Sanitary Survey 
of 
Atlanta,Ga. 
Submitted as Partial Requirement 
of the Course in 
Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 
ByB. Brock CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER I. 
INTRODUCTION- General description of the town including: 
(a) History. 
(b) Geographical Position. 
(c ) Topography. 
(d) Climate. 
(a) Geology. 
(f) Population. 
(g) Organization of the Board of Health. 
CHAPTER II. 
WATER. 
(a) The water shed - sources of pollution,methods of 
collection ,storage purification. 
(b) An analysis of the water and its interpretation. 
CHAPTER III. 
SEWAGE. 
(a) Description of the disposal system. Coarse screens, 
grit chambers, Ironolx tan^, filter beds,sludge 
drying beds. 
(b) Criticism of system. 
CHAPTER IV. 
GAREA GE, PERUSE, A STIES. 
(a) Methods of collection. Definition of terms. 
(b) Disposal system - Incenderator . 
(c) Street cleaning. 
(d) Criticism. 
CHAPTER V. 
VITAL STATISTICS. 
(a) Death rates and birth rates. 
(b) Infant mortality. 
(c) Specific rates for: 
(1) Tvnhoid 
(?) Tuberculosis 
(3) Measles 
(4) Scarlet fever. 
(d) Birth,death,and marriage cirtificates. 
The reporting of morbidity,mortality,etc. CHAPTER VI. 
MILK. 
(a) The milk supply - The inspectors and their duties- 
(h) Requirements for raw milk. 
(c) Milk depots,bottling,ans pasteurizing plants. 
(d) Personal inspection of dairy farm. 
(e) Examination of sample in laboratory. 
CHAPTER VII. 
SANITARY NUISANCES. 
(a) Sources of odors. 
(b) Bust - causes and method of prevention. 
(c) Rubbish and general cleanliness. 
(d) Plies and mosquitoes. 
(e) Rats and vermin. 
(f) Stables and manure. 
(g) Smoke. 
(h) Unnecessary noises. 
(i) Piggeries. 
(j ) Legal definition of a''nuisance" and method 
of abatement. 
CHAPTER VIII. 
FACTORIES. 
(a) The inspection of the Ford Assembling Factory. 
CHAPTER?IX. 
HOUSING. 
(a) Ventilation of the Candler Building. 
CHAPTER X. 
INFEC TIOUS BISFA SES. 
(a) Notifiable diseases. 
(b) Quarantine regulations. 
(c) Methods of disinfection and fumigation. 
(d) Measures taken to prevent the spread of Tuberculosis 
(e) Measures taken to prevent the spread of Typhoid. 
(f) Venereal diseases,reporting and control. CHAPTER XI. 
SCHOOLS. 
(a) Personal inspection of Tenth St. School: 
Ventilation,lighting,temperature,playgrounds,etc. 
(b) Medical inspection of school children. 
(c ) Diseases for which children are excluded from 
school. 
CHAPTER XII. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
(a) Markets. 
(b) Slaughter Hous es. 
(c) Kitchens,hotels,and restaurants. 
(d) Soda Fountains. 
(e) Diagnostic laboratory. 
(f) Barber Shops. 
(g) Charitable Institutions. 
GENERAL SUMMARY. r ' ' 
I W W ■ Ab 
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| />aJM2aa\ 
Convention Bureau., Atlanta-A Golf City 
$2,108,957,591.61. Savings deposits total $26,000,000, or $125.00 for 
every man, woman and child of city's population. 
Atlanta had, in 1921, more than 500 factories, turning out 1,500 
different articles, valued at $225,000,000 per year. These factories em- 
ployed more than 25,000 industrial operators whose wages totaled more 
than $25,000,000 per year. These figures fall far short of the present 
situation, but no record of the tremendous expansion of the last few 
years is available other than the figures showing the total annual out- 
put of Atlanta factories for the past year, $200,000,000, or an increase 
of about 105 per cent. 
Postoffice receipts for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1921, were 
$3,102,084.65, a gain of $357,430.15 over the previous year, or about 
18 per cent. 
The assessed value of Atlanta property is : Real estate, $186,831,957 ; 
personal property, $79,942,765, not including exemptions on public 
buildings, churches, hospitals, etc., of about $55,000,000. The total 
assessed valuation (which, of course, is not more than about half the 
actual value), plus the exempted property, is, therefore, about $321,- 
774,722. 
The total revenue of Atlanta from taxes at $1.25 per hundred, licenses 
and fines was $3,026,056 for the year 1920. 
The assessed value of property in Fulton County is $229,800,642. 
Atlanta, it should be borne in mind, while located primarily in Fulton 
County, also takes in a part of DeKalb County, but does not include 
a number of important industrial suburbs, such as Decatur, which are, 
in reality, in all other respects a part of Atlanta. 
Atlanta leads the entire South in new building construction: 3,840 
building permits issued in 1921 for total of $11,236,776.00. Of this, 
1,286 for residences (frame dwellings) $4,916,425.00, and twelve brick 
homes cost $60,000.00. Thirty-five apartment houses cost $872,753.00. 
Twenty-two churches, $444,200.00 ; 111 brick business houses, $1,428,- 
670.00 ; three public buildings, $1,565,600 00 ; 109 frame business 
structures, $128,025.00; six factories, $176,000.00, and other in general 
improvements • 300 per cent gain in home building over 1920. 
Atlanta has 50 buildings in the skyscraper class, two of which are 
assessed at more than $1,000,000 each, and at least four others are 
actually valued at more than $1,000,000 each. It is estimated that 
building for the year 1922 will exceed that of 1921. 
Atlanta has 44 hotels, with more than 3,000 rooms, representing a 
total investment of more than $10,000,000 ; and has 750 apartment 
houses, representing a total investment of $25,000,000, housing 6,000 
families. 
It is THE Convention City of the South, 353 conventions having 
been held in Atlanta in 1921. 
Atlanta is the largest live stock center in the South, handling more 
than $18,000,000 worth of live stock annually. 
Atlanta is one of the healthiest, if not, the healthiest, city in the 
South. Its death rate per thousand of population in 1920 was 18.2, 
notwithstanding the influenza epidemic, which touched Atlanta lightly. 
Atlanta has 279 churches, representing 20 denominations, with 
99,603 members. 
Atlanta's average mean temperature is 61 degrees, and its altitude is 
1,050 feet. 
Atlanta is the important automobile center for the Southeast. In 
Atlanta alone, 5,000 cars valued at $6,000,000 are sold annually to 
Atlanta people. 
Atlanta has 425 miles of water mains, 3,570 water plugs for the use 
of the fire department, and 34,144 water connections. 
Atlanta's fire department is completely motorized. 
Atlanta has the only municipally owned sewage disposal plant of its 
kind in the United States, costing $3,912,292. 
Atlanta has 23 public parks and playgrounds valued at $3,479,553, and 
it spent in 1921 on these recreation grounds $200,971.74. 
Atlanta is an educational center, having 52 institutions of learning 
m addition to 64 high schools and commercial colleges. Among the 
leading institutions of learning are: Georgia School of Technology, 
Emory University, Oglethorpe University, Agnes Scott College, Cox' 
College and Elizabeth Mather College. 
Atlanta's municipally owned Auditorium-Armory has 20,000 feet of 
floor space, and a seating capacity of 8,000 ; it has a pipe organ costing 
$50,000. In this Auditorium-Armory are held the annual seasons of 
Metropolitan Grand Opera, Atlanta being the one city outside of New 
York where Metropolitan Grand Opera pays. In the last season of 
grand opera, 50,000 people paid more than $112,000 to attend. 
These figures are impressive as indicating the wealth and culture 
and the territory of which Atlanta is the center. 
For further information, write 
Leading Atlanta Hotels 
Atlanta is said to be the golfing hub of Dixie. The East Lake Course 
is easily the finest in the South and is generally considered one of the 
best ten in the United States. Here have been staged several Cham- 
pionship Tournaments. There are two other 18-hole courses, two of 
nine and one of six. Outdoor golf is not only possible but enjoyable in 
Atlanta the year round. 
Visiting golfers identified by letter or card from clubs affiliated with 
the United States Golf Association will be extended the courtesy of the 
links and clubhouses of Atlanta Clubs. They are: Atlanta Athletic 
Club (East Lake), Capital City Country Club, Druid Hills Golf Club, 
Ansley Park Golf Club, West End Golf Club, and Ingleside Country Club. 
Visiting golfers are always welcome in THE CONVENTION CITY 
OF DIXIE. 
Their Location, Rate and Telephone Number 
All Rate* Based on European Plan 
HOTEL ANSLEY 
North Forsyth and James Streets 
Telephone, Ivy 1100 
306 Rooms with Bath 
One person in room, private bath$2.50 and up 
Two persons in room, private bath__$4.00 and up 
HOTEL ARAGON 
Peachtree, at Ellis Street 
Telephone, Ivy 1000 
200 Rooms, 75 with Bath 
One person in room without bath__ $1 50 $2 00 
Two persons in room without bath $2.00 $2'50' 83 00 
One person in room with bath___$2.00, $2 5o' h'oo 
Two persons m room with bath__$3.00, 
THE CECIL 
Luckie and Cone Streets 
Telephone, Ivy 300 
312 Rooms-312 Baths 
One person from $2.00 to $4.00 
Two persons from $3,00 to |7 00 
KIMBALL HOUSE 
North Pryor, Decatur, Peachtree and Wall Streets 
telephone, Ivy 7700 
400 Rooms, 200 with Baths 
th "nd «P 
With bath ------ *2.50 and u* 
OLIVER HOTEL 
North Pryor and Houston Streets 
Telephone, Ivy 5466 
45 Rooms, 21 with Private Bath 
One person in room without bath «o 00 
One person in room with bathJ Z~'Z$2 50 
Two persons in room without bath $3 50 
Two persons in room with bathZZZZZZZZ $4 50 
THE MARTINIQUE 
Corner Ellis and Ivy Streets 
Telephone, Ivy 3531 
44 Rooms-Every Room with Bath 
One person „ $1.50 and 
For Men Only, 
CHILDS HOTEL 
8 South Broad Street 
Telephone, Main 2151 
74 Rooms-42 with Bath 
Rates, per day $1.00 to Q() 
GEORGIAN TERRACE 
Peachtree Street at Ponce de Leon Ave 
Telephone, Hemlock 4840 
256 Rooms;, 150 with Bath 
One person in room without bath$3.00 and un 
Two persons in room without bath.__$5.00 and up 
One person in room with bath $5.00 and up 
Two persons in room >vith bath $6.00 and up 
Suites, per day $15.00 and up 
imperial hotel 
339 Peachtree Street, at Ivy Street 
Telephone, Ivy 470q eet 
119 Rooms, 56 Private Baths. Every Room 
Connecting Bath * 
One person in room $4 50 . .. 
Two persons in room $3.50, $4.00, $5.00, 
• -. 
hotel Hampton 
29 Houston Street 
Telephone, Ivy 6166 
58 Rooms with Bath 
One person in room $2.00, $2.50 
HOTEL SCOVILLE 
West Mitchell Street-HaH Block from Terminal 
Telephone, Main 1594 
50 Rooms 
One person with bath $2,00> $2 50 
Two persons with bach $4,00 to $5 00 
Two persons without bath $2.50 t(J |400 
exchange hotel 
24 North Broad Street 
Telephone, Ivy 1885 
45 Rooms, 14 with Bath 
Room without bath, one person$1 on and „„ 
Room with bath, one person$2.50 and up 
-- 
PRINCETON HOTEL 
45-47 West Mitchell Street 
Telephone, Main 5500 
130 Rooms, 100 with Bath 
Rooms without bath $!,60 and 
Rooms with bath and up 
HOTEL W1NECOFF 
Peachtree, at Ellis Street 
Telephone, Ivy 1200 
200 Rooms, Each with Private Bath 
One person in room $2.50, $3.00, $4.00 
Two persons in room$4.00, $5.00, $6.00 
MARION HOTEL 
97 North Pryor Street 
Telephone, Ivy 2700 
120 Rooms 
Rooms without bath $1.50, $2.00 
Rooms with bath '.$2.50, $3.50 
Rooms with connecting bath $2.00, $2.50 
THE PICKWICK 
77 Fairlie Street 
Telephone, Ivy 5197 
76 Rooms with Connecting Baths 
Room with connecting bath, one person$1.75 
Room with connecting bath, two persons$2.50 
Room with private bath, one person$3.00 
Room with private bath, two persons $3.50 
- 
PIEDMONT HOTEL 
Peachtree, Luckie and Forsyth Streets 
Telephone, Ivy 600 
400 Rooms, 250 with Private Baths 
One person in room without bath$2.00, $2.50 
Two persons in room without bath$3.00, $4.00 
One person in room, private bath 
$3.00, $3.50, $4.00, $4.50, $5.00, $6.00 
Two persons in room, private bath 
$4.50, $5.00, $6.00, $7.00 
TERMINAL HOTEL 
Opposite Terminal Station 
Telephone, Main 5133 
165 Rooms, 48 with Bath 
One person in room without bath__$1.50, $2.00 
One person in room with bath $2.00, $2.50 
HOTEL WILMOT 
Broad Street, near Alabama Street 
Telephone, Main 3300 
80 Rooms 
One person, room without bath$1.00, $1.25, $1.50 
Two persons, room without bath_$2.00, $2.50, $3.00 
One person, room with bath$1.50,$2.00, $2.50 
Two persons, room with bath$2.50, $3.00, $4.00 
Scene East Lake Golf Course--Country Home Atlanta Athletic Club 
Bond Issue 
On March 8, 1921, Atlanta voted a bond issue of $8,850,000.00 to be 
expended as follows: Four million for schools; one and a quarter 
million for extension of sewer system ; three-quarters of a million for 
a large viaduct from Spring street to the Terminal Station ; two million 
eight hundred and fifty thousand for additions and improvements in 
Department of Waterworks. 
Facts About Atlanta 
RECOGNIZED as the financial center of the great Southeastern 
trading territory, a zone comprising one-half of the cotton 
belt, one-seventh of the population of the entire United States, 
and with manufactures valued at more than a billion dollars 
■annually, Atlanta is the location of the Southeastern Regional 
Bank. 
Atlanta business houses have 90,000 customers in seven Southeastern 
States. 
