LvtffS.i.-r.'A-W ' •imjS|a*U:.' ■■■■... • ;". ^'ji; "»: 4!: '■;- . ■■'' V: fts i|% ;>fv - - - m NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Washington Founded 1836 U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service /I, K Dana $fjT>6\ Ct*&tiA ~£jj^ THE <^2/ ^^L^MBP* wf AM FOilf/ST's VADE:MECUM: CONTAINING THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE Truman body. Bv ROBERT .HJJ O P E R, Cf PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, M. D- F. /.• S> l£c. Nifi ntile ell quod facimus, ftulta eft gloria. SECOND AMERICAN % ' rROM Tyi}^^^6P^\ WINDS O PUBLISHED BY PRESTON MERRIflELDj Sigh of the Bible. tARNS&ORTH & churcbili, Printers. 1809. ■*\&te V,*, *-*.-■ 1 i-S—- INTRO&VCT ION*- iT is the intention of the writer, in the follow- ing Compendium^ to present to the student a useful anatomical conspectus, or pocket manual of anatomy and physiology ; giving a short but accurate description of the different parts of the human body and their functions; with a glossa- ry, or explanation of the principal, terms used in that science. The utility of such, a performance will be generally acknowleged, especially when it is considered that there is no such, work written upon a similar plan* The motive that induced the author to form and collect together, in one smalt pocket vol- ume, this elementary production, was his hav- ing himself experienced the want of such an as- sistant when applying to that branch of philoso- phy. He, therefore, solicits permission to re- commend it to students, not as a work wherein ♦ any thing new is to be met with, but merely as ^*their occasional companion in the prosecution of their studies.. St. Marylebone Infirmary,, September 25, 1800, —■5— CO NY ^ NT S. Pags- ntroduction - 3 a. ? 1 ■^JLnatomy, Divifton of - 9 .Osti.ology - - w. Table of the bones - - - * JI Bones of the Cranium - - • *3 Face ' - - a8 Cavities of the Fact - * 35 ifc/wj of the Trunk - - 39 Chefl 41 Zo/'«j ■» - 4* iVw - - - 43 upper Extremity - 45 lower Extremity 49 Periosteum <- - - 53 Cartilages - - #■ Osteogeny - 54 Connexion of Bones - - 57 Syndesmology - 59 Myology - -66 Mufcles of the Cranium - - • 69 Eyelids - - - /'£' Eyeball - - 7 a Aro/£ <2«^ Mouth • - ib- external Ear • -7a internal Ears - - 73 _ lower Jaw - - - 74 jjj Mufcles about the Neck ■ - 75 Fauces - - 78 Pharynx - - 79 G/o*/« - - - 8q '■ ■ '—of the Abdomen - - 8* Male Organs - - 8» Anus " " 83 Female Organs 84 Thorax - 86' «/^<«r Extremity - 92 Mufcks of the Os Humeri - - 94 *- 0/; A&* Fore-arm - - 95 ffcwi - 9r A2 —6— . P'AGK- of the lower Extremity - 99* on the Thigh - - 10* Mufcles on the Leg - - 103 Foot ... 1 Physiology ans Phenomena of muscu- > lar Motion - 5 BuRSALOGY - - - HO ■"[ Angiqlogy - - U7' Arteries - - 118 Aclion of Arteries - - — 131 Veins - " — - ib. AS ion of Veins - - » - 138 Abforbents - ib. Phyfiology of Abforption - - 143 Sanguification - - «• 144 Neurology - 145 NerveS of the Brain - - 146 fp'mal Marrow - - ij« Great intercoflai'Netves- - - I58 Phyfiology of the FunSians of the nervous fyflem- 15-9 Smelling - - - - 160 Seeing - - - ib- Hearing - - - 16* Tafiing - - 16*. Touching - 163 Adenology - 164 Glands of the Skin • - - 165 Cranium - - ib* Neck - - 167 Thorax - - 168 Abdomen - - *l>94r Mate Organs - - 170- Female Organs - - 171 Phyfiology of Secretion - - j7l Splanchnology - - 173 Common Integuments - • 175 Phyfiology of Perforation - 176 Vifcera of the Head - - 177 Dura Mater - - - 178 Membrana arachnoidea - - j-^ Pia Mater - - ib- Brain ... j'D. Cerebellum • • - itc I —r— Medulla oblongata - - - 18* fpinalis - - — ib' Action of the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Me- 7 g dulla oblongata* ana Medulla fpinalis } Eye - i8j. Ear - - -- 185 Nofe ------- 186 Mouth - - - - 187 Phyfiology of Maftication - - - ib- Tongue. ... - i;gg; Fauces - - - 189, Pharynx - - - ib. CEfophagus - - - " - - 19O) Phyfiology of Deglutition - - ib- Larynx - - - - 191 Phyfiology of the Voice - 19* Speech - ib.. Ventriloquifm - -• . 193 Trachea - ib- Breads -■ rg+ Pleura - - - 195 Diaphragm - - ib. Lungs - 196, Phyfiology of Refpiration - 197 Pericardium - - » 198' Heart .... 10^ Circulation of the Blood" - - to% Of the Abdomen and Rs Vifcera -.^ 204 Peritoneum - - - ib- Omentum ... ao^ Stomach - - ib. Digeftion, or Chymifkation - 207 Inteftines - ib. Chylification * - ai0 Expulfionof the Fxcas - aii Meientery ib- Liver - - . %l7t Gail-Bladder - ib* Spleen - m _ 9,.j Pancreas - . a 4 La&eals - . ib. Kidnefr, . ajt Excretion of the Urint - • H>. —8— P~AOS- Supra-renal Capfule - - */6 Of the Pelvis - - lb- Urinary Bladder - - *»7 Male Organs of Generation -' 9' Penis - "- *f« Tefticles - - • *'9 Secretion and Excretion of the Semen 220 Veficulffi fcminales - - 2aI Female Organs of Generation - *** Vagina - . - ib. Uterus - —■ - ?*3 Phyfiology of Menftruation - ">• Phyfiology of Conception - - 224 Of the gravid Uterus - - ■?*» Placenta - - • ib- Funiculus urn bilicalis - - ">• Membranous Ovum of the Foetus - .127 Liquor Amnii - - - ib. Foetus - - - 228 Peculiarities in the arterial and veual Syftem ) ., of the Foetus 5 D* Circulation of the Blood in the Fcetus 329 Hygrology - - ib- The Blood - - 230 The Lymph - - 231 The Vapour of the Sheaths of the Nerves ib* Fluids in the Cavity of the Cranium - 23a Noftrils ib- Mouth ib. Fauces 233 Eyes - - ib. Ears - 235 Neck - ib. Thorax . a3G Bteafts . 437 Afcdorren „ ib. Parts of Generation in Men 239 Women 240 Articulations - 241 Bones * ib. of the common Integuments - ib. A Glossary .. - 34j ANATOMY, A SCIENCE which explains the structure and .isp of every part of the human body.. The examination of brute animals, fishe?,. reptiles, plants, polypi, &c. in order to iUustrate more clearly, or to demonstrate by analogy the Structure and functions of man,.is called COM: rAr.AnvE Anatomy. Anatomy is divided ;nio nine parts—-naroely> CX-teology, Bones. Syndfsmology, *» Ligaments. Myology, c— Muscles. Bursalogy, O 4> Bursie mucosae* -Angiology, ' l ' Vessels. Neurology, O Nerves. Adenology, o Glands. Splanchnology, o Viscera. Sygrology, _ Fluids. OST EOLOC ™> OR DOCTRINE OF THE BONES- Bones are hard substances, composed of ani- mal earth and gluten, which support and form the stature of the body, defend its viscera, and give adhesion to its muscles. Substance. Compact^ as in the bodies of the long bones; spongy, as in the extremities of the long bones ; and reticular, called also the cancelli of bones, as in the cavities of bones which have marrow. Colour. Whitish. Figure. Various. Di- vision. Long, and irregular shaped bones are —re— divided* into & body and extremities; and flat bones into body and margins. Bones are vari- ously NAMED; some from their situation, a» the frontal, parietal/occipital, nasal,, malar, &o.; others, from their figure, as the ethmoid bone, clavicle,, os cuboides>naviculare, tibia, &c. ; and some from their use,, as the sphaenoid bone, the maxillary bone, the femur, &o. The processes & cavities-of bones are named after their figure, as the acetabulum of the os innominatum, the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra, the coracoid process of, the scapula, &c.; or. from thfeit use, as the trochanters of the thigh bone; or from their situation,.as the nasal, pal- atine, orbitar processes, &c. &c. / "When the bones are deprived of their 8offc parts, and hung together, in their natural situa- tion, by means of wire, the whole is termed aa trtificial skeleton :■ but when they are kept to-» gether by means of their ligaments, it is called: %,mtural skeleton* A Table of the Bones, ^ * CI :f"06frohtis ■ | Olla parietalia The bones of the J Os Occipitis cranium oxjkull } Offa temporaKa J Os ethmoides ■OflTa makillanaTup. ---jugalia ----nafalia The bones of the —— Jachrymatfa face , —•—pslatma -— fpongiolk infer. Os vomer 'X.— maxillare infer. l Incifores | Cufpidati Dentes, or teeth- \ Bicufpides j Molarrs LSapientije Bone of the tongue, or Os hyoides Bones of the internal /-Malleus ear, fituated with- \ Incus in the temporal./ Stapes /> bone *-Os orbiculare y, H ■V c o c c The fpine" The thorax .The p*lvis { Vertebrae Sacrum Os'CoccygU ' Cervical Dorfal Lumbar f Sternum \ Ribs Ofla innoniinaU ~I2— 5 si* I fed w w 0- ■5 E O The sfcot/Ider The arm The fore-arm \ Carpus,ot wrist < Thehand^ I j Metacarpus [^Phalanges 'The ifa'gfc {Clavicula - Scapula Os humeri - ("Ulna X Radius "Osnaviculare lunare cuneiforms cvbiculate trapezium trapezoides magnum unciforme No. 2 1° .8? — w o *^ Hi the leg \ Tarsus The/eet{ \ Metatarsus {.Phalanges Os femprls r Patella 3 Tibia tF]bula___- 'Os calcis astragalus cuboides naviculare cuneiformia Sesamoid bones of the thumb and great *> g J} Hoe, occasionally found 5 Total 248 The skeleton is divided into head, trunk, and extremities. ■13— OF THE HEAD. The head is divided intonhe cranium and face* OF THE CRANIUM, OR SKttLL. shape. Various, according to the customs of differentiations, the bones of the child being so tender as to be moulded into almost any form. It is COMPOSED of eight bones->-viz. one os frontis, which forms the forehead ; two ossa pa- rietalia, situated at the upper part and sides of the head; two ossa temporum, placed below the parietal bones ; one occipital, forming the back part of the head ; one sphaenoidal, placed in the middle of the basis of the cranium ; and ofie ethmoid, situated behind the root of the nose. LTpon viewing the superior part of a skull ex- ternally, several zigzag lines are observable : that which extends from one temple across over the head to the other temple is termed the coro- na/ suture ; it unites the frontal bone ttf the two parietal: that which proceeds from behind one ear upwards across to the other is the occipital or lambdoidal suture: it unites the occipital bone to the two parietal: and the suture which B 'extend: upon the crown of the head, from the lambdoidal to the coronal, uniting the two pari- etal bones, is called the sagittal.