.^**~""**+? •>'-VwVv> •« ** V V ' " ?*W* ^ / r__„'—..■ J.:-^; /£#£*:' r/^r^t :■(•■*** NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Bethesda, Maryland ^ /fa ffift W?*?** / i i SELECT PAMPHLETS RESPECTING THE YELLOW FEVER,™ VIZ. I. A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE MAI/ONANT FFVPR, prevalent in Philadelphia, in Auguft, September, Odober, and November, 1793; with a ftatement of the proceedings that took place on the fubje<5t, in differ- ent parts of the United States To which are added, accounts of the plague in London, and Marfeilles. By MATHEW CAREY. II. AN ENQUIRY INTO, AND OBSERVATIONS UPON THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE EPIDEMIC DISEASE, winch raged in Phi- ladelphia, from the month of Auguft till towards the middle of December, 1793- By JEAN DEVEZE, mafter in furgery, from Cape Francois,, phyfician of the hofpital at Bufh Hill, furgeon-major and principal phyft- cian of the military hofpital efiablifhed by the French republic at Phila- delphia. III. A TREATISE OF THE SYNOCHUS ICTEROIDES, OR YELLOW FEVER; as it appeared in the city of Philadelphia in 1793: exhibiting a concife view of its rife, progrefs, and fymptoms, together with the method of treatment found moft fuccefsful; alfo remarks on the nature of contagion, and directions for preventing the introduction of the fame malady in future. By WILLIAM CURRIE, fellow of the college of phyfici«ns, and member of the American philosophical fociety. IV. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE YELLOW FEVER, that broke out in the city of Philadelphia, in July 1797 : with a lift of the dead; of the donations for the relief of the poor; and a variety of other interefting particulars. By RICHARD FOLWELL. V. HISTORY OF THE PESTILENCE COMMONLY CALLED THE YELLOW FEVER, which almolr defolated Philadelphia, in the months of Auguft, September, and October, ij<)6. By THOMAS CONDIE anb RICHARD FOLWELL. PHILADELPHIA- Published by MATHEW CAREY, N°. 118, Market-street. (Price Tivo Dollars). > % A SHO RT ACCOUNT O F T H E MALIGNANT FEVER, LATELY PREVALENT IN PHILADELPHIA; WITH A STATEMENT OF THE PROCEEDINGS iHAT TOOK PLACE ON THE SUBJECT, IN DIFFERENT , PARTS OF THE . - \ UNITED STATES. TO WHICH ARE ADDED, ACCOUNTS oy THE Plague in London and Marfeilles j AND A LIST OF THE DEAD, From Auguft i, to the middle of December, 1793. BY MATHEW CAREY. FOURTH EDITION, IMPROVED, PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED BY THE AUTHOR*' January 16, 1794. To the American Philofophical Society* GENTLEMEN, WITH due deference, I prefume to dedicate to you the fol- lowing pages, in which I have endeavoured to give as faithful an account as poffible, of the dreadful calamity we have juft experienced. I am, gentlemen, With efteem, Your obedt. humble fervant, MATHEW CAREY. Number XLVII. Diftri-ft of Pennfylvania, to wit— (L* S-)TJ^ *f remembered, that on the thirteenth J3 day of November, in the eighteenth year tf the independence of the united fiates of America, Mathew Carey, of the faid Jifirid, hath depofitedin this office, the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as author, in the words'following, to wit : . " A fhort account of the malignant, fever lately " prevalent in Philadelphia, with a fiatement of the " proceedings that took place on the fubjed in different " parts of the ynited Jiates., By Mathew Carey." In conformity to the ad'of the > congrefs of the unit- ed fiates, intituled, " An ad.far the encouragement of " learning; by fecuring the copies of mapsi charts, " and books, to the authors and proprietors of fuch f6 copies, during the times therein mentioned" SAMUEL CALbWELL, Clerk of the diftrid of Pennfylvania, , ,j ■ "J ' /*?-. ' * -. PREFACE T O T H E FIRST EDITION. Philadelphia, Nov. 13, 1793. THE favourable reception given to the imperfect account of the fever which I lately publifhed, and the particular defire of fome of my friends, have induced me to undertake a more fatisfactory hiftory of it, in order to collect together, while facts are repent, as rpany of the moft interefting oc- currences as I could, for the information of the public. .»• I have not attempted any embellifhment or orna- ment of ftile ; but have merely aimed at telling plain facts in plain language. I have taken every precaution to arrive at the truth *. aud hope the er- rors in the account, will not be found numerous. For the defultory plan of fome part of the pam- phlet, I have to offer the following apology; many of the circumftanees $nd reflections towards the con- clufion, which would have come with more propriety in the beginning, did not occur, until fome of the iirft half-meets were not only written, but printed. I had no choice, therefore, but either to omit them, or place them fqmewhat out of qrder. I preferred the .latter. Moft of the facts mentioned have fallen under my own obfervation. Thofe of a different defcription, I have been arduous to collect from every perfon of credibility, poffeiTed of information. Defirous of having this account correct and com- plete, I have printed off but a fmall number of copies of the prefent edition : and lhall efteem myfelf moft particularly obliged to any perfon who. will be fo C vi ) kind to point out errors, to be corrected in, or fug? geft facts, to be added to, a new edition, which I pro- pofe to put to prefs very foon, and which will, I hope, be found more ample than the prefent one. PREFACE to the SECOND EDITION. November 23, 1793. WHEN I publifhed the firft edition of this pam- phlet, it was my intention to have greatly enlarged it for a fecond one, and to have new-model- led it, fo as to preferve a connexion between its feye- ral parts, in which it is extremely deficient. But its fpeedy fale, and the demand for more copies, render it impofiible for me to do more, at prefent, than make fuch corrections as the kindnefs of a few friends has, led them to point out. In giving an account of the proceedings that took place on the fubject of the diforder, throughout the union, I have fuppreffed many a harm comment, which was forcing itfelf on me ; from the reflexion, that in fmrilar circumftances, we might perhaps have been equally fevere. And to perpetuate animofities, is per- forming a very unfriendly office. They are eafily ge- nerated ; but their extinction is a work of time and difficulty. Let us, therefore, (especially when we " hold the mirror up to nature" at home,) not only forgive, but even forget, if pomble, all the unpleafant treatrr-ent our citizens have experinced. I have heard more than one perfon object to the ac count of the mocking circumftances that occurred in Philadelphia, as pourtraying the manners of the peo- ple in an unfavourable light. If that be the cafe, the fault is not mine. I am confeious I have not exaggera- ted the matter. But I do not conceive it can have that crrect ; for it would be as unjuft and injudicious to draw the character of Philadelphiafromthe proceedings of a period of horror and affright, when all the " mild charities of fodai life" v. ere fuppreiTcd by regard for ( vii ) felf, as^to ftamp eternal infamy on a nation, tor the atrocities perpetrated in times of civil broils, when all the "angry paflions" are roufed into dreadful and ferocious activity. PREFACE to the THIRD EDITION, November 30, 1703, ripHIS pamphlet comes before the public at hi id , JL time, and, in fome meafure, in a new form. I have reduced it to as methodical a ftate, as in my power, but not as much fo as I could wifh, nor, I fear, as the reader may expect. To one merit only do I lay claim in the compilation ; that is, of having meant well. If, on a fair perufal, the candid allow me that, I am fatis- fied to have the execution cenfured with all thefeve- rity of which criticiim is capable. However, I beg leave to inform the reader, that this day ends one month, fince the writing Of the pamphlet commenced. I know that the mortneft of the time employed, is no juftifi- cation of a bad performance ; but it may fomewhat extenuate the defecls of a middling one. ■: I have found feveral objections made to parts of it; Moft of them I have removed. Some few, refting on the fentiments of individuals, directly contrary to my own judgment, I have paffed over. For, until my reafon is convinced, I cannot change my opinion for that of any perfon whatever. ^ To thofe gentlemen who have been fo kind to fur- nifh me with fafts to enlarge and improve the work, I profefs myfelf under great obligations. I requefc them to continue their kindnefs ; as, if public favour fhould give this trifle a fourth edition, I fhall add all that may be communicated in the interim; otherwife I fhall probably publifh feparately what may be worthy 6'f the public eye, PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. TH E uncommon degree of favour which this pamphlet has experienced, has impreffed me with lively fentiments of gratitude. As the only pro- per return in my power,* I have, in each fucceffive edition, ufed every endeavour to improve it. In the number of victims to the late calamity, there were many ftrangers,—among whom were probably fome, by .whofe death, eftates have fallen to heirs at a diftance. It being, therefore, of great importance to ex- tend and ifnproVc the lift of the dead, and to remedy the extreme maccuf acy of the fextons' returns, I employed fuitable perfohs to go thro' the city and liberties, and make enquiry at every houfe,' without exception, for the names and occupations of the" dead. The difoblig-' ing temper of fome, and the fears Of others, that an improper ufe would be made of the information they could have given, have, in various inftances, defeated my purpofe. Imperfect as the lift ftill remains, I hope it will be found ufeful in removing anxious doubts, and conveying to perfons in different countries, the melancholy information of the deceafe of relatives, which, but for fuch a channel of communication, Would, in many cafes, be difficult, if not impoffible to acquire for years to.come. To the nrefent edition, I have added a fhort ac- count of the plague at London, and at Marfeilles. On a comparifon, the reader will be ftruck with aftonifliment, at the extraordinary fimilarity be* tween many of the leading and moft important cir- cumftances that occurred in thofe two places, and the events of September and Otftobtfr, 1793, in Phi- ladelphia: A SHORT ACCOUNT, &c Chap. I. State of Philadelphia previous to the appearance of1 the malignant fever—with a few obfervaiions on fome of the probable confequences of that calamity. BEFORE I enter on the confideration of this di£ order, it may not be improper to offer a few in- troductory remarks on the fituation of Philadelphia previous to its commencement, which wiH reflect light on fome of the circumftances mentioned in the courfe of the narrative. The manufactures, trade, and commerce of this city, had, for a confiderable time, been improving and extending with great rapidity. From the period of the adoption of the federal government, at which time America was at the loweft ebb of diftrefs, her fituation had progreflively become- more and more profperous. Confidence, formerly banifhed, was uni- verfally reftored. Property of every kind, rofe to, and in fome inftances beyond, its real value: and a few revolving years exhibited the interesting fpectacle of a young country, with a new form of government,. emerging from a ftate which approached very near to anarchy, and acquiring all the ftability and nerve of the beft-toned and oldeft nations. In this profperity, which revived the almoft-extin- guifhed hopes of four millions of people, Philadelphia participated in an eminent degree. Numbers of new houfes, in almoft every ftreet, built in- a very neat, elegant ftile, adorned, at the fame time that they greatly enlarged, the city. Its population was extend- ing faft. Houfe-rent had rifen to an extravagant height j it was in many cafes double, and in fome B ( io ) treble what it had been a year or two before ; and, as is generally the cafe, when a city is advancing in profperity, it far exceeded the real increase of trade. The number of applicants for houfes, exceeding thd number of houfes to be let, one bid over another; and affairs were in fuch a fituation, that many people, though they had a tolerable run of bufmefs, could hardly do more than clear their rents, and were, literally, toiling for their landlords alone'. Luxury, the ufual, and perhaps inevitable concomitant of prof- perity, was gaining ground in a manner very alarm- ing to thofe who confidered how far the virtue, the liberty, and the happinefs of a nation depend on its temperance and fober manners.—Many of our citi- zens had been, for fome time, in the imprudent habit of regulating their expenfes by profpects formed in fanguine hours, when every probability was caught at as a certainty, not by their actual profits,, or in- come. The number of coaches, coachees, chairs, &c. lately fet up by men in the middle rank of life, is hardly credible. Not to enter into a minute detail, let it fuifice to remark, that extravagance, in various * forms, was gradually eradicating the plain and whole- fome habits of the city. And although it were pre- fumption to attempt to fcan the decrees of heaven, yet few, I believe, will pretend to deny, that fome- thing was wanting to humble the pride of a city, which was running on in full career, to the goal of prodigality and diflipation. However, from November 1792, to the end of laft June, the difficulties of Philadelphia were extreme. The eftablifhment of the bank of Pennsylvania, in embryo for the moft part of that time, had arretted in the two other banks fuch a quantity of the circulat- ing fpecie, as embarraffed almoft every kind of bufi- nefs ; to this was added the diftrefs arifing from the very numerous failures in England, which had * The diftrefs arifing from this fource, was perhaps the only exception to the general obforvaticm of the flourifhino- fitua- tion of Philadelphia. to ( II ) extremely harrafled feveral of our capital merchants. During this period, many men experienced as great difficulties as were ever known in this city*. But the commencement, in July, of the operations of the bank of Pennfylvania, conducted on the moft generous and enlarged principles, placed bufinefs on its for- mer favourable footing. Every man looked forward to this fall as likely to produce a vaft extenfion of trade. But how fleeting are all human views! how uncertain all plans founded on earthly appearances - All thefe flattering profpects vanifhed " like the b'afe, lefs fabric of a vifion." In July, arrived the unfortunate fugitives from Cape Francois. And on this occafion, the liberality of Philadelphia was difplayed in a moft refpectable point of light. Nearly 12,000 dollars were in a few days collected for their relief. Little, alas S did many of the contributors, then in eafy circumftances, ima- gine, that a few weeks would leave their wives and children dependent on public charity, as has fince unfortunately happened. An awful inftance of the rapid and warning viciffitudes of affairs on this tran- fitory ftage. About this time, this deftroying fcourge, the ma- lignant fever, crept in among us, and nipped in the bud the faireft bloffoms that imagination could form. And oh! what a dreadful contraft has lince taken place ! Many women, then in the lap of eafe and con- tentment, are bereft of beloved hufbands, and left with numerous families of children to maintain, un- qualified for the arduous tafk—many orphans are deftitute of parents to fofter and protect them—many entire families are fwept away, without leaving " a trace behind"—many of our flrft commercial houfes are totally diflblved, by the death of the parties, and * It is with great plsnftir?, I embrace this opportunity of de- claring, that the very liberal conduct of the bank of the united ftates, at this trying feafon, was the means of fhving many a deferving and induft'rious man from ruin. No limilar inftitution was ever conducted on a more favourable, and at the fame time, prudent plan, than this bank adopted at the time here mentioned. ( w 3- their affairs%re neceffarily left in fo deranged a ftatCj that the loffes and diftreffes which muft take place, are beyond eftimation. The protefts of notes for a few weeks paft, have exceeded all former examples \ for a great proportion of the merchants and traders' having left the city, and been totally unable, from the ftagnation of bufmefs, and diverfion of all their ex- pected refburces, to make any provifion for payment^ moft of their notes have been protefted, as they be- came due*. For thefe prefatory obfervations, I hope I fiiall be pardoned. I now proceed to the melancholy fubject I have undertaken. May I be enabled to do it juftice ; and lay before the reader a complete and correct ac- count of the moft awful vihtation that ever occurred in America. At firft view, it would appear that Phi- ladelphia alone felt the fcourge ; but its effects have fpread in almoft every direction through a great por* tion of the union. Many parts of Jerfey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, exclufive of the back fettlements of Penn*. fylvania, drew their fupplies, if not wholly, at leaft principally, from Philadelphia, which was of courfe the mart whither they fent their produce. Cut off from this quarter, their merchants have had to feek out other markets, which being unprepared for fuch an increafed demand, their fupplies have been imperfect; and, owing to the brifknefs of the fales, the prices have been, naturally enough, very confiderably en- hanced. Befides, they went to places in which their credit was not eitabliihed—and had in moft cafes to advance cafh. And many country dealers halve had no opportunity of fending their produce to market, which has confequently remained unfold. Bufmefs, therefore, has languifhed in many parts of die union *, and it is * The bank of the united ftates, on the 15th of October, pafled a refolve, empowering the -cafhier to renew all difcounted notes, when the fame drawers and indorfers were ottered, -and declaring that no notes fhould he prorefted* when the indorfers bound themfeUes in writing, to be accountable in the fame man- ner asm cafes of proteft, i < *3 ) jfrobable, that, confldering the matter merely in a commercial point of light, the fhock caufed by the fever, has been felt to the fouthem extremity of the united ftates. CHAP. ll.-^Symptoms^afligJjtfiet-rhofthemodeof treatment. %l r i VHE fymptoms which characftefifed the firft JL ftage of the fever, were, in the greateft num. her of cafes, after a chilly fit of fome duration, a quick, tenfe pulfe—hot fkin—pain in the head, back, and limbs-—flufhed countenance—inflamed eye__ moift tongue—oppreffion and fenfe of forenefs at the ftomaeh, efpecially upon preffure—frequent fick qualms, and retchings to vomit, without difcharging any thing, except the contents laft taken into the fto- maeh—coftivenefs, &c. And when.ftools were procur- ed, the firft generally fhowed a defect of bile, or an obftruetion to its entrance into the inteftines. But brifk purges generally altered this appearance. " Thefe fymptoms generally continued with more or lefs violence from one to three, four, or even five days ; and then gradually abating, left the patient free from every complaint, except general debility. On the febrile fymptoms fuddenly fubfiding, they were immediatelyfuccecdedby aycllow tinge in the opaque cornea, or whites of the eyes—an increafed oppreffion at the praecordia—a conftant puking of every thing taken into the ftomaeh, with much ftraining, accent panied with a hoarfe, hollow noife. 4< If thefe fymptoms were not foon relieved, a vo- miting of matter, refembling coffee grounds in colour and confiftence, commonly called the black vomit, fometimes accompanied with, or fucceeded by he- morrhages from the nofe, fauces, gums, and other parts of the body—a yellowifh purple colour, andpu- trefcent appearance of the whole body, hiccup, agita- tions, deep and diftreffed fighing, comatofe delirium, and finally, death. When the difeafe proved fatal, it was generally between the fifth and eighth days. t '4 ) «« This was the moftufual progrefs of this formi- dable difeafe, through its feveral ftages. There were, however, very confiderable variations in the fymp- toms, as well as in the duration of its different ftages, according to the confdtution and temperament of the patient, the ftate of the weather, the manner of treatment, &c. " In fome cafes, figns of putrefcency appeared at the beginning, or before the end of the third day. lit thefe, the black vomiting, which was generally a mortal fymptom, and univerfal yellownefs, appeared early. In thefe cafes, alfo, a low delirium, and great proitration of ftrength, were conftant fymptoms, and coma came on very fpeedily. " In fome, the fymptoms inclined more to the ner- vous than the inflammatory type. In thefe, the jaun- dice colour of the eye andfkin,and the black vomit- ing, were more rare. But in the majority of cafes, particularly after the nights became fenfibly cooler, all the fymptoms indicated violent irritation and inflam- matory diathefis. In thefe cafes, the fkin was always dry, and the remifiions very obfcure. " The febrile fymptoms, however, as has been al- ready obferved, either gave way on the- third, fourth, or fifth day, and then the patient recovered; or they were foon after fucceeded by a different, but much more dangerous train of fymptoms, by debility, low pulfe, cold fkin, (which afiumed a tawny colour, mixed with purple) black vomiting, haemorrhages, hiccup, anxiety, reftleffnefs, coma, &c. Many, who furvived the eighth day, though apparently out of danger, died fuddenly in confequence of an haemor- rhage*.'* This diforder having been new to nearly all. our phyficians, it is not furprifing, although it has been exceedingly fatal, that there arofe fuch a difcordance of fentiment on the proper mode of treatment, and even with refpect to its name. Dr. Rufli has acknow- * For this account of the fymptoms of' the diforder, I am indebted to the kindnefs of dr. Currie, from, whole letter to dr. Senter, it is extracted. < *5 ) Icdged, with-a candour that does him honour, that in the commencement, he fo far miftook the nature of the diforder, that in his early effays, having depend- ed on gentle purges of. falts to purify the bowels of his patients, they all died. He then tried the mode of treatment adopted in the Weft Indies, viz. bark, wine, laudanum, and the cold bath, and failed in three cafes out of four. Afterwards he had recourfe to ftrons: purges of calomel and jalap, and to bleeding, which he found attended with Angular fuccefs. The honour of the firft effay of mercury in this dis- order, is by many afcribed to dr. Hodge and dr. Car- fon, who are faid to have employed it a week before dr. Rufh. On this point, I cannot pretend to decide. But whoever was the firft to introduce it, one thing is certain, that its efficacy was great, and refcuedmany from death. I have known, however, fome perfons, who, I have every reafon "to believe, fell facrifices to the great reputation this medicine acquired; for in feveral cafes it was adminiftered to perfons of a previous lax habit, and brought on a fpeedy diffo- lution. I am credibly informed that the demand for purges of calomel and jalap, was fo great, that fome of the a- pothecaries could not mix up every dole in detail $ but mixed a large quantity of each, in the ordered proportions; and afterwards divided it into dofes ; by which means, it often happened that one patient had a much larger portion of calomel, and another -of jalap, than was intended by the "doctors. The fatal confequences of this may be eafily conceived. An intelligent citizen, who has highly diftinguifhed himfelf by his attention to the fick, fays, that he found the diforder generally come on with coftivenefs ; and unlefs that was removed within the firft twelve hours, he hardly knew any perfon to recover; on the con- trary, he fays, as few died, on whom the cathartics .operated within that time. The efficacy of bleeding, in all cafes not attended with putridity, was great. The quantity ,of Mood taken was in many cafes aftonifeing. Dr. Griffits was C «* ) .bled feven times in five days, and appears to afcribe his recovery principally to that operation. Dr. Meafe, in five days, loft feventy-tv/o ounces of blood, by which he was recovered when at the loweft ftage of the. diforder. Many others were bled ftill more, and are now as well as ever they were. Dr. Rufh and dr. Wiftar have fpoken very favour- ably of the falutary effects of cold air, and cool drinks, in this diforder. The latter fays, that he found more benefit from cold air, than from any other remedy. He lay delirious, and in feVere pain, between a win- dow and door, the former of which was open. The wind fuddenly changed, and blew full upon him, cOld and raw. Its effects were fo grateful, that he foon reco- vered from his delirium—his pain left him—in an hour he became perfectly reafonable—and his fevep abated. A refpe-ftable- citizen who had the fever himfelf, and likewife watched its effects on eleven of his f-unily, who recovered from it, has informed me, that a re- moval of the fick from a clofe, warm room to one a few degrees cooler, which practice he employed feve- ral times daily, produced a moft extraordinary and favourable change in their appearance, in their pulfe, and in their fpirits. CHAP. III.—Firji alarm in Philadelphia. Plight of the citizens. Guardians of the poor borne down with labour. IT was fome time before the diforder attracted public notice. It had in the mean while fwept off many perfons. The firft death that was a fubject of general converfation, was that of Peter Afton, on the iqth of Auguft, after a few days illnefs. Mrs. Lemaigre's, on the day following, and Thomas Miller's, on the 25th, with thofe of fome others, after a fhort ficknefs, fpread an univerfal terror. The removals from Philadelphia began about the 25th or 26th of this month : and fo great was the ge- neral terror, that, for fome weeks, carts, wagons, coachees, and chairs, were almoft conftantly traniport' ( •> ) mg families and furniture to the country in even* direction. Many people fhut up their houfes wholly ; others left fervants to take care of them. Bufmefs" then became .extremely dull. Mechanics and artifts were unemployed ; and the ftreets wore the appear- ance of gloom and melancholy. The firft official notice taken of the diforder, was on the 22d of Auguft, on which day the mayor or Philadelphiaj .Matthew Clarkfon, efq. wrote to the city commifiioners, and after acquainting them with the ftate of-the city, gave them the moft peremptory orders, to have the ftreets. properly cleanfed and pu- rified by the fcavengers,. and all the filth immediately hawled-away. Thefe orders were repeated on the 27th, and fimilar ones given to the clerks of the market. The 26th of the fame month, the college of phy- ficians had a, meeting, at which they took into confir deration the nature of the .diforder, and the means of prevention and of cure. They publifhed an addrefs to the citizens, figned by the president and fecretary, recommending to avoid all Unneceflary intercourfe with the infected ; to place marks on the doors or windows where they were ; to pay great attention to cleanlinefs and airing the rooms; of the fick ; to provide a large and airy hofpital in the neighbour- hood of the city for their reception ; to put a flop to the tolling of the bells ; to bury thofe who died of the diforder in carriages, and as privately as poffible; to keep the ftreets and wharves clean *, ,to avoid all fatigue of body and mind, and i'tanding or fitting, in the fun, or in the open air ; to accommodate the drefs to the weather, and to exceed rather in warm than in cooi clothing; and to avoid intemperance 5 but to ufe fermented liquors, fuch as wine, beer and eider, with moderation. They likewife declared their opinion, that fires in the ftreets were very danger- ous, if not ineffectual means of flopping the progrefs of the fever, and that they placed more dependance On the burning of gunpowder. The benefits of vine-. giir and camphor, they added, were confined chiefly r& infected rooms ; and they could not ^e too ofterf C ( i« ) tifed on handkerchiefs, or in fmelling bottles, by per- fons who attended the fick* In confequence of this addrefs, the bells were im- mediately flopped from tolling. The expedience of this meafure was obvious ; as they had before been conftantly ringing almoft the whole day, fo as to ter- rify thofe in health, and drive the fick, as far as" the influence of imagination could produce that effect,' to their graves. An idea had gone abroad,1 that the burning of fires in the ftreets, would have a- tendency to purify the air, and arreft the progrefs of the dif- order. The people had, therefore, almoft every night,' large fires lighted at the corners of the ftreets. The 29th, the mayor, conformably with the opinion of the college of phyficians, publifhed a proclamation, for- bidding this practice; As a fubftitute, many had re-^ courfe to the firing of guns, which they imagined was a certain preventative oi the diforder. This was car- ried fo far, and attended with fuch danger, that it was forbidden by an ordinance of the mayor. The 29th, the governor of the ftate wrote a letter to the mayor, ftrongly enforcing the neceffity of the moft vigorous and decifive exertions " to' prevent the ex- tenfion of, and to deftroy, the evil." He defired that the various directions given by the college of phyfi- cians, fhould be carried into effect The fame day, in his addrefs to the legiflature, he acquainted them, that a contagious diforder exifted in the city ; and that he had taken every proper meafure to afcertain the ori- gin, nature, and extent of it. He likewife affured them that the health-officer and phyfician of the port, would take every precaution to allay and removg the public inquietude. The number of the infected daily increafing, and the exiftence of an order againft the admiffion of perfOns labouring under infectious difeafes into the alms- houfe, precluding, them from a refuge there*, fome * At this period, the number of paupers in the alins-houfe was between three and four hundred ; and the managers, ap- prehenfive of fbreading the diforder among them, enforced the atovenitgntiohsd order, whkh had been entered into a' lbn£ ( '9 )- -Temporary place was requifite; and three of the guar- dians of the poor, about the 26th of Auguft, took poffeffion of the circus, in which mr. Ricketts had lately exhibited his equeftrian feats, being the only place that could be then procured for the purpofe. Thither they fent fevcn perfons afflicted with the ma- lignant fever, where they lay in the open air for fome time, and without any affiftancef. Of thefe, one crawled out on the commons, where he died at a dis- tance from the houfes. Two died in the circus, one of whOm was feafonably removed ; the other lay in a Jtate of putrefaction for above forty eight hours, ow- ing to the difficulty of procuring any perfon to re- move him. On this occafion occurred an inftance of Courage Jri a fervant girl3 of which at that time few men Were Capable. The carter, who finally undertook to remove the cofpfe, having no affiftant, and being unable alone* to put it into the coffin, was on the point of relinquifhing his defign, and quitting the place. The girl perceived him, and underftanding the- difficulty he laboured under, offend her fervices, provided he would not inform the family with whom fhe lived];. She accordingly helped him to put the body into the. coffin, tho' it was, by that time, crawling with maggots, and in the moft loathfome ftate of putrefaction. It gives me pleafure to add, that flie ftill lives, riotwithftanding her very hazard- ous exploit. » '- 1*"r '* ' The inhabitants of the neighbourhood of the cir- cus took the alarm, and threatened to burn Or deftroy it, unlefs the fick were removed; and it is believed they would have actually carried their threats into execution, had compliance been delayed a day longer. The 29th, feven of the guardians of the poor had a conference with fome of the city magiftrates on the time before. They, however, fiipplied beds and bedding, and all the money in their trcafury, for their relief, out of that ho nfe. ' f High wages were offered for in'.rfes for thefe poor people, --bar none could be procured. X Had thev known of tho oivn-nftance, an immediate difir.i-f fal would have tee:: theccafcofc*;:c-e. ( 20 ) fubject of the fever, at which it was agreed to b$ indifpenfably neceffary, that a fuitable hOufe, as an hofpital, fhould be provided-near the city, for the reception of the infected poor. In confequence, in the evening of the fame day, the guardians of the poor agreed to fundry refolutions, viz. to ufe their utmoft exertions to procure a houfe, of the above defcription, for an hofpital, (out of town, and*as near thereto as might be practicable, confiftent with the fafety of the inhabitants,) for the poor who were or might be afflicted with contagious disorders, and be deftitute of the means of providing neceffary affiftance otherwife ; to engage phyficians,nurfes, at- tendants, and all neceffaries for their relief in that houfe ; to appoint proper perfons in each diftrict, to enquire after fuch poor as might be afflicted; to ad- minifter affiftance to them in their own houfes, and, if neceffary, to remove them to the hofpital. They referved to themfelves, at the fame time, the liberty of drawing on the mayor for fuch" fums as might be neceffary to carry their plans into effect. Conformably with thefe refolves, a committee of the guardians was appointed, to make enquiry for a fuitable place ; and on due examination, they judged that a building adjacent to Bufhhill, the rnanfion- houfe of William Hamilton, efq. was the beft calcu--' lated for the purpofe. That gentleman was then" ab- fent, and had no agent in the city ; and the'great urgency1 of the cafe admitting no delay, eight of, the guardians, accompanied by Hilary Baker, efq, one of the city aldermen, with the concurrence of the governor, proceeded, on the 31ft of Auguft, to the building they had fixed upon; and meeting with fome oppofition from a tenant who occupied it, they ^took poheffion of the manfion-houfe itfdf.'to which; on the fame evening, they fent the four patients who remained at the circus.' ■ Shortty after this, the guardians of the poor for the city, except James Wilfon, Jacob Tomkins, jun. and William Sanfom, ceafed the performance of their duties, nearly the whole of them having' C 21 j removed out of the city. Before this virtual va- cation of office, they paffed a refolve againft the ad- miflion of any paupers whatever into the alms-houfe during the prevalence of ■ the diforder*. The whole care of the poor of the city, the providing for Bufh-hill, fending the fick there, and burying thq dead, devolved, therefore, on the above three guar* dians. CHAP. IV. General defpondency. Deplorable fcenes? Frightful view of human nature. A noble and exhilara? ting contrafi. THE confirmation of the people of Philadelphia, at this period, was carried beyond all bounds. Difmay and affright were vifible in almoft every per- fon's countenance. Moft of thofe who could, by any means, make it convenient, fled from the city. Of thofe who remained, many fhut themfelves up in their houfes, and were afraid to walk the ftreets. The fmoke cf tobacco being regarded as a preventative, many perfbns, even women and fmallboys, hadfegars almoft conftantly in their mouths. Others placing full confidence in garlic, chewed it almoft the whole day ; fome kept it in their pockets and fhoes. Many were afraid to allow the barbers or hair-dreffers to come near them, as inftances had occurred of fome of them having fhaved the dead, and many having engaged as bleeders. Some, who carried their caution pretty far, bought lancets for themfelves, not daring to be bled with the lancets of the bleeders. Many houfes were hardly a moment in the day, free from the fmell of gunpowder, burned tobacco, nitre, fprinkled vinegar, &c. Sonie of the churches were almoft deferted, and others wholly clofed. The coffee*. houfe was fhut up, as was the city library, and moft of the public offices—three; out of the four, daily * The reafon for entering into this order, was, that fome pau- pers, who had been admitted previous thereto, with a certifi. £ate from the phyficians, of their being free from the infedK- ta\, hid, neverthelefs, died of it. •• ( " ) papers were difcontinued*, as were ibme of the others. Many were almoft inceffantly employed in purify- ing, fcouring, and whitewafhing their rooms. Thofe who ventured abroad, had handkerchiefs or fponges impregnated with vinegar or camphor at their no- fe, or fmelling-bottles full of the thieves' vinegar. Others carried pieces of tarred rope in their hands or pockets, or camphor bags tied round their necks. The corpfes of the moft fefpectable citizens, even Of thofe who did not die of the epidemic, were carri- ed to the grave, on the fhafts of a chair, the horfe driven by a negro, unattended by a friend or re- lation, and without any fort of ceremony. People haftily fhifted their courfe at the fight of a hearfe coming towards them. Many never walked on tho foot-path, but went into the middle of the ftreets, to avoid being infected in palling by houfes wherein people had died. Acquaintances and friends avoided each other in the ftreets, and only fignified their regard by a cold nod. The old cuftom of fhaking hands, fell into fuch genera Jdifufe, that many fhrunk back with affright at even the offer of the nand. A perfon with a crape, or any appearance of mourning, was fhunned Jike a viper. And many valued them- felves highly on the fkill and addrefs with which they got to windward of every perfon whom they met. Indeed it is not probable that London, at the laft ftage of the plague, exhibited ftronger marks of ter- ror, .than were to be. feen in Philadelphia, from the 25th or 26th of Auguft, till pretty late in "Septem- ber. When people fummoned up refolution to walk abroad, and take the air, the fick-cart conveying pa- tients to the hofpital, or the hearfe carrying the dead to the grave, which were travelling almoft the .whole day, foon damped their fpirits, and plunged them again into defpondency. * Tt would be improper to paf<* over thh; opportunity of mentioning, that the federal gazette, printed by Andrew Brown, was uninterruptedly continued, and With the ufual indufh-y, during the whole calamity, and was of the utmoft fer- f ice, in conveying to t\\e cirizens of the united fiates, authentic intelligence of the (late of the difcrder, and of the city. "' ' ( *3 ) While affairs were in this deplorable ftate, and people at the loweft ebb of defpair, we cannot be aftonifhed at the frightful fcenes that Were a&ed, which feemed to indicate a total diffolution of the bonds of fociety in the neareft and deareft connex- ions. Who, without horror, can reflect on a hufband, married perhaps for twenty years, deferting his wife in the laft agony—a wife, unfeelingly, abandoning her hufband on his death bed—parents forfaking their Only children—children ungratefully flying from their parents, and refigning them to chance, often with- out an enquiry after their health or fafety—mafters hurrying off their faithful fervants to Bufhhill, even On fufpicion of -the fever, and that at a time, when, like Tartarus, it was open to every vifitaht, but never returned any—fervants abandoning tender and hu- mane mafters, who only wanted a little care to reftore them to health and ufefulnefs—-who, I fay, can think of thefe things, without horror ? Yet they were daily exhibited in every quarter of our city; and fuch was the force of habit, that the parties who were guilty of this cruelty, felt no remorfe them- felves—nor met with the execration from their fellow- citizens, which fuch conduct would have excited at any other period. Indeed, at this awful crifis, fo much di^felf appear to engrofs the whole attention of ma- ny, that lefs concern was felt for the lofs of a pa- rent, a hufband, a wife, Or ah only child, than, on other occafions, would have been caufed by the death of a fervant, or even a favourite lap-dog. This kind of- conduct produced fcenes of diftrefs and mifery, of which few parallels are to be met with, and which nothing could palliate, but the ex-' traordinary public panic, and the great Jaw of felf- prefervation, the dominion of which extends over the whole animated world. Many men of affluent fortunes, who have given daily employment and fuftenance to hundreds, have been abandoned to the care of a negro, after their wives, children, friends, clerks, and fervants,. had fled away, and left them to their fate. In many cafes, no money could procure ( 24 ) •proper attendance. With the poor, the cafe was, as might be expected, infinitely worfe than with the rich. Many of thefe have perifhed, without a human being to hand them a drink of water, to adminifter medicine^, or to perform any charitable office for them. Various inftances have occurred, of dead bo- dies found lying in the ftreets, of perfons who had no houfe or habitation, and could procure no fhelter. A man and his wife, once in affluent circumftances,' were found lying dead in bed, and between them. was their child, a little infant, who was fucking its mother's breafts. How long they had lain thus, was uncertain. : : . . A woman, whofe hufband had jlift died of the fe- ver, was feized with the pains of iabour, and had no- body to affift her, as the women in the neighbour- hood were afraid to go into the houfe. She lay, for a confiderable time, in a degree of anguifh that will not bear defcription. At length, fhe ftruggled to reach the window, and cried out for affiftance. Two men, paffing by, went up flairs ; but they came; at too late , a ftage.