In population, Atlanta has increased something over 35 per cent 
since 1910, according to carefully gathered statistics. The population 
was on January 1, 1920, 200,616, according to U. S. census, as com- 
pared with 154,839 in 1910. School attendance of 51,000 in 1920, as 
against 23,337 in 1910, an increase of 60 per cent; water services of 
32,900 in 1920, as compared with 20,800 in 1910; total average daily 
consumption of water 26,000,000 gallons, as compared with 13,600,000 
in 1910. 
Of the 200,616 individuals in Atlanta, white population is estimated 
at 138,527, negro 61,088, other races 115; of the white population, 
137,980 are of native parentage, 9,696 of foreign parentage and 6,615 
foreign born. Males number 111,751 ; females, 120,507. The number 
of families in Atlanta is estimated at 53,720. Estimated popula- 
tion Jan. 1, 1922, 215,000. 
Atlanta has 27 banks and trust companies, including five national 
banks. Its clearings for the fiscal year ending Jan. 1, 1922, were 
Leading Atlanta Cafes and Restaurants 
Arcade Cafe 38 Peachtree street 
Britling Cafeteria 92 
Childs Company 
Daffodil Tea Room lu 
Folsom Cafe 132-134 Peachtree Street 
Peacock Cafe Edge wood Avenue 
Peachtree Cafe 111 Peachtree Street 
Ruse and Cason Cafe Kimball House 
Winecoff Coffee Room 176 Peachtree Street 
Varelas Restaurant 61 North Forsyth Street 
York Tea Room _•Grand Opera House Building 
Atlanta Chamber of Commerce 
Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Atlanta, Ga., U. S. A. POINTS of INTEREST 
and How to Reach Them 
Postoffice and Custom House-Built in 1911 at a cost of $1,000,000. 
North Forsyth street, between Walton and James streets. Three blocks 
from Five Points up Walton street. 
Carnegie Library-On Carnegie Way at Forsyth street, was the first 
Southern library to receive support from municipal funds. 
Pulton County Courthouse-Finest in the whole South, completed in 
1914 at a cost of $1,300,000. South Pryor and East Hunter streets, 
one block south from Whitehall street. Take East Hunter street or 
Georgia avenue cars on Peachtree street at Five Points. 
State Capitol-Contains state museum, paintings of noted Georgians 
and other things of interest. Corner Washington and East Hunter 
streets. Take East Hunter street, Washington street to Lakewood or 
Capitol avenue cars on Peachtree street at Five Points. 
Peachtree Arcade Building-The only and largest building of this kind 
in the South where almost every known product is sold under one roof. 
Situated on Peachtree street, at Viaduct, and three doors from Five 
Points. 
Piedmont Park-Affords excellent facilities for all sports-baseball, 
boating, bathing, tennis, etc. The Peace Monument is at the main 
entrance. Take cars marked Piedmont Park on Peachtree street. 
Confederate Soldiers' Home-Operated by State of Georgia as home 
for Confederate Veterans, near scenes where many of the inmates took 
part in the Battle of Atlanta. McPherson's Monument is in the vicinity. 
Take Soldiers' Home cars at Five Points. 
"Bobbie" Burns Cottage-At the end of the Soldiers' Home Car Line. 
The only replica of the poet's home in Scotland. Open to the public. 
Across road from Confederate Soldiers' Home. Take Soldiers' Home 
cars at Five Points. 
Grant Park-Embracing part of the scenes of the Battle of Atlanta. 
It contains Fort Walker, the War Engine, "The Texas," many war 
relics, number of beautiful monuments, lake for boating, large zoo and 
beautiful hot houses and flowers, tennis courts, skating rink, swings, 
etc. A beautiful shaded park, covering 144 acres. Take Georgia avenue 
to Grant Park cars at Five Points going west. 
Cyclorama in Grant Park, the only remaining painting of a Civil 
War battle. The mammoth painting of the Battle of Atlanta weighs 
nine tons, being 400 feet around and 50 feet high. Open from 10 a. m. 
to 5 p. m. 
Old Home Place of "Uncle Remus"-Familiarly known as "Sign of 
the Wren's Nest," residence of Joel Chandler Harris, famous writer 
of Children's Stories. Located in West End, Gordon and Culberson 
streets; open to the public 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. Take Whitehall and 
West End cars. 
United States Penitentiary-One of the largest and costliest prisons 
established by the Federal Government. Over two thousand inmates. 
South Pryor to Federal Prison cars on Peachtree or Whitehall streets. 
The Southeastern Fair at Lakewood-Offers boating, bathing, roller 
coaster and other amusements. Take Lakewood cars at North Broad 
and Marietta streets. Ostrich Farm across road from Lakewood Park 
with over a hundred birds. Largest ostrich farm east of Rockies with 
museum. Open to public. 
Chattahoochee River-Source of Atlanta's water supply, seven miles 
northwest of the city. Take River cars on Marietta and Forsyth streets. 
City Pumping Station and Reservoir-Take cars marked Luckie street 
to Waterworks at Marietta and Broad streets, or at Luckie and Forsyth 
streets. 
Georgia School of Technology-A unit of the University of Georgia 
system, has approximately two thousand students, and is one of the 
best technical training schools in the country. Take Luckie street to 
Waterworks cars, get off at North avenue. 
Oglethorpe University-A restoration of the "before the war" Ogle- 
thorpe University, which expired soon after the Civil War. First class 
opened in 1916. On Camp Gordon car line. Catch cars Forsyth and 
Walton streets. 
Agnes Scott College for young ladies, at Decatur. This Presbyterian 
school has the highest standard of any Southern women's college. Take 
Decatur, Ga., cars at Edgewood and North Pryor streets. 
Emory University of the Methodist Church, South, is located about 
six miles southeast of the city. Take Inman Park, Emory University 
cars at Five Points. 
Cox College-.A Baptist institution for young ladies, located at College 
Park, a suburb of Atlanta, and one of the oldest and leading colleges of 
its kind in the South. Take College Park car at West Alabama and 
South Forsyth streets. 
Stock Yards-Even the Stock Yards of Atlanta are interesting ■ 
particularly so in view of the fact that they contain the second largest 
mule market in the United States. Take cars marked "Marietta Street 
to Stock Yards" at corner of Peachtree and Decatur streets at Five 
Points. 
"Pershing Point," located where the two Peachtree streets converge 
together at 18th street. This monument erected by the Mothers of 
Fulton county in honor of their sons who gave their lives in the recent 
World War. Take Peachtree to Brookwood, Camp Gordon or Buckhead 
cars on Peachtree street, front of Piedmont Hotel. 
Atlanta's Climate 
STONE MOUNTAIN-Largest solid block of granite in the world, sixteen miles east of Atlanta. One of the nation's wonders, one mile up from base to summit 
and eight miles around the base. The Confederate Memorial Monument is being carved on the steep side of the mountain. Take Stone Mountain cars at East 
Alabama and South Pryor streets. Get off at Mountain street and walk cne-fourth mile or go to car barn and catch an automobile. 
ATLANTA is 1,032 feet above sea level, at 
the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains 
, Normal Temperature for the past 50 years 
in spring: The average temperature in 
March is 53 degrees; in April, 61; in May, 69. 
In summer: The average temperature in June is 
76 degrees; in July, 79; in August it is 77. 
In autumn: The average temperature in September 
is 72 degrees; in October, 62; November, 52. 
In winter: The average temperature in December 
is 44 degrees; in January, 43; in February, 45. 
General Average, 61 degrees. 
U. S. Government Statistics About Atlanta's 
Climate 
The following figures cover a period that extends 
back to 1879: 
Time Between Atlanta and Other Important Centers 
Railroad Depots 
Stop-Over Privileges 
Terminal Station-Located at Madison avenue and Mitchell 
street. Used by the Atlanta & West Point trains; Atlanta, Birming- 
ham & Atlantic Railroad; Central of Georgia Railroad; Southern 
Railway; Seaboard Air Line Railroad; Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad, and Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad. Take 
street cars marked "Magnolia Street to Chestnut Street" at the 
corner of Marietta and Forsyth streets, or car marked "West Fair 
to Ashby Street" at the corner of Peachtree and Marietta streets, 
or car marked "Walker Street to Westview" at corner of Forsyth 
and Marietta streets, or car marked "West Hunter Street to Ashby 
Street" at the corner of Marietta and Broad streets. 
Union Depot-Used by trains on the Western & Atlantic Rail- 
road, Louisville & Nashville Railroad, Georgia Railroad, and Nash- 
ville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad. Located at corner of Pryor 
and Wall streets, one block east of Whitehall and Peachtree streets. 
Brookwood Station-Peachtree road. Southern Railroad only. 
Railroad Ticket Offices are located in Grant Building, corner 
Broad and Walton streets, two blocks from Five Points. Atlanta, 
Birmingham & Atlantic Railroad, Atlanta & West Point Railroad, 
Central of Georgia Railroad, Georgia Railroad, Louisville & Nash- 
ville Railroad, Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, Sea- 
board Air Line Railway, Southern Railway, Western & Atlantic 
Railway. 
Atlanta enjoys very liberal stop-over privileges on all-year 
tourist tickets, summer tourist tickets and winter tourist tickets. 
One will experience no difficulty in checking baggage to Atlanta 
on these tickets. Length of stop-over is limited only to the time 
limit of the ticket. On tickets of this kind it is not necessary to 
continue on to the destination for the purpose of validating these 
tickets. One may stop over in Atlanta and begin the return trip 
without ever visiting the destination point. 
Mean 
Temp. 
Highest Lowest Rainfall 
Temp. 
Temp. Average 
January 
Deg. 
Deg. 
Deg. 
In inches 
43 
75 
2 
4.86 
February 
45 
78 
_8 
4.73 
March 
52 
87 
8 
5.46 
April 
61 
89 
25 
3.62 
May 
70 
97 
38 
3.30 
June 
76 
100 
39 
3.91 
July 
78 
100 
58 
4.72 
August 
77 
98 
55 
4.38 
September 
73 
97 
43 
3.34 
October 
62 
94 
28 
2.64 
November 
52 
82 
14 
2.97 
December 
55 
73 
1 
4.41 
Mean and 
- 
extremes 
61 
100 
8 
48.34 
Atlanta's Wonderful Growth 
Here are the Atlanta bank clearings for the past seven years, 
which, in a nutshell, shows the wonderful strides this city is mak- 
ing as one of the strongest financial centers in the United States: 
Year. 
Clearings. 
1914 
$ 702,410.026.16 
1915 
725.604.192.65 
1916 
- 1.013.996,794.53 
1917 
1.605.493.790.82 
1918 - 
2.528.485.083.69 
1919 
3.290.186.378.00 
1920 
3.356.765.739.01 
1921 
2,108,957,591.61 
INTERIOR VIEW OF ATLANTA'S AUDITORIUM-Where Conventions are entertained and Grand Opera housed annually. 
Auditorium-Armory, corner of Gilmer and Courtland streets, three blocks from Five Points, the center of the city. Free use given to conventions. Seats 
8,000 people; 20,000 square feet floor space. 
TAFT H ALL in Auditorium-Armory, seating capacity 800 people; floor space, 5,000 square feet; several large committee rooms, seating from 25 to 75 
people, in the same building. 
Convention halls in the Ansley Hotel, Piedmont Hotel, Kimball House, Aragon Hotel and Chamber of Commerce Building, seating capacity from three to 
five hundred people, are free to conventions. 
Many other convention halls are available, giving Atlanta's convention halls a total capacity of approximately 30,000 people. ATLANT AS EVER CHANGING SKY-LINE 
COMPLIMENTS ATLANTA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 
Showinc a Few of the Fortv-Nine Office Buildings, Which Have One Hundred Thirty-One Elevators, Employing Two Hundred and Nine Operators, Traveling Seven Hundred and Eighty-Three Miles per Da,. and Haulinn l ive Handle ! <■ ! 1 ■ 
THE CONVENTION AND TOURIST CITY OF DIXIE 
METROPOLIS OP THE SOUTHEAST chatty I. 
HISTORY OF ATLWA. 
Although comparatively youn£?Atlanta is one of the historic 
of our country. The urowth of many western cities has been 
more rapid,hut south of the Patomac the record of Atlanta has not 
been surpassed. 
In measurin, the progress of Atlanta,the fact should be taken 
into consideration that Geordis is tie youngest of the thirteen 
original colonic;. A century after the landin,, of Ot. lethorpe, thi s 
re-ion was occupied by the aborigines. It is true that Ion,, before 
that period white . ' visited tlds region. De Soto and his 
mailed 1® .ions loitered in this vicinity on their march to the west. 
But tine Spaniards did not come to colonize. They were looking for an 
El Dorado, and they did not tsrry Iona amons- the barren red hills of 
Geordi a. 
The -rowth of J-■ colony,founded by 0-lethorpe, waof course 
Checked by the Revolution,and the pro-resc of the settlers in this 
direction was impeded by many obstacles. About half « century 
the white,-- he ..an to establish themselves on the sight of the future 
metropolis. They came first missionaries and traders, and later, 
when they saw that's land, of promise stretched out before them,they 
built their lo. cabins and made their arrangements to stay. Some of 
these hold pioneers iave been bleared with an exceptionable length 
of days and they have lived to aee their little frontier settlement 
transformed into the capital of a t commonwealth. 
That the story of the rise and pro.rest of such a community 
cannot be otherwise than interestin- and instructive,does not need 
to be ©aid. The circumstance® under which this part of Georgia was 2 
wre te4 fror the CL roke®£,and th® strUi.. let of the early white 
settlers cannot be paralleled by anythin*. in southern hi story.Comini 
down to s later par od it its worthy of note that the flourishing 
industries of th® Piedmont Slope Lad their be..innin, her®. Before 
railroads traversed thit sparsely settled country various humble 
ma.nufacturie; were carried on,and a busy trade was kept up with 
the c-'n-ports. After s while the railro.-dt churned ill this, and th® 
little ?. .mist,then .Imo t unknown, amfe to the front,first a? Ter- 
minus,then ae Marthasvilie, and then as Atlanta. 
When the name of Terminus was first applied to the settlement 
few peoplr. believed that there was any probability of up 
a town. The country people he., rd the railroad men speak of terminus 
of the state road, and they at once began to call the place by that 
name. After the lapse of several years,however,the people of the 
hamlet due to their pro re?£,applied to the General Assembly in 
1843 for a charter. On Bee.23 it was encorporated a.* a town,under 
the name of Marthasville, in honor of the daughter of ex- ovornor 
Wilton Lumpkin, a. statesman who had done much for the railroad 
interests of Georgia, and who had occupied the executive chair dur- 
ing the early history of the villa.©. So Terminus blossomed into 
Marth.. tville, and with two stores,a saw-mill, and a railroad office, 
the little community took-a fresh start,with increased confidence 
and coura.-.e. As time went by,the people became dissatisfied with 
the name of Martha; villa, and desired a name with a bi . er sound. 