* They are sometimes termed the* true sutures, to distin- guish them from two spurious or squamous, which are found, one on each side of the cranium, extending from the temple backwards, in the form of an arch, and uniting part of the tempo- ral bone to the parietal. There are, sometimes, one or more triangular shaped bones observed in the course of some of the sutures ; these are called oesicula triquetra,triangularia,or Wor* miana. Besides these sutures, there are several prominences upon the upper part of the cra- nium ; two in the frontal bone, one immediate- ly over each eye between it and the suture ; one in the middle of each parietal bone ; and one in the middle of the occipital: these eminences point out the centre of ossification of those bones. Upon the internal surface of the upper part of the cranium there are a number of grooves, in an arborescent form ; they are made by the spinous a vry of the dura mater. The sutures are here seen in the form of a line, not dove- tailed, and the whole suiface appears more pol- ished than the external. — 15— The bones forming the upper part of the skull, or, as it is sometimes called, the calvaria, are composed of an external and an internal table, which are of a compact structure, and of a spon- gy intervening substance, called the meditid- li} or diploe. The interna! surface of the basis of the cra- nium is divided naturally into eight considerable depressions, adapted to the lobes of the brain and cerebellum, the two anterior are immedi- ately over the orbits, and are separated from each other by an obvious eminence, above the root of the nose, called crista galli. Immedi- ately before this eminence is a small hole, called the for amen c cecum ; and on each side of it are a number of perforation?, which transmit the ol- factory nerves into the nose ; they are called the foramina cribrosa. Passing backwards, there are two round holes, near each other, one going to the botlom of each orbit ; these are for the passage of the optic nerves, and are called fora- mina optica: beyond these holes there is a small cavity, which will admit the end of one's little finger, surrounded by four processes, two of which are anterior and two posterior ; these are termed clinoid processes, and the cavity in their mddle, which contains the pituitary gland, —16— the sella turcica. Under each anterior clinoid process is a considerable fissure, the foramen l& cerum orbitale superius, which communicates with the orbit, and transmits the third, fourth, the first branch of the fifth, and the 6th pair of nerves, and the opthalmic artery. Beyond this figure,, proceeding backwards, there is a round and then an oval hole ; the first is the foramen rotundum, through which the second branch of the fifth pair of nerves passes ; the other, the foramen ovale, for the passage of the thud branch of the 5th pair of nerves. Contiguous to the foramen ovale is a small hole, the foramen spinosum, through which the spinous artery of the dura mater enters. Between the foramen ovale and the posterior clinoid proces?, on each side of the sella turcia, there is a considerable ragged aperture, the carotid canal, which is partly filled up with cartillage in the fresh sub- ject, and is for the entrance of the carotid arte- ry and the exit of the great intercostal nerve. A projecting portion of bone next presents itself, called the petrous portion of the temporal bone: It has upon its posterior surface an oval opening the meatus auditorius internus, through which the nerve for the organ of hearing, and the fa- cial nerve, enter. Immediately below this is —Ir- an irregular oval opening, formed by the junc- tion of the occipital with the temporal bone; this is the foramen lacerum in basi cranii: through the anterior parts passes the eighth pair of nerves, and the posterior part transmits the blood from the lateral sinus of the dura mater, whose course rs marked by a deep groove lead- ing to the foramen lacerum, into the jugular vein. The portion of bone which proceeds back- wards from the posterior clinoid processes, be- tween the petrous portions of the temporal bone, is the cuneiform process of the occipital bone ; it is somewhat hollowed for the reception of the medulla oblongata, which lies upon it. At the bottom of this process bone is a consid- erable opening, called the foramen magnum occipitale ; it transmits the spinal marrow, the vertebral arteries, and the accessory nerves of Willis, and a process of the second vertebra of the neck lies in its anterior part. Between this opening and the foramen lacerum in basi cranii is the foramen condyloideum anterius, which -gives passage to the lingual pair of nerves. Be- yond the great occipital foramen is a crucial eminence, to which processes of the dura mater are attached; the horizontal eminence sepa- B2 —18— rates the two superior occipital cavities- franfe the two inferior, FRONTAL BONE. SiTUATED-in the anterior part of the skull, forming the forehead and upper part of the orbits. Figure like a cockle-shell. Processes. Two frontal eminences, which mark the centres of ossification ; two frontal tuberosities, which are situated over the frontal sinuses ; two supercil- iary ridges or arches, which give origin to the frontal muscles, and whose extremities are call- ed the angular or orbitar processes ; an exter- nal frontal spine, upon which the ossa nasi rest; an internal frontal spine, to which the dura mater adheres ; and two orbitar plates, which separate the orbits from the eavity of the era' nium. Cavities. The cerebral cavity which contains the anterior portions of the hemispheres of the brain : a large notch between the orbitar plates for the situation of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone ; two frontal or pituitary sinuses within the bone, above the root of the nose ; two orbital cavities, in which are two expressions for the situation of the lachrymal gland; a notch in each superciliary ridge for —19— tbe trochlea of the superior oblique muscle ; a, superciliary foramen through which passes the frontal artery, and nerve ; the foramen cascum, situated below the beginning.of the internal fron- tal spine. Connexion. The frontal bone is connected with the two parietal by means of the coronal suture ; with" the two ossanasi, the two superior maxillary bones and the two lachrymal bones, by means of what is called the trans- verse suture; with the sphoenoid bone by means of harmony, called harmonia sphaenoidaiis; with the ethmoid bone by harmonia ethmoidalis, and with the os jugale, by means of suture. The USE of the frontal bone is to constitute the fore- head, pituitary sinuses, part of the orbit, and to contain and defend the anterior lobes of the it brain. PARIETAL BONES. Situation. One on each side of the superi- or part of the cranium. FIGURE. Arched, and somewhat quadrangular. Division. Into an external and an internal surface and four an- gles, viz. xhe frontal, sphenoidal, called also tlA; spinous process, the occipital and mastoid. —20— CAVITIES. A semicircular ridge, fiom whicfe the temporal muscle originates ; and the fora'- men partetal'e, which is near the sagittal suture, and transmits an artery and a vein of the dura mater. Upon its internar surface are the grooves tfihe spinious artery ; and when the two bone* are united, there is a deep catnty extending a- Iong the sagittal suture, for the longitudinal sinus of the dura mater. Each parietal bone is CON- NECTED with its fellow by means of the sagit- tal'suture ;with the frontal bone by the coronal suture ; with the occipital by the lambdoidal su- ture ; and with the temporal by the squamous suture. The use of these bones is, to form the superior part of the cranium—SYNONIMS. Ossa, verticis, syncipitis,, verticalia.vel bregmatis. OCCIPITAL BONE. Situation. In the posterior part of the cra- nium, figure. Quadrate oblong. EXTERNAL PROCESSES. The occipital tubercle, in the middle of the bone to which the ligamentum nuchae adheres ;- a transverse spine, proceed- ing from each side of the tubercle, to which the trapezius and complexus muscles are attached i a lesser transverse spine, below the former, for —2T- the insertion 6f the recti muscles ; a prominent ridge running downwards from the occipital tu- bercle, and forming, with the above mentioned ridges, a crucical spine ; the cuneiform or ba' s-ilary process, situated before the great fora- men ; two condyloid processes or condyles, fc'hieh are united to the first vertebra of the neck. Internal processes. An internal crucical spine; the superior branch gives adhesion to the longitudinal sinus of the dura mater, the two lateral, to-the lateral sinuses and the inferior to the septum cerebelli. Cavities. The fora- men magnum oceipitale, through which the spinal marrow proceeds into the spine, and the vertebral arteries and accessory spinal nerves 'into the cranium ; two anterior condyloid fo- ramina, for the passage of the lingual pair of ^nerves ; two posterior condyloid foramina 7 (which are sometimes wanting,) for the passage of the occipital vein into trie lateral sinus; two notches, which, with two corresponding notch- es of the temporal bones, from the foramina la- cera in basi cranii, for the passage of the blood from the lateral sinuses in the jugular vein and the exit of the parvagum; a considerable groove lead- ing to the above notches, in which the lateral sin- uses are situated. The internal surface has also —22— four considerable depressions formed by the cru- cial spine : the two superior contain the posterior lobes of the brain, and the two inferior, the two lobes of the cerebellum. CONNEXION. The occip- ital bone is connected by the cuneiform process to the sphaenoid bone,in the adult by synostosis; hence Professor Soemmering describes them as one bone, os occipiio-sphcenoidale ; but in youth by synchondrosis; with the two parietal and two temporal bones by the lambdoidal suture ; with the first vertebra of the neck by ginglymuSj and with the second by syndesmosis. The USE. of the occipital bone is to constitute the posteri- or and inferior part of the cranium ; to contain the posterior lobes of the brain, the cerebellum and me dulla oblongata, and to serve for the ar- ticulation of the head with the spine. Syno- NIMS. Os basilare, os memoriae, and os nerve- sum. ' SPHJENOID BONE. Situated in the middle of the basis of the cranium, extending underneath from one temple across to the other.