—She was ftriving with death—and actually, in a few minutes, expired in their arms. ♦ Another woman, whofe hufband and two children lay dead in the room with her, was in the fame fitu- ation as the former, without a midwife, or any other perfon to aid her. Pier cries at the window brought up one of the carters * employed by the committee' for the relief of -the fick. With his affiftance, fhe was delivered of a child, which died in a few minutes, as did the mother, who was utterly exhaufted by her labour, by the diforder, and by the dreadful fpec- tacle before her. And thus lay, in one room, no lefs than five dead bodies, an entire family, carried off in an hour or two.' Many inftances have occurred, of refpectable women, who- ill their lying-in, have been obliged to depend on their maid-fervants, for affift- ance—and fome have had noiie but from their huf- bands. Some of the midwives were dead—and others had left the city. A fervant girl, belonging to a family in this city/ ( is ) in which the fever had prevailed, was apprehenfive of danger, and refolved to remove to a relation's houfe, in the country. She was, however, taken fick on the road, and returned to town, where fhe could find no perfon to receive her. One of the guardians of the poor provided a cart, and took her to the alms- house, into which fhe was refufed admittance. She was brought back, and the guardian offered five dol- lars to procure her a fingle night's lodging, but irt vain. And in fine, after every effort made to provide her fhelter, fhe abfolutely expired in the cart. To relate all the frightful cafes of this nature that occurred, would fill a volume. To pafs them over wholly would have been improper-—to dwell on them longer would be painful. Let thefe few, therefore, fuffice. But I muft obferve, that moft of them hap- pened in the firft ftage of the public panic. After- wards, when the citizens recovered a little from their fright, they became rare. Thefe horrid circumftances having a tendency to throw a fhade over the human character, it is proper to reflect: a little light on the fubjecl, wherever juftice and truth will permit. Amidft the general abandon- ment of the fick that prevailed, thefe were to be found many illuftrious inftances of men and women, fome in the middle, others in the lower fpheres of life, who, in the exercifes of the duties of humanity, ex- pofed themfelves to dangers, which terrified men, who have hundreds of times faced death without fear, in the field of battle. Some of them, alas! have fallen in the good caufe! But why fhould they be re- gretted ? never could they have fallen more glori- oufly. Foremoft in this noble groupe ftands Jofeph Infkeep, a moft excellent man in every of the focial relations of citizen, brother, hufband, and friend.—■ To the fick and the forfaken has he devoted his hours, to relieve and comfort them in their tribulation, and his kind affiftance was dealt out with equal freedom to an utter ftranger as to his bofom friend. Numerous are the inftances of men reftored, by his kind cares and attention, to their families, from the very jaws D ( & ) of death.—In various cafes has he been obliged to ptit dead bodies into coffins, when the-relations fled frorri the mournful office. The merit of Andrew Adgate, Joab Jones, and Daniel Offley, in the fame way, was confpicuous, and of the laft importance to numbers of diftreffed creatures* bereft of every other comfort. Of thofe worthy men, Wilfon and Tomkins, I have already fpoken. The rev. mr. Fleming and the rev. mr. Winkhaufe, exhaufted themfelves by a fucceffion of labours, day and night, attending on the fick, and miniftering relief to their fpiritual and temporal wants. Of thofe who have happily furvived their dangers, and are preferved to their fellow citizens, I fhall men- tion a few. They enjoy the fupreme reward of a felf-ap- proving conscience ; and I readily believe, that in the; • moft fecret recefies, remote from the public eye, they would have done the fame. But next to the fenfe of having clone well, is the approbation of our friends and fellow men; and when the debt is great, and the only payment that can be made is ap- plaufe, it is furely the worft fpecies of avarice, to with- hold it. We are always ready, too ready, alas! to beftoW cenfure—-and, as if anxious left we fhould not give enough, we generally heap the meafure. When we are fo folicitous to deter by reproach from folly, vice, and crime, why not be equally difpofed to ftimulate to virtue and heroifm, by freely beftovVing the well- earned plaudit ? Could I fuppofe, that in any future equally-dangerous emergency, the opportunity I have feized of bearing my feeble teftimony, in favour of thefe worthy perfons, would be a means of exciting others to emulate their heroic virtue, it would afford me the higheft confolation I have ever experienced. The rev. Henry HeJmuth's merits are of the moft exalted kind. His whole time, during the prevalence of the diforder, was fpent in the performance of the works of mercy, vifiting and relieving the fick, com- forting the afflicled, and feeding the hungry. Of his congregation, fome hundreds have paid the laft debt to nature, fince the malignant fever began; and, I ( 2? ) believe he attended nearly the whole of them. To fo many dangers was he expofed, that he ftands a liv- ing miracle of prefervation. The rev. C. V. Keating, the rev. mr. Uftick, and the rev. mr. Dickens, have bean in the fame career, and performed their duties to the fick with equal fidelity, and with equal dan- ger. The venerable old citi/en, Samuel Robefon, has been like a good angel, indefatigably performing, in families vvjiere there was not one perfon able to help another, even the menial offices of the kitchen, in every part of his neighbourhood. Thomas Alji- bone, Lambert Wilmer, Levi Hollingiworth, John Barker, Hannah Paine, John Hutchinfon, and great numbers of others have diftinguifhed themfelves by the kindeft offices of difintereftei humanity. Magnus Miller, Samuel Coates, and other good citizens, in that time of pinching diftrefs and difficulty, advanced fums of money to individuals whofe refources were cut off, and who, though accuftomed to a life of independence, were abfojutely deftitute of the means of fubfiftence. And as the widow's mite has been mentioned in fcripture with fo much applaufe, let me add, that a worthy widow, whofe name I am griev- ed I cannot mention, came to the city-hall, and, out of her means, which are very moderate, offered the committee twenty dollars for the relief of the poor. John Connelly has fpent hours betide the fick, when their own wives and children had abandoned them. Twice did he .catch the.diforder-— twice was he on tho brink of the grave, which was yawning to receive himr^-yet, .unappalled ,by the imminent danger- he had efcaped, he again returned to the charge. I feel myfelf affecled at this part of my fubjecl, with emo- tions, which I fear my unanimated ftile is ill calcula-- ted to transfufe into the breaftofmy reader. I wilh him to dwell on this part of the picture, with a degree of exquifite pleafure equal to what I feel in the de- fcription. When we.view mra in this light, we lofe fight of his feeblenefs, his imperfection, his vice*"*—he refembles, in a fmall degree, tint divine being, who is an inexhauftible mine of mercy and goodneft. ( «8 ) And, as a human being, I rejoice, that it has fallen to my lot, to be a witnefs and recorder of a mag-* nanimity, which would alone be fufficient to refcue the character of mortals from obloquy and reproach. CHAP. V. Diftrefs increafes. Benevolent citizens invited to afjifi the guardians of the poor. Ten volunteers. Appointment of the committee for relief of the fick* §tqte of Philadelphia. IN the mean time, the fituation of affairs becaftie daily more and more ferious. Thofe of the guardi- ans of the poor, who continued to act, were quite oppreffed with the labours of their office, which in- creafed to fuch a degree, that they were utterly un- able to execute them. I have already mentioned, that for the city there were but three who perfevered in the performance of their duty*. It muft give the reader great concern to hear, that two of them, James Wil- fon, and Jacob Tomkins, excellent and indefatigable young men, whofe fervices were at that time of very great importance, fell facrifices in the caufe of humanity. The other, William Sanfom, was likewife, in the execution of his dangerous office, feized with the diforder, and on the brink of the grave, but was fo fortunate as to recover. The deceafed peffons be- came daily more numerous. Owing to the general terror, nurfes, carters, and attendants could hardly be procured. Thus circumftanced, the mayor of Lthe city, on the loth of September, publifhed an addrefs * With refpect to the guardians of the poor, I have been mifunderftood. I only fpoke of thofe for the city. Thofe for the liberties, generally, continued at their poft ; and two of them, Wra, Peter Sprague, and William Gregory, performed, in the northern liberties, the very fame kind of fervices as the committee did in the city, viz. attended to the burial of the dead and, the removal of the fick.' In Southwark, the like tour of duty was executed by Clement Humphreys, John Corm(b, and Robert Jones Far be it ftpra me to deprive any man of applaufe fo richly and hazardoufly earned. I onlv regret, that want of leifure prevents me from collecting the name's of all thofe who have nobly diningmfhed themfelves, by their attention to the alleviation of the general calamity. '( *9 ) to the citizens, announcing that the guardians of the poor, who remained, were in diftrefs for want of affiftance, and inviting fuch benevolent people, as felt for the general diftrefs, to lend their aid. In con-- fequence of this advertifement, a meeting of the ci- tizens was held at the city-hall, on Thurfday, the 12th of September, at which very few attended, from the univerfal confternation that prevailed. The ftate of the poor was fully confidered; and ten citizens, Ifrael Ifrael, Samuel Wetherill, Thomas Wiftar, Andrew Adgate, Caleb Lownes, Henry Deforeft, Thomas Peters, Jofeph Infkeep, Stephen Girard, and Jofin Mafon, offered themfelves to affift the guardi- ans of the poor. At this meeting, a committee was appointed to confer with the phyficians who had the care of Bufh-hill, and make report of the ftate of that hofpital. This committee reported next even- ing, that it was in very bad order, and in want of al- moft every thing. "On Saturday, the 14th, another meeting was held, when the alarming ftate of affairs being fully confi- dered, it was refolved to borrow fifteen hundred dollars of the bank of North-America, for the pur- pofe of procuring fuitable accommodations for the ufe of perfons afflicted with the prevailing malignant fever. At this meeting, a committee was appointed to tranfacl the whole of the bufmefs relative to the relief of the fick, and the procuring of phyficians, nurfes, attendants, &c. This is the committee, which, by virtue of that appointment, has, from that day to ^ the prefent time, watched over the fick, the poor, the widow, and the orphan. It is worthy of remark, and may encourage others in time of public calamity, that this committee confifted originally of only twen- ty-fix perfons, men moftly taken from the middle walks of fife; of thefe, four, Andrew Adgate, Jona- than Dickinfon Sargeant, Daniel Offley, and Jofeph Infkeep, died, the two firft at an early period of their labours—and four never attended to the ap- pointment. " The heat and burden of the day" have therefore been borne by eighteen perfons, whofe C 3® 3 exertions have been fo highly favoured by provi- dence, that they have been the inftruments of avert- ing the progrefs of destruction, eminently relieving the diftreffed, and reftoring confidence to the ter- rified inhabitants of Philadelphia. It is honourable to this committee, that they have conducted their bufinefs with more harmony than is- generally to be met with in public bodies of equal number. Probably there never was one, of which the members were fo re- gular in their attendance; the meetings, at the worft of times—thofe times, which, to ufe Paine's emphatic language, " tried men's fouls," were compofed in general, of twelve, thirteen, and fourteen members. Never* perhaps, was there a city in the fituation of Philadelphia at this period. The prefident of the united fiates, according to his annual cuftom, had removed to Mount Vernon with his houfehold. Moft, if not all of'the .other officers of the federal go- vernment were abfent. The governor, who had been fick, had gone, by directions of his phyfician, to his country-feat near the falls of Schuylkill—and nearly the whole of the officers of the ftate had likewife re- tired.—The magistrates of the city, except the may- or*, and John Barclay-j*, efq. were away, as were moft of thofe of the liberties. Of the fituation of the guar- dians of the poor J, I have already made mention. In fact, government of every kind was almoft wholly vacated, and feemed, by tacit, but univerfal confent, to be vefted in the committee. * This magiflrate deferves particular praifa. Hs was the tuft who invited the citizens to *' rally round the ftandard" of cha- rity, and convened the meeting at which the committee for relief ofthefick was appointed, as well as the preceding ores; of this committee he was appointed prefident, and punctually fulfilled his duty during the whole time of the diftrefs. f This gentleman, late mayor of the city, afled in the double Capacity of alderman and prefident of the bank of Pennfylvani?, to the duties of which offices he devoted himfelf unremiltedly, except during an illnefs which threatened to add him to the number of valuable men of whom we have been bereft. % The managers of the alms-houfe attended to the dutie3 im- pofed on them, and met regularly at that building every week. ( 31 ) CHAP. VI. Magnanimous offer. Wretched ftate of Bujh-hill. Order, introduced there. AT the meeting on Sept. 15th, a circumftanee oc- curred, to which the moft glowing pencil could hardly do juftice. Stephen Girard, a wealthy merchant, a native of France, and one of the members of the committee, touched with the wretched fituation of the fufferers at Bufh-hill, voluntarily and unexpect- edly offered himfelf as a manager, to fuperintend that hofpital. The furprize and fatisfaction, excited by this extraordinary effort of humanity, can be better conceived than expreffed. Peter Helm, a native of Pennfylvania, alfo a member, actuated by the like benevolent motives, offered his fervices in the fame department, Their offers were accepted ; *nd the fame afternoon they entered on the execution of their dangerous and praife-worthy office*. To form a juft eftimate of the value of the offer of thefe men, it is neceffary to take into full confedera- tion the general confternation, which at that period pervaded every quarter of the city, and which made attendance on the fick be regarded as little lefs than a certain facrifice. Uninfluenced by any reflexions of this kind, without any poffible inducement but the pureft motives of humanity, they came forward and offered themfelves as the forlorn hope of the committee. I truft that the gratitude of their fellow- citizens will remain as long as the memory of their beneficent conduct, which I hope will net die with the prefent generation. On the 16th, the managers of Eufh-hill, after per- fonal inflection of the ftate of affairs there, made report of its fituation, which was truly deplorable. It exhibited as wretched a picture of human mifery as ever exifted. A profligate, abandoned fet of nurfes and attendants (hardly any of good character could at that time be procured,) rioted on the provi- fions and comforts prepared for the fick, who * The management of the interior department was afTumed by Stephen Girard—tire exterior bj Peter Helm. ( 3* J (unlefs at the hours when the doctors attended)- were left almoft entirely deftitute of every affiftance* The fick, the dying, and the dead were indifcriminate- ly mingled together. The ordure and other evacuati-- ons of the fick, were allowed to remain in the moft offenfive ftate imaginable. Not the fmalleft ap- pearance of order or regularity exifted. It was, in fact, a great human flaughter-houfe, where nume- rous victims were immolated at the altar of riot and intemperance. No wonder, then, that a gene- ral dread of the place prevailed through the city, and that a removal to it was confidered as the feal of death. In confequence, there were various inftances of fick perfons locking their rooms, and refiftirig every ajjempt to carry them away.' At length, the poor were fo much afraid of being fent to Bufh-hill, that they would not acknowledge their illnefs, until it was no longer poffible to conceal it. For it is tb be obferved, that the fear of the contagion was fo pre- valent, that as foon as any one was> taken ill, an alartfi was fpread among the neighbours, and every effort was ufed to have the fick perfon hurried off to Bum- hill, to avoid fpreading the diforder. The cafes of poor people forced m this way to that hofpital, though labouring under only common colds, and common fall fevers, were numerous and afflicting. There were not wanting inftances of perfons, only flightly ill, being fent to Bufh-hill, by their partic-ftruck neigh- bours, and embracing the firft opportunity of run- ning back to Philadelphia. The regulations adopted at Bufh-hill, were as follow : One of the rooms in the manfion houfe (which contains fourteen, befides three large entries) was allotted to the matron, and ah affiftant under her— eleven rooms and two entries to the fick. Thofe who were in a very low ftate were in one room-—-and one was appointed for the dying. The men and women were kept in diftinct rooms, and attended by nurfes of their own fexes. Every fick perfon was furnifhed with a bedftead, clean fheet, pillow, two or three blan- ( 33 ) kets, porringer, plate, fpoon, and clean linen, when neceffary. In the manfion houfe were one hundred and forty bedfteads. The new frame houfe, built by the committee, when it was found that the old build- ings were inadequate to contain the patients commo-" dioufly, is fixty feet front, and eighteen feet deep, with three rooms on the ground floor; one of which Was for the head nurfes of that houfe, the two others for the fick. Each of thefe two laft contained feven- teen bedfteads. The loft, defigned for the convalef- cents, was calculated to contain forty. _ The barn is a large, commodious ft one building, divided into three apartments ; one occupied by the refident doctors and apothecary * one, which contain- ed forty bedfteads, by the men convalefcents—and the other by the Wornen cortvalefcents, which contained fifty-feveri. At fome diftance from the weft of the hofpital, Was erected a frame building to ftore the coffins, and depofite the dead until they were/ fent to a place of in- terment. Befides the nurfes employed in the houfe, there were two cooks, four labourers, and three wafher- women, conftantly employed for the ufe of the hof- pital. The fick were vifited twice a day by two phyficians, dr. Deveze and dr. Benjamin Duffield*, whofe pre- fcriptions were executed by three refident phyficians and the apothecary. One of the refident doctors Was charged with the diftribution of the victuals for the fick. At eleven o'clock, he gave them broth with rice, bread, boiled * Very foon after the organisation of the committee, dr. Deveze, a refpectable French phyfician from Cape-Francois, offered his fer- vices in the line of his profeffion at Bufh-hill. Dr. Benjamin Duffield did the fame. Their offers were accepted, and they have both at- tended with gfeat punctuality. Dr. Deveze renounced all other prac- tice, which, at that period, would have been very lucrative, when there was fuch general demand for phyficians. The com,mittee, in confideraiion of the fervices of thefe two gentlemen, have lately pre- sented dr. Duffield with five.hundred, and dr, Deveze witi fifteen hundred dollars. ( 34 ) beef, veal, mutton, and chicken, with cream of nee to thofe whofe ftomachs would not bear ftronger nou- rifhment. Their fecond meal was at fix o'clock, when they had broth, rice, boiled prunes, with cream of rice, The fick drank at their meals porter, or claret and water. Their conftant drink between meals was cen- taury tea, and boiled lemonade. Thefe regulations, the order and regularity intro- duced, and the care and tendernefs with which the patients, were treated, foon eftablifhed the character of the hofpital; and in the courfe of a week or two, numbers of fick people, who had not at home pro- per perfons to nurfe them, applied to be fent to Bufh- hill. Indeed, in the end, fo many people, who were afflicted with other diforders, procured admittance there, that it became neceffary to pafs a refolve, that before an order of admiffion fhould be granted, a certificate muft be produced from a phyfician, that the patient laboured under the malignant fever; for had all the applicants been received, this hofpital, pro- vided for an extraordinary occafion, would nave been filled with patients whofe cafes entitled them to a re- ception in the Pennfylvania hofpital. The number of perfons received into Bufh-hill, from the 16th of September to this time, is about one thoufand; of whom nearly five hundred are dead; there are now (Nov. 30,) in the houfe, about twenty fick, and fifty convalefcents. Of the latter clafs, there have been diimiffed about four hundred and thirty. The reafon why fo large a proportion died of thofe received, is, that in a variety of cafes, the early fears of that hofpital had got fuch firm poffeffion of the minds of fome, and others were fo much actuated by a fco- lifh pride, that they would never confent to be re- moved till they were paft recovery. And in confe- quence of this, there were many inftances of perfons dying in the cart on the road to the hofpital. I fpeak within bounds, when I fay that at leaft a third of the whole number of thofe received, did not furvive their entrance into the hofpital two days. Were it not for the operation of thefe two motives, the number of ( 35 ) the dead in the city and in the hofpital would have been much leffened; for many a man, whofe nice feelings made him fpurn at the idea of a removal to the hofpital, perifhed in the city for want of that com- fortable affiftance he would have had at Bufh-hill*. Before I conclude this chapter, let me add, that the perleverance of the managers of that hofpital has been equally meritorious with their original beneficence. During the whole calamity to this time, they have attended uninterruptedly, 'for fix, feven, or eight hours a day, renouncing ajmoft every care of private affairs. They have had a laborious tour of duty to perform. Stephen Girard, whofe office was in the inte- rior part of the hofpital, has had to encourage and comfort the fick—to hand them neceffaries and medi- cines—to wipe the fweat off their brows—and to per- form many difgufting offices of kindnefs for them, which nothing could render tolerable, but the exalted motives that impelled him to this heroic conduct. Peter Helm, his worthy coadjutor, difplayed, in his department, equal exertions, to promote the common good. CHAP. VII. Proceedings of the committee—Loans from the bank of North-America. Eftablifhment of an orphan houfe. Relief of the poor. Appointment of the af fiftant committee, THE committee, on its organization, refolved that three of the members fhould attend daily at the city hall, to receive applications for relief; to pro- vide for the burial of the dead, and for the convey- * I omitted in the former editions to mention the rnme of a moft excellent and invaluable woman, mrs. Savill?, the matron in this hofpital, whole fervices in the execution cf her office, were above all price. Never was there a perfon better qualified for fuch a fituation. To the moft rtricl obfervance of fyftem, foe united all ths tendernefs and humanity which are fo efJenrially rcquifite in an hofpital, but which habit fo very frequently and ratally euinguifhes : Ihould the wifdom of our legiflawe decre* the permanent eftabliflirnent of a lazaretto, no perfon can be fonnd more defrrving, or berter qualified to be entrufted with the care of is, ( 36 ) ance of perfons labouring uuder the malignant fever, to Bufh-hill. But three being found inadequate to the execution of the multifarious and laborious duties to be performed, this order was refcinded, and daily attendance was given by nearly all of the members. A number of carts and carters were engaged for the burial of the dead, and removal of the fick. And it was a melancholy fight tp behold them inceffantly employed through the whole day, in thefe mournful offices. The committee borrowed fifteen hundred dollars from the bank of North-America, agreeably to the refolves of the town meeting by which they -were appointed. Several of the members entered into fecu- rity to repay that fum, in cafe the corporation or le- gislature fhould refufe to make provifion for its dif- charge. This fum being foon expended, a farther loan of five thoufand dollars was negotiated with the fame inftitution*. *.-. In the progrefs of the diforder, the committee found the calls on their humanity increafe. The,.nu- merous deaths of heads of families left a very large body of children in a moft abandoned, forlorn ftate. The bettering houfe, in which fuch helplefs objects have been ufually placed heretofore, was barred againft them, by the order which I have already mentioped. Many of thefe little innocents were actually fufferiBg for want of even common neceftaries. The deaths of their parents and protectors, which fhould have been the ftrongeft recommendation to public charity, was the very reafon of their diftrefs, and of their being fhunned as a peftilence. The children of a family ©nee in eafy circumftances, were found in a black- fmith's fhop, fqualid, dirty, and halfftarved, having been for a confiderable time without even bread to eat. Various inftances of a fimilar nature occurred. This evil early caught the attention of the committee, and on the 19th of September, they hired a houfe in * It ought to be mentioned, that on the payment of thefe fums, the dire&ors generoufiy declined accepting intereft far the life of them. ( 37 ) Fifth-ftreet, in which they placed thirteen children. The number increafing, they on the 3d of October, procured the Loganian library, which was generoufly given up by John Swanwick, efq. for the purpofe of an orphan houfe, A further increafe of their little charge, rendered it neceffary to build fome additions to the library, which are nearly half as large as that but ding. At prefent, there are in the houfe, under the care of the orphan committee, about fixty chil- dren, and above forty are out with wet nurfes, prom the origin of the inititution, one hundred and ninety children have fallen under their care, of whom fixteen are dead, and about feventy have been deli- vered to their relations or friends. There are inftances of five and fix children of a fingle family in the houfe. To thefe precious depofits the utmoft attention has been paid. They are well fed, comfortably clothed, and properly taken care of. Mary Parvin, a very fuit- able perfon for the purpofe, has • been engaged as matron, and there are, befides, fufficient perfons em- ployed to affift her. Various applications have been made for fome of the children; but in no inftance would the committee furrender any of them up, until they had fatisfictory evidence that the claimants had a right to make the demand. Their relations are now publicly called upon to come and receive them. For fuch as may remain unclaimed, the belt provifion pof- fible will be made; and fo great is the avidity of many people to have fome of them, that there will be no difficulty in placing them to advantage. Another duty foon attracted the attention of the committee. The flight of fo many of our citizens, the confequent ftagnation of bufinefs, and the almoft total ceffation of the labours of the guardians of the poor, brought on among the lower claffes of the people, a great degree of diftrefs, which loudly demanded the in- terpofition of the humane. In confequence, omthe 20th of September, a committee of diftribution, of three members, was appointed, to furnifh fuch affiftance to deferving objects as their refpective cafes might re- quire,, and the funds allow. This was at firft adminif C 38 ) tered to but few, owing to the confined ftate of the finances. But the very extraordinary liberality of our fugitive fellow citizens, of the citizens of New York, and of thofe of various towns and townlhips, encou- raged the committee to extend their views. In confe- quence, they increafed the diftributing committee to eight, and afterwards to ten. Being, in the execution of this important fervice, liable to irnpofition, they, on the 14th of October, ap- pointed an affiftant committee, compofed of forty- five citizens, chofen from the feveral diftricts of the city and liberties. The duty affigned this affiftant com- mittee, was to feek out and give recommendations to deferving objects in diftrefs, who, on producing them, were relieved by the committee of diftribution, (who fat daily at the City Hall, in rotation,) with money, provifions, or wood, or all three, according as their neceffities required. The affiftant committee executed tins bufinefs with fuch care, that it is probable fo great a number of people were never before relieved, with fo little irnpofition. Some fhamelels creatures, poffeffed of houfes, and comfortable means of fup- port, have been detected in endeavouring to partake of the relief deftined folely for the really indigent and diftreffed. Bolides thofe who came forward to afk affiftance in the way of gift, there was another clafs, in equal dif- trefs, and equally entitled to relief, who could not, defcend to accept it as charity. The committee, difpok ed to fofter this laudable principle, one of the beft fe- curities from debafement of character, relieved perfons of this defcription with fmall loans weekly, juft enough for immediate fupport, and took acknowledgments for the debt, without ever intending to urge payment, if not perfectly convenient to the parties. The number of perfons relieved weekly, was about twelve hundred ; many of whom had families of four, five, and fix perfons. The gradual revival of bufinefs has refcued thofe who are able and willing to work, from the humilia- tion of depending on public charity. And the orga- nization of the overfeers of the poor has thrown the ( 39 ) fupport of the proper objects of charity into its old channel. The diftribution of money, &c. ceafed there- fore on Saturday, the 23d of November. CHAP. VIII. Repeated addreffes of the committee on the purification of houfes.