2
177962/war
11/A



Lecture XI. & XII.
You will recollect that in one of my late 
Lectures, when I spoke of simple combustible.
I mentioned that there were 47 such substances
known, & that they were, according to the 
arrangement of therefore, closed in 3 
Divisions. -
The 1st. included those bodies which formed 
Acids [cross out] with the Supporters of Combustion
or with Hydrogen. -
The second formed metallic oxides - or 
bases capable of forming neutral Salts
with Acids, by emiting with the Supporters
of combustion. -
The 3rd. included bodies which with the 
Supporters of combustion formed substances 
intermediate between Acids
& Alkalies. -
Under the 1st Division you will remember
I noticed Hydrogen - Carbon Boron Phosphorus
Sulphur & Arsenic - & the Acid they 
formed, with Chlorine & oxygen.
The other Acids employed in Medicine 



& Pharmacy you will recollect do not 
result from the union of a Simple combustible
with a Supporter - but from 
the union of an incombustible with 
a Supporter - viz Nitric Acid - or from the 
union of 2 simple combustibles with 
a Supporter - viz the Acetic. Benzoic. Citric
& Tartaric - or from the union of a 
compound combustible with a Combustible,
as the Hydrocyonic & Prussic 
Acid. - the compound combustible resulting
from the union of the incombustible
Nitrogen with Carbon - forming
Cyanogen which with Hydrogen forms 
this peculiar Acid. -
Under the 2nd Division you will recollect
I have already noticed those combustibles
which with a Supporter form what
are commonly called - Alkalies - Alkaline
Earths & Earths proper. viz Potassium
Barium - Calcium - Magnesium - &
Aluminum - & there now remain
such of these simple combustibles
as form with a Supporter, what  



have been commonly called Metallic oxides,
or neutral salifiable bases. - These 
simple combustibles are 
9 Ferrum
6. Zericum
7 Plumbum
5 Cuprum
4 Bismuthum
10. Hydrargyrum
3 Argentum
8 Antimonium  
Besdies these there are Stannum No. 1. & Arsenicum 2,
which rank among the metals,
tho we do not use any oxide or salt 
of the former, & the latter forming an 
Acid with oxygen has been noticed elsewhere.
I shall harmless notice both 
here. - These form the next division of the Phara.
metallic of Carum Soles. -
The simple combustibles I have enumerated
above are familiar to all of you 
under the denomination of Metals. - They 
are distinguished from the metals I have
already spoken of, by their Gravity - hardness
& comparitive feeble affinity for 
oxygen, - the high degree of heat requisite 
for their fusibility, with the 



exception of Mercury, which is always fluid 
at the ordinary temperatures -; & by their elasticity,
a property depending on their hardness. -
Till the discoveries of Davy made known 
those peculiar metals which are the bases
of the Alkalies & earths, the above metals,
with others similar in their properties,
but which, not being used in medicine,
are not noticed here, were regarded
as the only ones known - & they differed
from all known bodies in their great
specific gravity. - This property [illegible]
cannot any longer he attributed
to the entire class of metals, for tho'
it still belongs to those metals which 
one permanent in the air, it does 
not apply to the new metals. - Platinum
& Potassium are the 2 extremes
with respect to gravity - the former
being 21 times heavier than water, 
while that fluid is nearly twice as 
heavy as Potassium. - The great distinctions 
therefore between the 
new metals & the old, are the 



difference of gravity & of permanency in 
the air. - The new metals cannot exist
in the metallic state, exposed to air,
for so great is their Affinity for oxygen
that they instantly combine with it 
& are converted into an oxide. Their use 
therefore is confined to Chemical
Analysis, while the old metals, from 
their resisting the action of oxygen,
are the most precious materials we 
posses in the arts & Sciences. - Many 
of the most useful of them however
are gradually changed to oxides by 
long exposure to air & moisture,
especially Iron, the most abundant
& the most valuable of all. -
The most important of the Metals
in Medicine are Iron & Mercury from 
the number of their official preparations.
I shall therefore reserve the 
consideration of these to the last, &
first speak of those, of which we 
make little use or of which we 
have few preparations. - 



You will recollect that in the Metallic
state they have no chemical action on 
the body - that in this state they merely
act mechanically - that when taken
in this state they may be oxidated in 
the stomach by meeting with an acid 
there, as happens with Iron. - That their 
activity as remedies depends on their oxidation -
or on their union with Chlorine
- or on the union of their oxides with Acids
- or on the union of the metals or their oxides
with Sulphur - a Sulphuretted [cross out] Hydrogen
forming from these different combinations
oxides - Salts - Chlorides &
Sulphurets. -



Stannum
Lineatura Stanni - or tin filing is the 
only officerial preparation of this metal
It is not much, if ever used, & if at all 
only in cases of worms as an Anthelmentic.
unless acted upon in the Stomach
the metallic filings can only operate
by mechanical irritation, either on the 
mucous membranes - or on the worms
themselves - If they are oxidated in the 
stomach, by the addition of Sulphur,
Sulphureted Hydrogen maybe evolved,
& this way prove irritant. -
The dose of these filings are ʒi - in honey 
or treacle. - They maybe given in a conserve 
with Sulphur - or in a desert spoonful
of a mixture of equal parts of 
cream of Tartar - Sulphur & treacle. -
If the filings are given alone - they must 
be followed up by some powerful Cathartic.
Tin is one of the oldest metals
known. The Phoenicians obtained it from 
Spain & Cornwall - where most productive
menis exist of it. It exists in Cornwall 



in 2 States. - as a Sulphuret of Tin & Copper
containing 2 per ct of Tin: - & as an oxide
known to Geologists under the name
of [illegible] tin - containing 91 per ct of oxide
of Tin. with 9 of oxide of Iron. -
Tin ores are not numerous. They are only
found in Europe in 3 places - viz Germany
Spain & in Cornwall. - In Asia they have
been found abundantly in Siam &
the Island of Banka - & in South 
America at Chile: - The ores are confine
to primitive mountains, or in [illegible]
land, washed dunes from these mountains.
- The only ores are Sulphurets &
Oxides - which are abundant in 
the few mines which yield them. - 



Arsenicum
Arsenic is very abundant in the mineral
Kingdom, accompanying most of the other
metals - & forming veins, of itself. It is found
native, as an [illegible] with Iron & Silver &
sometimes gold, or in the state of Sulphuret
or oxide in Germany especially.
This metal is of a blueish white colour
like steel, but it is the softest of the old
metals & so brittle that it may be powdered
in a common mortar. It is the 
most volatile also of the metals. When 
heated it emits a smell like garlic. 
We have 3 preparations of Arsenic
Arsenicum album
"-" subslimatum
Liquor Arsenicalis. -
The 2 former are the same. The sublimed
white Arsenic is ordered in the Phara,
from the former.
Read the formula. -
Mr Phillips thinks it an unnecessary
process, as the common white Arsenic

*This white oxide of Arsenic forms the habis of some 
external applications in cancer & lupus, but 
their use is often fatal & always dangerous. 

is pure enough. -
When the metallic Arsenic is exposed
to heat it sublimes in the form of 
a white powder, or if the heat be increased
it burns with a pale blue flame
The product of this combustion is Arsenearis
acid for the white oxide of Arsenic. -
consisting of 
1 Atom Arsenic - 70 . 37
2 - " oxygen - 29 . 63./100.
* This is only used in Pharmacy to 
form the Liquor Arsenicalis.
Read the formula.
This is an Arsenite of Potash - with a portion
of Subcarbonate of Potash. It should
always be made from the lump Arsenioris 
Acid, as the pamderdis often adulterated.
But any adulteration maybe 
detected by submitting it to heat, when 
all will sublime if it is pure white
Arsenic. - The Subcarbonate of Potash
from Tartar is supposed to be purer
than any other. It is obtained by subjecting 



subjecting Tartar to strong heat. The Tartaric
Acid is decomposed, & Subcarbonate 
of Potash remains. -
This is the only preparation of Arsenic 
used in Medicine. It should be given
in simple distilled water, & after a light 
meal, not when the stomach is empty
Its dose is mg iij - twice a day gradually
& contains by increased to 20 mg - 30- 
he known nothing of its action, &
cannot ascribe any particular virtue
to it. It is called a Tonic - but this 
does not explain its efficacy in 
Intermittent - & Remittent fevers - &
in periodical head aches. We have 
a last of Tonics which do not cure 
these affections. -
The fastest Caution is requisite in 
the exhibition of this remedy. If it sickens
it must be discontinued. It should 
not be tried before Bark or the Sulphate 
of Quinine has been found
unsuccessful. When these fail it will
generally succeed in Ague. -
It was introduced by Fowler, & is often 



called Fowlers solution; He introduced
it as a substitute of the Tasteless Ague
drop. -
End of Lecture XI.



Lecture XII.
Argentum
Silver, is found nearly pure in some of 
the richest varies of this metal, being 
met with in Small lumps - or crystallized
in cubes, or in the form of leaves or threads,
so connected to together as to resemble 
branches of trees. This last variety of 
native Silver, is called Dendrite, & abounds
in the celebrated remains of Potasi. 
Native Silver is found as an allay
with Antimony - with Arsenic & with 
Bismuth - & with Gold. -
The Sulphurets of Silver are the ores found 
in Germany, Saxony & Hungary. The 
richest of these afford 85 pr Ct of Silver.
The oxides of Silver, or the red Silver ores
are also common in the German mines 
in combination with other metals.
The Chlorides form ores in Saxony & 
some parts of South America - &
a Carbonate of Silver has been found 
in Serabia, affording 72 pr Ct of the 
metal. 
Silver is so well known that it is not 



necessary to describe it.  one of its peculiarities
is that it is not oxidized by exposure
to the air, unless it be kept for 
a long time in a melted state, when it 
gradually attracts oxygen.
For medical use it is oxidised by nitric
Acid. When Silver is dissolved in this 
Acid & precipitated by lime water
the oxide falls in the form of a dark
greenish brown powder. This oxide
is tasteless, insoluble in water, but 
readily soluble in Nitric Acid. It
consists of Atom Silver
1 - " oxygen. -
This oxide of Silver dissolved in Nitric 
Acid forms the 
Argenti Nitras 
of the Phama. - Read the formula & explain
oxygen/Nitric oxide gas } Nitrous Acid gas. 
[illustration] Nitric oxide gas, oxygen, Silver
Nitric Acid
Silver
Oxide of Silver 
Nitrate of Silver



Nitrate of Silver is readily soluble in water
but is not deliquescent. By exposure
to the air it becomes [cross out] brown, form
a decomposition of the Salt - part of the 
silver being reduced. - It has an austere
bitter taste, - It is corrosive of animal
substances - & in a delicate state stains 
the skin of an indelible black. - 
It consists of 
1 Atom Nitric Acid - 31 . 39
1 - " oxide of Silver - 68 . 61/100.
The principal use of this salt is as a 
Caustic - & it is familiar to all of you
under the name of Lunar Caustic.
It is made into sticks which should be 
coated with paper to prevent the action
of light, & their corroding the fingers. They 
must be kept in well stopt bottles, 
This is the best of the mildest caustics, because it is the 
most manageable. It is used to eat away 
fungous growths - the callous edges of 
ulcers & wounds - in stricture of the urethra - 
in venereal warts & chancres. It 
maybe applied in a solid state, or in solution 



with a fine brush, laying bits of Lint differs on the part & covering there, dip aluring a ʒi in ℥i of distilled
water, this solution should be put
in a dark green bottle to exclude the 
light.
This caustic is useful in stopping
the bleeding of the bites of leeches. - in 
destroying the sensibility of the ulcers on the 
cornea - by destroying the exposed extremity
of the nerves on the edges of the ulcers - Its
forming an eschar which covers them from 
the contact of foreign bodies.
In prolapsus of the Iris thro' the ulcerated
Cornea, this caustic is used to destroy the 
sensibility of the protruded portion - &
to destroy so much of the membrane
as maybe necessary for the purpose
of preventing it retarding the healing 
of the ulcer in the cornea, by keeping 
between its edges. -
A Solution of this caustic is highly useful
in stimulating indolent ulcers - it promotes
the formation of granulations & makes 
them assume a more healthy appearance
The test of its usefulness is the ulcer gradually
hearing a stranger Solution.
In superficial spreading ulcers, confined
to the surface of the skin, discharging 



a fœtid excoriating fluid & in the ulceration
which follows the scabbing of ringworm a 
solution of this caustic is the best application
Notwithstanding the caustic nature of this 
salt it has been used internally in Epilepsy
& the virtue of a tonic has been ascribed
to it. The dose is the 12th or 8th part of a 
grain made into a pill with crumb of 
bread, gradually increased to half a grain
or a grain. - Epilepsy is a disease which 
depends sometimes in organic disease - as 
a spicula of bone irritating a position of 
the surface of the brain - or on a brief continued
determination of blood to the 
brain, pain improper diet & fluids - or 
pain anxiety of mind. In the one case 
it is incurable, & in the other specific
remedies are of no use. The use of this 
salt is perfectly empirical. All that 
can be done is regulating the diet,
mind - & exercise of the Individual.
The use of this Salt is followed by a 
peculiar effect, which should deter
us from its use. It has the power of 
dyeing permanently the rete mucosum 



of a dark earthly blue colour, which gives
a most frightful ghostly look at the features
Regular quacks give this salt in dyspepsia
an affection dependant in a simple disorder 
of the functions of the stomach, hair 
or bowels - & caused in most cases by improper
diet - anxiety of mind & sedentary
habits. -
You will understand the blackening qualities
of this salt, in referring to the Permanent
Ink for marking & [illegible] - which
is a solution of Nitrate of Silver, thickened
with sap rum  or cochineal. The other liquid
is a solution of soda & Gum.. - 



Bismuthum
Bismuth is a reddish white metal, met
with most commonly like Silver & Gold
in the state of metal. It occurs in veins
usually in primitive rocks, often accompanied
by the ores of Cobalt. Besides the 
native metal, it is found in the state
of Sulphurets & oxides, forming the Bismuth
glance - the Needle ore - the Cuprous 
sulphuret - & the Bismuth ochre
of mineralogists. - The ores of this metal 
occur most abundantly in Saxony
but they are likewise found in Sweden
France, & in Cornwall. -
The metal is composed of broad shining
plates adhering to each other. It is not 
malleable- or ductile. It loses its luster
when exposed to the air, but is not 
oxidated, unless melted - or acted upon
by Nitric Acid. It was as late as the 
end of the 17th Century considered a 
species of lead - The old German miners
called it tectum Argenti, conceiving
it as silver beginning to form, but not 
yet changed to that metal.
In the arts this metal is used to 



forms one variety of pewter - printers types
& plumbers solder. 
In Medicine a Subnitrate of this Metal
has lately been introduced will the Phara
Bismuth Subnitras
Read the formula & explain. -
By the addition of water to the Solution
of the Nitrate of Bismuth - the greater
part of the nitric Acid is attracted by 
the water - & the oxide falls with a 
small portion of the Acid attached to 
it. -
It is the old Mapitery of Bismuth,
It is a white, inodorous powder, without 
taste, & insoluble in water. 
When prepared by the addition of a large
quantity of water, it was used as a 
point for giving an artificial luster
to the complexion. -
This powder is used as a tonic & Antispasmodic,
in dyspepsia of nervous people,
in cramps of the stomach - in obstinate
vomiting, in palpitations & even
in Chorea. It has been used in Ague.



It was first employed in Geneva 40 years ago - & has 
been recommended both in France & this 
Country. The dose is about 5 grs twice or 
thrice a day. - ʒss enough mixed with the 
same quantity of Comp. Cinnamon powder
& divided into 6 papers - 2 - or 3 to be taken
in the day. The dose may be increased to 
8 or 10 grains - but large doses are unsafe.



Cuprum 
Copper was one of the earliest known metals.
Before the art of working iron was discovered
it was the principal ingredient
in domestic utensils & instruments of 
war. The Bronze used by the Heroes of 
Homer was made of Copper & Tin. The 
word Cuprum was derived from the Island
of Cyprus, where it was obtained by 
the Trojans.
Copper is one of the most generally distributed
of the metals & is found in 
almost every formation. It is most
common in veins, but exists abundantly
in beds. It is found Native - in the 
state of Sulphurets, oxides - & in the 
form of Salts. -
The colour & usual Appearances of this 
metal are familiar to all of you.
It has a styptic nauseous taste. -
It is oxidized by exposure to the air, but 
slowly at the common temperatures. By 
heat it is rapidly oxidized. The dark green
crust which forms on Copper that 
has long been exposed, is the oxide combined
with Carbonic Acid derived of the air. 



In Medicine & Pharmacy we have [cross out] 5
preparations of this Metal.
1. Cupri subacetus enipura - or aerugo.
3. " Sulphas.
4 Cuprum Ammoniatum
5. Liquor Cupri Ammoniati.
2. Linimentum Æruginis. 
In Pharmacy we use the 
2. Sulphas Cupri to form 
Cuprum Ammoniatum
3. Cuprum Ammoniatum to form 
Liquor Cupri Ammoniati
4. Cupri subacetas enipura to form 
Linimentum æruginis.



Arugo, or Subacetas Cupri ruipra
This is the common verdigris of commerce
It is made at Montpellier in the South of 
France, by covering Copper plates with
the skins of grapes, after the juice has been
pressed from them to make wine. Water
is added, & fermentation takes place
during which Acetic Acid is formed
which acts on the Copper - oxidizing it 
& then dissolving the oxide.
It is compound of Subacetate & Carbonate
of Copper - when put into water
56 parts are dissolved - & 44 part, remain
in the state of a fine green powder
which continues long suspended in 
the fluid. Dr Thompson found this 
green insoluble powder was composed 
of 2 parts Carbonate of Copper
1- " Subacetate. -
So that it appears to be composed of two 
Acetates - 1 Soluble - the other did
with Carbonate of Copper & insoluble. -
It is in hard foliated masses of bluish
green Colour; with a styptic Metallic 
taste. 



It is rarely employed in Medicine, for it is 
a virulent poison. 1 or 2 gr are emetic
but they excite vomiting & purging, often
followed by inflammation of the mucous 
membrane & death. - Whites of Eggs &
Sugar largely diluted are the best antidotes. 
Externally it is sometimes used as an 
escharotic, mixed with an great quantity
of powdered Cantharides it is sometimes
applied to destroy warts. But we have 
more effectual & safer applications.
In Pharmacy it is used to form the 
Linimentum Æruginis. -
Read the Formula. - 
This has been used diluted with [crossed out]
water as a gargle in venereal sore throat.
but never use it. - 



Sulphas Cupri.
The Sulphate of Copper or Blue vitriol or
Blue Copperas. is a rich blue salt, of an
acrid styptic taste - soluble in 4 parts of 
water. It is a Bi sulphate, consisting of 
2 Atoms Sulphuric Acid 32
1 - " Peroxide of Copper or 32
10 - " Water - 36/100.
It reddens litmus paper from the excess of 
Acid. -
This salt is occasionally used internally in Medicine 
as an Emetic. in doses of 1 - ij grains - 1/4 of a gr 
will often operate as an emetic. It is given
in Phthisis in cases where the shock of 
an Emetic, by producing a free discharge
of matter from the Lungs, relieves the 
Cough & respiration. Great caution is 
requisite in administering it, for like 
the Ærugs it is an acrid poison.
In America is extensively used as an astringent
to restrain Hæmorrhagics, especially
uterine Hæmorrhagics, & is esteemed
of great utility in such cases. 1 1/2 grs are 
dissolved in ℥i of distilled water - & of this 
Solution 30m are given in water as a dose, 



repeating it in 10 or 15 minutes if no effect
is produced. It generally excites a nausea
& its action may depend upon this cause 
rather than any astringent effect. Begelow
however ascribes the latter quality to it. 
It is more frequently used externally as an 
escharotic - & as an ingredient in astringent
lotions to ulcers - in callyria - &
injections for the urethra
As an escharotic the solid salt or a salivated
solution is used. - As an astringent
lotion to ulcers 4 gr in ℥i of distilled water 
As a callyrium in purulent ophthalmia
of children 3 gr in ℥v of the mist. Camphora
& strain. 



Cuprum Ammoniatum
Ammoniated Copper is formed of the Sulphate
by adding Subcarbonate of Ammonia
Read this Phar. & explain. -
The result of the [illegible] is a subsulphate
of Copper & Sulphate of Ammonia
with some excess of Ammonia or Subcarbonate
of Ammonia rather. - It 
consists of 
2 Atoms Sulphuric Acid - 32.52
1 - " Peroxide of Copper - 32.52
or
4 - " Ammonia - 27.64
2 " - water. - 7.32/100. -
Carbonic Acid
* Subsulphate of Copper
sulphate of 
Copper
subcarbonate of 
Ammonia
[Illustration] Carbonic Acid, Sub Sulphate of Copper., Sulphuric Acid, Ammonia
* Sulphate of Ammonia
* Sub sulphate of Copper } Cuprum Ammoniatum
* Sulphate of Ammonia }



This salt is of a blue Colour, with generally
an ammoniacal smell for the excess of 
Ammonia - It has a Styptic metallic 
taste. It is directed to be dried, because the 
water of crystallization is too great for the 
new compound, which is therefore
moist when first formed.
This was formerly used in Epilepsy & Chorea -
& was regarded as a tonic & antispasmodic,
but it is not much used at 
the present day. Dr Duncan however
speaks highly of it in Epilepsy, & recommends
it in doses of 1/2 a gr twice a 
day & gradually increasing it till it 
produces injurious effects. It may 
be made into pills with crumbs of 
bread.
Liquor Cupri Ammoniati
Read The Formula. -
This is rarely employed - & only as an external
application, when diluted with 
distilled water, as a mild escharotic to 
remove specks in the cornea - or as a 
stimulant wash to old ulcers.



Zincum.
The pure metal was not known to the Ancients,
tho' they were acquainted with some
of its ores; & with their property of forming
brass with Copper. To these ores they gave
the name of Cadmia. They were also aware 
that when burnt they afforded a white
sparky ash by volatilation, which they 
used in Medicine - The [illegible] Zinc is first 
met with in the writings of Paracelsus 
who died in 1541.
This metal is not met with Nature, nor 
are its ores numerous or in frequent. It 
is found most commonly in the state 
of Sulphuret - forming the Blende of 
mineralogists - or in the state of Carbonate
forming the Calamine. It is also met 
with as an oxide - & the Sulphate exists 
in some waters. The Sulphuret is reduced
in this country at Bristol & Swansea.
Zinc is a brilliant white metal with
a shade of blue, composed of a number
of plates adhering together. It is rather
soft, & when rubbed on the fingers
tinges there of a black colour. It is 
intermediate between the brittle & 



malleable metals. It melts at 680°, - & at 
a higher temperature maybe distilled in 
close vessels. It tarnishes in the air, &
maybe oxidized in water, or by heat in 
the melted state exposed to air, when the 
heat is sufficient to ignite it, the 
metal burns with a brilliant white
flame, & emits an immense quantity
of white flakes, which are the oxide
of Zinc. This was known to the Ancients
& Deoi condes who compares it to wool gives directions
for its preparation. It was called
Pompholyx - & the early chemists
fantastically termed it nihil album -
lana philosophica &
flamus of Zinc. - 
We have 7 preparations of this metal 
1 Zincum
3 oxydum Zinci 
4 unquintum Zinci -
5 Calamina
6 Calamina proparata
7 Unguentum Calamina 
2 Sulphas Zinci 



In Pharmacy we use 
Zincum to form Sulphas Zinci 
Sulphas Zinci to form oxidum Zinci
Liq. Aluminis Compositus 
oxidum Zinci to form - Unguent. Zinci
Calameria to form Calameria præparater
Calimeria præparater to form 
Unquart Calamina
Sulphas Zinci
Read the Formula & explain
Hydrogen
Dilute
Sulph Acid 
Zinc 
Sulphate Zinc
[illustration] 
Hydrogen } water
oxygen }
Zinc
Oxide Zinc., Sulp. Acid



sulphate of Zinc is in small colourless crystals 
resembling those of Sulp. Magnesia. It 
has a metallic taste, loses its water of 
crystallization by heat - & is decomposed
at a high temperature, its acid being expelled. -
The Alkalies decompose the Solution
of this salt by straining down the 
oxide, but if they are added in excess
they redissolve it. - The Alkaline Carbonates 
precipitate the Carbonate of Zinc.
It is composed of 
1 Atom Sulphric Acid - 29.4
1 - " - oxide Zinc. - 30.9
6 - " Water - 39.7/100. -
This is the white vitriol - but the preparation
met with in Commerce is an 
impure Sulphate & should never be used
in medicine, for it contains the 
Sulphates of Copper & Iron. & has less 
water of crystallization. It is therefore 
in this respect [illegible] powerful than 
the pure crystallized Salt. To detect 
these adulterations You have rely to 
add the Liquor Ammonia in excess 



to the Solution of the Sulphate of Zinc
or the Common white vitriol. If Copper
is present the mixture will assume a 
blue colour & the oxides of Zinc & Copper
that fall will be re dissolved -
but the oxide of iron will fall & not
be taken up by the mixture. -
In Medicine this salt is principally
used as an Emetic & externally as an 
astringent wash. It is the most immediate 
emetic we possess, & is therefore 
highly useful in poisoning in the cold stage of ague, as it comes on. It is the 
best emetic in cases of intoxication
when persons have drunk largely
of spirits which are beginning to 
operate upon the brain. The average
dose as an emetic is 15 grs - or for 10 - 30 gr.
It is also used in small doses as a 
tonic - in doses of 1 - 2 grs. in Dyspepsia
with vegetable tonics - in profuse
discharges, & in hooping Cough. Dr 
Paris says that most of the quack remedies
in hooping Cough are either opiates
or compounds of Sulphate of Zinc.
Externally it is used as an astringent
10 grs dissolves in 8℥ of distilled water. 



As a callyrium in the latter stage of ophthalmia,
after the inflammation has subsided,
or in chronic ophthalmia it is 
useful -; for this purpose 1 1/2 gr may be 
dissolved in ℥j of rose water. - It is also
used as an injection in the latter stages
of gonorrhœa - & as a wash in external 
inflammations. -
It is used in Pharmacy in the Liquor 
Aluminis Campasitus  - & to form the 
Oxidum Zinci 
Read the Formula & explain
[illustration] Sulphuric Acid. Ammonia, Oxide of Zinc
Sulphate of Ammonia
Liquor
Ammonia
Sulphate 
of Zinc
Oxide of Zinc.
Mr Phillips thinks the water should be 5 
times the quantity of the Sulphate of Zinc
He says at all events that the quantity
ordered is too small by half for this solution
of the Sulphate. If the Ammonia

* An impure oxide of Zinc is known Commerce
by the name of Tutty or Cadmia
It is obtained by subjecting Galena & bad 
ores to heat - The Tutty rises & attaches itself
to the Chimney of the furnace in the 
form of agues granular encrustations. 

he added in excess the oxide will be redissolved. -
This oxide is a white inodorous tasteless
substance, insoluble in water - but soluble
in the acids & solutions of the pure 
Alkalies. but in their carbonates.
It consists of 
1 Atom Zinc - 81
1 - " Oxygen - 10/100. 
If chalk is mixed with it - by the addition
of any acid it will be diluted from the 
effervescence that takes place. If white 
lead is present by adding Sulphuric 
Acid an insoluble Sulphate will be 
formed. -
It is said to be tonic & has been given
in chorea - & hooping cough. in doses
* of - v gr in a pill. -
Externally it is used under the form of 
Unguentum Zinci.
Read the formula
As an astringent application in cutaneous
affections, ring worm - sore nipples & chronic
inflammation of conjunctive of the Eyelids. - 



Calamine
is a native Carbonate of Zinc found in this 
Country & Germany. It exists in the Anhydrous
& hydrous states - consisting of 
1 Atom Carbonic Acid - 34 . 92
1 " oxide of Zinc - 65. 08/100
The hydrous variety has 1 Atom of water
in addition. - It is greyish or red yellow masses.
It is used in Pharmacy to prepare the 
Calamina proparata
Read the Formula.
This is useful as an absorbent astringent
application, when dusted on excoriated
& oozing surfaces
It is used to form the 
Ceratum Calaminæ 
or what is commonly Called Turvers Cerate
Read the Formula
a useful simple dressing to burns when 
the inflammation is lessened, to excoriate
surfaces - ulcers - &c. It is often combined
with the Liq. Acet. Plumbi. the Nitric
oxide of Mercury - the last to stimulate old 
ulcers. -



Common names of Metallic Compounds.
White oxide of Arsenic. is Arsenious Acid
Fowlers solution } are Liquor Arsenicalis or 
Tasteless Ague drop } Arsenite of Potash.
Lunar caustic. - Nitrate of Silver
Mafistery of Bismuth } Subnitrate. of Bismuth
oxide of - " - 
Aerugo. verdigris { Subacetate & Subcarbonate
of Copper.
Blue vitriol } Sulphate of Copper.
Blue Copperas }
Ammoniated Copper { Subsulphate of Copper
{ Sulphate of Ammonia
Blende. - native Sulphuret of Zinc.
Calamine. native Carbonate of Zinc
Pompholyx } oxide if Zinc
Nihil Album }
Lana philosophica }
Flowers of Zinc }
Tutty - an impure oxide of Zinc.
white vitriol. - Sulphate of Zinc
Turners Cerate. Ceratum Calaminae.
End of Lecture XII



















Lecture 13th.. - 
Plumbum
Lead is one of the oldest of the Metals
as it is mentioned repeatedly by Moses.
Its ores are abundant in almost every
part of the world, generally occurring
in veins. It is found in the state of 
Sulphurets, forming the Galena of mineralogists -
in the State of oxides - & of 
salts.. - The lead of commerce is most 
abundantly extracted from the Galena
& the northern Counties of England furnish
immense supplies of it. The Carbonate
of lead, forming the white lead
ore is the most generally diffused ore 
often Galena. -
Lead is too familiar to all of you to require
description. It is one of the softest of 
the metals - It melts at 612 : & at a 
strong heat the metal boils & evaporates.
It may be crystallized, if cooled slowly.
It is mainly oxidized by exposure to the 
air. more rapidly if water be present.
tho' water above has no action on 
lead. It forms 3 oxides, the protoxide 



which is Yellow - Known in Commerce by the 
name of Massicot. - The Peroxide, which 
is brown -; - & the red oxide, supposed to be 
intermediate between these two, or to 
be formed of the mixture of the two, 
which is called Mericium or red 
Lead. -
The white lead of Commerce or Ceruse is the 
Carbonate of Lead, containing the 
protoxide.
Litharge is the vitrified protoxide of Lead
made by the process of reprising lead 
as it is Called, by the action of the flame  
of a furnace. The lead when first 
extracted from its ore contains more 
or less of Silver, & it is in separating the 
silver that the Litharge is obtained
in a virtue form state.
All the oxides of Lead are easily converted
into a glass. - & in this state they are 
highly useful in the process of cupellation
which causes to [cross out] in seperating the base
metals from the noble metals - viz silver
gold &c. The oxides of lead in the vitreous
state oxidize & combine with nearly 



all the metals, except gold. Silver, platinum
when these noble metals are to be purified
they are melted with lead in a flat 
cup called a Cupel. & kept so for sometime.
The lead is gradually vitrified 
& sinks into the cupel, carrying along
with it all the base metals mixed
with the silver & gold, leaving these 
noble metals in a state of purity.
The preparation of Lead used in Pharmacy
& Medicine are 
Plumbi oxidum Semivitreum
" Subcarbonas
" Acetas
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis
" - " - " dilutus
Emplastum Plumbi
Ceratum Plumbi Acetatis 
" - " - compositum 
The only preparation used internally
& that rarely is the P. Acetas - the rest
are used either in Pharmacy - or 
as external applications. -



Plumbi oxidum Semivitreum
or the Semivitreous oxide of lead is the Litharge
of Commerce. It is the Yellow oxide. (protoxide)
combined with a small portion of 
Carbonic Acid, amounting to about 4 [illegible]
It is in small vitreous scales, generally obtained
from the metal in the process of 
separating silver from it, by the effect
of a blast of air & a red heat. The scales
are inodorous, insipid, & vary from a 
whitish to a reddish yellow. They are 
soluble in Acids, & combine with the 
fixed oils to form Plasters & ointments.
The oxides of lead dissolved in oils are 
when applied externally possessed of a 
remarkable anti-inflammatory
power, & especially when dissolved in the 
vegetable acids. - Internally they are applied
as astringents in hæmorrhage, tho' the 
use of them is dangerous from the dreadful
effects of Lead as a poison. The 
poisoning from Lead is seldom intentional
occurring generally from the use of liquors
which have had their acidity corrected
by lead, or from handling this metal 
in the different acts, of plumbing, painting &c 

* Litharge or its salts are employed to Sweeten weak wine
that have become acid. Water impregnate
with Sulphuretted Hydrogen will precipit
the lead from such wines in the states of a 
sulphuret. Subcarbonate of Ammon
will precipitate a white Carbonate of [illegible]
If this be heated it will turn yellow, or 
if mixed with charcoal & subjected to [illegible]
action of the blow pipe, it will yield a 
globule of lead. - Those wines which can to 
much tartar will not hard lead in 
Solution in consequence of the insoluble
of the Tartrate of Lead. - 
In cases of poisoning by lead early detected [c???airs]
dr fts of Epsom salt - or Glaubers [illegible]
he drunk - as they convert the lead into 
inert Sulphate. 

The effects resulting from it are emaciation
colics - paralysis, & contractions of the limbs 
which came on gradually, but increase
in intensity, & generally last a long time.
Litharge is used in Pharamcy to form the 
Emp. Plumbi. Ceratum Saponis. & the Liq 
Plumbi Subacetatis. -
*
Emplastrum Plumbi.
Read the Formula
This is familiar to all of you under the 
name of Diachylar plaster - a word derived
of the Greek  δια. χυδος - i.e. a Plaster
prepared from expressed juices (Paris.p. 187.)
It is commonly Applied to excoriated parts,
to cuts - the edges of which it keeps in 
opposition - & defends from the air. one 
of its chiefest uses is as a basis to 
many other plasters. It is used in 
Pharamcy to form Emp. Galbum Compor.
Emp. Hydrorgyri. Emp. apii. Emp. Resuiae
Emp. Saphouis.  



Liqour Plumbi Subacetatis.
This is formed from the litharge dissolved 
in Acetic Acid - a fact you must 
remember - as the Acetate of Lead is 
prepared in a different way viz from 
the Carbonate of Lead & Acetic Acid.
Read the Formula -
It is either a colourless Solution - or has 
a slight greenish yellow hue - It has 
a Sweetish taste. - 
It is called a Sub-Acetate because the 
base is in excess - Mr Phillips calls it a 
Sub-binacetate. It consists of 
1 Atom Acetic Acid 18.25
or 
2 - " - oxide of lead 81.71/100.
You are all familiar with this Solution
under the name of Goulards Extract,
a name it derives from a Gentleman
of Montpellier who introduced it in practice
It has also been called the extract of 
Saturn -
Spring water decomposes it for it contains Carb Lime. Sulph. Lime & Muriate of Soda generally & also
distilled water if there is any portion
of Carbonic Acid diffused thro' it. 



