position. Though only in his thirtieth 
year, his services in the hospitals on the northern frontier during 
the war and his appreciation of the needs of the service as evi- 
denced by his reports made Lovell the logical choice for head of 
the service. Thus was established for the first time a permanent 
medical department organization. For the first time a career 
medical officer was made chief of the service. All of the former 
chiefs had been appointed to meet the emergency of war, real 
or expected, with an organization to serve the forces in the field. 
Again, for the first time was bestowed upon the service chief the 
title of surgeon general, which has survived to the present day. 
Immediately following Lovell’s appointment the following order 
was issued bjr the War Department: THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
29 
“Adjutant and Inspector General’s Office 
April 21, 1818. 
General Orders. 
All reports, returns and communications connected with the 
Medical Department will hereafter be made to the Surgeon General’s 
Office in Washington. 
All orders and instructions relative to the duties of the several 
officers of the Medical Staff, will be issued through the Surgeon 
General, who will be obeyed and respected accordingly. 
The Assistant Surgeon Generals will forthwith commence the-, 
inspections of the Medical Department in their respective divisions; 
agreeably to the instructions they receive from the Surgeon General^ 
order. B. Parker, 
Assistant and Inspector General.’'’ 
Lovell saw as an early duty the revision of the Medical Regu- 
lations. The regulations of December 1814 had been super- 
seded by those of April 24, 1816, but these were defective in that 
they were not adapted to the new organization or to the pro- 
visions of the order quoted above. The result was the Regula- 
tions of the Medical Department, September 1818. In his first 
report to Secretary of War Calhoun in November 1818, he dwelt 
upon the difficulty of obtaining from medical officers compliance 
with orders, particularly in regard to reports and returns. In 
reply the Secretary called upon him for recommendations for the 
improvement of the medical service. Lovell began his recom- 
mendations with the statement that the first requisite was to 
make the position of a medical officer such that he would place 
some value upon the retention of his office, at that time held in 
low esteem. Recruitment of officer personnel was difficult and 
the retention of suitable men even more so. He asked an in- 
crease in the number of medical officers and an increase in their 
pay and allowances. With officers with a sense of responsibility 
he promised appreciable economies in medical supplies. He rec- 
ommended further that the Apothecary General be authorized to 
make all purchases of medical supplies and that purchasing of- 
ficers be bonded for the proper application of public funds. 
Though no immediate legislation ensued, the changes advocated 
were all brought about during Lovell’s term of office. 
On March 2, 1821 (3 Stat. 615), Congress passed an act 
reducing the army and reorganizing the staff corps. Section 10 30 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
defined the future medical staff as follows: 
“And be it further enacted, That the medical department shall 
consist of one surgeon general, eight surgeons with the compensation 
of regimental surgeons and forty-five assistant surgeons with the com- 
pensation of post surgeons.” 
Thus was abolished the old system of titles which had stood 
since the Revolution, with the substitution of a new system which 
was to last for nearly ninety years, though military rank and 
titles came in 1847. This reorganization brought about the dis- 
charge of the Apothecary General and his assistants. In 1825 
a new edition of the Medical Regulations was issued. It was es- 
sentially the same as that of 1818, except as to phraseology to 
conform to the new designations of the medical officers. The 
office of Assistant Surgeon General was changed to that of 
Medical Director of Department and the duties of the Apothecary 
General and his assistants were assigned to officers detailed to 
the purveying department. An important addition was a para- 
graph calling for the examination by a board of three medical 
officers of all applicants for the position of assistant surgeon. 
This provision was not put into effect until after the issue by 
the War Department of General Orders, No. 58, July 7, 1832, 
which defined the requisites for appointment. Thus was initi- 
ated the foremost factor in the high professional standing of 
the corps to the present day. An act of Congress of June 30, 
1834 (4 Stat. 714), confirmed the provisions for entrance ex- 
aminations and fixed the pay and allowances of medical officers 
relative to those of other officers of the service. 
A dangerous crisis developed in 1830, when, in the midst 
of agitation for retrenchments, Secretary of War Eaton sug- 
gested the abolition of the office of Surgeon General. In a letter 
to Congress in support of his administration, Lovell was so far 
successful that he not only saved his own office but obtained an 
increase in the number of officers in the corps. 
During Lovell’s term of office occurred the Black Hawk 
War and the beginning of the long continued struggle with the 
Seminoles of Florida. In 1832, incident to the trouble with the 
Sacs and Foxes in Illinois and Wisconsin, troops were sent to 
that section by way of Buffalo and the Great Lakes. Cholera 
broke out on two boats enroute from Buffalo to Chicago. The THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
31 
troops were debarked in the vicinity of Detroit and put into 
camp. Nearly four hundred cases developed with eighty-eight 
deaths. The Seminole War began on Dec. 28, 1885, when the 
Indians, under Osceola, ambushed and destroyed two companies 
of the 4th Infantry under command of Major Dade. The anxie- 
ties incident to furnishing medical service for the troops collect- 
ing for the punitive campaign weighed heavily upon Lovell. He 
established a medical supply depot at Tampa and a general hos- 
pital at St. Augustine. He asked for an increase of medical 
officers and a small addition was authorized on July 4, 1835. 
The report of June 4 with its request for additional officers was 
his last important act. His wife, to whom he was deeply at- 
tached, died about this time and the double burden of anxieties 
was too much for an always delicate constitution. He died in 
Washington on Oct. 17, 1836, near the end of his forty-eighth 
year. 
Less than thirty years of age and with but six years of 
service when he became Surgeon General, Lovell’s eighteen years’ 
tenure of office were marked by constant improvement in the 
efficiency of the service and in the status of the officers of the 
corps. With a wholesome pride in his office and in the service 
which he represented, he strove to foster that same pride 
throughout the corps and to render the military establishment 
conscious of its obligations to the medical service. Quite beyond 
the medical department he rendered conspicuous service to every 
branch and department of the army. More than any other 
person he was responsible for the abolition of the whiskey ration 
which was making drunkards throughout the army. He was 
largely instrumental in the passage by Congress of a bill by 
which unsuitable and inefficient officers could be eliminated from 
the army by action of a board of officers. From his personal 
observations he was able to make recommendations which 
brought about notable improvements in the ration and clothing 
of the soldier. One of his first acts as Surgeon General was to 
require from all army posts quarterly reports by the medical 
officers on weather conditions and on the incidence and causes 
of diseases. The compilations of these reports have high his- 
toric value. The weather reports thus begun were the begin- 
ning of the present Weather Bureau. A notable service by 32 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Lovell was the encouragement and official assistance which he 
gave to Surgeon William Beaumont in the study of gastric 
physiology. The year 1836 is given as the time when in Lovell’s 
office was begun the collection of books which was to become the 
Army Medical Library. 
Lovell’s death, preceded by a few months by that of his 
wife, Margaret Mansfield Lovell, left an orphaned family of 
eleven children. A son, Mansfield Lovell, graduated from West 
Point and became a major general and corps commander in the 
Confederate army. 
In 1842, the officers of the medical corps testified to their 
appreciation of Lovell’s services to them and to their personal 
esteem for him by the erection of a handsome monument over 
his grave in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington. 
[F. F. Harrington Harvard Medical School, Yol. II (1905). H. E. Brown 
Medical Department of the U. 8. Army from 1775 to 1873 (1873). J. E. 
Filcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). Dictionary of American Bio- 
graphy, Vol. II (1933). National Intelligencer, Washington, Oct. 19, 1836.] THOMAS LAWSON THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
33 
VIII. 
THOMAS LAWSON (August 29, 1789 - May 15, 1861), 
Surgeon General, Nov. 30, 1836 - May 15, 1861, was born in 
Virginia, in Princess Anne County or in the nearby part of south- 
ern Norfolk County. He was the son of Thomas and Sarah 
(Robinson) Lawson, the grandson of Colonel Anthony Lawson 
and of Colonel Tully Robinson, and descended from Anthony 
Lawson who came to Virginia from Londonderry, Ireland, about 
1668. The Lawson family and its affiliates were for two centu- 
ries prominent in the two counties which make up the south- 
eastern corner of the state. No information is available in re- 
gard to his early education or of his medical studies, hence it 
is probable that he studied with the practitioners of his home 
community. However obtained, his medical education was com- 
pleted early, for at nineteen years he entered the navy on March 
1, 1809, as a surgeon’s mate. After two years of shipboard life 
he resigned on January 12, 1811, and in the following month, on 
February 8, 1811, he was appointed to the position of garrison 
surgeon’s mate in the army. On May 21, 1813, he was pro- 
moted to the post of surgeon, 6th Infantry, in which position he 
went through the War of 1812. With the reduction and reor- 
ganization of the army at the close of the war he became surgeon 
of the 7th Infantry on May 17, 1815. Upon the reorganization 
of the medical department in 1821 his name appeared upon the 
roll as the senior officer in the grade of surgeon and remained 
so until his advancement to Surgeon General in 1836. During 
his early service in the field with the 6th Infantry, he won the 
official commendation of Hospital Surgeon Mann, the medical 
director, for his attention to the wounded and for his courage 
under fire, particularly during the investment of Plattsburg by 
the British forces. His high relative rank in the corps insured 
him an interesting and varied service. In 1832 he was president 
of a board of medical examiners which visited practically every 
post in the army for the purpose of holding entrance and pro- 
motion examinations in accordance with War Department orders 
which prescribed for the first time these examinations for the 34 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
corps. He had a decided inclination toward field service and 
was much disappointed when his application for duty with the 
forces operating against Black Hawk in 1833 was disapproved. 
As in the case of many other medical officers his garrison duty 
was varied by details as adjutant, quartermaster, or even as a 
company commander. His qualities of military leadership were 
recognized when, following the Seminole outbreak, a regiment 
of volunteer infantry was raised in Louisiana with Colonel P. 
F. Smith in command and Lawson was tendered the office of 
lieutenant colonel. He served in this capacity with credit from 
Feb. 5, 1836, until the regiment was mustered out on May 15 
following. With the concentration of troops for the Seminole 
War he was appointed medical director with headquarters at 
Fort Mitchell, Alabama, where he was serving when he was ap- 
pointed Surgeon General on November 30, 1836. 
Surgeon General Lovell died on Oct. 17, 1836, and there 
immediately followed a movement to appoint a civilian in his 
place, the claims of Dr. Henry Huntt, a hospital surgeon in the 
War of 1812, being very strongly advocated. It is said that 
Dr. Huntt refused the office when tendered him by President 
Jackson. The army was almost unanimous for Lawson, senior 
officer of the corps, and he was appointed on Nov. 30, 1836. 
He arrived in Washington only in the late spring of 1837 and 
was then detailed to accompany ex-President Jackson to his 
home. Other duties incident to the Seminole War kept him away 
from his Washington office until May 1838. Assistant Surgeon 
Benjamin King had charge of the office during the absence of 
the chief. The years between the Seminole War and the Mexi- 
can War were relatively uneventful ones for the office of the 
Surgeon General. However, Lawson had some very definite 
ideas for the improvement of the service and battled valiantly 
for them. He was able to obtain for the corps military rank, 
two increases in numbers, improved uniform, stewards enlisted 
in the department, and increased pay for soldiers detailed to it 
for duty. In 1839 there was issued the first volume of Army 
Medical Statistics prepared by Assistant Surgeon Samuel Ferry. 
It embraced the sickness and mortality of the corps from 1819 
to 1839, the medical topography and meteorology of the var- 
ious posts, a report on the construction and condition of the bar- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
35 
racks and hospitals, and other information in reference to pre- 
vailing diseases and their treatment. 
There was a small reduction in officer personnel in 1842, 
following the close of the Seminole campaign. The clouds of 
war were gathering again however, and in 1845, with a con- 
centration of troops at Corpus Christi, Texas, medical depots 
were established at this place and at New Orleans. The bom- 
bardment of the American camp across the river from Mata- 
moras, by the Mexicans in that town on May 6, 1846, precipi- 
tated the Mexican War. Surgeons P. H. Craig, and C. A. Finley 
were at different times medical director of the troops operating 
in Northern Mexico. 
In December 1846 Lawson left Washington for New Or- 
leans, where General Scott was preparing plans for the capture 
of Vera Cruz. In February 1847 he accompanied General Scott 
as chief of his medical staff to Lobos Island where troops were 
gathering for the attack on Vera Cruz. On Feb. 11, 1847, 
Congress passed an act to increase the army temporarily (9 
Stat. 124), which act gave an increase in medical officers, and 
at the same time gave for the first time definite military rank 
to medical officers. 
Lawson accompanied General Scott from Vera Cruz to Mex- 
ico City, but only in an advisory capacity, Surgeon B. F. Harney 
being the medical director. In the medical service of this cam- 
paign Surgeons R. S. Satterlee, C. S. Tripler, and J. J, B. Wright 
played the leading parts. With the cessation of hostilities Law- 
son returned to his office in Washington, which had been under 
the charge of Surgeon H. L. Heiskell. On May 30, 1848, he was 
given the brevet rank of brigadier general for meritorious con- 
duct in the late war. For more than a decade following, Lawson 
filled the office of chief, years of comparative tranquility after 
the strenuous ones of his earlier service. In July 1856 appeared 
a second volume of Medical Statistics with much the same class 
of information brought up to date. This volume brought forth 
general and generous commendation from the medical profession. 
Other equally valuable contributions to science were the Meteor- 
ological Register of 1826 to 1830 and that from 1831 to 1842. 
The first volume of this series, covering the years 1822 to 1825, 
had been published by Surgeon General Lovell in 1826. Though 36 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Lawson is credited with the authorship of these volumes on 
medical statistics and meteorology, they were in fact compiled 
by officers of his staff to whom full credit was given at their 
time of issue. In 1850 Lawson obtained authority for representa- 
tion of the Army Medical Corps at meetings of the American 
Medical Association and Surgeon C. S. Tripler attended the 
Cincinnati meeting that year as a delegate. Legislation passed 
August 16, 1856 (11 Stat. 51), increased the number of medical 
officers, provided for the appointment or enlistment of hospital 
stewards, and for extra pay for special duties in hospitals. A 
third volume of Medico.il Statistics was issued in 1860. The clos- 
ing years of Lawson’s term were clouded by the oncoming shad- 
ows of the Civil War. On January 1, 1861, the corps consisted 
of one surgeon general, thirty surgeons and eighty-three assist- 
ant surgeons. Of these, within a few months, twenty-four re- 
signed to enter the Confederate service and three more were 
dismissed for disloyalty. The fall of Fort Sumter broke upon 
Lawson in his seventy-second year and found him in impaired 
health. With a situation which called for all his abilities and 
experience he was compelled to leave his office and seek treat- 
ment at Norfolk, Va. He entered the home of Dr. Daniel C. 
Barraud, where on May 15 he was stricken with apoplexy and 
died within a few hours. He served his country’s military es- 
tablishments for fifty years, twenty-four as Surgeon General. 
With him passed from the corps the last of the participants in 
the War of 1812. 
Lawson was a man of originality of intellect, of unflag- 
ging industry, with an intense enthusiasm for the military ser- 
vice. He had a high sense of the usefulness of the medical ser- 
vice and a determination to gain for it every consideration to 
which it had a right. There were at the time numerous glaring 
wrongs to be righted and he was in good measure successful in 
their elimination. He was also implacable in his pursuit of med- 
ical officers whose actions he considered discreditable to the 
corps. These traits in his character brought him into frequent 
conflict with his superiors in the War Department and with his 
subordinates in the service; but he was dismayed neither by dis- 
play of authority on the one hand nor by the threats of political 
influence on the other. In consequence, while he was universal- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
37 
ly held in respect, he never was able to gain the confidence and 
affection of his subordinates, a gift which was possessed in high 
degree by Surgeon General Lovell. But it can be said with 
confidence that no other member of the corps of his day could 
have carried on the persistent and successful fight for the right 
of rank for his corps as did Lawson. For this and for his other 
notable services it is easy to forget his lack of graciousness and 
personal charm. 
Though credited with having been something of a beau, he 
never married. However, during his long years in Washington 
he kept house in a large mansion in a fashionable district to the 
west of the White House. 
[H. E. Brown Medical Department of the TJ.S. Army from 1775 to 1873 
(1873). P. M. Ashhurn History of the Medical Department of the U. S. Army 
(1929). W. B. Atkinson Phys. and Stirgs. of the U.S. (1873). J. E. Pilcher 
Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). Kelly and Barrage American Medical 
Biographies (1920). Evening Star (Wash. D. C.) May 20, 1861.] 38 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
IX. 
CLEMENT ALEXANDER FINLEY (May 11, 1797 - Sept. 
8, 1879), Surgeon General, May 15, 1861 - April 14, 1862, was 
born at Newville, Cumberland County, Pa. His father, Samuel 
Finley, served in the Virginia cavalry during the Revolutionary 
War attaining the grade of major. President Washington ap- 
pointed him receiver of public moneys in the northwest, which 
position took him to Chillicothe, Ohio, about 1796, where he re- 
ceived a large allotment of land for his Revolutionary War ser- 
vice. Here the son spent his childhood and youth and here ob- 
tained his early education. With the educational facilities of 
Chillicothe exhausted, he was sent to Carlisle, Pa., near his 
birthplace, to Dickinson College where he was graduated in 1815. 
He then went to Philadelphia where in 1818 he was given the 
degree of M. D. by the University of Pennsylvania. His father’s 
military service attracted him to the army, which had recently 
emerged from the War of 1812-15, and on August 10, 1818, he 
was commissioned as a surgeon’s mate of the 1st Infantry. The 
forty-three years that intervened before he became Surgeon Gen- 
eral were filled largely with routine garrison duty, but included 
much field service in the wars of the period. His first assign- 
ment carried with it four years with his regiment in Louisiana, 
then two years in what was then the wilds of Arkansas, at Fort 
Smith. In the years from 1825 to 1828 he served at Fort Gib- 
son, Arkansas, in Florida, at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and 
at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 
Following this he passed three years at Fort Dearborn, 
Illinois, where he saw the beginning of Chicago’s marvelous 
growth. In 1831 he was ordered to Fort Howard, Wisconsin, 
and while on this duty he was detached for service as chief med- 
ical officer of the forces operating under General Winfield Scott 
in the Black Hawk War of 1833. He served a year with the 1st 
Dragoons in Florida, then two years again at Jefferson Bar- 
racks. In 1834 he was again sent to Florida where he served 
throughout the Seminole War until 1838. With hostilities over 
he was sent to Fortress Monroe, Virginia, for a year, and then CLEMENT ALEXANDER FINLEY THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
39 
to Buffalo, N. Y., for another year. From 1840 to 1844 he 
served at Carlisle Barracks, Pa., where he renewed his acquaint- 
ance with his alma mater, Dickinson College. The outbreak of 
the Mexican War found him again at Fortress Monroe, from 
where he was sent in 1846 to the army which was invading Mex- 
ico across its northern border. By virtue of his rank he be- 
came medical director of this army commanded by General Zach- 
ary Taylor, but shortly after was sent north on account of sick- 
ness. During this detached service he acted as member of a 
number of examining boards. In 1847 he returned to duty in 
Mexico with the army, under General Scott, which was invading 
the country by way of Vera Cruz. He was medical director of 
this force until again sickness required that he be sent north. 
He was permanently relieved from Mexico duty and ordered to 
Newport Barracks, Kentucky, In 1849 he went to Jefferson 
Barracks for a third tour of duty and in 1854 to duty in Phil- 
adelphia with his quarters at Frankford Arsenal. The years up- 
on this detail largely involved work on examining boards and it 
was on this sort of duty that he was engaged when in 1861 he 
received the appointment to the office of Surgeon General. Sur- 
geon General Lawson’s death came unexpectedly and it was gen- 
erally considered that his successor would be Surgeon Robert C. 
Wood, a high ranking officer who was in charge of the office 
during Lawson’s absence. Wood was son-in-law to former 
President Taylor and brother-in-law to Jefferson Davis and from 
his long duty in the War Department had many other influential 
friends. But a new political party was now in control and 
President Lincoln chose Finley, the senior officer of the corps, 
for the coveted place on May 15, 1861. Finley retained Wood as 
his assistant and their relations appear to have been entirely 
cordial. 
The new Surgeon General was sixty-four at the time of 
appointment, but was in good physical condition and entered the 
office keen for the heavy duties devolving upon him. Beyond his 
office work he was busy in the furtherance of legislation and in 
the selection of hospital buildings and sites in the capital city. 
It is difficult at this time to determine to what extent Finley in- 
fluenced the policies and legislation affecting the medical de- 
partment during his term of office. The Sanitary Commission 40 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
was active with criticism and recommendations and had high 
influence with Congress. The act passed on August 3, 1861 (12 
Stat. 288), increasing the number of officers and providing for 
the employment of medical cadets and female nurses was no 
doubt in response to recommendations from both the office of 
the Surgeon General and the Sanitary Commission. The act 
also provided for the creation of boards for the consideration of 
cases of disability. A provision for two assistants to the Sur- 
geon General with the rank of lieutenant colonel, contained in 
the original bill, was stricken out. 
On April 16, 1862, an act was passed (12 Stat. 378) for the 
reorganization of the medical department which gave the Sur- 
geon General the rank of brigadier general, created an assistant 
Surgeon General and a medical inspector with rank of colonel, 
eight medical inspectors with the rank of lieutenant colonel, and 
provided for medical purveyors. This was the first time when 
actual rank in the medical department had exceeded the grade 
of major, except that the Surgeon General had the grade of 
colonel. But Finley was not to achieve the advanced grade, as 
he was retired on his own application on April 14, 1862, two 
days before the passage of the act. He had incurred the dis- 
pleasure of Secretary of War Stanton by a hospital appointment 
and after a heated interview with the Secretary had been re- 
lieved from his office and directed to repair to Boston and await 
orders. From Boston he appealed against the treatment ac- 
corded him, but despite the efforts of influential friends no action 
could be obtained and hopeless of justice and redress he applied 
for admission to the retired list. In the meantime, and until 
the appointment of his successor, Surgeon Wood performed the 
duties of Surgeon General. 
After his retirement Finley made his home in West Phil- 
adelphia, where he passed eighteen peaceful years and where he 
died on September 8, 1879. In the meantime, in 1865, he was 
given the brevet rank of brigadier general “for long and meri- 
torious service in the army.” 
General Finley was a notably handsome man, six feet tall, 
of good figure and good military bearing. During most of his 
service he wore the so-called military beard in a fashion that 
few could achieve. He was a talented physician and was ab- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
41 
sorbed in the care of his patients. During the Black Hawk War 
he received the official thanks of General Scott for his handling 
of the cholera outbreak in the command. His whole career was 
marked by conspicuous and efficient service. Any estimate of 
his personal achievements as Surgeon General is obscured by 
the presence of a highly able assistant and a meddlesome Sani- 
tary Commission. 
In 1832 he married Elizabeth Moore, daughter of Dr. Samuel 
Moore, at that time director of the United States Mint at Phila- 
delphia and formerly member of Congress from Bucks County, 
Pa. 
[H. E. Brown Medical Department of the U. S. Army from 1775 to 1873 
(1873), J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). W. P. Atkinson 
Bhysicians and Surgeons of the U.8. (1878). G. V. Henry Military Records 
of Civilian Appointments (1873). Appleton's Cyclopedia of Amer. Biog., 
Yol. II (1887).] 42 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
X. 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER HAMMOND (Aug. 28, 1828 - 
Jan. 5, 1900), Surgeon General, April 25, 1862 - August 18, 1864, 
was born at Annapolis, Md., the son of Dr. John W. and Sarah 
(Pinkney) Hammond, members of two old Maryland families of 
Ann Arundel County. When he was about five years old the 
family moved to Harrisburg, Pa,, where his early education was 
completed at a local academy. He began the study of medicine 
at sixteen and at twenty was given the degree of M. D. by the 
medical department of the University of the City of New York. 
After a year of internship in the Pennsylvania Hospital in 
Philadelphia, he settled in Saco, Me., for the practice of medi- 
cine. He stayed there but a few months when he took the ex- 
amination for the army medical service and was appointed as 
assistant surgeon on July 29, 1849. Shortly thereafter he was 
sent with a body of troops to New Mexico, where during the fol- 
lowing three years he served at nine different posts and was 
engaged a large part of the time in operations against the 
Indians. After a sick leave spent in study in Europe he was 
stationed at West Point and later at Fort Meade, Florida, and 
Fort Riley, Kansas. While at Fort Riley he served as medical 
director of a large force operating against the Sioux Indians 
and was medical officer with an expedition which located a road 
to Bridger’s Pass in the Rocky Mountains. From Fort Riley 
he was transferred to Fort Mackinac in Michigan. During this 
first ten years of service he devoted his spare hours to physio- 
logical and botanical investigation and in 1857 he published an 
exhaustive essay Experimental Research Relative to the Nutri- 
tive Value and Physiological Effects of Albumen Starch and 
Gum, when Singly and Exclusively Used as a Food, which was 
awarded the American Medical Association Prize. 
His growing reputation attracted the attention of the au- 
thorities of the University of Maryland and on October 31, 1860, 
he resigned from the army to accept the chair of anatomy and 
physiology in the medical school in Baltimore. Here he taught 
with marked success and practiced his profession until the out- WILLIAM ALEXANDER HAMMOND THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
43 
break of the Civil War. As surgeon to the Baltimore Infirmary 
he attended the wounded men of the 6th Massachusetts Infantry, 
who while marching to the defense of Washington were fired 
upon by a Baltimore mob. He resigned his professorship and 
on May 28, 1861, he reentered the army as an assistant surgeon 
at the foot of the list upon which he had formerly held high 
place. His first Civil War service was as medical purveyor at 
Frederick, Md. Later he organized the Camden Street Hospital 
in Baltimore and was then transferred to the command of Gen- 
eral Rosecrans in West Virginia where he was made inspector 
of camps and hospitals. His work in this field attracted the 
favorable attention of the Sanitary Commission, which, dis- 
satisfied with the administration of the medical service of the 
army, urged the removal of the incumbent head and the ap- 
pointment of Hammond in his place. Surgeon General Finley’s 
break with Secretary Stanton brought the opportunity, and de- 
spite strong backing for the acting Surgeon General, Colonel R. 
C. Wood, and a candidate put forward by Secretary Stanton, 
Hammond was appointed Surgeon General on April 25, 1862. 
Colonel Wood failing in his greater ambition, asked for the ap- 
pointment as assistant Surgeon General, which upon Ham- 
mond’s approval was given him. Shortly, however, friction de- 
veloped between the two and Wood was relieved from duty in 
the office, though he retained the title of assistant Surgeon Gen- 
eral until October 31,1865. Major Joseph R. Smith was brought 
into the office to fill Wood’s position. The year and a half of 
Hammond’s actual tenure of the office was marked by an ad- 
ministration of high efficiency and by many important accom- 
plishments. These included a new and vastly enlarged supply 
table and the provision of hospital clothing for patients. 
There was a general reorganization of boards of examiners 
for entrance to the corps and increased standards for applicants. 
A new and complete system of hospital reports was introduced, 
furnishing an amount of information later invaluable in the 
preparation of the medical history of the war. On May 21, 1862, 
he directed the organization of the Army Medical Museum and 
the collection of specimens and material for its exhibition. It 
was during his term that the most definite program was made 
in the construction and equipment of military hospitals. That 44 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
he was a man of vision is evidenced by the highly constructive 
recommendations that he made, all of which in the fullness of 
time have come into realization. He recommended the forma- 
tion of a permanent hospital corps, the establishment of an army 
medical school, the establishment of a permanent general hos- 
pital in Washington, the autonomy of the medical department 
in the construction of hospitals and the transportation of sup- 
plies, and the institution of a military medical laboratory. It 
was inevitable, however, that the masterful personality of Ham- 
mond would excite the disapproval of such an autocratic spirit 
as Secretary Stanton. Their official and personal relations early 
became strained and there was constant friction in the con- 
duct of business between the two officers. This situation cul- 
minated in orders issued in the latter part of August 1863 reliev- 
ing Hammond from charge of the Washington office and direct- 
ing him to duty inspecting sanitary conditions in the Depart- 
ment of the South with his headquarters in New Orleans. On 
Sept. 3, 1863, medical inspector general Joseph K. Barnes was 
placed in charge of the Surgeon General’s office. The anomalous 
situation in which he was placed caused General Hammond to 
demand the restoration of his office or trial by court-martial. 
In consequence he was tried on charges and specifications alleg- 
ing his involvement in irregularities incident to the purchase of 
medical supplies. The prosecution was pushed with bitterness 
and apparent personal animosity. It is said that the finding 
of the court-martial was for acquittal, but that this finding was 
disapproved and a reconsideration directed which resulted in a 
verdict of guilty and a sentence of dismissal from the army. 
The dismissal took effect August 18, 1864. 
Upon leaving the army Hammond found himself in strait- 
ened circumstances from the expense of his trial. With the help 
of friends he was able to establish himself in practice in New 
York, and in a short time he became a leader in the practice 
and teaching of neurology, a specialty then in its infancy. Soon 
after his arrival in New York he was appointed lecturer on 
nervous and mental diseases in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons. He resigned this position in 1867 to accept the pro- 
fessorship of the same subjects which had been created for him 
in the faculty of Bellevue Hospital Medical College. In 1874 he THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
45 
transferred to a like professorship in the medical department 
of the University of the City of New York. At other times he 
was on the faculty of the University of Vermont at Burlington 
and of the Post Graduate Medical School of New York, of which 
he was one of the founders. 
In 1878, then at the height of his success and popularity, 
he started a campaign for vindication of his conduct of the of- 
fice of Surgeon General. Under an act of Congress approved 
March 15, 1878 (20 Stat. 511), he was restored to the army 
and placed upon the retired list as Surgeon General with the 
grade of brigadier general, without pay or allowances, on Aug- 
ust 27, 1879. In 1888 he moved to Washington where he estab- 
lished a large sanatorium for the care of cases of nervous and 
mental diseases. It became necessary for him gradually to limit 
his professional work on account of a cardiac ailment from which 
he died at his Washington home on Jan. 5, 1900. During his 
later years he became much interested in the therapeutic employ- 
ment of animal extracts and did much to instruct the medical 
profession in their use. 
Throughout his career Hammond was a facile writer. While 
carrying the responsibilities of Surgeon General he found time 
to write a Treatise on Hygiene, with Special Reference to the 
Military Service (1863). The most noteworthy of his other 
medical works were: On Wakefulness: With an Introductory 
Chapter on the Physiology of Sleep (1866), Sleep and Its De- 
rangements (1869), Physics and Physiology of Spiritualism 
(1871), and Insanity in its Medical Relations (1883). In 1871 
he published his Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System, a 
well written book largely based on the lectures of Charcot. This 
was announced as “the first text-book of nervous diseases in the 
English language.” He was also a playwrite and novelist. 
For a time he was editor of the Maryland and Virginia Journal, 
published in Richmond and Baltimore. In 1867 he established 
the Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medical 
Jurisprudence, of which he was editor until 1875. He also co- 
operated (1867-1869) in the founding and editing of the New 
York Medical Journal and of the Journal of Nervous and Mental 
Diseases (1867-1883). 
General Hammond was a pioneer in the field of nervous 46 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
and mental diseases in the United States. American neurology 
began with the Civil War, from the experiences gained by Ham- 
mond, S. Weir Mitchell, and William W. Keen. He was a dom- 
inant personality in any field he entered, attracting a following 
and developing active enemies. From a certain penchant for 
theatrical action he could not escape entirely from a reputation 
for charlatanry. Personally he was an uncommonly large man, 
six feet two inches in height, and of two hundred and fifty 
pounds weight. He had a powerful voice, a pleasing delivery, 
and a flow of language which made him a popular speaker. He 
was married twice: in July 1849 to Helen Nisbet, daughter of 
Michael Nisbet of Philadelphia, and in 1886 to Esther T. Chapin. 
[H. E. Brown Medical Department of the U. S. Army from 1775 to 1873 
(1873). B. M. Ashburn History of the Medical Depai'tment of the U.8. Army 
(1929). The Post Graduate, N. Y., May 1900. J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals 
of the Army (1905). Kelly and Barrage American Medical Biographies 
(1920). Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. VIII (1932).] JOSEPH K. BARNES THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
47 
XL 
JOSEPH K. BARNES (July 21, 1817 - April 5, 1883), Sur- 
geon General, August 22, 1864 - June 30, 1882, was born in Phil- 
adelphia, Pa., the son of Judge Joseph Barnes, a native of New 
England, who served for many years as Judge of the district 
court of that city. He received an academic education at Round 
Hill School at Northampton, Mass., and entered upon a collegiate 
course at Harvard University. Compelled by ill-health to leave 
college before graduation he began the study of medicine with 
Surgeon (later Surgeon General) Thomas Harris of the navy, 
and received his medical degree from the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1838. After graduation he served a year as resident 
physician at Blockley Hospital and for another year as visiting 
physician for the northwestern district of Philadelphia. He then 
appeared before an army examining board which was meeting 
at the time in Philadelphia and pursuant to its recommendation 
he was commissioned an asssistant surgeon on June 15, 1840, 
and was assigned for his first duty to the West Point Military 
Academy. After only a few months of this duty he was or- 
dered, Nov. 19, 1840, to accompany a detachment of recruits to 
Florida, where hostilities were in progress against the Seminole 
Indians. For the two following years he served successively at 
eight posts in that state, much of the time giving professional 
service to two or more posts at the same time, owing to the 
shortage of medical officers. Notable in his field service of this 
period was that involved while accompanying General Harney’s 
expedition through the Everglades. In 1842 he was assigned to 
Fort Jesup, La., where he remained until 1846, when with the 
beginning of the Mexican War he joined the 2d Dragoons en- 
route to Corpus Christi to join the army being mobilized for the 
invasion of Mexico from the north. He served with the cavalry 
column of General Taylor’s army during its advance to Monterey. 
Later transferred to General Scott’s forces before Vera Cruz 
he served with General Worth’s division during the siege and 
capture of that city. During the advance upon Mexico City he 
was chief surgeon of the cavalry brigade and participated in the 48 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Cherubusco, and Molina del 
Rey, in the storming of Chapultepec and the capture of the cap- 
ital. From Mexico City he was ordered to duty at Baton Rouge, 
La., in 1848. During the thirteen years that intervened between 
this time and the Civil War, Barnes saw a service which took 
him to widely separated parts of the country. In the south he 
served at Fort Croghan and other posts in Texas, in the plains 
country at Fort Scott, Fort Leavenworth, and Camp Center 
(now Fort Riley), on the Pacific coast at San Francisco, Fort 
Vancouver and the Cascades, while between times he saw tours 
of duty at Baltimore, Fort McHenry, Philadelphia, and West 
Point. In the meantime he had been promoted to major and 
surgeon on August 29, 1856. 
The shelling of Fort Sumter found him at Fort Vancouver. 
He was immediately ordered east and served successively as 
medical director of the forces under General David Hunter, medi- 
cal director of the Western Department, and medical director of 
the Department of Kansas, all of these assignments pertaining to 
the troops operating in Missouri. On May 2, 1862, he was or- 
dered to report to the Surgeon General in Washington and upon 
reporting was assigned to duty as attending surgeon for the city. 
While on this duty he formed the acquaintance of Secretary 
of War Stanton who quickly gained a highly favorable impres- 
sion of him. The friendship which ensued lasted throughout 
their careers and had profound effects, not only upon the future 
activities of Barnes, but upon the fortunes of the medical ser- 
vice. 
On February 9, 1863, Barnes was appointed a medical in- 
spector with the rank of lieutenant colonel, and with station in 
Washington. On August 10, 1863, he was further advanced to 
the position of medical inspector general with the grade of col- 
onel. It was but a few weeks after this advancement that the 
difficulties between Stanton and Surgeon General Hammond 
culminated in the detachment of the latter from his office. On 
September 3, 1863, Barnes was by a special order of the War 
Department “empowered to take charge of the bureau of the 
Medical Department of the army and to perform the duties of 
Surgeon General during the absence of that officer.” He as- 
sumed the office of acting Surgeon General the following day THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
49 
thus beginning one of the longest and most eventful administra- 
tions in the history of the office. On August 22, 1864, he was 
advanced to the position of Surgeon General, with the grade of 
brigadier general and on March 13, 1865, he received the brevet 
of major general for faithful and meritorious service during the 
war. 