—Affiftant committee under- take to infped infeded houfes perfonally. Extindion of the diforder. Governor's proclamation. Addrefs ofthe clergy. A new and happy ftate of affairs. THE committee exerted its cares for the welfare of the citizens in every cafe in which its interfere ence was at all proper or neceffary. The declenfion of the diforder induced many perfons to return to the city at an earlier period, than prudence dictated. On the 26th of October, therefore, the committee addref- fed their fellow citizens, congratulating them on the v~ry flattering change that had taken place, which af- forded a chearing profpect of being foon freed from the diforder entirely. They, however, recommended to thofe who were abfent, not to return till the inter- vention of cold weather, or lain* fhould render fuch a ftep juftifiable and proper, by totally extinguifhing the difeafe. The 29th, they publifhed another addrefs, earneftly exhorting thofe whofe houfes had been clofed, to have them well aired and purified ; to throw lime into the privies, &c. The 4th of November, they again addreffed the public, announcing that it was unfafe for thofe who had refided in the country, to return to town with too much precipitation, efpecially into houfes not properly prepared. They added, that though the diforder had confiderably abated, and though there was reafon to hope it would fhortly difappear, yet they could not fay it was totally eradicated ; as there was reafon to fear it ftill lurked in different parts of the city. They reiter.ited their reprefentations on the fubject of cleanfmg houfes. * I fhall in fome of the following pages attempt to prove, thai the idea here held out, \va~- erroneous. ( 4° ) The 14th, they once more addreffed their fellow" citizens, informing them of the reftoration to our long afflicted city, of as great a degree of health as ufuJ ally prevails at the fame feafon ; of no new. cafes of the malignant fever having occurred for many days; of their having reafon to hope that in a few days not a veftige of it would remain in the city or fuburbs; of applications for admiffion into the hofpital having ceafed ; of the expectation of the phyficians at the hof- pital, that no more than three or four would die out of ninety-one perfons remaining there ; of the number' of convalefcents increafing daily. They at the fame time moft earneftly recommended that houfes in which the diforder had been, fhould be purified; and that the clothing or bedding of the fick, more efpecially of thofe who had died of the diforder, fhould be wafri- ed, baked, buried, ordeftroyed. They added, that the abfent citizens of Philadelphia, as well as thofe ftran- gers who had bufinefs in the city, might fafely come to it, without fear of the diforder. Notwithftanding all thefe cautions, many perfons re- turned from the country, without paying any atten- tion to the cleanfing of their houfes, thereby fporting not only with their own lives, but with the fafety of their fellow citizens. The neglect of feme people, in this way, has been fo flagrant, as to merit the fe- vereft punifhment. This dangerous nuifance attracted the notice of the committee; and after a conference! with the affiftant committee, they, on the 15th of No- vember, in conjunction with them, refolved, that it was highly expedient to have all houfes and ftores iri the city and liberties, wherein the malignant fever had prevailed, purified and cleanfed as fpeedily and com- pletely as poffible; to have all thofe well aired, which had been clofed for any length of time; to have lime throvn into the privies ; to call in, when the diftrict fhould be too large for the members to enforce com- pliance with thofe refolves, fuch affiftants as might be neceffary ; and when any perfon, whofe houfe re- quired to be cleanfed, and who was able to defray the expenfe thereof, fhould refufe or neglect to com- ( 4i ) ply with the requifition of the members appointed to carry thofe refolves into effect, to report him to the next grand jury for the city and county, as fupporting a nuifance dangerous to the public welfare. The affif- tant committee undertook to exert themfelves to have thefe falutary plans.put into execution; they have gone through the city and liberties for the purpofe; and in moft cafes have found a readinefs in the inha- bitants to comply with a requifition of fuch impor- tance*. This was the laft act of the committee that re- quires notice. Their bufinefs has fince gone on in a regular, uniform train, every day like the paft. They are now fettling their accounts, and are prepar- ing to furrender up their truft, into the hands of a town meeting of their fellow citizens, the conftitu- e.nts by whom they were called into the unprece- dented office they, have filled. To them they will give an account of their ftewardlhip, in a time of diftrefs, the like of which heaven avert from the people of America for ever. Doubtlefs, a candid conduction •• will be put upon their conduct, and it will be believed, that they have acted in every cafe that came under their cognizance, according to the belt of their abi- lities. ^ On the-14th, governor Mifflin publifhed a procla- mation, announcing, that as it had pleafed Almightv God to put an end to the grievous calamity which recently afflicted the city of Philadelphia, it was the duty of all who were truly fenfible of the divine mercy, to employ the earlieft moments of returning health, in devout expreffions of penitence, fubmiffiOn, and gratitude. He therefore appointed Thurfday, the * The utmoft exertions of the magiffrate*;, and of the citizens generally, are neceffary to guard againlt the deplorable confe- qences that may a rife in the fpring from the neglect of a few whole ' in Providence, the fame day ; ths. fynod of Philadelphia fixed on the 24th of October ; the proteftant epifcopal churches in Virginia, November 6 ; the Dutch fynod of New York, November 13 ; the fynod of New York and New Jerfey, November 20. At Hartford, daily prayers were offered up for our relief for fome time. CHAP. XII,. Conflicl between the law of felfpreferva- Hon and'the law of charity. The law of charity vica- rious. "HILE cur citizens were profcribed in feve- ral cities'^mad towns—hunted up like felons 1 fome—-debarrecradmittance and turned back in others, whether found or infeaed—it is with extreme fatisfaaion I have to record a condua totally diffe- rent, which cannot fail to make an indelible im- preffion on the minds of the people of Philadelphia, and call forth the moft lively emotions of gratitude. At Woodbury, in New Jerfey, at an early period of the diforder, a meeting was held for the purpofe of determining on what fteps were requifite to be ta- ken. A motion was made to ftop all intercourfe with Philadelphia. But, four perfons only having rifen to fupport it, it dropped, and our citizens were allowed free entrance. A refpeaable number of the inhabitants of Spring- field, in New Jerfey, met the firft day of October, and after a full confederation of the diftreffes of our citizens, paffed a relblve, offering their town as an aiylum to the people flying from Philadelphia, and direaing their committee to provide a fuitable place as an hofpital for the fick. The rev. Jacob V. Artf- dalen, Matthias Meeker, and Matthias Denman, took the lead in this honourable bufinefs. I have been informed, by a perfon of credit, that the inhabitants of Elizabeth town have purfued the- fame liberal plan, as thofe of Springfield; but have nor ( 59 ) been able to procure a copy of their refolves or pro* ceedings on the fub"ea. At Cheftertown in Maryland, a place was appoint- ed, at a diftance from the town, for the reception of fuch travellers and others, as might have the difor- der. It was provided with every neceffary—and a phyfician engaged to attend the fick. An afylum has likewife been offered to Philadel- phians, by feveral of the inhabitants of Elkton, in Ma- ryland ; and the offer was couched in terms of the utmoft fympathy for our fufferings. A place on the fame plan as that at Chefter, was fitted up near the town. At Eafton, in Pennfylvania, the only precaution ob- ferved, was to direa the emigrants from Philadel- phia, to abftain for a week fron^tercourfe with the inhabitants. The people of Wilmington have *aed in the moft friendly manner towards our diitreffed citizens. At firft they were a little feared, and refolved on the ef* tablifhment of a quarantine and guards. But they immediately dropped thefe precautions, and received , the people from Philadelphia with the moft perfea freedom. They ereaed an hofpital for the reception of our infeaed citizens, which they fupplied with necef- faries. Yet of eight or ten perfons from Philadelphia, who died in that town, with the malignant fever, only one was fent to the hofpital. The others were nurfed and attended in the houfes where they fell fick. Humane, tender, and friendly, as were the wor- thy inhabitants of Wilmington in general,* two cha- raaers have diftinguifhed themfelves in fuch a very- extraordinary manner, as to deferve particular no- tice. Thefe are doctor Way, and major Buffi, whofe houfes were always open to the fugitives from Phila- delphia, whom they received without the fmalleft ap- prehenfion, and treated with a degree of genuine hof- pitality, that refkas the higheft honour on them. In the exercife of this virtue, they were not confined by a narrow regard to their particular friends or acquain- tance—but entertained, with equal humanity, v hole ( 60 ) families of perfons who were utter ltrangers to them, This was of the more importance, and operated as a heavier tax on them, as, I believe, there was only one tavern-keeper, Brinton, whofe houfe was open tor people from Philadelphia : and it was confequently fbcrouded in general, as frequently to render it dim- cult to procure admittance. The inftances of this kind, through this exten- five country, have been very few ; but they are therefore only the more precious, and ought to be held up to public approbation. May they ope- rate on people, at a future day, in fimilar cafes of dreadful calamity, and teach them to temper their caution with as much humanity and tendernefs to the diftreffed fugitives, as prudence will allow—and not involve, in one indifcriminate profcription, the healthy and infeaed. CHAP. XIII. Diforder fatal to the doclors—to the cler* gy—to drunkards—to filles de joie—t* maid fervants-r to the poor—and in clofeftreets.—Lefs deffruclive to the Trench—and to the negroes. RARELY has it happened, that fo large a propor- tion of the gentlemen of the faculty have funk beneath the labours of their very dangerous profef- fion, as on this occafion. In five or fix weeks, exclufiv© of medical fludents, no lefs than ten phyficians have been fwept off, doaors Hutchinfon, Morris, Linn, Pennington, Dodds, Johnfon, Glentworth, Phile, Graham and Green. Scarcely one of the praaifing doaors that remained in the city, efcaped ficknefs. Some were three, four, and five times confined. To the clergy it has likewife proved very fatal. Ex- pofed, in the exercife of the laft duties to the dying, to equal danger with the phyficians, it is not furpri- fing that fo many of them have fallen. Their names are,.the rev. Alexander Murray, of the proteftant epifcopal church—the rev. F. A. Fleming and the rev. Laurence Graefsl of the Roman catholic—the rev. John Winkhauje, of the German reformed—the t 6, ) rev. James Sproat, of the prefbyterian—the rev. Wil- liam Dougherty, of the methodift church—and like- wife four noted preachers of the Friends fociety, Da-^ niel Offley, Hufon Langftroth, Michael Minier, and Charles Williams. Seven clergymen have been in the greateft danger from this diforder, the rev. R. Black- well, rev. Jofeph Pilmore. rev. William Rogers, rev. Chriftopher V. Keating, rev. Frederic Schmidt, the rev. Jofeph Turner, and the rev. Robert Annan ; but they have all recovered. Among the women, the mortality has not, by any means, been fo great, as among the men,* nor among the old and infirm as among the middle-aged and robuft. To tipplers and drunkards, and to men who lived high, and were of a corpulent habit of body, this dif. order was very fatal. Of thefe, many were feized, and the recoveries were very rare. To the files de joie, it has been equally fatal. The wretched, debilitated ftate of their conftitutions, rendered them an eafy prey to this dreadful dif- order, which very foon terminated their miferable career. To hired fervant maids it has been very deftruaive. Numbers of them fled away—of thofe who remained, very many fell, who had behaved with an extraor- dinary degree of fidelity. It has been dreadfully deftruaive among the poor. It is very probable, that at leaft feven-eighths of the number of the dead, were of that clafs. The inhabi- tants of dirty houfes have feverely expiated their ne- glea of cleanlinefs and decency, by the numbers of them that have fallen facrifices. Whole families, in fuch houfes, have funk into one filent, undiftinguifh- ing grave. The mortality in confined ftreets, fmall allies, and clofe houfes, debarred of a free circulation of air, has exceeded, in a great proportion, that in the large ftreets and well-aired houfes. In fome of the allies, a third * In many congregations, the deaths of men have been nearly |\vicc as numerous as thofe of women. ( 62 ) 0r fourth of the whole of the inhabitants are no more. In 30 houfes, the whole number in Pewter Platter alley, 32 people died : and in a part of Markct-ftrect, containing 170 houfes, only 39. The ftreets in the fuburbs, that had the benefit of the country air, efpe- cially towards the weft part of the city, have fuffer- ed little. Of the wide, airy ftreets, none loft fo many people as Arch, near Water-ftreet, which may be accounted for, by its proximity to the original feat of the diforder. It is to be particularly remark- ed, that in general, the more remote the ftreets were from Water ftreet, the lefs of the calamity they experienced. From the effeas of this diforder, the French newly fettled in Philadelphia, have been in a very remarka- ble degree exempt-}-. To what this may be owing, is a fubjea deferving particular investigation*. By fome It has been afcribed to their defpifing the danger. But, though this may have had fome effea, it will not cer- tainly account for it altogether ; as it is well known that many of the moft courageous perfons in Phila- delphia, have been among its viaims. By many of the French, the great fatality of the diforder has been attributed to the vaft quantities of crude and unwhole- fome fruits brought to our markets, and confumed by all claffes of people. When the yellow fever prevailed in South Caro- lina, the negroes, according to that accurate obferver, dr. Lining, were wholly free from it. " There is " fomething very fingular in the conftitution of the " negroes," fays he, " which renders them not liable " to this fever; for though many of them were as " much expofed as the nurfes to this infeaion, yet I " never knew one inftance of this fever among them, " though they are equally fubjea with the white peo- f The French who had been long eftablifhed here, were near- ly as nu:ch affected as the natives. * The frequent ufe the French make of lavements, at all rimes, may probably account for their efcaping fo very generally as they did. Thefe purify the bowels, help to difcharge the foul matter, and remove coftivenefs, which is one of the moli certain fupports of this and other xtiforders. ( «3 ) " pie to the bilious fever*." The fame idea prevailed' for a confiderable time in Philadelphia; but it was erroneous. They did not efcape the diforder ; howe- ver, there were fcarcely any of them feized at firft, and the number that were finally affbaed, was not great; and, as I am informed by an eminent doaor, " it " yielded to the power of medicine in them more ea- " fay than in the whites." The error that prevailed on this fubjea had a very falutary effca; for, at an early period of the diforder, hardly any white nurfes could be procured ; and, had the negroes been equal- ly terrified, the fufferings of the fick, great as they aaually were, would have been exceedingly aggrava- ted. At the period alluded to, the elders of the Afri- can church met, and offered their affiftance to the mayor, to procure nurfes for the fick, and aid fn burying the dead. Their offers were accepted; and' Abfalom Jones, Richard Allen, and William Gray> undertook the management of thefe two-feveral fervices. The great demand for nurfes, afforded an opportunity for irnpofition, which was eagerly feized by fome of the vileft of the blacksf. They extorted two, three, four, and even five dollars a night for fuch ■ attendance, as would have been well paid by a fingle dollar. Some of them were even deteaed in plun- dering the houfes of the fick. But it is unjuft to caft a cenfure on the whole, for this fort of condua, as many people have done. The fervices of Jones, Al- len, and Gray, and others of their colour, have been very great, and demand public gratitude. On examining the books of the hofpital at Bufh- hill, it appears, that there were nearly twenty blacks received there, of whom about three-fourths died. * Efj'iys and obfervations, vol.. II. p?jre 40"'. t TV.e extortion here mentioned, was-very far from being con- fined to the negroes : ruanv of the white nurfe* behaTeiwith e^ual rapacity. ( 64 ) CHAP. XIV. State of the weather. Attempt to refuit the opinion that cold and rain extinguifhed the diforderv Average-table of mortality* THE weather, during the whole of the months of Auguft and September, and moft part of Oao- ber, was' remarkably dry and fultry. Rain appeared as if entirely at an end. Various indications, which in fcarcely any former inftance had failed to pro-* duce wet weather, difappointed the expeaations, the wifhes, and the prayers of the citizens. The diforder raged with increafed violence as the feafon advanced towards the fall months. The mortality was much greater in September, than in Auguft— and ftill greater in the beginning and till the middle of Oaober, than in September, It very parties larly merits attention, that though nearly all the hopes of the inhabitants refted on cold and rain^ efpecially the latter, yet the diforder died away with hardly any rain, and a very moderate degree of cold.. Its virulence may be faid to have expired on the 23d, 24th, 25th, and 26th of Oaober. The fucceed- ing deaths were, moftly,of thofe long. fick. Few perfons took the diforder afterwards. Thofe days were near- ly as warm as many of the moft fatal ones; in the middle ftage of the complaint, the thermometer be- ing at 60, 59, 71, and 72* To account for this fatif- faaorily, is above our feeble powers. In fact, the whole of the diforder, from its firft appearance to its final clofe^ has fet human wifdom and calculation at defiance. The idea held up in the preceding paragraph, has' been controverted by many ; and, as the extinaion of malignant diforders, generated in fummer or the early part of fall, has been univerfally afcribed to the fevere coid and heavy rains of the clofe of the fall, or the Winter, it is afferted that ours muft have fhared the fame fate. It therefore becomes necef- fary to ftate the reafons for the contrary opinion. The extinaion of thefe diforders, according to the generally-received idea on thisfubjea, arifes from cold* ( 65 ) or rain, or both together. If from the former, how mail we account for a greater mortality in September, than in Auguft, whereas the degree of heat was con- fiderably abated ? How fhall we account for a greater mortality in the firft part of Oaober than in Sep- tember, although the heat was ftill abating ? If rain be the efficient caufe of arrefting the diforder, as is fuppofed by thofe who attribute its declenfion to the rain on the evening of the 15th* of Oaober, how fhall we account for the inefficacy of a conftant rain during the whole terrible twelfth of Oaober, when one hundred and eleven fouls were fummoned out of this world, and a hundred and four the day follow- ing ? To make the matter more plain, I requeft the reader's attention to the following ftatement :— Thermom. Deaths, Wind. Weather. Sept. 19 70 61 67 57 76 oa. 10 74 93 ii9 111 104 54 38 35 An examination of this table, by any man unbiaf- fed by the received opinion, will, I think, convince him of the juftice of the hypothefis which I have ad- vanced—that the increafe or abatement of the vio- lence of the diforder, depended on other caufes than the degrees of heat, cold, rainy or dry weather. Here is the moft palpable proof. The average of the thermo- meter, the four firft quoted days, was ys ° —the ave- rage of the deaths 65.5. The fecond four days, the thermometer averaged 70.25, although the frightful average of deaths was, 106.75. And on the laft four * The rain on this evening was not by any means fo great as that on the lath. I at 3 P. M. l9 70 20 69 21 78 22 83 10 74 11 74 12 64 l3 69 "3 60 24 59 25 71 26 72 SW fair. SE hazy. fair. fair. NW fair. W fair. NW rain. NW fair. W fair. NW fair. S fair, high wind. SW cloudy. ( 6d ) days, the thermometer averaged 6$,5, whereas the deaths were only 37.5. To facilitate the comparifon, Ifubjoin an abftraa of the preceding ftatement. therm, deaths. Average of Sept. 19, 20, 21, and 22, 7$ 65 . of Oct:. 10,11, 12, and 13, 70,25 106.75 » of Oa. 23, 24,25, and 26, 6$.$ 3J.5 Thus, thofe days on which the mortality was at its higheft ftage, were five degrees colder than thofe when the deaths had been only five eighths. And the difference of five degrees between the fecond and the third four days, will not be pretended to account for a decreafe of very nearly two thirds. To try the fyf- tem of heat, cold, and rain, ftill further, let us exa- mine the four laft days of Auguft. On thofe days the thermometer averaged 79.5 ; yet the deaths were only 20.75. I here annex the weekly average of the thermometer anrj. of the deaths, from the firft of Auguft to the 7th of November, for the reader's infpeaion*. Average of Average of thermometer. deaths. Auguft 1 to 7* . 84 - - 9 8 to 14, - .85 - - 7 15 to 21, - . 83 - - 7 22 to 28j - ■' 77 - - J5 92 to 31, - . • 85 - - 17 Sept. 1 to 7^ - 81 - - J9 8 to 14, - ■ 74 ■ - 35 15 to 21, - - 75 - - 65 22 to 28, - - 76 . ■ - 70 29 and 30, - - 74 ■ - 60 oa. 1 to 7, - 71 • - 72 8 to 14, - ■ 71 ■ - 100 15 to 21, - - 58 ■ . - 67 22 to 28, - - 58 ■ ' ' 39 29 to 31, - - 46 - - 18 Nov. 1 to 7, - 58 - - 15 \ From the above table it appears, that during the * When the fractions exceed half, an "unit is added • when they are below half, they are rejected. ( «7 ) month of September, there was a rapid increafe regu- larly of deaths, except on the 29th and 30th, although the weather was growing cooler nearly the whole time. Let any advocate of the theory of cold and rain, compare the firft week in September with the lecohd week in Oaober. He will fee that the former v \s ten degrees warmer than the latter, yet the mor- tality of the one, was only a fifth part of the other. If he will, after this, fay that the difference of 13 de- grees between the fecond week in October and the 3d and 4th, will account for a reduaion of the mor- tality from 100 to 6y, and then to 39, I can only anfwer, that an inveterate prejudice too often clouds the reafon, and renders it impoffible to fee the truth, i however evident. In oppofition to what I have advanced, it has been obferved, that the unfavourable effeas of very fuh try days were felt for feveral fucceeding ones. This is a weak refource, as will appear from examining the table. The heat of the firft and fecond weeks in Oc- tober was the fame : yet the mortality in the fecond was nearly one half more than in the firft. The heat of the fourth was equal to that of the third, although in the former the deaths were nearly double what they were in the latter, I hope, therefore, the reader will acknowledge, that the Great Difpofer of winds and rains, took his own time, and without the means, either moral or phyfi- cal, on which we placed our chief reliance, to refcue the remnant of us from deftruaion, CHAP. TV.—Origin of the diforder, THIS diforder has moft unqueftionably been im? ported from the Weft Indies. As yet, however, owing to various obvious reafons, it is aifEcult to fix, with abfolute precifion, on the veffel or veffels, (for it is very probable it came in feveral, from the dif? ^ ferent infeaed iflands) by which it was introduced, That it is an imported diforder, refts on the following ,: reafons, each of which, fingly, juftifies the theory, but ( 68 ) all, colleaively,eftabliih it to the fatisfaaion of every candid and reafonable man. i of a. ift. The yellow fever exifted in feveral of the Welt India iflands a long time before its appearance he2d.'Various veffels from thofe iflands arrived here m ^/scarcely any precautions were ufed to guard a- g-ainft the diforder. . f S 4th. A refpeclable citizen of Philadelphia, fuper- caro-o of one of our veffels, faw, in July, fix or feven peo°ple fick of this fever on board a brig at Cape Francois bound for our portf. eth. A veffel from Cape Francois, which arrived here in July, loft feveral of her people with this fever, on her paffage. * Extr-aft from a London paper, nf Auguft 13, r 793. « The plague, brought from Bulam, which firft made its « appearance at Grenada, has fpread moft alarmingly. Ergnty « perrons died in one day at Grenada of this epidemic The " hurricane months juft coming on, are not likely to maxe 11 " lefs violent in its effeas." " [It appears by a fubfequent paragraph in the lame paper, " that the difeafe was afcertained to be the yellow fever.] ExtraBfrom the Courier, a London paper, of Augnjl 24. " Before the fleet left Antigua fo great was the apprehenf;on « entertained there of the plague, that all veffels from Grena- " da, were obliged to perform quarantine; and all letters trom ** the latter ifland, were fmoaked at the former. The infection u was reported to have reached Dominica." Extract from the Obferver, a London paper, of Augufl 2$. « The plague, we are diftrefled to hear, has made its appear- « ance in feveral of our Welt India iflands. At Grenada, and « Dominica, the fymptoms are faid to be highly alarming." Extract from a King/Ion paper, of Oclober 12. " The iflands of Barbadoes and Dominica continue to be " afflicted with a malignant fever ; about 300 white inhabitants " have perilhed in the former, and near 500 in the latter." f To any enquirer I am ready to communicate the name of th< Supercargo, and the name of the brig. ( 69 ) 6th. A perfon from Cape Francois, died of this fever at Marcus Hook J—and another at Chefter§- 7th. The veffels in which thofe perfons arrived, and which were infeaed with the effluvia of the fick and dead, came freely to our wharves, and particularly to that very one where the diforder made its firft ap- pearance. 8th. Perfons fick of the yellow fever have been landed in our city from veffels arrived from the Weft Indies*. 9th. Dead bodies have been feen depofited fecretly on board fome of thofe veffels. 10th. There is the ftrbngeft reafon to believe, that the beds and bedding of the fick and dead were not deftroyed, but, on the contrary, brought into our city. nth. This diforder had every charaaeriftic Symp- tom that marked it on former occafions, when its im- portation was unqueftioned. Laftly, Of all the reafons advanced to fupport the o- pinion of its having been generated here, the only one, that has even the appearance of plaufibility, viz. the influence of a tropical feafon, fuch as we had laft fum- mer, is unanfwerably refuted by the concurring tefti- mony of Lind, Lining, Warren, and Bruce, who, in the moft unequivocal manner, have declared that it does not depend on the weather. " It does not appear, from the moft accurate ob- " fervations of the variations of the weather, or any " difference of the feafons, which I have been able to " make for feveral years paft, that this fever is any " way caufed, or much influenced by them ; for I *< have feen it at all times, and in all feafons, in the t I do hereby declare, that I was at Marcus Hook late in July, when a woman, who had been landed there from one of the vef- fels lately from Cape Francois, died ; that I was informed by a French perfon, a neighbour, that fhe died of the yellow fever ; that this perfon burned a quantity of tar at the door, lor the purpofe, as he informed me, of purifying the air. * v * r JOHN MASSE Y. § My information of the death of this perfon is derived from a letter written by dr. William Martin to dr. Currie. * Major Hodgdon and other? can teftify to the truth of this. ( 7° ) '( cooleff, as well as in the hotteft time of the « year."* . . " This fever does not feem to take its origin from «< any particular conffitution of the weather, indepen- " dent of infeaious miafmata, as dr. Warren has for- " merly well obferved; for within thefe twenty-five " years, it has been only four times epidemical in « this town, namely in the autumns of the years «f 1732,' 39, 45, and 48, though none of thofe years, ".(excepting that of 1739, whofe fummer and au- « tumn were remarkably rainy) were either warm- " er or more rainy, (and fome of them lefs fo) than « the fummers and autumns were in feveral other **' years, in which we had not one inftance of any " one feized with this fever : which is contrary to " what would have happened, if particular conffitutions «' of the weather, were productive of it, without infeak " ous miafmata-|-." " In omni anni temfeftate, fefe effert hie morbus; " fymptomata autem graviora obfervantur, ubi calor « magnus cum mult a humiditate conjungiturj." CHAP. XVI. Defultory facls and reflexions. A collec- tion of fcraps*. THE want of a lazaretto, whither perfons labour- ing under contagious diforders, might be fent, and of a proper law on the fubjea, empowering the civil authority to interpofe with the neceffary energy, * Hillary on difcafes of Barbadocs, page 146. +■ Lining, Eflays and obfervations, political and literary, vol. II. page 406. t Bruce, qoored by Lind on hot climates, 2^7. \ This and the fucceeding chapter calls for fome apology. Many of the anecdotes herein related, are of little importance, except.from their having a tendency to reflect light on the ftate of the public mind during a time in which men were moft com- pletely taken by furprife. Conlidering the fubject in this point of view, hardly any occurrence, of fo eventful a period, ought to be fuffered to link in oblivion. Some, of a ludicrous turn, are introduced as a relief to the fombre complexion of a narrative, in which the predominant characters are death and deltruclion, and a cold regard for felf alone. ( 7i ) at the firft inroad of fuch a dreadful deftroyer, has been the caufe of our late fufferings ; for, humanly fpeaking, had decifive meafures been adopted any time before the firft of September, while the diforder exifted only in one ftreet, and in a few houfes in that ftreet, there can be little doubt, that it might have been very foon extinguiihed. But the former fuf- ferings of this place in 1762,^ were'foon forgotten— and no fteps taken to provide for the removal of fuch an evil in future, after it fhould invade the city. It is to be hoped our legiflature, as well as that of every ftate in the union, will fee the propriety of giv- ing this important fubjea the confideration it fo am- ply deferves, and of making provifion againft like calamities in future. In Italy, at Spalato, where the plague raged fifteen or twenty years ago, if the infea- ed did not reveal their fituation to the proper au- thority, they were fubjeaed to capital punifhment; and the fame penalty was denounced againft fuch as did not inform of infeaed perfons, when they knew of them. This is too fevere for the paternal mild- nefs of our criminal code ; but fome penalties ought to be denounced in fuch cafes. Indeed, were lazaret- tos on a proper eftablifhment, it would be an objea of defire with the fick, to be tranfported to them. It is hardly conceivable that the funeral of entire ftrangers could afford fubject of fatisfaaion. Yet they have produced that effect. After being fo long accufto- med to behold the bodies of the dead, drawn to the grave on the fhafts of a chair, the fight of a corpfe carried by men to be interred, afforded fomething like the appearance of former times ; and I believe the fatisfaction excited by that confideration abforbed every thought of the deceafed. The appearance of moft of the grave yards in Phila- delphia is extremely awful. They exhibit aftronglike- nefs of ploughed fields ; and were any thing capable ( 7* ) 'of ftampingon our breafts indelible imprefllons of the uncertainty of the tenure by which we hold our very precarious exiftence, a turn though one of our burial grounds could not poftibly fail to produce that effect. But it is to be feared, that with the danger will vamlh all recolleaion of the diftreffmg fcenes we have palled through. -. m • —^s><^<-s>- It has been denied that a perfon is twice fufceptible of the yellow fever. The opinion, as it has a good tendency, to infpire confidence in convalefcents, and in thofe who have quite recovered, might perhaps as well be fuffered to pafs ^incontroverted, were not truth the objea. Several perfons in this city, have been twice fick with this diforder. I know it is ufual to call this a relapfe. But relapfe or not, thofe peo- ple whom I mean, have been ill—have recovered en- tirely—and been a fecond time taken down. Some of them are now no more, witnefs mr. Fleming. Mr. William Young was worfe the fecond time than the firft. —— One bbfervation, of great importance to the caufe of humanity, efcaped me in the former editions, and ought to be very particularly attended to in every fuch dreadful crifis as we have experienced. Of the very large number of perfons who have fallen under this diforder, it is not improbable that a half or a third have perifhed merely for want of neceffary care and attention, owing to the extraordinary panic. Almoft all the remarkable cafes of recovery are to be afcribed, under providence, to the fidelity of hufbands, wives, children, and fervants, who braved the danger, and determined to obey the diaates of humanity. There arc various inftances of perfons who may be faid to have been by thefe means fnatched from the grafp of death ; having been fo far reduced, as to have their coffins made.—And for the encouragement of thofe who may, at any other time, or in any other place, have friends or relatives in this diforder, let it be ( 73 1 Remarked, that few of thofe who difcharged thilr duty to tlieir families, have fuffered by it. There arc inftances of individuals, who have nurfed and attend- ed on fix, eight and ten perfons unremittingly, in their own houfes, without ever taking the infeaion. Others, before their own ilinefs, and after their reco- covery, nurfed and reftored their families. Willi- am Young had no lefs than ten in his houfe fick, and nearly all at one time. He attended on them till he was taken ill; and, during his ficknefs, gave direc- tions for the management of them, as effeaually as if he was well. After his recovery, he again attended them himfelf. Of his whole family, his wife only died-; and it is fuppofed her death was accelerated by her being in an advanced ftage of pregnancy. There are cafes of fingle perfons having the diforder in large families of eight, ten, and twelve, and none catching it from them. In the family of David Clarke, who died of the malignant fever, there were no lefs than twenty-two perfons, not one of whom caught the in- fection, altho' he had the fame attention paid him by .all his family, as if he had been in any other diforder. Not one of the carters employed by the committee in the very dangerous office of removing the fick and burying the dead, ever had it*. The nurfes at Bufh- hill have all efcaped, except two ; as have the worthy managers. Thomas Boyles, the tenant, who occupied the building at Bufhhill, at the time it was taken as an hofpital, that is, the 31ft of Auguft, lived there until * Let not the humble fjphere of life in which he moves, pre- vent me from here mentioning a worthy and faithful man, Tho- mas Wilkinfbn, employed by the committee, in burying the dead, and removing the fick, from their organization till the ex- tinction of the diforder. Such was the noxious fituation of ma- •ny dead bodies, that he frequently returned vomiting from the performance of his duty. In one inftance, in railing the corpfe of a woman feveral days dead, he was covered with putrefcent blood. Yet he ftill perfevered in the moft unwearied manner, through dangers, that render his prefervation equally aftonifli- *ng with that of Girard, Helm, Helmutb, mrs. Saville, and others. It is to be hoped the corporation will find fome comfor- table fituation for him, in which to pafs the remainder «i his days. K ( 7+ ) the 29th of October, with his wife and fi#: children, none of whom were ever affeaed with the malignant fever. Let thefe inftances fuftice at all future times to prevent fear from totally overpowering the under- ftanding, and producing fcenes of cruelty that make a feeling being blufh for his fpecies. —&>^><&> — - Among the country people, large quantities of wild pigeons in the fpring are regarded as certain, indica- tions of an unhealthy fummer. Whether or not this prognoftic has ever been verified before, I cannot tell. But it is very certain, that during the laft fpring, the numbers of thofe birds brought to market, were immenfe. Never, perhaps, were t^re fo many.before. Several claffes of people were highly benefited by the public1 diftrefs. Coffin-makers . had full employ- ment, and in general high prices for their work. &loft of the retail ftores being fhut up, thofe that re- mained Open, had an uncommon demand ; as the whole of the bufinefs was divided among a few. Thofe who had carriages to hire, to tranfport families to the country, received whatever they pleafed to re- quire*. The holders of houfes at from three, to twenty miles from the city, who chofe to rent the whole or part of them, had'high rents. The two notaries, who protefted for the banks, profited highly by the abfence of the merchants and traders. I have learned with great pleafure, that a few land- lords, commiferating the diftreffes of their tenants, have come to the very humane refolution of remit- ting the payment of rents due during the prevalence of the diforder. Were they to enter into refolutions generally to do the fame, it would reflea honour on them. But there are fome, whofe hardened hearts Jknow no companion, and who will have " the pound " of flefh—the penalty of the bond." Indeed, when the diforder was at the higheft ftage, fome landlords (.75 ) feized the fmall property of poor roomkeepers, who were totally unable to pay their rent. A man wrote to the committeey^informing them that the poverty of his tenants rendered it impoffible for them to pay him ; he therefore begged the committee would, as they were appointed to relieve the poor, pay the ar- rears due him I Another perfon, a wealthy widow, procured recommendations for fome poor roomkeep- ers, her tenants ; and the committee gave them each a fmall fum. As foon as they.had rejeived it, fhe feiz- ed- the money and their clothes I A man loft his wife with the diforder. He had it himfelf, loft his fight totally, and was left pennylefs, with two infant children. Yet his landlord, before his convalefcence w£s complete; feized his clothes and furniture, and turned him out of doors \ ! i' " You may as well ufe queftiwn with rhe wolf, •< Why he hath made the ewe bleat .for the lamb, " As feekto foften that (than which what's harder ?}« " His flinty heart."---■•—:— Shakespeare. I hope the reader takes more pleafure in perufinr cafes refleaing honour on human nature, than'thofe of a different defcription. An amiable woman in New York, feeling for the fituation of the numerous or- phans in this city, wrote to a member of the commit- tee, to choofeher one of them, as nearly refembling a child fhe had loft, as poffible. She particularly de- fired one without connexions, if fuch could be pro- cured; She propofes to adopt it, and, with her huf- band, to beftow on it all the tendernefs one of her own would have had. Would it not be unjuft to withhold her name ? Every reader anfwers^ yes—and I will therefore reveal it—Sufan Willet. Several appli- cations of a fimilar nature have been made by fome of our own citizens. In the fummer of 1791, the yellow fever prevailed in New York, in a part of Water-ftreet, and in pro- portion to the fphere of its a&ion, was as fatal there as ( 7* ) it has been here. It began in Auguft, and continued till the middle of September, when it totally difappear- ed, and has never finCe vifited that place. This ihould eafe the fears of many among us, who, always view- ing the black fide of every thing, terrify people with their prognostications, that we mall have it again next fpring or fummer. All the fymptoms were full as dan. gerous and alarming in New York, as in Philadelphia. Many perfons died in three days ; " ftupor, delirium., " yellownefs, the"black vomit, and death, rapidly fuc- " ceedmg each other."} It fprcad no farther at that time, than the one ftreet, although no precautions, as far as I can learn, were taken to prevent its extenfion. The fame fpecies of* diforder raged in this city in 1762, with great violence. It difappeared in the month of November, and has not from that time until this year vifited Philadelphia, The fummer and fall of this year have been un- healthy in many parts of the union, as well as in Phi- ladelphia. At Lynn, in Maffachufetts, I have been informed, but have no means of afcertaining the truth or falfehood of the report, that a malignant fever, not unlike ours, prevailed in Auguft. In many of the towns of Virginia, intermittent fevers have been much more prevalent and mortal than they have been at former periods. Georgetown and its vicinity, which are in general very healthy, loft, in the courfe of a few weeks in fummer, an unexampled number of people by the flux, which diforder has raged with great violence in many parts of America. The influ- enza has generally fpread through the union, and been very fatal. It has been twice in Vermont, where likewife the putrid fore throat has carried off numbers. At Harrilburg and Middletown, in this ftate, the flux and a putrid fever have been extremely deftruaive, and fwept away, I am credibly informed, a fifteenth I Letter from a phyfician in New York, to his: friend in New Jerfey, Federal Gazette, Sept* 21, 1793. ( 77 ) I part of the inhabitants. Delaware ftate, particularly Kent county, has fuffered much from fall fevers, which have produced a very great mortality. At Do- ver, in the fame ftate, a bilious colic raged with great violence, during laft fummer, and was extremely fatal. At Pauling's Kill, in Suffex county, New Jerfey, a bilious and remittent fever has made very great ha- voc. And various other places have experienced a mortality, very uncommon, and whi-ih, but for the ca- l&nity of Philadelphia abforbing pubnc attention every where, and being'the ftandard of comparifon, would have created great alarms and uneafinefs. Of the number t)f citizens who fled away, it is diffi- cult to form any accurate eftimate. In the qty, from Vine to South ftreet, which has been furveyed by a man employed by the committee, of 21,000 inhabi- tants, the number of abfent people is ftated to be 8600. But as this bufinefs was feveral weeks performing, confiderable variations muft neceffarily have taken place. The emigration was not finifhed in thofe ftreets examined in the early part of his progrefs,—and to- wards the latter part, the returns had been already confiderable. One may be fuppofed to balance the other, and the removals in the liberties to have been equal to thofe in the city. We fhall therefore probably not-err much, when we eftimate the number who left the city at about 17,000. This is notfo many as I formerly fuppofed, having eftimated them at 23,000. Which of the two is accurate, or whether either of them is fo, I leave the reader to determine. The effeft of fear inpredifpofingthebody for the yel- low fever and other diforders, and increafing their malignance, when taken, is well known. The fol- lowing exception to the general rule, which may be depended on, is curious and interesting. A young wo- man, whofe fears were fo very prevalent, as not only to render her unhappy from the commencement of the diforder, but even to interfere with the happineis ( 7-5 ) of the family with whom fhe' lived, had to attend on feven perfons, all of whom were in a very dangerous ftate, and one of whom died. Her attendance was afti- duous and unremitted for nearly three wee^s. \ et me has never been in the Ilighteft degree affected. . , _ The watches and clocks in this city, during the dif- order, were almoft always wrong. Hardly any of the watchmakers remained—and few people paid atten- tion how time parted. One night, the watchmen cried ten o'clock when it was only nine, and continued the miftakc all the fucceeding hours. --<» <3&- The Hope, a veffel from Londonderry, arrived in Our fiver towards the end of Auguft. The■pafferigers had a malignant diforder among them, in confequence of which, orders were iffued to have them landed at State Ifland, that they might undergo examination. Neverthelefs, feveral of them came to the city, and added to the- dangers already exifting. The mayor, on the 3d of September, iffued a proclamation, calling upon the citizens not only to ufe their endeavours to detea fuch as had arrived, and to prevent others from coming, without procuring the proper certifi- cates ; but to make report to one of the magiftfates, of the names of thofe by whom they were harbour- ed, that they might be profecuted according to law. On this fubjea an obvious reflexion arifes, which I will not fupprefs. Our citizens have generally been in the habit of feverely cenfuring the inhabitants of thofe places in which very ftria precautions were ta- ken, to prevent the fpreading of the diforder that prevailed here; and yet we fee that our own conduct, in a cafe nearly fimilar, has not been very different. I would not wifh to be underftood as if I meant to juftify the whole of the proceedings that took place every where ; far from it; fome of them have been to the laft degree fevere, and unneceffarily fo ; for all the cautions requifite, were compatible witha fmall ( 79 ) -r« ■ ■ .degree of attention to the comfort and convenience of fellow citizens, in good health,-travelling for bufi- nefs, for pleafure, or the prefervation of health,' arid even of life.