REPORT ON THE PHRENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF J. STANLEY GRIMES, BY E. N. HORSFORD, Professor of Natural History and Mathematics in the Albany Female Academy. ADOPTED BY THE ALBANY PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY, SEPTEMBER 3, 1840. ALBANY: PRINTED BY J. MUNSELL, 1840. PREFACE. The enlightened philanthropist, as well as the philo- sopher, has much cause for rejoicing, that the great principles of phrenology are at length estahlished in the minds of our most eminent and learned citizens, and are rapidly extending their ennobling influences among the great mass of the people. But while thousands are satisfied of the truth of the general principles of the science, we have been forced to confess, that it is yet in a crude and imperfect state. Though the infant Hercules has triumphed over the monster that sought its destruction, we cannot permit our admiration of its juvenile strength to render us blind to the errors Avhich are naturally incident to inexperi- ence. Every science has its origin, its progress, and its important eras. At first, it presents a collection of ill- arranged facts and conjectures, the true bearing and re- lations of which are not fully understood; then the pro- vidential discovery of some new truth throws light over the chaotic mass, and enables some master genius to give form and connexion and system to the whole. Mr. Grimes has done for phrenology, what Newton did for astronomy, Linnaeus for natural history, Lavosier for chemistry, and Cuvier for zoology. The difficulty and the importance of the task which, according to the decision of the committee and the so- ciety, he has performed, may be inferred from the fact, 4 PREFACE. that Mr. George Combe considered it " impossible." The Phrenological Journal, which is owned and control- led by Mr. Fowler and his associates, who, from inte- rested motives, are opposers to Mr. Grimes, in a late number devotes thirteen pages to show "that it is pos- sible, and only possible, for a young inquirer to be a successful reformer; for one who is necessarily but an inquirer himself, to be fortunate in his efforts to become at once an instructor and an improver of others." Napo- leon reformed the whole military tactics of the French nation, revolutionized Europe, and became the master of kings, before he had passed the meridian of life. NeAV- ton's brilliant discoveries of fluxions, of light, and of gravitation, were all made before the age of thirty; and Byron died at thirty-six. There are men who have old heads with young bodies; it is the fate of superior ge- nius to be beheld either with silent or abusive envy. The old man, though he may have been looked up to as the personification of wisdom, should perhaps remember that he is not the whole world. Imitators never think beyond those they follow j and because they believe them demi-gods, and that their thoughts are from the depths of wisdom, they unhesi- tatingly adopt their suggestions, and yield implicit obe- dience to their instructions. Such compose the great mass; they adopt the opinions of some man, and because they have received superior sanction, take it as positive evidence of their truth. They are obstinate, from the very nature of the case. They have not powers of mind to originate, and of course believe every thing is known that will be known—or "why was it not discovered be- fore ?" It is the business of such men to find fault. They PREFACE. 5 can reflect, but cannot originate. Hence Mr. Grimes is arraigned for his youth—" his want of education, and de- votedness to inquiry." Was Shakspeare an educated man ? Was even the great founder of phrenology an educated man, Avhen he began his discoveries ? Was Benjamin West an educated man, when he first drew the likeness of the smiling infant in its cradle ? Was Patrick Henry an educated man, when he plead the cause of the people against the parsons ? Is it education, to be able to repeat, parrot-like, the ideas of others—to write the ideas of others ? Is there any thing in the half-idle and desultory and superficial education frequent- ly pursued in our colleges, which tends to secure future eminence ? Has not the experience of the Avorld shown that genius is not created by education, though it has often been crushed by it ? All professions have their Shakspeare and their Burns—men Avho are superior to the adverse influences Avhich systematic and arbitrary education may produce. " Chance is more merciful than men's systems: the eternal task of nature is that of counteracting our efforts to deteriorate ourselves." It appears that the Avriter of the article in the Phreno- logical Journal has obtained his information in relation to Mr. Grimes' education from reports. He states, " it is not more than from four to five years since Mr. Grimes commenced the study of phrenology, without having been previously an educated man, or in any degree re< markable for his devotedness to inquiry." It is true that Mr. Grimes had not the advantages in his youth that most men have in this country. He was an orphan at four years of age, Avithout a friend to Avhom he could look for assistance ; but he Avas a student by nature, and al 1* 6 PREFACE. though obliged to toil for his living, he spent more hours in severe study than thousands who are cradled in luxu- ry, who have anxious guardians to watch over them, but who too often are spoiled by indulgence, grow up idlers, live without an object, accomplish nothing, and end an ignoble life, without leaving a notice that they ever lived. But Mr. Grimes is an educated man; he is a classic scholar, and possesses a fund of varied informa- tion which shows he must have been an indefatigable student. He has studied phrenology more than ten years, and with what success his works will answer. His powers of observation, and his keen insight into the mys- teries of human nature are unrivalled. He has an or- ganization that fits him to advance the science of phre- nology with more success than perhaps any living man. His devotion to the science, his large and justly propor- tioned intellect, his nervous and arterial temperament, together Avith his excellent constitution, and his honor- able ambition, all promise a splendid result to his la- bors in the cause of this noble science. Professor Dean considers the new system as "the frame work of a cross, upon which truth is in danger of being sacrificed to the daring requisitions of genius." But the society of which he is a prominent member, af- ter hearing all his objections, and notwithstanding their great respect for his character and talents, have decided that it is error, instead of truth, which is thus sacrificed. And although the Afbany Phrenological Society owes its existence to the popularity which Mr. Combe gave to the science, and is composed of his warm admirers and personal friends, the majority have not permitted these considerations so far to influence their minds as to PRE FAC E. 7 prevent them from doing their duty, when acting in the capacity of judges. In order to give a correct idea of the origin and value of the folloAving report, it is necessary to state the cir- cumstances Avhich led to its production. When Mr. Grimes published his New System of Phrenology, his publisher sent a copy to the editor of the Knickerbocker. Mr. George Combe Avas then lecturing in New York, and the editor applied to him to write a revie\v of the work. Mr. Combe declined performing the task him- self, but recommended as a substitute, a protege of his, a young Englishman, and medical student, who prepared a most contemptible and abusive article, in which, by garbled extracts of parts of sentences, he dishonestly misrepresented the doctrines of the author. This article was written by the same person who, on another occa- sion, for the aggrandizement of his patron, attempted to blacken the character of the great and good Spurzheim, by representing him " as not manifesting conscientious- ness, and as showing none of that beautiful display of gratitude towards his master, which we so often meet with in the works of Mr. Combe and others towards himself, but on the contrary, a tendency to depreciate." But neither