Secretary Stanton, now having a Surgeon General of his own 
choice and one personally acceptable to him, became as solicit- 
ous for the medical service as he had hitherto been inimical. 
For the remainder of his term of office he exhibited the greatest 
interest in the health and hygienic conditions of the army, in 
the comfort and welfare of the sick and wounded, and in efforts 
to extend the facilities and opportunities of the medical officers. 
Such a situation tended to make easy the problems of the new 
Surgeon General. As principal assistant, Barnes brought to his 
office Major Charles Henry Crane, who continued in the capa- 
city throughout the eighteen years of his term and succeeded to 
the office upon the retirement of his chief. 
The work of collecting material for the Medical Museum 
and for the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Re- 
bellion was pushed vigorously during the years 1863 and 1864. 
The question of the military control of general hospitals was a 
vexing one from the beginning of the war. A War Department 
order of April 7, 1862, placed them under the supervision of the 
Surgeon General, but was not sufficiently explicit in its provi- 
sions regarding the right of command of the medical officers in 
charge of these hospitals. It was not until December 27, 1864, 
that the question was finally settled by General Order No. 306, 
confirming the medical officer’s right to command in his own 
sphere of action. 
The good will of Secretary Stanton was again shown by an 
order of February 8, 1865, giving to the medical department en- 
tire control of hospital transports and hospital boats. The Med- 
ical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion was first 
suggested by Surgeon General Hammond in a circular to medical 
officers inviting cooperation in the collection of material. In 
1865 there was issued by the Surgeon General a report upon the 
extent and nature of the material available for its preparation. 
Since 1862 Major Joseph J. Woodward had been in charge of 50 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
the Army Medical Museum and of the material for the history. 
In 1866 Major George A. Otis was brought into the office and 
he and Major Woodward were charged with the preparation of 
this great work. 
Four of the six monumental volumes were completed under 
General Barnes’ administration and the other two were far ad- 
vanced at the time of his retirement. His regime was further 
notable for the interest he took in the development of the Army 
Medical Library. During his term of office, the library, under 
the supervision of Major John S. Billings, was expanded from a 
small collection of text-books to first rank among medical li- 
braries of the country. 
An epoch making event was the appearance in 1880 of the 
first volume of the Index Catalogue, edited by Billings, the con- 
tinuance of which has brought world wide fame and acclaim to 
the library and to the medical department. 
In the reorganization of the army following the Civil War, 
General Barnes was successful in retaining for the medical de- 
partment the same proportion of the several grades of officers 
as existed during the conflict. This was not accomplished with- 
out a protracted struggle against various proposals which would 
have seriously crippled the department. 
General Barnes was a handsome man of fine physique and 
attractive personality. Gifted with tact and diplomacy he pos- 
sessed to a high degree the quality of inspiring confidence and 
friendship. These qualities stood him in good stead during the 
early years of his administration and were fruitful in benefits 
for the medical department. It fell to his lot to share in the 
professional care of two murdered presidents. At the time of 
the assassination of President Lincoln and the attempted assassi- 
nation of Secretary Seward he attended the death bed of the 
one and ministered to the successful restoration of the other. 
During the long illness of President Garfield he was one of the 
surgeons who for weeks served in the chamber of the dying pres- 
ident. The protracted service and anxiety incident to the care 
of the latter took heavy toll on Barnes’ health. An Act of Con- 
gress passed June 30, 1882 (22 Stat. 118), providing for com- 
pulsory retirement for age found Barnes nearly a year past the 
statutory age and he was retired on June 30, 1882. A chronic THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
51 
nephritis of which he was a subject for some time caused his 
death at his home in Washington on April 5, 1883. His remains 
lie in Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D. C. His wife, who was 
Mary Fauntleroy, daughter of Judge Fauntleroy, of Winchester, 
Va., survived him. 
[H. E. Brown Medical Department of the U S. Army from 1775 to 1873 
(1873). P. M. Ashburn History of the Medical Department of the U.S. Army 
(1929). J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). Kelly and 
Barrage American Medical Biographies (1920). History of American Bio- 
graphy, Vol. I (1928). G. V. Henry Military Records of Civilian Appoint- 
ments (1873).] 52 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XII. 
CHARLES HENRY CRANE (July 19, 1825 - Oct. 10, 1883), 
Surgeon General, July 3, 1882 - October 10, 1883, was born at 
Newport, R. L, the son of Captain (later Colonel) Ichabod Ben- 
nett Crane of the Artillery Corps. His childhood was spent in 
army posts until he was sent to the Maple Grove Academy in 
Middletown, Conn., to prepare for entrance to Yale where he 
later received the degree of B. A. in 1844. 
In 1847 he had completed his medical course at Harvard 
and was given the degree of M. D., at the same time receiving 
the degree of M. A. from Yale. His heart for a long time set 
upon a military career, he lost no time in presenting himself be- 
fore an army examining board and in November 1847 he was 
appointed an acting assistant surgeon to await a vacancy to 
which he might be appointed. In this capacity he was sent to 
Vera Cruz with a detachment of recruits, arriving February 20, 
1848. In the meantime, on February 14 he was given a per- 
manent commission as assistant surgeon. After six months’ ser- 
vice with an artillery regiment in Mexico he was ordered to 
New York and shortly thereafter to Fort Pickens in Florida. In 
1849 he was at Key West, Florida, and for the next three years 
participated in campaigns against the Seminole Indians. In 1852 
he went by boat to San Francisco accompanying a shipment of 
recruits. For four years he served on the west coast in Cali- 
fornia and Oregon. Much of this duty was in the field, first 
against hostile Indians in the Sacramento and Merced valleys 
in 1852 and against the Indians of Rogue River in Oregon in 
1856. For his services in the latter campaign he was highly 
commended by his commanding officer. Returning to New York 
in December 1856 he was detailed assistant to the medical pur- 
veyor in that city, with additional duties of attending surgeon 
and examiner of recruits. He was on this duty until January 
1862. In the meantime, in September 1859, he accompanied 
General Winfield Scott on a trip to the Pacific coast. On May 
21, 1861, he was promoted to the grade of major and surgeon. 
In February 1862 he was detailed as medical director of the CHARLES HENRY CRANE THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
53 
Department of Key West and in June of that year he became 
medical director of the Department of the South. In July 1863 
he was ordered to Washington for duty in connection with pris- 
oners of war and in September, when Colonel Barnes was made 
acting Surgeon General, Crane was appointed executive officer 
and principal assistant in his office. From that time, for eight- 
een years until he became Surgeon General himself in 1882, 
he was the wheelhorse of the office to whom duties of all kinds 
and in all amounts could confidently be given. Though relieved 
from the office, Colonel R. C. Wood retained the rank and title 
of assistant Surgeon General until the end of the war and it 
was not until the reorganization act of July 28, 1866 (14 Stat. 
334), that Crane could be appointed assistant Surgeon General 
with the rank of colonel, though for three years he had been 
performing the duties of that office. Crane was of the greatest 
assistance to Surgeon General Barnes, relieving him of the 
routine of the office and giving to him the opportunity to exer- 
cise the tact and diplomacy of which he was master and of which 
there was so much need in dealings with Secretary Stanton, Con- 
gress, and the Sanitary Commission. In connection with the ar- 
duous and exacting work incident to the war, Crane combined 
remarkable executive ability with sound judgment and a delicate 
sense of justice and right. He was without doubt a consider- 
able factor in the degree of discipline and efficiency displayed 
by the medical department in the later years of the war. On 
January 1, 1865, he was given brevets of lieutenant colonel and 
colonel, and on March 13 the brevet of brigadier general “for 
faithful and meritorious service during the War of the Rebel- 
lion.” 
With the retirement for age of General Barnes in 1882, 
there was a general movement toward the succession among the 
senior officers of the corps. Colonel J. H. Baxter was a con- 
spicuous candidate, but on July 3, 1882, Crane was given the 
much sought place. The new honor brought little change in his 
duties. As chief he showed the same patient, earnest, and 
punctilious attention to the business of the office which for years 
he had shown as assistant. He had the gratification of seeing 
finished the surgical part of the Medical and Surgical History 
of the War of the Rebellion and of getting well under way the 54 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
final medical volume. Owing to the death of Major Otis in 1881, 
Major D. L. Huntington prepared the final surgical volume and, 
following the death of Major Woodward in 1884, the completion 
of the last medical volume was assigned to Major Charles Smart. 
His term of chief of the service was destined to be a short one. 
He developed a malignant ulcer at the base of his tongue, the 
outlook for which was hopeless; but he died unexpectedly from 
a hemorrhage at his home in Washington on October 10, 1883, 
at the age of fifty-eight years. His body was taken to Shelter 
Island, Long Island, N. Y., for burial. 
General Crane was a man of an unusually kind and generous 
spirit, combined with a quiet and dignified manner. His por- 
trait shows a fine high forehead, clear wide set eyes, a large 
aquiline nose, and a patriarchal beard which could have few 
equals. 
At the time of his death he was a commissioner of the United 
States Soldiers’ Home and on the visiting staff of the Govern- 
ment Hospital for the Insane and of the Columbia Hospital. 
He was a primary member of the Aztec Club of 1847, an 
hereditary society of officers of the United States Army, formed 
in the City of Mexico in that year, and which still exists. He is 
wearing the insignia of this society in his portrait in the Army 
Medical Library. 
He had been married on July 18, 1861, at Shelter Island, N. 
Y., to Sarah Payne Nicoll, of that place, who survived him for 
nearly thirty years. One son also survived him. 
LJ. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). P. M. Ashburn 
History of the Medical Department of the U.8. Army (1929). Appleton's 
Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. II (1887). G. V. Henry Military 
Kecords of Civilian Appointments (1873). Kelly and Burrage American 
Medical Biographies (1920).] KOBERT MURRAY THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
55 
XIII. 
ROBERT MURRAY (August 6, 1823 - January 1, 1913), 
Surgeon General, November 23, 1883 - August 6, 1886, was born 
at Elkridge, Maryland, then in Anne Arundel County. He was 
the son of Daniel and Mary (Dorsey) Murray, of Scotch descent. 
He was educated in the local schools of his community and at- 
tended the University of Maryland. His medical training was 
obtained at the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated 
in 1843. Following a year in Baltimore hospitals he took the 
examination for the army medical service, was appointed an 
acting assistant surgeon early in 1846, and was commissioned 
an assistant surgeon on June 29 of the same year. After a short 
service at Fort Gratiot, Mich., he was ordered to duty on the 
Pacific coast, which he reached after months of sea voyaging 
around the Horn. For four years he served in California at 
Los Angeles, Monterey, and Camp Far West. In October 1850 
he returned east to Fort Independence in Boston harbor where 
he spent two years, followed by two years in New York City. 
Returning to California in April 1854 he remained there until 
the outbreak of the Civil War, when, in June 1861, he was or- 
dered to Washington, D. C., where he participated in the organ- 
ization of the early hospitals in Washington and Alexandria. 
While on this duty he was married to Adelaide Atwood of Gar- 
diner, Maine. In the meantime he had been promoted to captain 
on June 29, 1851, and to major and surgeon on June 23, 1860. 
In September 1861 he was ordered to Kentucky to the Army of 
the Ohio, then under organization. Though appointed medical 
director of the department he took the field with the headquar- 
ters of the army, now the Army of the Cumberland, serving suc- 
cessively with Generals Anderson, Sherman, Buell, and Rose- 
crans. He arrived with Buell’s army on the field of Shiloh on 
the second day of the battle and, as he was the ranking medical 
officer in the combined armies, he became the medical director 
of the entire force, aggregating fifty thousand men. He con- 
tinued as medical director of the Army of the Cumberland until 
December 1862, when he was ordered to duty in Philadelphia as 56 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
medical purveyor where he remained until the close of the war. 
The depot which he commanded here was the principal pur- 
chasing agency in the country for medical supplies. In this duty 
which involved the expenditure of millions of dollars he showed 
executive ability of a high order. On the 13th of March 1865 
he was given the brevets of lieutenant colonel and colonel for 
meritorious service during the war, and on July 28, 1866, with 
the reorganization of the army, he was appointed an assistant 
medical purveyor with the grade of lieutenant colonel. In July 
1866, he was again ordered to the Pacific coast as medical pur- 
veyor at San Francisco, upon which duty he remained for the 
following eleven years. On June 26, 1876 he was promoted to 
the grade of colonel and the following year he was transferred 
to the post of medical director of the Division of the Missouri 
at Chicago. In 1880 he went to the Division of the Atlantic at 
New York as medical director. 
As the ranking colonel of the medical department he auto- 
matically became the assistant Surgeon General on December 
14, 1882, following the advancement of General Crane to the 
higher office. With the sudden death of the latter in 1883 there 
was the usual keen rivalry for the succession; but President 
Arthur solved the problem by deciding to advance the senior 
officer to the vacancy, and Murray became Surgeon General on 
November 23, 1883. The few years of his incumbency in that 
high office were comparatively uneventful ones. General Mur- 
ray was of a naturally conservative disposition with his thoughts 
more directed toward the preservation and improvement of exist- 
ing conditions than to the initiation of new movements. It may 
be said of his regime that it was a contented one and that the in- 
terests of the department did not suffer during his term of of- 
fice. It was a time of scientific awakening in the corps, co- 
incident to a similar phenomenon in the profession at large. 
General Murray’s report of 1884 mentions for the first time in 
such reports the subject of antisepsis and antiseptic surgery. 
Operations were being performed under antiseptic technique in 
army hospitals as early as 1883, a time when Lister was still 
a subject of ridicule in London. Bacteriology and hygiene of 
modern type were exciting attention. In his report of 1885, 
Murray, in discussing the sanitation of posts, suggested the prob- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
57 
ability of water supplies as carriers of disease germs, and re- 
commended the disposal of garbage by incineration. In this year 
he was instrumental in sending Major Sternberg to Rome as a 
delegate to the International Sanitary Conference. 
General Murray was retired on account of age on August 6, 
1886, after which he took up his residence in his ancestral home 
at Elkridge. With this as his headquarters he spent most of 
his later life in travel, spending years at a time in Europe. He 
died in Baltimore of pneumonia on New Year’s day of 1913, at 
the age of ninety years. With his death there passed away the 
last of the prominent medical officers of the Civil War, the last 
who had held the title of medical director in that conflict. His 
death left but three officers on the retired list whose service 
dated back to the time of the Mexican War. Like his predeces- 
sor in office, General Murray was a primary member of the 
Aztec Club of 1847: Military Society of the Mexican War. He 
was its president from 1911 to 1912. 
[J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). Kelly and Burrage 
American Medical Biographies (1920). Records of Living Officers of the 
il.S. Army (1884). Alum. Reg. U. of Penn. (1912-13). Medical Annals of 
Maryland 1799-1899 (1903).] 58 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XIV. 
JOHN MOORE (August 16, 1826 - March 18, 1907), Sur- 
geon General, November 18, 1886 - August 16, 1890, was born 
at Bloomington, Indiana, the son of Garrett Moore and Catherine 
English. He attended Indiana State University where he was 
graduated with the degree of A. B, in 1845. After medical 
courses at the University of Louisville Medical Department in 
1848-49 and at the medical department of the University of the 
City of New York in 1849-50 he graduated from the latter school 
in 1850. After one year internship in Bellevue Hospital and 
two years with the New York Dispensary he took the examina- 
tion in 1853 for the army medical service and was commissioned 
as assistant surgeon on June 29 of that year. 
His first station was Fort Myers, Florida, where he served 
until November 1856. He next was ordered to Fort Independ- 
ence in Boston harbor where he stayed until July 1857, at which 
time he was detailed to duty with troops en route to Utah in con- 
nection with difficulties arising between the Government and 
the officials of the Mormon church. His station was at Camp 
Floyd, Utah, until October 1861, though in the meantime he saw 
field duty from August to October 1859, and from June to Oc- 
tober 1860, in connection with Indian depredations. He was 
promoted to the grade of captain on June 29, 1858. 
With the beginning of the Civil War he was brought east 
and assigned to duty in the Marine Hospital at Cincinnati, Ohio, 
where he served until August 1862. Having been promoted to 
the grade of major on June 11, 1862, he was transferred to the 
Army of the Potomac and assigned as medical director of the 
Central Grand Division. He held this position until February 
1863, in the meantime participating with his division in the sec- 
ond battle of Bull Run, Antietam, and the disastrous attack at 
Fredericksburg. Promoted to the position of medical director 
of the 5th Corps in the Army of the Potomac he served in this 
capacity at the battle of Chancellorsville. His next assignment 
in June 1863 took him to the Department of the Tennessee as 
medical director, which position he held until November 1864. JOHN MOORE THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
59 
During his tenure of this office the troops under Rosecrans 
fought the campaign against Chattanooga with the battles of 
Chickamauga and Lookout Mountain, and General Sherman con- 
ducted his march upon Atlanta. From November 1864 to June 
1865 Moore was successively medical director of the Army of 
Georgia and Tennessee and of General Sherman’s army in 
southern Georgia. With the close of hostilities he was assigned 
as medical director of the Military Division of the Missouri with 
station at St. Louis until November 1865, when he was trans- 
ferred to Vicksburg, Miss., as medical director until August 1866. 
Meanwhile he had been given the brevet rank of lieutenant col- 
onel on Sept. 1, 1864, “for gallant and meritorious service in the 
Atlanta campaign,” had been made colonel of volunteers on Feb- 
ruary 25, 1865, a commission he held for five months, and had 
been given the brevet rank of colonel on March 13, 1865, “for 
faithful and meritorious service during the war.” 
In the autumn of 1866 he was transferred to New York 
harbor where he served for two years at Fort Wadsworth and 
Fort Columbus. The years from 1868 to 1880 were passed main- 
ly in New York City as attending surgeon and on various board 
assignments. During this tour of duty in New York he availed 
himself of a long leave of absence for travel in Europe. It was 
also broken by a short assignment to the office of medical di- 
rector of the 1st Military District at Richmond, Va., in 1870, 
and by a year as medical director of the Department of Texas 
in 1875-76. In 1880 he was assigned to duty as medical director 
of the Department of the Columbia with headquarters at Fort 
Vancouver, Washington. On October 8, 1883, he was promoted 
to the position of assistant medical purveyor with the grade of 
lieutenant colonel, and was transferred to duty in San Francisco 
where he served until 1886 when he was appointed Surgeon Gen- 
eral. 
During the latter days of the administration of Surgeon 
General Murray the various candidates for the succession were 
busy aligning their supporters and strengthening their claims 
for consideration. Colonel Baxter was the senior officer of the 
corps and Colonel Sutherland had the greatest number of years’ 
service. Major Huntington, well down the list, had served two 
Surgeon Generals as principal assistant and had edited with 60 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
distinguished credit the last surgical volume of the Medical 
and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. These were 
apparently the leading candidates; Moore, a lieutenant colonel, 
was seventh in the lineal list and was one of the least insistent 
of the candidates. The appointment was delayed for three and 
a half months, during which time Colonel Baxter, as the senior 
officer, occupied the position of acting Surgeon General. A new 
political party had recently come into power and new influences 
were at work, so it came as a distinct surprise when President 
Cleveland appointed Moore to be Surgeon General with the grade 
of brigadier general on November 18, 1886. 
In addition to retaining Colonel Baxter as his principal as- 
sistant he brought into the office Major Charles R. Greenleaf 
and Major Charles Smart, forming a trio of strong and capable 
men who helped much toward the improvement of the medical 
service and toward the success of his administration. By a Gen- 
eral Order No. 86, issued from the War Department on No- 
vember 20, 1886, instruction in first aid was introduced through- 
out the army. The instruction was directed to be by lecture and 
demonstration and reports of results achieved were required 
from the medical officers giving the instruction. Following and 
as a result of this order there appeared a succession of small 
manuals of first aid by medical officers of the service, usually 
combined with a manual of drill for the newly authorized Hos- 
pital Corps. The first of these manuals, which appeared early 
in 1888, was written by Lieutenant J. E. Pilcher, followed soon 
thereafter by those of Majors Heizmann, Hoff, Havard, and 
Woodhull and by that of Captain Dietz. The law authorizing 
the formation of the Hospital Corps was passed by Congress 
March 1, 1887 (24 Stat. 435), the corps to be filled by trans- 
fers of men from the line of the army, and Army General Orders 
No. 56 were issued August 11, 1887, promulgating rules and reg- 
ulations for the government of the Hospital Corps. This was a 
truly great event in the history of the department. The corps 
thus authorized and initiated has developed into the splendid 
corps of enlisted noncommissioned officers and privates of which 
the department is justly proud. On January 17, 1887, the Army 
and Navy General Hospital in Hot Springs, Ark., was opened 
with sixteen beds for officers and sixty-four for enlisted men. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
61 
It was owing to General Moore’s insistence that the monthly 
sanitary report was made of practical value. The provision of 
Army Regulations, revised July 15, 1885, in regard to the sani- 
tary report directed its transmission to the War Department by 
post commanders. Insistence upon this provision not only added 
to the quality of the reports but assisted materially in the sani- 
tary improvements of the posts. 
General Moore was popular with the medical profession at 
large. During his long tour of duty in New York City he had 
formed a wide acquaintance with the profession of that city. 
The cordiality of the regard in which he was held was mani- 
fested at a dinner given in 1887 by the New York Practitioners’ 
Society for him and the Surgeon General of the Navy. The din- 
ner was a striking tribute, not only to the two honor guests but 
also to the interest of the civilian profession in the military 
branch. A similar interest was evident in the meetings of the 
military section of the Ninth International Medical Congress 
held in Washington later in the same year. 
General Moore was retired, upon reaching the statutory age, 
on the 16th of August 1890. He continued his residence in 
Washington, where for years he maintained vigorous health and 
an active life. He was a large, broad-shouldered man with a 
powerful physique and a fine soldierly bearing. In his later 
years he developed arterio-sclerosis and an interstitial nephritis 
which caused his death at his home on March 18, 1907, in his 
eighty-second year. 
His funeral from St. Matthew’s Church was notable for 
the attendance of high government officials. He was buried in 
Arlington Cemetery. 
He was married in New York City on June 22, 1873, to 
Mrs. Mary Jane Dolan, widow of Michael F. Dolan of Roxbury, 
Mass. He was survived by his wife and one daughter, the wife 
of W. A. Thompson, an officer of the cavalry arm. 
LJ. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). Military Surgeon 
1908, pp. 219-221. N. York M. J. 1907, p. 559. J. A. M. A. 1907, p. 1053. Wash- 
ington papers, March 19-20, 1907.] 62 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XV. 
JEDEDIAH HYDE BAXTER (March 11, 1837 - Dec. 4, 
1890), Surgeon General, August 16, 1890 - December 4, 1890, 
was born at Strafford, Orange County, Vermont, the son of 
Porter and Ellen Janette (Harris) Baxter. His early education 
was obtained in academies at South Woodstock and St. Johns- 
bury in his native state after which he attended the University 
of Vermont at Burlington where he received the degree of B. S. 
in 1859 and that of M. D. in 1860. After graduation he went 
to New York City where he saw some service as resident phy- 
sician at Bellevue and Blackwell’s Island hospitals. With the 
outbreak of the Civil War he volunteered for service and was 
commissioned as surgeon of the 12th Massachusetts Volunteers 
on June 26, 1861. 
In this capacity he served with the Army of the Potomac 
from July 27, 1861, to April 4, 1862, when he was appointed 
major and surgeon of volunteers and assigned to the duty of 
brigade surgeon. Later that year he was ordered to Washington 
and placed in charge of Campbell General Hospital and still 
later in that year he was assigned to duty in the newly organized 
Provost Marshal General’s Bureau as chief medical officer, a 
position which he filled for the remainder of the war and until 
the completion of the records of that office. It appears that 
during a portion of this period he had some duties as a medical 
purveyor. On March 13, 1865, he received the brevet of col- 
onel of volunteers for “faithful and meritorious service during 
the war.” 
Incident to the reorganization of the army following the 
war Baxter was appointed by President Johnson an assistant 
medical purveyor with the rank of lieutenant colonel, to fill an 
original vacancy, dating from July 20, 1867. His acceptance 
vacated his volunteer commission and brought to the regular 
corps a remarkable personage who strongly influenced the af- 
fairs of the medical department for the next quarter of a century. 
He was given the brevet of colonel in the regular establishment 
on the same date as that of his appointment to the corps. There JEDEDIAH HYDE BAXTER THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
63 
is no evidence that Baxter served outside of Washington after 
1862. He was appointed chief medical purveyor with no change 
in grade on March 12, 1872, and was promoted to colonel and 
chief medical purveyor on June 23, 1874. Appointed to this 
position during the administration of Surgeon General Barnes, 
he continued through the terms of General Crane, General Mur- 
ray, and General Moore. He early developed an understandable 
ambition to head the medical department, and with each succes- 
sive vacancy he not only was a candidate but was always strong- 
ly supported for the place. 
It was urged against him that he had entered the corps as 
a lieutenant colonel instead of as a lieutenant as had his competi- 
tors and that though he held high rank in the corps he had much 
less service than many who were his juniors on the lineal list. 
It was further urged that he had entered the service without 
the professional examination which had been required of others. 
Considerable heat and bitterness were aroused in each of the 
contests and they were each time settled by the advancement of 
the senior ranking officer of the corps. With his comparative 
youth Baxter could wait his turn for the place. 
As chief medical purveyor his work was of high advantage 
to the service. Medical supplies were of better quality and more 
abundant in quantity. He increased markedly the professional 
literature furnished to medical officers and was sympathetic to 
requests for instruments and appliances from those proposing to 
make special research. In addition to the work of his office he 
carried on an active medical practice. His professional clientele 
included several presidents and their families, and he had a large 
following among senators, congressmen, and other government 
officials. His alleged methods in obtaining a clientele that would 
assist in furthering his military ambitions were the subject of 
considerable criticism from civilian physicians who accused him 
of unethical practices. He was the medical attendant at the 
White House during the early part of the administration of 
President Garfield and considerable comment was aroused by his 
failure to be included among the surgical attendants following 
the fatal wounding of the President. Whatever the cause of 
this neglect or to whom it may be charged the incident provoked 
a high degree of resentment among Baxter’s friends. Even the 64 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
additional activity of a busy practice did not fill Baxter’s time 
as he would have it filled, so he took up the study of law and 
after a full course at the Law School of the Columbian University 
he was graduated with the degree of LL. B. With the retire- 
ment of Surgeon General Moore in 1890, circumstances were 
highly propitious for Baxter. A fellow Vermonter, the Hon. 
Redfield Proctor, was secretary of war and Benjamin Harrison, 
the President, was a long-time patient and friend. There was 
no real contest for the place and Baxter was appointed Surgeon 
General on August 16, 1890. He had shown excellent adminis- 
trative ability in the conduct of the supply department and while 
waiting for the high place to which he at last achieved he had 
been laying plans for far-reaching and comprehensive improve- 
ments in the department. There can be no doubt that he would 
have made every effort to bring his plans to realization but 
hardly more than four months after his appointment he suffered 
a paralytic stroke on December 2, 1890, at his home in Wash- 
ington and died two days later at the age of fifty-three years. 
His funeral from All Souls Church was attended by all official 
Washington with a long list of the highest officers of the army 
and navy as honorary pallbearers. He was buried in Arlington 
Cemetery. 
Thus terminated the career of one of the most colorful 
personalities that the medical service has produced. Physically 
he was of medium height and strongly built. He was a good 
friend and a good hater, a man of strong personal attraction and 
equally strong prejudices. It is said that when he was made 
Surgeon General there was a general shake-up in the stations 
of the corps with a view to the reward of friends and the dis- 
cipline of the unfavored. Particularly notable is his work with 
the Provost Marshal General’s Bureau. Entering upon this duty 
when in his twenties, he won early recognition by his high in- 
telligence and industry. He acquired the most detailed knowl- 
edge of the work of the bureau, including a personal acquaintance 
with practically every officer on duty with it. 
He prepared the two-volume Medical Statistics of the Pro- 
vost Marshal General’s Bureau, published by the Government in 
1875. This work, which presents the results of the examination 
of over a million men, contains also a discussion of anthro- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
65 
pometry, recruiting regulations of other governments, and re- 
ports from medical officers of the bureau, including not only 
their special work but also the topography and diseases of their 
districts. 
As a representative of this office he attended the Boston 
meeting of the American Medical Association in 1865. Beside 
the local medical societies he was a member of the Public Health 
Association, the Boston Gynecological Society, and the Phila- 
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences. He contributed some 
papers to the transactions of these societies and to medical 
periodicals. 
He was married on March 9, 1876, at Boston, Mass., to 
Florence Try on, daughter of William Tryon of that city, who 
survived him. They had no children. 
LJ. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). P. M, Ashburn 
History of the Medical Department of the U.S. Army (1929). W. B. Atkinson 
Fhysicians and Surgeons of the U.S. (1878). A. Y. P. Garnett Exposition 
of Facts (1877). Records of Living Officers of the Army (1884).] 66 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XVI. 
CHARLES SUTHERLAND (May 29, 1829 - May 10, 1895), 
Surgeon General, December 23, 1890 - May 29, 1893, was born 
in Philadelphia, the son of Joel Barlow and Mary (Read) Suther- 
land, of Scotch ancestry. His father, a graduate of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania Medical School, served in the War of 
1812, first as an assistant surgeon and later as lieutenant col- 
onel of an infantry regiment. Later he studied law, became a 
member of the state legislature, a member of Congress (1825- 
1837), and still later judge of the court of common pleas in 
Philadelphia. He was the first president of the Society of the 
War of 1812, of which Society General Sutherland himself was 
at one time the historian. 
The son received the best educational advantages afforded 
by the private schools of Philadelphia and his medical education 
at Jefferson Medical College where he was graduated in 1849. 
He passed the examination for the medical corps of the army in 
1851 and after ten months of service as an acting assistant sur- 
geon he was commissioned as assistant surgeon on August 5, 
1852. His first stations were Fortress Monroe and Jefferson 
Barracks. At the latter post he had the experience of an out- 
break of cholera among the troops. 
From this post he went with an exploring party which 
located the site for Fort Riley in Kansas and developed a shorter 
route for the overland trail to Santa Fe, New Mexico. He re- 
mained in New Mexico for the next five years, serving for var- 
ious periods at Forts Webster, Fillmore, Craig, Stanton, and 
Santa Fe, and participating in much field service against the 
Apache and Comanche Indians. 
In October 1859 he went to Fort Moultrie, S. C., where he 
remained for a year, after which he was ordered to Texas where 
he served at Forts Davis and Duncan on the Mexican border. He 
was on this duty when the Civil War broke out. The garrison 
with which he was serving succeeded in avoiding capture by the 
Confederate forces and secured boat transportation to New York. 
Reporting to the War Department he was sent with a force to CHARLES SUTHERLAND THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
67 
reinforce the garrison holding Fort Pickens in Florida. During 
his year of service at this post it was subjected to two bombard- 
ments and an assault by Confederate forces from Forts Bar- 
rancas and McRee, the other defenses of Pensacola harbor which 
had been captured by the Confederate arms. 
For his efficiency in handling the medical service in these 
engagements Sutherland received special commendation from 
General Harvey Brown, commanding the fort. He was pro- 
moted to the grade of major and surgeon on April 16, 1862, and 
at about the same time assigned to duty at Fort Warren, Mass., 
then a prison camp for the captured Confederate officers who 
were held there to the number of several hundred. 
In June 1862 he was ordered to report to General Halleck at 
Corinth, Mississippi, and assigned to duty as medical purveyor 
for the armies concentrated in that center of military activity. 
In the pursuance of this duty he established a medical depot at 
Columbus, Kentucky, with supplies for the two hundred thousand 
men whom it was estimated would make up General Halleck’s 
armies. A second large depot was organized at Memphis, Tenn., 
where he fitted out nine general hospitals with a capacity of 
three thousand beds for the casualties among the troops along 
the Mississippi and equipped a floating hospital of eight hundred 
beds for use at Milliken’s Bend near Vicksburg, then under siege 
by General Grant. He was with the headquarters of Grant’s 
army before Vicksburg for some months, serving as assistant 
medical director and inspector of camps and hospitals of the 
Army of the Tennessee. His duties consisted in the sanitary 
inspection of camps, transfer of wounded to transports for north- 
ern hospitals, and the supply of medicine and hospital stores. 
He participated in the battles of Jackson and Champion Hills, 
having general supervision of the field hospitals established for 
these engagements. 
After the fall of Vicksburg he was transferred east to the 
position of medical director of the Department of Virginia in 
North Carolina under General John G. Foster, and later in the 
same year to Annapolis, Maryland, as medical director of hos- 
pitals and parole camp. In May 1864 he was ordered to Wash- 
ington and assigned as medical purveyor for the Army of the 
Potomac and for the hospitals in and around Washington. He 68 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
served to the end of the war on this duty which involved the sup- 
ply of one hundred and fifty thousand men in the field and of 
twenty hospitals with a bed capacity of thirty thousand pa- 
tients. For such a service large warehouses were required, with 
a large force of -workmen to handle the flow of incoming and 
outgoing supplies. During Sutherland’s incumbency of this of- 
fice he disbursed over four million dollars without loss or ques- 
tion. 
With the reorganization of the army at the close of the Civil 
War, Sutherland had the backing of Surgeon General Barnes 
and of General Grant for one of the positions of medical pur- 
veyor which was given him with the grade of lieutenant colonel 
on July 28, 1866. For the next thirteen years he divided his 
time between the New York and Washington medical purveying 
depots, meanwhile receiving the promotion to the grade of col- 
onel on June 26, 1876. From 1879 to 1884 he served as medical 
director of the Division of the Pacific at San Franciso and from 
1884 until his appointment as Surgeon General, as medical di- 
rector of the Division of the Atlantic at New York. 
Following the death of Surgeon General Baxter in December 
1890, there were the usual number of candidates for the vacated 
place but President Harrison followed the precedent broken only 
in recent years by the selection of General Moore and appointed 
the senior officer in the person of Colonel Sutherland to be Sur- 
geon General on December 23, 1890. Major Pilcher describes 
his administration as being “conservative and progressive,” 
which can be interpreted that General Sutherland’s office was as 
progressive as the conservative temper of the War Department 
of his day would allow. 
With a continuing interest in medical supply he gave the 
medical department a new field equipment but deprived the med- 
ical officer of a personal equipment which he had formerly been 
issued. The organization of the enlisted medical personnel into 
detachments began about this time and it was during General 
Sutherland’s term, in 1891, that Captain (later Colonel) John 
Van R. Hoff organized the first company of instruction for the 
Hospital Corps at Fort Riley, Kansas. Captain Hoff applied 
the term Hospital Corps to these enlisted men but the name was 
not officially authorized until 1901. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
69 
General Sutherland was a large and powerful man, standing 
over six feet two inches and of corresponding bulk. He was of 
a kind and amiable disposition, a good friend and an attractive 
companion. He was highly popular with the junior officers of 
the corps. He was retired by reason of reaching the age limit 
on May 29, 1893. He continued to make his home in Washing- 
ton where he died suddenly of angina pectoris on May 10, 1895, 
in his sixty-sixth year. 
He was married on November 3, 1869, in Montgomery 
County, Maryland, to Elizabeth Wirt Brewer, who with seven 
children survived him. He had been previously married to Kate 
Brewer who died in November 1866. 
LJ. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). P. M. Ashburn 
History of the Medical Department of the U. S. Army (1929). G. Y. Henry 
Military Records of Civilian Appointments (1873). Records of Living Offi- 
cers of the Army (1884). Kelly and Barrage American Medical Biographies 
(1920).] 70 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XVII. 
