:j:j:??!fH; rr*^:; llr':' to Ktiliil; WOMAN AND HER MASTER; OR, OF THE FEMALE SEX, FHOM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE PRESENT DAT. BY LADY MORGAN. 2 Vols. 12mo. CONTENTS. Woman—The Woman of Savage Life, of Semi-Civilized Tribei—The Woman of the East, of Oriental Antiquity, of India, of China, of Assyria and Egypt, of the Hebrews, under the Egyptian Captivity, at the Exodus— In the Desert of Shur, Miriam, The Daughters of Zelophehad, The Inhe- ritance of Daughters among the Hebrews—The Women of thj Hebrews under the Judges, Deborah—Women of the Hebrews under the Philis- tines, The Mother of Samson, Naomi and Ruth—Under the Theocracy, Hannah—Under Monarchy, The Witch of Endor, Their Social Condition, Abigail, Michal, Bathsheba, The Queen of Sheba, The Egyptian Prin- cesses, The Women of strange gods in Israel—On the Separation of Israel and Judah, Jezabel, Athaliah, Huldab, Judith—Under the Persian Captivity, Esther—Under Greek and Roman Dominion of the Armenian Dynasty, The Alexandras—The Women of Classical Antiquity, of Sparta, Education, &c.—The Women of Italy, of Rome, &c. "Lady Morgan has imparted to history jhe charm of romance. We have read her series of rapid, but brilliant and vigorous sketches, with an interest which many a novel fails to excite."—Weekly Chronicle. " Lady Morgan has once more given proof of her ability to produce a first rate book. The subject, an excellent one, is most judiciously treated, and much labour and erudition has been exercised in the collection of the materials—woman. The first best gift to man may be proud of her ad- vocate ; Lady Morgan steps forward humbly, but fearlessly, to plead her cause, and illustrate her agency, by traits more graphic than didactic, and well, exceedingly well, has the author executed her self-imposed but glorious task; we heartijy commend the book to our fair readers."—Gen- tleman's Magazine. "Th° til'e of this new work of Lady Morgan's seems to have misled the public as to its real nature and object, and to have caused them to expect a work of imagination instead of one of history, as it is actually presented to them. Doubtless as volumes of mere entertainment, they have seldom been surpassed; but they aim at and accomplish a mucii 1 higher end than this.—We cannot, for instance, conceive a book more singularly well adapted to take its place as a work of mingled amuse- ment and instruction in all female seminaries of the highest class. There is, in fact no theme more important for the study of females than that which shows them what woman has been, and is, and may be ; none more calculated to lift them to that level with their, would-be master, which this book alone proves them to be so capable of attaining; for who among those masters could have written such a work. We commend this work in an especial manner to the instructress of female youth, as one which they cannot read without being elevated in the scale of female character."—Evening paper. " This work is one of unquestioned ability, great research, and interest, and should be read by all."—Boston Traveller. "A capital work—the best ever written by Lady Morgan, who has shown herself as skilful as she is ardent in the defence of her sex."— JVeio Yorker. " Lady Morgan has, in these volumes, undertaken to investigate one of the most important elements of social science—the position which woman should occupy, both in the order and progress of society. She has sought in the records of the past, guidance and direction for the future. She has subjected the pages of history to a vigorous moral analysis, testing the facts with the skill of a critic, and deducing results with the wisdom of a philosopher."—Athenteum. A WORD TO WOMAN, LOVE OF THE WORLD, AND OTHER GATHERINGS. BY CAROLINE PRY, AUTHOR OF THE "LISTENER." 1 Vol. ISmo. " This volume, from the pen of Caroline Fry, abounds with useful pre- cept, eloquent sketches, and religious reflections."—Pa. Inquirer. " The reputation which the writer has acquired in her previous works is well sustained in this, and though her opinions on some points differ from those which pass current at this day, yet her counsel to those whom she addresses is worthy of careful perusal and attention."—Jv*. America*. "The present volume is worthy of the author. It is, on the whole, an admirable book, which should be carefully read by every mother—and every daughter too.—Her notions of the proper sphere and duties of wo- men are too old-fashioned for the disciples of Harriet Martineau and Mary Wolstonecraft, but they are not the less sound and sensible for all that. It is a capital book."—JV. Y. Com. Adv. " The subjects embraced in this volume are of a striking and interest- ing character, suited to the every-day occasions of life, and they convey many excellent practical lessons respecting manners, opinions, and con- duct. The articles on Female Education, and on the times, are admirably calculated to arrest the attention, and lead to profitable results."—Weekly Messenger. 2 THE PARENT'S GUIDE. COMBE ON INFANCY. A TREATISE ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AMD MORAL IWANAGEIYIENT OF IXFABTCY. BY ANDREW COMBE, M. D. AUTHOR OF A "POPULAR TREATISE ON PHYSIOLOGY," &C WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS, BY JOHN BELL, M. D. In 1 Vol. 12mo. "The work ought to be in the hands not only of every physician, but should also find a conspicuous place in every family library, and its pages be carefully studied by every one who is or who anticipates to be a parent. Were the precepts and principles it inculcates to be fully carried out by every mother, in the management of her offspring, not merely would their health and comfort be more effectually insured, during infancy, but even in after life they would escape the many infirmities, sufferings, and diseases, the seeds of which are sown in the nursery, when the system there pursued is, as too generally happens, one in direct opposition to the physiological laws of the infantile organism."