- Figure. Irregular, com- pared to a bat with its wings extended. EX- TERNAL processes. Two alec majorcs* —23— whose anterior part forms a portion of the or- bit; the inner surface has lying upon it a por- tion of the middle lobe ef the brain, and the whole external surface is covered by the tem- poral muscle. Two spinous processes, a nar- row point projecting behind each foramen spino- sum. The sphcenoidal spine, or azygous pro- cess, upon which the basis of the vomer lies. Two jgtergoid processes, each of which is dis- /MCr tinguished into a root and two extended plates, or wings ; one external, which gives origin on its external surface to the pterygoideus externus muscle, and on its internal surface to the ptery-,. goideus iniernus muscle ; and the other internal. Two hamular or hook-like processes, one on the end of the internal wing of each pterygoid process, over which the tendom of the circum- l^exus or tensor palati muscle turns. Inter- nal PROCESSES. Two alec minores, which form the upper part of the superior orbital fis- sures. Four clinoid processes, two anterior and two posterior. External cavities. The sphcenoidal pituitary sinus, which is in the mid- dle of the bone, has a communication v.ith the nostrils, and is divided by an intermediate sep- tum. Two ptergoid depressions, one between each greater and lesser wing, for the reception —2*— of a part of the palate bone. T wo/oraTnt'na, each leading to a canal, called the ptergoid 01 Vidu- an canal, in the root of the ptergoid process, through which the recurrent or Viduan branch of the fifth pair of nerves passes into the crani- um. Internal cavities. The sellaturcica, or ephippiutn, which is surrounded by the four dinoid processes, and contains the pituitary * gl^nd. Two foramina optica, one before each anterior clinoid process, which transmit the op- tic nerves. Two grooves, one on each side of the sella turcica, between the anterior and poste- rior clinoid processes, formed by the pulsation of the carotid arteries. Two foramina lacera or- bitalia superiora, betwefn eaeh greater and lesser wing, through which the third, fourth, first branch of the fifth, and the sixth pair of nerves, and the opthalmic artery pass out of the cranium. Two foramina rotunda, for the pas- sage of the second branch of-the fifth pair of nerves. Two foramina ovalia, for the third branch ot the fifth pair. Two foramina spino- ca, through which the spinious artery of the du- ra mater enters the cranium. The sphgenoid bone is CONNECTED with all the bones of the cranium ; with the frontal, the ethmoid, the two parietal, aud the two temporal by harmony, —25— and witli the occipital by synostosis: it is also united to the two cheek bones, the two superior maxillar) bones, and the twopalate bones,by har- mony, and to the vomer by gomphosi?. Its usfi is to form the basis of the cranium, to concur in forming the orbits, the pituitary sinuses of the nose, the temples, &c. and to contain the middle lobes of the brain—SynONIMS.—Os multi- forme, os cuneiforme, os pterygoideum, TEMPORAL BONES. SITUATION. At the sides and inferior part of the cranium. Figure. Irregular. Division. Into a squamous portion, which is flat, and forms the squamous suture ; and a petrous portion, which is very irregular, and is situated in the ba- sis of the skull. Processes. The zygomatic process, which, with a process of the os jugale, forms the zygoma, yoke, or arch of the tem- ples, undernealh which the temporal muscle moves, and from whose lower edge se\eral muscles of the face arise, particularly the masse- ter and zygomatic. The mastoid or mammary process, which projects from under the ear, and has inserted into its anterior part the sterno- <;fcido-mastoideus, muscle, and into its posteriror c —26— part the complexus, the obliquus and trachelo- mastoideus. The styloid process, which is long and pointed, and gives origin to a ligament of (he os hyoides, also to the stylo-hyoideus, stylo-pharyngeus, and stylc-glossus muscles. The vaginal process, which surrounds the root of the styloid. The auditory process, or outer bo- ny, circle of the auditory passage, to which the membrana tympani and cartilage of the ear are fixed. Cavities. The meatus auditorius ex- tcrnus, which leads to the cavity of the organ of hearing. The meatus auditorms internus, which begins, on.the internal and posterior sur- face of the petrous portion, and transmits the seventh pair of nerves; it.has immediately with- in it the internal opening of the aqueduct of Fallopius. Each temporal bone is CONNECTED with the parietal by. the squamous suture-; with the occipital by tlie lambdoidal suture ; with the sphaenoid and jugular bones by harmony, and with the lower jaw by arthrodia. SUB- STANCE- The sqamous portion consists of. two tables and a, diploe; the mammary process of cells which commmunicate with the cavity of the organ of hearing ; and the petrous portion is very hard and compact. Use. To contain the mid- dle lobes of the brain, and the organ cf hearing; —27— and to concur in forming the temples and tne basis of the cranium. ETHMOID BONE, SITUATION. In the anterior part of the basis of of the cranium, above the root of the nose and be- tween the orbits. Fioure.Cubelike. Processes. A Cerebral or cribriform plate, which lies hori- zontally above the root of the nose within the cav ity of the cranium : it is every where perforated by a number ofsmallforamina,through which the alfactory nerves pass into the cavity of the nostrils. The crista galli, a process somewhat like a cock's comb, which proceeds upwards from the middle of the cribriform plate, and has attached to it the falciform process of the dura mater. Two orbitar plates, called also ossa plana, and plana papyracect, which are very smooth exter- nally, and form the inner side of the orbits. The septum ethmoidale, nasal plate, azygous process, or perpendicular lamina, a considera- ble process, descending directly under the crista galli into the cavity of the nose, and forming with the vomer the septum narium. Two cav- ernous substances, which are curledjike a piece of parchment, one on each side of the septum, —28— called the superior turbinated, or spongy bones. CAVITIES. A numberof cribriform for aminula, situated on each side of the crista galli. Two fo- ramina orbitalia nasi, one situated in the line of union between the frontal bone and orbitar plate of the ethmoid,for the passageof the nasalbraneh of the orbital nerve. A number of cells, which compose the internal part of the bone, and form the pituitary sinuses of the ethmoid bone. The ethmoid bone is CONNECTED with the os fron- tis, the two nasal bones, the two superior max- illary, the two palatine, the spha^noid bone, and the vomer by harmony. U6E. To form an ex- tensive surface for the organ of smell, to con- stitute part of the nose, orbits, and cranium. OF THE FACE. The bones of the face are fourteen in number, and are DIVIDED into those of the upper and under jaw. The upper jaw is formed of thirteen bones, viz. two superior maxillary, two nasal, two palatine, two jugal, or malar, two inferior spongy, two lachrymal, and the vomer, which are united to the cranium, and with one another, by harmony. The under jaw consists of one bone. —2S— There is an obvious line, beginning at the external angle of the orbit, where the frontal bone is united to the cheek bone, which leads to the inferior opening in the orbit, proceeds up- wards to the nose,whose root it crosses, and then traverses the other orbit to the external angle : this is called the transverse suture. The other harmonies of the face are named after the bones which they unite, as the zygomatic, nasal pala- tine harmonies, &c. SUPERIOR MAXILLARY BONES. SITUATED in the anterior and middle part of the face. FIGURE. Irregular. PROCESSES. The nasal process, which forms the side of the nose. The orbitar process, or plate, which forms part of the orbit. The malar process, by which it is united to the cheek bone. The alveolar process, in which the teeth are situated. The palate process, which forms the palate. A spine, formed by the union of each paLte portion upon which the vomer rests. The orbital margin. CAVITIES. The antrum maxillare, called also, antrum Highmori and sinus maxillaris pituita- rius, in the body of the bone, between the orbital and palate processes; it has an opening C2 —30— into the nostrils. The infra-orbital canal, which opens under the margin of the o.bit, and trans- mits the infra-orbital nerve. The lachrymal de- pression, situated in the superior and internal part of the nasal process, for the situation of tha lachrymal sac; it leads to the canalis nasalis, which conveys the tears into the nostrils. The posterior palatine foramen, near the lest tooth en the inside, for the passage of the alveolar nerve. A notch on the anterior part of the pal- atine process, which with the corresponding notch of the other superior maxillary bone, forms the foramen palatinum anticum, or foramen meisivumt which transmits the auterior palatine nerve and artery. Connexion. Each superi- or maxillary hone is connected with its fellow, with the os frontis, one os nasi, one lachrymal bone, the ethmoid, sphaenoid, one os jugale, one palatine bone, and one inferior spongy bone, by harmony, and with the vomer and teeth by gomphesis. Use. The use of these bencs is to form part of