StIRE^GUIDE The VEST ind°WiEjWay ;■■••; to Phyfick and Chirixrger y: That is to fay,s The tArts of Healing by Medicine, and Manual . . . ®ein£ i n An Anatomical ‘Defcription of the whole Body of Man, and its Parts, with their Utefpeftive Difea/es, demonftrated from the Fabrkk and life of the /aid Tarts, In Six Books. *♦ Defer thing aU, and every of the Bones of Mans Body, according to the Ancient Method. 2. Defcribing the Belly, and aS its Parcs and Bowels with their relpeftive Difeafes. 5. Defcribing the Cheftj and all Parts and Con- tents, with their refpedtive Difeafes. VI '4- Dejerihing the Head, and Face, with au their Parcs Containing and Contained, and their refpeftive Dife^es. 5% Delcribing the Limbs of the Body, with the many Regiments of Mufcles, and their Difeales. <5. Containinva new Delcription of the Bones, hyz Method firft invented by our Author, handling all the Difeafes & Symptoms of thefaid Bones. At the end of rhe Six Books are added twenty fourTables,cut in Brafs, containing one hundred eighty four figures with an Explanation of them; which are referred to in above a thoufand places in the Books, for the help of yong Attift* Written in Latin, by Johannes RtoUnue5 Junior 5 Do&or of Phyfick, Phyfitiaa in ordinary to the Queen Mother of France 'many years together, and the laft (he had ; And allb th« Kjngs Profe/for of Anatomy and Uerbarijm, in the Univerfity of Paris. V Engliflied by Qdpepery Gene, and WtUiam and Oo&or of thz Liberal Artsy and of Phyfick, ThePhyhtians Library Contains all the Works in Englijh of thefe mojl Famous Thyjitims foUorvin?, Viz, Sennertus Practice of Myfiek* &c. Riverius PraSiice and Obfervations, ™terus PraSiice and Ohfervations, Bartholirms Anatomy, Riolanus Anatomy, Veflingus Anatomy, Ltifitanus his wonder- ful traffic?, Johnfton’s idea. Nich Culpeper," Mart, Ruland. Will. Rand. Joh. Fernelius d* Abdiah Cole* Dodlors of Phylkk, rff which Are of moft excellent Ufefor all Rational Perfons $ effect ally for all T lr*rgions at Sea in his moft Royal Majefties Shift: and all others that are on iffdingfroyages for the Advancement of theivealth and Honor of his Kingdom*, London: Feinted by Veter Cole? r inter and Book-feller, ac the Sign olche Printing-prefs in CornhiUear the Royal Exchange, 1665. (phxllck (Books [Printed by Peter Cole at the Exchange London. 1 A GOLDEN Pradice 1 of Phyfick } plainly difeo- ringthe PCJNDS with the feveral CAUSES of every dileafe,and their moft proper S, in refpeft to the CaufeS from whence they come ; after a new, eafie and plain Method of Knowing, Foretelling, Preventing, and Curing all Difeafes incident to the Body of Man, Full of proper Obfervations and Re- medies both of Ancient and Modern Phyfitians. Being the Fruit of One and Thirty years Travel, and fifty years Pradice of Phyfick. By Dr. Platery Dr. Cole, and Nich. Culpeper. 2 Sennertus Pradical Phy- fick j the firft Book in three Parts. T Of the Head. 2 Of the Hun of the internal Sen- fes. 3 Of the external SenfeSy in five Sections. J Sennertus Pradical Phy- fick ; the fecond Book in four Parts 1 Of the faws and Mouth. 2 Of the Breafi, 3 Of the Lungs. 4 Of the Heart• 4 Sennertus third Book of Pradical Phyfick in four teen Parts, treating, 1 Of the Stomach and Gullet. 2 Of the Gutsy 3 Oftbe«*fe- fenteryySroeethread and Omen- tumy 4 Of the Spleens, 5 Of ■the Sidesy 6 Of the Survey, 7 and 8 Of the Liver, 9 Of the Ureters 10 Of the I{id- ttieSy n and 12 Of the Bladder, 13 and 14 Of the Privities and Generation in Men. y Sennertus fourth Book of Pradical Phyfick in three Parts, Part i OftheDif- eafes in the Privities of Wo- men. The firft SeClion, Of Difeafes of the Part, and the Neck of the Womb. The fecond SeClion, Of the Difeafes of the Womb, Part 2, Of the Symptoms in the Womb and from the Womb. The fecond SeClion, Of the Symptoms in the Terms and other Fluxes of the Womb. The third Section. Of the Symptoms that befal all Vir- gins and Women in their Wombs, after they are ripe of Age." The fourth SeFHon, Of the Symptoms vyhich are in Conception. The fifth SeEHons Of the Government of Women with Child, and preternatural Diftempers. in Women with Child. The fixth StCUons Of Symptoms that happen in Childbearing. The feventh ScCtions Of the Government of Women in Child-bed, and of theDif- eafes that come after Travel. The firft Section, OfDif- eafes of the Breads. The fe- cond SeClion, Of the Sym- ptoms of the Breafts. To which is added a Tra- date of the Cure of Infants, Part 1, Of the Diet and Government of Infants. The fecond SeClions Of Difeafes and Symptoms in Children. 6 Sennertus fifth Book of Pradical Phyfick, Or the Art of Chyrurgery in fix Parts. 1, Of Tumors. 2, Of Ulcers. 3, Of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 4, Of Wounds, with an excellent Treatife of the Weapon Safve. y, Of Fradures. 6, Of Luxations. 7 Sennertus fixth andlaft Book of Pradical Phyfick in nine Parts, I, Of Difeafes from occult Qualities in ge- neral. 2, Of occult, ma- lignant, and venemous Dif- eafes arifing from the inter- nal fault of the humors.3,Of occult Difeafes from Water, Air, and Infections, and of infedious Difeafes. 4» Of the Venereal Pox.3 ,Of out- ward Poyfons in General. 6, Of Poyfons from Mine- rals and Metals. 7, Of Poy- fons frdiii Plants. 8, Of Poy- fons that come from Living Creatures. 9, OfDifeafes by Witchcraft, Incantation, and Charms. . 8 Sennertus Treatife of Chymiftry, fhewing the A- greement and Difagreement of Chymifts and Galenifts. 9 Sennertus twoTreatifes i,Of the Pox.SjOf the Gout. 10 Sennertus thirteen Books of Natural Philofophy .* or the Nature of all things in the world. 11 Twenty four Books of the Pradice of Phyfick,being the Works of that Learned and Renowned Dodor La- Counfellor to the late I£ing, &c» 1 z Idea of Praftkal Phy- fick in twelve Books. 13 Bartholinus Anatomy, with very many larger Brafs Figures, than any other A natomy in Engliftu 14 Kejlin%us Anatomy of the Body of Man. iy Tfiolanus Anatomy. 16 A Tranflation of the new Difpenfatory, made by the Colledg of Phyfitians of Londony in Folio and in O- davo : whereunto is added the Key of Galerts Method of Phyfick. , 17 A Diredory for Mi«- wives, or a guide for, women* the firft and fecond Part. 18 Galens Art of Pny- fick. 19 A new Method both of ftudying and pradifi°3 Phyfick. 20 A Treatife of the Ric- kets. 21 Medicaments for tn* Poor : or, Phyfick for the common people. 22 Health for the Rich and Poor, by Diet without Phyfick. 2} One thoufand NcW* Famous and Rare Cures,111 Folio and Odavo. 24 A Treatife of Pulft* and Urins. 2f A Treatife of Blood-' letting, and Cures perforin' yd thereby. 26 A Treatife of Scarifi- cation, and Cures perform^4* thereby. 27 The Englilh enlarged. The London Difpenfato*? in Folio, of a great Char*' der in Latin.1 28 The London Diffenf*' tory in Xatin, a final! Eoc» in Twelves. 29 Chymiftry made eafic and ufeful : Or, the Agree' ment and Difagreement °» Chymifts and Galenifts: Dr* Cole,&c. 30 A New Art of Phyfick by Weight, or five hundred Aphorifmes of Tranfpiration, Breathing °f Vapor coming forth of the Body ; By Dr. Cole. Divinity (Books Printed by Peter Cole, tu 1 Chrifts call toall thofe that are weary and heavy la- den, jto come to him for reft. z Chrift the great Teacher of Souls that come to him. 3 Chrift the humble Tea- cher of thole that come to' him. 4 The only cafie way to Heaven. f The Excellency of holy Courage irt evil times. 6 Gofpel Reconciliation. 7 The Rare Jewel of Chriftian Contentment. 8 Gofpel Worlhip. 10 A Treadle of Earthly Mlndidnefiy and of Heavenly Mindedmfi, and Walking with God. 11 AnExpofition of the Prophefie of Hofeah. 12' The Evil of Evils, or the exceeding finfulnefs of Sin. 15 Of precious Faith. ♦ 14 Of Hope. I? Of walking by Faith,1 and not by Sights 16 The Chrift tans living to Chrift upon 2 Cor. 5. if. 17 A Catechifm. 18 Mofes Choice, &c. Dx. Hills WORKS. Mr. Stephen Marjhals New WORKS. Viz. 1 Ot Chrifts Interceflion, or of fins of Infirmity. 2 The high Prlviledg of Believers, that they are the Sons of God, 3 Faith the means to feed on Chrift. 4 Of Self-denial.7 < y The Saints Duty to I keep their Hearts, &c» | 6 The Myftcry ofSpiri-! tual Life. Twenty one feveral Books of Mr. William Bridge col- lected into two Volumes* VIZ. * Scripture Light the moft fure Light- -2 ChriftinTravel. 3 A lifting up Tor the call down. 4 Of the Sin againft the HolyGhoft. 5 Of Sins of Infirmity. 6 The falfe Apoftlc tried and difeovered,' 7 The good and means of Eftabliibmcnt. Zacktus Lufitanut his Wotl' derful Pradice, or admit?' ble CASES and CURES & Phyfick. ' ft Platirus Obfervations Hiftories of his arn°i.c CURES according to tn Method of his Golden 11 now alfo printed. Sennertus his Pradice Phyfick in fix Books : which may be bound in 1 Bdoks in Odavo. t One thoufand fainon*30 rare Cures by M. Kylan To the Right Honorable, HENRY LAWRENCE, Efquire• LordTreJtdent of the Councel to his Htghnefi, the Lord Lrotcclor. flight Honor able , being my hapfomeyearsfince to find in the Stationers (hop at Amfterdam, your Lordfhips Elegant Treatife ofßaptifme, and being upon Enquiry, informed tou- thing the quality of the Author, I wondrcd what Gentleman it was,that having a flock of Honor 8c Repute in the world,had with* al fo much Ghriftian Courage, as to venture it in that kind, for I judged (andl fuppofe rightly) that fora Gentleman of name and note, at that time to dare to vindicate the true Chriftian Baptifme, contemning the clamorous cenfures of the weake Multitude of Pretenders to Religion and Learning, Was an Ad of more true and high Courage than to ftorm a Town. And I humbly conceive. Experience has evidenced the Truth hereof, fince hundreds (not co fay that have adventured their Lives to gain Honor and Riches in the field, have in their hearts found it too hard an Adventure (however otherwife convincVin their underftandings) to own and acknowledg the true Chriftian Baptifme, and Tub* jedi themfelvcs to the (corned pradice thereof, with the evident hazard of much of their acquired Honor, and of their future Repute, and the advacement depending there upon* 1 hat this adion, neverthelefs, of yours (my Lord) has not been attended, with al that Ignominy and Prejudice, Which was only to be expeded from Men; is the lingular pro= v}denceof God, giving; Courage and Ingenuity, to many o* :n-rs of note, Toon after (much animated doubtlefs by fo and generous a Leader as your Lordfhipj to acknow* ligand fubmit to the Divine verity, and beaudful,and mod The Epijlle "Dedicatory. lovely Rationality of that folemn Inftitution of our Mr. Chrift; and his eminent blefsing that part of the loldiery, Characterifed thereby. Much affected therefore with your Lordfhips Chriftian Vcrtue in this kind, and defirous to commend the fame to Pofterity; It has not been finccthat time in my power to do it more effectually, than by prefix- ing your truly honorable Name in the Front of this excellent Anatomical Tread fe, and beft Foundation of the Art of Hea- ling, commonly though corruptly called Phyfick. The fitnefs of which Dedication, I dial with your Honors gentle Patience, thus demonftratc Seeing this book is nothing(for the moft part) but a Decla- ration and Expofition of the ftupendioufly admirable wif- dom of the Eternal our Maker, filming forth in the moft cu- rious Fabrick of Mans body-to confirm and leal the beleefe of the Refunection whereof (which is the very Foundation of Chriftianity) baptifme leems (by the Scripture) to have been cheifly ordained, by our great Mr. Chrift 5 that as we had one folemn Ceremony to reprefent his iufterings and death, we might not want another to fet forth and folemnize his burial and Refiirrection (without which his own death and his Difciples Faith had been in vain) and to take poflefsion in and by a Figure of our own Refurre&ion to come (For, we faith FW, !Buryed irith Chrift, in our may (I fear) afford Tome difguft to your Modcfty, yet 1 befeech your Lordfliip to let it pafs, for the glory of our great Mr. Chrift> at*d the Edification of Chriftendom. And 1 have much rea« fon to hope, it may be a Moilumcnt of your honorable Me* mory, when probably the royal and Magnificent tombes at Weftminfter, dial pledge the Fate of them in 'Tauls, and be overwhelmed with Duft and Ruins. Such is the defire and Hopes (my Lord) of him that craves leave to fubfcribchim* fclf. From my Houfe neer Zrippk-gate in London, December, 22. 1656. Tour Honors, Mojl humble Servant, and true Admirer of your Chrtftianlnge* nuity, Sincerity, and Courage, .William Rand. Mris. (fulpepers Information, Vindication, and Teftimony, concerning her Husbands Books to be Publiihed after his Death. &eat are'the 'JfflMions wherewith our Heavenly f^sFather hath been pleafed to Q J&a exercife me his poor Hand- maid, that I have not Only «£&■s» s, www°fmy w*) tAkenfrom m: «3> » but it hath been my hard hap alfotofcehls Reputation, and Memory (which wil he dear to al Pofteiity, for the Worlds he hath written for the Common Good of this Ration) blemijhed,and Edipfed, by the covetous and unjuft Forgeries of one, if ho, though he calls himfdf Nathaniel, is far fom being an Ifraelite in whom there is no guile j who was trot content to puhlifh «Hodgpodg of un- digefted Collcdions, and Observations of my deer Husband deceafed, under the Title of Culpeper’s laft Legacy j but to ma\e the Deceit more taking, he fie (led his Forehead fo far, and brafed it fo hard, ns not tobe afhamed to forge two Epiftles, one in mine, and the other in my Husbands Name j of the penningof which, he nor I, never fo much as drea- med} And yet be impudently affirmeth in my Name, thtfi my Husband Laid a feverc Injunction on me to them for the general good, after his deceafei and that they are his laft Experiences in Phyfick and Chyrurgery. And in the Title of his Book, hefaid, They ye the ehoyceft, and moft profitable fecrets, refolvcd never to be publifticd tiPafter his Death. Al whichExprefftons in the Title and Epifiles, areas falfas the Father of Lyes } and every word in them, forced and feigned. And he knew wcl enough, that no aifereet, honeft man, that was a friend to my Husband, or me, would ever have agreed to fuch infamous and dijhoneft proffices j and therefore I difire all Courteous Readers of the Writings of my Husband, to take notice of 'this Deceit, and to affme thempivs that it never entred into his head, to pubi/Jh fuch an undigeßed Gallimoffery, under the promfmg and folemn 'Name of his Laft Legacy, and that whereby he gained bis Reputation in the World, as the Impofier makes him Ppeak in his forged Epi (lie. And I defire any in different Reader, that hath obfaved my Husbands lefty, and Mafon- line manner of expreffing himfdf in bis Tref tees, and Epifiles Dedicatory, whether in cafe he had been minded or di(pofcdto take fo folemn a farewel of the world,as /beForger maktS him to do j whethfc. I fay, he would have done it in fuch a whining faftiion, and foin the Stile of a Baladc-makcrj &t0 f ay, And now, if it plcafe Heaven to put a period to my Life, and Studies, that I muft bid al thing* under the Sun farewel: Farewel to my dear Wftc and Child, farewel Arts and Sciences, farewel al Worldly Glories, adiew Readers. Certainly my FltUf band would have been far more ferrous, and mater 'l' al, in fuch a cafe, as any diferect man wil Judg- Neither can it be thought, that in fuch afoletn» Vakdidion, he could prffibly forget his wonted re-’ fpe ffs to the Collcdg ot Dodors, to whom he did ft frequently addrtf himfelf, in divers of his writing*• Courteous Reader, I {hat fay no more touching the abufe of the Look-feller, only to prevent {as much as concerns me) thy being abufed for the future) know, That my Husband left fevemy nine Books of his own making, or Tr(inflating, in my hand, andl have depofited them into the hands of his, and W) much honored Friend, Mr. Peter Cole, Book-felled at the Printing-Prcfs, neer the Royal Exchange (for the good of my Child ) from whom thou may eft expeff to receive in print, fuch of them asfhalht thought fit to ferve thee in due feafon, without an) Difguifes or Forgeries, unto which Ido hereby five my atuftation. Alfo my H tub and left feventeen ffook* compleatly perfeffed, in the hands of the faid Mr- Colt,fer which he paid my Husband in bis life-time• And Mr. Cole if ready and willing (on any good oc' capon) to fhew any of the faid feventy-nine Book or the feventeen, to fuch as doubt thereof. And if any Verfon fhal queftion the Truth of an) part of this Vindication, or Epiftle j if they take pains to come to me,l wil face tofactjuflifie the truth of every word thereof, as I have fubf cubed ml Hand thereunto in the prefence of many witntfjes• I proftfi in the prefence of the great God, the feai' cher of al hearts, before whom CMr. Brooks and I mud one day give an account of alour Affions ’ That I have not pubhfhed this Spiftle or ymdicafl' on, out of any dif refpiff to Mr. Brooks (for I much refpff the man, and would be (lad to ferve him t* my power) but only to deer my Husband from & Jolly and weaknefi caft upon him by the means abov* expreffed. And out ef tendernef to Mr. Brooks* I fir ft tried ether means of keeping, and afterward of repairing my Husbands Credit, and then long to fee if he would repair (in any me a Jure) tbe wrong done to my Plush and,and my Jelf.l defire to he* n')m my Houfe, next door to the Kcd Lyon in Spittle-fields, October, xB. i 6 $ ' Your Servant ( In, and for the Truth ) cilice Qdpeper. Mris. Culpeper did the 18. of Ottober, fubferibe this Epiftle in Vindication of her Hus* band’s Reputation, before Ten Witnefles, asftiehad done another Epiftle on the ninth ol O£fober} almoft: in the lame words with this, except neer the Conclulion. contents O F The Firft Book. Of Ofteology, or the HiJlorj of the Bones. Page CH A P. 1. The Intent of the Au- thor h declared. I Chap. 2. Why we begin our A~ natomy with the Treati/e of Page Chap. 24. In vrbat (Particulars the ‘Boms of ‘Men differ frow tho)e of Women, ib. Chap. 25. Of the number of the ‘Bones in a iMam Body. 19 Chap. 26. Tbe*Hiftory of an Infants HoneSytill the Age of {even years* ibid. Chap.27. OfrheHead 21 Mans Hody. 19 r Hones 3 Chap 3. xhe Vivifton of Ofleology, or the Titfiory of the H ~>nes. 4 Chap. 4, O the Compojuion, and (Defini~ tion of a Hone. ibid. Chip. 28. Of the ‘Back andBreaffboms. 2i Chap. 5. Oi the Vitalities 9 or Natural 'Difpojition dfths Bones• $ Chap, 29. Of the upper Limbs 24 Chap, jo. &fthe Inferior Limbs itid. Chap. 31, Of the dumber of Hones* 25 Chap, 6. Of we Conjunction of‘Bones. 6 Chap. 7. The Vivifion of a 8 Chap. 8. Of the Heady being the firman 1 of the Sceleton. Chap. 9. Of the upper Jaw* 11 1 he Second Book. CHAP, 1. general Precepts, which Chap. 10. Of the Orbitary/Sone *2 Chap. 11. Of the inferior Jaw ibid* Chap. 12. Of the OsHyois ibid. Chap. 13. Of the Teeth 13 Chap. 14. being the fecond be that would be an Anatomifi, mnfe befirjr acquainted with 26 fPart of the Sceleton. * ibid. Chap.hs. OftheCbeft. 14 1 Chap. 2. Of the fiawal end Ultimate Conformation of tbeHody. 29 l6. Of the Limbs, being the third Hart of the Seek: on : and hr/ 1 of the j Chap. 3. The ‘Dt'vtjim of Mins ‘Body, 31 | The Medicinal Consideration ibid. Chap. 4. Of the lower Ventricle. 32 Scapula. 15 al* 17. Of the Shoulder* ibid. rf aP-18* Of the CubiW9and Radius* 16 The Scimation of the parts of the Belly. ibid. The Medicinal Confederation 33 p[M*' Of the Hand. ibid. 3;’* 2°- Of the ‘Bones of the Ilium 17 The Medicinal Confederation 34 r- ***• 2i* Pf the Hone of the Thigh, ibid. bap. 22. Of the Leg. ibid. Chap 5. Of the Scarf Shya $4 The Medicinal Confederation ibid. Of the Hoot . 18 THE CONTENTS. Chap. 6. Of the Skin 35 Chap. 35. Of the Veffels which carry the true Seed, of the and The medicinal Confederation* 36 Chap. 7. Of the *Fatty ‘Membrane ibid. Chap. 8* Of the TJeJby membrane 37 the Fioftarsc or Auxiliaries. 79 Ihe ‘Medicinal Confederation. The medicinal Confederation ibid. Chap. 9. Of the common membrane of the Chap. 36. Of the CJ ennal ‘Parts of a Wo- man, andfirft cfthe ‘External. ibid. T he medianal Confederation 82 mnfcles 38 Chap. 10. Of amufcle in the general ibid. Chap. 11. Of a Tendon 4o Chap. 3 7 Of the internal ‘Parts of a Wo- man vfMchfer'vefor (feneration 83 Chap. 12 Of the mufcles of the Telly. ibid. The medicinal Co federation 42 ‘the medicinal Confederation 8$ Chap. 37. Of the ‘Pams of the Loyns. 