—American Medical Journal. "This work is one of the best practical physiological works which has emanated from the press. Such a work has long been wanted—one to guide the mother safely and surely through,the changes of childhood, without violating any of Nature's laws. This treatise embraces a view of infant mortality—the sources of disease in infancy—the delicate consti- tution of the infant at birth—the food for the child—on the regimen of mother or nurse—artificial nursing and weaning—cleanliness, exercise, sleep, teething, &c. &c. We cannot do a better service to our readers than by earnestly commending this book to their particular attention- there are so many mistakes from ignorance—so many children annually sacrificed to imprudence and want of knowledge—so many predisposi- tions laid for future disease, that it becomes a matter of serious con- sideration to mothers, whether the evils to which we have adverted can- not be avoided ; and as we are satisfied that they may and can, we hesitate not to assert that all who neglect to obtain this available knowledge are culpable and indeed criminal in a high moral degree."—Sentinel. " This volume is admirably calculated to give practical information upon some of the most important subjects connected with the mission of 3 our race: hence it commends itself to mothers and those intrusted with early infancy. The notes, &c, by the American Editor, give additional value to the work, and make it, indeed, generally suited to this country and climate."—U. S. Gazette. " A work of much importance. The amount of human life which might be saved by imparting to parents a knowledge of the physiological ma- nagement of infancy is incalculably great, while the moral treatment of the same tender age, properly understood, would prevent an immense amount of crime and its consequent miseries. The names of Dr. Combe and Dr. Bell afford ample guarantee to the public that this treatise is free from the too common fault of empiricism, and that parents may implicitly trust to its practical directions respecting regimen, Sec."—Messenger. "It abounds with judicious views and practical good sense, and should be attentively read by every parent."—JV. Y. Commercial. "The quantity of information contained in this volume is very great, and its medical and moral appliance to promote the welfare of children displays the sagacity of the observer and the skill of the physician."— Lit. Gazette. THE CULTURE OF FLOWERS AND GRAPES. THE AMERICAN FLOWER-GARDEN DIRECTORY: CONTAINING PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE CULTURE OF PLANTS IN THE FLOWER-GARDEN, HOT-HOUSE, GREEN-HOUSE, ROOMS, OR PAR- LOUR WINDOWS, FOR EVERY MONTH THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANTS MOST DESIRABLE IN EACH, THE NATURE OF THE SOIL, &C. TO WHICH ARE ADDED Full Directions for the Culture of the Grape Vine, with a Descriptive List of the most choice Varieties, and those best adapted for culture in the open air. Scconti lEsBftion, enlarfle"fl anto fmprobetr. BY ROBERT BUIST, NURSERYMAN AND FLORIST. In 1 Vol. 8vo. "This differs from most of the American works on gardening, in being an original composition from beginning to end. It is most judiciously adapted to the country in which it is published, and the author, R. Buist of Philadelphia, is one of the best cultivators in the United States There is no American work that we know of, at all to be compared with it in point of usefulness."—Loudon's Gardener's Magazine. 4 NEW BOOKS. 1 '----------------- JEL&mLio LECTURES ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS DISEASES. BY MARSHALL H A L L, M.D., &c In One Volume, 8vo. A CRITICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ESSAY ON THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD; Especially as observed in the minute and capillary Vessels of the Batrachia and of Fishes. BY MARSHALL HALL. ILLUSTRATED BY TEN ENGRAVINGS. RESEARCHES PRINCIPALLY RELATIVE TO THE MORBID AND CURATIVE EFFECTS OF LOSS OF BLOOD. BY MARSHALL HALL. The two last works bound together in one volume. AN ACCOUNT OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DISEASES PECULIAR TO WOMEN. BY ROBERT GOOCH, M. D. FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION. In One Volume, 8vo "This work, which is now for the first time presented to the profession in the United States, comes to them with high claims to their notice."— Drake's Western Journal. " In this volume Dr. Gooch has made a valuable contribution to practical medicine. It is the result of the observation and experience of a strong, sagacious, and disciplined mind."— Transylvania Journal of Medicine. 18 "JPS1H 132SK©Si's" FRENCH IEV01UTI0N. BY M. A. THIERS, LATE PRIME MINISTER OF FRANCE. *B©ftt) "fillustratfue &nec"flotes an"o "Notes, From the most authentic Sources, INCLUDING Mirabeau, Duchess D'Abrantes, Lacretelle, Mignet, Joseph Bonaparte, Necker, Lafayette, Sir Walter Scott, Clery, Dumourier, Madame de Stael, Madame Roland, Lavallette, Lucien Bonaparte, Biographe Moderne, Bourrienne, De Moleville, The Moniteur, Abbe Edgeworth, Las Cases, Alison, Louis XVIII. Carnot, &c. &c. Now first added, BY FREDERICK SHOBERL, ESQ. In Three Volumes, 8vo. " M. Thiers has acquired great reputation as an historian. His History of the French Revolution has become a standard work, and needs no eulogy. The translation of it sfitras worthy of the original. It is enriched by useful notes and striking illustrations, and will prove a very valuable addition to our literature."—Courier. " A translation of M. Thiers's History is a work that has long been wanted. It is unquestionably the best that has yet appeared on the sub- ject of the French Revolution, being shrewd, dispassionate, and scrupu- lously accurate in its details. We are glad, therefore, to see this transla- tion, which is very ably rendered, and has the additional advantage of being copiously illustrated with notes, and anecdotal reminiscences illus- trative of the private and public characters of the early leaders of the Revolution. We are all of us intimate with the names of Mirabeau, Danton, Egalit£, Robespierre, Marat, &c, but few of us know any thing about their private characters: the present work will supply this defi- ciency. Thus recommended, we will not permit ourselves to doubt for an instant of the success of this work."