GEORGE MILLER STERNBERG (June 8, 1838 - Nov. 3, 
1915), Surgeon General, May 30, 1893 - June 8, 1902, was born 
at Hartwick Seminary, Otsego County, N. Y., where he spent 
most of his childhood. His father, Levi Sternberg, a Lutheran 
clergyman who later became principal of Hartwick Seminary, 
was descended from a German family from the Palatinate, which 
had settled in the Schoharie valley in the early years of the eight- 
eenth century. His mother, Margaret Levering (Miller) Stern- 
berg, was the daughter of George B. Miller, also a Lutheran 
clergyman and professor of theology at the seminary, a Luther- 
an school. George was the eldest of a large family and it was 
necessary for him to lift from his father’s shoulders as much as 
he could of the burden of its support. His studies at the semi- 
nary were interrupted by a year of employment in a bookstore 
in Cooperstown and by three years of teaching in neighboring 
rural schools. During his last year at Hartwick he was an in- 
structor in mathematics, chemistry, and natural philosophy, and 
at the same time was pursuing the study of medicine with Dr. 
Horace Lathrop of Cooperstown. For his medical studies he 
went first to Buffalo, N. Y., and later to the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons of New York where he received the degree 
of M. D. in the spring of 1860. Following graduation he settled 
in Elizabeth, New Jersey, for practice and remained there until 
the outbreak of the Civil War. He was appointed an assistant 
surgeon in the United States Army on May 28, 1861, and on 
July 21 of that year he was captured at the Battle of Bull Run, 
while serving with General George Sykes’ division. He was able 
to escape and soon joined his command in the defense of Wash- 
ington. Later he participated in the Peninsular campaign and 
saw service in the battles of Gaines’ Mill and Malvern Hill. 
During this campaign he contracted typhoid fever while at 
Harrison’s Landing and was sent north on a transport. During 
the remainder of the war he performed hospital duty, mainly 
at Portsmouth Grove in Rhode Island, and at Cleveland, Ohio. 
On March 13, 1865, he was given the brevets of captain and 
major for faithful and meritorious service during the war. The GEORGE MILLER STERNBERG THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
71 
years following the war were full of the moves which make up 
the life of a junior medical officer. Sternberg was married on 
October 19, 1865, to Louisa Russell, daughter of Robert Russell 
of Cooperstown, N. Y., and took his bride to Jefferson Barracks, 
Missouri, from whence he was soon transferred to Fort Marker, 
Kansas. Mrs. Sternberg did not accompany him to the latter 
post, but joined him in 1867 just prior to an outbreak of cholera. 
She was one of the first civilians to develop the disease which 
caused her death within a few hours on July 15. 
Sternberg, a captain since May 28, 1866, was sent to Fort 
Riley, Kansas, in December 1867, and with troops from this post 
took part, during 1868-69, in several expeditions against hostile 
Cheyenne Indians along the upper Arkansas river in Indian 
Territory and western Kansas. He served at Fort Riley until 
July 1870, when he was ordered to Governors Island, N. Y. In 
the meantime, he was married on September 1, 1869, at Indian- 
apolis, Indiana, to Martha L. Pattison, daughter of Thomas T. 
N. Pattison of that city. Two years at Governors Island and 
three years, 1872-1875, at Fort Barrancas, Florida, gave him 
frequent contacts with yellow fever and at the latter post he con- 
tracted the disease himself. He had noted the efficiency of 
moving inhabitants out of an infested environment and success- 
fully applied the methods to the Barrances garrison. 
About this time he published two articles in the New Or- 
leans Medical and Surgical Journal (“An Inquiry into the Modus 
Operandi of the Yelloiv Fever Poison,” July 1875, and “A Study 
of the Natural History of Yellow Fever” March 1877) which 
gave him a definite status as an authority on yellow fever. 
While convalescing from the disease in 1877 he was ordered 
to Fort Walla Walla, Washington, where later in the same year 
he participated in a campaign against the Nez Perce Indians. 
The spare hours of his early service had been well employed in 
study and experimentation which laid the foundation for his 
later work. He perfected an anemometer and in 1870 patented 
an automatic heat regulator which has had wide use. 
On December 1, 1875, he was promoted to the grade of 
major and in April 1879 he was ordered to Washington, D. C., 
and detailed with the Havana Yellow Fever Commission, his 
medical associates being Dr. Stanfard Chaille of New Orleans 72 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
and Dr. Juan Guiteras of Havana. In the distribution of the 
work Sternberg was given the problems relating to the nature 
and natural history of the cause of the disease which involved 
microscopical examination of blood and tissues of yellow fever 
patients. In these investigations he was one of the first to 
employ the newly discovered process of photomicography, and he 
developed high efficiency in its use. He spent three months in 
Havana closely associated with Dr. Carlos Finlay, the proponent 
of the theory of transmission of yellow fever by the mosquito. 
After a year’s work the Commission arrived at the conclu- 
sion that the solution of the cause of yellow fever must wait 
upon further progress in the new science of bacteriology. Soon 
after this Sternberg was sent to New Orleans to investigate the 
conflicting discoveries of the Plasmodium malariae of Alphonse 
Laveran, and the Bacillus malariae of Arnold Karl Klebs and 
Carrado Tomassi-Caudeli. His report, made in 1881, declared 
that the Bacillus malariae had no part in the causation of ma- 
laria. In this same year, simultaneously with Louis Pasteur, he 
announced the discovery of the pneumococcus, now recognized 
as the pathogenic agent in lobar pneumonia. He was the first 
in this country to demonstrate the plasmodium of malaria (1885) 
and the bacilli of tuberculosis and typhoid fever (1886). The 
interest in bacteriology naturally led to an interest in disinfec- 
tion and he was the American pioneer in the field. He began 
these experiments in 1878 with putrefactive bacteria and con- 
tinued them in Washington and in the laboratories of Johns Hop- 
kins Hospital in Baltimore, under the auspices of the American 
Public Health Association. 
For his essay Disinfection and Individual Prophylaxis 
against Infectious Diseases 1886, he was awarded the Lomb 
prize. The essay was translated into several languages. During 
the Hamburg cholera epidemic of 1892 he was detailed for duty 
with the New York quarantine station as a consultant on disin- 
fection as applied to ships, their personnel, and cargo. Though 
cases of the disease reached American shores, none developed 
within the country. On January 2, 1891, he was promoted to 
lieutenant colonel. 
With the retirement of General Sutherland in May 1893, 
Sternberg, as did many others, submitted his claims for con- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
73 
sideration for the vacancy. While not the senior officer of the 
corps by any means, he was in the first dozen and was without 
question the most eminent professional man in the service. He 
received the appointment of Surgeon General at the hands of 
President Cleveland on May 30, 1893, with the grade of brig- 
adier general. 
His nine years’ tenure of that office was a time of profes- 
sional progress and was featured by the occurrence of the Span- 
ish-American War. He was responsible for the establishment of 
the Army Medical School in 1893, for the organization of a con- 
tract dental service and the army nurse corps, the creation of 
the tuberculosis hospital at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, and of a 
special surgical hospital at Washington Barracks. The equip- 
ment of the medical school included laboratories of chemistry 
and bacteriology, and a liberal-minded policy was adopted in 
the supply of laboratory supplies to the larger military hospitals. 
With the Spanish-American War and its epidemic of typhoid 
fever, the problem of hospitalization, though difficult, was met 
with fair success. In that year of war the Surgeon General 
caused the organization of the Typhoid Fever Board, made up 
of Majors Walter Reed, Victor C. Vaughan, and Edward 0. 
Shakespeare, which established the facts of contact infection and 
fly carriage of the disease; and in 1900 he organized the Yellow 
Fever Commission, headed by Major Reed, which fixed the 
transmission of yellow fever upon a particular species of mos- 
quito. On his recommendation the first tropical disease board 
was established in Manila in January 1900 where it functioned 
for about two years. 
General Sternberg was retired on account of age on June 
8, 1902, and devoted the later years of his life to social welfare 
activities in Washington, particularly to the sanitary improve- 
ment of habitations and the care of the tuberculous. He died at 
his home in Washington, on November 3, 1915. On his monu- 
ment in Arlington Cemetery is the inscription: 
“Pioneer American Bacteriologist, distinguished by his studies of 
the causation and prevention of infectious diseases, by his discovery of 
the microorganism causing pneumonia, and scientific investigations 
of yellow fever, which paved the way for the experimental demonstration 
of the mode of transmission of this pestilence. Veteran of three wars, 
breveted for bravery in action in the Civil War and the Nez Perce Wars. 74 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Served as Surgeon General of the United States Army for period of 
nine years including the Spanish War. Founder of the Army Medical 
School. Scientist, author and philanthropist. M. D., LL. D.” 
His name will survive as that of the American bacteriologist, 
contemporary of Pasteur and Koch, who first brought the fun- 
damental principles and technique of the new science within the 
reach of the American physician. From 1875, when he pub- 
lished his first articles on yellow fever, he was a frequent con- 
tributor to periodical literature of medicine. In 1892 he pub- 
lished his Manual of Bacteriology, the first exhaustive treatise 
on the subject produced in the United States. 
His professional standing received wide and abundant rec- 
ognition. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon 
him by the University of Michigan in 1894 and by Brown Uni- 
versity in 1897. He was made an honorary member of the 
Epidemiological Society of London, the Royal Academy of Rome, 
the Academy of Medicine of Rio Janeiro, the American Academy 
of Medicine, and the French Society of Hygiene, He was a mem- 
ber, and one time president of the American Medical Association, 
the American Public Health Association, the Association of 
Military Surgeons of the United States, the Washington Biologi- 
cal Society, and the Philosophical Society of the District of Co- 
lumbia. 
He was a modest and unassuming man, gentle in manner 
and in speech, whose whole career was devoted to duty and un- 
tiring industry. Faced in the Spanish-American War with great 
difficulties he bore without reply the burden of much criticism, 
either unfounded or the result of conditions not of his making. 
He was short in stature, with a moderate stoutness in his later 
years. His later portraits show him with a white moustache 
and a fringe of white hair together with the fine intelligent 
forehead and keen speculative eyes which marked all his earlier 
portraits. 
L Who's Who in America 1914-15. Martha L. Sternberg George Miller 
Sternberg (1920). Address Delivered at the Complimentary Banquet to Gen. 
George M. Sternberg—on his Seventieth Birthday (1908) ed. by G. M. Kober. 
A. C. Abbott in Tr. Coll. Physicians Philadelphia (1918). Kelly and Burrage 
American Medical Biographies (1920). J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of 
the Army (1905). Obituary in Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) Nov.3, 
1915.] WILLIAM HENRY FORWOOD THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
75 
XVIII. 
WILLIAM HENRY FORWOOD (Sept. 7, 1838 - May 12, 
1915), Surgeon General, June 8, 1902 - September 7, 1902, was 
born at Brandywine Hundred, Delaware, the son of Robert and 
Rachel Way (Larkin) Forwood. He received his preliminary 
education in the public schools of his native community and in 
Chester Academy at Chester, Pennsylvania, He obtained his 
medical education at the University of Pennsylvania, where he 
graduated in 1861, in the early days of the Civil War. On 
August 5th of that year he was commissioned an assistant sur- 
geon in the army and detailed for duty at Seminary Hospital in 
Georgetown, D. C. 
After a few months of this service he was sent on duty 
in the field as regimental surgeon of the 14th Infantry and later 
served as acting medical director of General Sykes’ division in 
the Army of the Potomac. Following a short tour of duty in 
the office of the medical director in Washington, he was again 
sent to field duty as surgeon of the 6th Cavalry in Stoneman’s 
cavalry division. He took part in the battles of Yorktown, 
Gaines’ Mill, Malvern Hill, the second Bull Run, Antietam, 
Gettysburg, and Brandy Station. In the latter engagement he 
received a severe gunshot wound through the chest. Following 
his recovery he was assigned as executive officer of Satterlee 
General Hospital in West Philadelphia, and later was placed in 
charge of the medical storeship Marcy C. Day. His last war 
service was the command of Whitehall General Hospital near 
Bristol, Pa., a hospital of two thousand beds which he organ- 
ized and built. On March 13, 1865 he was given the brevets 
of captain and major for faithful and meritorious service dur- 
ing the war. Following the close of the war he was sent to 
Fort Riley, Kansas, where he served until June 1867. This duty 
was marked by a severe epidemic of cholera in 1866, which he 
fought alone, and was varied by several tours of field service 
with the 2d Cavalry in expeditions against hostile Indians along 
the upper Arkansas river. He was promoted to the grade of 
captain on July 28, 1866, and in the following year was trans- 76 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
ferred to Fort Earned, Kansas, where he served until July 1870. 
Two years followed at Fort Brady, Mich., a part of which time 
was taken up by a leave spent in the study of yellow fever 
at the quarantine station at Philadelphia. His next duty was 
at Fort Richardson, Texas, where he stayed until September 
1876. After short tours at Raleigh, N. C., and Columbia, S. C., 
he was sent to Fort McPherson, in Georgia, where he remained 
until December 1879. From here he was transferred to Fort 
Omaha, Neb., from which post, during the summers of 1881 
and 1882, he was detailed as surgeon and naturalist for military 
reconnaissance and exploring expeditions to the northwest, which 
were conducted annually under instructions from General Philip 
Sheridan. In November 1882 he was detailed as attending sur- 
geon at the headquarters of the Division of the Missouri, at 
Chicago, and in the following summer again accompanied the 
exploring expedition to the northwest, this time in company 
with President Arthur and Secretary of War Robert T. Lincoln, 
guests of General Sheridan. The results of his observations on 
these trips were embodied in Observations on Flora, etc., Dur- 
ing Journey through Portions of Wyoming and Montana (1881), 
Geologic and Botanic Reports of Explorations of Parts of Wy- 
oming, Idaho and Montana (1882), and Labor Among Primitive 
Peoples (1904). He remained at Chicago until December 1886, 
when, after an extended leave, he was sent to Fort Snelling, 
Minn., where he served for the next three years. On May 27, 
1890, he reported for duty as attending surgeon at the United 
States Soldiers’ Home at Washington, D. C., which continued 
to be his station until December 12, 1898. The years of this 
tour were eventful and useful ones. When the Army Medical 
School was organized in 1893 he was appointed professor of 
military surgery. During the years 1895-97 he held the chair 
of surgery and surgical pathology, and during the years 1897-98 
that of military surgery, in the medical department of George- 
town University, which conferred upon him the honorary de- 
gree of LL.D. The flood of sick coming up from Cuba in the 
summer of 1898 caused the establishment of a great hospital and 
convalescent camp at Montauk Point, N. Y., and of that camp 
Forwood was made chief medical officer. Later in that year he 
selected the site and superintended the construction of a general THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
77 
hospital for returning troops at Savannah, Ga. In December 
1898 he was relieved from duty in Washington and ordered to 
San Francisco as chief surgeon of the Department of California, 
a position of increasing importance on account of probable hos- 
tilities in the Philippines. In 1901 he was assigned to duty in 
the office of the Surgeon General in Washington and with the 
reorganization of the Army Medical School in the fall of that 
year he was made president of the faculty. 
In the meantime he had been promoted to the grade of 
lieutenant colonel on June 15, 1891, and to colonel on May 3, 
1897, and had reached a rank in the corps second only to the 
Surgeon General. When General Sternberg retired in June 
1902, Colonel Forwood had himself but three months to serve 
before his compulsory retirement for age. He was, however, 
promoted to the Surgeon Generalcy, with the grade of brigadier 
general, on June 8, 1902, for the brief period, an act which gave 
great satisfaction to the whole medical service. He retired on Sep- 
tember 7, 1902, after forty-one years of notably creditable ser- 
vice. He was one of the outstanding operating surgeons of the 
corps of his day, was always a profound student of surgery and 
surgical anatomy, and was an able instructor. He continued 
his residence in Washington where he lived quietly after his re- 
tirement until after a prolonged illness, his death occurred at 
his home there in his seventy-seventh year. 
In addition to the monographs heretofore mentioned Gen- 
eral Forwood contributed the article on military surgery in Vol. 
II of William H. Dennis’ System of Surgery (1895-96) and that 
on the same subject in Vol. II of J .C. Warren and A. P. Gould’s 
International Textbook of Surgery (1900). From 1876 on he 
contributed a flow of journal articles pertaining to natural his- 
tory and military medicine. From February 1898 to February 
1899 he was in charge of “The Military Surgeon”, a supplement 
of the National Medical Review. 
He was a member of the American Medical Association, the 
American Academy of Medicine, the Philadelphia Academy of 
Natural Sciences, and of the Association of Military Surgeons. 
General Forwood’s early war service marks him as a man 
of unusual physical courage, dash, and gallantry. Repeatedly he 
exposed himself to the greatest dangers in treating the wounded 78 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
on fire-swept fields and in rescuing wounded from falling into 
enemy hands. It was on such duty as this that he received the 
chest wound at Brandy Station. 
Later he showed that same courage in seeking opportunities 
for service in centers of epidemic disease, when the dangers 
again were decidedly real. He was aided by a physique of great 
strength and endurance. He was of medium height with a large 
chest and heavy musculature. He retained in his later years a 
good thatch of hair, a military mustache, and goatee, none of 
them much touched with gray. 
He was married on September 28, 1870, to Mary Osbourne, 
daughter of Antrim Osbourne of Media, Pa. They had no 
children. 
tAlumnae Register (Univ. of Pa.)Nov. 1902. J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Gen- 
erals of the Army (1905). Medic News N. Y., June 14, 1902. Mil. Surgeon 
June 1915. Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) May 12, 1915. Records of 
Living Officers of the U.S. Army (1884). Records of the Office of The Sur- 
geon General.] ROBERT MAITLAND O’REILLY THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
79 
XIX. 
ROBERT MAITLAND O’REILLY (Jan. 14, 1845 - Nov. 3, 
1912), Surgeon General, September 7, 1902 - January 14, 1909, 
was born in Philadelphia to John and Ellen (Maitland) O’Reilly. 
He was descended on his father’s side from an old Irish family, 
one branch of which, emigrating to Spain, produced General 
Alexander O’Reilly who was captain general of Cuba and one 
of the Spanish governors of Louisiana. The American branch 
settled in Pennsylvania before the Revolutionary War. Young 
Robert was educated in the public schools of his native city and 
had commenced the study of medicine at the University of Penn- 
sylvania when the Civil War broke out. In August 1862 he was 
appointed an acting medical cadet and was assigned for duty in 
the Cuyler General Hospital in Philadelphia. Later he served 
as a medical cadet in a hospital at Chattanooga, Tenn., and in 
the office of the medical director of the Army of the Cumber- 
land. 
With the close of the Civil War, he resumed his medical 
studies at the University of Pennsylvania and was graduated 
in 1866. On May 14, 1867, he was appointed assistant surgeon 
in the army and sent to Fort Trumbull, Conn. Shortly there- 
after he was sent out to California by way of Nicaragua with a 
shipment of recruits. While en route with recruits from San 
Francisco to Whipple Barracks, Arizona, he was wounded by 
the acidental discharge of a revolver at Camp Mud Springs, 
Cal., and was under treatment for some time at Drum Bar- 
racks, Cal., after which he proceeded to his original assignment 
in Arizona. He served at Camp Date Creek, Camp McDowell, 
Camp Renon, Fort Whipple, Camp Halleck, and Fort Union, all 
in the extreme southwest, until June 1870, during which time 
he saw considerable field service against hostile Indians. The 
summer of 1870 was spent in the field in Colorado with the 8th 
Cavalry, after which he was assigned for station at Fort Lar- 
amie, Wyoming, where he served from May 1871 to July 1874. 
He participated in the campaign of 1874 against the Sioux In- 
dians and at the conclusion of that campaign he took station at 80 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Fort D. A. Russell at Cheyenne, Wyoming. In June 1875 he 
was ordered east, and given short tours of duty at Fort McHenry, 
Maryland, and at Fort Hamilton, New York. In November 1875 
he was sent to Fort Ontario, New York, which was his station 
until May 1878. While at this station he was detailed, in 1877, 
to duty incident to labor disturbances in Pennsylvania, and sus- 
tained an injury which incapacitated him to a remarkable ex- 
tent for two years. 
Short terms of duty at Charleston, S. C., and Fort McPher- 
son, Ga., interspersed with sick leaves brought him to the sum- 
mer of 1882, when in June he was ordered to duty with the at- 
tending surgeon in Washington, D. C. In November 1884 he 
himself became the attending surgeon, which post he held un- 
til November 1889. In this capacity his attractive personality 
and his professional skill made him a prominent figure in the 
capital. He was made the attending physician to the White 
House by President Cleveland, with whom he was on terms of 
intimate friendship and who brought him back to Washington 
during his second term in the presidency. From June to Sep- 
tember 1888 he attended General Philip Sheridan during his 
last illness at Nonquitt, Mass. From Washington he was or- 
dered to Fort Logan, Colorado, where he served from May 1890 
to February 1893 when he was again detailed as attending sur- 
geon at the capital. 
In April 1897 he was assigned to duty at Fort Wayne, 
Michigan, and from this post he accompanied the troops into 
the field at the onset of the Spanish-American War. Arriving 
at Mobile, Ala., he was assigned as chief surgeon of the First 
Independent Division commanded by Major General John J. 
Coppinger. He was later chief surgeon of the 4th Army Corps 
and still later chief surgeon on the staff of Major General James 
F. Wade in Havana. The medical department ship Bay State 
was placed at his disposal and he was sent to Jamaica for the 
purpose of acquiring information relative to the experience of 
the British army in tropical hygiene. He made a study of the 
housing, food, clothing, and care of troops and submitted a re- 
port with recommendations on these subjects which were of 
material value. 
Returning from Cuba in November 1899 he commanded the THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
81 
Josiah Simpson Hospital at Fortress Monroe, Va., and later was 
transferred to the headquarters of the Department of California 
at San Francisco as chief surgeon. 
In the passing years he had been rising in the military 
scale. Promoted to captain May 14, 1870, to major November 
1, 1886, and to lieutenant colonel February 21, 1900, he reached 
the grade of colonel on February 14, 1902. 
At the time of General Forwood’s retirement in September 
1902 there was a regulation in effect that the appointment to 
Surgeon General should be for a period of four years, and a rul- 
ing that the appointee must have four years to serve before his 
compulsory retirement for age. There was a small group of 
brilliant officers on the list ahead of Colonel O’Reilly, notably 
Colonels Smart, Lippincott, and DeWitt, but all were barred 
from the coveted place by lack of the necessary four years to 
serve. Colonel O’Reilly, the senior officer able to meet the re- 
quirements, was appointed Surgeon General with the grade of 
brigadier general on September 7, 1902. 
Up to this time it had been the almost invariable custom 
that the office assistants of the Surgeon General should be se- 
lected from among the senior officers of the corps. General 
O’Reilly departed from the long-time custom by surrounding 
himself with a group of young, alert, active men, a group that 
went far toward directing the fortunes of the corps for the 
next two decades. To this group belonged Jefferson R. Kean, 
Walter D. McCaw, Charles F. Mason, and James D. Glennan, 
all junior majors, and Merritte W. Ireland, Francis T. Winter, 
Charles Lynch, and Carl R. Darnall who had still to gain that 
grade when General O’Reilly’s term began. Major Kean was 
made executive officer and the others assigned to the charge of 
divisions into which the office was organized. Unsatisfactory 
conditions in the army disclosed by the Spanish-American War 
caused the appointment by President McKinley of the Dodge 
Commission. The findings of this commission relating to the 
medical department took the form of a number of recommenda- 
tions which it devolved upon General O’Reilly to carry out. 
These recommendations were briefly as follows: (1) a 
larger force of commissioned medical officers, (2) authority to 
establish in time of peace a proper volunteer hospital corps, (3) 82 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
a nurse corps of selected trained women nurses ready to serve 
whenever necessity should arise, (4) a year’s supply, for an 
army of at least four times the normal strength, of all medicines, 
hospital furniture, and stores as are not materially damaged by 
keeping, to be held constantly on hand in the medical supply 
depots, (5) charge of transportation to such an extent as will 
secure prompt shipment and ready delivery of all medical sup- 
plies, (6) simplification of administrative paper work, (7) pro- 
vision for purchase by subsistence funds of articles of special 
diets for the sick. 
In his last annual report, that of 1908, General O’Reilly 
was able to say that all of these objectives had been realized 
or were in good prospect of realization. General O’Reilly and 
his staff achieved a relation with the army, with Congress, with 
the medical profession, and with the public never visualized by 
any previous administration. During his term every medical 
department activity was studied, overhauled, and improved. To- 
ward the latter part of his term an appropriation was obtained 
from Congress for the purchase of the site and for the begin- 
ning of construction of a general hospital in Washington (the 
Walter Reed General Hospital), a project under advisement since 
the days of General Hammond. 
Perhaps the outstanding accomplishment of this regime was 
the increase and reorganization of the Medical Corps and the 
Hospital Corps, with the elimination of the meaningless titles 
carried by medical officers and the substitution of the titles 
sergeant and corporal for the obsolete titles of noncommissioned 
officers. This reorganization act of April 23, 1908 (35 Stat. 66), 
also created the Medical Reserve Corps. General O’Reilly was 
president of the board which recommended the adoption of ty- 
phoid prophylaxis for the army. In 1906 he reconstituted the 
Board for the Study of Tropical Diseases in Manila and set for 
it certain objectives. In that same year he represented the United 
States at the international conference at Geneva, Switzerland, for 
the revision of the Geneva Convention. At the expiration of his 
first term of appointment in 1906 he was reappointed and served 
until the time for his compulsory retirement for age on January 
14, 1909. Never of strong constitution and the subject of much THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
83 
ill-health during his army career, his remaining three years 
were spent quietly in a state of semi-invalidism in Washington, 
where he died of uremic poisoning, on November 3, 1912. 
Few of our Surgeon Generals went in much for literary 
work and General O’Reilly was not of that few. His only no- 
table contribution was the monograph on military surgery which 
appeared in the fourth edition of W. W. Keen’s American Text- 
book of Surgery (1903), in which he collaborated with Major 
William C. Borden. 
General O’Reilly was a man of fine mind and of high cul- 
ture. He had great personal attraction, winning the affection 
and loyalty of all with whom he came into intimate contact. 
Though of a sensitive and retiring disposition he had an unfail- 
ing fund of courtesy and good nature. He was a devotee of 
chamber music and an accomplished performer on the violin. 
Many of his deepest friendships were with those to whom he 
was bound by the ties of music. Physically a small man, he 
carried himself with a good military bearing. 
He was married on August 6, 1877, to Frances L. Pardee 
of Oswego, N. Y., who, with one daughter, survived him. The 
death of his only son, just grown to manhood, saddened his 
later years. 
[J. E. Pilcher Surgeon Generals of the Army (1905). E. H. Garrison 
In Memoriam: General Robert Maitland O'Reilly, in N. York M. J. Nov. 30, 
1912. Kelly and Burrage American Medical Biographies (1920). Who's 
Who in America 1912-13, P, M. Ashburn History of the Medical Department 
of the U.8. Army (1929).] 84 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XX. 
GEORGE HENRY TORNEY (June 1,1850 - Dec. 27,1913), 
Surgeon General, January 14, 1909 - December 27, 1913, was 
born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of John P. and Mary M. 
(Peacock) Torney. He received his preliminary education at 
Carroll College, New Windsor, Maryland, which he attended 
from 1862 to 1867, following which he took the course in medi- 
cine at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville where he 
was given his degree of M.D. on June 30, 1870, 
After an internship at the Bay View Hospital in Baltimore 
he entered the Navy as an assistant surgeon on November 1, 
1871. He was promoted to passed assistant surgeon on De- 
cember 18, 1874, but on account of intractable seasickness he 
resigned his commission on June 30, 1875. The following day, 
July 1, 1875, he accepted appointment as a first lieutenant and 
assistant surgeon in the medical department of the army. Then 
followed years of highly useful though relatively uneventful ser- 
vice in various army posts. Upon appointment he was ordered 
to Fort Wood in New York harbor, from whence he sailed in 
November 1875 with a battalion of the 5th Artillery to Key 
West Barracks, Florida. He served at Fort Canby in Florida 
until May 1877 when he was transferred to Fort Gibson in the 
Indian Territory. In September 1878 he went to Fort Win- 
gate, New Mexico, and in December 1880 to Fort Lyon, Colo- 
rado, where he remained for the following four years. In this 
service in the southwest he saw the usual amount of field ser- 
vice against hostile Indians that fell to the lot of all medical 
officers serving in that section during those troublesome times. 
In April 1885 he was brought east to Fortress Monroe, Vir- 
ginia, where he served for the next four years, after which he 
had four years of service at Fort Brown, Texas, near the mouth 
of the Rio Grande. He had been promoted to Captain on July 
1, 1880, and in September 1893 he was ordered to Philadelphia as 
attending surgeon and to prepare him for his examination for 
the grade of major. 
He was promoted to major on June 6, 1894, and in the fol- GEORGE HENRY TORNEY THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
85 
lowing month was detailed for duty as surgeon at the United 
States Military Academy at West Point. He remained there 
until the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, when in May 
1898 he was ordered to equip and command the hospital ship 
Relief. He served in this capacity, transporting sick and wound- 
from Cuba and Porto Rico to the United States, until the end 
of hostilities. 
In October 1898 he was sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 
and detailed as instructor in hygiene in the general service 
schools. After one year of this duty he was transferred to the 
command of the Army and Navy General Hospital at Hot 
Springs, Arkansas, where he remained until November 1902. 
From this duty he was transferred to Manila, P. L, and assigned 
to the command of the First Reserve Hospital. 
In July of the following year he was transferred, seriously 
ill, to the general hospital at the Presidio of San Francisco. In 
November he was sufficiently recovered to be assigned to the 
duty of chief surgeon of the Department of California. After 
four months of this duty he was sent back to the Presidio as com- 
manding officer of the general hospital. He held this position 
from March 1904 until December 1908. It was during this per- 
iod, on April 18, 1906, that the great earthquake and fire oc- 
curred in San Francisco. The army was active in the police 
and rescue work following the disaster and the Presidio hospital 
was taxed to the limit. Lieut. Colonel Torney was placed in 
charge of the sanitary work of the stricken city and acquitted 
himself notably well in the face of the greatest difficulties. The 
brilliant record that he made as an administrator and sanitarian 
during these trying days made him the popular hero of the 
city and assisted materially to give him the office of Surgeon 
General when it became vacant. From November 1907 to No- 
vember 1908 he filled the dual role of chief surgeon of the De- 
partment of California and commanding officer of the general 
hospital which was later designated Letterman General Hos- 
pital in War Dep’t. General Orders, No. 152, November 23, 1911. 
In the meantime he had been advanced to the grade of lieutenant 
colonel and deputy surgeon general on August 6, 1903, and to 
colonel of the medical corps on April 23, 1908. 
With the retirement of General O’Reilly in January 1909 86 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
the strength of San Francisco’s gratitude was sufficient to give 
Colonel Torney the vacated place, though the list of officers sen- 
ior to him included such potent names as those of Colonels 
Gorgas, Havard, and Hoff. 
General Torney began his career as Surgeon General on 
January 14, 1909. He retained as his office assistants much of 
the same group that General O’Reilly had assembled and con- 
tinued to advocate the policies laid down by his predecessor. The 
reserves of officers, nurses, and supplies were built up, and the 
Walter Reed General Hospital was opened in May 1909 following 
the announcement in War Dep’t. General Orders, No. 70, April 
14, 1909, and the discontinuance of the hospital at Washington 
Barracks. Immunization against typhoid fever was pushed to 
universal use in the army in 1911, and the use of venereal pro- 
phylaxis extended. The Army Medical School was built up, de- 
partment laboratories established, and sanitary measures im- 
proved. An act of Congress approved March 3, 1911 (36 Stat. 
1054), created the Dental Corps as part of the medical depart- 
ment. It was a time of activity in the tactical training of medi- 
cal personel with the beginning of the instruction of medical 
officers in field work and medical tactics at the Fort Leaven- 
worth schools and with added importance given to military 
hygiene in the service schools. The mobilization of a maneuver 
division in Texas gave the medical department an opportunity 
to test for the first time the worth of their field hospitals and 
ambulance companies and the efficiency of the regimental sani- 
tary equipment. It gave also a practical test of the efficacy of 
the typhoid prophylaxis. In the Philippines the work of the 
medical research board was fruitful in the practical elimination 
of beri-beri from the native troops. General Torney’s term of 
four years ended with a brilliant record of achievement in Jan- 
uary 1913 and he was immediately reappointed on January 14. 
His second term had advanced less than a year when on Decem- 
ber 27, 1913, he died of broncho-pneumonia at his residence in 
Washington after an illness of some weeks duration. He was 
within about six months of his retirement for age. 
General Torney was a member of the American Medical 
Association and of the Association of Military Surgeons and a 
fellow of the American College of Surgeons. He was elected THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
87 
president of the Association of Military Surgeons at its Mil- 
waukee meeting in 1911. He was the Chairman of the War Re- 
lief Committee of the American National Red Cross. 
He was married on January 22, 1872, to Mary A. Johnston 
of Baltimore. She survived him together with one daughter and 
four sons. One son followed his father’s bent in the study of 
medicine and another followed him in a military career as an 
infantry officer. 
[ Who's Who in America (1912-13). Mil. Surgeon Feb. 1909. Ibid, Feb. 
1914. Boston M. and S. J. 1914, p. 71. J. A. M. A. 1914, p. 52. N. York M. J. 
1914, p. 32. N. Y. Med. Times 193 4, p. 121. P. M. Ashburn History of the 
Medical Department of the U. S. Army 1929). Kecords of the Office of The 
Surgeon General.] 88 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XXL 
WILLIAM CRAWFORD GORGAS (October 3, 1854 - July 
3, 1920), Surgeon General, January 16, 1914 - October 3, 1918, 
was the son of General Josiah Gorgas, a native of Pennsylvania 
who graduated from the United States Military Academy in the 
class of 1841. Assigned to the ordnance service, he was in 
command of Mount Vernon Arsenal, near Mobile, Alabama, in 
1853, when he married Amelia Gayle, daughter of Judge John 
Gayle, a former governor of Alabama. William was born at 
the Gayle home, Toulminville, near Mobile. The elder Gorgas, 
strongly sympathetic with the Southern cause, resigned his cap- 
tain’s commission on April 3, 1861, shortly before the attack 
on Fort Sumter. On April 8 he was appointed a major in the 
Confederate service and was assigned to duty as chief of ord- 
nance which post he held throughout the war, rising to the 
grade of brigadier general. In the capital city of the Confeder- 
acy, young William spent the four stirring years of the war and 
with his mother saw the entrance of the Federal troops after his 
father accompanied General Lee in his evacuation of the city. 
Following a short time spent in Baltimore the family moved to 
Brierfield, Alabama, where the father was manager of the Brier- 
field Iron Works. In 1869 the University of the South was open- 
ed at Sewanee, Tenn., and General Gorgas was made head of the 
junior department. 
Up to this time the son’s education had been quite irregu- 
lar. He had had the advantages of a private school in Richmond 
but the times were too distracting for satisfactory progress. He 
spent six years at the Sewanee school and in 1875 graduated 
with the degree of bachelor of arts. 
From the experiences of his childhood Gorgas had acquired 
a strong desire for a military career. Every effort was made 
to obtain for him an appointment to the West Point academy but 
without avail. Much against his father’s wishes he determined 
to enter the service by way of a medical degree. He entered 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York in 1876 and 
was graduated in 1879 after three years of financial difficulties. 
Following an internship in Bellevue Hospital he was appointed, 
on June 16, 1880, an assistant surgeon in the medical corps of WILLIAM CRAWFORD GO KG AS THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
89 
the army. 