Amon. the names tu.. e i ted, Atlant a was chosen. This name was su jest- 
ed.. by Thompson, chief engineer of the Ga.Hailroad. There war 
no carter,no regularly organized government,but by common content 
the name of Atlanta was adopted and r cognized by all. 
A period of flunh timer and disorder followed. In those days 
there w;f. little respect for law in a new settlement. Th® sheriff 
wa® a.n insignificant figure. Each man in the community regulated 3 
Lis own affairs, and frequently attempted to re ulate those of his 
nei Mor. Hven under these unfavorable circumstances the place be- 
came known far and wide <g a town of wonderful promi re. People 
flockeH here f rom every part of the country, and the village rev; 
into s town, and the town soon became t city. 
Then came the quickening citation of » , i*.5ntic civil war. 
There are records of battles and «ie,jS£,and even the rtory of Sher- 
man's famous march to the set,but there is little in print that deal- 
fully and scour tely with Atlanta's part in the wir between the. 
states. For yeart the city was one of the most important strongholds 
of the southern confederacy. It war a rallying pDint for the enthu- 
siastic volunteers. It was t vast depot,where the mo t valuable 
munitions of the war were deposited. It was a center of manufactur- 
ing, s ci y of hospi alf,a ollection of bjrracks,and a shelter for 
thousands of refugees,-in short,it war the backbone of the confeder- 
acy. Fow the city was peopled,how the inhabitants lived,the character 
of their occupations,and the amusements during the war,are matters 
which have been touched upon only comparatively recently. Up until 
this time ,even the sie e was never described,except from an out- 
side military, standpoint. The besiegers,who were rending a fiery 
rain of shot and shell into the city,have recorded their bbeervation 
and reflections,but the suffering a.nd the heroic endurance of the 
people inside the bravely defended bre ..st-works have only in the 
not ->irtant part been made public. History has been equally silent 
concerning the events accompaninc the Federal occupation of the 
place. The destruction of the city,when it war abandoned by Sherman, 
the return of the Confederates and the exiled citizens,the condition 
of affairs durin., the period of reconst ructi on, are topic, that would 
require too much space at this time. 
Put from these exciting and romantic points of interest, an 
account of the rise of Atlanta from her ashes, and her social, 4 
edue . ti on; 1, reli toi ou , poli ti cal, corn' e rci al, and indut ri al develop- 
ment should he the interest of every student, every "business man, and 
patriotic citizen. 
In the days of slavery Atlanta w&i naturally identified with 
the old South. Even then, however, her advanta er as a distributing 
point, and her proximity to the co.,,1 and iron fieldr., tempted enter- 
prifc-'dn; c pit allots to in various manufacturing ventures. 
The conditions were unfavorable. We were on the eve of war. The idea 
tl at cotton ws? kin& controlled the popular mind. Slave labor did 
not mix well with fr e and skilled labor. We were ; community of free 
traders:, and it war the general belief that the iouthern state would 
forever remain purely agricultural commonwealths. 
The rude lesson of the war, however, revoluti oni zed the ideas 
of our people. The new city,built on the site of old Atlanta,was 
largely built by new men with new idea.,new hopes, and new ambitions. 
Honest differences of opinion were respected, diversified industries 
were encouraged,and geographical lines wire ignored. Emigrants from 
all Quarters were welcomed, and gradually all were together 
in a solid body. Practically this was a co-operative community dur- 
ing its rehabitation. Work and money were forthcoming ..nd the want 
was aupplira. It must be admitted,however, tint Ion; before anyone 
dreamed of the New South,there we far-seein-. and uptcious men, 
who predicted great thin; s for Atlanta. As early as 1 45 J".C.Cal- 
houn with his remarkable foresi ,ht said,''that all the railroads 
which have been projected or commenced,although each has looked to 
its local interest s, must necessarily unite at a point in De Kalb 
county, in the state of Georgia, called Atlanta, not far from the 
village of Decatur, so as to .onrtitute one entire sy&tem of roads, 
having a. mutual interest each in the other, instead of isolated 
rival roads." Atlanta's tremendous strides since that time bear 
testimony of the wonderful persistence of the South Carolinean. 5 
It it not claiming too much to *sy that the Atlants, of todsy 
is everywhere regarded as the letdim representative city of the 
Kev, South. Atlant, i the financial center end central distributing 
point of the southeast. It is the leading city of the entire aouth 
in buildin; construct ion; the most important automobile center in 
the south;the southeastern center of the governments important 
activities ; film distributing headquarters for the routheart, and 
headquarters ofthe Southern Division Of the Red Cross. Atlanta is 
the largest mule market in the country. Cattle, sheep, and hogs also 
find a ready market in Atlanta. It is the largest manufacturer of 
soft drink syrups in the world; the largest advertising center south 
of Philadelphia, and ranks fourth in the U.S. in this respect;the 
lari arrest manufacturing center of agricultural implements in the 
south; and the south's manufacturer of ornamental terra cotta. 
Atlanta ranks first in the south in the manufactury of furniture, 
market and packin... house coolers,mat resses, lumber and lumber pro- 
ducts, fend high ... rade candies, and is the headquarters of the larg- 
est ice manufacturin. concern in the world,producing one million 
tons anually. 
At1ant a hi- s a 1 s rgc muni ci pally-owned charity ho spit al,as well 
&s the model orthopedic hospital of the world for crippled children. 
It has the largest manufactory of disinfectants in the south; the 
trade of ninety thousand southeastern merchants;twenty banks snd 
trust companies;five hundred factories; forty-four hotels,with more 
than throe thousand rooms ;two hundred seventy-two churches with more 
than twenty denominations;ard ore hundred sixteen educational institut- 
ions. Atlanta is blessed with the most modern of water systems,having 
four hundred tw*nty-pive miles of water mains,tanned 32,900 times. 
It has more miles of street railway per thousand population than any other city in the country except Salt Lake City; a completely 
motorize! fire department,with fifteen stations ar! 212 picked men; 
the largest commercial printing plants in the south;the only factory 
in the south making a full line of school and college stationery;the 
largest ostrich farm east of the rookiesjeighteen public parks valued 
at $1,85'3,625 ;and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 8000. 
Atlanta is rich in factories,having beside those already mentioned 
a large brush factory,a corrugated culvert factory,a vehicle factory, 
the largest shoe factory south of Virginia,more overall factories 
than any city in the south,and several good paint factories. Tn addition 
Atlanta is the largest railroad center in the south. Eight thousand 
miles of railroad form a network over the state of Georgia. The total 
mileage owned and operated bv Atlanta's eight systems of railway is 
20,827.These systems operate thirteen lines in all directions,four 
belt lines entirely encircling the city,many miles of additional 
industrial tracks,two interurban electric lines,one gas propelled 
interurban line and splendid freight terminals conveniently located 
near the center of the city. Atlanta is the medical and hospital 
center of the southeast. There are a large number of well equipped 
hospitals and sanitariums in the city. Many other things could be 
included in discussing the leaps and bounds Atlanta has made in rising 
to what is now the leading representative city of the south. The 
quotations of Henry TT.Grady are fitting at this point,: "T want to 
say to Gen.Sherman,who is considered an able man in our parts,though 
some people think he is a kind of careless man about firs,that from 
the ashes he left us in 1864 we have raised a brave and beautiful 
cityjthat somehow or other we have caught the sunshine in the bricks 
and mortar of our homes,and have builded therein not one ignoble 
prejudice or memory." "Never was nobler duty confined to human hand 
than the uplifting and upbuilding of the prostrate and bleeding south 
misguided perhaps,but beautiful in her suffering,and honest,brave, 
and generous always. 
6 7 
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AHD GEOLOGY. 
Atlanta is a mountain city ,situate! among the spurs of* the Blue 
■Ridge,in a latitude 30 degrees IT and near the center of the state.The 
high ridge or which the city is built 13 the watershed between the 
Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico.The drainage,therefore,is natural and 
runs from the city into the tributaries of the Ocmulgee and Chatta- 
hoochee rivers,flowing thence inti the Gulf and the Atlantic. 
Fulton,the county in which Atlanta is located contains 200 sq. 
miles,all woodland and metamorphic. The surface is rolling and well 
timbered,and capable of tillage. The Atlantic and Gulf water-divide 
enters the county from the east,turns southward at Atlanta to East 
Point,and goes into Clayton county. The altitude of Atlanta is 1,050 
ft.above sea level,and 288ft. above the Chattahoochee river,seven 
miles distant in the N.W. The country north of the city is a gray, 
sandy soil,with large fragments of ouarts rock laying upon the surface 
and thickly deposited in many places. On the SJV. there is a large 
granite area coarsely crystalline rocks. Gray,sandy lands vith 
belts of red lands are found in this region. Tn the southeastern nart 
of the county there are various kinds of soil,but red clav predominates. 
Gold fields are found west and north of the city,and in close proximity 
to these exist silver,lead,and copper, a range of forty miles 
granite,marble,coal,iron,manganese,yellow ochre,limestone,slate,and 
kaolin may be had in abundance. The hard timber of north Ga. is also 
wi thi n easy reac h. 
The city itself covers a number of red clay hills,and the rolling 
surface of the surrounding country renders such a thing as stagnant 
water out of the question. The climatic advantages of the place are 
famous throughout the country. Years ago,Capt.0.C.Boutelle,of the 
U.S. Coast Survey,declared,aft er making extended observations "that 
the climate of Atlanta was not simply healthy,but that it ranked 
among the most salubrious climates on the globe." 'Epidemics have 8 
never prevailed here according to sone,and when yellow fever has been 
brought to the city the infection has never spread. Atlanta's near, 
temperature of 61 degrees is not the result of extreme variation,but 
of a consistent and temperate vacillation between an average of near 
15 degrees during the coldest days of the winter and a summer heat 
that rarely ranges above 75. A temperature of over 100 has been felt 
in Atlanta only twice in forty years,and a temperature slightly below 
zero has been felt only three times during the same period. 
U.S. Government's Statistics on Atlanta's Climate. 
The folloving figures cover a period that extends back to 1879: 
Mean temr. 
Max. tsm. 
Low?s t temn . 
Pairfall Tr. . 
January -- 
4 3 
75 
-2 
4 .86 
Febuary 
---- 45 
78 
-8 
4.73 
March 
52 
87 
8 
5.46 
April 
61 
89 
25 
3.62 
May 
- - 70 
97 
38 
3.30 
June 
- 76 
100 
39 
3 .91 
July 
78 
100 
58 
4.72 
August 
77 
98 
55 
4.38 
September 
75 
97 
43 
3.34 
October -- 
62 
94 
28 
2.64 
November - 
52 
82 
14 
2.97 
December - 
55 
73 
1 
4.41 
Means and 
'extremes 61 
100 
-8 
48.34 
POPULATION. 
Atlanta is a cosmopolitan city,more so than any other in the 
southern states. Almost every state in the north,and west,and every 
country in Europe is represented among the residents. The colored 
population forms a large percentage of the whole and consists almost 
entirely of working people. While the presence of a large body of 
negroes renders the per capita wealth of a community somewhat smaller 
than it would be in a city occupied wholly by white people,it is a 
notable fact that beggars in Atlanta are rarer than in cities of the 
same size elsewhere where there is more wealth and the population 
almost entirely white. The bulk of the population is composed of 
elements which have come from Ca. and surrounding states during the 
past "'orty years. Very few adult citizens Of Atlanta were born here 9 
and the population represents largely the enterprising elements of 
other communities which have come to Atlanta for a larger field. 
Atlanta's population today---- --207,173 
Atlanta's population in 1910 ■ 154,000 
Increase -- - - 35;% 
Pulton county including Atlanta ---■ * 232,606 
Fulton and I)e Kalb counties,including Atlanta 
whose limits extend into both counties 276,657 
Terri tony within 18 mile radius-------- ------400,>000 
Territory within 60 mile radius- 1,150,000 
Area of Atlanta---- - -------26 sq.mi . 
Area of Fulton county • sq.mi. 
Area of Be Kalb county 272 sq.mi. 
ORGANIZATION 07 THE BOARD 07 HEALTH. 
Atlanta has a well organized sanitary department,supervised by 
a Board of Health. The Board consists of a member from each of the 
eleven wards of the city ejected by the mayor and general council, 
to serve for three years. Members of the Board consist of these elective 
members,the may or,and the chairman of the committee on Sanitation, 
the mayor and chairman being, ex-officio members. The Board of Health 
elects the chief of the sanitary department for two years. The salary 
is fixed by the mayor ard general council. The inspectors'wages are 
fixed by the Board of Health. 
First ward - -■ ------- - T. F. Jacks on . 
Second ward- ----- - C.D.Howe . 
Third ward - - -----G.W. Cooper. 
Fourth ward - ------- S.C.Little. 
Fifth ward - -- --- T.H.Buckalew. 
Sixth ward --J.J.Faker. 
Seventh ward I). J. Baker. 
Eighth ward • -H. M. Patters on. 
Ninth ward • Dr .L. Smith. 
Tenth ward S .M.Freeman . 
Eleventh ward -- - --G.B.Lyle. 
Ex-Officio Br.P.L.Moon. 
Ex-Officio . -- Mayor J.L.Key. 
MEMBERS OR THE BOARD OR HEALTH. 
Dr. J.P.Kennedy,Health Officer. 
John Jentsen,Chief of Sanitary Dep't. 
H.M.Patterson, 
President. 
Clauds D.Ro've, 
V.-President. CHAPTER II. 
WATER. 
Chattahoochee River,from whence comes Atlanta's water supply has 
its sourse in the mountains of northeast Georgia. The area of the 
water shed is approximately 650 sq.miles. The numerous streams which 
irain the upland areas are remarkably pure and free from sewage 
pollution. However,the water is very turbid,being heavily charged 
with silt and sand. Twenty-five per cent of the catchment area consists 
of land under cultivation,while the remainder is made up of forests 
with pine trees predominating.Most of the tributary areas are very 
high in elevation above the stream beds,while the streams flow in 
bottoms of deep valleys with steep slopes and narrow bottoms . Most 
of the catchment area is composed of a clayey soil,except the higher 
portions which are sandy. The waters are soft and when the mud has 
been removed they are of excellent quality. The water shed is under 
constant supervision of an inspector and cases of Typhoid and other 
7/uterborn diseases are visited by him and instructions given in regard 
to the proper disposition of the sick person's excretions. All persons 
residing on the restricted area are given instructions with reference 
to material that might be objectionable. The inspector made a thorough 
survey of the water shed last year and found at only one town a possible 
sourse of danger. This was immediately and easily corrected. 