As this is a Saturated Solution it is rarely
employed in its concentrated form. We 
have therefore -
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis dilutus 
or a diluted Solution of Subacetate of 
lead, made by adding ʒj of the strong
solution to a pint of distilled water
& adding Spirit. The spirit is of so 
trifling a quantity that it can have 
no possible effect in aiding the refrigerant 
virtues of the dilute solution
Mr Phillips remarks that it only forms
1/220th part of the whole. -  
The Strong Solution is used in Pharmacy
to form the Ceratum Plumbi Composm..
In Medicine the 2 are used in external 
inflammation as washes. From 
the danger of using lead, Some Caution
is necessary in cases where the skin
is abraded - & where there is any recent
cut or bruise. - Dr Paris supposes these
solutions act beneficially in inflammation 
by paralysing the nerves of 
the part, & thus producing a sedative
effect. - Surgeons apply them to 



burns & scalds where the cuticle is not
destroyed - & to inflamed eyes. In Some 
cases the dilute Solution when used as 
a Callyrium, must be made weaker
by the addition of distilled water.-
Plumbi Subcarbonas. -
This is introduced in the lists of the 
Materia Medica - & is the Ceruse
or white lead of Commerce. used as 
a white colour in oil paintings. -
It is made by rolling leaden plates
spirally up, so as to leave the space
of about an Inch between each coil
& placing them vertically in earthen
pots, over vinegar. The pots are covered
& exposed for some time to a gentle
heat. The vapour of the vinegar rises
& by the agues of the oxygen present
corrodes the lead, & converts the external
surface into a white substance
which comes off in flakes when the 


* It consists of 
1 Atom Carbonic Acid 16.4 
or Pcts.
1 - " - Protoxide of Lead 83.6/100

Lead is uncoiled.. This is the Carbonate
of Lead formed probably at the expense
of the Acid. * - It is made in this Country
at Newcastle upon Tyne. It is found 
native, especially at Lead hills in Scotland. 
- It is insoluble in water. When 
exposed to the action of the Blowpipe
in charcoal, the lead is immediately
reduced to the metallic state.
It is employed in Pharmacy to form 
the 
Plumbi Acetas.
The Acetate or Sugar of Lead. -
Read the Formula. -
[Illustration] Carbonic Acid, oxide of Lead, Acetic Acid
Carbonic Acid
Carbonate
of Lead
Acetic Acid
Acetate of Lead. -
This is a colourful salt, of a sweet austere
taste - not much effected by exposure
to the air. Water dissolves about 1/4th
of its weight - whether at 60°. or 212°.
If the solution be left exposed to 



the air Carbonic Acid is absorbed & Carbonate
of lead falls. Mr Phillips remarks
that if a stream of Carbonic Acid be 
passed thro' the Solution 1/2 of the Acetate
is decomposed, being converted into Carbonate
& precipitated - & Binacetate 
of lead remains in solution. This 
solution of Binacetate differs from the 
Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis which is a 
Sub-Binacetate.
Acetate of Lead consists of 
1 Atom Acetic Acid 26.45
1 " Protoxide of Lead or 59.25
3 " water. - 14.30/100.
It is decomposed by spring water & all 
substances which contain acids, with 
which the oxides of lead form insoluble
compounds. Lime & the Alkalies
decompose it.
It is used in Pharmacy to form the 
Ceratum Plumbi Acetatis.
It is used in Medicine internally in 
Hæmorrhage, & I have known it 
given in the dose of a ℥. Its usual  



dose is grss - grj. -
It is used externally in Solution as Gaulards 
extract is. ʒi may be dissolved in 5 or 10 ℥
of distilled water - for a strong or weak
Solution. -
This salt contains [cross out] one half the quantity of 
oxide of lead that exists in the Liq. Plumbi
Subacetatis. It was formerly called the 
Superacetate, but it is a neutral salt
& therefore properly termed Acetate. -
We have 2 Cerates of Lead - the 
Ceratum Plumbi Acetatis
Ceratum - " compositum
The former is formed of the Acetate
of lead - & the latter of the Liq. Plumbi
subacetatis. - 
Read the formula.
They have the cooling quality of the other
preparations of lead - & form dressings
in burns & external inflammations
The Compound Cerate is called Gaulards
Cerate, & is used in opthalmia, &  



in increased flam of teais.
It is often the case that the common names 
of metallic Substances are [illegible] 
of the Scientific names. & you should
be familiar with the common names
of the different compounds of lead. We
have Several of these, & may be puzzled
when we meet with them, unless we 
are familiar with their Signification
Galena - a native Sulphuret
Cerse. White lead. - Carbonate of Lead
Massicot - Protoxide
minium or red lead 
Litharge - vitriform Protoxide
Diachylon. Empl. Plumbi. soap of lead
Gaulards Extract } Liq. Pl. Subacetatis.
Extract of Saturn }
Sugar of lead. - neutral Acetate
Gaulards cerate. Cer. Pl. Compositum.
Cupellation - the process of seperating the 
noble of the base metals, by the aid of 
Lead, which oxidates & combines with 
the latter, leaving the former pure. -
Cupel - the cup made of burnt bones
& the ashes of wood - in which the 
metales are put to be melted for 
purifying 



Antimonium
Antimony was known to the Ancients in 
the state of oxide, & perhaps in the state
of Sulphuret, for Pliny mentions that 
the διμμi & stibium, the names they gave
to the oxide, was found in Silver ores, as 
it exists at the present day. It was 
used as an external application to sore
eyes. As early as the 8th century a dark
blueish grey mineral of a metallic 
lustre was known by the same names
& probably had been known to the 
Ancients. This mineral is the sulphure 
of antimony.It was called from the 
time of Basil Valentine till lately
Antimony, & the Asiatic ladies used
it as a black paint for the eyebrows.
It is not ascertained however that the 
Ancients were acquainted with the 
pure metal, - which after its discovery
was called the Regulus of Antimony 
It is first described by valentine of 
Erfurth who wrote about the middle
of the 15th Century, & who introduced 




in his work, entitled the "Triumphant Chariot
of Antimony" Several important preparations
of this metal into the Materia
Medica. -
No metal has excited more attention away 
Physicians than Antimony. It was advocated
by one sect as a specific in many
diseases, & by another condemned as a 
poison which should be banished from 
the Materia Medica - & probably if we
had a fair history of the effects it 
has produced in practice, it would
have been better expunged, for even at 
the present day it is but too evident
that in the hands of empiries it proves
widely destructive of life. The use 
hammer of ore of its preparations is 
more indiscriminate & abundant
than ever, for the Italian school
has revised the idea of its specific
mixtures, & their theory is prevailing
like a fashion in dress. 
Antimony is found Nature, & in 
the state of Sulphuret - & oxide. -
Its ores almost always occur in veins 



The most abundant, & aided the only one 
wrought for metallurgic purposes is the 
Sulphuret - the grey ore of Antimony of 
Mineralogists. - The ores are met with 
in considerable quantities in this Country
France, Germany, Sweden &  Norway.
The term Antimony is properly alone 
applicable to the metal, but in commerce
it is commonly applied to the native
Sulphuret. - which is also sometimes
called crude Antimony to distinguish
it from the pure metal or the regulus
of Antimony, as the metal was originally
called. The Sulphuret contains about 
74 p~ct of the metal.
Antimony is a Silvery white metal, brittle,
& of a crystalline texture. It may be reduced
to a fine powder in a mortar. It melts
at 810° - & is volatile at a higher heat.
It has a Sp. gr. of 6.712.
By exposure to the air it loses its lustre
but undergoes no other Change, nor is 
it affected by water. But when heated
in an open vessel it is oxidized gradually
& when raised to a white heat it burns
& is connected into an oxide. -



Chemists differ widely respecting the number
of the oxides of Antimony. Thruard
describes 6. Berzelius 4. Thompson 3.
& Bronde only 2. - Those which Bronde
describes are the only ores entitled to 
notice in a medical paint of vicar.
They are well defined - & the others are 
not precisely ascertained. - Those oxides
are the protoxide & the peroxide.
the former exists in the active preparation
of Antimony - & the latter is inert. &
possessed of some of the properties of an 
Acid. It is therefore called Antimonic
Acid -
The preparations & compounds of Antimony
used in Medicine & Pharmacy
are 
1. Antimonii Sulphuretum
2 " - " præcipitatium
4 Antimonii vitrum.
5 Antimonium Tartarizatum
6 venium Ant. Tartarizati.
3 Pulvis Antimonialis. - 



Autrinionii Sulphereturn
The Sulphuret of Antimony is the native
ore that is wrought for the pure metal.
It has a light leaden grey colour & a 
metallic lustre, a foliated or radiated
texture & a sp. gr. of 4.368. - It is much 
more feasible than the pure metal, &
may be crystallized by slow cooling.
It consists of 
1 Atom Antimony - 74
1 - " Sulphur - 26 pct/100.
It may be made artificially grueling
it component parts together, & fusing 
them in a crucible.
This is used in Pharmacy to form 
the Pulvis Antimonialis & the 
Antimonii Sulphuretum præcipitatum
Read the Formula. -
This is a complicated compound, It is 
a hydrosulphuret of Antimony with 
excess of Sulphur - or a Sulphuretted
Hydro - Sulphuret of Antimony.
When the Sulphuret is boiled in 
Liquor Potassæ, part of the water 



is decomposed - as well as part of the Sulphuret -
& these results a Solution of 
Potash - of the protoxide of Antimony
& Sulphuretted Hydrogen. - When the 
dilute Sulphuric Acid is added to this 
solution, the Potash unites with the 
Acid, & forms Sulphate of Potash,
& a precipitate falls composed of 
Sulphur - 12.
Sulphuretted Hydrogen 17. 87
Protoxide Antimony 68. 30
Loss 1.83/100.
The loss is probably occasioned by 
an evaluation of Sulphurated Hydrogen
when the Sulphuric Acid is added.
This is an orange coloured powder, without 
smell - & of a styptic taste; insoluble
in water. It is an ingredient
in Plummer's pill. (P. Hyd. conpos.
It is diaphoretic, & was formerly
used in Cutaneous affections in dose
1 - iij . gr - but it is uncertain - & now
never employed done. - 



Pulvis Antimonialis.
The Antimonial Powder was introduced
in to the Phara,, as a substitute for the 
celebrated Fever powder of Dr. James, which 
obtained a great reputation as a Diaphoretic
in febrile diseases. - The composition
of this powder was kept concealed, but 
Dr Pearson conceived that he had discovered it, 
& recommended the formula
which at present exists in the Pha 
for the Pulvis Antimonialis. -
Read the Formula. -
The Sulphuret of Antimony is decomposed
in this process by heat - the Sulphur
being expelled - & the Antimony oxidized
while the animal matter of the Hartshorn 
& [ha??ss] is consumed - & Phosphate
of Lime remains - The resulting compound
therefore is a mixture of an oxide
of Antimony & Phosphate of Lime.
If the oxide be protoxide the preparation
will fulfill its intentions,
but if it contain the Peroxide it
is perfectly, inert. - The mode of 
preparing it unfortunately renders 



the degree of oxidation uncertain, whence
those Chemists who have examined the 
Pulvis Antimonialis have found that 
sometimes it contains only Peroxide of 
Antimony - at others a Small proportion
of protoxide - & some times no 
traces of either are perceived, the powder
being entirely composed of Phosphate
of Lime. -
Mr Phillips examined 2 specimens &
found one to consist of 
Peroxide of Antimony - 35. - 38.
Phosphate of Lime - 65./100. - 62/100.
Mr Broude has examined several specimens -
& he found that it varied
in each - that Sometimes like the specimens
he P. analysed the powder
was composed alone of bone earth
& Peroxide - or of same proportion
of Protoxide - or of bone earth without 
either Protoxide or Peroxide. He also
found that it was impossible 
to regulate the process so as to obtain
an uniform product. The 
reason of this is that the protoxide



of Antimony is formed by subjecting
the Sulphuret to heat, it is sublimed
by the heat being either raised too high 
or being too long continued - or else it 
is converted into Peroxide. - Mr Broude
thinks therefore that the Pulvis Antimonialis 
might be omitted in practice,
its place being, supplied by the 
Antimonium Tartarizaum - or that 
the formula in the Phara should 
be thrown aside, & an Antimonial 
powder made by a different process.
We recommend that it should 
be prepared by Dissolving 200 gr of 
Phosphate of Lime - & 100 of protoxide
of Antimony in 1 1/2 ℥ by measure of 
muriate Acid - & pouring the solution
into a weak solution of Ammonia. -
The Alkali by writing
with the Acid precipitates the Antimonial
powder, which when washed 
with distilled water, dried & reduced
to a fine powder will weigh
about 280 grains. -
As the Pulvis Antimonialis was 
introduced as a substitute for James 



powder, & was found to be so uncertain
in its composition & effects, it was an 
object of interest to examine the powder
sold by Dr James' successor, & see whether
it agreed with the preparation Pearson
recommended as its substitute.
Pearson & Phillips examined the genuine 
powder of Dr James - & found it to 
consist of 
Pear. Phill.
Peroxide of Antimony. 57 - 56
Phosphate of Lime - 43/100. 44/100.
[crossed out] Pulley or French Chemist analysed it &
found it more complicated - for his 
specimen contained
Protoxide of Antimony - 37
Phosphate of Lime - 21
Sulphate of Potash - 24
Potash comb with protoxide of Anty- 18/100.
Now in the former analyses this powder
agrees with the Pulvis Antimonialis
so nearly that they may be considered
the same, the only difference being in 
the proportions of the 2 ingredients.
Perox. 35.38 } James powd. Perox 57. 56
Pulv Antim. Phos. 65./100. 62/100. } Phosp. 43./100. 44/100.



Supposing these analyses to be correct, the 
powders must be inert, because both 
the ingredients are so -- Phosphate of Lime 
has no action on the body - & the Peroxide
of Antrimony has been given in doses
of 60 grains without any sensible effect.
Dr Elliotson has given 100 gr of Pulv. Antimonialis 
without any visible effect.
If James' powder produces diaphoresis
it must depend in the presence of 
protoxide of Antimony, which is the 
active oxide of this metal - but as 
it is proved to be variable in its 
composition, we depend over [ca??] be
placed either in it or the Pulv Ants.
The dose of the P. Ant. is usually
about gr v - x - & its virtues were either 
Diaphoretic - emetic & purgative -   
This powder is a white inodorous substance -
insoluble in water. & acts
partially soluble in Acids. If the 
protoxide is present in it, & not the 
peroxide - then muriatic Acid - aided
by heat would dissolve the whole
of it. - 



Vitrum Antimonii
The Glass of Antimony or the vitrified 
Sulphuretted oxide of Antimony is introduced 
into the lists of the Materia
Medica as the basis for the formation
of the Antimonium Tartarizatum. -
This glass of Antimony is prepared from 
the Sulphuret - by exposing the latter 
to heat in contact with the air. -
The Sulphuret loses a portion of its 
sulphur, & the Antimony attracts oxygen
& is converted into protoxide.
In this state it is a compound of 
protoxide & Sulphuret of Antimony.
This mixture is then put into an earthen
crucible & subjected to a Strong
heat, & it fuses into a transparent
substance of a yellow or brown colour
having combined with a portion
of the Silica in the crucible, & passed
into the state of vitrification or 
glass. - It is then a compound of Protoxide 
of Antimony - silica & sulphur
Mr Phillips thinks the Sulphur
is in combination with the protoxide 

* It consists therefore of 
Protoxide of Antimony
Sulphuretted oxide of Antimony
& Silica. -

& not in the state of Sulphuret. In a 
specimen he examined the Silica was 
* in the proportion of about 5 p~ct. -
During the formation of this glass of 
Antimony, if the heat be too strong
the greater part of the protoxide sublimes
in slender crystalline needles,
which the remaining portions, if air 
be not excluded, passes into the states
of Peroxide & undergoes no change at 
a very high temperature - This will 
explain the inert nature of the 
Pulvis Antimonialis, for you will
recollect that in forming that preparations,
the Sulphuret of Antimony 
is subjected to heat with horn
shaming. -
The glass of Antimony contains about 
85 p~ct of Protoxide, but its composition
is variable - When the protoxide 
is less in amount - & it is in 
combination with a large proportion
of Sulphuret it forms the Saffron of 
Antimony - or Crocus Metallorum - a 
name you will find in old medical 

*It has been known since the year 1631 & is first
mentioned by Adrian Mynsicht in his Thesaur
medico - chymicus published in the above year.
Dr Thompson supposes the preparation was suggest
by a treatise entitled Method as in Pulverum,
published in Italy in 1620, written by Dr Cornacius,
who gives an account of the method of 
preparing a powder which had been invented
by Dudley Earl of Warwick - & obtained great celebrity
in Italy. This powder was composed of Scammony.
Sulphuret of Antimony & Tartar triturated
together. - Tartar emetic was first prepared
by boiling together Tartar & the Crocus metallorum
in water-filtering - & crystallizing.
This crocus metallorum is an impurity Hydrosulphuret,
formed by detonating in a crucible equal
weights of Sulphuret of Antimony & Nitre - &
washing the residuum in water. - At present
Glass of Antimony is substituted for the Crocus metallorum
or Saffron of Antimony. -

writing. Sydenham uses it. -
The only use of the vitrum Antimonii
is in Pharmacy to form 
Antimonium Tartarzatum. -
or Tartarized Antimony - commonly
called Tartar Emetic - or Emetic Tartar
This is the most important & the 
most certain of all the preparations
of Antimony, & may be used as a 
* substitute for all the rest.
Read the Formula. -
By the process you obtain a [cross out] trifle
salt, the protoxide is dissolved
& unites with the excess of Acid in 
the Supertartrate of Potash - thus forming
a Tartrate of Potash & Antimony
exactly as occurs in the process for saturating
this excess of Acid by potash in 
forming the neutral Tartrate of Potash
or by Soda in the Soda Tartarizata.
[illustration] 1 Atom Tartaric Acid, Protoxide of Antimony, 1 Atom Tartrate of Potash, Sulphuretted oxide of Anty Silica
Tartrate of Potash & Antimony. 
Supertartrate of Potash
vitrum Antimonii
Sulp' oxide & Silica

* Dr Ure thinks this latter is the case - &
he calls the Tartar Emetic a Cream.
Tartrate of Antimony. - Dr Thompson assists the 
former opinion & conceives the salt to be a compound
2 Atoms Tartaric Acid. - 46. 53 or a compound
2 - " Protoxide of Antimony - 36. 81 of 1 Atom Tart [illegible]
1 - " Potash - 16. 66. 1 Atom Sub [tartra??]
of Antimony 

This view of the composition of Ant. Tartarizatum
is the simplest - & comfortable 
to the ideas of the nature of the other triple
salts formed from the Supertartrate of 
Potash. But Gay Lussac has supposed
that the Supertartrate acts as an Acid,
because its solution will dissolve oxides
which one incapable of solution in 
Tartaric Acid alone. Thus 70 parts of the 
protoxide of Antimony are soluble in 
100 parts of the Supertartrate of Potash,
which is not the case in the same 
amount of Tartaric Acid. This view 
of the combined nature of Tartar Emetic
does not affect the proximate principles
of the salt, which are the same in either 
case - viz Tartari Acid. Potash &
Protoxide of Antimony. It is a mere 
question whether the atom of Tartaric
Acid in excess in the Supertartrate is 
the solvent of the Protoxide - or whether 
the Supertartrate in solution of itself 
dissolves it, acting in its continued
nature as a Simple Acid. *
Tartar Emetic is an inodorous crystalline
salt of a styptic metallic taste 



soluble when perfectly pure in 15 waters
at 60 - & in twice its weight of water at 
212: It is insoluble in Alcohol? The 
aqueous Solution spontaneously decomposes 
after a little time. 
It should always be purchased in crystals
for in powder it is often adulterated.
containing uncombined Supertartrate
of Potash, which falls in attempting
to make a Solution of the salt. - To 
test the purity of the crystals drop several 
into water containing Sulphuretted Hydrogen
gas - or into a Solution of the 
Sulphuret of Potash or Ammonia
& a precipitate of an orange Colour
will take place.
This salt is easily decomposed by the 
strong Acids - the Alkalies or their 
Carbonates - & vegetable bitter & astringent 
infusions. The infusions
of Gentian & wormwood are exceptions
& the neutral Alkaline Sulphates;
The Best made of exhibition is Simple
Solution in distilled water - ordering
no more than is requisite for a 
few doses. - It is diaphoretic, emetic 



& purgative - & externally rubefacient
As an emetic this salt is one of the most 
powerful & efficient that we posses.
It stimulates the stomach into forcible
& long continued efforts to discharge its 
contents, acting equally on the Duodenum
& promoting a discharge of bile, which 
continues to be thrown off, after the 
stomach is evacuated. By the force of 
its operation it seems to draw remote 
parts of the body into a Sympathetic
action, & to break up diseased actions
which are unconnected with the 
state of the Stomach. It is therefore 
preferable to other emetics, where
the object desired is not simply
to relieve the stomach of offensive
ingesta, but to afford relief by exciting
vomiting for the cure of disease.
as in the commencement of fevers,
in many local inflammations - in 
croup especially -. In the latter disease
it is the best remedy that can be given,
where poisons have been swallowed 
the Sulphate of Zinc is to be preferred,
& where a forcible operation is contraindicated,
as in delicate females & 



in feeble patients - in Children - in determinations
of blood to the head, Ipecacnauha
is preferable. This salt appears to act 
thro' the brain & nervous System on the 
muscles concerned in vomiting, for 
some experiments is animals it operates
more speedily when injected into a vein
than when introduced into the stomach.
In Small doses, repeated every 3 or 4 hours,
this salt has a relaxing, nauseating
& diaphoretic effect, diminishing the 
face of the circulation & thus abating
inflammatory action. By use the 
stomach will bear gradually increasing
doses, if repeated every 3 or 4 hours, augmenting
from 1/8th of a grain to a grain
or more, but when the quantity
is large a sense of debility & a great
aversion to the medicine are excited. -
When given in such doses as do not excite 
vomiting it operates on the bowels,
& even when vomiting takes place, it 
generally has a purgative effect. This 
in many cases renders the frequent exhibition
of this medicine highly
injurious, especially in delicate  



subjects & in children especially. To the 
latter it is often given as a nauseant
or in such small doses as to excite gentle
vomiting,, & it is generally considered 
beneficial when it equally operates
as a purgative, but if this be long
continued - or if the medicine be often
repeated dangerous & even fatal effects
ensue. The stomach loses its tone, digestion
is impeded - the mucous membrane 
of the bowels is irritated - & at 
last inflamed & ulcerated, the string [illegible]
is broken up, frequent feculent & mucous stools are at 
first excited - then slimy - bloody
& purulent evacuations succeed &
death is the consequence, unless the 
practitioner perceives the pernicious
effects of his medicine in time,
omits it & counteracts the distinctive 
inflammation he has excited 
℥ applying leeches to the abdomen
& gentle opiates. - I wish you to 
remember this for this remedy
so powerful, & so admirable when 
given with judgment & contain



proves more destructive to life from its 
rash & empirical exhibition than any 
other article of the materia Medica.
Dangerous as its employment is & powerful
as its effects on the body are, it 
forms one of the most common place
has in practice - being given in cases
where no remedy is called for, & continued
from a vague idea that if it 
operates as a vomit - or as a diaphoretic
or as a purgative it can do no harm,
& will do good by lessening any slight 
excitement that is present, & at all
events convince the patient that 
the case is not neglected. - All of you
must be aware of the frequent exhibition
of Antimonial medicines even 
in the most trifling ailments, & perhaps
some of you may remember cases which 
at first slight - have passed from bad 
to worse under the use of this active
mineral poison. - Nothing is so commonly
given as this salt in hooping Cough in 
London, & it has sent thousands to their 
graves, - (Cases of Stapyltons Children)



Externally, applied to the surface of the 
body this salt has a peculiar action. It 
excites a pustular eruption, with frequently
a dark colour of the skin, which 
is slow in healing, & is accompanied
with a sensation like that from the 
continued use of a mild Caustic. Hence
it is of use in deep seated inflammation
of a chronic Character - as a caustic irritant.
The Dose of this salt as a nasuseant &
diaphoretic is from a twelth to 1/8th of a 
grain, repeated every 2 or 4 hours. For this 
purpose dissolve 1 gr in ℥i of distilled water
& give 40♏︎ - or 1ʒ. - increasing by adding
5-10♏︎ to each succeeding dose.
As an emetic the dose is about 2 gr - 1 or
p 1-3 gr. - Dissolve 6 grs in 3 ℥ of distilled
water - & give p 1 ℥ of the solution,
repeating at short intervals - as 15 - or 20 minutes
till full vomiting is produced.
For children you may dissolve 4 gr in 
℥i of distilled water - & give 40♏︎ - ʒj - repeating 
till vomiting occurs. This is the best 
mode of exhibiting the medicine to 
Children as it has no taste. 



As an external application it maybe 
used as an ointment - or in the form of 
a saturated solution. The ointment may 
be made by mixing ʒi of the freshly powdered
crystals with ℥i of lard - As the pustules dry
up they may be brought out again by 
washing the part with a solution of the 
salt.- 
The decoction of Yellow bark (Cinchona
Cordifolia) is an antidote to an overdose
of the Tartar emetic - ℥j if the decoction
is capable of decomposing ℈i of the salt. -
Virium Antimonii Tartarizati
Read the formula
Half an ounce of this solution contains
1 gr of the salt - It should be made 
of the pure crystals. -



In this Country Tartar Emetic is given in 
the doses I have mentioned, & for the Specific
effects of a nauseant - diaphoretic & emetic.
It is rarely & indeed never given for 
its mere purgative effect. The maximum 
dose for Adults may be stated as 
about 3 grains. - On the Continual - however
it is used in much larger doses
& the virtue of a Contra - Stimulant 
are ascribed to it. - This made of the exhibition
of this medicine was introduced
by an Italian Physician Rasori, & it has 
been adopted by Borda. Tommasini 
of Bologna & by the justly celebrated Laennec 
of Paris. - Rasori ranks some 
of the most active remedies into 2 
classes - stimulants & contra stimulants
Among his Stimulants are heat. Opium
Ammonia - Alcohol. Cinchona. Animal
food. the Passions of the mind, except 
Fere. & the contagious matter of Typhus
Small Pox - measles - Syphilis &c -  
Among his Contra Stimulants are 
Cold. Blood-letting - Mercury Antimony
& the whole class of metals. Bitters. purgatives.
Emetics - Prussic Acid. Digitalis 
Coffee. Mustard - Pepper. Cantharides 



Acids. & oxygen &c. -
In this list of the Contra-stimulants there 
are several substances which have long 
been regarded in this Country As such -
viz cold. blood letting - Prussic. Acid. Digitalis 
- but others have been considered
as the very reverse of any contra stimulating 
virtue - as Cantharides Mustard
Pepper - Oxygen. - while the metallic
preparations have been ranked according
to the effects of their action. It 
is respecting the nature of the virtue
of these preparations - as of Antimony 
Mercury &c that the Italian doctrine 
appears so peculiar. -
The practice of the Italian [doctrine]
Physicians is conformable to their 
theory for they exhibit enormous
doses of these contra stimulants. in 
cases of excitement. They give Tartar 
Emetic in ℈j. doses, - Calomel gr xx-xxx
Digitalis gr ij - 96! - Ext. Hyoscy gr 1 - 24
every 2 hours. Nux vomica. gr i - ʒi daily
Aqua Lanro Cerasi - gtt i - 100 every 2 hours.
The dose is proportioned to the 



quantity of excitement. When the inflammatory
action is high, the patient they 
say will bear very large doses without 
any obvious evacuation for the skin
stomach or bowels - & the disease
will be subdued wholly by the 
contra stimulant effect of the medicine
on the fibres of the body. They 
admit it is difficult to ascertain
in some cases the amount of excitement
present, & therefore in such 
cases they make trial of small doses
every 2 hours till they perceive 
some decided effect of contra stimulation. 
- It is remarkable that in these 
cases such large doses of Tartar Emetic
can be taken without occasioning
any visible effect either by diaphoresis
vomiting or purging. The same thing
is observable respecting Calomel,
which in 10 gr or ℈j doses often does 
not act in the proportion to the 
amount of the dose. -
You will find some account of 
the Italian practice in the 14th So if 



the Quaterly journal of Foreign Medicine
for April 1822. & in the 
In reading old works of Medicine You 
will find preparations of Antimony
frequently spoken of under various 
names, some of which I may mention. -
The pure Metal Antimony is often called
the Regulus of Antimony; & Stibium 
Antimony was formerly used to designate
the native Sulphuret.
Antimonic Acid } are the Peroxide - which
Stibic Acid } has acid qualities. 
James Powder } are the Peroxide of Anty
Pulvis Antimonialis } generally, & Phosphali of Liver
Glass of Antimony - is the Protoxide - with 
the Sulphuretted oxide of Anty & Silica
Crocus metallorum } are Protoxide of 
Saffron of Antimony } Antimony with 
Hepar or Liver of Antimony } a portion of Sulphuret 
of Antimony



Kermes Mineral, is a Hydro Sulphuret of Anty.
Sulphuretted Hydro Sulphuret of Antimony is 
the precipitated Sulphuret of the Phara- a 
preparation analogous to the old Sulphur 
Auratum. -
Argentine flames of Antimony are considered
by Dr Thompson as a Deutoxide.
- Martial Regulus - allay of Iron & Anty.. -
- Regulus of venus - allay of Cooper & Anty.. 
- Tartarized Antimony } Tartrate of Potash &
Tartar Emetic } Antimony - or a 
Cream tartrate of Anty..
- Butter of Antimony } Muriate of Antimony.
Antimonial Caustic } 
- Cerated Glass of Antimony. is the glass of Antimony
combined with wax.
- Diaphoretic Antimony is the Protoxide?























Lecture XIV. -
Ferrum.
Iron is the most abundant & the most 
useful of all the metals. The history
of its discovery is lost in the early
ages of the eastern Nations. At the time 
of Moses, who was born 1635 Years
before the Christian era it was wrought
for the purposes of furnishing the 
implements of war & of art. His writings
furnish ample proof at how
early a period it was known in 
Egypt & Phoenicia. the valuations furnaces
for working Iron; ores from which 
it was extracted - & says that Swords
Knives, axes, & tools for cutting stone
were made of that metal. The Knowledge 
of Iron was brought from Phrysia
to Greece about 2 centuries after the
birth of Moses, Yet at the Trojan
war, which took place 200 Years after
the introduction of Iron, none of the 
Grecian implements of war were made of 



this metal, & it was in Such estimation
that Achilles proposed a ball of it,
as one of his prizes at the games celebrated
in honour of Patroclus. The Grecian
arms at the Trojan war were of bronze
an alloy of Copper & Tin. -
Dr Thompson remarks that if the 
Greeks in 200 Years had made so little
progress in an art which they had 
learned from others, how long must 
it have taken the Egyptians, Phrygians
to have made that great progress
in it which it is evident they 
had made at the time of Moses? -
Iron is the most abundant of all the 
metals, existing in every formation &
assuming every variety of form. It
is found Native - in the state of 
Sulphuret - of oxides - & of Salts.
Native Iron is a rare mineral, but 
has been found in different parts
of the world, alloyed with other 
metals. - Those masses which were



found by Pallas in Siberia, & which have
been observed in other parts of the world,
containing Nickel, are considered as 
depositions from meteors, & distinguished
from native Iron from the circumstance
of their having Nickel in them, which 
is never found in the true specimens
of Native Iron, - found in mines. -
The most abundant mineral is the 
Iron Pyrites or Sulphuret of Iron, occurring
in almost every rock & vein.
There are 2 distinct Species of pyrites
the Magnetic & the Cubic - the former
is a Sulphuret, composed of 1 Atom
Iron & 1 Atom Sulphur- & the latter
(the most adundant) is a BiSulphuret
composed of 1 Atom Iron & 2 Atoms 
Sulphur. -
In the State of oxide Iron is found
also abundantly - the peroxide by far 
more common than the protoxide -
The red Iron stone of Lancashire & the
Bag iron ore, Supposed to be deposited
from water in boggy - or morassy grounds
are examples of native oxides. 



In the state of Salts also Iron is abundant. 
- The common clay Iron stone of 
Scotland & England is an example of a 
Carbonate of Iron - containing also 
Alumina & Silica. - It also exsists in 
combination with Phosphoric Acid 
with the Chronic Acid - & with the 
Sulphuric Acid. -
Iron is familiar to all of you. It is one 
of the hardest of the metals & has a Sp.
gr. of 7.6 - It is attracted by the magnet
& is the substance which constitutes
the magnet. It is malleable in every
temperature. & has a high degree of ductility
& tenacity - It has a strong affinity
for oxygen, when exposed to the 
air its surface is Soon tarnished, &
it is gradually changed into a brown 
or red powder, familiar to you under
the name of rust. This change is more 
rapid if the atmosphere is moist &
is owing to the absorption of oxygen & carbonic Acid.
At common temperatures Iron decomposes
water slowly - at a red heat
with rapidity, hydrogen being copiously 



evolved. It burns brilliantly in oxygen gas, if a piece
of cotton is attached to it & previous by 
ignited. - It combines with 2 proportions
of oxygen forming the protoxide &
the peroxide. - 
The protoxide or the martial ethiops
of the old medical writers, is a black 
powder - formed by keeping in fiting
a Sufficient time in water at 70 ° -
or by burning iron in oxygen gas - or by 
dissolving Iron in Sulphuric Acid - &
precipitating the oxide of Potash - The 
oxide formed by burning Iron in oxygen
is in hard, brittle drops of a metallic
lustre, owing to the fusion they undergo.
That which falls from the Solutions
in Sulphuric Acid is at first green
but turns black when dried quickly
in close vessels. - This protoxide is 
tasteless, insoluble in water - but soluble
in Acids, forming solutions of a 
pale green Colour & a sweetish astringent 
taste. It is capable of combining
with water - & the compound
has a dirty greenish Colour. - This 



Protoxide is a compound of 1 Atom Iron - 77.7
1 " oxygen 22.3/100.
The Peroxide of Iron is red, & may be formed by 
keeping Iron filings red hot in an open vessel
& agitating them constantly till they are converted
into a dark red powder. It was formerly
called the saffron of Mars. Rust of Iron
is this peroxide combined with Carbonic 
Acid. - This oxide is tasteless, insoluble in 
water, & not so readily soluble in Acid as 
the protoxide. It forms brownish or yellowish
solutions of a sweetish astringent taste. It 
is a compound of 2 Atoms Iron 70 p~ct
3 - " - oxygen 30/100
Iron was formerly supposed to be absorbed
in large quantities into the blood & to afford
the basis of the colouring matter contained
in that fluid. This opinion was first Called
in question by Dr Wells 1797, who proved the Colouring 
matter of the blood was an animal
substance. Berzelius confirmed this view 
& shewed that the colouring matter possessed
many of the properties of fibrin. It contains
however both oxide & Sulphosphate of 
Iron, but according to the Broude 
not more than Serum - or any other constituent 
of the Blood.



The preparations of Iron used in Pharmacy & 
Medicine are. -
Ferri Ramenta et fila.
Ferri Sulphas
" Subcarbonas
Mistura Ferri composita
Pilulæ - " -  compositae.
Ferrum Tartarizatum
Ferri venium
Liquor Ferri Alkaluii
Ferrum Ammoniatum
" - " Teritura
Ferri Muriatio - " - 



Ferri Ramenta et fila
Iron filings & wire. The filings of Iron are 
best prepared form a clean piece of soft
wire, as those procured from workshops Cannot 
be unholy purified by the [illegible] from
extraneous particles. -
They are used in Pharmacy to form the 
Ferri Sulphas. Ferrem Tartaizatum. Liguor 
Ferri Alkalini. Verium Ferri. -
In Medicine the filings are given p gr v - ʒj.
in the form of an electuary as a tonic. -
I have repeatedly remarked that Metals
in their Metallic state can have no other 
action in the body than a mechanical 
one. -Iron has been however instanced
as an example to the contrary but [illegible]
by, for when taken into the stomach 
the filings are speedily oxidized, & the water
they meet with in the Stomach is decomposed,
as is evident from the copious
eructations of hydrogen gas. The oxide so 
formed is in part dissolved, & tinges the 
foul discharges of a black colour.
A tonic power is ascribed to all the preparations
of Iron used in Medicine. We 
do not find those active remedies in 
these preparations that are furnished



by most of the other metals. Iron affords
us neither emetic - purgative - caustic, or 
diaphoretic virtues, & tho' we have 11 preparations 
of this metal, they possess
nearly the same qualities, & none of them 
can be considered as valuable remedial
agents. It is not unreasonable to suppose
that the reputation which has been given
to Iron as a tonic has been in part at 
least derived form reasoning a priori,
from the belief that a substance which 
was supposed to enter extending into 
the composition of animal bodies, & to 
contribute to the bloom & freshness of 
the complexion, must be useful in repairing
deficiencies in strength, & substance.
The virtues commonly ascribed
to it are those, of communicating firmness
to the animal fibre, which has 
became from any cause weak & lax, of 
restoring a florid hue to a pale & sallow
complexion - or increasing the fulness of 
the pulse - & generally promoting the 
healthy functions. Those properties it may 
posses to a degree, yet I think the 
tonic powers of Iron have been overrated
& that conclusions have been drawn from 



what a priori it was expected than from why 
it actually does effect. Some of its salts 
are undoubtedly stimulant, but many of 
the preparations of this metal are inert, &
all of them are of secondary importance. No 
practitioner relies in Iron to raise his patient
from any sudden debility, - & in cases 
of chronic weakness, in which Iron is considered
as so peculiarly adapted, it is often 
given for a great length of time without apparent
benefit. The merit of recovery
in many of these cases, belong rather to 
the healthy regimen - the exercise in the open 
air - the cheerfulness of change of scene, a 
cold bathing, which are prescribed with 
it - The principal complaints in 
which Iron is prescribed are chlorasis
Amenorrhœa, dyspepsia, Hypochondriasis
hysteria, Leucorrhœa, scrofula & rickets.
These are all chronic diseases, the cure of 
which is the work of time, or the result
of a multitude of remedial means. It is 
often the case that in these obscure affections
all remedies are useless - & iron cannot 
be exempted from the reproach of failure,
common to all of them.
The oxides & Carbonates of Iron are 



in moderate doses harmless & may be contained
for a length of time without injury.
In large doses, or in inflammatory habits
especially in determinations of the blood to particular 
organs they are injurious. -
Ferri Sulphas.
The copperas or Green vitriol of Commerce
is an impure Sulphate of Iron, & should
never be used in Medicine. It contains the 
Peroxide of Iron - & sometimes oxide of Copper
which may be detected by immersing
a clean plate of Iron in a solution of 
the copperas. The copper will be deposited
on the Iron plates. -
The Phara directs the Sulphate to be formed
by dissolving Iron in dilute sulphuric
Acid. Read the Phara. -
[illustration] Water {Hydrogen {Oxygen, Iron, Sulphuric Acid, oxide of Iron
Hydrogen
Dilute 
Sulphuric
Acid
Iron
Sulphate of Iron
The solution of Sulphate of Iron is of blueish
Green Colour, the Iron being in the state of 
Protoxide. If exposed to the air it absorbs
oxygen, & becomes of a red colour from 



the protoxide being changed into peroxide,
a portion of which falls. -
The crystals of this Salt are of a blueish Green
by exposure to the air the protoxide is changed 
to peroxide, which renders the crystals
Green, & a crust of peroxide is formed on 
the surface of crystals so exposed for any length
of time. This salt has a styptic unpleasant 
taste, reddens vegetable blues - Soluble
in 2 parts of cold water & 3/4th of its weight
of boiling water. The protoxide is 
precipitated by alkalies of a greenish 
colour, which becomes red or peroxide 
The crystals consists of 1 atom Sulp Acid 28.8
1 - " Protoxide - 25.9
7 - " - water  45.3/100.
The Alkalies & their Carbonates, Levine. Acetates
of Lead & vegetable astringents decompose
this salt.
It is used in Pharmacy to form Ferri
Subcarbonas. Mist. F. compos. Pil. F. compos.
In Medicine it is used as a tonic & astringent 
in doses of 1 - v gr with Rhubarb
or Pulv. Aromat. As a tonic it is often
exhibited in Ammenorhœa, but it 
can only act by stimulating the  



the General circulation, & where there is fullness
of blood, as is the case in this disorder
its free use is not safe. It is remarkable 
also that it is recommended in the very
opposite affection Menorrhagia, & also 
in Leucorrhœa - In the former case it is 
used for its tonic effect & in the last 
for its astringent quality. Now it must 
be constant in its action, & if its use
is advantageous in exciting the Uterus
to pour out the menses, it seems contradictory,
at least, to say it also can retrain
that organ pouring out a redundant
quantity. - In large doses it is unsafe
occasioning pain - nausea & vomiting,
A Solution is used as an injection in Ascarides.
The water should be boiled to free
it from air - or the oxygen will be absorbed
& decompose the Salt. -
Ferri Subcarbonas.
This is formed by decomposing the Sulphate 
of Iron by means of Subcarbonate of Soda
Read the formula. 
[illustration] Sulphuric Acid, Soda, Protoxide of Iron, Carbonic Acid
Sulphate of Soda
Sulphate of Iron
Carbonate of Soda 
Carbonate of Iron.