—Whereas in many places it would ap- pear as if the harfheft mode of carrying harfh mca- lures into effea, was- purpofely adopted. My intenti- on is merely to fhow, that fuch as indifcriminately vilify thofe who have reforted to precautions diaated by prudence, do not weigh the matter in the fcales of impartial juftice. Governor Moultrie's proclamation, announcing the existence of the malignant fever in the Grenadas, &c. and ordering a quarantine, is dated the 7th of June. : Some of the poftmafters, in the 'different ftates,1 ufed 'the precaution to dip Philadelphia letters into vinegar with a pair of tongs, before they handled them. Seve- ral of the fubfcribers for Philadelphia papers, made their fervants fprinkle them with vinegar, and dry them at the fire, before they would venture to touch them. " . '[' —«s>-^— Jofeph Infkeep attended feveral fick perfons in a family near him. When he was ill himfelf, he wanted affiftance*, and fent for fome of them to attend him— but they ungratefully refufed ! O Shame ! where is thy blufh ? —— Many of our citizens who fled from the city, neo-kaed or forgot to leave their fervants money enough for their fupport; fo that fome of thefe poor creatures had to depend for fuftenance on the chari- ty of their neighbours. Some of our unemployed tradefmen wifhed to pro- cure work at the new roads now making. But the * His wife was ill at the fame time. ( «o. ; people who were employed, agreed, that if they were engaged, that they would all abandon their work; fo that the overfeers were obliged to renounce the idea. The incautious fecurity of the citizens of Phila- delphia, at the firft ftage of the diforder, is highly to be regretted. Moft of thofe who died of the malig- nant diforder, before the 26^ of Auguft, were earn- ed to burial with the accuftomed parade of atten- dants which fo generally prevails in this city. The chief of the perfons who at that time carried the dead to the grave, and feveral of thofe who attended the funerals, were fpeedily taken fick, and hurried into eternity. *»<>" est —•>-* Sebaftian Ale, an old grave-digger, who had long loft the fenfe of fmelling, fancied he could not take the diforder, and followed his bufinefs without ap- prehenfion. A hufband and his wife who lay fick to- gether, wifhed to be interred in the fame grave. Their deaths happened within a few days of each other. When the latter of the two was to be buried, Sebaf- tian was employed to dig open the others grave. He ftruck upon and broke the coffin, and in ftooping down, received into his mouth fuch an intolerable and deadly ftench, that he was taken, fick immediately, and in a day or two died. ••<••« •» ■•« ••« The fcourge of the yellow fever has fallen with ex- treme feverity on fome families. There are various inftances of five and fix, and fome of eight, tea, and of Godfrey Gebler's family no lefs than eleven were fwept off the face of the earth. Dr. Sproat, his wife, fon, and daughter—Michael Hay, his wife, and three children—David Flickwir and five of his family—Sa- muel Weatherby, wife, and four grown children, are no more. And there are numberlefs inftances of a havoc equally great in particular families. There is enc houfe in this city, from which above twenty per* ( 8. ) fxms were carried, fome to Bufhbili, but the moll oi them to the grave. There is one fact receding this diforder, which renders it probable, that the exercifo of the duties of humanity towards the fugitive PhUadelphians, would not have been attended with the danger uni- verfally imagined. In defiance of all the resolutions entered into by the inhabitants of various towns, ma- ny of our infected citizens evaded their vigilance, and took refuge among them; and in very few cafes is it known that they communicated the infection.—Three perfons died of this diforder, in one houfe near Wood- bury, in New Jerfey; they had been attended during their iilneis, by the family, none of whom caught the diieafe. Six or feven died at Darby, as many at Ger~ mantown, and eight at Haddonfield, without com- municating it to any of the inhabitants* A man from Philadelphia, of tbe name of Cornell, died in New York, about two days after his arrival. The place of" his death was a boarding houfe, in which were feveral boarders, one of whom flept in the fame bed with him. Two of the family only were nightly affected—but not in fuch a degree as to require medical aid. Seve^ ral other infected perfons from our city, died there, and no one caught the infection from them. A man died at one of the principal taverns in Baltimore, of" the fame diforder. Many people had vifited and atten" ded him during the whole of his iilneis, without in* jury. No pedbn was affected but his doctor, whofe in- difpoStion was not of long continuance. A great num^ ber of fmnhr inftances have occurred at Burlington* JBordenton, Lamberton, Princeton, Brunfwic, Wood- bridge, Newark, Lancafter, and various other pkes. Since the liril edition appeared, 1 have had Infor- mation from a number of creditable pedbns, that the ilka that % he diforder has not been communicated out or Philadelphia, h erroneous, A family, of the name of Hopper, near Woodbury, took it from fome of our in&citd dtizcci, ani three of them died* A woman l. in Chcftcr county, who had boarded and lodged fome of the fick, died of the malignant fever. Three peo- ple, of one family in Trenton, took it from a fick per- fon from Philadelphia, and died of it. A negro fervant belonging to mr. Morgan, of Penfaucon creek, in New Jerfey, took up an infeaed bed floating in thd Delaware, which fpread the diforder in the family, and mrs. Morgan and her girl both died of it. It Was introduced by his fon from Philadelphia, into the fa- mily of mr. Cadwallader, at Abington, fome of whom died with it. Some others in different places caught the infeaion, and died. But the cafes of this kind have been extremely few, confidering the numbers, who carried the diforder from hence, and died with it in the country. CHAP. XVII. Another colleclion off craps. THOSE whorenea on the manyfhocking cafes of cruelty and defertion of friends and relations which occurred in Philadelphia, however they may re- gret, cannot be furprifed, that in the country, and in . various towns and cities, inhumanity fhould be expe- rienced by Philadelphians, from ftrangers. The uni- verfal confternation extinguifhed in people's breafts the moft honourable feelings of human nature ; and in this cafe, as in various others, the fufpicion operated as injurioufly as the reality. Many travellers from this city, exhaufted with fatigue and with hunger, have been refufed fhelter and fuftenarice, and have fallen viaims to the fears, not to the want of charity, of thofe to whom they applied for relief*. Inftances of this kind have occurred on almoft every road leading from Philadelphia. People under fufpicion of having this diforder, have been forced by their fellow travel- lers to quit the ftages, and pcrlflied in the woods with- out apoflibility or 'procuring any affiftance. AtEaiton, in Maryland, it waggon-load of goods from Philadeh- * The fugitive Pb:l;ulclpViiaTis were in general a-, ftrulin their precautions againft them who lied ki.er than they, as any of the country people. ( «3 ) phia was aaually burned; and a woman, who came with it, was, it is faid, tarred and feathered ! In a town in Jerfey, an affociation was entered into to prevent all intercourfe with Philadelphia, and the inhabitants agreed to mount guard, alternately. One man, who was principled againft this feverity, refufed to do duty, or join in the combination. He was adver* tifed, and all people forbidden to have any communi- cation with him—indeed he was abfolutely refufed the neceftaries of life—a butcher, who paffed his door, told him, when applied to for provifions, that he had meat enough, but none for hjm. Having gone, for a fhort time, from home, in the dire&ion towards Philadelphia, but not within thirty miles of the city, the centinel on duty ftopped him on his return—and he perfifting in his determination to proceed, the other prefented his firelock, and it is fuppofed would have fliot him, but for the interference of a third perfon. The fon of a citizen of Philadelphia arrived at a iown in Virginia fourteen days before the time of fixing the quarantine, which was for twenty days. However, he was ftill obliged to undergo the full qua- rantine after that time, which made thirty-four days, exclufive of above fix days fpent on the road. ••< ■•< s-s>.-*s> ►•• >•• An emigrant from Philadelphia, who had been away nearly three weeks, had to crofs a ferry in a neighbouring ftate, and was provided with proper certificates of the length of time he was abfent. He got into the fcow, with his wife, and carriage, and was rowed over to the oppofite fide. There he was re- fufed permiffion to land, as he had not a certificate from a particular magiftrate in that part of the coun- try. He leaped out of the fcow, on a rock, and the centinel fwore he would blow his brains out, ^ if he advanced a ftep farther. His wife, who was 'in the boat, was under the moft dreadful apprehenfions, as the ferrymen were drunk, the hcrfcr, in the carriage ( 84 ) fretful, and the wind high. In foitc of his intrcaties, and his offers to prove the length of his abfence, he was obliged to return in queft of the magiftrate poin- ted out. When he arrived at his houfe, which was feveral miles from the ferry, thejuftice concealed him- felf, though fear of catching the diforder. He then went to another, fome miles further back. By the time he returned to the ferry, it was nine o'clock, and he had to wait till next morning. A poor man was taken fick on the road at a village not far from Philadelphia. He lay calling for water, a confiderable time in vain. At length, an old woman brought a pitcher full, and not daring to approach him, fhe laid it at a diftance, deftring him to crawl to it, which he did^ After lying there about forty^eight hours, he died j and the body lay in a ftate of putre- faction for fome time, until the neighbours hired two black butchers to bury him, for twenty-four dollars. They dug a pit to windward—-with a fork, hooked a rope about his neck—dragged him into it—and, at as great a diftance as poffible, oft earth into the pit to cover him. One of our citizens loft his brother in the country with the malignant fever ; and, owing to the fears of the neighbours, could not prevaU on ;*ny perfon every to make him a coffin. He was obliged to wrap him up in a blanket, to dig a grave for him, and bury hint with his own hands. In a fmall town not far diftant from Philadelphia, very arbitrary attempts were unfeelingly made to oblige one of our fugitives to mount guard againft Jus own follow citizens. He refufed j and finding him refolute againft every effort, they were obliged to defift, In one of the American ports, a Philadelphia vef* &t!? juft arrived, was forced to return to fea with only, ( »5 ) two gallons of water for each man. In the fame port, one of the captains from our city had his boat ftove to pieces. The 17th of September, the wcftern fhore Baltimore ftage was flopped about two miles from that town, by an armed guard. The hour of arrival was about eight o'clock at night. There was a tavern at piftol- fhot from the place. But the tavern keeper refufed to receive the paflengers, twelve in number. They were detained on the road all night without any fhelter but the ftage, in which they dozed a part of the night ; during the remainder of it, they lay before a fire which they had kindled in the woods. Next morning, the tavern-keeper, one Murray, an inhuman Goth, when they fent to him for breakfaft, refufed to give them any. But about two hours afterwards, he let them have fome bread, cheefe, wine, and cider, with which they breakfafted on the road. In this fitu- ation they remained until the afternoon, that is, for eighteen hours. A captain in the French navy, with his wife, and feveral French gentlemen, were among fhe paflengers. A rcfpe&able citizen of Philadelphia left the city on the 17th of September, intending to refide on Long Ifland till the diforder ceafed. He was taken ill on the road—and prevented from proceeding, near Newark. He took lodgings at a captain Littel's near Second river. The alarm fpread of an infe&ed man being in the houfe—the neighbours aflembled—fixed a fence on each fide of Littel's houfe, and obliged the people to remove out of a houfe near to it, which the fence Hkewife enclofed. The road and river lay before Litter's door; the former was entirely cut off by the fence, which run clear to the river. At the diftance ' of a hundred yards, was a church, in which public worfhip was intermitted for three or four weeks, through fear. Travellers took a circuitous route of shove a mile, to avoid danger. ( 86 ) At length he died—and his fon, about nine years old, had to affift in performing the laft melancholy rites for him. The fence remained for ten days after his death, to afcertain whether or not his family had taken the diforder. Juftice requires me to add, that they were not fuf- fered to be in want of any neceftaries. They were di- reaed to write what they had occafion for, on a paper and fatten it on the fence. Perfons were appointed to fupply them with whatever was requifite. An artful girl, juft from Philadelphia, completely deceived the centinel ftationed near Bordentown. She afkedhim, with much earneftnefs, as if afraid to ven- ture in, was that there confounded yellow fever got into the town ?—" No," fays he, " you may go in with as much fafety as to your own home." I need not add, that fhe went forward. A Philadelphian, in a fmall town near this city, loft } his child in the fever, and'went to bury it. On his return, he found all his furniture on the road, and the doors locked : and no intreaties could again procure him admittance. When tar was in ufe among the various preventa-* tives, a boy was determined to fecure himfelf by night as well as by day ; and accordingly tied a tarred rope twice about his, neck, and afterwards buttoned his collar with fome difficulty. He woke in the night, half ftrangled, and black in the face. He may with juftice be faid to have nearly choaked himfelf, to favc his life. It would be extraordinary if fo very favourable an opportunity of inventing marvellous ftories, fhould have been fuffered to pafs over without fome prodi- gies being recorded. Mankind are ever prone to the C 87 ) Extravagant, efpecially when their pafiions are warm- ed. And pity and terror, two pafiions particularly calculated to fofter this difpofition, being roufed into aaion to the higheft degree, the marvellous ftories, which were every where current, and which even ftole into print, can be eafily accounted for. Some of the Maryland papers relate, that " a voice had been heard in the ftreets of Philadelphia, warning the inhabitants to prepare for their doom, as written in the prophet Ezekiel, ch. 27." The Marylander who heard this voice, was certainly gifted with a moft extraordinary ear,' as, at the diftance of above a hun- dred miles, he heard what we could not hear on the fpot. And it would appear that hh fight was equally good with his hearing ; for he faw two angels con- verting with the watch. It is true, he is too modeft to fay, he faw them himfelf—he only fays " two angels were feen converting with the watch at midnight, about the fubjea of what the voice had previoufly proclaimed." But no perfon here having ever feen ' them—it is fairly prefumable, as it would be highly criminal to doubt of faas retting on fuch authority, that he muft have been the eye-witnefs himfelf. A merchant of Philadelphia, Who had been abfent for feveral weeks, was returning to the city in the fecond week of November, having heard that the danger was no more. He met a man on the road go- y ing from Philadelphia ; and naturally enquired into the ftate of affairs. The 'other told him, that a coffin maker, who had been employed by the committee for felief of the fick, had found fuch a decreafe of de- mand two weeks before, that he had a large fupply of coffins on hand ; but that the mortality had again fo far increafed, that he had fold all, and had feven journeymen employed day and night. This fo alarmed the Philadelphian, that he again returned with his fa- mily, to wait a more favourable iffue. r gg ) A drunken failor lay in the ftreet, in the northern liberties, for a few hours aflcep, and was fuppofed by the neighbours to he dead with the diforder-, but they were too much afraid, to make perfonal exami- nation. They font to the committee at the city hall for a cart and a coffin. The carter took the man by the heels, and was going to put him into the coffin. Handling him roughly, he awoke, and damning his eyes, aikcd him what he was abont ? the carter let him drop in a fright, and ran off as if a ghoilw^i. at his heels. A lunatic, who had the malignant fever, was ad- vifed, by his neighbours, to go tp BufhhilL He con- tented, and got into the cart *, but foon changing his mind, he flipt out at the end, unknown to the car- ter, who, after a while, miffing him, itnd feeing him at a diftance running away, turned his horfe about, and trotted hard after him. The other doubled his pace; and the carter whipped his horfe to a gallop; but the man turned a corner, and hid himfelf in a Houfe, leav- ing the mortified carter to return, and deliver an ac- count of his ludicrous adventure. Several inftances have occurred of the carters on their arrival at Bufhhill, and proceeding to deliver up their charge, finding, to their amazement, the carts empty. A woman, whofe hufband died, refufed to have him buried in a coffin provided for her by one of her friends, as too paltry and mean. She .bought an ele- < gant and coftly one—and had the othn laid by in the yard. In a week, fhe was Jicrfelf a corpfe—and was buried in the very coffin fhe liadfb much ddpifed. The wife of a man wh© liwe& in WaSjKit-ib'eet, ■was feized with the malignant fever, and given over by the doctors. The hufband abandoned her, and ( «9 ) ^cxt night lay out of the houfe for fear of catching the infeaion. In the morning, taking it for granted, from the very low ftate fhe had been ^n, that fhe was dead, he purchafed a coffin for her ; but on entering the houfe, was furprifed to fee her much recovered. He fell fickfhortly after, died, and was buried in the very coffin, which he hadfo precipitately bought for his wife, who is ftill living. The powers of the god of love might be imagined to lie dormant amidft fuch fcenes of diftrefs as Bufh- hill exhibited. But we fihd that his fway was felt there with equal force as any where eife. John John- fon, and Prifcilla Hicks, two of the patients, who had , recovered, and Officiated as nurfes to the fick, were fmitten with each other's charms—and procuring leave of abfence for an hour or two, they came to the city on the 23d of September, were joined in the bands of matrimony, and returned to their avocation at the hofpital. A long chafm took place in the hymeneal re- \ cords ; for no adventure of the fame kind occurred, until the 5th of November, when Naffy, a Portu- guefe mulatto, took to wife Hannah Smith, a bouncing German girl, who, as well as' himfelf, was employed as nurfe. t The ftate of the police and of fociety in Philadel- phia, appears to no fmall advantage, when we confider one circumftance. Notwithftanding the abfence of the ' magiftfates,-and the immenfe value of property ■ left unproteded through the fears of the owners, a-nd the death:; of the perfons left to take care of it, there was only one or two burglaries committed.—'One was at- tempted : but tlie rogues were difcovered and taken. A hardened villain from a neighbouring irate, formed a plot with fome negroes to plunder houle?: He wa j a mafter rogue, had digeftcd a complete fyitem, and forme-.', a large part'nerfhip for the more fucCefsful ex- ecution c-i hi.i fchen-es. However, he "was foon feized, and thj company diflblved. M • ( 90 ) The jail of Philadelphia is under fuch excellent re gulation, that the diforder made its appearance there only in two or three inftances, although fuch abodes of mifery are the places where contagious diforders are moft commonly generated. When the yellow fever raged moft violently in the city, there were in the jail one hundred and fix French foldiers and failors, confined by order of the French conful *. befides eighty convias, vagrants, and perfons for trial j all of whom, except two or three, remained perfectly free from the complant. Several circumftances confpired to produce this falutary effect. The people confined were frequent- ly cleanfed and purified by the ufe of the cold bath -—they were kept eonftantly employed—vegetables formed a confiderable part of their diet—in the yard, vegetation.flourifhed—and many of them being em- ployed in ftone-cutting, the water, eonftantly running, kept the atmofphere in a moift ftate, while the peo- ple of Philadelphia were almoft uninterruptedly parched up by unceafing heat. Elijah Weed, the late jailor, caught the diforder in the city, and died in the jail, without communicating it to any Of the people confined. I hope'I fhall be excufed for paying a tribute to the memory of this valuable citizen, under whole government of the jail, and with whofe hearty co-operation, moft of the regulations in that inftitu- tion have been effbaed, which, with the fuccefsful experiments made in England, prove that jails may be eafily converted from finks of human depravity and wretchcdnefs, into places of reformation ; fo that, inftead* of rendering the idle vagrant, confined merely on fufpicion, Or for want of friends to protea liim, obdurate, wicked, and ripe for rapine and fpoil, —the profligate and abandoned may be fo'reclaimed in them, as, on their liberation, to become ufefui members of fociety. For the honour of human nature, it ought to be recorded, that fome of the convias in the jail, apart of the term of whofe confinement had been remitted, as a reward for their peaceable, or- derly behaviour, voluntarily offered themfelves as nurfes, to attend- the fick at Bufh-hill, and have in' ( 9* ) itfiat capacity conduaed themfelves witli great fidelity. Among them are fome who were formerly regarded*, and with juftice, as hardened, abandoned villains, which the old fyftem ufually rendered every tenant 6f a jail, who remained there a few weeks. According to the fame furnmary fyftem, thefe men's lives would have been long fince offered up as an atonement to fociety for the injury they had done it.That is, in plain Engliih, becaufe fociety had fuffered one injury by ra- pine, it was neceffary it fhould fuffer another by law. But by the prefent improved and humane plan, they and great numbers of others are reftored to fociety and ufefulnefs once more, Sp much* better, although a little more troublefome, js it, to reform men, than < to butcher them under colour of law and juftice. The fympathy for our calamities, difplayed in vari- ous places, and the very liberal contributions raifed for our relief, reflea the higheft'honour on their in- habitants, and demand our Warm eft gratitude. The c inhabitants of Gloucefter county, in New'Jerfey, have the honour of being firft in this laudable race. So early as the 30th of September, they had a confiderar ble fum colle&ed, with which they purchafed a quan- tity of provifions for *the ufe of the hofpital at Bufh- hill. They have, from that time, regularly continued copious fupplies twice a week. In addition to this, they have made, and are now making, confiderable purchafes of wood, for the relief of the poor during the winter. From a few citizens of Philadelphia, near Germantown, there have been received two thoufand dollars ; from others near Darby, fourteen hundred ; from New York, five thoufand ; from a'" perfon un- known,' five hundred ; from Bucks' county, fixteeh hundred; from Delaware county, twelve hundred'; from Franklin county, nearly five hundred ; from Bofton, fundry articles, which have been fold for nearly two thoufand; :\r\d from fundry other perfons and places, contributions equally liberal and honour- able. ( 9* ) There has been a very ftrong analogy between the ftate of Philadelphia, and that of an army. About the clofe of Auguft, and till the middle of Septem- ber, when the dangers were few, and, by prudent management, might have been eafily furmounted, an univerfal trepidation benumbed people's faculties ; and flight and felf-prefervation feemed to engrofs the whole attention of a large proportion of the citizens. Juft fo, with an army of recruits. Every breath of wind terrifies them. Vague rumours are heard witl^ fear and trembling. In every tree at a diftance is be- beheld a formidable enemy, to whom they are ready to lay down their arms, and furrender at difcretion, But when the " din of arms, and cannon's rattle" have familiarized them with the horrid trade of death, the obftinate phalanx beholds, unmoved, its ranks mowed down, and death advancing, with rapid ftrides, to terminate their (asit is falfely termed)glorious career, —Even thus was it here. ^Towards the; clofe of Sep- tember, and during the firft part of Oaober, when the horrors of the fcene were eonftantly increafing, and {{ from fifty to a hundred were interred daily, then people caft away their various preventatives—thieves' vinegar, tarred ropes, garlic, camphor bags, fmelling bottles, &c.-»-And then it was, that they affumed $ manly fortitude, tempered with the fober, ferious pen* iivenefs, befitting fuch an awful fcene. . : A friend, to whom I communicated this idea, has endeavoured to explain the matter differently. He fays, that thofe who were terrified at firft, generally • fled away—and left behind fuch as were poffeffed of ' a ftronger frame of mind. This is an error ; as many men, who were among the moft ftriking inftances of the influence of terror at firft, behaved, in the ends with the moft exemplary fortitude. -. • Shall I be pardoned for paffmg a cenfure on thofe. whofe iniftaken zeal led them, during the moft dread- ful ftages of the calamity, to croud fome of our chur- ches, and aid this frightful enemy in his work of de1 ftruc\ion ? who, fearful, left their prayers and adora- e 93,) tion at home would not find acceptance before the Deity, reforted to churches filled with bodies of con- tagious air, where, with every breath, they inhaled noxious miafmata ? To this fingle caufe I am bold in afcribing a large proportion of the mortality—And it is remarkable, that thofe congregations, whofe pla- ces of worfhip were moft crouded, have fuffered the moft dreadfully. Will men never acquire wifdomr Are we yet to learn, that the Almighty architea of the heavens and earth, does not require " temples " made with men's hands?" that going to a place of worfhip, againft the great law of felf-prefervation, implanted in indelible charaaers by his divine hand, on the breaft of every one of his creatures, conftitutes no part of the adoration due to the maker and prefer- ver of mankind ? That a " meek and humble heart" is the temple wherein he delights to be worfhipped ? I hope not—I hope the awful leffon fome of our congre- gations hold forth on this fubjea, by a mortality out of all proportion to their numbers, will ferve as a me- mento, at all future times, in the like critical emer- gencies I* <—<3©>— Some of thofe who remained in the city, have, for reafons not very eafy to juftify, been in the habit of reproaching thofe who fled, with criminality, as defer- ters, who abandoned their poftsf. I believe, on the * This paragraph, akhon-rh erroneous, is retained, th-v Tm-ry have an opportunity, which"! chearfidly embrace, of ac/.:: - ledgingthc iniilake I have committed. On a revifion of the ba>: ofmorfaliry, itappears, that thofe congregations who Kept up religions worfhip regularly, did not lofe move than, and fome nottb many- as, their ufual proportions. In one year, ending July 21, 1793, the German Lutherans buried more than a fixth of the'whale"number of the dead in the city—the German re- formed, a fifteenth—the Friends, a tenth—and St. Mary's, an eighth. From Au-tuIIi, to Nov. 9, 1793, tne burials among the German Lutherans were not quite a fixth—among the German Reformed, nearly a fifteenth—among the Friends, an eleventh—, and in St. Mary's grave-yard, a fixteenth. Thefe were the con- grefra- ions I alluded to, in the above remarks. •Mfthev were pven guilty of a crime, it brought its own pu- nifhmcnt-'a-jl am iullvconvinced, that thofe who were abfenr, :md a prey to :ne anxiety caufed by the frightful repots current; uffe.cd :;£ much asthofeVtw remained in the city. ( 94 ) contrary, that as the nature of our government did not allow the arbitrary meafures to be purfued, which, in defpotic countries, would probably have extin- guifhed the diforder at an early period—it was the duty of every perfon to avoid the danger, whofe cir- cumftances and fituation allowed it. The effeas of the defertion were, moreover, falutary*. The fphere of aaion of the diforder was diminifhed. Two or three empty houfes arrefted the difeafe in its progrefs, as it was ilowly, but furely travelling through a ftreet, and probably refcued a neighbourhood from its rava- ges. We fhall long have to mourn the fevere lofs our city has felt, in being bereft of fo many valuable citi- zens : and had the 17,000, who retired, been in the city during the prevalence of the diforder, and loft as large a proportion of their number, as thofe did who remained, we fhould, inftead of 4000 dead, have loft nearly 6000; and perhaps had to deplore in the number, another Clow, a Cay, a Lea, a Sims, a Dun- kin, a Strawbridge, men of extenfive bufinefs, whofe • lofs will be long felt—a Pennington, a Glentworth, a Hutchinfon, a Sargeant, a Howell, a Waring, men endowed by heaven with eminent abilities—a Fle'- ming, a Graefsl, a Sproat, men of exalted piety and virtue—a Wilfon, an Adgate, a Baldwin, a Carrol*, a Tomkins, an Offley, citizens of moft eftimable cha- raaers. Let thofe then who have remained, regard their long-abfent friends, as if preferved from death by their flight, and rejoice at their return in health and fafety. Let thofe who have been abfent, acknow-. ledge the exertions of thofe who maintained their ground. Let us ail unite in the utmoft vigilance to prevent the return of this fell deftroyer, by the molt fcrupulous attention to cleanfmg and purifying our fcourged city—-and let us join in thankfgiving to that Supreme Being, who has, in his own time, itay- ed the avenging ftorm, ready to devour us, after it had laughed to fcorn all human efforts. * Perhaps had all our citizens remained, famine would have hern added to our calamity ; whereas, the markets were abi.-h- dantly fupplied during the whole time. The prices, too, weir In general nor for beyond wiy.d they ufually ait at the Wr.e lea! fori of the year. ;v a :iiidi- &o?nmittee for relieving the fick and diflreffed, appointed b\- ~ ing of the citizens of Philadelphia, fummoiwd by advertifcvient in the public papers, Sept. 13, 1793. President. Matthew Clarkfon. Secretary. Caleb Lownes. Treasure*. Thomas Wiftar. Managers of bushhill hospital, otephen Chard. Peter Helm. Orphan committee. Ifrael Ifrael. John Letchworth. James Kerr. ( Tames Sharfwood. Committee of distriijution. Ifrael Ifrael. John Haworth. James Swaine. iMathew Carey. 'f'homas Savery. James Kerr. Jacob Witman John Lctchworth. James Sharfwood. Samuel Berrge. Superintendant of the burial? o't the dead, and, removal of THE.SICK. Samuel Benge. Distributor of supplies. Henry Deforeft. Committee of accounts. James Sharfwood. John Conelly. Committee on the publication* of letters. Caleb Lownes. Mathew Carey. Deceased memeers. Andrew Adgate. J. D. Sargeant. Daniel Offley. Jofeph Infkeep. Northern Liberties William Peter Spraguts. William Gregory. *acob Witmari. James Swaine. Jofeph Burns'. George ForepaugK. Cafper Snyder. Peter Smith. Vine to Race ftreet Richard Whitehead. Jofeph Kerr. John Ettries. Race to Arcr, Thomas Willis. Daniel Dawfon. Peter Thomfcn. Thomas AlHbor.'e. Lambert Wilmer. Arch to Maket. William Sanfom. Juftinian Fox. . Amos Wickeifham. Market to Chcfnut. Arthur Howell. Alexander Cochran; Thomas Debfcn. Affiftant committee, chofen October 14. SAMUEL CO'ATES, Chairman. John Oldden, Secretary. Chefnut to Walnut. Jeremiah Paul. James Cummins. Cafper W. Morris. Thomas Caftierc. Walnut to Spruce. George Rutter. Benjamin W. Morris. Spruce to Pine. Samuel Pancoaft, jun. John Woodfide. Levi Hollingfworth. William Watkins. Pine to South. John Wood. Adam Brittle. William Eckard. Thomas Dickfcy. Fergus M'Elwaine. Southv.ark. William Innis. Richard Mofth. William Robinfon, fen. John Grantham. John Savadge. John Pattifor'. ( 95 ) APPENDIX.----No. I. An account of the plague in London, in the year -665; ABOUT the clofe of the year i66.