For nearly two decades thereafter Gorgas’ life was that of 
the average medical officer of the period. Following several 
years in Texas posts and a tour of duty in North Dakota he 
spent practically the entire decade preceding the Spanish-Ameri- 
can War at Fort Barrancas in Pensacola Bay, Florida. Shortly 
after the beginning of his army career he went through an epi- 
demic of yellow fever at Fort Brown, Texas, and was himself 
stricken with the disease. Thereafter, as an immune, he was 
frequently drafted for service where yellow fever existed. This 
accounts for his long service at Fort Barrancas, a post in a sec- 
tion notorious for its epidemics and itself frequently subject to 
visitations of the disease. He was promoted to captain June 
16, 1885, and to major July 6, 1898. To Gorgas, as to others, 
yellow fever was an enigma. Its suddenness of appearance, its 
puzzling choice of victims, and the inutility of ordinary means 
of disease prevention were quite beyond understanding. With 
the Spanish-American War in progress, Gorgas arrived at Sib- 
oney, in Cuba, on July 7, 1898. While negotiations for the capitu- 
lation of Santiago were in progress yellow fever broke out in 
the American forces. Gorgas was assigned to the yellow fever 
section of the Siboney hospital and shortly thereafter took over 
the command of the hospital from Major Louis A. La Garde. 
It is significant of the view of the disease then currently held 
that it was recommended that the village of Siboney be destroy- 
ed by fire. Not only was this recommendation carried out, but 
in September the Siboney group of hospitals with much of their 
equipment was similarly destroyed. 
Major Gorgas was returned to the United States in Septem- 
ber, convalescent from typhoid fever. Later in 1898 he return- 
ed to Cuba and early in 1899 he became chief surgeon of the 
Department of Havana. Following the appointment of General 
Leonard Wood as military governor of Cuba in December 1899, 
Gorgas was made chief sanitary officer for the city of Havana. 
Though yellow fever at this time showed only as sporadic cases 
it was, as always, the chief concern. Gorgas applied to the city 
the generally accepted methods of disease control. He cleaned 
up the city, segregated the sick, and quarantined infected locali- 
ties. Though a friend of Dr. Carlos J. Finlay and familiar with 90 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
his theory of the mosquito transmission of yellow fever Gorgas 
placed no confidence in the idea. Despite the greatly improved 
sanitary condition of Havana the yellow fever situation, instead 
of improving, became much more serious. It was not until the 
board, of which Major Walter Reed was the head, furnished 
proof that the Stegomyia mosquito was the carrier of the dis- 
ease that truly effective methods could be instituted. The Steg- 
omyia, since more accurately named Aedes Aegypti, was the 
common mosquito pest of the city. It is a highly domesticated 
insect, breeding in all kinds of water containers in and around 
habitations. The surest control of the insect was deemed to be 
the elimination of its breeding places. This plan was adopted 
and, though the task had many difficulties, Havana was not only 
freed of its mosquitoes but was permanently rid of yellow fever. 
The results obtained by his work in Havana brought him an in- 
ternational reputation as a sanitarian. 
The years from 1900 to 1904 brought the gradual develop- 
ment of plans for digging the Panama Canal. There was early 
recognition of the necessity for expert sanitary advice upon the 
project and in 1902 Gorgas was transferred from Havana to 
Washington and assigned to this work. In March 1903 Congress 
raised him to the grade of colonel in recognition of his services 
in Havana. For two years he studied the canal problem, review- 
ing the experience of the French on the isthmus and making 
visits to the Suez Canal and to Panama. Actual work upon the 
canal commenced in 1904, and Gorgas with his staff of assistants 
arrived in June of that year. He early encountered administra- 
tion difficulties. Despite the positive knowledge that the French 
failure had been due to disease the American administration was 
disinclined to support adequate measures for preventing a repeti- 
tion of that experience. The first Canal Commission, headed by 
Admiral John C. Walker, had strongly in mind the prevention of 
graft and extravagance. Expenditures for sanitary improve- 
ments were regarded as falling under the latter head. It required 
a visitation of yellow fever, starting in November 1904, to ob- 
tain for Gorgas any substantial support for his work. He began 
in the Canal Zone the measures which had been highly success- 
ful in Havana. Again the mosquito was to be deprived of breed- 
ing places and cases of yellow fever segregated and protected THE ARM Y MEDICAL BULLETIN 
91 
from mosquitoes. The situation in Panama presented more dif- 
ficulties than that in Havana and results were far less prompt. 
It was well into 1905 before yellow fever had been eradicated, 
and in the meantime determined efforts were being made to dis- 
credit Gorgas’ work and to supplant him. It is probable that 
these could have been successful but for the interest aroused 
by a report made by Dr. Charles A. L. Reed of Cincinnati to the 
American Medical Association in March 1905, in which the ob- 
structive hand of Commissioner Carl E, Grunsky was so largely 
featured. The discharge of the Walker Commission at about 
this time and the appointment of another headed by Theodore P. 
Shonts did little to mitigate Gorgas’ troubles. Yellow fever was 
still prevalent and the new commissioners were dissatisfied that 
the first interest of the sanitary service was the elimination of 
mosquitoes rather than the general improvement of the cities of 
Panama and Colon. 
They recommended the removal of Gorgas which not only 
drew the disapproval of President Roosevelt but caused an or- 
der for active support of his work. In November 1906 the Presi- 
dent paid a visit to Panama and shortly thereafter Gorgas was 
made a member of the canal commission. 
For a time he had practically a free hand, but after the 
reorganization of the commission in 1908, with Colonel George 
A. Goethals as chairman and chief engineer, his troubles began 
anew. Goethals, given unusual powers by executive order, ruled 
the Canal Zone with a despotic control. He was free in criti- 
cism and centered his attacks upon the expense of the sanitary 
service. Despite the difficulties thrown around his work, due 
to lack of cooperation from the chief commissioner, Gorgas not 
only freed the Canal Zone from yellow fever but he made the 
cities of Panama and Colon models of sanitation comparable with 
any city of the United States. In the meantime his reputation 
had extended until he was generally regarded as the world’s fore- 
most sanitary expert. In 1913 he was asked by the Transvaal 
Chamber of Mines to visit South Africa and make recommenda- 
tion for the control of pneumonia among the negro mine work- 
ers. It was while engaged in this work that he received the 
notification of his appointment as Surgeon General of the Army, 
with the rank of brigadier general, on January 16, 1914. He 92 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
returned to the United States in April to take up his new duties, 
and on March 4, 1915, he was advanced to the grade of major 
general. The recently organized International Health Board 
enlisted him as an advisor, and in 1916 sent him with a staff 
of assistants for a tour of South and Central America with a view 
to continuing the fight on yellow fever in these sections. Follow- 
ing this trip, a plan for the elimination of yellow fever was 
adopted and Gorgas was made director of the work. 
General Gorgas had always been more interested in dis- 
ease prevention than in office administration. In January 1917 
he informed the Secretary of War that he wished to retire and 
Colonel Henry P. Birmingham was tentatively chosen as his 
successor. The severance of diplomatic relations with Germany 
soon thereafter caused him to change his plans and put a stop 
to his public health activities. It would be quite beyond the 
scope of this sketch to attempt any narration of the activities of 
the medical department during the World War. General Gorgas’ 
time during this period was largely taken up by consultations 
with representatives of the Secretary of War, the Council of 
National Defense, the General Medical Board, and with Con- 
gressional committees. The details of his office were in the 
hands of Colonel (later Major General) Robert E. Noble, who 
had served with him through many years of his Panama ser- 
vice. He was intelligent, capable and industrious, and he man- 
aged the office extraordinarily well. 
The Army School of Nursing authorized by the Secretary 
of War on May 25, 1918, was organized and its first sessions 
began in July 1918 with Miss Annie W. Goodrich, a contract 
nurse, as the first Dean. The Fitzsimons General Hospital for 
tubercular patients was built at Denver, Colorado, and opened 
for patients on October 17, 1918, just two weeks after General 
Gorgas’ retirement from office. 
General Gorgas was retired on account of age on October 3, 
1918, shortly before the Armistice, and again became available 
for work with the International Health Board. He was com- 
missioned to investigate the yellow fever situation on the west 
coast of Africa and in May 1920 he sailed with his staff for 
London. After attending the meeting of the International Hy- 
giene Congress in Brussels he returned to London where he ex- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
93 
perienced a stroke of apoplexy, and died a month later, on July 
3, 1920, in the Queen Alexandria Military Hospital at Millbank. 
The funeral was held in St. Paul’s Cathedral and the body re- 
turned to the United States to rest in the Arlington National 
Cemetery. 
General Gorgas had been the recipient of many honors. 
Honorary degrees had been given him by the University of the 
South, by Harvard, Brown, Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins, and 
by Oxford Universities. He had been decorated by a number 
of foreign countries. The University of the South and the Uni- 
versity of Alabama, both of which his father had served, offered 
him their presidencies. In 1908 the American Medical Associa- 
tion elected him its president. During his last illness he was 
visited by King George and knighted. 
As the man whose sanitary skill made possible the con- 
struction of the Panama Canal, his name will always be linked 
with that gigantic work. His achievement at Havana which 
first brought him to fame is overshadowed by his later and great- 
er work. 
He published Sanitation in Panama (1915) but wrote com- 
paratively little for publication, leaving his work to speak for 
itself and to be reported upon by others. Physically he was a 
little above the average height. To the end he conserved the 
trim figure which early athletic habits had given him. His por- 
traits show a fine oval face with firm mouth and humorous 
eyes. His hair was deep black in youth. In his later years his 
heavy crown of white hair and his white mustache contributed 
much to a distinguished appearance. Temperamentally he was 
mild, amiable, and optimistic. To a pliability of temperament 
was added a quiet determination and persistence. It was this 
combination of seemingly opposite qualities that carried him suc- 
cessfully through his Panama difficulties. 
He was married on September 15, 1885, to Marie Cook 
Doughty of Columbus, Ohio, who with one daughter, survived 
him. 
[H. C. Gorgas and E. J. Hendrick William Crawford Cor gas: His Life 
and Work (1924). F. H. Martin in Surg. Gyn. Obst. Oct. 1923. E. E, Noble 
in Am. J. Pub. Health March 1921. J. F. Siler in Am. J. Troy. M. March 1922. 
M. W. Ireland in Science July 16, 1920. Who's Who in America, 1920-21. P. 
M, Ashburn History of the Medical Department of the U.S. Army (1929).] 94 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XXII. 
MERRITTE WEBER IRELAND, The Surgeon General, 
October 4, 1918 - May 31, 1931, was born on May 31, 1867, at 
Columbia City, a town in the upper end of the Wabash valley in 
Whitley County, Indiana. His father, Dr. Martin Ireland, was 
born in Chillicothe, Ohio, and graduated in medicine in Cin- 
cinnati in 1849, settling in Columbia City in 1855. The Ireland 
family originated in the west of Scotland, coming to Ohio by 
way of Maryland. His mother, whose maiden name was Sarah 
Fellers, came from Waynesboro, Virginia. 
After finishing the high school course in his native town, 
he entered the Detroit College of Medicine where after three 
years (1887-1890) he received an M.D. degree in the latter year. 
The following year was spent in Jefferson Medical College where 
again he was given an M.D. degree in 1891. He immediately 
took the examination for the medical service of the army and 
was commissioned an assistant surgeon from Indiana on May 
4, 1891. His first assignment took him to Jefferson Barracks, 
Mo., where he served from May to September of 1891. At the 
end of that time he was transferred to Fort Riley, Kansas, to 
serve under Major John Van R. Hoff and to have direct charge 
of the first company of instruction of the Hospital Corps organ- 
ized by Captain Hoff. This early contact with one of the most 
forceful characters the medical department has produced was 
bound to have a lasting influence. The friendship of the two 
remained a close one until Colonel Hoff’s death. During this 
tour at Fort Riley he had terms of temporary duty at Fort 
Yates, N. D., in 1892 and at the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893. 
He was transferred to duty at Fort Apache, Arizona, in April 
1893 and remained there until November of the following year. 
While at this post he returned to Columbia City, his old home, 
and was married on November 8, 1893, to Elizabeth Liggett of 
that place. In November 1894 he went for duty to Fort Stan- 
ton, New Mexico, where he served until January 1896. His ser- 
vice at Fort Apache and Fort Stanton was featured by much 
field service incident to Indian depredations and to exploring MERR1TTE WEBER IKELAND THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
95 
expeditions. From Fort Stanton he was transferred to Benicia 
Barracks, California, in January 1896. While stationed at that 
post he spent the summers of 1896-1897 in the Yosemite National 
Park with troops. In January 1898 he was ordered to the Pres- 
idio of San Francisco, where the outbreak of the Spanish-Ameri- 
can War found him. In April 1898 he accompanied units of 
the 3d Field Artillery to Chickamauga Park, Georgia, and from 
there to Port Tampa, Florida. In June he went to Cuba on 
the transport Saratoga landing at Siboney, where he was as- 
signed to the Reserve Divisional Hospital under command of 
Major Louis A. La Garde. Accompanying General Shatter’s 
army he returned to the United States in August, landing at 
Montauk Point, L. I., where he was assigned as executive officer 
of the general hospital at Camp Wickoff. 
In November he was sent to Fort Wayne, Michigan, as post 
surgeon. His stay there was short for in the following summer 
he was assigned to the position of major and surgeon, 45th 
Volunteer Infantry, and went with that organization to the Phil- 
ippines. From December 1899 to April 1900 he saw constant 
field service with his regiment, participating in a dozen engage- 
ments in the provinces of Cavite, Camarines, and Albay in south- 
ern Luzon. In April he was detached from his regiment and 
placed in charge of the medical supply depot in Manila. For 
nearly two years he performed the duty of medical purveyor of 
the Division of the Philippines with additional duties as dis- 
bursing officer of the Public Civil Fund. For the highly efficient 
performance of these duties he received the commendation 
of the Philippine high command. He held rank as a major of 
volunteers from August 17, 1899, to June 30, 1901. In the 
meantime he had been promoted to the grade of captain in the 
regular establishment on May 4, 1896, and was advanced to the 
grade of major on August 3, 1903. 
He returned to the United States on the transport Grant 
in March 1902, and was assigned as attending surgeon in St. 
Louis, Missouri. In October of that year he was brought to 
the office of The Surgeon General in Washington by General 
O’Reilly who had recently taken over that office. He was given 
charge of the Hospital Corps division of the office, the name 
later changed to personnel division. For nearly ten years there- 96 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
after, through the administrations of Generals O’Reilly and Tor- 
ney, Major Ireland served the central office in various capacities. 
At different times he was executive officer and in charge of the 
supply division, reverting again in his later years in the office 
to the post of head of the personnel division. This service, from 
1902 to 1912, gave him a remarkable knowledge of the person- 
nel of the corps, a knowledge which was of the greatest value 
to him in his later career. As personnel officer he had put in- 
to effect a foreign service roster, the operation of which had 
brought him to the top of the list in 1912, when he went again 
to the Philippine Islands, serving from September 1912 to June 
1915 as surgeon of the brigade post of Fort McKinley, near 
Manila. He returned to the United States in August 1915 and 
was assigned to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, first as sanitary in- 
spector of the Southern Department and surgeon of the Cavalry 
Division, later as surgeon of the post. His tour of duty here 
coincided with the assembly of large bodies of National Guard 
troops along the Rio Grande and with the Punitive Expedition 
into Mexico led by General Pershing. Fort Sam Houston was 
the hospital center for these operations, with a situation beset 
with difficulties for the surgeon, but Ireland, a lieutenant col- 
onel since May 1, 1911, only added to his reputation for able ad- 
ministration. He was holding this position when a state of 
war was declared with Germany on April 6, 1917. In assembling 
his staff for the high command in France, General Pershing 
chose Ireland for the post of chief surgeon, but The Surgeon 
General selected for the place Colonel Alfred E. Bradley. 
Ireland sailed with General Pershing for France as first 
assistant to Colonel Bradley and served in that capacity until 
the latter was compelled on account of ill-health to give up this 
office in April 1918, when Ireland became chief surgeon. As as- 
sistant and head of the service in the American Expeditionary 
Force his administrative and professional abilities won the high- 
est commendation of General Pershing. This is no place to go 
into any detail regarding the medical service in the A. E. F. 
and nothing of the sort will be attempted. Ireland was promoted 
to colonel in the medical corps on May 15, 1917, to temporary 
rank of brigadier general on May 16, 1918, and to major general 
assistant Surgeon General, A. E. F., on August 8, 1918. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
97 
With the approaching retirement of General Gorgas in Oc- 
tober 1918 there was much interest and concern in regard to his 
successor. The conduct of General Gorgas’ office by Colonel 
Robert E. Noble (at this time a temporary major general) had 
made him a formidable candidate and there was considerable 
mention of men from the civilian profession for the place. In 
the A. E. F., in the summer of 1918, a group of high ranking 
men of the corps, several senior to General Ireland, put in a re- 
quest to General Pershing that he should recommend Ireland for 
appointment as Surgeon General. This coincided with General 
Pershing’s own view and he made the recommendation as re- 
quested. Whether or not this was the deciding factor, General 
Ireland was appointed Surgeon General with the grade of major 
general on October 4, 1918. The choice of General Ireland by 
this group of men of the A. E. F., any one of whom might with 
good reason have been himself a candidate, was a tribute of the 
highest order, and the corps as a whole has reason to be proud 
of this group in its unselfish abnegation. 
General Ireland arrived in New York on October 28 and 
took the oath of office October 30, the office in the meantime 
functioning under Brigadier General Charles Richard. After the 
Armistice November 11, 1918, he found the office confronted 
with the problems incident to demobilization and reorganization. 
To the medical service fell not only the duty of the physical 
examination of all personnel prior to discharge and the evalua- 
tion of their disabilities; but there were still thousands of sick 
and wounded to be healed and reconstructed. 
With the gradual reduction of the case load there was nec- 
essary a coincident reduction of medical department facilities; 
but the years following the close of the war were still busy ones 
for the army general hospitals. Much of the energy of Gen- 
eral Ireland’s early years in office was employed in replacing 
with permanent construction the temporary hospital structures 
erected during the war. The Walter Reed and Letterman Gen- 
eral Hospitals were thus rebuilt and completed. The William 
Beaumont General Hospital at El Paso, Texas, was built and 
put into operation July 1, 1921. The development of the Army 
Medical Center was another notable achievement of this period. 
In addition to the construction of new pavilions for the hos- 98 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
pital and the improvement of the grounds there were added the 
fine building which houses the Army Medical, Dental, and Vet- 
erinary schools, and a new Red Cross building. The medical de- 
partment schools housed in the new building were greatly de- 
veloped with largely full-time instructors. The Army School 
of Nursing was continued in connection with the Walter Reed 
General Hospital. A further development was the creation on 
May 15, 1920, of the Medical Field Service School at Carlisle 
Barracks, Pa., a school for officers and enlisted men where they 
are instructed in medico-military matters, administration, tac- 
tics, field sanitation, work with field units, map-making, equita- 
tion, motor mechanism, and kindred topics. The third tropical 
disease board was established in Manila in the spring of 1922. 
The disposal of the large stocks of surplus medical sup- 
plies on hand at the close of the war was one of the major prob- 
lems of the supply division of the office. Altogether General Ire- 
land’s term of office was marked by notable progress along the 
whole line of medical department activity. He had the confi- 
dence of the General Staff and of the military committees of the 
Senate and House and was given by them a degree of considera- 
tion accorded to but few of the occupants of The Surgeon Gen- 
eral’s office. He was reappointed on October 30, 1922, and 
again on October 30, 1926, and October 30, 1930, and was re- 
tired on May 31, 1931, by reason of reaching the statutory age. 
One can do no better in listing the qualities of General Ire- 
land than to quote the words of the commanding general of the 
A.E.F. who saw in him the outstanding figure in the medical 
corps of that time: “He is abounding in vitality, mental and 
physical, quick and accurate in decision, and prompt in action 
once the decision is made. He understands men and knows how to 
work with them for the common end. He has a thorough knowl- 
edge of the organization of the army and the medical depart- 
ment’s place in it. He is far-sighted in making plans, and un- 
usually able in administration. He is loyal always, but cour- 
ageous in promoting sound views and avoiding error. He has an 
attractive personality and a diplomatic turn of mind, through 
which he has been able, among other things, to promote, in the 
War Department and in Congress, the goal of his ambition, which 
is to make his department more useful not only to the army but THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
99 
to the profession in general.” To the writer, an outstanding 
trait of General Ireland is his instant grasp of any proposi- 
tion brought to his attention, his recognition of its merits and 
its defects and the promptness with which he can weigh these, 
one against the other, and arrive at a decision convincing to the 
author of the scheme. He has the gift of a highly retentive 
memory of personnel, not only of names and faces but of inci- 
dents connected with previous meetings. This happy faculty has 
been not only an aid in the success of his administration but has 
had much to do with his great personal popularity. 
General Ireland has been the recipient of a flood of hon- 
ors, from his own and from foreign governments, from learned 
societies, and from institutions of learning. He was given the 
American Distinguished Service Medal, and was made a Com- 
mander of the Legion of Honor of France, a Companion of the 
Order of the Bath of Great Britain, and a Grand Officer of the 
Order of Polonia Restituta. He is a fellow and one time presi- 
dent of the American College of Surgeons, fellow of the Ameri- 
can College of Physicians, and of the Royal College of Surgeons 
of Edinburgh. He has been president of the National Board 
of Medical Examiners and a member of the Council of Medical 
Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association. 
He has been a director of Garfield Hospital, of Columbia Hos- 
pital, and of the United States Soldiers’ Home, all in Washing- 
ton. A long-time member of the Association of Military Sur- 
geons, he was its president in 1925-27. 
General Ireland’s contributions to periodic literature have 
been largely in the form of addresses which it fell to his duty 
to make upon all sorts of occasions. The great literary event 
of his administration was the production of the History of the 
Medical Department of the U. S. Army in the World War, begun 
with Colonel Charles Lynch as editor and finished under the 
editorship of Colonel Frank W. Weed. 
Since retirement General Ireland has lived in Washington, 
continuing active participation in the civic affairs of the com- 
munity. He has also kept up much of his former activities in 
the administration of local hospitals and in the affairs of va- 
rious medical societies. He has received offers of places of hon- 
or and profit but has preferred to remain in position to come 100 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
and go and do as he wishes. Much of the time of General and 
Mrs. Ireland is taken up by more or less prolonged trips away 
from Washington, to Florida in the winter and to Colorado in 
the summer, where at Pueblo lives their only son, Dr. Paul 
Mills Ireland, born in 1895, and a graduate of the University of 
Michigan in the class of 1920. 
L Who's Who in American Medicine (1925). P. M. Ashburn History of 
the Medical Department of the U.8. Army (1929). Mil. Surgeon Dec. 1926 
and June 1931. Clin. Med. April 1925. J. A. M. A. Oct. 13, 1918. Mod. Med. 
Nov. 1919. N. York Med. J. Oct. 5, 1918. South. M. J. Nov. 1918. Med. Press, 
London Jan. 1919.] ROBERT URIE PATTERSON THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
101 
XXIII. 
ROBERT URIE PATTERSON, The Surgeon General, June 
1, 1931 - May 31, 1935, was born on June 16, 1877, at Montreal, 
Canada, the second of seven sons of an American family residing 
in Canada. His father, William James Ballantyne Patterson, 
was the son of Scotch parents, William Jeffrey and Janet Gal- 
braith Urie Patterson, who came to this country from Glasgow, 
near the middle of the last century. His mother was Eleanor 
Haight Lay, daughter of Robert Lay, direct descendant of the 
first Robert Lay who landed at Saybrook, Connecticut, with 
Lords Say and Seale, about 1635. Young Robert attended Ber- 
thier Grammar School and Bishop’s College School in Quebec, 
Canada, and later when the family moved to San Antonio, Texas, 
attended San Antonio Academy. Returning to Montreal he en- 
tered the Montreal Collegiate Institute and later McGill Uni- 
versity where he was graduated in 1898 with the degrees of M. 
D. and C. M. 
After a year of internship (1898-1899) in the Montreal 
General Hospital and another year (1899-1900) as resident ac- 
coucheur at the Montreal Maternity Hospital he went to Belt, 
Montana, for private practice. The next year, however, he took 
the examination for the army medical service and was com- 
missioned an assistant surgeon with the rank of first lieutenant 
on June 29, 1901, from the state of Maryland. His first station 
was Fort McHenry in Baltimore, where he remained until the 
opening of the Army Medical School in Washington in November. 
He completed the course the following April as an honor grad- 
uate and was immediately ordered to duty in the Philippine Is- 
lands. Arriving in Manila on May 12, 1902, he was sent to 
duty in Laguna province, serving several sub-stations from his 
post at Binan. This service was in the midst of an epidemic of 
cholera which was especially severe around the Laguna de Bay. 
After some months of this duty he was transferred to the Con- 
valescent Hospital on Corregidor Island where he served for 
three months. In December he was transferred to the Depart- 
ment of Mindanao, reporting at Zamboanga from whence he was 102 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
ordered to duty at Camp Vicars on Lake Lanao. 
Arriving at Camp Vicars on January 8, 1903, he saw a year 
of duty marked by desperate fighting with insurgent Moros in 
the center of Mindanao and on the island of Jolo. In these en- 
gagements he displayed not only professional skill under trying 
circumstances, but showed conspicuous gallantry under fire. 
Many years later he received from the War Department two 
Silver Star citations for gallantry in action in caring for the 
wounded throughout the hand to hand fighting incident to the 
attack on Fort Bacolod, Mindanao, April 8, 1903, and for gal- 
lantry in the action against hostile Moros at Fort Pitacus on 
Lake Lanao, May 4, 1903. 
The year of 1904 was spent largely at the post of Zamboan- 
ga on sanitary service with the municipality and in the post 
hospital. In December 1904 he was transferred, sick, to the 
First Reserve Hospital in Manila, from whence he went to duty 
in charge of the Quartermaster Dispensary, with additional duty 
as sanitary inspector at the Division headquarters. Returning to 
the United States in June 1905 he was assigned to the Presidio 
of San Francisco and placed on duty with Company “B” Hos- 
pital Corps under Captain Albert E. Truby, with additional duty 
as sanitary inspector. With the company he took an active 
part in the work incident to the earthquake and fire of April 
18, 1906. When, in 1906, the Cuban Pacification was under- 
taken he went with Company “B” Hospital Corps from the 
Presidio of San Francisco to Newport News and embarked in 
October of that year for Havana where they took station at 
Camp Columbia. The company was here reorganized and named 
Field Hospital No. 10. He returned to the United States in 
April 1909 and was assigned to command of Company “C” Hos- 
pital Corps then at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington but 
soon transferred to Fort Niagara, New York, In April 1910 
he went to Fort Banks, Mass., where he served until June 1913. 
This duty was interrupted by a term of service with the Ma- 
neuver Division assembled at Fort Sam Houston from March to 
July 1911, where he served first as commanding officer of a 
field hospital and then became director of ambulance companies 
of the Maneuver Division. In 1912 he took a course in medical 
field service at Fort Leavenworth. From Fort Banks he was THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
103 
ordered to Washington in June 1913 for duty with the head- 
quarters of the American Red Cross in charge of its first-aid 
department. In 1916 he was director of the Bureau of Medi- 
cal Service, American Red Cross. 
In connection with his Red Cross duties he went to England, 
France, and Holland, sailing from New York on the Red Cross 
ship, September 13, 1914, in charge of American Red Cross sur- 
geons and nurses on their way to duty with the different belliger- 
ent powers in the care of their sick and wounded, and returning 
on October 24. He was still on duty with the Red Cross when 
the United States entered the World War. On May 11, 1917, 
he sailed again for England, this time in command of U. S. 
Army Base Hospital No. 5 (the Harvard Unit), and on May 30 
arrived with it in France. While located at Dannes-Camiers 
with the British forces the hospital was bombed by a German 
plane on September 4, 1917, the first unit of the United States 
army to suffer casualties after the country entered the World 
War. Lieutenant Fitzsimons and Privates Tugo, Rubino, and 
Woods were killed, while three officers and five privates were 
seriously wounded. In February 1918 Colonel Patterson was 
appointed a member of the American Military Mission to Italy. 
He served as a general medical inspector in May and June 1918 
and was on duty with the Second Division in June 1918 during 
the active operations leading up to Chateau Thierry, and with 
the “Paris Group” until July 2, 1918. In the following month 
he returned to the United States for duty in the office of The 
Surgeon General. 
For his service in the war he received a citation and the 
War Medal from the British War Office. The Italian government 
gave him the Fatiche di Guerra, the Medaglia del’ Unita, and 
made him an Officer of the Crown of Italy. He was also made 
an Officer of the Czechoslovak Order of the White Lion and re- 
ceived the Serbian Red Cross decoration. From his own gov- 
ernment he received the Distinguished Service Medal. 
Through the years he had been advancing in the military 
scale. From a captaincy, reached on June 29, 1906, he was 
promoted to major on January 1, 1910, to lieutenant colonel on 
May 15,1917, and to the temporary grade of colonel on December 
17, 1917, which he held until June 30, 1920. Late in 1918 Col- 104 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
onel Patterson was assigned as instructor in the Army War Col- 
lege and later was transferred to the War Department General 
Staff in the Operations and War Plans divisions respectively. He 
graduated from the War College in June 1921 and returned to 
The Surgeon General’s office in the training division. He was 
placed upon the General Staff eligible list. In August 1921 he 
was detailed as Medical Director, U. S. Veterans’ Bureau, which 
post he filled until February 1923 when he was placed in charge 
of the medical section of the Washington General Intermediate 
Depot. After a few months of this duty he was brought again 
into the office of The Surgeon General as executive officer, where 
he served for two years. He was then assigned to the command of 
the Army and Navy General Hospital at Hot Springs, Arkansas. 
He spent five busy years (1925-1930) at this station, reaching 
the grade of colonel on June 29, 1927. In August 1930 he went 
to the Hawaiian Department as department surgeon at Honolulu. 
As the months of General Ireland’s term of office were draw- 
ing to a close in 1931 there was the usual number of active can- 
didates for the expected vacancy. Rumors and speculation were 
rife and were only partially stilled when orders were issued for 
Colonl Patterson to return to the United States. His return was 
followed by his appointment as The Surgeon General with the 
grade of major general from June 1, 1931. 
General Patterson came to the office at a very inauspicious 
time. It was a period of deep economic depression throughout 
the country and a time of economy and retrenchment in govern- 
ment business. Suspension of the Army School of Nursing was 
approved by the Secretary of War August 12, 1931, for reasons 
of economy, and the school was discontinued as of January 31, 
1933. Indications were that effort was necessary to save past 
accomplishments from being undone rather than to undertake 
new ones. However, despite these handicaps, there were material 
achievements to be recorded for the years of his term. At the 
Army Medical Center the center and north wing of the school 
building were constructed, new buildings obtained for the utili- 
ties of the post and two wings added to Delano Hall, the nurses’ 
home. The entire rebuilding of the Army and Navy General 
Hospital at Hot Springs, Arkansas, was completed in October 
1933. Among other new hospital construction, fine new build- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
105 
ings were built at Fort Jay, New York, and Fort Bragg, North 
Carolina. The inauguration of the Civilian Conservation Corps 
in 1933 placed a new load of responsibility upon the medical 
service and brought a greatly increased burden upon general 
and post hospitals. This was not without its advantages as it 
provided for increases in hospital personnel and made funds 
available for the thorough equipment of station hospitals. There 
was begun at this time a plan to make the equipment of the sta- 
tion hospitals as modern as that of the general hospitals and very 
material progress was made, upon this plan. In 1934 the third 
tropical disease board which had been established in Manila in 
the spring of 1922, was removed to Ancon in the Panama Canal 
Zone, where, by July it was established in the Board of Health 
Laboratory, Gorgas Hospital. 
Throughout his term of office General Patterson maintained 
close touch with the officer personnel and increased an already 
great popularity. Of fine figure and handsome face, of jovial 
manner and good address, with a gift of ready language, he was 
called upon for much public speaking during his term as The 
Surgeon General. 
Upon completion of his four years of office General Patter- 
son was relieved as Surgeon General May 31, 1935. Though six 
years short of the mandatory retirement age he chose to retire, 
and in doing so accepted the post of dean of the University of 
Oklahoma Medical School and that of superintendent of its two 
teaching hospitals at Oklahoma City. Closely following the ter- 
mination of his duty as The Surgeon General he was sent to Brus- 
sels, Belgium, as a representative of the United States at the 
Eighth International Congress of Military Medicine and Pharm- 
acy. His retirement with the rank of major general was effec- 
tive November 30, 1935. 
General Patterson is a fellow of the American College of 
Surgeons and of the American College of Physicians, a member 
of the American Medical Association, of the Association of Mili- 
tary Surgeons of the United States, of the Military Order of the 
World War, and of the Military Order of the Carabao. McGill 
University in 1932 awarded him the honorary degree of LL.D. 
Of his six brothers, the eldest entered the army in 1901, 
became one of its first aviators and was retired as a colonel of 106 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
The Adjutant General’s Department. Three other brothers were 
emergency officers during the World War, one each in the in- 
fantry, artillery, and air corps. Physical disabilities precluded 
the two remaining brothers from war service. 
General Patterson was married on March 28, 1905, at Zam- 
boanga, P. I., to Eda Beryl Lorraine Day of Dayton, Washing- 
ton, who died in April 1918. On August 14, 1920, he married 
Eleanor Reeve of Brandywine, Maryland. There are four child- 
ren of the two marriages. General and Mrs. Patterson have 
been residents of Oklahoma City since his retirement from the 
service in 1935. 
[Who's Who in the Nation's Capital, 1923-1924 (1923). Who's Who in 
American Medicine (1925). Army Medical Bulletin No. 34, January 1936. 
Clin. M. and S. Oct. 1931. Annual Reports of The Surgeon General, U. S. 
Army, 1931-1934.] CHARLES RANSOM REYNOLDS THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
107 
XXIV. 
CHARLES RANSOM REYNOLDS, The Surgeon General, 
June 1, 1935 - May 31, 1939, was born in Elmira, New York, on 
July 28, 1877, the son of George Gardiner and Lucy (Pratt) Rey- 
nolds, both descended from English families who had come to the 
Chemung valley from Connecticut. After completing the public 
school courses in Elmira, Charles attended the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Michigan for two years (1895-1897), 
then transferred to the medical department of the University of 
Pennsylvania where he received his degree of M. D. in 1899. Fol- 
lowing an internship at Mercy Hospital at Pittsburgh and at the 
Philadelphia General Hospital (Blockley), he joined the medical 
department of the army on September 1, 1900, as a contract sur- 
geon. An elder brother, Frederick Pratt Reynolds, had entered 
the medical department in 1892 and at this time was a senior 
captain in the corps. Later a third brother, Royal Reynolds, 
continued the family tradition so that for many years the three 
Reynolds brothers were known as medical officers of note. 
Sent immediately to the Philippine Islands, Charles first 
served in the Second Reserve Hospital in Manila and later at 
Ormoc on Leyte island until June 1, 1901. In the meantime he 
had qualified for appointment as a first lieutenant and was com- 
missioned in that grade on February 11, 1901. While in Leyte 
he participated in two engagements with the insurgent natives. 
From Ormoc he was transferred to the military hospital at Cebu 
on the island of the same name, where he served until September 
1902. Ordered to Manila, he served as transport surgeon on the 
transport Thomas during its homeward sailing on November 6, 
1902, and continued on this duty until January 1903. His next 
station was Fort Washington, Maryland, where he served until 
July 1904. This service was broken by temporary duty at the 
Army General Hospital at Washington Barracks (forerunner of 
the Walter Reed General Hospital) from September to November 
1903, and by a trip to West Point, Kentucky (later known as Fort 
Knox), and Fort Riley, Kansas, with Hospital Company No. 1 
from Washington Barracks. The maneuvers at West Point, Ken- 
tucky, were the first in which the Regular Army and the Na- 108 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
tional Guard jointly took part. Transferred to Washington Bar- 
racks for duty in July 1904, Lieutenant Reynolds’ service was 
largely with the hospital company which he took to camps at 
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and Manassas, Virginia, during the 
ensuing summer. 