the face, palate, nose, nostrils and orbits, and to afford a convenient situation for the. organ of mastication. —31— JUGULAR, OR MALAR BONES. Situation. At the sides of the face. Fig- ure. Almost quadrate. PROCESSES. The upper orbitary process, which forms part of the orbit and the sharp edge of the temple. The inferior orbitary process,opposite to the former,and con- stituting in part the bottom of the orbit and the edge of the cheek. The internal orbitary pro- cess, which also forms a part of the orbit. The maxillary process, by which itjs joined to the superior maxillary bone. The zwmatic process, which is joined to the temporal bone, to form the zygoma. Connexion. The os jugale is united to the frontal, superior maxillary, sphoe- noid and temporal bone. The use of these bones is to assist in forming the face and orbits, OSSA NASI, OR BONES OF THE NOSE. Situated in the superior and middle part of the nose. Figure. Quadrangular and oblong. Substance. Compact. Use. To form the bridge and external part of the nose. Each bone is CONNECTED with its fellow, and the superior maxillary bone by harmony and with the fron/ tal and ethmoid by the transverse suture* —32— LACIIRYMAL BONES. Situation. In the internal angle of the orbit. Figure,, like the nail of the finger. Cavities. A groove, which holds the lach- rymal sac. Synonim. Os unguis. Connex- ion. Each bone is connected with the frontal, ethmoid*superior maxillary and inferior spongy feoae by harmony. INFExHoR SPONGY BONES* 4. SITUATED in the side and lower part of the nostrils. Figure. Spiral, and convoluted. Use. To augment the surface of the organ of smel- ling. Connexion. Each hone is united with the superior maxillary, the palate, lachrymal and ethmoid bone by harmony. SynoniMS. Ossa turbinata inferiora, conchae inftriorcs, UALATINE BONES. Situated in the posterior part of the nose, from which they ascend laterally to the orbits. Figure. Irregular. Division. Into palatine, pterygoid, nasal, and orbital portions. ProCE&S- —33— ES. The palatal plate, which forms the posteri- or part of the roof of the mouth. The pterygoid proces", which is situated behind the last grin- der. The nasal process, which arises perpendic- ularly from the palate, and ewers a.part of the antrum of High-more. The orbitary process, which is situated in the orbit. Cavities. The palatine cells, which communicate with, and form part of the sphoenoid cells. Use. To form the posterior part of the palate and part of the nose and orbit. Each bone is CONNECTED with its fellow, with the superior maxillary bone, the sphceiioiii, ethmoid, inferior spongy bone and vomer by harmony. VOMER. SITUATED in the middle of the cavity of the nostrils, which it divides into two parts. FIG- URE. It resembles a ploughshare. USE. To sus- tain and divide the cavity of the nostrils. CON- NEXION. Superiorly it is united with the •phaenoid bone by gomphosis, and with the eth- moid by harmony ; inferiorly with the superior maxillary and palatine bones by harmony ; an' teriorly it is united to the cartilaginous septum of the nose, _24__ lower jaw bone- Situation. In the inferior and anterior part of the face. Figure, like an horseshoe. Pro- cesses. Two condyhid,m articulatory proct ti- es, which are receivtd into the articulatory cavities of ihe temporal-bones. Two ecrcr.oid processes, which are sharp pointed, and give adhesion to the temporal muscles. The alveo- tar process, in which the teeth are fixed. The symphysis of the jaw, m tne middle of the chin.. The inferior margin, whose end's form the an- gles of the jaw. Cavities. A semilunar- notchy between each coronoid and condyloid process. Two posterior maxillary forimana,. cue above each angle on the inner suifaee of the jaw, which transmit the lower maxillary nerve and1 artery into a canal in the middle of the bone,, called canalis mentalis, which conducts the same artery and nerve to the anterior maxilla- ry foramina, upon the external surface of the hone, one on each side of the chin, from whence the artery and nerve again emerge upon the Chin. Use. To retain the roots of the teet.i in the alveolar margin ; to constitute the inferior spgment of the cavity of the mouth, and to af- —35— ford a point of adhesion to the muscles of the face, neck, larynx, and'tongue. Connexion. The lower jaw is connected with the temporal bones by ginglymus, with the teeth by gomphot sis, and with the os hyoides and ether parts by •yssarcosis. Synonims. Mandibnla. OF TIIE CAVITIES OF' THE FACE. IN PARTICULAR. ORBITS. SITUATED under the forehead, at the root oT the nose. FIGURE, canoid. The angles of the orbits are called canthi. CAVITIES. A depres- sion for the lachr} mal gland ; a notch of the or- bital trochlea.; a depresson for the lachrymal sac ; the canalis nasalis for the passage of the tears ; a superior and inferior, or sphceno-max- illary orbital fissure. The superciliary fora- men ; the infraorbital canal; the foramen nasale, and the optic foramen. Composed of seven bones; the frontal maxillary, jugal, lachrymal ; ethmoid, palatine, and sphanoid. Use, to contair. and defend the organ of sight and its adjacent parts. •wa.35— cavity of the nostrils- Situated undeMhe anterior part of the era* nium, in the middle of the face. Figure, py- ramidal. Prominences. The septum narium; the cavernous substance of the ethmoid bone, improperly called the superior spongy bones; end the inferior spongy bones. CAVITIES. Three pair of pituitary sinuses, namely the fron- tal, sphoenoid, and maxillary ; the caverns of the ethmoid labyrinth ; the anterior foramina of the nostrils; the diictus nasalis ; the spheno- palatine foramina, and Ihe anterior palatine foramina. Composed of 14 bone3, viz. the frontal ; two maxillary'; two nasal ; two'lach- rymal'; two inferior spongy; the sph-.enoid, vo- mer, ethmoid, and two palatine bones. Use, to form the organ of smelling and the pituitary si- nuses of the nostrils, and to serve also for speech nnd respiration. 'CAVITY OF THfc Mouth- Situated between the upper and under jaw. Figure, anteriorly ovate. Divided into upper and under jaw. COMPOSED of five bones, viz. two superior maxillary; two palatine; tb* hywer jaw-bone, and 32 teeth. Us , for masti- cation, speech, and respiration. TEITH- SITUATED in the alveoli or sockets of the jaws. number, commonly 32, 16 in each jaw. Di- vided into four kinds, iheisores, or front teeth, four in each jaw; cuspidati, one on each side of the incisores ; bicuspides, two on the side of each cuspidatus; and molares, or grinders. Each tooth is divided into a crown, neck, and root. The substance of the root and internal part of the crown is compact; the external surface is very hard, of a shining white colour, and is called the enamel. Use, for mastication, and pronuncia- tion, of dental syllables. The teeth are CON- NECTED with the jaws by gomphosis. CAVITY OF THE FAUCES. Situated under the basis of the cranium, within the superior bodies of the vertebrae and posterior part of the nostrils. Figure, superior- ly quadrate. Composed of 10 bones, viz. the occipital; two palatine ; the vomer ; the bod- ies of the three first vertebrae ; the ds hyoides, and the two temporal bones. Use, for the sit- D —38— nation of the fauces, larynx, pharynx, and oj hyoides. OS HIOIDES. Situated in the fauces, between the basis of the tongue and Larynx. Ficure, semilunar. Prominences, two corr.ua majora, and two cornua minora. Use, to serve for the adhesion of the tongue ; for deglutition ; and for a point cf adhesion to many muscles. SYNONIM. Os linguale. Connexion. It is connected with the styloid process of the temporal bone, the scapulae, lower jaw, and sternum, by various muscles, and with the larynx by ligament. CAVITY OF HEARING. Situated internally in the petrous portion of each temporal bone. Division, into meatus audito'rius extcrnus; cavity of the tympanum ; labyrinth; and meatus auditorius intemus. In the cavity of the tympanum are, the orifice of the Eustachian tube ; mastoid sinuosity; the fenestra ovalis; the fenestra rotunda, and the ossicula auditus. The labyrinth consists of the cochlea, vestibulum and semicircular canals. The cochlea has a basis, apex, modiolus, scala vestibula, scala tympani, and a spiral lamina. —30— The vestibulum has a foramen ovale, and the orifices of the semicircular canals. Use. The cavity of hearing is the organ in which hearing is performed. OSSAaCULA audiPus. Situated in the cavity of the tympanum. NUM3ER 4, viz. malleus ; incus ; stapes, and os orbiculare. SUBSTANCE, compact. Use, for hearing. OF THE TRUNK. The trunk of the skeleton is divided into the flpine, chest, loins, and pelvis. SPINE, A long column, or pillar, which extends in the posterior part of the trunk from the occipital bone to the os sacrum. Composed of 24 bones, called vertebrae, viz. 7 of the neck, 12 of the back, and 5 of the loins. Each vertebrae is DI- VIDED into a body, and 7 processes, viz. the. spinous, 2 superior oblique, 2 inferior oblique, and ransverse processes. Cavities. The spinal canal, called specus, or theca vertebralis ; and tfte lateral foramina of the vertebrae. CON- NEXION. The first bone of the spine is connect- m —lO- cd with the oceipital bone by ginglymus. The second vertebrae is united with the first by troch- oides, and with the occipital bone by syndesmo- sis. The bodies of the vertebrae are connected with one another by peculiar intervertebral sub- stance ; and posteriorly by a yellow elastic hga- xnent and by their 6blique processes. Use, to support the head and trunk, and to contain and defend the spiral marrow. Syronims. Spina •ioni, columna spinalis, columna vertebralis. CERVICAL VERTEERjE. Tlie first vertebrae is called atlas.. PECULI- ARITIES. No body nor spinous processes, but forms an arch, which anteriorly surrounds the dentiform process of the second vertebrae. In- stead of upper oblique processes, there are two articular sinuses. The second