Spurzheim nor Grimes can be injured by such means. " The Parthians aimed their arrows at the sun, and the wolves howl at the moon; but the arrows never reached the one, nor can the howl affect the other." Mr. Grimes was at this time on a tour, lecturing with gTeat success in Pittsburgh and the colleges in western Pennsylvania; but one of his publishers, O. G. Steele, Esq., of Buffalo, happening to be in New-York, learned what had been done, and prevailed on the editor to sus- 8 PREFACE. pend the publication of the review until Mr. Grimes should himself visit the city. The author had also ex- pressed a wish to a friend of the editor, that his work should not first be ushered before the New York public by its natural enemies. He was desirous of an impar- tial investigation of its merits, but he deprecated ex-ca- thedra denunciations and hypercritical sophistries. This peaceable disposition of the author was by some miscon- strued into a timid desire to avoid a fair examination of his system; but the result proved the injustice of this inference, and convinced them that timidity was far from being a characteristic of the author. This charge has therefore been withdrawn, and that of self-esteem and boldness substituted with equal impropriety. Mr. Grimes and his friends had cherished the hope, that Mr. Combe and the other writers, who claim to be the followers of Spurzheim, would approve his views; but they were now convinced, they had nothing to ex- pect from them but opposition. He resolved, therefore, to appeal to a more disinterested tribunal, and challenge a comparison of the two systems. Mr. Combe Avas ex- pected to commence a course of lectures in Albany on the first of December, 1839; Mr. Grimes therefore came to this place in October, and announced his intention in the papers, to give his " vieAvs of the physical and mo- ral constitution of man, and receive the decision of an impartial community upon those points Avherein he had ventured to depart from the path marked out by the la- mented Spurzheim." The fame of Mr. Grimes as a lec- turer in the west had reached Albany ; it Avas known that he Avas the author of a work on phrenology, which differed essentially from Spurzheim, though the nature PREFACE. 9 of the difference was not understood. But the strong sentiments of respect which all felt for the memory and genius of Spurzheim, contributed to produce powerful prejudices against an attempt to controvert his doctrines. It was deemed a kind of sacrilege, to pull down his sys- tem, and set up in its place the doctrines of a compara- tively obscure individual. The very novelty of the un- dertaking naturally excited attention, though accompa- nied with the expectation that it would result in a fail- ure. Some attributed the attempt to a morbid self-es- teem and love of notoriety; some accused him of arro- gance, and others of wanting a truth-loving spirit. To all this he made no reply; but conscious of his ability to produce conviction, and confident of a triumphant result, he acted Avith an independence that seemed impolitic. Courting the favor of none, he appealed to the judgment of the public, and relied only on their justice. He com- menced by giving an introductory lecture at the Medical College. The house was crowded, and " Expectation sat with eager eye, Waiting the issue." It may be doubted whether a speaker ever rose to ad- dress an audience whose prepossessions were more de- cidedly against him. But they soon perceived that they were not listening to a visionary. His manner was as novel and peculiar to himself as was the matter of his discourse; and both combined to win gradually, but ir- resistibly, their favorable judgment. At the conclusion, there was an involuntary and unanimous expression of applause, from an assembly as enlightened and intellec- tual as ever graced the capital of the Empire State. The remaining lectures of the course were delivered, at the 10 PREFACE. Chapel of the Female Academy, and the sentiments of those who attended may best be judged from the follow- ing resolutions. At the close of Mr. Grimes' lectures, delivered in the Chapel of the Albany Female Academy, the class or- ganized by appointing Charles D. ToAvnsend, M. D., Chairman, and Thomas W. Olcott, Esq., Secretary. Whereupon Henry Green, M. D., introduced the follow- ing resolutions, which were unanimously adopted. Resolved, That Ave have listened with exciting inte- rest to the lectures of Mr. Grimes, President of the Phre- nological Society of Buffalo, on the science of phreno- logy. Resolved, That we believe Mr. Grimes has made new and important discoveries in phrenology; that his ar- rangement of the brain into three classes of organs, viz. the ipseal, social and intellectual, together with their subdivisions into ranges or groups, is founded in nature, the anatomy of the brain, and the natural gradation of animals as they rise in the scale of being. Resolved, That we are forced to believe that phreno- logy, as taught by Mr. Grimes, may be learned by per- sons of ordinary intelligence and observation, so as to be useful to them in their every day intercourse Avith soci- ety—that it is destined to improve our race, remodel the present mode of education, become useful in legislation, and in the government of children in families and in schools. Resolved, That we not only esteem it a duty, but re- gard it a pleasure, to encourage talents, genius and en- terprise, Avherever we discover them, and in Avhatever pursuit, if the object and effect is the improvement of P RE F A C E. 11 mankind—that we regard Mr. Grimes as possessing the highest order of intellect, as original in his observations and deductions, and as destined to fill a distinguished place in the scientific world. Resolved, That we confidently recommend Mr. Grimes to the attention of our fellow citizens in different sections of our extended country, believing they will find him an accomplished lecturer, a close, accurate, forcible reason- er, and inimitable in his illustrations of the science he so triumphantly advocates. Resolved, That Henry Greene, M. D., and Professor McKee, of the Albany Academy, be a committee to pre- sent a copy of these resolutions to Mr. Grimes, and re- quest their publication in the daily papers of the city. • C. D. TOWNSEND, M. D., Chairman. T. W. Olcott, Secretary. Similar resolutions had been passed in Wheeling, Va., in Utica and Auburn, N. Y. At a meeting, held immediately after a close of Pro- fessor Grimes' lectures upon phrenology in the city of Utica, Aid. E. A. Wetmore was called to the chair. On motion of Dr. S. Z. Havens, a committee to draft resolutions expressive of the opinion of this meeting up- on the lectures was appointed, consisting of the follow- ing gentlemen, viz. Dr. S. Z. Havens, Aid. E. A. Wet- more, Aid. J. S. Peckham, R. Northway, Jr., R. T. Hal- lock, and F. W. Guiteau, Esq., who reported the follow- ing: Resolved, That the thanks of this class are due to Professor J. Stanley Grimes, for the able and interesting course of lectures upon phrenology just concluded, and 12 PREFACE. that Ave recognize in him talents of a high order for the discovery and illustration of phrenological truth. Resolved, That Professor Grimes, in his doctrine of temperament, his general classification of the organs, and in his analysis of their functions, has exhibited accurate observation, originality of reflection, and has endeavor- ed faithfully to carry out the motto of their original dis- coverer, Avhich Avas, to " follow Avhere truth leads." Resolved, That Avhile we are opposed to innovations which are mere distinctions without difference, we be- lieve the new views of phrenological science presented by him to be generally in harmony Avith nature, and therefore to be founded in truth, and that they deserve the serious and impartial investigation of all phrenolo- gists. Resolved, That Ave cordially respond to the sentiments expressed by our fellow citizens of Syracuse on a similar occasion, and recommend Professor Grimes to the pub- lic, as a gentleman who, for knowledge of his profession and talents for explaining it, has feAV equals. Mr. Grimes proceeded from Albany to New York, and the following extracts from the city papers show his suc- cess in that great metropolis. Prof. Grimes, whose lectures on phrenology, at Buf- falo, Albany, and other cities, have excited unusual in- terest, and elicited the warmest approbation, proposes to deliver a course of lectures in this city immediately. His system differs materially in its details from that of Gall, Spurzheim and Combe, though resting on the same ge- neral foundation. We have not yet heard him; but from the testimony of friends on whom we can place re- PREFACE. 