90 Chap. 13. Of the Teritoneum ibid. The medicinal Confederation 43 Chap. 14. The ‘Divifion of the Tarts of the Telly 44 Chap. 15. Of the Tfa'uei ibid. Jhe medicinal Confederation 45 The 1 bird Book. Chap. 16. Of the Oment um, or CaU ibid. The medicinal Confederation ibid. Chap. 17. Of theQuts - . 46 CHAP. 1. Ofthe Cheft 94 The medicirmtC on federation 48 Chap. 2. Of the Dugs of Women. .. 9$ Chap. 18. Of the Mefentenum ibid. T he medicinal Confederation 49 rlhe medicinal Confederation. ibid. Chap. 19. Of the Street-bread, or Tan* erects* 50 Chap. 3, Of the external ‘Parts of the Chefi. 97 Chap. 20. Of the VenaToria ibid. Chap. 21. What is to be considered in the Vena Tort a 51 Chap. 4. Of the ‘Pleura, ‘Mediafeimm9 and ‘Pericardium ibid. T he medicinal confederation 98 Chap. 22, Of the CeliacaUAi'tery 52 Chap. 5. Of the‘Midrrfe or Diaphragma. 101 Cjiap* 23 Of fhe Stomach ibid. The medicinal Confederation 54 The Medicinal Confederation 102 Cha p. 24. Of the Liter. 57 4 Tbe medicinal C on federation 5 8 Chap. 6. Of the Lungs or Lights ibid. The tmdictnal confederation 103 Chap. 25. Of the Tladdtr of 59 Chap. *: Of %feiraiion, or fetching of ‘Breath. 105 Chap. 26. Of the Spleen 61 T be medicinal Confederation 60 Chap. 8. Ofthe Heart. 107 Them edicinal C onfederation 6 3 The medicinal confederation j 10 Chap. 27. Of the Vena Cava, and .Aorta, within the lower Telly 64 Chap. 9. Of the Veffels9 viz. Veins, Ar- teries, and Vierves contained within the Cheft. 113 The medicinal Cbnjiteration 65 Of the Aorta descending 67 Of the ‘Pfer've of the lower TeUy, ibid. Chap. 2S. Of the Sidneys ibid.; }' hi > , r ; *; ’ } • - The medicinal Confederation 68 Chap. 29. Of the Vreters 70 The Fourth Book. Chap. 30 . Of the Tife~Tladder ibid. The medicinal Confederation 71 Ciiap. 51. Of the Qenitals of a Qian 3 andfirft oftheTard 73 The Medicinal Confederation 74 /'"'HAP. i. Oftbe'Head.' .*i» The medicinal confederation. HP Chap, 32. OftbeQroyns 76 I Chap. 2. Of the‘Brain. 121 Chap, 33. OftbeTundament. ibid. The-Medicinal Confederation 77 Chap. 3, OfiheEyes 136 T he medicinal consideration, 130 Chap. 34. Of the Ced, and Stones* ibid. The ‘Medicinal Confederatien 78 The medicinal confederation . 138 ‘Eye-Lids *Difeafes. 13 P THE CONTENTS. T'ear~%ernels Difeafes. 140 Difeafes of the Tunica ConjunUiva. ib. Difeafes of the Cornea Tunica. i4»i Difeafes of the Uvea Tunica ibid. Difeafes of the Tupilla ibid. Difeafes of the ChryflaUim and fflajjie ‘Humor 142 Chap. 5. Of Veins ufualiy opened 215 Chap. 6. Of the Arteries which are cpe* Tied* ry J rj Chap. 7, Of the Mufcks. andfirfl of the ‘Forehead Mufcks. 218 Chap. 8. Mufcks of the hinder part of the 'Head. r ,^id. Difeafes oftheOptickfHet 've ibid. Difeafes and Symptomes of the Sight. ibid. Chap.p. Mufcles of tFF,ye-ltds ibid, ap. 10. Mufcles ofthe%yks 219 ap, 11. x'iujeles 0p ffoe external ‘Ear, Chap. 12. Mufcles of the ‘lfofe 220 Chap. 4. Of the' Ear 191 Toe Medicinal confederation 193 laP' 5; Of the‘Face, of the Chap. 13 • Wujdes ofthe hips ibid. Chap. 14. Mufcles ofthe lower Jaw 221 ‘Mouth. '■■■ I 9 + r*L^^e Medicinal Confederation 195 Chap. 15. Of the mufcks ofthe Os TJyoi-. des ibid. Chap. a. Ofthe ‘jfpfe 197 r/' 7rfPltbe . 199 Medicinal Confideration 198 Chap. 16. Mufcles of the Tongue 222 Chap. 17. Mufcks of the Larynx ibid. Chap. 18. ‘Mufcles ofthec.Pharynx ibid. Chap. 19. Cmfcles of the Qurgareon, *vula, or ‘Mouth ‘Pollute. 223 l be Medicinal Confideration 201 i6e ‘Medicinal Confideration ibid. q ,aP*9* Of the (gums 204 laP* 8* Of the Teeth and Qums. 202 rvaP* 10. Ofthe rpaliate ibid. 11- Of the Uvula, and Ijihmus. ib. Chap. 20. Mufcles of the Tfead ibid. C hap. 21, ‘Mufcles of the Tfyck 224 Chap, £2. ‘Mufcles of the Shoulder-blades ibid- i. :e Medicinal Confideration 205 ibid. Chap. 23. ‘Mufcles ofthe Arm 22$ Chap. 24. ‘Mufcles of the Cubit, ibid. Chap. 25, Mufcles of the ‘Radio* 226* Chap. 26. ‘Mufcles ofthe Wrift. *'■ 227 vp. 12. Of the Tongue ibid. Of, Je ‘Msdteinal Confideration 206 w- 1?* Pf tbe Larynx, or Head of the wmd-pipe, --V- 207 he Medicinal Confideration 208 Chap. 27. ‘Mufcks of the ‘Palm of th% ‘Band- ibid. rR* .Of the Apera Ateria ,or IVmd-pipe x -bid. Chap. 28. ‘Mufcks ofthe ‘Fingers 23 S Chap. 29, •■iviufcks of the Thumb, 229 The Medicinal Confideration 209 Chap. 30. ‘Mufclesof Cbefi 230 '-nap. Is. 0/ the Oefopbagm, or Cjullet. ibid. Chap. 31, Of the Midrif, 231 Chap. 3a. Mufcks of the ‘Badland Loyns, wherewith the ii moved, ibi Chap. 33. Mufcks of the‘Belly 232 The Fife Book. Chap. 34. Of the motion of the Ilium? ‘Bonest and Os Sacrum joyrieh together, ibid. G H U‘ Of the • Limb/ 210 Chap. 35. ‘ibid Ch&pi 36/ The ‘Bladders Misfcle ibid. Chap. 37, Mufckf ofthe Yard 23s Chap. 38. Mufcks of the Clyt6m ibid. Chap. 39. Mufcks oftbe Ftend&mtnt ib. Chap. 40. Mufcks of the Thigh ibid. Chap. 41, Mufcles of the Leg. 2s < Chap. 42. Mufcks ofthe‘Feet 2*6 Chap. 43, Mufcks of the Toes 328 ifc>e Medicinal Confideration T ’ ' ' 211 Of S^aP* 2> Superior Limbs, ib. Stboulder’bmt; and the Arm Cxf?m tbe Shoulder to the ‘Elbow, ib. /» or Part °f the Am from 0fJJ'Elbow to the Hand 212 Oft^and ibid. Chap. 44. ‘Mufcks of the great Toe 239 ChaD f’T •' , inferior Limbs, 213 Mn Introduction to the Art of Mufcular ‘DiJfeHion} jhewing an accu’- "‘A maJe’111 £<””' rate Method to cut up the ‘Mufcles ofthe wbol ‘Body. ibid. THE CONTENTS. 7 he 7? rental. TTufile 22 8 by which the Frame of the Body is compared together, the guides being removed j handling all the Dileales and Symphonies which happen unto the Bones. 260 The Orbicular mufile of the eEye-lids. ibid. TStufiles ofthe Lips ibid. ; Ths Temporal Winfcle 241 cMufiles of the 7{ofi ibid. The cMaffiter (Mujde ibid. CHAP. i. 160 The Tarot i cl{ Tfernels ibid. The mu files of the Tar f ibid. The mu files of the Tiye ibid. ‘Mufiles 242 Chap. 2. Of the great profit of this new Ojieo’ogy, or Dotirim of the Hones 261 Mufilei of the Larynx, Tharynx, and Qargareom 243 Chap. 3. What is to be obferved in the bones of a dead *Body not boyled 262 The mufcles of the hinder part of the Tie ad and -44 Chap- 4. Of tbt Sence, and and Marrow of the Hones 26 3 Chap- 5* Of or joyntings Mufcles ef the Arm 245 sVext thereunto, is the Tfitundus minor ibid. oj the hones ibid. The Medicinal Confederation 26$ Chap. 6. Of the bones of the Skidl 267 Mufiles feituate upon the Tac\ and Loyns ibid. The Medicinal Confideration 270 Chap. 7* Of the inferior Jaw-bone ibid. Chap. S. Of the Teeth ibid. Mufile s ofthe Th'eafi 246 Mufilei of the Cubit ibid. Mtt'clei of the Radius, the Wrifes, the Tr ingens, and the Xbumb 247 Chap-9* Of the B eneTJyoides, and of the Ligaments 271 Muf des ot the Abdomen, or Telly 248 Chap. 10. Of the Tie ads motion, and Li- gaments ■ 272 Mufcles of the Yard 250 ! Qiap. ii. Of the in fids of the *Ear ibid, j Chap. 12. Of the Cla'vicuh.i 273 Mu'cier ofthe Tundament ibid. The CBI a drier mu fete 25 x iChap. 13. Of the Breaft-bone. ibid. Chap. 15. Of the 27s M ufiles ofthe Clytorit ibid. . Mufcles of the Thigh ibid. Chap, id Of the Backbone ibid. The Medicinal Conftderatim 277 Mu files ofthe Leg 253 Chap. 46, Ofthe Veins, Arteries, and ffiferves, belonging to the Limbs ibid. The Medicinal Confederation 258 Uujdes ofthe Tarfus 254 Chip, s& Of the Scapula 27% Chap, 17. Of the Tbsmrus, Cubitus, and (Radius* 280 Chap. 18. Of the Wrift* 2»J Chap. 19. O/ the Uetacarpium, *Fimers, and Sefsmoidean Hants ibid* Chap 20. Of the Os Ihum, and Thigh* bom 282 The Sixt Book. A Hem Oftcologia, or Hi ft ory of the Bones* Chap. 21. OfthefpateHa aB4 “aP-22- O/ite }pta, 28 Chap. 2}. Oflbt'Foot ibid, ap. 24. The number of Bones for & oceleton * Chap. 25, Of breaking the bones ibid* Chap. 26. TbeC oUeltion, and ordering °f Bones for a Scekton 2*l Wherein he treats of the Bones, Liga- ments, and Griftles ot the whol Body, I THE FIRST BOOK ANATOMY PHYSIC K. O F fohn Riolanus. Chap, i. The Intent of the Author is declared. r*&tomy» « confidered and handled two wai«, of Phyfickrßuc perhaps fome Fool, that is unskilled,wil reprove our Difigne, & Objeft, chat we confound the whol Arc ofMedicine,leing tAnatomy is a Parc of CPhyftolegy, diftincf fron the reft , and therefore ought to be taught apart, feeing Qalen himfclf, in the beginning of his diffedticnof Mufcles, reproves the Anatomical Book of Lycus ; becaufe in his Treatifeof Mu ides he inferred the Dileafes of rhe Parcs. If any prattle fuch things againft us, they wil quickly hold their peace, if they read Qal. Lib. z admin, iAnatom. Relaceing, That Ancient Phyfidans regarded Anatomy fo much, chat in ai their Books of the Cure of Difeafes, they inferred Anatomy ; and this we fee Hippocrates did in al his Books. Many are die Sorts of the Figures, both within, and Without the Body, (faith Hippocrates, in Lib. de vet.. ‘Med.) Which have much different qualifications in the SickL, and the Sound', all which you mufi perfectly diftingmjh one f rom another, that you may rightly Igiow, and obferve the caufes of every one of them. According to Ariftotk, Health, and Sickflefi, are the ‘Fundamental (Farts of Medicine: Both of them arc contained in the Parcs; and Sicknels compared with Health is the better difeerned. Ad to this. That Ariftotle Writes, that he that would Cure the (Byes, mu ft fir ft kpow the StruUure of the (Eye. Again, Hippocrates held, chat Difeafes were diftinguifhed according to the Parcs they were inherent in; and the principal Curative indications, were taken from the Affeift, and the Parc affected; and Remedies both Medi- cinal, and Chyrurgical were Prefcribed and adminiftied diverfly, according to the Parts Affluftcd. Therefore Qalen wrote his of the cora- poficion of Medicines, according co the Parcs afflicted: and Avicenna did wifely, when pecceving chat the Seats of Difeafes could not be known with- out slftl m Anatomy, Before the IDifeai.es of the particular Parcs he let down their Anatomy. And if we beieeve Qalen in Lib. depart med. The firft Matter or SubjeH of Medicine, m the (Body, as it is the Sub jeU of Health andSickpejl. Our intent then is by a fhort and eafie Method, To deliver in writing, and demonftrate in dead Bodies,of the feats of al Difeafes, and Sy mpeomes, both Internal, and External; and the particular way of Cure accor- ding to the order of Anatomy, which is publickly obferved. A notable peice of Workmanship to learn Phyfick by, by which scis eafie co manifeft,and bring to light the Errours, in the Cures of Difeafes and co inftruft and inform ftich as arc Studious in Phyfick, by that rime they have been hearers and be- holders two yeares, of two Anatomies in a year, with diligent reading of And Profitable in Medicine. The Intent of the Author, Book I. (tAn atomy. Books, and cxcercize of the knowing of Planes, and ocher Drugs, and vifiting of the Sick widi him chads their teacher. Excellently faid Johannes 'Perm- lius in the beginning of his Pathology, I pal never thinly any man wel skilled inthekpowkdgofVijeafes, unless he have been an ‘Eye witnefr of the feats of them, in the ‘Body of man,and fnow how they are ajfdied again ft ‘feature, mi,her can he come to this unlefi he be skj-lful and exquifite in and vohatfoever he reads or hears, lethimjerioujly contemplate it in the ‘Body of man, and fettle the cheifhyiowledg of things in his mind. Chap. i. Why iv e begin our Anatomy with the Treat ife oj 'Bones. THat kind of ftile is two-fold, which is ufed inrhe explication ofany thing, Qal Com. ad (part. q. Lib. i. de fraft.et Cap. i. Lib. Synops.de'(Puls, The firft is called Synoptic 10, when the Matter is briefly laid down *, The other Hiexodicus, when it is Copioufly unfolded, nothing being patted by which is profitable to be dedared;The former helps the memory i the Utter cleen the matter to the underttandmg. For which Caufe Qalen divided his Books into Ifagogical, andperfe&j the firft being fitted co young begin- ners, the other to proficients, as himielf certifies. Lib. de ÜbrirTropnif. This is alio confirmed by the authority of (Hippocrates *, Lib. de vet. (Med- Where he advifeth Phyficians to teach calie things to young Undents, and fiich as may be quickly learned •, ad hereunto j That al men defire to learn apace, according to jlnpot. Lib. 2 deTyljetor. Chap* 10. And the Method of hreife teaching, is alwaies graceful, both to young rtudents, and to perfect Matters * for uccachech the former what things mutt: be learned i and in the Utter cals back to their memory what they have learned before, and almoft forgotten, Qal. Lib. 4. dedijf. pair. Wifely, and Elegantly, did the Emperor Juftinian j udg, That a compen- dium of the Lawes was firft to be propounded, to invite Novices to know- ledg. Then are al things delivered mojl commodioujly when they are firft delivered by a plain and ftmple way, and then by an txaft and diligent in- for if we burden weak,, though fiudiom minds at beginnings with variety and (Multiplicity of things, we either make them defert their Rudies* or elfe put young Men to great labor and diftruft, and bring them by a longer way to what might be learned with more fpeed, left labor, and no Therefore following the precepts of Qalen, and Hippocrates,! wil deferibe abreife, and deer Manual of Anatomy, following the counfel of Qalen, who had rather write a Synopfts of his Took/ ofTulfes himfelf, then to leave the bufmefs to another, who by not undemanding his mind, and lenfe, fhould pervert or confound his meaning. I begin with the Bones, bccaufc they are the foundation of al the Parcs of the whol Body, which is fubftained, Included, Preferved, and moved by the Bones*, which, according co Hippocrates, give liability, and form to the Body. Therefore he that is ftudious in Phyfick, ought co be inftru&ed in the per- U& knowledg of the Bones, before he com? co behold the Anatomy of the Body : otherwife he wil be ignorant in defigning the original, and in- fection of the Mufdes, and the flicking of ocher Parcs to certain Concept of the Bones, unlefs he be skilled in the Hiftory of Bones j at which Anatomy is to begin, as Hippocrates caught, and after him,Qakn. The Method of teaching dou- ble. why the An- thor wrote * Sjinopfis. why he begins with the'&ones. The mcejjlty of -writing of the Bones- and (t/Inatomy. Book 1. Chap. 3. The DtVijton of Ofteology., or the Hijlo'o of the Done So THe Hiftory of the Bones is called. Ofteokgy, of which are two Parcs. (Prattice, and Theory. I cal chat the Theory, which is convedanc in the knowledg of their conformation and ufe. The Pra&ice is the manual operation which comprehends both Collegium, and Ojfifragium 3 Offilegium, is the manner of preparing Bones to make a Scekton 3 Ojjifragiwn is that which fearches out thejoiningjand knitting together of the Bones,and Joynts,by Liga- ments, and Cartilages, and by breaking, and deviding them 3 fearches one their internal, and hiden Parts. Tbe Pans of Osteology. See Chap,26. and 27. Lib. 6. Ofthis'Bool Chap. 4. Of the Compofition ? and Definition of a Done, Tom Confi- derations• THat the Nature ofa Bone may be perfectly underftood, there are four things to be confidered in it; The Matter, Efficient, Form, and End. x* per.mer3 The Matter of the Bone is Proper, or Diverfe. Proper is confidered Generally, or Specially. Proper Matter, taken Generally, is double3 the one for Generation, the other for Nourifhraent •, the Bones are made of the Seed by conlent of ai Phy- fitians. The Seed confifts of Humor, and Spirit: The Humors are of two Parts 3 the one thinner, of which the noble Parts are formed 3 the other thicker, of which the Bones are ingendred. The matter of Nonrjfliment is alfo two fold; Remofe,and Neer; Remote, is Blood, by which al the Parts of our Body arenourifhed: Neer, is the Mar- row contained in the Cavity of the Bones, or a Marrowy Juy ce fljuc up in the Spongious Bones. The Proper Matter confidered fpecially, regards the Bone already made, which is various in refpedt of fubftance, and quallity 3 and fo the fubftance of one Bone is diverfe, by reafon of the 'Epiphyfis, which is Softer then the reft of the Bone 3 or the tApophyfis, which is harder then the reft of the Bone: alfo the whol Bone, ificbeSolhd, is harder without, then it is within. If ic be hollow, the Internal Superficies is bar deft. As for what belongs to Quallity, and Namely Color 3 the Bone, the more Sollid ic is, the more White ic is 3 that which is hollow, is pale or red- difli* By the diverfe Matter of the Bone, underftand that which compaffetb in about 3 2nd it is a Membrane, and a Cartilage. The Membrane which cotn- paffeth about the Bone, is called tperioflion, and flicks firmly to it. Bybe- nefic of which, itObfcurely feels. The extremities of the Bones are covered with a Cartilage, which Facilitates the Motion of the Bone, and hinders its wearing. , The Efficient Caufe of the Bone, is the Implanted Generative Spirit, oc rather heat, which torrefies anddryesthe Matter of the Bone. Qal Lib. t. de facul. natural, acknowledged the faculty which forms the Bones; to which Heat and Spirit, do adminifter. The form ofa Bone is double 3 Eflfential, and accidental: That is called Effencialj which makes is to be a Bone, Namely, the Vegetable Soul Generation. Nourijbmtnt. Confikmon. Matter di- vtrfi. t. Efficient caufe, 3- form, sjjsntitl' Book I. Thyfic\ and • The Face, faith *irifiotle Lib. 2. de general, animal, is no Face, if it want the Soul; and fo is the Flefh and Bone, But with Phyficians, the form of Similar Parer,- is nothing elfe then their temper. The temper of the Bone, is cold and dry, therefore Coldnefs and Drinefs confticuce the form of the Bone. The accidental form, is the Figure of them, which is Proper, andpe- culiar to every Bone, and is mdft commonly round in al Bones, both in Longitude, and Latitude. The end of the Bones, is their life; and this is genera!, and particular; That is called General,which ferves for the who! Body ; and that is three fold, 1. T □ eftablifh, and make firm the loft Parcs. 2. To give fhape,and Figure to the Parcs. 3. To help the Motion * and Progrefs of the Body. The Part icular end, or ule, is chat which is Proper to every feveral Bone. F tom what hath been written, this Definition of a Bone, may be gathered; it is a Similar Tart, moft cold and dry/Formed by heat of the thick and Fat fiebjlance of the Seed; for the form and fettlement of the whole Tody. Accidental* 4* End. General- Special. Definition* Chap. c;. Of the Qualities, or Natural Difyofition of tin Bones. THe Dofttine of Bones, ought to be double one which treats of the Bones of infants, which from their Birth til (even years of Age, differ in i many chinos from fuch as are grown up : the ocher of men of perfect Agc.which We now handle. " 1 And teeing al DoClrin of Bones, is referred to Phyfical ufe, we muff know1 the Condieions, and affedions of Bones, Wei and Naturally affected, which are either common to al, or Proper to fome. The common are nine which dial be Defcribed, and Demonftrated, in our new Ofteology, at the latter end of this Manual. In dry Bone* wel Prepared, are five things (hewed, i. Hardnels and folidity. 2, They have holes out- wardly, Especially coward the by which is ingrefs given to the little Veines, and arteries, for Nouriftiment and life. 3. A cartilaginous Cruft ac the Extremities, and the ‘Perioftion, which compaffech about the whol Bone, the Cartilaginous extremities excepted- 4. Continuity, and Equalllty in its whol lubftance; wherefore die callous, by which broken Bones are united, is not Natural. 