—Sun. " No man was better qualified for the task of writing this history than M. Thiers, who, independent of his own personal observation, has had access to various sources of authentic information, which previous writers on the subject were unable to command. Ho has with singular impar- tiality entered into the causes which produced such memorable results, and traces the progress of the Revolution itself in a most masterly man- ner."—Sunday Times. " One of the chief features in this history is the impartiality with which it is written, a quality of itself to entitle the work to the popularity it has attained. M. Thiers's history of this eventful period will be found to abound in detail, and to present views of that tremendous event, of the actors, and their motives or their impulses, under which they acted, which can be met with nowhere else, and will consequently be found to contain a vast deal of information new even to those who are already well read in the history of the French Revolution."—Scotsman. AMERICAN COOKERY. ssffiES3K3ls?a®3ssrs w@m. @®®iKES!r©g IN AIaIa its branches. FOURTH EDITION, MUCH ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. AUTHOR OF " SEVENTY-FIVE RECEIPTS." " This is the most complete manual of cookery which has yet been pub- lished. It contains a large number of receipts, many of them original, in all the branches of the culinary art, set forlh.with a simplicity and plainness that must prevent all difficulty or misunderstanding. All the processes of preparing meats, vegetables, and pastry; all the mysteries of cakes and con- fectionary ; all the secrets of the dishes which have a thousand times delighted our palate and puzzled our brain, are here laid open to every one who chooses to pry into them; and every housewife who is furnished with this key may provide her table with a variety of delicacies which heretofore have been thought inaccessible, but through the skill of professed cooks."—Sat. News. "This volume contains the art of cooking, preparing, and carving the whole list of eatables from the egg to the apple. The book is a perfect Vade Mecum for the housekeeper, and we should think would be in demand for the soundness of its culinary doctrine, and the simplicity of its precepts."— U. S. Gazette. " Miss Leslie has presented an excellent work to American housewives. Nothing has been incorporated but what will, by the generality of tastes, be considered good of its kind. The various matters are also arranged under dis- tinct heads, forming a ready manual to turn to on all occasions."—Sot. Aew». "Every parent should insist on his daughter being able to quote page and line from Miss Leslie's book. The literature and science of cookery open a new path to fame that can never be broken up or destroyed. We repeat that it should be a mother's duty to make it a daughter's study ."—Saturday Morn- ing News. ____________________ HEALTH AND BEAUTY. AN EXPLANATION OF THE EAWS OF GROWTH AND EXERCISE, THROUGH WHICH A PLEASING CONTOUR, SYMMETRY OP FORM, ANn OBACKPUt CARRIAGE OF THE BODY, ARE ACQUIRED J AND THB COMMON DEFORMITIES OF SPINE AND CHBST PREVENTED. BY JOHN BELL, Xff.D. IN ONE VOLUME, 18M0. "A volume full of practical detail and most practical advice."— U.S. Gax. " We want language sufficiently strong to commend this volume as it should be commended, to the notice of parents, teachers, and heads of families. A statement made by one of the best surgeons in Boston shows that a large pro- portion of the young ladies who grow up to womanhood are affected with the curvature of the spine, arising from the neglect of the very laws which Dr. Bell's volume explains and inculcates. Parents are not deficient in affection for their offspring; but they do not think of these things. They neglect them wholly from never having their attention properly directed to the subject. We say then to all parents, If you would preserve the health and beauty of your o&pring, read Dr. Bell's book."— Weekly Messenger. 12 E. L. CAREY AND A. HART. MEDICAL BOOKS. ELEMENTS OF SURGERY. BY ROBERT LISTON, F.R.C.S.L.E., &c In One Volume, 8vo. " He professes to present the elements only; yet those who have given this edition a thorough investigation, pronounce it a full and complete work. The author has a happy mode of arriving at a point without obliging the student to follow him through a whole chapter 01 preliminary observations. This circumstance is in itself a recommendation. As a whole, it is charac- terized by simplicity and conciseness; and yet every idea, every process, and every leading fact, is introduced in an orderly manner, as from one un- derstanding their value and bearings. Mr. Liston's Surgery, in a word, is a valuable acquisition to the library."—Boston Medical Journal. IlfT'MS'CSffiLfiJS'JDJo A TREATISE ON INSANITY, AND OTHER DISORDERS AFFECTING THE MIND. BY JAMES C. PRITCHARD, M.D.F.R.S., &c. In One Volume, 8vo. " There seems to be nothing extant embodying more essential matter in a compact, scientific form—nor is there, to our knowledge, a recent publica- tion taking equal rank. There are twelve chapters in this work, embracing every known variety of mental affection, methodically arranged, and per- spicuously and interestingly treated of. The book should cerutinly be in the hands of all advocates of animal magnetism on account of the closing observations upon ecstatic visions, cataleptic somnambulism, and the his- tory and theory of Animal Magnetism generally."—Boston Medical Journal. SHIR AS'STLE'S" ©©©"PIEUa, THE LECTURES OF SIR ASTLEY COOPER, BARONET, F.R.S., &c. ON THE PRINCIPLES and PRACTICE OF SURGERY. WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES AND CASES. BY FREDERICK TYRRELL, ESQ. FOURTH AMERICAN, FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION. Complete in one Volume, 8vo. 2* 17 TREATISE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORAL MANAGEMENT OF INFANCY. BY ANDREW COMBE, M. D. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF EDINBURGH, PHYSICIAN EXTRAORDINARY IN SCOTLAND TO THE QUEEN, AND CONSULTING PHYSICIAN TO THE KING AND QUEEN OF THE BELGIANS. WITH NOTES AND A SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. BY JOHN BELL, M. D. LECTURER ON THE INSTITUTES OF MEDICINJ3 AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE, FELLOW OF THE COLLEGE MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN P*ILOSOPI|IC^I|SO«f»^,Y|.»rc.A "S'.V§; y OF PHYiSICIANS-^O-F pTiflEXBlnnWI^AKD. „ ^ ,( _ rican pHiLOsopiiicAi|so0i^rYiift'c.A «*'? y SECOND &DIT10N. , j I • -W' '*J!3S9 PHILAD!ELPHlA:**TfW £ 0 * CAREY & HART, ^rTr^^^^-^^y^KT. 1840. Ar, ■:.-.. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1840, by Carey & Hart, in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Stereotyped by L. Johnson, Philadelphia. TO SIR JAMES CLARK, BART., M.D., F.R.S. PHYSICIAN IN ORDINARY TO THE QUEEN, AND TO HIS ROYAL HIGH- NESS THE PRINCE ALBERT. My Dear Sir James, Two reasons, the one of a personal and the other of a pro- fessional nature, induce me to dedicate this little work to you. I gladly embrace the opportunity which it affords me of publicly expressing my regard for you as a friend whom I have long and intimately known, and whom, during years of constant and unre- served intercourse, I have ever found, even in the most trying cir- cumstances, animated by the purest integrity, and the kindliest and most benevolent dispositions. On professional grounds, too, there is perhaps no one to whom I could so appropriately dedicate a work intended to call attention to that comparatively unoccupied, but most important, field of medical inquiry, which embraces the hygienic treatment of man, —as to you, who have already laboured in it with great ability and success. For many years, not only have you taken a deep and active interest in the improvement of medical education, and in elevating the character, extending the scope, and increasing the usefulness of the profession ; but, acting on the same principles which I have endeavoured to enforce, you have, in your excellent works on Climate and Consumption, rendered no small service to science, by your instructive exposition of the manner in which fatal disease of the lungs so often, and so insidiously, originates in apparently trifling causes connected with disregard of the 4 DEDICATION. ordinary laws of health. You have further shown, that, when medicine shall be cultivated in a more liberal and comprehensive spirit, and its principles be recognised as furnishing the only solid foundation for a proper system of physical, moral, and intellectual education, it will become one of its noblest uses, and, I may add, one of its greatest privileges, to be instrumental not more in the prevention of disease and suffering, than in largely contribut- ing to the general happiness and permanent advancement of the human race. Even as regards the special subject of the present volume, you were the first in your treatise on Consumption, to insist strongly on the necessity of adopting a proper system of management from the very commencement of infant existence, as the only effectual means of averting that general deterioration of health in which the fatal pulmonary disease has its origin, and of procuring for the individual that measure of health and vigour, without which life and its varied duties become sources of suffering rather than of enjoyment. In your volume, accordingly, are to be found. many instructive details on the hygienic management of both in- fancy and youth; and it affords me no small gratification to know, that, while pursuing independently the same ends, we, unknown to each other in the outset, fixed upon nearly the same paths, and arrived together at entirely consistent and not unfre- quently identical results. To you, therefore, on both public and private grounds, I have peculiar satisfaction in dedicating this little work, as a mark of esteem and regard, of which however intrinsically unimportant and inadequate it may be, I know few in every way so worthy as yourself. Believe me to remain always, My dear Sir James, Yours very sincerely, Andrew Combe. Edinburgh, May 10,1840. PREFACE. Many excellent treatises on the management of infancy already exist; yet few of them are calcu- lated to supply parents with the kind of information which, in their circumstances, is especially needed. Most of those hitherto published, touch briefly upon the general management of early childhood merely as preliminary to an exposition of its diseases; and their perusal by non-professional individuals not un- frequently leads to dangerous tampering with the lives of the young. On this account, I cannot but consider them as improper guides for any except medical readers. Those again which, as intended for the use of mothers, are free from this objection,— even when abounding, as many of them do, in good sense and excellent practical advice,—lose much of their value and usefulness from presenting their rules and admonitions as so many abstract and individual opinions, and omitting to connect them with the physiological laws or principles on which they are based, and according to which their effects are pro- duced. Sensible of these imperfections as detracting from the usefulness, as guides for the non-professional reader,-of many works in other respects of great merit, I had almost resolved several years ago to 1* 5 6 PREFACE. enter upon the preparation of a treatise on a more comprehensive plan, and which should, on the one hand, avoid all descriptions of disease, and, on the other, found its precepts, at every possible point, on well ascertained physiological principles. Under the apprehension, however, of being unable so to sim- plify the subject, as to render it easily intelligible to the general reader, I refrained from putting together the materials which had accumulated on my hands; till at length, encouraged by the very favourable re- ception of my other works on subjects somewhat analogous, and by the numerous testimonies I re- ceived of their practical utility, I set seriously to work, and completed the volume now submitted to the public. But how far I have been successful in fulfilling the purposes in view, I must leave to others to determine. Bacon has not less profoundly than felicitously remarked, that " Man is but the servant and inter- preter of Nature, and is limited in act and under- standing, by the extent to which he has observed the order of Nature : beyond this, neither bis knowledge nor his power can extend." In accordance with the spirit of this aphorism, it has been my constant en- deavour, in the present, as in all my former writings, to allow as little as possible to rest on mere human opinion, but to show a foundation for every rule, precept, and injunction, in the laws of the human constitution, and consequently in the will of the Creator. The obvious advantage of this mode of proceeding is, that, when we once succeed in the dis- covery or elucidation of a truth, that truth will ever afterwards be regarded as an emanation of the Di- PREFACE. 