13 liance, Ave know that he handles his subject like amasr ter, and that those who can find time to attend his lee* tures will be entertained and edified.—N. Yorker. Professor Grimes, the phrenologian, whose original and ingenious views on phrenological science have caus- ed his lectures to be very much followed in our western cities, has arrived here, and puts up at the Astor. He brings with him most flattering testimonials, from his Excellency the Governor, and others of Albany, where his last course Avas delivered. He proposes, Ave are pleas- ed to hear, to give an opportunity to the citizens of New York to judge of the merits of his discoveries and de- ductions, in what he justly terms the science of phreno- physiognomy, embracing all the phenomena developed in the brain, features, and whole organization, and cha- racter and habits of the individual, as divided into the three great orders of mammalia, viz. the carnivore, the graminivorce, and the rodentice—corroborated by illus- trations from every tribe of animated nature—the only true and exact base of this interesting science.—Star. New Theory of Phreno-Physiognomy, by J. Stanley Grimes, Esq.—Mr. Grimes delivered his first lecture last night, at the American Institute, to a respectable and intelligent audience. Every body present seemed im- pressed with the truth, force and originality of his neAv views on the science of phreno-physiognomy. Mr. Grimes has the merit of making himself clearly understood, and of presenting his subject under its natural divisions, and with great distinctness. He appealed, in strong and ef- fective declamation, to the common sense of all present, and gave such familiar, graphic illustrations of his ana- 2 14 PREFACE. lysis of the temperaments, and of the language of the passions, displaying the powers of mimicry and elo- quence to great advantage, that all present, we believe we may with truth say, were convinced that the theory of the Professor is based upon practical sound sense and indisputable facts. We Avish all who are curious on this subject, which is too often deprived of the consideration it ought to have, from the obscurity and complexity in which it is invest- ed, would go and hear this new expounder of phrenolo- gy, as founded on the immutable laws of organization, derived from comparative anatomy and physiology, and an examination of all the functions and organs of human life, as presented, not only under the knife of the dis- sector, but in living human actions, moral and intellec- tual, and the expression of the manners as well as fea- tures ; in fact, the whole career and constitution of man, in his domestic or public relations. Let all go and hear this man of true genius on Friday, and then say if he is not a teacher calculated to win numerous converts.— Ibid. Lecture on Phrenology.—Professor Grimes, Ave are happy to hear, has consented to repeat his introductory lecture on phrenology this evening, at the rooms of the American Institute, rear of the City Hall. The views on the science of phrenology, presented by Professor Grimes on Monday evening, were entirely new, and eli- cited a universal request from the audience for a repeti- tion on this evening, and we trust all Avho feel an inte- rest in the subject will attend.—Times. The Lectures on Phreno-Physiognomy, by Professor Grimes.—Mr. Grimes will continue his course to-night, PREFACE. 15 at the American Institute. The subject being one of particular interest, viz. the highest range of the ipseal faculties, as he calls them, or those peculiar to man, as distinguished from all other animals. Mr. G.'s last lec- ture was received Avith great approbation, and fully sus- tained his bold original theory—which has the merit of producing com'iction, because, as Ave have before re- marked, its illustrations are draAvn from the only sure foundation for these investigations. We mean a com- parative view of the animal structure of the whole range of the organic world, animal and vegetable, tracing it from the first gleams of vitality or intelligence, in its most uncombined or simplified condition, up to its high- est and most complicated arrangement, as evinced in our own species, beyond which limits our comprehen- sion of superior intelligence can only grow out of the re- ligious impression produced by the sublime architecture of the boundless regions of universal space. It beauti- fully sustains the principles of religion. Mr. Grimes shoAvs, as Cuvier and all profound zoologists have, that certain traits of organization, derived from the scull, teeth, features, and indeed the whole constitution of the animal, are always and necessarily accompanied by im- mutable traits of character. On this sound basis is his common sense and lucid theory created.—Star. Mr. Grimes commences a third course of lectures to- nio-ht, having been engaged to deliver the same before the Mechanics' Library Association, at their lecture room, in Crosby street, near the corner of Grand. The popularity of this gentleman is increasing daily, as is evinced by the flattering demands upon him by the most respectable literary institutions of our city. 16 PREFACE. We understand, the lectures of Mr. Grimes, at the Crosby street Institute, before the Mechanics' and Tradesmen's Library Association, are so crowded that it is next to impossible to obtain admission. Last night a great number had to go away. We felt sure that when this gifted and luminous expounder^of the only true laAvs of phrenological science should have a hearing he would daily gain more and more converts to his views on this interesting subject.—Star. While Mr. Grimes was thus gaining golden opinions in New-York, Mr. Combe was lecturing in Albany. The same individuals attended his lectures who had previously heard Mr. Grimes. At the close of Mr. C.'s lectures, the Albany Phrenological Society Avas formed, to whom he sold his splendid collection of casts and busts. After Mr. Combe had left the city, a large number of the citizens invited Mr. Grimes to repeat his course of lectures. He complied with their request, and then, as the comparative merits of the tAvo systems were the sub- ject of much discussion, he addressed a letter to Th. W. Olcott, Esq., President of the Albany Phrenological So- ciety, requesting the appointment of a committee to ex- amine his new classification, and compare it Avith that of Spurzheim. The request Avas granted, notwithstanding there A\-as considerable opposition by some of the soci- ety. E. N. Horsford, Prof, of Nat. Hist, and Mathemat- ics in the Albany Female Academy, was appointed chairman of the committee, and drew up the following admirable report, as the result of the investigations, and the unanimous verdict of the committee. It was laid beJ PREFACE. 17 fore the society in March, 1840, when the following re- solution Avas introduced. Resolved, That the report be adopted, as expressing the sentiments of the society. It was proposed that time should be given for the members individually to investigate the subject, and the resolution was laid on the table. At the end of a month, the society held an extra meeting, (there being no regu- lar meetings in the summer months,) to act upon the re- solution. After a protracted debate, during which Pro- fessor Dean read an essay of thirty pages in opposition to the report, the meeting was adjourned until the next evening. The following evening was also spent in dis- cussing the report. Professor Horsford replied to the objections of Professor Dean. Some members wishing to take still more time for investigation and examining the objections, it was determined that the whole subject should lay on the table until the September meeting. At this meeting the subject was brought up, and the re- port, after laying before the society nearly six months, was adopted. D. H. HAMILTON, Albany, October 15, 1840. 