5. A fit and Convenient jfoyningof One Bone with another. Voßrm of Bones Of infants and men grown np. Ajfettm af the tsones are. Common, or The affections Proper to the feveral Bones,are twofold ; either fuch as re- gard every Bone feverally ; or fuch as regard more Bones then one, joyned together, ; - i. The affections of the ffrft fort, are four ; Hollownefs, Prominence, Pvoughnefs, and Smoochnefs ; which affedtions are confidered in the extreme iuperficies of the Bone, in as much as Bones are referred to mutual conjunction ■ became they cannot fubfift alone by chemfelves. The Head of thea omoplata. is hollow, the b Shoulder Bone flicks out; thec Ifchium, or Huckle-bone, is hollow, the d Bone of the Thigh flicks out *, the Skul is rough behind for c^5c *nlercron of Mufcles, in ocher places ’cis fmooch, and Polifhed: A 1 which if they are fuch as Nature made them, they are according to Na- ture-, if other wife, they are befide Nature. Alfo a Cavity is deep, or fuperficiary ; that which is deep, is calledf CotyU* tuc fuperiiciary g Qlene. A Prominency, or Parts (licking our -is called jP°Phfir3 or Fpiphyfis : Both of them are round, or long, or hollow: '\l[u round3 miscalled a Head; if it be large and long, icisabiojutely Nam- * ,^ear*» kuc if it be fhorc, and depreffed, it is called' Condyhn, The : or Candyli of final Bones, are not ‘Epiphyfis, but ; j4piphyfis; as in nether Jaw, and in the Ribs, and the Bones of the Fingers, and Toes, Proper} ». of Bones fcpef« ated* Book! and zAnatoniy. Along Apophyfts, is either with a poynt, and called Cor one; or limply long, and chat according to the Figure of it, hath diverle Names *,ookrk Styloidsf iCoraCoides, m Odontcides; or cil'e cis terminated in a Head, and then is called n Cervix or a Neck. Ic is not abided, that Come Apophyfts fliould be hollow. Seeing al Cavities are, as ic were, ingraved in the Apophyfts \ or elle are made of two or three Apophyfes, as in the Cavity of the Ifchium, or Huckle-bone: and although fomtimes a Cavity make the Body of the Bone, yet it is formed by a bony Circumference *, which Seeing it ftkks out obliquely and orbicularly, without the plain fuperficies, it is worthily accounted an Apophyfts; QaL Lib. de Offibus acknowledgeth the Omoplata to be an Apophyfts, winch is a Cervix, the extremity of which, ends in the °Qkne \ therefore Cavities ought to be referred to Apophyfts; and a Cavity if it be round and large, may be called a Head, for the Neck is alwaies fubjeded to the Head (ft a!. ‘Proem. Lib. de Offth. whether Apo- phyfes have i boUowneJfes. In every Bone, which being ;oyned to another makes a Joync, I obferve the Body and the extremities, which are Adnata, or,/. ua.m‘, f.4.CB.“f. % f.4.eF.f.2'iFc.2h,f*i-dd.f4.a.*>, f.2.1k“k, T." 5./- b.fD."l, T.2i./.2.d.»m, T. T.212.c. *°, ibid"P,T- -2./. iTaa.f. t.bcd,T. 1 >./. 3.^%d.2% i*2l ./• 1.2. q. T. 13./. 21 .a.% 15.J.6.T). j Chap. 6. Of the Conjunßion of Bones. why there are many Bones in man. K S Being it is not fafe, nor comly for man, chat Divine Creature, to creep along like Worms, and Serpents ; Nature hath let his body bole upright, with firm, and foilid bones *, not only three, or four in number, but very many various, and diftinft, whereby he may bow, and move himlclfevery way; And that this Workmanlhip might be the more Elegant, the Bones are fojoyned together, that the extremity of one, enters into the Cavity of the ocher. This ftrubhire is called a Joync, the Nature of which, is much cob* troverced amongffc Anatomifts ; fome contending that the couching two bones one with another, makes a Joync ; others, belides couching, ad motion. So that it is the movable touching of two bones, which makes a J... _ _ . If Motion be removed from the Definition of a Joy nt, Qakns Doctrine may eafily be defended.Heconft mutes two kinds of Amculmon’fDiartbrofi-f* Book I. lAnatomy. 7 with mainfeft Motion Synarthroftf, with Obfcure, or no Motion: and he afligns the differences of Synarthrojis, which are altogether immovable, to be Sutura, and Qomphojif, with chofe which take away Motion in the Definition of Articulation, refer to the third fpeeies of Articulation, which they cal Neutral, or mean, between Diartbrofis and Synarthroftf. Some give it a new Name, Amphiarthrofis, to wit, when the ftruccure isfo Obfcure, and the Motion fo hidden, that you know not whether it appertain to Diarthrcfis,or Synarthrojis. But chat place of (jalen being il underftood, deceives many Anatomifts. This Doftnne of Galen feems more probable, thus , * either by Articulation the Differences °f are P!ar,p°fs & Synarthrojis. The bones are knit together by Articulations, and Sympbyfes: Articula- tion, is che knittings, or Couching of two bones * the differences of which are 'Diartbrofys, and Synarthrofts *, the one hath evident Motion, che ocher Obfcure, or none at aU and therefore che differences of each, arc equal: but the one, for example fake, is called cEnartbroftscDiarthrodej, with a mani- feft Motion j the ocher *Enartbrofis Synartbrodes, with an Obfcure Motion j ] udg the like of the ocher differences. , cEnartbrofis, is when a large, and long Head, goes into a deep Cavity ; which feeing it is common both to Diartbrofis, and Synarthrofts, we wil give an example of them Both. The Motion of Ainartbrofis Diar- ibrodes, is manifeft in che Joync of che Ifchium : che Motion of cEnar- tbrojis Synartbrodes, is Obicure in che Articulation of che Ancle with che Scapbois. > When a depreffed, and plain Head,, is received by a fhallow and fuperficial Cavity, this Joynting is called Arthrodia, an exemple of Arthrodia Tdianbrodes, is in the conjunftion of che Shoulder with the Omoplata. An example of Arthrodia Synartbrodes, is in che Bones of che Wrift, with the Metacarpus. The common fpecies of which are. Enarthrofis. 2. Arthrodia* (jinglymos, is a mutual ingrefs of the bones, fuch as you lhal ufually fee in the hinges of Doors and Windows * in which chat Parc of the Hinge which bears and chat which circles about, have a Mutual ingrefs one into another. The Motion of Qinglymm Diarthrodes, is manifeft in the Elbow j the Moti- on of Qinglymu* Synarthrod.es, is Obfcure in che;oyning of the Ancle to the Heel. Modern writers add a fourth to thofe three, which they cal Trochois, in which the Motion of convection is apparent; fuch is the joyning of the firft Vertebra with the fecond, but it is to be referred to Arthrodia i As for what belongs to Qinglbnus, and its various differences, we wil thus Methodically handle them: Qinglimus is an Articulation of bones, by mutual reception 5 and is fimple, or compound: that is called fimple, which is made of two bones, by one only and fimple Articulation in the fame Parc,as in the juncture off the Elbow and Arm. Compound Qinglymm confits of a double Articul- ation, which is performed either in che fame extremities, or in places diftanc, of two or three Bones, which by a double Articulation end in the fame extre- mities. It is feen in che Vertebrae of the Neck. A compound (jinglymos by a double Articulation in places diftant is feen in che Cubitus and Radius, in diftant places of three bones is feen in al the Vertebra of eke Back and To v nes. • 5- Ginglymut- which is simple or Compound. Befides Synarthrofts, containes under ic, 'Harmonia, Sutura, and Qom- pheju, which are without Motion. * Harmonic is a Conjun&ion of bones, fimple touching without mutual ingrefs 9 and is diftinguifited by a Line, either right, or oblique,or manyfold. h Sutura, is chejoyningof bones; as chough the Teeth of two Jawes, or two Combs were thruft one within the ocher, and is altogether of one and the fame form, (jomphofis, is when °ne bone fticks faft, and immovably in another, like a Naile in a Poll. Pppofite to .Articulation * is Sympbyfts, which is an immovable conjun- 'tlou of bones, as chough they were united, which Nature brings forth at firft Proper fpeciei offfynarthrofis. Harmonit. Gomphofis• Or by SjMz 8 and Anatomy. Bkoo I. phyfis rohofe differences are three. divided, yet afterward in procefs of time, they grow together. Somare united without any difcernable Wledium, others with a tylediwn interpoled. And therefore, the iimple differences of Symphyfif are three-, Syjfarcofis Syneurofis, Synchondrofif. A mixed or compound Symphyfif *, is only one. By a Nerve and Cartilage, which (jalen cals TSfeurochondrodzs, dOf thefe you may fee more in* Com. at(jal. Lib. de OJjibus. According to Qalen, I thus expound the DoCfrine of Joynts, Methodically, The Conjunction of al Joynts is made by the touching of their extremities : This touching is either Articulw or Symphyfif : Articulus is a Natural joyning of Bones ; which are divided amongft themfelves, to the fame ule, for which they were formed; this ule is either for Motion, or perfpiracion, orpaffage of fome fubftance, or diftinguilhingof parts, or to fecure them from hurting, as apeares by the Articulations, armoniaf Sittura, and Qomphofis. Symphyfif is a Natural Union of bones which were at foil divid- ed, which grow together either with,or without an apparent Medium, becaufe it is Obliterated, as in the Sternum, Of-facrum, or Ifchium, and the bony portions of the inferiour Jaw; and therefore the Conjunction of bones is divided into Articulus, and Symphyfif, as it were into two fpecies. Ocher- wife if Symphyfif, be taken according to the mind of Modern not according to the mind of Qalen, wherefoever Articulation is, there muft Symphyfif needs be j for the Collection of bones, and Qalen had ridiculouily oppofed Symphyfif, to Articulation. Galens Doft- r'm of Joynts. a, T. is.f. 3.%. &c.2b, /. 4-^-'K «c, f- h. m. n. 0. "d, See cb. 5. Lib. 6. of this trBool{: Chap. 7. The ViVtfion ofa Sceleton, THe whole Fabrick of the bones (ticking together, is by Cj alert, called SCELETO S, It is vulgarly divided into the Head,the crunk and the limbs. HAippocrates, in his Book of the Nature of bones, confticuces fix parts of the Sceleton; The Head, Neck, Bread, Back-bone, Hands, and Feet* (jalen, into five, the Head, Back-bone, Bread, Hands, and Peer, as may eafily be gathered from the feries of his difeourfe. We follow the com- mon divilion, and according to the example of Qalen, begin at the Head, which is the fird bone formed by Nature; and as it were the foundation of al the red: which are framed in refpeCt of Jargnefs, according to the proportion of the Head. Chap. 8. Of the Head7 being the firjl Tart of the Sceleton. what the Head U‘ it's Dlvlfton. what the S\uL is. THe Head is defined by qalen, to be chat whole fubflance which is above the Neck, and the dwelling place of the Brain* It is divided into the Skul, and the Face, which latter comprehends both die Jaws. The Skill, is a globous, and round body j hollow within, but this roundnefs is not exactly, fpcehircaJ, by Reafon of thole Eminent ies, which flick out be- fore, and behind, which make the Skul fomwhat longifh, and comprcfled o° the Tides towards the Temples. If the Skul be not fomwhat longifh, itls depraved and this depravation is four-fold, i. When it flicks not out before, 2. When it flicks not out behind. 5. When both Prominencies, are depar- ved, and then it is exactly round, 4. When its Longitude is turned into Latitude, which is inconfiftenc with life, becaufe the Scru&ure of the Brain, is perverted. Natural digm* Book 1. Anatomy. Noe only one Bone, but many make the ftruCfure of the Skul, the number of which is various in Authors, Qaltn Atribuces feven thereto, and Sylvius follows him: others hold i4i As by adding the fix bones, ofeacheare, which are Parts of the rocky bone,’ and included in the Cavities of the Bare, and add nothing at al to make the globe of the Scul. But more rightly Tarsus ads fourteen bones to the Skul, but diftinguifheth them, into containing, and contained, the containing are eight, the contained are the fix fmal bones, of the Eares. Hippocrates, Lib. de Off. Conftitutes the Skul of eight bones, and yet he feems to comprehend lome bones of the Face, this number the moll excellent Anatomifts follow jas VefalimyCoUtm- bus, Fallopius, from whom we wil not diffcnc, becaufe this number our Eyes can in DiffeCtions. The intervals ,or connections of thofe bones, are called Sutur2b X 13./. 11. Chap. 13. Of the Teeth. 'p He Teeth, are the inftruments of Chewing the Meat, and forming the voyce. They are bones although they differ in Nature from ocher bones. They confift of two parts, one of which flicks out without the Gum, and is cal- led the Balls. The ocner is hid within the Gum, and called the Root, the Root is o°t (bilid but hollow, and fo hollow,chat it receives a imal Vein, a fmal artery,and * fmal Nerve. The Roots of the T eech are.various in number and difverfe in figure. The Root °f the Cutters isalwaies fimple and right, diftingaiflied only with a fmal cleft for their firmer (licking. Alio the Roots of the Dog-teeth are fimple. The lupenor Renders have a threefold Root and Crooked, became they hang downwards, in the grinders they are double and foracimes treble. The number of the Teeth is various in regard of Age. In Children from the leventh Month even til they are two years Old and upwards twenty of them uiuaily c°me out by degrees one after another, and before they are wel cowards lour years U Age, they have no more, afterwards eight, or twelve others come out; So that hey have twenty eight, or thirty two in both Jawes. This number isd ttinguifhed mzo three orders by reafon of their Situation and the firfl four Teerb are calledaCutters* 1 hofe’cwo which are next thele co pn eaca art o.i teo *> ‘Dj'g-teetb* The reft being eight, or ten, are called grinders, iney are placed m die davicies of each Jaw, winch Cavities are not Continual out divided m o c-eils, ana their con; unction, or -di.cicu.Uaon is called Their \ature Pam, Baps and Root. The number of the %oots of the Teeth. The Humbtf, of the Teeth* Their Orders] * T. 15 f Xi5X15.f.6 00. Chap. 14, Of the Trunk, being the Second fart of the Sceleton. ■ ~ comPrehends che Back-bcne and fuch bones as are fattened there- c°mPoundecf of the Back-bone and the Cheft. bony Channel which gives paffage to the Marrow of the Back, bonelsf trei:(:hed even from the Head, to the Oi Coccyx. It confitts of very many hirnieipiCS iecuricy and chat it may not eafily be hurt, as aifo that a man may bow ertebr^°r neccfficy °f a^lon* tbeie bones the Greeks cal Spondils, and the latins roUiidVery Yertehra you may obferve two parts of which the one is internal,thick and Ho Nani u cjlled the body •* the other external with various jipophyfes and hath the bindmn*5 tlfLercnces of che^p^#/are three, .right, tri»ulverfeT? and ,s ProPerly called a SPim chac which is b Lateral, and Which they ace Of whet it mfifts, The n«kz bone what. Two pmsei a Vertebra* Differente of tteAwWi^ Thyftck and ciAnatomy. Book 1. In the Oblique \Apopbyfes two are above, and as many below, and therefore in al the Vertebra, are ieven -Apophyfes found. The whol Hfachis or Back-bone, is divided inco_ four Parcs. The %ecK, ‘Back, Loyns and Os Sacrum: The Neck hath feven Verteba;, the Back twelve, the Loyns five, the Os Sacrum is either one, or three-fold in inch as are grown up-, in Chilldren it is divided into five or fix Parcs: Wherefore the Back-bone in fuch as are grown up, is competed of twenty four Vertebra ■, to which, if you add the Os Sacrum,which is a great Vertebra, it makes twenty five or twenty (even. The crooked-ftreighc Figure ofthe Back-bone, which is admirably defenbea by Hippocrates in Lib. 3. de Articulis, from verte 3 3. to 3 Cannot be noted in a Scelecon, though never fo exactly made j but in a Carkafs the Ficfh of the Back being taken away it may 3 in the Vertebrae of the Neck, this peculiar thing is to be noted, That al the cranfverfed Apophyfes are peirced through, chat lb they may give paffage to the cervical Veins and Arteries j they have Cavities in the extremities,through which the Nerve being yet fofc, is deduced : The c hindermoft Apophyfes, are double, for the rife and injection of Nerves; but the two fuperiors have another ftru&ure and conformation, by reafonof the motion of the Head j fotchefiuft wants a and hath a thick round Body 3 the lecond fends out a s Tooth like Apophyjts. Al the Vertebrae of the Neck are ftncktly joyned and implicated left they fhould flip afunder in the vehement Motions of the Neck. The Vertebra of the Neck) The vertebra of the Back- The twelve h Vertebra ofthe Back, are altogether one like the other: their Apo- phyfesa.re z\ foliid, and continual, without any hole or divifion. The twelfth, or eleventh Vertebra, hath a different Articulation from the reft; al the reft are j oyn- ed by Cf inglymos, the eleventh, or twelfth, only by Arthrodia. And therefore the who! Morion of the Back-bone, bowing, extending, and Obliquacion, is per- formed by that Vertebra. The Vertebra of the Loyns. The five Vertikr. 21. fc. .£'/• io. “s f.zi.a, T. 10. f. 3. T-z.f-z- ■ T, 1. f. 1. aa- -2-f. 5.6. “m T. 2,f. bb. c. Chap. 15. Of the Cheft, T,he Breaji rahdt- Cheftj together with the Back-bone, make up the trunk, of the . Hcdeton. It i* four-fold. Tiie Gheft is a bony Circuftifopence, which holds the vital Parts, and is confti' cured of a four-fold kind of bonesche Sternum before the Ribs on each fide, the Cfawculas at cop, and id te Back-bone behind, to which the Ribs flick. The Sternum. The * Sternum or Breft-bone, in fuch as ate grown up, is one only continued ibone, diftinguilned by three or four cranfvcrle lines, which are but the foocftePs °*- the Ancient divisions $ and thefe lines are more confpicuous ontheinfide, than °n the out. On the extremity of this bone, depends the Cartilage or Griftles called or the (word-like Cartilage; it represents a Shield in bruites. The Ribs are twenty four, twelve on each lidej of which, the (even uper mol arc called cTr#e, becaufe they are committed to the Sternum j the ocher fivem- The Cartilage called Sword- Lihe. The] Ribs, ■ ,1 Book I. c and <*Anatomy. ferior, are called d ‘Baftard, becaufe they are never joyned co the Breaft-bone, but are joyned in a Cartilage, chat they may the better give way to the (Veilings of the Liver and Spleen, and yeild to the Motions of the Hiaphragma• The cClaviculZd /-a. 8.9.10. 11.12. f. 1. f. T. ai/f* 2. Chap. 16. Of the Limbs, being the Third Tan of the Seek ton : and fir ft, of the Scapula, S Being the Scapula Omoplata, orflioulder-Wade, belongs nothing at alto the constitution of the Bread:, I feperate it from the Trunk, and it at the begin- ning of the hands. In the Omoplata many Parts come to be noted for the original and Infection of Mufcles. A very Neceflary Part of the Omoplata being ftretched to the Longitude of the Back, is called thea *Bafis, the extremities of which are called Angles *, one is b Superior, the other c Inferior. The Bafis is the Tides of the Piibs ; of which, the one is (hotter and thinner, which is called the d Superior ; the ocher longer, and thicker which is called the c Inferior sßib. The whol Latitude of the Scapula is called the cable; The external Parc of which,is Gibbous; the internal hollow, chat To it may receive the Mulcle. The famous procefsor Apophyfis afeending upwards from the calledf Spina, the broad extremity of which, is called Acrdmium; which according co Qalen and Hippocrates, is a diftindt bone, and Cartilaginous in Children; but hard, and bony., mmchasare grown up. Which after the twentieth year, and femthing fooner is turned into an Apophyfis of the Spina. The pics on each Tide of the Spina are called Interjcapuli- um; one pit is above ic,the other below it, but the middle prominence of the S pina which is bowed, is commonly called (Pterygmm or the crift. The ocher extremity of the Scapula, which is great, Tubject to the Acromhtm, and oppofice co the Bans, is called the g Neck ; in it you fhal note, that Apophyfis called h Coracoid.es,which was made for the fecuricy, and firmnefs of the Joync of the Shoulder, the Cavity of the Neck, is called (flenoides. jts Tarts. Baftr. Angles. Rtljs- ?mef. pfal a Tiuf-zM. Zh - 4 f'Z-ah.f,ad,d. Z* f-2.ag.ad. c. /^.c.yh J.2-df Chap. 17. Of the Shoulder. THe Arm hangs upon the Omoplata or Scapula, which is divided into three Parts; the Shoulder, ehe Cubit and the Hand. In the Shoulder are two extremities for the infer cion of Mufcles; the upermoft is called the Head, which a jnembranous Ligament, bred from the Cavity of the Qlenois, compaffeth about, befides the four Mufcles which it involves: a little below this, the Orbicular nar- *°w place, is called the Neck: In the Head is a long Chink, by which the Nervous Head of the Mufcle *Biceps arifeth. In the ocher extremity of the Arm, you may oblerve the Trochlea, about which the Cubit is turned: About the 'trochlea ace JWo a Cavities, of which the external, is wider than the internal; in thefe are the '-oronal Apophyfis of the Cubit received: with the Trochlea' are two Apophyfis, •'mich are called Condili the one inferior, and interior; the other fuperior, and eXCerior. The three ?Jrts, th* xk of the nones of the Shoulder. _ Tbe Nec*’ cavities. jpofhjfes 16 and Book I. Chap. 18 0 Of the Quhitmy and Radius. cubitus why there are fw tones. He fecond Parc of che hand is called Cubitus, 8c confifts of two bones jof which X che one which is fuperior and fhorcer, is called * (Radiusche ochcr,which is inferior, and fufyedt co che former, is called by the Name of the whol b Cubitus, and by forne ‘Ulna, Two bones are neceflary in this Parc of die Arm by real'on of their double and contrary Motions, which could not be performed by one bone united by Qinglymus i for Qinglymus luffers only bowing and extending, and in no wife invercion; which che Radius being joyned by Arthrodia performs. The Obliquacion of che Radius cannot perfectly be dilcerned unlefsin a new carcafs, ail the Mufcles being taken away 5 for with great admiration you fhal fee the %adius turned about, upward and downward, upon the Cubic, being unmoved andalfo moved together with the Cubitus, when it is bowed and extended. There is forathing worthy the noting m the, extremity of che Cubitus: For in che uper extremity, is che Cavity, called Sygmoides, which embraced! the Trochlea of the Arm i about this, are two Apophyjes, called Corone the lowermoft is called c Qlecranum: In the inferior Parc che Cubitus, is an Apophyfis, which is called d Styloides 9 the extremities of thefe bones alone, are joyned together by chat Qinglymus, which confiftcth of two Bones, pa/ling into one another, in diverfe, and diftanc places. , Cavity • a/. 