This Subcarbonate of Iron when carefully
made is of a reddish brown Colour, readily
soluble in Acids, & giving out on Solution
about 15 p~ct of Carbonic Acid. But it 
rarely has a third part of this amount
of Carbonic Acid, & Mr Phillips remarks
that it often contains little more than 
1/2 ct. In these cases it is little more 
than peroxide of Iron. The reason of 
the variation is the rapid tendency
of the protoxide to absorb oxygen,
& passing to the state if peroxide,
which in a solid state at least causes
exist combined with Carbonic Acid.
The salt is more active, because more 
soluble, the more Carbonic Acid there 
is in it. - Mr Phillips could not obtain
a product which would, yield more 
than 15 p~ct of Carbonic Acid. It should
be washed with hot water & dried as 
speedily as possible. -
It is used in Pharmacy to form Ferrum
Ammoniatium. Tinct. Ferri Muriatis
It is a tonic. in doses of gr 5 - 60. It may 
be made into pills with Aromatic
Confection - or the Confectio Aurantioum
It has been confidently recommended 



in the dose of gr xxx - ʒj. two or three times a 
day in Tic Doloraux -. There is a formula
for a compound mixture of this salt.
viz -
Mistura Ferri Composito
Read the Formula. -
This is a compound of Protocarbonate
of Iron - Sulphate of Potash - & aromatics.
It is of a greenish colour when first 
prepared, but the protoxide of Iron,
existing in it, absorbs oxygen & the colour
varies as this change takes place. It 
should therefore be made when wanted.
The Carbonate of Iron is in a state 
of Suspension. -
This is Griffiths myrrh mixture or the 
Anti hectic mixture. It is a tonic, in 
doses of ℥i - ii. It cannot have any 
peculiar virtue of the Iron, for there is 
only i Grain of Protoxide in ℥iss
There is still another formula of the 
same nature by which a pill mass
is prepared. viz
Pilulæ Ferri Compositae 
Read the Formula



These are compound of Subcarbonate of Iron 
& Sulphate of Soda - with Myrrh & sugar.
They should not be made before wanted
for they Get very hard - & the protoxide
will pass into the state of peroxide & be 
less active. - The doses is gr x - xxx twice
a day. - 1 gr of protoxide of Iron exists
in xx grains of the pill. -
Ferrum Tartarizatum.
This is a triple salt, a Tartrate of Potash
& Iron Read the formula.
The Iron is at first oxidized by decomposing
the water, & the protoxide so formed is 
converted afterwards into peroxide by 
absorbing oxygen from the air - This peroxide
unites with the excess of Acid 
in the Supertartrate & forms the compound 
Salt of Tartaric Acid, Potash & 
Peroxide of Iron. -
This salt is of a brownish Green Colour 
a slight styptic taste, very Soluble
in water & rather deliquescent in 
the air. It is often preferred from 



its mild taste, its ready solubility & supposed
diuretic virtue. The Alkalies do not decompose 
it, without heat, & the solution remains
unaltered for some time, If it deposits 
Tartrate of Lime it arises from the 
impurity of the Supertartrate of Potash,
which exists in it to the amount of 80 p~ct.
The dose is p gr x - xxx, in solution - & 
made into a bolus with aromatic confection.
It cannot be exhibited in powder
or piles from its deliquescent property.
We have a formula for the solution of 
this salt - viz in the,
Vinum Ferri.
The wine of Iron is a solution of the Tartrate
of Potash & Iron in distilled water - [cross out] & spirit.
Read the Formula. -
The Supertartrate of Potash is in excess.-
A pint contains 16 gr of Peroxide of Iron.
consequently 1℥ has 1 Grain
It is a weak preparation - given generally
in doses of ʒi - ʒiss. - ʒiij -. A solution of 
the Ferrum Tartarizatum will answer
all the purposes of this wine.



Liquor Ferri Alkalini.
The Solution of Alkaline Iron is never employed
in practice, for it cannot be 
given without decomposition. It is a solution 
of Peroxide of Iron in Carbonate
of Potash, with some Nitre in solution. -
Read the Formula.
By the first process a solution of Peinitrate
of Iron is obtained - having excess of 
Acid. When this is added to a solution
of Subcarbonate of Potash decomposition
takes place. Nitrate of Potash is formed
& falls ultimately in the state of crystals,
The peroxide of iron, having lost its Nitric
Acid is precipitated, & is afterward dissolved
by that portion of the Carbonate
of Potash which has not been acted
upon by the Nitric Acid.
This is a deep red solution, of an alkaline
styptic taste. - It is decomposed by water
which precipitates the peroxide of Iron
& leaves a Solution of the salts of potash.
Dose ʒss - ʒi - It is entirely neglected in 
practice. -  



Ferrum Ammoniatum
Ammoniated Iron is a compound of Muriate
of Ammonia & peimuriate or perchloride
of Iron. It is seldom or never used 
from the uncertainty of its composition.
Read the Formula. -
A dymuriate or Chloride of Iron is obtained
by evaporation - & mixed with Muriate
of Ammonia & sublimed. It is an 
orange coloured crystalline granular mass
& deliquescent - of a styptic saline taste.
If prepared by mixing muriate of 
Ammonia with a Solution of Permuriate
of Iron, & evaporating to 
dryness, it is a yellow coloured powder.
The sublimed granular orange coloured mass contains
3 grains of Peroxide of Iron in every
300 grains - & the yellow powder, obtained
by solution & evaporation, only 2 
grains in 200 grs. -
Dose gr 2 - x grs in a bolus - It is never used.
Tinctura Ferri Ammoniati.
A solution of Ferrum Ammoniatum in spirit.
of no use: 13 fʒ of this Tincture contain no 
more Iron than one drachm of Tinct. Ferri Muriatis.



Tinctura Ferri Muriatis.
The Tincture of the Muriate of Iron is one 
of the best preparations of the Metals. It
is a solution of the protomuriate & permuriate 
of Iron in dilute spirit -
Read the Formula.
If the subcarbonate of Iron is pure, containing
15 p~ct of Carbonic Acid, the 
proportion of protomuriate, that is, of 
the protoxide of Iron dissolved in Muriatic
Acid, will be larger, than if 
Carbonate of Iron is used, in which 
case it will consist chiefly of permuriate,
or of a Solution of peroxide of 
Iron in Muriatic Acid, a fʒ containing
about 4 gr of the peroxide. -
When of a sp. gr if .994 - there are 16 grs
in half an ounce. -
It is of a red brown colour, of a very
styptic flavour. - & a peculiar smell.
It is used as a tonic stimulant &
astringent. Dose p ♏︎ 15 - 30 - ʒi: Large
doses occasion nausea & oppression.
Externally it is used as a styptic, to stop 



the bleeding of ulcers. & it is also used as 
an escharatic. - 
Mr Clive recommends it in spasmodic stricture
of the urethra - giving x drops in warm 
water every 10 minutes till relief is 
afforded. -
On reviewing the preparations of Iron we 
find the strangest are the 
Ferri romenta or filings of Iron which 
are given in the form of an electuary p 
5 gr to ʒi - their virtue being however
dependant upon their oxidation in 
the stomach. - This mode of exhibiting
Iron was formerly in great- repute 
& persons fancied that the metal
entered into the composition of the 
body & gave it strength & vigour.
Perhaps there was some good effect
arising from the confidence with 
which patients took steal medicines 
as they were called, a confidence
arising from the association between
hardness & strength & the metal administered.
As we possess preparations
in which the metal is already



oxidized, we need not trust to the filings
being oxidated in the Stomach,
unless we expect some benefit from 
the effect of this oxidation itself, as 
in cases of weakness from worms. In 
these cases the filings of Iron may 
operate as the filings of Tin are supposed
to do, either by mechanical 
operation - or by disengaging Hydrogen
from the water they find in the 
stomach & bowels, which gas may 
prove an irritant to the worms.
especially if we give sulphur along
with it. -
The other strong preparations of Iron
are the Sulphate - Subcarbonate - & 
the Tinct. Ferri Muriatis. -
The Sulphate is a tonic. It accelerates
the circulation, & hence its use in 
suppressed menstruation or Amenorrhœa.
As an astringent its powers are 
feeble confined to alum. Kineō &c.
For this object it is given p gr 1 - v
but you must discriminate in 
those cases, between the good effect 



likely to result from the stimulation
of the uterus, & the dangerous results
that may happen from stimulating
any other organ, as the head or lungs,
in which there is already a congestion
or determination of blood. The very
absence of the Catamenia will imply
some degree of plethora, & in full habits
there will be danger from much 
stimulation. In such cases vicarious
hæmorrhagics often occur, as for the 
stomach, bowels, nose, Nature seeking
herself a relief from the deficient 
action of the uterus, & the plethora it 
occasions. If you employ Iron incautiously
in such cases You will
endanger attacks of Apoplexy or 
alarming Hæmorrhagies. The viscous
purgatives, as Aloes - Colocynth - immersing
the feet in warm water, & 
the application of leeches to the 
is externum is the safer practice.
The Subcarbonate of Iron is given in 
dose gr v - 20 - as a tonic - & is a good
form of exhibition - It has been 



praised in Tic doloreux. in ʒi - but I 
cannot speak [illegible] experience as 
to its success. - This disease is supposed
to be an inflammation of the Neurilema -
& it occasions such dreadful
suffering that if the Subcarbonate of 
Iron was a specific for it we should
hear little more of its distressing character -
But we are fortunately, do hear
of it, & are compelled to think that 
this remedy is not as successful as 
has been asserted. - The principal
relief in this affection is a strict
regulation of diet - & a healthy condition
of the mucous membranes of the 
stomach & intestines. If irritation is 
[cross out] kept up in these, there will be little
hope of any remedy. -
The Tincture of the Muriate of Iron 
is an excellent preparation, for ifʒ continues
4 gr of peroxide of Iron, & it is 
not liable to vary in strength, when
well prepared - the dose varies p vj 15
to ʒss - ʒi. -



The weaker preparations of Iron are 
Mistura. Ferri Composita 
Pilulæ - " - " - 
Ferrum Tartarizatum
Verium Ferri -
These contain but small proportions of 
the different oxides, in the doses in 
which they are given, compared with 
those I have spoken of, as the strong
preparations of Iron. In this respect
they are more nearly analogous to the effects of 
the mineral waters containing Iron,
as the Tunbridge water & the Cheltenham 
chalybeate spring. In 103643 grs of the Tunbridge
water there is but 1 gr of Carbonate
of Iron - & in the same amount of 
Cheltenham 5 gr,
The Mistura Ferri Composito has 1 gr of 
Protoxide in ℥iss - & the dose is p 1-11 ℥
The Pilulæ Ferri Compositæ has 1 gr of protoxide 
in 20 grains. & the dose is xx - 30 grs
twice a day
Ferrum Tartarizatum, which has a less
disagreeable flavour than the other 
preparations, has about 5 gr of peroxide 



in every 100 grains - & the dose is gr x - 30. either
in Solution or bolus with some simple
confection. It is too deliquescent to be
given in powder or pills. -
Verium Ferri is like the Ferrum Tartarizatum,
but weaker - ℥i having only 1 gr 
of peroxide. It is given to children in 
ʒss - ʒi  - the largest dose has but 1/8th of 
a grain - & large doses are objectionable
in consequence of the spirit.
The useless preparations of Iron are 
the Liquor Ferri Alkalini 
Ferrum Ammoniatum
Tincture Ferri Ammoniati.
They are all uncertain compounds & 
liable to decomposition. They are not 
used & if they were having nothing to 
recommend them. -



10 Blank Leaves Not Scanned



Lecture XV th. -
Hydrargyrum.
Mercury or Quicksilver has been known
from the remotest ages, & was used by 
the ancients in gilding & separating gold
from other bodies, as it is at present. -
The word Hydrargyrum is derived from 
the Greek γδοs water & Αgyυgos silver - expressive
of the fluidity & colour of the metal.
The term quick-silver is expressive of 
the same Character "quick" in the Saxon
tongue liquifying "living" - thus quick set
hedges - applied to the Hawthorn, are 
living hedges as distinguished from others.
Thus we also have the term Argartum virum
or living silver [cross out] applied to this metal.
Mercury is found in Italy - Spain & in 
South America. The most productive 
mine of this metal is at Idria in Italy
near Trieste, which is said to yield annually
or an average 100 tons of this 
metal. At Almaden in Spain there 
is also a very productive mine. - In
both these places it is found in the 
state of Sulphuret, forming at Idria 
the compact Hepatic ore, & at Almaden



the slaty hepatic are of Mineralogists. -
The mine at Almaden was wrought by 
the Romans. -
Mercury has not been found in Britain. -
Beside the state of Sulphuret this metal 
exists native in most of the mines,
being met with in small globules. -
It is also found amalgamated with 
Silver containing about 30 p~ct of Silver.-
The native Cinnabar is a Sulphuret
of Mercury found in almost 
all the mercurial mines - & a chloride
of mercury, forming the Corneus
or Horn- mercury of mineralogists has 
been found in several places. -
The appearances of Mercury are familiar
to all of you. It has no taste or smell
It has a sp. gr 13. 568. when fluid, but 
in its Solid state one of 14. 465. - At the 
common temperatures of the air it is 
fluid, differing in this respect from all 
the other metals. But in the winter cold of the 
polar regions it is solid, & in all climates
when an artificial cold equal
to - 39° of Tart. is produced, this metal 
is solidified. In this state it is 



malleable. At 680° it boils & may be distilled
from one vessel to another. In this way it 
is purified from various metallic bodies
with which it is often contaminated. -
The vapour of mercury is invisible &
elastic like common air. -
Mercury combines with 2 proportions of 
oxygen, forming 2 oxides - the protoxide
& the peroxide. -
The protoxide is a black powder, insoluble 
in water. It may be formed by assisting
mercury in a large Bottle containing
air. Boerhaave found it by attaching 
the bottle to the spoke of a mill-wheel.
He called it, ethiops per se. It 
may also be obtained by decomposing
a small portion of Calomel by a large
quantity of potash by.
It consists of 1 Atom Mercury
1 - " oxygen.
The peroxide is formed by subjecting Mercury
or the protoxide to a heat of 600°
in a flat bottomed matross, having a 
long warm cylindrical neck, which 
admits of the access of air, but not 
of escape of the Mercury. It is first 



converted into a black & then into a red powder.
When so formed it was originally
called precipitate per se. - It may also be 
formed by dissolving Mercury in Nitric
Acid & evaporating to dryness. when so 
obtained it is the old red precipitate
of former times. -
This peroxide is an acrid substance, of 
a very passions quality, acting even as 
an escharatic to the body, & slightly soluble
in water.
It consists of 1 Atom Mercury
2 - " - oxygen -
Mercury forms with Chlorine 2 Chlorides.
combining with 2 proportions of that 
supports it combusting - When introduced
into Chlorine Gas it takes fire when 
heated - These are of Great importance
in Medicine, & are familiar to you 
under the name of Calomel - the protochloride -
& corrosive sublimate - the 
perchloride of Mercury.
We have 21 preparations of this metal 
in Pharmacy & Medicine. 



In its metallic state it has no action upon 
the body tho' it has been given to a large
amount in cases of obstinate constipation
for the purpose of forcing a passage by 
its specific gravity, the absurdity of which 
application is apparent, from the convoluted
& circuitous course of the 
Intestines. Since the gravity of the metal
must retard its passage in one part
as much as it facilitates it in Another 
Mercurial medicines are regarded as 
universal stimulants, when their use 
is persevered in for any great length
of time, but in the occasional doses
in which they are prescribed, they 
exert a specific stimulus On the 
Liver & prove laxative or purgative,
when taken for a length of time
they increase the pace & frequency of 
the pulse, & produce a kind of inflammatory
diathesis, indicated by the 
buffy coat of the blood drawn from 
a vein of a person under the influence
of these medicines. They appear to 
stimulate the different glands & 



& augment the quantity & affect the 
quality of the secreted fluids. The mouth 
of salivary glands are peculiarly affected
by them - the Gums became tender & swollen
the teeth loosened, & the parotid & submaxillary
glands tender & enlarged. 
These glands at length take on a diseased
action, & large quantities of saliva
& mucous are poured out. - the inside 
of the mouth become sore & ulcerated,
the tongue swollen - the breath fœtid,
& depression of strength, lassitude & an 
increased Sensibility supervene, If 
the medicines are withdrawn these symptoms
gradually abate, leaving however
a tenderness of the Gums - debility,
& a quick feeble pulse for some 
time After. -
Age, Sex, & peculiar idiosyncrasies appear 
to influence the susceptibility of 
the system to the mercurial action.
Some persons are suddenly salivated
by a small dose of Calomel, while
others are extremely indisposed from 
some individual peculiarities to 
its action, even after repeated large doses. 



Delicate females, of a lax fibre are peculiarly
susceptible of the action of Mercury,
& where no febrile condition exists great
caution is requisite in administering
any form of mercury to them. The state 
of excitement or fever appears to oppose
the specific action of Mercury & it 
may be given with greater freedom to 
those under this condition. When we 
wish to salivate a patient in fever
it is often necessary to reduce the febrile
condition before we can succeed
in an attempt - & those whose habits
are plethoric & of a firm fibre are
less susceptible, under common circumstances, 
of the action of Mercury. The 
same is true of Children, who in general
when vigorous, are difficult to salivate
The mercury acts readily on the liver
& bowels of Children, but not on 
the salivary glands, & it is rare to 
see ptyalism in a Child under 2 Years
of age, the Calomel is often freely administered
to them. - Caution is
requisite however in delicate feeble



Children, for instances have occurred of a 
violent Salivation with sloughing of the 
face, after an injudicious use of Calomel
in large doses. -
The preparations of Mercury in Pharmacy
& Medicine are.
Hydrargyrum purificiatum
Hydrargyri Sulphuretum vigrum
" - " - rubrum
Eruptostrum Hydrargyri
" Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro
Hydrargyrum cum Creta
Pilulæ Hydrargyri
Ungumentum Hydrargyri fortius 
" - " - mitius
Luicuictum Hydrargyri
Hydrargyri oxidum cuiercum
" - " - rubrum
" Nitrico-oxidum
Unguentum Hydrargyri nitratis
" - " - nitrico-oxidi
Hydrargyrum præcipitatum album
Unguentum Hydrargyri præcipitati albi 
Hydrargyri oxymurios
Liquor Hydrargyri oxymuriatis 
Hydrargyri Submurios
Pilulæ Hydrargyri Submuriotis compositœ. 



This list is formidable from the number
of its preparations, but You will find that 
most of them are of little use in practice.
out of the 21 - there are but 6. of real importance
in Medicine. - viz 
Hydrargyrum cum creta
Pilulæ Hydrargyri
Unguentum fortius 
" - Hydrargyri nitratis.
Hydrargyri oxymurias
" submurias.
I have arranged them in the order of 
Sulphurets - or compounds with Sulphur.
Compound of oxides
Chlorides -

Hyd. Sulphuretum vigrum
[cross out] Purified Mercury } 1
Sublimed Sulphur }
Rub them together till globules are no longer visible
Hyd. Sulp. rubrum
Mercury 40℥. Sulphur 8℥. mix the Mercury with the 
melted Sulphur over the fire - when it swells remove it p
the fire & cover it to prevent inflammation - rub
the mass to powder & sublime. -

Hydrargyrum Purificatum
Purified Mercury is distilled Mercury.
Read the formula. -
The object of distillation is to free it from 
the metals with which it may be amalgamated -
as lead - Bismuth - Tin. & Zinc.
These impair its mobility, & the globules
rose their spherical form, running
with a tail behind them. -
It is used only in Pharmacy.
Hydrargri Sulphuretum vigrum
The black Sulphuret of Mercury is the old
Ethiops mineral. Read the formula.
It is a black insipid powder, of no virtue
consisting of 1 Atom Sulphur } with excess of Sulphur
- " Mercury }
There is 58 p~Ct of Sulphuret of Mercury & 42
p~ct of Sulphur. - It has been given as an 
Anthelmintic - & in cutaneous diseases
p gr v - ʒss. but is not used. -
Hydrargri Sulphuretum rubrum
The red Sulphuret of Mercury is the Cinnabar
or vermilion of Commerce - remarkable 
for its beautiful red colour. -
Read the formula. It is a bisulphuret 

Emplastrum Hydrargyri.
Rub 3℥ mercury with 13 of Sulphurated oil, till no globules
appear - then add 1 # Empl. Plumbi melted & mix.
The Empl. Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro is made 
in the same way, except that you add 1 # Ammonia
instead of the Lead plaster. 

of Mercury consisting of 
2 Atoms Sulphur - 13.8
- " - Mercury 86.2/100.
It is insipid & little used, except for fumigation,
in cases of syphilis or venereal ulcers.
This practice is not much resorted to at
the present day. It is thrown to the amount
of ʒss on a hot iron & the patient in hales
the vapour, which is sulphurous Acid
& the vapour of Mercury. It sometimes
induces rapid Salivation. - A mercurial
Both is sometimes administered in cutaneous 
diseases. by enclosing the body in a 
sack, except the head, & filling it with 
the fumes of this red Sulphuret. It is not 
given internally. -
Emplastrum Hydrargyri
There are 2 plaisters of Mercury formed by 
rubbing the metal with Sulphurated
oil, that is olive oil in which Sulphur 
has been dissolved by heat - & one of them 
has the addition of Gum Ammoniacum
viz Empl. Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro.
Read the formula for both. -
They are used in venereal nodes, to discuss
them & therefore called disentients. Surgeons
do not rely upon them. The last is considered
the most powerful. -



Hydrargyrum cum creta
Mercury with Chalk, is one of the most 
valuable preparations of the metal.
Read the formula. Mercury ℥iij } rubbed together
Prepared Chalk ℥v. }
It has been considered to consist of the 
protoxide of Mercury combined with 
chalk. but Mr Phillips found that 
it was insoluble in Acetic Acid, for 
when this Acid had separated the 
chalk, the mercury remains in Minute
globules, which are distinct & not liable
to run together like metallic mercury.
the supposes it maybe a suboxide.
It is a very admirable & mild laxative
for children, in 2-4 grs doses - there is 1 gr
of Mercury in about 3 grs of the powder.
The dose varies p 2 gr to xx - . -
Pilulæ Hydrargyri
The pills of Mercury are familiar to you
under the name of Blue pill. - They are 
analogous to the Hyd. c creta in composition
except that the conserve of Roses is used 
to rub the Mercury with in the pills, while
Chalk is employed in the powder. -
Read the formula. - 3 grs contains of Mercury.
(Mercury ʒij, Confect. Red Roses ʒiij. rubbed together. then add Liquorice powder ʒi



Doses is p 3 - grs - ℈j. - In smaller doses they act
on the liver & prove wildly laxative - in 
larger ones they prove purgative. - In Syphilis
the dose is usually gr x - twice a day, but if they 
purge - 1/2 - gr - grvi of opium may be added to each
dose. -
Unguentum Hydrarg fortius. mercury 2 ℔ } Rub Mercury
Lard. 23℥ } & Suet - then
Suet. 1℥. } add the Lard.
" - " - nitius - Ung. Hyd. fort. 1 ℔
Lard - 2 ℔.
The stranger & milder Mercurial ointments
contain the same oxide as the 2 last preparations.
suet & lard being used in these instead
of the chalk & Rose confection.
Read the formula. -
The strange ointment is used to affect the 
system with mercury in Syphilis & chronic
Hepatitis. ʒss - ʒi - being rubbed on the 
inside of the thigh in Syphilis - or over the 
liver in the Hepatitis every evil -
The milder ointment is rubbed on indurated
parts - tumours - nodes when the object is
to promote absorption. & it is not desirable
to produce Salivation by the use of the strange
ointment
Linimentum Hydrargyri 
is a preparation analogous to the Ung. Hyd.
mitius, only that stimulants are added to 

Linimentum Hydrargyri
Rub ℥j Camphor with 15♏︎ Rect. Spirit - & then with ℥ IV each of Lard
& Ung. Hyd. fortius - add after ℥ IV Liq. Ammonia.
Hyd. Oxid. Cinereum.
Boil ℥j Calomel in 1 gallon Lime water, stirring till the 
grey oxide Subsides. Wash this with distilled water & dry it 

it. Read the formula.
It is employed by Surgeons in cases where
they wish to increase the activity of the Absorbents,
& stimulate the surface. as in indurations,
stiffness - thickening of parts. ʒi is 
rubbed on night & morning. In all these cases
of inauction with mercury the patient should
if possible be the operator, or the hand of any 
attendant employed should be covered with
oil skin to prevent the absorption of 
mercury.
Hydrargyri Oxidum Cinereum
The Grey oxide of Mercury, when properly
prepared is the protoxide, separated from 
Calomel by the addition of Lime water. -
Read the formula.
[illustration] Muriate Acid, Lime water, Protoxide of Mercury.
Solution of Muriate of Lime 
Submuriate
of Mercury
Liquor Calris
Protoxide of Mercury
Solution of Muriate of Lime.
[illustration] Chlorine. Hydrogen - Lime, Water, Mercury., Oxygen
Muriate Acid. Lime 
Protochloride
of Mercury
Liquor Calris
Protoxide of Mercury.



This formula was introduced for the purpose
of obtaining the protoxide of a more uniform
character than those examples of it 
obtained by trituration, which were 
supposed to be liable to variation from 
being imperfectly prepared. - But the 
intention of the formula is not fulfilled,
for the product as usually obtained
is a mixture of different proportions 
of Calomel & protoxide. The [prese???]
of calomel arises from the lime wat 
taking to itself all the muriatic Acid
& a portion of Submuriate of Mercury
falls with the protoxide. - Mr Phillips
says it sometimes contains peroxide,
as well as protoxide. - This uncertainty
of character is sufficient to render
it inadmissible in practice - as we 
have such valuable preparations of 
a similar nature as the Hyd. c creta & the 
Pil. Hyd. - It was given in doses of 1 - v in 
a pill - but is now disused.
Surgeons use what they call a Black 
wash, which causes to of ʒij of Calomel
decomposed by oj of Lime water. - It is 



a Solution of Muriate of Lime, with protoxide
of mercury & perhaps a portion of undecomposed
Calomel - suspended in the liquor. It is 
to be shaken when used. This is an excellent
application to chancres - to ulcers of the 
extremities, to fungous excrescences, as a wash.
or if poured upon lint, which will retain
the protoxide, it may be applied by the lint
laid upon the ulcer.
We have now disposed of XI of the preparations
of Mercury. - The first was the pure metal -
then 2 Sulphurets -. 2 plasters made with 
Sulphurated oil - & lastly 6 preparations
of the Protoxide of Mercury. - There remain
6 preparations of the Peroxide, which 
will not detain us long, & then the 2 
important chlorides - Calomel & Corrosive
Sublimate - a Solution of the latter
besides a Compound pill of Calomel. -
We have 2 preparations of the pure peroxide 
of Mercury - viz
Hydrargyri oxidum rubrum
" nitrico - oxidum
& we have 2 ointments of this peroxide, viz
Unguentum Hydrargyri nitratis
" Hydrargyri nitrico - oxidi.

Hyd. oxidum rubrum
Put 1℔ Mercury into a tall glass vessel with a narrow neck or
broad bottom. Apply heat of 600° till it is converted into red [illegible]
Hyd. nitrice - oxydum
Mix in a glass vessel 3℔ Mercury. 1 1/2℔ Nitric Acid & 2 pints dist. water
Boil till the Mercury is dissolved, & evaporate [cross out]. Rub the 
white residum to powder - put it into a shallow vessel 
& apply a gentle heat - increasing it gradually till red vapour 
ceases to rise.
Ung. Hyd. Nitratis.
Dissolve ℥i Mercury in ℥xi Nitric Acid, & add to the solution
℥vj Lard. & ℥iv olive oil melted together.
Ung. Hyd. Nitrico - oxydi.
Add ℥j Nitric oxide of Mercury to ℥ij White wax & ℥vi Lard [me?]
together & mix.

Read the formula for all of these preparations.
The red oxide & the Nitric oxide of Mercury are 
as near as possible similar products. Perhaps
in the Nitric oxide there may occasionally be 
a minute portion of undecomposed Nitrate of 
Mercury. - They are the peroxide of Mercury,
& consist of 1 Atom Mercury - 92.6
2 - " oxygen - 7.4 p~ct
The red oxide is in small crystalline scales, of a 
deep red colour - the nitric oxide is a powder
of a lighter red colour. - both are inodorous
acrid & poisonous & very slightly soluble in 
water. - The red oxide has been given internally
in 1 gr doses with opium 1 gr - but its action is 
violent- & it is not used. The nitric oxide is
only used externally as an escharotic, & seldom
alone - but in the form of its ointment. -
of the 2 ointments the Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis
is [cross out] the most important & the most 
extensively used. - It is the old Citrine ointment.
- It is employed in herpes - tinea Capitis &
in chronic cutaneous affections - in psoropthalmia
- in all chronic inflammations of the conjunctiva of the eye attended
with Itching & cutaneous diseases & in specks of cornea. It is a good 
stimulant application to old indolent
ulcers. It is applied by a brush. - The Nitric

Hyd. præcipitatum album.
Dissolve ℥iv Muriate of Ammonia - & 1/2 ℔ Corrosive Sublimate
in 4 pints Dist. water, & add to the solution 1/2 a pint of Liquor
Potassæ Subcarbonatis. wash the precipitate & dry it.
Ung. Hyd. præcipitati albi.
mix ʒj Hyd. præcipitati albi with 1 1/2 ℥ Lard melted over a slow [illegible]

oxide ointment is more especially applied as a 
stimulant to indolent ulcers & sores in general.
The last preparation of the Peroxide is the 
Hydrargyrum præcipitatum album
& its ointment. -
Read the formula.
It is probably a triple salt, a Muriate [cross out]
[cross out] of Mercury & Ammonia -
The potash unites with the 
Muriatic Acid of the Muriate of Ammonia & the Ammonia, with 
the peroxide of Mercury forms with 
a portion of Muriatic Acid the white 
præcipitate. It a light, in odorous, & 
insoluble powder - & is only used in 
Pharmacy to form the 
Unguentum Hyd. pracip. albi.
Read the formula -
It is used in porrige & in cutaneous Affections. 


*
No 1.
[illustration] Sulphurous Acid, oxygen, Mercury
Sulphurous Acid
Sulphuric Acid.
Mercury
Peroxide of Mercury
Persulphate of Mercury.
*
2 Atoms Chloride of Sodium are decomposed by 1 Atom Persulphate of 
Mercury. 

Hydrargyri oxymurias.
The oxymuriate of the permuriate, or the 
Perchloride of Mercury is familiar to 
all of you under the common name 
of corrosive Sublimate. -
Read the Formula
* 
No 2.
[illustration] Muriatic Acid. Peroxide of Mery, Soda, Sulphuric Acid
Permuriate of Mercury
Muriate of Soda 
Persulphate of Mercury
Sulphate of Soda
*
No 3.
[illustration] 2. Chlornic. 1. Mercury., Perodide of Mercury., Sodium., Oxygen., Soda. Sulphuric Acid.
Perchloride of Mercury.
Chloride
of Sodium.
Persulphate
of Mercury.
Sulphate of Soda.
Composition of Permuriate is 
2 Atoms Muriatic Acid - 20. 58
p~ct.
1 - " Peroxide of Mercury - 79. 42/100.
" - of Perchloride
2 Atoms Chlorine - 26. 48
p~ct.
1 - " Metal - 73. 52/100.-



The oxymuriate or Perchloride of Mercury
is a Semitransparent crystalline mass easily
pulverised - & slightly efflorescent when exposed
to the air. It has an acrid, metallic
taste, & is a virulent poison. Water at 60°
dissolves 1/20th & boiling water 1/3rd of its 
weight. It is more soluble in Alcohol
ether, muriatic acid & Solution of Muriate 
of Ammonia. - Its aqueous solution is decomposed 
by light, but not the spirituous
solution. Potash, Soda, lime water decompose 
the solution, throwing down a yellowish
red precipitate of peroxide of Mercury. Ammonia 
throws down a white precipitate
which is a triple compound of Muriatic
Acid, peroxide of Mercury & Ammonia.
This white precipitate, on the addition of 
Ammonia, is analogous to the Hyd. præcipitatum
album, - From the facility of 
decomposing this salt it should be administered
alone, for most of the salts 
& vegetable infusions decompose it. - It 
is best given in Solution, for it is not 
so easy to regulate the dose, when it is 
given in the form of pill. The dose is from 
1/32th - 1/16th - to 1/4th of a grain - [cross out]
[cross out] We have an official Solution
of this salts - viz - the - 



Liquor Hydrargyri oxymuriatis 
or Solution of oxymuriate of Mercury.
Read the formula. Dissolve 8 grains of the salt in ℥xv dist. water &
add ℥j Rect. Spirit.
I have before remarked that the chlorides of 
metals when dissolved in water pass into
solutions of Muriates - & that Muriates evaporated 
to dryness become chlorides. This 
solution therefore is one of Permuriate of 
Mercury
[illustration] Chlorine., Hydrogen, Mercury. Oxygen
*Muriatic Acid
Perchloride
of Mercury
Water.
Peroxide of Mercury } solution of 
* Muriatric Acid & water } Permuriate of Mercury
℥j. contains 1/2 a grain of permuriate of Mercury
& the dose is from 1/32nd part of a grain (ʒss) - to 
1/8th of a grain (ʒij). -
Tho' light appears to have no action on 
solid perchloride of Mercury, it decomposes
the solution of the permuriate & Calomel
or the proto chloride is precipitated, on 
this account the solution should be 
kept in a dark coloured phial. -
To obviate the liability of the aqueous solution
to decomposition it is best to dissolve 



2 grs of the salt in ℥j of Proof Spirit - that is 
of Alkohol sp. gr. . 930. - The Dose of this spirituous
solution will be 7♏︎ (1/32 w part of a grain)
to 30♏︎ (1/8th part of a grain.) - increasing cautiously 
to 1/4 a grain (ʒi) - & 1/2 of a grain (ʒij.) -
If this Salt be given in too large doses it 
will occasion nausea & vomiting. - &
if the dose is so large as to a it as a poison
inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the stomach & bowel will be excited,
& diarrhœa - convulsions & death supervene
The Antidote to an overdose is the white 
of Egg, - diluted with water - or flow &
water, in the absence of the Albumen. These
convert it to the Submuriate. -
The Perchloride of Mercury - & the solution
of the permuriate is considered as one of 
the most valuable alteratives, in 
syphilis - obstinate cutaneous affections,
especially those arising as Secondary
symptoms of Syphilis - in Scrofula- in
tubercular affections- & in chronic
torpor of the liver, - This preparation
of Mercury is less liable to salivate
& under proper management, is safe
& easy in its operation. It is best given
on an empty stomach, as food may readily



its effects, by rapidly decomposing it.
Suggests employ a yellow wash, the Aqua
Phogedenica, to ill conditioned ulcers, cutaneous
affections, made by decomposing this 
Perchloride by Lime water. - 2 grs to ℥i of 
Lime water. - a precipitate of a deep yellow
colour falls, which is peroxide of Mercury
combined with a little Muriatric Acid.
It is the basis of many quack remedies, for 
the cure of Syphilis without Mercury. See
Dr Paris. -
Perchloride of Mercury is used in Pharmacy
to form its solution. Hyd. Submurias &
Hyd. prœcipitatum album. -



Hydrargyri Submurias.
The Submuriate of Mercury or Calomel, is 
a Muriate of the protoxide of Mercury or the 
Protochloride of Mercury. The process for 
its preparation is similar to that for making 
the Perchloride, excepting that the amount 
of Mercury employed in making Calomel
is double the amount of that used in making 
Corrosive Sublimate. -
Read the formula.
now on the supposition that Calomel is a 
muriate of the protoxide - & that Corrosive
sublimate is a bi-muriate of the peroxide,
the effect of the process in making Calomel
will be that the 2 pounds of Mercury,
directed to be employed in excess over that
used in making Corrosive sublimate,
will unite with half the Muriatic Acid
& half the oxygen of the Bi muriate of 
the peroxide & there will result a muriate
of protoxide of Mercury.
[illustration] 2 Muriatic Acid, 1. Protoxide of Mercury, Perodide of Mercury, 1. Protoxide of Mercury, Mercury, oxygen, Soda., Sulphuric Acid
Muriate of Protoxide of Mercury. -
Muriate
of Mercury
Soda.
Persulphate of 
Mercury.
Sulphate of Soda.