vertebrae is term- ed epistrophaeus, or dentatus. PECULIARITIES. An odontoid or dentiform process at the upper part of the body. All the transverse processes of the remaining cervical vertebrae have a pccuK iar foramen for the passage of the vertebral arte* —41— DORSAL VERTEBRJE. Peculiarities. At the sides of the bodies is a depression, and a superficial one in the points of the transverse processes, for the attach- ment of the great and little heads of the ribs. lumbar vertebrae. Peculiarities. They are much larger than the dorsal, and the transverse processes have no depressions*- OF THE CHEST, OR THORAX. The thorax is composed of 12 dorsal verte brae, 24 ribs, and the sternum. ries. Situated obliquely from the dorsal vertebrae to the sternum. Figure, semicircular. Num- ber 24, twelve on each side. Division, into 7 true, which are uppermost,- and 5 spurious. EMINENCES. The great head, which is con- nected to-the bodies of the dorsal vertebrae; the neck; the lesser head, which is joined to the transverse processes of the dorsal vertebrae; and the angle of the rib. Cavities, a longitudi- nal groove, for the intercostal artery. SUB- X) 2 —42— stance, anterior part cartilaginous, rest bony and compact. Connexion. Anteriorly with the sternum, and posteriorly with the bodies and transverse processes of the dorsal vertebrae. Use, to form the thorax ; to serve for respira- tion ; to defend the vital viscera, and. to give adhesion to muscles. sternum. Situated in the anterior part of the thoraxy between the true ribs. Figure, somewhat like a dagger. Cavities, the jugular sinus, at the superior and inner part; two-clavicular sinuses^ for the attachment of the clavicles ; and 7 cos- tal depressions, to which the ribs adhere. Sub- stance, somewhat spongy. Use, to form the thorax, and give adhesion to the mediasti- num. Connexion. The sternum is connected by arthrodia with the clavicle and with the sev- en true ribs by synchondrosis. OF THE LOINS. The bones of the loins are five lumbar Yerte- iebrse —43— OF THE CAVITY OF THE PELVIS. Situated in the lower region of the trunk. Figure, somewhat like a barber's bason. COM- POSED of 4 bones, viz. two ossa inncminata,, the os sacrum, and os coccygis. Use, to con- tain the organs of generation; the bladder ; u> teStinum rectum ; and to support the spine.. ossa innominata. SITUATED at the sides of the pelvis. FiGURE>, irregular. DIVISION, each bone into three por- tions, viz. ilium the uppermost, ischium the low- est, and pubis the anterior. Eminences. The cn'sfa of the ilium, from which the oblique and transverse muscles of the abdomen arise—at its posterior part-are two spinous processes, which give adhesion to ligaments.—at its anterior part are also t wo spinous processes, the superior- gives adhesion to the sartorius, tensor vaginae femoris, and the ligament of the thigh; the in- ferior anterior spinous process, about an inch from the former has arising from it the rectus fe- moris. The external surface ©f the iliac portion is covered by the glutaei muscles; the internal: by the internal iliac. Upon the internal surface there is a line even with the pubis; this i8 call- — li- ed linea innominata, or rim of the pelvis ; it di- vides the cavity of the abdomen from the pelvis. Upon the ischiatic portion or ischium are, the tuberosity of the ischium, upon which we sit ; the spinous process of the ischium, which pro* jects backwards, and gives adhesion to the up-1 permost sacro-sciatic ligament ; the ramus is- chii, which joins the pubis. Upon the pulJha portion, or pubi?,are the body,.near the socket; the angles and arches of the pubis. CAVITIES, a~ notch "between the anterior spines of the il- ium ; an anterior and posterior ischiatic notch ; the acetabulum, which receives the head of the os femoris, and the joramen thyroideum, or ovale. Each os innommatum is CONNECTED with its fellow anteriorly by symphysis, with the sacrum posteriorly by strong cartilages and ligaments, and with the head of'the thigh bone by enarthrosis. UsE>to iorm the pelvis; to re* tain the gravid uterus in its situation, and tO' constitute the acetabulum for the thighs.. OS-SACRUM,. Situated at the posterior part of the pelvis; SfiGURE, triangular, bent forwards. Eminen- ces, two superior oblique processes ; appear' anoes of the spinous-processes-; appearancos. •f the oblique and transverse processes, and the appearances of the vertebral bodies. Cavi- ties, four pair of external, and four pair of. in- ternal foramina, and five longitudinal middle eanals. Use, to co.-titute the pelvis, and sus- tain the spine. Connexion. Superiorly with the last lumber vertebrae, laterally with the ossa innominata, and inferiorly with the os coecyg'S.. OS COCCYG1S. Situated at the apex of the sacrum. Fig- ure, irregular. Use, to, sustain the rectum and prevent the rupture of the perinaeum in parturition. It is CONNECTED to the apex of the sacrum, ft OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES. The bones of the upper extremities are, on each side, the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, bones of the carpus, metacarpus, and fiiir gers. CL WICLE. SITUATED obliquely in the upper and lateral parts of the thorax. Figure, like the letter r. CAVITIES, a furrow, or groove of the subclavian vessels on the inferior surface. Use, to connect the scapula and humerus to the thorax, and to. —46— defend the subclavian vessels. CONNEXION Anteriorly it is articulated to the sternum, and posteriorly to the scapula, by arthrodia. SCAPULA. Situated in the upper and latteral part of the back. Figure, triangular. Eminences. The spine, which is in the middle of the external surface. Its anterior termination is called the acromion. The coracoid process which stands out opposite to the acromion. The borders of the bone are called costae, and the corners angles. The circle below the articular cavitity is called the neck. Cavities. The articular or gle- noid cavity, which receives the head of the hu- merus. The scapula is united with the clavi- cle by arthrodia, with ribs and os hyoides by muscle, and with the humerus by arthrodia. Use, to defend the back, and give articulation; to the humerus. Synonim. Omoplata. OS HUMERI, OR. OS BRACHIJ. Situated between the scapula and forearm. Figure, long. Eminences, the head, which is rounded on its superior part ; the neck, which is immediately below the head ; the greater tubercle, near the neck, which receives the su- pra spinatus muscles; and the lesser tubercle* _47— which is near the former, and has fixed to it the subscapularis. On the inferior extremity are three eondt/'es,namely, an external and an inter- na/condyle, which gives origin to the flexor and extensor muscles of the arm ; and the trochlea of the humerus. Cavities, a furrow between the tubercles, for the long tendon of the biceps. in the inferior extremity, a posterior fossa for the anconoid process of the ulna, and an ante- rior depression, for the coronoid process. I *£, to constitute the arm. Connexion. The hu- merus is connected with 3 bones; with the sca- pula by arthrodia, and the cubit and radius by ginglymus. CUBIT, OR ULNA. Situated in the inside of the fore-arm, to- wards the little finger. Figure, long, and thicker above than below. Eminences, the olecranon, or anconoid process, upon which we lean, and the coronoid process which is opposite to it. In the lower extremity are the lower head, the neck, and the styloid process, which gives a strong adhesion to the ligament which secures the wrist. Cavities, the sigmoid cavity, at the upper end. Use, to constitute the chief sup- port of the fore-arm. Connexion. Superiorly '—4S— with the throchlea of the humerus by arthrodia, inferiorly with the carpus by arthrodia, and with the radius by trochoides, as in prona- tion and supination. radius. SrrUATED in the external side of the fore- arm, towards the thumb. Figure, long. Emi- nences, upper head, which is excavated; the liiflj head and the syloid process at the inferior extremity. Cavity, the glenoid cavity. Use, to assist in forming the fore-arm, and to serve for flexion,supination and pronation. The radius is CONNECTED to the humerus by ginglymus, to the cubit by an interosseous ligament and trochoides ; and to the carpus by arthrodia. CARPUS, OR WRIST. COMPOSFD of 8 bones, which lie close to each other in a double row. Situated be- tween the fore-arm and the metacarpus. Di- vision, into two rows, superior and inferior. In the superior row are (from the thumb to the little finger), os scaphoide?, or naviculare ; os hmare ; os cunciforme ; and os oibiculare, or svb-rotundum. In the lower rct^os trapezium, os tr?pezoides,os magnum, and os unciforme* METACARPUS. SITUATED between the carpus and fingers. Composed of 5 longitudinal bones ; one of the thumb, and four metacarpal bones of the fin- gers. Use, to form the middle part of the hand. FINGERS. Situated at the inferior extremity of the metacarpus. Composed of a thumb and four fingers. The thumb has two bones, and each finger three, which are called phalanges. Use, to form the fingers, which are the instru- roets of touch, defence, and labour. OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. The bones of the inferior extremity are, the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, the bones of the tar- sus, metatarsus, and toes. FEMUR. Situated between the pelvis and tibia. Fig* 'tJRE, long. Eminences, the head, which is re ceived into the acetabulum of the os innomina turn, and has a sfrrsrrfr dimple in its middle, for the attachment of the round or restraining liga- ment; the neck, upon which the head stands, it is rough, and gives attachment to the capsu- £ —SO- lar ligament; the great trochanter, which is a large eminence below the neck, for the in- sertion of the giutaei muscles ; the little tro- chanter, which receives the psoas and iliacus la- teralis ; and a rough line on the body of the