7 vine will, and the practical conclusions deducible from it claim our obedience with an authority which we cannot dispute. Whereas, if we pass on from subject to subject, and precept to precept, disregard- ing the relations of facts to each other, and to the laws of the constitution, we may add, it is true, much information to our store, but we shall often be led to form a very erroneous estimate of its value, and be beset with difficulties in applying it with promptness and decision to its proper uses, where, rightly directed, it would conduce to the happiest results. To illustrate this proposition, we may compare a person who undertakes the management of the human constitution, whether in infancy or in ma- turity, without any reference to the principles under which it acts, to a traveller, who, without a map or a guide, wanders over a new country in search of some particular object or place. By some lucky chance, he may stumble at once upon the locality he is in search of, or reach it at length by some very circuit- ous route. But the probability is greater, that, after wandering about in uncertainty, he will be forced to return, weary and disappointed with the fruitlessness of his journey. He, on the contrary, who adopts the guidance of principle, may be likened to a tra- veller, who, carrying with him a map in which the chief features of the country are accurately laid down, advances with comparative certainty towards his aim. If, at any time, in consequence of omissions or minor inaccuracies, he chances to Wander from the right course, the map itself soon warns him of the fact, and, at the same time, affords him the means of cor- recting the very error caused by its own imperfections. 8 PREFACE. It is, then, in the habitual application of principle to the inculcation and advancement of knowledge, more than in any absolute novelty of detail, that the present volume will, I hope, be found not altogether unworthy of notice. If I have been even partially successful in establishing the utility of principle in conducting inquiry, I shall not only have assisted in giving a more profitable direction to the labours of others in J;he same field, but have provided the best means for speedily detecting and rectifying errors inadvertently committed by either them or myself. In the following pages, I have addressed myself chiefly to parents, and to the younger and more in- experienced members of the medical profession; but it is not to them alone that the subject ought to prove attractive. The study of infancy, considered even as an element in the history and philosophy of man, altogether apart from the duties which it imposes on the proper guardians of the young, abounds in inte- rest, and is fertile in truths of the highest practical value and importance. In this point of view, it can scarcely fail to arrest the attention of any thinking and intelligent mind which is once directed to its pursuit. Edinburgh, May 10, 1840. EDITOR'S NOTICE. The signal success with which Dr. Combe has adapted his knowledge of Physiology and Hygiene to the existing wants of both the English and Ameri- can people, in his former works, renders any formal introduction or recommendation of the present " Trea- tise" superfluous. Equally unnecessary would seem to be an attempt to increase its usefulness by editorial commentary and addition; were it not that, in taking upon myself this labour of love, I thereby give a di- rection to the volume on this side of the Atlantic, which is in accordance with the wishes and is intended to contribute to the benefit of the author. Availing myself of the illustration presented in a preceding page by Dr. Combe, I can say, that the map to which he refers is, also, that which we have both of us, long ago, received as a common guide. I have not attempted to make any change in its chief features by altering the great and important boundaries mark- ed out in it; but have merely added, here and there, a deeper tint to some of the roads and fertilizing streams so skilfully traced by the author of the pre- sent " Treatise." J. B. 9 CONTENTS. Preface ..................................... CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATION. Objects of the present publication—to exhibit the principles of Infant Management.—Treatment ought to be adapted to the nature and laws of the infant constitution—this admitted in the abstract, but neglected in practice—exemplified in the racehorse and grey- hound—application to Man................................ CHAPTER II. EXTENT OF MORTALITY IN INFANCY. Infant mortality great among civilized as well as savage nations- its precise amount shown by statistical returns—This mortality arises from secondary causes, over which we have control—not from necessity.—Chief causes, ignorance and mismanagement— proofs of this—examples of great mortality, and its different causes —proofs of diminished mortality from improved treatment— Foundling and orphan children.—Many causes of bad health ex- isting even in the higher classes.—Necessity of a knowledge of the infant constitution forming a part of the education of females —social position and duties of the parents compared.—Evils of present system, and advantages from supplying the above omis- sion in female education................................... CHAPTER III. SOURCES OF DISEASE IN INFANCY. Importance of attention to laws of health.