The average flow of the river,as shown by the U.S. Government 
reports,is 765,000 gallons per minute. The water flows by gravity from 
the river through a forty inch piri into an intake well. The pumps at 
the Chattahoochee take suction from this well and deliver the water 
through two cast iron mains(one 30 in. and the other 56in. in diameter) 
into the reservoirs,a distance of three and three-fourths miles and at 
a>n elevation of 225 feet above the river. 11 
The size and. capacity of the reservoirs (one 176,776,800 gallons 
and the other 216,324,200 gallons) is adequate to permit of plain 
sedimentation for a period of time sufficient to allow a considerable 
quantity of the suspended matter to settle. The water from the reser- 
voirs is taken from the surface ,the settling process having removed 
from the surface water considerable of the suspended matter,while 
the exposure to the air and sunlight having exercised a sterilizing 
effect. For these reasons the reservoirs are used alternately-one 
remaining out of service while the coagulating basins are being fed 
from the other. 
From the reservoirs the water flows by gravity into the coagulating 
basins. About 0.34 gr. alum per gallon is injected into the raw water 
as it flows from the reservoirs into the coagulating basins.. Thus 
about of foreign matter is removed from the water,relieving the 
filters of this ammount of work. As the precipitated mud,etc.,is 
collected in the bottom of the basins,attaining a depth of from three 
to four feet,it is washed out into the sewers. 
From the coagulating basins,the water which is quite clear in 
appearance,flows by gravity through low pressure mains to the filters. 
These filters(36 New York Mechanical Filters with a combined capacity 
of 18 million gallons in twenty-four hours;and 12 Hyatt Filters,with 
a combined capacity of 3 million gallons in twenty-four hours) are 
so arranged that they may be used as slow sand fliters,or,by the 
operation of control valves,they may be operated as rapid mechanical 
filters under a pressure of 15 lbs. per sq.in. The water as it passes 
from the coagulating basins to the filters is conducted into the top 
of the filter shell and is evenly distributed over the surface of the 
sand bed':by the arrangement of the pipes and valves on each filter. 
After the filters have been in service approximately thirty 
hours.it becomes necessary to remove the entrapped mud and other 12 
substances from the sand. This work is accomplished by reversing the 
flow of water through a system of valves below. As it passes upward 
through the sand bed it tears up the schmutzdecke and washes it out 
with the imprisoned mud,bacteria,and other impurities. After the filter 
is thus cleared,of every trace of wash water,the drain valve is closed 
and the effluent valve of the discharge pipe is opened and the water 
again passes to the clear water well. The time required to wash one 
of these filters is from fifteen to thirty minutes,and requires 
approximately2O,000 gallons of water. 
The clear water wells which receive the purified water from the 
fiIters,serve also as suction basins for the pumps. The water is pumped 
direct from these wells (combined capacity 1,775,000 gallons) into the 
mains which run throughout the city,there being no intervening stand- 
pipe,as is common in the water systems of smaller towns. By this 
system of distribution is made possible the increasing of pressure 
in the water mains,which is done in the case of fire. A pressure of 
fifty pounds per sq,in.on the mains in Peachtree street,between Ellis 
and Cain streets( this being 1096 ft. above sea level) requires a 
total lift of 514 feet from the river,a height 14 feet greater than 
Washington Monument. Considering the cost of lifting the water to this 
high elevation,which two pumping stations,as well as the necessary 
coagulation and filtration, Atlanta enjoys the purest and cheepest 
water in the country. 
The system of waterworks supplying the entire city is valued at 
$7,218,602. Water rates are eighty cents per month for each house, 
store,etc.,for an allowance of 6000 gallons per month. There are 425 
miles of water mains in the city,and the main is tapped 32,000 times. 
In 1921,there were 8,935,909,385 gallons of water pumped into the 
mains,or an average of 24,481,943 gallons per day. 
The water is examined daily tn the laboratory with chief stress 
laid on B.Coli findings. Turbidity and alkalinity are also determined. 13 
The determination of free ammonia etc.,is made only occasionly. 
TABLE SHOWING PERCENTAGE OR PAYS TN THE YEAR POSITIVE FOR B.COLI. 
O.lcc Raw water. 25.5 40 50 
0.3cc Raw water. 55.3 74 78 
0.5cc Paw water. 70.1 84 87 
lOcc Filtered water. 18.3 29.4 24.3 
lOoc Tap water. 0.9 1.27 11.8 
ANALYSTS OF TAP WATER FOR FREE AMMONIA,NITRITES,ETC. 
Free ammonia 0.00 parts per million. 
Albuminoid ammonia - ------ 0.04 " " " 
N as Nitrites 0.00 *' " " 
N as Nitrates 0.03 " '' " 
Chlorine - 0.68 " " " 
Total residue 27,80 " " " 
Hardness ■ 15.00 Degrees. 
Bacteria per cc . at 37.5 C. 22 
B.Coli given above. 
INTERPRETATION: The percentage of days in the vear 1919 runs 
somewhat high,and was due to some trouble at the filter plant that 
lasted several davs . This was soon overcome. The chemical analysis 
shows that the water is of good quality from a sanitary point of 
view. Free ammonia which is the indicator of putrefying matter is 
absent. Albuminoid ammonia,which also serves as an indicator of 
organic animal or vegitable pollution,is low. The chlorine content 
is normal. CHA PT EP HI 
SEWAGE 
Prior to 1912 the sewage of Atlanta was emptied directly into 
three small creeks,which became little more than open sewers. This 
became such an obvious nuisance that it was necessary to introduce 
a new system of sewage disposal. Atlanta today has three sewage plants, 
using the newly developed Imhoff settling tanks. 
Intercepting sewers deliver sewage from the trunk outfalls to 
the three plants,the location of which,affords operation by gravity, 
thus saving the cost of pumping. The three plants are known is the 
Proctor Creek,Peachtree Creek,and Intrenchment Creek plants. There 
capacities are three,eight,and five million gallons respectively.The 
equipment of all these plants is substantially the same and consists 
of coarse grate bars,grit chambers,Imhoff tanks,fine screens,and 
trickling filters. 
COARSE SCREENS: mhe coarse screens,or grate bars, through which 
the raw sewage passes on entering the plants,are of flat bar iron, 
spaced 1.2b in.,center to center, and laid at an angle of 45 degrees 
down stream. They have been very effective in removing, from the raw 
sewage all floating material,such as dead animals,pieces of wood,tin 
cans ,rags,etc.,that might cause trouble if allowed to pass into the 
Imhoff tanks .There is about 30 lbs. average screenings wet per million 
gallons. The screenings carried away and buried . 
GRTT CHAMBERS: The grit chambers have done and are doing very 
creditable work in removing sand and grit from the raw sewage. The 
retention period of the sewage in the chambers is about thirty seconds, 
and with this period there is only a comparatively small ammount of 
organic matter deposited with the sand. The sand dump pile has never 
been offensive,even in the warmest weather. Sand that is needed for 15 
the resurfacing of the sludge drying beds is taker from this dump 
without washing. 
IMHOFF TANKS: There are thirty Imhoff tanks at Peachtree station, 
twenty-ore at Intrenchment,and twelve at Proctor. They are of the 
circular type,24.5 ft. deer,arranged in a series of three,designed so 
as to give the sewage in the settling chambers a retention period of 
three hours,and are provided with crossover chanels for reversing 
the flow . The plants at all three places have done excellent work, 
removing practically all the settleable solids,and from 60 to 85 % 
of all solid material. 
Distribution of sluige in the sludge wells: As stated above,the 
tanks are arranged in a series of threes,and as a result one dis- 
advantage stands out very prominently,namely,the unevenness of the 
deposit in the sluige wells. The bulk of the solids are deposited 
in the first hour of retention,consequently the first tank receive© 
more than its proportinate share of the settled solids,and the third 
well gets less. By reversing the flow at proper intervals,the sludge 
level can be keot fairly constant in the two end wells,but the ammount 
of deposit in the middle chamber cannot be regulated. As a result 
the end wells are compelled to perform the work that should be done 
by the middle section,and the sludge-storage neriod is thereby reduced. 
Thus far,however,this decrease in storage capacity has not caused 
trouble at any of the plants,as the sludge from the end tanks has 
always been of good quality, good weather conditions it dries 
into good spadable material in from seven to nine days,if the sludge 
is not put on the beds more than eight inches deep. The city sells 
the accumulated sludge to a local concern that uses it as a filler 
for commercial fertilizer. 
AVERAGE ANALYSIS OF 56 SAMPLES OF SLUDGE COLLECTED FROM TANKS. 
Specific Gr. X / Volatile / Mixed X Nitrogen % Ether Sol.Fat 
1.02 87.05 59.01 60.9 1.25 6.11 
The accumulation of scum in the gas vents seems to be a rather 16 
serious draw back of the Imhoff tanks in many places and there has 
been some trouble in this respect in Atlanta. To prevent this the 
central vents were made twice as large in some of the newer tanks. 
The larger vents ,however,seemingly had no beneficial effect in 
preventing the formation of foam. In fact,it is interesting to note 
that the scum in the case of the smaller vents remained smaller than 
in the larger ones,since the gas ebulition in the smaller ones is 
more effective in breaking up the scum. 
Utilization of the gas Liberated from the tanks at the Peachtree 
plant has been in practice almost a year,and has proven to be very 
practical as well as a financial success tu uic ciuy. The wnole plant 
is producing about 30,000 cu.ft. a day. The volume is variable however. 
ETLTEP BEDS: The Proctor Creek plant is provided with 1.5 acres 
of filtering area,and was originally designed to handle 20.000 people 
per acre,but +he bed is actually operating overload. This is 
due to the discharge of night soil from surface closets in the city, 
into the Proctor Creek intercepter. The Peachtree plant is provided 
with 2.5 acres of filter beds, and there are approximately 80,000 
people contributing to the plant. A part of the tank effluent is 
by-passed around the filters,however,and the beds are handling 25,000 
people per acre. The Intrenchment Creek plant has two acres of filter 
beds,and there are 50,000 people contributing to this plart, thus 
making '~'5,ooo people to the acre. 
SLUDGE DRYING BEDS. The drying beds are under-drained by Sin. 
tile,spaced 7 ft.apart and laid on a well rammed clay bottom. The 
lower 10 in. of filtering material is of 1.5 in. stone with a thin 
layer of sard on top. At one of the plarts the beds are made level, 
while at the other two there is a slant of one foot in a hundred. 
It is almost impossible to get a n even layer on the sloping beds. 
This is undesirable ir that it causes uneven drying of the sludge, 
and thus reduces the capacity of the bed. The Intrenchment Peds are 
i,r 1 
onlv ones that furnish adequate drying area. 17 
Very close observations have been made to determine the effect 
the plants have on the surrounding neighborhood,and the condition 
of the creeks below the entrance of treated sewage. There has never 
been detected any noticable odor,except in the immediate vicinity 
of the plant,and there las never been made any complaint against the 
plart,all remarks being of approval rather than condemnation. 
The Atlanta plants are very satisfactory,when viewed from cost 
of operation ana general eixiuienuy. The sewage is disposed of quickly 
with least nuisance to trie people concerned,and with least damage to 
health and property. The sanitary privies are rigidly inspected,but 
even so there is always some criticism to be made in regard to them. 
There have never been any epidemics of Typhoid,the origin of which 
was traced to the privies ;in fact there have been no Typhoid epidemics 
in Atlanta. The odor from these privies is always a nuisance to 
individuals in the vicinity,but this is naturally to be expected at 
times. The night soil is emptied directly irto the sewers,as refered 
to above,and is thus the best system of disposal. CHaPTjczK IV 
GARBAGE, REEUSE, ASHES. 
The collection and. disposal of garbage is under the control of 
the chief of the Sanitary Department. All householders and business 
houses are required to provide separate receptacles for garbage,ashes 
and other refuse as defined. Garbage which is defined as organic 
waste matter of both animal and vegitable origin,must be deposited 
in substantial metal containers not exceeding twelve gallons,and 
fitted with tightly fitting covers and strong handles. 
Ashes are defined as fefuse from fires in houses,schools,etcand 
includes glass,crockery,sweepings,dust,brick,metai,and other inorganic 
materials,and must be deposited in strongly built metal containers 
not exceeding forty gallons capacity. All other refuse such as tin- 
cans,rags,and old clothes are to be placed in receptacles which will 
insure that it will not be scattered about. 
No garbage receptacles of any kind are allowed to remain in 
any public street or alley. They are put out ir the street or alley 
the day that the garbage wagons make their rounds,and are promptly 
taken into the premises after they have been emptied by ths garbage 
man. The garbage,gathered together according to the above rules,is 
collected twice a week at residences,every day at appartments and 
places in the inter-fire limits. Pourteen garbage trucks and one 
hundred fifty carts with a force of two hundred four men are used 
for this purpose. The householders know the days on which the men 
are to come and put out the containers for them. Special trips may 
be made to such houses when the authorities are notified. 
At present the garbage and miscelaneous refuse matter are burned 
in a crematory,capable of burning 250 tons a day. Ashes are used 
in the outskirts of the city on unpaved streets and sidewalks. 19 
STREET CLEANING: The supervision of street cleaning is included 
under the division of garbage collecting. The city owns several 
sweepers and four flushing machines,and the business section of the 
dity is swept and flushed every night,the residential section twice 
a week. At intervals along the streets in the city are placed auto- 
matic trash cans and pedestrians are urged to put all trash in them. 
Every person doing business in the down town district is required 
by law to keep the side walk in front of his business establishment 
swept,and arrange it so that the street sweeperw may easily get it 
in their rounds. 
The above system of garbage collection and street cleaning has 
worked well for several years,although it took a long time to per- 
fect it. It is an efficient system and ?o far as can be seen no changes 
need be recommended. CHAPTER V 
VITAL STATISTICS. 
Death rates and birth rates for city of Atlanta: Since the 
organization of the Atlanta city and county Health Department,more 
complete records of vital statistics have beer kept. Standard cir- 
tificates of death must be filled out by the physician in charge of 
the case prior ot death,or by the undertaker in case there was no 
physician in attendance,and these cirtificates are filed at the Pub- 
lic Health Office. Yearly all reports of Vital Statistics are sent 
to the state Registrar ef Vital Statistics. 