bone, called linea aspera. On the inferior extremity are the external and internal condyle, and between them poste- riorly a deep notch, for the passage of the great artery, vein, and nerve of the leg. Use, to form part of the lower extremity. The femur is CONNECTED to the acetabulum of the os inno- minatum by enarthrosis, and to the tibia and patella by ginglymus. SUBSTANCE. Campact on its outside ; spongy in the extremities; and can- cellated internally. TIBIA. Situated in the inside of the leg, between the femur and tarsus, FIGURE, longitudinal. Eminences, the upper head of the tibia ; the spine of the tibia, to which the great ligament of the patella is fixed ; and the lower head of the tibia, which forms the-^utetvankle. Cavi- ties, two artieular sinuses, in the upper head, for the reception of the condyles of the femur ; and the articular cavity at the side of the head for the reception of the fibula. Use, to s up- •» —SI— port the leg, and serve for the flexion of the lower extremity. The tibia is connected to the femur and patella by ginglymus, to the fibula by syneurosis, and to the astragalus by arthrodia. FIBULA. Situated in the outer part of the leg by the side of the tibia. Figure, longitudinal. Emi- nences, the head of the fibula, at the upper part, and the malleolus extemus, or outer ankle, at the lower end. Connexion. It is connected to the tibia by an interosseous ligament, and to the astragalus by arthrodia. Use, to form a fulcrum for the tibia, and assist in forming the leg. PATELLA, ROTULA, OR KNEE-PAN. SITUATED in the sinus between the condyles of the femur, and above the tibia. Figure, somewhat resembles an heart. The patella is CONNECTED to the condyles of the femur, by ginglymus. And with the tibia by syneurosis. Use, to strengthen the knee-joint, and to serve as a common pulley for the extensor muscles of the tibia. —52-— TARSUS: Situated between the leg and metatarsus; Figure, in the superior part, headed, and broad below. Composed of seven bones, placed in a double rocv : in the first row are the astragalus and os calcis ; in the second row, the os navicu- lar ; os cubiforme; and three cuneiform bones, which are placed close to each other. EMI- NENCES, head of the astragalus, and the tube?o- sity of the heel. Use, to form the basis of the foot, and to serve for its motion. The CONNEX- ION of the bones of the tarsus is with the tibia and fibula by arthrodia, and with the metatar- sal bones, and also with one another, by am- phiarthrosis. METATARSUS. Situated between the tarsus and toes. Composed of 5 longitudinal bones. LTSE, to form the-back and sole of the foot, TOES. Composition. The great toe is composed of two small bones ; each toe, of three small [ bones, called phalanges. SESAMOID BONES. Situated in the joints, under the phalanges of the thumb and of the great toe. —53- PERIOSTEUM". Definition. A membrane which invests the external and internal surface of all the bones except the crowns of the teeth. Names. Pericranium on the cranium ; periorbita on the orbits ; perichondrium, when it covers cartil- ages; and peridesmium, when it covers liga- ments.- SUBSTANCE, fibrous, furnished with ar- teries, veins, nerves, and absorbent vessels. Use, to distribute the vessels on the exteinaL and internal surfaces of the bones. CARTILAGES. Definition. White, elastic, glistening sub- stances, growing to the bones. Division, in- to obducent, which cover the articulatory sur- faces of bones ; inter-articular, which are n^t accreted to the bones, but adhere to the capsular ligament, and lie between the articulating ex- tremities, as in the knee joint, &c. and uniting cartilages which unite bones firmly together, as the symphysis pubis, bodies of the vertebrae, &c. Use, to lubricate the articulation of the cartil- ages; to connect some bones by an immoviable —54— connexion ; and to facilitate the motion of some articulations. OSTEOGENY, OR. COCTR1NE OF THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF BONES. Ossification is a specific action of small arteries, by which ossific matter is separated from the blood and deposited where it is re- quired. The first thing observable in the embryo, where bone is to be formed, is a transparent jelly, which becomes gradually firmer, and is formed into cartilage. The cartilage gradual- ly increases to a certain size, and when the pro- cess of ossification commences, vanishes as it . advances. Cartilages previous to the ossific ac- tion are solid, and without any cavity ; but when the ossific action of the arteries is about to commence, the absorbents become very ac- tive, and form a small cavity in which the bony matter is deposited ; bone continues to be sep- arated, and the absorbents model the mass into its required shape, —55— The process of ossification is extremely rapnS in utero : it advances slowly after birth, and is not completed in the human body till about the twentieth year. Ossification in the flat bones, as those of trie skull, always begins from the central point, and the radiated fibres meet the radii of other os- sifying points or the edges of the adjoining bone. In long bones, as those of the arm and leg,, the clavicle, metacarpal and metatarsal bones,, a central ring is formed in the body of the bone, the head and extremities being car til age, in the central of which ossification afterwards begins. The central ring of the body shoots its bony fi- bres towards the head and extremities, which extend towards the body of the bone The head and extremities at length come so close to the body as to be merely separated by a car- tilage, which becomes gradually thinner until the twentieth year. Thick and round bones, as those of the tarsus-, carpus, sternum and patella are at first all car- tilage : ossification begins in the centre of each. At birth the BONES OF the fostus are yery imperfect. The extremities and processes of almost all the long bones are connected' to* the body of the bone by cartilage. These por- tions of bones are called epiphyses. The cra- nium has no sutures ; its bones are connected together by a firm and -almost cartilaginous membrane. On the anterior part of the cra- nium, between the parietal bones and the frontal,, is a considerable membranous space, called the Anterior FioNTANEL, and a similar but smaller one between the parietal bones and the occipital, termed the posterior fontanel. The frontal bone consists of two bones, and the occipital of four. The teeth are partly formed, especially the enamel, and are placed in a doub- le series. The external auditory foramen is sur- rounded by a bony circle, in which there is a groove for the attachment of the membTana tympani. This circle gradually elongates into the meatus auditonus. The articular cavities of all the bones are much more shallow than in the adult. The os inneminatum consits of three bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are* eonnected together *y very fiim cartilage* The bodies of the vertebrae and its processes are united by cartilages,. —57— OF THE CONNEXION OF BONES.. Bones are CONNECTED with one another,' so as to admit of motion, and this kind of union is termed diarthrosis ; or so as to admit of no motion, which is termed synarthrosis ; and when connected with one another by an inter- vening substance, the union is termed symphy- sis. Diarthrosis, synarthrosis, and symphysis, are to be considered as the genera only of articu- lations, each genus comprehending teveral spe- cies, which are arranged as follows* —58— GENERA- SPECIES- r Enarthrofu, when the round head of one bone is received into the deep cavity of another, fo as to admit of motion in every direction ; as ihe head of the os femoris with the acetabulum of the os in- nominatunu Arthrodia, when the round head of a. bone is received into a fuperfkial cavity of another, fo as to admit of motion in every dirdtion ; as the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the fcapula.. Ginglymus, when the motion is only flexion and entenfion ; thus the tibia is articulated with the os femoris \. and the cubit and radius with the 08 humeri- Trochoides, when one bone rotates upon anoth- er ; as the firft cervical vertebrae upon the odoiw; toid procefs of the fecond, and the radius upon the ulna, or cubit. Amphiarthrosis, when there is motion, but that very obfeure ; aa the motion of the metacarpal „and metatarfal bones- Suture, when the union is by means of denti- form margins; as in the bones of the cranium : hence the fagittal, lambdoidal, or occipital and coronal futures.. Harmony, when the connexion is by means of rough margins, not dentiform j as in the bones of the face. Gomphofis, when one bone is fixed within anoth- ke a nail in a board j, as the teeth in. the at of the jaw*. \ er, lib Lveoli 59— GENERA. £.