A TREATISE O N Tobacco, Tea, Coffee, and Chocolate. A TREATISE O N Tobacco, Tea, Coffee, and Chocolate^ I. The Advantages and Difadvantages at- tending the Ufe of thefe Commodities, are not only impartially confidered, upon the Princi- ciples of Medicine and Chymijtry, but alfo af- certained by Obfervation and Experience. 11. Full and ditiinCl Directions laid down for knowing in what Cafes, and for what particu- lar Conftitutions, thefe Subftances are either beneficial, or hurtful. 111. The Chinefe or Afiatic L'ea, fhewn to be the fame with the European ChamUagnus, or Myrtus Brabantica. IN WHICH The Whole Illujlrated with Copper Plateexhibiting the Tea Utenfils of the Chinefe and Perfians. / Written originally by SIMON PAULI; AND Now Tranflated by Dr, J A M E S. Ante omnia fcire convent? Naturam Corporis; quia alii gracilesf alii obefi funt, alii calidi, alii frigidiores, alii humidi alii Jicciorcs, alios adjiridla, alios refolutat alvus exer. cet. Celfus, Lib. 1, Cap. g _ LONDON: Printed for T. Osborne, in Gray’s Inn; J Hildyapd, at Tork\ M. Bryson, at New* cajile 3 and J. Leake, at Bath, M,DCC7XLVf. A TREATISE O N TOBACCO, &c. mfmms Nicolaus Monardus, in SimpL I® A"K Hijior. has given fo full and accurate an Hiftory and Defcrip- tion of Tobacco, that others have only borrowed their Accounts of it from his Works, we fhall, in the Words of that Au- thor, in Cap. 14, inform the Reader what Tobacco is, where it is produced, and to what Ufes it is applied, cc The Plant 'Tobacco, fays he, was for- cc merly ufed by th 6 Indians, and efpecially (e by the Inhabitants of New Spain, for the *£ Cure of Wounds. A few Years ago it cc was imported into Spain, rather for the ££ and a proper Clyffer injeCted. <£ The Leaves heated under the Afhes, and C£ applied as hot as the Patient can bear, af- £C ford great Relief in nephritic and flatu- C£ lent Pains, provided the Remedy be fuf- ■£ ficiently often repeated. Tobacco is alfo t£ in many Cafes an ufeful Ingredient in cc Clvffers, Fomentations, and Plaifters, £C In Suffocations of the Uterus, the ct Leaves rendered fufficiently hot, and ap- cc plied to the Navel, and Region of the ££ Uterus, afford prefent Relief; and if a ££ Deliquium fhould fucceed, which it fre- C£ qnently does, the Patient will be forthwith ££ roufed from it by blowing the Smoak of ££ Tobacco up her Noffrils. This Practice is ec fo common among the Indian Women, ££ that for this very Reafon they carefully C£ preferve and greatly efteem 'Tobacco Leaves, c£ Some for uterine Diforders previoufly ap- l Lungs* Liver, Mafs of Blood, and all 4 4 the Fife era, which it deterges and corro- ,c in procefs of Time, Mankind became fo or dry it, and ufe it, whether after a Crapula, or not, and whether they are af- flicted with a Pain of the Head, or not j pro- vided they are intoxicated with it, as the Country People of Europe are with the Cha- meloeagnus. In order to correCl this intoxi- cating Quality of the Chamelceagnus, the Chi- ne fe gather the Leaves in the Springs and not in the Summer: Now, it is diffidently certain, from chemical Obfervations, that the fulphureous Parts of Herbs are eafily exhaled. This was well enough known to Galen, fince, in Lib. de Aliment. Facultat. Cap. 18. he tells us, that the dradic Qualities of Subdan- ces, that is, their faline, fulphureous, and vo*- latile Parts, are corrected, or drawn out by boiling, reading, or Maceration. Hence, the Chinefe toad, or carefully dry their Tea, in a Stove ; after which, they macerate it 'Tea. 93 for a Quarter of an Hour in warm Water, but do not boil it, left, by that Means, it fhould be deprived of all its Virtues: Thus, it is diffidently known, that 'Rhubarb is de- prived of its purgative Qualities by toafting it, and Alexandrian Senna by being boiled, and ftrongly exprefted. If, therefore, as I be- fore hinted, the Europeans would imitate the Chinefe, they would only ufe thofe Leaves of the Cbamelceagnus, which are gathered in the Spring ; but not the Shrub itfelf, nor the Flowers, nor Seeds, boiled in Ale inftead of Hops ; for the Leaves ought only to be mace- rated : Nor is it probable, that the Charnels agnus would intoxicate fo foon, if it was in- tirely deprived of its Seeds j for this Effed is produced by the Sulphur which abounds in other Herbs and Shrubs, as well as