«r, the plague was brought over to London in fome Levant goods, that came from Holland. The narrownefs of the ftreets and lanes in London, the clofenefs of the houfes, and their being croud- ed with families, rendered the inhabitants very liacle^. to fuffcr by infectious diforders in fickly feafons j and the plague was almoft continually among the dif- eafes enumerated in the bills of mortality* The goods. above mentioned, were carried to a houfe in Long-acre, near Drury-Lane, where they were firft opened. Here two Frenchmen died ; the diforder communicated to other houfes in the neighbourhood, and infeaed the pa- rifh officers who were employed about the dead. Ano- ther Frenchman, who lived near the infeaed houfes-f,,, removed, for fear of the diftemper, into Bearbinder-. lane, where he died : and thus the plague get into the city. The further progrefs of this cruel diforder was /(< Sopped during a hard froft which fet in this winter, and continued till March, 1665,—wrhen its virulence was revived, by the advance of the fpring. At firft it feized one here, then another a mile or more dif- tant, after which it appeared again where it was, ob= ferved before, pill as accident furnifhed it with con- veyance, and according to the time when perfons cor.traaed the diftemper. The ufual fymptoms of infeaion, for it is not propofed to enter into a ftria medical confideration of the plague, are tints enumerated by dr. Hodges, who lived then in London, and attended patients ii! all ftages of the diforder. Firft, a horror, vomiting, delirium, dizzir.efc, head-ach, and ftupefaaion ; then a fever, watching, palpitation of the heart, bleeding at the nofe, and a great heat about the prsecordia": but the ii^ns more peculiar to the peftilence, were, thofe putt ales, which the common people called bhins, ( 97 ) buboes, carbuncles, fpots, and thofe marks called to- kens. The buboes were hard, painful tumours, with inflammation and gatherings upon the glands, behind the ears, the armpits, and the groin. Thefe tumours, at their firft appearance, were hard, and the event of the diforder was prognofticated from their fudden or flow increafe, from their genuine or untoward fup- puration, and from the virulence of their contents. The peftilential fpots appeared chiefly on the neck, breaft, and back, and were not eafily diftinguifhable from flea-bites. The genuine peftilential charaaers, commonly called tokens, as being the forewarnings of death, were minute diftina blafts, which had their origin from within, and rofe up in little pyramidal protuberances, fometimes as fmall as pin-heads, other times a.s large as a filver penny, having the peftilential poifon chiefly colleaed at their bafes, gradually taint- ing the neighbouring parts, and reaching the furface as the configuration of the vdlels and pores favoured their fpreading. They were alfo derivable from exter- nal caufes, as from the injuries of air, when the pefti- lential miafmata were pent up and condenfed; and by that means their virulence increafed, fo that life was immediately extinguifhed when they reached the noble organs. In the treatment of the fick, all the phyficians agreed in throwing out the peftilential malignity as foon as poflible by alexipharmics, and to thefe, as foon as the belly was loofened, recourfe was had as to a facred re- fuge : in extremity fome had recourfe to mineral pre- parations, as mineral be%oar,fulphur auratum, aura vitce, See. in order to drive out the peftilence by mere force. For external application--, they ufed blifters and cataplafms ; the buboes were opened by incifion; and the efchar formed by the virulent ichor,difcharged by the carbuncles, was chiefly got off by aaual caute- ry ; nor were the blifters, ulcers, or incifions, fuffer- ed to heal until the malignity of the difeafe was fpent. But fuch was the delufory appearance of this peftilence, that many patients were loft, when they were thought in fafe recovery j whereas, others furvived, who were, N ( 98 ) given over fcr loft, much to the difcfedit of the medi- cal art. The apprehenfions of the people were greatly in- creafed, by the crafty prediaions of fOTtunel-tellers, cunning-men, aftrologers, and quacks, who hung out their figns in every ftreet, and found their account in heightening the general terror ; nor was their trade ftopped, until thefe men of fuperior knowledge in the decrees of providence, were themfelves fwept away in the common calamity. As foon as the ma- giftrates found that the contagion extended into fe- veral parifhes, an order was iflued for fhutting up in- feaed houfes, to ftop the communication of the difoiS der. Thefe houfes had fed croffes painted on fhe doots, with this inscription, Lord> have mercy upon us / arid , Watchmen were placed before them, who were daily relieved, to hand neceftaries and medicines into the confined families, and to reftrain them from coming aibroad until forty days after recovery. But though thefe regulations were ftridly executed, the propriety of them was much controverted,, and the hardfhip uni- verfally complained of; for if a frefh perfon was feized in the fame hotife, but a day before this quarantine expired, it was again renewed; which intolerable te- dious imprifonment of the healthy with the fick, fre- quently ended with the deaths of whole families. Nei- ther did this confinement of the fick prove effectual; for each houfe having but one guard, and many houfes having avenues behind, it was impoffible to fecure.all paffages; fo that, fome would amufe the watchmen with dtfcourfe on one fide of the houfe,, while the reft of the family made their efcape at the other; until, at length, the men were left to watch empty houfes. Some watchmen were publicly whipped through the ftreets, for taking bribes to let perfons out privately; and where fuch opportunities did not offer, the watch- men were fometimes ill treated: one near Coleman- ftreet was blown up by gunpowder; and while he lay difabled by the explofion, thofe who had ftrength, efcaped out of the houfe. Some perfons alfo would let themfelves down from the windows, armed with fwords ( 99 ) •stid piftols, in the fight of the watchmen, and threaten ihem with inftant death, if they called cut or ftirred. Many of them were even killed in difputes with thofq they were charged with the care of guarding. It is a fad, though true character of human nature, to remark, that there are always mifcreants ready to take advantage of public calamities; and what greatly con- tributed to tlie lofs of perfons thus fhut up, was the villainous behaviour of fome nurfes. Thefe wretches from an inhuman greedinefs to plunder the dead, would not only ftrangle their patients, and charge their deaths to the diftemper in their throats; but would fecretly convey the peftilential taint from the fores of the fick to thofe who were well. Yet though they were without witneffes in thefe diabolical practices, they often fell themfelves the juft viaims of their own unguarded prefumption. „ Dogs and cats, being domeftic animals, apt to run from houfe to houfe, and being fuppofed to convey the noxious effluvia in their fur or hair; an early order was iriadeby the lord-mayor and other magift rates, by the ad- vice of the phyficians, that they fhould all be immediately killed; and an officer was appointed far that purpofe. It was computed that 40,000 dogs, and five times as many cats, were mafTacred in confequence of this pre- scription ; and all pofhble endeavours were ufed to ex- terminate rats and mice by poifbn, on the fame account. It was inconceivable, as the plague increafed, with what precipitation fuch inhabitants of the city as were able to leave it, deferted into the country; for fome weeks it was difficult to get to the lord-mayor's door, for the throngs that crouded in to get paffes and certi- ficates of hearth ; without which none were permitted to travel through, or lodge in, any towns on die road. The nobility, gentry, and richer tradefmen retired ftrft, and in the "broad ftreets leading out of town, nothing was to be feen but waggons and carts loaded with goods, and fervants; couches full of families-^and horfemcn, all hurrying away; with empty carriages returning for frefh loads. Some families that had no country retreats, laid up a ftort? of provisions, and fhut theuafelves up So care-* ( 100 ) fully, as not to be heard of nor feen, until the plague ceafed; when they came abroad fafe and well;—among thefe were feveral Dutch merchants, who kept their houfes like garrifons befieged, fuffering no one to go out or come in, and thus preferved themfelves in health. •—Many merchants and fhip owners fhut themfelves up on board fhips, and as the plague increafed, removed down the river, nor was it heard that the diforder reached any veffels below Deptford. Poorer perfcms took refuge in hoys, fmacks, and fifhing boats;. but thefe took the infection; others went up the river in boats, lodging by night in tents made of their fails, on fhore; for though the country people would fupply them with provifions, they would not receive them into their houfes. The poor who ran abroad in their extremities into the country, were often ill ufed and driven back, which caufed great exclamation againft the cruelty of the country towns; but felf-prefervation extinguished humanity ; and yet notwithftanding all their care, there was not a town within twenty miles but fuffered more or lefs by the diforder. > nifters; and fad as the minds of the people were;, there were not wanting fome who Satirized them in lampoons, for this fcandalous defertion of their drf- trefled flocks. When on fome church doors were written, Here is a pulpit to let, and on others, A pulpit to be fold, then it was that the ejeaed non-conforming minifiers, fhowed that difinterefted concern for the people, that conftitutes the true effence of the clerical charaaer; for, unmindful of their legal difability, and regardlefs of the Surrounding danger, they refolute^ mounted the vacant pulpits, often twice a day, and Soothed the griefs of crouded audiences by their pious difcourfes and other religious exercifes. When deaths became to numerous, the church yanjs were unable to contain the bodies, and the ufual modes of interment were no longer obferved: occafional pits of great extent were dug in feveral parts, to which the dead were brought by cart-loads, collected by the ring of a bell, and the doleful cry of Bring out your dead! They were put into the carts with no other covering than rugs or fheets tied round them by their friends, if they had any Surviving; and were (hot down in pro- mifcuous heaps! Sometimes the drivers of thofe carts would drop in their employments, and the carts would be found without any condudor; in the parifh of Step- ney, it was faid they loft within the year, 116 Sextons, grave-diggers and their affiftants! Trade was at a ftand, fhops were fhut up, every day looked like a folemn Sabbath ; few were to be feen in the ftreets, and neither cart nor coach appeared but Such as were employed for immediate aas ot necetiity : grate grew in the moft public ftreets, and in the Royal-Ex change,—and the broad flreet in Whitechapel might be miftaken for a green field. Thofe families who carried on retail trades, or Subftfted by labour, were now Sup- ( iob ) ported hy charity, which is recorded to have been wor-* thily extended by thofe who had ability to beftow it. The king contributed iooql. a week, and dr. Sheldon, archbifhop of Canterbury, who remained at Lambeth the whole time, befide his own benefaaions, procured great fums to be remitted from the diocefes under his jurifdiaion, by his affeaing letters to the bifhops—« Monk, afterwards duke of Albemarle, with lord Craven, remained in London, and exerted all their abilities to al- leviate the diftreffes they were witnefs to. Though the city was. in general abandoned by the rich, yet thefe did not forget thofe who were left behind—large fums were fent up by them to the magiftrates, as well as from the trading towns in the remoteft parts of England. The degree of .general diftrefs in the metropolis may be fup- pofed void of exaggeration, when it is faid that befide Mivate charities, the lord mayor and aldermen were ^nabled to beftow ioo,oool. a week for feveral weeks together to the poor! That nothing might be left untried to difperfe the r contagion, large fires were ordered to be made in the , public ftreets ; yet the phyficians were very diffident of 'trie' fuccefs of this expensive experiment; and the trial * foon decided in favour of their doubts. Coals were then 4I. per chaldron •'. and two hundred chaldron were ap- plied in making fire- at the cuftom-houfe, Billingfgate, at the bridge-foot, three cranes, Queenhithe, Bridewell- gate, the corner of Leaderfr-dl and Grace chrrch ftreets, &t the north and fou.h gate^ of the Royal Exchange, Guildhall, hHooveli-hall, at the lord-mayor's door in St. Helens, at Byw church, and. at the weftern end of St. Paul's cathedral.—There fires continued for three days—and were then almoft exringuifhed by a fmart rain: but the following night, from whatever caufe it might proceed, was the moft fatal of the whole; for more than 4000 then expired! and this unfortunate e- vent was a difcouragement to any farther attempts of that nature. When the difeafe was at the greatelt height, little regard was had to the giving medical affiftance; for many of the moft eminent phyficians and furgeons were already dead: and it was in vain to keep houSeS ( io4 ) fhut up, when they were moftly empty with their doOfd and windows open and fhattering with the wind. At length the diforder, after having braved the art of man, gave way to the courfe of nature, at the decline of the Summer Seafon, when, though the numbers of the in- feaed were not obferved to letlen, yet the difordef grew weaker; more in proportion recovered, and th& deaths infenfibly diminifhed. When this began to be perceived, the dread that had invaded the minis of ther people wore off, and contributed to then recovery; and whereas in the height of the diforder it ufeally killed perfons in two or three days, and not above one in five recovered—now it did not kill in icis than etgli^ or ten days, and not above two in five perifbed;> ibap nurfes alfo grew either more cautious or more iaithftfl; fo that after a little while a dawn of health appeared * as fuddenly as it was unexpeaed. In the beginning of November, the face of affairs was quite altered i though the funerals were yet frequent, yet the"citizeB*f# began to return without fear; and in December they crouded back as faft as they had fled in the fpring; -J Such as were cautious, took great care in feafoning* their houfes ; and abundance of coftly things were con- fumed, which not only anfwered their own particular - purpofes, but filled the air with grateful fmehs, which V were ferviceable to their neighbours; fome burnt pitch,- * brimftone, and gunpowder, to purge their houfes and § goods; while others, througheagernefsand carelefsnefs,fl> entered their dwellings without any preparation. Earl Craven and the other juftices of Weftminfter caufed the to bedding of infeaed houfes, to be well dried and aired, "jl the rooms to be new wbitewafhed, and the churchyards to be covered two feet thick with frefh earth ; to pre- vent, as far as poffible, any revival of the peftilential taint. The winter gave the moft effectual check toward fup- preffing this great enemy of mankind; and tho'fome remains of' the contagion appenred in the fucceeding fpring, it was no more than could be etntv conquered by medicine; and the city thus^got rid of the infeaion and returned to perfea health. The bills of mortality computed the numbers of buri- V ( i°5 ) als this year at 97,306, of which 68,596 were attri- buted to the plague ; but this eftimate was univerfally received as very erroneous; as it was not difficult to fhow, from circumftances, that the account was mani- feftly defeaive. At the beginning of the diforder, there was great knavery and collufion in the reports of the deaths; for while it was poffible to conceal the infec- tion, they were attributed to fevers of all kinds, which began to Swell the bills ; this was done fo prevent houfes betfig fhut up, and families being fhunned by their neighbours. Add to this, that the dead carts working in-the dark, no exaa accounts were kept; the clerks and SeKtons being naturally averSe to So dangerous a d uty, and frequently falling fick themfelves before fuch accounts a$ they had were delivered in. Quakers and Jews alfo, who had feparate burial grounds, were not mentioned in the weekly bills; nor was any regifter taken of thofe who died on board veffels of all kinds in the river. It was well known, that numbers of poor defpairing crea- tures wandered out of town into the fields, woods, and other remote places, where they died of the infection arid of want. The inhabitants of the villages would eaf ry food to thefe d-iftra&ed refugees, and fet it at a diftance for them ; and afterwards frequently found them dead with the viauafs untouched. The country people would then dig holes and drag the bodies into them with long poles having hooks at the ends, carefully ftanding to the windward; and throw the earth over them as far as they could caft it. On the whote, it was the opinion of eye witneffes, that the plague deftroyed 100,000 at leaft. The yearly bill mentions but one parifh that re- mained quite exempt from infeaion, which was that of St. John the Evangelift in Watling-ftreet. As to foreign trade during this year, it was almoft extina; as no port in France, Flanders, Spain, or Italy, would admit London fhips, or correspond with that city ; the Turks only and the Grecian ifles, to whom the plague was familiar, were not fo fcrupulous. The Flemings and Dutch had great advantage of this circum- ftance, by buying Englifh goods in thofe parts of England that remained clear of infeaion, carrying them home, and then exporting them again as their own. ( 106 ) V Account of the Plague at Marfeilles, in 1720. ARSEILLES has been feveral times vifited by the plague, as in the year 1580, in 1630, 1649, and 16'f.o. In May, 1720, the citizens were informed,% that the plague had made its appearance in Paleftine, and Syria. On the 25th of that month, a veffel-from Syria, and the ifland of Cyprus- where the plague prevailed, arrived at the ifles of Chateaudif, in the vicinity of the harbour of Marfeilles. After performing a quarantine, the paflen* gers were permitted to mix with the inhabitants.- One of the crew, and a perfon placed on board as a guardphad in the mean time died; but the furgeon employed to examine the bodies, declared, 'that he could difcover no mark of the plague. On thfe 12th of June, a Ship, with a foul bill of health, as it is termed, caft anchor. On the 24th and 26th of June, four perfons died. Three of thefe were porters, who had been entrufted withf the care of purifying the merchandize on board xjf thefe veffels. The fourth was a hoy belonging ta the firft veffel. Hence it appears that ihe'progrefs of this contagion was in the beginning extremely flow. The furgeon again certified that 'therefwas no Sign of--the plague; but the magistrates began tO'diftruft him. iT%m caufed the bodies to be buried in quick lime, atKhitife veffels, from the cargoes of which the | St. Peter's. | St. Paul's. M Q -O 00-J cxu *■ *> M 4* <■-> 1-1 >■ W M *J CM M fc> H H *> w [ Firft: Prefbyterian7~ "m | .Second Prefbyterian. m h m *»| Third Prclbyterian. Scotch Prefbyterian. Seceders. CM4>*>CMt> cm »**»*>■(>■ WCmm Cm ti *> ^ —■----:----*-"©- h w w | St. Mary's. <* V Trinity. fci CM H'W M »■- %.» Friends. Free Quakers. Mbi 4> ub ^U Cm m 4» JJ «j M >> H* CM CM M [ German Lutherans. h w| German Calvinilts. Returned in grofs. Moravians. Returned in grofs. w —; *> h [ Swedes. ^-. |Baptifts7 Returned in grofs. Methodifts. | Univerlaihts. Returned in frrofs J Jews, fc» H »i H \MCMCMW>HWHCM Mt»HMHMHWH»itJ '»' , Qi h » | Kenfington. *> 'X w | Potter's field. ITotal. .t»* - '-; 3 •3 so gg-s- feu 5s- =? L *•* CJ NO Is in hilad n, Se ca 5.K5* tt* Co 1IV. r* rave yards of ken from the from Auguft •5. -*",5i.* f ■ SEPTEMBER. !s I . 1 d \U a « 2 u fc-j • 1 "2! 3 en ,-M -> "Li 1 1_ ;Ph '•-3 ; a ; 0 *-> >. ,0 S -p u V 0 •A 1 C 1 1-. "3 i a > 1~ -a 4 -3 0 =1 .5 d 0 ts. 13 "2 "0 cd 'u "3 0 CJ CO 00 '"h W3 H < 1 =JJ 1 ^r .1-aijw H ^ O ^ 2 5" i ^ 0 j-< i I 1 i 2 1 1 4 I 2 5 17 18 2 1 j 2 2 5 3 1 I 4 3 I il h 1 2 3 ir 4 3 ll 112 2 1 2 4 3 2 2 *3 j 4| 1 1 1 I 1 2 3 I 5 20 6 a! il 2 2 1 1 5 1 2 7 •"4 7 1 I "i1 1 1 2 3 I 7 t8 8 2 il i!4 2 2 3 4 4 2 1 16 42 9 1 2 | 1 1 3 1 7 1 I I 13 31 10 3 1 I I 2 3 1 6 5 1 I A 29 ii 2 i| I I 1 2 3 I 3 8 VJ 12 I 2|6 I I 2 3 2 2 I "■j ■?> "f 2 IC 33 13 14 15 I 4 2 j 3 1 I 3 1 1 1 3 I 3 4 5 1 4 1 7 4 10 bo 8 5 9 2 2 1 I I I •S R fee I ;IC 2 I; 2 I« n 48 56 16 4 2 1 2 3 1 4 3 10 3 11 7 I a s £ 3 i' 67 17 I I II 1 4 2 5;a 7 £ 21 7 3. 3 3 3 2f ii iS 3 4| 2 4 2 6 2 7 10 4 2 3 i', 6X r9 4 *i 2 3 2 4 5 9 5 2 2.- >j ao 3 I I 1 2 2 2 3 9 7 1 3 5.3; ^7 21 3 3 1 2 1 6 6 8 2 4!« 57 22 6 1 2 3 1 I I ' 6 7 6 I 1 1 7 33 16 23 1 3 2 4 5 2 7 8 6 !9 21 6b 34 5 2 4 4 2 9\ 8 12 4 |8 U 96 2J 4 2 2 4 4 2 61 8 15 5 3 7 *S 87 26 2 I 3 I 1 1 5 6 5 1 1 25 ?2 27 3 I I 2 I 4 I 6 .'14 6 5 2 14 60 28 1 I I 1 I I i |a 4 5 3 2 »9 yi 29 4 3 2 2 3 I 4 1 10 7 3 1 2 M J7! 30 4 I 2 I 3 1 1 6 Ig *J 4 6 3 a it y * OCTOBER. S . 1 ' c :: .1 IS -3 i~ 1 1 "-1 •f" _c Ih /. i 1 1 ..* -5 ~ r- 3 '■ * ••fi .XI Pi j 5 3 J ,*-i ■r ^ d ■a < 9 a .1; ;- u ■-1 V a "3 •"' 5 -c 5 r •3 QJ i 0 t£2 0 C I 3 V A 3 4 1 < ■-S ^ -3 ~"'j . 12 O 7 -311 33 a; 2 1—1 <4= c 5 Jrl O t*H 21 c 74 ■ i 4 *:J 4 8 2 2 2 I I 3 1 2 2 3 1 9 %!5 J 31 67 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 5 1 7 n IC 6 4 I 2 33 78 4 1 2 4 2 I 3 3 ■y 5 2 I I 37 5* 5 2 1 2 3 I 2 12 c '11 3 I 4 3 26 7i 6 2 5 1 I 2 I 5 J £114 4 2 34 76 7 7 3 1 2 1 •5 I 2 1 2 9 -^12 7 2 2 35 8*2 «3 2 3 I 2JI 2 3 2 J 21 6 3 3 33 9c 9,2 1 I I 2 I •7 I 4 19 8 I 1 3 50 102 io 7 2 2 2 2 3 ^ 6 26 6 I 2 I v. 1 3i 93 II 4 2 5 I 3 2 3 I 12 21 8 J ~g SJ> 2 50T19 I2J I 2 2 I 4 1 6 I II 17/5 1 2< tv 8 44|lll J-3! 6 3 1 I I 4 19 2°; 5 1 ^ "5 S 4 48104 M 2 I 1 5 2 3'5 17,7 I 7 « K 1 -*> 15 |3 29 81 15 3 3'1 I 2 1 4 1 9 14 7 2 £ 39 8c ?6 1 11 2 2 4 2 2 6 1 « g' 3 !2TOw> OOS.3 J? 3 & o c cri o* g ^ Cm Cm Cm ON hSO 4^ io O SO t> O O, t> »1 w M | Chrift Church. M W H H W | St. Peter's. | St. Paul's. H | Firft Prefbyterian. | Second Prefbyterian. *» j Third Prefbyterian. | Affociate Prefb. | Reformed. *> H Cm H M Cm « | St. Mary's. H M | Trinity. o ^. w cm ^ cm | Friends._______. Returned hTgVofs'. \ Free Quakers.______ Sj ~ „ w o, o, cm w ] German Lutherans. »j *> h.| German Calv nifts. 1 Moravians. td j Swedes.____________ "Returned in"g~>efs. | Baptifts.__________tt 'Returned in grofs. | Methodifts.__________ iTTTT^erlliiits. ~H "turned in • i'v-'s. owoiOi os cv ±. oo<-n | t'<'i"f''r's field- rci [rift Church - <• ^73 Proteftant Epifcopalians \ St. Cst , Peter's 109) , Paul's. - 7® ] Second 73 12*8 Prefbytetians <*J Third ] Affociate 107 . 12 ^Reformed _ 33 r St. Mary' 's StfE Roman Catholics < German part of do. 30 (. Trinity- _ 54 373 Free Quakers Returned in grofs. 3? ~ f Lutherans GermanlCalvmift8 - - - - 641 s6r 13 75 Baptifts Returned in grofs. 6a Methodifts Do. 3« Univerfalifts - % Jews - Do. - » Kenfington - i6t> Potter's field, including the i lew ground 1334 404I a METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, made in PHILADELPHIA, by DAVID RITTENHOUSE, Efquire. AUGUST, 1793- Thermometer. 6 a. M.3 p. m. , 65 77 Barometer. ' a.m. 3 P.M. 1 29 95 3Q c 2 30 1 30 1 3 3° S 29 95 4 29 g7 30 0 5 3° 5 3° * 6 30 2 30 0 7 ' 3° I2 3° * 8 30 1 29 95 0 29 8 29 7f JO 29 9 29 e 11 30 0 30 0 J£ 30 0 30 0 1,3 30 5 30 0 14 30 0 29 0, if 3° 0 30 1 16 30 1 30 1 37 3° * 3° . r 18 30 1 30 c if 30 1 30 1 2t 30 1 .30 18 21 3° *5 '3° 2. 1 3° 3 3° 35 2!i 23 30 25 30 1; 24 3° l 3" ] S,1 30 1 30 V af- 30 15 30 2 2" 30 2 30 £ J* 3O 2 5|0 If £< 30 l6 30 1J 3<- 30 1 30 I Ol 30 0 30 0 63 6* 65 73 77 68 69 75 67 70 7* 75 72 70 7» 73 ' 72 69 62 63 63 73 7» 59 65 67 72 74 74 Si 82 87 9° «7 83 86 85 82 84 87 89 82 75 83 86 89 82 82 83 86 85 81 66 69 73 80 86 87 Wind. * Weather. 6 A. M. 0 P. M. 6 A. M. 3 p- "'• WNW NW cloudy, fair, NW SW *aT, fair, ■ n NNE fair, far, S SW fair, fair, ssw-- SW fair, fair, SW W cloudy, fair, N.W w f/r' fair, SSE SSE fa.r, rain, SSW SW Joury, fair, w SW *air, fair, SW wsw cloudy, cloud) w w fair, fair, SW w fair, fair, SW SW fair, rain,. NNE NE rain, ck af- NNE NE fair, fair, SW SW fair, fair, calm SW fair, fa;r, N N fair, clou J NNE NNE fair, fa.r, N NNE fair, fair, NE SE fair, fair, calm S fair, fair, calm calm cloudy, ra n. NE NE rain, great r NE NE cloudy, cloud NE NE cloudy, cloud S calm cloudy. clear calm SW cloudy, fair, calm SW fair, fair, SW NW rain, fair, METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, PHILADELPHIA, SEPTEMBER, 1793. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 «9 3° Barometer. Thermometer. 6 A. M. 3 P. M. 6a.m. 3 P. M. 30 O 29 30 7i 86 2975 29 8 73 86 80 0 60 3° »5 3° *5 5.5 75 3° *5 3° - 62 80 29 97 29 95 70 89 30 0 30 0 65 77 30 1 30 1 64 70 30 0 30 0 66 80 30 0 30 0 64 72 feter Alyart Sarah Ainmond ■ Am and Francis Anderfon Francis Anderfon's child Alexander Anderfon, innkeeper liugh Anderfon, tailor Jam'ts Anderfon's wife Sufauna" Anders William Anderfon, aged 72 Jacob Anderfon's daughter John Andre Thomas Andrews, fhoemaker, and fon Ifaac Andrews Rev. Robert Annan's wife Jacob Anthony's wife, and fon Henry 'Tho-.r.t'.s P. Anthony, merchant Michael Babb John Bacon's wife David Bacon's wife Mary Bacon Wt-'ow Backer EHi bedi E-.ck Geo";;:. Backley John Barlley, farmer Jacob 3-*,der, labourer H^qji Gain's child Mrs. B.ikeoven, tavern keeper Adam Baker Samuel Baker, bookbinder Bartholomew Baker's child Catharine Baker ChriUiai.a Baker, widow George Baker, merchant Jane Baker, widow Michael Baker, fhoemaker Sarah Baker Wallace Baker William Baker, fen. Wm. Baker, jun. apprentice George Baldy, tanner Daniel Baldwin, apothecary Burgers Ball Kenry Ball, or Bale, fadler Hannah Bales John Ballance, blackfmith Thomas Ballentine Dougal Ballentine James Balling, gunfmith John Balluftree's fon Mary Banks * Jacob Bankfon's widow & child Ceorge Bantteon's fon John Baptifte Barbara ■ , a fervant Barbe, a black woman John Barber, carpenter Ifaac Barber, plafterer Jacob Barkelow's child John Barkley's child Mary Barclay and child Ifrael Bard Thomas Barker, chair-maker John Barker Wade Barker, an apprentice Mary Bare Margaret Barkett Blair Barnes, hair-dreffer Cornelius Barnes, merchant Sterman Barnes, merchant Francis Barnes Paul Barnes's fon Ifaac Barnett, joiner Garret Barrey, type-founder John Barret's child James Barrett's wife Bridget Barret Edward Barrington, grocer James Barry and child Matthias Barry Peter Bartho, apprentice Peter Barthol, cooper, and wife ■ — Bartholomew, failor Elizabeth Bartholomew 1 Charles Bartholomew's wife ChriftliebBartling's wife & dau. ■ ' Barren Alexander Barron, labourer Lewis Barron Thomas Barry William, fon of John Barry Robert Bartram, fon of jofeph John Barwell, livery-ftable- keeper, and wife John Bafs, apprentice Francis Baftian Magdalen Baftian Lawrence Baft, labourer William Baftin's fon Abraham Bates Peter Batto, cooper Catharine, widow of Tho'sBatt Widow Batt's daughter # Sufan Batty John Batty John Baufh, fhoemaker Anna Barbara Bauer Catharine Bauchman Elizabeth Bauck, a fervant Peter Baufan's fon Henry Charles Bauman,weavev Andrew Baufh Adam Baufh, reed-maker George Bautz, carter ( 123 ) Charles Baytnan, wheelwright Jacob Bay, type-founder Elizabeth Bayle James Beak, labourer Honour Beale Nathaniel Baine's wife William Beard, blackfmith Bridget Bearet John Bear's wife John Beattie, labourer, & wife John Beattie, porter of U. S. B. Catharine Beattie Elizabeth Beaufort Charles-Beaumont Andrew Beck, fen. dyer Andrew Beck, jun. Eliza, daugh. of Andrew Beck Bernard Beck, porter Catharine Beck ' * Jacob Beck's wife and daughter Almy Beck John Beck, fen. dyer John Beck, jun. Eliza, daughter of John Beck Peter Beck, fhoemaker Mary Beckener Rachel Beck ( ' George Becker's child Jacob Beeker Margaret Beeves ——— Beifs, labourer Alexander Beicht's child Elizabeth Bell John Bell Maria Antoinette Bel voire Catharine Benard Elizabeth Benge Francis Benjie John Bennet, joiner, and wife Samuel Bennet Michael Benner, labourer Jacob Benner Benjamin Benoit's child Thomas Bennet, labourer Lucy Bennet, wife of ditto Ofwald Bently John Benfon's child Rene Berenger, Fr. Margaret Bergmeyer Mary Berg, JKt. 75 ------Berry, tinker, and wife Catharine Berry's child Colonel William Berry Nicholas Berkelet Daniel Befkmeyer Claudius A. Bertier, merchant Samuel Bettle, fen. tailor Henry Beyer Georsre Bet in irer Abraham Betts John Betz Peter Betto Thomas Bevans Mary Bevans Chriftopher Bevelin, labourer Jenny Bickledick Ann Bickley Margaret 'iileman Owen Biddle's d.»-i-?-hter Jane Henry Pievfe, fh'>rni;*-ker John Biggs, linen-draper, tirwife Eleanor Bigley Peter Bignall's wife Ann Bigot Jacob Biiuier Jacob Bilerdcr's child Anna Bird, fervant Francis Bingin Cornelius Bird Jofeph Bird's child Chriftopher Birger, cartel' Thomas Birmingham Ann Birmingham Ann Bifhop Thomas Bifhop's daughter Thomas Biven John Peter Bittman Robert Black, bricklayer William Blake's child Anthony Blame, confectioner Widow Blofbeyer Nath. Blodget,Virginia planter Stancy Blockler Jacob Blocker, labourer Jacob Blocher, fhoemaker Jacob Blocker's wife ----Blofoeyer's grandchild Elizabeth Blir.ey Eliza Blackley Robert Hack Rich. Biackham, ironmonger Bernard Biavekoufe Charles Boehm, apprentice Charlotte Boehm, a ferva'it Adam Bohi, carpenter, and two daughters Martha Eogp?7 widow Thomas Eogh, fhuemakcr -----Eogs George Bounce, carter George Bock's filter Widow Bock Mary Bock Margaret Bond. frinfler Peter Bob's daughter Widow Baku's fon Jofhvia Eon 11, ("i;-pen'er H^nry Bonn, Ir.kouier C l24 ; Jemimah Bonfhall Sarah Bonnel, a child Sarah Bird Barney Book, and child Thomas Boone, carpenter Jofeph Borde, lawyer Geo. Bornhoufe, cabinet-maker John Bafs's wife Benjamin James Boftock Andreas Bofhart, wife and fon Wife of Andrew Bofhart, fen. Wife of Wm. Bofton, baker Elizabeth Bofwell Jemimah Bofwell Charlotte Bower Widow Boulter Saliniah Bontnan Catharine Bourke Peter Bourke, hatter Andrew Bower's wife Martha Bowers Stephen Bowers, fhoemaker Mrs. Bowen Jofeph Bov/en Elizabeth Bowen Adam Bowles, carpenter Catharine Bowles Henry Bowles's wife and 2 fons Sufannah Bowles Catharine Bowman, a fervant James Bowman Frederic Bowman, doorkeeper Frederic Bowman Henry Bower's wife John Bowyer, gardener William Boyce's wife and fon Elizabeth Boyd Martha Boyd, fervant Anthony Boyer, ftore-keeper Catharine Boyer, widow Henry Boyer, coachmaker Michael Boyer's child Michael Boyer, butcher James Boylan's child Mary Boyles, widow Catharine Boynes Benjamin Bodger's fon Mary Brackley, a lervant Ann Bradfhaw Riley Bradford, waterman Mr. Bran dh offer John Brailey Jacob Brant, blackfmith John Braun's wife Martin Braun, labourer Widow Brayton's two childrc Francis A. Breinez William Brickhoufe Paul Barnes's child Charles Brinhon Mary Brady John Breckel's wife Therefa Briftol Anthony Bricour Catharine Breflin Michael Briefch, tailor Eliza Brelew Rofe Bride Jofeph Brewer, merchant Samuel Breflin John Bretzel, baker William Brewfter's fon Chriftian Bridig Samuel Brien's daughter Catharine Britton Ifaac Britton Peter Bridnen, labourer John B right's fon Sarah Bright Fra. Brooks, gunfmith, & child Jacob Broener, tailor, and wife Edward Brookes's wife William Brookes's daughter Mary Brooks Francis Brookes Wife of-----■ Brooks, invalid Hannah Brooks — Broomftone & 2 apprentices Widow Elizabeth Brogdon John Brother's apprentice John Brown, a negro Ann Brown Mary Brown Barbara Brown, a fervant Conrad Brown and wife , Wife of George Brown, tailor F. Brown, tailor, and wife Jacob Brown, jun. John Brown, carpenter John Brown, brickmaker Martin Brown and mother Thomas Brown, tailor William Brown, labourer Thomas Brown, fhopman Thomas Brown,labourer James Brown Elizabeth Brown William Brown George Brownpere, labourer Francis Bruckner Barnabas Bruckholft and wife James Broudwick John Brunftrom George Bruner, tailor, & wife ( "5 > acob Bryant, blackfmith ohn Bryan's wife and child Matthew Bryan, tailor Peter Bryan, fhoemaker Thomas A. Bryan Thomas Bryan's wife William Bryan, labourer Ifaac Buckbee, hatter George Buck, baker Bernard Buck's daughter Wife&child of Jof. Budd,hatter —— Balledet Sufannah Budd, widow Sarah Bufier Widow Bulem Jofeph Bullock's fon George, and daughter Angelina Mary Bullman Samuel Bull man's wife Mary Bunting Rachel Bunting Jofeph Buffington's daughter Jofhua Bunn Jofeph Burden's child Sufanna Burden, in Almshoule Thomas Burden, tailor Catha. Burkhart, widow,iEt.8o Margaret Burkhards George Burdy, tailor Wm .B urkhard's daughter & fon Daniel Burkhard's daughter John Burkhardand fon Elizabeth Burke Peter Burke's daughter George Burke's child Catharine Burke's daughter Jofeph Burke, clerk Margaret, wife of John Burke Jofeph Burke, from W. Indies Thomas Burke's wife David Bark, tailor Sophia Burke Jacob Burkellow, jun. Jofhua Burns, houfe-carpenter Mary Burns Patrick Burns, labourer ElizabethBurngate, fhopkeeper Mrs. Burns John Burns Thomas Burn's wife Mofes Burnet, ferry man Robert Burrows Elizabeth Burs John Bufyman William Butler, chairmaker Elizabeth Bufh ftnbert Rnfbv William Butts, fhoemaker John Butler Francis Byerly, a lad John Burns, currier, and wife Sarah Cable, a fervant Catharine Cabler Hannah Cadwallader Paul Cake's wife Sufannah Cake James Calbraith, jun. James Calbraith's young maw Jn. Calder, fhopkeeper & wife John Caldwell, a child Mary Cale James Callagher, feaman Martin Callaghan Michael Calup's child & fervant Daniel Calley William Cameron, innkeeper Charlotte Camp Matthias Camp Wife of Mr. Campbell, tailor Ann Campbell George Campbell, wife Sarah, and daughter Mary Chriftiana Campbell James Campbell, fhoemaker John Campbell, fervant Alexander Cambler Patrick Camble, labourer Alexander Cambell William Campbell and wife James Camus Gilmet Cambay Dan.Canaaen,fmith,& child,Ir. John Candie Mary Cane, widow John Canner, baker Phebe Cane James Cannon Fanny Cannon George apehart, tobacconifi George Capehart and child Frederic Capehart, apprentice Caleb Cappey Chriftopher Carefoot Francis Cardell Eleanor CarreU Catharine Care Laurence Carrell,brafs- founder Andrew Care, tailor Philip Care's wife and child Peter Carey, apprentice John Carey's child Peter Carey's child ----Carey's wife Stelena Carl ( 126 J Bernard Caipentier John Carpenter James Carper John Carner Hannah Carlwine James Cai*r, labourer, and wife John Carr Jofeph Carr, joiner, and wife Jofeph Carr, apprentice Rebecca Carr and mother Mary Carr Rob't Carr's wife,brafs-founder Daniel Carrigan, bricklayer Charles Carroll, merchant Elizabeth Carrens Mary Carrol Sarah Carrowood, fervant Timothy Carrell William Carfs, tailor < William Carfs and child Ann Carfon, houfe-wife Francis Carfon, labourer Joleph Carfon Jofeph Caffin Hannah Carter Lewis Carter,harnefs-maker James Carter James Carter, jun. John Carpenter's daughter Jacob Cathrall, fbn of Ifaac Benjamin Cathrall's fon William Cathers Catharine----a fervant Jalian Catton James Cavelin, tailor Bar. Cavenagh, porter, & wife Elizabeth Caw Elizabeth Caw David Cay, merchant Chriftian Cent Frederic Cephers, joiner Mary Francis Chabot ---- Chace, of Baltimore Dorothy Chafferly Abraham Chalwell David Chambers, ftone-cutter Adam Chambers's child Henrietta Chambers Harriet Chamberlaine's daugh. Richard Chamberlaine's daugh. Sarah Chambers Dorothy Chapman James Chapman, whip-maker Hannah Chapman Charles----, a drover John Chatham, blackfmith Thomas Cherry, cooper Mary Cherry George Chefs's wife Eliza Chefler Thomas Chevalier Michael Chew's child William Chipley Ernft Chrift Jacob Chiiftlcr's wife Elizabeth Chriftie Matthew Chriftie, fen. Matthew Chriftie, jun. Andrew Chriftie, printer Polly Chriftie Frederic Chriftian, baker George Chrifthelf's daughter, and her child Maria Chriftly Samuel Chriftman JohannChriftmann's fon Johann James A. Chubb George Chrifthelf, mufician John Chriftel's fon John Clackworthy Adam Clamper, and child Thomas Clamper Ann Clampton Ferdinand Claney Abijah Clark's child David Clark, coachmaker Ephraim Clark's wife Henrietta Clark, fpinftrcfs Elizabeth Clark James Clark, carpenter Nelly Clark Margaret Clark Chriftian Clark's young man Thomas Clark, brickmaker Edward Clark Sarah Clark William Clark, waterman ames Clarkfon largaret Clafpin John Clatwortby, tailor George Claufe David Claypoole's twochildreu George Claypoole, joiner William Claypoole's child Bartley Clayton's child Francis Clayton Benjamin Clayton William Claw Elizabeth Clements Chloe----, fervant William Clements Jacob Clements, farmer C "7 ) Thomas Cleverly, baker Thomas Clifford, fen. merchant Sarah Clifton Ifaac Clime, carpenter Sophia Climer Daniel Cline, baker David Cline and daughter Ifaac Cline, carpenter Devolt Cline George Cline John Cline, labourer John Cline, bricklayer lJhilip Cline, baker Mrs. Gingham Mary Clingland Church Clinton, houfe carpen- ter, and wife Margaret Clofter Andrew Clow, merchant William Clow, printer George Clowfe James Clubb Philip Clumberg, furg. barber Chriftian Cluper Hugh Clymer Daniel Coarigan, bricklayer JofiahCoates's daugh. Margaret Thomas Coates's child Wife and child of John Cobble, black! mith John Coburn's child Samuel Whiteafe Coburn Child of James Cochran, houfe carpenter John Cocklin John Cochran, a feaman Mrs. Cohen and fon George Thomas Colbert, clerk Jofeph Coleman's wife William Coleman's child Dorothy Coleman Adam Collins, tobacconift Honora Collins and child Judith Collins, fervant Nicholas Collins, trunk-maker Margaret Collins Ralph Collins and wife William Collins, his wife, his two daughters, his fecond wife, his fon James, his wife, & his child, all of one family Ifaac Collins Catharine Collyer Sarah Coltman, midwife John Colvill's child Sarah Colway Abraham Camby, carpenter Cornelius Comegys' wife Ann Mary Commyns Sarah Commyns Robert Conckell Barbara Conard Margt. Conard, daugh. of John Mary Conard Maria Conde's fon Matthew Conard,tavern-keeper Robert Condit Margaret Conery Michael Conrad, a lad John Conrad, and wife Mrs. Conrad, and girl John Conrad, watchman Widow Conrad Maria Conrad Jane Conkey George Connelly, bricklayer George Connelly's child John Connelly's child Molly;daugh.of M.chael Conner Sarah Connelly Patrick Connelly Margaret, wife of Jof. Conyers ■-----■ Confer, tailor Charles Coiitant Edward Cook's daughter George Cook, labourer, & wife Henry Cook Henry Cook George Cook, porter William Cook, ftone-cutter James Cook John Cook William Cook's child George Cowper's wife Jacob Cowper, apprentice John Cooper's apprentice James Cooper, labourer Peter Cowper's fon, currier William Cowper, currier Charles Cope, fhoemaker Son of John Cope, butcher George Cope Margaret Conry Jacob Coppas, labourer Patt. Conly Michael Corroy James Cornelius, carpenter David Copeland, tavern-keeper Mrs. Corns, and fon Mrs. Corran Mary Cone Lewis Coffart, apprentice William Corfy Michael Corley, upholfterer Nicholas Corley, miU.ftone ma- ker, and child ( i28 ) Judith Corley Lewis Coul Elizabeth Corkrin John Cotringer William Roulfon, fawyer Richard Courtney, tailor John Coufins, ftore-keeper Widow Cownouft's child John Cowen, ftore-keeper James Cowan and child John Coward, hemp-drefler William Cowles Samuel Cowty's child Louifa Cowell Barney Cox John Cox, fhoemaker William Cox The boy and girl of William Cox, chair-maker Jofeph Cox, currier ____Cox's fon-in-law Alexander Cox Charles Cox's child Jofeph Cox, and wife Ann Coy John Cozens Jacob Craft, breeches maker James Coffee William Coffee Dennis Connor Rebecca Corron Anthony Cradet James Craig, merchant, iEt. 80 Edward Crane John Craig's wife Lydia Craig Mrs. Craig Mrs. Craig Jacob Cramp, bifcuit-baker Sufannah Cramp George Craps James Crawford's child Chrif. Crawlinberg, joiner Margaret Craig, widow Mary Crayhead, feamftrefs Henry Creemer Cafper Crefs, and daughter Andreas Creflinan's fervant Margaret Crefs Caleb Creflbn's wife Jofhua Creflbn, merchant Peter Creflbn Lewis Crefly's wife Chriftian Criffwell's child Elizabeth Criffwell Chriftopher Criel's fon John Croll, barber ----Cronow, fugar-boiler Catharine Crofs ----Cromwell's wife Daniel Crofs, carpenter, & wife Daniel Crofs, jun. carpenter Fanny Crofs, wafherwoman Peter Crofs Mary Crofs's child George Crow, brafs-founder Henry Crowell's wife John Crowley, potter James Crowley Mary Crowley and daughter John Crubreux, drayman Mr. Cruil's child Wife of John Crumb, bricklayer Philip Cruncle John Crump's child Paul Cuckot Catharine Cunan Ann Cunningham Robert Cunningham's child Comfort Cunningham Hannah Cunningham Michael Cunningham Matthew Cunningham Peter Curren's child Mrs. Currens, andtwofons Mercy Currie James Currie Rebecca Currier Ann Curtain Thomas Cuftard, fhoemaker Jacob Daderman's child Robert Dainty, plumber Bridget Daily Capt. Richard Dales's child Peter Dale's daughter Sarah Francis Dalmafe Thomas Dabriel, fhoemaker John Dalton, clockmaker David Damfen, fhoemaker Julian Danacker George Danecker, and wife Robert Dan n ell Catharine Dai'dis Henry Darroch, ftore-keeper John Daum, labourer Conrad Dauenhaer's daughter George Damn's wife John David, filverfmith Ann David Robert Davidfon James Davidfon, merchant ( I29 ) tames Davidfon's child Ifaac Daves Capt. Davis's two nephews Elizabeth Davis Gilford Davis's wife Ifaac Davis's wife John Davis, wheelwright, wife and daughter Jofeph Davis, labourer Jofeph Davis, foap-boiler Mary Davis's child Michael Davis Robert Davis, anchor-fmith Samuel Davis Hefter, wife of Sam. Davis,fen. Sophia Davis Sufannah Davis Rachel, wife of Jofeph Davis, currier , ' Widow Davis Widow Davis William Davis John Davis, upholfterer Richard Davy Mary Dawkens Hannah Dawfon Jofhua Dawfon's child -Daniel Dawfon's wife Hannah ' Mary Dawfon Darius Dawfon James Day's wife Elizabeth Day Sarah Days Edward Deal, blackfmith John Deal, blackfmith Mary Deal, fervant Peter Deal's child Margaret Dean Jofeph Dean, vendue-mafter, a woman and child Patrick Deary Jofeph de Earth Mr. Deberger, his wife, and 6 or 7 of the family Jacob Debre Elizabeth Debre Thomas Debzel Chriftian Deckard John C. Deckard, mufician Chrift. Deckenhart, apprentice Henry Decker, a