2.®. /• 2. V. “ * T. 21./. 2.g. "d f>2 e. regioH&22 Chap. ip. Of the Hand* 'Bivlfioa. THe Hand is divided into three Parts Carpus, ‘Metacarpus, and the Fin- gers. » Carpus conQfts of eight bones, diPtnbuted into two orders, which are joyned amongft themfelves by Symphyfes, by a kind oi became the bones of the Carpus are moved the one from the other, either obscurely* or nocacal ; the firft order makes Arthrodia 'Diarthrodis, with the inferior Cubic j che lame order is joyned with che fecond order of the bones of the Wnft, or Carpus, by Arthro- dia; which fecond order is joyned with the ‘Metacarpus, by Arthrodia Synar- throdss: So chat this Motion, is either none at al, 01 inlenfible j but the firft order with che lecond is moved obfcurely. The b Metacarpus, fucceeds the Carpus, and is framed of five bones, if we add che ficft bone of che Thumb, which fome reject, becaule ic is Obliquely added co the Metacarpus, and endewed with manifeft: Motion and contrary to the Nature of ocher bones of che Metacarpus, which make Arthrodia with che Wnft, and ‘Enarthrofis with che F ihgers j and yet the fourth bone of the Metacarpus, which fuftains the Ring Finger, hath manifeft Motion. From the fcveral bones of the Metacarpus, are feveralc Fingers ftretched; only the Thumb excepted, the Fingers conhft of three bones which are joyned co one another by Qinglynws j and therefore they admit only of bowing, and extending» che Oblique Motion of them depends upon che tEnarthrofis of the firft bone with the Metacarpus, Carpus. Metacarpus. Fibers. * f.i.D,gb/. i.»•"c/• sS- 3d/• 1 • and The third;oyned to the Ajiragatus, Schaphoides: The fourth « Tfy’viculare j ro which is joyned the inner,and foremoft portion of the Heel, which is called 4 Cuboides; the other three have no Names, or EHe are called c Calcoidea. The f ‘Meiatarfus follows Tarfus, and is formed of five Bones, and anfwers to the cMetacarpus of the Hand. The Toes fucceedthe cMetatarfuf-> coiifticuted of s three Bones a piece, except the great Toe, which hath only two Bones: final Bones fil up and ftrengthen the niter- nodes of the Fingers and Toes in filch as are grown up, which are uncertain in number, and called h Sefamoidea, In the fecond Articulation of the great Toe, are two final Bones worth the noting, and indifferent big, which are aiwaies found in alCarcaffes, and two at the oriml nal of the two Mulcles of the Feet, mentioned by which are but feldooi found, and are to be numbred with the Sefamoidea. Maatxrftu. Toes. * f.fi ‘B’“‘S‘C‘= yV'Z'f’ 4- Chap. 24. In what Particulars the Bones of Men differ from thofe of Women, Tboft which differ rfe. T He Bones of Men and Women, differ in feme parts, which fplateries firft noted, and ‘Bauhinui follows him * bur by their leaves, they noted many differences which are not found, and Omitted lome chat are: we lhai ipeak of them both fever* ally. It is true, al the bones of Women, are Hs then thole in Men, both in weight, and thicknefs, as alfo in length. Qalen adds they are not io hard* but lakh, chat in al living Creatures* the Bones of the Females, are lofcer then thole of the Males * and Arijiotle held lo before him. The bones of the Head* are altogether alik, having neither more, nor fewer Su* cures* although JSrijlotle thought other wife* Namely, that Males had more Su* cures then Females, Ch. 7. Lib. 1. debt ft. animal and 7* Lib. 3. ejufd. operk, and Chap. 7. Lib. 3. depart animal. Yet the a Sagittal Suture, more often in Woman, paffech to the Nate, dividing the Bone of the Fore-head in the middle* It is faile that iAnftotle held, Vi\. Thar Males have more « Teech,chen Females, In Sub ft ante, of the Bone. The Bones of the Head. \ Teeth. larynx. as is deer in Men, Sheep, Hogs, and Goats. The d Larin*r (tf k may be numbred amongft the Bones) is lefs in Women the Cartilage c Thyroidei, flicks oiit lei's. The f Breft in Women is depreffed in the fore part, and flicks not out as k doth in Men, for the more accomodation of the Dugs. The s Clwvicul# in Women are hoc iocrooked, for the more comlinefs of theif Neck and Breaft. The inferior Parc of the h Sternum, is brt *der then in many times bath a manifeft hole in it * and the lower Bone upon which the * Sword-hke Carcilagc depends, is cleft likeacrefcenc Moon and makes a large hole for the Egrcis of the ‘Mammaria Interna. It is fa lie that the k Cartilages* which in men become bony about the forty o£ filcy yearts of their Age, become bony in Women fo foon as their Breads grow * Xhoi%h it be true in Women when they are Old* Breafi. CU-dichl*. Sternum. Curtilages of ike Ribs. Jn Women with great Breads, Thorax is narrow* and almoft poyntcd* byfea to of th« weight of their Breafts. Book I. and Anatomy. That Parc of the Back above che Loyns, is no more bowed Backwards in Women, then ic is in' Men. * The | Or Sacrum is fliorcer, broader, and more bowed outwards in Women, then ic is in Men. TheOr m Coccyx, or Crupper Bone, is more movable, and noc fo ftrongly knit, and more bowed Backwards in Women ; noc according co the opinion ot' Qalen,buc ‘ot Later writers. Qaleti’. Lib. i. deSemine. ' The Buttocks of Women are broader4jid according co ?^riftotle., Lib. 4. de hifi animal. Women are ftronger in cheir lower Parcs, and therefore che Of* Ilium mo ft commonly is larger, buc chac largnefs bends more outward *; by which means the Off a mum are more hollowed oucwardly. Upon this largnefs of che Bones, che Womb when ic is greac with Child leans as ic were,up on Pillows, and fits as ic were in a Saddle. Elegantly laid QalenLib, i 4. deufu Tartiwri, when he called che concourle of chefe Bones with the Os Sacrum THEGREAT BONY-VAULT or Arch. The oval hole is Smaller in Women chac che portion of che Or (Pubis, neer che Sympbyfis, mdy be larger; buc the Spina of che Or Vubis is turned outwards. The inferior, or tuberous Parcs, of the0 Or Ifcbium, ic ficced with a double Cartilage, thicker fofcer; and chiscommiffure is perfected by afhorc line, chac in the travail, ic being fofcned and looted, che Bones of the fPubis may part. The fpace between che 0/ Sacrum, Ilium, and p Tubtt, where they are joyned together, is larger in Women then in Men, lead: the narrownels of che Pafifage Should hinder che comming ouc of che Child. The reft of che ftrudure of Bones in Women, is like thofe in Men. Back. Os Saevun. Coccisc. ButtockS. Os ilium. Os Pubis. Os Jfchim. a 3.bb.2h /• 3.“c f.6.mno.2d T. io."e f, g. A.mt T. 10.33 T.2i.f.u%Zh X. 10./.i. AA.^f.2.<8.**~f.2.CC.3" TA f. 5. and 6.2™ f- 5• andO.b.c.^» f. 3• and 4. A.30 /• 3• 4* b. Z** /• 3. 4-C. Chap. 25. Of the number ofthe ® ones in a Mans Body, |He number of the Bones of mans Body amongft Anatomifts is uncertain JL Vefalius held 307. Qalenz42. But iq the Sceleton of a perfect man, there are cwo hundred and fitcy lix neceffary Bones for the ftruff ure of it; which are thus numbred. Of the Skul, eighty of the upper Jaw, eleven; of the nether Jaw, one*, of Che Os TLyois, three*. Teeth, thirty two; Back-bone, twenty four; OsSacmWi three*. Coccyx, three; ClavicuU, two* Pvibs, twenty four; of the Sternum, three*, of each Hand, divided into four Parts, Tixty two; Omoplata, two; Acmes, tfro; Cubits, four* both Wrifts, fixteen; both tyletacarpus, eight; ofalthe Fingers, thirty; of each Foot, divided into four parts, fixey two; Namely the Biones of the Ilium, two; Thigh, two; Legs, four; Knee- pans, two; Tar fa, fourteen; etatarfus, ten; Toes, twenty eight. Eefides thefe Bones, whereof the Sceleton is made, there are eighteen other jnanifeft fmal Bones, In each great Toe four, Sefamoida-, in the Head of the Guides, called Cfemeli, on each fide, four. The reft of the Sefamoida are fo fmal that they confum or vanifh away in boyling the Bones to make a Sceleton. There is in each Bare three fmal Bones, which ought to be kept apart with the Sefamoida’, neither come they into the ftrufture of the Sceleton. So that if you add the firft number to the fecond, you ftiall find two hundred and fifty fix Bones. Chap. 26. The Hiflory of a$ Infants Bones, till the Age of JeVen years. xEeing the Bones oFlnfanrsj from their Birch til feven years of Age, differ much from the Bones of Inch as are grown up, both in number, and figure, and be broken oft, as chinking chat anew Tooth grew up from cheiarae Root, which could never be,‘if the former were pulled up by the Root. Hut Celfm in my Judgment wrote more truly, that there was a new Tooth in Children, which did expel the former,and loracimes grew outbelides it, either aboue, or below it. . The middle part of the ‘Hypft, being the bafis of chewhol bone, is Cartilaginous, but Toon becomes bony i and yet the Tides remain Cartilaginous a good time. Hyoip • T.IJ./.4.C "i %8.f.4.C~‘ + T. 8 ,f, jf.Zl f 7.and6.o.** f.6. A-Z'f-T.»./.6.C.Z* T-4- Chap. 2*B . Of the Back and Breafi-bms. THe Back*boEC confifts of twenty four Vertebra, the Os Sacrum excepted: al of them for one years fpace, are divided into* three pares, the two firft of the Neck excepted: the firft parcconftituces the Body *, theothertwo make the Tides of the hole, neither do they fend out any proccfs. /Fallopius hath iccn the firft Vertebra of Children confiscated of five parts j but the reft, of three only. The i firft part was where it was; oyned with the Tooth of the lecond Vertebra, called *'Pyrenoit *, the lecond, and third parts, were on the Tides, in Which both the fu- perior, and inferior Cavities of the Joyfits were y the fourth, and fifth parts per- fected the reft of the hole. The lecond Vertebra of the Neck, befides the three parts common with the reft, hath a fourth eminent c^ptphyfifs called tpyrenoit or the Tooth. . The Vertebra Fallopius hk Obftrvatien. la ai the Vertebra, the hinder part is b Acute, and altogether Cartilaginous, and then glows bony, and like an Appendix is joyned co cbe ocher parts. Thecranif- verfe proceffes, are alio Cartilaginous, but loon acquire a bony Nature. The 0/ Sacrum confifts ofc five Vertebra,, with Cartilages between: So as they may eafily be difeemed the one from the other: the hinder fliarpnefr is totally Cartilaginous. _.h>, 4 ;v, .if i.... ■v; <■ . . . . Al the Vertebra confifr of three parts, as al the Spines of the Vertebra The Of Coccix is altogether Cartilaginous,, and undivided y Age divides it into three or four parts, which remain Cartilaginous al (even years be expired. The extremities of the Ribs chat are d joy rued to the Back, are altogether Carti- laginous, yet they loon grow hard: the Sternum of Infants, is at firft Cartilagi- n°us, and yet divided by no line, ahd yet the Superior are Sooner bony, then the inferior, and the middle parts of them before the extremities, whence it comes to pafs chat the bony pare is compared about witn a Carriage one each fide, and tc- lembles fo many bony Knots in a hoard. Os Sacrum J< \ . Os Ceffix, Ribs . Swnwn* So foon as the Child is born, the inferrior parcof the Sternum Is Cartilaginous and hath no divilion j then it grows bony, as I fliewcd you before; at la ft it is cuc into fix particulars, by a cranfvcrte line drawn from the Cartilages of the liibs, co which you muft: number chat which is by the Sword-like Cartilage. ■., Vailopius in his Obfervations, notes eight bones in the Sternum 6t Children;vvhich stewards are brought to feveii, the two laft being reduced iuto one: afterwards W are brought to fewer, fix only apearing by that time the Child is fcvcn y ears of > and though *Fallvpiuf think fix alwaies remain, yeti have alwaics oblerved tiloprt Obfcrvatit**' Thyftci and aAnatomy . Book I. eFaUopmt\\m defcribes the Union of the bones. After (even years the bones of the Sternum are joyned together and become fewer by degrees, fo that fix only apear, one bone being made of the fourth and fifth and another of the fixe and fe- venth. Befides this Union mcreafing, there are only four found, the third fourth fifth fixth and feventh growing together. Of the Sternum of Infants Read Sylvius, com. adcb. 2. Lib. Qal. de Ojjibut* a %Z,f.9.AeBC.Zh f-n-Zc f- 10, u. A Chap. 29. Of the upper Limls. Scapula. » N the Omoplata both Apophyfes, and ‘Epipbyfes, are Cartilaginous, alfd X the Neck with the Cartilage Qlenois are of the lame Nature. 'The eminence called Cpracoides is an TLpiphyfts, yet the bone Acromium doth not feem feperated but it is an Apopbyfts included and terminated with much Cartilage,which is dryed after three or four years, and changed into a bony ‘Epipbyjes. called Acromium, as it is, deferibedby Hypocrites and (jalen, aclaftthac Xpiphyfis is turned into mApophyfis. « ' a The appendices of the fhoulders in each extremity are Cartilaginous, and grow hard by degrees. AUb the Trochlea is Cartilaginous, but is fooner turned into b 3ne then the fuperior parts: thefuperior part of the Cubit called Olecramen, is an Xpiphyfis and after one years time grows hard and is ;oyned ro the bone. The b bones of the Wrift when the Child is born,: are competed of one Cartilage, afterward they grow bony and are diftinguiihed from one another. But fuff they are fpongy as the reft of the bones are, which from Cartilages become bones. 'The eight bone of the Wrift, turns bony laft of aL C The extremities of the c bones of the cMetacarpm and Wrift are Cartilaginous, w[jich are hardned within Ids then a year. mid* Metacarpus and Fingers, * T.S.f. 13.0b. 5b T. s.f. i;.d. Chap. 30. Of the Inferior Limbs', Ilium* T1 He Ilium in Children is corapofed, of three bones even tilthey are feven years of Age,to which the Ancients gave proper Names.a The firft bone comprehends that widnels which paffeth to the mtdftof the Funnel, the ocher part is equally divided into two parts, a line being drawn by that “Cleft of the Funnel Cros the Oval hole, and makes the Symphyfis of the Os fPultis, the fuperior Part of this divilion is calledb Os 'Pubis, the inferior cOs Ifcbium, the Lips of which are Cartilaginous. . d The Thigh on the fuperior part fends out three appendices; a Head, and two *Trochanters which remain Cartilaginous *Epipbyfeja good time, the inferior part of the Thigh hath two knobs, the appendix is Cartilaginous. The Knee-pan at firft is totally Cartilaginous ; and is a long time ere it grow bony. The bones of the Tibid and fibula, differ nothing from thofe that are grown up fave only in their appendices, both above and below,which are Cartilaginous, then grow hard, and remain ieperated even to the tench year andupwards. In the Fodc al the bones of thee Tarfm are Cartilaginous for lome months, the bone of the He£i excepted which is Bony within, though covered with Cartilages, without. The Sefamoides remain Cartilaginous almoft to confident Age, two only ex- . gqjted, which are in the firffc Joynt cffhe great Toe, for thefe grow bony prefen cly , after the Birth, Vubis. Vchium. Thigh. Tatclla. Tibia. Fibula. Tar [us. St ft moides. »T.Blf. is.CC'-b T. 8./. 12.® ia. Book I. , and Chap. 31. Of the Number of Bones: Ityqrajjlas, Propoundsa fourfold number cf the bones,of Infants, the firfl: con- tains two hundied thirty feven. Theleccnd three hundred fourty five. The third two hundred fitty nine. The fourth one hundred ninety two. But this laft Number I doubt is deviled, or die I do not underftand what Ingrajftas means. Thefe Numbers he thus compofeth. In luch Children as are grown up are found three hundred five bones, in the Head fevency, to wit, eight in the Skul3cwelve of the upper Jaw, one of the lower Jaw, fix of the Ears, thirty two Teeth, eleven Imal bones of the Os Tlyois, which al joyned together make leventy. The Trunk comprehends fixty ieven, Vertebra twenty foift, S caputs two, Inputs two, Sternum three. Ilium .two. Thefe joyned together make iixty feven. But if the Os Sacrum coniift of five and the Coccyx ot three, (as often it dothj then there wil be only fixty fix. In both hands, eighty four, (adding the twenty four SefamoidesJ in both Feet eighty four, the twenty four Sefaiitoides being alio added, the total Number ot bones wil be three hundred and five; form this Number if you take away thirty two Xeeth which doth not appear in Infants,the refulc is two hundred leventy three,although the Teeth be- ing formed lie hid. in the Gums, yec becaufe there is no ule of chem.,chey aranoc reckoned araongft the bones. . In reckoning the fecond Number he proceeds thus, th eVertehrs of the Back-bone 3nd Os Sacrum in Infants are divided into three Parcs, the fecond excepted which is divided into four by realon of the Teeth, the Ilium is divided into three bones the Sternum into eight, the inferior Jaw of two,and the Frontal bone is double. Thefe diligently confidercd you fhould find amount to fevency two, whichad- ded to two hundred fevency three make three hundred fourtyfivejrom which if you fake away the bones which deferve ratherthe Names of Cartilages than bones, as the bones of the Wnft fixceen,of the Inftep eight, of the Coccyx four, Sefamoides fourty eightjeach Knee-pan and Hyois eight (the three final bones which ape in number eighty fix, there remains two hundred fifty nine. In thefe Numbers the three hundred ficcy one Appendices are not Numbred which if you ad to three hunded fourty five,the Body of the Infant wil be competed of fix hundred fevency Bones, The Number. The End of the Firfl Book* 26 THE SECOND BOOK ANATOMY PH Y SICK. O F John Riolanus. ■, ’•'■ ■ ' , i* •; • A ... „ \ Chap. j. General Trecepts y which he that would he ah jtmtomifl) muji hefirji with. Being chat .according to Ariflotle Chap.i. Lib. j.poft. Analyt. Every Poftrine and diidpline which confifts inreafonand intelligence, is perfected by fore-knowledg, and Tullius C Lib. i. denat. fDeomm, faith that without fore-knowledg, neither any thing can be underftood nor ftudycd, nor difput- % ed.Before I fee about my Anatomical work I thought good to ptemile certain general Precepts, which are the foundations of Anatomy, and wil give great light to our proceeding. The Body of man is confidered by Anatomifts as compofed of many Parcs, which they examine Limb by Limb, and by a diligent Diffeftion, they divide the who! Body, into its fmalleft Pacts. They divide 'it firft into three grand Farts, ‘Oontaining, Concaihed, and Impelling; chat is into the Parcs, hu- mors, and Spirits. But in the Anatomical dilledtion of a dead Body, the Humors and Spirits, are not conhdered, the Speculation of which belongs to Phy-' fiology, only the Sollid Parcs are regarded, which are either luch as make, orfuch as contain Humors and Spirits or the inftruments of Motion, which is the Chief How Anato- mies Confider the Body of Man. Its Parts. Sollid Parts how manifold. A£f ion or a living Creature, for which ic was made. The lolltd Parts are iiinilar or diffimilar, They are called fimilar Parts becaufe they are moft fimple, ftolll which, as from a principle, the diffimilar Parcs are composed. The fimilar Parcs according to Anatomifts are Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, Membranes, ‘Fibres* Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Fleffi, Fat. Thele are found aim oft in al Compound anci diffimilar Parcs,and the Corpulency of the Parcs is formed of them* The Hairs, and Naiils are excrements of the external Parcs: Therefore an Anacomift ought to Similar Pans what how ma- ny. Book 11. TheThyfcalQonjideration,andiAnatomy. be wel inffcruCted what chel'e limilar Pairs are, chat when lie fearcheth oiic the ftruCtiire ot the organical parts. Limb by Limb, he may know the Fundamentals of this rtruCture. 