—Disease arises from their infringement—examples.—Utility of this knowledge in discover- ing and obviating the causes of disease—success in this greatly dependent on a knowledge of the healthy functions.—Disease results from fixed laws, not from chance or miraculous agency.— Objection answered, and operation of Divine Providence explained and shown to be consistent.—Sources of bad health in infancy— hereditary—direct.—Every facility to be given by parents for their discovery........................................... Page 5 12 CONTENTS. Page CHAPTER IV. DELICACY OF CONSTITUTION IN INFANCY. Causes of delicacy in infancy.—Hereditary qualities have much influence—Conditions in the parents which affect the health of the offspring—original constitution of the child very important— effects of intermarriage with predisposed relations—advantages of being aware of these effects—age of parents influences infant health—early marriages produce infirm offspring—disparity of years in the parents has a similar effect—influence of the state of the parents............................................• • • 54 CHAPTER V. CONDITIONS IN THE MOTHER AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF THE CHILD. Influence of the mother on her offspring—examples of this influence —effects of longings.—Timidity of Hobbes and James I. arose from agitation in the mothers.—Singular illustrations from siege of Landau.—Mothers ought to be doubly careful of health during the time of pregnancy—apparent exceptions to their influence explained.—Diet during pregnancy.—Causes and treatment of longings.—Dress and its defects.—Evils to the infant from errors of dress in the mother.—Exercise and general mode of life..... 64 CHAPTER VI. OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE INFANT AT BIRTH. Infant organization strictly adapted to its wants both before and after birth—changes which occur at birth.—The nervous system first called into action.—Respiration next.—Changes in the circulation —peculiarities of circulation and respiration in infancy.—Animal heat small in in infancy—its sources.—Appetite comes next into play—food and digestive organs.—Functions of excretion—the bowels, kidneys, lungs, and skin.—Animal functions as distin- guished from organic—are dependent on the nervous system and organs of voluntary motion.—Animal functions include those for which life is given, and organic, those by which life is carried on. —Beautiful adaptation to each other and to the wants of the -* infant................................................... 82 CHAPTER VII. THE NURSERY AND CONDITIONS REQ.UIREI)- IN IT. External conditions of health in infancy—local and personal.— The local now to be treated of.—Most of them included under nursery—locality suited for the residence of children—ought to be dry, airy, light, and cheerful.—Situation and conditions re- quired in nursery—sunk and ground floors improper—must be large, easily warmed, and ventilated—purity of air indispensable —proofs and illustrations—disease from bad air—cooking, &c. CONTENTS. 13 in nurseries to be forbidden—close curtains injurious—impede ventilation—bad consequences of this—ventilation and heating— cautions to be observed.................................... 110 CHAPTER Vni. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE INFANT IMMEDIATELY AFTER BIRTH-- WASHING AND DRESSING. Reception of the Infant.—Precautions against cold.—Washing of the Infant—best mode of washing—precautions regarding the eyes, skin, and temperature, &c.—Drying.—Dress of the child -qualities required in infant clothing.—Common defect in dress in leaving the shoulders, neck, and arms, too much exposed— consequences of this defect in causing disease.—The head to be kept cool.—Night-dress and coverings—necessity of attention to these........................ ........................... 133 CHAPTER IX. FOOD OF THE INFANT AT BIRTH. Appetite consequent on activity—appears after the first sleep—to be satisfied by the mother's milk as its natural object.—The qua- lity of the first milk peculiarly adapted to the new-born infant— and consequent impropriety of laxatives and other kinds of food. —Intervals between suckling—crying not always a sign of ap- petite—often of pain.—At first frequent suckling is required, but regularity ought to be introduced.—True appetite a safe guide.— The mother the best nurse—exceptions are rare—but the mother must be attentive to her own health.—Best regimen for nurses and mothers during suckling............................... 146 CHAPTER X. ON THE CHOICE PROPERTIES AND REGIMEN OF A NURSE. Nurse should resemble the mother in constitution, age, and time of delivery—exceptions.—Changes which the milk undergoes— qualities of good milk.—Properties required in a nurse—import- ance of moral qualities—striking example of this.—Physical characters of a good nurse.—Defects to be guarded against— intemperance the worst—mischievous tendency to administer medicine on all occasions—poisoning and disease thence arising. —Management of the breast and nipples—means of protecting them.................................................... 166 CHAPTER XI. ARTIFICIAL NURSING AND WEANING. When artificial nursing ought to be resorted to.—Kind of nourish- ment to be given—its temperature—mode of giving it.—Sucking- bottle—artificial nipple.—Great cleanliness indispensable.—Inter- 2 14 CONTENTS. Page vals of feeding.—Period at which a change of food is required. Best kinds of food—treatment after feeding.—Weaning.—Time and manner of weaning—precautions required—food after wean- ing—mischief from giving medicines........................ * «8 CHAPTER XII. CLEANLINESS, EXERCISE, AND SLEEP IN EARLY INFANCY. Cleanliness of great importance.—Skin delicate and easily irritated. —Perspiration renders ablution indispensable.—Bathing—best mode of using the bath, and treatment after it.—Soiled dress to be instantly changed.—Exercise in infancy—passive at first— parents do harm by exciting to activity too soon.—Exercise in carrying on respiration.