2* REPORT. The committee to whom was referred the letter of Mr. Grimes, requesting an examination of his classifica- tion, as exhibited in his "NeAV System of Phrenology," and a comparison of it AA'ith the classification of Dr. Spurzheim, beg leave to submit the following Report: The importance of arranging the principles of a sci- ence in accordance with the laws of natural relationship, has been recognized from the days of the earliest philo- sophers to the present time. It has been acknowledged in astronomy, geology, and the other branches of natural science. The productions of the great men in these se- veral departments of investigation are the monuments of a desire to improve and perfect classification. A like feeling has been manifested by writers upon the powers of the mind. Succeeding generations, enlightened by discoveries, and quickened thereby to the perception of defects in previous systems, attempted improvements; and the whole history of mental philosophy, from Pytha- goras to the commencement of the last century, is but little more than the record of changes in nomenclature and arrangement of the attributes of mind. 20 REPORT. In order to the exhibition of a comprehensive view of this subject, it may be well to notice briefly the princi- pal systems that have heretofore attracted attention. They may be divided into, Those which consider the faculties with little or no regard to the relation existing between them and corpo- real organs; and, Those which consider the faculties as depending for manifestation directly upon certain corporeal organs. I. A division of the mental faculties into two kinds, equivalent to Intellect and Inclination, appears in nearly all the systems, from the most ancient to the most recent. Pythagoras taught his pupils of the Rational and Irrational principles of the soul. Plato divided the soul into three parts, Intelligence, Passion and Ap- petite. The second and third belong to Inclination, According to Aristotle, the human soul has three facul- ties, the Nutritive, the Sensitive, and the Rational ; and they are possessed to some extent by animals. The Rational part alone was believed by Pythagoras and Plato to be immortal: but it is not known whether Aris- totle regarded any part or faculty as destined to exist forever. There were, however, after the commencement of the Christian era, those who considered the human soul as an unit, purely spiritual and immortal: while all brutes were supposed to be guided by a mysterious and unfathomable Instinct, which could exist only during the organization of the body. In their writings, usually corresponding with Intellect and Inclination, we have Head and Heart, Understanding and Affections, Soul or Spirit, and Appetites or Lusts ; terms drawn from REPORT. 21 the scriptures, and used to embrace the two classes of mental powers. Lord Bacon, Avho was the first to clear away the dark- ness that had long surrounded the true principles of phi- losophical investigation, thought there were two minds in man: one of Sensibility and Voluntary Motion—ano- ther having the attributes of Memory. Imagination, &c. Des Cartes maintained the existence of four quali- ties or faculties of mind—Sensibility, Imagination, Un- derstanding and Will ; and he adopted the opinion of the fathers of the church, that animals are directed by an inexplicable instinct. Malebranche recognized two primary poAvers of mind—Understanding and Will ; under each of which inferior powers were treated. Un- derstanding embraced Perception, Memory, Judgment and Imagination ; and Will included Inclination, De- sire, Affections and Passions. Locke differed little in his arrangement from Malebranche. Reid and Brown, while they evidently considered the mind as a single general poAver, have admitted more of the primitive faculties than those who preceded them; and the subdivisions in both have been made under si- milar heads. Reid divides them into Intellectual and Active ; BroAvn, into Intellectual states of the Mind, and Emotions. " The Intellectual states of the Mind are referrable," says Dr. BroAvn, " to two ge- neric susceptibilities or capacities; those of simple sug- gestion, and those of relative suggestion." Simple sug- gestion is the basis of conception, memory, imagination and habit; and corresponds with the phrenological per- ceptives. Relative suggestion is the basis of judgment reason and abstraction ; and corresponds with the phre- 22 REPORT, nological reflectives. Emotions, he divides into Immedi- ate, Retrospective and Prospective. The Immediate emotions are of wonder, beauty, sublimity, sympathy, &c. The Retrospective emotions are of anger, grati- tude, regret, gladness, and remorse. The Prospective emotions, which, according to Dr. Brown's analysis, in- clude several of the affective faculties of Spurzheim, are, 1. Desire of our own continued existence, 2. Desire of pleasure, 3. Desire of action, 4. Desire of society, 5. Desire of knowledge, 6. Desire of power, 7. Desire of the affections of others, 8. Desire of glory, 9. Desire of the happiness of others, 10. Desire of evil to others. Lord Karnes " distinctly refers to and describes, as original principles of thought and action, no less than twenty of the phrenological faculties ;"* and Smellie, who, at the suggestion of Lord Kames, was induced to prepare the Philosophy of Natural History, has remarked among animals the manifestations of twenty-three of the primary powers of mind; though neither of these phi- losophers attempted any further arrangement than a ge- neral reference to the classes of Intellectual Faculties and Instincts or Propensities. The philosophic schools of Germany and France, while they have established a source of ideas, which Locke did not admit, to wit, Reason, have made scarcely ' History of Phrenology, by R. W. Haskine, of Buffalo, N. Y. REPORT. 23 any progress in the determination of fundamental facul- ties. The following extract from the writings of Theo- dore Jouffroy, a French philosopher, and distinguished pupil of Cousin—the acknowledged head of metaphysical science in France—presents a synoptical vieAv of the classification of the eclectic school. " In the actual state of human knowledge, the irredu- cible capacities of the human soul appear to me to be the following. First the personal faculty, or the supreme poA\rer of taking possession of ourselves and of our capa- cities, and of controlling them : this faculty is known by the names of liberty or will, which designate it but imperfectly. Secondly, the primitive inclination of our nature, or that aggregate of instincts or tendencies which impel us tOAvards certain ends and in certain directions, prior to all experience, and which at once suggest to reason the destiny of our being, and animate our activi- ty to pursue it. Thirdly, the locomotive faculty, or that energy by which we move the locomotive nerves, and produce all the voluntary bodily movements. Fourthly, the expressive faculty, or the power of representing by external signs that which takes place within us, and of thus holding communication Avith our felloAV men. Fifth- ly, sensibility, or the capacity of being agreeably or dis- agreeably affected, by all external or internal causes, and of reacting in relation to them by movements of love or hatred, of desire or aversion, which are the principle of all passion. Sixthly, the intellectual faculties. This term comprises many distinct faculties, which can be enumerated and described only in a treatise on intelli- gence." In all the systems that have been noticed, it is not 24 REPORT. difficult for the phrenologist to perceive great imperfec- tion. The first division seems, in nearly all of them, to have been made upon the same principles: but in the determination of the several faculties, and their ar- rangement under the two heads, very striking differen- ces are perceptible. Different modes and degrees of ac- tivity have been mistaken for primitive powers; and mental operations which Avere