All births,including still births,are reported in accordance 
with state laws within five days after the date of each birth on 
standard birth cirtificates,furnished by the Bureau of Vital Statis- 
tics of the Georgia State Board of Health. Permanent records are 
kept in the office of the local Board of Health-and reports are sent 
into the State Board of Health. 
The general crude death rates and birth rates for the city of 
Atlanta in 1920 and 1921 inclusive are given in the following table 
and are graphically represented in the accomparing chart. 
YEAR 
POPULATION 
NO.REATHS 
NO.BIRTHS 
1920 
200,616 
3509 
4070. 
1921 
207,473 
3 062 
4510. 
YEAR 
1920 
1921 
TMPATU DATI? 
17 to - 
PrLAlH .KALE - 
BIRTH RATE - 
20.28 
21.75. 
INFANT MORTALITY: The chief causes of infant mortality are 
infant diarrheas and enteritis,intestinal obstruction,and congenital 
malformation. The following table shows the mortality of infants 
under one year of age,exclusive of still births. 21 
TABLE SHOWING INFANT MORTALITY TN 1921 AND 1920. 
YEAR 
NO.BIRTHS 
NO.DEATHS 
DEATH RATE 
1920 
4070 
437 
107.33 
1921 
4510 
395 
82.08 
MARRIAGES. No record of marriages is kept by the Public Health 
department. Such records are kept in the office of the Ordinary, 
where marriage licenses are issued. All males applying for marriage 
license are required,however, toppresent at the time of application 
a physican's cirtificate,stating that he has been examined and found 
free from venereal diseases,and tuberculosis in the infectious stage, 
and is of a sound mind. 
SPECIFIC RATES FOR TYPHOID,TUBERCULOSIS,MEASLES,AND SCARLET FEVER. 
DEATH RATE 
1920 
DEATH RATE 
1921 
TYPHOID EEVER 
12.96 
11.57 
TUBERCULOSIS 
109.15 
116.6 
MEASLES 
6.97 
3.85 
SCARLET EEVER 
2.98 
3.85 
Other figures on specific rates for infectious diseases were 
not obtainable. The figures for preceding years on morbidity, 
mortality,and other vital statistics,however,were recorded,and the 
reporting of such statistics is well performed in Atlanta. This is 
due to the management of the well conducted Public Health department. 
Certificates used for the reporting of births,deaths,and notifiable 
diseases are included in this chapter. For the ®un« Governing Birth Registration bee Vour Local Registrar, 
than one child Is born a cer*,n~'*" for each child must be filed, filling items 4 and 5 carefullv. 
/hen more tnan on stillbirth file both biru. and death certificates. - = =-| 
- B .O.V .9. 
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 1 For sta£ Reg Gtr'ar Only. F 
place of »«RTH BUREAU OF VITAL STATISTICS I rQ 
STANDARD CERTIFICATE of BIRTH | J 
BOUNTY OF 
rEG. DIS. No **G'STER 
MIL. DIST.OF " " " 
town r. 4 87 Peachtree street. 
01T?rof «o- 
2 fui-i-name 71 
==ip^htco-der of birth Yes BIRth 
Fenale TO BE answered FOR flurai RIRTHS 0R.r;T~== I 
"-"Father MameEN Johnson 1 
NAME « e -1 4 5, 0 yi ~~~" 
9 residence Madison last 
487 BIrthday -^Xrs£ 
W COLOR BIRTHDAY 
Tffhl t0 18 BIRTHPLACE 
77birthplace Carrollton y - - 
« 11 piyert Mass.- ~~ 19 occupation 
13 occupation _T lions ewi£ e - I 
U.SRPuhlic Health. 1 | open of I 
20 number 0FuCH»LDRENr this mother 
* BORN TO T pppqFNT BIRTH- - ~ -=====-=. "TTLHtr'- nuvsiGLAN . 
INCLUDING THE PR ( | nfirirATF OF Al abov« stated. 
=born alive 12 1 Q_Z ALj-M. o 
and that I dI?'?ot"so 'ho trea'm"t *°' (Signature) " ■ 1 or Mldwfa) 
.here was no attending Ohffi?*?L4Lf",A eWUbom oMld 1 
«* Addre- 
"S Is one tnax •»«= __192_. 
Iblrth. «r«m a supplemental report-- 
I Given name added from a suPP 
| - ReoUtrar. 
-® FRed - ~ ~~~~~~ 
T? W - . N. -Js- >"hi ns r , 
In Deaths From Violent Causes, State (1) Means and Nature ot a,iu yc., ..ncuici nuviucmdi, sui- 
cidal, or Homicidal. (See Reverse Side for Additional Space.) 
- B O VS, 
1 PLACE OF DEATH GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH FILE NO. 
BUREAU OF VITAL STATISTICS for state registrar Fll 
COUNTY ZlLl-t-QU STANDARD CERTIFICATE OF DEATH *11 
MILITIA DISTRICT 
TOWN 
OR A + No 2£> l&JL3Lr_ st.reg.dist.no REGISTERED NO 
?IF MATHI G'VE ITS NAME INSTEAD OF STREET AND NUMBER.) 
2 FULL NAME J-GXlSfi. 
RESIDENCE, CITY No- -------------------an"d~"sTAt¥)" S 
18 Length of res.dence in city or town where death occurred yrs. mo,. dys. How .ong in U. S., If of foreign birth? yrs. .. mos. _._dys. 
PERSONAL AND STATTSTICAL PARTICULARS, _ MEDICAL PARTICULARS 
3 SEX 4 COLOR OR RACE 5 SINGLE, 16 DATE OF DEATH t 
MARRIED, Single Tn1v 1 & 1922 c 
j >3 WIDOWED, -L-± , ±-'. . . t 
Lui I <z WIxX u - DIVORCED (write the word) 192 « 
5a IF MARRIED. WIDOWED, OR DIVORCED 17 I HEREBY CERTIFY, THAT I ATTENDED DECEASED FROM < 
HUSBAND OF n Tiller U < 
(OR) WIFE OF _ JlJTTiS 15 , 192 ", TO -L-1.H-l-± 192 Z (, 
6 DATE OF BIRTH, (MO. DY. YR.) Tiiltr 1 d 7 1 
v 11 18° 7 THAT I LAST SAW H-lZT ALIVE ON-jIRJ-B-J._£ 192-4-j 
' 1 " AND THAT DEATH OCCURRED, ON THE DATE STATED ABOVE," 
(f THAN 2 YEAR?-2-4 ES? d,S' *T ixfifl-E-M. THE CAUSE OF DEATH WAS AS FOLLOWS: j 
state if breast fed Yes No | than 1 day hrs. mlns. » tJ R _ 
8 OCCUPATION 
(a) TRADE, PROFESSION OR 
PARTICULAR KIND OF WORK 
(b) GENERAL NATURE OF INDUSTRY, 
BUSINESS OR ESTABLISHMENT IN TIZ.K1. VDC 6 Mn<5 nv<S 
WHICH EMPLOYED (OR EMPLOYER) (DURATION) YRS. L MOS. DYS. 
_ 9 BIRTHPLACE « j , „ . - 
(STATE OR COUNTRY) GSOTgia CONTRIBUTORY 
- (SECONDARY) 
10 NAME OF 
FATHER Henry Jones (duration) yrs. mos. -4. dys. 
z 11 WHERE WAS DISEASE CONTRACTED, . , , . 
| ?staftetoIrcountry) Georgia ,F NOT AT PLACE 0F DEATH? 
< 12 MAIDEN NAME DID AN OPERATION PRECEDE DEATH? -IlCL- DATE OF 
OF MOTHER lolly Smith WAS THERE AN AUTOPSY? XJ3.fi- WHAT TEST CONFIRMED DIAG- 
13 BIRTHPLACE 'Found, at 3,tit QI?SV 
OFM OTHER . , „ C NOSIS? rJA.k-'wLfc. X. 
(state or country) Anderson, 
14 THE ABOVE IS TRUE TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE. (SIGNED) M. D 
-R ■Rr'Cir>'k 192.2 -. (ADDRESS) -Cfk^X-Q-l-i---X.'_l 
(INFORMANT) 19~PLACE OF BURIAL, CREMATION, OR REMOVAL DAtE 
(address) Carrollton»C^a. Atlanta Cemetery Julv/i^- 
f5 ~ 20 
- R.W. Browxz- AjLUhTita. , 
-M.d.o'at Particular, murt b. elgn.d by Phyaloiai., Coroner or Roglrtrar. CHAPTER VI 
TITLE 
Atlanta enjoys a clean and wholesome milk supply. The high 
standard it has attained is largely the result of'the efforts 
of the milk inspectors,together with the knowledge the dealers 
have attained during the past few years in regard the present 
day methods ox efficiency. 
Atlanta's milk surply is derived it from about 850 
dairies which are situated not onlv in the vicinity of the city, 
tut are scattered throughout the state,as well as in some of the 
neighboring states. About 12000 cows furnish the milk. This milk 
includes about 17,000 gallons of cream,sweet milk,and butter milk 
daily,ammountirg to ld,500 gallons of cream and sweet milk,and 3,500 
gallons of buttermi 11:. 
Reports are divided into wholesale producers,retail producers 
with steam sterilizers,retail producers without steam sterilizers, 
pasteurizing plants,and bottling stations. There are about 140 whole- 
sale milk producers and 200 retail producers for the city. The milk 
that goes out from the wholesale establishments is pasteurized by 
the retailers before it is consumed by the public. 
There are five milk inspectors in Atlanta,three operating in 
the city limits/"bile the others are barn inspectors. The duties 
of these inspectors are numerous,among which may be mentioned the 
inspection of the milk depots,the taking of temperatures of milk, 
inspection of cans and bottles, inspection of bottling and paseariz- 
ing plants,and the collecting of samples from all dairymen for 
examination in the laboratory . 
Thile in the process of delivery,the samples are collected by 23 
ths inspector for ths purpose of chemical analysis and bacteriological 
examination. No set time tor collec+lon exists,so the dairymen do 
not know when the inspector is going to collect a sample. The milk 
from each dairy is examined twice a month and is graded according to 
a competitive system. The score card furnished by the Atlanta Board 
of Health is included in this chapter. A. report of the analyses appears 
every month in the daily news capers. This method of grading has 
taught the dealer that sterilization of utensils and prompt and 
efficient cooling of the milk play an important part in producing a 
milk that will meet all requirements of the Board of Health. The 
legal requirements for raw milk are: Bacteria, 100,000 maximum;fat 
total solids,12; t emperature,50 degrees Fahrenheit, AT present 
there is no certified milk in Atlanta,tut about 3,000 gallons are 
being pasteurized daily. This is done by the whole method- 140 - 145 
degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. 
The dairy farms are inspected at regular intervals by the milk 
inspector, raver supplies or dairies are subjected to repeated 
bacteriological analyseswhen thev originate from sourses other than 
the city supcly . The milk rooms ir all oases have been supplied with 
adequate steam sterilizing and washing facilities. Privies on the 
farms are required to be fly-proof . Prompt cooling to 50 degrees 
Fahrenheit is a legal requirement. The dairy barns are kept in a 
strictly sanitary condition,mary being equipped with running water 
for rushing purposes. All animals which have passed the tuberculin 
test made by a qualified veterinarian,are marked with a metal tag 
approved by the city Health Officer. All cows failing to pass such 
test are branded with the letters ''T.B." in a conspicuous place,and 
removed at once under the direction of the Health Officer. All other 
contagious diseases which may arrise in the herds are to be reported 
at once to the milk inspector. The c cws must be kept clean and their 
flanks and udders wiped with a damp cloth previous to milking. 24 
All milkers and other attendants who handle the milk are required 
to be personally clean,and,before entering upon their duties,are 
required to wash their hands thoroughly with soap. No milker is 
permitted to wash the teats of the cows with milk or water in the 
milk bucket,or to milk the cow with wet or moist hards. No person 
who attends to the cows or distributes the milk is allowed to enter 
a place where a contagious disease exists. 
No person having tuberculosis,any venereal iisease,or any other 
communicable disease is allowed to work in a dairy or on a dairy 
farm. All persons who handle the milk or milk products are compelled 
to have been immunized against typhoid. 
THE BEUCHLER BA I RY. 
PERSONAL INSPECTION:- The Beuchler dairy is a modern and,from 
what would he seen,a model dairy. It is owned and operated by C.H. 
Beuchler who has long been in the dairy business and has succeeded 
in becoming very popular,especially among the ''baby" customers of 
the city. The dairy farm is situated about 3.5 miles from town on 
N.Boulevard ,and covers about 22 acres of beautifully rolling pasture 
land. 
The buildings on the farm are all situated on a bluff and 
better drainage could not be desired. They consist of a one story 
bungalow in which the proprieter lives,and two small houses for 
hired help. In addition there is a cow barn, a milk barn,and a 
house in which the washing of milk containers,sterilizing,and bottling 
takes place. The three dwelling houses are surrounded by spacious 
lawns and have all the conveniences of the city,such as running 
water and electric lights. 
The barn is 94ft. x 32ft.,and is traversed throughout its 
entire length by a large central passway. On each side of the hall 
are several cow stalls and feed rooms. At each end is a large fold- 
ing door. The floors were clean and were covered with saw dust. 25 
No manure piles were seen in the vicinity of the barn or the milk 
house. Three large windows ,equally spaced, are on each side of the 
tarn. All the walls are whitewashed. 
The milk barn is 90ft. x 34ft. and is 15 ft. from the barn. 
It has five doors and fifty-two windows all of which are screened. 
The floor is of concrete and has a central hallway throughout its 
entire length. On either, side of the hall are the milk stalls. The 
floor is washed twice a day,and the wash water is allowed to run 
out through the drains which empty into the sewer behind the stalls. 
No manure is allowed to remain in the trough,but is promptly carried 
out and piled behind the barn. This is removed every morning. The 
walls are painted white and are washed down three times a year. 
Tnc cuxxoxobo o-u 32 cows,22 of which are Holsteins,the 
remaining 10 being Jerseys. Twenty-two of the cows are being milked 
at the present time,since the other ten are dry. They give 65 gallons 
of milk daily,and are milked at 2:00 A .11. and 2:00 P.M. Two hired 
men do the milking,and are required to be clean in their habits and 
dress. No one is allowed to have anything to do with the milk who 
has a disease which might endanger the health of others. No disease 
has ever been conveyed to milk buyers by means of milk from this dairy. 