—Exercise in the open air—precautions against glare of light and cold air—open air highly beneficial— but cold hurtful.—Position during exercise—precautions*^ hold- ing infants—and in dandling or swinging.—Active exercise after third month—extremely useful and safe—child naturally cautious —walking exercise—self-regulated action to be promoted—ad- vantages to mind and body from attending to this—infant cau- tion exemplified.—Sleep—management of sleep in infancy— sleep almost constant after birth—principles to be attended to— bed, bedclothes, curtains, and cradles—regularity desirable...... 190 CHAPTER XIII. MANAGEMENT OF THE INFANT DURING TEETHING. Growth of the jaw in early infancy—is a preparation for teething. —Teeth appear when solid food is required—unnecessary sooner. —Number and kind of teeth adapted to the wants of the indivi- dual—the milk-teeth appear first—and are succeeded by the per- manent set.—Names and positions of the teeth.—Order of their development.—Symptoms attendant on teething.—Teething a natural, and not a morbid process.—Management required before and during teething.—Pure air of greatest consequence—pre- cautions required.—Simplicity of diet also essential—illustrations. —Tepid bath highly useful—friction.—Local treatment—Excite- ment to be soothed.—Scarifying the gums.—General remarks... 213 CHAPTER XIV. MANAGEMENT FROM THE TIME OF WEANING TO THE END OF THB SECOND TEAR. Infancy may be divided into two periods, corresponding to first and second years.—The first already discussed—some remarks applicable to the second still required.—Mortality very great in second year also.—Causes peculiar to that period—teething and its proper management—errors in diet—abuse of wine and sti- mulants—principles to be followed in regulating diet—example. CONTENTS. 15 l'age —Cleanliness, ablution, and bathing.—Dress, and errors in dress. —Imprudent exposure to damp, cold, and draughts.—Ample ex- ercise and pure air indispensable.—Mismanagement during ill- ness a cause of mortality—abuse of medicines—concealment— crowding of sick-room, &c.—Precautions to be observed....... 224 CHAPTER XV. ON THE MORAL MANAGEMENT OF INFANCY. The rudiments of the mind the same in infancy as in maturity.— Gradual development of the five senses—depending on that of the organization, and promoted by exercise.—The senses deserv- ing of care and cultivation.—State of the powers of emotion and thought at birth—their gradual development resembles that of the senses—and is promoted in the same way.—Intellectual and moral powers independent of each other, though working in har- mony,—Each to be exercised on its own objects.—The different faculties start instinctively into activity when stimulated by the presence of their objects—-Importance of this in infant education —rules deducible from it in moral training.—Infant schools—their abuses and uses.—Importance of society to children—effects of seclusion—example of influence of bad training.—Exercise to be in due proportion, and not in excess or deficiency.—Hints for the exercise of the infant faculties.—Value of spontaneous and self-regulated activity—rules and cautions.—Conclusion...... 247 SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. (BY THE EDITOR.) The great and peculiar dangers to which infancy is exposed in the United States.—There must be harmony between the rules of health which govern the family, and those applied to the mother and child.—Causes of infant mortality avoidable.—Climate of the United States marked by great extremes.—Difficulty, in con- . sequence, of adopting the requisite precautions.—Hints for guid- ance in the construction of houses, to preserve equable tempera- ture.—Chief diseases of children in Philadelphia and New York, and the proportion of deaths from them.—Summer hygiene.— Means of preventing the diseases of infants in the summer months, treated in regard to diet, air, and bathing.—Whiter hygiene.— The great object in winter to keep up an equable temperature indoors.—Means of accomplishing this end.—Clothing ought to be thicker and warmer for children than adults.—The wanner the body is kept within certain limits, the more able is to resist cold.—Outdoor exercise to be freely taken.—Caution immediate- ly afterwards.—Convulsions and diseases of the brain.—Scrofula and marasmus.—The regimen and other means for their preven- tion.—The brain not to be over-exercised in childhood.......... 281 Imdex 305 A TREATISE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF INFANCY. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATION. Objects of the present publication—to exhibit the principles of Infant Management.—Treatment ought to be adapted to the nature and laws of the infant constitution—this admitted in the abstract, but neglected in practice—exemplified in the racehorse and greyhound— application to Man. To those who are conscious of Having derived some use- ful principles of action, applicable to their own guidance, from the perusal of my former works on Health, Education, and Diet, and to those parents whose feelings are naturally much interested in the welfare and happiness of their young families, and who are ready to welcome instruction from whatever quarter it may come,—no explanation may seem to be required why I should add another to the many exist- ing treatises on the management of infancy; and, so far as regards the mere gratification of curiosity, I might, perhaps, have safely entered upon my subject without a word of prefatory remark. But the utility and interest of an expo- sition of the kind now proposed are greatly enhanced, when the reader is made acquainted from the first with the general aim which the author has in view, and with the principles under the guidance of which he attempts its accomplish- ment. Possessed of this preliminary information, the reader is enabled to fix his attention more readily on the prominent points of the discussion, and is better qualified to estimate, as he goes along, the value of every fact and argument ad- 2* 17 18 AIM AND DESIGN OF THE duced in their elucidation. Whereas, when not provided with any such guidance, he is apt unconsciously to pass over, comparatively unheeded, many things worthy