supposed to originate in one faculty, are now known to depend upon the com- bined activity of several. Mr. Combe, in his essay upon the objections of metaphysicians, has very ingeniously shoAvn that all their intellectual faculties, perception, conception, association, memory, imagination and ab- straction, are reducible to conception : and this supposed faculty he elsewhere proves to be but an attribute of the general intellect. The Instinct of animals has been resolved into its elements, and the chasm betAveen man and the other creatures of creation narrowed to its proper limits. II. As Pythagoras was among the first to divide the mind into two parts, so was he also among the first to assign it a habitation in corporeal organs. He consi- dered the brain as the seat of the Rational, and the heart of the Irrational principle. Aristotle believed the soul to exist in the heart. Others thought the Intellect, or rational part located in the head, and the Passions in the viscera. Albertus Magnus, archbishop of Ratisbon, in the thirteenth century, convinced that so large an or- gan as the brain should have assigned to it more speci- fic functions, made it the residence of certain conceived powers of the mind. Common sense, he placed in the REPORT. 25 forehead, or first ventricle of the brain; thought, or judgment, in the second ; and memory, or moving force., in the third. Pierre de Montagna, in the fifteenth cen- tury, published a Avork, in Avhich was figured a head, re- presenting the site of common sense, imagination, thought or judgment, memory and reason. Lodovico Dolci, the century after, issued a work containing a similar deline- ation Des Cartes conjectured that the pineal gland was the seat of the mind. " Willis considered the cor- pora striata the seat of sensation and attention ; the me- dullary matter, of memory ; the corpus collosum, of re- flection ; Avhilst the moving spirits emanated from the cerebellum." Charles Bonnet thought that each indi- vidual fibre Avas an organ of the mind. Different modifi- cations of the vieAvs already given, concerning the dispo- sition of the powers of the mind among the different por- tions of the brain, and other organs of the body, were, until the discovery of phrenology, treated with more or less attention by all learned men. To the student of nature, it does not appear strange, that these speculations rose and fell,—that they rivalled and supplanted each other, and that they all vanished before the blaze of that light which Gall concentrated upon them with such burning power. For they had been the creatures of almost pure fancy, unaided by careful observation and induction. The viscera were proved to have no connection with the passions; and the fanciful system of Albertus Magnus, and all those of his followers, were seen to have no foundation in truth. Observation could contribute nothing to the support of Des Cartes or Willis; and their speculations, with those of their predecessors, on the habitation of the mind and 3 26 REP ORT. powers, will soon be known only in the pages of his- tory. The actual discovery of twenty-six of the fundamen- tal faculties of the mind, and the organs through Avhich they manifested themselves, was the first great step to- wards a proper classification. But the life of Dr. Gall was too short for the labor of founding and perfecting a sci- ence. Although he speaks of propensities, mechanical aptitudes, intellectual dispositions, and moral qualities; yet, besides the record of his invaluable discoveries, he has left us little more than a simple arrangement of the powers. In this he seems to have been guided merely by the relative position of the organs, commencing at the base, and proceeding regularly to the top. Accord- ingly, Amativeness is placed first, and Firmness last; while Cautiousness and Educability (Individuality and Eventuality of Spurzheim,) are associated together. Dr. Gall maintained that all the faculties have the same modes of action; and that a separation of them into two orders, founded upon their different modes of action, could not be made. Dr. Spurzheim, however, guided by the accumulated opinions of philosophers Avho had gone before him, Avas enabled to recognize two distinct classes of powers ; and the two orders of Affective and Intellectual Faculties proposed by him, have received the sanction of the greater portion of the phrenological world. Dr. Spurzheim maintained that perception, me- mory, and imagination, are attributes of the Intellect, and that the affective faculties have sensation alone. These views were rejected by Gall. Dr Spurzheim di- vided the Affective Faculties into Propensities, or those internal impulses which invite to certain actions, and REP ORT. 27 Sentiments, which, besides inviting to certain actions, are attended Avhen active by a peculiar emotion. The Intellectual Faculties he subdivided into four ge- nera : the external senses; the faculties which perceive existence and physical qualities; those Avhich perceive the relations of external objects; and the reflecting fa- culties. The folloAving is Dr. Spurzheim's classifica- tion, as drawn out in Mr. Combe's last work. ORDER I.—FEELINGS. Genus i.—Propensities. 1. Amativeness, 6. Destructiveness, 2. Philoprogenitiveness, * Alimentiveness, 3. Concentrativeness, or t Love of life, Inhabitiveness, 7. Secretiveness, 4. Adhesiveness, 8. Acquisitiveness, 5. Combativeness, 9. Constructiveness. Genus n.—Sentiments. 1. Sentiments common to man with lower animals. 10. Self esteem, 13. Cautiousness, 11. Approbativeness, 2. Sentiments proper to man. 13. Benevolence, 18. Wonder, 14. Veneration, 19. Ideality, 15. Firmness, 20. Mirthfulness, 16. Conscientiousness, 21. Imitation. 17. Hope, ORDER II.—INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. Genus i.—External Senses. Feeling, or touch, Hearing, Taste, Sight. Smell, 28 REPORT. Geus ii.—Intellectual Faculties, Which perceive existence and physical qualities. 22. Individuality, 25. Weight, 23. Form, 26. Coloring. 24. Size, Genus hi.—Intellectual Faculties, Which perceive relations of external objects. 27. Locality, 31. Time, 28. Number, 32. Tune, 29. Order, 33. Language. 30. Eventuality, Genus iv.—Reflecting Faculties. 34. Comparison, 35. Causality. In expressing an opinion upon the merits of this clas- sification, the committee feel deeply the responsibility of their situation. The work of a profoundly analytical mind is before them; and with scarcely an alteration, it has received the sanction of the most distinguished ad- vocates of the science, in Britain, France, and America. It is the standard classification; it is one of the many monuments of a distinguished genius, and we are bound to revere it. The committee are also aware, that the ultimate functions of all the powers are not yet estab- lished, and that there is still a broad field for discovery. Nevertheless, the following quotations from Spurzheim and Combe, show not only their own consciousness of imperfections in this classification, but appear to point out to us the path we should pursue. " If," says Spurz- heim, "under any head of the nomenclature, there be a better name than I employ, * * * * I shall be glad to use it; for I am always disposed to acknowledge REPORT. 