Before beginning milking,the hose is turned on all the cows and they 
are thoroughly washed. The udders are then dried with clean cloths. 
The milk is received id covered vessels which have been previously 
sterilized,and is then carried to the bottling room. 
The house in which the washing,sterilizing,and bottling takes 
place,is 60 ft. x 15 ft..and id divided into two compartments. In 
the one are two large sinks where the bottles and other containers 
are wasned and rinsed,and a large heater to heat the water and furnish 
steam for the sterilizer. In the other are the sterilizer,the bottle 
racks,and refrigerators. The bottles and other containers are subjected 26 
to live steam for a period of twenty-five minutes. The bottles are 
filled by hand,and are then sealed and covered with caps clamped 
with metal wire. The seals and caps are made by the Standard Cap 
and Seal Co. After this the bottles are put on ice and kept at a 
temperature of about 45 to 50 degrees Barhenheit until delivered. 
Mr. Beuchler's cows are examined twice a year for tuberculosis 
and none has been found among the herd during the past three years . 
Three years ago he purchases several cows,and it was among tncoc 
that positive tuberculin tests were gotten. These cows were immediately 
isolated from the others and sent to the slaughter house. 
The maximum limit of bacterial count fixed by the Board of Health 
is 100,000 per c.c.,but at no time during the past three years has 
Mr. Beuchler's count gone above 15,000. At present it is 6,000. 
The average fat is from 3.5 to 4.0,and total solids 12.86. This dairy 
is ore of the best in the city in most every respect. This is borre 
out by the fact that it has gained a reputation which has held for 
several years among the motners oi AuiaitcB and small children on the 
north side of the city. 'Formally Mr. Beuchler produced certified 
milk,tut at present there is no certified milk in Atlanta. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
ATLANTA, GA. 
SANITARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES 
DAILY SCORE CARD 
Owner or lessee of farm 
Total No. of cowsNo. milkingQuarts of milk produced daily 
Product is sold at wholesale-retail. Name and address of dealer to whom shipped: 
Permit No. Date of inspection 190 
.- SCORB REMARKS 
# Perfect | Allowed 
cows 
Condition 2 
Health: Outward appearance 3 
Comfort 2 
Ventilation 4 
Cubic space 3 
Cleanliness 
Food 2 
Water 4 
Total 25 Per cent perfect 
STABLE 
Location j 3 
Construction; 5 
CleanlinessI 7 . 
Light 5 
Stable air| 2 
Removal of manureI 2 
Stable yardj 1 
Total„...| 25 Per cent perfect 
MILK HOUSE AND STORAGE 
Locationi 2 
Construction j 2 ' 
Equipment I 3 : 
Cleanliness 3 
Care and cleanliness of utensils ° -- 
Water supply for cleaning . 5 
Storing at low temperature.. 5 
Total 25 Per cent perfect 
MILKING AND HANDLING MILK 
Cleanliness of milking 10 
Prompt and efficient cooling 10 
Protection during transportation ° 
Total 25 I Per cent perfect 
Total 100 I 
Question 1.-Has the herd passed the tuberculine test within a year? Yes. No. 
question 2.-Has the water supply been examined for contamination? Yes. No. 
Questions.-Isthereany case ol'contagiousdisease on the farm that is not properly isolated? Yes. No. 
Signed 
Inspector 
Note-If conditions are so exceptionally bad in any particular as to be inadequately expressed by a 
score of 0 the inspector will write BAD in the column of Remarks, opposite the 0. 
At the present time the Varies and milk plants are rot scored. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
ATLANTA, GA. 
SANITARY INSPECTION OF CITY MILK PLANTS- 
Owner or manager Trade name 
Street and No. 
Swt. milk 
Number of wagonsGallons sold daily Butter milk 
Cream 
Permit or License No„Date of Inspection 190 
SCORE 
REMARKS 
Perfect allowed 
Milk Plant 
Location 6 
General arrangement 4 
Construction: 
Floor 3 
Walls 3 ' ~ " 
Ceiling 1 
Drainage 3 
Cleanliness 15 
Light 5 
Ventilation 5 .. 
Equipment: 
Arrangement 3 
Construction 3 
Condition 2 . 
Cleanliness . 5 
Efficiency 2 
Total 60 
Milk 
Handling 12 
Storage . 8 
Total 20 
Wagons 
General appearance 2 
Protection of product 3 
Cleanliness 5 
Total 10 
90 
Sales Room 
Location 2 
Construction 2 
Equipment 2 
Cleanliness ... 4 
Total 10 
Total score I 100 
Note.-If the conditions in any particular are so exceptionally bad as to be inadequately expressed 
by a score of "0", the inspector will write the word "BAD" in the column of remarks opposite the "0". 
{Signed)-..- .. . 
a Inspector. 
TRADES o A SANITARY NUISANCES. 
SOURCES OF ODORS: Most of the sanitary privies are to be found 
in the negro section of the city and it is from these privies that 
the most disagreeable odor comes. Altho the sanitary department is 
strict in its endeavors to overcome this nuisance by frequent visits 
to them and by the use of strong disinfectants,still there is always 
at certain places complaints coming from individuals living in the 
immediate vicinity of them. Too,the odor which arrises from the sani- 
tary wagons that collect the night soil is a very disagreeable one. 
To even the least imaginative mind,the strong disinfectants,which 
are used to treat it,do not mask the odor of the fecal material,but 
seems to accentuate it,and the combined odor is anything but pleasing. 
DUST: Most of the streets of the city,both in the down-town 
and residential sections,are paved,and it would seem that there would 
be little sourse for dust.However, in dry seasons during the summer 
months,the fine material left on the streets by the street cleaners 
gives rise to some dust. The railroads run through the center of the 
city,and it is from the railroad yards that some dust arrises. During 
the hot season the street sprinklers are kept very busy in the attempt 
to obviate this nuisance. 
RUBBISH AND GENERAL CLEANLINESS: The garbage and street cleaning 
ordinances have done much to improve the general cleanliness of the 
city. The merchants in the business section are required to keep 
their sidewalks clean,and a sanitary force is constantly at work 
removing trash that majr accumulate in the streets. The householders 
as a rule take pride in keeping their premises clean. It is unlawful 
to use empty lots as dumps. If anyone has trash to dispose of,it 
will taken charge of by the authorities on notifying them. 28 
PLIES AND MOSOUITOES: These nuisances are dealt with "both hy 
individuals and corporations,and hy the sanitary department of Public 
Health. Most of the householders have their houses screened or partly 
so. Tin cans,discarded buckets,tubs,etcare recognized as breeding 
places for mosquitoes during the rainy seasons,and care is taken 
not to leave such articles upturned so that they will not catch water. 
Stagnant pools and ditches are reported to the Health Department by 
the sanitary inspectors ,and these are drained,cleaned,or oiled under 
their direction. 
PATS AND VERMIN: These nuisances are well controls! by the 
efforts of individual householders. Cats,rat poisons,and rat traps 
are to be found in many households and these serve as an efficient 
line of defense. 
STABLES AND MANURE: Stables within the city limits are inspected 
at intervals by the stable inspectors. They are to be kept clean 
and ths manure removed is to be put into closed containers,or securely 
built sheds,preferably screened. If the owner of the stable does not 
keep the stable clean and the manure protected from flies,the exist- 
ing conditions are declared a sanitary nuisance and dealt with 
accordingly. 
SMOKE: The principle soursa of smoke comes from the railroad 
engines. The trains run through the center of the city,and it is 
principally the business section that suffers from this. This of 
course has to be tolerated. 
UNNECESSARY NOISES: Noise to the extent of becomming a nuisance 
is not common in Atlanta. Considerable noise comes after the winning 
of college baseball and'football games as the winning team parades 
through the streets. This is not so common,however, and must be 
tolerated.In special districts such as the evvirons of hospitals 
and schools,signs are placed at a distance of two blocks from such 
buildings and ir this wav winning is given to persons and vehicles 29 
to eliminate all unnecessary noises as they pass through these 
restricted areas. 
PIGGERIES: Piggeries are allowed within the city limits but 
they are required to be put at a distance of 300 ft. from the house 
and have a run of 300 sq.ft. However,if they are a nuisance even 
after this,they are dealt with accordingly. 
LEGAL DEFINITION OR A NUISANCE: "Nuisances are either public or 
private. A public nuisance is one which damages all persons who come 
within the sphere of its operation,though it may vary in its affects 
on individuals. A private nuisance is one limited in its injurious 
effects to one or a few individuals. Generally a public nuisance 
gives no right of action to any individual,but must be abated by a 
process instituted in the name of the state. A nrivate nuisance gives 
a right of action to the person injured. If,however,a public nuisance 
causes special damage to an individual,in which the public do not 
participate such special damage gives a right of action. A private 
nuisance may either injure the person or property,or both,and in 
either case a right of action accrues." 
"A nuisance is anything that worketh hurt,inconvenience,or dam- 
age to another;and the fact that the act done may otherwise be law- 
ful does not keep it from being a nuisance. The inconvenience com- 
plained of must not be fanciful,or such as would affect only one of 
fastidious taste,but it must be such as would affect an ordinary 
reasonable man. The alienee of a person owning the property injured 
may sue for a continuance of the nuisance;so the alienee of the 
property causing the nuisance is responsible for the continuance of 
the same. Tn the latter case there must be a request to abate,before 
action brought." 
Injunction: Where the consequences of a nuisance about to be 
erected or commenced will be irreparable in damages,and such conse- 
quences are not merely possible,but to a reasonable degree certain, 30 
a court may interfere to arrest a nuisance before it is completed. 
ABATEMKMT: "Tf a nuisance complained of exists in a town or 
city under the government of a mayor,intendent,aiderman,wardens,or 
a common council,or commissioners,such nuisance,by and with the advice 
of said aiderman,wardens , council, or c ommibs si oners , may be abated by 
order of said mayor,intendant,or commissioners;but if the nuisance 
complained of exists in a city having a population of ?0,000 or more, 
the police court of such city,whether it be known as mayor's or re- 
corder's court,or otherwise designated,shall have jurisdiction to 
hear and determine the question of the existence of such a nuisance 
and to order its abatement,which order shall be directed to and ex- 
ecuted by the sheriff or the marshall of said town or city,or his 
deputy. Reasonable notice shall be given to the parties interested 
of the time and place of the meeting of such freeholders,aiderman, 
wardens,counci 1,or commissi oners." FACTORIES. 
THE INSPECTION OF THE FORD FACTORY:- The name of Ford is 
familiar to all. The personal inspection of ore of his factories 
is familiar to many. Whether or not one has visited tne snops and 
watched the workers,each at his specific task,accomplish wonders 
by methods of stridency not to be equalled,he has surely listened 
to the unbelievable stories of those who have been more rorrunate. 
rhe oig rora factory resembles a big,bustling city with its 
numerous activities, it onerutes its own power,nesting,and lighting 
plants, fire department,telephone and telegraph exchanges,freight 
ird express offices,laundry,laboratories,and machine shops. It 
maintains its own schools,hospital,saxetv ana Hygiene department, 
park and athletic field,motion picture studio,band and auditorium, 
grocery,drug,ura snoe stores ,tailor snop,and meat market,and pub- 
lishes its own news paper. Most of these things apply to the main 
factory in Detroit and not to the assembling plants scattered 
throughout the large cities ox the united otates. uertain of these 
activities,however,will be discussed in regard to the Plant in Atlanta. 
THE ATLAKTA ASSHuABLTNG FACTORY: The assembling factory is 
situated or the north side almost 2.0 miles from the center of the 
city in an ideal location not far from the famous Druid Hills 
residential section. The building itself is built on the side of 
a hill,so that the drainage is excellent,there being no danger of 
stagnant watsr in its vicinity. It is a re-enforced steel-concrete 
structure,and the massive pillows run from the ground to the top of 
the building. No appreciable ammount of wood is to be found in the 
building,so that the danger of fire is almost out of the question. It has a frontage of about 90 ft. and a depth of 200 ft. There are 
four stories not including the basement and the roof,the latter of 
which is used for storage,and is capable of holding up 1800 lbs. 
per sq. ft. The first story is 22 ft. high while the remaining 
stories are 15 ft. in height. 
There are three elevators and four stairways tn the building. 
The entire floor space ammounts to 143,000 sq. ft. The first floor 
is used largely for office space,where are to be found the manager's 
and assistant manager's offices,the superintendant's office,and the 
sales department. All the other floors are the assembly floors 
where the cars in their various stages of development are seen. 
One is struck by the enormous ammuunt of light and ventilation 
available in this factory. Almost the entire sides of the building 
represent a solid row of windows which extend almost from the floor 
to the ceiling. In addition to this,light is gotten from a huge 
sky-light in the center of the building. This sky-light is directly 
over the rail road track which comes in on the second floor,where 
the unloading of parts takes place in their respective places. The 
cars are backed in and thid avoids the smoke from the engines. Solid 
rows of windows face the tracks on the different floors,so that the 
rail road is enclosed,except for one end,in an almost solid glass 
house where ample light and ventilation is supplied to the building. 
There is no artificial system of ventilation except for several vents 
that run out on the roof from the fourth floor where painting is 
done. This is perhaps the most objectionable place to work in the 
whole building,but it is necessary to keep the rooms at a temperature 
of about 85 degrees Fahrenheit all summer on account of the finishing 
coats on the cars. This necessitates keeping the windows closed,and 
the fumes together with the heat makes it quite uncomfortable, 
especially to one not used to it. The paints used are free from lead 
32 33 
and. so the danger of lead poisoning is not to be contended with. 
There is a large number of employees in the factory,each work- 
ing on his respective job,a very efficient system. No lifting is 
done,no handling is necessary,and no time is lost. Everything is 
done by machinery,and when one gets to the end of the line where 
the cars are coming off completed,one can count a finished car about 
every three and a half minutes. The floor space is amply large and 
no one seems to be crowded. The men work on an eight hour schedule 
and seem to enjoy it and not to complain of overwork. 
A special compartment is reserved for clothes' racks wher&- the 
men change their clothes before going to work. Every Saturday right 
all the soiled clothing of f Hher^raOs'Wdhsent to1- to 
I 
the laundry. The racks are then thoroughly sterilized. 