of his very serious consideration, and to fail in perceiving the full meaning or true bearing of others, on the correct apprecia- tion of which, the safety and soundness of many of their practical applications may wholly or partially depend. Actuated, accordingly, by reasons of this description, I think it right to state in the outset, that my chief aim, in preparing the present treatise, is to present the reader with a more comprehensive and systematic view than we usually meet with, of the principles by which infant management ought to be directed. If these be rightly understood, not only will the details of rules and of general advice be attended to with greater punctuality, but the rules themselves will be fulfilled with more intelligence, and with a deeper sense of the responsibility involved in their neglect. When the principles of treatment are traced back to their true and only solid foundation in the nature and laws of the infant con- stitution, the rules of conduct deducible from them come before us stamped with more than human authority. In so far as they are accurately observed and truly recorded, they assume the dignity of positive, though indirect, intimations of the Divine will, and claim from us the same reverential obedience as all the other acknowledged commands of the Almighty. By His omniscience and creative power, every structure has been arranged in the order in which we find it, and by His beneficent wisdom have its laws of action been adapted for our welfare and advantage. If, instead of studying what He has done, and the laws which He has appointed, we prefer groping in the dark, and inventing rules from our own notions of what ought to be, we can scarcely fail to wander from the right path, and to bring disease and suffering upon our children and ourselves. Whereas, if, in a simple and truthful spirit, we try to discover the laws written in the very nature of the infant organization, and expressed in the modes of action of its component parts, every step we make will bring us nearer and nearer to our object, and will tend to disclose the mode of treatment best calculated to secure the safety and promote the permanent welfare of the young. While thus expressing a conviction that benefit will re- sult from a constant reference to the laws of the infant con- PRESENT WORK EXPLAINED. 19 stitution, I am quite ready to admit, that an immense im- provement in the treatment of the young has taken place within the last fifty years, and that, as a consequence, the rate of mortality in infancy has been greatly reduced. But it is equally true, that this mortality, although much smaller than formerly, still continues so excessive in amount, as to demonstrate the necessity of still farther improvements. And the more we consider the past, the more evident will it appear, that the chief obstacle to our progress arises from trusting too much to random observation, and neglecting the aid and guidance of principle, by which alone observation can be profitably directed and brought to yield its full har- vest of results. Accordingly, among the numerous works now in the hands of the profession and of mothers, I am not acquainted with one which attempts systematically to base its rules of conduct on the laws of the infant constitution, or which gives sufficient prominence to the principle which alone can guide us through the difficulties which beset our path. In the abstract, the proposition on which I insist will meet with almost universal assent. It seems so plain and natural, that every living being ought to be treated accord- ing to its own nature, that we should look with amazement on any one who, on receiving the charge of a new and valu- able plant or animal, should proceed to treat it according to his own notions of what is right for plants in general, with- out previously exhausting every possible means of discover- ing its individual properties and mode of management from persons already acquainted with them, and verifying the opinions of such persons by observation of its habits and structure. And yet this common-sense mode of proceeding is so indifferently adhered to in practice, that, instead of invariably consulting Nature as the highest authority, we often neglect her dictates altogether, and prefer the mere opinion of the first adviser whom chance throws in Our way, although he may be able to give no better reason for the advice he recommends, than that "he thinks so ;" and may never have dreamed of inquiring whether it is in har- mony with the laws of organization or not. Of this way of proceeding, we have rather an amusing example in, the treatment of die greyhound. In training the racehorse and hunter, a liberal allowance of hard nourishing food is given, 20 PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT. and the animals are covered with warm clothing, taken out to exercise, and freely sweated to carry off the soft and juicy parts of the food which would otherwise clog the system. With the horse, this plan succeeds very well; because Na- ture has adapted its skin for easy and free perspiration when overheated by exercise, and the treatment is, therefore, in harmony with its constitution. But when we apply the same proceeding to the greyhound, whose skin scarcely perspires at all, and whose tongue and throat are the great outlets of its system, the result is very different. Being unfitted for free perspiration by the skin, the poor animals thus clothed may be seen, in piteous guise, wondering at, but by no means delighting in, their own transformation; and they never seem happy till relieved from the thraldom of their vestments. A horse, on the other hand, will often look pleased, and go along as spiritedly and gracefully with his clothing as without it; and very certainly he obtains, from its use under certain circumstances, a comfort and re- lief which the greyhound never knows. Here the difference of nature or constitution has been lost sight of; and, merely because both are quadrupeds, have hairy skins, and are made for running, the conclusion has been jumped to, that what is good for the horse must also be good for the do