fervant Jenny Degenhart Chriftopher Degenhard & child Wilhelmina Degenhard William Deganhort Ann D. Deifs Benjamin Delany, ch.air-rr.aket Henry Delany Dennis Delany's child John Delany Patrick Delany's child Bridget Delay, cook Samuel Delap, bookfeller John Demaffrand's daughter Andrew Denahaw, cooper Mary Dcnckla, a child Richard Denney Mary Denny Robert Dennet, groom Ezekiah Denura William Dennis George Dennifon George Denfell Henry Denfell's wife Maria Denzcil Henry Depherwinn's fon George Dernberg;er Henry Derham James Derry Widow Deringer Adam Detterick, fhoemaker John Devenny's child Chriftian Dcvir Thomas Devonald, merchant Margaret Dewis Campbell Dick, merchant John Dibberger, cutler, and wife Charlotte Dibberger Ker.ry Dibberger, fen. and wife John Dickz's fon Dick----•, a negro, aged 75 John Dickenfon, bookbinder Mary Dickinfon Jonathan Dickinfon, fhoemaker ------Dickinfon, drover Daniel Dickenfon's daughter Elizabeth Dickinfon William Dickinfon John Dickinfon's child P. Dickinfon's daughter Maria Thomas Dickinfon's wife William Dickinfon, farmer Michael Dignon and two fons Edward Diehl, fmith John Diehl's fon, porter Maria M. Diehl John Diehl, carpenter Henry Dietz, baker John Dietmar, labourer Maria Dietz Elizabeth Dietrick C *3° ) Michael Dietrick's fon William Dieu, a child Frederick Dillman's wife Catharine Dill's child Mr. Dingle's child Jane Dight, a fervant. Catharine Dorothy Dirrick William Dallas Chriftian Difliong, and child Maurice Difhong, clerk Matthew Difhong's child Sufannah Difhong, widow John Dixon's wife Elizabeth Dixon Patrick Dixon's child, labourer William Dixon, joiner Dodor John Dodd Jacob Doddelmah's wife and two children Dolly, a black woman Julian Doifon John Doll, carpenter Hugh Donaldfon, fon of John Arthur Donaldfon's fon John Donahue Johanna Donahue Abigail Donahue Margaret Donnelly Philip H. Dorneck William Dorr Sarah H. Dorfey Robert Dcrfey's fervant girl William Doudney Barnard Dougherty Jeremiah Dougherty,carpenter John Dougherty, carpenter Rev. William Dougherty Margaret Dougherty, fervant Henry Dougherty Elizabeth Doughty Charlotte Douglafs G. W. Douglafs, filver-fmith Jofeph Douglafs, hair-dreffer William Douglafs, carter Peggy Dougney Mai*y Dove Thomas Dowling Nathaniel Dowdry, carpenter Mrs. Down William Downey, whip-maker Nathaniel Downing Peter Doyle James Doyle Mary Doyle Henry Drawiller John Drieux, wife & daughter William Drinker Elizabeth Drifcall and child John B. Drouillard's 2children John Drum's child Eleanor Drum Cha. Fk. Dubois, watch-maker1 Jofeph Dubreez's wife Erenna Duffield Lucy Duffield J. Dufour's daughter Catharine Nancy Dugan and child William Duglas DuLac,F.ambaffador's fecretary ------Dull, hatter Charles Dunbar John Dunbury, fervant Tohn Dudman James Duncan's wife and child Tohn Dunkin, merchant John Dunleavy Cormick Dunleavy Margaret Dunley, fervant Ann Dunn Elizabeth Dunn Sarah Dunn' Francis Dupail Doclor Jofeph Dupac Elizabeth Duplelfis Francis Dupont, conful of French republic Philip Durnick John Durker Peter Durieu Rofanna Durang Jofeph Duvet John Durney's child Thomas Durnell's daughter Sufannah Dyes William Earl Grace Eaflaugh and child Charles Eaftick Sarah Eaftick John Eaftick's wife George E bo roe's child John P. Eck, grocer Elizabeth Eccles James Eccle's two daughters ------Eccles George Eckel, linen-draper Mary Eccles Elizabeth Eccles Deborah Eckley John Ecky's apprentice —- Eckfteiu's wife Catharine and child Maria Echard ( 13' ) Philip Edenborn, carpenter Phil. Edenborn, flour-merchant John Edmundfon Edward Edwards's two children Ephraim Edwards, labourer John Edwards, failor Abigail Edwards's child Morgan Edwards, hatter John Edwards Samuel Edwards and wife W.Edwards,filverfmith,& child Catharine Egan James Eggar Martin Ehrhard's daughter Elizabeth Ehrenzellers Jacob Ehringer Mary Eidenfield, fervant Ann Eiler , John Eifenbrey, tavern-keeper Richard Elber's child Francis Elcock David Elder, clerk Sarah Elder David Elder and wife John Element, coachman J. Elfrey, cooper, wife & child Catharine Elfry *" Jofiah Elfrith, joiner Laurence Ellers and wife William Ellery Ifaac Elliot John Elliot Mary Elliot Hannah Ellis Elizabeth Ellis and child Samuel A. Ellis Ann Elmore Margt. Elmflie, from Scotland " Sarah Ellfworth Jofeph Elum, merchant Elfy, a black Andrew El wine Hannah Elwins, a child Baitzer Emerick's two fons Lostitia Emuel Maria Emelott Widow Emmeret Jacob Enk, tailor, & 3 fons, viz. J-hilip Enk, teller in B. U.S. p Henry Enk, linen-draper v Peter Enk, tailor j Jacob Endre's brother in-law Catharine Enger, and child Chriftian Englehot, labourer James Engles's child John Engles, merchant John Englifh Jacob Erringer, weaver Peter Erfton, wife & 2 chidren Anthony John Efcorcio, clerk Frederic Efker, baker Chriftian Efling Barbara Efky Jacob Efsler, blackfmith Margaret Eftling George Efwin's wife Adam Etner Elizabeth Ettrick Matthew Ettrick's wife Etienne J. Eude's child John Evans's child Magdalen Evans Jofeph Evans Mary Evans James Evans Mary Ev ans, a hired girl Nancy Evans Philip Evans, houfe-carpenter Phillis Evans Rowland Evans, merchant Rowland Evans Ifrael Everly, fhoemaker Widow Eberman Anthony Everhardt, labourer William Evil John Ewen's two children Thomas Ewing's two children John Eyfenbry, tavern-keeper Henry Facundus, fhoemaker, and wife John Fairus, fhip-carpenter Mary Faires Arthur Falconer, Ir. Hannah Falkenburger, Germ. Cafper Farner's wife Jofeph Farren, jun. John Farren Edward Farren's child John Farrow, fhoemaker John Fafler Michael Fatty's two children John Faufer's fon William Favel, baker Samuel Faringer's wife Charles Fearis, feaman Tobias Febias Widow Feller's child Jacob Felty, Germ. Felix Fenner, labourer Daniel Fenance, a child ( I32 ) Jofeph Fenny Dan. Fenton, fhoemaker,£?wife DavidFenton,fhoemaker, ©wife Thomas Fenton, jun. Philip T. Fentham, druggift Widow Fenton Thomas Fenton, fail-maker Ferely, widow Widow Ferglafs Elizabeth Fergufon Samuel Fergufon Robert Fergufon, brick-layer Thomas Fergufon, printer Barnabas Ferris, clerk John Ferris Francis Ferris, clerk Ann Margaret Fidlers, widow Barbara Field Charles Field, chair-maker Peter Field's wife Widow Filler Thomas Fielder Catharine Fiete William Fimifter, farmer Francis Finley Charles Findley, grave-digger Jane Findley Michael Finn's child William Finn, hatter Charles Finney's daughter Jofeph Finney John Fink, porter Charles Fink, fhoemaker Hannah Firmir William Firm William Finifter Ann Fifher, fervant Catharine Fifher, fervant David Fifher, labourer Jabez, fon of Miers Fifher John Fifher Robert Fifher Henry Fifher, ftarch-maker, and wife Patrick Filher, fhoemaker John Fifher and daughter Sam'l Fifher,buttovf- plater, Eng, Zachariah Fifher's child Samuel Fifher, hatter Sarah Fifher, fervant Samuel Fifhinger's wife Jacob Filler, tailor Anthony Fifler Jacob Fjfter, labourer, and wife Chrifto. Fke, fl:c-j:nr.ker,Germ. Adam Filler, carpenter- Margaret Fitzgerald William Fitzgerald, tailor Gerald Fitzfimmons Jeremiah Fitzfimmons, painter John Fitzfimmons Philip Flack, joiner George Flauer's daughter George Fleck's wife Jacob Fleck's fix children Reverend Francis A. Fleming, catholic clergyman Margaret Fleim Flugh Fleming, tavernkeeper Hugh Fleming, fon of do. Samuel Fleming, fen. Samuel Fleming, jun. Elizabeth Fletcher Charles Flick, wife and child r, David Flickwir, confectioner, wife, and fon JamesFlinn Mary Flinn Anne Flint, widow Flora, a black girl Monf. Florio, Fr. Margaret Flour * George Flowers's child Eliza. Faggle Mary Faggle, daughter of do, William Faggle Elizabeth Follows, widow Widow Folwell's child Ifaac I. Folwell, tailor Daniel Ford, farmer George Forde's child George Ford, hoftler Fortune Ford Alexander Foreman's daughter ' John Forefter William Forefter, labourer John Forfe Thomas Forfter, hatter Nicholas Fofberg, church-clerk Nicholas Fofberg, fen. painter Ann Fofter Margaret Foflbm, Germ. Wife of Geo. Founce,fifherman Lemuel Fowles and child George Fowme, fifherman William Fowles, mufician Dorothy Fox Robert Fox George Fox and three children George Fo:; ( *33 ) Garret Foyer Frederic Foy James Frampton George France Jofeph France Rebecca Francis iacob Franks's wife )avid Franks David S. Franks, affiftant ca- fhieroftheU. S. B. Catharine Fraim Elizabeth Frafer,in theWidows' Hofpital Mary Frafer Robert Frafer John Frederick, labourer Anthony Freeborn, fhoemaker Jacob Freeborn, tobacconift Tobias Freeborough Tobias Freebufh, fhoemaker Ifaac Freeman Jacob Freneau Catharine Freeth, fervant Philip Fries, labourer William French Sufannah French, nurfe Charles French's daugh. Eliza. 7 French ftrangers (names un- known) Michael Frick, carter Jacob Frilander, labourer Abry Friend, negro Elizabeth Friend John Fritz, tailor John Fritz, tavern-keeper Elizabeth Froft Jofeph Fromp, apprentice James Fruger Jacob Fry, apprentice Jane Fry Mary Fry, wife of Jofeph Fry Jofeph Fry, junior George Fudge's wife, & daugh. John Fagle, wife, and two fons Jacob Fulton Widow Fuller Henry Furgurfon, tailor,& wife William Fuflelback's child Peter Gabriel, baker Ferdinand Gabriel Mary Gabriel Sarah Gainer Mary, daugh. of Ja's Gallagher Daniel Gallagher Ally Gallagher Michael Gallimore, farmer Sarah Galloway, JEt. 75 Mary Ann Gaily Elizabeth Galler Catharine Gallinger John Camber's child John Gambles's wife Mary Ganno Elizabeth Gans Drufilla Gardner Michael Garcoin Elizabeth Gardner Elizabeth Gardner, fervant Wife of James Gardner, failor John Gardner, fhoemaker Mary Gardner Richard Gardner, tea-dealer Benjamin Gardener Widow Margaret Gardner Mr. ---Garre Andrew Garter John Gartner, labourer Mary Garret Thomas Garrette, apprentice Elizabeth Garret Thomas Garrigues, hatter Samuel Garrigues's wife & fon Andrew Gartley John Gartly Sarah Gaflher Valentine Gafner's daughter Gafper Gafner, fhoemaker, fon and daughter George Gafner's fon John Gartly Andrew Gatley William Gauflin Adolph Gaul, butcher Jofeph Gaven John Gawn, tailor and child Widow Gebhard and daughter Rachel Gebhard Dorothy Geir Chriftian Genfel, porter John Gelher, labourer Wife of John Genther, tailor George Genflin's child Margaret Genther Robert George Michael Gering's child John Getts, plafterer, and wife Jacob Geyer, tailor Ifaac Geyer's fon Henry Gibert, cabinet-maker John Gibard Margaret Gibfon, and child Andrew Giblbn's wife C "34 ) Mary Ann Gibfon Robert Gibfon, cabinet-maker Nancy Gibfon George Gilberts wife Michael Gilbert, potter Ruth Gilbert Sarah Gilbert, fervant JamesGilchrift,merchant, Eng. William Gilfrey's wife John Gill, tal. chandler, & child Jofeph Gill Sarah Gill John Gillingham Mary Gillingham, fpinfter Mrs. Girard Mrs. Gilmore Margaret Ginther John Ginther, tailor, and wife William Girtin Fer. Gifm Mrdinand Glancey, labourer Nathaniel Glover, merchant Elizabeth Glynn Benjamin Glynn Peter Glentworth, phyfician Michael Gleenfon's child John Gobblegought, Germ. Mary God in William Godfrey ----Golden, hair-drefler, Boft. Martha Goldfmith, widow Thomas Goldrick Henry Goldfon, apprentice Henry Golzer John Good, labourer, Germ. Jofeph Good, wife and child Mary Good, from Bucks county Michael Good, brickmaker Mofes Goodman, labourer George Goodman's child James Goodwin Abraham Gordon, carpenter Elizabeth Gordon John Gordon, Ir. Peter Gordon, fhoemaker Enoch Gordon Richard Goren's child Michael Gorran James Gorham, carpenter and butron-n aker Wm. Golfing, houfe carpenter Cathn ine Gofner, Germ. Jofe!*:. -^f>er, j..:n. , Sat-ah ;:-,0 .-■• f-rvant jo':---'" ■* plnftr?rcr, and wife JaHi ■■"■•■a:i,./L-lor Morris Gongh, fhip-carpenter; wife and two children Jofeph Gowan George Grace, labourer Jacob Grace's wife Rev. Laurence Graefsl, catho- lic paftor Batty Graff's child John Graff's wife Jacob Graff, mafon Thomas Graham Dr. Graham, late of New York Robert Graham Duncan Graham, carpenter Mary Graham John Graham, ftone-cutter Cafper Graift's daughter Jonathan Grammer William Grant, tailor Alexander Graves's wife Ludwick Graver's child William Gravenftone John Gray, rope-maker Peter Gray's child Jofeph Gray Thomas Gray, jun. Robert Greaves, hair-drefler George Greble, cooper Elizabeth Green and child Edward Green, fhip-carpenter Michael Green James Green's wife & daughter Sufanna Greens John Gregn's child John Green, labourer, Ir. Ifaac Green, labourer John Green Solomon Green, tobacconift William Grenville Levander Greff John Greenward Benjamin Greiner, nailor Archibald Greenlap John Greifberger's wife Ann Gergory, widow, JEt. 6© Malcolm Gregory Thomas Gregory, cooper Chriftian Gregory's child Ann Gregg John Grehaut, labourer John Grbble George dibble, cooper Jonathan Grice, fhipwrighl Jofeph G ieve's wife John Crier, rvid wife x homas G. ikiner ( i35 ) Mary Griez, widow, JEt. 63 Levander Griffee Mary Griffen Sellwood Griffin, blockmaker William Griffin Margaret Grindle John Griffin Samuel Grifcam, carpenter Rebecca Grifcam, wife of do. Cafper Grifgam, fawyer, Ir. Ann Griggs William Griggen Sam. Grifkel, carpenter, & wife Catharine Grogan John Grofs's wife Widow Grofs Widow Groflings Jofeph Groves, tailor Jacob Groves, blackfmith Margaret Groves John Grubb, carpenter John Grubb, jun. carpenter James Grumman's child John Gryce, fail-maker Henry Guel Geo. Gueneau's wife, & child Mr. ■---- Guerre John Gueft, fen. Judas Guier Marcus Gunn Neil Gunn, labourer Daniel Gurney's child William Gurton, and wife James Guthrie, carpenter John Gutts, plafterer, and wife Jacob Gueyer, fon of ditto Frederic Haas Matthew Hafs Mary Hafs John Habea Catharine Hafline, fpinftcr Daniel Hafline, blackfmith William Haft, fhoemaker, wife, and apprentice Sufanna Haga Catharine Hagar S. Hagelgans, ftocking-weaver Valentine Hagner, fen. cooper Valentine Hagner, junior Elizabeth Hagner Andreas Haidt, fmith Andreas Haft Wm. Haft, fhoemaker, & wife Sam'l Hailagus,ftocking weaver David Hailer, furgeon Frederick Mailer's wife Widow Hailey * John Haltzel, tailor John Haines's wife Dorothy Hains Reuben Haines, fen. brewer Margaret Haines, wife of ditto George Hake, cooper Jacob Halberftott Charles Halden, hatter Sebaftian Hale, or Ale, gr.digger Thomas Hale, bell-hanger Patrick Haley, labourer Penelope Haley Philip Hall, butcher, Germ. Dorothy Hall Parry Hall and daughter Elizabeth Hall John Hall Samuel Hall, labourer, Eng. Mrs. Hailer Philip Hailer, cooper John Hallet,hair-drefler, ir wife Charles Hallick's filler Anthony Haman Charles Hambleton's wife Henry Kambleton Abraham Hambright'swife Jofeph D.Hamelin,French tutor Alexander Hamilton's wife James Hamilton John Hamilton, apprentice Mary Hamilton William Hamilton Unity Hammel Margaret Hammon Jacob Hammond, fugar-baker, wife and child, Germ. Nic.Hampftead'.- fon cVdaughter Elizabeth Hampftead Child of Sam'l Hampton, grocer Thomas Hampton Michael Hanaghan, fervant John Hanks's maid Capt. Jacob Hand's widow Geo. Haney, carpenter, ir wife John Haney, labourer, Ir. joh.n Hannah and child Jofeph Hanna, tailor Chriftian Hanna Andrew Hanna William Hannan Wife of Barnet Hanfell, tailor Andrew Hanifh Mr. Hanfell, Germ. WifeofChrift.Hanfeman, tailor John Haragel, baker ( '3<5 ) Thomas Harden Eve Harding James Harding, lawyer Hannah Harding William Hardinefs's wife James Hardy Jane Hardey John Hare, labourer William Harklife Jacob Harlman and wife Jofeph Harman, hair-drefler Mary Herman Temperance Harmer Sarah Harmer Alexander Harme Nicholas Harmftadt,<£r daughter Jane Harned Hannah Harnfey Chriftopher Harper's daughter Henry Harper, hair-drefler Mary Harper Jofeph Harper's three children William Harper's wife and child John Harragan, tailor Michael Harragan, f'mith Thomas Harrell, farmer Edward Harris's wife John Harris and wife William Harris Peale Elarris Thomas Harris, fadler William P. Harris, clerk Widow Harris Elizabeth Harris Hazel Harriot Mary Harrifon, nurfe Jane Harrifon Sarah Harrifon Margaret Harrifon Jacob Hart, pilot: Laurence Flart, ilorekeeper Rachel Hart Thomas Hart, fhoemaker, Eng. John Hartford, coachman Sarah Hartley, Eng. Sufanna Hartley Anthony Hartman Jacob Hartman, apprentice Peter Hartman's wife Lewis Hartman John Hartrau's wife Elizabeth Harvey Eliz.Harvey, fchoolmiftrefs,En. Samuel Harvey, apprentice Philip Hafenbach, labourer Wm. Haflel, fen. tavern-keeper Ifaac Hartings, ftudenl Lydia Hatfield James Hattriotz, baker Jacob Hau(haw's young woman John Haufkins,,fhoemaker William Hautzel, weaver -----> Haufman's daughter Henry Hauften Chriftian Hautzel, carter Chriftopher Haufer'swife Jacob H awes Anna Maria Hawan Hugh Hawthorn, tailor Mary Hawthorn William Hays, ironmonger Michael Hay, wife, and three fons, John, Peter, and Charles Jofeph Hay Martha Hays, Jacob Hays Mary Hays, of Allentown Catharine jr ayes, a ftranger John Elaynes, apprentice Catharine Haynes Ruth Haynes Hannah Hazard James Hazelet, weaver, Ir. Charles Hazzleton John Heartenough's wife Chrif. Heatley, merchant's wife Harriot, wife of Charles Heatly George Heck, cooper Samuel Head's daugh. Mary ---- Hebert, a Frenchman Anthony Hecht, labourer Charles Heitberger, butcher John Helm's child Jacob Heiberger's child George Heiberger's fon John Heiberger, baker Roger Heffernan John Iieffernan, fchool-mafter William Heifzer, painter Widow Heil John Heil's child Anna Maria Heintzen John Heifer, hatter Francis Helfrick's wife & child Elizabeth Held Peter Heirs wife Catharine Hem James Hendrick, fen. cutler James Henderfon's wife Redmond Henderfon Thomas Henderfon's child Mary Henderfon ( *H ) Ann Hendrick Wilhelmina Hedrick, and four fervants Elizabeth Hedrick Martha Hemphill John Henna Patrick Hennabody, coach-ma- ker, wife and daughter John Henan's child Michael Hennafey John Henigel, baker iohn Henry, jeweller largaret Henry Chriftopher Henfner's daugh. Wife of Henry Htnfon, brufh- maker Michael Henfzey George Hercules, a negro William Hercules, fhoemaker . Elizabeth Herleman George Herman, baker Geo1 ge Herlemin William Herman's wife William Henzog, labourer Chriftopher Herrely, labourer John Herrill Wife of Nich. Fiefs, blackfmith - George Hefs's lifter Ifaac Hefton ■ Hetnick, baker Ifrael Hewlings, fhoemaker Jofeph Hewlings, bricklayer Henry Hewmes, copperfmith John Hufon, failor Mrs. Hewic Andrew Hews John Heyberger, jun. Mary Fleyberger John Heyburn Andrew Heyd's fon Benja. Hickman's wife & fon David Hickman, clerk Jofeph Hicks, gluemaker John Hicks Richard Hicks John Hierfon, hatter William Hickert's wife John Jacob Hiertman, malfter Angel Higgenbottom William Higgenbottom Jofeph Higgins Mary Hightfon Sufannah Higgin, widow Martin Hilderburn, fieve-maker Wife of George Hill, clerk Robert Hill Wive of Jacob Hill, fifherman James Hill, bricklayer James Hill, clerk John Hill, chair-maker Johannah Hill, jun. John Hill's daughter Samuel Hill, Ir. James Hillman, apprentice Jacob Hillman, blackfmith Catharine Hdiner Jacob Hilfinger, labourer William Hiltzheimer Mary Hinan George Hinckel, watchman John Hinckel's fon Chriftop'r Hinemau'sdaughter Jane Hiltridge George Hinton, cutler Mrs. Hirft^ Mary Hirrme George Flifhatters Samuel Hampton's fon Henry Haare, cardmaker John Hobfon, fievemaker Barbara Hackenfbffe John Hockley, ironmonger Elizabeth Hobfon Jeffrey Fladnet, fadler, and fba Chriftopher Hocknoble Catharine Hoff Catharine Hoffman Regina Hoffman Ifaac Hoffman, failor Henry Hoffman, baker Sufanna Hoffman Jac. Hoffner, fchoolmafter,Ger, Philip Hofner, carter Michael Hoft's fon Edward Hogan's two children Dr. Hodge's child Andrew Hodge's child Jofeph Hogg, carpenter, N.Jer. Anna Catharina Hefflein Jacob Holberftadt, labourer Charles Hold, hatter Benjamin Holden, mafon Charles Holden Wm. Holdernefle's fon Thomas Samuel Holgate William Holklow Barbara Hollard, widow Philip Hollard, cooper John Holmes, farmer Sarah Holmes, widow ( »3» ) Sarah Holmes Thomas Holmes's wife Moles Homberg, innkeeper George Honigs Wife& child of William Honck, turner Chriftopher Honey John Ho neck er and wife George Honiker's wife & child Jofeph Hohon Martha Holton Sarah Honor, widow George Hoochey Sarah Hoop John Hoover's wife Andrew Hope, jun. William Hope, tinman John Hopkins, jun. filrer-fmith John H°pkins's wife Jofeph Hopkins,haaer, Virg. Mary Hopkins Mary Hopkins, a fervant Riclta-fl Hopkins Thomas Flopkins, fhip-joiner Jofeph Hopper, joiner Ludwick Flopltr Chriftian Hopial,labourer Henry Hore Henry Home, fchoolmafter, and three children Mary Home, Germ. Eliz. Hornor, daughter of Ben- jamin Mary FI°i"ndriver Philip Herflepaugh,fhoemaker, Winchefter William Hoits Azariah Horton Caleb Hofkins, of Burlington Benjamin Honlton Anthony Hotman John Homtan Winnefred Houghey's child Catharine Houfe, Germ. Elizabeth Houchen Abby Houfeman Jacob Houfeman, carpenter jofenh Houts, hair-drefler William Hourfon, weaver John Hover's wife Mr. Howard John Howard, paper-maker, Eng. Thomas Howe, rope-maker Jacob R. Howell, notary public Jacob S. Howell Ifaac Howell's vl f»- patience . Mr. Howell Catharine Howfty Adam Hubley, vendue-mafter John Hu'ei 's child William Find fon, wool-comber Peter H'i'-'fon Jofeph Hudell's wife Sarah Benjamin Fluggins Ellis Hughes, whitefmith Caleb Hughes's child and two apprentices Garret Hughes and wife John, fon of Hugh Henry Henry Hughes George FInghes's child William Hughes, breechefma- ker, Scotland Wife of Frederic Huler, failor Diana Hulford Abraham Hidings'wife Oliver C. Hull, apothecary Jofhua Humphreys, /Et. 86 Hannah Kumphieys, daughter of do. John Humphreys's child Rich'd Humphrey storekeeper Gabrit 1 Humphreys's child James Flunt, clerk William Hunt, tailor Ann Hunter's child John Hunter, carpenter William Blunter, tavern-keeper and child John Hunter's daughter John Hu fey Charles Hunfman Mr. Huftick's child Elizabeth Flufton, feamftrefs John Hull on, print cutter, Eng, James Hutchinfbn, phyfician, his child and apprentice George Kutamn, hair-drefTer Rebecca Flutman, a child John Flurcy Mary Hynin ' William Flyfer, painter, Ger, Maria ITyfon, Germ. ' Peter llett John In fell's daughter Mary --------Tnglis, ftorekeeper John Ingles,merchant, of \ork- fhire Wife of Jofeph Inglis, carter John Inkfon, apprentice Jofeph Irvine ( *«39 ) Oliver Irvine, hatter Jacob Irwin Mrs. L win Sarah Irwin James Ifkin Robert Jacks, fchoolmafter Robert Jacks, fhoemaker David Jackfon Diana Jackfon's child .-----Jackfon James Jackfon John Jackfon, drayman Jofeph Jackhm's child Mifs---- Jackfon Thomas Jackfon Wid. Jackfon. of Wilmington George Jacob's wife Geo'-ge Jacobs, blackfmith John Jacobs, porter John Jacobs, painter Nicholas Jacobs's fon Jacob, a black man James, a blafik man Jacob James Margaret James, a child Martha James ■>---- Jamefon, labourer Edward Jamifon Helena Jamifon John Jamifon, cooper Matthew Jamifon Wm. Jamifon, carpenter William Jamifon, tailor William Jamifon's child Jane ■, a black woman Doctor Janus's daughter Martha Jafon, fpinfter John Jarman, jun. John Jauck, brufhmaker F. Laurejai, Fr. William Jeffry John Jenkins's fon Samuel Jacob Jennings, ftore-keeper Joh.n Jenny, fhip-carpenter Elizabeth Jobards, widow John Jobb, painter Jofepli Ji-bb, ffocking-weaver John Johiine Hannali j'oJon Peter ]c 'on ■ [olinfbn's wife & child Catharine Johnfon's chikl J ames johuron Jonas johnfop, tavern-keeper Mary tohnftjp, fervant Samuel Tohnfon, printer Sufannah John Ton ,. Robert Joh.n fon, phyfician Robert Jon-Ton, fho-maker William Johnfon, joiner Barney Johnfon Francis johnfon John Johnfon Margaret Johnfon, widow Mary Johnfon, widow Robert johnfon, baker Samuel Johnfon, painter Ann Jones Charles Jones, conveyancer Daniel Jones Elizabeth Jones Child of Ely Jones, clerk Stelena Jones, i' ay maker George Jones, blackfmith Jane Jones, mantua-maker Joab Jones, tailor John Jones's wife Mary Jones, widow Mary Jones's fon Matthew Jones's daughter Owen Jones, fen. JEt. 82 Patience Jones Rebecca Jones, widow of David Rowland Jones, clerk Ruth Jones Sarah Jones, widow Widow Jones's daughter William Jones, merchant William Jones, labourer, & wife Hannah Jordan, Ir. Henry Jordan's wife James Jordan, chairmaker Samuel Jordan, turner Jofeph, a black man George Joft John Jourdan, coachman Jude, a black woman Jacob Judah Judith, a black woman Juliana, a mrlatto Conu-ia Julio Ca.hariue Jung Jacob j'ung's daughter David jufiice, apprentice John Jnftice's child William M. Juftice, printer Tofeph Kaenerle Jacob Kales, labourer John Kalkbrencr's wife Godfrey Kartis. fhoemaker Jacob Kates, labourer Elizabeth fatten, CarBfte ( H° ) i Catharine Kattz Elizabeth Kartz and 2 children John Kattz's wife Ifaac Kattz's wife Michael Kattz's child Mary Kani Jacob Kauffnan's fon John Kean's two children Jofeph Kean's child Hugh Kean's child Mary Kean Matthew Kean's daughter Elizabeth Keen and child John Keen's child ofeph Keen lary Keen Sufannah Keigen Elizabeth Kell James Kellenan George Kelly, harnefs-maker Ms. Kelly Chriftopher Kellman and wife Jofeph Kernel's fon Henry Kemp William Kemp Martha Kemphill, fervant .---Kenny Mrs. Keppele John Keppler, fhoemaker William Kennedy, labourer John Kennon Cafper, Peter and Catharine Kenfingei* Thomas-Kenrick, ftore-keeper Elizabeth Kenton John Kerbeck William Kerls, norter Adam,Kerr's widow Andrew Kerr, labourer James Ke> r's widow Prude Kerr Abigail Kefler Jacob Keller's wife John Kefsler. hair-drefler Leonard Kefsler Michael Kefsler, fhip-joiner Lucy Keating Chriftian Keyfer, blackfmith Daniel Keyfer, labourer Jofeph Keyfer, grocer Jacob Kitchlien, butcher George Kichn's daughter Chriftian Kiegler Thomas Kildrick John Killgour George Killinger Peter Killinger Philip Killinger, carpenter ' Richard Killpatrick Caleb Kimber, fchoolmafter Aaron Kimber, fon of do. Jacob Kimely , Wife of Cafp.Kinck, fhoemaker Catharine King Charles King Elizabeth King, widow .-----• King George King, coach-painter Hugh Kinp's two children John King and child Mary King Jofeph Kingfley Margaret Kingfley AnnKinley Jofeph Kinnear's child Chiiftopne* Kinnefs, trdlor Chriftopher Kinns, labourer George Kinfinger and wife Hannah Kinfinger ------Kipfey, furrier Mrs. Kirk and child John Kirk, a lad Thomas Kirk, baker Catharine Kite Elizabeth Kite Jonathan Kite, chairmaker, wife and three children Cafper Kitts Jacob Kitts, chandler, fon and coufin Mrs. Kitts Catharine Klady Margaret Klady Widow Klepper Chriftian Klibfie, weaver and child Andrew Kline's wife John Kline, labourer Nicholas Klingeler, cooper Mary Klingle Charles Knight, bifcuit-baker- Hannah Knight John Knight, tailor John Knight, failor Sarah Knight Daniel Knodle Elizabeth Knows, fervant Mary Knows Adam Knox Richard Knox's child Mary Koan George Kock, labourer, hiS-. wife Catharine and fen John Kock ( Hi ) Widow Kock Jofeph Rock Widow Koenner George Kor's child Petei Krafter and daughter CbviftopV Kreyder, tobacconift Wife of Geo.Kribbs, fhoemaker Sufaanah K'ibner, JEt. jo John K ifHe, cooper John Kroll, hair-drefler Joachim Krenaver, labourer Henry K otto's child C atharine Ki otten Barbara Krunkofter Abraham Krop, carpenter John Ki'llteer James Kubber Chrifton'r Kucher, fugar-baker Philip Kucher, his fon Bernard Kuffler Wife of Frederick Kuhl George Kuhn'swife Jacob Kuhn'swife John Kuhirs fon LudwigKuhn, clerk Widow Kuhn Jacob Kuncle's fon Martin Kernotler George Kurtz Daniel Kuren, labourer John Lack's daughter Lamtia------ Daniel Lafferty and child, Ir. Matthew Lafferty's child John Lambfback, labourer •_--- Lammoron's child Arch. Lamont's wife &children Mrs. Lamont, child, and jour- neyman Elizabeth Lancafter Wife and child of Jofeph Lan- cafter, labourer, Eng. Jofeph Landre, labourer Margaret Landrefs Nancy Lane Mrs. Lane Margaret Lang Edward Landman Hufon Langftroth, paper-maker Jacob Laurefhlag Andrew Lapp and wife Laurence Lapp, baker Michael Lapp, baker, and wife James Lapfley, fteward to the Britifh ambaflador v^— Lapfley's wife & daughter .---Lapfley, fhoemaker James Lapfley, fchoolmafter, and daughter Elizabeth Patrick Larken, clerk Ralph Larremore's wife Mary Lafher Patrick Lafky Fred. Lunderbruns, furg .barber Jacob Lonterman's wife & 2 fons George Lautinfhiager's lifter Jacob LauderflivetC fhoemaker Margaret Lauderfiiver Frederic Lauman Aaron S. Laurence, clerk, and wife Alex. Lawrence, fen. merchant Alex. Lawrence, jun. me:chant Archibald Lawrence's child Charles Lawience Cherry Lawrence's wife Chriftopher Lawrence Jacob Fawence's two children John Lawrence's wife Jofeph Laurence, apprentice Rachel Lawrence Sarah Lawrence Thomas Lea, merchant J. T. Lea, fon of do. Thomas Leach, cabinet-maker Margaret Leake,mantua-maker Widow Lear's child John Lebering's wife Paul Leek, labourer Francis J. Lector Ann Lee George Lee, apprentice Jofeph Lee, wife, and fon Geo, Mary Lee Thomas, fon of Duncan Leech George Lees, tailor, wife, three children, and two other per- fons (names unknown) John Lees, tailor Margaret Lees Jofeph Le Feore William Lehman's wife Doctor John Leibert, junior Mic. Leibrand, breeches.maker Matthias Leigh, labourer Michael Leigh Robert Leigh John Leighy's child Andrew Leinaw, fadler Samuel Lelier James Lencx, apprentice Abnert Lccr.aid i 142 ) Sarah Leonard Francis Lefher, coach-maker Francis Lefher, tavern-keeper, and fervant girl Philip Lefner's wife ■----:---Le 1 zinge 1 's wife George Lerziugo- 's wife Andrew Lei'ton^ fhoemaker John Letion Mofes Levy's girl Thomas LV. y 's wife ------- Lewis's child Catharine Levis Jonathan,fou of Mordecai Lew- is, merchant Ifaac Lev*is, tailor, and wife Lydia Lewi:, widow Maria Lewis, mulatto Mary Lewis Mich.rsl Lewis's fon William Lewis, hairdrefler George Lex, butcher Jacob Lex's child Widow Leybraudt Chriftian Lickett Robert Lidler Peter Libert Samuel Lilly, failor John Lime-burner's child Mary Lindall Ruth Liudill Thomas Lindall, carter Elizabeth Lindfay HHk-r Lindfay Mary Lindfay Sufannah Lindfay Philip Linion, bottler George Finkinfon, labourer Elizabeth Linkfelt M.n gaiet Linn, Scotland Nerd Linn WdFam Linnar. porter Wm. Linton, wife and fifter Widow Lintz Hannah Liiburn, widow Mifs----Liu ,r James Lefper Jofeph Lifpar Catharine Lift William Lethworth's child JohnLitrman, ron, & daughter Catharine Lloyd Daniel Llayd, apprentice William Lloyd Wood Lloyd, tilor Mnrv Lobdell John Lob's child Elizabeth Locke, widoW ------ Loeffler's wife John Loh, and daughter William Lohman, rope-maker Wile of Peter Lohra, broker Ra'ph Loimer. failor Patrick Lollar's boy Herman Jos. Lombaert, mer. Fredcic Long John Long, labourer, & fon Richard Long, apprentice William Long, joiner Jofeph Lopez, fervant to the Spanifh ambaflador Hannah Lorton, fervant Abraham Lott, merchant ----Louis, Fr. Elizabeth Lovett Geo* ge Lovett's fon John Lowden, ferryman Rebecca Lowden Thomas Lowden's wife James Lowne Edward Lowder Sarah Lowder William Lowman AsMies Lownes Ed. Lowry, labourer, & wife ITefter Lucas Ch rifto. Luckarts, carter, & wife John Martin Ludwig, butcher Thomas Ludwig Robert Lumfden, corder George Luntz's daughter Lewis H- Luring, wife, & child Widow Luring Jacob Lufely, labourer Elizabeth Luihinger "W illiam Lnfhworm, labourer Catharine Lutz, Germ. Chriftian Lutz's child Ann Lyland Benjamiu Lyndall's child John Lynn, phyfician,of N.Eng. Mary Lynn Mrs.----Lynn Mary Lyons Michael Lyons, failor Philip Maad, labourer Jacob Marker's child Peter Mack's wife John Mftdfcaw Daniel M'AlF.f.er James M'Alli'dar, labourer Alexander M'AIpin, carpenter ( H3 ) Daniel M'Arthur's child Elizabeth M'Bay Robert M'Bay John M'C ibe, hairdrefler Alice M'Cahin's wife Jenny M'Call Daniel M'Calla's child John M'Care Archibald M'C*.rey William M'Carty, foapboiler David M'Crea James M'Clafkie Wi low M'ClatFace's 2 children John M'Cleland John M'Cleuane Andrew M'Glure Daniel M'Clia, rope-maker Alexander M'Cord Eugenia M Cordy Cornelius M'Connick Margaret, daughter of Ilenry M'Cormick Thomas M'Connick, merchant Archibald M'Cowen John M'Coy Ann Coy Jonathan M'Cready John M'Cready James M'Creary Margaret M'dever Catharine M'Crofkie Eleanor M'Crofkie, widow Elizabeth M'CuIlen Sarah M'Curdy Deborah M'Curtain Thomas M'Curtain, fchool- mafter, and wife James M'Cutcheon Daniel M' Daniel Tames M*Daniel, fhoemaker Daniel M'Darrel, aged Po Martin M'Dermot, grocer Ann M'Donald, a child Alexander M'Donald, labourer Child of Donald M'Donald, painter Elizabeth M'Donald James M'Donald, fhoemaker John M'Donald, labourer John M'Donald's child Mary M'Donald William M'Donald, hatter Hugh M'Dougal, labourer William M'Dougal, tobacconift Mrs M'Dowel Wm. M'Dowel, tavern-keeper Wm. M'Dowel Edw. M'Echan, bricklayer, Ir„ Wm. M'Elvee, labourer John M'Ewing, ftone cutter EnosM'Fadeo, labourer James M'Faden's wife Mary M- Fad en Ann M Farben Peter M'Garvev and wife Edward M'Gechan Helen M'Gechan and child Margaret M'Gechan Mavy M'Gee E -ward hFGiil, drayman Mary M'Gill, Wm. M'Gill, fchool-mafter Ann M'Gjnley, houfcwife Philip M'Ginr.Ch's wife John M'Glarhery,ayoung man Win. M'Glochlin Thomas M'Goldrick John M'Gontis's child John M'Gowan Jofeph M'Gowan, carpenter Wm. M'Gowan Barney M'G'an, labourer Daniel M'Grath, porter JohnM'Grath Mich. M'Grath Jr-rres M'Graw JohnM'Graw, failor Barney M(G*een Ann M'Gregor Jo'.i a M'Gregor's child Nancy M'Grotty James M-Gu'dlen James T'l'Guire Mary M-'G-drr?, widow Peter M'Gub.-e William M'Guire John M'Hagr.n John M'lllroy Andrew M'Intire, joiner ElWoeth M'lntofh Langhlin M'lntofh Edward M'Kejran' ■ ■ M'Kegan, bricklayer Anthony M'Kennely Elizabeth M'Kenzie Mary M'Kenzie, houfewife Murdock M'Kenzie Jol 1 M'Keon William M'Key, apprentice Daniel M*Kee, failor Ma rga • * e t M' K igham Ifaac M'Kinby FTughM'Kinley Mrs. V> Kinley Ifaac M- Kinley, hatter ( 144 ) John M'Knall Alexander M'Lane Daniel M'Lane Jane M'Lane — M'Lane, a ftranger John M'Lane's wife and two children Ro2.er M'Lane William M'Lane, failor Ann M'Laughlin Giles M'Laughlin John M'Laughlin John M'Laughlin's wife John M'Laughlin, merchant Margaret M-Laughl:n & child Patrick M'Laughlin's fon William M'Laughlin, labourer Wm. M'Laughlin, fhoemaker Agnes M'Lean Elizabeth MLane Jane M'Lean John M'Lean, infpector Jofeph M-Lean, tailor Martin M'Lean Samuel M'Lean, fhipwright . Archibald M 'Leary, labourer Tofeph M'Lee Mary M'Lenahan Angus M'Leod's child Daniel M'Leod's wife Dougal M'Leod, labourer John M'Leod Malcolm M'Leod, labourer Mary M'Leod William M'Leod and daughter Mary M'Linny Hugh M'Mann Philip M'Mannus, blackfmith Ja's M'Many man, nailor, & wife Mary M'Manyman John M'Manyman JofephM'Matlock, carpenter Mary M'Michael, widow Catharine M'Mullen Neil M'Mullen Francis M'Murren John M'Nab, fhipwright John M'Nair, clerk James M'Namara Gordon M'Neal, failor John M'Neal, tailor Mary M'Neal John M'Near, apprentice Felix M'Quid's wife James M'Quillon, labourer Sarah M'Rain Milby M'Raper Hugh M'Swaine and wife James Mabey —— Mack, labourer Sarah M^irk Elizabeth Madan John Madan, fhoemaker Patrick Madan's wife Leonard Madden Benjamin Mager, apprentice Helena Ma^euis Da*«id Magner, carpenter Michael Magraw, fervant Frances Major John Mailland pdin Maloney Catharine, widow of cspt. John McF.wney John Mannefield, joiner Mary Mannefield Mis. Mann William Mann, tailor Charle: Manfon Peter Marday, cooper Sufannah Mareday, widow Phihp Mareland Francis Marey Laurence Maiey, perfumer John Baptifte Maris John M*ark, fhopkeeper r Peter Marker, butcher John Maionee, apprentice Capt. James Marfh and brother Curtis Marfhal Francis Marfhall, bricklayer Jofeph Marfhall, fhoemaker Jofeph Marfon Philip Martan James Martin's fon John Martin, faddler John Martin'sfon Sarah Martin, fervant Judah J Mafara Thomas Mafara Abraham C. Mafon, merchant Arabella Mafon John Mafon Jofhua Mafon, blackfmith Margaret Mafon, PEt. 80 Richard Mafon, engine-maker ■ • Mafs Samuel Mafl'ey Anne Maftett J. Mafters's wife and 3 children John Maufe's wife and child Ed. Mathias, wife, & daughter Elizabeth Maxfield John Maxfield, labourer Stephen Maxfield's wife Margaret Maxwell V *4> ) Adam May's child Capt. Mead's wife & daughter Matthias Meeker, clerk Go'tliebMeineke, labourer John Meminger Gotlieb Meniguug, rope-maker John Mentz, a lad Ludwig Meo, of Amfterdam Mary Mercer, widow Jofeph Mercier, and wife Ann John Merck, ftore-keeper Peter Merckel, butcher Evan Meredith's wife Sufannah Samuel Merian, merchant Jof. Merfou, bridle-bit-cutter Peter Merfon Miles Mervin, fchool-mafter, & wife John Mefner's wife Barbara Mettelbury Adam Meyers's daughter Henry Meyers's apprentice John Meyers's child Peter Meyer, carter, and wife Sebaftian Meyer, baker Thomas Meyer's wife, & daug. Peter Miercken, fugar-refiner .---■ Miers, wife and feivant ' Sarah Middleton, fen. widow Sarah Middleton, juii. fpinfter Sarah Mifflin ? children of Either Mifflin J Charles Thomas Miller's fon Jofeph Andreas Miller's child Anne Miller Arthur Miller's child Catharine Miller, widow Charles Miller Chriftian Miller, porter Chrifto. Miller, brufli maker Dorothy Miller George Miller, labourer Hannah Miller Henry Miller Jas. Miller's wife & 2 children John Miller and child Captain John Miller's widow John Miller, carpenter John Miller, carter John Miller, clerk John Miller, labourer Ifiiac Miller, merchant Margaret Miller Mary Miller Michael Miller, fen. fhoemaker Michael Miller's daughter Richard Miller, ftudent of law Sufannah Miller Widow Miller William Miller, fhoe-maker Wife and child of Mr. Miller, rigger Mary Millington Philip Milligan's wife Elizabeth Mills Thomas Mills Walter Mills, fhoemaker Edward Milner's wife & fervant Chriftian Minehart, fugar-baker William Miner, fervant William Minor Charles Mi after, labourer John Mintz Elizabeth Mifcamp Elizabeth Mitchell Jacob Mitchell's child Mary Mitchell Mary Mittinton Veronia Mittman Jacob Mirwan, and 3 children William Modick's child James Moffat, tailor Rebecca Moffat Rob't Moffat, waterman, wife and child Catharine Molliner George Moir James Mollineux, and daugh. John Mollineux's 2 children Francis Monday John Monday Mary Monday Elizabeth Montgomery Child of J. Montgomery,weaver John Montgomery's 3 children Dorothy Mood Robert Moody, bricklayer Mary Mooney Ann Moore Caroline,daug.ofTho.L.Moore David Moore Fanny Moore, fervant, Germ. George Moore Maj.Jas.Moore,liv.ftable-keeper Jane Moore John Moore, painter, and child Samuel Moore, blackfmith Thomas Moore's child Widow Moore Wm. Moore and two children John Moore Jofeph Mordeck, labourer Eleanor Morgan, wafherwoman Hannah Morgan V Jacob Morgan, merchant John Morgan, jun. John Morgan's child Mary Morgan Robert Morphet Ann Morris Anth. P. Morris,china-merchant Brooke Morris Qeorge Morris, gardener John Moms, clerk John Morris, phyfician, & wife John Morris's child Luke Morris, ^Et. 87 Martha Morris Mary Morris Richard B. Morris Samuel W. Morris, apprentice 1 Samuel Morris, cooper William Morris Alexander Mori fon, ftorekeeper John Morrifon, copper-fmith Wife and child of John Morri- fon, labourer John Morrifon's daughter Ifabella Morrifon Mary Morrifon's child .---- Morrifon, labourer, Scotl. Widow Morrifon's child William Morrifon John Morrow, jun. gunfmith Mrs. .----— Morrow Rofina Morrow Alexander Mortimer, gardener Deborah Morton John Morton and apprentice Chriftian Mofer Mary Mofs Marqa's Monbrnn Philip Mountree, brewer Wife of Nic.MufE.harnefsmaker Ann Mullen, manrua-maker Catharine Mullen Edwa-d Mullen ; James Mullen, hatter James Mullen's wife John MuBen, chairmaker Mary Mullen Michael Mullen's two children Parri k Mullen Robert Mullen, houfe-carpen- ter, and apprentice James Muilener, apprentice Edmund Mull 0*7, grower Tames Mum ford, blackfmith Major Hrnry I.