There are seven toilets in the building,each containing on an 
average of six sanitary commodes and seven urinals. Outside each 
toilet is to be found a long row of wash basins. These are supplied 
with liquid soap,and individual towels are to be had. There are several 
drinking fountains on each floor. The water supply comes from the city. 
All these things are kept spotless all ths time. In fact,the whole 
building is kept scrupulously clean. Ths dust is most all carried 
away through fans on machines forming it. The walls are painted white 
and are scrubbed at varying intervals during the year. Spitting is 
forbidden in the building. On all the floors and on the stair ways 
the corners are painted white,the psychology of it being that no 
one will expectorate in a nice clean corner,whereas they wouldc.be 
tempted to do so in a dirty,dark one. 
All men who obtain employment in the Ford factory are required 
to have a complete physical examination by the physician employed 
for that purpose. Anyone suffering from a disease that iaight endanger 
the health of his fellow is not accepted. Employees who become ill 34 
at work are examined and treated,and then,depending upon the nature 
and seriousness of their ailment,advised to return to their work or 
go home. The department seldom treats men at home,tut always extends 
assistance in diagnosing cases or advising employees. The physician 
makes his examination in an up to date and well equipped first aid 
room. He also maintains an office where Ford men may consult him in 
regard to specific blood and venereal diseases. Even the most trivial 
mishap-a cut finger,a particle in the eye-is treated to prevent 
infection. 
Through the plant paper,the employees are being constantly 
educated in matters of hygiene and sanitation. They are admonished 
to care for themselves properly. Timely articles inform them of 
the best ways of combating and insuring themselves against epidemics. HOUSING. 
VENTILATION OP THE CANDLER BUILDING: The Candler building, 
built in 1904 and 1905,is owned almost entirely by Asa G. Candler 
of Atlanta. It is one of the most magnificant buildings in the city, 
being 17 stories high and having 448 offices. 
Approximately 3000 tons of structural steel and iron,almost 
twice the quantity used in any other building in the southeastern 
states,was used in the construction of the building. The fame of the 
marble used in the construction and decoration of the building is 
national in its scope. It is the celebrated product of the Amicalola 
quarries,located in Georgia and used extensively in every state of 
the union. The exterior of the building is of snowy white,while the 
interior marbles,except the staircase,embrace all the colors of the 
spectrum,arranged in perfect harmony. The massive pillars are 4.5 ft. 
in diameter at the base,and gracefully taper to 4.0 ft. at the capitals. 
They are 26 ft. in height and weigh more than 40 tons each. 
Two vast basements,one beneath the other,contain the power plant 
and equipment necessary to the proper conduct of the modern commercial, 
structure. Tn the first basement will be found the barber shop and 
baths,and below in the sub-basement,is the machinery of the power 
plant. The building has its own refrigerating and cold storage plant. 
The basements are not crowded a rd receive ample ventilation,the 
first one through large windows,the second one through huge vents 
which open directly on the side walks around the building. 
Although receiving some light through the vents and the glassed 
side walks,the sub-basement depends largely on electric lights . 
The spacious room on the north front of the building,with 
entrances from N.Pryor, Houston,and Peachtree Streets,is occupied 36 
by the Central Bank and Trust Corporation,one of the South's most 
important financial institutions. The spacious banking room contains 
3750 sq.ft, of space,and was especially designed for the convenience 
of the bank and its customers. The fixtures are entirely of Georgia 
marble,bronze,and brass. Its furniture is of steel and mahogany,the 
whole presenting a very hansoms appearance. This is hansomely lighted 
and ventilated through the large plate glass windows which extend 
to the ceiling and around two dides of the large room. 
The problem presented in the lighting of the whole building is 
no small thing. The rooms and suites,however,are well lighted and 
ventilated,and suitable for every business need. During the heated 
months the entire building is delightfully breezy,and in winter 
comfortably steam heated. There are 861 windows in the entire build- 
ing,each room averaging,as is shown by the accompaning floor plan, 
two large ones measuring 4 ft, x 8ft. In addition two large windows 
open from the open court into the elevator shaft on each floor,and 
supply an abundance of fresh air to the spacious hall ways. Vents 
are to be found over each door in the building,so that a continuous 
circuit of fresh air is kept up. The diagram gives the measurements 
of the different rooms. 
No artificial means of ventilation is used in the building 
except in the kitchen of a restaurant situated on the first floor. 
On the roof there is a 6 H.P. motor used for the purpose of drawing 
the fumes and bad air from the kitchen. CANDLER BUILDING 
ATLANTA, GA. Candler Building 
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN 
OPEN COURT 
PRYOR STREET INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 
NOTIFIABLE DISEASES: The Board of Hralth requires every physician 
to report to the health officer the full name,age,and address of 
every person affected with anyone of the following communicable diseases 
together with the name of the disease,within twenty-four hours of the 
time when the case was first seen by him: 
Actinomycosis 
Infectious conjunctivitis 
Ancholostomiasis 
Anthrax 
Cerebro-spiral meningitis 
Chickenpox 
Chancroid 
Cholera 
Dengue 
Diphtheria 
Tty eatery (both types) 
Favus 
German measles 
Glanders 
Gonorrhea 
Influenza 
Leprosy 
Malaria 
Measles 
Mumps 
Paratyphoid fever 
Plague 
Pneumonia 
Poliomyelitis 
Babies 
Pocky Mountain tick fever 
Scarlet fever 
Septic sore throat 
Smallpox 
Syphilis 
Tetanus 
Trachoma 
Trichinosis 
Tuberculosis 
Typhoid fever 
Typhus fever 
Whooping cough 
Yellow fever 
QUARANTINE REGULATIONS: Every physician is required to secure 
isolation of the patient immediately upon the discovery of a case 
of a communicable disease. When a person affected with such a disease 
is properly isolated on the premises,adult members of the family 
or household,who do not come in contact with the patient or with his 
secretions or excretions,may with the written consent of the health 
officer continue their usual vocations,provided such vocations do 
not bring them in contact with children or require the handling of 
food intended for sale. 
After isolation no person is allowed to remove the affected 
person or any affected articles contaminated with infectious material 38 
from the area of isolation without the permission of the health 
officer. The physician in charge of such cases is required to give 
instructions as to the disinfection of excreta in cholera,dysentery 
paratyphoid,and typhoid fevers,and also instruction in regard to 
disinfection of discharges in diphtheria,meningitis,septic sore throat, 
measles,poliomyelitis,scarlet fever,smallpox,and whoopingcough. 
/s soon as a case of communicable disease is reported,the health 
officer is required to give every family or individual living in 
the house,circulars of information and copies of rules and regulat- 
ions concerning the disease. 
The maximum period of incubation for certain diseases is declared 
by the Board of Health to be as follows: Chickenpox 21 days, measles 
14 days, mumps 21, poliomyelitis 14 days, scarlet fever 7 days, 
smallpox 20 days, and whoopingcough 14 days. The minimum period of 
isolation is as follows: 
Chickenpox: Until 12 days after the appearance of the eruption 
and until the crusts have fallen and all scars completely healed. 
Diphtheria: Until three successive cultures have been obtained 
from the nose and throat at intervals of not less than 24 hours,the 
first of such cultures being taken not less than 21 days from the 
day of onset of the disease. 
Measles: Until seven days after the appearance of the rash and 
until all discharges from the nose,ears,and throat have disappeared 
and cough has ceased. 
Mumps: Until two weeks after the appearance of the disease, 
and one week after the disappearance of the swelling. 
Poliomyelitis: Until three weeks from the day of onset. 
Scarlet fever: Until 30 days after the development of the disease 
and until all discharges from the nose,ears,and throat hane ceased. 
Smallpox: Until 14 days after the development of the disease 
and the scabs have separated and the scars healed. 39 
Whooping cough: Until seven weeks after the development of the 
disease,or until one week after the last characteristic whoop. 
When death has been due to diphtheria,smallpox,measles,or cerebro- 
spinal meningitis,no person other than the adult members of the 
immediate family of the deceased and such other udultfl as are necessary 
are allowed to attend the funeral unless authorized in writing by 
the chairman of the Board of Health to do so. Public and church 
funerals are forbidden in such cases. 
METHODS OP DISINFECTION AND FUMIGATION. To disinfect a room in 
which a communicable disease has teen confined,the Board of Health 
most often employs formaldehyde gas. The room is made tight,all 
registers,flues,ventilators,etc.,being closed,and the objects in the 
room are exposed so that the gas has ready access to all surfaces. 
The ammount of gas used varies with the size and contents of the room. 
Twelve hours is the time of exposure which is generally carried out. 
After this proceedure all the linen and bed clothing are boiled 
thoroughly and imrrersed in an antiseptic solution such as 5/ carbolic 
acid,or 10$ formalin. All the woodwork is thoroughly scrubbed and 
revarnishing is advised. The furniture in the room is subjected to 
spraying with formaldehyde solution. 
All the secretions and excretions of the patient during the 
period of isolation are collected in vessels containing adequate 
ammounts of antiseptic solution. Articles used by the diseased patient 
are kept within the bounds of isolation until they have been thoroughly 
disinfected. 
The dead body of any person who has died of diphtheria,scarlet 
fever,smallpox,measles,cerebro-srinal meningitis,or tyrhoid is to 
be placed in an air-tight casket as soon as possible after death, 
and buried not later than two days after death. No person or corpor- 
ation is allowed to transprorb a body dead from any one of the above 
Cl X S "> ■ -j 1 c C * ' f1 ■ "1 • ■' - + 
diseases beyond the~' limits of the city by means of a common carrier 40 
unless the body has been embalmed arterially and by cavities,and is 
wrapped in a sheet saturated in a solution of formaldehyde gas of 
about 40% strength,or with a 5% aqueous solution of carbolic,or with 
a 1-500 solution of bichloride of murcuryjand the casket in which the 
body is placed must be metal lined and made air-tight. Preparation 
of a body is evidenced by an affidavit of the undertaker who prepered 
the body for transportation and the affidavit is filed with the 
Board of Health. 
MEASURES TAKEN TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OR TUBERCULOSIS: Whenever 
a case of tuberculosis is reported to the health department,health 
officers or visiting nurses are sent out to the home,and they give 
instruction as to collection and disposal of sputum,personal hygiene, 
etc. They direct arrangements for outdoor sleeping compartments ,gi"v e 
advice as to diet and daily routine. Bulletins giving instructions 
as to how to care for tuberculous patients and fo preventing such 
patients from giving the disease to others are left with the family. 
Indigent patients which cannot be properly cared for at home are 
sent to the sanitarium for treatment of tuberculosis and kept there 
at the expense of the city. 
MEASURES TAKEN TOPREVENT SPREAD OR TYPHOID NEVER: The Board 
of Health is very active in its attemps to prevent the spread of 
typhoid. As soon as a case of typhoid is reported,an epidemiologist 
is sent out from the office to survey the situation. He pays especial 
attertion to the general sanitary condition of the premises,notes 
the prevalence of flies an fly breeding materials,the sourse of weter 
and milk supplies,etc. He distributes phamplets relating to the pre- 
vention and spread of the disease,and gives advice as to the care of 
the patient and the disposal of the patient's secretions ans excretions. 
An attempt is made to determine the sourse of the disease and when 
it is found every effort is made to prevent further spread. 41 
VENEREAL DISEASES: The venerial diseases,syphilis,gonorrhoea, 
and chancroid are reported directld to the Board of Health within 
48 hours after diagnosis is made. The disease is reported by number 
instead of by name as shown on the card for the reporting of infect- 
ious diseases. '''he never a physician is willing to assume responsibility 
for such conduct on the part of a patient with venereal disease as 
will not expose others to infection,he has the privilege of report- 
ing the case by number without disclosure of the patient's name; 
otherwise he is required to report the name and address of such a 
patient. In the event he reports the case by number,he is required 
to keep a record of the case ihnder the same number in his office. 
Such patients are given pamphlets of instruction and information 
furnished by the state Board of Health. If the infected person refuses 
or discontinues treatment before coming non-infectious according to 
prescribed rules of the State Board of Health,the physician has to 
report the fact of refusal of treatment together with the name and 
address of the patient within one week after refusal of treatment or 
failure of patient to keep appointment for treatment. TREASURY DEPARTMENT 
U. S. Public Health Service 
Official Business 
Penalty for Private Use to Avoid 
Payment of Postage $300 
ATLANTA BOARD OF HEALTH 
CITY HALL 
DR. J. P. KENNEDY, 
Asst. Collaborating Epedemiologist 
United States Public Health Service 
ATLANTA, GA. 
Patient Age Sex 
Address 
Date Signature of Physician 
Place V in column opposite name of disease and mail promptly-diseases marked with ♦ are to 
be reported by number only. MAIL DAILY. 
---jj ■ . 
Actinomycosis German measlesScarlet fever 
Acute infectious Glanders Septic sore throat """ ZZZZZZ 
conjunctivitis Gonorrhoea *SmallpoxZZZZZZ 
Anchylostomiasis nfluenza Syphilis * ZZ 
(hookworm) LeprosyTetanusZZZ ZZZZZZ 
Anthrax Malaria Trachoma ~~~~~ 
Cerebro-spinal meningitis Measles Trichinosis Z ZZZZ 
Chickenpox Mumps Tuberculosis ZZZZZ ZZZZZZ 
Chancroid * Paratyphoid fever (pulmonary) ZZZZ 
Cholera Plague Tuberculosis ZZ ZZZZZZ 
Dengue Pneumonia, acute lobar (other than pulmonary) ___Z__ 
Diphtheria Poliomyelitis Typhoid feverZ_ 
Dysentery (amebic) Rabies Typhus feverZ_Z 
Dysentery (bacillary) Rocky Mountain spotted | Whooping cough 
Cavus 1 or tick fever 1Yellow fever Z 
Blanks used by ths Board of health for the report- 
ing of notifiable diseases. SCHOOLS. 
Atlanta is an education-center. Its schools compose the best 
system of public schools in the south. At present there are 52 
institutions of learning in Atlanta,in addition to 64 public schools 
and commercial colleges. Among the leading institutions of higher 
learning in Atlanta are Georgia School of Technology,Emory University, 
Oglethorpe University,and Lanier University. Among the leading colleges 
for women,Agnes Scott College,Cox College, and Elizabeth Mather 
College,are to be mentioned. There are five colleges for negroes. 
THE 10 th. STREET SCHOOL: This school is one of the many grammar 
schools in the city,and it is attended by children from six to thir- 
teen years of age in the first seven grades. The school is situated 
in the northern part of the city in a quiet residential district. 