29 truth, and obey real improvement." " It appears im- possible," says Mr. Combe, "to arrive at a correct clas- sification until all the organs, and also the primitive fa- culty or ultimate function of each, shall be definitely ascertained, Avhich is not at present the case. Till this end shall be accomplished, every interim arrangement Avill be in danger of being overturned by subsequent dis- coveries." From these remarks, the duty of pointing out defects, that in the very nature of things belong to progressive science, when necessary to the exhibition of improve- ment, becomes abundantly apparent. Dr. Spurzheim's first division into Intellectual and Affective Faculties, is the link by which phrenology is ■attached to the mental philosophy of the old school. His division of the affective faculties into propensities and sentiments, nearly corresponds with Brown's Pros- pective and Immediate Emotions. It is based upon a conceived difference in their attributes. " Propensities," Spurzheim remarks, "invite only to certain actions;" but sentiments are not limited to inclination alone; " they have an emotion of a peculiar kind superadded." After comparing the views of writers who have recog- nized this distinction with the actual manifestations of the affective powers, the committee are unable to be- lieve that grounds for this division exist. Each of these faculties has its own sphere of action, but some of the spheres are higher than others. Philoprogenitiveness has its nursery; Adhesiveness its limited circle of friends; and Benevolence, the entire world. Alimen- tiveness impels attention to the wants of the nutritive system; Cautiousness induces general guardianship over 2» 30 REPORT. both the corporeal and mental constitutions ; and Hope excites to action under bright views of a cloudless fu- ture. When these powers are aroused by their appro- priate stimuli, their activity is attended in all by a feel- ing or an emotion, differing in the different faculties as widely as the spheres in which they act. Now that, to Benevolence and the group of powers Avith which it is associated, this attribute should be ex- tended, while to Adhesiveness and the whole genus of animal propensities it is denied, is considered a position unfounded in nature. The subdivision into sentiments common to man and the lower animals and those proper to man, is very clear- ly defective. Spurzheim has given drawings showing that some dogs and horses have a developement of Be- nevolence ; and Gall remarked that lions were more full in the region of this organ than tigers. Imitation is ad* mitted by Spurzheim to be a faculty of some of the mon- key tribe; and Mr. Combe remarks, that the organ is found in the brains of both parrots and monkeys. It has also been suggested, that the proverbial stubborn- ness of asses has its source in Firmness. These exam- ples show that the last division, though it may be con- venient, is not strictly philosophical. In the genus ani- mal propensities, Spurzheim has classed together pow- ers, at least as little associated as are the superior and inferior sentiments. Alimentiveness, a faculty related exclusively to the individual, is placed beside Amative- ness and Philoprogenitiveness, which are clearly related to the species. In the arrangement of die intellectual faculties, Language, one of the lowest organs, and one which, according to Bessieres, becomes fibrous immedi- REPORT. 31 ately after Individuality and Form, is elevated to a place directly beloAv the reflectives. Dr. Bessieres, a French phrenological author, denies that the external senses are intellectual faculties, and says " their essential nature is to transmit sensations, but not to know; because it is not the senses that know, but the faculties which they employ, and of which they are the instruments." The committee do not wish to be understood as alto- gether approving the criticism of the French phrenolo- gist ; only as considering the ultimate functions of the organs of sense as Avorthy of further investigation. If from the impression upon the retina, and the sensation transmitted along the optic nerve to the brain, Indivi- duality perceives existence—Form perceives form—Size perceives extension, and Coloring perceives color; there seems to be no function left to the optic apparatus, but that of a mere passage-way for ideas of physical objects from the external Avorld to the brain. Dr. Andrew Carmichael, former president of the Dub- lin Phrenological Society, in his memoir of Spurzheim, gives the following outline of a classification. The or- gans at the side of the head are related to the subsist- ence and preservation of the individual. Those at the back of the head are all requisite to the perfection of the species and the formation of society. Those of the fore- head and coronal region are partly common to man and animals, and in part exclusively human. Dr. Bessieres has given a classification, in which he presents a division of the powers of the mind into three classes, related to the wants, sympathies and knowledge of man. The organs of the first class are situated upon 32 REPORT. the side of the head; those of the second, behind and on the top. He makes Imitation, Ideality and Mirthful- ness, intellectual perceptives, and denies that Benevo- lence is manifested by any of the lower animals. Lan- guage, he places the very highest in the intellectual class. In the classification of Miss Miles, there are no or- ders or genera, it being merely a grouping of the pow- ers together for convenience in the examination of heads, Avithout strict regard to their functional relations. Fowler and Kirkham's Phrenology contains a classi- fication based in part upon an analysis of several pow- ers, which is not adopted by most phrenological authors. Constructiveness is considered a semi-intellectual senti- ment, and is ranked with Ideality and Imitation. Several of the objections Avhich Avere made to the first great system are applicable to the others that have been mentioned; and against some, objections might be urg- ed, to which the classification of Spurzheim is not ex- posed. Mr. Grimes' classification, as presented in his "New System of Phrenology," retains Spurzheim's first divi- sion of the poAvers of the mind under the heads of Pro- pensities and Intellectual Faculties. The Propen- sities he divides into two classes, which he denominates Ipseal and Social. He denies the distinction betAveen propensities and sentiments maintained by Spurzheim. His classification follows: CLASS I. Ipseal or Self-Relative Propensities. CLASS II. Social, or Society-Relative Propensities. REPORT. 33 CLASS III. Intellectual, or Knowledge-Relative Faculties. CLASS I.—IPSEALS. 1. Corporeal Range. 1. Pneumativeness, 3. Sanitativeness. 2. Alimentiveness, 2. Carnivorous Range. 4. Destructiveness, 5. Combativeness. 3. Herbivorous Range. 6. Secretiveness, 7. Cautiousness. 4. Rodentia Range. 8. Constructiveness, 9. Acquisitiveness. 5. Human Range. 10. Playfulness, 12. Hopefulness. 11. Perfectiveness, CLASS II.—SOCIALS. Establishing Group. 1. Amativeness, 3. Inhabitiveness, 2. Parentiveness, 4. Adhesiveness. Governing Group. 5. Imperativeness, 7. Firmness, 6. Approbativeness, 8. Conscientiousness. Conforming Group. 9. Submissiveness, 11. Imitativeness, 10. Kindness, 12. Credenciveness. CLASS III.—INTELLECTUALS. Lower Range. 1. Individuality, 5. Size, 2. Chemicality, 6. Weight, 3. Language, 7. Color, 4. Form, 8. Order, 9. Number. 34 REPORT. Middle Range. 10. Direction, 12. Time, 11. Eventuality, 13. Tune. Upper Range. 14. Comparison, 15. Causality. " This division into three classes, Ipseal, Social, and Intellectual, is founded," says the author, "upon the following considerations. " First. Anatomy points to three grand divisions. " 1. The spinal cord is in three columns, anterior, middle and posterior; and Mr. Charles Bell demonstrat- ed that all the nerves which proceed from one column are destined to perform one class of functions. The nerves from the anterior column are for volition; those from the middle for respiration and nutrition; and those from the posterior for sensation. "2. The medulla oblongata, Mr. Bell considered as a continuation of the same three columns of the spinal cord. It has three bodies, The pyramidal, in the anterior; The olivary, in the middle, and The restiform in the posterior column. "3. The brain has always been divided into three lobes—anterior, middle and posterior—and the division may be found strongly marked in the brains of all the higher animals. Spurzheim found by dissection, that the fibres of the anterior pyramidal bodies of the oblong- ata, expanded into and constituted the anterior lobes of the brain. And he contended that the middle and pos- terior lobes originated in the other two parts of the ob- longata. " 4. Each hemisphere has a great lateral ventricle, REPORT. 35 and this ventricle presents an appearance which has been denominated tricornes, or three horns, anterior, middle and posterior." 