1. A bone is a part of the Body, mod: cold and dry, Terreftiad; and therefore hardeft, chat fo it may prop up the ocher parts of the body • 2. A Cartilage, or Griftle, is not fq hard as a bone, Which in Old Men fomtimes 1 degenerates into a bone: The Cartilages are placed about the extremities of the bone, to eafe them in their Motion; fome are found icparaced Irbm the bones, as the Cartilages of the inferior Jaw, in the Articulation of the ClavicuU*, in the Sternum, in the Articulation of the Tibia to the Thigh ; beftdes the Cartilages of the Larinx, Wind-pipe, and filch as are placed to prop up ocher loft Parts, as the Noftrels, and Ears. ; 3. A Ligament, or bond, is a part which binds the bones together, being of a middle lubftance, between a Cartilage, and a Membrane; fofeer chan a Cartilage, harder chan a Membrane. . 1 4*. A Membrane, Skin, or Coat, isveryfofr, andfubjeft to dilation. It is the covering of ocher parts, or the Receptacle of lomthing; as the Stomach, Bladder of Qal: lVbeing a hollow body, it receiving fomthing, it may be called Tunica, a Coat; It it Embrace and cover a* lollid body, it is propperly called Wlem- brana. 1. A Bone. ». A Cartilage• ■}. Ligament. 4. Membrane. 5. T'ibrfr 5. A Fibrte is like a threed ftretched over a Membrane, or Interwoven there* 'vith, to (Lengthen it; and becaute of its various Sckuation, it is called Plight, Oblique, and Tranfverfe, not only to'help the Membrane, bucalfoto ftrenghcen if* Every fort ofI'Fibres, is thought to perform a ieverai adion j as the Plight, to draw to*, the Tranfverfe, to retain; and the Oblique, to expel. Wlftch Mo- tions notwithftandmg, abiolucely depend upon the inbred faculty of the Part * as it hath a violent dilation, fo hath it a willing, and Natural contraction, and is helped in theleby the 'Fibre/. 6* A winy is a Membranous VefleJ, round and hollow, allotted to contain fclood, arid diftrftmte it for the Noufifhrtient of the whol Body, 7* Ah Artery is a Membranous Channelof Che lame Nature, but fomthing harder, and thicker ; ordained for the containing and Diftribucirg of the Arterious hlood : The original of both which, Arijiotle thought was from the heart ; but Wil'er Phyficians, hold the beginning of the Veins to be in the liver; but Of the Arteries in the heart. 8. A ‘lier've is a Channel made to carry animal Spirit ; and bccaufc this fpiric is nioft fubtil, therefore the Cavity is lq final, chat it is not diicernable. $ . The Plejh is the foundation of organical, and difiimilary Parts; where bone is wanting, and makes up the chief Parc of our bulk. Theflefhis in fubftance, fofc and thick j made of blood alone, compared together, and wcl concoCted, if it be red ; but of blood, and Seed, if it be white. A four-fold lore of fleftv is obferved in the Parcs; Vtfcerom, and fMufculous, both of them very red; Membranous, and QVandulous,both of them white. For Syei7 fubftance of the bowels is called Fielh, or Parenchyma* The thickeriub- tarice of certain Membranes, which.are the containers of fomthing; which by Placing and contracting their bodies,they atrraCf, retain,and expel, are alfo called «ah , or a Flefh-like fubftance. The thick, and Ipongy lubftane of the is called Flefli; but efpecially the Iwbftance of the Mufcles deferves the P lo* The it appear not til the whol body be formed, and when the hild is big, and grows; to the Parcs; yet bccaufein the compofi cion of organical 3rts, it otcen concurs to make up the bulk, it is Numbered amongft the limilar thr*5’ ac che chinneft lubftance of blood, Far, and Oyly, fweating out ssc^uBh8h the tender Coats of the Veins, and hardning between the Membranes: It Onp according to Arijiotle \ Soft, and external; Hard and internal. The eisWle, The ocher Suet. 6. A Vein* 7. Artery. 8. 7(erve. 9. Tleft*. j®. Tat. The Thy fecal Confederation, and (t/Inatomy. Book 11. Thefe three fimiiar Parcs; ‘Bones, Cartilages, and Ligaments, Thai berrea- ted of, as they are fhewed in a Carcafs, from cop to Toe, after we have fhewed the * Mufcles; becaufe they are fojoyned together, that one cannot be fhewed without another. But I defire al fuchas are fludious inPhyfick, firft to be wel acquainted in the Ofteology or Hiftory of the dry bones in the Skeleton of a Man,before they come to the infpeftion of a Carcafs; for fo they wil the better underftand the whol anatomi- cal difeourfe of the diffeftion, and find out the reafon of my other Ofteology in the bones ofiCarea lies. Theft eft of the fimiiar Parts fhal be fhewed foverally in the explication of the diffiraikr Parts, feeing of the fimilary Parcs aforefaid, viz. ‘Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, ‘Membranes, (Fibres, Veins, Arteries, Serves, ‘Flejh and cFat, the Bulk, or Material lubftanceof the diffinailar Parcs, is made up, and therefore you fhal hear fimilary Parcs often mentioned, in the explication of them; howbeic, in fome places they exift apart, nowaies joined, or united unto others, tocohr fticuce an Organ ; but are confidered with reference to their Particular ules. : But they concur together, and are united one with another, in organical Parrs, that they may perform their various Offices: for the effect of which, they are divi- ded into four orders: For in every Organ there is the principal Parc by which the Aftion is performed; Another, without which the Aftion cannot be done : A third, by which the aftion is preserved. But in every Organ, the principal Parc ought to be fimiiar and proper to it, luch as is not found in another Organ. Buc this fimiiar Parc cannot perform its aft ion alone, unlefs it be helped by others '; and therefore the concourfe and Union of fimilary Farts is neceffary. Wherefore, e- very Mo#ble aftion, belongs truly, and poperiy to an Organical Parc; and none Unlefs it be alteration, belongs to a fimiliar Parc; which out of the eompofition of the Organical,hath only ufe, which notwithftanding, it contributes to perfeft the aftion of the Organical. Organical Pam3Tvhut? £ Htw mny. More over, organical Parts according to the dignity of chelr action, are divided into ‘Principal, and Adminiftring. They are called principal, which fupply the whol body with matter and faculty: Phyficians hold them to be three ; the Liver, Deart, and Drain: Ariftotle held but one principal Parc of the body, vi%» The Heart, which is King and Ruler ofal others. The reft of the Parts Minifter, and are fubfervienc to the principal. According to the various eompofition of the Organical they are divided into compound, more compound, and rhoft compound: For the Finger is compound j the Hand, or Foot, more compound j the Limbs, are raoft compound. What is to be obferved in each Part, , But chat we may feek out the ftrufture of *eath Parc exaftjy ;we muft obferve i the Subftance, Temperature, Original,Scituation, Quantity, ‘tfumber, t'Figure, Color, Connexion, Communion, Connexion dlifers from communion v for Connexion is the flicking of one Part to anther, of one or more Parcs by which they depend;ic is fomcimes taken for the Original of the part it felf, and yet the Original of fome Parcs is diftinguiffied from Connexion: But communion is either universal, with Parcs remote and neer, which is done by Veins, Arteries, and Nerves, by intervening of which,al the Parts have community with one another j or Particular, when foroe Particular Parc communicates its {elf to fome neer, or remote Parts, and 16 the Gal communicates it felf by the Biliar paf" (ages to the Liver, and the Gut Duodenum: The Reins,and Bladder have commu- nion by the ‘Ureters. In this .Method you may comprehend whaefoever may be fpoken, or demanded of any Part: But in theHiftory of Parcs we muft begin hrft of al with thofe things that are common to the whol Organ, then with thole things which arc Proper to the fame Organ: but indefcribmg cheFabnck of the body ot Man, we wil follow thecommon order ofDifteftion. Book 11, The Thy peal Confederation, and idnatomy. Chap. a. Of the Natural and Legitimate Conformation of the 'Body. C Eeing my defign and intent of handling Anatomy, doth not confiff: in a bear and O llmple comternplat ion of the Parts of the Body, but is alfo referred to the ufe of Medicine * before we come to the diffeCtion of the body of man, we wil deferibe in a few words the Legitimate and natural conformation of the Body of Man when it is alive, which is the bafis whereby we judgof the Sickneffes and imperfections of Men or Women: this was neceffary of Old in buying ofSeryants, injoyning Men and Women in Marriage that they might have Children, and in chufing feleCf Men for Soldiers. And this knowledg is neceffary even to this day * for in fome iMonafteries fuch as defire 10 lead a Religious life, the Thyjltian views them Naked from the Crown of the Head,co the Sole of the foot* and notes their rdpiration,and pulfe,and voice in finging. This is done in buying Slaves in divers Countries, and alfo in buying Kories* and alfo Nurlesare exaftly viewed by Phylitians for the education of Children, I mean the Children of Princes. The neceffarir nefi of it. Therefore in Man-kind, you may confider the difference of Sex: Subflanceof ‘Body, Temperature, Qreatnefi, Color, form, or *, as they are convenient in a perfe& and wel formed body, that fo by this, the difference of a body not. wel formed may be known. As for that which belongs to Sex, Man-kind is twofold: Male and Female.The Latin Vord Homo comprehends both: and a Women has been called Finland therefore a ffoiic Women is called Virago: the differences of both 1 have Accurately expofind- ed in my Anthopographia. Lib, 2. Cenfideratlom in a Man wcR formed. i. Sex. The fubftance of the Boby in Man ought to be flefhy not Fat; firm and follid, not foft: the Limbs meanly hairy, for finoothnefs in Men, luch as is in Women,argues effeminate conditions. A healthful temper ought to be hot and moiff, becaufe life confiffs in, and is preferved by fuch a temper, yet is there a peculiar temper in every perfon, which by Ehyficians is called Idiojyncrafta * which if Qalen could exactly hafve known, he have thought himfelf equal with Mfculapiw: but we muff reduce this to the General. But by whac figns this may be known, Qalen hath declared in his little book of Art of *Thy fidC and ocher Authors. The Magnitude of the body is threefold, according co chechreefold Dimension of the body. We fhal confider cheifly the Longitude and Latitude; The natural and decent Longitude of the body ought to be four Cubit?, the Latitude one Cubic as Qoropim ‘Becanws teachcth: this alfo is confirmed by Vitruiim who defined the ?uft Longitude of the body of man to be fix Roircm Feet. And Agellm Lib. 3. ex Vzrrone, Noted that the higher pitch of a Mans height was (even F00c; but more are fhorter, than taller than this. Vggetm Writes that Soldiers ought co be cholon fix Foot high, yc: by Reafon of difference of fex, Region, Dileafes, Men are either taller or fhorter, for each foyl hath its Particular Nature: lo the peo- ple o fAfia are taller than thofe of Europe,and in chofe of the North parts, j*o'<^enmark.} the Low-Countries and chofe of upper Qermany are c«l- The various Menfuration of bodies Hippocrates hath described Leb. de aer. aq. pOC* Commonly men are taller then Womenjwhereas in fome ocher living creatures, .dmales are greaceft. , t e Latitude or thicknefs in a wel Proportioned body ought to be, almoff half “je Longitude, fothat if the Longitude be fix Foot, the Latitude ought to beak blft Chree: fkndernefs of body is lubjeft to Confumptions, neither can the body j ong and fit for labor unkis it be thick. > the bignefs of the body is Magnanimity and beauty,quoth * For a man of a little and final body cannot be fair *, yet if you regaxd. %. Subfiance. 5- Temper. ■ 4..... Magnitude, c[ he Thy ft cal Conjideration. and aJnatomy. Book.lL undei (landing, there is little Wit commonly in thole Tal bodies. Elegantly laid Celfits, Lib. 2. Cb. 1. Thebeft diipoled body is wel fer,neither (lender nor Fat, a cal ftacure is comely in youth but not (b in Age,a (lender body is weak, aFacbodydul. Tne Color of the body is diligently to be marked, for fuch a Color as flourifh- ech in the Skin and countenance,the fame is predominant in the Humors, arid there- fore limguine people are Red, Chollerick Yellow, Mellancholly Black or brown and dusky, Flegmatick are pale: a brown and ruddy Color are preferred before pale, which argues fofenefs of body. There is feme difference in Anchors about the Color to be Chofen in aNurfe, An ftotle perfers brown, others a Mingled Color of Red slid white. . Now ihe Natural and Legitimate form of the Head,Breft,Belly,and Limbs,is to be con fide red. The Head ought to be round, and not Copped, unlels the Neck be very thick: a great Head is preferred before a'liccle one:- from the Head ought: the Nature of the Nerves, Veins, Flefti, and Humors to be collected. A great Head requires a great Neck,which gives indication of a great bread, by ■reafon of the Parcs contained in the Neck: a great bread makes a large belly, and, therefore the proportion of the reft of the Cavities depends upon the Head. The Cheft ought to be large, of an Oval Figure,and the Back-bone ftraighr, the bread ought to be fomwhac convex, not (harp, nor flat, nor deprelfed. The Papps of Men, ought to be depreded, bur m Women 1 welling round and Glandulous, rather chan Fatty, or Fieihy, becaufe they are the Emumftorics of the bread: if the Woman give not Suck. If the Duggs be fmal the Women are fickly, and if the Nipples look pale the Womb is Dilealed, according to 'Hip- pocrates. • 1 y Colrn. 6. Form, of the Head. ■Breafl. what Hrea(ls are to be chofen m Nurfes. Whether are large breads to be chofen in Nurfes,or fuch as are mean in bignefs ? Great breads pleafe not -Mofchio, bccauie they are Far, neither have they plenty of Milk v and therefore Fat Nurfes are not to be preferred before Inch as are Lean, and Juicy*, neither fuch as are cal, before inch as are of a mean Stature; *AriftotU Lib. 3. de hi ft. animal. White colored Women, becaufe they are Flegmatick, have but bad Milk. From theLreaft, we pals to the belly, which ought to be round and flicking out; Women that have fuch bellies, the Poets pra ife, and fay Venus had fuch a one! typ- Lib. de vet cMed. Notes that long and round bellies, ought to be confide- red of Phy iicians, becaufe by looking upon them, ’cis eafie to know which are fit for ftrong Purgations*, for fuch whofe Parts m the Abdomen are (Long, and weld if- poled, may eahly Pprge *, but luch as are (lender, take (Long Medicines with danger,, , ’ Very Fat Women are hard to conceive with Child, eßiViJlonof Mans Body. BEfore we expofe the whol Body of Man, co Anatomical difleftion, itoughc to be divided into its Parcs, or principal regions, that the Number and order of the regions, and where they begin, may be known. A mongfl: the various diviiions of che Body of Man, this in my mind feems the heft, and co be preferred before the reft. Thebody is divided into the Trunk, and che Limbs. The Trunk is divided into three Principal Regions *, the Head, Breaft, and Belly. The Head obtains the Superior place ; The Breaft, the middle: and che Belly, the lowermoft. The Members or Limbs are four branches flicking out from the Body, two Arms, and two Legs. What are the bands of chefe Regions, Ifhalfhew, when I come co fpeak of each Begion apart. D iviflW of the tiody- The Tdedicmal Consideration. I wil not ftand here in rehearfing & dehgnkig the external Parcs of the whol body, 'vhich are expounded in every Region of the lame; but only confider the corpora- tjire, or flelhy habit, which is covered with the Skin, like a Garment j which k look for the mofi: part beautifully without, it looks ill favoredly within. This habit of the whol body, makes the third Region of the body, to which the Humors come from the deepeft Parcs j the ill effects of which, are clecrly feenin fhe Dileafes, and Symptomes which appear outwardly. The;uyce which is feen in the leaf anabranch comes from the Root. Ifhal reckon up the cheife Difeaies which ufe to. infeft the outward ha- bit of the body. Immoderate Facnefs, or Leannefr, Defluxions, Gouts, Dropfy, Cachexia, the whores Pocks, Plenty, or defee- caufe it is the fink and Kitchin of the body : and therefore foonneft Pucnfies andftinks. Ic is called in Greek Coilia becaufe ic iscoilethacishollow;iniacinFt72>e/',in Englifii the Helly. Its lubftance is flefhy compofed of various firailar parts, whicn we fhal propound in order hereafter. Its Sub fiance. Temperature. The belly feeing ic is a moft compound parties own temperature is none,at al,buc it follows the temperament of the parts contained in it, and dpecially ot u.e Liver. Ic hath its Original from the firft comformation with the reft of the Parcs. It is Scituated in the inferior part of the Trunk of the Body. Its Quantity or widnels is from the baftard K.bs, or cDiapbra?ma to theo/ Original. Quantity' 'Pubis orfhare Bone;and with thefe bounds ic is Cireurafcribed above and below. The vvhol widnels of chc belly is difti guifhed into three Regions;the fupenor called *■ Stomachal, the middle called h /. “i Bk/. 2. CC. f*-1 f.i.W. T. 2./.8.9; T.z.f. 3. and 4. *0 T. 10./. 10. 00. ;p X 14./.2.LL./. 3- ‘E'B-Z1 X.14./.1.C C.'D’D."' f. 4- E ‘/.3. ‘D V.f. 4. /. 2.0 0. «/. 4 C C." yT. io./. 1.3^. The ‘Medicinal Consideration. From this difcourfe, aPhyficlan colleftsmany things, in his Prafticc,ufcfui. I. That the Belly is the Sink of the Body, in which the vices of our intemperance rehde; the Mother of all mifcheifs, and the Nurfeof Phyfidans; in which condition *cis called Collatibus Venter, an Aldermans Belly. He whofe Belly grows to a great bignefs, is called Ventrofas, Fat Guts. Some We read of,whofe Bellies grew to a monftrous bignefs, as Smyrna-, in Gfalen •, in Athene, Lib. 12. read of a King chat was chok- ed with fatnefs. But famous is chat Hiftory in (Michael gander, in TErot. ‘Hebr. ft*. Talmud, in Jona. %ibbi. IJmael, and %ibbi (Eliayer, had fuch great Bel- lies, that when they flood with their Faces together and their Bellies touched, two great Oxen might pafs between them, and touch neither of them* By reafon of the Flefhy, and fatty fubftance of the Belly, it is fubj eft to diverfe dwellings, Efpecially Apofthemes, either from the liver by the Vmbilicar Vein •, t elfe the matter is fenc from the Suppuration of the Reins which being fhuc up in the Doublings of the (Peritoneum, may fend their impurities into die external parts of the Belly. Swriting in the Abdomen. This fleflty and fatty fubftance, ought to be mean •, if it be greater, ’tis a difcom- dicy to life, if le/Ter it fhevvs an ill Difpofition ofche Bowels: Therefore eHippo~ crate/ wrote, that in every Difeafe, the parts belonging to the Belly, had better be fomwhat gcofs, then to {lender j for if they conlume, tis very evil: therefore Phy- sicians were wont to handle the whol belly, efpecially the 'Hypochondria, which oughccobefofc, equal, andflefhy. l£f Conftitu* non what it fhonld be* T7jg S cituation of the Warts in the Welly. • The largenefs of the Belly’ is confidered, according to longitude and depth, that fo the Phyftdan may know in pains and wounds in the belly, which part is affli&edj or wounded. The Scitiiati- on of the Parts in the lower Ventricle. According to depth, the parts are divided into upper, and lower *, and therefore according to ‘Hippocrates the pains in the upper part, are more light j thole in the *°wer, more ftrong and dangerous. According to Longitude by the divifion of the places, you may underftand by the looking upon them, or feeling them with the hand, what parts are afflicted, or wounded. In the right Hypochondria is the liver, which pafleth even ? the Cartilage Xyphok; It paueth a fingers breadth beyond the baftard Ribs, on fides forewards, two fingers. In the middle region, is the Stomach placed, k Vlch mclinefs more to the left Hypoebondrium, and defcehds four fingers breadth beW the baftard Ribs. baft Hypochondria, lies the Spleen, which Naturally hangs under the Ribs, the breadth of a mans Thumb. £ *he umbilicar Region, the Navel poifeifeth, above which, is the Gut called c tranfverfly feaced i and in the whol compafs of that Region, is the Gut - ' fe]unumy difpofed: Toward the Backbone, are theKidneies. Thebe- & lungofche Colon being bowed back from the right Kidney, under the Liver and VK Liver* Stamuch. Spleetu Colon. Jejumni. The Thyfical Confederation, and Anatomy. Book LI. Kjdneies. Stomach, to the Spleen afterwards pafteth obliquely to the left Kidney: and therefore the pains of the Colick, muft diligently be diftinguifhed from chofeot theftone. In the middle, and fide* Region of the Hypogaftrick, in the Gut called Ilium con- contained j In the bottom of the belly, the bladder, under which lies the rig he Gut. In Women, the Womb lies bet wen the bladder, and the right Gut: under the Guts, lies the*Mefenterium, as the Sweat-bread doth under the Stomach. A little below the Navel, the Omentum is ftrecched about al the Guts, and divides all the internal parts with the ‘Peritoneum, from the externalthole that lie deep, from thofe chat lie at cop. Ilium. Bladder. Right Gut. VPomb. The Medicinal Confideration, Dlfeafes of the abdomen. 