Ordered again to the Philippine Department, he arrived in 
Manila in December 1905 and was assigned to duty at Jolo. The 
following six months were busy and dangerous ones, taken up with 
almost constant field duty in which Reynolds, a captain since 
February 11, 1906, took an active part. For gallantry in action 
against the Moros at Mt. Dajo during this campaign, when he 
cared for the wounded despite enemy fire and hand to hand attack, 
he was later awarded a Silver Star citation. In August 1906 he 
was transferred to Cuartel de Espana in Manila and in March 
1907 to Fort Wm. McKinley in the outskirts of the city. 
In January 1908, his second Philippine tour completed, he 
sailed for the United States by way of Europe, reaching New York 
in June after having spent some time studying at the Krankenhaus 
in Vienna. He was again assigned to the Army General Hospital 
at Washington Barracks and put in charge of Company “C” Hos- 
pital Corps, which he took to Chickamauga Park, Georgia; Fort 
Riley, Kansas; and St. Joseph, Missouri, during the summer of 
1908. With the opening of the Walter Reed General Hospital in 
April 1909, Captain Reynolds became its first adjutant and served 
therein until August 1909, when he returned to his station at 
Washington Barracks, where a post hospital was in operation, and 
where he served until August 1913. He was instructor in medical 
department administration and field service at the Army Medical 
School from October 1908 until August 1913. 
In the meantime he had been promoted to the grade of major 
on March 13, 1909. While stationed at Washington Barracks he 
was married on December 26,1910, to Jane Boyd Hurd of Watkins 
Glen, New York. 
In October 1913 Major Reynolds was transferred to Fort Sam 
Houston, Texas, at which place the hospital was functioning to 
capacity on account of the concentration of troops on the Mexican 
border. At Fort Sam Houston he commanded the base hospital 
and conducted the surgical service until June 1915, when again he 
was ordered to foreign service, this time to the Department of THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
109 
Hawaii, where he was assigned as chief of the surgical service at 
the Department Hospital at Honolulu. This duty was interrupted 
when the United States entered the World War, April 6, 1917. 
Major Reynolds was ordered home and assigned as instructor at 
the medical officers’ training camp at Fort Riley, Kansas. He 
was promoted to the grade of lieutenant colonel on May 15, 1917, 
and in August was transferred to Camp Upton, Yaphank, New 
York, as division surgeon of the 77th Division, National Army, 
commanded by Major General J. Franklin Bell. He was promot- 
ed to the grade of colonel in the National Army in June 1918 with 
rank from November 29, 1917, In April 1918 he arrived with 
the Division headquarters at Calais, France, by way of Liverpool 
and the English Channel. 
He participated with the Division in a period of training with 
the British army at Picardy and Artois, and in June accompanied 
it to the Baccarat sector in Lorraine where in June it replaced the 
42d American Division and began the occupation of a sector of 
the first line. 
In August, Colonel Reynolds moved with the Division to the 
Champagne front where it took over its part of the Vesle sector 
and where later it participated in the Oise-Aisne operation. On 
August 14 Colonel Reynolds became surgeon of the VI Corps to 
which he had been previously assigned, and on September 29 he 
was transferred to the headquarters at Toul, as chief surgeon of 
the newly formed Second Army under the command of Lieutenant 
General Robert L. Bullard, As division, corps, and army sur- 
geon, Colonel Reynolds served with troops sustaining heavy cas- 
ualties, under conditions which made extremely difficult adequate 
front line treatment and evacuation. 
The manner in which he met these difficulties won for him 
not only the appreciation of his immediate commanders but ad- 
vancement in position and responsibilities and finally the award of 
the Distinguished Service Medal with the following citation: 
“For exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services as divi- 
sion surgeon of the 77th Division, as chief surgeon, VI Army Corps, and 
later as chief surgeon, Second Army, he displayed qualities of leader- 
ship, high professional attainments and rare judgment in energetically 110 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
directing the work of the sanitary units under his control. By his 
foresight in providing front line hospitalization and evacuation facilities 
for the sick and wounded in the field, he rendered services of signal 
merit to the A. E. F.” 
The Second Army was employed in the Meuse-Argonne opera- 
tions and the armistice on November 11, 1918, intervened to obvi- 
ate further fighting, but the Army functioned as a unit for admin- 
istration and training until April 1919, when it was disbanded. 
From Toul, Colonel Reynolds went to Tours and then to Bordeaux 
as surgeon of that base area, where he supervised the medical 
examination of returning troops and the closing of the numerous 
hospitals in that vicinity. He returned to the United States in 
July 1919 and was assigned to duty in the office of Surgeon Gen- 
eral Ireland, as head of the personnel division and later as execu- 
tive officer. During four years of duty in the office he was one 
of those closest in the confidence and esteem of The Surgeon Gen- 
eral. When in 1923 it became necessary to give him a change of 
station he was sent to the command of the Medical Field Service 
School at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. On February 28, 
1927, he was promoted to the grade of colonel. Eight years as 
commandant at Carlisle Barracks, during which period this im- 
portant school developed into one of the most important agencies 
for the instruction of medical officers that our army has ever 
had, brought the year 1931 and the end of General Ireland’s term 
as The Surgeon General, when Colonel Reynolds was transferred 
to Governors Island, New York, as surgeon of the Second Corps 
Aera. In this choice post he continued his efficient administra- 
tion, with extra work in connection with the Civilian Conservation 
Corps, until again the post of Surgeon General was to be filled, 
and this time, in May 1935, the appointment by President Frank- 
lin D. Roosevelt went to Colonel Reynolds without apparent com- 
petition. The oath of office, making him Surgeon General with 
the grade of major general, was taken at Governors Island on 
June 1, 1935, and on June 3 General Reynolds greeted the person- 
nel in the office where he had served as personnel and executive 
officer. General Reynolds’ career as the twenty-fourth holder of 
this important office was entirely in keeping with his other ser- 
vice, for he was one of the most successful chiefs the medical de- 
partment had ever known. During his administration the follow- 
ing may be noted as of prime importance: THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
111 
Changes in the organization of The Surgeon General’s Office 
were effected in 1935 to counteract over-centralization and to pro- 
vide for independent dental, veterinary, nursing, statistical, and 
Army Medical Library divisions. In 1936 reclassification sur- 
veys of civilian personnel were made in the Army Medical Museum 
and Library, and in 1938 these surveys were extended to cover 
the entire Surgeon General’s Office. 
The medical department of the army was increased by 200 
medical and 100 dental officers. One additional brigadied gen- 
eral, medical, and one brigadier general, dental, were also added. 
Under the act of April 3, 1939 (53 Stat. 559), the authorized 
strength of the medical corps was increased to 1,424, and of the 
dental corps to 316, the increases to be attained by equal annual 
increments over a ten year period. The army nurse corps was 
increased from 600 to 700, and the medical administrative corps 
was reorganized by the act of June 24, 1936 (49 Stat. 1902), 
which provided for the addition of 16 pharmacists to the corps 
and the abandonment of the plan of commissioning enlisted men 
after a minimum service of two years. The enlisted force was 
increased from some 6,500 to more than 8,600, with correspond- 
ing increases in grades and ratings of noncommissioned officers 
and privates. 
In the field of training changes of importance occurred. The 
graduate or basic course at the Army Medical School was reestab- 
lished in 1935 so as to provide this valuable training in the auxili- 
ary subjects of medicine of special value in the military service. 
The advanced course consists almost entirely of preventive med- 
icine and health administration. Acts of Congress prior to 1935 
abolished the medical, dental, and veterinary reserve officers’ 
training corps units. In 1936 the medical reserve officers’ train- 
ing corps units were reestablished, a matter of satisfaction to the 
service. The advanced course at the Medical Field Service School 
was increased from two to three months so as to give special train- 
ing to officers about to be assigned as instructors with the Na- 
tional Guard, the organized reserves, and the reserve officers’ 
training corps. The increased enlisted force allotted to the med- 
ical department are to receive training in provisional medical regi- 
ments attached to the general hospitals in the United States by a 
rotation of service in the hospital. With these training units it 112 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
will be possible to extend opportunity for field training to a much 
larger group than the small increase would indicate. The plan 
providing for the training of medical officers in the specialties at 
the general hospitals of the army and civilian institutions was con- 
siderably augmented. 
The medical department reserves rose from 20,685 in 1935 
to 23,365 in the spring of 1939. In addition to the prescribed 
active duty training, medico-military courses on inactive duty 
status were held at the Mayo Clinic and in institutions in many 
of the larger cities. A policy of promoting desirable public con- 
tacts was adopted in April 1936, with the approval of the Secre- 
tary of War, and since that time many planned programs of de- 
monstration of the work of the army medical department before 
professional and scientific groups have stimulated a much wider 
public interest and appreciation and a closer individual and insti- 
tutional cooperation with the medical department. 
With the prospective increments for the medical corps, med- 
ical internships, which were discontinued during the year 1937-8, 
were reestablished. Dental internships were established at army 
general hospitals early in 1939 for the first time in the history 
of the medical department, and plans developed for the conduct 
of their training program. 
The program of modernizing the equipment in general and 
station hospitals, begun in 1933, was completed, enabling the 
medical service of the army to keep in step with the advances 
in medical science and practice. Substantial advances were also 
made in the procurement and distribution of modern equipment 
for the medical field service. Congressional appropriations for 
the medical and hospital department of the army were increased 
successively during the four years of his administration. The 
station hospital at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, was rebuilt, turned 
over to the medical department in November 1937, and occupied 
in February 1938. Rebuilding of the Fitzsimons General Hos- 
pital at Denver, Colorado, at an approximate cost of $4,000,000, 
was begun, and extensive construction of hospitals and barracks 
for medical enlisted men was effected at Fort Benjamin Har- 
rison, Jefferson Barracks, Plattsburg Barracks, Forts Douglas, 
Knox, McPherson, Monroe, Sill, Snelling, Warren, and many 
other posts. Additional nurses’ quarters were provided at sev- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
113 
eral posts. From funds appropriated by Congress for the re- 
lief of unemployment, nearly one million dollars were obtained 
for medical department construction in 1938. At Carlisle Bar- 
racks, Pennsylvania, barracks and quarters were constructed, 
and a bill was introduced in Congress in May 1939, and favor- 
ably reported by both houses, for the construction of a new 
school building at that station at a cost of $375,000. General 
Reynolds’ appearance before the Military Affairs Committee of 
the House in behalf of this bill was one of his last official acts. 
It is a favorable sign to note that in 1938 there were 32 army 
hospitals which met the approved minimum hospital standards 
of the American College of Surgeons, an increase of 27 over the 
number approved by that body in 1935. 
The biological laboratories at the Army Medical Center were 
completely reorganized and refurnished in 1935 and are gener- 
ally considered the most complete and best appointed biological 
laboratories in the United States. In October 1936 the strain 
and standardization of typhoid vaccine were changed and a new 
strain, known as Strain No. 58, with better antigenic and im- 
munizing properties than the Rawlings Strain, which had been 
used for many years in the manufacture of typhoid vaccine at 
the Army Medical School, was produced by that School and its 
use after March 1, 1937, directed. The evaluation of prophy- 
lactic immunization in pneumonia, which had been carried on 
since 1933, was extended in 1937-38 to include a pneumonia pro- 
phylaxis in all Civilian Conservation Corps camps throughout the 
country, the Army Medical School producing an immunizing 
substance isolated from pneumococci, using the Felton method. 
The large scale experimental test thus undertaken will in all 
probability further indicate the value of this vaccine in the pro- 
tection of the individual against types I and II of pneumonia. 
In 1939, the Army Veterinary School completed the manufacture 
and distribution of sufficient encephalomyelitis vaccine for the 
immunization of all horses and mules of the Regular Army, the 
National Guard, and the reserve officers’ training corps units. 
With the establishment in 1938 of five central dental lab- 
oratories and the designation of several sub-central laboratories 
at centrally located points, a means became available to all army 
stations for the fabrication of practically any type of prosthetic 114 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
appliance desired, creating for the army a service long available 
to the civilian dentist and his patients. 
The number of medical officers on duty with the Air Corps 
was increased to 93. By the act of April 26, 1939 (53 Stat. 596), 
the number of these medical officers entitled to flying pay was in- 
creased from 5 to 36. At the physiological aero medical labora- 
tory established at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, substantial stud- 
ies were made in cooperation with the Air Corps Materiel Divi- 
sion in the problems of flying at great speed and at high altitudes. 
On November 16, 1936, under General Reynolds’ direction, 
the Army Medical Library celebrated its one hundreth birthday, 
when Sir Humphry Rolleston, Regius Professor of Medicine at 
Cambridge University, came to the United States to deliver the 
oration. Most of the more important learned institutions of 
this and other lands were represented. On June 15, 1938 (52 
Stat. 684), the Congress authorized the construction of a new 
building for the Army Medical Library and Museum at a cost 
not to exceed $3,750,000. Four additional registries of pa- 
thology, collections of great value in medical research and educa- 
tion, were added to the four already established in the Army 
Medical Museum. In May 1939 the George S. Huntington an- 
atomic collection was delivered to the Army Medical Museum, a 
gift from the Columbia University Medical School, New York 
City. This is the most comprehensive and probably the most 
valuable collection of comparative and human anatomic speci- 
mens in the world, illustrating practically every structure of 
the body, and of great value in medical research and education. 
During the 75th anniversary of the battle of Gettysburg, 
held June 29 to July 6, 1936, sanitary and medical arrangements 
of the medical department kept the mortality at Gettysburg down 
to two, an amazing low record considering the ages of the ap- 
proximately 200,000 participants which ranged from 20 to 108, 
with an average age of 94 for the 1,900 Civil War veterans in 
attendance. This accomplishment of the Medical Department 
won many favorable comments, including a splendid letter from 
the Chief of Staff. 
A constant improvement in the medical service of the Civi- 
lian Conservation Corps included the evolvement of a plan for 
the more thorough treatment of syphilis contracted by the en- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
115 
rollees. A complete serological survey of all enlisted men of 
the army was approved in principle by the War Department, 
May 16, 1939, and plans were made to place more definitely than 
formerly the responsibility for the prevention of venereal dis- 
eases upon the station commander, who would also be vested 
with more discretionary authority in prescribing punishment. 
On the last day of May 1939 official approval was given by 
the War Department to a revision of the clinical records used 
in military hospitals, the revised forms to be in accord with those 
in use in the better civilian hospitals and those approved by the 
American College of Surgeons. During the last few months of 
his administration, General Reynolds recommended the reestab- 
lishment of professional military units to be sponsored by civil 
hospitals and medical schools. 
From a survey of General Reynolds’ career it will be seen 
what a large proportion of his service had to do with medical 
department training and what an influence he was in that line 
of activity. His early service involved duty with a Hospital 
Corps company of instruction, with the frequent incident camp 
demonstrations. For five years he taught medical department 
administration and field service at the Army Medical School. 
The early months of the World War found him instructing civil- 
ian doctors in medico-military matters in a training camp. Eight 
years in command at Carlisle Barracks, devoted to the training 
of medical department officers and noncommissioned officers, 
not only of the regular establishment but also of the National 
Guard and the other civilian components of the army, climaxed 
a teaching career probably unequaled in the service. The corps 
area assignment at Governors Island was but a continuation of 
this career of instruction. In this detail the maintenance of 
interest of the officers of the civilian components is a prime es- 
sential to success, a duty involving a never-ending round of 
talks, formal or informal. For this work he was particularly 
gifted, always with definite ideas to which he lent freshness 
and an unusual command of language, making a highly effective 
public speaker. 
General Reynolds is a member of the American Medical As- 
sociation and the Association of Military Surgeons of the United 
States. On October 17, 1938, the American College of Surgeons 116 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
made him an Honorary Fellow. He is a Fellow of the American 
College of Physicians, and an Honorary Member of the Academy 
of Medicine of Washington, of the Association of Military Sur- 
geons of Mexico, and the Society of German Army Medical Of- 
ficers. Other distinctions include Honorary Fellowship in the 
International College of Dentists, the International College of 
Surgeons, and so forth. His alma mater made him a member 
of Alpha Omega Alpha, the honorary scholarship society in 
medical education, one founded after General Reynolds’ grad- 
uation. On June 8, 1936, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn- 
sylvania, made him a Doctor of Science, with the following cita- 
tion : 
“In a life entirely devoted to your Country since your graduation 
in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania you have consistently 
risen to higher positions of responsibility and larger spheres of in- 
fluence. A good soldier always, your efficient service as a physician, 
surgeon, teacher and administrator has been recognized by a discerning 
Government in your appointment as Surgeon General.” 
In addition to the honors given him by his own government 
which have been already noted, General Reynolds was made an 
Officer of the Legion of Honor of France, and a Commander of 
the French Order of Public Health. He is the author of a num- 
ber of articles on military medicine which have appeared in the 
periodical literature. In May 1939 he was elected president 
of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. 
General Reynolds’ active career in the army was closed by 
by one of his most important assignments and greatest honors. 
By the appointment of the President of the United States, he 
was President of the Tenth International Congress of Military 
Medicine and Pharmacy, which met in Washington and New 
York, May 7 to 19, 1939. Under his chairmanship the tenth con- 
gress was organized in Washington and thirty-five nations sent 
delegates, including some of their most important and senior 
medical officers. General Reynolds is a member for life of the 
International Committee of these Congresses, and will remain 
its president until the Congress of 1941. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
117 
General Reynolds reverted to the rank of colonel on June 1, 
1939, upon the completion of his term as Surgeon General. Up- 
on his own application he retired on September 30, 1939, with 
the rank of major general. 
General and Mrs. Reynolds have two children, Charles R. 
Reynolds, Jr., now a practicing attorney in Washington, and a 
daughter, Hebe Louise, wife of Captain Conn L. Milburn, Jr., 
M. C., U. S. Army. The Reynolds family maintain a summer 
home in the Adirondacks at Keene Valley, New York. 
[ Who’s Who in American Medicine, 1925. Army Medical Bulletin No. 32, 
July 1935; No. 49, July 1939. Clin. M. and 8. 1935. Week. Roster, Phila., 
1935, J. A. M. A., Chi., 1935.] 118 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
XXV. 
JAMES CARRE MAGEE, The Surgeon General, June 1, 
1939, . 
The United States Senate, on April 27, 1939, received from 
the President the nomination of Colonel James Carre Magee, M. 
C. Executive Officer at the Walter Reed General Hospital, “to 
be The Surgeon General, with the rank of major general, for a 
period of four years from date of acceptance, with rank from 
June 1, 1939, vice Major General Charles R. Reynolds, The Sur- 
geon General, whose term of office expires May 31, 1939.” On 
May 17, 1939, the nomination was confirmed by that body. 
The fourth son of Edward Carre and Elizabeth Armstrong 
Magee, of Philadelphia, General Magee was born on January 23, 
1883. He received his M. D. from the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege in 1905, and entered the army medical service as a contract 
surgeon September 9, 1907. 
From September 1907 to July 1908 he served as an army 
contract surgeon and was then appointed first lieutenant in the 
medical reserve corps with which he served on active duty until 
May 27, 1909, when he was commissioned a first lieutenant in 
the medical corps of the Regular Army. 
General Magee was promoted to captain in June 1912; to 
major in May 1917; to lieutenant colonel (temporary) in Jan- 
uary 1918; and to colonel (temporary) in May 1919. He re- 
verted to his Regular Army rank of major in January 1920; was 
promoted to lieutenant colonel in May 1929; and to colonel in 
May 1935. 
General Magee’s early service included assignments at Fort 
Michie, New York (July 1908 - October 1908), in Washington, 
D. C., as a student officer at the Army Medical School (October 
1908 - May 1909), at the Presidio of San Francisco, California 
(June 1909 - February 1910), and on the islands of Mindanao 
and Jolo in the Philippines (March 1910 - March 1913). From 
April 1913 to December 1915 he was stationed at Fort Leaven- 
worth, Kansas, and from January 1916 until April 1917 at El 
Paso, Texas. JAMES CARRE MAGEE THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
119 
General Magee sailed for France in May 1917, serving over- 
seas for two years. While in France he served on varied med- 
ical assignments until August 1918 when he was detailed as 
assistant to the chief surgeon of the American First Army, in 
which capacity he participated in the St. Mihiel and Meuse- 
Argonne offensives. He was awarded the Purple Heart for 
meritorious services in those two actions. 
Returning to the United States in May 1919, General Magee 
was stationed at Camp Dix (now Fort Dix), New Jersey, until 
December 1919, when he was ordered to San Antonio, Texas, as 
instructor of the National Guard medical department troops of 
the Eighth Corps Area, He remained on that duty until the 
summer of 1922, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for 
a postgraduate course at the Army Medical School. Upon com- 
pletion of that course he was ordered to Fort Sam Houston, 
Texas, in January 1923, where he served for eight months as 
division surgeon of the second division and commanding officer 
of the second medical regiment. In September 1923 he was 
transferred to Atlanta, Georgia, where he served until June 1925 
as corps area medical inspector of the Fourth Corps Area. 
For two years, beginning in August 1925, General Magee 
was commanding officer of the station hospital at Fort McPher- 
son, Georgia. In September 1927 he assumed the duties of post 
surgeon, Fort Myer, Virginia, serving in that capacity until 
August 1931, in the meantime taking the advanced course at 
the Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsyl- 
vania, which he attended as a student officer from October to 
December 1928. 
For over four years, beginning in September 1931, General 
Magee was on duty in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as an in- 
structor of all medical detachments of the Pennsylvania National 
Guard. In December 1935 he assumed the duties of executive 
officer at the Walter Reed General Hospital, Washington, D. C., 
in which capacity he was serving at the time of his recent ap- 
pointment. 
General Magee graduated from the Army Medical School 
in 1909, from the advanced course in preventive medicine at the 
Army Medical School in 1922, from the Medical Field Service 
School’s advanced course in 1928, and from the advanced grad- 120 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
uate course in preventive medicine at the Army Medical School 
in 1939. 
In 1908 he married Miss Irene MacKay of Pennsylvania. 
They have two sons, Mervyn MacKay Magee, now a first lieu- 
tenant, Field Artillery, and James C. Magee, Jr., a second lieu- 
tenant, U. S. Marine Corps. 
He is a Fellow of the American Medical Association, an 
Honorary Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a member 
of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, 
and a member of the Military Order of the Carabao. 
Less than a year has elapsed since General Magee’s appoint- 
ment to The Surgeon Generalcy and no attempt is here made 
to record his official acts in that capacity. However, from his 
unusually varied experience in the field, in large army hospitals, 
and in service schools, General Magee has gained a wide know- 
ledge of medico-military affairs and his appointment as chief of 
the army medical department provides, and will undoubtedly 
prove, a unique opportunity for further service by this dis- 
tinguished member of the medical corps. 
(Army Medical Bulletin No. 49, July 1939). THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
121 
INDEX 
A. E. F., assistant surgeon general, 
96 ; chief surgeon, 96. 
Academy of Medicine of Rio Janeiro, 
Sternberg, 74. 
Academy of Medicine of Washington, 
Reynolds, 116. 
Academy, St. Johnsbury, Vt., attend- 
ed by Baxter, 62. 
Academy, South Woodstock, Vt,, 
attended by Baxter, 62. 
Administration, simplification of 
paper work recommended by 
Dodge Commission, 82. 
Aedes Aegypti carrier of yellow 
fever, 90; elimination of breeding 
places, 90. 
Air Corps, medical officers on duty 
with, 114. 
Alexandria, Va., burial place of 
Craik, 21; early hospitals, 55. 
Alison, Francis, Dr., conducted gram- 
mar school at New London, Pa., 14. 
Allentown, Pa., hospitals, 12. 
Alpha Omega Alpha, Reynolds, 116. 
Ambulance companies, demonstra- 
tions, See, Maneuvers. 
American Academy of Medicine, 
Forwood, 77; Sternberg, 74. 
American College of Physicians, 
Ireland, 99 ; Patterson, 105 ; 
Reynolds, 116. 
American College of Surgeons, 
clinical record forms approved by, 
115; hospital standards met by 
army, 113 ; Ireland, 99 ; Magee, 120 ; 
Patterson, 105 ; Reynolds, 115 ; 
Torney, 86. 
American Medical Association, 
Forwood, 77 ; Gorgas, 93 ; Ireland, 
99 ; Magee, 120 ; meeting 1850 Army 
Medical Corps represented, 36; 
meeting 1863 attended by Baxter, 
65; Patterson, 105; prize 1857 to 
Hammond, 42 ; report 1905 on sani- 
tation work in Panama, 91; 
Reynolds, 115; Sternberg, 74; 
Torney, 86. 
American military mission to Italy, 
Patterson, 103. 
American National Red Cross, 
Patterson, 103; Torney, 87. 
American Philosophical Society, 
Morgan, 6; Shippen, Jr., 11; 
Tilton, 25. 
American Public Health Asso. and 
experiments in disinfection, 72 ; 
Sternberg, 72 ; 74. 
American textbook of surgery, 1903, 
by Keen, contributions by O’Reilly 
and Borden, 82. 
Amherst, Lord, headed force around 
Lake Champlain 1759 in which 
Cochran served, 14. 
Amputation, Tilton directed own, 25. 
An inquiry into the modus operandi 
of the yellow fever poison, 1875, by 
Sternberg, 71. 
Anderson, general, Murray’s service 
under, 55. 
Animal extracts, therapeutic use of, 
investigated by Hammond, 45. 
Annapolis, Aid., birthplace of 
Hammond, 42 ; Sutherland medical 
director of hospitals and parole 
camp, 67. 
Anemometer, Sternberg perfected, 71. 
Anthropometry discussed in Baxter’s 
report 1875, 64-65. 122 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Antietam, battle of, Forwood, 75 ; 
Moore, 58. 
Antisepsis 1884, 56. 
Apache, Ariz., Fort, Ireland, 94. 
Apothecary General, discharge 1821, 
30 ; duties 1813, 24 ; Lovell’s 
recommendation to make all 
purchases of medical supplies, 29. 
Appointment to Medical Corps, 
requisites for, 1832, 30; confirmed 
by Congress, 1834, 30. 
Appropriations increased, Reynolds, 
112. 
Arlington cemetery, Baxter, 64; 
Gorgas, 93 ; Moore, 61; Sternberg, 
73. 
Armstrong, John, general and 
Secretary of War, Tilton’s dedica- 
tion of treatise to, 24. 
Army and Navy General Hospital 
opened, 60 ; Patterson, 104 ; rebuilt, 
104; Torney, 85. 
Army Dental School, new building,98. 
Army Medical Center, biological 
laboratories, 113; development, 97; 
new buildings, 104. 
Army Medical Library, building 
authorized 1938, 114 ; centenary, 
114 ; development by Barnes, 50 ; 
genesis 1836 under Lovell, 32; 
supervision by Billings, 50. 
Army Medical Museum, building 
authorized 1938, 114; collections 
for, 49; Huntington collection, 
114 ; organized 1862 by Hammond, 
43 ; registries, 114 ; Woodward, 
curator, 49. 
Army Medical School, courses 
reestablished 1935, 111; establish- 
ed, 73 ; expanded, 86 ; Forwood 
professor of military surgery, 
76, president of faculty, 77; 
Hammond recommended, 44; 
Magee, 118, 119, 120; new building, 
98 ; Patterson, 101; pneumonia 
vaccine, 113 ; Reynolds instructor, 
108; typhoid vaccine, 113. 
Army medical statistics, 1839, by- 
Samuel Ferry, assistant surgeon, 
34; Vol. II, 1856, 35 ; Vol. Ill, 
1860, 36, 
Army Nurse Corps, increased, 111. 
Army, organization of 1800, 20 ; of 
1812, 27; of 1815, 25 ; 33 ; of 1821, 
29-30 ; of 1847, 35 ; of 1866, 50 ; 53; 
56; 68. 
Army School of Nursing, organized, 
92 ; continued, 98 ; suspended, 104 ; 
discontinued, 104. 
Army Veterinary School, 
encephalomyelitis vaccine, 113; 
new building, 98. 
Array War College, Patterson 
graduated, 104, instructor, 
103-104. 
Arthur, Chester, President, chose 
Murray as Surgeon General, 56 ; 
exploring expedition to northwest, 
Forwood surgeon, 76. 
Artois, France, Reynolds, 109. 
Association of Military Surgeons of 
Mexico, Reynolds, 116. 
Association of Military Surgeons of 
the U. S., Forwood, 77 ; Ireland 
president, 99 ; Magee,120 ; Patter- 
son, 105; Reynolds president, 115; 
116; Torney president, 86; 87; 
Sternberg, 74. 
Atlanta, Ga., Magee corps area 
medical inspector, 119 ; General 
Sherman’s march upon, 59. 
Aztec Club, Crane, 54; Murray 
piesident, 57. 
BACCARAT sector, France, Reynolds, 
109. 
Bacolod, Mindanao, Fort, Patterson, 
102. 
Bacteriology in 1885, 56-57 ; 
Sternberg pioneer, 72; 73; 74; 
Baltimore Infirmary, Hammond, 43. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
123 
Baltimore, Md., Hammond organized 
Camden Street Hospital, 43 ; 
Murray practice, 55, death, 57 ; 
Torney birthplace, 84. 
Baltimore mob fired on defenders of 
Washington, 43. 
Banks, Mass., Fort, Patterson, 102. 
Barnes, Joseph, Judge, father of 
Joseph K. Barnes, 47. 
Barnes, Joseph K., birth, 47 ; educa- 
tion, 47 ; practice, 47 ; army service, 
47; Seminole War, 47 ; Mexican 
War, 47 ; Civil War, 48 ; friendship 
with Sec. of War Stanton, 48 ; 
medical inspector general, 48 ; 
acting Surgeon General 44 ; 48 ; 53 ; 
Surgeon General, 49; aid of Sec. 
Stanton, 49 ; Crane assistant, 49 ; 
53 ; material for Army Medical 
Museum, 49 ; military control of 
general hospitals, 49 ; of hospital 
transports and boats, 49; Medical 
and surgical history of the War of 
the Rebellion, 49; development of 
Army Medical Library under 
supervision of Billings, 50 ; Index 
catalogue, 50; reorganization of 
the army with proportionate 
number of medical officers, 50; 
attended Lincoln, Seward, Gar- 
field, 50; compulsory retirement 
for age, 50; 53 ; death, 50-51; sur- 
vived by wife, 51; character, 50. 
Barnes, Mary (Fauntleroy), wife of 
Joseph K. Barnes, 51. 
Barrancas, Fla., Fort, Confederate 
forces, 67 ; Gorgas, 89 ; Sternberg 
contracted yellow fever, 71. 
Barraud, Daniel C., Dr., Norfolk, Va., 
treated Lawson, 36. 
Base Hospital No. 5, first unit of 
U. S. Army to suffer casualties in 
World War, 103. 
Baton Eouge, La., Barnes, 48. 
Baxter, Ellen Janette (Harris), 
mother of Jedediah Hyde Baxter, 
62. 
Baxter, Florence (Tryon), wife of 
Jedediah Hyde Baxter, 65. 
Baxter, Jedediah Hyde, bh*th, 62 ; 
education, 62; practice, 62 ; army 
service, 62; Civil War, 62; chief 
medical officer of Provost Marshal 
General’s Bureau, 62; army 
reorganization of 1866, 62; 
assistant medical purveyor, 62; 
chief medical purveyor, under 
Barnes, Crane, Murray, and Moore, 
63 ; Medical statistics of the 
Provost Marshal General's Bureau, 
1875, 64; marriage, 65; improve- 
ment of medical supplies, 63 ; 
increased supply of medical 
literature, 63 ; equipment for 
special research, 63 ; private 
practice, 63 ; physician to White 
House, 63 ; graduated in Law, 64 ; 
candidate for Surgeon General 
1882, 53 ; 59 ; acting Surgeon 
General, 60 ; Surgeon General, 64 ; 
general shake-up, 64; societies 
and associations, 65 ; death, 64 ; 68. 
Baxter, Porter, father of Jedediah 
Hyde Baxter, 62. 
Bay State, medical department ship, 
transported O’Eeilly to Jamaica, 
80. 
Bay View Hospital, Baltimore, 
Torney intern, 84. 
Bayard, New Mexico, Fort, 
tuberculosis hospital, 73. 
Beaujeu, routed English at Fort 
Duquesne, 18. 
Beaumont, William, surgeon, aided 
by Lovell in study of gastric 
physiology, 31-32. 
Bell, J. Franklin, major general, 
commanding 77th Division, N. A., 
109. See also, Upton, Yaphank, 
N. Y. 124 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Bellevue Hospital, New York City, 
Baxter, 62 ; Gorgas, 88 ; Moore, 58. 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
Gorgas, M. D. (1879), 88; 
Hammond professor in nervous 
and mental diseases (1867), 44. 
Belt, Montana, Patterson practice, 
101. 
Benecia Barracks, Calif., Ireland, 95 
Benjamin Harrison, Ind., Fort, new 
buildings, 112. 
Beri-beri, elimination of, 86. 
Berthier Grammar School, Quebec, 
Canada, Patterson attended, 101. 
Bethlehem, Pa., hospitals, 12; 23. 
Billings, John Show, major, Army 
Medical Library, 50 ; Index 
catalogue, 50. 
Binan, P. I., Patterson, 101. 
Birmingham, Henry P., colonel, 
tentatively chosen to succeed 
Gorgas, 92. 
Bishop’s College School, Quebec, 
Canada, Patterson attended, 101. 
Black Hawk War, 30 ; cholera, 41; 
Finley 38 ; 41; Lawson, 34. 
Blackwell’s Island Hospital, Baxter, 
62. 
Blockley Hospital, Barnes, 47. See 
also, Philadelphia General 
Hospital. 
Bloomington, Ind., birthplace of 
John Moore, 58. 
Board of War established, 16. 
Boards for the consideration of 
cases of disability, 1861, 40. 
Boards, see, Tropical diseases; 
Typhoid fever ; Yellow fever. 
Bordeaux, France, Reynolds, 110. 
Borden, William C., major, contribu- 
tion to Keen’s American textbook 
of surgery, 1903, 83. 
Boston Gynecological Society, 
Baxter, 65. 
Boston Latin School, Church 
attended, 1. 
Boston, Mass., blockade of port, 
protest against, 19 ; birthplace of 
Joseph Lovell, 27. 
Boston Massacre, Church active, 1. 
Braddock, General, attended by 
Craik, 18 ; death near Great 
Meadows, 18. 
Braddock’s army, Craik served, 18. 
Bradley, Alfred E., colonel, chief 
surgeon, A. E. F., 96 ; Ireland his 
first assistant, 96. 
Bradstreet, John, colonel, headed 
expedition in French Colonial War 
1758, 14. 
Brady, Mich., Fort, Forwood, 76. 
Bragg, N. C., Fort, new hospital, 105. 
Brandy Station, battle of, Forwood 
wounded, 75 ; 78. 
Brandywine, battle of, 23 ; 
Lafayette's wounds atttended by 
Craik, 19. 
Brandywine Hundred, Del., birth- 
place of William Henry Forwood, 
75. 
Bridger’s Pass, Rocky Mountains, 
Hammond, 42. 
Brierfield, Ala., home of Gorgas 
family, 88. 
Bristol, Pa., Forwood in command 
Whitehall General Hospital, 75. 
British army, Craik in medical 
service, 18 ; Morgan in the line, 5. 
See also, Hygiene, tropical. 
British evacuation of Boston, 6. 
Bronaugh, James C., hospital 
surgeon and assistant to Lovell, 
28. 
Brown, Gustave R., Dr., consulted 
by Craik in Washington’s last 
illness, 20. 
Brown, Harvey, general, commended 
Sutherland, 67. 
Brown, Jacob, major general, 
department commander, Northern 
department, 28. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
125 
Brown, Texas, Fort, epidemic of 
yellow fever, 89 ; Gorgas, 89; 
Torney, 84. 