£CIES- ■ Synchonirofs, when a bone is united with anoth* er by means of an intervening cartilage ; as the vertebras and bones of the pubis. § Syffareofts, when a bone is connected with anoth- ^ erby means of an intervening mufcle ; as the os e hyoides with the fternum. "g Syneurqfu, when a bone is united to another by K i an intervening membrane ; as the bones of the o head of the foetus. g Syndefmofs, when a bone is connected to anoth* j* er by means of an intervening ligament; as the ra- gjj dius with the ulna, &c. S Synojofs, when two bones, originally feparated, so _are united to one another by bony matter. SYNDESMOLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE LIGAMENTS. Ligaments are elastic and strong mem- branes connecting the extremities of the move- able bones. Division, into capsular, which surround joints like a bag, and connecting liga- ments. Use, the capsular ligaments conaect —60— ■Ihe extremities of the moveable boMes, and pre- vent the tfflux of synovia ; the external and in- ternal connecting ligaments strengthen the ex- tremities of the moveable bones. Ligaments of the lower jAw. The condyles of the lower jaw are connected with the articular sinuses of the temporal bone by two ligaments, the capsular and lateral ligament. t Ligaments of the occipital bone, AND VERTEBRA OF THE neck. The con- dyles of the occipital bone are united with the articular depressions of the first vertebrae by the capsu!ar,broad, anterior, and posterior ligaments of the odontoid process, and ligamentum -nuchae. Ligaments of the vertebra. The ver- tebrae are connected together by means of their bodies and oblique processes. The bodies by a soft cartilaginous substance, and the processe* by ligaments, viz. the transverse ligament ot" the first vertebrae ; the anterior and posterior common; the irtterspinous; the intertransverse; the intervertebral ligaments ; the capsular lig- aments of the oblique processes; and the liga- ments of the last vertebtae of the loins w-kh the •os sacrum. -Si- Ligaments OF the RIBS. The posterior extremity of the ribs is united with the verte- brae ; the anterior with the sternum. The lig- aments of the posterior extremity are, the capsu- lar ligaments of the greater and lesser heads; the internal and external ligaments of the neck of the ribs : and a ligament peculiar to the last rib. The ligaments of the anterior extremity are, the capsular ligaments of the cartilages of the true ribs, and the ligaments of the nbs inter se. Ligaments of the sternum. The liga- ments connecting the three portions of the ster- num to the ribs are, the membrana propria of the sternum ; and the ligaments of the ensiform cartilage. Ligaments of the pelvis. The liga- ments which connect the ossa innominata with the os sacrum are, three ligamenta ileo-sacra ; two sacro-ischiatic ligaments ; two transverse ligaments of the pelvis; the ligamentum obtu- ransof the foramen ovale, and the ligamentum Poupartii, or inguinale. Ligaments of the os coccygis. The ba- sis of the os coccygis is connected to the apex of the os sacrum^ by the capsular and longitu- dinal ligaments. —62— Ligaments of the clavicle. The ante- rior extremity is connected with the sternum and first rib; and the posterior extremity with the acromion of the scapula by the interclavicular, the capsular ligament, the liga- mentum rhomboideum, and in the posterior ex- tremity, the capsular ligament. Ligaments of the scapula. The prop- er ligaments which connect the scapula with the posterior extremity of the clavicle are the conoid and trapezoid ligaments. Ligaments of the humerus. The head of the humerus is connected with the glenoid cavity of the scapula by the capsular ligament. Ligaments of the articulation of THE cubit. The elbow joint is formed by the inferior extremity of the humerus, and superior extremities of the ulna and radius. The liga- ments connecting these bones are, the capsular, the brachio-cubital, and the brachioradial lig- aments. Ligaments of the radius. The radius is affixed to the humerus, cubit, and carpus by peculiar ligaments, namely, the superior, infe- rior, oblique, and interosseous ligaments, —63— Ligaments of the carpus. The liga- ments which connect the eightbones of the wrist together, and with the fore-arm and metacarpus, are,the capsular ligament of the carpus; the first and second transverse ligament; the oblique and the capsular ligament prooerrto the bones of the carpus. , ■* • . • * - .•-*'■ • Ligaments of the metacarpus. The bones of the metacarpus are in part connected with the second row of bones of the carpus, and in part together, by the articular and interosse- ous ligaments. LIGAMENTS of the FINGERS. The fin- gers and phalanges are connected together, and with the metacarpus ; and the thumb with the carpus, by the lateral ligaments of the fin- gers, and ligament of the thumb with the os trapezium of the carpus. Ligaments which keep the tendons of the muscles of the hand in their proper place. The ligaments which keep the tendons of the muscles of the hand in their place, are situated partly in the palm, and partly on the back of the hand. In the back of the hand are, the external transverse ligament of the car- pus, the vaginal, and the transverse ligaments of the extensor tendpns. In the palm of the hand —64— arc, the internal transverse ligament of the car- pus, the vaginal or crucial ligaments of the flexor tendons of the phalanges, and the accessory lig- aments of the flexor tendons. Ligaments of the articulation of THE femur. !£he head ^)f the os femoris,is strongly, annexed to the acetabulum., of the os innominatum, by two very strong ligaments, the capsular ligament, and ligamentum teres, cr restraining ligament. Ligaments of the articulation ,of the KNEE. The knee joint is formed by the condyles of the os femoris, head of the tibia and the patella. The ligaments are the capsular, the posterior, the external and internal lateral liga- ments, the crucial and the alar ligaments, of the semilunar cartilages, and ligaments of the pa> tella. Ligaments of the fibula. The fibula f is connected with the tibia by means of the cap- sular ligament of the superior extremity, the interosseous ligament, and. the ligaments of the inferior extremity. Ligaments of the articulation of THE TARSUS- The inferior extremity of the tibia and fibula forms the cavity into which the —65— astragalus of the tarsus is received. This articu- lation is effected by the anterior, middle, and posterior ligament of the fibula, the ligamentum tibiae deltoides, the capsular ligament, and the ligaments proper to the bonesof the tarsus. Ligaments of the metatarsus. The bones of the metatarsus are connected in part together, and in part with the tarsus, by means ■cf the capsular ligament, the articular ligaments, the transverse ligaments in the back and sole of the foot, and the interosseous ligaments of the metatarsus. Ligaments of the toes. The phalanges of the toes are united partly together, and partly with the metatarsus, by the capsular and lateral ligaments. Ligaments which retain the TEN- DONS OF THE MUSCLES OF THE FOOT IN THEIR proper PLACE. These ligaments are found partly in the back and partly in the sole cf the foot. They are the vaginal ligament of the tibia, the transverse or crucial ligaments of tlie tarsus, the ligaments of the tendons of the fieronei muscles, the lacinatecj ligament, the v$- *-2 —66— ginal ligament of the extensor muscle and and flexor pollicis, the vaginal ligaments of the flexor tendons, the accessory ligaments of the flexor tendons, and the transverse ligaments of the extensor tendons, MYOLOGY, or DOCTRINE OF THE MUSCLES. A muscle is a fibrous body. DIVISION, into head, belly, and tail. Adhesion, the head and tail are firmly attached to the bones; the place of attachment of the former is called its origin ; it is usually that part nearest the trunk of the body : the latter is termed the insertion, which is more remote from the trunk of the body, and is implanted into the part to be mov- ed. The body adheres laxly to other parts, by means of the cellular membrane, in order that it may swell when the muscle acts. Substance, fleshy in the belly, tendinous in the extremities. The former is composed of fleshy fibres, which are irritable and sensible; the latter of white fi- bres, which are neither sensible nor irritable. —67— When the tendinous extremity of a muscle Is rounded, it is called a tendon ; when broad and expanded, aponeurosis, and sometimes fascia. Muscles are variously named, according to the arrangement of their fibres, or from their action ; or from their origin and insertion ; or from their figure or situation : thus when the fi- bres go to the same direction, it is said to be a simple muscle ; when they ape in rays, a radi- ated muscle ; when arranged like the plume of a feather, a penniform muscle ; and when two penniform muscles are contiguous, a compound penniform. Muscles sometimes surround cer- tain cavities of the body, forming a thin lamina, as in the intestinal canal, bladder, &c. When they are situated around any opening, so as to shut or open it, they are termed sphincters. There are many muscles named from their action, as the flexors, extensors, depressors, lev- ators, corrugatores supercili, &c. The muscles which receive names from their origin and m- sertion are very numerous; as the sterno-cleido- mastoideus, stylo-hyoideus, stylo-glossus, &c The deltoid, pectineus, pyramidalis, &c. are named from ther figure, and the pectoralis, lin- gualis, temporalis, pterygoideus &c. from their situation. Muscles that concur in producing the —63— same action, are called congeneres ; but those that act contrary to each other antagonists. Vessels. Arteries, veins, and absorbents, a- bound in the fleshy part; but very few indeed in the tendinous. Nerves of muscles are also numerous in the fleshy parts, and wanting in the tendinous. Use. Muscles are the organs of ma- £xul MUSCLES OF THE INTEGUMENTS OF THE CRANIUM. Name. fDccipito-frontalis.* CorrttgatorfuperciUi.'T Orbicularis palpebra- rum. Levator palpebraefu- jperioris- Arifes from The upper fidge of the occipital bone ; its aponeurofis cc-vers the upper pavt of t. lie head- Above the. root of the nofe. Jnferted into The Ikin of the eye- brows and root of the nofe. The inner part of the occipito-frontaiis. MUSCLES OF THE EYELIDS. edge of Around th the orbit. The bottom of the orbit near the optic foramen- The inner corner of the eyes. The cartilage of the tarfus of the upper eye- lid. Ufe- To pull the fkin of the head backwards—■ raife the eyebrows and fkin of the forehead- To wrinkle the eye- brows- To fhuttheeye- To open the eye, by raifing the upper eye- lid- CO f The reader will be pleafed to o}>ferve, that although all the mufcles (a few only excepted, which are marked thus*.