But on the supposition that Calomel is a 
Protochloride of Mercury & that Corrosive Sublimate
is a perchloride, the effect of the process
will be that the excess of Mercury, employed
in making Calomel, will unite with half 
of the Chlorine, & the result will be a protochloride
of Mercury.
[illustration] 2 Chlorine, 1 Mercury, Peroxide of Mercury, 1. Mercury., Oxygen, Soda. Sulphuric Acid
Protochloride of Mercury
Chloride 
of. - Mercury 
Sodium.
Persulphate
of Mercury.
Sulphate of Soda.
As a muriate of Mercury Calomel is Composed 
of 1 Atom Muriatic Acid - 11. 86
1 - " Protoxide of Mercury 88. 14 p~ct/100.
The term Submuriate therefore is incorrect.
As a Protochloride - a chloride, it consists of 
1 Atom chloride - 15. 25
1 - " Mercury - 84. 75 p~ct/100. -
Calomel when first Sublimed is a white 
Seuitrous Parent mass, of small prismatic 
crystals, inodorous, without taste & insoluble.
When long exposed to light it is darkened



from a partial decomposition. The Alkalies &
lime decompose it. Nitric Acid converts it into 
Corrosive Sublimate. - 
If it should be suspected to contain corrosive
sublimate, the presence of the latter may be 
detected by boiling a portion of the suspected
Calomel in distilled water, filtering & 
adding to the water Liq. Potassæ, which, if 
corrosive Sublimate is present, will throw
down an orange coloured precipitate of 
Peroxide of Mercury. - Ammonia will give 
a white one, like Hyd. præcipitatum album.
A patient has been taken out for preparing
Calomel by passing, it, as it rises into 
water, by which it is obtained in a state 
of very minute division. - When so prepared
it can have no Corrosive Sublimate
in it. - to free Calomel p which it is 
directed to be washed with a Solution
of Muriate of Ammonia, which readily
dissolves Corrosive Sublimate. -
Calomel is one of the most important &
most extensively applicable remedies in 
Medicine. It is an alterative - a purgative
anthelmintic - & a sialagogue, it also 
has an emetic effect with Children. 



As a purgative it is easy & effectual in 
its operation, & is especially applicable in 
torpor of the liver - in fevers - especially specific
fevers, as Typhus - in which the secretions
are vitiated. In small doses of 2 - V gr. continued
daily till the evacuations are of a 
healthy it is the best Cathartic in these fevers
combined with a few pains of Jalap or 
rhubarb. In all cases of dyspepsia attended
with deficient secretion of the liver, its 
occasional use is attended with the happiest
effects - but when the bile is not 
deficient other purgatives are preferable 
to the continued use of Calomel. In dysentery
combined with opium it is an 
admirable remedy. - In the cases of worms
especially when viscid or slimy impurities are 
abundant in the bowels it is of great
use - As a purgative to young children
it is frequently admissible when other
purgatives are not, & in their febrile 
complaints it often produces a relaxation
that is beneficial. - Like the 
Blue pill it salivates, & it is often 
given for this effect in chronic inflammation
of the Liver. If it prove



too active on the bowels it is combined 
with opium. In Cholera, especially in that 
form where evacuations like rice water
are passed, it is given in large doses, p 10 gr
to ℈j. - the vapour bath should be used 
as soon as possible in these cases, for the 
attack seems to be a highly congestive
state of the blood, & the relief will be 
best obtained by - promoting an equal 
distribution of the blood. -
Calomel if its insolubility is given in 
pills, or as an electuary with some 
tenacious fluid as treacle. The dose 
varies p 1 gr - ℈j - generally 3 - v is a purgative 
dose with v - x of Rhubarb or Jalap.
To promote salivation 1 gr may be given 
at night & morning - & if it purges 1/3rd
of a grain of opium may be added to 
each dose.
To delicate females of a lax fibre caution
is required in exhibiting Calomel. & in 
all chronic affections it should only be 
given when the secretions - especially that 
of bile require its stimulus. If given too 
long it breaks up the strength & leads 
to consumption - scrofula. &c - 

Pil. Hyd. Submuriate Compositæ.
Rub. ʒij each of Calomel & Precipitated Sulphuret of Anty together
& then with ℥ss Guaiacum in powder - & add ʒss Rect. Spirit. -

We have a compound pill of Calomel
Pilulæ Hydrargyri Submuriatis Composita
Read the formula.
This is Plummers pill, & is used principally
in Cutaneous affections - iv gr contain 
1 gr of Calomel. -
On reviewing the preparations of Mercury
we find that of the 21 I have enumerated
there are 3 that are not used at 
the present day - viz 
Hyd. Sulphuretum vigrum
Hyd. oxidum cinereum
Hyd. - " - relbrum
that there are 3 others only used in 
Pharmacy - viz 
Hyd. purificatum
Hyd. nitrico oxidum 
Hyd. præcipitatum album
that there are 9 used only externally, viz 
Hyd. Sulphuretum vebrum. fumigations
Emp. Hydrargyri
" Ammoniari c Hydrargyro
Ung. Hyd. fortius et mitius 
Leminent - Hydrargyri
Ung. Hyd. nitratis 
" " nitrico - oxidi 
" " precip. albi. - 



& there remain 5 for internal use, viz
Hyd. cum creta
Pil. Hydrargyri
Hydrargyri oxymurias & its Solution
" Submurias
Pil. Hyd. Submur. Compositœ.
now considering the composition of those
preparating which are the most 
useful & the most extensively applicable
we find that the protoxide 
of mercury - Chloride & perchloride
& peroxide as it exists in the Un.
Hyd. nitratis are the really valuable
compound of mercury.
The protoxide exists in 
Hyd. cum creta
Pil. Hydrargyri
Ung. Hyd. fortius &c - &c 
The chloride in Calomel
The perchloride in Corrosive Sublimate
& The Peroxide in 
Ung. Hyd. nitratis
" - " nitrico - oxidi. -



14 Blank Leaves Not Scanned



Lecture. XVII.
Having considered the composition
of those Unorganized bodies, which 
form the first part or department 
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, we
have now to detail the properties
of organized bodies - viz those belonging
to the vegetable & animal Kingdoms.
This Subject, as far as it relates to 
the vegetable part of the Materia 
Medica, is of great importance,
& presents many objects, remarkably
Similar in their ultimate
principles, which are few in number,
but which differ essentially
in their proximate principles - these
being the principal source of 
interest, & formed for our use 
by the hand of Nature. - We 
have hither to treated of Substances 



compounded by act of a few Simple 
elements. These elements we have 
seen may be variously combined,
& that important remedial assents
are the results of the combination.
By writing for instance Sulphur & Nitrogen to 
oxygen we obtain the important
Acids, the Sulphuric & the Nitric:
by writing Hydrogen & Chlorine, we 
obtain the Muriate Acid - &
from the union of Metals with 
oxygen, we get oxides, which 
with Acids form the extrusive
loss of salts. - By uniting Metals
with Chlorine we obtained Chlorides,
two of which, Calomel & Corrosive
Sublimate are of such peculiar
interest & importance in Medicine.
But we have been to treat of 
Substances ready formed by the mysterious 
operations of a living principle, 
acting on bodies organized
for the purpose of maintaining 



life by the process of nutrition. We
have no longer to Search for the ultimate
analysis of the bodies presented
to us, because it does not advance
our Knowledge respecting them. The ultimate analysis
of vegetable Substances is of little 
or no use, because we cannot discover
any relation between the composition
& the medicinal properties
of the Substance analysed. - The composition
of all of them with respect to 
their ultimate principles is nearly uniform.
They all contain Carbon & Hydrogen,
generally, if not always united
with oxygen. - In Some we find these 
elements united with Nitrogen Phosphorous 
- & with some of the Metals, or 
from, manganese.- The fixed Alkalies
& Lime, either pure or united to Acids
are often constituents of vegetable matter, 
but the proportions of these substances
is trifling, & they do not appear to 
modify the properties of the bodies
in which they exist. - Nitrogen



appears to have the most important
influence, & to impress a peculiar
character on the substances in which it 
is present. We may say generally that 
the proximate principles of vegetables
consist of Carbon. Hydrogen & oxygen,
& that the difference in the properties
of these principles depends on the difference
in the proportions of these [cross out]
elements, & in the modes in which 
they are Combined. - 
Before speaking in detail of the 
most important proximate principles
of vegetables, it may be interesting
to present to you some amount of 
the parts of vegetables used in Pharmacy
[cross out] in Medicine.- The proximate
principles tho' ready formed
by Nature, do not exist always
in an isolated state, but are to be 
separated from the plant by art,
& the modes by which we obtain
them must be Known.



We do not often employ either in Pharmacy
or Medicine Any entire plant,
[cross out] is all the [cross out] parts of the same 
plant. - But there are instances of 
this, as in the Liver wort - (Lichen
Islandicus. Purging flax. (L. catharticum) -
the mints. viz. Peppermint (M
piperita.) Spearmint (M. veridis). &c -
Sometimes we only employ the tops 
of the plants - as of Centaury (Chironia
Centaurium)- of Broom (Spartium
Scaparium) of Rosemary (Rosmarihus
officinalis). -
We make very extensive use of the 
roots of plants. - as of Calchicum. of 
Gentian. of Jalap. Ipecaunanha. Rhubarb. 
- Sarsaparilla. Squill. Ginger &c
We use some woods as of Guaiac. Quassia
Logwood. -
We obtain some invaluable remedies
from Barks, as the Cinchona or Peruvian 
Bark - Cinnamon - Oak. -
We sometimes only use the Leaves or 
Digitalis. Hyoscyamus. Rue. Sauine 



Senna. Tobacco. Belladonna. Hemlock.
Sometimes we only use the flowers - as of 
the Rose. Chamomile. Cloves. Saffron
Lavender &c. -
We sometimes use only the fruit - as the 
orange Lemon. Cayenne pepper. [cross out]
the Ung - the black - the Cubelus pepper.
Colocynth. the Capsule of the P. Somniferum.
Tamarinds. Raisins. figs. Cassia.
We find sometimes admirable remedies
in Seeds - as Castor oil (seed of R. commonis.)
Almond. Calchicum. Linseed.
Mustard. Croton. Nutmeg. Cardamom.
Dill. Anise. Coriander &c - Barley. Oats.
Now some of these parts of vegetables
we use in the form that they are presented
to us by Nature - as the orange. Lemon
or slightly prepared by exriceation - as figs
raisins. - 
The Simplest pharmaceutical process
is that of pulverising some of them - as 
the bulbs of Calchicum. Squill - the
roots of Rhubarb. Gentian. Ipecacuanha 



the barks of Cinchona. Cinnamon. the leaves
of Digitalis - the seeds of Mustard - These form
part of the powders used in Medicine,
But we generally subject the parts of 
vegetables I have alluded to to different
pharmaceutical operations, & obtain
from them their proximate principles
such as Gum. mums. jelly. starch. gluten. Sugar. Acids Resins. Gum. Resins - Balsam
Expressed oils - Essential a volatile oils
either pure - or dissolved in water- forming
the distilled waters. -Camphor Balsams Extracts. - Spirits.
It is difficult to classify vegetable medicine
in a simple & satisfactory manner. I shall 
first describe the different proximate principles -
noticing each variety used in Medicine -
& shall then include all known remedies
under the heads of Narcotics. Emetics. Purgatives.
Diuretics &c &c. - The first will enable 
you to see the analogies that exist between the 
different proximate principles - & the last will
afford you a tabular view of these remedies
possessed of similar virtues - however they may 
differ in composition & natural affinities. -
And first of the proximate Principles,



Gum
From some trees & shrubs a thick transparent
tasteless fluid exudes - either 
spontaneously - or from incisions made into 
the bark, which gradually hardens, without losing 
its transparency, & is then known by 
the warm of Gum. - 
We have true official Gums - the Gums 
Arabic - (Acacia vera) & Tragacanth/Astragalus
verus.)
Gum Arabic is usually in small round mosses
like tears, hard - & brittle - of a faint yellowish
hue, without smell - & of an insipid
taste. It softens & smells on exposure to heat 
but does not melt. It is soluble in 
water in all proportions & the Solution
is Known by the name of mucilage.
When mucilage is evaporated, Gum is 
obtained unaltered. Mucilage may be 
kept for Years? without under going 
decomposition, except becoming mouldy
on the Surface.
Gum is insoluble in Alcohol, & it is 
precipitated from its solution in water
by the addition of Spirit. As a Medicine 



Gum is inert, with respect to its effects on
the body. It is rather nutritious, & demulcent.
As a component part of vegetables
it renders the other proximate principle,
soluble or miscible in water & may thus
favour their action in the Stomach.
In Pharmacy it is used [cross out] as a medicine
to combine Balsams. resins &
oils with water. -
Gum Arabic - a Acacia Gum is imported
from Africa & the East Indies. The 
African soot is obtained from a small
tree the Acacia vera - a the Mimosa or a nilotica
of Linnaeus, growing in the mountainous 
parts of the in terain. The East
India Gum is from the Acacia Arabica 
& is rather darker in Colour. & less soluble.
The Gum exudes of the bark of the trees.
& would seem to be a product of disease,
for the sickest trees afford the 
greatest quantity. -
It is demulcent & is employed in solution
to protect irritable surfaces from 
the action of acrid stimuli - or to render
excreted fluids more bland & inoffensive. 



It allays irritation in Catarrh - & sheathes
the mucous membranes of the intestines
in diarrhœa - dysentery - Cholera. It is 
highly useful in strangury - in Nephritic
& calculus complaints.
Caravans over the Great desert of Africa
subsist often on this Gum, & the Mapendic
found that dogs become emaciated &
died when fed exclusively with it, we 
are not to infer that the experiment,
made on a carnivorous Animal, is 
conclusive with respect to man. -
We have a Mucilage Acadia (read formula
This mucilage diluted with 3 or 4 waters
is a good vehicle for active remedies.
rendering oils - balsams, resins, gum resins 
tinctures of these bodies - & fatty substance
miscible with water. If any simple
syrup be added the mixture will be 
more perfect.
Tragacanth Gum. from Astragolus verus.
a shrub native in the North of Persia
has been generally ranked with the 
Gums, but it differs from them in 
some particulars & has been therefore 



considered as a seperate [cross out]
proximate principle, & called Cerasin.
It is a solid, like Gum, usually harder,
insoluble in cold water. When put into
water it imbibes that fluid, swells &
becomes semi trans-parent & gelatinous
but is not dissolved. In boiling water
it dissolves but it is precipitated as the 
water cools, & remains in the state 
of jelly. It is insoluble in Alcohol.
In water acidulated with Nitric. Sulphuric
& Muriatic Acids it dissolves
partially, & when the liquor is evaporated
a bitter substance remains.
Cerasin exudes also from the Prunes
cerasins - & other species of the Genus.
We have a Pulvis Tragacanthæ Compositus
Tragacanth. Gum Arabic. Starch ā℥iss
sugar ℥iij, grx - ʒi: demulcent
Read the formula
Besides the gums we have several
mucilaginous preparations, the action
of which on the body is analogous
to that of Gum. They together form 
the class of Demulcent remedies.
Besides the gum, continued in these 
mucilaginous substances there is in 
some of them a portion of oil. - & 

vegetable mucus. - Mucus was considered a [illegible]
of Gum, but Dr Bostock established it as a separate
proximate principle. It is not obtained
by [cross out] spontaneous exudation but by the [illegible]
of seeds & roots in water. Linseed yield a [pu??]
mucus. the seeds of Zinnici & the bulbs of 
Scilla nutans. If Linseed be infused in 10 [illegible]
thin weight of water, a fluid is obtained of [illegible]
consistence of white of egg, which has the adhesive 
qualities of mucilage of Gum arabic demulcent in strangury cholera, & vehicle for opiate [illegible]
If Alcohol be mixed with it, the mucus is 
precipitated in white flocks, but the liquid
does not become opaque & milky like the mucilage
of Gum arabic. - Mucus is contained
in almost all the bulbous roots & fleshy [leav?] 
of plants - The roots & leaves of Althaea officinalis
- & the leaves of [cross out] malva [cross out] sylves [illegible]
of many of the fuci - lichens - the seeds of 
flax, quince, & the bulbs of some of the Squill
afford it. - 
Jelly. is afforded by the juice of Currants, goosberries
& similar fruits. - when the juice is 
expressed - & left for some time in a state 
of rest, it partly coagulates with a substance
of a soft tremulous nature, known by the 
name of jelly. - It is probably a species 
of gum combined with vegetable Acids 

Demulcents -
Gum Arabic. & Mucilage
" Tragacanth & Powder.
Mucilage Amyli 
Infus. Lini. campor.
Olum Lini. -
Mistura Amegdoloum
Confectio. - "-
vecum - " -
Decoetum Cydoria
" Kordei
" - " compositum
" Licheuis 
[cross out]
" Sarsaparillæ
" Extract Ely cirrhizæ
Syrupus Althæa.
Oleum Oliviæ. 




Starch 
exists abundantly in vegetables, especially
in the Seeds & tuberous & bulbous roots. 
It is a white substance without smell,
insipid, insoluble in cold water, but 
soluble in hot, forming with it a 
kind of jelly; - insoluble in Alkolhol.
We have Several varieties of it. -
Common starch is obtained from wheat
which when allowed to steep, in cold
water, affords on pressure a milky
juice which deposits the Starch
in standing. - By grating the pealed
Potatoe, & pouring water on the pulp,
Starch is also obtained in great quantity,
Subsiding at the bottom of 
the vessel. -
Sago is obtained from one or more species
of Cycas, a genus of Palm Trees
common in the East India Islands. -
The palm is cut & split, & the pith taken
out, & mixed with water, by which 
process the Starch is separated from 
the fibrous part. It is granulated by 
being passed thro' a kind of funnel.
Jalop is a farinaceous powder brought 



from Turkey, where it is made from
the roots of several species of orchis.
the bulbs & tubrous roots of which are deprived of their 
cuticle, & then baked in an oven for 
10 minutes, which gives them a semi-transparency,
& they are then dried & 
powdered. -
Tapioca or Cassava is prepared from the 
root of the Jatropha manihot or Cassava 
Tree of the West Indies. - The juice 
of the root is poisonous, & is used by the 
Indians to poison their arrows, but 
mixed with water it deposits the 
Tapioca in pure state. -
Arrow root - is prepared from the roots
of the Maranta arundinacea - a plant 
of South America, cultivated in the 
West Indies & Southern part of America.
The roots are found & mixed with 
water, & the pure arrow root falls to 
the bottom of the vessel. a Table spoon
full will thicken a pint of hot water.
Manna croup- of the Poa fluitous
of Britain, prepared in Holland. -
Starch or fæcula is a mild nutritious
article of food, especially for the sick.



It exists in all the seeds used as food by man
& in most of the roots. - & may be obtained
from most seeds & roots by pulverising 
or grating them - & mixing with water. -
We have a Mucilago Amejli. made by 
boiling ʒiij of starch in oj of water, demulcent. used in enema
with opium.
Gluten. -
is a tenacious, ductile & elastic substance,
obtained abundantly for wheat-flower.
If wheat flower be made
with a paste with water, & this paste
be kneaded under a small stream of 
water, the water will carry away 
the starch & leave the gluten, resembling
when drawn out animal
tendon or membrane. It is very tenacious,
of a peculiar smell, insipid,
dries in the air, & becomes brittle, & has 
some resemblance to glue, breaking 
with a vitreous fracture. When decomposed
by heat it affords Ammonia, &
it putrifies like animal matter, 
shewing that it contains Nitrogen. -
When kneaded in Alcohol the spirit
dissolves a portion of Gluten, & when 
the spirit is evaporated a substance 



of a straw-Yellow colour is obtained, in 
their plates, brittle & of a peculiar smell.
This has been called Gliadin / from Υλia.
gluten). The parts, not dissolved by the 
spirit, is called Zinnione from ξυΜη. ferment,
which is in small globules, or 
a shapelessness, hard, tough & of an 
ash white Colour, producing various
kinds of permutation with different
substances. -
Gluten is remarkable for its nutritive
quality, & its resemblance to animal
matter, & the phenomena, of its fermentation
& destructive distillations prove
that it contains Nitrogen, combined
with the other elements of vegetables.
It exists most abundantly in wheat,
but is found in most seeds - in many 
roots. - & in different parts of plants.
It constitutes the essential part of 
Yeast. - It is not used in Medicine, but as 
an ingredient in flour, bread &c -
Albumen is considered as analogous to 
Gluten, if not the same proximate 
principle. - 



Sugar
was known at a very early period in China
& India, but Europe is probably indebted
for it to the conquests of Alexander the Great.
The word Saccharin occurs in Dioscorridis, &
Pliny, & they describe it as a white brittle
solid, exuding spontaneously from a species
of reed. For many ages after its introduction
into Europe it was only used in Medicine,
& the venetians, who brought it fr the East
during the Crusades, carried on a lucrative
commerce with Sugar. the use as a common
article of food can only be dated fr the discovery
of America - & the cultivation of the 
Sugar cane in the West Indies. -
Sugar is obtained of the Accuado Sacchariera
or Sugar cane, principally, which when 
crushed between iron rollers affords a 
sweet juice. - This is boiled down to a 
proper consistence & deposits crystals of 
sugar, leaving a dark viscid fluid, known 
by the name of Treacle or molasses. The 
raw Sugar, or as it is called Muscovado
or brown Sugar, is afterwards refined,
& when cast into conical shapes is the 
loaf sugar of commerce. -
It is remarkable for its sweet taste. It has 
no smell, is white & transparent when 



crystallized it is hard but brittle, soluble 
readily in Alcohol & water, which when hot will 
take up any quantity of the sugar - This saturated
solution of Sugar in water is known by the 
name of Syrup.
The sugar Maple of North America affords
a sugar - & the fruits & roots of many 
vegetables. - It appears to be formed from 
the starch of the plant in which it exists.
or from the acid juice of fruits. It contains 
nearly the same principles as starch.
Sugar combines with oils & render them 
miscible in water, forming what is 
called an Emulsion.
Both Sugar & treacle are demulcent. The 
raw sugar & treacle are slightly laxative,
but pure sugar is supposed to be rather 
the reverse. It is exceedingly nutritious,
tho' Magiudie has shewn that Animals
cannot live on it exclusively. In Pharmacy
it is used as the basis of Syrup
& Confections. -
Sugar when dissolved in water, soon ferments,
& passes first into the remains &
thru into the Acetans fermentation.
It is entirely composed of Carbon. Hydrogen
& oxygen, having no alkali or earth in it. 



Manna is regarded as a variety of Sugar. 
It is an exudation from a species of Ash 
Tree. Fraxinus ornus, & comes for Sicily
Naples & Colobia. - It has been found
to consist of 2 substances - one surest
& crystallizable, called mannite, which 
is deposited by cooling fr the hot Alcoholic 
Solution of Manna - being therefore
insoluble in cold Alcohol -; &
the other uncrystallizable - & mucous,
in which the purgative quality resides.
We have 14 officinial Syrups. which 
are used principally for flavouring
& colouring other medicines.
Syrupus Amontiorum } for flavour.
" Liniorum } 
" suirplex }
" Talutanus }
" Tingiberis }
Syrupus Croci } for colour.
" Mori }
" Rhoados }
" Rose }
Syrupus Papaneris is a slight narcotic
ʒi - ℥j. for children.



Syrupus Senna is laxative ʒij - ℥ss -
Syrupus Althea. demulcent } not used
" Rhamni. purgative }
Syrupus Sarsaparilla. given with the Decoun.
We have 11 Confections.
Carputis Aromatica } are used as 
" Amantiorum } vehicles for powders. -
" Rosæ corrinæ }
" " Gollicæ }
Confectio Amydoloum is principally
used to make the Mist. Amydoloum
when we wish to make that Mixture
a vehicle for other remedies. ʒi to ℥i of water.
Confectio Cassiæ. laxative. is not used.
" Sennæ. never well prepared. purgative 
ʒij - ℥ss. -
" Scanmoncæ. ʒss - ʒi. not used. -
Confectio Rutæ - not used
Confectio opii. narcotic grx - xxx (36 gr = i gr op.
Confectio Piperis vigri: is a quack nostrum
borrowed by the College of a learned
footman who during the travels 
of his master on the Continent 



obtained the secret of certain nostrums
from Monks, & cherry Andrews - & returned
to cure his Countrymen by their 
use: The college have just adapted
this Confection, which is sold as 
ward paste for Pills. - It is given 
in ʒi - ʒij doses. -

*vinegar is used as a Solvent of the acrid
properties of Colchicum & Squill,
forming the Acetum Colchici & Scillæ.


Acids
The vegetable Acids employed in Pharmacy
& Medicine I have already noticed &
You will recollect that they are the 
Acetic } Acids. -
Citric }
Tartaric }
Benzoic }
Hydrocyanic }
Acetic Acid exists in some plants, as 
in the Edoer & Date, but it is always 
obtained thro'  the means of fermentation
[cross out] - Beers - sugar & water, when exposed
to the air at a due temperature
pass into the vinous & Acetous fermentation,
furnishing us with Alcohol 
& vinegar or Acetic Acid - Weak
wines, which have became spirituous,
from the fermentation of the juices
of grape & other fruits - if exposed to 
air will also afford by the Acetous
* fermentation vinegar.
The Citric Acid exists in the Lemon & is 
obtained from the fruit. It is also 



found in the orange. cranberry. hip of the 
dog rose. -
The Tartaric Acid exists in the juice of grapes
& is obtained of Tartar, deposited in 
wine casks. It also exists in the Mulberry
& in many plants. -
Benzoic Acid is remarkable for its aromatic 
odour & its volatility, & is obtained from those 
proximate principles denominated
Balsams - as Benzoic - Storax &c It exists
in the Tonkin bean - in vanilla - & other
plants. -
Hydrocyanic or Prussic Acid known by 
its peculiar penetrating odour, exists
in the bitter almond - the bitter cornels of the 
Peach &c - in the leaves of Prunus laurocerasus,
flowers of the Hawthorn - of 
the Heliotrope. - 



Expressed or fixed oils
Fixed oils are thick, unctuous, generally insipid &
inodorous fluids existing in the seeds of 
vegetables & in the pulp of some fruits.
These oils are lighter than water & insoluble 
in that fluid - partially soluble in 
Alcohol - they congeal by cold - & form
soaps with Alkalies - Cerates with wax, 
Plasters with metallic oxides. They are 
remarkable for their inflammability.
They are not volatile at 212°. Some of 
them requires a heat of 600° to make
them boil. - Exposed to the air fixed
oils absorb oxygen, & became ultimately
solid, being apparently saturated
with oxygen. In this solid state some
are opaque - others retain their transparency.
The opaque are called fat oils &
the transparent ones drying oils. The drying
oils are used as which for paints
& varnishes - as Linseed, nut & hemp seed
oils. The fat oils resemble in their 
concrete state wax or tallow - as olive 
oil. Almond oil - rape-seed oil.
When gum is added to fixed oil - the oil  

* oleum Myristicæ. Myristica maschata
" crotonis - Croton Tiglium.

is rendered miscible with water - & the mixture
is called an Emulsion. Those Seeds which 
contain a Gummy or mucilaginous matter
& an oil, when triturated with water form an 
Emulsion - as the almond. - olive & Almond
oil is very sparingly soluble in Alcohol,
Linseed oil is more soluble - but 
Castor oil is readily soluble in Alcohol.
& is used to adulterate the expressive volatile
oils. - The fixed oils unite with 
each other - with volatile oils & with 
resinous substances. - When long kept
they undergo a change & became rancid
from the development of an acid in them
for in this state they convert vegetable
blues to green. When burnt the 
products of the combustion are Carbonic
Acid & water. - & olive oil, for 
instance has been found to consist of 
11 Atom Hydrogen 13. 360
10 - " Carbon 77. 213
1 - " oxygen 9. 427/100.
The fixed oils used in Pharmacy & Medicine 
are 
Oleum Lini. L. usitatissinum
" olivae - olea Europae
" Amygdolarum. Amygdolus communis
* " Ricini Ricinus communis 



Oleum Myristicæ
Nutmeg oil is obtained by expression from 
the Nutmeg, the drupaceous fruit of the 
Myristia maschata - or nutmeg tree
native of the Molucca Islands. The 
nutmeg is the nucleus of the fruit, enveloped
with an arillus - known by 
the name of Mace. The nutmegs are 
exposed to heat & smoke for 3 months
then steeped in a strong mixture of 
lime & water - & cleaned for exportation.
The nutmeg has a spicy taste & odour
& is of a fibrous cellular structure,
containing starch. Gum. volatile &
fixed oil & wax. - It is used as a spice
& to give flavour to medicines & articles
of diet. It is stimulant & anodyne
& is sometimes given in ℈j of the powder.
Nutmegs contain 1/3rd of their weight
of a sebaceous fixed oil - & 1/32rs part
of a volatile oil, which last maybe 
be obtained by distillation. The fixed
oil is obtained by expression - & generally
contains part of the volatile oil in it.
In commerce it is called oil of mace.
It has the consistence of spermaceti 



in our climate, is of a white, variegated
with brown colour. of an agreeable odour 
& a bitterish pungent taste. It is proabably
a compound of the fixed & volatile
oil & wax. -
Little use is made of it in Medicine
It enters into the composition of the 
Emplastrum Picis Compositrum. -
Oleum Amygdalarum 
The oil of Almond is obtained from the 
nut or Almond - the Stone fruit of 
the Amygdalus communis, or Almond
tree, naive of Asia, but now cultivated
in the South of Europe.
There are 2 varieties of Almonds, the 
sweet & bitter, distinguishable only
by taste. The best sweet Almonds are 
Jordan Almonds, imported of Malaya.
The kernels of both varieties, are first
infused in hot water, & blanched
by rubbing off the skins, & then pressed
They yield by expression more than 

* An easy & expeditious mode of forming this 
emulsion is by triturating ʒi of the Conf.
Amygdalaum with ℥i of water. -

half their weight of a bland sweetish
inodorous oil, - which possesses the 
same properties whether obtained for 
the sweet or bitter almond. -
Almond oil is used for forming Emulsions,
in coughs & pulmonary affections
by being mixed with mucilage - or Alkalies.
use 1 part of gum, dissolved in 
water - & 4 parts of oil. Triturate the 
mucilage & oil well together & add the 
water gradually. - The Liq. Potassæ is 
a convenient form of Alkali to 
employ. - add 6 - 8 ♏︎ of it to ʒi of oil
* & add 1 - 2 ℥ of distilled water. -
The French use a Syrup, called orgeat
which is a solution of sugar in Almond 
oil. It forms an extemporaneous
& grateful emulsion. -
The Cake which remains after the expression 
of the oil of the Bitter Almond
contains Prussic Acid & a volatile
oil. on which the bitter flavour depends.
This is not found in the sweet
Almond, tho' it exists in the bark, leaves
& flowers of both varieties. If the cake 
of the bitter variety be subjected to 



distillation the oil rises in combination
with Prussic Acid. This oil is Soluble in 
Alcohol. & is sold under the name of 
Essence of Bitter Almonds. which consists
of 1 part of oil dissolved in 7 parts of Rectified
spirit. - The process is dangerous
or at least irritating for the odour of 
Prussic Acid developed during the distillation -
It is not used in Medicine
but by Perfumers & confectioners. -
Oleum Lini
Linseed - or flaxseed oil is obtained by 
expression from the seeds of the Linium
usitatissimum - or flax. which afford 
1/6th part of their weight of fixed oil.
This oil has an unpleasant odour & taste
& is not used in Medicine. It forms 
with an equal part of Liquor Calcis
the Linimentum Calcis - useful in burns.
The skin of the seeds abound in mucus
which is extracted by infusion in boiling
water. We have an Infusum
Lini Compositum - used as a demulcent -
The powder of the Seeds [cross out]



or what is commonly Called Linseed meal 
is used as an ingredient in the Cataplasms
sinapis of the Phara. - & as an ingredient
in many Cataplasms or poultices. - as 
the vinegar poultice. - Charcoal poultice
&c &c, It forms a very [cross out] common
useful poultice of itself - by stirring
the linseed meal into boiling water
in quantity sufficient for a proper
consistency - A little olive oil is usually
spread over it before it is applied. -
It is a good emollient application
& offerd a cheap mode of applying
warmth & moisture to an inflamed 
irritable - tense part. - Instead of water
you may use the Poppy fomentation
made by boiling [cross out] ℥ij of Capsules & Seeds of the 
P. somniferum in viij darm to vj.
& straining. The seeds of poppy are only
emollient - 



Oleum Olivæ
Olive oil, unlike those I have spoken
of, is obtained by expression from the 
external pulp (& not the kernels of 
the seed) of the fruit of the olea Europae
or olive tree. native of the 
South of Europe & North of Africa
those Countries bordering in the Mediterranean
Sea. The tree is cultivated
in Italy, Spain & France. for its 
fruit. which when fresh has an acrid  
bitter taste. They are only eaten when 
pickled, being first steeped for some 
days in a ley of wood ashes - & then
pickled in a strong solution of common
salt. 
The oil is obtained for the ripe olive,
which is first bruised & then subjected
to the press. The oil has a pale
yellow colour, inclining to green. inodorous
& of a bland taste.
It is used as an article of diet, & has 
been so used fr time immemorial.
In large doses of ℥i - ℥ij it is laxative.
It is demulcent in ʒi - ʒij rubbed 



mucilage & sugar.
The principle use of this oil is in Pharmacy
to form Plasters. Cerates. Ointments
& Liniments. -
It is also used in making Soap.
Oleum Crotonis 
[cross out]
The Croton oil is extracted by expression
from the seeds of the Crotan Tiglium
a shrub native of India, where 
it has been employed as a purgative
from an early period. both the oil 
& seed. The seeds are Small, about 
the size of a small bean - their taste
is intensely acrid & burning. The 
substance of them consists of 27 p~ct
of an acrid purgative principle. 33 p~ct
of fixed oil & 40 p~ct of farinaceous
matter. 
This oil is one of the most powerful
Cathartics we are acquainted with 



1 drop occasioning many stools. & the Same
effect is produced by eating a portion of 
the seed - or rubbing the oil on the tongue
or Abdomen. - half a seed eaten for curiosity
caused an excessive burning in the throat,
& in less than half an hour operated as 
a purge & produced 20 motions in 3 hours.
If often vomits. ([illegible] case.) -
The oil may be made into a pill - or rubbed
with mucilage. - or a Tincture
may be made by digesting 2 ℈ss of bruised 
seed in oss ʒ Alcohol for 11 days - the 
dose of which is ʒss - ʒi. -
In Apoplexy - dropsy tape worm - in 
cases where deglutition is difficult
& a purgative is required this oil affords
a good remedy. - 2-4 gtt. may be injected
with olive oil for a purgative enema. 