Brown University, Gorgas (Hon. 
degree), 93; Sternberg, Hon. LL.D. 
(1897), 74. 
Brown, William, nominated for 
Shippen’s place, 15. 
Buell, general, Murray served under 
on field of Shiloh, 55. 
Buffalo, New York, Finley, 39. 
Bull Run, second battle, Forwood, 
75 ; Moore, 58 ; Sternberg captured, 
70. 
Bullard, Robert L., lieut. general, 
commanding Second Army, 109. 
Bunker Hill, system of defending 
recommended by Church, 2. 
Burlington, Yt., Lovell commanded 
model general hospital, 27. 
Byles, Mather, Rev., minister to 
Hollis Street Congregation Church, 
Boston, 1. 
CADET, medical, O’Reilly, 79. 
Calais, France, Reynolds with Div. 
Hdqrs., 77th Div., 109. 
Calhoun, John C., Secretary of War, 
Lovell’s report and recommenda- 
tions to, 29. 
Cambridge, Mass., Morgan reported 
to Washington, 6; hospital, 7. 
Campbell General Hospital, Baxter 
commanding, 62. 
Canby, Florida, Fort, Torney, 84, 
Cane, major, and the cipher letter 
of Church, 2-3. 
Carlisle Barracks, Pa., barracks 
and quarters constructed, 113 ; 
Finley, 39. See also, Medical Field 
Service School. 
Carroll College, New Windsor, Md., 
Torney attended, 84. 
Cebu, P. I., Reynolds, 107. 
Center, Kansas, Camp (Fort Riley), 
Barnes, 48. 
Cerro Gordo, Barnes, 48. 
Chaille, Stanford, Dr., associate of 
Sternberg on Yellow Fever Com- 
mission, 71. 
Chamber music, O’Reilly, 83. 
Champagne, France, Reynolds, 109. 
Champion Hill, battle of, Suther- 
land, 67. 
Chancellorsville, battle of, Moore, 58. 
Chapultepec, Barnes, 48. 
Charcot, lectures of, basis for 
Hammond’s Treatise on diseases 
of the nervous system, 1871, 45. 
Charleston, S. C., O’Reilly, 80. 
Chateau Thierry, France, opera- 
tions leading to, 103. 
Chattanooga, Tenn., Moore, 59; 
O’Reilly, medical cadet, 79. 
Cherubusco, Barnes, 48. 
Chester Academy, Chester, Pa., 
Forwood attended, 75. 
Cheyenne Indians, hostile, Sternberg, 
71. 
Chicago, 111., Forwood, 76; Murray, 
56. 
Chicago World’s Fair, 1893, Ireland, 
94. 
Chickamauga, battle of, Moore, 59. 
Chickamauga Park, Ga., Ireland, 95 ; 
Reynolds, 108. 
Chillicothe, Ohio, boyhood home of 
Finley, 38 ; birthplace of Ur. 
Martin Ireland, 94. 
Cholera in 1832, 30-31; among troops, 
66; Hamburg epidemic, 
1892, 72 ; Laguna de Bay epidemic, 
101; Fort Riley, Kansas, 75. 
Church, Benjamin, colonel, grand- 
father of Benjamin Church, 1. 
Church, Benjamin, father of 
Benjamin Church, 1. 
Church, Benjamin, birth,1; educa- 
tion, 1; marriage,! ; supported 
Whig cause, 1; professional 126 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
skill, 1; Boston Massacre, 1; 
oration To commemorate the 
bloody tragedy of the fifth of May 
1770, 1; accusation by Whigs, 1; 
Revolutionary War, 1; delegate to 
Mass. Provincial Congress, 1; 
member Committee of Safety, 1; 
committee to inventory and 
purchase medical supplies, 1; 
examining board for army 
surgeons, 1-2 ; committee on 
hospital personnel and supplies, 2 ; 
report on defensive works on 
Prospect and Bunker Hills, 2; 
conferred with General Gage, 2; 
consulted Continental Congress 
on defense of Mass, colony, 2; 
received General Washington at 
Cambridge, 2; appointed 
Director General and Chief 
Physician, 2; difficulties with 
regimental surgeons, 2; desire to 
leave army, 2; cipher letter to 
Major Cane, 2-4; court of inquiry, 
3 ; Washington’s report, 3 ; 
confinement at Norwich, Conn., 
3-4 ; expulsion from Mass. 
Provincial Congress, 4; 
conviction of communicating with 
enemy, 4; dismissed, 6; release 
under guard, 4 ; return to Mass., 
4; sailed from Boston en route 
West Indies, 4 ; lost at sea, 4 ; 
family pensioned by British 
government, 4. 
Church, Hannah (Hill), wife of 
Benjamin Church, 1. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, Moore and 
Marine Hospital, 58. 
Civil War and American neurology, 
46 ; Hammond, 43 ; Lawson, 36 ; 
Murray 55 ; 57 ; O’Reilly, 79 ; 
Sternberg, 70; Sutherland, 66. 
Civilian Conservation Corps, added 
responsibility upon medical 
department, 105 ; medical 
service, 114; pneumonia 
prophylaxis, 113. 
Cleveland, Grover, President, Moore, 
60 ; O’Reilly attending- physician, 
80; Sternberg, 73. 
Cleveland, Ohio, Sternberg, 70. 
Clinical records, plan for revision, 
115. 
Clothing, hospital, for patients, 43. 
Cochran, Gertrude Schuyler, widow 
of Peter Schuyler, sister of Philip 
Schuyler, and wife of John 
Cochran, 14. 
Cochran, James, father of John 
Cochran, 14. 
Cochran, John, birth, 14; education, 
14; in British army, 14; French 
Colonial War, 14; marriage, 14; 
practice, 14; New Jersey Medical 
Society, 14; medicine and surgery 
in New Jersey, 14; Revolutionary 
War, 14 ; Continental army, 14 ; 
reorganization of medical service, 
1777, 14; physician and surgeon 
general of the army of the middle 
department, 15 ; relied upon by 
Shippen, 15 ; attended Lafayette, 
15 ; reorganization of medical 
service, 1880, 15 ; chief physician 
and surgeon under Shippen, 11; 15 
director general of the military 
hospitals, 15 ; 20 ; scarcity of 
medical supplies, 16; resignations 
of medical officers, 16; medical 
committee of Congress abolished, 
16 ; Board of War, 16 ; promotion 
by seniority, 16; inspections of 
medical service by officers of I. G. 
D. instituted, 16; regulations for 
medical purveyor’s service, 16 ; 
relative rank of medical officers, 
16 ; character and qualities, 16 ; THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
127 
Cochran, John (continued) 
mustered out, 16 ; home burned by 
British, 16 ; resumed practice, 
16-17 ; commissioner of loans for 
State of New York, 17 ; retirement, 
17; death, 17. 
Cochran, Isabelle (Cochran), mother 
of John Cochran, 14. 
College of New Jersey, William 
Shippen, Jr., A. B. (1754), 10. 
College of Philadelphia, Adam Kuhn 
professor of botany and materia 
medica (1766), 6; medical depart- 
ment proposed by Morgan, 5 ; 
merged with Univ. of Penn. (1791) 
10; John Morgan, B. A. (1757), 5; 
Morgan first professor in medicine 
(1765), 5; 9; Benjamin Bush pro- 
fessor of chemistry (1766), 6; 
William Shippen, Jr., professor of 
anatomy and surgery (1766), 6; 
James Tilton, B. M. (1768) and M. 
D. (1771), 22. 
College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 
Morgan, member, 5. 
College of of London, 
Morgan, licentiate, 5. 
College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 
William Shippen, Jr., professor of 
anatomy and surgery (1766), one 
of founders and later president, 
10; 11. 
College of Physicians and Surgeons 
of New York, Hammond lecturer 
on nervous and mental diseases, 
44 ; George M. Sternberg, M. D. 
(1860), 70. 
Colon, C. Z., improvement of city 
desired by Commissioners, 91; 
later model of sanitation, 91. 
Columbia, Cuba, Camp, Patterson, 
102. 
Columbia, S. C., Forwood, 76. 
Columbia City, Indiana, birthplace 
of Merritte W. Ireland, 94. 
Columbia Hospital, Crane, 54; 
Ireland, 99. 
Columbia University, Jedediah 
Hyde Baxter, LL. B., 64. 
Columbia University Medical 
School, gift of Huntington 
anatomic collection, see, Army 
Medical Museum. 
Columbus, Fort, Moore, 59. 
Columbus, Ky., medical supply depot 
established, 67. 
Committee on Safety, Church a 
member (1774), 1; defensive 
works on Prospect Hill and Bunker 
Hill, 2. 
Confederate service, medical officers 
joined, 36. 
Confinement of Church, 3 ; at 
Norwich, Conn., 4; released under 
guard, 4; return to Mass, under 
bond, 4. 
Congress, tact and diplomacy of 
Crane, 53. 
Congressional committees, Gorgas, 
92; Ireland, 98. 
Continental Congress, defense of 
Mass. Colony, Church, 2; James 
Lovell member, 27; Dr. William 
Shippen elected to, 10; James 
Tilton member, 23. 
“Continental druggists”, 7. 
Contreras, Barnes, 48. 
“Conway Cabal”, James Lovell, 
27 ; George Washington warned by 
Craik, 19. 
Coppinger, John J., major 
general, O’Keilly chief surgeon 
under, 80. 
Corpus Christi, Texas, Barnes, 47 ; 
medical depot established, 35. 
Corregidor Island, Patterson at 
Convalescent Hospital, 101. 
Council of National Defense, 
Gorgas, 92. 128 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Court-martial, Church, 2; Hammond, 
44 (vindicated, 45) ; Shippen, Jr., 
9 (acquitted, 12). 
Craig, New Mexico., Port, Suther- 
land, 66. 
Craig, P. H., surgeon and medical 
director, troops in Northern 
Mexico, 35. 
Craik, George Washington, son of 
James Craik and private secretary 
to George Washington, 21. 
Craik, James, birth, 18 ; education, 
18 ; in British army, 18; West 
Indies, 18 ; practice in Virginia, 
18 ; surgeon of the Virginia 
Provincial Regiment, 18 ; French 
Colonial War, 18; friendship 
with George Washington, 18 ; 
attended Braddock, 18 ; chief 
medical officer under Washington, 
18 ; retirement and practice, 19; 
marriage, 19 ; with Washington in 
Ohio valley, 19 ; Revolutionary 
War, 19 ; assistant director 
general in the middle department, 
19 ; “Conway Cabal”, 19 ; attended 
General Mercer, 19; attended 
Lafayette, 19; established 
hospital service for troops of 
Rochambeau, 19; nominated for 
director general, 15 ; chief 
physician and surgeon of the army, 
15 ; 20 ; at Yorktown, 20 ; 
residence and practice in 
Alexandria, Va., 20; attended at 
Mount Vernon, 20 ; his son 
Washington’s private secretary, 
21; physician general, 20 ; muster- 
ed out, 20 ; attendance in last 
illness of Washington, 20; A 
sermon occasioned by the death 
of General Washington * * * an 
appendix giving a particular 
account of the behavior of 
General Washington during his 
distressing illness, also of the 
nature of the complaint of which 
he died, 1800, 20-21; retirement 
to Vauclus, 21; death, 21. 
Craik, Marianne (Ewell), wife of 
James Craik, 19. 
Craik, Robert, member of British 
Parliament, father of James 
Craik, 18. 
Crane, Charles Henry, birth, 52; 
education, 52; army service, 52; 
Mexican War, 52; Seminole War, 
52 ; Indian campaigns, 52 ; 
marriage, 54; medical director, 
53 ; executive officer, S. G. O., 53 ; 
reorganization of the army, 1866, 
53 ; assistant Surgeon General, 49 ; 
53 ; dealings with Secretary 
Stanton, Congress, and the 
Sanitary Commission, 53; Civil 
War, 53 ; Surgeon General, 53 ; 56 ; 
Medical and Surgical history of 
the War of the Rebellion, 53-54; 
commissioner, U. S. Soldiers’ 
Home, 54; visiting staff, Govern- 
ment Hospital for the Insane, 54; 
visiting staff, Columbia Hospital, 
54 ; Aztec Club, 54 ; death, 54 ; 56 ; 
character and personality, 53 ; 54. 
Crane, Ichabod Bennett, captain, 
father of Charles Henry Crane, 52. 
Crane, Sarah Payne (Nicoll), wife 
of Charles Henry Crane, 54. 
Croghan, Texas, Fort, Barnes, 48. 
Crown of Italy, Patterson an 
Officer, 103, 
Cuban Pacification, Patterson, 102. 
Cumberland, Port, retreat from, 
Craik, 18. 
Cuyler General Hospital, O’Reilly 
acting medical cadet, 79. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
129 
DADE, major, ambushed by 
Seminoles, 31. 
Dannes-Camiers, France, 
Patterson, see. Base Hospital No. 5 
Darnall, Carl R., captain, assistant 
to O’Reilly, 81. 
Date Creek, Camp, O’Reilly, 79. 
Davis, Jefferson, brother-in-law of 
Robert C. Wood, 39. 
Davis, Texas, Fort, Sutherland, 66. 
Dearborn, 111., Fort, Finley, 38. 
Be Hydrope, 1771, by James Tilton, 
22. 
De placentae cum utero nexu, 1761, 
by William Shippen, Jr., 10. 
De Langlade, commanding Indian 
allies of French, routed English 
at Fort Duquesne, 18. 
Delaware House of Representatives, 
Tilton, member, 23. 
Delaware Indians, hostile, 18. 
Dental Corps, creation, 86 ; 
increased (1939),111. 
Dental service, contract, 73. 
Detroit College of Medicine, 
Merritte W. Ireland, M. D. (1890), 
94. 
DeWitt, colonel, and the Surgeon 
Generalcy, 81. 
Dick, Elisha C., Dr., of Alexandria, 
Va., consulted by Craik in last 
illness of Washington, 20. 
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., 
Clement Alexander Finley 
graduated (1815), 38; 39; 
Charles R. Reynolds, Hon. D. S. 
(1936), 116. 
Diets for the sick, see Hospital fund. 
Dietz, captain, author of manual of 
drill and first aid, 60. 
Disability boards, see, Boards. 
Discourse upon the institution of 
medical schools in America, 1765, 
commencement address by John 
Morgan, 5-6. 
Disease, incidence and cause of, 
reports initiated by Lovell, 31. 
Disinfection and individual 
prophylaxis against infectious 
diseases, 1886, Lomb prize essay 
by George M. Sternberg, 72. 
Disinfection of ships, personnel, 
and cargo, Sternberg, 72. 
Disinfection, Sternberg the 
American pioneer, 72. 
Dismissed by Congress, Benjamin 
Church, 6 ; John Morgan, 8 ; 
Samuel Stringer, 8. 
Dissection, human, hostility to, 1762, 
10. 
Distinguished Service Medal, 
Ireland, 99 ; Patterson, 103 ; 
Reynolds, 109. 
Dix, N. J., Camp, Magee, 119. 
Dodge Commission, 81; recommenda- 
tions, 81-82; accomplishments 
cited in O’Reilly’s report of 
1908, 82. 
Dolan, Michael F., widow of, wife of 
John Moore, 61. 
Douglas, Utah, Fort, new buildings, 
112. 
Dover, Del., home of Dr. Ridgely, 
teacher of Tilton, 22; practice of 
Tilton, 22; 23. 
Drum Barracks, Calif., O’Reilly, 79. 
Dudley, Mr., and cipher letter of 
Church, 3. 
Dumphries, Scotland, estate near, 
birthplace of James Craik, 18. 
Dumphries, Virginia, inoculation of 
Continental soldiers, 22. 
Duncan, Texas, Fort, Sutherland, 66, 
Duquesne, Fort, Craik participated 
in battle, 18 ; 19; Morgan, 5. 
Dysentery among troops, 1775-6, 6. 130 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
EARTHQUAKE and fire, see, San 
Francisco. 
Easton, Penn., hospitals, 12. 
Eaton, John H., Secretary of War, 
suggested abolition of office of 
Surgeon General, defeated by 
Lovell, 30. 
Economical observations on 
military hospitals and the 
prevention and cure of diseases 
incident to an army, 1813, by 
James Tilton, 24. 
El Paso, Texas, Magee, 118. 
Elizabeth, N. J., Sternberg 
residence and practice, 70. 
Elkridge, Md., birthplace of Robert 
Murry, 55, his retirement to, 57. 
Elmira, New York, birthplace of 
Charles Ransom Reynolds, 107. 
Enlisted force, medical department, 
increased, 111. 
Epidemiological Society of London, 
Sternberg an honorary member, 74, 
Ewell, Richard S., general of the 
Confederate army, great-nephew 
of Mrs. James Craik, 19. 
Examination of applicants for 
appointment, by board of three 
medical officers, 30. 
Examining board, Church a member, 
1775, 2. 
Expeditions to the Northwest, 
Forwood surgeon and naturalist, 
under General Philip Sheridan, 
7 6; with President Arthur and 
Secretary of War Robert Todd 
Lincoln, 76. 
Experimental research relative to 
the nutritive value and 
physiological effects of albumen 
starch and gum, when singly and 
exclusively used as a food, 1857, 
prize essay by William A. 
Hammond, 42. 
FAR WEST, Calif., Camp, Murray, 
55. 
Fatiche de Guerra (Italy), 
Patterson, 103. 
Fauntleroy, Judge, father-in-law of 
Barnes, 51. 
Felton method, pneumonia 
prophylaxis, 113. 
Ferry, Samuel, assistant surgeon, 
author of Army medical statistics, 
34. 
Field equipment for medical 
department, 68 ; procurement and 
distribution of modern, 112. 
Fillmore, New Mex., Fort, 
Sutherland, 66. 
Finlay, Carlos J., Dr., Gorgas and, 
89 ; theory of mosquito 
transmission of yellow fever, 
89-90 ; Sternberg and, 72. 
Finley, Clement Alexander, birth, 
38 ; education, 38; army service, 
35 ; 38-39 ; marriage, 41; Black 
Hawk War, 38 ; 41; Seminole War, 
38 ; Mexican War, 39 ; medical 
director under both Taylor and 
Scott, 39 ; examining boards, 39 ; 
Surgeon General, 39 ; Sanitary 
Commission, 39-40 ; 41; employ- 
ment of medical cadets and female 
nurses, 40; reorganization of the 
medical department, 1862, 40 ; 
higher rank for medical officers, 
40 ; quarrel with Stanton, 40 ; 43 ; 
retirement, 40; brevet rank of 
brigadier general, 40; estimate of 
service, 40-41. 
Finley, Elizabeth (Moore), wife of 
Clement Alexander Finley, 41. 
Finley, Samuel, father of Clement 
Alexander Finley, 38. 
Finley, Samuel, Rev., conducted 
Academy at Nottingham, Penn., 
5 ; 10 ; 22. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
131 
First aid instruction throughout 
army, 1886, 60. 
Fishkill, N. Y., John Cochran 
attended Lafayette, 15. 
Fitzsimons General Hospital, Denver, 
Col., opened, 92; rebuilding 
commenced, 112. 
Fitzsimons, William Thomas, 
Lieutenant, M. C., see Base 
Hospital No. 5. 
Flight, great speed and high 
altitudes, research, 114. 
Flight surgeons, flying pay for, 114. 
Floyd, Utah, Camp, Moore, 58. 
Flying Camp, Shippen, Jr., medical 
director, 11. 
Foreign service roster inaugurated, 
96, 
Forwood, Mary (Osbourne), wife of 
William Henry Forwood, 78. 
Forwood, Rachel WTay (Larkin), 
mother of William Henry Forwood, 
75. 
Forwood, Robert, father of William 
Henry Forwood, 75. 
Forwood, William Henry, birth,75 ; 
education, 75 ; army service,7 5 ; 
Civil W’ar, 75; medical storeship 
Marcy C. Day, 75; cholera 
epidemic, 75 ; Indian campaigns, 
75 ; marrage, 78 ; exploring 
expeditions to the Northwest, 
76; Observations on flora, etc., 
during journey through portions 
of Wyoming and Montana, 1881, 
76; Geologic and botanic reports 
of explorations of parts of 
Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, 
1882, 76; Labor among primitive 
peoples, 1904, 76; professor of 
military surgery, Army Medical 
School, 76; professor of surgery, 
surgical pathology, military 
surgery, Georgetown University, 
76; contribution to System of 
surgery, 1895-96, 77 ; contribution 
to International textbook of 
surgery, 1900, 77 ; Spanish- 
American War, 76; in charge of 
“The Military Surgeon”, supple- 
ment of the National Medical 
Revue, 1898-99, 77 ; president of 
faculty, Army Medical School, 77; 
Surgeon General, 77; retirement, 
77 ; 81; societies and associations, 
77 ; character, 78 ; residence and 
death, 77. 
Foster, John G., general, Sutherland 
medical director under, 67. 
Fox Indians, troops employed 
against, 30. 
Frankford Arsenal, Pa., Finley, 39. 
Frederick, Md., Hammond medical 
purveyor, 43. 
Fredericksburg, battle of, Moore, 58. 
French Colonial War, Cochran, 14; 
Morgan, 5. 
French Society of Hygiene, 
Sternberg, 74. 
Frontenac, Fort, Cochran, 14. 
Fry, Joshua, colonel of Ya. Prov. 
Keg’t., Craik surgeon, 18. 
GAGE, general, conference with 
Church, 2. 
Gaines’ Mill, battle of, Forwood, 75; 
Sternberg, 70. 
Garbage disposal by incineration, 57. 
Garfield Hospital, Ireland, 99. 
Garfield, James A., President, 
assassination, attended by Barnes, 
50 ; Baxter, White House physician, 
63, 
Gates, Horatio, general, “Conway 
Cabal”, 19; 37. 
Gayle, John, Judge, former 
Governor of Alabama, father-in- 
law of Wiliam C. Gorgas, 88. 132 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
General Medical Board, Gorgas, 92. 
General Staff, Ireland, 98; 
Patterson, 104. 
Geneva Convention, revision of, 
O’Reilly represented U. S., 82. 
Geologic and botanic reports of 
explorations of parts of Wyoming, 
Idaho, and Montana, 1882, by 
William Henry Forwood, 76. 
Georgetown, D. C., Forwood 
service in Seminary Hospital, 75. 
Georgetown University, Forwood 
professor of surgery and surgical 
pathology, and military surgery, 
76. 
Germantown, Pa., death of Shippen, 
Jr., 13. 
Gettysburg, battle of, Forwood, 
75; 75th anniversary 1936, 114. 
Gettysburg, Pa., Reynolds, 108. 
Gibson, Ark., Fort, Finley, 38. 
Gibson, Indian Territory, Fort, 
Torney, 84. 
Glenman, James D., major and 
assistant to O’Reilly, 81. 
Goethals, George A., colonel, chair- 
man and chief engineer, Panama 
Canal Commission, 91; despotic 
control, 91; free in criticism and 
attacks on sanitary work, 91. 
Goodrich, Annie W., contract nurse, 
first Dean, Army School of Nurs- 
ing, 92. 
Gorgas, Amelia (Gayle), mother of 
William Crawford Gorgas, 88. 
Gorgas, Josiah, general, father of 
William Crawford Gorgas, 88; 
graduate of West Point M. A., 88 ; 
in Confederate army, 88 ; with 
General Lee in evacuation of 
Richmond, 88. 
Gorgas, Marie Cook (Doughty), wife 
of William Crawford Gorgas, 93, 
Gorgas, William Crawford, birth, 88; 
education, 88 ; army service, 88-89 ; 
contracted yellow fever, 89 ; 
marriage, 93 ; Spanish-American 
War, 89 ; in Cuba, 89 ; contracted 
typhoid fever, 89 ; Walter Reed 
and yellow fever, 89 ; return to 
Havana as chief sanitary officer, 
89-90; visited Suez Canal, 90; 
sanitation in Panama, 90-91; 
efforts to discredit work, 91; 
removal recommended, 91; support 
of President Theodore Roosevelt, 
91; world’s foremost sanitation 
expert, 91; commissioned to 
investigate pneumonia among 
negro mine workers in South 
Africa, 91; candidate for Surgeon 
General, 86; Surgeon General, 91- 
92; Sanitation in Panama, 1915, 
93 ; yellow fever investigation 
tour of South and Central 
America, 92 ; desire for retirement, 
92 ; U. S. entered World W’ar, 92 ; 
Army School of Nursing 
established, 92; Fitzsimons 
General Hospital built, 92 ; retire- 
ment, 92 ; 97 ; commissioned to 
investigate yellow fever on west 
coast of Africa, 92 ; honors 
received, 93 ; death and funeral 
in London, England, 92-93 ; burial 
in Arlington, 93 ; character, 93. 
Governors Island, N. Y., Reynolds, 
110; Sternberg, 71. 
Grant, U. S., general, favored 
Sutherland for medical purveyor, 
68 ; siege of Vicksburg, 67 ; 
Sutherland with headquarters, 67. 
Grant, U. S. A. T., Ireland’s return 
from Philippines, 95. 
Gratiot, Mich., Fort, Murray, 55. 
Great Meadows, capture of French 
force, Craik, 18; death of Brad- 
dock, 18. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
133 
Greenleaf, Charles R., major and 
assistant to Moore, 60. 
Grunsky, Carl E., on Panama Canal 
Commission, obstruction to work 
of Gorgas, 91. 
Guiteras, Juan, Dr., associate of 
Sternberg on Yellow Fever 
Commission, 71. 
HALLECK, Camp, O’Reilly, 79. 
Halleck, general, at Corinth, Miss., 
97. 
Hamilton, N. Y., Fort, O’Reilly, 80. 
Hammond, Esther T. (Chapin), 
second wife of William A. 
Hammond, 46. 
Hammond, Helen (Nisbet), first 
wife of William A. Hammond, 46. 
Hammond, John W., Dr., father of 
William A. Hammond, 42. 
Hammond, Sarah (Pinkney), 
mother of William A. Hammond, 
42. 
Hammond, William Alexander, 
birth, 42 ; education, 42 ; intern- 
ship, 42 ; practice, 42 ; army 
service, 42; first marriage, 46 ; in 
Europe, 42 ; Sioux Indians, 42 ; 
Experimental research relative 
to the nutritive value and 
physiological effects of albumen 
starch and gum, when singly and 
exclusively used as a food, 1857, 42 ; 
resigned from army, 42; chair of 
anatomy and physiology, Univ. 
of Md., 42 ; surgeon to Baltimore 
Infirmary, 43 ; reentrance to army, 
43 ; Civil War, 43 ; Sanitary Com- 
mission, 43 ; Surgeon General, 43 ; 
friction with assistant, 43 ; new 
medical supply table, 43 ; hospital 
clothing for patients, 43 ; increased 
standards for applicants and reor- 
ganized boards of examiners, 43; 
system of hospital reports, 43 ; 
genesis of Army Medical Museum, 
43 ; program for construction and 
equipment of military hospitals, 
43 ; constructive recommendations 
eventually fulfilled, 44 ; suggested 
Medical and surgical history of 
the War of the Rebellion, 40 ; 
Treatise on hygiene, with 
special reference to the military 
service, 1863, 45 ; quarrel with 
Stanton, 44; 48 ; relieved from 
charge of the Washington office, 
44; court-martial and dismissal, 
44; successful practice in New 
York, 44; On wakefulness: with 
an introductory chapter on the 
physiology of sleep, 1866, 45; 
lecturer in College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, 44; professorship 
in nervous and mental diseases, 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
44 ; founded and edited Quarterly 
Journal of Psychological Medicine 
and Medical Jurisprudence, 45; 
helped found and edit New York 
Medical Journal, 45; also Journal 
of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 
45; Sleep and its derangements, 
45; Physics and physiology of 
spiritualism 45 ; Treatise on 
diseases of the nervous system, 45; 
professorship in nervous and 
mental diseases, Univ. of the City 
of New York, 45 ; on faculty, Univ. 
of Vermont, 45; one of founders 
and faculty, Post Graduate Medical 
School of New York, 45 ; successful 
campaign for vindication, 45 ; 
second marriage, 46; removed to 
Washington, 45; established sani- 134 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
tarium, 45 ; interest in therapeutic 
use of animal extracts, 45; play- 
write and novelist, 45 ; genesis of 
American neurology, 45-46; 
personality, 46; death, 45. 
Barker, Kahs., Fort, Sternberg, 71. 
Harney, general, expedition through 
Everglades, Barnes, 47. 
Harney, B. F., surgeon and medical 
director, Mexican War, 35. 
Harris, Thomas, naval surgeon, 
later Surgeon General, U. S. Navy, 
taught Barnes, 47. 
Harrisburg, Pa., boyhood home of 
Hammond, 42. 
Harrison, Benjamin, President, 
friend of Baxter, 64; appointed 
Sutherland Surgeon General, 68. 
Harrison’s Landing, Sternberg, 70. 
Hartwick Seminary, Otsego Co., N. 
¥., birthplace of, and attended by, 
George Miller Sternberg, 70. 
Harvard College, Benjamin Church 
attended (1734), 1; Lovell 
graduated (1807), 27. 
Harvard Medical School, Joseph 
Lovell, M. D. (1811), 27. 
“Harvard unit”, see Base Hospital 
No. 5. 
Harvard University, attended by 
Joseph K. Barnes, 47 ; Charles 
Henry Crane, M. D. (1847), 52; 
William C. Gorgas (Hon. degree), 
93. 
Haslet, John, colonel, Tilton as 
regimental surgeon, 22 ; killed at 
battle of Princeton, 22. 
Havana, Cuba, Gorgas chief sanitary 
officer, 89. 
Havard, major, author of manual of 
drill and first aid, 60; as colonel, 
in line for Surgeon Generalcy, 86. 
Heat regulator, automatic, Stern- 
berg’s patent, 71. 
Heiskell, H. L., in charge of Surgeon 
General’s Office during absence of 
Lawson in Mexican War, 35. 
Heizmann, major and author of 
manual of drill and first aid, 60. 
History of the medical department 
of the U. 8. Army in the World 
War, 17 volumes, 1921-1929, 
produced under Ireland, 99. 
Hoff, John Van E., captain, 
organized first company of 
instruction for Hospital Corps and 
first applied the term, 68 ; as 
major, author of manual of drill 
and first aid, 60; friendship with 
Ireland, 94 ; at Fort Kiley, 94; as 
colonel, in line for Surgeon 
Generalcy, 86. 
Honolulu, T. H., Reynolds, 109 ; 
Patterson, 104. 
Horn, Cape, voyage around, Murray, 
55. 
Hospital boats, control of, 49. 
Hospital buildings and sites in 
Washington, D. C., selection by 
Finley, 39. 
Hospital Corps, formation of, 60; 
Ireland and first company of 
instruction, 94; recommended 
originally by Hammond, 44; rules 
and regulations for, 60 ; Suther- 
land developed, 68 ; term applied 
by Hoff and later officially 
authorized, 68; volunteer Corps 
recommended by Dodge Commis- 
sion, 81. 
Hospital Corps division, S. G. O., 
later personnel division, 95. 
Hospital, floating, near Vicksburg, 
67. 
Hospital fund, articles of special 
diets for the sick, recommended 
by Dodge Commission, 81-82. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
135 
Hospital, general, in Washington, 
D. C., originally recommended by 
Hammond, 44; 82. 
Hospital plan of James Tilton, 23. 
See also, Economical observations, 
etc. 
Hospital ships, see, Relief. 
Hospital stewards authorized in 
1856, 34; 36. 
Hospital structures, replacement 
with permanent constructions, 97. 
Hospital transports, control of, 49. 
Hospitals, civil, and medical schools, 
professional military units to be 
sponsored, 115. 
Hospitals, construction of, autonomy 
of medical department, recom- 
mended by Hammond, 44; definite 
program by Hammond, 43. 
Hospitals, field, demonstration, see, 
Maneuvers. 
Hospitals, general, control of, 49 ; 
nine fitted out by Sutherland, 67. 
See also, Army and Navy; Camp- 
bell ; Cuyler ; Fitzsimons ; Letter- 
man ; Montauk Point; Plattsburg, 
N. Y.; St. Augustine, Fla.; San 
Francisco ; Satterlee ; Savannah, 
Ga.; Stamford, Conn.; Walter 
Reed; Washington Barracks ; 
Whitehall; Wickoff, Camp ; 
William Beaumont. 
Hospitals, modernizing equipment, 
Patterson, 105; Reynolds, 112. 
Hospitals, regimental, abolished, 7. 
Hospitals, tuberculosis, see, Bayard; 
Fitzsimons. 
Howard, Wis., Fort, Finley, 38. 
Hunter, David, general, Barnes 
medical director under, 48. 
Hunter, John, of London, taught 
anatomy to William Shippen, Jr., 
10, 
Hunter, William, of London, brother 
of John Hunter, taught midwifery 
to William Shippen, Jr., 10. 
Huntingdon, D. L., major, work on 
the Medical and surgical history 
of the War of the Rebellion, 54; 
59-60; candidate for Surgeon 
Generalcy, 59. 
Huntington, George S., anatomic 
collection, see, Army Medical 
Museum. 
Huntt, Henry, Dr., considered for 
Surgeon General in 1836, 34; 
refused offer from President 
Jackson, 34. 
Hygiene, attention given by army 
medical corps, 1885, 56-57. 
Hygiene, tropical, experience of 
British army, O’Reilly studied in 
Jamaica, 80 ; report on, 80. 
IMMUNIZATION, see, Typhoid fever. 
Independence, Boston Harbor, Fort, 
Moore, 58 ; Murray, 55. 
Index catalogue, edited by John 
Shaw Billings, 50; first volume 
issued in 1880, 50. 
Indian campaigns, Crane, 52; For- 
wood, 75; Ireland, 94; O’Reilly, 79; 
Torney, 84. 
Indiana State University, John 
Moore, A. B. (1845), 58. 
Ingalls, William, Dr., taught 
Lovell, 27. 
Inoculations, see, Smallpox. 
Insane, Government Hospital for 
the, Crane on visiting staff, 54. 
Insanity in its medical relations, 
1883, by William A. Hammond, 45. 
Inspections of medical service by 
officers of the I. G. D., instituted 
in 1782, 16. 
Inspectors, medical, 40, 
International College of Dentists, 
Reynolds, Hon. Fellowship, 116. 136 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
International College of Surgeons, 
Eeynolds, Hon. Fellowship, 116. 
International Congress of Military 
Medicine and Pharmacy, Eighth, 
Patterson, 105; Tenth, Eeynolds, 
president, and member for life of 
international committee, 116. 
International Health Board, Gorgas 
advisor, 92; Gorgas on tour of 
South and Central America to con- 
tinue fight on yellow fever, 92; 
Gorgas to investigate yellow fever 
on African west coast, 92. 
International Hygiene Congress, 
1920, attended by Gorgas, 92. 
International Medical Congress, 
Ninth, 1887, in Washington, 61. 
International Sanitary Conference, 
1885, in Eome, 57. 
International textbook of surgery, 
1900, by J. C. Warren and A. P. 
Gould, contribution by Forwood, 
77. 
Internships, dental, established, 112; 
medical, discontinued, 112; medi- 
cal, reestablished, 112. 
Ireland, Elizabeth (Liggett), wife 
of Merritte W. Ireland, 94. 
Ireland, Martin, Dr., father of 
Merritte W. Ireland, 94. 
Ireland, Merritte Weber, birth, 94; 
education, 94; army service, 94; 
first company of instruction of 
the Hospital Corps, 94; Chicago 
World’s Fair, 94 ; marriage, 94 ; 
Indian campaigns, 94; Spanish- 
American War, 95 ; assistant to 
O’Eeilly, 81; foreign service roster, 
96; Mexican border, 96; World 
War, 96; chief surgeon, A. E F., 
96; assistant Surgeon General, A. 