1 In the Belly, are frequently al for tsof Tumors, Impoftumes, Rumblings of the Guts, and Croaking i which proceed either from Tumors of the Parcs concerned, or from wind, or colieft ion of Water. It is Cut on the fides towards the'Bypogaftdum, in the Csefarian difteftion, to draw out the Child in a difficult labor. It is pricked neer the 0/ ‘Pubis, to draw out Vrine, when a Catheter cannot be put in. It is pierced m the bottom ot the 4Hypogajirium, neer the Navel, to draw out Water in the Droplie A fates, which Operation is called ‘Paracentefu. Chap. 5. Of the Scarfe Skin. AMongft the parts which make the Abdomen, the frrft that comes to view,the Greeks cal ‘Epidermis,che Latins Cuticula and vvc the Scarf-Skin. Although, by its fubftance it ieems to be Spermatical yet It differs much from it. It’s Temperature is none at al, and therefore no more words about it, but for its original, it is framed of the Excrementitious and Vifcous Vapors of the Skin, which Sweating, out grow dry by thecoldnefsofcheAir, and like a thin Skin,compaffeth the Skin round, and therefore it fticks to the Skin firmly and univerfaliy, and hath no ocher bounds then the Skin hath. And although to the fight its fubftance appeares fimple,yec ‘Fabricius ab Aqud pendente wil have it double, one which is inl'eperabiy fixed to the pores of the Skin, the other leperable,without any offence to the Skin icfelf, but tUethicknefs of the Cuticula, be it more or lefs,doch not enert ale it’s number, for though in fome places it may be divided into many fmal Skins, yet in no place can one be pulled off without another. It hath no Proper figure befides what it borrows from the Skin it felf, from which k differs in this, that it is no way porous. It is thought to partake alwaiesof the lame color with the Skin, and yet in Black Mores this being pulled of, the Skin it lelfis white. 1c fticks hrmely to the tme Skin, and is an Excrementitious part as the are, and hath no communion with the principal parts, by Veins, Arteries, nor Nerves, bccaule it wanes them, and is infenfible, as you may find, if you pleale to lerape it off from your hands, or any parts, or thruft a Pin or Needle under it. It hath no a&ion, only me, which is to fhut the pores of the Skin, to make if fmooth, andbewtiful, poiiflied and even. Sub it once. Original. Tigure. Color. Connexion. u[t. The ‘Medicinal Confideration. By ihefe things thus confidered, a Phyfitian may fee chat the fcarfe Skin hack alfo its Diieales, though Hippocrates thought them to be only deformities, He makes Chap. 6. 0/ the Shin. adiftinftion whether they may be called Impoftumes or difcafes, at the end of Lib. 2. Wrorrbeticorum, becaufe fuch as belong to the Scarfe-skin , per- tain raoft of al to the dignotion and Cure of AffetTs. It is infected with divers Spots, both natural, and fickly-j natural, are thofe many deformities of the Skin j Sickly,are the Meazles, final Pocks, purple fpotsin Feavers, or any Spots of other Colors iomtimes without a Feavers when Nature fends any Wheyifh fubftance of another Color into the Scarf-Skin. Difcafed Ipots of the Scarf-Skin may, and ought to be cured: but fuch as are Original from the birth, are very difficultly taken away, becaufe they (tick firmely to the Skin, as wel as to the Scarf* Skin. This Scarf-Skin may be beautified ; which (jalcn denies to be done,by an honeff, and honorable Phyfitian *, but allowes it to be done, by Court Phyfitians, and Bauds, and Chamber-Maids that wait upon their Ladies. In Women, the Cmicula is thick,lmooth, and many time flops the pores of the Skin, and hinders free per- fpiration# In men it’s ufually fu! of pores, that fo the Hairs may pals out. Laftly, as the Scarf-Skin of the Body, being wel looked after, and adorned, procures beauty and and comlinets to the Body; lo being made rough with Spots, or Wnt by the Sun,it unhandloms a man. It is ridiculous to draw it off with blifl ers, chat fo it may come again the cieerer, you loofe your labor as much as though you Rallied a Black-more. The Scarf-Skin peels off in divers perfons whilft it is dried or burnc,and the Skin it in Leprolies, and diverle that haveche french pocks; The Skin it felf comes off “Y fleakes in fuch as are Leprous, and in feme that are troubled with the Whore- mafters Pox. It my be Beautified. Chap. 6* Of the Skin. A Peer the Scarf-Skin, follower the Skin called in Greek Derma j it hath a fubftance diverfe from other Membranes, the like of which you dial hever find in the whole Body, becaufe it confifts of Seed and Blood mixed together j yet f° as chat portion of Seed is predominant, which may be bowed,and diftended: h;om which the Skin is accounted Spermatical. Ics temperature is cold and dry* or more properly, exquifitly temperate, yetfo it may be the Judg of feeling. It is extended over the whol body, and on wraps it like a garment* and therefore its dimencion is as the dimencion of the Body is. Although it feem but one, both to fight and couching, yet fome hold it to confift °f two Skins *, but I could never find them to be feperable, only it may be cut into ftiany parts by reafon of ics chicknefs. • hach che fame Figure which the body hath, chat it cloachech. Icstextut and very ful of final holes, for infenfible cranfpiration, and the paffmg pU ot *. and in diverfe places, it hath vifible great holes; as in the eares, . Nofe, mouth, fundament, and privities of Men and Women. ta^es its Color from the predominant humor * for of what color the Humor P eaominanc in the Body is, of chat color is the Skin, unlefs it be fuch fromchek j*1? in' Ethiopia. t is ftraighcly knit to the Parcs under it, and therefore immovable, excepting the of the Forehead. a ic^acfi communion with the principal Parts, by innumerable veins. Arteries, thf , ves» the extremities of which, it takes on every fide* for it hath neither of jn all three peculiar to ics lelf. for o K ther by reafon it* feeling, it perform aftion, a man may make a doubt j aftiot ler iVl^tbe mem^ranes) which are the inftruniients of inward feeling, perform aftion>a fo% buc what •Author ever faid chat the Membranes performed Its Names. Subframe* Temperature. dumber. Figure* Color« Connexion* Communion* Aclii# The ThyjtcalConfederation, and Chap. 8. Of the Flefhy Membrane. THeFlefhy Membrane lies under the Fat, and flicks to it, and is confpicuous in young Children newly born, where ic is not hid with Fat. It is more ob- feure in luch as are grown up, and yet ic retains ic Flefhy fubflance, as is evident about the Loynes, Cods, Forehead, and Neck. Its temperature, is like the reft of the Fleffi, hot and moift ; and ic hath its original from the Blood* It is feituated under the Fat, and flretched out over the whol body univerfally, and is the fourth covering of the body* In bruits it is next to the Skin, which often moves by the intervening of this Membrane. It is one fingle Membrane* , It hath no proper Figure, unlefs the Figure of the body which ic covers* It hath venous colors in Difverfe places; for it is more red in the Neck, Fore- head, and Cods, than elfe where* F ,Si°ynedco the infeperably in forae places; fo that the Flefhy, and ratty Membrane* feem to make but one : in ocher places it may be operated. It communicates with the principal parts, by the extremities of the Veins, At- fifies, and Nerves. And that it is very Senfible* the rigor, and trembling of the body, which depends pP°n this Membrane* witneffeth: befides it hath a peculiar Motion in the Neck, orehead, and Cods, where ic is Mufculous , and endued with Nervous th*s to B've QUndaci°n to the cohering and generating the Fat* to Cloath eßody, and cbenfh the internal heat, and defend ic from external injuries. Subftance. Temperature. Scituaticn. Number. Figure. color. connexion. Communion* Action. vfe. *lhe ‘Medicinal Confederation. Although, Cutaneous Difeafes fcetaxo belong to the Skin j yet if they continue The Thyfeca! Confederation, and Anatomy Book 11. long they have their foundation in the flefliy and fatty Membrane ; fhivering, (baking and trembling, belong elpecially to the Fleihy Membrane. Chap. 9. Of the Common Membrane of the Mufdes. THe Fiefhy Membrane being taken away, the common Membrane of the Mufcles of the Abdomen follows next, being the fife common covering of the body, which comprehends al the Mufcles in the body, (befides the proper Membrane of every MufcleJ leaft in their Motion, they fhould pals out of their places. Its Subftance is very ftrong, yet thin and Nervous. It is fpermacical, cold and dry, in temperature. It hath its original, from the fie ft formation. It iramediacly covers, and ftraitly binds in the Mufcles, over which it is ftretched. Its widenels is thought to equal the dimenfion of the whol body ; but in the Face, Neck, and fuperior Limbs, it is not eafily found ; and in the Legs, the Fafcia Lata per formes its Office. Seeing it is admirable thin, it cannot be divided into two Membranes. It acquires its Figure, from the Parts it contains. In Color, iciswhitifh. It flicks ftoutly to the Mufcles, which it compaffeth, neither can it be pulled off, but by a Skilful Diffe&or. It hath no peculiar Nerves, Veins, nor Arteries It is nourilhed, and is fenfible, like the other common parts, It is of admirable ufe, for it compaffeth the Mufcles like a girdle, and together with the Fiefhy Membrane, is the foundation of che Fat* therefore, where it or fomching like it, which performs its Office, is wanting, there the Facalfo is wan- ting; as in the ‘Forehead, Head, Face, and Cods, where the Fiefhy Mem- brane immediacly touched) the Skin, wichonc any Fat; between them. Subfiance. Temper. Original. Scitnation. Quantity.. Number. Figure. Color. Connexion• Communion. Vfe. Chap. 19.' Of u Mufde in the general. BEfore I treat of the Mufdes of the Belly, I wil premife the general Doftrine of the Mufdes. A Mufcle is an inftrumenc of voluntary motion, which depends upon our own wil, and becaufe it governs the aft ions. It is a diffimilar part, compounded of ma- ny fimilar ones *, but of thofe Parts, Flefti is predominance. So that the fubflance of the Mufcle, is judged to be Flefhy : Yea and the Mufdes are to be underflood by the word *F/e/h in ancient Authors ; as Hippocrates, and tArijiotle. Befides, che Flefb, a Vein, an Artery, a Nerve, ‘Fibre/, a Membrane, * Ligament, or tendon, help to make up die compofi cion of a Mufcle. Seeing then they are Flefhy, their Temperature it hoc and moift. The true original of a Mufcle, is from blood in chp conformation of theft# Parcs j but by reafon of its Connexion, in two extremes, It is faid to arife from a liable Parc, and to be inferced into a movable part, becaufe it is ordained for moti- on, and al motion is cauled by chat which moves not. Definition. Subftance- Temperature* Original, and Jnfenion- This original and infertion, is known by the dufture and feries of the *Fibres, by which you may Judgof cheScicuacion of the Mufcle, whether right, Oblique, tranfverfe j for in thefe politicos al the Mulcles in the body of man, both internal, and external, lie. Their quantity and magnitude, is various, according to the variety of places# and parts to be moved,which require either greater, or fmaller Mufcles. There are aboundance of them in number, which according to my Obfervaciou and computation, are four hundred thirty one 3 but becaule our body is doubly the Mufcles alfo are double j few their are without fellows, inch as are the Sphnl' Quantity* Numbtr. Chap. 10. Of a Mufcle in the general. fters; and rhe ‘Diapbragma, orMidrif. Their Figure is various, a Square, b Triangular, c round, d Long, c Trapepa, Lnzing fafhond, f Veltois, like the Greek Delta A g Scalend: uf ually they are round, whether you regard their Circumference, or bulk in long and chick Mulcles: Therefore Hippocrates in Lib. de art. Defines a Mufcle to be Flefh Circumdufted in an orb: but the greaceft Parts of the Mufcles have a Jongifti figure. For the raoft parts, you fhal obferve the middle Parcfwelied, the extremities narrow. The middle part is called the Belly ; in rhe immovable extremity; the Head, the moveable extremity, the Tendon, or Aponeurofts, which is the end, or infection of the Mufcle into the Parc tobe moved. Each extremity of the Mulcle for the raoft Parc, is Nervous; but the Tendon is Nervous in almoft al the long Mulcles: the Belly is flefhy, and Seldom Nervous. The Color of a Mufcle, for the moft Parc, is red; of a leaden Color iniqme few, by reafon of their impure Scituac ion; in lorae filthy place. The Connexion of the Mulcles is twofold; in the two extremities, and in diverfe Parcs; the one of which ftands ftil, the ocher moves: alio the Mulcles move the Parcs to which they ft ick, chough they were not appointed for chat ufe. All the Mulcles have communion with the Parcs, by Veins, Arteries, and Nerves; 'vhich they admit above the Belly, or middle part of their Body, by which they obtain their motive power. Figure* BeUy, Head, tendon. Color. Connexion. Communioni* The Aftion of the Mufcles, is either universal, or particular. Univerfal aftion, is that which agrees to al of them, Vip Motion : particular aftion, is the motion of lome one certain Parc; this motion is performed by com raft ion of the Mufcle, whilft ic is drawn back, towards its beginning, made fhorcer,and I wels outwardly; 2nd this agrees withal the Mulcles, thole of the Abdomen excepted, which being drawn back, fwel within, bccaule they have no opposite bone to wich-hold them. Therefore the true aftion of a Mufcle, is contraction, or confervarion of what is *kawn; which motion is called Tonicm, in one Mulcle remaining long mon figure; or in more Mulcles extended, and aftmg cogerher, as when the whol hand is long held elevated, and extended. The motion of others Mufcles, as exrenciort and relaxation, art only by accident; from chefe motions depend the morions of the parts, which are nor only difting- Uifhed by difference ot place berore,behind, upwards, downwards; but alio by figure. A ftiorit Their Scicuation is either larger, and chat right, and is called by reaton of their like motion,are called fellows, Or pairs ; fel- . W are fomcknes in diverfe 8c eppofire places,Bt yet perform the fame aftionas; the which bow the Arms: fuch Mulcles as perform a contrary motion are called Antagonifts, and fo fuch as bow the Arm, are ancagonifts to thofe that extend it. ouch as are fellows are alike, for the raoft Parc, in Magnitude, Number, and rength ; fuch as are ancagonifts differ according to the waight of the Part moved. vehemence of the aftion. c*u<"*ure °f the /F litres, fhews the manner of aft ion in every Mufcle; and by ‘ y V°u may eafily diftinguifli a right Mulcle from a cranfvede,and Oblique, div r u^ure °f the ‘Fibres is various alfo in the fame Mufcle, according to the Qnser(lcy of its rifes or infections ; and therefore one Mufcle performs diverfe afti- pj *as the Tranpepum; for by the extremities of the ‘Fibres, you may know the and Tendon. .e T*ndon is direftiy bppofite fo the Head, tials che Mufcle aft but one aftion, or many; according to the variety of its origi- -5 lt °htains various Connexions, to wit. Heads and Tendons. Diverfitj. How it & known. «;/r^4.I-^J-14.f.2..00-*,> Tie./.,. ;. T.aa./.x.C®.-- T. The Thyfcal Confederation, and (tAn atomy. Book 11. Chap. ii. Of a Tendmi. A Tendon is the leaft Parc of a Mufcle, by which we bend and move the bones. It is thought to confift of a Nerve, and a Ligament mixed together; 16 as chat a Tendon is not found, unlefs it be in that Parc of the Mufcle where it is affixed to the Parts moved. But a mans Eyes (if he wil beleeve them) tels him, that they are from the firft for madon, and that they are the cheifeft Parc of the Mufcle, and take their beginning where the Mufcle begins, and are diffeminated through its whol Body, if it be a Nervous Tendon in the beginning, fuch it is in the end; if it be like final firings at beginning, they are united to forme the Tendon afterwards. Such Tendons thole Multles have which perform ftrong aftions, in bowing and extending, and conical motion ;as in the fuperior and inferior Limbs,and in the back to uphold che Trunk of the body. The reft of the Mufcles, as they are fibrous at the beginning, fo they are at che end. The hard and ftiff Tendons have much Fat about them to fofcen them,chat they may the ealier be moved; and therefore thole fibres difperfed amongft the Fleffij are nothing die but che Tendon divided, and che Tendon nothing die but the *Fibre/ united*, and therefore a Tendon is either compact and folid, or die divid- ed into *Fibre/. Alfo Tendons are follid or plain, or Membranous or round, or fKort or long* If they are Nervous at the beginning of che Mufcle, lo they are at che end. Som- times they are Nervous at the end of the Mufcle, though the Head of it be ThehardnefsofaSollid, long and Membranous Tendon, its thicknefs and Silver color is excellent: So that 'FaUopiits affirmed, nothing was more beautiful in the Body of man, than a Tendon, and che Chryftalline Humor of the Eye, Wherefore a Tendon, feeing it is a Similary Parc, is bred of Seed, and is of a peculiar lubft ance, no where co be found out of a Mufcle. It wel deferves to be cal- led the cheifeft part of the Mufcle, upon which the a&ion of the Mufcle depends i the ocher Parcs work together with the Tendon in che fame a&ion. Original. Chap. 12. Of the Mufcles of the Belly. THe Flefti extended over the Belly, is Mufculous, which being joyned together do make the Fleftiy covering, which is Proper to it. They are divided into twelve Mufcles, fix on each fide, which have names partly from their Scituacion and rife, and partly from their Figure; of which Sort arg Obliquus 'Dejcenden/, Obliqum */.4fcendens, Tranherfui (pyramidal*’ |nd Cremafter. J 5 J Of chefe ten are ordained to compel the internal Parcs, and feme tomove the Os Sacrum, and Ilium j the two Cremafters hold up the ftones. Every one of them hath his proper Figure j the Oblique ones, in regard of cheh Scicuation action and ‘Fibres, are divided into afeendmg and defending j cheaF cending and Tranfverfe, carry a plain Figure like a Membrane. Their largenefs is as great as the Latitude and bignefs of half the Belly, and the defeending Oblique Mufcle is larger then the Attending, and the Atcending then the craniverfe: the lenght of the right Mufcle, reacheth from the I word-like rcr lage to the Os (Pubis. Although their Original be different:, yec they al joyn fo at the white line, chat they feem to be but one Mufcle. The White Line paffech from the Sword-h'f Cartilage by the Navels to the Os Tubis, and makes a difference between the Mu cfes, ' Humber* Figure. Largmf. ** OiigmaU The white line. Chap. ji. Of the Mufcles of the 'Belly . Although the Mufcles of the Belly ftick to diverfe parts, from which they are laid to aiiie, yet are they al infected at the white line of the Belly ; and at theO/ Fuhif, them receives peculiar Veins, Arteries, andNervs, The adion of the Belly, is common, or particular. That is common which al otthem equally ad. Namely, to comprets the Belly on every Parc -y neither can they ad afunder in this. The particular adion i?, when Mufcles chat are parrs a andinLw%, Let your Loyns begirded, chat is, prelerve your Chaftity. r.i.f.K'B'B. Z* T. 2./.8.05 "e T. 2./. B.CCCC. T.i.f.S.dd, "g 1.2. f. 8. e e.f. 9^>mh T. 2.f. 9. c"1/.9.e."**/.9* d d d d. m 1 *1.2./. 9. d.~** m T. - f-9-f-Z* T.2./.p.e.-o T2.f.9-DD. T.8./.2.C.;q/.9.^.sr/.p4 a aa.gs f.y.b.b.^1 b.f.2.VeD.*v cL.i4.f.'\.eßeß.f,y.DD.f.