The building is fire proof and is constructed of gray pressed brick. 
There are two main floors and a basement flush with the ground. The 
building occupies a front of 180 ft. and runs back 60 ft. There is 
a grassy lawn ir frtnt of the building occupying a depth of 25 ft., 
while in the rear is a spacious play ground 225 ft.x 150 ft. The 
grounds slope away from the building and are well drained. The child- 
ren have two recesses,one in the morning and the other about noon. 
There are five entrances to the building,a main entrance in 
front,an entrance into the basement in front, two entrances into the 
basement in the rear,and an entrance on the first floor from behind. 
There are fourteen spacious rooms in the building which are used 
for class rooms. Right rooms measure 25 ft.x 32 ft. and have a 12 ft. 
ceiling,while the other six rooms measure 20 x 32 x 12. Ho one room 
contains more than 45 desks ,thus giving, about 20 sc,ft. per pupil. 43 
walls are cream colored. The desks are of the Ideal type and 
vary in size according to the different grades. The light enters 
the rooms through five windows which in most of the rooms are situ- 
ated on the side of the room. The corner rooms have four additional 
windows. The window sashes are three ft. from the floor,and in eight 
rooms run to the ceiling. In the other six rooms the windows are 
eight ft. in height,all being three feet wide. Each window is fitted 
with green window shades. There are two blackboards in each room, 
made of black slate. The boards are easily washed and are kept clean. 
There is a separate cloak room for each room which opens into the 
hallway,and is well lighted and ventilated. 
The building is heated by steam and the temperature during the 
winter months is kept at about 68 degrees. Eor a good portion of the 
year the rooms are ventilated by natural ventilation by opening the 
large windows from the top and bottom. In the winter time when the 
weather prohibits the use of natural ventilation,fresh air is led 
in and first circulates about heated pipes in order to prevent it 
from chilling the rooms upon its entry. The bad air is carried out 
through chimneys which operate in the sides of the wall. Adequate 
ventilation is assured. 
The basement is spacious and well lighted. The water closets 
and urinals are found in special compartments in the basement. The 
girls' toilet room contains four white porcelain bowls,fitted with 
hot and cold water,liquid soap,and paner towels. There are a dozen 
commodes in separate compartments,and the wooden seats do not form 
a complete rim,but are open in front. The floors are of concrete 
and the room is lighted by windows with frosted pains. The boys toilet 
room is fitted out similarly to the girls' except in addition it has 
six porcelain,automat,urinals. The toilet fixtures are scrubbed and 
cleaned twice a week. The class rooms and hall ways are thoroughly 
brushed and dusted each afternoon and the blackboards are washed at 44 
the same time. 
MEDICAL INSPECTION OP SCHOOL CHILDPEN: The medical inspection 
of school children in the Atlanta Public Schools is under the super- 
vision of the city school physician and his assistant. Tn addition 
there are fifteen nurses that look after duties at the schools and 
in the district. Before a child enters school he must have been 
vaccinated,and at the time of entrance he has to present a cirtificate 
from the physician who vaccinated him. All the teachers and nurses 
in the schools are constantly on the look out for the grosser physical 
defects that occur. Especially is attention paid to the occurence of 
common colds,mouth breathing,difficulties in hearing,bad teeth,skin 
eruptions,nervous disorders,etc. When a teacher observes a pupil 
that she thinks needs careful examination,the school nurse or physic- 
ian is notified. The school nurses make visits to the different schools 
at regular intervals and closely inspects the children, a child 
is found to have a communicable disease,he is sent home and the case 
is turned over to the family physician. Prom*time to time the nurse 
visits the home and gives the mother advise ir. regard to the case. 
The diseases for which a child is excluded from school are 
included on ths card for the reporting of infectious diseases. The 
common ones are diphtheria,scarlet fever,tonsilitis,acute sore throat, 
measles,german measles,chickenpox,whooping cough,and mumps. MISCELLANEOUS . 
MARKETS: The word "meat" as defined by city ordinance means 
meat,meat products,or'meat-food products,of cattle calves , sheep,swine, 
or goats,or other animals whose meat is used for food. Tt is unlawful 
to sell or have in one's possession meat or meat-food products,unless 
they shall have been prepared under the supervision of a U.S. govern- 
ment inspector,or under the supervision of an inspector of the Health 
Department of Atlanta. This meat must be stamped by the inspector 
showing it to have been passed by him for food purposes. Meat shipped 
from other municipalities in the state of Ga. where inspection is 
carried on in accordance with the Atlanta ordinance,may be shipped 
into and offered for sale in Atlanta,provided the meat contains stamps 
which designate the city from which the meat is shipped,and that 
copies of the legends of these stamps have been furnished the Atlanta 
Health department ,previ ous to the shipment of the meat. '''hen meat is 
shipped to Atlanta from other states the seals of the cars have to 
be broken in the presence of an insrector,appointed by the Atlanta 
Board of Health,and the meat inspected before being taken out. 
Markets are required by the Board of Health to meet certain 
requirements before they are permitted to operate. Some of the re- 
quirements may be enumerated as follows: Concrete or tile floors 
with drains to the sewer;running waterjrefrigerators and fish boxes 
to be fitted with sewer connectionsjapproved meat refrigerators of 
sufficient size to conveniently accomodate its business{approved 
means of protecting display-meats from customers' handling,flies,and 
other agiencies of contaminationjalectric fans over meat blocks;.' - 46 
adequate ventillation and screening,and location of building with 
reference to outside conditions. The markets are inspected regularly 
by the food inspector. 
SLAUGHTER HOUSES: No license is issued to any person to engage 
in the business of slaughtering animals for human food purposes in 
Atlanta,unless the establishment in which they are to be slaughtered 
shall conform strictly to the following regulations: There shall be 
provided a system of hot and cold water,and a method of furnishing 
steam to the slaughtering room,and the building must be flushed 
sufficiently often to maintain it in a sanitary condition. Where 
packing is done at the slaughter house,a chilling room,capable of 
temperature not higher than 45 degrees E.,is to be maintained. Also, 
a cooking room shall be prepared,capable of lower temperatures. Like- 
wise,where packing is done,refrigerators are required. All rooms 
except the coolers and cellars are required, to have at least one 
square foot of window space per eight square feet of floor space, 
and are required to be screened. Ceilings and walls shall be tainted 
with some light color at least twice yearly. All trucks,trays,pans, 
floors, platforms,racks,knives,saws,etc.,shall be thoroughly cleaned 
daily if used. Cuspidors are to be provided and cleaned daily. A 
person suffering from any communicable disease shall not be knowing- 
ly employed in any slaughter house. All employees must,at all times, 
be clean in habits and attire. Sheds,pens,stables,and other enclosures 
where stock is kept,shall be kept separated by a tight partition 
from all rooms where meat is kept. All blood,offal,and manure must 
be burred or disposed of in a manner suitable to the Health Dept. 
clothing of employees shall be of material that can be cleaned 
daily. Butchers who dress diseased carcasses,are required to cleanse 
their hands and then immerse them in a disinfectant,and then rinse 
them before handling healthy carcasses. Meat that has fallen on the 
floor is condemned. Spitting or whet s*tones ?s not allowed. 47 
A careful inspection is made of the animals at the time of 
slaughter,and if any lesion,or disease,or other condition be found, 
it is judged in accordance with the regulations relating to the 
inspection of meat,as prescribed by the Department of Agriculture. 
KITCHEl'S,HOTELS,and RESTAURANTS: A very complete and binding 
ordinance governing the general sanitary condition of the various 
food handling establishments in Atlanta was adopted by the Board of 
Health at the beginning of the Before operating,the 
proprieter of such places has to receive a certificate from the Board 
of Health acknowledging compliance to its requirements,and all food 
handlers are required to file a certificate of health,showing that 
no communicable disease exists. The word ''restaurant" as used in the 
ordinance is defined to include all eating houses,lunch counters, 
and similar places where food is prepared for sale. Every building, 
room,basement,or cellar used as a restaurant must be properly lighted, 
drained,plumbed,and ventilated,and meet all requirements specified 
in the sanitary code. When a new employee begins work in a food 
establishment the Health department issues him a card which admits 
him to a physical examination to he made by the examining physician. 
A history in regard to previous communicable diseases and data in 
regard to present physical condition of the applicant are obtained, 
and this information is kept by the Board of Health. If the presence 
of ary communicable disease is discovered,the person is referred to his 
family physician for treatment. At times special tests are carried 
out,such as the taxing of Wassermans,and in a few instances positive 
tests are gotten. Of course they are prohibited from returning to 
their work until the disease is in the non-infectious stage. Tn 1911 
an ordinance was passed whereby all persons,in charge of meat markets, 
restaurants,bakeries,grocerystores,milk depots,and fruit stores,are 
required to securely screen all windows,doors,and other openings,so 
as to prevent the ingress of flies or other insects. 48 
SODA "FOUNTAINS: Atlanta has wore fine,well run soda fountains 
than any other city of its size. There is a very complete ordinance, 
similar to the one in regard to restaurants,governing the general 
sanitary condition of soda fountains and ice cream establishments. 
The buildings are very hansoms and the drinks are nourishing,and not 
to be equaled anywhere. It seems that the different places vie with 
oneanother in regard to the high standard which each strives to uphold. 
DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY: When the laboratory of the Public Health 
Department was established,the main obiect in view was to conduct 
examinations of market milk,to enable the food and mild inspector to 
more efficiently regulate and control the process of handling the 
milk supply. At the present time examinations are made on a large 
scale,that is,blood and other clinical material submitted by the 
medical profession are received ,and a whole-time bacteriologist and 
chemist is employed to make such examinations and analyses. 
Specimens submitted by the medical rrofession receive prompt 
attention without cost. Special blanks be retained with the specimen 
ire supplied to the physicians. The city water supply is under constant 
supervision,bacteriological examination being made daily. The milk 
sunply from each dairy is examined twice a month,the samples being 
collected from the wagons in the process of delivery. Samples of ice- 
cream ,meats ,and other food stuffs are collected at times by the 
inspector and submitted for examination. 
The expense of laboratory maintenance during 19°1 ammounted to 
about $5,500. The city of Atlanta saves a great deal by having a 
laboratory,since the estimated value of examinations and analyses, 
if paid for at commercial rates far more than triples the actual 
cost of maintenance. 
The scope of work carried on in the laboratory is shown by the 
following data taken from the laboratory report for 1921: ■EXAMINATIONS MADE TN LAPOPATOPY OP HYGIENE TN 1991. 
49 
BTPHTHKPIA. 
Month 
1st 
pos . 
2nd 
pos . 
1st 
reg. 
2nd 
neg. 
Susp. 
No 
growth 
Cont. 
Total 
Jan. 
14 
10 
100 
18 
2 
1 
1 
146 
Feb. 
4 
2 
58 
10 
0 
0 
0 
74 
Mo h . 
10 
18 
66 
20 
2 
0 
1 
117 
Apr. 
13 
9 
62 
28 
1 
0 
1 
114 
May . 
3 
3 
37 
9 
2 
0 
1 
55 
June 
2 
5 
36 
8 
1 
0 
0 
52 
July 
6 
3 
20 
7 
2 
0 
0 
38 
Aug. 
13 
6 
55 
16 
2 
3 
0 
95 
Sep. 
24 
10 
97 
37 
o 
3 
0 
180 
Oc t . 
35 
25 
211 
6? 
o 
16 
13 
371 
Nov. 
42 
47 
107 
63 
4 
3 
12 
278 
Dec . 
29 
37 
75 
48 
3 
2 
3 
197 
Total 
195 
175 
924 
326 
37 
28 
32 
1638 
SPUTUM EXAM. 
Positive -• 185 
negative ----- -. 55 0 
EXAMINATION FOP GONOCOCCUS. 
Positive 154 
Suspicious 312 
Negative--- 64 0 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
Wi dal---' • 22 
Intestinal Parasites- - ----- 3 
Malaria 25 
Beverages--------- -- 20 
Urine-- - - 211 
Water 195 
Tee 60 
Svimming Pools ■ • - 60 
Medicines- -■ --- 6 
Miscellaneous- • 32 
Chemical Milk Examinations. 
Official 5530 
Private • 313 
Bacterial 
Official --5539 
Private 110 
Microscopical and special-- 256 
Total milk examinations - 11748 50 
BARBER SHOPS: It. is only during the past few years that attention 
has been called to barber shops from a Public Health standpoint. Even 
at the present time there are only a comparatively few barber shops 
that endeavor to carry out their work under as aseptic conditions 
as possible. Or the other hand,the shops are left almost entirely 
in charge of the proprietor. Some of the grosser measures of sanitat- 
ion which are naturally demanded by the public,e.g.,the use of in- 
dividual sterile towels,etc .,are carried out in all the shops,but 
stricter regulations should be drawn up. Hair brushes,combs,clippers, 
razors,and shaving brushes are for the most part used indiscriminately, 
first on one and then or another. The barbers should be required to 
employ,and the public taught to demand the use of sterile instruments 
and brushes. Special regulations in regard to shaving persons with 
infectious skin lestons,etc.,should be made and enforced. 
CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS: Airtong the charitable institutions in 
Atlanta. m«,y dc ricnixunca The Contagious Hospital,The Battle Hill 
Tuberculosis Sanitarium,The Grady Hospital,and the City Planning 
Commission. These institutions have done much to illeviate the 
suffering of their inmates,as well as to prevent the spread of 
infection to others. GENERAL SUMMARY. 
Although Atlanta has been criticized unfavorably from a sanitary 
point of view in some of the proceeding chapters,it may be safely- 
stated that Atlanta is today regarded by all as the leading repre- 
sentative city of the south. The advantages in Atlanta include many 
things which have attracted people from all parts of the U.S. Among 
these are the climatic advantages,the bracing air,the unusual elevation 
the undulating character of the country affording easy drainage, 
The fine sanitary system which supplements natural advantages is 
approaching perfection. Atlanta has a water works system hardly to 
be equalled elsewhere in the south,and a sewage disposal system to 
be compared with only the best. Atlanta has superior educational 
facilitiesjstrong fraternal,social,and religious organizations;fine 
public librariesjmagnifleant theatresjenterprising daily news papers 
which stand first in the southern states;rapid transit which apfords 
easy and quick access to all parts of the city ;a community of high 
class merchants whose enterprise affords extraordinary facilities 
for shopping;and markets at which the best of supplies are to be had. 
No further criticism will be made at this time,since the subjects 
have been fully covered under their respective chapters. 
51