-lumford Rachel Mum ford Child of Rob.M ^roach, labourer Sarah Murdoch ---Murley Ann Murphy John Murphy, black-fmith Mary Murphy Michael Murphy's daughter Richard Murphy Sufannah Murphy Timothy Murphy Margaret Murthwaite Mary Murthwaite Rev. Alexander Murray, D. D. Eleanor Murray James Murray, fhoemaker, Ir. Robert Murray's wife and child Sarah Murray William Murray Mrs.-----Mufketts Rebecca Mufgrove Widow Mufterholt Adam Myers, baker Catharine Myers Hannah Myers, fervant Margaret Myers Henry Myers, hair-drefler John Myei s's child Margaret Myers Michael Myers Michael Mynick Sophia Mynick Adam My on, labourer John Myrietta Jac. Mytinger, tavern-keeper* and wife Henry Nagle's mother-in-law Mary Nagle Hannah Nail or John Nailor Samuel Napp William Nafti, baker Lewis Nafs, blackfmith ------ Navarre Thomas Nave's wife Thomas Near Ifiael Nedham, fkinner, Engl, Robert Neeley, failor Tho. Neeves, carpenter, & wife Margaret Neil Wife and girl of Andrew Niel- fon, tavern-keeper George Niefs, fhoemaker Benedict Nefmos, fon, & daugh Elizabeth Neman Thomas Nemerfon Timmons Nevil Elizabeth New Anthony Newingham ( 147 ) John Newling, a lad Elizabeth Newman Fred. Newman's wife & child Sufannah Newman Forbes Newton's wife Margaret Nibley Magnus Nice, oyfter-man Martha Nichols,' fpinfter,iEt. 70 Wm. Nichols, JEt. 73 Mary Nichols, wife of ditto *• Wm. Nichols, wh.wright, &wife Thomas Nicholfon, joiner John Nick AuguftusNiel Jane, daughter of Wm. Niles Elizabeth Noble Catharine Nodler Anthony Noll, ropemaker Fred. Noltenius, fchool-mafter Cathar. Norley, wafher-woman Jofeph Norman's wife Wife of Adam Nonis, huckfter Abigail North Colonel North's wife Jofeph North's child George Norton's child Saiah Norton, fervant Sarah Norton, widow Francis Nugne Wm. Nunn Ch; iftiana Oatenheimer, Ger:n. Peter Oatenffeimer's wife, Ger. Phil. Oatenheimer's wife, Germ. Daniel Offley, anchor-fmith Bridget O'Bryant, Ir. James O'Bryant, carpenter, Ir. Dennis O'Connel John O'Dare John O'Donald Mary O'Donald ------ O'Dolph, a butcher Charles Ogden's wife Jofeph Ogilby's wife Edward O'FIara, clerk Elizabeth O'FIara, houfewife Thomas O'Hara, clerk Ann Oiler, JEt. 77 Cornelius O'Leary Humphrey O'Leary Henry O'Niel, labourer, Ir Catharine O'Niel John Onger's wife Edward Orange, blackfmith Michael O'Ronrke's wife Robert Orr, Ir. Wife of Nich.Otway, nailor,Ir. •f t.„ r-\tUr*-rn Wm. Ofborn, fteward to the Prefident Hannah Ofgood Sarah A. Otis Thomas Owner, carpenter George Pack Hannah Packman Wife of John Packworth, fhoe- maker, Eng. ---» Page's child William Paine Jacob Painter, apprentice Charles Palmer, houfe car-"\ penter, and his two lifters, / viz. Tacy Palmer, and (T Rebecca Palmer J Aaron Palmer's child Flii.u Palmer's wife- Hannah, wife of Samuel Palmer Penelope Palmer Samuel Palmer, fhipwright Thomas Palmer, fhipwright Thomas Palmer's two chldren Sarah Palling Manha P:.llock WiBiam Parham's wife & child Wm. Parham, jun. carpenter John Park Ann Parker, fervant George Parker John Parker, fhoemaker Jn.Parker,carpenter,& child, Ir. Jofeph Pilmore Parker Mat. Parker, tailor, and wife Wife of S. Parker,brafs-founder John Parkhill . FTonora Parkinfon Eleanor Parks James Park's wife John Park's brother Mary Parks Wife of Matthias Parks,!, draper Edward, and Ifaac Parrlfh, jun. fons of Ifaac Parrifh, hatter John Partkill, whitefmith, ir. Daniel Parvin Catharine Patch and child John Patch Andrew Patterfon, carpenter Edward Patterfon Richard Patterfon Sarah Patterfon Samuel Patterfon's child Jas. Pattifon, ftudent of phyfic Robert Pattou, bookbinder George Paul, tailor Peter Paul's fon ( 148) Robert Paul's wife Sydney Paul, widow John Pea James Peak's two children James Pearce John Pearce Jof.Pearfon, heel maker, & wife Widow of Wm. Pearfon Sarah Pearce Ann Peckworth Andrew Peddock and daughter Jofeph Peddrick's fon Mary Peifter Vincent M. Pelofi, merchant Samuel Pemberton and child Doctor John Penington Mary Penington, a child Alexander Penman,coachmaker Mary Penny John Penny cook, apprentice Amos Penquoite Phcebe Penquoite Jemima Penrofe, fervant Hannah Penton Ifaac Penton, farmer, and wife Samuel Penn, baker jofeph Pennel Ann Pepper Mary Pepper, layer-out of dead Foulard Perdae's daughter Mary Perdue Sarah Perkins Mary Perry's child Wm. Perry ------Berry, fhoemaker, Ir. Jac. Peters, baker, & wife Sarah John Peters, fen. bifcuit-baker John Peters, junior, tutor Philip Peters, diftiller, & wife Ruth Peters Thomas Pew Charlotte Pettit Edward Peyton's wife Stephen Peyton's child Son of John Pheiffer, cooper Win. Phager, tailor Dr. Fred. Phile, naval-officer Jeremiah Philemon, barber Widow Philemon Andrew Philips's child Geo. A.Philips,&fon,merchants ■ - Philips Mrs. Philips Philip Phile, mufician ohn Phyiick, porter ames Pickering, fhoemaker James Pickering, tailor James Pickering, ftore-keeper Son of Timothy Pickering Chriftian Pierce, cooper James Pierce, coach-maker John Pierce, fhip-carpenter, and wife John Pierce's daughter Anne ---Piercy, potter John Piercy, apprentice Mary Piercy, apprentice ■ Pierre, two of the fame name, bakers Mary Pierfbu Anne Pigot Lewis Pignol, clerk Benjamin Pike, and wife James Pike John Pilliger, corper Charles Pine, ftocking-weaver Eleanor Piper * George Piper, tailor, and wife, John Piper, cooper Benjamin Pitfield Anna Plaff y Jeremiah Plan John Plankinhorn, labourer Henry Plates, baker, Germ. Jacob Plucker and child Barbara Poagnet Hen. Petterman's fifter-in-lavr Sarah Pollard .* Catharine Poop, Germ. Mary Poor George Pope Margaret Porkenbine, Eliza. her daughter, and a child Philip Port, labourer Charles Porter John Porter's fon and daugh- ter, and two fervant girls Rich. Porter, tallow-chandler Thomas Porter, labourer Andrew Pottenftein's wife Mrs. ----- Potter Edmond, fon of Edmond Potter Maryv Potts Benjamin Poultney, merchant, wife and daughter Elizabeth Poufe Samuel Powel, fpeaker of the fen ate, and fervant Francis Powers, labourer, Ger. Ifaac Powerfhon Mr. Prifflet ' ' " u Pragers, merchant ( 149 ) Henry Pratt's wife, and child James Pratt's wife Mary Pratt John Preal Barbara Prefton, Germ. Wife and 3 children of Wm. Prefton, bruih- maker John Price Teney Price Thomas Price Robert Prieftley, whitefmith Sufannah Prince, fpinfter Stephen Prilling Ifabella Provoft Jofeph Pruett, tailor Thomas Pugh Francis Pugfley John Puracier Mary Purde George Purdy, tailor Wm. Purvis's wife Wm. Pufey's daughter Eliza. Qua, a negro Phillis Quando Catharine Quigley Ja's Quigly, carpenter, & child John Quilman, fervant Gafcoigne Raby and wife Rachel, a black girl Chriftian Bach's daughter Geo, C. Reinholdt & daughter John Rain's child George Rainsford Chriftopher Rakeftraw Sarah Rakeftraw's child Catharine Ralph's child Wm.Ralfton,mercb.&fon John Mr. Ralfton Thomas Rambaut, carpenter Child of Archibald Randall, fhip*carpenter Thomas Randall's child John Randolph, tobacconift Ann Rankin Elizabeth Rankin John Rankin Margaret Rankin Hannah Rapp Eliza Rarich,widow,and daugh- ter Sarah Sarah Razor, JEt. 22 John Ratler, porter Elizabeth Rauch Jacob Ravalie, labourer John Reach's widow John Ready Michael B.eady Maria Read John Beap, fhoemaker Jonathan Reas Jacob Reckther, labourer Sarah Reddick Francis Redman's wife, and a lodger, name unknown Jacob Reece, jun. Mary Reece John Reedle,taiIor, and daugh- ter Sarah Cafper Reel, baker Edward Rees, joiner Jac.Rees's wife, daughter &fon Mr. Reffert's child George Reh Alexander Reid Andrew R.eid, bricklayer Ann Reid George Reid and wife Henry Reid, merchant James Reid, filk-dyer James Reid,iEt. 75, and daugh- ter Sarah Margaret Reid Mary Reid Rebecca Reid, widow Samuel Reid's wife William Reid's child JohnReidy's child James Reily, fervant Maria Reily George Reigner, tobacconift Widow Reigner,Jiis mother George Reily John Reinick, brickmaker John Reinick, baker Lewis Reifele, butcher George Refer Nancy Reiter Jacob Relchner John Reller Joannes Relwiez Afelae Reiner Anthony Renard Jane Renny ----Renvalt Widow Refle Chriftian Reting's child Chriftian Rettig Ludwig Reuth's wife Adam Revely George Rex ChriftopherRexrold,apprentice. James Rey nolds'% wife ( '5° ) John Reynolds Mary Reynolds Jofeph Ribaux's child Catharine Rice George Rice's child John Rice, labourer Lawrence Rice William Rice Charlotte Richards Dan'l Richards,lumber-merch't Daniel Richards's fon Eliza Richards John Richards Mrs.------Pdchards William Richards, butcher Samuel Richards's wife Steel Richards, fhoemaker Barbara Richardfon, houfe-wife Barnabas Richardfon Elizabeth Richardfon George Richardfon's wife John Richardfon Jofeph Richardfon, jun. Lucy Richardfon Rebecca Richardfon Thomas Richardfon William Richardfon's child George Richner, tobacconift Gotlieb Richter, labourer Jacob Richter George Riddle James Riddle and wife John Ridge, jnn. Mary Ridge, milliner John Ridgway Frederic Reib, wheelwright John Rieb Leonard Riebfher's child Cafper Riehl, labourer John Riehl's daughter George Rife's child George Riley, baker Mary Riley Jacob Rilt, fhoemaker John Rilvit, lawyer Frederic Rine, labouxer James Ringland George Rinhard Conrad Rink, fhoemaker Elizabeth Riply Mary Riply Alexander Ritchie's wife John Ritchie Mary Ritchie Mr. •=---Rutter's daughter John Roach's wife & 2 children Morris Roach, hoftler John Robeau Jacob Roberdeau, printer Robert ——, a failor Aaron Roberts Ann Roberts Charles Roberts Mrs.---Roberts, houfe-wife Oliver Roberts Rebecca Roberts Robert Roberts, late of Merion • Thomas Roberts, labourer Thomas Roberts, filverfmith William Roberts Jofeph Robertfon, carpenter Lastitia,daugh ter of Dan .Robins Sufannah Robins Abraham Robinfon James Robinfon, carpenter,-Ir. < , James Robinfon's child Jane Robinfon, widow John Robinfon, blackfmith John C. R.obinfon's fervant Jofeph Robinfon Judge Robinfon's young man Mary Robinfon Robert Robinfon, fhoemaker ' Sarah Robinfon Thomas Robinfon, weaver William Robinfon, bricklayer . .. Rochbaud, Fr. Mary Rock Jacob Rod ell Elizabeth Roderfield, widow Philip Roderfield Nicholas Roderwalter's daugh. Sarah Rodman, of R. Ifland Benjamin Rogers's child Gilbert Rogers, and child John Rogers, corder Margaret Rogers Hannah, wife of tire rev. Wil- liam Rogers John Rohr's daughter John Roman, currier Elizabeth Roney, fervant Magdalen Roone Sufannah Roring Hugh Rofs, blackfmith, wife, and fon John Rofs Wm. Roft, fhoemaker Mary Rotherwalter Jacob Rix Rott, a lad Rofina Rott, a fervant Henry Punrris's daughter Elizabeth Roufh James Rowan, ftore-keeper C *$i ) John R.owe, carpenter John Rowe Barbara Ruber Catharine Ruckhard John Rudolph , John Rugan's daughter John Rugers Frederic Ruhl's fon George Ruhl's fon John Ruleford, labourer Jacob Rump's child Rofina Runkel Leonard Rufh, fhoemaker Mary Rufh, widow Wm. Ruin's child Thomas Ruflel, failor Leonard Ruft, tailor Wm. Rutherford Jacob Rutter Margaret Rutter Samuel Rutter's 2 children Lucy Ryan Mr.------ Ryan Saberne, Fr. 5 Sailors, (names unknown) Abraham Salter Ifaac Samms Sainpfon .., a negro man Mary Samp fon John Sanders, button-maker Sarah, a young woman John Sattersfield's wife Elizabeth Saub Frederic Sauber ----Saubier's wife Robert Saubiers, blackfmith Ph.Sanerman;fhoemaker,&wife Jacob Sawyer, baker Wife & daughter of dr. Benj, Say Leonard Sayer's wife Matthias Saylor, painter, wife, and filter John Scantling, porter onathan Scantling lary Schaff Adam Schaffer, labourer George Schaffer, cooper Jacob Schaffer Widow Scheiffells Chriftiana Schieff's girl George Schmidt George Schmidt's child Henry Schmidt, and wife John Schmidt Margaret Schmidt George Schneider, carpenter John Schreier, and wife Frederic Schreiner's daughter John Schreminger Ann Schrider John Schrieck John Schrier, fhoemaker, & wife Martin Schrier Thomas Schriever, blackfmith John Schultz, labourer John Schwaab, ftioemaker Lawrence Schwaab, fhoemaker Adam Schwaadt Captain Schwartz, a Dane Elizabeth Sclader Aaron Scott Andrew Scott Ann Scott Benjamin Scott Henry Scott, labourer, & wife John Scott, tailor, and wife Margaret Scott Mary Scott ---Scott, clerk Jofeph Scull Frederick Seaford, joiner Francis Seamore Chrifto. Search, wheelwright Jacob Sears, blackfmith, & child David Seaven Martin Seebole, fchool-mafter Paulus Seegift, weaver Flenry Seen's child Jacob Seger, baker Jacob Seiffer's daughter —--- Sein's wife Michael Seip, tailor Widow Seitz's daughter James Sekwire Jacob Seller, tailor, and wife Jofeph, Wm. & Sufanna, fons & daughter of Wm. Sellers, printer Wife of Hen. Semler, fhoemaker Jona. D. Sergeant, attorney -—1 Sergeois Francis Serres, ftay-maker, Fr. Wife of Benja. Servant, failor 7 Servants, (names unknown) Ifabella Service Ann Sewell Catharine Sexton Conrard Seybert's wife Chriftiana Seyfert Elizabeth Shabby, widow Widow Shaft's child Adam Shaffer, porter Barny Shaffer's child Francis Shafther' swife ( I. John Shakefpeare Martha Shakefpeare Stephen Shakefpeare, weaver Dorothy Shall Bernard Shamo's wife James Shankling Henry Shara Anthony Sharp, tailor John Sharp's child John Sharp, and daughter Nehemiah Sharp, tailor Mr.—,— Shaeflocker Henry Shaw, and wife Henry Shaw, ware-houfe man Henry Shawfter's daughter Flenrick Shear, tailor Elizabeth Shearman John Shearwood Daniel Sheegan Henry Sheerer Wm. Sheets, labourer Adam Shellbecker, fhoemaker Frederic Sheller, blackfmith Jacob Sheniger George Shepherd Jacob Shepherd's child Robert Shepherd, fhop-keeper Wilhelmina, daughter of Wm. Shepherd John Sherb, baker Elizabeth Sherman Abraham Sheridan's child Wm. Sheridan, & daughter John Sherwood, carpenter, and wife Sallows Shewell's wife Juliana Shewelly widow Chriftian Shembler's wife James Shillingsford Richard Shilly, hatter Jacob Sidney Margaret Shingle Amos Shingletcn Bernard Shiphar's wife Wm. Shipley, grazier Rebecca Shipping John Shippey, mufician, and child Matthias Shiltz's fifter Frederic Shneider, ftone-cutter, and fon Elizabeth Shocker George Shocker, and child Jacob Shocker, labourer Matthias Shocker, & mother Amos Shoemaker Jonathan Shoemaker, cabinet- maker Jofeph Shoemaker Mary Shoemaker Michael Shoemaker, livery- ftabler Samuel Shoemaker, jun. car- penter, from Cheltenham . Henry Sheffield Adam Shordy ----Shore, widow Chriftopher Short Mrs.----Short Matthew Short's child Henry Shreader Martin Shriar John Shriber, butcher Thomas Shriber Henry Shrider, baker & wife Jacob Shrince, comb-maker Chriftopher Shriner, tutor, and » wife Elizabeth Jacob Shriner, Jacob Shriner, jun. fkinner Nicholas Shriner, fkinner Philip Shrite, ftocking-weaver Elizabeth Shubart Jacob Shubart, blackfmith Jacob Shubert, labourer Michael Shubart, diftiller, fon, and daughter Sarah Shubart Widow Shuber John Shute, baker George Si'cbald's child Baptifte Sicard Sarah Sickel Catharine Sickfbn Adam Sifert Cafper Silver,wheelwright, and wife Jofeph Silves Mrs.----Simmonds John Simmonds's child Wife of John Simmonds, tailor John Simpfon Mary Simpfon, widow Samuel Simpfon John Sims Wooddrop Sims, merchant Elizabeth Singer, widow Thomas Singleton's child George Sink's child John Siper Charles Sitz and fervant girl Elizabeth Sitz ( *53 ) Henry Skeffold, apprentice Richard Skelly Rachel Skinner, and daughter Mary David Slack Mifs Slack William Slade, ftore-keeper Abraham Slater, currier, Eng. Gotlieb Slater's child Henrietta Slater MichaclSleefinan's fervant-man Frederick Slicker Widow Slint's fon Andrew Smith, labourer Ann Smith Barbara Smith Benjamin Smith, merchant, of Burlington Catharine Smith Charles Smith's child Conrad Smith, farmer, Germ. Dr. Smith's wife Elizabeth Smith George Smith, potter, & child Wife of Henry Smith,carpenter Henry Smith, labourer, & wife James L. Smith, faclor of cards James Smith, merchant James Smith Jane Smith and child Jefle Smith and child John Smith, fen. merchant, his ion John, & daughter Sarah John Smith, chair-maker John Smith, cabinet-maker John Smith, labourer, and child John Smith, fhoemaker Lewis Smith Margaret Smith, houfe-wife Mary Smith Matthew Smith, painter Nathan Smith's fon Rebecca Smith Tho's Smith, com mi ft'r of loans Thomas Smith, bricklayer, Ir, Widow Smith William Smith Child of Wm.Smith,fea-captain Charles Smithfield, tutor John Smith fon, Ir. George Snellbccker James Snouder Leonard Snouder's mother Anna Maria Snyder Anthony Snyder and fon Charles Snyder's wife Chriftian Snyder, farmer Gulfer Snyder Frederic Snyder, ferieant at arms to the fenate of Penn- fylvania, and his fon George George Snyder, baker Philip Snyder, coachmaker Henry Soden GuftavusSoderftrom,fea-captain Ann Solander John Sommervcll, weaver, Ir. John and Ifabella Sommervell, children of John Sommervell, cabinet-maker Elizabeth Sooks Philip Sorter Robert Sorter Robert Sowerbee, blackfmith Philip Sowerman and wife John Spalder, plafterer Widow Spatzen Townfend Speakmap, apothe- cary George Speel's daughter Flenry Speel, baker, wife, fer- vant man, and woman Widow Speel Widow Speers Eve Spence, fervant George Spigle's wife Charles Spinley Sophia Spitzburgh Sophia Splitfpike Margaret Spotts, Germ. Rev. James Sproat, D. D. Major Sproat and wife Nancy Sproat York Sprogel Andrew Sprowl Margaret Sprowl Hefter Squirnel, JEt. 82 Richard Stack, bricklayer Peter Stackard's wife Benjamin Stackhoufe Sufannah Stackhoufe Thomas Stackhoufe Hannah Staggs Joanna, wife of John Stair John Stall, ftudent of medicine Jofeph Stanbury's fon William Stancape Lucas Stanch James Stanford, fhoemaker William Stanker, tailor Margaret, wife of Laurence Stantz X ( '54 ) George Star and child Rachel, Lydia, and Sarah, daughters of James Starr, fhoemaker William Starkley, labourer, wife, and child William Starrat Frederic William Starman, merchant, and apprentice William Statton, hatter William St. Clair James Steel John Steel, carpenter, and two children John Steel, tavernkeeper ——Steel, cooper, wife, father, and daughter Mary Steel Stephen Steel's child Widow Steel's daughter William Steel, fhoemaker Fred. Steelman, tailor, & wife William Stein, clerk James Steiner, ftorekeeper Nicholas Steiner, labourer Cafper Steinmetz John Steinmetz, cooper, and Mary, his mother Peter Stenhyfter, laft-maker Andrew Stenton, a child Daniel Stephens, fervant, Ir. Fanny Stephens John Stephens, fadler Mrs. Stephens and daughter Afhfield Stephenfon James Stephenfon John Stephenfon Mrs. Stephenfon's daughter CatharineStemkarl, ferv't,Ger, David Stewart, clerk James Stewart John Stewart's daughter Ifaac Stewart Samuel Stewart, tailor William Stewart, bookbinder, Edinburgh Wifeof Henry Stiles, merchant William Stiles, jun. merchant William Stiles, fen ftonecuttcr, wife, and fon William, Eng, Ifaac Still, tailor Mary Still, fervant John Stillas, watchmaker George Stiller, fhoemaker John Stillie, watchman John Stiliwaggon, hatter Ifaac Stine's child Captain Sting J imes Stinton, fervant Laurence Stintz's widow William Stirrets, blackfmith^ Geo. Stocks, hair-drefler,& child John Stocks, jun. ----. Stocker's child Ebenezer Stokes, lilver-fmith, Eng. Elizabeth Stokes, widow George Stokes and wife James Stokes's fon John Stokes, bottler Richard Stokes's child John Stoltz, baker William Stone, merchant Luke Storch Jonathan Stormitz James Stinfen, fervant, Ir. Ebenezer Stotts, apprentice Catharine Stouble Peter Steinhaufer, fervant George Stow, turner- Hannah Stow John Stow's widow Peter Stoy's daughter John Stranger Hannah Stratton, a child John Stratton, labourer Peter Streecheifer JamesStretcher'swife and child John Strieker, clerk ---Stritten, lace-weaver Paul Stromfeltz, mealman, and wife, Germ. Captain Strong's daughter La^titia Stroud's child William Stroud, plaifterer Child of mr. Strutton, rigger Andrew Stuart's child Adam Stubert, clerk George Stubert, apprentice Heller Stubert, fpinfter Jacob Stubert, labourer Daniel Stubbs, carter Peter Stuckard, carpenter, wife and child William Stutt, cooper, and wife Martha Stutzer Anthony Suay Chriftian Sulger, baker David Sullivan, ftorekeeper Laura Sullivan Catharine Summers Edward Summers ( *ss ) Elizabeth Summers »■■ ■ Summers, a young man, from Carolina Francis Summers Peter Summers, wife and three children Jacob Snnnock, labourer, Ger. John Sun nocks, trunk-maker and a*>p-en*dce Simon Sunnock's Wife Sufannah Supple Charles Surtz, currier, and child John Sutherland, merchant Emon Sutt, keeper of a board- ing houfe Mary Sutton Samuel Swaine William Swaine Mrs. Swaine Laurence Swall's wife Jofeph Swanfon's wife John Swanwick, fhip-carpenter Margaret Swanwick Chriftiana Swartz, and two chil- dren George Swartz, carpenter Peter Swartz's fon Ann Sweeny Edward Sweeny, labourer, and child. Ir. John Sweeny's child Morgan Sweeny,wife, and child Jacob Swiii Mary Swin Hugh Swine and wife John Swoope Penelope Sword Edward Swordan George Sydes Elizabeth Sykes Mary Sykes, JEt. 15 John Syler Cafper Sylvius, wheelwright Widow Sylvius Charles Syng, weigh-mafter and wife Mr. Tacker David Taggart, carpenter Sarah Taggart Thomas Taggart William Taggart Elizabeth Tannenberg, fen. Elizabeth Tannenberg, jun. Sarah Tarcen Robert Tate, merchant, Scot. Jofeph Tatem, tailor Eleanor Taye Hannah Taye Abigail Taylor, widow Elizabeth Taylor and child George Taylor Ifaac Taylor, ironfeller, wife and filter Sarah Margaret Taylor, fervant Richard Taylor's child Robert Taylor's wife and child Robert Taylor, clerk Samuel Taylor, brufti-maker, and his daughter Mary Temperance Taylor Thomas Taylor Thomas Taylor's child William Taylor's wife --------Teeny, a young man JohnTeim, hair-drefler A. Teiffler William Teirnan Andrew Ten-Eyck Helen Terence Henry Teft, hatter John Teteres William Tharp, merchant John Thatcher's child Benjamin Thaw, jun. Maria Thaw Enoch Thomas, bricklayer, and three children Hannah Thomas James Thomas, fhip-carpenter John Thomas, tailor John Thomas, clerk Lewis Thomas, carter, & wife Margaret Thomas Mary Thomas Richard Thomas, brafs-foundei* and wife Rich'd Thomas, labourer,& wife Robert Thomas's wife Zachariah Thomas Adam Thompfon, a young lad Elizabeth Thompfon Jacob Thompfon's child John Thompfon's wife John Thompfon, labourer Sarah Thompfon Thomas Thompfon's daughter . Jane, and fon John Andrew Thomfon, blackfmith David Thomfon, fhoemaker Wife of James Thomfon, inn- keeper, at the Indian Queen ( '56 ) Margaret Thomfon, Ir. Mary Thomfon Peter Thomfon, fen. fcrivener Zaccheus Thorn, hatter, & wife ThomasThornelly, jun. Wife of John Thornhill, fhoe- maker Jof.Thornhill, houfe-carpenter Nicholas Thornman's child G eorge Thornton, currier Mary Thornton JacobThumb, plumber,and Su- fannah, his daughter John Thumb's child Jacob Tice Paul Tiggitz Jacob Till Frederick Tillman, tailor Dean Timmons, tavern-keeper William Timmons, apprentice Timothy, a black man Richard Tinker, drayman Richard Tittermary's wife Jacob Titty Elizabeth Titwood Peter Tobo Jacob Tobyn's wife John Todd, fen. teacher, and wife John Todd,j nn.attorney at law George Togle, fhoemaker Ann Tollman Tom, a negro Jacob Tomkins, jun. merchant Bartholomew Tool, ftorekeeper Charlotte Tool *■ Thomas Topliff, grocer — Tourette, Fr. John Town Mary Town Richard Town Flenry Townfend, a child Thomas Townfend, JEt. 60 Pcrer Trsbar- Nancy Tracy * Nelly Trades Walter Traqr.air, ftone-cutter Elizabeth Traveller Henry Traveller, blnckfmith F-ederick Traven, labourer Elizabeth Traverfe Martha Tie ft Michael Trinkev's man-fervant Fred. Trotr's daughter Mary Daniel Trotter's child William Trotter's wife Wm.Truckermi!ler,tobacconift Bdchard Trufs, joiner Ann Trufter Richard Trufter Jacob Tryon, tinman Arabella Tudor Major Tudor's two daughter* Sarah Tureau Mary Turner Peter Turner William Turner, baker Anthony Turret Elizabeth Tyfon William Ubert Jacob Udree, tavern-keeper Chriftian Uhler Jacob Ultree, merchant Henry Unis Peter Uttenberger George Utts, labourer, & wife ■" i —— Uvis Child of William Valentine Matthew Vandegrift John Vanderflyce's boy Ferdinand Vandigla, fhoemaker John Vandufer, blackfmith, & child Adam Vanhorne, tailor * A Jere. Vanhorne, board-merch't Mr. -------Vanier's child FJannah Vanludner Sararh Vanfe Wm. Vannemond's child Mr. -----Van fickle James Vanuxem's child Captain Van Voorhis's child Andrew Vanweller's wife John Vanummell Adam Vafs's two children Elizabeth Vaft Cap:am John Vehall Jane Vent Conrad Vergla's, tailor John B. Vernies Mary Veffie Laurence Veft's wife Tohn Vefar Peter Vickar EF7r.beih Vickerly Lcftitia Vickey, mantua-maker Phi. Vidfell, bandbox-maker, and wife Charlotte Viempft Matthew Viempft Henry vierheller, fawyer, an* . child ' C *57 ) Mrs. —,- Villet Chriftian ViBiporey's fon Jacob Vinckler's wife V iolet, a black girl Fred. Vogel's wife and daughter Gotlieb Vogel's daughter Jacob Volker Catharine Vonweiller Elizabeth Wack Godfrey Wackfel G. Wachfmuth's maid James Waddle Thomas Wade Catharine Wadman William Wager Ann Wagner Chriftopher Wagner, tailor John Wagner Widov Wagner Peter Wagner's wife, & fifter Abrahim Walders., gunfmith, and child Andrav Waldrick's child John Wales, and wife Andrav Walker's fon Alexaider Walker, and fon Edwad Walker, merchant, of Bimingham Emamel Walker, merchant, wie, and fen John Jam6 Walker, a child Mataew Walker, clerk Ralpi Walker's wife Richtrd Walker, labourer Robsrt Walker Samiel Wafer's wife Eliza. William W<1ker Wiliam Wil; fervant Robert Wallae> jun# John Wallis, qtter Rebecca Wallis Richard Wain', d^]^ Aaron Walton Abraham WaltonDiackfjfjjf-j, Captain Walters ifi daughter Catharine Walters anc| chjij Charles Walters, l>onl-er George Walters, wit& dauo-h. Jacob Walters, a chj_ Jacob Walters's wife Jeremiah Walters, m1n Peter Walters, |h,)emur Mary Walton Samuel Walton's ^augh^j.^ Poblick Calv, Wanefean George War's fon Valentine War, chair-maker Jeremiah Ward Benjamin Ware, turner Wm. Waring, mathematician John Warmington Teny Warn Alice, wife of Swen Warner ' Ephraim Warner, apprentice Hezekiah Warner Jane Warner, widow John Warner, clerk Mary Warner Magdalene Warner Wm. Warnick's wife & child Wm. Warnick, jun. John Warren Ifaac Warren, fawyer, wife, and fon Wm. Warren, blackfmith, and child Win. Warren, failor Michael Wartman Warner Wafhington, ftudent of medicine Chriftopher Waffom, watch- man, and child Elizabeth Widow Waflbm's daughter James Watkins, joiner Benjamin Watfon Wife, and child of Charles C. Watfon, tailor Elizabeth Watfon Mary Watfon Rob't Watfon, labourer, & fon Wife of Samuel Watfon, cop- perfmith Thomas Watters' daughter Ignatius Watteman's wife John Watters's child WifeofNathan'lWaters,hattcr Beulah Watters Margaret Watts James Watts Henry Wayland, weaver Jane Wayland Henry Wealler Sam'rWeatherby,corder,&wife Thomas Weatherby-) Samuel Weatherby ^ fons of Jofeph Weatherby ^ ditto Benja. Weatherby J Adam Weaver, brick-maker Andrew Weaver, tailor George Weaver, and daugh tea* ( '5» ) Jacob Weaver, and 2 children Wife of John Weaver, painter Nathaniel Weaver Widow W nver, and child Eleanor Webb Elizabeth Webb, widow Simon Webb, whitefmith Solomon Webb Pelatiah Webfter's wife Elijah Weed, and daughter Edward Weir, book-binder Charles Weift George Weifs, tailor Lewis Weift's fon John Weiffman, blackfmith . Weiflinan, chocolate-maker hilip Weiflinan, ditto Catharine Weiffman iohn Wells, and wife lenry Welch's child James Welch, fervant John Welch's child Mary Welfli Michael Welfh, labourer, Ir. Miles Welfh's daughter Peter Welfh Richard Welfh Samuel Welfh Tho'sWelfh, tailorrwife &child Thomas Welfn George Weft, houfe carpenter John Weft, chair maker- John Weft, apprentice Lydia Weft Margaret Weft WiUiam Weft, bookbinder William Weft's wife and fon Henry Weftler, hair-drefler, and two children Adam Wettc-ftein, butcher John Wette-fte'.n, fkin-dreffer George Wevbel baker,and wife George Weyman and child Aaron Wharton,tallo w chandler John Wharton Mary Wharton Peregrine Wharton ,h .carpenter Nathan Wheeled and wife Elizabeth Whcil F.obert Wily Edward White, labourer Hugh White Jacob White, apprentice James White • James White's wife John White Maria White Martha White Matthew White Solomon White's daughter Charles Whitebread's child James Whitehall's wife Mary Jofeph Whitehead, clerk, and child, Eng. Daniel Whitely's child Cafpar Whiteman Catharine Whiteman Jane Whiteoak, JEt. 6$ Hannah Whitefides Wm. Whitefrdes, tea-merchant John Whitman Laurence Whitman's chill George Wibble,baker, and wife Jacob Wickers, ferryman Abigail Wickham's child Jeremiah Wiefer, draytntn Michael Widner, tailor George Wier John Wigdon, fchool-miter, wife and child Samuel Wigford, hatter Ann Wight William" Wild Abel Wiley's wife John Wiley, flioemaker,&ifter Ann Wiley John Wilkins Mary Wilkins James Wilkinfon, Ir. Roderick Wilkinfon Catharine Will, fer ant Charles Williams^razier Elizabeth Willian*5 James Williams. attor John Williams <"■<* wife John Williams'child John William* coachman Mary, widow1" Jof. Williams Thomas Wilams» mariner Widow Wil*ms Jeremiah ^Hjamfon, jailor Marcarct "dlliamfon Violet W'iamfon Mary W*ng Hitch W*s Ann Wou Chavle v ,ir?n> clerk Elizabj1 Wilfon Jame^-1{*on> ferryman jam/Syilr°n ( *S9 ) Jenny Wilfon John Wilfon, h. carpenter John Wilfon, failor John Wilfon, wheelwright John Wilfon, bricklayer Capt. John Wilfon iofeph Wilfoh's child I'Calla Wilfon Mrs. Wilfon, fchool-miftrets Richard Wilfon, fhoemaker Roderic Wilfon. failor Wife of Wm. Wilfon, ftationer William Wilfon's child William Wilfon, failor Dorothy Wiltberger Wife and child of Alexander Windfey, failor Rev. John Winkhaufe & child JohnLudwig Winkler, labourer Mary Winkler ----Winne, coachmaker Child of Jac.Winnemore,grocer Frederick Winter, failor Wife of Jacob Winter, fhip- carpenter Marga*et W infer Alexander Winthrop's wife Daniel Wife, tailor Hannah, wife of Thos. Wife Widow Wife man Benjamin Wiftar John Witman Pete* Wittefs's fon Cbnfto'r Woelpert's daughter Elizabeth Wolf, widow Mary Wolf Elizabeth Wollard, fervant Andrew Wood, currier Catharine Wood Cornelius Wood's wife Elizabeth Wood Francis Wood's child G. Wood's daughter Rebecca John Wood, watch-maker John Wood, coach-man Jona. Wood, carter, and wife Ifaac Wood's child Leighton Wood's wife Mary Wood Thomas Wood, fhoemaker William Wood Waftiington, fon of William Woodhoufe, printer Jofeph Woodman Margaret Woodward Chriftian Wool, tailor James Worftall, ftore-keeper Hannah Wrap Jacob Wright, chairmaker Jane Wright Jof. Wright, painter, & wife Mary Ann Wright Sufannah Wright Richard Wright's daughter Catharine Wrightner Sarah Wrinkle Henry Wurftler, hair-drefler, and child Widow Wurftler and child Widow Wyand's child Child of Wm. Wyat, labourer George Wyner, fhoemaker and two children Thomas Wyner William Wynn John Yates, fervant Mary Yates, widow Catharine Yeiger Margaret Yeoman George Yopes, apprentice Michael Yopes, ditto Nelly Yorks Phcbe York John Youch, grocer Catharine Young Elizabeth Young George Young's daughter Jacob Young's fon Daughter and fon-in-law of Ja- cob Young, tailor Jacob Young, fhoemaker James Young and apprentice Margaret Young Mary Young Michael Young and wife Nich. Young, labourer, & wife PlumberYoung Agnes, wife of Wdliam Young, printer William Young, apprentice Chriftopher Ycull's wife Rebecca Youft Andrew Yfenhood's 2 children Jane Zagey Wm. Zane's wife Mary Zentler John Geo. Zey finger, printer Wm. Zill Tobias Zifik's wife Philip Zwoller ( 160 I CONVENTS. Chap. I. State of Philadelphia previous to the appearance of the malignant fever—with a fjpsv obfervations on fome of the probable confequences of that calamity. f Chap. II. Symptoms. A flight fketch of the mode of treat- ment. --. . J3 Chap. IB. Firft alarm in Philadelphia. Flight of the citizens.f Guardians ofrhe poor borne down with labour, 16 Chap. IV. General defpondency. Deplorable fcenes. Frightful view of human nature. A noble and exhila- rating contraft. - - - 21 Chap. V. Diftrefs increafes. Benevolent citizens invited to affift the guardians of the poor. Ten volunteers. Ap- pointment of the committee for relief of the lick. State of Philadelphia, - 28 Chap. VI. Magnanimous offer. Wretched ftate ofBufh- hill. Order introduced there. - - 31 Chap. VII. Proceedings of the committee. Loans from the bank of North America. Eftabli{lament of an or- phan houfe. Relief of the poor. Appointment of the Affiftant committee. _ . . 35 Chap. VIII. Repeated addrefies from the committee on the purification of houfes—Affiftant committee under- take to infpett infected houfes perfonally—Extinction of the diforder—Governor's proclamation—Addrefs of the clergy. A new and happy ftate of affair.;. 39 Chap. IX. Extravagant letter&from Philadelphia. Credulity put to the teft. _ . - ■ 45 Chgp. X. Proceedings at Cheftertown. At New York. At . Trenton. At Lamberton. - - . 47 Chap. XL Proceedings at Havre de Grace. At Hagerf- town. At Alexandria. At Winchefter. At Bofton. At Newburyport. In Rhode Ifland. AtNewbern. AtCharlef- ton. In Georgia.—Falling and prayer. 53 Chap. XII. Conflict between the law of felf-prefervation andthe law of charity. The law of charity victorious, 5S Chap. XIII. Diforder fatal to the doctors. To the clergy. To filles de joie. To maid fervants. To the poor ; and in clofe ftreets. Lefs deftructive to the French •/ and to the negroes. .... 0O Chap. XIV. State of the weather. Attempt to refute the opinion that cold and rain extinguifned the diforder. 64 Chap. XV. Origin of the diforder. 67 Cimn. XVI. Defultory facts and reflexions. A collection of fcraps. - . »0 Chap. XVH. Another collection of fcraps. 82 Account of the plague in London - - 06 Account of the plague in Marfeilles . 106 Lift of burials - . . „ - irs Meteorological obfervations - . - - 118 Lift of the names of the dead - . „ l2i at* * " y* ENQUIRY O B S E R V THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE EPIDEMIC DISEASE, WHICH RAGED IN PHILADELPHIA FROM THE MONTH OF AUGUST TILL TOWARDS THE MIDDLE OF DECEMBER, 1793. BY JEAN DEVEZE, KASTBR IN SURGERY, FROM CAPE FRANC.A1S, PHYSICIAfT OF THB HOSPITAL AT BUSH-HILL, SURGEON-MAJOR AND PRINCIPAL PHY- SICIAN OF THE MILITARY HOSPITAL ESTABLISHED BY THE ERENCB* »Ef UBLIC AT PHILADELPHIA. *" Nature is the first Physician." Hyppocrates, Pop. Mai. b. 6, s. 5», PRINTED BY PARENT^ PHILADELPHIA. 1-94, ADVERTISEMENT. THE epidemic difeafe, of which fo many of the citizens of Philadelphia fell victims, and which fpread fuch a fcene of terror around it by its ravages in the month of Auguft, interefted the feelings of the companionate fo forcibly, that at their own expence the hofpital at Bufli-hill was opened. • t At this juncture I arrived on this continent, and was appointed to the medical direction of this hofpital* As the patients multiplied in abundance, Dr. Benjamin Duffield, a member of the College of Phyficians of thi*5 dty, was aflbciated with me by the committee. My* firft care was to communicate to him my mode of treat- ment, and my reafons for adopting the various methods I had chofen to encounter the deftructive plague which depopulated the city, and overwhelmed it with melan- choly and confternation* Dr. Duffield, after having examined my practice, and vifited the patients with me in concert, aflured me that his mode of treatment was entirely conformable to mine, and that he fhould co- incide in the plan I had eftablilhed without alteration. The approbation of a profeflional man, whofe repu- tation alone fpeaks his eulogy, and who to his intelli- gence in medidne joins the fugcefsful practice of forgery. AVERTISSEMENT. les motifs qui determinaient mon choix ppu»"'chacun >■ des moyens que j'adoptais afin de coinbattre le fleart deftrueteur qui depeuplait la ville , et repandait par_ tout la triftefie et la confternation. M. Duffield , apres avoir •examine' ma pratique et vifite les maladcs avec moi,approuva ma maniere, me ditque la fienne etait en- tierement confdrme , et qu'il adoptait le plan de traite- ment que j'avais etablr, fanspropofer aucunchangement. Li'approbation d'un homme de Part , dont la" repu- tation feule fait l'eloge, et qui joint .tux comiaiflances de la medecine celles de la chirurgie qu'il exerce avec les memes faeces , fut pour moi , je 1'avoue, un motif d^ncouragement■; je meperfaadai d'autam plus d'avoir faifi les vraies indications curatives. Je continual done ies.traitsraen; d'aprSs mes principes, fauf les modifi- T-. was, I confefs, to me a motive of encouragement. Be- fides, I had perfuaded myfelf, that I had fallen upon *he true indications of cure ; and therefore continued my treatment according to hiy principles, excepting only in thofe cafes in which particular circumftances required its modification. The harmony which perpetually fubfifted between,. Dr. Duffield and myfelf, did not a little contribute ■without doubt, to the fuccefs we experienced in the management of a difeafe, one of tbe moft deftructive that the human race can be afflicted with. This fuccefs was another motive for me to be particular and exact in the obfervations I have now the honour to prefent to the public. They .were originally deftined to re- main buried in my jSort-folio, for my own ufe, and to have recourfe to in cafe of necelfity> if ever the fam^ difeafe Ihould again appear with the fame fymptoms. and variations. But I could not refift the felicitation of fome partial* lar friends ; and I moreover imagined that they might be ufeful to profeflional gentlemen who have not had an opportunity of following the difeafe through all its modifications, and to whom the danger of experiments and endeavours, always painful and afflicting to huma- nity, has been difpenfed with. I had another motive, which was to incite thofe to whom the difeafe was already known, to execute better than myfelf the defire I had of being ufeful.. cations dont les circonftances determinaient la necefllte. La bonne intelligence qui n'a ceflTe de regner entre le docleur Duffield et moi , n'a pas peu contribue , fans doute, aux fucces que nous avons obtenus dans le trai- tement d'une maladie des plus meurtrieres , dont Pef- pece humaine puifle etre affligee. Ces fucces ont ete pour moi un motif de plus pour mettre quelque clarte dans les obfervations que je prefente au- jourd'hui au public. Elles n'etaient d'abord deftinees qu'a demeurer enfevelies dans mon porte-feuille, pour moi fetal et pour les confulter au befoin , quant a Pufage des moyens que j'avais employes, fi toute fois la meme maladie venait a fe reproduire avec les memes variations et les memes fymptdmes; mais je n'ai pu me refufer a la follicitation de quelques amis. J'ai penfer en outre que , d'une part, elles pourraient etre utiles aux perfonnes de Part qui n'aijraient pas eu occafion d'etudier cette maladie et de la Tuivre dans toutes fes modifications , et qui ferbnt difpenfees du danger 4es experiences et des effais toujours facheux et toujours affligeans pour Phumanite, et que d'une autre part elles pourront engager ceux a qui elle ferait deja connue a. remplir mieux que moi le defir que j'ai eu de bien faire. De plus, quelques directeurs de cet hdpital, et le comite, a qui Padminiftration en a ete confiee, m'ayan-t laifTe entrevoir qu'ils verraient avec plaifir mes obfer- vations mifes au jour , j'ai cru devoir ceder a ce defir, et a la fatisfaction que j'eprouve a leur en fairc l'hom- mage. Si mon zele a pu etre utile , je le dois en partie e I'encouragement qu'ils m'ont infpire et a l'exemple qu'ils m'ont donne , les ayant vu remplir avec la piete la plus religieufe , les actes de la bienfaifance et de la fvi i Added to this, fome directors of the hofpital, and the committee to whom its adminiftration was intrufted, have informed me, that they fhould with pleafure fee my obfervations publifhed. I therefore thought it a duty to yield to their fequeft, and to gratify my own 'eelingsin this teftimony of myefteem for them. If my endeavours have been ufeful, it is in part owing to the encouragement they infpired me with, and to the example they placed before my eyes, ki performing with the moft religious pity, the moft meritorious acts of benevolence and charity. I dare then to flatter my- felf, that thefe motives which have infpired me, rather than the defire of book-making, will be a fufficienl excufe for the faults which will neceflarily be found in this performance, and will obtain the indulgence of the reader, who will neither find that elegance and correct- nefs of ftile fo neceffary,in works of entertainment, and fo fuperfluous when firnple facts are to be narrated. If thefe refearches and obfervations on the caufes, qualities, and treatment of the difeafe which was their object, fhould meet with any contradictions, or perfons of a different opinion, I now, once for all, declare that I renounce all controverfy. t vij ] charite U plus meritoire. J'ofe'me flatter que ees motifs auxquels j'ai cede plutcU qu'a celui de faire un livre feront pardonner les negligences qui doivent fe ren« contrer dans cet ecrit, etm'obtiendront l'indulgence du Lecteur, qui n'y trouvera ni cette elegance , ni cette correction de ftile , fi n*§cefTaire dans des ouvrages de puragrement, et fi fuperflues dans une fimple narration- de faits. Si mes recherches et mes obfervations fur lescaufes, les qualites et le traitement de la maladie qui en fait l'objet, rencontraient quelques contradiction ou quel- ques perionnes d'une opinion differente, jepreviensque jerenonce d'avance £ toute difcuffion polemique. ERRATA Page 4, line 20, of barley, read barley* .