*.AA. The Medicinal Ccnfideration. In the Mufdes of the Belly, are often Inflamations, Impofthumes, and pains anting of wind ; for according to Hippocrates, the pores ot the flefh, and ipace between the Mulcles, are tilled with Blood and Spine in fuch as are healthy tuc with Wheyifh lubftance, and wind in fuch as ate Sick ; and therefore Cramps happen in thele Mufdes, as is deferibed by Ssnnertm Lib. 3. Dart. 10. Chap. S' Med (pratL And therefore thefe Mufdes are fomtimes troubled with a windy Spirit, arifmg from the Hypochondriacal Parcs, being filled with Melaneholly. Chap. 13, Of the Peritoneum. THe Mufcles of the Belly being taken away, the Peritoneum comes to which is a * Membrane ftretehed out over al the Parts of the Bowels, or Guts i from which excenfion, it hath it’s Greek Name, Seeing it is fpermarical, Its temperature can be no other than cold and dry. Its Subftance is not ifimple, and uniform } but double, and unequal in thickneft1 for it is a double Membrane, joyned in fome places, and disjoyned in other Son to give paflage to the Navel VelTels ; and inchetypogaftrium, that it contains the Bladder and the Genitals, the Reins and Vreters Cava, and the great Artery, and the Seminal VelTels in its duobiing. ’ The inequallity of the fubftance of itisobferved in Women, to be cbickeft &orrl the Navel to the Pubis, that in the conception it may be ftretehed as the Womb i* But in men it is thickeft from the Navel to the Sword-like Cartilage, that in Glut" tons it may ftretch when their paunch is ful. It takes its original from the fieft formation,unlefs,as fome think,it take its from the Dura fMater, which as they produce the Pleura,io the Pleura ttiouW the Peritoneum \ and fo their ihould be a continuation of thele Membranes through- out the Body, as their is of the Skin. Its Scituacion is immediatly after the Mufcles, and compaffeth about all the Bo- wels of the Abdomen. It is the largeft Membrane in the whol Body, and moft capacious, and anfwers co the inferior Ventricle both in Longitude and Latitude, Temper ame. Subfiance. Original. Sdtuatm. Quantity. Chap. 13. Of the Terttoneum. Ic is double every where, becaule it confifts of two Membranes j of which, che internal is che fhorceiT: j nor lb much becaule it beftows a Membrane upon every Bart of che Belly and produceth che Mefenterimn j buc becaule ic doch not accompany che external to che Teftides, buc ends in the Cavities of the Ab- domen. Ihe external paffech even to che Cods, and wraps che Tefticles round,and makes that cunicle called rytbrois, and in ics progrels makes a final Channel by which che Spermacick Veffels pals. fhe fame production of che external cunicle, is ob'erved in the groin of Women, and is diduced even coche c and che round and lower Ligament of the d Womb. The Figure of che (peritoneum is Oval, and longifh, by reafon of the Belly, for °f ic fell it hath no Figure ac al. Ics continuity is noc pierced, ic being an admirable piece of workmanfhip for although Veflels pais into it, and out from ic, yec al this is performed through che .doubling of in, fo chat the internal Tunicle remains unpierced, which compiehends Parcs of che firft Region, as che external doth the Parcs of the iecond Region, are placed within che Belly, The Color of che (Peritoneum is white, as the Color of ocher Membranes is. It is firmely kmc co the Vertebra of the loyns, 1 mean the external Membrane, the internal hath no Connexion with them, buc is dis;oyned to receive the Reins, redoubled co make the Mefenterium i alfo ic gives a covering to che Diaphragm Vla, and che Liver, and produceth che Ligament which holds it, and depends upon the Sword-iike Cartilage. Befides the general communion ic hath with the principal Parts, by Veins, Arteries, and Nerves; Ic hath a particular communion with al che Parcs contained, to which ic gives Membranes, either chick or chin \ and therefore ic may be called the Mother of al the Membranes in che Belly. It performs no adhoti j buc ics ufe is great through out che Belly. # "Figure, Color. , Connexion. Communion• vfe. * T.2r.6.f.2.CC.z.SS.f.4-cFcF, *The (Medicinal Confederation. Let us now bring this contemplation of the Peritoneum, co a Phyfical ufe. By reafon of its doubling, you fhall perceive Serofus and fharp Cholerick Humors co to gee into thole f paces, which make a baftard Collick, buc have no foundation ac al within the Guts, as a true Collick hath, buc between the Peritoneum and che Guts ; whence che Difeafe is bitter, and ulually Ming: of which fee Pernelim in his Pathology. Somdmes ocher Humors flowing from che Liver, or from che Reins, get within this Duplication, cowards che Navel, or groyn, or Os Sacrum, and there impo- tumace unlefs they were turned into Quiccor before they fel into this Part. Such ColUcal pains lie ufuaily on che cop of the Belly, and not deep; neither il they Inner the Kelly co be handled never fo gently. Somdmes they come up Ven to L^e cDiaphrUgnia, by reafon of che continuation of the Peritoneum, and ttlen che danger is che greater. Scrutinies, by reafon of thofe Produftions of the Peritoneum which reach che bcones, Ser olus Humors pals down to the Cods, and make a watry Rupture. v , 4 ou diligently obferve the pcoduftion of the Peritoneum by che groyn ; which being dilated ("for ic is feldom broken) received! che Gut Ilium, or che Call’ Tib UCe 15 breGl chac iweßing in che Groine, called Pntero-Cek, or that called Plplo~Cek; or when both the Guc and the Call do fal down, that other called tln tero-Ppiplo- C ele. CoUic\, 7{upturn- 'TheThyJical Confederation, Book ll* Cha. 14. The Fivifton oj the Farts of the Felly. Tam fir (I. THe Farts of the Paunch included within the Teritoneum, I thus divide. They al pertain to the firft Region, which arc nouridied by the branches of die Vena Tort a 3 therefore thea Omentum, the Hollow b Parc of the Liver, thec Qalf d Stomach, e Spleen, f Sweet-bread, s Towels, h tylefenterium, and* Vena Torta, and the k Coeliacal Artery, make the Tirfi Region of the Body, contained within the Abdomen. The ocher Parcs which are included within the doubling of the Peritoneum, are referred to the Second Region, which comprehends the 1 mVreters, nTladder, 0 Qenitals in Men3 and the p Womb, with the Parcs annex- ed, in Women. It is extended even to the upper Part of the Bread:, and q comprehends the Hia- phragma, * ‘Mediaftinum, s the Heart, and Pericardium, v Lungs, * Trached Arteria, y Oefophagm, * Tongue, a Larinx, with the Trunks of the Vena Cava, and great Artery, even from the Throat to the groyn, according to io.TI. L Chap, Of the Omentum, or (fall. The Medicinal Confederation. 1 o reduce that is faid Co Medicinal ufe *, this (hews chat the Cutting of the Navel Vein is dangerous, that the place of the Navel is very perfpirable becaufe it pene- trates the containing Parts, Neither is there any thing,either within or without,that ftops that paffage, and therefore purging Medicines apply ed,co the Navel Purge,and fweet things applyed to the Navel of Women penetrate to the Womb: The Water in Drophes many times breakes out at the Navel, and the affedfs thereof are grievous, not fo much by reafonoftbeienfibilityof the Part, but the fuddain hur- ting of thofe Parts whofe Office it is to nourifh the whol Body. Therefore conlider whether the Navel be die centre of the Belly or not, for other- wile,if the Parts below the Navel be longer than thole above it,A multitude of Dif* eafes arc bred in the lower Parc, becaufe the Umbilicar Vein being fliorcer doth not Efficiently, pul back the Liver, which,by its waight,compreffech the Stomach and EarcsUndet it. Chap. 16. Of the Omentum or Call. BEfoie you proceed to the Omentum or cal you muft view how k covers al the Parcs of the Belly, then their 3 dtuation, which is of no ftnal moment to the “cofPhyfick. The a Omentum, or or Cal, is a thin Membrane endewed with much ac5 neither is it fmgle but double,andfo disjoined in feme places, that you may fhruft your hand between, this you may lee in that Parc which is ftretched ouc shove the Guts, but about the Stomach and Spleen neer the Diaphragma, the is not To evident, but it hath certain hiding places as the Poet Lucan faith, not appearing was a bad Omen.. It was held to be an ill Omen alfo amongft: the fooch faiers if it were not extended Over the Guts. The portion of it which is fubjedt to view, is Naturally /Leeched ouc even to the Navel, fomcimes to the groyn and Cods in Women between the Neck of the Womb and the Bladder, the greater portion is hidden in the left Tiypocondrium. It may be divided into four Parts, the firft is called b Inteftinal which is flretched °ut over the Guts •, the Secondc Hepaticd, which arifech from the Cavity of the Tiver, including the fmal Lobe of the Liver, and turns down to the deep Cavities the third is called d Liend, becaufe it lies upon the Spleen, che-fourth t CMefenterical, being a production of thefMefenterium to the external Parts, and r°m it i 8 its original to be fetched. Nimkri Scituatiott* Original. 2*f* 10. fe. THe Guts follow next according to the order of diffeftion, which are organical Parcs, hollow, appointed co carry the Chyle and to receive the Excrements;, The chin Guts are appointed lor the Chyle, the thick for the Excrements. Their fubftance is Membranous and ful of firings,which mav be divided into two properMembranes,of which,the3lnner is Fleftiy, cheb outward Nervous. But the Inner is rugged,and as it were fouided that it may ftay the Ciiyie in its wrinckles. that lb the Mdaraick Veins may draw it the better, which like Horle-Jeeches draw the thinner Parc of the Chyle from the Guts. Be-ides the wrinkles, the Inlide of the Guts is bedewed, And as it were de- fended with a cercaineViegmacick Slime,leaft the Membrane fhould be hurt by the paffage of Chbler. Belides thefe two proper Membranes there is ac common one,added from the cPeri~ toue«m,which it beftowes upon althe Parts it ccncaines. The Guts are placed in the Ilium. The chick Gut is aifo divided into fb many Parcs or Guts : The fir# k Caecum : The iecond 1 Colon• The third m Rectum. A 1 die Guts are hollow,that they may give paffag to Chyle and Excrements.They are » wrinckled round abouc within, al along their Longicude,even from the Stomach to the Fundamenr,thaclothey may (lay the Chyle and Excrements of the fir# ConcoOioojbuefot expelling the Excrements, they have a kind of motion which prelies downward by degrees. And thus much to whac is common to al the Guts: It remains that we {peak of them alleveraily. The fir# Gut is called ° Duodenum, becaufe in length it is twelve Pinged breadth. The finding of this Gut is hard,for cowards the back bone it mu# be-fought under the Sweet-bread with the beginning of zhzjejunum ■, this polk ion and Ihtercexcure is diligently to be noted, becaufe oftentimes the caufc ofobffrusions & vomitings is without any failing of the ‘Pylorus: but the choler flowing by the P Bill" ar Pore is kindred in his paffage, and returning back into the Stomach cauteth vo- miting. ' In the very confines of the Duodenum and Jejunum y the paffage of Choler piercer h the Gut, and creeps downward a little way between the Membranes before it peirceth the Inner Membrane, neer which the q Channel of the Sweet-bread is oblervcd by Virjungm* Special Cavity. i. Duodenum. Miil.tr Pore. Chap. 17. Of the (juts. Where the Guts begin to be turned coward the left fide,their cher Jejunum begins, is thought to be emptier than che Ilium, by realon of his neernefs to the Li- VeG and its Multitude of Meiaraick Veins: It liesaltogeather in che umbilical Re- gton, and is in lengi h about a and an half. The * ilium follows, which is more llender, but in length furpafles al the reft of the Guts. It occupies the ilium, and ftlypogaftrium, and compaftech about che Jejunum it felt with its inferior Part. In this Gut is that Diieale which is called che twiftmg of the Guts, and the lliacl^pajjton. The fourth Gut in order, and che fu ft of the thick Guts, is called ' Cfcumhy Ancient Anacomifts, and does retainc this Name, although it is altogether unlike to the Ancient defcription of it. It is not large like a Sack, neither doth it perform the Office ota fecond Stomach to Concod: the Chyle, which was not perfected be- fore ; the Ingrefs and Egrels, are by one hole. Now in its place, a Membranous Appendix is Shewed, which is larger in a Child new born, than in a man grown up: and thence Sylvius cook occafion to write, That many things were changed in our bodies, both m regard of growth and of the Guts, 'Duodenum and Ctcum. TheGGuyty Colon lucceeds this; in which ate many things worth our Confidera- tion, to wit, ksLargnefs, Scituacion, Ule, Shutters, two Ligaments, Its fringes Far, and its Connexion. Of al the Guts, none more large, and Capacious, then this. It begins at right Kidney neer the x Appendix j and being turned upwards, it lies under fke Liver and Stomach, and paifethtothelcfc tUypochondnum9 where it is wrea- thed, and made narrower. In its Oblquatjon descending,it touches the left Kidney * and a little below,be- *hg bowed like a Roman S. it ends in the cop of che Os Sacrum. In it, che Dunge and filth of che Guts, is kept: as alfo the wind of the firft Re- gion. . Leaft it fliould be dilated too much by Multitudeof Dungjand Violence of wind, Nature hath ftrengthened this Gut with two ft tong Ligaments *, which being Wretched along its Longitude, they make greater foldings,and wrinckles in this Gut, then in any other. Inlomuch that they feem like Cels to retain the Dung: and becaufe ic wanes the bond of the (Mefenterium, and consequently that Humor Which proceeds from che Fat of ic Nature hach placed abouc it, here and there, certain fringes of Fat to Moiften ic. "1 hat Y Volve, or Shutter which Authors quarrel fo much about, is not to be palled by,being faff ned to che beginning of the Colon, like a Membranous Circle, which hinders che flowing back of che Dunge into the llmm, and the afeending of a Ghfter to the fame place. Therefore ic opens towards the Interior Parcs, that ic may let the Dung pals our, and hinder ic from flowing back. Ic is knit to the Membrane of the (peritoneum, by a Membranous eye, whaefo- CqCr aurm^er&M wrote» accufihg piolanm of Ignorance ,or dul-fighced- The laft of the Guts is called z right, becaufc it pafles ftraighc from the cop of the Jw-j cr“m\ c°the Fundament* This Gu|, contrary to the Nature of others, e ides the Internal flefhy Membrane, hath alfo an external aflefhy Mufculous overing, hke a flieach j chat fo ic may the more forceably expel the Dung, which eth to clod in the extremity of the Colon, and right Gut. Therefore befidesche ompreflk »n of the Mulcles of che Abdomen., and the Natural motion of the Colon Chls lame fldhy Sheach, cru/heth the Dung, as ic were with ones hand, chacfoic niaypafsour. . 2" Jclunutn* 3. ilium. Thick Guts. »• i. Co/ow. Largr.efi» Scit nation'* Ufe. Ligaments. Fat. Shutters. connexion. I. Right 6ut» »„i I: ?■ f-S-^Zc T.5-/-J-'P'P-:a f. 4.from»i.too.2s /• 4-V. ,h /• 4-LJLj-T.z.f.A.’H S'»o■£ 4‘ :+• "/•6 -!"T- I-/-4, f. 3. v tvhtu it is. Chap. 18. Of the <£Mefenterium. It is a double Membrane, between which, is Fat, and many b oslnne of She Splenical \ Arterj. , 1 Ic is inferced into the Spleen by a double branch, as the Splenica] Vein is; and therefore when the Cadiacal Artery is taken away, it is in vain to look for the Splenical*, for there remains none, but two or three final Arteries, which pals to the Stomach. , From the Splenical Artery, neer the Spleen, pafs two fmal Arteries to the Sto- mach. From this faithful and true relation, you may eafily know how malignant .Vapours are carried from the Spleen and ‘Mefenterii/m, to the Heart; whence in *Plautus, he complained, it leapedt and beat hit fßreft. * T. 124 f. i.p. q. r. “b /. 2. t. Chap* 23. Of the Stomach. T He Stomach is the Kitchin of thefirft Concoction ; it confifis of proper Mem- branes, and onea common, one which ic recdvs from the ‘Peritoneum. The h internal is rugged, and hairy, like a peiceof Silk: Thec External is flelhy, char it may receive the heat of the Bowels which lie upon it, to wit, of the Liver and Spleen which heat it. And chat it may the more eali ly comprels, and hold together the internal, it hath a threefold lore of firings,which ftrengchen it to chat end; and alfo when ic is flackened with ftore of Meat, they do contract it again, lo loon as the dioefted Aliment is forced out of the Stomach. Membranes of she Stomach. A %tf Sckamion* »T. 12.f.2*t.Zb T.3'f-4-CC.Zc T.^/.4. , fhe internalc furface of che Stomach is wrinckled, and ftored with fibres, chat lc may theieby retain what is taken in for nourifhmenc. The upper> TheUwiu itsßttttm*, Irater Surf Ate* ,— - “T. 3./. 2. *H./. 4. *A. ab /. 2. >F g.Z'‘/• i.%/• 4-n-f.3.i u ■<=/.4. which is called Ghylui. How that k done, L have already Cammed in my Anthropograpbia j and in my Anftver to WalUeus,a very learned ‘Phy fitian of Leyden* Aft'm. Digfftien bvw Can fed. The Stomach has Communion, by rcafon of neighbour hood, with the Liver, l .9ah the Spleen, .the Sweet-bread, the uppermofl Qutr, upper Wart of ■ * "Mefentery y and alfo by the veynes which it has from the Trunk of Vena Horta, ►I L^e pkmcalcßranch. It Communicates alfo with the Heart and by lStomachicaL ‘tyrvpj •, of which tome Parc is Communicated to the Heart and Utngf: it Communicates alfo wich the ‘Brain, by the Stomachical ‘JSfrvei, proceed fromchejwrt Conjugation. Cemmmion with ether parts. . « does cheifly Sympathise with th when they are mifafFe&ed, either q anc °f Appetite, or by frequent Vomiting, by realon of s a complication of the yujiat an(* Sto/nacbical Serves, dilpofed between the two ‘Jfydneii* From ence are derived Nerves, that are dilpetled into al Parts of the Belly. cealon ot iqs Nervous tub dance, it has Communion with the whol Body •, 4tvi?ie lC is che in the Dufeale Cholera, the Ancles are concraftedySc there is anxiety’ of tne who! Body, when the Stomach is dilorderecL 19 Great Sympt- thy with the Kjdnies. Cetnmnion with the whed ’ Sodjf. The Thy ft cal fmflderation and t» Book 11. ’The Medicinal Confederation. Stomachs Dilttmpcr. THe Stomach is affll&ed wich diver!e Difeales, Similar, Organicand Caw- mon. For ic is troubled wirh a Simple, or Compound dedemper, whileic is over cooled, over heated, over-dried, or overmioiftned: of which, Qalendd~ cowries accurately, in the levchch of his Method. Alio, it is Inflamed, Impofiumated, and Vlcerated ; and thefe three happen cheitty in the upper, or lower Orifices, became of their flelhynels: fomtimes they may happen in the bottom, which is wounded, and healed, yea, and can bear inci- fion, that any Iron,or other hard thing which hurts the Stomach may be taken out, when ic cannot ocherwife be voided, either upward or down ward ; as we read in that ftory of a Hrufian, who had fwaliowed a Knife. Hippocrates ob'erved a burning Heat about the Stomach, in his Aphorifmes: which is dangerous, by reafon of Choler fhed between the Coates of the Stomach> or by reafon of the neighbouring Parts burning, and Inflamed. Soracimes ihpQall touches thole Parts of the Stomach which are next it, and fcorches the lame, as if it were burnt with a Fire brand red hoc. It is alfo troubled with Difeafcs of -Magnitude, Increafed or 'Diminifljed j Dif- eafes in Scituation, in Cavity, in figure, and in Smnothnefi. The (Magnitude of the Stomach, Augmented, and Widened, as in Gluttons, does over much ftretch the Stomach, audiooien its Fibres. So that afterwards, ic cannot be diffidently contracted to imbrace the Meat in fuch fort, as to turn the fame into good Chylm: which is the Cauleof crudity, and weaknefs in the Sto- mach. And when the Subfiance thereof is fo ftreieghned, through dry nets or Swelling of the Membranes, that it cannot fufficiently widen it felf to contain the Meat; then is it pained after Eating, though but a little Meat be taken. ! But the Stomach is more frequently ‘Dileafed by (Dilatation, and Hxolution, or ‘Flaggynefi, and Slapnefi, both in perfons otherwife in health, and fuch as are lick* while with Breaths and plenty of cold drink the Tone or contraftive vigor of the Stomach, isfo diffolved, that a loofnefs of the Belly is thereby caufed: which is artributed to the Corruption of the Meat through an hot diftemper of the Sto- mach j or to the Obflruftion of the Veins: which Symptorae, notwith- standing, is often Caufed by the over great Laxity of the Stomach, which Fer- nslius calls