Oleum Ricini.
Castor oil is obtained by expression or decoction
of the seed of the Ricinus Communis -
or Palma - Christi, a beautiful
plant native of India - Barbary, South
America. - The name of the genus is taken
from the Dog-tick - (vicinius) because
the seeds resemble this insect. - The cold
expressed - a cold drawn Castor oil is the 
only are used, for when heat is applied
there is an acrid quality obtained which 
renders the oil drastic. The seeds are 
first divested of their skins, which 
contain an acrid principle & then 
bruised & subjected to pressure. -
This oil differs from the others in 
being soluble in Alcohol. It is a 
mild laxative in the doses of ℥ss - ℥i.
& is especially adapted to infants ʒi.
to women giving suck - & in all cases
where the irritation of purgatives 
is to be avoided. - The great objection
to it is the aversion felt to swallow
it with most persons, & any attempt
to [cross out] disguise it only increases the 
bulk of the dose. - The best way is to  



float the oil on the surface of hot milk
flavoured with a little cinnamon
water. The oil is rendered thinner by the heat 
& is swallowed more easily. -
It is sometimes rubbed up with mucilage
or Almond mixture - or given in 
Coffee - or agitated with the Tinct. Sennæ -
but the last vehicle in many cases 
will be found objectionable for the 
stimulus of the spirit. -
This oil I believe was not in general
use before 1776. - Merat mentions
that it was first used in modern
times in this Country - & that odier
who travelled in England in 1776 - or 1777
carried the use of it on his return to 
Geneva, & that it spread afterwards
thro' Europe. The seeds & oil were 
known to the Ancients, but from the 
mode of preparation it was a drastic purge
It was called ΚΙΧΙ. ΧςΟΤων. .- Mottbiolus mentions
that Pliny says it was sown in Egypt
& oil was extracted fr the seeds, that it was 
used chiefly in lamps. - Mesue speaks of 
it purging, phlegm by vomit & stool, but 
not without pain to the patient. - 



Besides these vegetable fixed oils we have 
some animal oils which it will be 
most convenient to notice here, as they 
are analogous in their nature to the 
vegetable oils. These are 
wax
hogs lard
mutton suet
Spermaceti. - 
Cera - or Wax.
Cera flava - Yellow wax - & Cera alba
white wax are inserted in the lists of 
the Materia Medica. - Both these
are the Bees wax of Commerce. -
The Yellow wax is the honey comb of 
the Bee, drained & washed & afterwards
cast into cakes. White wax is the 
yellow wax deprived of its colouring
matter by bleaching, the process of 
which consists in making the melted
wax run thro' holes in the bottom
of a vessel, upon the surface of a 
Cylinder, which is made to revolve
in water, by which means the wax 

* John Hunter was led to believe that it was
deposited from under the scales which [illegible]
the hind part of the Bee. 

is cooled & spread out [cross out] into their laminæ, which
are afterwards exposed to the light & air 
upon frames & occasionally moistened
till all the colour is destroyed. -
Bees wax is considered by Huber an animal
product, being secreted by the 
Bee, & prepared from either honey or 
sugar - the latter yielding the greatest
proportion of wax. - * It was formerly
supposed that wax was merely collected
by the Bee from the Pollen of flowers
but there is more probability in 
the opinion of Huber that Bees wax
is an animal secretion, tho' we certainly 
find wax in vegetables, as 
on the seeds of the Myrica cerefera 
& on the leaves of some trees, the upper
surface of which is covered with 
a varnish, which may be separated
by bruising the leaves, digesting them
first in water - & afterwards in Alcohol,
till every part of them, soluble 
in those liquids, is extracted. The residum 
is then to be mixed with Liq
Ammonia, & macerated - & dilute 



Sulphuric acid is to be dropped in afterwards
till the Alkali is saturated - The varnish
falls in the form of a Yellow powder,
which is to be washed & melted - & it 
is then found to posses the properties
of wax. -
Wax is soft white substance, without
taste or smell insoluble in water,
melting at 142° (white at 155°) into 
a colourless fluid - It is highly inflammable.
It is soluble in boiling Alcohol -
combines with fixed oils by 
heat, forming cerates - & it forms soaps
with Alkalies.
Wax has all the essential properties
of a fixed oil, & is regarded as a concrete
fixed oil, analogous to those fat 
oils which became concrete from 
the absorption of oxygen. The difference 
between these fat oils & wax
is that wax is saturated with oxygen
while the fat oil not so, untill
they have been exposed for some time 
to the air. It consists of 
2 atoms Oxygen
40 - " Carbon
32 - " Hydrogen 



wax is used in Pharmacy to form plasters
ointments & cerates. Cerates derive
their names from the wax which enters
into their composition. They are intermediate
as to consistence between ointments
& plasters & can be spread
for external application without the 
aid of heat. - 
Adeps or Hogs lard
is the fat of the Sus scrofa - or common 
hog. The Adeps præparta or prepared
lard of the Phara, is prepared
by cutting the lard into Small pieces
melting it & pressing it thro' a linen
cloth. It is a soft semi fluid substance,
white - & nearly insipid. It 
melts at 97° is insoluble in water
& Alcohol, forms soap with Alkalies.
It consists of 
25 Atoms Carbon
23 - " Hydrogen
2 - " oxygen
It is used chiefly in ointments, especially
those of mercury.



Serum or Suet or Tallow.
is the fat of ruminating animals, that 
employed in Pharmacy is of the Ovis
Avis - or the Sheep - mutton suet.
It is more solid & brittle than lard
but is analogous to it in its general
properties. The Serum præparatum
of the Phar. is prepared
like the lard. Adeps præparata.
It is an ingredient in Eup. Ceræ & 
a few ointments. -
Cetaceum or Spermaceti
is a peculiar substance found in the 
head of the Physetu marco cephalus
or Spermaceti whale. It is purified
by drawing [cross out] from it the Spermaceti
oil which is mixed with it - washing 
it with an alkaline ley - & melting
it. - It is a beautiful white substance
in small brittle scales, with 
little taste or smell. It is distinguished
from all fatty bodies by the crystalline



appearance which it assumes. It melts
at 112°, is soluble in boiling Alcohol
but [cross out] separates as the solution cools, when 
long exposed to the air it becomes yellow
& rancid like the fixed oils. It is 
an ingredient in the Ceratum Cetacei 
& Ung. Cetacei. The Ceratum Cetacei is 
an ingredient in Ceratum Cantharidis,
which is sometimes employed to promote 
a discharge from blistered surfaces. 
The Ceratum & Ung. Cetacei
are simple emollient dressings. 















Lectures XVIII. & XIX
Olea destillata
Distilled, volatile or Essential oils are 
distinguished from the Expressed or fixed
oils by their volatilizing at a temperature
not higher than 212°, by an acrid
taste, & a fragrant odour, & by their evaporating
without leaving a stain upon
paper. They are sometimes as liquid
as water, at others viscid, highly combustible,
soluble in Alcohol, but 
imperfectly so in water. Some of them 
are lighter, others heavier than water
when long exposed to the air they assume
a resinous form.
The vegetable fixed oils are generally
found in the Cotyledons of the Seed, but 
the volatile oils are perhaps in no 
instance found in that part of the 
vegetable, but in every other part,
as in the root. stem - leaves - flowers
rind & pulps of fruits, wood - & bark.
The number of these volatile
oils is very great, for perhaps every -
plant possessed of a peculiar odour

*
P. Anisum. Egypt. cult. in Spain & Engd.
C. Careri. native.
Anthemis nobilis. native
L. Spica. South of Europe.
J. communis. native.
M. Pimenta. West Indies & South America.
R. officinalis. South of Europe & Barbary.
Menthae. native.
Origanum vulgare. native.

owes it to a peculiar volatile oil.
Some are obtained by mere expression, as the 
oil of Lemons, found in the rind of the 
fruit, but in general they are procured
by distillation. The part of the plant
containing the oil is put into a Still
with water, which is distilled over into 
a receiver by a moderate heat, not 
exceeding 212°, - The oil comes over with 
the steam, which condenses & holds the 
oil on its Surface. - The liquid is put 
into a funnel & the water is strained
slowly to flare out at the bottom
till the oil alone remains. -
*The seeds of Anise. Pempenella Anisum
of Carraway. Carum Carvi
flowers of Chamomile. Anthemis nobilis
[Bulliard 117.] of Lavender. Lavendala Spica
[B.i.h 44]
Berries of Juniper. Juniperus communis
of Pimenta. Myrtus Pimenta
Tops of Rosemary. Rosmarinus officinalis 
fresh herbs of Peppermint. M. piperita
Spearmint. M. viridis 
Bulliard 140 2. Marjoram. Origanum vulgare
1. Pennyroyal. M. pulegium
afford the volatile oils of these plants. 

X M. Cojufuti. Amboyna. Jana. (leaves.)
E. caryophymata, Moluccas.
L. cinnamoneum. Ceylon. -
C. medica. Assyrin & Pusia - cultd in Spain & Port
Spanish lemons preferred. -
Succuium. sea coast of Prussia, comes for the Baltei
P. sylvestris. native. - 

Besides these we have the oils of 
x Cajuput. Melalenca Cajuputi 
Cloves. Eugenia Caryophyllata.
Cinnamon. Laurus Cinnamonum.
Lemons. - Citrus Medica.
Amber. - Succirum.
Turpentine. Resin of Perius Sylvestris
- Petroleum.
The volatile oils vary in fluidity from 
the oil of Turpentine which is as 
limpid as water, to the oils of cloves
& cinnamon which have the viscidity
of common oils - Some have the 
property of becoming solid, as the oil
of Anise; others of crystallizing by 
slow evaporation, as the oil of Peppermint.
They vary too in colour.
in Sp. gravity. they congeal by cold,
they absorb oxygen, & by long exposure
to air assume the character of Resins
The Alkalis & earth act feebly
on these oils, & perhaps the union
that takes place is owing to the 
oil absorbing oxygen, & being thus 
converted into a resin; when 



agitated with water they render it milky
& communicate their peculiar odour
to it. When dropped on Sugar, & the Sugar
is afterwards dissolved in water
the solution of the oil is perfect. & permanent.
They are all soluble in 
Alcohol. & fixed oils. -
The volatile oils are stimulating & carminative.
They impart a warmth
to the stomach, which in cases of 
flatulence & griping affords sometimes
speedy relief, from pain, & 
the discharge of flatus. - The best mode 
of exhibiting them is dropped on sugar
& either eating it slowly, or dissolving
it in water. They are used to flavour
medicines - to impart warmth to them
either fluids - or solids - as pills. -
The oil of Amber is fetid - & supposed
to be antispasmodic - but it is 
not used, unless as an external 
stimulant in rheumatism. -
The oil of Turpentine has been recommended 
of [illegible] years as an Anthelmintic 
in Tænia in large doses from 

X oil of Turpentine used in small doses in [??ations]
of the mucous membrane of the [Bow??]

℥ss - ℥ij taken fasting. It is best given
floated on cold water. with some aromatic
Tincture. It has been recommended 
to agitate it with successive
portions of Alcohol, which dissolves
a portion of the oil & renders the residuum
nearly tasteless & without smell.
but it is not ascertained whether
this purification does not impair 
its medicinal virtues. - If it fails 
to act on the bowels, castor oil or 
defers. Senna should be given after
3 or 4 hours to expedite its action. -
In small doses it is diuretic, imparting
the odour of violets to the urine 
& it has been given in rheumatism
especially sciatica, in gleet, & palsy
of the neck of the bladder, in doses
for 10-60♏︎ on sugar - or on water, with 
an aromatic Tincture - 2 or 3 times
a day. - It sometimes occasions strangury,
but rarely, & should in that 
case be omitted. -
* It is also used as an external stimulant
in Rheumatism - & deep seated 



inflammations. - In burns & scalds
it has been found of great use alone or in the 
form of a Liniment, under by mixing
℥iv Ung. Resinæ flavæ. with a sufficient
quantity of the oil of Turpentine. In the 
Phara. we have 
Linimentum Terebinthinæ. made by 
mixing of olum Terebinthinæ to 1# Cerati
Resinæ. -
Petroleum
is found in the earth in various states of purity -
where quite pure it is Naptha. -
where dark coloured & less fluid it is Petroleum.
It is found on the shores of the Caspian 
Sea. Persia. Italy & Germany. when
distilled it affords pure Naptha & leaves
a kind of pitch behind it. Naptha is very
volatile & is highly inflammable. &
consists of 13 atoms Carbon
14 - " Hydrogen.
Petroleum is generally ranked among
the Bitumens - but it is, according to 
Thompson properly ranked among the 
volatile oils. - It is used externally as a 
stimulant but rarely. - 



Camphora. Michaux pl. 83 4th vol
Camphor tho' a concrete substance
has many analogies with the volatile
oils, & is supposed to be a compound
of a volatile oil & carbon. -
It has been long known in the east
but was unknown to the Greeks &
Romans, & was apparently introduced
by the Arabians. - [cross out] Seth who lived 
in the 11th Century, & who wrote a work
on Aliments gives the first description
of Camphor, which he describes as 
a resin of a large Indian Tree.
This Author was a Greek who lived
some time in Constantinople, &
afterwards died in a convent he founded
on Mount Olympus. -
Camphor is found in many aromatic
plants, but the only ones known to 
afford it in sufficient quantities
for Commerce is the Laurus Camphora
of China & Japan - & the Dryobalanops
Camphora of Sennatra 
& Borneo. It is obtained from the 
Laurus Camphora, by distilling the 



wood along with water in iron pots over
which are earthern covers stuffed with 
Straw. The Camphor Sublimes & concretes
upon the Straw. It is afterwards
refined in Europe by a second distillation.
Camphor is a white brittle
substance of a peculiar odour & a hot
acrid tastes. It melts at 288 - & boils
at 400°. It evaporates in the air, is insoluble
in water, but imparts its 
odour to that fluid. is soluble in 
Alcohol, but may be precipitated
from it by water. It is also soluble
in fixed & volatile oils, but is not 
acted upon by Alkalies. It is connected
into an Artificial Tannin by Sulphuric 
Acid. It is highly inflammable.
It consists of 
10 Atoms Hydrogen 14. 49
8 1/2 - " - Carbon 73. 91
1 - " oxygen 11. 60/100.
Camphor appears to exist in volatile
oils, being held in solution by them.
If the oil he exposed to the air, the 
Camphor crystallizes as the oil evaporates.



By this process Praust obtained for the oil
of Rosemary 1/10th of its weight of Camphor
& for the oil Lavendar 1/4th of its weight.
An artificial Camphor, resembling
in most of its properties the natural Camphor,
is made by passing Muriatic Acid
gas thro' oil of Turpentine. In this process
30 ℥ of Artificial Camphor is obtained
from 4℔ of oil of Turpentine -
thro' which muriatic Acid Gas was 
passed, obtained by pouring 2℔ of Sulphuric
Acid on 4℔ of Common salt.
The only difference between this Artificial
Camphor & the native one is [cross out]
that its odour is not quite so strong
& it is not soluble in the Nitric & Acetic
Acids. --
Camphor is a stimulant & narcotic
not so much used internally at the 
present day as formerly. It is best 
given in mixture, & it may be suspended
in water by being first rubbed into 
powder with a little Spirit - & then
added to Almond mixture or mucilage.
The Dose is for gr ij - XV - ℈j. large doses
produce Syncope & convulsions. It 



has been recommended in low fevers &
gangrene. Externally it is useful as 
an anodyne in rheumatism & local
pains. - We have several formula
for the exhibition of this substance
Mistra Camphoræ. It is a weak preparation 
Camphor ʒss.} as water dissolves not
[illegible] sp. ♏︎x} more than 1/900th part of its weight.
water oj. -} It is therefore used merely as
[illegible] Camphor with} a which for other medicines
the spirit - then}
with water &}
strain}
Dose ℥i. ii. -
Spiritus Camphoræ. used externally in rheumatism -
chilblains &c - It is a 
Tincture. dissolving 4℥ camphor in oij Rect. Spirit.
Tinctura Camphoræ composita. - the old 
Camphor ℈ij} paregoric elixir. ℥j. contains 2 gr of opium.
opium} & 1 1/4 gr of Camphor. ʒss - ℥ss. -
[illegible]} It is more stimulating & heating
āā ʒj} than Laudanum & is pervicinously
Spirit oij} used by Nurses for children. -
[illegible]}
[illegible]}
filter.}
Linimentum Camphoræ. Camphor ℥ss. dissolved in ℥ij Olive oil
" - - " compositum {mix ℥vi Liq. Ammonia with
{oj spirit of Lavender. Distill oj 
{ & dissolve in it ℥ij Camphor.
The former is useful in sprains bruises
rheumatism - & the last also when 
a highly stimulating effect is required 



Linimentum Saponis Compositum. This is 
the Common opodeldoc - a stimulant
& anodyne application in rheumatism
sprains &c - One part of Laudanum
may be added to it to increase its
Anodyne effect. - It is made by 
dissolving ℥j Camphor in oj Spirit Rosemary
then adding ℥iij Hand Soap [cross out] & macerating in
a Sand Bath till the Soap is dissolved.

Spiritus -
Under the head of Spirits we have 5 different preparation
1. Sp. recti. ficatus. rectified} Spirit. (In Pharmacy.
" tenuior - prof}
2. Sp. Ætheris Sulphurici} compound of Ether. to be [notic??]
" - " - " - compositius} when I speak of Ether. -
" - " aromaticus} 
" - " Nitrici. -}
3. Sp. Ammonia
" - " aromaticus} solutions of Ammonia. already spoken
" - " fœtidus} 
" - " succinatus}
4. Sp. Calchici Ammoniatus. Seeds of Cal. mac in Sp. Am. aromaticus
5. Sp. Anisi
" Armoraiæ compositus (cochlearia Armorcia. roots native)
" Carui
" Cinnamoni 
" Juniperi compositus
" Lavandulæ.
" - " compositius
" Mentha piperita
" - " - veridis
" - " Pulegii
" Myristicæ
" Pimentæ
" Rosmarini
" Camphoræ.
With the exceptions of Sp. Cal. Ammoniatus & Sp. Camphoræ
these are solutions of volatile oils in rectified or proof
Spirit & obtained by distillation, except - of. Lavandulae [comp?]
They are Stimulant & Carminitane. dose varying of ʒss iv ʒ.
Sp Juniperi compositus is diuretic
Sp. Camphoræ. is a Tincture. dissolving 4 ℥ Camphor in 2 pints Rect. [Sp?]

Distilled waters
Aquæ Destillatæ
These are with the exception of common
distilled water, were aqueous solutions
of volatile oils - & their use in Medicine
is as vehicle for other remedies. -
If they are kept too long they 
became Same. - we have
Aqua destillata- water deprived of 
its saline ingredients by distillation.-
The impurities in common 
spring water are Carbonic Acid
Carbonate & Sulphate of Lime 
& Muriate of Soda. - & we may 
say Atmospheric Air. It is to 
free water from these ingredients
that it is distilled - for when 
they are present they decompose
many medicines - as Lime water
the Acetates of Lead - & the Sulphate
of Iron &c. - - &c - The use 
of it therefore is as a vehicle 
for other remedies. -
We have 9 distilled waters 



flavoured with the volatile oils of different 
plants. -
Aqua Anethi. seeds of Anethum Gaveolens
Dill water. - Spain.
Aqua Carui. seeds of Carum Carui 
Caraway water
Aqua Foeniculi. seeds of Anethum fœniculum
Fennel water. - (South of Europe. & seatd in Britain)
Aqua Pimientæ. berries of Myrtus Pimienta
Pimienta water. -
Aqua Cinnamonii. bark of L. Cinnamonum
Cinnamon water
Aqua Murtha Piperita. dried herb of M. piperita
Peppermint water
Aqua M. viridis dried herb of M. viridis
Spearmint water.
Aqua Pulegii - dried of M. pulegium
Pennyroyal water 
Aqua Rosæ. petals of R. centifoliæ.
Rose water. - 



The Phara directs 5 ℥ of proof spirit
to be added to each gallon of distilled water
The dose of them varies as vehicles from 
℥ss - ℥ij or more - Dill water is carminitive to 
Young Children, & this, with the Cinnamon
& Peppermint waters are the 
most useful & agreeable. - 

* when volatile oils are exposed for some time 
to the air they absorb oxygen & assume the 
properties of resins. or are partly converted
into a resin & partly into a crystallized
acid, generally the Benzoic or Camphoric
During this change oxygen is not only 
absorbed, but a portion of water is 
formed. From those facts it is [probab?]
that Resins are volatile oils deprived 
of a portion of Hydrogen & combined with 
[cross out] oxygen

Resinœ
Chemists consider that Resins stand
in the Same relation to the volatile
oils that wax does to the fixed. wax
they regard as a fixed oil saturated
with oxygen - resins as volatile
oils saturated with oxygen. -
* Resins are generally solid brittle or liquid substances.
Somewhat transparent, & generally
of a yellowish colour. They have
more or less an acrid taste, but little
or no smell, if pure. They are heavier
than water - of various sp. Gravity,
melting by heat, & burning with a 
copious evaluation of smoke. insoluble
in water. but soluble in Alkohol,
in the fixed & volatile oils, & in Alkaline
ley. forming soaps. The action of 
Sulphuric Acid on resins is peculiar
first dissolving them, acting upon them
after the Solution is complete, converting
them first into artificial tannin
& afterwards reducing them to charcoal.
The charcoal obtained in this 
may far exceeds the amount obtained



by combination - thus 100 gr of Mastiche
yielded by Sulphuric Acid 66 grs - while 
the same quantity exposed to a red heat in 
a close vessels afforded only 4 1/2 grs. -
Nitric Acid converts them into Artificial
tannin, upon which the Acid has 
no action. Muriatic & Acetic Acids
dissolve them, & they be precipitated
again from the acids unchanged. -
Resins consist of Carbon. Hydrogen & oxygen
Resin consists of 
15 Atoms Carbon 75. 63
13 - " - Hydrogen 10. 93.
2 - " oxygen - 13. 44/100.
We have 10, resins in Pharmacy &
Medicine, some of which are useful
in Pharmacy, as ingredients in Plaster- 
Cerates & ointments- but none
of which can be regarded as of 
essential importance as internal 
remedies. - But we have some that 
are used internally. -



The officinal Resins are -
Copaiba. -from Copoifera officinalis 
Elemi - " - Amyris elecruifera
Masticha - " Pistacia lentiscus
Chio Turpentine " - " Terebinthus
Canadian - " - " Puius Balsamea
Common - " -} " - " sytnestris
Rosin -} " - " - "
Tar -} " - " - "
Pitch. -} " - " - " -
Amber. - " Succinum.
These are divisible into 2 classes. -
The Turpentines - & Resins. -
The Turpentines are
Copaiba} Turpentines. 1
Chio} 
Canadian}
Common}
venetian}
Elemi} Resins. 3.
Masticha}
Rosin}
Amber}
Tar} impure Turpentines. 2
Pitch}
Guaiacum. 4



Copaiba
The Balsam of Copaiba as it is usually
called is a [cross out] Turpentine, & not a 
Balsam, for it does not yield Benzoic
Acid. - It is obtained from a Tree native
of South America & the West Indies -
the Copaifera officinalis - by boring holes
in the trunk near its base, from 
which the Turpentine flows out, so 
rapidly that 12℔ are said to be collected
in 3 hours. - It is generally obtained from 
Brazil. -
It is a clear transparent yellowish
coloured fluid, of an agreeable odour, &
a pungent taste. It thickens by keeping.
It has a sp. gr. of 0.950 - & is therefore lighter
than water. On being distilled with water
there comes once a limpid volatile oil 
& leaves behind a solid resin. It is 
therefore analogous to common Turpentine,
which afford the oil of Turpentine
& leaves common resin. It yields
artificial tannin with Sulp. Acid.
Copaiba or Copini as it is sometimes
called is a Stimulant; & will generally



act as a mild laxative & as a diuretic.
It has been recommended in Gonorrhœa
& in chronic inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the Lungs. - You will
find some valuable observations upon 
its use in Dr Armstrong work on fevers.
Rest & the antiphogistic treatment
will generally cure these Affections. -
Dr A. recommends Copaiba to be given
in the dose of about 50 ♏︎ either on 
cold water - or some aromatic water
twice a day - or to mix it with 
1 ℥ mucilage - 1 ℥ distilled water & ʒj
of Sugar - The dose to be taken in 
the running fasting - & before Supper
Sometimes the dose is increased to 
4-5 ʒ in the day - Given at 3 or 4 times 
If it acts too powerfully on the bowels
10-20 grt of Laudanum may be added.
You should remember that all these 
specific remedies are of little or no
avail on less rest - diet & cleanliness
in Gonorrhœa are attended to, & this 
affection tho' mild, of mismanaged



by astringent injections, which are pernicious, 
or if allowed to become Chronic
by neglect of rest & diet, will often
cause great suffering in after life
from stricture of the urethra.
Elemi
This resin is obtained from the Amyris
Elemifera a tree native of South 
America. The juice exudes for incisions
in the Bark & hardens in the Sun. It is 
of a pale Yellow, softish & fragrant.
It has about 1/10 of volatile oil, which 
may be obtained by distillation with 
water. -
It is not used except in the 
Ung. Elemi compositum. Sometimes
employed as a dressing to ulcers, which 
require a stimulant application.
& to keep up a discharge for Setons & issues.
It is made by melting 1℔ Elemi with 2℔ prepared
suet over the fire. - & mixing this with
10 ℥ common Turpentine & 2 ℥ olive oil, straining
often thro' a linen cloth. -



We have Several varieties of Liquid &
solid Resins, obtained from 4 species of 
Pinis - & 2 Species of the genus Pistacia,
which I shall consider collectively & after
wards notice the peculiarities & uses of 
each. - The liquid resins are Turpentines
& the others Rosin. Tar. Pitch & Mostiche.
1. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir. [Mich. 138. 6???]
Common Turpentine. Terebinthina vulgaris. usina liquida
Yellow rosin. Resina flava. residuum postguam oleum
Terebinthinæ distillatum est
Tar. Pixliguida. Resina proeparata liguida.
Black Pitch. Pixnigra} resina proeparata solida
Black Resin. Resinanigra}
2. Pinus Balsamea. Hemlock Fir [illegible]
Canadian Turpentine. Terebinthina Canadeusis. Resina liquida
3. Pinus Abies. Spruce Fir.
Resina Abietis. Resina concreta
Burgundy Pitch. Pix Abietina. Resina praeparata
4. Pinus Larix. Larch. [M?? 153. 6 Vol]
venice Turpentine. Terebinthina veneta. resina liquida
1. Pistacia Terebinthus [107 M?? Vol 5.]
Chio Turpentine. Terebinthina Chia. resina liquida
2. Pistacia Lentisrus.
Mastiche. Resina solida. 



Pine Trees as You are all aware grow in 
sandy barren Situations & abound in resinous 
juice or Sap. This juice is obtained by 
incisions made into the Bark or Trunk
of the Trees - & is called Turpentine, which 
is an Oleo - resinous fluid, consisting of a 
volatile oil & a resin. - The volatile oil
is obtained by distillation. In this way
we procure the Oleum Terebinthinæ or 
oil of Turpentine. from the Turpentine
of the Pinus Sylvestris or Scotch Fir. -
It is probably obtained from other species
of Pine, for Turpentine is imported
from America, & distilled in this Country.
The residuum after the distillation of 
the oil is common Rosins - which has 
different appellations according as it 
is prepared. When the distillation is 
simple & all the oil is separated it 
leaves what is called Colophony or 
Fiddlers Rosin - but if water is added
before all the oil is driven off - & be
thoroughly blended with the residuum
it is then Yellow Rosin.
Tar or Pix liquida- liquid Pitch is
obtained by burning the wood of pine
in a conical cavity made in the 



earth, the bottom of which communicates
with a receiver - & the mass of wood is 
covered with turf & ignited at the top. Air
is admitted in such a way as to cause 
a smothered combustion of the wood 
from above downwards - The tar runs 
from the wood & is collected in the 
receiver, thro' which the smoke also
passes. It is an impure turpentine of 
an empyreumatic odour, with charcoal 
& acetic acid combined with its resin
& volatile oil.
When Tar is boiled for a length of time 
& deprived of all its volatile ingredients
it is connected into Pitch, the resina
nigra.
The Turpentines form a distinct class 
of Proximate principles, & are characterized 
by their fluidity - & their
being composed of a volatile oil & a 
resin. Besides the Copaiba which 
I have already noticed we have  
the 4 Turpentines form the 3 species
of Pine & the Pistacia Terebrinthus.
We do not use any Turpentine for 
the Pinus Abies or Spruce fir.



Turpentines have an aromatic odour &
a pungent taste. - They are stimulant
& act as purgatives & diuretics, imparting
the odour of violets to the Urine. In 
inflammatory affections they are inadmissible. -
Their use in fact is trifling,
tho' they are considered applicable
in gleet, fluor albus - in doses of 20 ♏︎
to ʒi. mixed with Mucilage. -
The common Turpentine is an Ingredient
in Empl. Galbani compositum. & Ung.
Elemi Compositum. -
The Canadian & China Turpentine are 
Considered the best. - The last is from 
the Pistacia Terebinthus a Tree native
of the South of Europe & north of 
Africa - the  Τεςμiνδοs of Theopheastus 
& Dioscoride. -
The venetian Turpentine for the Larch
is not officinal in the Lond. Phara. -
The twigs of the Pinus Sylvestris & indeed
of other species, afford by decoction a 
fluid extract, which is the Essence of 
Spruce, & when fermenting with 
treacle or Sugar & water forms Spruce
Beer. - 



The Yellow resin & Black pitch are 
used in Plasters & Cerates
We have Emp. Picis Compositum
Stimulant & rubefacient. It is 
made of Burgundy pitch./P. Abies.)
Ung. Picis nigræ. - stimulant. made
of Black pitch. (P. sylvestris.)
Ung. Picis liquidæ. made of Tar
used in Tetter - & tinea Copitis
Empl. Resinæ. adhesive.
Ceratum Resinæ. (Yellow Basilicon)
Stimulant & cleansing to foul ulcers.
Tar water is a stimulant diuretic & sudorific.
& fumigations of tar have been 
advised in Phthisis. They may excite expectoration
& thus do good in diseases
mistaken for true Phthisis. -
Pitch has been given internally in Cutaneous
Affections made into pills with 
flour or any simple powder - It has been
taken of ʒi - ℥ss daily. & operates
as a stimulant to the skin -



Mastiche is the resin for the Pistacia lentiscus
of the Lenant. Incisions are made 
into the Tree & a fluid exudes which 
concretes with pale brittle tears, which
soften in the mouth & form a ductile 
mass. The resin is used in the 
East as a Masticatory, whence the 
name of mastiche. Its medicinal 
virtues are trifling. - but it is used 
as an ingredient in a common 
pill, the virtues of which probably
reside in the Alaps with which it 
is combined. They are called dinner
pills. In the Codex Medicamentarius
Parisiensis the formula for these 
pills is Rj. Aloes apt. ʒvi. Mastiches
Rosarum vebrarum āā ʒij. Syr. Absinth
g.s. m. f't Pil 100. -
This resin does not dissolve completely
in Alcohol, a soft elastic substance
separates during Solution, in some 
respects resembling Caoutchane, except
that it is brittle when dried.



Succinum - 
Amber, the electrum of the Ancients
is found generally on the sea shore 
or beneath the surface of the earth
lying on wood Coal. It is white or 
yellow. The origin of it is unknown 
but it is analogous to vegetable resins
It affords the oleum Succini. by distillation. -
Guaicum
Guaiac is generally ranked with the 
resins, but differs from them in some
particulars. It leaves a much larger
quantity of Charcoal when distilled in 
close vessels, is converted into oxalic
Acid by the Nitric Acid - & it undergoes
a remarkable change of colour when 
exposed to Chlorine, becoming first 
green, then blue & lastly brown.
Nitric Acid has a similar effect
upon it. oxygen turns it green. - 



Guaiac exudes spontaneously for the Guaiacum
officinall, a tree native of the 
west Indies. which affords a very heavy
wood Liqnum vica. The resin is also obtained by heating
one end of the wood, which has been 
bored longitudinally, & the melted resin
flows out at the other extremity.
It is a Solid Substance, partly brown
red & purplish. - exposed to the light in 
the open air it becomes green. It has 
a fragrant odour, partly soluble
in water, readily so in Alcohol
& in Alkalies. & acids, - Nitric Acid
dissolves it without the aid of heat 
& the solution by evaporation affords
a very large quantity of oxalic Acid.
It does not afford artificial 
tannin. - The change of colour it 
undergoes from exposure to air -
chlorine & Nitric Acid is supposed 
to be owning to the absorption of 
oxygen - & that the green precipitate
obtained from the Alcoholic Solution
by the addition of nitric Acid 
contains the least oxygen. the brown 
the most, & the blue a medium quantity.



Guiac is a strong stimulant & operates
as a Diaphoretic & purgative. It occasions 
a feeling of warmth in the stomach
& by degrees in the whole system, bringing
on a free perspiration; if the body
is kept warm. otherwise it acts
on the Kidnies. In large quantities
it purges. It is inadmissible where 
fever is present, but in chronic
rheumatism, in secondary syphilis
with pains in the bones, thickened
periosteum, it is of use. In cutaneous
affections & pains resembling rheumatism
it is also useful. -
It is best given in powder, for the Tincture
throws down an adhesive precipitate
when mixed with water.
It may be given with mucilage
or made into a Bolus with Aromatic
Confection. - [cross out] in 
chronic rheumatism 2 or 3 times
a day. - Average doses gr X - ʒss. -
larger doses purge. -
The official preparations of 
the resin are 
Mistura Guaiaci. Dose ℥ss = ℥j.
Rub ʒi gr Guaiacum with ʒij Sugar. & ʒij Mucilage of Gum Arabic & add ℥ 8 Cin. water 



Tincture Guiaci. - ʒi. ʒiv. in mucilage
macerate 1/2# Guaiac in oij Rect. Spirit 14 days & filter
" - " Ammoniatæ. ʒss = ʒiss - " -
macerate ʒ4 Guaiac in oiss of of. Am. aromat. 14 2 days & filler
It is also an ingredient in Pulv. Aloes. Cow
The wood of Guaiac is called Lignum
vitæ. & is so heavy as to sink in water.
It imparts an extractive matter on
being boiled - & its virtues depend on 
this & its resinous particles. - It enters
with the Composition of Decoct. Sarsaparilla 
Composition.
End of Lecture xviij



Lecture XIX.
Gummi: Resinæ.
Gum resins usually been considered as 
composed of a gum & resin, but they have not 
been sufficiently examined to authorize that 
conclusion. - They all contain a volatile oil
or a substance intermediate between an oil
& a resin, & it is to this substance the milkiness
of their solutions is owing. The other constituent 
is more like extractive than gum,
& they may be regarded as composed of a 
gum or extractive matter - & a substance
intermediate between an oil & a Resin.
Gum resins are usually opaque, solid, commonly
brittle, & sometimes of a fatty appearance,
they are not so combustible as resins,
they soften & swell by heat, & burn in the flame
They have a strong smell - some an Alliaceous
one, & most an acrid taste. they are 
partially soluble in water & their solution
is opaque & generally milky. Alcohol 
partially Cissalues than & the solution 
is transparent, but on the addition of 
water it becomes milky, yet no precipitate
takes place, nor is any thing obtained
by filtration. They are soluble
in Alkaline solutions with the aid of 
heat. They afford artificial Tannin 
& Charcoal by the addition of Acids.
some afford 58 p~ct of charcoal.