the Cha- melceagnus, and is fometimes more, and fometirnes lefs volatile, or fixed: Thus, the Scent of the Heart of the Mofchatella is in- tirely loft, by being frequently fmelled. The Geranium Mofchatum alfo, has this peculiar to itfelf, that when it appears half withered, it emits no Smell j but fends forth a ftrong one when gently rubbed between the Hands; for if it ffiould be bruifed, the Labour would be loft. Rue alfo contains fo volatile a Sul- phur, that, when it is dry, it has almoft no Colour, whilft its Seeds are oleous and fulphu- reous. Wormwood holds a Kind of Medium, "A TREATISE confifiing of one highly volatile Principle, which greatly affe&s the Head ; for which Reafbn fome wonld have it wafhed in warm Water before it is ufed for the Preparation of the Vinum Abjinthites, and another of a more fixed Nature ; as alfo a volatile and fixed Salt: Thus, alfo, Garlicky Mother of L’hyme, and efpecially the Laurel, abound in Sulphur, as well as the Chamelreagnm, in which, indeed, it is more flowly and diffi- culty confumed, than in the others. When, in order to invefiigate the Virtues and Fa- culties of the ChamelreagnuSy I kindled fome Part of it, together with the Seeds j it did not burn hiddenly, like the funipery but flowly, like the Beech, with certain Noifes, or Kinds of Explofions, intermixed. The Smoak, which filled the whole Laboratory, was of an acrid Smell, highly refembling that of the kindled Twigs of the Beech : Hence, we infer, that the Chameleeagnus contains a large Quantity of Sulphur and volatile Salt. From thefe Reafonings and Experiments, I think it is fufficiently ob- vious, that it is, upon account of the grate- ful and duly corrected Sulphur of the Chi- ne fe ChamelreagnuSy that the Brain is fo much refreshed, and that Perfons who ufe it in China, can, without any Lofs, fit up whole Nights in tranfading Bufinefs; a memorable Infiance of this we have in Alexanderßhodius, who always had Diforders of his Head re- moved by drinking it : Whereas, the Eu~ ropean Chamelceagnus, efpecially that which is full grown, and abounds with Seeds and Flowers, when boiled in Ale, intoxicates thofe who drink fuch Ale, procures Sleep, and excites Head-achs. Thefe Circumftances, when impartially weighed, will vindicate me from Partiality, when I defpife the coftly ChinefeChamelaagnns, and, in its dead, fub- flitute our own, a Shrub of uncommon and excellent Qualities againft Poifon, and the Bites of Serpents: Since, according to Pliny, thefe noxious Animals cannot endure the Smell of it. Thefe Virtues of the Chame- laagnus, we can teach the Afiatics, but can hardly believe that, by Virtue of their Pea, Perfons may fit up all Night, without fuflain- ing any Lofs. TEA. Every one is convinced that two Kinds of Pea are fold in the Shops, one of a black- ifh Colour, and the other of a faint Green the one pretty much, and the other far lefs crenated : This Variation of the Chinefe Pea, I can diffidently account for; lince Pulpius tells us, that the Leaves of the Chmefe Pea are of a dark green Colour; whereas thofe produced in Japan are of a fainter Colour,, and more grateful Tafte; for which Reafon, one Pound of the latter is, in the Indies, fre- quently fold for an Hundred Libra of Silver, or, according to cLrigautiusy only for ten or twelve Nobles. Notwithstanding this, the Shopkeepers of Amjierdam and Hamburg fell a Pound of this Commodity for eight No- bles y as I have often before obferved. A TREATISE on I cannot, on this Occaflon, forbear re- commending the. Conduct of O/uis Wormtus, who, in his Mufaum, Lib. 2. Cap. 14. in- forms us, that he macerated a certain Quan- tity of both Kinds of Lea, in warm Water, and found the Leaves of the one, when fpread, of a dark green Colour, crenated like Rofe- Lree Leaves, oblong, and about an Inch in Length. Mr.Harford, the King’s Apothecary, made me a Prefent of two large Boxes full of Lea, of different Colours: In the one Box, which contained the green, I found neither Stalks, nor Flowers, nor Seeds of the Plant, but only the Leaves ; but, in turn- ing over the Bohea Lea, contained in the other Box, I found three Stalks, fo nearly refembling thofe of the Myrtle, that, not only Mr. Harford and I, but alfo fome others, thought that they might be juftly accounted the Stalks of the Myrtle : This, in