E. F., 96; Surgeon General, 97; 
construction of permanent hospital 
buildings, 97; Walter Eeed and 
Letterman General Hospitals re- 
built, 97 ; William Beaumont Gen- 
eral Hospital built, 97; develop- 
ment of Army Medical Center, 97- 
98; Medical Field Service School 
created, 98 ; third tropical disease 
board established in Manila, 98; 
disposal of surplus supplies, 98; 
reappointed three times, 98; His- 
tory of the Medical Department of 
the U. 8. Army in the World War, 
99 ; retirement, 98 ; 104 ; tribute 
from General Pershing, 98-99 ; hon- 
ors received, 99; societies and as- 
sociations, 99. 
Ireland, Paul Mills, Dr., son of 
Merritte W. Ireland, 100. 
Ireland, Sarah (Fellers), mother of 
Merritte W. Ireland, 94. 
JACKSON, Andrew, President, ac- 
companied to his home by Lawson, 
34; offered Surgeon Generalcy to 
Dr. Henry Huntt, 34 (refused, 34). 
Jackson Hill, battle of, Sutherland, 
67. 
Jamaica, see, Hygiene, tropical. 
Jay, N. Y., Fort, new hospital, 105. 
Jefferson Barracks, Mo., Finley, 38; 
39 ; Ireland, 94; new buildings, 
112 ; Sternberg, 71; Sutherland, 
66. 
Jefferson Medical College, Merritte 
W. Ireland, M. D. (1891), 94; 
James Carre Magee, M. D. (1905), 
118; Charles Sutherland, M. D. 
(1849), 66. 
Jesup, La., Fort, Barnes, 47. 
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Sternberg 
experiments in, 72. 
Johns Hopkins University, W. C. 
Gorgas (Hon. degree), 93. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
137 
Johnson, Andrew, President, appoint- 
ed Baxter assistant medical pur- 
veyor, 62. 
Jolo, P. I., Magee, 118; Reyonlds, 
108. 
Jones, John Paul, son of John Paul, 
gardener for Robert Craik, 18. 
Journal of Nervous and Mental Dis- 
eases, Hammond cooperated in 
founding and editing, 45. 
KEAN, Jefferson R., major and ex- 
ecutive officer for O’Reilly, 81. 
Keen, William W., and neurology in 
the U. S., 46. 
Keene Valley, N. Y., summer home 
of Reynolds family, 117. 
Kent County, Delaware, birthplace 
of James Titlon, 22. 
Key West, Fla., Crane, 52; 53. 
Key West Barracks, Fla., Torney, 84. 
King, Benjamin, assistant surgeon in 
charge of S. G. O. during absence 
of Lawson in Seminole War, 34. 
King George V, of England, knighted 
Gorgas, 93. 
King Philip of the Narragansetts, 1. 
Klebs, Arnold Karl, and malaria, 72. 
Knighthood of Gorgas by King 
George V, 93. 
Knox, Ky., Fort, new buildings, 112. 
See also, West Point, Ky. 
Koch, Sternberg contemporary, 74. 
Kuhn, Adam, professor in botany 
and materia medica in College of 
Philadelphia (1776), 6. 
LABOR among primitive peoples, 
1904, by William Henry Forword, 
76. 
Labor disturbances in Pennsylvania, 
O’Reilly 80. 
Laboratories, Army Medical School, 
73 ; biological, 113 ; central dental 
established, 113; department, es- 
tablished by Torney, 86; supplies 
for larger military hospitals, 73. 
Laboratory, military medical, recom- 
mended by Hammond, 44. 
Lafayette, Marquis de, Cochran at- 
tended 15; Craik attended, 19. 
La Garde, Louis A., major, command- 
ed Reserve Divisional Hospital at 
Siboney, Cuba, 89; 95. 
Lancaster, Pa., hospital, 23 
Laramie, Wyo., O’Reilly, 79. 
Lamed, Kans., Fort, Forwood, 76. 
Lathrop, Horace, Dr., taught Stern- 
berg, 70. 
Laveran, Alphonse, and malaria, 72. 
Lawson, Anthony, of Londonderry, 
Ireland, forebear of Thomas Law- 
son, 33. 
Lawson, Anthony, colonel, grand- 
father of Thomas Lawson 33. 
Lawson, Sarah (Robinson), mother 
of Thomas Lawson, 33. 
Lawson, Thomas, father of Thomas 
Lawson, 33. 
Lawson, Thomas, birth, 33; educa- 
tion not of record, 33 ; naval ser- 
vice, 33 ; army service, 33 ; War of 
1812, 33; visited practically every 
army post as president of board of 
medical examiners, 33; Seminole 
War, 34; medical director, 34; 
army almost unanimous for, 34; 
Surgeon General 33; 34; accom- 
panied ex-President Jackson, 34; 
improvements in the medical corps, 
34; Mexican War, 35; military 
rank for medical officers, 34; 35; 
37 ; hospital stewards, 34 ; 35 ; pub- 
lication of Medical statistics, and 
Meteorological register, 35 ; 36 ; 
outbreak of Civil War, 36; medical 
officers and Confederate service, 
36; illness, 36; death, 36; char- 
acter, 36-37. 
Lay, Robert, grandfather of Robert 
U. Patterson, 101. 138 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Leavenworth, Ivans., Fort, instruc- 
tion of medical officers in field 
work and medical tactics, 86; 
Barnes, 48; Finley, 38; Magee, 
118; Patterson, 102; Torney in- 
structor in hygiene in general 
service schools 85. 
Le Barron, Francis, Dr., apothecary 
general (1813), 24; retained under 
reorganization of 1818, 28. See 
also Apothecary general. 
Lee, Arthur, brother-in-law of Wil- 
liam Shippen, Jr., 13. 
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, brother-in- 
law of William Shippen, Jr., 13. 
Lee, Richard Henry, brother-in-law 
of William Shippen, Jr., 13. 
Lee, Robert E., general, at evacua- 
tion of Richmond, accompanied by 
General Josiah Gorgas, 88. 
Lee, William, brother-in-law of Wil- 
liam Shippen, Jr., 13. 
Legion of Honor of France, Ireland 
commander, 99; Reynolds officer, 
116. 
Letterman General Hospital, named, 
85 ; rebuilt, 97. 
Lincoln, Abraham, President, assas- 
sination, attended by Barnes, 50; 
chose Finley as Surgeon General, 
39. 
Lincoln, Robert Todd, on exploring 
expedition to the Northwest, For- 
wood, surgeon, 76. 
Lippincott, colonel, in line for the 
Surgeon Generalcy, 81. 
Lister, ridiculed in London while an- 
tiseptic technique was employed in 
army hospitals (1883), 56. 
Literature, professional, supply of, 
63. 
Logan, Colo., Fort, O’Reilly, 80. 
Long Island, battle of, Morgan, 7; 
Tilton, 22. 
Lookout Mountain, battle of, Moore, 
59. 
Lorraine, France, Reynolds, 109. 
Los Angeles, Calif., Murray, 55. 
Lovell, Deborah (Gorham), mother 
of Joseph Lovell, 27. 
Lovell, James, grandfather of Joseph 
Lovell, 27 ; active Whig, 27 ; mem- 
ber of Continental Congress, 27; 
“Conway Cabal”, 27; Society of 
the Cincinnati, 27. 
Lovell, James S., father of Joseph 
Lovell, 27; major in Continental 
army, 27. 
Lovell, Joseph, birth, 27; education, 
27; increase of the army, 1812, 27; 
army service, 27 ; War of 1812, 27; 
chief medical officer of the North- 
ern department, 28; Sick report 
of the Northern Division for the 
year ending June 30, 1817, 28; re- 
organization of the staff of the 
army, 1818, 28; Surgeon General, 
28; first permanent medical de- 
partment organization, 28; Regu- 
lations of the medical department, 
September, 1818, 29; recommenda- 
tions for improvement of the medi- 
cal service, 29; reduction of the 
army, 1821, 29-30; new titles for 
medical officers, 30 ; medical board 
to examine applicants for appoint- 
ment, 30; requisites for appoint- 
ment, 1832, 30; defeated attempt 
to abolish the office of Surgeon 
General 30 ; Black Hawk War, 30 ; 
Seminole War, 31; improvement 
of service and officer’s status, 
31; abolition of whiskey ration, 31; 
elimination of inefficient officers, 
31; improvement of ration and 
clothing, 31; weather reports, 31; 
reports of incidence and cause of 
disease, 31; assistance to William 
Beaumont, 31-32; genesis of Army 
Medical Library, 32; death of wife, 
31; 32; character and personality, 
37; death, 31; 32; 34; erection of 
monument by officers of the medi- 
cal corps, 32. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
139 
Lovell, Mansfield, son of Joseph Lov- 
ell, 32; graduate of West Point, 
32; major general and corps com- 
mander in Confederate army, 32. 
Lovell, Margaret Mansfield, wife of 
Joseph Lovell, 32. 
Lynch, Charles, captain and assist- 
ant to O’Reilly, 81; colonel and 
editor of History of the Medical 
Department of the U. 8. Army in 
the World War, 99. See also, 
Weed, Frank W. 
Lynn, Mass., home of early family 
of Tiltons, 22. 
Lyon, Colo., Fort, Torney, 84. 
McCAW, Walter D., major and as- 
sistant to O’Reilly, 81. 
McDowell, camp, O’Reilly, 79. 
McGill University, Robert U. Patter- 
son, M.D. and C.M. (1898), 101 ; 
Hon. LL. D. (1932), 105. 
McHenry Md., Fort, Barnes, 48 ; 
O’Reilly, 80; Patterson, 101. 
McKinley, William, P. I., Fort, Ire- 
land, 96; Reynolds, 108. 
McKinley, William, President, ap- 
pointed Dodge Commission, 81. 
McPherson, Ga., Fort, new buildings, 
112; Forwood, 76; Magee, 119; 
O’Reilly, 80. 
McRee, Fla., Fort, Confederate 
forces, 67. 
Mackinac, Mich., Fort, Hammond, 42. 
Magee, Edward Carre, father of 
James Carre Magee, 118. 
Magee, Elizabeth (Armstrong), 
mother of James Carre Magee, 118. 
Magee, Irene (MacKay), wife of 
James Carre Magee, 120. 
Magee, James Carre, birth, 118; 
education, 118; 119-120; army 
service, 118; marriage, 120; World 
War, 119; societies and associa- 
tions, 120 ; —— • 
Magee, James C., Jr., second lieu- 
tenant, U. S. Marine Corps, son of 
James Carre Magee, 120. 
Magee, Mervyn MacKay, first lieu- 
tenant, F. A., son of James Carre 
Magee, 120. 
Malaria among troops, 1775-6, 6; 
Sternburg demonstrated plasmodi- 
um of, 72; Sternberg’s report, 72. 
See also, Klebs; Laveran; 
Toma ssi-Caudeli. 
Malvern Hill, battle of, Forwood, 
75 ; Sternberg, 70. 
Manassas, Ya., Reynolds, 108. 
Maneuvers, test of medical depart- 
ment equipment and typhoid pro- 
phylaxis, 86; first joint Regular 
Army and National Guard, 107- 
108. 
Manila, P. I., Ireland in charge of 
medical supply depot, 95; Patter- 
son sanitary inspector and in 
charge Quartermaster dispensary, 
102; Reynolds at Cuartel de Es- 
pana, 108, and Second Reserve 
Hospital, 107 ; Torney commanding 
First Reserve Hospital, 85. 
Mann, James, hospital surgeon and 
medical director, commended Law- 
son, 33. 
Manual of bacteriology, 1892, by 
George M. Sternberg, 74. 
Manuals, drill, 60. 
Manuals, first aid, 60. 
Maple Grove Academy, Middletown, 
Conn., attended by Crane, 52. 
Marcy C. Day, medical storeship, 
Forwood, 75. 
Maryland and Virginia Journal, edit- 
ed by Hammond, 45. 
Mason, Charles F., major and as- 
sistant to O’Reilly, 81. 
Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 
Church a delegate, 1; expelled, 4. 
Matamoras, bombardment from, 35. 140 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., 
courses for medical officers, 112. 
Meade, Fla., Fort, Hammond, 42. 
Medale de Independencia (Italy), 
Patterson, 103. 
Medical administrative corps reor- 
ganized, 1936, 111. 
Medical and surgical history of the 
War of the Rebellion, 49; Ham- 
mond suggested, 49; report on 
material available, 49 ; Major 
Joseph J. Woodward, 49 ; Major 
George A. Otis, 50 ; progress under 
Crane, 53-54; Major D. L. Hunting- 
ton, 54 ; 59 ; 60 ; Major Charles 
Smart, 54. 
Medical cadets, employment of, 1861, 
40. 
Medical Committee of Congress 
abolished, 16. 
Medical Corps, increased 1830, 30; 
1835, 31; 1939, 111; standards for 
applicants increased, 43. See also, 
Appointment; Medical depart- 
ment ; Medical examining boards. 
Medical department establishment 
authorized 1775 by Continental 
Congress, 2; reorganized 1777, plan 
by Shippen and Cochran, 11; 14; 
in 1780, 12; 15; 19; 23; in 1818, 
first permanent, 28; in 1821, 33; 
in 1862, 40; in 1908, including the 
medical reserve corps, 82. 
Medical examiners, Lawson president 
of board, 1832, 33. 
Medical examining boards, Finley 
member, 39 ; Hammond reorgan- 
ized, 43. 
Medical Field Service School, cre- 
ated, 98 ; curriculum changes, 111; 
Magee, 119; Reynolds, command- 
ant, 110 ; plans for new school 
building, 113. 
Medical inspectors, see. Inspectors. 
Medical reserve corps, see. Medical 
department. 
Medical reserve officers’ training 
corps units reestablished 1936, 111. 
Medical school plan proposed by 
Morgan to College of Philadelphia, 
5. 
Medical statistics of the Provost 
Marshal General’s Bureau, 1875, by 
Jedediah Hyde Baxter, 64. 
Medical supply table, see, Supply 
table. 
Medicine and surgery in New Jer- 
sey, Cochran, 14. 
Memphis, Tenn., Sutherland estab- 
lished medical supply depot, 67. 
Mercer, general, attended by Craik, 
19. 
Mercy Hospital, Pittsburg, Pa., Eey- 
nolds intern, 107. 
Meteorological register, 1822-1825, 
published by Lovell, 35 ; 1826-1830, 
and 1831-1842, published by Law- 
son 35-36. 
Meuse-Argonne, Prance, Magee, as- 
sistant to chief surgeon, First 
Army, 119; Reynolds, 110. 
Mexican War, Barnes, 47; Crane, 52; 
Finley, 39; Lawson, 35; Murray’s 
death left but three medical offi- 
cers on retired list who had served 
therein, 57. 
Mexico City, Barnes chief surgeon of 
cavalry brigade, 47-48 ; Lawson, 35. 
Michie, N. Y., Fort, Magee, 118. 
Milburn, Conn L., Jr, captain, M.C., 
son-in-law of Charles R. Reynolds, 
117. 
Milburn, Hebe Louise (Reynolds), 
daughter of Charles R. Reynolds, 
117. 
Military Order of the Carabao, Ma- 
gee, 120 ; Patterson, 105. 
Military Order of the World War, 
Patterson, 105. 
Military Surgeon, a supplement to 
the National Medical Review, For- 
ward, 77. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
141 
Miller, George B., father-in-law of 
George M. Sternberg, 70. 
Mindanao, P. I., Magee, 118. 
Mingo Indians, hostile, 18. 
Mitchell, Ala., Fort, Lawson, 34. 
Mitchell, S. Weir, and neurology in 
the U. S., 46. 
Mobile, Ala., O’Reilly, 80. 
Molina del Rey, Barnes, 48. 
Monroe, Ya., Fort, new buildings, 
112; Finley, 38; 39; O’Reilly com- 
manded Josiah Simpson Hospital, 
80-81; Sutherland, 66; Torney, 84. 
Montauk Point, N. Y., Forwood chief 
medical officer of convalescent 
camp, 76; General Shafter’s army 
landed, 95. 
Monterey, Calif., Barnes, 47; Mui'- 
ray, 55. 
Montreal, Canada, birthplace of 
Robert U. Patterson, 101. 
Montreal Collegiate Institute attend- 
ed by Robert U. Patterson, 101. 
Montreal General Hospital, Patter- 
son intern, 101. 
Montreal Maternity Hospital, Patter- 
son resident accoucheur, 101. 
Monument to Lovell, 32. 
Moore, Catherine (English), mother 
of John Moore, 58. 
Moore, Garrett, father of John 
Moore 58. , 
Moore John, birth, 58 ; education, 58 ; 
internship, 58; army service, 58; 
Indian depredations, 58; Mormon 
troubles in Utah, 58; Civil War, 
58; medical director, 58; in 
Europe, 59; marriage, 61; assist- 
ant medical purveyor, 59; Surgeon 
General, 59; precedent broken in 
his selection as chief, 68; able 
assistants, 60 ; inauguration of in- 
struction in first aid, 60; Hospital 
Corps authorized, 1887, 60; seines 
of drill and first aid manuals, 60; 
Army and Navy General Hospital 
opened, 60; monthly sanitary re- 
ports, 61; high regard of medical 
profession, 61; retirement, 61; 64 ; 
physical appearance, 61; death, 61. 
Moore, Mary Jane (Dolan), widow 
of Michael F. Dolan, and wife of 
John Moore, 61. 
Moore, Samuel, Dr., father-in-law of 
Clement Alexander Finley, 41; 
director of U. S. Mint at Phila., 
41; former member of Congress, 
41. 
Morgan, E.an, father of John 
Morgan, 5. 
Morgan, Joanna (Miles), mother of 
John Morgan, 5. 
Morgan, John, birth, 5; education, 
5; in British army, 5; plan for 
medical school in College of Phila., 
5 ; marriage, 9; first medical pro- 
fessorship in America, 5; com- 
mencement address A discourse 
upon the institution of medical 
schools in America, 5-6; recogni- 
tion of pharmacists, 6 ; profes- 
sional, literary, and social stand- 
ing, 6 ; one of founders of Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society and 
contributor to its Transactions, 6; 
physician to Pennsylvania Hosp- 
ital, 6; The reciprocal advantage 
of a prepetual union betiveen Great 
Britain and her American Colonies, 
6 ; Revolutionary War, 6 ; nominat- 
ed for director general, 15 ; elected 
director general and physician-in- 
chief, 3 ; 6 ; remedied chaotic med- 
ical situation, 6-7; Recommenda- 
tions of inoculation according to 
Baron Dimsdale’s method, 6; med- 
ical chests supplied regimental sur- 
geons, 6; difficulties with regi- 142 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
mental surgeons, 7; supply by 
“Continental druggists” unsuccess- 
ful, 7 ; abolition of regimental hos- 
pitals, 7; medical officers with 
troops and in hospitals, duties 
not interchangeable, 7; jurisdic- 
tion over army hospitals divided 
between Morgan and Shippen, 7; 
praise from General Washington, 
8 ; appeal to Congress, 8, dismiss- 
ed, 8 ; his high character, 8 ; re- 
tirement, 8; Vindication of his 
public character in the station of 
director general of the military 
hospitals and physician-in-chief to 
the American Army, 8 ; vindication 
by Congress, 8-9 ; Shippen’s court- 
martial, 9 ; 12 ; resumption of prac- 
tice and teaching, 9; resigned as 
physician to the Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital, 9; death, 9. 
Morgan, Mary (Hopkinson), wife 
of John Morgan, 9. 
Mormon troubles in Utah, Moore, 58. 
Moros, insurgent, Patterson, 102. 
Morristown, N. J., hospital, 23; 
Shippen, Jr., court-martialed, 12. 
Moultrie, S. C., Fort, Sutherland, 65. 
Mt. Dajo, P. I., Reynolds, 108. 
Mount Vernon, Craik attended sick, 
20, and frequent visitor, 20. 
Mud Springs, Calif., Camp, 0’Reilljr 
wounded, 79. 
Murray, Adelaide (Atwood), wife 
of Robert Murray, 55. 
Murray, Daniel, father of Robert 
Murray, 55. 
Murray, Mary (Dorsey), mother of 
Robert Murray, 55. 
Murray, Robert, birth, 55 ; education, 
55 ; army service, 55 ; marriage, 
55 ; Civil War 55 ; medical director, 
55 ; 56 ; medical purveyor, 55-56 ; 
reorganization of the army, 1866, 
56 ; assistant Surgeon General, 56 ; 
Surgeon General, 56; antisepsis 
and antiseptic surgery, 1884, 56; 
attention to bacteriology and hy- 
giene, 1885, 56-57 ; International 
Sanitary Conference at Rome, 57; 
retirement 57; in Europe, 57; 
president of Aztec Club, 57 ; death, 
57; candidates for succession, 59. 
Myer, Va., Fort, Magee, 119. 
Myers, Fla., Fort, Moore, 58. 
NARRAGANSET Indian War, 1. 
National Board of Medical Ex- 
aminers, Ireland president, 99. 
Necessity, Fort, surrender to the 
French, Craik, 18. 
Nervous and mental diseases, Ham- 
mond a pioneer in the U. S., 45-46. 
New Brunswick, N. J., Cochran prac- 
ticed “physic and surgery”, 14; his 
home burned by the British, 16. 
New Castle, troops encamped, 25. 
New Jersey State Medical Society, 
Cochran one of founders and presi- 
dent, 14; Tilton president, 25. 
New London Grammar School, at- 
tended by Cochran, 14. 
New Orleans, La., Hammond’s head- 
quarters prior to court-martial, 
44; medical supply depot estab- 
lished 1845, 35 ; Sternberg investi- 
gated malaria, 72. 
New Windsor, N. Y., hospital, 23. 
New York City, Crane assistant to 
medical purveyor (1856) and at- 
tending surgeon, 52 ; Murray, 55 ; 
56; stock of supplies and hospital 
established by Morgan, 7; purvey- 
ing depot under Sutherland, 68. 
New York Dispensary, Moore, 58. 
New York Medical Journal, Ham- 
mond cooperated in founding and 
editing, 45. 
New York Practitioners’ Society, 
dinner to Moore, 61. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
143 
New York quarantine station, 
Sternberg, 72. 
Newport, R. I., birthplace of Ben- 
jamin Church, 1; Craik established 
hospital service for Rochambeau's 
troops, 19; birthplace of Charles 
Henry Crane, 52. 
Newport Barracks Ky., Finley, 39. 
Newville, Pa., birthplace of Clement 
Alexander Finley, 38. 
Nez Perce Indian campaign, 
Sternberg, 71. 
Niagara, New York, Fort, Patterson, 
102. 
Nicaragua, O’Reilly’s passage with 
reeruts en route to California, 
79. 
Nisbet, Michael, father-in-law of 
William A. Hammond, 46. 
Noble, Robert E., colonel, handled 
details of S. G. O., 92 ; 97. 
Nonquitt, Mass., O’Reilly attended 
General Philip Sheridan, 80. 
Norfolk, Va., Craik practiced, 18. 
Norfolk County, Va., birthplace (?) 
of Lawson, 33. 
North Castle hospital moved from 
New York City, 8. 
Nottingham Academy, Nottingham, 
Pa., attended by Morgan, 5; Ship- 
pen, Jr., 10; Tilton, 22. 
Novelist, Hammond, 45. 
Nurse Corps, Dodge Commission 
recommended, 81-82; organization 
of, 73. 
Niirses, female, employment of 1861, 
40; reserves built up by Torney, 
86. 
Nurses’ quarters, new buildings, 112. 
OBSERVATIONS on flora, etc., dur- 
ing journey through portions of 
Wyoming and Montana, 1881, by 
William Henry Forwood, 76. 
Obstetrics, first systematic instruc- 
tion in America, 1765, 10. 
Officers, elimination of inefficient 
by board, 31. 
Officers, medical, additional recom- 
mended by Dodge Commission 81; 
command of general hospitals, 49; 
increase 1847, 35; increase 1856, 
36; increase 1861, 40; personal 
equipment abolished, 68; propor- 
tionate numbers retained after 
Civil War, 50; reserves built up, 
86; resignations 1781-83, pay in 
arrears, 16; uniform improved, 34. 
See also, Medical department; 
Pay; Promotion ; Rank; Titles. 
Officers, retirement for age com- 
pulsory, 1882, 50. 
Oise-Aisne, France, Eeyonlds, 109. 
Omaha, Neb., Fort, Forwood, 76. 
On wakefulness: with an introduc- 
tory chapter on the physiology of 
sleep, 1866, by William A. Ham- 
mond, 45. 
Ontario, N. Y., Fort, O’Reilly, 80. 
Order of the Bath, Great Britain, 
Ireland companion, 99. 
Order of Polonia Eestituta, Ireland 
grand officer, 99. 
Order of Public Health, French, 
Reynolds commander, 116. 
Order of the White Lion (Czecho- 
slovakia), Patterson, 103. 
O’Reilly, Alexander, general, captain 
general of Cuba, one of Spanish 
governors of Louisiana, and fore- 
bear of Robert Maitland O’Reilly, 
79. 
O’Reilly, Ellen (Maitland), mother 
of Robert M. O’Reilly, 79. 
O’Reilly, Frances L. (Pardee), wife 
of Robert M. O’Reilly, 83. 
O’Reilly, John, father of Robert 
M. O’Reilly, 79. 144 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
O’Reilly, Robert Maitland, birth, 79; 
education, 79; Civil War, 79; act- 
ing medical cadet, and medical 
cadet, 79 ; resumed education, 79; 
army service, 79; Sioux Indian 
campaign, 79; labor disturbances 
in Pennsylvania, 1877, 80; mar- 
riage, 83 ; attending physician, 
White House, 80; attended General 
Sheridan, 80; Spanesh-American 
War, 80 ; chief surgeon, 80 ; 81; 
investigated in Jamaica British 
army experience in tropical hy- 
giene, 80; regulation on term of 
Surgeon Generalcy and require- 
ment of four years to serve be- 
fore retirement, 81; Surgeon Gen- 
eral, 81; brought in young assist- 
ants 81; 95 ; contributed to Ameri- 
can textbook of surgery, 1903, 83; 
Dodge Commission recommenda- 
tions, 81-82, and their realization, 
82; appropriation for construction 
of a general hospital in Washing- 
ton, 82 ; reappointed, 82; second 
tropical research board estab- 
lished in Manila, 82; reorganiza- 
tion and increase of medical corps 
and hospital corps, 1908, 82; 
change in titles of officers and 
noncommissioned officers, 82; 
creation of medical reserve corps, 
82; typhoid prophylaxis for the 
army, 82 ; international conference 
at Geneva for revision of the 
Geneva Convention, 82 ; retirement, 
82 ; 85-86 ; semi-invalidism, 82-83 ; 
personality and character, 83; 
musical tastes and accomplish- 
ment, 83; death, 83. 
Ormoc, Leyte, P. I., Reynolds, 107. 
Osceola, of the Seminoles, 31. 
Osbourne, Antrim, father-in-law of 
William Henry Forwood, 78. 
Otis, George A., major and editor of 
Medical and surgical history of 
the War of the Rebellion, 50; 
death, 54. 
Oxford University, Gorgas (Hon. De- 
gree), 93. 
PALATINE, N. Y., retirement and 
death of Cochran, 17. 
Panama Canal, plans for digging, 
90 ; first Commission with Admiral 
John C. Walker at head, 90 (his 
discharge, 91) ; second Commission 
with Theodore P. Shonts at head, 
91; Gorgas made member, 91; 
reorganization of 1908 with Col- 
onel George A. Goethals chairman 
and chief engineer, 91. 
Panama City, Gorgas and assistants, 
90 ; improvement desired by Com- 
missioners, 91; model of sanita- 
tion, 91. 
“Paris Group”, Patterson, 103. 
Parker, B., assistant and inspector 
general, 29. 
Pasteur, Louis, discovered the pneu- 
mococcus, 72; Sternberg contem- 
porary, 74. 
Patterson, Eda Beryl Lorraine 
(Day), first wife of Robert U. 
Patterson, 106. 
Patterson, Eleanor Haight (Lay), 
mother of Robert U. Patterson, 
101. 
Patterson, Eleanor (Reeve), second 
wife of Robert U. Patterson, 106. 
Patterson, Janet Galbraith Urie, 
grandmother of Robert U. Patter- 
son, 101. 
Patterson, Robert Urie, birth, 101; 
education, 101; internship, 101; 
army service, 101; insurgent 
Moros, 102 ; first marriage, 106; 
earthquake and fire at San Fran- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
145 
Patterson, Robert Urie (continued) 
cisco, 102; Cuban Pacification, 
102 ; American National Red Cross, 
103; W’orld War, 103; Base Hos- 
pital No. 5, 103; second marriage, 
106; honors received, 103; U. S. 
Veterans’ Bureau, 104; executive 
officer, S. G. O., 104; Surgeon Gen- 
eral, 104; Army School of Nursing 
discontinued, 104; new buildings 
at Army Medical Center and else- 
where, 104-105; Army and Navy 
General Hospital rebuilt, 104 ; 
Civilian Conservation Corps, 105; 
tropical disease board moved to 
Ancon, C. Z., 105 ; retirement, 105 ; 
Eighth International Congress of 
Military Medicine and Pharmacy, 
105; societies and associations, 
105. 
Patterson, William James Ballan- 
tyne, father of Robert U. Patter- 
son 101. 
Patterson, William Jeffrey, grand- 
father of Robert U. Patterson, 101. 
Pattison, Thomas T. N., father-in-law 
of George M. Sternberg, 71. 
Paul, John, father of John Paul 
Jones, and gardener for Robert 
Craik, 18. 
Pay and allowances for medical offi- 
cers 1834, 30. 
Pay for soldiers detailed for duty in 
hospitals, increased, 34; 36. 
Pay, retired, provided in 1781, 16. 
Peekskill, N. ¥., hospital moved to 
after battle of White Plains, 8. 
Pennsylvania Hospital, Hammond in- 
tern, 2; Morgan physician to, 6 
(resigned, 9) ; Dr. William Ship- 
pen one of founders, 10 ; Shippen, 
Jr., on staff, 10-11. 
Pershing, John J., general, estimate 
of Ireland, 98-99; choice of Ire- 
land for chief surgeon, A. E. F., 
not heeded, 96; punitive expedition 
to Mexico, 96; sailed for France, 
96; recommendation of Ireland 
for Surgeon General, 97. 
Personal equipment for medical of- 
ficers, see, Officers, medical. 
Pharmacists, see, Medical adminis- 
trative corps. 
Pharmacy recognized first by 
Morgan, 6. 
Philadelphia Academy of Natural 
Sciences, Baxter, 65 ; Forwood, 77, 
Philadelphia General Hospital 
(Blockley), Reynolds intern, 107. 
Philadelphia, Pa., birthplace of Jos- 
eph K. Barnes, 47; Cuvier General 
Hospital, 79 ; hospital in 1777, 12; 
boyhood home of James C. Magee, 
118; Magee instructor of Penn. 
National Guard, 119; birthplace of 
John Morgan, his practice and 
teaching, his death, 5; 9; Murray 
medical purveyor, 55-56; principal 
purchasing agency in country for 
medical supplies, 56; birthplace of 
Robert Maitland O’Reilly, 79; 
birthplace of William Shippen, Jr,, 
his practice and teaching, 10; 12; 
birthplace of Charles Sutherland, 
66; Torney attending surgeon, 84; 
study of yellow fever at quaran- 
tine station by Forwood, 76. See 
also, West Philadelphia. 
Philosophical Society of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, Sternberg, 74, 
Photomicography, Sternberg, 72. 
Physical examinations following 
World War, 97. 
Physician and surgeon general, du- 
ties, 24; office abolished, 25. 
Physics and physiology of spiritual- 
ism, by William A. Hammond, 45. 
Picardy, France, Reynolds, 109. 146 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Pickens, Fla., Fort, Confederate 
forces assault, 67; Crane, 52; 
Sutherland, 66-67. 
Pilcher, J. E., lieutenant and author 
of manual of drill and first aid, 
60; comment on administration of 
Sutherland, 68. 
Pitacus, Fort, Lake Lanao, Patter- 
son, 102. 
Pittsburgh, Pa., Washington and 
Craik en route into the Ohio 
valley, 19. 
Plattsburg, N. Y., general hospital 
1812, 27; Lawson, 33. 
Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y., new 
buildings, 112. 
Playwrite, Hammond, 45. 
Pneumococcus, Sternberg’s and 
Pasteur’s discovery, 72. 
Pneumonia immunization, prophy- 
lactic, experimental test by medi- 
cal department of the army, 113. 
Pneumonia, lobar, pneumococcus as 
pathogenic agent, 72. 
Port Tampa, Fla., Ireland, 95. 
Port Tobacco, Md., home, practice, 
and retirement of Craik, 19; pre- 
Revolutionary War activity, 19. 
Portsmouth Grove, R. I., Sternberg, 
70. 
Post Graduate Medical School of 
New York, Hammond one of 
founders and on faculty, 45. 
Presidio of San Francisco, Calif., 
Ireland, 95; Magee, 118; Patter- 
son with Co. “B” Hospital Corps, 
and sanitary inspector, 101. 
Princess Anne County, Va., birth- 
X3lace (?) of Thomas Lawson, 33. 
Princeton, battle of, Craik attended 
General Mercer, 19; Tilton, 22; 
Tilton commanded hospital, 23. 
Princeton College, Dr. William Ship- 
pen trustee 10. 
Princeton university, see. College of 
New Jersey; Princeton College. 
Prison camp at Fort Warren, Mass., 
for Confederate officers, Suther- 
land, 67. 
Proctor, Redfield, Secretary of War, 
friend of Baxter, 64. 
Professional and scientific groups, 
demonstrations by medical de- 
partment of the army, 112. 
Promotion by seniority, established 
1781, 16; Tilton and the act of 
1781, 23. 
Prospect Hill, Church recommended 
system of defensive works, 2. 
Prosthetic appliances, see, Labora- 
tories, dental. 
Provost Marshal General’s Bureau, 
Baxter chief medical officer, 62; 
64. 
Public Civil Fund, P I., Ireland dis- 
bursing- officer, 95. 
Public contacts by medical depart- 
ment, see, Professional and scien- 
tific groups. 
Public Health Association, Baxter, 
65. 
Purchasing officers, bonding, recom- 
mended by Lovell, 29. 
Pui-ple Heart, Order of the, 
Magee, 119. 
Purveyors, medical, 1862, 40. 
Pynchon, Joseph, Dr., teacher of 
Benjamin Church, 1. 
QUAKERS, Morgan’s family, 5. 
Quarterly Journal of Psychological 
Medicine and Medical Jurispru- 
dence, established and edited by 
Hammond, 45. 
Queen Alexandria Military Hospital, 
Milbank, England, Gorgas’ 
death, 93. 
RALEIGH, N. Y., Forwood, 76. 
Rank above major first bestowed on 
medical officers 1862, 40; military 
for medical officers, 34; 35; rela- THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
147 
Rank (continued) : 
tive fixed for medical officers, 
1781, 16; and military titles for 
medical officers, 1847, 30. 
Reading, Pa., hospital, 23. 
Reciprocal advantage of a perpetual 
union between Great Britain and 
her American colonies, 1766, by 
John Morgan, 6. 
Reclassification of civilian person- 
nel in the S. G. O., 111. 
Reconstruction of injured, 97. 
Recommendations of inoculation ac- 
cording to Baron Dimsdale's meth- 
od, 1776, by John Morgan, 6. 
Red Cross building at Army Medical 
Center, 98. 
Red Cross Medal (Serbia), Patter- 
son, 103. 
Red Cross ship, Patterson accom- 
panied nurses and surgeons to 
Europe, 103. 
Redman, John, Dr., taught John 
Morgan, 5. 
Reduction of medical department 
facilities following Armistice, 97. 
Reduction in personnel, 1842, 35. 
Reed, Charles A. L., Dr., report to 
the American Medical Association, 
1905, on the sanitation work in 
Panama, 91. 
Reed, Walter, major, see Walter 
Reed. 
Registries, see, Army Medical 
Museum. 
Regulations for the guidance of the 
medical service, submitted to Con- 
gress by John Morgan, 7. 