6. In a note Avhich the committee have received from Mr. Grimes, it is said that Spurzheim considered the spinal cord as having three commissures, anterior, mid- dle and posterior. And also, that the functions of the body are subdivided by some physiologists into three classes. Broussais divides them into those that relate to the individual, those that relate to the species, and those that relate to the acquisition of knowledge. " Second. The natural history of animals is all in har- mony with this classification. " 1. The three poAvers, viz. Amativeness, Alimentive- ness and Individuality, Avhich constitute the foundation of the three classes, are manifested by all animals. No animal, however low in the scale of beings, is destitute of these three. " 2. The organs of these powers are found in the very base of the brain: Amativeness at the lowest posterior ; Alimentiveness at the loAvest middle, and Individuality in the centre of the lowest front part of the brain. " 3. In the Social class, if we begin at Amativeness, Ave find it manifested by all animals. If we proceed up- ward and forward, according to the arrangement of the powers, until we arrive at Credenciveness, we shall trace the progress of society, from its very lowest stage, up through every grade of animals, to its highest perfection in the most polished circles of human society. In the Ipseal class, if we commence at Alimentive- 36 REPORT. ness, Ave see it manifested by all animals; and if we proceed upward, according to the arrangement of the powers, Ave find the first and second ranges of Ipseals manifested by the lowest classes of animals; the third range is manifested by the higher and more sagacious animals; and the fourth range is fully manifested only in man, and in his brain only is it found fully developed. " In the intellectual class, if Ave commence at Indivi- duality, we see it manifested by the very lowest animals; and if Ave proceed upwards, according to the arrange- ment of the poAvers, we shall perceive that the organs rise and expand out of each other, in a manner strictly agreeing Avith the progressive intelligence of animals; Causality, the highest of this class, being manifested in a vigorous and efficient manner only by man, the very highest and most complicated of organized beings. " Third. 2. The Ipseal propensities produce those actions only which have for their object the nourishment, protection, improvement and happiness of the individual. " 2. The Social propensities originate those actions only, Avhich have for their object, the production, the es- tablishment, and the government of society, and con- formity to its useful regulations. " 3. The Intellectual faculties acquire knowledge, and point out the means by which the propensities may be gratified." The considerations which Mr. Grimes has pre- sented in support of his division of the cerebral organs into three classes are of three kinds:—Anatomical Structure, Natural History of Animals, and Analy- sis of the Mental Powers. Of these, the committee have been unable to perceive the value which Mr. R E P O RT. 37 Grimes seems to attach to the anatomical facts. As a class of truths, they harmonize with this classification, and may therefore be said to lend it some support; but alone they must be regarded as far from contributing sufficient ground for this division. The occurrence of the fun- damental organs of each class at the base of the brain, and the regular gradation of the powers, from Amative- ness to Credenciveness, through the socials; from Ali- mentiveness to Hopefulness, through the Ipseals; and from Individuality to Causality, through the Intellectu- als, corresponding with the succession of animals in the scale of beings, from the loAvest orders up to man, are certainly in beautiful harmony with, and go to sustain the last and most important consideration upon which the classification rests. In the analysis, Mr. Grimes shows that all the powers of each class perform certain specific functions that have a generic character in common. All the powers of the Ipseal classs are related to the individu- al, those of the Social class to society, and those of the In- tellectual class to knowledge. He also shows that each of the powers of the several groups in each class have a sub-generic character in common. The first four so- cials, Amativeness, Parentiveness, Adhesiveness and Inhabitiveness, have for their object the continuation of the species and the establishment of society; those of the governing group, Imperativeness, Approbativeness, Firmness and Conscientiousness, have for their object the maintenance of government in society, and the ad- ministration of justice; those of the conforming group, Submissiveness, Kindness, Imitativeness and Creden- civeness, have for their object the perfection of society, by " obedience to government, condescension and kind- 4 38 REPORT. ness to all our associates, and conformity to their man- ners, habits and opinions." In the Ipseal class, he shows that the powers of the corporeal range are related to the nourishment and preservation of the body; that those of the carnivorous range are most strongly mani- fested in the animals that feed upon flesh, and procure it by the destruction of life; that Cautiousness in the herbivorous range characterizes the peace-seeking, ru- minating animals;* that those of the rodentia range distinguish the whole order of animals to which the bea- ver and squirrel belong; that those of the human range are fully developed only in man. He makes Play- fulness, the link in the Ipseal chain, Avhich connects man with the lower animals; the other organs of this range being exclusively human. He shows that men who have a developement corresponding with that of animals belonging to either the carnivora, herbivora, or rodentia, are, so far as their Ipseal character is concern- ed, enstamped with the dispositions peculiar to the car- nivorous, herbivorous, or gnawing animals. The Intel- lectual class, with the exception of a division into ran- ges, he considers as a whole, and treats the organs in their order of succession, commencing at Individuality, and proceeding through the first and second ranges of perceptives to the reflectives. From this hasty view of the principal systems of ar- rangement among the powers of the mind which have hitherto received attention, the committee pass to the more direct comparison of the classification of Mr. " Secretiveness is thought by Mr. Grimes to distinguish the Herbivora. It is also manifested in a high degree by the Carnivora. The essential question, however, is whether the associated organs perform analogous functions. REPORT. 39 Grimes Avith that of Dr. Spurzheim. In doing this, it may be well to notice some of the principles of classi- fication in nature, since correspondence with them can alone give perpetuity to any system, and since they con- stitute the only true standard of merit. Among those Avhich, in phrenology, are obviously important, may be enumerated the following: I. Powers immediately related in functional character should be arranged in the same division. II. Powers not directly related, but differing in attri- butes, should be arranged in different divisions. III. The order of succession of the organs anatomi- cally considered, and the relationship of the powers ac- cording to metaphysical analysis, should harmonize with each other. If a classification is defective when viewed in the light of either of these principles, it is manifestly im- perfect ; and that classification against which, when tested by these principles, there are found fewest objec- tions, is the most perfect. In noticing Spurzheim's classification, it was observed that Language, manifestly low in the scale of percep- tiVes—inasmuch as it is possessed by almost every indi- vidual of the animal kingdom, and the organ of which is at the very base of the brain—is ranked next to the reflectives. It was also seen, that Alimentiveness, a propensity related wholly to the individual, is associated with Amativeness and Philoprogenitiveness, which are beyond question related to the species. He has placed in separate subdivisions, Adhesiveness, Approbativeness and Benevolence, making the first an animal propen- sity proper, the second an affective power common to 40 REPORT. man and animals, and the last a power proper to man. While it is plain that Adhesiveness characterizes man, even in his higher walks, as much as animals, and more so than most, and that Approbativeness, though common to man and some animals, cannot be claimed to be possessed by all inferior creatures, it is equally plain, from facts adduced by Gall, Spurzheim and Combe, that Benevolence distinguishes several orders of lower ani- mals. This vieAV leaves the alternative of regarding those instances where animals present a developement of the powers not in conformity with the classification, as exceptions to a general rule, or as considering the lines of distinction as improperly drawn. As no ar- rangement like the above is proposed by Mr. Grimes, none of the above objections apply with force to his clas- sification. Since the authors of the classifications before us draw the same line, and give it the same direction between the intellectual faculties and the affective faculties, or propensities, the further question of relative merit re- solves itself into the following inquiries. 