fo du- bious a Cafe, is a pretty ftrong Argument, that Bohea Lea is adulterated with Myrtlej which may, very properly, be fubftituted in its Read, or rather exactly agrees with it. t eh. 97 This blacker Species of Tea, or Myrtle, is far cheaper among the Indians than the green Kind. The celebrated Olaus IVormins, on account of the vaft Diverlity in the Leaves of Tea, fufpefts that the Leaves of feme other Plant are often fold in their Stead. This alfo, as I before obferved, often hap- pens with refpeft to Tobacco. That I might not, however, be charged with Rafhnefs, or fallly accufing thtAJiatics of Fraud, I thought it incumbent upon me, attentively to view the Chinefe Tea ; for which Purpofey I or- dered Mr. Harford's two Apprentices, to pick out fome of the larged, and mod perfect Tea Leaves, to be macerated in warm Water, and then fpread and unfolded : According- ly they fhewed me ten, which were neither lacerated, nor torn; and two of the mod: perfeft of which were accurately engraved by Albert Halwey, the King’s Engraver. See Hiftor. Cochlear. 4. Clajf, Quadripartit. 80~ tantic. Thefe Leaves were of different Shapes and Bulks, but fo like thofe of the Cha- ■melceagnus, that the one could hardly be di- ftinguifhed from the other. The Leaves of the green Kind feemed to be produced by an Herb, or Shrub, of a quite different Species from the Chamelceagnus, the Leaves of which, when gathered fmall, and in the Spring, make, in my Opinion, the mod genuine Tea. 98 A TREATISE cn But though I have before (hewn, from the Authority of Bauhine, that the Leaves of one and the fame Chamelczagnus, fport and vary confiderably from each other ; yet, I would not, becaufe this may alfo probably happen to the Chinefe Tea, have any one infer, that, in Chinn, the Teay which fome maintain to be the Cha of the Tartars, is not adulterated. I am, indeed, of Opinion, that it is adulterated, but never either affirmed, or fo much as intended to infinuate, that Na- ture fported and varied fo in the Chamelez- agnus, either of the Tartars, or Europeans, as to produce Leaves of a different Species,: Nor is this Variation, and Sporting of Na- ture, furprizing in the Chamelceagnus j fmce it is equally, if not more, palpable, in Prunes of different Colours, Peaches, Apricots, fweet and bitter Almonds, and the Leaves produced by thefe Trees. I have often care- fully viewed and turned over all the three Thoufand Plants, with which my Repofitory is enriched, in order to fee whether any of them refembled the fpurious Chinefe Tea, or that with which the genuine is adulterated ; and I found the Leaves of two Shrubs highly limilar to thofe of the fpurious Tea: The one is by Carolus Clufius, in Lib. 5. Rarior. Plantar. Hi ft or. Cap. 20. called Pyro/a quarta Fruticans ; and Bauhine, in his Pinax, calls it the Pyrola Frutefcens Ai'buti Folio : The TEA. other is a Shrub, called by Clujius, in Lib, i. FLiftor. Plant. Cap. 53, the Spiraea Theo- phrafti, and by Bauhine, Frutex Spicatus Foliis Saiignis Serratus didtus. As it was expedient to compare my De~ fcription of the Chinefe Pea with thofe which Dodonaus gives of the Herb Betony, and the Chamelceagnus; fo, in this Place, I think it proper to infert the Defcriptions which Clu~ Jius has given of the Pyrola Fruticans, and the Spiraa Fheophrafti; the former of which he defcribes in the following Manner: “ One “ Genus of this Plant is fometimes of a ££ fhrubby Nature ; for new, fhort, and fmall ££ Branches fpringing up every Year, remain <£ firm and green for fome Years, and rife above the Earth, till by their own Weight *£ they bend downwards, hide themfelves in ££ the Ground, and fometimes fend out fibrous fC Roots. Two, three, or four fmall car- ££ nous Leaves generally grow between the £C Nods : The fuperior Parts of thefe Leaves /£ are of a deep green Colour, and fhining, ££ whilft, in Form and Bulk, they almofi: ££ referable thofe of the Chamcedaphne, or <£ Laureolay only they are ferrated about the ££ Edges, and of an highly drying and bit- <£ terifh Tafte, like the Leaves of the other ££ Species of Pyrola.'’ Thefe lafi: Words ought carefully to be adverted to. The fame A TREATISE on Clujius, in Lib. i. in Rarior Plantar. Hi- fi or. defcribes the Spiraea in the following Manner : “It rifes to about the Height of with a Fruit like from whofe Seeds the Egyptians make their Liquor, called Coa- va. Though this Fruit, with refpePt to Fi- gure, Bark, and Colour, is highly iimilar to Bay-Berries, yet it is far lefs in Bulk. In my Opinion, it moil refembles the Seeds of the admirable Peruvian Tree, Deceptions of which, are ufed by the Eajlern Nations, the Egyptians, Lurks, and Perfians, for corrobo- rating a cold Stomach, affifting Conception, and removing ObitruPtions of the Vifcera. They alfo, with Succefs, ufe this Deception for many Days againft old ObitruPtions, and cold Tumors of the Liver and Spleen. This Deception, according to Alpinus, feems alfo appropriated to the Uterus, which it warms, and frees from ObitruPtions : Thus, the Egyptian and Arabian Women, for the due 122 Evacuation of their Menfes, ufe this De- coction for feveral Days after they commence. Hence, according to Olearius, the Perfiam are not afraid, left the Deception of Cavve render them cold ; unlefs we fhould alfo fay, that Agnus Cq/ius, \yhich induces Ste- rility, is alfo of a cold Temperature : But this, Doubt will be cleared by-and-by. It were to be wilhed, that the celebrated Jo- hannes Wejlingiusx who alfo travelled into Egypt) had had an Opportunity of feeing this Tree; fince he would have given us a more accurate Defcriptiqn of it, than we have hitherto got ; for, in Commentar. in Frofper. Alpin. he tells us, that the Fruit of {his Tree is brought from pfamin, or Arabia Felix into Egypt; and, that a Deception of it is fold in feme Thoufands of Taverns at Memphis. Profper. Alpims alfo, in Lib. de. Medicina Egyptor. Lib. 4. Cap. 3. when treating of the Deceptions ufed by the Egyp± tians, whether lick, or in Health, tells us, that, in a particular Manner, they make ufe of the Deception called Ckoava, prepared with the Coats or Kufk of the Seeds called Bon. Then he defer ibes the Preparation of Bon, by {elling us, that it fmells like Corn, Rye, Bar- ley, or Peafe, when thrown upon live Coals, and burned a little. Alpimis, however, en^ deavours to evince* that the §eeds of Bon A TREATISE on TEA, CHOCOLATE, &c. confift of two Subftances, the one thick and earthy, by which they brace up and corro- borate, and the other thin and fubtile, by which they heat, abfterge, and remove Ob- jftrudlions. That they are highly drying is certain, but I cannot for this Reafon com- prehend why Profper Alpinus alferts, that Cold prevails moderately in them ; for they adt by their whole Subftance, both by their Salt and both Kinds of Sulphur: So that it is highly probable they produce thefe Effedts, on account of their ungrateful Tafte and Smell. But it is faid thefe Seeds are corrected with Sugar. Thus Wejlingius informs us, “ that fome corredt the Bitternefs of this tc Decodtion with Sugar, and preferve the “ whole Kernel of the Fruit incruftated with tc Sugar. Nor is this only cuftomary in t£ Egypt, but alfo through all the Provinces he would be faving in his younger Tears. It is not, therefore, the native Heat, but that fatal Drynefs which renders the Mem- bers cold, and the Skin corrugated, which renders old Perfons fond of drinking ; and for this Reafon, I have, in my Commentaries, univerfally commended a moiftening Diet for them. Hence, the Inhabitants of thole Nations, who, belides Tea, daily drink Wine, ought carefully to guard againft all fudden Changes in Diet and Regimen. Thus, when a certain celebrated French Phylician, endeavoured to perfwade a Perfon of eminent Rank,- who was, generally, twice or thrice a Year feized with a Catarrh, to change his Regimen, and give over the Ufe of Wine, or, at leall, dilute it with Water ; becaufe, in all Probability, the Phylician told him, that cold Water powerfully corrected acrid Hu- mours. Upon this, the Perfon of Dillinc- tion asked the Phylician, whether he was in good Health ? To whom the Phylician replied he was: Then, fays he, continue A TREATISE on to drink Water, or Wine and Water, till you can drink no more $ but you fhall ne- ver, on account of flight Catarrhs, which are rarely offenflve to me, perfwade me to accept of a French, or Italian Regimen, in- ftead of a Danijh, and Gennan : Nor will I drink Water inflead of Wine, or Ale. I am at prefent full of Flefli and Blood, and enjoy a good Appetite ; My Forefathers, for many Years back, were of the like