Regulations of the medical depart- 
ment, December 1814, 25 ; 29 ; April 
1816, 29 ; September 1818, 29; 
1825, 30. 
Regulations for medical purveyor’s 
service, 16. 
Regulations, recruiting, foreign gov- 
ernments, in Baxter’s report, 65. 
Relief, hospital ship, Torney com- 
manded, 85. 
Renon, Camp, O’Reilly, 79. 
Reports, hospital, system installed 
by Hammond, 43. 
Reports, monthly sanitary, made of 
practical value by Moore, 61. 
Research instruments and appli- 
ances, 63. 
Reserve officers, medical, increased, 
112. 
Respiration, physiology of, thesis by 
James Tilton, 1768, 22. 
Retirement, see, Officers. 
Revolutionary War, Church, 1; 
Cochran, 14 ; Craik, 19; Morgan, 
6; Shippen, Jr., 11; Tilton, 22, 
Reyonlds, Charles Ransom, birth, 
107 ; education, 107; army service, 
107; insurgent Philippine natives, 
107 ; marriage, 108 ; Mexican bor- 
der, 108 ; World War, 109 ; division 
surgeon, 109; Corps surgeon, 109; 
Army surgeon 109; Sux-geon Gen- 
eral, 110; achievements in office, 
111; personnel increases, 111; 112; 
medical administrative corps re- 
organzied, 111; training program, 
111-112; medical and dental in- 
terns, 112; modernized hospital 
and field equipment 112; hospital 
at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, re- 
built, 112 ; Fitzsimons general hos- 
pital reconstruction begun 112; 
other construction, 112-113; biol- 
ogical laboratories at Army Med- 
ical Center, 113 ; typhoid vaccine 
Strain No. 58, 113 ; pneumonia im- 
munization 113; encephalomyelitis 
vaccine, 113; central dental lab- 
oratories, 113; centenary of Army 
Medical Library, 114; new build- 148 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
ing authorized for Army Medical 
Library and Museum. 114; 75th 
anniversary of battle of Gettys- 
burg, 114; venereal disease con- 
trol, 114-115; societies and as- 
sociations 115-116; honors received, 
108 ; 109 ; 116 ; Tenth International 
Congress of Military Medicine and 
Pharmacy, 116; retirement, 117; 
118. 
Eeynolds, Charles E., Jr., son of 
Charles E. Eeynolds, 117. 
Eeynolds Frederick Pratt, colonel 
M. C., brother of Charles E. Eey- 
nolds, 107. 
Eeynolds, George Gardiner, father of 
Charles E. Eeynolds, 107. 
Eeynolds, Jane Boyd (Hurd), wife 
of Charles E. Eeynolds, 108. 
Eeynolds, Lucy (Pratt), mother of 
Charles E. Eeynolds, 107. 
Eeynolds Eoyal, colonel, M. C., 
brother of Charles E. Eeynolds, 
107. 
Eichard, Charles, brigadier general, 
acting Surgeon General, 97. 
Eichard son, Texas, Fort, Forwood, 
76. 
Eichmond, Va., Moore, 59. 
Eidgely, Dr., taught James Tilton, 
22. 
Eiley, Kans., Fort, Forwood and 
cholera, 75 ; Hammond, 42; Ire- 
land served under Major Hoff, 94; 
Ireland in charge first company of 
Instruction of Hospital Corps, 94; 
Eeynolds, 107; 108; Eeynolds in- 
structor M. O. T. C., 109; Stern- 
berg, 71; site located by exploring 
party, Sutherland member, 66. 
Eobinson, Tully, colonel, grandfather 
of Thomas Lawson, 33, 
Eochambeau, Craik established hos- 
pital service for troops, 19. 
Eogue Eiver, Oregon, Crane, 52. 
Eolleston, Sir Humphry, orator at 
centenary of Army Medical Li- 
brary, 114. 
Eoosevelt, Franklin D., President, 
appointed Eeynolds Surgeon Gen- 
eral, 110. 
Eoosevelt Theodore, President, sup- 
port of Gorgas in Panama, 91. 
Eosecrans, general, Hammond in- 
spector of camps and hospitals, 
43 ; Moore, medical director, 58- 
59 ; Murray, 55. 
Eound Hill School, Northampton, 
Mass., attended by Barnes, 47. 
Eowe, George, and cipher letter of 
Church, 3. 
Eoyal Academy of Eome, Sternberg 
hon. member, 74. 
Eoyal College of Surgeons, Edin- 
burgh, Ireland, 99. 
Eojml Society, London, Morgan, 5. 
Eubino, private, see, Base Hospital 
No. 5. 
Rules and regulations for the army, 
1813, 24. 
Eush, Benjamin, professor in chemis- 
try, College of Philadelphia, 1766, 
6; resignation from army laid to 
Shippen, Jr., 12 ; supported Morgan 
against Shippen, Jr., 9; 12. 
Eussell, D. A., Wyo., Fort, O’Eeilly, 
80. 
SAC Indians, troops employed 
against, 30. 
Saco, Maine, home and practice of 
William A. Hammond, 42. 
Sadsburyville, Pa., birthplace of 
John Cochran, 14. 
St. Augustine Fla., general hospital, 
31. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
149 
Satterlee, E. S., surgeon, Mexican 
War, 35. 
Savannah, Ga., general hospital, 
Forwood, 76-77. 
Say, Lord, and forebears of Patter- 
son, 101. 
Schuyler, Peter, widow of, wife of 
John Cochran, 14. 
Schuyler, Philip, major, friendship 
with Cochran, 14. 
Scientific awakening in the medical 
corps, 56. 
Scott, Fort, Barnes, 48. 
Scott, Winfield, general, Barnes, 
47 ; Crane and trip to Pacific 
Coast, 52; Finley chief medical of- 
ficer in Black Hawk War, 38; Fin- 
ley medical director in Mexican 
War, 39 ; Lawson and Mexican cam- 
paign, 35. 
Seal, Lord, and forebears of Patter- 
son, 101. 
Seasickness, Torney’s intractable, 
84. 
Secretary of War (Newton D. 
Baker) and Gorgas, 92. 
Seminole War, 30 ; 31; Barnes, 47 ; 
Crane, 52; Finley, 38 ; Lawson, 
medical director, 34. 
Sermon occasioned by the death of 
General Washington * * * an ap- 
pendix giving a particular account 
of the behavior of General Wash- 
ington during his distressing ill- 
ness, also of the nature of the 
complaint of which he died, 1800, 
James Craik and Elisha C. Dick, 
20-21. 
Serological survey, see Venereal dis- 
ease. 
Seward, William H., Secretary of 
State, attempted assassination, at- 
tended by Barnes, 50. 
Shatter, general, Ireland, 95. 
St. Joseph, Mo., Eeynolds, 108. 
St. Louis, Mo., Ireland, 95; Moore, 
59. 
St. Mihiel, France, Magee assistant 
to chief surgeon, First Army, 119. 
Sam Houston, Texas, Fort, hospital 
rebuilt, 112 ; hospital center for 
punitive expedition to Mexico, 96; 
Ireland sanitary inspector and 
surgeon, 96; Magee division sur- 
geon and commanding officer of 
medical regiment, 119 ; Patterson, 
102; Eeynolds commanded base 
hospital, 108. 
San Antonio Academy attended by 
Patterson, 101. 
San Antonio, Texas, Magee instruc- 
tor of National Guard troops, 119. 
Sanatorium for nervous and mental 
cases established by Hammond, 
45. 
San Francisco, Calif., earthquake 
and fire of 1906, Patterson, 102 ; 
Torney, 85; Forwood, 77; Moore 
assistant medical purveyor, 59; 
Murrary, medical purveyor, 56; 
O’Eeilly, 81; Torney commanded 
general hospital, 85. See also, 
Presidio of San Francisco. 
Sanitary Commission, Crane, 53 ; in- 
fluential, 39-40; recommendations, 
40; termed meddlesome, 41; favor- 
able to Hammond, 43. 
Sanitation in Panama, 1915, by 
William C. Gorgas, 93. 
Santa Fe, New Mexico, overland 
trail developed by exploring party, 
with Sutherland, 66. 
Santiago, Cuba, negotiations for 
capitulation, 89; epidemic of yel- 
low fever, 89. 
Saratoga, U.S.A.T., Ireland’s trip to 
Cuba, 95. 
Satterlee General Hospital, For- 
wood, 75. 150 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Shakespeare, Edward O., major, and 
and typhoid fever board, 73. 
Shawnee Indians, hostile, 18. 
Shelter Island, L. I., N. Y., burial of 
Crane, 54. 
Sheridan, Philip, general, O’Reilly 
attended, 80 ; expedition to North- 
west, 76. 
Sherman, William T., general, Moore 
medical director during march up- 
on Atlanta, 59; Murray, 55. 
Shiloh, field of, Murray medical 
director, 55. 
Shippen, Alice (Lee), wife of 
William Shippen, Jr., 13. 
Shippen, Susannah (Harrison), 
mother of William Shippen, Jr., 
10. 
Shippen, William, Dr., father of Wil- 
liam Shippen, Jr., 10; one of 
founders of Penn. Hospital, and 
Univ. of Penn., 10; trustee of 
Princeton College, 10 ; member Con- 
tinental Congress, 10. 
Shippen, William, Jr., birth, 10; 
education, 10 ; marriage, 13 ; lec- 
tures on anatomy, 10; first sys- 
tematic instruction in obstetrics 
(midwifery) in America, 10; pro- 
fessor of anatomy and surgery, 
College of Phila., 6; 10; chair of 
anatomy, surgery, and midwifery 
in Univ. of Penn., 10; on staff of 
Penn. Hosp., 10-11; member Am. 
Philosophical Society, 11; one of 
founders of College of Physicians 
of Phila. and its president, 11; 
Revolutionary War, 11; medical 
director of the Flying Camp, 7; 
11; supervision of all military hos- 
pitals west of Hudson river, 7 ; 11; 
break with Morgan, 11; dissatis- 
faction of regimental surgeons un- 
checked, 11; plan for reorganiza- 
tion of medical service, 11; 14 ; 
director general, 11; care of sick 
criticized 12 ; charges preferred to 
Congress, 12; court-martial and 
acquittal, 12; re-elected medical 
director, 12 ; resigned, 12 ; resumed 
practice and teaching, 12; death of 
only son, 12; death, 13 ; character 
and professional influence, 13. 
Shonts, Theodore P., head of second 
Panama Canal Commission, 91. 
Siboney, Cuba, Gorgas, 89; LaGarde 
commanded Siboney hospital, 89' 
Gorgas commanded Siboney hos- 
pital, 89; hospitals ordered burn- 
ed, 89; Ireland and Reserve Divi- 
sional Hospital under LaGarde, 
95. 
Sick report of the Northern Division 
for the year ending June 30, 1817, 
by Joseph Lovell, 28. 
Sill, Okla., Fort, new buildings, 112. 
Silver Star citation Patterson, 102 ; 
Reynolds, 108. 
Sioux Indians, Hammond, 42; 
O’Reilly, 79. 
Sleep and its derangements, 1869, 
by William A. Hammond, 45. 
Smallpox among troops, 1775-76, 6: 
inoculation of Continental soldiers, 
22; Morgan’s campaign for vac- 
cination, 1776, 6. 
Smart, Charles, major, work on 
Medical and surgical history of the 
War of the Rebellion, 54; in S.G. 
O. under Moore, 60; colonel and 
Surgeon Generalcy, 81. 
Smith, Ark., Fort, Finley, 38. 
Smith, Joseph R., major, in S.G.O., 
43. 
Smith, P. F., colonel in Seminole 
War, 34. 
Snelling, Minn., Fort, Forwood, 76; 
new buildings, 112. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
151 
Society of the Cincinnati, Craik, 
21; James Lovell, 27; Tilton, 25. 
Society of German Army Medical 
Officers, Eeynolds hon. member, 
116. 
Society of the War of 1812, Joel 
Barlow Sutherland first president, 
66 ; Charles Sutherland, historian, 
66. 
Spanish-American War, Forwood, 
76 ; Gorgas, 89 ; Ireland, 95 ; 
O’Eeilly, 80 ; Sternberg, 73 ; 
Torney, 85. 
Staff reorganization 1813, 24; 1818, 
28; 1821, 29-30. 
Stamford, Conn., branch of the gen- 
eral hospital, 8. 
Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of 
War, candidate 1862 for Surgeon 
Generalcy, 43; friendship with 
Barnes, 48 ; 49; quarrel with Fin- 
ley, 40 ; break with Hammond, 44 ; 
favored medical department, 49; 
tact and diplomacy of Crane, 53. 
Stanton, New Mex., Fort, Ireland, 
94; Sutherland, 66. 
Staunton, Va., Craik, 19. 
Stegomyia mosquito, see, Aedes 
Aegypti. 
Sternberg, George Miller, birth, 70; 
work, 70; teaching, 70; education, 
70 ; practice, 70 ; army service, 70 ; 
Civil War, 70; marriage, 71; 
wife’s death, 71; re-marriage, 71; 
An inquiry into the modus oper- 
andi of the yellow fever poison, 
1875, 71; A study of the natural 
hitsory of yellow fever, 1877, 71; 
Nez Perce Indian campaign, 71; 
anemometer, 71; automatic heat 
regulator, 71; Havana Yellow7 
Fever Commission, 71-72; develop- 
ment of photomicography, 72; as- 
sociation with Dr. Carlos Finlay, 
72; malaria investigation, 72; 
discovery of the pneumococcus, 72 ; 
demonstration of the plasmodium 
of malaria and the bacilli of tuber- 
culosis and typhoid fever, 72; 
American pioneer in disinfection, 
72; T omb prize essay, Disinfection 
and individual prophylaxis against 
infectious diseases, 1866, 72; In- 
ternational Sanitary Conference in 
Home, 1885, 57; Manual of Bacter- 
iology, 1892, 74; Surgeon General, 
73 ; Spanish-American War, 73 ; 
Army Medical School established, 
73; contract dental service, 73; 
army nurse corps, 73; general 
tuberculosis hospital at Fort Ba}7- 
ard, 73; special surgical hospital 
at Washington Barracks, 73 ; lab- 
oratory supplies for medical school 
and larger hospitals, 73 ; epidemic 
of typhoid fever, 73 ; Typhoid fever 
board, 73 ; Yellow fever commis- 
sion, 73 ; first tropical disease board 
established in Manila, 73; retire- 
ment, 73 ; 77 ; death, 73 ; honors 
conferred, 74; character and in- 
fluence, 74. 
Sternberg, Levi, father of George M. 
Sternberg, 70. 
Sternberg, Louisa (Bussell), first 
wife of George M. Sternberg, 71; 
death from cholera, 71. 
Sternberg, Margaret Levering 
(Miller), mother of George M. 
Sternberg, 70. 
Sternberg, Martha L. (Pattison), 
second wife of George M. 
Sternberg, 71. 
Stoneman’s cavalry division, 
Forwood surgeon, 75. 
Storeships see, Marcy C. Day. 
Stratford, Vermont, birthplace of 
Jedediah Hyde Baxter, 62. 152 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Stringer, Samuel, denied authority 
of Morgan, 8; dismissed, 8. 
Study of the natural history of yel- 
low fever, 1877, by George M. 
Sternberg, 71. 
Suez Canal, visited by Gorgas, 90. 
Sumter, S. C., Fort, fall of, 36. 
Supplies, medical, appropriation for 
purchase 1775, 1; Committee of 
Mass. Provincial Congress to in- 
ventory and purchase, 1; Com- 
mitte to provide medicine and 
other necessaries and surgeons, 2; 
“Continental druggists”, 7 ; ex- 
penditures by Sutherland, 68; 
quality and quantity, 63; for 
regimental surgeons, 7; reserves 
built up, 86; scarce, 1781-83, 16; 
surplus, 98 ; transportation of, 
autonomy of medical department 
recommended by Hammond, 44; 
year’s supply for army four times 
normal strength recommended by 
Dodge Commission, 81-82. 
Supply depots, medical, see, Colum- 
bus, Ky.; Corpus Christi, Tex.; 
Manila, P. I.; Memphis, Tenn.; 
New Orleans, La.; New York, N. 
Y.; Philadelphia, Pa.; San Fran- 
cisco, Calif.; Washington, D. C. 
Supply table, medical, Hammond, 43. 
Surgeon General, abolition of office 
defeated by Lovell, 30; appointee 
to have four years to serve before 
retirement, 81; assistant to 
created in 1862 ; 40; term of office 
four years, 81. 
Surgeon General’s Office: Barnes, 
44 ; Baxter 63 ; Birmingham, H. P., 
92 ; Bronaugh, James C., 28 ; Crane 
53 ; Darnall, C. R., 81; Forwood, 
75; 77; Glennan, James D., 81; 
Goodrich, Annie W., 92; Greenleaf, 
Charles R., 60; Heiskell, H. L., 35; 
Ireland, 81; 95 ; 96; Kean, J. R., 
81; LeBaron, Francis, 24; 28; 30; 
Lynch, Charles, 81; McCaw, 
Walter D., 81; Mason, Charles F., 
81; Noble, Robert E., 92; 97; Pat- 
terson, 103 ; 104 ; Reynolds, 110 ; 
111; Richard, Charles, 97; Smart, 
Charles, 60; Smith, J. R., 43; 
Watkins, Tobias, 28 ; Winter, Fran- 
cis T., 81; Wood, R. C., 39 ; 40 ; 43 ; 
53. 
Surgeons for hospitals, committee 
to provide medicines and, Drs. 
Church, Taylor, and Whiting, 
members, 2. 
Surgeons, regimental, Morgan’s ad- 
ministration dissatisfies, 11, dif- 
ficulties with, 7 ; 8 ; individual 
medical chests for, 6; undermined 
by, 7 ; relative rank, 23; trouble- 
some to chief of medical depart- 
ment, 2. 
Surgery antiseptic, 1884, 56. 
Sutherland, Charles, birth 66 ; educa- 
tion, 66 ; army service, 66; Indian 
campaigns 66; first marriage, 69; 
Civil War, 66; medical purveyor, 
67; 68; established supply depots, 
67; army reorganization of 1866, 
68 ; second marriage, 69 ; medical 
director, 68 ; candidate for Sur- 
geon General, 59; Surgeon Gen- 
eral, 68 ; new field equipment for 
medical department, 68; personal 
equipment for medical officer 
abolished, 68; Hospital Corps de- 
veloped, 68 ; retirement, 69 ; 72 ; 
historian, Society of the War of 
1812, 66 ; death, 69 ; personality, 69. 
Sutherland, Elizabeth Wirt 
(Brewer), second wife of Charles 
Sutherland, 69. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
153 
Sutherland, Joel Barlow, father of 
Charles Sutherland; Univ. of 
Penn., War of 1812, studied law, 
State legislature, member of Con- 
gress Judge of Court of Common 
Pleas, first president of Society of | 
the War of 1812, 66. 
Sutherland, Kate (Brewer) ,first wife: 
of Charles Sutherland, 69. 
Sutherland, Mary (Read), mother of 
Charles Sutherland, 66. 
Sykes, George, general, Forwood act-! 
ing medical director, 75; Stern- 
berg, 70. 
Syphilis, enrollees C. C. C., 114. 
System of surgery, 1895-96, by 
William H. Dennis, contribution 
by Forwood, 77. 
TAMPA, Fla., medical supply depot 
established, 31. 
Taylor, Dr., on committee on hos- 
pital personnel and supplies, 2. 
Taylor, Zachary, general and Presi- 
dent, Barnes, 47; Finley, medical 
director, 39; Robert C. Wood, son- 
in-law, 39. 
Thacher, medical historian of 
Revolutionary days, on John 
Cochran, 16. 
Thomas, U. S. A. T., Reynolds sur- 
geon, 107. 
Thompson, Dr., Lancaster, Pa., 
taught medicine to John Cochran, 
14. 
Thompson, W. A., son-in-law of John 
Moore, 61. 
Tilton, James, birth, 22, education, 
22; graduation thesis on physi- 
ology of respiration, 22; practice, 
22 ; Be Hydrope, 22 ; Revolutionary 
War, 22; inoculation of all Con- 
tinental soldiers, 22-23; tour of 
hospitals, 23; trial of small log 
huts for 6 or 8 patients each, 23 ; 
reorganization of medical depart- 
ment, 1780, 23 ; promotion by 
seniority of medical officers, 23; 
practice, 23; in Continental Con- 
gress, 23; Society of the Cincin- 
nati, 25; Delaware House of Rep- 
resentatives, 23 ; Commissioner of 
loans for Delaware, 23; Economic- 
al observations on military hos- 
pitals and the prevention and cure 
of diseases incident to an army, 
1813, 24; War of 1812, 24; reorgan- 
ization of staff departments, 24; 
physician and surgeon general 24; 
tour of inspection, 24; Regulations 
for the medical department, 1814, 
25 ; reduction of army, 25 ; his of- 
fice terminated, 25 ; directed own 
thigh amputation, 25 ; societies, 
25 ; appearance and character, 26; 
death at Wilmington, 25. 
Tilton, John, forebear of James 
Tilton, 22. 
Tilton, Thomas, father of James 
Tilton, 22. 
Titles: chief hospital physician 
abolished, 16; medical and non- 
commissioned officers changed, 
1908, 82; medical personnel, 1777, 
11; new system, 1821, 30; old sys- 
tem abolished, 30 ; and military 
rank for medical officers, 1847, 30. 
To commemorate the bloody tragedy 
of the fifth of May 1770, oration 
by Benjamin Church, 1. 
Tomassi-Caudeli, Carrado, and 
malaria, 72. 
Topography included in Baxter’s 
report, 65. 154 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Torney, George Henry, birth, 84; 
education, 84; internship, 84; en- 
tered navy, 84; married, 87 ; resig- 
nation, 84 ; army service, 84 ; hos- 
tile Indians, 84 ; Spanish-Ameri- 
can War, 85; hospital ship Relief, 
85 ; instructor in hygiene, general 
service schools, 85 ; earthquake 
and fire at San Francisco, 85; 
Surgeon General, 86; his assist- 
ants, 86; reserves of officers, 
nurses, and supplies, 86; Walter 
Reed General Hospital opened, 86; 
immunization against typhoid fev- 
er made universal, 86; venereal 
prophylaxis extended, 86; Army 
Medical School built up, 86; de- 
partment laboratories estabilshed, 
86; sanitary measures improved, 
86; Dental Corps created, 86; tac- 
tical training of medical officers, 
86 ; test maneuvers, 86 ; beri-beri, 
86 ; reappointed, 86 ; death, 86 ; 
societies and associations, 86-87. 
Torney, John P., father of George 
Henry Torney, 84. 
Torney, Mary A. (Johnston), wife 
of George Henry Torney, 87. 
Torney, Mary M. (Peacock), mother 
of George Henry Torney, 84. 
Tory sympathizer, Church, 1. 
Toul, France, Reynolds chief surgeon 
of Second Army, 109. 
Toulminville, Ala., birthplace of 
William C. Gorgas, 88. 
Tours, France, Reynolds, 110. 
Training, field, and tactics, see 
Leavenworth. 
Transactions, American 
Philosophical Society, Morgan 
contributor, 6. 
Transportation of medical supplies, 
medical department supervision 
recommended by Dodge Commis- 
sion, 81-82. 
Transports, U. S. Army, see, Grant; 
Saratoga; Thomas. 
Transvaal Chamber of Mines, Gorgas 
invited to visit South Africa, 
1913, 91. 
Treason, Church, 2; convicted of 
communicating with the enemy, 4. 
Treatise on diseases of the nervous 
system, 1871, by William A. 
Hammond, 45. 
Treatise on hygiene, with special 
reference to the military service, 
1863, by William A. Hammond, 45. 
Trenton, battle of, Tilton, 22. 
Trenton, N. J., hdqrs. of the Flying 
Camp, 11; hospital, 23. 
Tripler, C. S., surgeon, attended 
meeting of the A. M. A., 1850, 36; 
Mexican War, 35. 
Tropical disease board, first 
recommended by Sternberg, 73 ; 
reconstituted by O’Reilly, 82; 
third established by Ireland, 98 ; 
removed to Ancon, C. Z., by 
Patterson, 105. 
Truby, Albert E., captain, relief 
work after earthquake and fire 
at San Francisco, 102. 
Trumbull, Conn., Fort, O’Reilly, 79. 
Tryon, William, father-in-law of 
Jedediah Hyde Baxter, 65. 
Tuberculosis, bacilli of, demonstrated 
by Sternberg, 72. 
Tugo, private, see, Base Hospital 
No. 5. 
Typhoid fever among troops, 1775-76, 
6; bacilli demonstrated by Stern- 
berg, 72; epidemic during Spanish- 
American War, 73. 
Typhoid fever board, organized by 
Sternberg, 73. 
Typhoid prohylaxis for army, 82; 
demonstration, see Maneuvers; 
made universal in army, 86. THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
155 
Typhoid vaccine, new Strain No. 58, 
113 ; Rawlings strain discontinued 
113. 
Typhus contracted by James Tilton, 
23. 
UNION, Fort, O’Reilly, 79. 
U. S. Soldiers’ Home, Crane, 54; 
Ireland, 99. 
U. S. Veterans’ Bureau, Patterson, 
104. 
University of Alabama, Gorgas 
offered presidency, 93. 
University of the City of New York, 
William A. Hammond, M. D. 
(1848), 42; Hammond professor 
in nervous and mental diseases, 
44-45; John Moore, M. D. (1850), 
58. 
University of Edinburgh, Craik 
received academic and medical 
training, 18.; John Morgan, M. D. 
(1763), 5; William Shippen, Jr., 
M. D. (1761),10. 
University of Louisville, medical 
department, attended by John 
Moore, 58. 
University of Maryland, medical 
school, William A. Hammond chair 
of anatomy and physiology, 42 ; 
attended by Robert Murray, 55. 
University of Michigan, Paul Mills 
Ireland, M. D. (192C), 100; 
attended by Charles R. Reynolds, 
107 ; George M. Sternberg Hon. 
LL. D. (1894), 74. 
University of Oklahoma, medical 
school, Patterson dean, 105; 
Patterson superintendent of two 
teaching hospitals, 105. 
University of Penn., Joseph K. 
Barnes, M. D. (1838), 47 ; Clement 
Alexander Finley, M. D. (1818), 
38; Henry Forwood, M. D. (1861), 
75; William C. Gorgas (Hon. 
degree), 93; Robert Murray, M. D. 
(1843), 55; Robert M. O’Reilly 
M. D. (1866), 79; Charles R. 
Reynolds, M. D. (1899), 107; Dr. 
William Shippen one of founders, 
10; William Shippen, Jr., 
professor of anatomy, surgery, 
and midwifery (1791), 10; chair 
of materia medica declined by 
James Tilton (1791), 23. 
University of the South, Sewanee, 
Tenn., opened 1869 with General 
Josiah Gorgas head of junior 
department, 88 ; William C. Gorgas, 
B. A. (1875), 88; William C. Gorgas 
(Hon. degree), 93; William C. 
Gorgas offered presidency, 93. 
University of Vermont, Burlington, 
Vt., Jedediah Hyde Baxter, B. S. 
(1859), M. D. (1860), 62; William 
A. Hammond on faculty, 45. 
University of Virginia, George Henry 
Torney, M. D. (1870), 84. 
Upton, Yaphank, N. Y., Camp, 
Reynolds division surgeon, 77th 
Division, N. A., 109. 
VACCINE, encephalomyelitis, see, 
Army Veterinary School. 
Vaccination, see, Smallpox. 
Valley Forge, Shippen director 
general, Cochran physician and 
surgeon general, 15. 
Vancouver, Wash., Fort, Barnes, 48 ; 
Moore, 59. 
Vaucluse, estate of Craik, retirement 
and death, 21. 
Vaughan, Victor C., major, Typhoid 
fever board, 73. 
Venereal prophylaxis extended under 
Torney, 86; serological survey all 
army enlisted men, 114-115. 156 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Vera Cruz, Mexico, preparations for 
attack upon, 35 ; Barnes, 47 ; 
Crane, 52; Finley medical 
director of Scott’s army, 39. 
Vesle sector, France, Reynolds, 109. 
Vicars, Camp, Lake Lanao, P.I., 
Patterson, 101-102. 
Vicksburg, Miss., Moore medical 
director, 59 ; Sutherland at Grant’s 
hdqrs., 67 ; fall of, 67. 
Vienna, Austria, Reynolds studied 
at Krankenhaus, 108. 
Vindication of his public character 
in the station of director general 
of the military hospital and 
physician-in-chief to the American 
Army, 1777, by John Morgan, 8. 
Vindication of Hammond, 45 ; of 
Morgan, 8-9. 
Violinist, O’Reilly, 83. 
WADE, James F., major general, 
O’Reilly chief surgeon on staff, 80. 
Wadsworth, N. Y., Fort, Moore, 59. 
Wainwood, of Newport, and cipher 
letter of Church, 3. 
Walker, John C., admiral, head of 
first Panama Canal Commission, 
90. 
Walla Walla, Wash., Fort, Sternberg, 
71. 
Wallace, captain, and cipher letter 
of Church, 3. 
Walter Reed, major, Typhoid fever 
board, 73 ; Yellow fever commis- 
sion, 73 ; 90. 
Walter Reed General Hospital, 
Hammond recommended, 44 ; site 
secured and construction begun 
under O’Reilly, 82 ; opened, 86 ; 108 ; 
rebuilt, 97 ; Array School of Nurs- 
ing, 98; Magee, 119; Patterson, 
102; Reynolds, 108. 
War of 1812, Lawson, 33 ; Lovell, 27 ; 
Tilton, 24. 
War Medal with citation, Great 
Britain, to Patterson, 103. 
Ward, of Providence, and cipher 
letter of Church, 3. 
Warren, Francis E., Wyo., Fort, new 
buildings, 112. 
Warren, Joseph, Dr., on committee 
of Mass. Provincial Congress, 1. 
Warren, Mass., Fort, Sutherland and 
prison camp for Confederate 
officers, 67. 
Washington Biological Society, 
Sternberg, 74. 
Washington, D. C., Barnes, 48 ; Crane, 
54; Forwood, 76; Gorgas, 90; 
Hammond, 45 ; Murray, 55 ; 
O’Eeilly, 80 ; Sternberg, 70 ; 
Sutherland, 67. 
Washington Barracks, D. C., 
hospital discontinued, 86; 
Reynolds, 107 ; 108 ; surgical 
hospital, 73. 
Washington, George, Cochran 
appointed commissioner of loans 
for State of New York, 17 ; 
received by Church at Cambridge, 
2 ; court of inquiry on Church, 
and report to Congress, 3 ; com- 
mended certain medical officers, 
15 ; “Conway Cabal”, 27 ; choice of 
Craik for chief of medical depart- 
ment 1781 not heeded, 19-20; Craik 
chosen for chief medical officer 
1798, 20; Craik warned of “Conway 
Cabal”, 19 ; friendship for Craik, 
18 ; trip into Ohio valley with 
Craik, 19; and to Winchester, Va., 
18 ; urged Craik to reside at 
Alexandria, Va., 20; Craik’s son 
his private secretary, 21 ; attended 
by Craik, 1799, 20; Finley appoint- 
ed receiver of public moneys in the 
Northwest, 38 ; investigation of 
medical department, 2; Morgan THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
157 
Washington, George (continued) 
reported at Cambridge, 6; praise 
for Morgan, 7-8 ; plan of Shippen, 
Jr., and Cochran, for reorganiza- 
tion of medical service, 11; 14-15 ; 
summoned from retirement to 
command army, 1798, 20; 
Virginia Provincial Regiment, 18. 
Washington, Md., Fort, Reynolds, 
107. 
Washington General Intermediate 
Depot, Patterson, 104. 
Washington purveying depot, 
Sutherland, 68. 
Water supplies as carriers of disease 
germs, 1885, 57. 
Watkins, Tobias, hospital surgeon 
and assistant to Lovell, 28. 
Wayne, Mich., Fort, Ireland, 95 ; 
O’Reilly, 80. 
Waynesboro, Va., home of Sarah 
(Fellers) Ireland, 94. 
Weather reports initiated by Lovell, 
31. 
Webster, New Mex., Fort, Suther- 
land, 66. 
Weed, Frank W., colonel and editor 
History of the Medical Depart- 
ment of the U. S. Army in the 
World War, 99. See also, Lynch, 
Charles. 
West Indies, Craik as British army 
surgeon, 18. 
West Philadelphia, Pa., Forwood at 
Satterlee General Hospital, 75. 
West Point, Ky., Reynolds, 107. 
West Point, N. Y., Barnes, 47 ; 48 ; 
Cochran remained with Northern 
forces, 16; Josiah Gorgas 
graduated from Military Academy 
(1841), 88; failure of efforts to 
enroll William C. Gorgas in 
Military Academy, 88 ; Hammond, 
42 ; Torney, 85. 
Westchester, N. Y., Morgan, 7. 
Whigs supported by Church, 1. 
Whipple, Fort, O’Reilly, 79. 
Whipple Barracks, Ariz., O’Reilly, 79. 
Whiskey ration, Lovell abolished, 31. 
White House, Baxter physician to, 
63 ; Lawson resided near, 37 ; 
O’Reilly attending physician, 80. 
White Plains, battle of, Morgan, 8 ; 
Tilton, 22. 
Whitehall General Hospital, 
Forwood, 75. 
Whiting, Dr., on committee on 
hospital personnel and supplies, 
1775, 2. 
Wickoff, Camp, Ireland executive 
officer of general hospital, 95. 
William Beaumont General Hospital, 
opened, 97. 
Williamsburg, Va., hospital, 23. 
Williamsville, N. Y., hospital, 28. 
Wilmington, Del., Tilton, 22; 23 ; 25. 
Winchester, Va., Craik and Washing- 
ton, 18 ; home of Craik, 18. 
Wingate, New Mex., Fort, Torney, 
84. 
Winter, Francis T., captain and 
assistant to O’Reilly, 81. 
Wood, Leonard, general, military 
governor of Cuba, 89. 
Wood, N. Y., Fort, Torney, 84. 
Wood, Robert C., surgeon, in charge 
of S. G. O. during Lawson’s 
absence, 39 ; son-in-law President 
Taylor, 39; brother-in-law Jeffer- 
son Davis, 39 ; assistant to Finley, 
39 ; acting surgeon general, 40 ; 
highly able, 41; claims for Surgeon 
Generalcy, 43 ; relieved from duty 
in S. G. O., 43. 
Woodhull, major, author of manual 
of drill and first aid, 60. 
Woods, private, see, Base Hospital 
No. 5. 158 
THE ARMY MEDICAL BULLETIN 
Woodward, Joseph J., major and 
editor Medical and surgical 
history of the War of the 
Rebellion, 49 ; 50 ; curator Army 
Medical Museum, 49; death, 54. 
World War, Gorgas, 92 ; Ireland, 
96; Magee, 119; Patterson, 103; 
Eeynolds, 109. 
Worth’s division, Barnes, 47. 
Wright, J. J. B., surgeon, Mexican 
War, 35. 
YALE University, Charles Henry 
Crane, B. A. (1844), 52; M. A. 
(1847), 52. 
Yates, N. D., Fort, Ireland, 94. 
r Yellow fever, Fort Brown epidemic, 
89 ; Canal Zone epidemic, 90 ; Cuba 
epidemic, 89; Commission 
organized by Sternberg, 71; 73 ; 
proof of mosquito transmission, 
90 ; Gorgas contracted, 89 ; Gorg-as’ 
tour of South and Central America, 
1916, 92; theory of Dr. Carlos 
Finley, 72 ; 89-90 ; not accepted by 
Gorgas, 90; Sternberg authority, 
71. See also, Chaille; Guiteras. 
Yorktown, battle of, 16; Forwood, 
75 ; hospitals, 23. 
Yosemite National Park, Ireland, 95. 
ZAMBOANGA, P. I., Patterson, 102.