re*vc, Somcime the Patients life is Vomited up this wa;Pc to chat exprellion of a Poet. * . WaiCS* OfCbolerl Of Block i , Out of his Mouth, be fcewes bis Purple Swh • iah&Fig. 8. let. fe.J The 'Thyfical Confideratioriy and c^ere are obfervable, certain Branches of the Channel of Cho- V*ttP«fcd among the Roots of Vena Porta; and certain little twigs of the Milky Sj which neer the Trunk of ‘Porta, do enter into the Cavity of the Liver. Sublime of Livsr- its Color. Blood, where, and how made* scimation »f the Liver, Btgnefi. Number* Lobes, or laps'* Tiw 'Kegions °fthe*Lmr. Iff yejfek* to T.4-f- i.aJ®. :bT.4./.s.C. ;■=/. i.a./.j.ltis a tick- le anBerous peice of work, nocwichftanding Old Farriers or Horfe Doctors chac che Spleen has been by chat means confumed in Horfes; and in £ foor flaves on whom they duett Experiment to cruel a Remedy. ®Pkeflan8erPPsus it;is by opening the left Hypochondrium to cake away che n > richer can its chick fupeifluous Humors be lately dilolved by beating the The Thyfecal Confederation, and (tAnatomy Book Hi fame, I Ihould by luch a praffife fear a contuhon, after which an incurable fup- puration of the whol lubttance would undoubtedly follow. There is none of die Bowels which in Difeales does more change its (hap#. Som- time its long, iomcime touriquare, fomcimes round, according as ic finds room to dilate it fell? in. when ic refts upon the Stomach, it does much hurt and ditturbe the aClion there- of and if ic be fa defied to the Midrif, is opprelfes the tame, or if ic reach thither in its Bulk, it hinders the freefMotions thereof. Upon the Spleen obttrmtted depend the Black Jaundice, Hypochondriacal Me- lancholy, the ill Colors of Virgins and other Women, The Scurvy,or 'Hippocrates his great Spleens, ouc of which Howes a Malignant Wheyifh Humor, which being fpread into divers Parcs of the Body, does in the Mouth caufe Stomacace or Ofcedo a forenes with ioofnefsof the Teeth &c. In the Thighs Scelotyrbe a lorenefs with (pots, and wandring pains through the whol body,, which are either fixed anda- biding in certain Parcs, which we cal Rheumacifines, and the Germans refer them to the (curvy, as may be feen in luch German Authors as have written of the Scurvy, efpecially in the Treacife of 'Engalenu*. And therefore after univerfal R.emedies,chey ufe ocher appropriate Scorbucicks, which are deftined to the Cure of that Difeafe. Figure, Communion. Ob(truftcd3 what VifeafcS it Caitfes. Chap. 27. OftheYtna Cava and within the Lower Belly. Liver w not the Original of Vena Cava. THe Trunk of the« Vena Cava is commonly reported to arife out of the Liver, and to be divided into the iupedor and inferior Trunk, as if chev were tepara- ted, as it is in the flock of theb Aorta (panging ouc of the Heart: but Ocular In- fpeftion does demooftrace, that the Trunk of Vena Cava is leparaced from the Li- ver, which creepes beneath, and that near the cop of the Liver by the Midrif it re- ceives a branch which grows out of thee Subftance of the Liver, which carries blood into the Trunk of the Cava, chacic may be carryed unco the Heart with ocher blood which abends by Circulation. Wherefore that fame Trunk of the Vena Cava, is extended al along without Interruption from the d Jugulum or Neck even to the eOf Sacrum- There I make account is che Ciflern of Blood, becaufe a great part of the Blood is contained therein. The Trunk of Vena Cava, in regard of the Liver, which by a branch fupplies ic with Blood, may be divided into thef upper and lower S Trunk. The inferior produces cheVenah*Adepofa, which is difperfed into the faccy Membrane of the Kidney *, and then the i emulgent, which is diftributed into the Kidney ; after that the kSpermatick Vein, whofe righcTide branch Iprings from the Trunk of Cava* and its left from the Emulgent \ finally, ic fends three or four branches calledl Lunr bares into the Loins, which are fpred abroad unco the Marrow of the Back. When the Trunk is come to the cop of Of Sacrum, ic is divided into cwo Chan- nels or Pipes, which from their Scicuacion are termed m Canales Iliad, the JJliack Pipes. From theleon either hand are produced other Veins, efpecially thea Sact** b s likewife by them received in,to Cool the Body. In Ancient rimes, and die daies o fibre, it was a Parc of Sooth fay ing,co view the blood which flowed from their facrilices, which it ic appeared pure and laudable, it 'Vasa token of happy and joyful fuecefs j il'badand corrupted, it was an ill flgn, According to Lucan. ‘tyc Cruor emicuit folitusy fed Vulnere Largo (Ejjiuxit nig um rutilopro fanguine Virw, That is, * ’ No ufual B/ood did fpring from the large Wound, But black and Venemous, tor Pied and found. H'hy Cava has a Coat. n hethir have Fibres. why the Vtint are called the Bodies wind- Doors. The ’Medicinal Confideration. Seeing the Veins are the Citterns of blood, it comes here to be confidered how Che blood ought to be qualified in found bodies, that lb we may be able to ;udg of that which is corrupt. Now in bodies chat are healthy the blood is Red, CFibrous, and has a Imal quantity of Wheyilh Water mingled with ir. Whether thecFibres are made'ot an earthy and ttegmacick matter which is drawn out into chreds within the Channels or greater Veins, and is made fmailer in the lef- ier Veins,‘many doubt, fuppoling the rour Humors to becontcined in the Mate °f blood. Some* admit of blood, but levered from the ocher Humors, which in firft Region are Separated from the blood. Others dittmguilK the Alimentary Humors from the Excrementitious: the former are confuted and mingled with the bl°a?v afe c°he ieen collected in feveral Parts, as Choler in’the Gali- ch* r ■’ Melancholy in the Spleen •, and Fiegm is diffufed through al the Parts of rt-ci^011 C^e belly, nocwichttandmg ‘Hippocrates acknowledged two fountains Head and the Stomach. def tbe or cernPerblood is hoc and moitt. Its Quantity cannot be bOJ The Arabian Phyfitians,efpeeialiy Avicenna,do write,that in a Sanguine hie d con^ chere are twenty four pounds of blood, to that a Man may twenty pounds and live: but it he bleed more, Death follows inevitably. Blc^hich preferves our life, is likewifeche occdfion of Death: for as good bin K 111 a moc^et ace quantity preferves our life, fo the fame being vitiated, or too *n quantity, is the Gaule of Sicknels and Death it felf. iesc u bl°od °^enc^s in quality, ic is termed Cacochymia, when in quantity, xffi ‘Plethora. Somtime the blood is corrupted and not the Serum or Whey- ther arer> Somtime the ferura is corrupt and the blood remames found. Now rum or Wheyilh Water being corrupted, is the worft Humor in the body* The conditions of good Blood* How' the F»- bres in the Blood are bred. The natural Temper of the Blood, Quantity of the Wood, Cacochymia & Plethora, what they are. ■The Tby deal (jmfidcration and Book 11. grievoufly infecting, weakening,and deflroying inch parts as are therewith diieaied. Some Practitioners do make it a Queflion, Whether in the Veins, every 'Humor has its own proper Serum or nor. I beJeeve char there is bur one kind of Scrum, which according to the feveral degrees of its Corruption and Tur Chare, appears fomtimes yellow and Choienck, fomtimes green and li- vid, or black and blue ; fomtimes Melancholick, and lomcimes Milky. tAnjiotle counts the Blood corrupted, when it is changed into Serum Scrutinies the Putre- faCtion of Blood is lo great, th it the wholMais is turned into a rotten putrefied Se~ rum. When the Corruption of blood, is yet greater, iomtirces WTorms are bred therein, wh'ch I have leen come away in the opening of a Vein. Such a Worm be- ing bredm the Veins, may fomtimes flow into the right Ear of the Heart, and grow great, and at length gnaw, and eat upon the Heart, as has been often oblerved in the DifleChon of dead Bodies. The Veins have in them, a Retentive Faculty, whereby they hold faft the Blood within themielves : which Faculty being per ifhed, they lufler the blood to leak out through al the parts of the Body, yea, even to Iweacout, as I have leen in fome Patients. But more often it flows out immediately by the Noftrils, Mouth, Lungs, Guts, Bladder, by the Womb, and by vomiting. 1 have divers times feen in malignant burning Feavers, that the blood has been congealed within the Veins, like unto the pith of an Eider flick; which has been no- ted by CFernelim in his CPbyfiologia. 'Areteui writes, Tnatthe Vena Cava is fomtimes inflamed, and thereupon comes to break, which I have leen my ielf to happen. The Trunk of Vena Cava Corruption of the Serum. n'grmc breed in the blood. Heart eaten by worms bred in the blood. fa- culty of the Veins be- ing lolly what follows. Blood con- gealed. Vena Cava inflamed. cannot be dilated, lo long as the blood circulates freely. Neither is it fubjed to d wellings, termed Varices, which are wont to happen only in the Veins of the Thighs and Legs. • Of the Difeales of this Vein, and of the Blood contained therein, there is a two- fold Cure-, Purgation, and Blood-letting : but blood-letting is more neceffary of the two in a either advafa, or ad ‘vires or in a Plechoriek Caco~ chymia, or in a very great and putrid Cacochymta, that a portion of the excreamly corrupted blood may be taken away. Blood-letting takes away luch Obftrudions as are caufed by blood, but not thole chat are cauled by Humors congefted in fome part of the Body : and therefore thaC fame • %£f. s*AA. ;bT.5./.6.'Ericiu'S qua Pendente took to be Mufculous, and after him Spigeliw, who cals it chufiu' lum Vetruforem Vepca. He might better have called it Expulforem, the Expur live Mufcle of the Bladder. Magnitude. Chap. 30. Of the Bf'Bladder. 7l Its fhipe repretencs a bottle with the bottom upward*, whole bottom is jn the lower Parc ot the 'Hypogajirium, and its Neck lies hid beneath, under the Bones of the Ihe Piis- bladder is but one in Number, yet fevered fomcimes into two Cavities, after c he manner before expreffed. It is perforated with three holes near the Neck. The firft and greaceft, is thac ?nr of which the Urine pafles; the other two being chofe by which the Urine comes into die Bladder, ace the Ends of the Ureters. ItsQririce is fhut by theMufcle SphinCfer, which is formed of the fubftanceof the bladder contracted. There is another Mufcle called TixtermH Spleniatm, as broad as two Fingers, which is plated about the Neck t f the bladder and the Glan- dules or Kernels retting thereupon/ermed a OProjiatx. The power of fhutting and opening the bladder depends upon this Mufcle. The Pifs-bladder has Veins and Arteries from the b Hypogaftrical VelTels; it has Nerves in its Neck, from the Os c Sacrum, and in its body from a Nerve of the 4 fix Pair Which is diligently to be confidered in Difeafes of the bladder caufmg ftoppage of Urine, which proceed from a fall caught upon the Loins or Os Sacrum Shapf. -number. Holes. Mufclcs. Veljels* The 'Medicinal Confukration. ’T He Pifs-bladder is fubjeCt to an infinite number of Difeafes. In its (übftance it is iiibjeft ro aikind of Diftempers, elpecially hoc and cold: it fufFers In- Tumors, Ulcers, and Palfie both in the Neck and whol Body thereof, which we ffiall Difcourfe particularly. Its temper is perverted, when the bladder naturally cold and dry, comes to wax hoc, and fa Is into an inflammation. i Its Scituation is changed, when that Part of the Peritoneum in which it is in- chided is relaxed,whereby it flips a little downe»which caufes a difficulty in pilling, inlets the lower Parc of the Belly be lifted up with the Hand. Somtimesby the 'yeight of many little Stones ic comes to have an hollow nook, by the fide of the height Gut near its Neck, and then the Scones do neftle in chat corner, fo chat they cannoc be perceived by putting in a Catheter ; but the beft way to feel them, is by putting ones Finger into the Funflamenc. Its geearnefs or widnefs cannot certainly be defined unlefs ic were empty ; how- beic it is enlarged and widened according to the quantity of Urine. But if ic be fo much enlarged as to exceed the natural meature, then the ‘Fibres of the Coates be- ing broken or coo much flacned, the party cannot make Water, becaufe the flefhy Membrane is deprived of that motion, by which the Urine ought to be expelled. in this Cate the Water cannot be voided otherwife than by putting in of a Ca- rter, which lomcimes fora Monthortwo, muft be done twice a day, until the Membrane have recovered its ancient tone or concraCtive Vigour. Sonacimes the bladder is fo contracted and ttraicned, by reafon of a painful exul- a cion in ics inner Parc, and then grows thicker and as it were Cartilaginous 5 Inch hinders its diftencion: and in this Cafe, the Patient muft often make Water Wlchpain. Neck of the bladder comprehending ics Orifice or the Channel of Urine, has isvv iCiS lleafcs. Ic is frequently inflamed, fweiled Ulcerated, obftruCted, and is r , ned by the Pallie, when it can neither be contracted nor relaxed, feeing ic and a? anc*more fle(hy than the bottom of the bladder. It is eafily inflamed, .ernehus was of Opinion that no ocher Parc of the bladder is fubjeCt to inflam- wh??U ’ whence proceeds an Ulcer, which is not fo hard to Cure, as chat happens within the body of the bladder, becaule injections and convenient jL . coay beconveighed thereunto. ls frequently obftrufted by the Scone lying hid in the bladder, or by a Vlfeajes of the Bladder, in its Temper* Scimtioru mdenes. Vifeafes of the 1 of the Bladder. How Objlru• (led* crhe cPloyjical Conjtderation, % Book 11. fungous body which grows therein. Yea and form fines’ beyond the Neck, within the bladder, fungous or Spungy carnoiicies do anle, which do much trouble the bladder and fil the lame. They arife often f rom a flux of blood, or a fwellmg Vein, which being ope? edcaules an incur able Iffue of blood, which loon caules a Gangrene by rea on of Cletters of Blood remaining there. Spungy Carnofities do grow without the Neck wichtn theUceter,which are termed per fir cafes, which are eaiily Eaten away with Medicinal Wax Candles, made . and fitted for that purpole. Oftentimes they happen in the PalTage of the Urine after a Venemous Q onorrhea not wel Cured Alio the Neck of the bladder is obffi Lifted by another external Caufe, Namely by rweiiingoftheKernelstermed rprojfat naught* Chap. }i. Of the (genitals of a £K/Lan • &c. the Nurfion Family, is the only fafe and eafie way, by reafon of the Inftrumcnts and of the Induftnous Dexcency of the Arciftsj wherefore Iwifh other Kations had inch Operators. The French & U-dian rvay the bc(i to calif out the Stone. » T.i.j.u'F'F.gg. T.io./.i.00. f.y.W.-i T.jo./.y.D Z' r.6.f.6.cc.2 >T. J./.7. ‘B.anac. “t f.y.AA-Z' f.j.‘B'B. ”<* f. 7. f.7.VZtT.6.f.6.cc. * 7.6-/ 5,fa Man, among which, the Yard, which is affociared with the Pifs-bladdb* Seraufe it carts ouc Urine through the Pipe of the Ure- ter, ought in the tuft place to be explained. It is nude up onlv of Skin for thinnes lake, of two hollow Ligaments, of the 'TJrethrd, thetflans or I\uc, certain Mufcles, Membranous bands, Nerves, Arteries and Veins. The Skin is by it (elf, has no Scarf-skin,and is terminated at the Root of the Nut. Being loole, ic is there doubled ip manner cf an Head-ftal, that ic may infold the Nut or Head of the Yard and make the Fore-skin, which the Jews and Maho- metans do cut off, out of a Religious Ceremony. Such C ircumciled Perfons can- not give that delight to Women in their carnal Embraces, as chofe can who hc.ve the Pore- Skin entire. And therefore their Women are better pleafed with the carnal lociety ofChriftians,* The Fore Skin is tied to the Nut by a little band which is termed ‘Franulum, the bridle: ic is extended in the nether Parc unco the Orifice of the Nut, in young Men that have nor had to do with a Narrow-board Virgin. The skin being removed, there appeares a Membrane which dolly girds in the ■Ligaments of the Yard, which may be a production of the (pannicuiit LV no jus. This being taken away, the Veffels are Teen which run along the Back of the Yard jNeives, Veins and Arteries. The Nerves come from the Of Sacrum, the V tins and Aperies are portions of thole termed (Pudenda, wmch are fpred ouc into *he external Parcs. Tien follow the Mufcles ofthe Yard, cwo of which are ereftors, and two are iculators. The Erectors do arii'e from the Tuberous Parc of the Huckle-bone are lidelong (aliened to the Ligaments ot the Yaid; the Hjaculators fpringing Ur °f the Traniverl :* Ligament placed between the Huckle-bones, and from a por- of the Sphincter Mulcle, are ipread along the Urethra, to prefs tie Drops of *rer or Seed which happen to reft there cowards the Orifice of the Blader. y rhele Mu xles being taken away, three Bodies come to view which form the UuJ *)e cwo Ligaments and the Urethra. g. A,le a hollow Ligaments being disjoined beneath in the (perineum, do arife 2f^ni Protuberancies ofrhe Huckle-bone, and have in their progreis,the b Ure- (Necr the Or Tubis, being joyned together thev make 'Y CT!duloLi:> Body terminated with the Nut, which is calledc Penis, the . ‘Hu, /<’ of aments we muft obferve the internal fubftance which is like the Pith encre rSpungy, blackilh and bedewed with black Blood, that ic may e ant* decteafe in the Carnal Coniuntftion, for the erection of the Yardde- 3,nd tal wi - °r Bbs-Pipe, _is a Channel of Spongy fubftance, that ic may fwel ‘•' it tne fore (a id Ligaments in the Carnal Con/undion *, and therefore it is rani' usTarts skjn Tore-Slim The Bridle. The Membrane The FefJels. The Mufcles. The hollow Ligaments. Their internal S uhftance. The itrethrs or Pifl'Pipe. The Thyfical Confederation, and natomy Book. Ij* no continuation of the neck of the bladder, bur is only fattened thereunto. Obferve diligently, the Gbliquacion, or Reflection of the ‘Urethra in the ‘Ferine nm, and how the idtuation of the Orifice of the bladder lies hid under the bones of the OPabef. In the OPeriw/ewm, divers Tumors are railed: but fuch as adhere to theeUrethra, and impotturoate, are dangerous, often degenerating into Fittulaes, becaufe the ‘Urethra wiJ very hardly heal, and grow together. If it be eaten by a venenious and pocky Ulcer, it is not ealily aired, and lettered, unlefs by an exaCt Sudonfick Diet, or by fluxing with Mercurial Medicaments. & - ‘BaUgnn, f the Nut of the Yard, is an hollowed Kernel,wider in the middle, than the lafpneis of the external Orifice comes to. Its Obliq na- tion in the Pe- rineum. I/npollumated hard to cure. The Nut of the Yard, c. zcf-*'d'f-5-l'z z*r t. :*cf-s-w- Jl. 13./. 8.00. T. 18. f. 50. ~hT. 12s. GO. “iT.tf. /. 1. /. S.'H'R .bb.f.s.lh *T6.f~.%% zhf s GQ- zcf-i'c- ;f/-* ‘M./. 7. C. *g/. Yin fra. " The Medicinal Confederation, Vifeafes of the Tvbol Turd are, Friapifms, The ACBonofthe v;hol Yard, viz. voluntary erection, and flifnefs, being or dained for carnal Conjunction, if it be unvoluntary , and painful, it is a Ddeale which is called GPriapifmus. It \s caufed-by an inflamed difpofitionofthe Ligaments of the Yard, andalfod the *Vretbra, or Pils-pipe, which is affeCfed by reafon of vicinity, and communi" cation in the lame Action. Weaknefs, and detect of EreCf ion, is an imbecillity of the whol Yard without pain: It arifes from a weaknefs, or a paraly tick difpoficion of the Mmcles, of Nerves of the Yard. Somtimes the whol Yard is bowed, and crooked to one fide or another jor ben' ded upwards or downwards; which proceeds from a Ccnvulfion of one of the Muk cles, or from a repletion, and induration of the Nervous Ligaments of the Yard* Somtimesthe Tumor called Qanghon,m the hollow Ligaments, is a caule of tbi5 Conterfion, or crcokednds of the Yard: of which Infirmity, 'HoUmus in his CoiU" ment upon the 63. Aphorilm, of Book 5. and Cajar ArantiUf in Chap. 50. of h*5 Book of Tumors, have treated. • Furthermore, The whol Yard is lubjeCt to Inflamaticns, Tumors, and u* cers. The Yard is but one in Number, for two bad been needkls: ifvve find two, ifis Monftrous, and they are both ulekis j or one is but the ludm ent of a Y aid, or W*1e fltlhy Excrelcerce. The juft, and fitting length of the Yard, ought to be fix or eight fingers if it be longer, ’tis inconvenient, and hurts the email in Cainai Conjunction, a‘d muft be fh Greened by a ring ot wool put about it. If we beleeve Qalen, the extraordinary length ofthe Yard hinders Genera” becaufe the Seed loleth its vercue in io long a paffage j which Ido not beleeve. . it the Yard be too fhort, it cauies little, or no titillation, and is unflU*c l,r*