They exude either spontaneously or from incisions
made in the plants which furnish
them, but they gradually harden. -
We have 11 officinial gum resins - [cross out] 4 of which 
are only of real importance in Medicine.
4 of them are vena used. - The useful ones
are Assafœtida Aloes - Scammony & Gamboge.
those never used are Sagapenum. Opoponax
olibanum & Euphorbium. - The others
Myrrh. Galbanum & Ammoniac are 
occasionally employed. - They may be 
ranked in 3 divisions
Assafœtida. Ferula Assafœtida
Sagapenum. -
Galbanum. Bubon Salbanum
Ammoniac. Heraclecum gummiferum
Opoponax. Postinaca opoponax
Myrrh.
olibanum. Juniperus Lycia.
Scammony. C. Scammonea
Gamboge. S. Cambogioides
Euphorbium. E. officinarum.
Aloes -

* Pil. Aloes et Assafœtida. Ed. Ph. gr x. - good. -

Assafœtida
is obtained from the Ferula Assafœtida, native
of the mountainous provinces in the south of
Persia. The top of the plant is destroyed, the 
root covered for the sun for about 40 days,
& its top is then cut away & the juice exudes
& is scraped off - another portion is then sliced
off till all the juice is obtained that the 
root will yield. It is inspissated by exposure 
to the sun. - It is in irregular masses,
containing whitish or reddish tears. It is 
remarkable for its penetrating odour of 
garlic, & it is used in the east as a condiment
with food as we use onions. It
contains a fetid volatile oil upon which 
its odour & virtues depend. Alcohol dissolves
about 3/4th of it. 
It has a high reputation as an antispasmodic 
especially in the hysteria of females.
It is stimulant & heating, & like all stimulants
promotes some of the secretions.
Hence its use in Chlorosis - Athma, as 
an emenagogue & expectorant - but from its
stimulating effect it is not admissible
in states of excitement. - Dose 5 - 20 grs.
We have Mistura Assafœtida. ℥ss. ℥i. nauseous
not used unless in Emenata in enormus &c
Tincture Assafœtida. ʒss. ʒij.-most used.-
Spiritus Ammonia fœtidus. ʒss. ʒj.
Pil. Galbani Compositæ. g x-xx.
* these contain Assafœtida. Myrrh Ealbanum & Safapenum 



Safapenum
is supposed to be obtained for the Fern persica,
but it is not ascertained. It is analogous
to Assafœtida. is brought for Alexandria
in tears agglutinated together, of a yellow
colour, a hot taste & alliaceous smell.
It is soluble in Alcohol & yields a volatile
oil. It is not used, except in Pil. Galb.
compos.
Galbaneum
is from the Berbon Galbaneum of Syria
& Africa. the root is cut & the juice
exudes from it. - It also is in agglutinated
tears of a whitish or yellow colour 
It has a fetid odour & acrid taste - & yields
a volatile oil. gr 10 - ʒj. - in pills or emulsion
Pil. Ealbani compositum
Emp - " - " - stimulant in indolent tumours 
Ammoniac.
is supposed to be obtained for a species of 
Heracleum - because Willdenom found
some seeds on the gum resins which he 
planted, & a species of Heracleum Came 
up which he Called H. Gummiferum.
Jackson in his account of Morocca gives
fig. of a plant as the one yielding this 
gum resin, which does not agree with
Willdenoms, & as the latter could not obtain 
Ammoniac fr his plant it is probable
the seeds did not belong to the plant 



affording the gum resin.
It is brought from the East Indies & from 
Africa - the former is the purest. It is in 
irregular yellowish brittle masses, white 
& vitreous within - of a nauseous bitter
sweetish taste - about 1/2 soluble in 
Alcohol. & the portion so dissolved is 
resinous. The aqueous solution is milky.
It contains gum & a glutinous matter
but no volatile oil. - gr x - 30 in pills with 
soap. - It is considered as expectorant.
mistura Ammoniaci. ℥ss - ℥i. combined
with Tinct. Scillæ. -
Emplastrum Ammoniaci. Stimulant
to Scrofulous tumours
Emp. Ammoniaci c Hydrogrro. - stimulant
in nodes. -
It enters into Pil. Scillæ Compositæ.
which are diuretic. gr x-xx. -
Opoponax.
brought fr the Levant & East Indies - for 
the root of Pastinaca Opoponax. In 
reddish yellow lumps of a peculiar smell
& bitter acrid taste. It is less soluble in 
Alcohol. It is not used. - 



These 5 Gum resins are what are called the 
fetid gums & are considered as antispasmodic
expectorant & emenagogue. They are 
all stimulating - & are, as for as we can 
assertain, the products of Umbilliferous
plants. Assafœtida is the best of all 
& may take the place of the rests. -
Myrrh & olibanum differ from them
in being aromatic. -
Myrrh.
We are ignorant whence this Gum
resin is obtained. Bruce thought from 
a species of Mimosa - but Forskahl 
from a species of Amyris, which is 
more probable. It comes from Abyssinia
& Arabia felix. by the way of 
the East Indies. - It is in the form 
of tears of a yellow or reddish yellow
Colour. of an unctuous feel. a bitter
aromatic taste & peculiar odour.
The Alcoholi solution is rendered
opaque by the addition of water. It
is soluble in Alkalies - will not 
melt & burns with difficulty.
It consists of resin & gum - the last 
about 70 p~ct. & a little volatile
oil. - It is a stimulant & tonic

X The Indian Oh hameum is for the [V.Se??]
of Raxburgh (Akhaeke. in Thompson [illegible]

& proves diaphoretic expectorant & heating in large
doses. - Dose about ℈ss - ℈j. - 
10 grs with vi carb
Soda & mucilage
as an expectorant.
It is an ingredient in many popular
remedies - with Aloes, the taste of which 
it disguises it forms a common Cathartic
& emenagogue - with Iron & other tonics
as a tonic. The solution is in common
use in relaxed state of the Gums & ulcers
of the mouth.
Tinctura Myrrhæ. ʒss - ʒi. generally
used as an external application
to the gums - & foul ulcers. diluted
with water. - 
Pil. Aloes Myrrha. Cathartic. useful
in cold aged habits. gr x-xx. The Arabians
introduced this pill. -
Pil. Ferri Compostæ. Dose gr x.xx. -
xx of the pil mass contain 1 gr Protoxide
of Iron - & 4 gr of Myrrh.
It is an ingredient in Pil Galb. comp.
Olibanum
is supposed to be the frank incense of 
the Ancients. the ΛiCανοs - quasi oleum
Libani (Thus) of the Greeks. It is derived
from the Juniperus Lycia. (Thompson
in his conspectus says from the Boswellia
serrata of India). It is collected in 

x Euphorbium
From Euphorbia officinarum Africa. pernicious -
juice concretes in irregular tears - of 
a dull yellow. mixed with Impurities - hollow
Resin. wax. Malate Lini. Potosh. mostly
sol. in Alcohol. Caustic & burning. never used 
internally - Drastic purgative: mixed with 
Starch or Errhine. Powdering it irritating & excoriates 
skin. Sometimes as plaster as Rubefacients

Arabia & bought from Mecca to Cairo. -
It is in brittle grains of a red & yellow Colour 
& a peculiar odour. - affording a volatile
oil. It burns brilliantly, diffusing an 
agreeable odour. It consists principally
of resin & gum.. - It is not used, unless 
to burn in sick rooms. -
The 4 remaining gum resins differ from the 
others in not having their Alliaceous or Aromatic
qualities, & in possessing active purgative
properties. They are Aloes. Scammony. Gamboge
x & Euphorbium. -  
Aloes. -
The Extract of Aloes. as it is called in the Phara
or the inspissated juice is generally ranked
away the gum resins by Chemists, tho' the 
mode of obtaining it is different from 
that of obtaining the other gum resins. It is 
asserted in the Phara- to be procured from 
Aloe spicata - tho' there is no positive
evidence that the drug met with in the 
market is not the product of several 
species of Aloes.. - The Aloe spicata. A. perfoliata -
A. vulgaris - & perhaps several
other species afford the drug. -
We have 3 varieties in use. -
the Socotorine. [cross out]
[cross out] never obtained for the Island of 
Socotora near the straits of Babelmandeb - usually found in the interiors
of the Hepatic Aloes. 

Hepatic Aloes of the East Indies forming a 
mass with what we call the Socotra
The Cape Aloes all these for A spicata
The Barbadoes Aloes. fr A. vulgaris..
The Socotorine Aloes is dark coloured, of a glossy
clear surface & somewhat pellucid. Case
pulverized & the powder is of a bright gold
Colour. It has some aromatic flavour.
The Hepatic Aloes colour of liver is of a light brown or reddish
Yellow colour. of a clean fracture.
The Barbadoes Aloes is not so clean &
bright, of a more compact texture - nor
so brittle. of a more unpleasant smells
& a nauseous bitter taste.
The Cape Aloes is clear & polished - shining
1/6 per lb.
Barbadoes 5/6℔, used for horses, but the vety
College advise the Cape as the cheapest.
Hepatic of Bombay} 41-61℔.
Socotorine found in hepatic}
This last is used in practice - that is - the 
Hepatic & what is called Socotorine. We
have no genuine Socotorine.
The best Aloes therefore is for the Cape of Soda
Hope & from Bombay

Aloes is prepared by either slicing the leaves 
& boiling them - or first expressing the juice 
& boiling it down to a proper consistence
It is therefore perhaps rather an extract
than a gum resin - Dracaenab found 
however a peculiar substance in it which
he calls a bitter resinous principle,
tho' other Chemists conceive that it contains 
a resin & an extractive matter.
The Cape & Bombay aloes contain most of the bitter resinous principle.
Diluted Alcohol is the best solvent of 
Aloes, tho' boiling water will dissolve
the greater portion, but deposits a part 
in cooling. From the bitter taste of Aloes
it is best given in the form of pill. It is 
a warm stimulating Cathartic, operating on 
the Colon & rectum & producing fœculent 
stools. Doses about 10-15 grs. They 
are also emmenagogue & used in Amenorrhœa -
Their use therefore is contraindicated
in Menorrhagia - advanced
pregnancy & hemorrhoids.
We have many officinal preparations of 
Aloes. -
Ext. Aloes purificatum. - the Aloes is 
macerated in water. poured from its 
dress & evaporated to the consistence
of an extract. The resinous matter is 
thus separated - & the medicinal 
effect is milder. gr x-xv. -

Pulv Aloes compos. Aloes with Guaiac & Cinnamon. 
Supposed to be sudorfic as well
as Cathartic. gr x-xx. not used.
Pil Aloes c Myrrha. Aloes. Saffron. Myrrh
Pil. Rufi. x-xx gr. long in use.
Pil. Aloes Compos. Aloes. Ext. Gentian &
oil of Caraway. good pill for habitual
costiveness - gr x-xx. -
Pil. Aloes c Assafœtida. (Ed Phar). Aloes
Assafœtida & Soap. - good in flatulence
& hysterial women - & the dyspepsia
of old persons. gr x-xx. -
Decoctum Aloes Compos. a complicated
decoction with Aloes. Ext Liquorice
Subscarbonate of Potash. Myrrh Saffron
& comp. Tinct. of Cardamons. - ℥ss - ℥j.
Tinct. Aloes. Aloes & Ext. Liquorice ℥ss . ℥j.
" - " compos. Aloes. Saffron & Tinct Myrrh. ʒi .  ʒij
verium Aloes. - Aloes & Canella Bark
ʒi - ℥ij. -
These Tinctures in Small doses are used as 
stomachic & to aid the purgative effect
of Infusions & decoctions.
Aloes is an ingredient Pil. Cambogiae comp
Extract. Colocynth Compos. Tinct Benzoin Co [illegible]
& extensively employed in quack remedies 

Scammony
is procured from the C. Scammonea of Syria
by cutting the top of the roots, & collecting
the juice which exudes. This is allowed to 
harden in the sun. It is obtained from
Aleppo & Smyrna. in dark grey cakes,
which are light & friable, of a nauseous
odour & acrid taste. The Aqueous solution 
is a greenish opaque fluid. Alcohol
dissolves about 2/3 rpt. - It is composed
principally of Resin. That from 
Aleppo. contained. 
Resin 60 - 29} Smyrna
Gum. 3 - 8}
Extractive 2 -5} 
Impurities} 35./100 - 58/100} 
It is a powerful purgative, used in Dropsy
worms - & in those cases where an active
purge is required. Dose p 2 grs. -12 gr with 
Almond confection. or syrup.
Confectio Scammonea. with Cloves. Ginger. ol
Carni - & Syrup of roses. ʒss - ʒi: not used.
Pulv Scammonae compos. Ext. of Jalap & Ginger
gr v. xx.
It enters into the composition Pulv. Senna
Compositus. Ext. Colocynth. Comp. 

Gamboge.
is for the Statagmitis Cambogiaides a tree
of Siam & Ceylon. The Young shoots are 
broken off - or the Bark wounded, & the 
juice collected & dried, & after formed
into rolls. It is of a deep yellow, so concentrated
that it is bordering on red till
moistened when it becomes of a brilliant 
light yellow colour. It has bitter taste
at first but is acrid when held in the 
mouth for some time. Alcohol dissolves
9/10ths of it. The Aqueous solution
is turbid. It consists of 4/5 resin & 1/5 
of a Gum - or creasui.
It is a hydragogue cathartic, & proves
from its rapid solubility & consequence
action on the stomach frequently emetic.
It is used in dropsy & worms
in combination with Squill & Supertartrate
of Potash. Dose 2-6 gr.
The best made of exhibition is in 
the form of Bolus. - Calomel may be 
combined with it in warm cases..
Pil Cambogiae composito - with Aloes
Ginger & soap. gr x-xx.

Lecture XX & XXI.
Balsams 
The Balsam or Balm was 
originally applied to the thick, fragrant
juice obtained from the Amyris
Gileadensis - a tree of Arabia 
growing especially near Mecca. This 
juice is the Balm of Gilead, of such
high estimation among the Turks.
that none of it is obtained in Europe.
The word Balsam is however now 
restricted to certain resinous-like 
substances which yield Benzoic
Acid when heated or digested in Acids.
Chemists have generally considered
them as compounds of a resin & Benzoic
Acid, but Mr Hatchett supposes
that the Acid is found at the time 
of its separation.
A Balsam there is a substance which 
possesses the general properties of a 
resin, but which when heated or 
digested in Acids; yields a portion
of Benzoic Acid. 

x I can find no age of Styrax but in Thanpsous Chey
It is called sweet-gum by michanx. Is it different
from Storax? -

Balsams are insoluble in water, but 
when boiled in that liquid often give
out Benzoic Acid. Alcohol & ether
dissolve them readily. The strong Acids
also dissolve them, & during the solution
Benzoic Acid is separated. Nitric
Acid in some cases affords traces
of Prussic Acid, - The Alkalies act 
on them as on the Resins. -
Balsams like the resins, are liquid
& Solid. - The liquid Balsams are 
Opobalsamum. Amyris Gileadensis.
Tolu. Toluifera Balsamsum
Peru. Myraxylon Peruiferum 
[cross out]
The Solid Balsams
Benzoic - Styrax Benzoic
Storax. - " - officinalis
Dragons Blood. -
of these the Balsams of Tolu. Peru. Benzoic.
Storax are official. -
The Opobalsamum - Balsam of Gilead
or Balsam of Mecca is not known
in Europe.



Dragons blood is a brittle red substance
obtained from several trees. It is imported
from the East Indies. & is supposed
to be afforded by the Calamus Draco
of the East Indies. - The Pterocarpus
Draco of South America also affords
it. - It is not used in Medicine. - 
Peru & Tolu.
The Balsams of Peru & Tolu - have 
been proved by Mr Lambert (Braedes
Quat of Journal. No 19) to be products
of the some Tree. hyroxylon Peruiferum. -
The Phara- gives the hyroxylon
Peruiferum - as the tree which furnishs
the Peru Balsam - & the Toluifera
Balsamum - as that which furnishes
the Tolu Balsam. - Mr Lambert
examined the specimens of the Toluifera
Balsamum in Sir Jos Banks Liby
& found them identical with the 
myroxylon Peruiferum, which 
Meltis sent to Luindus - as the 
plant producing the Peru Balsam.
Rui ʒ gives the falramis ap of the 
Tolu Balsam. - " The Balsam of 
Quina gumia is procured Guicision 



at the beginning of spring. It is collected
in Bottles, where it keeps liquid for
seven Years, in which state it is called
"white liquid Balsam." But when 
the Indians deposit this liquid in 
mats or Colobusles, which is usually
done in Carthagena & in the mamitanis
of Tolu, after some time it 
condenses, hardens into Resin, & is 
then densmeriated "dry white Balsam
of Tolu", by which name it is known 
in the druggists shops.." -
The principal difference between
these Balsams, as they approve in 
Europe is that the Peru is generally
liquid - & the Tolu a more tenacious
viscid fluid, concentrating by time. -
They see both fragrant & aromatic
& a warm flavour. consisting of a 
volatile oil - Resin & Benzoic Acid. 
These Balsams are stimulant & heating,
& have been called expectorants.
but in the inflammatory diathesis
they are inadmissible.
Dose of Peru x - 30 ♏︎.} in mucilage
Dose " Tolu. gr v. ℈jss.} or pills with
Aromatic powder. 



The Tolu is principally used, as being more
concentrated it is more frequent. We
have a Syrupus Tolutanus. made by 
boiling ℥j of the Balsam in oj water &
adding 2℔ of Sugar. Dose ʒi - ʒij. for 
flavour. -
This Balsam is an ingredient in the 
Tinct. Benzoini Composita. -
Benzoin.
is obtained from the Styrax Benzoin
native of Sumatra, from incisions
made into the Bark. It is with forces
of light brown & white masses, with
Yellowish specks, friable - & of a fragrant 
odour, & little taste. Alcohol
dissolves it with the aid of heat, & the 
solution is of a reddish brown Colour.
If water is added the Benzonic falls 
in the state of a white powder.
It is composed principally of a 
resin & Benzoic Acid - the butter is 
obtained by volatilization at a moderate
heat. - It is not used, except 
to obtain the Benzoic Acid, & in 
the form of Tinct. Benzoini Comp.
made by macerating for 14 days 



Benzoin ℥iij. Storax ℥ij. Tolu  ℥j. Ext. Aloe ℥ss.
in 2 pints of Rectified Spirit. -
Dose ʒss. ʒj. - This is not used internally
or rarely. To add ulcers it is sometimes
employed as a stimulant - & is the 
Friars Balsam. -
Storax. -
is obtained from the Styrax officinals
a tree native of the Lenant - Italy
& France. - The Balsam is procured
from wounds in the Bark - in those 
Countries of the Lenant where the heat
is intense for in France & Italy bone
is procured by incisions. - It is either
in small distinct tears of whitish
or reddish Colour - or in large masses.
It is composed of a resin & Benzoic
Acid - not used. -



Extracta.
Extracts are preparations generally of a 
soft consistence, procured by evaporating
vegetable juices or solutions of 
vegetable substances in water or Spirit.
We have 4 varieties of extracts. -
1. Inspissated juices, prepared by pressing 
out the juice of fresh plants &
thickening it by evaporation, as the 
Ext. of Aconite. Belladonna. Hemlock.
Elaterium. Henbane. Lettuce
2. Watery Extracts. prepared by making a 
decoction of dried or fresh vegetable
substances, straining - & evporating
the fluid, as the Ext Aloes of Chamomile
watery ext. of Bark (Cinchona) - if Colocynth.
Gentian. Liquorice. Logwood.
Hops. Opium. Poppy. Sarsaparilla.
Stramonium, Dandelion.
3. Spirituous extracts. prepared by making
a Tincture & evaporating the spirit.
as the resinous Ext of Bark.
4. Compound Extracts. in which more 



than one menstruum is employed - as the Ext
of Jalap. & of Rhubarb. - or more than 
one substance enters into the composition
as the Compound Extract of Colocynth. -
Inspissated juices are of the fruit - as Elaterium,
as of leaves as Aconite. Belladonna
Hemlock. Henbane. Lettuce.
watery Extracts are of flowers as Chamoile. -
of seeds, as Stramonium; of 
part as Colocynth, & seed vessel as Poppy & Cotectm Hops: [illegible] of wood as Logwood in 
of Bark as Cinchona. of roots as Gentian
Liquorice. Sarsaparilla & Dandelion:
of inspissated juices - as opium & Aloes.
Spirituous Extracts - are of Bark - as the resinous
Extract of Cinchona.
Compound Extracts. are, where both water 
& spirit are the menstura, of roots as Jalap
& Rhubarb. - & where several
substances enter into the composition,
as, of the pint of Colocynth, with Ext of 
Aloes. Scammony seeds of Cardamon
& soap. - prepared with spirit. -
Chemists supposed that a peculiar proximate 
principle existed in plants, which 
they called - Extractive - or Extract, & it 



was obtained from plants by means of water,
remaining in a dry state after the water
was evaporated. - But so prepared it is 
evident that Extract must be a compound
of all the principles existing in 
the plant that are soluble in water -
& where spirit is employed - that it 
must be a compound of all the principles
that are soluble in spirit. - &
where both water & spirit are used,
that it must contain all the principles
soluble in both these Menstura. -
It is probable that there is no such 
proximate principle as Extract, but 
that what has been so called is a 
compound of different principles
possessing in the mass some characters
differing from each principle, when 
separate & alone.- But as Chemists
are not decided on this point, they 
still speak of Extractive - or Extract
as possessing the following properties.
It is soluble in water, & the solution
is always coloured. it has a strong
taste, varying with each plant or 
vegetable substance - It is insoluble
in absolutely pure Alcohol. but 



in dilute Alcohol it is soluble. By repeated
solutions & evaporations [cross out] 
the extract assumes a deeper Colour
& becomes insoluble in water, owing to 
the absorption, it is supposed, of oxygen.
It unites with Alumina & the Alkalies
& forms insoluble compound with them.
It is precipitated of its aqueous solutions
by Acids. metallic oxides, metallic salts
when distilled it yields an acid liquid
impregnated with Ammonia. -
The ostensible advantage of Extracts over other 
preparations is that they consist of the 
soluble parts of vegetables only, & are free
of the liqueous & insoluble parts. But
the objection to them is that the active
principles probably undergo chemical
changes which impair their powers.
thus a watery extract frequently undergoes
some change - & is not wholly
soluble in the menstruum with which
it was originally made. If any volatile
principle exists in plants on 
which any part of their virtue
depends this will be dissipated
by the heat employed in making 



the extract. - Lately they have been prepared
by conducting the evaporation at a low 
temperature by means of a vacuum
& extracts so prepared are found to be 
more powerful than these made in 
the ordinary way.
Extracts should be preserved in close
vessels - covered with bladder - & kept
moist by the addition of rectified spirit. 
The Extracts of Aconite. Belladonna,
Hemlock. Henbane & Lettuce. - are 
inspissated juices - & prepared by bruising
the leaves in a stone mortar, sprinkling
a little water upon them, pressing 
out the juice, & evaporating it unstrained, 
untill it acquires a proper
consistence. -
The Extract of Elaterium is the inspissated
juice of the fruit. - The ripe fruit
(into Cucumber) is sliced - the juice very
gently expressed, strained thro' a fine
hair sieve into a glass vessel, set bye
for some hours till the thicker part has 
subsided, & having poured away
the thinner supernatural liquid, the 
thicker part is dried with a gentle heat.  

Hyoseyamus. Cor. infendibuliforruis. foliis amplexicanlibus.
saieratis. flor. sessilibus. Cor.
flaba. purpureo - venosa.
Atropa. Cor. campanulata. Stam. distantri incurnata
fol. ovatisiertegris. Fl. sordide purpurei. -

The first 5 are narcotic - & the last a hydrogogue 
drastic purgative. -
The Aconite is for the Aconitum Napellus
native of Carinthia & Carniola in Germany
& commonly cultivated in 
gardens in this Country under the common
names of Wolfs have - marks head -
Aconite. Polyandria Trigyrnia. (Ranunculacauæ). -
The Active properties of 
this plant are supposed to reside
in an Alkali - called Aconita.. - The 
Extract is the only preparation in use 
& it is narcotic. It is acrid & rarely
used. Dose about 1/2 a gr.
The Belladonna is for the Atropa Belladonna.
The Henbane for the Hyoscyamus vigu
both indigenous in Britain. 5.1
Solaneae.
The virtues of Belladonna reside in Atropia
& of Henbane in Hyoscyanna.
They are both narcotic. Belladonna
1 - iij. but rarely used unless to dilate
the pupil in operations.
That of Henbane is more valuable & 

Conium. cavle maculato. Semini was gibbis. costatosulcotis.
dry waste places.
Cicuta. umballis oppositipoliis. stipulis petio to adhate
obtusis. (involucri universali nullo?). foliala
Lanceolata Serrata.

is substituted for Opium - having the advantage
of proving Aperient as well as 
narcotic. Dose gr ij - xv - xx. made into
pills. -
The extract of Lettuce is for the L. sativa
the common garden Lettuce. the native
Country of which is not ascertained.
(Sygenes in Polygnmia œgnalis) Compositæ.
It is the Lactucarium of Dr Duncan.
& is narcotic. Dose 5 - xr grs.
The Ext. of Hemlock is for the Conium
maculatum. 5.2. - Umbelliferæ.
indigenous. - It is narcotic & sedative
in doses vgr - ʒi. It has been 
recommended in Chronic Catarrhs
& pulmonary affections.
The Ext of Elaterium is from the Momordica
Elaterium. native of 
France & South of Europe. - Monarcia
Syngenesia. Cucurbitacæ. -
The active virtues reside in the juice
mend the seeds & should be obtained
without pressure. It occurs in 



commerce in little thin cakes more or less
broken, of a greenish colour & a bitter &
acrid taste. It is light & easily pulverized
It is used in dropsy in Dose of 1/2 gr - 1 gr.
If prepared with great care & not for 
the expressed juice - 1/8 of a gr is the Dose.
It was used by the Ancients. & Arabians
& was introduced in later times by Dr
Ferriar. - 
Watery Extracts
are made by adding water to the vegetable 
Substance & boiling till half 
the liquid is consumed - straining & evaporating
to a proper consistence. Sometimes
the substance is macerated
for a given time before it is boiled.
The weight of the vegetable substance
is generally a pound. & the measure
of water. a gallon. It is boiled down 
to 4 pints - strained & evaporated
to a proper consistence.
We have 13 of these watery extracts
Stramonium} narcotic & sedative
Hops}
Poppy}
Opium} 

Datura. Cor. infuedi buliformis plicata. alba. Cal. deciduus.
pericarpiis spinosis.

Aloes} Purgative
Colocynth} 
Dendebon}
Chamomile} Tonic
Chinchona}
Gentian} 
Sarsaparilla} Demulcent
[cross out]}
Liguorice. -}
Logwood.} astringent
Kino. Catechu}
Comp extracts
Rhubarb
Jalap.
Stramonium. Datura Stramonium or
Thom Apple. - indigenous. 5.1. Solanceæ.
Seeds. macerated - then bruised, boiled - strained
& evaporated. - Daturia has been
obtained for the Seeds, in which it exits
combined with Malic Acid.
This plant is narcotic. The leaves
are smoked in spasmodic Asthma
during or just before the paroxysm.
The extract is the only preparation in
use - It is to be given with contain
1/2 gr - 1 gr. if nausea or vertigo came
on it must be omitted. Mania &
asthma - cancer. Tic Doloraux are the 
affections it is employed in. - An ointment
has been made for the leaves
as a sedative application in painful
tumours



Hops. Humalus Lupulus. Diæcia. 5. -
Urticeæ. - indigenous. - The strabiles, they 
have an aromatic odour & bitter taste.
& are used extensively in beers - porters. Ale.
The virtue of the hop resides in a Yellow 
powder which is secreted in the form of 
small transparent dots, of a resinous
appearance, at the base of the scale of 
the strabile. It may be obtained by 
rubbing & sifting. It consists of wax
& a peculiar principle called Lupulin.
It has the bitter & narcotic qualities
of the hop. The extract is sedative. in 
dose of v-xx gr but little used. -
Poppy. - Papaner Somniferum. Polyandria.
Monagyreia. Papaveraceæ. indigenous -
Capsules.
Opium. the concrete juice of the unripe
capsules. -
Ext of Opium. the aqueous extract for the 
concrete opium of the Mat. Med. - 
opium has been in use from the earliest
ages. & the mode of obtaining it is 
described by Diascorides. It is the concrete
juice of the unripe capsules, into 
which incisions are made & the 
milky juice hardens in the air.- 



The best opium is brought fr Turkey, but 
is also imported for India - & also procured
from the Capsules in this Country. The warmth
of the Climates in Asia however makes the 
drug more powerful than that obtained
in Colder Climates. - 
Turkey opium is in flat or round - cakes - covered
with leaves - among which are capsules
of a species of Rennex. It has a peculiar
heavy odour - a bitter taste - & a reddish
brown Colour. The cakes when warm
are soft - but by age or exposure to air 
they become hard & are pulverizable.
the powder of a Yellow Colour. It is 
inflammable
India Opium is in round masses - of a 
darker Colour - & a weaker drug. -
The purest opium is what the Asiatics
call opium in tears, which is the pure 
concrete juice of the capsules of the poppy. But this 
form does not reach us. much of 
the Opium of commerce is said to be 
increased in bulk by the addition
of an Aqueous extract of the plant,
procured by evaporating the decoction.
This precious drug has been subjected
to rigid analysis by various Chemists - 
& 3 peculiar proximate principles



have been detected in it. These are 
Morphia.
Narcotine.
Meconic Acid. - 
Morphia may be obtained by different
process - I will describe two. -
1. make a paste of powdered opium & dilute
into Active Acid pour caustic Ammonia
with the filtered solution & evaporate
During the evaporation a brown substance
separates, which by digestion in a small
quantity of cold Alcohol, becomes nearly 
colourless & is pure morphia.
2. Macerate 30 parts of opium in 100 of 
water for 5 days. filter & add 2 parts
of pure magnesia, & boil for about 10
minutes. again filter & wash the 
sediment with cold water till it 
runs off colourless. wash it with
Alcohol. sp. gr. 985. hot & cold as 
long as any Colouring matter is taken
up. then boil the residuum in Alcohol -
sp. gr. 915. for a few minutes
& as it cools crystals of morphia
will be deposited.
The explanation of this process is, that
the water dissolves the meconate



of morphia. You decompose this by adding
magnesia & form a meconate of magnesia.
The morphia being sparingly soluble
in water falls with a portion of magnesia
This precipitate of morphia & magnesia
is washed with water & hot & cold
Spirit to remove the Colouring matter. 
It is then boiled in strange Alcohol
which takes up the morphia, &
as the Alcohol Cools it falls in 
the form of crystals. - 
Morphia is a colourless crystalline Alkali
affecting vegetable colours as the 
other Alkalies. Sparingly soluble
in water, but readily in boiling Alkohol.
It is intensely bitter, forms
salts with Acids & decomposes metallic
salts. - It is decomposed by a 
strong heat, & Yields Carbonate of 
Ammonia, oil & charcoal. - It consists
of Carbon. 72
Nitrogen. 5. 50
Hydrogen. 5. 50
Oxygen - 17/100.
This peculiar principle is supposed
to be purely narcotic, but from 



its comparative insolubility it is not 
used alone. It is more powerful when 
Combined with an Acid & the Acetate
& Sulphate are the salts that are preferred.
The dose about 1/4 of a gr. Magendie advises
the following mixture as a substitute
for Laudanum 
Morphia Acetatis gr xvi
Aqua distillatæ - ℥j
Alcoholis - ʒi
Acidi Acetici - gtt. IV
Dose 6-24 gtt a day. -
Narcotine. - or the salt of Derosue is obtained
from the Aqueous solution of 
opium. This solution is evaporated
to the consistence of a syrup - then 
mixed with Sulphuric Ether - which 
on distillation affords crystals of narcotine.
They are of a pearly luster. soluble in fixed
oils in Ether, in acids, but they have no effect
on vegetable Colours. It consists of 
Carbon - 68. 88
Nitrogen - 7. 21
Hydrogen - 5.91
Oxygen - 18. -/100. -
It is supposed to be exciting. not used. -



The Meconic Acid is obtained by dissolving
the meconate of Magnesia, obtained in one 
of the steps of the process for obtaining
Morphia, in dilute Sulphuric Acid,
You then add Muriate of Barytes, &
a red precipitate falls which is a compound
of sulphate & meconate of Barytes
You digest this with hot dilute Sulphuric
Acid. & filter. Evaporate the 
solution & crystals of meconic Acid
fall, these are to be washed - &
sublimed in a flask. -
It is this Acid which exists in opium
in combination with Morphia. It is 
sour & has the usual properties of an 
Acid, & is remarkable by producing
an intense red colour with the solutions
of peroxide of Iron. -
These peculiar proximate principles
which are found in Opium are 
at least in the present day more objects
of curiosity than of actual use in Medicine.
The only one of them that has any
pretensions to particular notice as 
a medicine in Morphia - & if more 
extended experience should prove that 
this principle is the pure sedative
principle of opium, it may become 



an object of great interest in practice.
But those who have made experiments
upon the subject differ in their reports
upon its virtues & in this Country at 
least the opium is principally employed. -
The preparations of opium in use are 
Turkey opium that is the concrete
juice of the Capsules. - & powder
Ext. opii - prepared from the former by 
macerating it in water.
Tinct. opii.
Confectio opii
Pil. Saponisi opio
Pulv. Corner usti copio
Pulv. Cretæ compos. copio
Pulv Ipecac compos
Tinct Camphoræ compos.
The crude of opium is narcotic in doses of 
I-IV gr. -
The Extract Opii is weaker than the crude
opium - its dose is I-V. gr.
Tinct. Opii. Laudanum. by macerating
2 1/2 ℥ in 2 pints of Proof Spirits 14 days
XIX ♏︎ contain 1 gr of opium.
It is more rapid in its effects. Dose
♏︎ x - 75 - 



Confectio Opii. is a compound of Opium. long 
pepper. Ginger. Conway seeds. Tragacanth
& Syrup. - 36 gr op. of dose gr x-xx. -
Pil Saparis c opio. 1/2 ℥ of op with 2 ℥ hard
soap. 5 gr = 1 gr.
Pulv Cormusti c opio. ʒi of opium with ℥i
of burnthorn shavings & ʒi of Cochmeal
gr x - 1 gr of opium
Pulv Cretæ Compos. c opio. 40 gr = 1 of op.
x Pulv Ipecac. compos. Dovers powder. ʒi of 
opium of Ipecac & ℥i Pot. Sulphatis
gr x = 1 gr of opium.
x Tinct Camphoræ Compos. ℈ij of Camphora
with ʒi of opium & Benzonic Acid 
in 2 pints of Proof Spirit f34=18 op. 
x Palv. Kino Campor. 15 ʒ Kino. 43 Cinnamon
& ʒi of Opium f20=1 gr opium Astringent
x verium opii. made of this Extract. ℥i. Ext Opii
Cinnamon. & Cloves. in 6 f ℥ proof spirit
& 10 f ℥ of distilled water. ny x - ʒj.
It is a compound Tincture with 
Aromatics.
Ext. Papaneris. gr ij = xx as a Dose. -
Syr - " - 
Decoct " 



Beside those official formula of 
Opium we have one that is worthy
your notice. - by the Black drop. - It is 
made in the fabaring way. Boil
1/2 tt of opium. ʒ pints ver juice (juice of 
the mild Arab). 1. p ℥ of Nutmeg, & ℥ss
saffron to a proper thickness - & add
1/4 tt sugar - & 2 spoonsful of Yeast. Let 
it by the fire for 6 or 8 weeks - then place 
it in the open air till it becomes a 
syrup. Decoct filter & bottle it up 
adding a little sugar to last bottle.
1 gtt - iij Tint Opii. - It owes its virtues
probably to Acetate of Morphia -
The Liq. opii sedations of Bottles is 
liable to decomposition.
End of Lecture XX.



Lecture 21.
The Extract of Aloes I have already
spoken of.
Extract of Colocynth.
Colocynth is the fruit of the Cucumis 
Colocynthis. a vine of the gourd kind
native of Turkey. - Monæcia Syngenesia
Cucurbitaceæ. - It is called sometimes
Colognitida or bitter Apple. - The 
plant is allied to the melon. cucumber
& gourd. - & to the Elaterium.
The fruit is about the size of 
the orange - & the officinal part
is the pulp - divested of the rind. The
seeds are bland & nutritious & Capt
Lyon mentions that they are used as 
found in Northern Africa. -
The pulp is white & spongy, & has a 
bitter nauseous taste. It contains mucus -
resin & a bitter principle.
We have a simple watery extract
1 tt to 1 gallon of water boiled to 4 pints. strained
& evaporated. - & a compound spirituous
Extract. -
The simple Extract of Colocynth in 
small doses with Rhubarb is one
of the best aperients for torpor of Colon.



in about 1 - or 2 gr doses with 4 - 6 of Rhub
The Compound Extract. is composed of Colocynth
Ext. of Aloes. ℥ 12. Scammony. ℥ 4. Cardamon ℥i &
soap. ℥ 3 - The fresh of Calocynth is macerated
in the Spirit 4 days with a gentle heat.
Strain & add the Aloes. Scammony & Soap
evaporate to a proper consistence &
add the Cardamon seeds. - Dose gr ij - xx.
Dandelion. -
The root of the Leontodon Taraxacum 
of this Country. Dandelion. Pisabed. -
Syngenesia Polygamia Egralis. - Compositæ. -
The fresh root has a milky piece
of a bitter flavour, which is destroyed
by drying. - 1tt fresh root. 1 gall. Boiling water. macerate
24 hours. & boil to 4 pints. strain & evaporate.
Dose gr x - ʒi. diuretic & laxative. -
A decoction is sometimes used. made
by boiling ℥j of fresh root in 2 pints of 
water to 1 pint & adding ʒij - iv of Super
Tartrate of Potosh. ʒij. Dose 2 - 3 times
a day. It is used in [illegible] complaints
dropsy. - 



Chamomile. -
the flowers of Anthemis nobilis. indigenous
Syngenesia Polygamia. Superflua. - Compositaœ. -
The single flowers known by 
their Yellow disc or centre are the officinal
ones. They have a bitter aromatic taste
from essential oil & extractive matter.
We have the Extract. Infusion &
volatile oil officinal. - & the flowers
enter as an ingredient in the Comp.
Decoction of Molluscs. -
The Extract is a mere bitter, & considered
therefore tonic dose x - xx gr.
The Infusion is made by macerating
for 10 minutes 2 ʒ of Chamomile flowers
in 1/2 a pint of boiling water. It is 
principally used to accelerate the 
of Emetics. - As a tonic the cold 
infusion is pleasanter, for the oil
is dissipated great.
The oil is prepared for the distillation
of the flowers & is added sometimes
to purgative pills. - 

x The Gentian is an useful adjunct to Infus.
Sennæ. - instead of salts. -

Gentian -
The root of the Gentiana Lueta. Alps. 5. 2
Gentiana. -
The roots are brown - thick winkled, internally
of a yellow spongy texture, without
smell but of an intense bitterness. - They 
contain resin - extractive. volatile oil
Tannin. mucilage. - Gentia - or Gentiania
has been obtained for the root - analogous
to the other vegetable alkalies - but it does  
not restore vegetable blues reddened by
an acid. It is a simple bitter, not poisonous.
of yellow colour. soluble in 
Alcohol, but sparingly so in water.
Proof Spirit is the best menstruum
of gentian root.
We have the Extract. Comp. Infusion
& Compound Tincture of Gentian officinal. -
The Extract. is given in doses of gr x - xx
The Comp Infusion is made by macerating
for an hour ʒi Gentian root. & orange peel
dried. 2 ʒ fresh lemon peel in 12 f ℥ of boiling
water. & straining. - ℥ss - ℥ij. -
The Comp Tincture is made by macerating for 14
days 2 ℥ of Gentian. 1 ℥ dried orange peel. ℥ss
Cardamon seeds in 2 pints proof spirit.
ʒi. ʒij. - These are simple bitters & one 
x tonic & stomachic. 