1. Is the distinction between sentiments and propen- sities maintained by Spurzheim, founded in nature ? 2. If it be not founded in nature, are all the powers of the Ipseal class according to Grimes, related to the indi- vidual ; and are all the powers of the Social class relat- ed to society? 1. Combe says in his remarks upon what distinguish sentiments from propensities, that " Acquisitiveness is a mere impulse to acquire; but Veneration gives a ten- dency to worship, accompanied with a particular emo- tion." Acquisitiveness is made the representative of REPORT. 41 all the animal propensities, and Veneration of the moral sentiments ; and the argument based upon them is ap- plied to the two genera. It is true that the evidence here to be adduced is in consciousness, and therefore may perhaps be thought difficult to present; but as the laAvs of the mind are im- mutable, and as the germ of every mental poAver is pos- sessed by every sound mind, it may be fairly presumed that testimony upon a point of such importance is not altogether shut out from view. Let there be taken Firmness from the moral sentiments, and Combativeness from the animal propensities. When the former is in action, the possessor feels an impulse to resist the influ- ence of others, and to maintain any position he may have assumed—a tendency to fixedness—and this feeling or impulse is called an emotion. When the latter is arous- ed, the possessor feels an impulse to oppose whatever may be in his pathway. Now between the two, is there any difference beyond the particular character of the at- tribute ? Is there any thing amounting to a superad- dition ? If there be not, this distinction of Spurzheim is without existence in nature. 2. Are all the powers of the Ipseal class, according to Grimes, related to the individual, and those of the Social class to society ? In other language, it may be asked, could each power of the Ipseal class be brought into legitimate exercise, though the whole species be- sides the individual were annihilated—and could any of the Social class be legitimately exercised without the being of society ? A detailed reply to these interrogatories would involve an analysis of all the poAvers of the two classes, a task 42 REPORT. whose execution it cannot be conceived could be brought within the limits of this report. That these two generic functions are respectively cha- racteristic of the two classes, it may be remarked, is not denied, since Carmichael and Besseires have ad- mitted its truth among the lower powers of the tAvo classes, though they were unable to perceive its exten- sion through the whole. From a careful examination of the analyses, the ground of distinction between the tAvo classes, and their limits seem to be well established. The subdivisions of the two classes appear among the obvious arrangements of nature. Of the Ipseals, the corporeal range has relation clearly to the demands of the physical system. So nearly allied in function are Combativeness and Destructiveness, that the language of their respective analyses almost seems to be applica- ble to a single power. No two, in many respects, ap- pear so nearly related as Secretiveness and Cautious- ness ; and the propriety of associating Acquisitiveness and Constructiveness is obvious, for the hoarding of pos- sessions demands a place of reception. The powers of the last range, according to Grimes' analyses, appear all related to the improvement and the perfection of the in- dividual; they seem to point to higher and nobler spheres of action than any of the preceding ranges, and are therefore justly separated from the lower powers. Of the Socials, all the powers of the establishing group have for one, the distinguishing generic character expressed in the name under which they are arranged. This remark is equally true of the governing and con- forming groups. While the division of the poAvers into three classes, REPORT. 43 and their subdivision into ranges and groups, may be considered important and useful, the distinguishing fea- ture, and that which to the committee constitutes the highest merit of the new classification, consists in this, that it traces the chain of functional relationship, from the lowest organ to the highest of each class. If Mr. Grimes' classification is founded in nature, the following are some of the advantages which may be ex- pected from its adoption. 1. It Avill facilitate the application of phrenological principles in deciding upon character from an examina- tion of the head. Upon noticing the predominance of one class of organs, it may be said of the individual thus marked, he is Ipseal, Social, or Intellectual; or, upon observing two classes prevailing over the third, it may be said, he is Ipseal and Intellectual, or Social and In- tellectual, or both Ipseal and Social. The same princi- ple will be applicable in speaking of the developement of one group, or of two groups of the Socials, and also of the ranges of Ipseals and Intellectuals. The effects of a combined deArelopement of particular groups in the dif- ferent classes will be more readily understood. 2. It will aid analysis, in ascertaining the ultimate function of each organ. Upon knowing its position, and the relation it sustains to others—with what organ it would probably act, and whether in the centre of a class, or joined to organs of other classes, its manifestations will be more readily perceived, and more clearly com- prehended. 3. It will aid in discovery, by directing the eyes of all phrenologists to limited regions of the brain, when in search for the seat of a faculty, in whose existence they 44 REPORT. have been induced to believe. For example, if the seat of a supposed power related to corporeal wants be sought, the attention will be directed to developements and deficiencies in the corporeal range. If the function of the organ occupying the region marked upon the bust of Mr. Combe as unknown, be the object of discovery, several aids will be afforded. It must, in the first place, be either Ipseal or Social; and in the second place, it must be either a Social of the conforming group, or an Ipseal of the human range. 4. It will furnish phrenology Avith new claims to the character of an established science; and by its simplici- ty and consistency, will induce the student to pursue its investigation Avith the same kind of satisfaction that now attends his study of the older sciences. In conclusion, the committee state, that distrusting their OAvn abilities to discharge the duties assigned them, they entered into correspondence upon the ques- tion to be determined with several phrenological writers. They have also examined all the published Avorks relat- ing to the subject Avhich they could command. And with these materials before them, after weighing the whole matter, the result is the opinion, that the classifi- cation of Mr. Grimes is a decided improvement, as it ar- ranges the powers of the mind more nearly in accord- ance with the laws of natural relationship than any of the systems which have preceded it. E. N. HORSFORD, Chairman of Committee on Grimes' Classification.