Confti- tution, and ufed the fame Regimen I do ; but if, in the fixtieth Year of my Age, I fhould begin to drink Water, I am afraid I fhould rather refemble you than them ; for you, who are a Water-drinker, though you enjoy good Health, yet you are ema- ciated, have a cadaverous Countenance, and fecm to be rather a Skeleton than a living Perfon. I wifh all Perfons, efpecially fuch as are old, would follow the Example of this Gentleman, and obftinately rejedt cl’eai which fo dries the Bodies of the Chinefey that they can hardly fpit. It is alfo an egregions Miflake, not only among the Per- JianSy but alfo among moft other Nations, to think that the Seed Bon, or Ban, which when toafted is called Coffeey and which I have taken Care to have engraved in the Plate after the Hiftory of Scurvy-Grafs, No. 11, 12. of my Quadripartitiuniy isoffo TEA, CHOCOLATE, See. Cooling a Quality, as to produce Impotence, even in tkofe who ufe it frequently ; for it only dries them. Thus Caftnin, the Wife of Sultan Mahmud, after her Husband had fo weakened himfelf by the Ufe of Coffee, that he had been impotent for many Years, is faid, when die faw the Preparations ma- king, for gelding a generous Perftan Steed, to have told the Perfons employed in that Work, that there was no Occafion for fo much Touble, fince, by giving the Horfe Coffee, he would become like her Husband, the King. This Story is, with the fame Cir- cumdances, related by Olearius, inhisTra- vels through Mufcovy and Perjia. Coffee, then produces Sterility in the Perjians, not becaufe it is cold, but becaufe it gradually dries their Bodies, by means of a certain Sulphur, as peculiar to itfelf, as thole of Opium, Tobacco, or Agnus Caftus are to them. As the Agnus Caftus, or Vitex is, by Galen, faid to be dry in the third Degree, like Rue, and to condd: of very fubtile Parts, it is impoffible it diould produce Impotence by rendering the Seed cold, which it diminifbes and diffipates, not fo much by the Sub- tilty of its Parts, as by its peculiar Sulphur. The incomparable Hoffman, both in his Varies Leftiones, and in his Treatife de Medicamentis Offcinalibus, has treated accu- A TREATISE on rately of the Vitex, But, if that Author had been ftill alive, he would have agreed with me in this, that what Galen afcribes to the Subtilty of the Parts, not only of all Sim- ples, but alfo of fuch Things as aft by their whole Subftance, fuch as Opium, Tobacco, Agnus Cafius, Chinefe Tea, European Tea, or the Myrtus Brabanticay or the Chamelce-* agnus Eanica, is to be afcribed to their fmall fulphureous, and exceffively dry Parts. Thus the Seeds of the AgnusCajius affeft the Head, and from what has been faid, it is fufficiently obvious, that the Seeds of the Chamelceagnus contribute principally to intoxicate the Coun- try People, who prepare their Ale with it: The Seeds of the Agnus Cajlus, according to Hoffman, <£ dp not convey Flatulences to “ the Head, except when they affeft it by tc the Subtilty of their Parts (which I call ££ their fulphureous Quality) juft as Wine, <£ whofeTafte and Smell they have, accord- £C ing to Pliny, affefts the Head, and pro- <£ cures Sleep.” All thefe Properties of Wine, as well as of our Chamelceagnus, pro- ceed from their Sulphur, which is grateful to the Nerves: But thefe Effefts could never be produced, only by Galen's Subtilty of the Parts. But to proceed, in the Words of Hoffman : £C Another Proof of the Sub- Cf tilty of the Parts of Agnus Cafius, (which TEA, CHOCOLATE, See. fc I call its fulphureous Quality) is, that or the Novus Atlas Martinii, I fhall, from the Preface of the lalb-mentioned Author, take the following Paflage : “ In Practice, tc the Chinefe Phyficians furpafs thofe of tl Europe, who are more addidted to Dif- cc pute and Speculation, but lefs fuccefsful receives its Name from Oker, with which it is tinged, of a yellow Colour, at the Place where a Rivulet com- ing from Mount Ramehus, difembogues it- felf into it. Hence, it is eafy to affign a LEA, CHOCOLATE, &c. Reafon, why the Gojlar Ale is fo diuretic: The Garlabian Ale alfo, fo much ufed at Helmftadt, is of a medicinal Nature : Hence, according to the celebrated Hoffman, in Pa~ ral. Offcin. Cap. ult. cc It both cures and 4< produces Difeafes in fuch as are not ac- “ cuftomed to it; for it is prepared offome