Cinchona. - 
Peruvian Bark. - 5 .l Rubiacea. -
2 Cinchona Cordifolia - yellow.} Bark.
1 " lancifolia - pale}
3 " oblangifolia - red}
The above are the officinal barbs, tho'
the C. lancifolia. is the only one directed
to be employed in the effectual
preparations of this precious drug. -
There is no positive evidence what 
species afford the Barks. The number
of species is very great - & the Bark 
is taken indiscriminately from all 
of them. Hemboldt who is the best 
authority upon the subject, was unable 
to discriminate between the Barks
or to refer them to the plants which 
afforded them. -
The Bark was supposed to be confined
to Peru - but it has been found 
in New Grenada & other parts of the 
Continent of South America. 
There are several varieties of the Pale
Bark the most remarkable of which 
is the Quilled Bark for Laxa. their
rolled up about the diameter of a 
swans Quill. - covered externally with 



Lichens & internally of a cinnamon Colour
It has an aromatic smell & a pleasant
bitter & astringent taste.
A variety of Guaiacs is thicker flatter
externally of a dark brown, internally
cinnamon colour. -
The Yellow is in thick pieces about 6 
Inches in length. sometimes without 
the epidemic which is as thick as 
the true bark. - of a fibrous fracture
It is stranger in all its properties, & 
more esteemed in South America. -
The red is the thickest of all, & known by 
its internal red colour. -
It is exceedingly perplexing to give any 
precise descriptions of these bark,
for in the parcels containing each
variety there are specimens which
apply to several varieties. The Quilled
& the red are the most distinct.
The Cinchona is a forest tree native
of the mountainous districts of South
America. The Bark is taken off fo
Sept. to Nov. dried in the sun &
parched in skins. They are mixed 
& afterwards sorted.
In the French Pharmacopaia
there are 5 officinal species



C. officinalis - which afford the pale Quilled
Bark.
C. ovali folia. - the white Bark.
C. lanci folia - the orange - " - & act
the hole as our Phaa says.
C. cordi folia. Yellow
C. ablangifolia. - red. -
Bark was exhibited in powder - in 
infusion & decoction, untill the analysis
of the different varieties led 
to the discovery of the proximate
principles on which the febrifuge
virtues of the Bark depend. It is 
still in general practice exhibited
in the old forms, for the expense
of the isolated principles prohibits
their use in all cases. But experiment
has clearly established the 
value of at least one of these principles -
& it is certainly one of the 
most beautiful & precious gifts
that Chemistry has made to Medicine. -
These principles are 
Quinine of the yellow & Red Bark
Chinconine of the Pale
Kinic Acid or Cinchonic of the pale & red. 

* The Alcohol takes up the Cinchonia & other
principles of Bark. - When the [Alcohol??]
extract is dissolved in water acidulated
with Muriatic Acid - the Acid writes
with the Cinchonia - & forms a muriate
of Cinchonia - This is decomposed by
the addition of Magnesia - & the Cinchonia
falls. It is taken up by boiling
Alcohol & obtained pure as the Alcohol
is evaporated. -

The Pale Bark affords Cinchonia & Kinic
Acid. -
The Yellow. Quina 
The red both Cinchonia & Quina & Kinic
Acid. -
The only one of these principles in common
use is the Quina - in combination
with Sulphuric Acid - forming
the Sulphate of Quina. - or Quinine.
Cinchonia or Cinchonine is obtained for 
the Pale Bark. by different processes
*1. Boil, the powder bark in Alcohol strain;
[cross out] distill off the Alcohol - & dissolve
the Alcoholic extract in water acidulated
with Muriatic Acid. add
to this solution Calcined Magnesia
& boil for a few minutes - wash 
the precipitate repeatedly with Cold
water, pour boiling Alcohol upon
it, strain - & evaporate the Alcohol
which will yield Cinchonia. -
2. Another mode of obtaining the Cinchonia
is by boiling 1 tt of yellow Bark for 1/4
of an hour in 3 pints of dilute solution
of potash. The liquor when cold is 
to be strained & the residuum was led.



The residuum, thus washed, is to be slightly
heated in water, to which you add Muriatic 
Acid gradually till litmus paper
is slightly reddened. When the liquid is 
nearly boiling strain - & press the residuum.
To the strained liquor, which hot,
add an ounce of sulphate of magnesia
& after add a solution of potash, till it 
cease to occasion any precipitate. When the 
liquor is cold, filter & wash & dry the precipitate -
& then dissolve it in hot Alcohol.
Evaporate & the Cinchorina crystallize.
In this process - the solution of Potash
unites with the Kinic Acid - & the residuum
contains the Cinchorina. When 
this residuum is heated in water acidulated 
with Muriatic Acid - the Acid 
take the Cinchorina - & the strained liquor
contains a solution of Muriate of Cinchorina.
This is decomposed by the addition
of Sulphate of Magnesia - & the Cinchorina
is precipitated afterwards by the subsequent
addition of solution of Potash.
The precipitate is then dissolved in 
hot Alcohol - & as the Alcohol
is evaporated Cinchorina Crystallizes.



Quina or Quinine is obtained by the same
processes from the Yellow Bark.
Kinic acid is obtained by a simple process
If Yellow Bark be macerated in Cold
water & the infusion be concentrated &
set aside for some time in an open vessel,
a salt crystalizes which is found
be [cross out] Kinate of Lime. The [cross out] Lime is [re??and]
by oxalic Acid, & if the liquor be 
concentrated to the consistency of a 
Syrup, crystals of Kinic Acid will
be obtained. It is brown, of a bitter
acid taste, readily soluble in water
It is distinguished by forming a soluble
salt with Lime, & not precipitating
silver or lead from these solutions.
Cinchonia is white & crystalline. soluble
in 7000 parts of water. soluble in Alcohol,
sparingly. so in fixed & volatile
oils. It is bitter, but from its insolubility
the taste is long before it is developed.
It restores the blue of Litmus & forms
neutral salts with Acids
Quina is not crystallizable, more intensely
bitter than Cinchonia, &
its salts differ in form & in the proportions
of their elements from those of Cinchonia. 



Cinchonia. consists of 
[illegible] Carbon. 79. 30 - 76. 97
Pelletin
Nitrogen 13. 72 - 9. 02  
Hydrogen 7. 18/100 - 6. 22
Oxygen. - 7. 97/100.18 -
Quina consists of 
Brande. Carbon 73. 80 - 75. 02
Nitrogen 13. - 8. 45
Pelletin.
Hydrogen. 7. 65 - 6. 66
Oxygen. 5. 55/100. - 10. 43/100.56
The Sulphate of Quina is formed by 
adding dilute Sulphuric Acid to 
the solution of the Quina - or to the 
Alkali itself. It is in pearly crystals
& it is given in 2 - v gr doses. -
The officinal preparations of Bark
are Decoction
Infusion
Extract
Resinous Extract
Tinct.
" Ammoniata
" composita.
& to these must be added the Powder of Bark 



Decoction. ℥j pale Bark boiled 10 minutes in oj
of water. - ℥i - ℥IV. 2 or 3 times a day.
Infusion. - ℥ss Bark macerated 2 hours in oss
Boiling water ℥i - ℥IV. -
Extract. 1 tt Bark. Water 1 Gall. Boiled to 6 pints. The 
residuum is again boiled - & all the decoction
evaporated. (hard & soft for pills & powder)
Dose gr x - xxx. -
Resinous Extract. 2 tt Bark. macerated 4 days in 
1 Gallon Rectified spirit. The Spirit is distilled
off. - This is the most powerful. - x.xxx gr 
Tincture. ℥vii Bark macerated 14 days in oij proof
spirits. Dose ʒi - iji -
Tinct. Cinch. Ammoniata. ℥IV. macerated 10 days
in 2 pints of Spirit Ammonia aromat.
Dose ʒss - ʒi. -
Tinct. Cinchona Composita. Bark ℥ij. -
orange peel. ℥iss. Serpentary root ʒijj. Saffron ʒi. Cochineal.
℈ij. macerated 14 days in ℥xx proof spirit
ʒi - ʒiij Dose.
Powda. Dose grt - ʒij. -
The Best mode of exhibiting Bark is 
in the state of powder - & the dose may 
be ℈j. 3 times a day - either in Cinnamon
water - jelly. or syrup.
If the Powder disagrees with the Stomach
the Infusion may be given in ℥i - IV.



or the Decoction in similar doses - & to each 
of these ʒi of the Tincture may be added. -
The Tinctures are simply used as bitters &
Tonics - either to add to the Inf. or Decoct or 
given with a view to prove a gentle stimulant
to the Stomach in Cases of Dyspepsia
The Extracts may be given in the form of 
pills or Bolus. - to the extent of ℈i -. -
But the powder of Bark - & the Sulphate
of Quinine in Doses gr ij - v. are the 
best modes of exhibition. -
Bark is a specific in Intermittents
in periodical pains. - The time of exhibition
is in the internal that is from 
the end of the hot to the return of the 
cold stage. It should be given every 3 or 
4th hour - & it will stop the fever. -
In Remittent fevers contain is requisite
that it is not given too early. The 
Tongue should be moist & the skin
relaxed moist & Cool. It has been
advised in Rheumatism - but does 
harm in the inflammatory stage.



The remaining watery extracts are those of 
Sarsaparilla. Logwood. Liquorice.
Sarsaparilla
Root of Smilax Sarsaparilla. Diaecia
Hexandria. = Smilaceæ. South America
United States. - 
The virtues of this root are demulcent
& slightly tonic. It has a mucilaginous
& bitter taste. - & owes any celebrity it 
acquired in Europe to the report of 
the Spaniards who brought it from 
South America about the middle 
of the 16th Century as a specific
in Syphilis. We have 3 formula
Decoction. Comp. Decoct & Extract.
The Decoction 4 ℥. macerated 6 hours in
o. IV Boiling water, & boiled down to 2 
pints. - Dose ℥ij - vi. - several times a 
day.
The Comp. Decoction. is made by boiling
4 pints of the simple Decoction with 
℥i. Sassafras. Guiac wood. & Liquorice
root & ʒiij Mezereon root. for 1/4 hour 
& straining. Dose ℥ij - vi. 3 times a day
It is demulcent & diaphoretic &
used in secondary Syphilis - cutaneous
diseases. It is the old Lisbon diet drink.



Extract Sarsaparillæ. 1 tt Root. 1 Gall Boiling
water. Boiled to 4 pints & strain. gr 20 - ʒi
It is of questionable utility.
The best is the Comp Decoction & the 
virtues of this depend on the diaphoresis
& the abstinence fr animal food & spirits
that are required with it in Syphilis. -
Ext. Hæmataxyli. - Logwood.
The wood of the Hæmataxylon Campechianum.  
10.1. Leguminosæ.
Honduras - Bay of Campeachy 
The heart wood of the Trunk is compact
bearing; red - & of a scentish astringent
taste. The colouring matter has been 
found to be a distinct principle
& called Hæmatin. - 
The Extract is the only officinal preparation.
1 tt- 1 Gallon Boiling water - boiled
to 4 pints - evaporate. -
It is astringent in chronic Diarrhea
gr x - ʒss. in cinnamon water. -
Ext. Liquorice. of Glycin biza Globra 
Diadelphia Decandria. Leguminosæ
south of Europe.
The Extract is demulcent in comps.
& used in Pharmacy to sweeten other 
medicines. It is imported of Spain 



in large roles - & purified in this Country
& sold in small quill pieces under the 
name of refined Liquorice. -
Liquorice according to Dr Thompson consists
of a mucilage - & Sarcocolla peculiar
principle - having a sweet taste with a 
slight degree of Bitterness, dissolving in 
the mouth like Gum, not crystallizable
The powder of Liquorice is sometimes
used to coat pills. -  
The Compound Extracts are of Rhubarb
& Jalap - in which water & spirit
are employed as menstura. - I have
already spoken of Colocynth - the 
Compound Extract of which is made
of several Ingredients. -
Rhubarb.
Rheum palmatum 9. 3. Polygoneæ.
This valuable root is probably obtained
from several species. R. palmatum. R. undulatum
& R. compactum. Pallas thinks for 
all these indiscriminately. - They are native
of China & Tartary, between 35. & 40 north latitude.
We have Turkey & Russian. East
Indian & Chinese - & English Rhubarb.
The former are all of Tartary or China, reaching 
us thro' different Channels. The English
is the growth of this Country. - 

The Turkey & Russian Rhubarb is esteemed the 
best because great attention is paid by order
of Government to its quality. A Russian Apothecary
receives it for the Bircharius at the 
town Kiachta on the frontiers - & all the bad
is burnt. It is in round pieces, perforated
with a hole. The Chinese is imported from
Canton. It is heavier, more compact & not 
perforated. - In this Country the R. palmatum
& undulatum are extensively cultivated
for the fetioles which afford an acid for 
tarts. The roots are 6 Years old before they 
are raised for drying. 25tt yield about 8tt
in water to separate a Gummy matter
which when present prevents them
being powdered.
Rhubarb consists of Gum 31
according to the Boude. Resin 10
Extract} 26
Tannin} 
Gallic Acid}
Phosphate 2
of Lime 
Malate of  6.5
Lime 
Woody fibre 16.3
water - 8.2/100.
Rhubarb also contains some volatile
principle on which its aroma depends
& some chemists assert oxalic Acid. combined
with Lime. -
Rhubarb is one of the most mild & effective 

Cathartics that are possess, combining a degree
of astringency with its aperient quality.
It is, sometimes used in small doses as an 
astringent or Tonic. Combined with Calomal
it is an advisable purgative in Fevers.
Alone it is the best laxative for children
The dose varies from gr x - ʒss. The best form
is the powder. ℈j -  ʒss - for an adult - either
made into pills with Ginger, or into an electuary
with treacle. - It often imparts its 
colour to the urine. -
We have officinal,
Infusion Rhei.  ʒi. macerated 2 hours in oss of 
hot water. It is principally used as a tonic
℥i - ℥ij. -
Tincture. ℥ij. Rhub. ℥ss Cardamon. ʒij Crocislig may
macerated 14 days in 2 pints proof spirit
It is tonic &c. added to the Infus. ʒi - ℥ss. 
[cross out]
Tinctura Rhei Campor ℥ih Rh. with ℥ss Lig root
ʒij Ginger. & Saffron. macerated 14 days. in oj of 
Proof spirit. & 12 of ℥ of water. It is tonic &
used in some doses as the Tincture.
Extract. 1 tt of Rh. macerated 4 days in oj Proof spirit
& 7 pints of water with a gentle heat. let 
the dry subside. pour off & strain & evaporate.
This is not a good form of exhibition
for the volatile fragrant is dissipated.
It is best as vehicle for other 
cathartics made into pills. Dose gr x - ʒss.

Jalap. - root of 
Convolvulus Jalapa. 5. 1. Convolvuloceæ.
native of X alapa. in mexico - vera cruz. -
It is a perennial climbing plant - with a 
very large root. brought to Europe in the form 
of slices or pieces with a blackish [illegible]
bark or small roots. - It is supposed to be the same as the 
Ipomoea macrorhiza of Georgia, except that
Dr Baldwin reports that plant to be inert.
Pursh hameon conceives the 2 plants to be 
the same, as he found the C. Jalapa raised
by seeds by Mr Lambert. of Mexico, was 
the same in all respects. The root is sometimes
50 tt in weight, Mr Elliot conceives
either that Botanists have mistaken the 
plant of Sinnaes - or that Climate has 
destroyed its active properties. -
Jalap has a faint disagreeable smell
& a sweetish unpleasant taste, with a 
sense of pungency remaining behind. It 
is often eaten by an insect. It consists of
Gummy extract. resin. starch. Gluten 
[illegible] fibre. with Phosphates, muriates
& carbonates of Leni potash & magnesia
The resin which amounts to 10 p~ct is 
supposed to be the active ingredient &
was formerly obtained in a separate
state.
Jalap is an active cathartic, often producing 
griping, & sometimes. nausea. It 
is cheap and used principally as a common
purge in fevers among the poor, - & as a 
hydrogen in Dropsy. The powder is 

The best form. ℈j - ℈ij. - 10 grs with with 6.
or 10 grs of Calomel - - or 10 grs with ℈j of Supertartrate
of Potash in dropsy. - worms. -
We have officinal 
Tincture. ℥ 8. macerated 14 days in spirits proof
spirit. ℥i - ℥ss. as an adjunct to cathartic
droughts.
Extract. 1 tt. macerated 4 daus in 4 pints rectified
spirit. pour off the Tincture - & bout the 
residue in 1 gallon of water down to 2 pints.
Strain the Tincture & decoction separately.
distill the Tincture - & evaporate the decoction
till each goes thick. then mix the 
resin & the extract. & evaporate to a proper
consistence. It is to be kept hard for powder
& soft for pills. Dose gr x - xx. -
It is apt to gripe. -
Jalap also enters into Pulvis Scam. Compositus.
made of 4 parts Jalap & Scammony
& 1 part ginger. - The powder bearing
this name in E. Phar. consists of 
equal parts Scammony & Supertartrate
of Potash. - 

There are 2 Extracts in the lists of the Materia
Medica, possessed of highly astringent
qualities, viz Kino & Catechu
Kino 
is obtained of the Pterocarpus erinacea
of Africa. - There are several [varie?]
of the Drug, besides the African, the 
most common of which is that for 
Jamaica, said to be the powder of 
the Coccoloba uvifera of America (
West Indies?). The Botany Bay Kino
is for the Eucalyptus resinefera -
& that from Amboyna (The East India
Kino) from a plant not described
The Jamaica variety is in small black
grains a fragments of an astringent &
bitter taste. The constituents of 
Kino are Tannin & Extractive matter
& its use in Medicine is as an Astringent.
in dose of gr x - xxx. The best 
solvent is dilute Alkohol - & the 
Tincture is officinal dose ʒi - ʒij

Catechu
is for the Acacia Catechu of India
formerly the Terra Japonica or Japan earth
It an extract from the heart-wood of 
the Trunk, which is cut into chips
boiled - & the decoction evaporated. -
There is a pale & dark variety - the butter
having a more austere astringent taste.
This drug is prepared to Kino & as it contains
principally tannin (1/2 its weight)
& 35 p~ct of Extractive matter, it may 
be substituted for it in practice.
It is useful as an Astringent in 
cases of protracted looseness, in those 
chronic discharges of a [cross out] passive kind
that have no increased vascular
action, or do not depend on the presence
of an irritating cause, whether
existing in the bowels - uterus or urethra -
Cases of this kind [illegible] - are rare
& astringents are much lessened than
formerly. The dose is gr x - xx of the 
powder. We have [cross out] comp Infusion &
Tincture. 
The Infusion is made with Cinnamon &
may be given in ℥iv - ℥iji - 

The Tincture is also made with Cinnamon -
& is added to other astringent remedies
as the Infus. & the mist. Cretæ.
As a local astringent it is useful in 
spongy greens. & the Infus. may be 
used as a frequent wash to the mouth
in these cases - or a tooth powder
made with ʒi of the Catechu - &
Cinchnia Bark - & about ℈j of 
Powdered myrrh. -

Medicinal effects of Extracts
Narcotic & sedative. 
Opium. - Poppy. Henbane. Lettuce. Hops
Hemlock. Belladonna. Stramonium
Aconite.
Purgative.
Elaterium. Aloes. Coloynth. Dandelion
Henbane. Rhubarb. Jalap.
Tonic. 
Cinchona. Chamomile. Gentian.
Astringent. Logwood. Catechu. Kino.
Demulcent. Liquorice. Sarsaparilla.
Diaphoretic. Sarsaparilla
Duiretic. - Dandelion. -
End of Lecture 21.



Lecture XXII. & XXIII.
Spirit. -
Ardent spirit or Alcohol is not an 
ingredient of vegetables - but a product
resulting from their spontaneous decomposition. - 
During vegetation the proximate principles
of plants go thro' a regular set 
of changes - thus in the young plant what
was mucilage assumes in the old the 
properties of starch, & what in the 
unripe fruit is acid becomes in the 
mature or ripe fruit sugar. This tendency
in the constituents of plants
to change, arising from the mutual
reaction of their ultimate principles
is not confined to the living state, but 
is greater in vegetable matter under
favourable in circumstances, when
separated from the living plant. -
It is this change in vegetable matter
when separated from the plant,
or in the plant itself, tending to decay
or death that is denominated spontaneous



spontaneous decomposition. During this decomposition
the ultimate principles of vegetables 
unite together in a different manner
from that in which they were formerly
united, & thus form a new set 
of compounds. - The plant - & the proximate
principles which composed it die,
or are destroyed but as matter is indestructible,
it assumes new forms, capable
of fulfilling other functions. - The 
specific gravity of the new compounds
is always less than that of the old. -
Some of them fly off in the state of 
gas, whence the odour that is emitted
during the series of changes they undergo
when the odour is offensive the spontaneous
decomposition is termed putrefaction,
but when the odour is not offensive
& the new products are applied 
to useful purposes, as to the acts or 
the food of man, it is termed fermentation. -
Fermentation never takes 
place unless the vegetable substances
contain a part of water, & are
exposed to air, at a temperature above
the freezing point. - It takes place
most readily when several proximate



are mixed together, as when gluten is added
to a solution of sugar in water. The liquid
soon runs into vinegar, or in certain cases
to Alkohol & vinegar. But the phenomena
of fermentation do not appear in 
their greatest perfection in our artificial
mixture of proximate principles. The
sap of trees, the juices of fruits, the decoction
of leaves & seeds, in all of which there is 
an admixture of several principles
exhibit the finest specimens of fermentations.
It is from these natural
combinations that we obtain all the 
products of fermentation which mankind 
have applied to useful purposes,
as Beers - wines, vinegar - bread,
indigo &c.
We have different kinds of fermentation
differently named, from the products
which result from them. -
Faurcray admits of 5 kinds.
The saccharine - which forms sugar
The various which affords Alcohol.
The Acetous - which affords vinegar.
The Colouring, which affords Indigo, from 
the maceration of the Indigo plant.
The putrefactive which affords products
useful in Agriculture. -



Some writers have made a 6th - viz the 
Pomary, or that which takes place in the 
making of bread, but this is generally supposed 
to be a variety or modification
of the Acetous. - During the process of 
this fermentation Carbonic Acid is liberally
disengaged, the escape of which 
separates the dough, & renders the mass
porous & light. - There is an evident
tendency to acidity in fermented bread,
whence the objection to its use in cases 
of Dyspepsia - & the preference given
to the hard crackers or biscuit, which have been
less fermented - & are therefore less
liable to generate acidity in the 
stomach. - 
Vinous fermentation.
under this head is comprehended in 2 
species of fermentation which terminates
in the formation of an intoxicating
liquid, These Liquids are numerous,
& are obtained from the Decoctions
of Seeds - & from the juices
of plants. The first furnishes us 
with Beers - & the last with Wines. 



Beer has been known - fr the most remote
ages - The Greeks ascribe the invention
to the Egyptians. It is made from every
species of corn. In Europe it is made 
usually from Barley - in India from 
rice - & in Africa from the Holcus
spicatus. - Park speaks of the African
Beer as an excellent Beverage - & Durham
in his late travels describes it as we
may [inferr???] to that in use in this 
Country.. -
You are all familiar with the process
of Brewing Beer in this Country. Barley
in its natural state is unsuitable
for making good beer & it is first converted
into malt - which term
is applied to the grain, which has been
made to germinate artificially to 
a certain extent, & the process of germination
is then stopped by the application
of heat. - The process of malting consists 
in steeping the Barley in cold water
not less than 40 hours. The grain swells,
is then spread upon the floor in a heap about 
16 Inches deep, remains about 26 hours,
It is then turned twice a day, & spread
out in thinner layers, it absorbs oxygen,
becomes hot & moist, or as it is   



termed it sweats, & at this period germination
takes place, indicated by the sprouting
of the little radicles, & the rudiment
of the stem. As the latter shoots along the
grain the mealy part of the seed undergoes
a considerable change. The glutinous
& mucilaginous matter is taken up, the 
colour becomes white, & the texture so
loose that it crumbles to powder between
the fingers. It is to produce this change
that the process of malting is instituted.
As soon as it has taken place a heat 
of 90° - 140° is applied, germination ceases
& the malt is cleansed, by separating
the radicles which are injurious. During
the process the Barley loses about 12 p~ct 
of watery particles-& aboout 8p~Ct
other principles - viz the radicles - & Carbon,
which last uniting with the 
oxygen of the air flies off in the form
of Carbonic Acid. The glutinous &
mucilaginous parts of the seeds disappear
by forming the radicles, & the starch
is converted into sugar, for it acquires
a sweetish taste, & forms a transparent
solution in hot water. The malt thus 
formed is ground in a mill, infused
in hot water, forming what is called
the wort, which is a brown liquid 



of a sweet taste & peculiar smell, & perfectly
transparent, consisting of water holding
the soluble part of the malt in solution.
viz saccharine matter (the largest in 
amount) starch. a compound of Gluten
& Tannin - & Mucilage. - The wort is then
boiled with about 1/40th of the weight of 
hops, in order to communicate a peculiar 
flavour, to cover the sweetness
of the wort by the bitter principle, existing
in the hops, & to counteract the tendency
which the wort has to run
into acidity. - The liquid is then cooled
& fermented, & to excite a speedy fermentation
yeast is added. During the 
fermentation Carbonic Acid is evolved.
The Yeast appears to act upon the saccharine
matter which is decomposed, &
the Yeast undergoes a partial decomposition
of itself. The sp. gr of the wort
is diminished - & its properties are changed
being converted into the intoxicating
beverage called Ale. - which contains
about 7 p~ct of Alcohol. of a sp. g. 825.
The essential Constituent of Yeast
is a modification of Gluten, differing
in several respects for the pure gluten
of what. When mixed with the 



wort, this gluten acts on the Saccharine matter
the temperature rises, Carbonic acid is 
disengaged & the saccharine matter is 
converted into Ale. The yeast soon abuts
on the top of the liquid. - As the amount
of yeast employed is small, (about 1
gallon to every 3 barrels of wort) the saccharine
matter is but imperfectly decomposed,
Lever a considerable portion
of it remains unaltered in the Ale, & gives
that glutinous body to the Ale for which
it is so remarkable. The sp. gr of the Ale 
varies according to the original strength
of the wort & the extent to which the 
fermentation has been carried. -
Ale being intended as an article of food
is made to possess those properties
which will make it most palatable,
& therefore the fermentation is not carried
to the extent of the decomposition
of all the saccharine matter in 
the wort. The existence of this saccharine
matter in the Ale, gives it a 
nutritious & agreeable quality, which 
the amount of Alcohol is so small 
as to admit of the free use of the 



beverage without inducing intoxication,
unless the use of it is excessive. -
But another species of Ale is brewed
by distillers for the purpose of procuring
from it ardent spirits or Alcohol
by a Subsequent process. - They follow
in several respects a different method,
& carry the fermentation to as great a 
length as possible, because the amount 
of spirit is proportional to the saccharine
matter decomposed. -
The distillers do not brew from pure
malt, but chiefly for the raw grain
using a proportion of malt, varying
for 1/3 to 1/10 of the grain employed. They 
grind to meal - infuse in water of a 
lower temperature - & mix it by frequent
agitation. The wort is not transparent
but is sweet. It is fermented & mixed
with the best yeast that can be procured,
& the fermentation is carried on
for 10 days. its success [depending] being
estimated by the loss of sp. gr. in the liquid.
This liquid is termed wash, It is then 
subjected to distillation, & the first 
product is concentrated by a second



distillation, affording Alcohol. or Ardent
spirits. -
Beer is the common denomination of malt
liquors. It is the wine of grain. The various
qualities of these malt liquors, giving rise
to different names, depend upon the 
different modes of their preparation.
We have 3 varieties in common use 
as beverages - & 1 only used for the purposes
of distilling spirit from it. - These
varieties are Ale - small Beer - Porter
& wash. - Ale is of a glutinous consistence,
retaining a large portion of undecomposed
saccharine matter, in consequence 
of the fermentation not being 
complete. - Small Beer is a weaker
liquor, & is made either by adding a 
larger portion of water to the malt,
or by adding a fresh quantity of water to the malt
after the Ale has been drawn off. -
Porter was originally made from high 
dried malt, which gave it its peculiar
flavour, but it has became a more 
compound liquid by the addition of many 
ingredients put in to impart flavour
to it. - Wash is a strong, fine & thin 



liquor, the greater part of the saccharine
matter having been decomposed by a larger 
fermentation, & thus converted into spirit.
In a medicinal point of view fresh 
small Beer is the best stimulant
in the advanced stages of fevers, when 
collapse has come on. By giving about 
a wine glass full 2 or 3 times a day the 
strength is improved & the bitter flavour
has a tonic effect. It is far preferable 
to wine, which given in the 
exhausted state of such patients frequently
rekindles fever, with thirst, restlessness,
head ache &c. - It is generally
grateful to the palate, but should
be fresh & brisk. -
The liquids I have spoken of under the 
general denomination of Beer, you
will understand are obtained from the 
decoction of the seeds of plants - & that 
Alcohol or ardent spirits are the 
product of the distillation of the fully
fermented decoction of these seeds. -
Now from the juices of plants 



we obtain what are called wines, & from
these wines we distill also a spirit possessed
of peculiar properties, - differ. as Brandy. Rum. differing as the Sauces
many ripe fruits afford a sweet subacid
liquor from which wines are made. In
this Country for instance we have the
gooseberry - & the Currant &c. but the 
most valuable fruit is the Grape, grown
in the Southern parts of Europe - Medeira
& the Cape of Good Hope. 
From ripe grapes a juice is expressed of a 
sweet taste, to which the name of must
has been given, consisting of water - sugar
jelly - gluten & supertartrate of Potash.
When must is exposed to a temperature above
70° the different ingredients begin to act
upon each other & fermentation takes place.
The phenomena are similar to those that 
occur in the fermentation of wort. An intestine
motion in the liquid takes place, it
becomes thick, its temperature increases
& carbonic Acid is evolved. In a few 
days the fermentation ceases, the thick 
part subsides to the bottom, or rises
to the surface, the liquid becomes clear
it has lost its saccharine taste & has 
assumed a new one, its sp. gr. is less, & 



it has become wine. 
This fermentation takes place without any
addition of yeast, & the requisite principle
of fermentation is therefore present
in the juice. - This principle is the gluten
which exists in the must. It is found
in the [cross out] membrane which forms the 
cells of the grape - while the saccharine
matter is contained in the cells themselves.
The formation of wine therefore depends on 
the action of this glutinous matter or the 
saccharine substance of the juice, as happens 
in the fermentation of Ale.
All the juices of the fruits which undergo the 
various fermentation contain an Acid , & if
Tartar be separated fr must it will not 
ferment. The acid therefore is of importance
in these spontaneous fermentations. -
After the fermentation has ceased the wine
is put into Casks, where the remainder
of the saccharine matter is decomposed
by a slow fermentation, after which the 
wine is drawn off the extractive matter
& bottled. 
The properties of wine differ
according to the nature of the grape from 
which the must is extracted, & to the process
of making the wine. But all wines 



contain more or less of water. an Acid. Alcohol.
Extractive matter - volatile oil.
& colouring matter. -
All wines redden turnsale paper - & therefore
contain an acid. The acids are malic. citric
& Tartaric. Frothing wines, which ferment
slowly, & which are bottled before the 
fermentation has ceased contain Carbonic
Acid, to which they were their briskness.
as champagne. -
Alcohol 825° exists in different proportions in 
different wines. In port for 19 to 25 p~ct - In 
Madeira for 19 to 24 - In sherry for 18 - 20 -
In claret for 12 - 16. Champagne 11 - 12 -
Raisin wine 23 p~ct. Currant 20. Gooseberry
11. Elder wine 10. -
When wine is distilled the Alcohol rises
& the spirit thus obtained is called Brandy
Extractive matter is most abundant in 
new wines, & diminishes as the age of the 
wine is greater, being gradually deposited.
The volatile oil probably gives the peculiarity
of flavour to wines, but it is so small
in quantity as not to be separated. -
The Colouring matter originally exists in 



the husk of the grape, & may be precipitated
by adding lime water to the wine. It sometimes
is deposited in old wines. -
Wine is the common denomination of 
the liquor obtained for the grape - currant
gooseberry - strawberry &c but all the intoxicating 
liquor obtained fr the juices of 
vegetables properly came under the denomination -
as cider for Apples which contains 
about 9 p~ of Alcohol - Perry from 
Pears - which has a similar amount
of spirit. -
The milk of Animals is also capable of 
undergoing the vinous fermentation &
yielding a liquid like wine or beer, from 
which Alcohol may be separated
by distillation. - All that is requisite is to 
let the milk became sour, & to place it 
in a proper temperature - It ferments - Carbonic
Acid is evolved & the intoxicating liquor
is formed. In this way the Tartars obtain
their Koumiss from mares milk - like
wine. It is also obtained in the orkney &
Shetland Isles. - 



Ardent Spirits, Alcohol or Spirits of wine
You will recollect its obtained by distilling
fermented liquors. The distillation is 
not essential to its formation, for it 
already exists in the fermented liquors,
& therefore fermentation is alone essential
to its formation. The process of 
distillation is however necessary to obtain
the Alcohol pure, that is free
from the admixture of other substances
which exist with it in fermented
liquors. When these liquors are boiled
in a still, the first portion that comes
over is Alcohol, which from its volatility
rises with a portion of water.
The spirit so obtained is variously 
denominated according to the nature
of the fermented liquor distilled. Thus 
Brandy is distilled from wine. Rum 
from the fermented juice of the sugar 
cane, whisky & gin from the fermented
juice of malt or grain, the latter being 
flavoured, at least in Holland with 
the oil of Juniper berries. These spirits
all agree in 2 ingredients, common 
to them all, viz water & pure spirit or 



Alcohol, & they differ in the oil or resin
to which each wines its peculiar flavour
& colour. -
When the first product of distillation is 
redistilled, the first portion that comes over
is a light transparent liquid, Known in 
commerce by the name of Rectified
spirits, & sold under the denomination
of Alcohol or spirit of wine. It is not 
absolutely pure spirit, for it still contains
a portion of water. Part of the water
may be separated by dissolving in the Spirit
a quantity of warm dry Subcarbonate of 
Potash, which has a strong attraction
for the water, dissolves in it & sinks to the 
bottom, while the Alcohol swims upon  
its surface & may be decanted off. - It then 
has a sp. gr of .821 - but still it contains
water. If it be mixed, in this state
of concentration, with warm muriate
of Lerve previously heated to redness &
pulverised, & thus redistilled, the spirit
comes over of a sp. gr: 792 at the temperature
of 68: In this state it is absolute 
or pure Alcohol, as no method
Known can deprive it of more water. - 



when the sp. gr is higher than '792 the Alcohol
is more or less mixed with water. -
The Alcohol of common, or Rectified
spirit has a sp. gr of '835. - & proof spirit
of '930. -
You will recollect that the term Alcohol
is applicable to the pure spirit
in its highest state of concentration - that 
when it is diluted with a small quantity
of water, it is called Rectified spirit
& when more largely diluted, Proof
Spirit. -
The Alkohol of the Phara contains a 
portion of water, for it has a sp gr of 
815. This is obtained by distilling the Alkohol
off of Rectified spirit & dry
hot subcarbonate of Potash. -
The Rectified Spirit of the M. Medica
has a sp. gr. of 835. - & Proof spirit '930
Alkohol. sp. '815 Alkohol. (796.) -93
water 7
Rectified Spirit. '835 - Alkohol. (796.) 85
water - 15
Proof spirit. '930. - Alkohol - (796) 44
water - 56
Alcohol is Composed of 
2 Atoms Carbon - 52.17.
1 - " - oxygen 34.79
3 -" Hydrogen. 13.04/100 -



Alcohol is colourless like water of an agreeable
smell & taste. celebrated in its various
modifications for its intoxicating quality.
It is always fluid, under the greatest degree
of cold Known - 91. - It is volatile. It boils at 
173./2 when of a sp. gr of 800. In a vacuum
it boils at 56° so that were it not for the 
pressure of the Atmosphere it would
exist in the form of an elastic fluid
as invisible as common air. It has a 
strong affinity for water & is miscible
with it in all proportions. The specific
gravity of the mixture is greater than 
the mean of the 2 liquids, so that there
is a mutual penetration, indicated
by the mixture occupying less space
than the water & Alkohol do separately.
It is highly inflammable
& the products of the combustion are
water & Carbonic Acid, the quantity
of the former exceeding the weight of 
the Alkohol burned. - 100 parts of Alkohol
when burned yield 132 parts
of water.
Alkohol in its separate state was apparently
not known to the Greeks or 
Romans, & tho' intoxicating liquids
were in use for the earliest ages, these



were not probably subjected to distillation
before the time of the Alchemists. The 
Scriptures in form us that Nash planted
a vineyard & drank wine. Beer was in 
common use among the Egyptians in the 
time of Herodatus - & Tacitus mentions
it was drunk by the Germans. Alcohol
which is distilled fr these fermented liquors
is first described by Arnold de villa
Nona, who was born about the end 
of the 13th century. He was Professer
of medicine at Montpellier, & ei celebrated 
as being the first who formed 
Tinctures, & introduced them into medicine
Alcohol is of great importance in 
Pharmacy as the Solvent of 
We have 4 officinal compounds of Alkohol. -
(Spirits. Tinctures - wines - &
Ethers. -) In these, which include 68
preparations, Rectified & Proof Spirit
are used - 39 are made with proof spirit
& 29 with Rectified spirit - tho' water
is frequently added to many of them.
Wine is no longer employed & the 
preparations denominated wines are 
weak Tinctures. - 



Under the head of Spiritus or Spirits with
Pharmacopeia we have 5. different preparations -
viz
1. Spiritus rectificatus. rectified spirit} In
" tenerior - proof spirit.} Pharmacy 
2. Spiritus ætheris Sulphuric} compound of 
" - " - " compositus} Ether. - To be noticed
" - " aromaticus} under the head of Ether
" - " Nitrici -}
3. Spiritus Ammonia} solutions of Ammonia.
" - " aromaticus} already spoken of.
" - " fœtiducs}
" - " Succinatus}
4. Spiritus Calchici ammoniatus.
5. Spiritus Anisi
" Armoraciæ compositus
" Carni
" Cinnamoni -
" Juniperi compositus
" Lauandulæ
" - " compositus
" Menthae piperitæ
" - " Pulegii.
" Myristicæ
" Purieutæ
" Rosmarini
" Camphoræ. - 25
With the exception of Sp. Calchici ammon.
& sp. Camphoræ - (these are solutions of 
volatile oils in rectified a proof spirit



& obtained by distillation - except. Sp. Lauandulæ
compositus. - The virtues are indicated
by the Substance Affording the oil, & they 
are used as Stimulants - & Carminatives.
in doses varying for I - IV ʒ.
Sp. Juniper compositus is diuretic.
Sp. Camphoræ. is a Tincture. made by dissolving
4 ℥ Camphor in 2 pints Rect. - spirit.
Spiritus Calchici Ammoniatus. is a solution
of the active principle of seeds of Calchicum
in Aromatic spirit of Ammonia. - It is 
not a good preparation - These seeds are 
for the Calchium Autumnale or Meadum
saffron, 6.3. Calchiaceæ. indigenous. -
This interesting plant has attracted much
attention for the profession of late Years
in consequence of the efficacy of the 
Eau medicinale in gout. which has been
proved to be a wine of Calchicum made
by macerating 2 ℥ of the root in 4 ℥ Spanish
white wine. -
The Bulb & seeds are officinal & we 
have the 
verium Calchici. 1 tt fresh bulb mac. 14 days in 4 ℥ Sp. ten & 8 ℥ dist. water -
Acetum " 1 ℥ fresh bulb mac. 3 days in oj Oil. Acetic Ac. & add 1 ℥ [pi??]
Sp. Col. Ammoniatus. 2 ℥ seeds mac. 14 days oj. Sp. Am. Arom.
Dose of ale ʒss - ʒi. -
The 2 first preparations are objectionable on 



account of the fresh bulb being employed
& the latter on account of the Ammonia
which is a stimulant, while the virtues
of Calchicum are sedative. -
The best mode of exhibiting Calchicum
is the powder of the dry bulb - & a Tincture
of the seeds. - The habits of this plant are 
peculiar. The leaves appear in April - the
flower in September - & the seeds in the following
June are ripe. When the seeds are 
ripe & the leaves begin to wither, which 
is usually late in June, the bulb possesses
its greatest medicinal virtue, for early
in August, a lateral offset appears, which 
in vanished by the parent bulb. -
The bulb should be gathered at the last 
of June or beginning of July - the dry brown
envelope removed the bulb sliced &
dried - at a heat not exceeding 170°. - &
kept in glass vessels in a dry situation.
The dose of the powder of iij. vjj gr. -
a Tincture of the seeds may be evade by 
macerating 2 ℥ in oj of Proof spirit 10 or 14 days.
or of the Bulb dried & sliced 8 ℥ in oj. the
same time. The dose of these ʒss - ʒi. - in
water with ʒi of Sulphate Magnesia.