----28, — 8, complains, r. complained. , - 30, — 10, her, r. his. —— 32, — 26, and which, r. which. ----40, — 27, an dlimbs, r*. and limbs. ----58,.— 13, done, r. do no. ----58, — 26, mendicament, r. medicament* ----60, — 25, was renewed, r. renewed. ---- 108, — 15, at, r. an. .___ jgo^ — 10, includes, r. include. ERRATA. Pageprerniere, Epigraphe,Hipocrate, I'tsez Hippocrate. Page 3 , ligne 6, quelques qualites, lisez des qualites' Page 11 , ligne 4 , linftinct, lisez Pinftinct. Ditto , ligne 12, egolime , lisez egoifme. Page 13 , ligne 23 , pille , lisez pilles. Page 21 , ligne 2 , produife, lisez foit. Page 23 , ligne 19 , verite , lisez variete. P. 25,1. 23, vertueux qui n'a, lisez et une vertu quin'ont. Page 59 , ligne 13, paraifTens , lisez paraiflent. Page 67 , ligne 26 , a bouche , lisez la bouche. Ditto , ligne 32 , vitriol, lisez nitre— Page 73 , ligne 12 , par , lisez pour. Ditto , ligne 13 , eflentielles de, lisez effentielles a. Page 77 , ligne 6, des felles , lisez les felles. Page 83 , ligne 22 , on , lisez fon. Page 91 , lignes 30 et 31, retranchez auparavant. Page 93 , ligne 20 , vitriol , lisez nitre. Page 133, ligne 5, ciaient, /i/ J'aPPr*s Par *a voie PUD*iclue > clue P^u* fieurs perfonnes y etaient mortes des fuites d'un mal de gorge. Les progres rapides de cette maladie firent croire qu'elle portait avec elle quelques qualites contagieufes. La mort de plufieurs perfonnes dans le roeme quartier r et dans un terns tres-rapproche, accredita cette opinion, au point qu'il paflait pour certain qu'il etait tr£s-dan- gereux de s'approcher de ceux qui etaient attaques de cette maladie. Ce ne fut que vers la fin du mois d'aout que j'eus occafion de connaitre cette maladie , dans une fille &gee d'environ 26 on 28 ans , fervante de M. Bollens , negociant, dans Water-ftreet nord. EUe etait tres- robufte et d'un temperament fanguin. Le medecin ordinaire de la mailbn , homme refpedbble et tres-inf- truit , n'en jugeant pas favorablement, et penfant qu'elle fubirait le fort de plufieurs malades qu'il avaifc foigne , m'avait appelle et engage , au cas qu'elle frrccombiit , a faire Pouverture de fon cadavre , afin. de coonattre les caufes d'une maladie fi funefte*. (4) I went with him to Mr. Bohlen's. We found the patient in extreme agitation, face red, eyes fparklmg, Ikin dry and hot, tongue and lips aifo dry and red, the amygdale'glands fwelled, the uvula, palace, and infide of .the throat inflamed • fhe fwallowed with great dif- ficulty and fpoke with pain ; refpiration was ftrong, head and throat painful, pulfe hard and frequent. From thefe indications I propofed bleeding—the yhyfician confented, and I immediately performed the operation, and prefcribed lemonade and a gargle made •with water and oxymel, or one of honey and fpirit of vitriol. It was alfo agreed the patient mould make yfe of jhe bath. On our return the next day fhe was infinitely better ; the pulfe had unfolded, and fhe fpoke •with more eafe. As the fever continued, the heat was confiderable, and the blood taken the preceding day indicated great inflammation. I propofed a fecond bleed- ing, which was performed by the con fent of the phy- fieian. She was defired to continue the gargle and lemonade, to take creamed of barley or rice,, a light mucilaginous diet, fuch as fago, tapioca, and the like. The next day we found fhe had quitted her bed, was in good fpirits, without fever, and had no farther oc- cafion for medical affiftance. We advifed her to take a common cathartic. I faw her no more, but heard her health was perfectly re-eftablifhed, and fhe has not fince felt the flighted indifpofition. I could cite many other cafes of a fimilar nature,, «wing feen and vifited. an infinite number of perfoa* (5 ) Te me rendis chez M. Bollens avec lui. Nous trou* v&mes la malade dans une extreme agitation , le vifage rouo-e , les yeux etincellans , la peau feche et brulante , ]a langue et les levres aufli feches et rouges , les glan- des amigdales gonflees , la luette , le voile du palais et tout l'interieur de la gorge enflammes. Elle avalait avec la plus grande difficulte et parlait avec peine ; fa refpiration etait forte ; elle foufFrait de la gorge et de la tgte ; enfin fon pouls etait dur et frequent. D'apres toutes ees indications je propofai au medecin de la faigner ; il y confentit, et je ns de fuiie , moi-meme , cette operation. Je lui prefcrivis la limo- nade , un gargariftne fait avec l'eau et l'oximel fey IK- tique , et a fon defaut du miel et de l'efprit de vitriol. II fut convenu que la malade prendrait un bain. Nous y retoumames le lendemain ; elle etait infiniment mieux ; for) pouls s'etait developpe ; elie parlait plus facilement. Comme elle avait de la fievre , que la chaleur etait confiderable , et que le fang tire de la veille annoncait une grande inflammation , je propofai une iecondefaignee, ce qui fut execute du confente- ment du medecin. Nous lui ordonnames de continuer fi'm gargarifmc , de boire de la limonade, et de prendre de la creme d'orge ou de riz. Le lendemain nous la trouvames levee , gaie , fans fievre , et dans un etat a. pouvoir fe pafTer des fecours de la medecine. Nous lui confeillames de prendre une medecine ordinaire. Je ne l'ai plus vue , mais j'ai fu qu'elle s'etait parfaitement retablie , et qu'elle n'avait pas eu depuis la plus legere indifpofition. Je pourrais citer beaucoup d'autres faits de ce genre. J'ai vu et vifite ur.e infinire de perfonnes attaquees de attacked with the fame difeafe, and had the happmefs not to'lofe any, except a child that was placed under my care at the laft extremity. Let it not be fuppofed, thefe obfervations are made as an apology for bleeding. I acknowledge having cored many without that help; although it was gene- rally requifite, have often obferved fymptoms which forbid its ufe. I then fubftituted glyfters, gargles, baths, lemonade, chicken water, fkimmed milk, emul- fions, fimples, and fedatives, and even fometives have ufed them in conjunction with tbe lancet. If in the beginning of this unfortunate malady re- courfe had been had to a fimilar treatment, I am con- vinced it would fel^om have proved mortal. But an ill-dire&ed public often acled contrary to what was efficacious. The difealed were carefully fhut up in clofe rooms, and covered with three or four blankets ; their beverage was infufions of camomile, Madeira wine, and other inflammatory liquors, which increafing the difeafe brought the patient to extremity, having produced mortifications and over-charged the brain- After death, the victim of this fatal practice had a livid appearance, and the veffels of the head and brain were in the fame ftate as thofe who die with a fit of the apoplexy. (7 ) !a m£me maladie; j'ai eu le bonheur de n'cn perdre* aucune, a l'exception d'un enfant qui n'a ete entrc mes mains que fur la fin de fa maladie. Oue l'on ne penfe pas que ce foit pour faire 1'apo- Jogie de la faignee que je cite ees obfervations. Je dois meme convenir que j'ai gueri plufieurs perfonnes fans ce fecours. Quoique ce moyen fut generalement tres- bien indique, j'ai obferve fouvent de contre-indications qui m'ont empeche de le mettre en nfage. Alers les lavemens , les gargarifmes , les bains , la limonade , l'eaude poulet, le petit kit , les emuhions fimples et fedatives, font les moyens que j'y ai fubftitues , quel* quefois m£me je les ai employes et mis en ufage eon- jointement avec la faignee. Je fuis perfuade que cette maladie aurait ete moins funefte , fi dans le commencement on avait eu recours a un pareil traitement, auquel je penfequ'elle aurait rarement refifte. Mais le public mal dirige , faifait fouvent le con* traire de ce qui aurait ete efficace. Les uialades etaient renfermes dans des chambres clofes avec le plus grand foin ; ils etaient charges de trois ou quatre couver- tures. Leur traitement etait pour boiffon de l'infufioa de cajfioiaille , du vin de Madere , et autres liqueurs femblables et brttlantes, qui, agiffant en fens egal avec la maladie , faifait perir les malades , apres avoir pro- duit la gangrene dans toutes les parties aifectees, et des engorgemensdans le cerveau. Les victimes de cer e pratique meurtrieYe devaient , apres leur mort, avoir la figure livide, et les vaiffeaux de la tete et de la poi- trine dans le m^mectat que ceux qui ineurent d'uns attaque d'apoplexie. f *) Some days after the fore throat appeared, the (ever, which fpread devaluation through the city, carried mourning into families that were enjoying the purity of their mannei-9 in the bofbm of peace, and under the protection of laws dictated by independence, wifdoin, and virtue. Affectionate wives ! unfortunate mothers and or- phans ! your fate overwhelms me with heart-felt dif- trefs__Would to heaven I could affuage your.forrows, by accumulating then in my own breaft, and thus re- ftore you to the hippinefs inexorable death has de- prived you of, in the objects of your deareft affection, and make you forget your -nisfortunes. But alafs ! my wifhes are ufelefs, and there remains to me only the hope, that by fulfilling the duties my profeffion and humanity require, I may foften your ills by diminilhing their number. The misfortunes you have experienced are great, but on looking back how dreadful muft be the profpect to thofe who have to reflect, that in fuffering their minds to be affected by vain fears, which I will not fay extinguifhed, though it ftifled the facred fentiments Nature has graven in every heart; when they call to mind this terror was the caufe of their forgetting the firft of duties, and abandoning to all the bitternefs of difeafe their neareft relations and fdeareft friends; yet error juftifies, nay more, I will fay, prefcribed the conduct; the ideas fuggefted was the caufe of your abandoning the unfortunate victims of this fatal malady, ( 9 ) Quelques jours apres les maux de gorge , parurenc les fievres qui ont devafte cette ville , pprte le deuil dans les families, qui jouiffaient au fein de la paix, du bonheur de vivre dans Ja purete des moeurs, et fous la protection des lois dictees par I'independance , la fageffe et la vertu. Chaftes epoux 1 meres infortunees ! orphelins mal" hsureux ! ah ! combien votre fort m'attrifte ? que ne puis-je vousfecourir en accumulant dans mon cceur tous les chagrins qui, vous devorent. Otie ne puis-je vous rendre le bonheur dont la mort inexorable vous a ravi les objets ? Que ne puis-je vous faire oublier que vous i^tes malheureux ? mats helas ! mes vceux font impuif-- Jans, et je n'ai que l'efpoir , en rempliffant les devoirs que mon etat et l'humanite m'impofent, de foulager et d'adoucir vos maux en en diminuant le nombre. Les malheurs que vous venez d'eprouver font bien errands; mais combien ne vous paraftront-ils pas affreux lorfque failant un pas en arriere, vous vous rappellerez que votre-efprit affeae par une vaine crainte , contre laquelle il luttait fans ceffe , cette terreur a, je ne dirai pas etouffe ,. mais fait taire en vous ees fentimens facres que la nature a gravee dans tous les cceurs ; lorfque vous vous rappellerez que cette crainte irrefle- chb vous a fait oublier le plus faint des devoirs , quand vous vousrappellerez que vous avez ahandonne a toute l'amertume de leurs maux , vos proehes et vos amis !e^* plus chers. L'erreur a juftifie , je dirai plus , el!e a pour ainfi dire prefcrit votre conduite , et les mslheu- renfes victimes d'une maladie funefte le font devenues enccre de ce fentiment qu'on vous a faggere : elles B, ( io ) neglected and left alone to expire in all the horror of defpair. Children! mothers f hufbands I think of the duty which God has prefcribed to you. Inftinct will dictate, give way to its impulfe, and you will follow the road to virtue ; but if deaf to the voice of nature, thofe far ■whom alone you ought to live are deprived of the cares they expect from you—think what will be your remorfe when they are no more. But fay you, the fear of fharing the fame fate, without the poffibility of faving another, was the only caufe of your flight. This mode of reafoning proceeded from thofe only •who gave way to prejudice, which prevented their feeing, that by fuch an example they juftified a fimilar conduct in their children and/ervants. But why fhould I endeavour to infpire you with fen- timents that are already in yfeur hearts. An hofpitable and geperous people cannot be inhuman. If this vir- tue, which does honour to your morality—if the exer« cife of humanity ceafed for a moment amongft you, your hearts had no part in it—fear and error are an excufe ; they, for a time, fufpended your courage,, yet you foon after was convinced your fears were ill- founded. In fhort, the public papers infpired you with terror by pretending to declare the difeafe contagious. They •went farther--—'they advifed marking thofe houfes where the epidemic had already facrificed fome victims. This was, no doubt, one of the principal caufes of the rapid deftrudtion, which fpread devastation through this un- fortunate city. Honoured with your confidence, and that of your reprefentarives united in the committee, which ap- (II) ont peri fame de foins , et expirees dans 1'horreur. du defefpoir. Epoux , meres , enfans , freresfongezau^P^%i> et.regdait la- deglutition difficile. La lapgH§>-.>dabQsd.}rpugpi ne jardait pas, apres s'e'tre i-edhee, a deveJiir,,aigfi,^ue |es l£vres, couvertes d'un limojvnoir qi4 s'attachait5a}jx,dents et y devenaic adherent : une pefanteur et une ijouleur confiderables, a la region epigaftnque, aqnpr|caient et accompagnaient ties vomifEpaiiens dbnt les efforts violens fatiguaient les ■malades. Les matieresqu'4s vomi$aient etaient de dif- f£rentes natures; quelque fois c'etait des phlegmes Wanes, tres-acides,, qui agacaieiit les dents des malades :, d'autre fois c'et#it de la hjle ,yerte ou jaune ; d'autre fois une raatiere noire , femblable au marc d'une ben- teille a Pencre, mal delayee dans des matieres glarreufes, defqnelles s'exhalaient communement une odeur d'eeuf pourri : elles etaient fi acres, qu'elles excoriaient la gorge et les levres. L'eftomac irrite par leur action,' rejetait toute efpece de liquides , et les malades , quoi- que tourmentes par la foif, refufaient de boire pour eviter les douleurs du vomiffeinent. Souvent les malades etaient affaiblispardes diarrhees de differentes natures qui gtaient precidees eLicconi' ( 44 » My; fometimes the evacuations were frequent' liquid, watery, and began with the difeafe ; at others. it-appeared fome days after the fever; they were then bilious, greafy, and frothy ; they were often white and glairous ; in fome green, yellow, inclining to red:, bloody ; and fometimes only black blood. The dif" charges from the patients were often unaccompanied^ by pain ; at others the gripings were excruciating ; fometimes the evacuations .were without fmell} at others cadaverous and feetid. The patients experienced an inability to fleep; if they {lumbered by chance, their fleep was laborious, they feit themfelves as fatigued when they awoke as if they had not flept at all ; the urine affumed different appearances during the courfeof the malady ; in gene- ral at the beginning it was crude, then in fmall quan- tity, excoriating, acrid, red, bldddy, and black ; fome- times without fediment and thick, at others it was covered with a thick film, or had dregs floating in it; occasionally it had fediments of different natures ; fome- times it was fuppreffed, at others it came away invo- luntary. An uneafy wearinefs was foon followed by a yellow appearance, which ufually firft ihewed itfelf in the eyes, and foon after the whole body was of a deep. lemon colour ; in that ftate the veins opened again where th^y were bled, the wound was-furrounded with* a:livid circle, and it was with very great difficulty the ( 45 ) pagtte-es eft general par des douleurs aux lornbes i- quelque fois ees dejeaions etaient frequ-^ntes , liquides? aqueufes , et commancaient avec la maladie. : d'au- tre- fois elles fe declaraient apfes plufieurs jours de fievre : elles etaient tantot bilieufes, graffes et mouf- ftufes, tantot blanches et glaireuies ; il s'en trouvaient: de vertes, de j unes, de rcugeatres, de fanguilonentes et meme de fang pur , et noires • tantct les malades allaient a la felle fans douleux ; tantot enfin, ils avaient. de violenies tranchees**: quelque fois ees dejeaions etaient fans odeur , d'autres fois infectes et cadave- reufes. Les malades eprouvaient des infomnies"; fi par ha- zard ils doi-maient, le fommeil etait laborieux , lis fe trouvaient auffi fatigues a leur re veil, que s'ils n'avaienf pas dormi. Les urines etaier.t differentes dans le cours de la maladie. Dans le commencement en ge oral elles etaient crues, puis ellesdevenaient rares, mordicantes, acres , rouges , fanguinolentes et queique fois noires r quelque fois auffi elles etaient fans iedimenf, et troubles; d'autres fois il fe formait a la fuperficie une pellicula ou une nubecule : il s'en trouvait avec un .fedimeut de differente nature ; qu'elque fois elles fe fuprimaient, et d'autre fois enfin ,. les malades les rendaiens fans s'en, appercevoir. Des laffitudes inqnietmtes etaient bient6t fuivie; de la jau liffe qui commencait ordinairement par les yeux ; et bientot apres, tout le corps etait couleur da citron fonce. Dans cet etat les fai^nees fe rouvrnent , les piquures s'entour .-en: d'u" cercle liv^dp ; ce n'etait ou'avec taplu* grjnae peiuc ^u'en parvenait a.ra re.cr C 4* ) s blood was ftopnrd. I obfer.ved this accident happened only ro thofe patients who were bled too late. The tongue was covered with blood, at firft red, then black, which iffued from the pores of the tongue, infide of the mouth and gums; to this hemorrage wa? joined that from the nofe, which fometimes preceded and fometimes flowed at the fame time. " If the remedy was inefficacious, and did not produce any change in the ftate of the humours, gangrene or livid fpots appeared in different parts, and gradually extended in fuch a manner/that die whole body fome- times appeared mortified; the difeafed, when in that fituation, before they1 died had a-putrid fmell; if the back of the harm was then put to the mouth, a cold fenfation was felt," from the contaft of the air which. proceeded from'the lung^'. blThofe who died in that ftate had experienced weak\ieffes in the beginning of their ficknefs;3 the morbid caufe, from having long aftcd, had 'perverted* all the humours, and difpofed. , * -. '"' ' - * '• 3<1««l7' them to putrefaaion. . % -*-u -* iiioq • i r ?^3'oqt'b ?' It was very feldont medicin^bid fuf¢ power in: thofe cafes to fave the oatient ; when the difeafe was at.iis height, the elements which compofe the forma. tion of the fluids and folids being no longer retained by the glutinous particles which united them, made con- tinual efforts to difengage themfelves and join their original mafs, in the fame manner as the breath of 1 fe, which animated the matter, evaporates into fpace, and again joins the being from which it firft came. From all thefe fymptoms which accompanied this epidemic, I confider it as a true colliquative fever, (47) !e fang. J'ai remarque que ees accidens n'arrivaTenj qu'aux malades qui avaient et£ faignes trop tard. La langue fe couvrait d'un fang d'abord rouge , puis noir : il fuintait de toute part de la langue , de Pinte- rieur de la bouche et des gencives. A cette hemorra. gie fe joignait celle des narines qui, quelque fois, precedait , et quelque fois coulait en meme temps. Si les remedes etaient inefficaces et n'apportaient aucun changement dans Petat des humeurs , la mortifi- cation fe developpait dans quelques parties ou des la- ches livides fe montraient a divers endroits,et s'eten- daient par gradation , de maniere que quelque fois tout le corps paraiffait gangrene. Le malade dans cet etat, repandait, ayant de mourir , une odeur jp/ecte ; fi Pon approchait de.fa bouche le dgs de la main , on eprou- vait un fentiment c|e frpid par ^contact de Pair qui fortaitde fes poulnions. Les maladei qui font morts dans cet etat, avaient eu des faiblefles dans les commence- tnens de leur maladie. Les caufes morbifiques ayant agi long-temps, avaient perverti toutes les humeurs et les avaient difpofees a la pourriture. II eft rare que daiis dcrs cas filrnblables , les fecours de la medecine foient affe2 puiffans pour fauver le malade. Alors le mal eft a fon cc-mble ; les el^mens qui concourent a la formation des fo'lides et des fluides n'etant plus retenus par le glutten qui les uniilait, font fans ceffe des efforts pour fe d6funiret rejoindrefa maffe dont ils font fortis, de m£me que le fouffle de vie qui a anime la matidre, s'elauce dans Pefpace et fe reunit a l'etre d'oi\ il avait ete emane. D'apres tous ees fympt6mesqui ont accornpagn-Ss !a maladie epidemique, je la confidere comme une vraie •J (48* jvhich is in the fame clafs wuh the ardent-fever, coin* plicated, and joined to another very fatal difeafe which,I had obferved at St. Domingo, and known by the name of the Siam Dileafe, or Siam Fever. It feemed as if thefe two fcpurges had -united their fymp- toms, and acted in concert, which may be judged of by the defcription I have given, and which is only the recital of my own obfervations. The prognoftics upon this malady were in general unfavourable, but more or lefs coofoling acfcordincr to the number and malignity of the fymptoms, and adapted to the knowledge of the cotsftitution, the fex, and age of the patient, the manner of living, ftate of the hu- mours, and complication of other difeafes,- Sec. each being a circumftance to ferve as a totachftone to the phyfician, to fix the judgment he fhould pronounce. This at leaft is what direfted my conduct. Every fymptom attrafted my particular attention. I fet my- felf about the ftudy of it in order to prevent my aaing againft nature, when fhe was fijcceffively deftroying fhe morbific caufe ; fhe often alone a&s fufficiently to explode and deftroy the caufe which oppreffes her ; it fe true fhe afts fometimes in certain cafes with too much violence, and in other* too flowly : it is then art fhould afiift in increafing or -diminifhing ftrengtji, ©r in bringing it to a falutary crifis ; in fhort, if is for art to produce this crifis, wfien nature, overcome by. the force of the difeafe, remains without aaion. It is when nature isinaaive. art ihould fhew itfelf ; bun how difficult to feize the critical monjent. when the phy- ficiap (hould only.remain a fpe&atpr, or that when he (49) ITlvrecolliquative , «Jont Pefpece fe rapporte a la fi$vrft ardeuce compliquee , et iointe a une autre maladie tre>meurtr;e>e , qqe j'ai obfervee a StDomingue , et connue fous le nom de mal de fiam ou fievre de fiarn« II femble que ees deux Jleau^ avaient reunis leurs fympt6mes et agiffaient de concert, ainfi qu'on peut ert juger par la defcription que je viens d'en faire , et qui jo'eft que le recit de tout ce que j'ai rq. Le pronoftic que l'on pouvait porter fur une pa.~ reille maladie etait en general facheux : mais il deve- nait plus ou moins confolant, d'apres le nombre et la gravity des fymptomes, adoptes, a la fopnaiffaRce du temperament, du fexe, de P^ge du maiade, 4p fn •qftaniere de viyre , 4? P^tat $e fes humeurs et des com- j^ica^ionj d^ajutrps infjrmit?s^>u maladie?, &c. : tputeg circonfiances qui devaient fervirde pierre de touche quj[ medecin pour affeoir et prononcer fon jugemeut, Tel a ete : dumoins ce qui a dirige ma conduite ^haque fympt*5me a fixe mon attentipii particuliere ; je me fuis attache a l'etudier, afin de ne pas m'expofer k eontrarier la nature , lorfqu'elle travaillajt avec fruit a fe debarraffer de la matiere morbifique : elle feule faij fouvent le travail neceffaire pour expuifer et detruire la taufe qui Popprim,e. Il eft vrai que quelque fois elle agit dans certains ca$ avec trop de violence , et dans d'autres avec trop de lenteur; c'eft alors que Part ^oit agir , poiar augmenter ou diminuer fes forces , oti pour Paider a amener une crife falutaire , enfin c'eft a Partfeul de produire cette crife, lorfque la nature, affaiffee par la force du mal, refte fans aaion, C'eft done lorfque la nature e$ fans aftivite que ^*5ajrt doit fe monrrer > mm combien eft difficile a iaifij; G • i.f; .ft,;- ; tiught to ad. He is an excellent phyfician who has ac- quired that degree of knowledges-happy the mortal that poffefjes him. Being in the habit of feeing the difeafed* and to obferve nature, can alone guide the praaitioner, and render medicine a really ufeful fcience ; but any one who, feduced by the brilliancy of a fyftem, will force nature by the rules of the method he has adopted, he, I fay, is a fcourge more fatal to the human kind than the plague itfelf would be. The public will find from the account I have given, it is impoffible to lay down a mode of treatment appli- cable in every cafe ; neverthelefs, though circumftances v obliged me to vary the means I made ufe of, I will fet down the moft general cafes, and the motive which determined my choice. I fhould firft obferve, the patients were not carried to the hofpital till reduced to the laft extremity ; many expirediix, eight,, or twelve hours after their arrival, foine even did not live two hours ; many had made ufe of very fatal medicines, fuch as draftic purges, com-; pofed of jalap or gumboage, and calomel ; they had taken thefe remedies in the beginning of the difeafe, in the moment of irritation, when the humours being yet crude, the morbific caufe could not be carried off by cathartics. The public being mifinformed, added to thefe danT gerous medicines the ufe of fodorific and fpirituous liquoi*s j many among the number that fell viaims to \ f 5i ) re moment precis , ou le medecin doit refter fimple fpeaateur , et celui ou- il doit agir : celui-la eft le vraV medecin qui eft parvenu a ce degre de connaiffance. Heureux le mortel qui le poffede : L'habitude de voir les malades , et d'obferver la nature., .peut feule guider le praticien, et rendre la medecine une fcience vrai" ment.utile ; mais celui qui, feduit parte brillant d'un fyfteme, veut affujettir la nature aux regies . de.. la- me thode qu'il a adoptee ; celui-la , dis-je , eft un fieau plus pernicieux a..I'huaianite que ne pourrait I'etre la pefte elle-meme- Le public fentira que d'apres les details queje viens de donner , il m'eft impoffible d'indiquer un traitement generalement applicable dans tous. les cas ; cependantr quoique les circonftinces in'aient oblige de varier les- moyens que j'ai mis en ufage ppur combattre la mala- die , je vais expofer les cas les plus ge.neraux, ainfi que les motifs qui oat determine mon choix. Je dois prevenir que les malades-n'etaient en gene- ral portes a Phopital qu'a. la derniere extreNnite. Beaucoup y ont peri. .fi* ,.huit oudouze heures apres leur arrivee : quelques uas meme n-'y ont pas v£cti deux heures. Beaucoup avaient mis en ufage des re- medes neurrriers , tels qu* des purgatifs draftiques^ compofe*- de j.-dap, ou de gomme-gutte et de calomel: ils avaient prisces remedes des Pinvafion de la maladie, dans le moment de Pirritation , ou les humeurs encore crues , ns pouvaient-entralner la- caufe morbifique par l'aaion des purgatifs. Le public, mal inftruit, ajoutait a. ees purgatif? daugereux , Pufage des boiffons fudorifiques et fpiri- tueufes. Combien auffi dans le nombre de ceux qui out ilhis incendiary practice perifhed by fhiS fatal method1* Ift ipre were any of thofe unfortunate perfons that recovered, the/ owed their convalefcence to the good- nef's of their conftitution, and the little effect the ma- lady had upon them ; for mercurial preparations having the property .6 diffolve the humours, afted in theffe •tales with the morbific caufe, which itfelf produced this diiiinion; Sodorificsalfoinaproperly taken hafteneA the lofs of the patient, and often rendered mortal a difeafe that would have given way to p*ropfe*r treat- ment. It is true nature will fometimes Itfelf expel the* morbific cabfe by perfpiratibn, but then thefe critical evacuations termihatfe the malady. It is not iti the. beginning of a dtifegfe that nature thus a&s, and whet* it does happen, thefe fweats become fymptomatic. it li the fame with other evacuations, which only lerv'e to enervate the patient, witribut carrying &ff the taufis of the difeafe. A fkilful phyfician is ftot deceived \>f thefe evactii i. ' ' ations. He leffens or favours them according to thfe time when they appear; but he can never take into bis method of cure, that of either fcxcking Or in* creafirg them, when they are the fymptoms of a ferioufl difeafe ; if he a&ed otherwife he would favour the mabdy to the definition of the individual; then the {bength of the patient's conftitution could alone fup- port him againft the force of the difeafe, and inexpe- rience of the praaitioner. In order to give a clear idea of the general methods | made ufe of to combat the malady, I fhall divide its duration, iflto three partfe-vthat of the irritation of <53) p€ris He cette malndie , combien n'ont pas etc" yictimts de cette pratiq i& incendiaire ? S'il en eft qui ont eu le bbnheur d'y refiiter, ils ne doivent Pexiftence qu'k !eur bonne conftitution , et au peu d'efrets qu'avaient £roduit fur eux les Caufes de la maladie ; tar les prepa- rations mercurielles ayant la ptopriete de dilfoildre let humeurs , agiffent, dans cettfe tircbuftance, de concert avec les caufes morbifiejues qui, elles-memes , operent tette decbmpofition : les ludoi*ific|ues, aufti md indi- qules , h&taient la perte des malades , fet ont rendu jhorrelle une maladie qui aurait cede a un traitement convenable. II eft vrai que quelque fois la nature fe debarraffe de la caufe morbifique par les fueurs ; mais alors cette «v.icuatibi critique termine la ihaladie. Ce R'eft pas dans les commencemens d'une maladie que la feature agit ainS , et lorfque tela arrive, les fueur$ deviennent fympc«5matiques ; il eh eft de meme des •utres evacuations qui ne fervent qu'a 6nerver les ma- lades fans ertra#iser les. fcaufes du mal. Un medecin inftrait Et praticien ne fe trompe pat for ees fortes d'£vaeUstio:is. II les reprime ou les tavorife mivant le temps ou elles paraiffent j mais il Be peut jamais entrer dans fes vues curatives de les exciter ou de les favorifer , lor'qu'elles ne font que de* fynipteunes d'une maladie grave. S'il agiffait autrement^ il travaillerait en fens egal avec le mal , a la deftruc* tion de 1'individu ; alors Pheureufe conftitution du ma- lade petit feule le fouftraire, et a la force de la maladie ex a 1'inexperience du medecin. Afin de donner u.ie idee nette des moyens en general, qU3 j'ai mis en ufage a Peffet de tombattre la maladie * '£en divilerai fa duree en trois penodes: celui de Pirri- f 54 ) crudity, that of theconcoction, and that of its terminal tion or crifis. It is to be obferved, thefe three periods followed each other fo quick, as to require the moft fcrupulous attention to find out when they fucceeded each other ; as they were often confounded. I was then obliged^ to pay more attention to the prevailing fymptoms than to the time they made their appearance, in order to apply the proper remedies. Without this precaution I Ihould have committed great errors, for I met with fome who had arrived to the end of the firft period on the fifth day, while others were at the expiration of the difeafe on the third. In the firft period, when the pulfe announced a fan- guinary plethora, when I perceived a confiderable irri- tation, as well by the ftate of the pulfe as the heat of the fkin, the rednefs of the face,.and violent vomiting ; when in particular an extreme thirft was joined to thefe fymptoms, and pains" in'the head and other parts, I had the patients bled ; if the blood was inflammatory- and the fymptoms did not diminifh, if in fhort nothing forbid the remedy, I repeated it more or lefs according to the circumftances. In general I had but a final! quantity of blood taken away, and that repeatedly, inr preference to once bleeding more copioufly, that T- might preferve the patient's ftrength. This precaution was the more indifpenfible when the lick were not brought into the hofpital at the beginning of the difeafe. It was feldom bleeding could be ufed with fuccefs after the third day ; fome- times even I faw indications which prevented my doing. (55 i "ration , oufi l'on veut de erudite ; celui de la coaion ; eiifin celui de la terminaifon on de la crife. ' II eft bon d'obferver que ees trois periodesparcou- j~aient leur duree avec tant de rapidite , qu'il fallait la pius fcrupuleufe attention pour faifir le moment ou Pun finiffait et faifait place a Pautre ; fouvent meme ils etaient confondus. J'etais done oblige d'avoir egard aux fymptcimes exiftans , plutot qu'a Pepoque ou ils paraiffaient , afin d'employer les remedes a propos. Sans ees precautions, j'aurais commis de grandes fautes, car j'ai vu des-malades qui n'avaient pas encore atteint, la fin du premier periode le cinquieme jour , tandis que d'autres etaient au dernier tenne de la maladie , le troifieme. Dans le premier periode , lorfque le pouls annonfait une pletore fanguine ; lorfque j'appercevais une irri- tation confiderable , tant par l'etat du pouls que par la; chaleur de la peau , la rougeur du vilage etles vomif- femens avec effort , quand fur-tout, a ees fymptoipes, fe joig-naient une foif ardente, des maux de tete.oudans- quelqu'autre partie , je faifais faigner les malades : fi. le fang etait inflammatoire. fi les fymptomes ne J)uii_. nuaient pas; fi enfin rien ne contre-indiquait ce remede, je le reiterais plus ou raoins fouvent fuivant lescirconl- tances. En general je faifais faire l&s faignee^, petites ,. je pre lerais ce moyen reitere a des iaignees copieufes, afin de menager les forces du malade. Cette precaution etait encore plus indifpenfable , orfque le malade n'etait pas amene dans les premiers jours de la maladie. II etait rare de pouvoir-faigner avec fucces apres le troifieme : quelque fois meme j'ai appercu des contre-indications qui m'ont empecke de le it evfen the firft. It muft not be forgot I fpeak in gene?, ral, there are exceptioi s to this rule, but to bleed 31, the moment the diffolution of blood takes, place, be- comes mortal, which I had opportunity oi obfervin^, in thofe unfortunate perfons brought to the hofpUa}t after having been bled in that ftate. Vomiting was fymptomatie, and made frequent bleedings more neceffary. I prefcribed -he bath and dyfters with the fame views. I gave antiphlogiftic and diluting drinks, fuch as lemonade, chicken water, oxymel, barley water, gruel, and cold water, acidu- lated with dulcified fpirits of nitre, which cooled the urine, made it more abundant, and a&ed as a fedative and antiputrefcent. J reaped confiderable advantag* from water acidu- lated \vith fixfid air, whxhl prefcrioed a? a eomrnoii drink. Having fortunately faved from the wreck of my cabinet, which had become the pirates prey, an app*. ratus which fcrved me at the hofpital at Bu^i-hill. I every morning made a fufficient quantity of fixed air to ferve all the patients, for whom it was neceJTary. This water, agreeable enough to the tafte, remained on thofe ftomachs that rejeaed other liquids. I made ufe of this remedy with great fuccefs at St. Doming©, not only in ardent, inflammatory, and putrid fevers, but alfo in many other maladies. This drink is alfe highly antifceptic and cooling. When the vomiting refifted ail thefe means, I pre- fcribed fimple emulfions; alfo made ufe of cooing atnd fedativ* draughts, iu wnich I put vitriolic ether* (57 ) faire le premier jour ; on ne doit point oublier que je parle en general : il eft des exceptions a certe regie. Mais une faigniee faite au moment oil la diffolution du fang eft etablie , devient mdrtelle , ainfi que j'ai eu accafion de Pobferver , fur des malheureux apportes a. Phopital, apres avoir ete faignes chez eux dans cet etat. Les vomiffemens etaient fympt-Smatiques et exigeaient de multiplier les faignees. J'employais les bains et les lavemensdans les memes Vues. Je donnais des boiffons antiphlogiftiques et delayantes, telles qiie la limonade , Peau de poulet , Poxicrat, Peau d'orge , de gruau , Peau froide. Toutes les boiffons etaient en general acidulees avec Pefprit de nitre dulcifie , ce qui calmait Pardeur des urines , les rendait plus abondantes et agiffait comme anti-putride et fedatif. J'ai tire Un grand avantagede Pdau aridulee avec Pair fixe , prife pour boiffon ordinaire. J'avais hew- reufement fauve des debris de mon cabinet , qui eft prefqu'en entier devenu la proie des pirates, un ap- pareil qui m'a fervi a PhSpital 'Btifh-toil]. Je faifais tous les jours une funtfatYte quantite d'air fixe pour I'ufage des tous les malades a qui je le croyais hecef- faire. Cette eau,affez agreable au gout, paffait fouvent