The virtues of Colchium depend on the 
pressure of a peculiar proximate principle
termed (veratrine - or venatria, found in 
the veratrum album. It exists in combination
with Gallic Acid. -
Colchium is an acrid narcotic & must
be exhibited with Caution. Its medicinal
properties are peculiar. It is diaphoretic
cathartic, & possessed of singular sedative
powers, indicated by the cessation of pain
& the Subsidence of inflammatory symptoms.
It is of singular efficacy in gout
rheumatism & inflammatory affections
generally, frequently rendering the use 
of the lancet unnecessary in the latter
affections - as croup - bronchitis - &c. -
If it excite nausea the medicine must 
be withdrawn. The deposit for the Tincture
is carefully to the avoided as it has proved
highly deleterious -
End of Lecture 22



Lecture 23. -
Tinctures & wines
are solutions of medical Substances in 
rectified or proof spirit, or in diluted
proof spirit - or in Spirituous solutions
of Ammonia. - Wines may [illegible] be
regarded as weak Tinctures, as white
wine is no longer used as a solvent
but instead of it Proof Spirit is substituted
diluted with 1 or 2 parts of 
water.-
The medical substances held in solution,
by the Spirit in Tinctures & wines,
are generally vegetable substances, but 
in [cross out] 4 Instances they are mineral, as 
in the verium Ferri - & the Tinctura
Ferri Ammoniati & Tinctura Ferri
muriatis. - & the verium Antrinonii
Tartarizati.
In 2 others they are animal Substances
as Tinctura Cantharidis & Castorei. -
In one the Tincture of Myrrh is the 
solvent - as T. Aloes composita.
And in 3 others the Aromatic Spirit of 
Ammonia is the solvent. as Tinctura
Cinchona Ammoniata - T. Guaiaci
Ammoniata - & T. valerianæ Ammoniata.



The officinal Tinctures are 
Narcotic.
Tinctura opii
verium opii
T. camphoræ composita
T. Hyoscyami
T. Humuli.
Diuretic.
Tinctura Digitalis sedative
" Scillæ - expectorant.
verium Colchici - sedative.
" veratri -
T. canthardis -
Emetic.
verium Ipecacuanhæ
" Ant. Tartarizati
Astringent.
Tinctura Kino
" Catechu.
Purgative.
Tinctura Aloes
" - " composita
verium Aloes.
Tinctura Jalapae
" Rhei.
" - " composita
" Sennae.
" Hellebori nigri.
Diaphoretic. -
Tinctura Guaiaci 
" - " Ammoniata
" Serpentariæ



Antispasmodic.
Tinctura Assafœtidæ
" Costorci
" valerianæ
" - " Ammoniata
Tonic. -
Tinctura Merantii
" Gentianæ
" Calumbæ
" Cascarilla
" Cinchonæ 
" - " composita
" Cinnamomi 
" Ferri muriatis
" - " Ammoniati
Verium Ferri. -
Stimulants. -
Tinctura Capsici.
" Cardamomi
" - " composita
" Cinchonœ Ammoniata
" Cinnamomi composita.
" Zingiberis. -
Externally applied -
T. Benzoini Composita
" Cantharidis
" myrrhæ
" opii. - 47.



The advantage of Tinctures own other preparations
is that Ether and of spirit we obtain
solutions of some proximate principles
which are in soluble in other menstrua
or resins - gum resins - volatile oils &c - &
that the solution so obtained is not liable
to decomposition, except for the agency of 
light, whence all Tinctures should be 
kept in the dark. The inconvenience of 
their use is that the menstruum itself is 
too powerful in its effects on the body
to be taken in large quantity, whence only 
these Tinctures are really valuable
which in a small dose contain a 
sufficient [cross out] amount of some powerful
medicine, as to prove active of itself
while the amount of spirit, in which 
it is dissolved, is too small to exert
any influence on the body. such as 
the Tincture of opium. Hyoscyamus
Digitalis. verium Colchici - v. Ant. Tartarizati -
Ipecacuanhœ. - &c - The active
ingredients in these Tinctures prevents
the abuse of them, but it is not so 
with those which possess no active
qualities, & the abuse of these spirituous
Solutions of bitter & aromatic
substances has in many cases led
the way to habits of Intoxication. 



You should not induce any tendancy to 
these habits by recommending the use 
of Tinctures, for patients generally place
a ligated reliance on the judgment
of medical men. & a firm faith in 
the efficacy of drugs, & when these 
are made so palatable as many of 
the Tinctures are, they resort to their
use instinctively, & unadvisedly, &
finding a stimulus from them in 
many conditions of the body, they unavoidably
became drunkards. This 
is unhappily the case with both 
sexes, & the wretchedness that ensues
is often attributable to the erroneous
judgement of medical men. -
It is not easy to classify the various
Tinctures according to the effects they 
produce, but in conformity to 
the usual mode of classification
they are Narcotic. & Sedative. Diuretic
Emetic. Astringent. Purgative. Diaphoretic -
Antispasmodic. Tonic. & Stimulant -
& some are only externally
applied. 



of the Narcotic, the Tincture & wine of Opium
& the Tincture of Hyoscyamus in the most important. -
The Tincture of Digitalis & the wine of Colchicum
are sedative - but these - with the 
Tincture of Squills & Cantharides & veratrum
are Diuretic. - Colchicum is also parncefully 
diaphoretic - purgative & emetic. -
Digitalis - the leaves & seeds of D. purpurea
Didynamia Angiospermia: Personatæ.
indigenous. Foxglove. - The leaves are only 
used & the officinal preparations are the 
Infusion & Tincture. - The Powder also is in 
use tho' the Para'' does not order the preparation
of powders. The leaves should be gathered 
in July. - They have a nauseous
bitterish taste, & contain extractive &
a pea gum, resinous matter - Latter by a 
peculiar proximate principle has been 
detected in them, analogous to the 
other Alkoloids. - Water & Alkohol
are the best Solvents - but boiling
[in??ures] the medicinal virtues of the 
plant - & we have therefore no decoction
Digitalis is considered as a sedative
that is it diminishes the face & frequency
of the hearts, action, reducing the 
pulse sometimes to 40. - It evasions
a remarkable prostration of strength
nausea - faintness, often vomiting & 



frequent stools - Its use is to reduce the 
worts action & to occasion diaresis. -
whence its employment in diseases of inflammation,
& dropsy. Its use in Phthisis 
is now less general, but in the commencement
of that disease primary to the 
development of tubercles & the expectoration
of pus, when conjoined with rest & a 
bland diet it is of use in reducing the 
frequency of the pulse. In confirmed phthisis
it can be no avail - In Dropsy it is 
more used, especially in Anasarca & 
Hydrothorax but it often can only operate
as a palliative as this disease too 
frequently depends on organic affections.
Still as a palliative it is useful by 
removing the accumulation of serous  
fluid. - Its modus operandi is perhaps
arresting the diseased action by which
the fluid is accumulated, & thus allowing
the absorption of that already effused.
The Dose of the powder is 1 gr - cautiously
increasing - of the Tinct. 10 -15 ♏︎
& of the Infusion ℥ss. - The Tincture is 
perhaps the best form - as it soonest
acts - The powder is apt to accumulate
of the pulse is affected - if nausea - vertigo 



came on it must be instantly stopped.
If the symptoms are urgent Brandy & opium
are the best antidotes, but if inflammation
is induced bleeding - leeches & blisters.
The patient should be visited repeatedly
each day - lest symptoms of an alarming
Character come on & proceed to a 
dangerous extent. - Sudden death fr 
motion often takes place. -
Squill
Scilla maritima. 6.1. Liliaceæ. Spain
& north of Africa - & Levant. - (Bulb).
The bulb of squill is large, abounding in 
a white viscid juice, of a bitter acrid taste
& when applied to the skin acting as a 
vesicant. It comes in the form of dried
scales. It consists of  Gum - 6
Tannin - 24
sugar - 6
woody fibre - 30
Scillitin - 35
Scillitin is volatile, as it exists in the 
recent bulb & the virtues of the drug
are impaired by being dried at two quart -
heat - or kept long in powder. - Allcohol
& vinegar dissolve its active properties. -
Squill in large doses is emetic & cathartic,
but it is rarely used for these effects.
It is principally employed as a diuretic

& expectorant. - It is best given with Calomel 
as a diuretic - & in small doses as an expectorant,
operating generally by its nauseating
effect, Its affects are too stimulating
to be given in cases of inflammation
of the lungs, but in chronic Bronchitis
as in some forms of Asthma it is of use 
combined with Ext Hyoscyamus - or Opium
The Powder is the best form of exhibition
in dose of 1 - 2 - gr cautiously increasing
made into pills - with Ext. Hyos. opium
mercury. Besides this we have officinal
Acetum Scillæ. 1 tt dried root. macd. in a close glass
vessels in [cross out] Acid Acit. dilut o.vi: 24 hours. strain & add off. pro of sp.
dose ʒss - ʒij. in aromatic water.
Oxyrnel Scillæ. Acet. Scillae oij. boiled with Clarified
honey 3 tt to proper consistence. Expectorant ʒss - ʒij.
Pilulae Scillæ comp. ʒi of pound. root. - Ginger & Soap ʒiij
Ammoniacum ʒij. made into a pill mass. - gr x. = 1 gr of Squill
Dose gr x - xx. -
Tinct Scillæ. ℥IV of dried root mac? 14 days in oij proof sp.
♏︎ x - xxx. -
veratrum
root of veratrum album. 6.3. Colchicaceæ
Switzerland. Germany. - (white Hellebore.)
The root contains veratria - like Colchicum;
& is powerfully Cathartic & emetic. occasioning
in a large dose bloody stools & death. It has 
been used as an Errhine with starch. - It is                            

rarely used in any form. We have officinal
Decoctum veratri. ℥j root - boiled in oij water
to spirit. strained - & when cold add ℥ij rect. spiris
It is used as a lotion in cutaneous eruptions.
Ung. veratri. ℥ij powdered root. mixed with ℥ 8 lard
& 20 ♏︎ oil of Lemons. - in Scabies &c -
verium veratri. 8 ℥ root macd 14 days in oj. proof spirit
& oiss water. - [illegible] V - X. cathartic & emetic. -
This like the Colchium contains veratria
the active principle in Eau medicinale. - I have 
no experiance of its use in Gout or rheumatism.
It exists as Gallate of veratria. -
Cantharidis. -
Cantharis vesicatoria. Spanish fly is found 
in Spain Italy & the Southern parts of 
Europe, inhabiting the Ash. Elder. Lilack
They are of a shining greenish gold colour
They are collected in a cloth held under
the tree, which is shaken, & the fly is killed
by the fumes of vinegar or Sulphur. & dried
in the sun or by a stone. They contain
a peculiar acrid principle. Cantharideis
which may be obtained by forming
a strong decoction - evaporating it to 
the consistence of a syrup - boiling 

this syrup with Alcohol - evaporating the 
Alcoholic solution to dryness - & agitating the 
dry residuum with Sulphuric Ether for some 
time. The Ethereal solution on spontaneous
evaporation deposits [cross out] crystalline plates
mixed with Yellow matter. Alcohol poured
on these plates will take up the yellow
matter - & have the plates which are to be 
dried on blotting paper. Cantharidins
thus obtained is insoluble in cold Alcohol
& water - but soluble in hot Alcohol
Ether & oils. & acts powerfully as a vesically
especially when dissolved in oils.
Spanish flies have been used internally
as a stimulant to the kidnies & bladder
in dropsy, incontinence of urine for palsy
of the neck of the bladder. - The in caution
use of them however occasions Strangury
& bloody urine, & inflammation of 
the mucous membranes, with pain -
vomiting purulent Stools - & death. -
The powder is given in gr ss - gr i with Ext Hyoscyomus.
opium.
Tinctura Cantharidis. ʒiij bruised fly macd 14 day
in oij proof spirit - dose vzy - ʒs - ʒj -
Externally applied the spanish fly is the 
common blistering plaster - & we have 
officinal in the Phara. - 

Emplastum Cantharides - 1 tt powdered fly mixed
with 1 1/2 tt Empl. Ceræ & 1/2 tt lard. - It must 
be spread with as little heat as possible
to prevent the decomposition of the animal
matter. The spatula should not be hotter
than is made by immersing it in boiling
water.
Creatum Cantharidis. ʒi powdered fly mixed with 6 ʒ
spermaceti cerate - It is used to continue the 
discharge for a blistered Surface. & occasions
a Secretion of pus -
Unguentum Cantharidis. Boil ℥ij powdered fly in 
8 ℥ distilled water to 4 ℥ - strain & add to the 
decoction ℥ viij Ceratum Resinæ. & evaporate
to a proper consistence - It is used like 
the Ceratum, but is not so good. -
of the Emetic Tinctures I have already
spoken of him. Ant. Tartarizati. -
Ipecacuanha
root of Callicocca Ipecacuanha. 5.1. Rubiaceæ. Brazil
Cephaclis Ipecacuanha. Richard. Hemboldt
Callicocca Ipecac. Broters.
The true Botanical name of the Ipecacuanha
is Cephaclis Ipecacuanha. It is 
a native of Brazil, & was first noticed
by margram & Pison in their Histy of Brazil.

In 1764 mutis sent to Linnaeus the Psychotic
emetica as the plant which furnished the 
Ipecacunha in Peru & mexico -
These 2 roots furnished the principal supply
of the Drug, & they were not distinguished
with Brotreo published his paper on
the subject in the Linnaeus Trans. with 
a figure. -
Besides these plants, both of which belong
to Rubiaceæ - some species furnish the drug violaceæ,
as viola paruiflora of Peru & Brazil - which
Hembodlt says furnishes much of the Ipecacunha
used in Peru -
viola Ipecacunha of Brazil
viola Itoubau - of Cayenne - (Iondium) -
A. Richard who wrote a detailed memoir 
on the Ipecacunha - divides them into 
the Brown & white variety.
The Brown includes the roots of the Cephab
& Psycatria - the former of which he 
calls the ringed Ipecacunha, & the latter
the striated. -
The ringed or annular Ipecacunha he
says has 3 varieties the Brown. ash col
& rubiginous. all of which are roots of 
Cephacbis Ipecacunha - the cortical [p???]

of which has the greatest virtue. -
The striated Ipecacuanha is for the Psychotira
emterica, & is less known in Europe. -
The root of Cephalis Ipecacuanha is formed
of small rings, near each other - the rings prominent -
& separated by circular hands not 
so large as the rings. It has a resinous fracture
a nauseous odour - a bitter acrid
taste - & is of a brown - ash - a reddish brown 
colour.
The root of Psychotira emterica has at larger
intervals circular deep depressions - like 
that made by a cord tied round the root,
& longitudinal striæ lutum them. The 
fracture is less resinous - little or no odour or 
taste - & of a deep brown Colour. -
The white varieties of Ipecacuanha are 
of the violæ - & are not met with in 
Commerce. -
In 1817 Pelletier, Professor ā l'Ecole de 
Pharmacy at Paris analysed the roots
of C. Ipecacuanha - & found them to 
contain a peculiar principle, on
which the emetic properties of the 
drug depend. - He found the following 

ingredients in 100 parts. -
Emetine - 16
Fatty & oily matter - 2
Wax - 6
Pelletier.} Gum - 10
starch - 42
Liqueous particles - 20
Gallic Acid - (traces of)
Loss - 4/100.
Richard
Emetine - 16
wax - } - 1.2
Fatty matter}
resinous " - 1.2
Gum & salts - 2.4
Starch - 53.
Albuminous} 2.4
matter} 
woody fibre - 12.5
Gallic Acid traces of/100.
Emetine may be obtained by macerating the 
powder of the root in cold water - which 
will take up the Emetine - Gum - Gallic acid
Evaporate by the heat of a sand bath, &
towards the end of the evaporation add an 
excess of subcarbonate of Magnesia to neutralize 
the acid - & then continue the evaporation
to dryness. - Pour hot Alcohol on 
the residuum - which will dissolve the emetine
& a portion of resinous matter - filter & evaporate
to dryness - Pour water on the residue which
will take up the Emetine - & yield it pure 
on evaporation
Emetine was discovered by Pelletier in 1817
in C. Ipecacuanha - & in the Psycotria Emetic
& in the violaceæ. -
It has the appearance of an extract, when 
dried it is in the form of reddish brown 

transparent scales - of an agreeable odour - & very
bitter [cross out] somewhat acrid but not nauseous
taste. It is readily soluble in water - Alcohol
& is deliquescent. Decomposed by heat it gives  
off Acetic Acid - Carbonic acid & water - but 
no traces of Ammonia. It is an crystallizable.
100 parts of Ipecacuanha powdered afford
80 parts of Cortical substance & 20 of the 
woody fibre, which should be rejected
in powdering the drug, as it is inert, affording
scarcely 2 p~ct of Emetine - but 66 p~ct
of woody fibre - 20 p~ct. Starch of 5 p~ of 
Gum.
The Powder of Ipecacuanha is the best 
mode of exhibiting the drug - As an Emetic
for an adult for 20 - 30 grs - & for children
of 10 - 20 gr - Its emetic power is increased 
by the addition Ant. Tartarizatum
It is given in small doses as an expectorant -
for 1 - gr iij - In dry coughs it will
promote the secretion of mucus - but 
in the free expectoration of mucus its 
use is hazardous - as it often checks it.
This is ascribed to its possessing astringent 
properties - but is probably owing
to its nauseating, effect - in weakening the 

action of the heart & producing debility so as 
to prevent the effect of coughing.
It also acts as a cathartic in small doses -
In dysentery it has long been used combined
with opium - 1 - 2 gr with 1 - 2 [illegible] of 
opium -
The Pulvis Ipecac. compositus - or Dovers powd
ʒi of Ipecac. & powdered opium - with ℥i of Sulphur
Potash. - 10 gr = 1 gr of opium & 1 gr of Ipecac. -
dose 10 - xx gr as a Diaphoretic. -
verium Ipecacuanhæ. ℥ij used 14 days in 12 ℥ Prof
spirit & 20 ℥ dist. water. - dose ʒss - ʒIV. -
of the purgative Tinctures there are 2 which
caution medicines I have not noticed. -
Senna - & Blk Hellebore. -
Senna. Cassia Senna. 10.1 Leguminoasæ. Egypt,
adulterated at Bovlac with leaves of some other
species of Cassia - & of the Cynanchum oleifolium
or Arguel of the Egyptians. - 
The leaf of C. Senna is sharp pointed at the end
1/4 of an Inch broad - not quite an Inch long, of 
a yellowish green colour - a faint sickly odour
& a Sweetish bitter taste. Water at 212 dissolves
1/3d of the weight of the leaves & aquires
a dark brown Colour - Alcohol also dissolves
the active properties of them. They contain 
an extractive resin & volatile matter. The 


French have extracted a principle they denominate
Cathartine, which purges in small doses
It is uncrystallizable - of a reddish yellow Colour
bitter & nauseous - readily soluble in water &
Alcohol. but not in ether. -
Senna is one of the most efficient & perhaps
the most common of Cathartics. Its best form
is Infusion. ℥i of the leaves saturates a pint of 
hot water, macerated for an hour. It is often
given with Sulp. Mag. & manna. -
We have officinal
Confectio sennæ. a compound of Senna leaves figs
Tamarinds-Cassia pulp. Prunes. Coriander seed
Liquorice root & sugar, ʒii - ℥ss. - Gum husks walnuts
jalap Sulp. Tart. Acid
Infusion Senna compos. ℥iss. & ʒi Ginger macd 1 hour in 
oj. boiling water in a covered vessel. ℥ii - iv -
Pulvis Sennæ compositus. ℥ii Senna & Supertartrate Potash.
℥ss Scammony - ʒij Ginger. mixed together
grx-ʒi-
Tinctura Sennæ ℥iij Senna. ʒiij Carui Sem. ʒi Cardamon.
℥IV Raisins. macerated 14 days in oij p~. Ip.
ʒi-ʒiv
Syrupus Sennæ ℥ij Senna - ℥i fennel seeds - ℥iij manna
1 tt Sugar made into a syrup by macerating the Senna
& fennel seed for an hour in oj. boiling water
& adding the manna & sugar - & boiling to a 
proper consistence. ʒij - ʒss
ꝶ Tal. Sennæ ʒvi
Gentianae Radi. gr x - xv
Aq. bullientis oss. mac. horam.
et adde (liq. frigebacto) unciis omnibus Sp. Cinnamomi ♏︎ xx. Soda Carbon gx. 
pro dose

Helleborus niger. Poly. Poly. Ranunculaceæ. Aus
christmas rose. - The fibres of the root. It is a drastic
purgative & used in mania. Amenorrhea - dropsy
Dose of the powder gr x - xx. It is rarely used. -
Tinct. Hellebori niger. 4 ℥ macd. 14 days in oij proof spirit
Dose ♏︎ 30 - ʒi. - as an emmenagogue.
H. fœtidus. indigenous. bones. Anthelmintic. not used 
Serpentaria. root of Aristotochia Serpentariæ - Gynaud. 6
Aristotochiæ. America. virgrison Surbe root. -
The root when pure has an aromatic odour
& a warm pungent bitterish taste. It has been 
used as a Diaphoretic. Dose of powdered root
gr xx - xxx. - The Tincture is only officinal
℥iij macd 14 days in 2 pints proof spirit. - ʒss - ʒii -
It enters into the Compd Tinct. of Cinchona.
Castor is concrete substance found in follicles
near the Anus of the Castor fiber or Beaner
It is obtained for Russia & Canada - the former
is considered the best. - It consists of volatile
oil - resin - Adipocire - & some salts. - It has a strong
aromatic odour - a bitter nauseous taste. & a 
reddish brown Colour. Alcohol is the best solvent.
It is a repeated Antispasmodic.
10 - xx gr of the powder - The Tincture is only officina
2 ℥ macd 7 day in 2 pints great spirit. - Dose ♏︎ xx - ʒ
valerian. root of v. officinals growing mild. ind.
3.1 valerianeæ. - Its virtues depend on a volatile
oil. It has a strong unpleasant odour - a little
acid taste. It is considered Antispasmodic
Kemmenagasm. - We have 2 Tinctures 

Tinct. valerianæ ℥IV mac' 14 days in oij proof spirit. ʒi - ʒii -
Tinct. valerianæ Ammoniata ℥IV. macd 14 days in oij of Sp. Am
aromaticus. ʒi - ʒij -
Columbo - root Cocculus palmatus according to the 
Phara- but Decandalle says it is for the Menispermum
polmatum Diaecia. 12. Menisperma native of Mozambique 
in Africa. It is called Kalumb by the natives.
(Berry in vol x. Ariatic researches. p. 385. t.v) has 
for gr [cross out] the male plant). - The plant has a 
tuberous fusiform root - & a Dimple truing stalk.
It is brought in transverse sections. It contains
Cinchonia - It is a valuable bitter - & used as a 
tonic in dyspepsia - The Inf & Tinct are officinal
Infus. Columbae. ℥iiss macd 14 days in oij Sp. ten. ʒi - ʒij
Cascarilla. bark of Croton Cascarilla. or C. Eleutheria Monaeia 
monadelohia. Euphorbiaceæ. West Indies. - It is 
brought for the Bahama Isles. Elutheria is one of 
the Bahama Isles. It is brought in rolled up pieces
like quills. It has an agreeable smell - a bitter
aromatic taste when burnt it exhales an odour
like musk. It contains resin - volatile oil &
extract. It is used as a tonic in the form of 
powder for 10 - xx - The Inf & Tinct are officinal
Infus Cascarillæ ℥ss. macd 2 hours oss. boiling water
℥i - ii -
Tinct. Cascarillæ 4 ℥ in oij proof sp. macd 14 days. - ʒi - ʒij -

Cinnamon, Bark of Laurus Cinnamomum 9.1. Lauriare
Ceylon. India. It is the winer bark of the tree, the 
Epidermis & green matter under it being carefully
scraped off by the peelers. The peeling begins
in May in Ceylon & continues till act.
The Cassia buds & Bark of the Ed. & Dub
Phara- are the fles by hexangular receptaile
of the seed of the Cinnamon Tree, & the 
Coarse bark of the same Tree. No part of 
the Cassia Tree is used in Medicine.
Cinnamon is a very grateful aromatic
its qualities being dependent on an essential
oil. It is principally used to give warmth
& flavour to other medicines. We have
ol. Cinnamomæ. made in Ceylon. It is a powerful
stimulant sy I - II. on sugar 
Aqua Cinnamomi. distilled of the oil or Bark
a which for other medicines - dose ℥i - ij.
Sp. Cinnamomi. a spiritus Saturation of the oil
distilled of restipied Spirits- ʒi-℥ii 
Tinctura Cinnamoni: ℥iij Bark macd 14 days in oij pr. sp
Tinct. Cin. compos. ʒvi. Bark ʒiij Cardamon. ʒij long pepper
& Ginger. macd 14 days in oij pr. sp. Dose of both ʒi - ij -
Pulvis Cin. compositus. Bark ℥ij. Cardamon. ℥iss. Ginger
long pepper ℥ss. mixed together. - Dose gr v - x - It 
is used to give warmth to other preparations. -
Cinnamon enters into way preparations. -

Capsicium. - The Berries of Capsicium annuum. 5.1
Solaneæ. South America. cultivated in the 
West Indies - & its powder known as Cayenne
pepper. The Berries are juiceless & frequently Called
pods. They are of a bright scarlet long & pointed,
& of an extremely pungent acrid flavour. The 
pungency is imported to water & Alcohol
& is not volatile. It contains Cinchonia, resin
& an acrid principle, said to posses alkaline
qualities. - Cayenne pepper as sold in powder
in this Country is adulterated - & even as imported
of the west Indies is said to contain
muriate of Soda & Red oxide of Lead. -
The powder is one of the most pungent condiments
in use - & medicinally it is a most
powerful stimulant. -
The only officinal preparation is the Tincture
℥i berries macd 14 days in oij pr. sp. Dose ♏︎ x - ʒss
The powder gr iij - x used as a condiment or made 
into pills is the best stimulant in dyspepsia
& a tarry of the stomach. 
An Infusion is used as a gargle in Cynanche
about gr ij - infused in ℥ji of hot water.
or ℥ss of the Tincture added to 4 - 5 ℥ of Infusum
Rosae.
It is also used in the form of Cataplasm
the powder sprinkled on the common
poultice - in Carra. - 

Cardamon. - seeds of Matonia Cardamonum.
1.1 Dry myrhizæ. India. - The seeds are warm
& aromatic, & their virtues depend on a volate
oil. They are used to give warmth to other
medicines - & are thus used in Pharmacy as 
adpinets to other medicines. - The officinal
preparations are 
Tinctura Cardamomi ℥iij. macd 14 days in oij pr sp. [ʒ?]
T. Cardamomi Compos. ʒij Cardamon. Carroamos. Cocchineal. [℥?]
Cinnamon. ℥IV Raisins. macd 14 days in oij pr. spirit. ʒi - ij
they are used in purgative & in bitter infusions. -
Ginger. root of Zingiber officinalis. 1.1. Dry [myrh?]
India. cultivated in the West Indies. - It is 
cultivated in a similar manner to potatoes
in this Country & dug once a year.
The roots consist of volatile oil [resino?]
matter- & starchy It is a warm stimulant
& is used in the form of powder of x - xx gr
in dyspepsia - &c. & to give warmth to 
other preparations. - We have officinal
Syrupus Zingiberis - sugar added to a hot [infus?]
It is used to give warmth & flavour.
Tinctine Zingiberis. ℥ij macd 14 days in oij rect. sp. ʒi - ʒii
in flatulent cholic. - 

Etheræa. -
When Alcohol is mixed with various
Acids, & subjected to heat in distilling
vessels, a fragrant & highly volatile liquor 
comes over which is denominated Ether. -
Ethers vary in properties with the acid employed, 
& they are dominated after the 
Acid- thus we have Sulphuric. Nitric
Muriatic & Acetic Ethers. - of these the 
Sulphuric & Nitric Ethers are only officinal.
Sulphuric Ether
was described about 1540 but Chemists
were not particularly led to a consideration
of its peculiar properties
untill 1730, when a paper published
in the Philosophical Trans. by a 
German drew their attention to the 
subject. In this paper the liquid
was first Called Ether. It had former
been termed by Conrad Gesver oleum
vitrioli dulæ. -
The mode of its preparation is simple
(Read the Formula for Æther Sulphuricus &
Æther rectificatus. of the Pahra.. -
By this process a limpid colourless fluid 

of a fragrant smell & pungent taste is obtain
It is exceedingly volatile & produced great [col?]
by its rapid evaporation in the air. It boils
at 98° in the air & in vacus at 20 below 0.
But for the pressure of the Atmosphere
it would always exist in a gaseous state
at 46 below zero it freezes. It does not 
combine like Alcohol in any [considerab?]
proportion with water, for when it is 
shaken with water it separates rises
to the surface - water retains however
about 1/10th of its weight of Ether, & [cross out] acquries
the odour of Ether. - Ether does not dissolve
the fixed Alkalies, but combines with 
Ammonica. It dissolves Essential oils
resins, & about 1/20th of its weight of
Suplher & a small portion of Phosphorus
The sp. gr. of Æther rectificatus of the Phara.
is about .750 & in this state it is a 
mixture of Æther & Alcohol, containing
25 p~ct of Alcohol by weight. -
The change that takes place in the formation
of Ether, is generally allowed
to be the obstruction of the Alcohol
of 1 Atom of aqueous vapour. Alcoho
consists of 
Olifiant Gas - 4 Atoms Ether consists of 4 Atom
Aqueous vapour 2 - 1 

If we act upon Alcohol with a [proportio?]
of Sulphuric Acid sufficient to take away
the whole of the water we obtain little
or no ether, & olefiant gas is the only product.
Thus Alcohol can be resolved into Ether
or olefiant has at will, tho' neither of 
these products is wholly unaccompanied
by others, resulting of a still farther
decomposition of the Alcohol into 
its ultimate elements. 
Besides the Æther Sulphuricus & rectificatus
we have Officinal. -
Oleum Ethereum. This according to Mr
Phillips has no existence. He could not 
prepare it or purchase it. In attempting
the preparation he found the product
was merely Æther mixed with Sulphuricus 
Acid - & that which he purchased
was a Yellow coloured empyreumatic
Æther, containing neither oil or Sulphuraus 
Acid. - He found that 32 measures 
afforded on distillation 27 of Ether
of a sp. gr. 747 & the residuum consisted
of Carbona ceaous matter.
Sp. Ætheris Sulphurici. this oss. of Sulphuric
Æther mixed with oj. of Rectified Spirit.
It is of course weaken than Æther rectificatus
& has a sp. gr. of 876. It has 80 p~ct of Alcohol.

Sp. Atheris Sulphuric Compositus. made by 
mixing oj spiritus Ætheris Sulphurici with 
ʒij of olum Æthereum. - of course it
is a mere mixture of impure ether with 
the weak æther, which has 80 p~ct of Alcohol.
Spiritus Ætheris aromaticus. made by 
macerating ʒiij Cinnamon. ʒiss Cardamons
ʒi. large pepper & Ginger in 1 pint of Spirit 
Ætheris sulphurici for 14 days in a close
vessel & filtering. -
Æther is a diffusable stimulant & like
Alcohol intoxicating. It is said to 
be antispasmodic & used in Hysteria
& cramps of the stomach - & to allay
vomiting. It is also used in flatulence
of the stomach, but the gas discharged
is principally the vapour of æther.
The dose varies from x - to ʒij - It may 
be given in water, the liquid must 
be 10 times the amount of Ether, as it 
combines with water in that proportion
Externally applied & left to evaporate
rapidly it produces cold & is thus 
used to reduce strangulated Hernia.
If not allowed to evaporate it become 

rubefacient. -
The Spiritus Ætheris sulphurici. is weaker
than the Rectified Æther. & may be given
of ʒi. ʒiij - & the Spiritus Ætheris aromaticus 
which is a solution of aromatics
in the former - is given in similar doses. -
Spiritus Ætheris Nitrici
This is called a Spirit because the proportion
of Alcohol used in excess,
2 pints of rect. spirit are mixed with 3℥ of Nitric
Acid, & distilled with a gentle heat,
untill 24 ℥ are obtained. - The product
is a mixture of Nitric Æther & Alcohol
It is a colourless fragrant liquor
of a pungent & acid taste - It was a sp. gr 
of .834. - This is principally used as 
a diuretic - of any x - ʒi. - in simple
water - or combined with Tinct Scillæ.
End of Lecture 23. Augt 23.rd 1826