} are in paifls, mention is made here only of the mufcles of one fide- MtfSCLES OF THE EYEBALL. ^Rectus fuperior. Rectus inferior. Rectus internus. Rectus externus. Obliquus fuperior feu Tr'ochJearis. ■Obliquus inferior. Around the optic foramen pf the fphas- noid bone, at the bot- tom of the orbit- Near the optic fora- men, and pafJesthrough a trochlea in the inter- nal canthus of the eye,, and is reflected to be The ductus nafalis, and is inferted The anterior part of the tunica fclsrotica, oppofite to each other. The pofrerior part the bulb, between the rectus and the entrance of the optic nerve- Oppcfite to the for- mer. fo raifeit upward*. to pull it downward*. to turn it to the nofe. to move it outwaids. To roll the eye, and turn the pupil down- wards and outwards. To roll the eye. MUSCLES OF THE NOSE AND MOUTH. Levator labiifuperi- The nafal procefs-of The upper lip and It raifes the upper tris alaeque nafi. the fuperior maxillary ala of the nofe- ?ip, and dilates the bone. nofTrils- Legator labiifuperio- The upper jaw, un- The middle of the To pull the upper *is proprius. der the orbit. upper lip. lip directly upwards- T Name* Levator anguli oris" Zygomaticus major. Zygomaticus minor* Buccinator* Depvejbr anguli iris- DepreJJor labii inferi' wis. * Arifes front The orbitar foramen of the fup- max. bone. The os jugale, near the zygomatic future, and run* downwards- Above the zygomat- icus major. The fockets of the laft molares, and the coronoid procefs of the lower jaw. Inferted into The orbicularis, at the angle of the mouth. The angle of the mouth, with the de- preflbrofthelip. The angle mouth. of the Ufe- To raifethe come? of the mouth. To inflate the cheek and raife the angle of the mouth- To raife the angle of the mouth outwards- The angle of the To contract the mouth, and is perfo- mouth, and draw the rated by the duel of angle of it outwards the parotid gland. and backwards- The lower edge of The angle of the To draw the corner the under jaw, near the mouth- of the mouth down- chin* M 9 wards. The inferior part of The middle of the the lower jaw, next the under lip.. chin- To draw the under lip downwards and out?- wards- Orbicularis oris-* Depref/br labii fupe' rioris alaeque najt- ConflriSor nafi- Levator menti iiet labii inferioris. Superior auris, or atlollens aurem. Anterior auris. Pojlerior auris, or rttrahens aurif This mufcle unrounds the Hps, and is in a great meafure formed by the buccinator, zygo- matic!, and others, which move the lip. The fockets of the upper incifor teeth. The root of one wing of the sofe, and The lower jaw, at the root of the incif- The rA of tfc: ala nafi and u^>er lip. goesacrofstothe other- The skin in tha cen- tre of the chin' MUSCLES OF THE EXTERNAL EAR- The tendon of the occipito-frontalis above the ear. Near the back part of the zygoma. The maftoid proc- efs, by two and fome« timet three fafciculi. The root of the car- tilaginous tube of the ear. The eminence be- hind the helix. The feptum that di- vides the fcapha and concha- To fhut the mouth, by contracting the lips. To pull the ala nafi and upper lip down. To comprefs the wings of the nofe. To raife the under lip and skin of the chin- To draw the ear up- wards, and make it tenfe ■ To raife this emi- nence forwards. To draw the ear back, and ftretch the concha- to Name- JRelicis major. Heli icis minor. Tragicuf- 55 Antitragus- Tranfverfus auris. Arifes from The upper, anteri- or, and acute part of the helix. The inferior and an- terior part of the he- lix. The outer and mid- dle part of the concha, near tht tragus- From the root of the inner part of the heli*. The upper part of the concha* fnferted info The c rtilage of the helix, a little above the tragus. The crns of the he- lix. The upper part of the tragus. The upper part of the antitragus. The inner part of the helix. Ufe- to deprel's the up- per part of the helix. to contract the fif- fure. to deprefs the con- cha, and pull the tra- gus a little outwards- i to dilate the mouth lg of the concha. c« to draw thefe parts J towards each other- Laxator tympani. MUSCLES OF THE INTERNAL EAR. The fpinous procefs of the fphaenoid bone. The long procefs of the malleus. to draw the mafic ua obliquely forwards, to- wards its origin- Tenfor tympani Stapedius' TetnporaHi-' The cartilaginous extremity of the Eufta- chian tube. A little cavern in the petrous portion, near the cells of the maftoid procefs. The handle of the malleus- The pofterior part of the head of the ftap.es- To pull the malleus aad membrane of the tympanum towards the petrou3 portion- To draw the (tapes obliquely upwards to- wards the cavern. MUSCLES OF THE LOWER JAW- The lower p*rt of the parietal bone and os frontis ; fquammous part Of the temporal bone ; back part of the os jugale ; the tempo- ral procefs of the fphae- noid bone, and the a- poneurofis which cov- ers it- The coronoid proc- efs of the lower jaw, its fibres being bun- dled together and preff- ed into a fmall com- pafs, fo as to pafs un- der the jugum, or zyg- oma. To move the lower jaw upwards. Narne^ MaJJeter- Pterygoideus nus% wter- Pferygoideus exter- Arifes front The fup. max. bone, near the os jugale ; and from the anterior part of the zygoma. The internal ptery- goid procefs of the fphaenoid bone- The external ptery- goid procefs. Infcrted into The angle of the lower jaw upwards to the bafis of the coro- noid procefs- The lower jaw, on its inner fide, and near its angle- The condyloid pro- cefs of the lower jaw and capfular ligament- Vfe. To raife and move the jaw a little for- wards and backwards. To raife the lower jaw, and draw it a lit- tle to one fide- To move the jaw, and to prevent the lig- ament of the jaw from being pinched. MUSCLES WHICH APPEAR ABOUT THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK. Platyfma myoides. Sterno-ckido-mafloi- deus. The cellular mem- brane covering the pec- toral and deltoid muf- cles- The upper part of- the fternum, and fore part of the clavicle. The fide of the chin and integuments of the cheek- The maftoid procefs, and as.far back as the occipital future- OR To draw the cheeks and fkin of the face downwards- To move the head to one fide and bend it forwards. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW AND OS HYOIDES- Digajlricut- Mylo-hyoideus. Genio-hyoidetiS' Genio-gloffus. ffyo-g/ojus- Lingualis- A foffa at the root of the mastoid procefs. The Inner furface of the jaw bone- The infide of the chin- The infide of the chin. The horn, bafis, and partillage of the oshyo- ides. The root of the tongue laterally- The lower and ante- rior part of the chin- The bafis of the os hyoides. The bafis of the os hyoides- The tongue, form- ing part of its fub- ftance- Into the tongue la- terally. The extremity of the tongue. to draw the lower jaw downwards^ to move the os hyo- ides upwards. to moye the os hy- oides upwards. to move the tongue in various directions- to draw the tongue downwards and in- wards- to fhortenand draw the tongue backwards- MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE OS HYOIDES AND TRUNK- Sterno-hyoideur- The fternum and clavicle- The bafis of the os hyoides- to draw the os hy- oides downwards. Name Omo-hyoideus. Sterno-thyroideus • Thyreo-hyoideus, or Hyo-thyroideuS' Crico-tbyroideus • Arifes from Near the coracoid procefs of the lcapula. The upper and inner part of the fternum. Part of the bafis and horn of the os hyoides. The fide of the cri- coid cartilage- Lnferted into The bafis of the os hyoides- The thyroid cartil- age- The fide of the thy- roid cartilage. The inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage. U/e- to draw the os hyo- ides downwards- to pull the thyroid cartilage downwards. to raife the cartilage, and deprefs the bone- To pull the thyroid | cartilage towards the it cricoid- "^ MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW AND OS HYOIDES, LATERALLY. Stylo-gloffus- Stylo-hyoideus. The apex of the fty- loid procefs- The bafis, and about the middle of the fty- loid procefs. The fide of the root of the tongue- The bafis of the os hyoides- To pull the tongue backwards. To draw the os hy- oides upwards. Stylo-pharyngeus- Cireumfexus, feu Tenfor palati. Levator palati mollis. Th» root of the fty- loid procefs. Near the Eustachian tube,andpaffesthrough the hamulus of the pte- rygoid procefs, to be "The point of the os pterofeum, the Eufta- chian tube, and fphse- noid bone. The edge of the pha- rynx, and back of the thyroid cartilage- The velum pendu- lum palati- The velum jpendu- Jum palati, being ex- panded upon it- To dilate the pha- rynx, and raife the car- tilage. To draw the velum pendulum palati ob- liquely down wards,and ftretch it. To pull the velum pendulum backwards and upwards. MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE ENTRY OF THE FAUCES. Conjriclor iflhmfau- Near the root of the The middle ,of the To raife the tongue, to"Sue> on ea<;h r,t[e» velum pendulum pain- and draw the velum and goes round to be ti, near the uvula. towards it. Name- Palato -Pharyngeus' Azygos uvulae ** ■Arifes front The middle of the foft palate, goes round the entry of the fau- ces, the tendon of the circurnflexus palati, and velum pendulum palati, to be The commiffure of the offa palati. tnferted into The upper and pof. terior part of the thy- roid cartilage- The extremity the uvula- of Vfi- To contract the arch of the fauces- To fhorten and raife the uvula- 3 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE PHARYNX. ConfltiEtorpharyngis in- fe.-ior- GviftriiHor pbaryngis medius. The cricoid and thy. roid cartilages- The horns, and ap- pendix cf the os hyo- MeS- ' ' The middle of the pharynx- The ambit of the pharynx.. To compiefs part of the pharynx- To comprefs the pharynx, and draw the ps hyoides upwards- Con/lriclor pharyngis Juperior- The ptergoid pro- cefs, the lower jaw, and the cuneiform procefs of the os occipitis. The middle of the pharynx* To move the pha- rynx upwards and for- wards, and to com- prefs its upper part. MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE GLOTTIS. Crico-arytaenoideus pojficus Crico-arytaenoideus lateralis, or obliquus. Thyreo*arytaertOideus- Aytaenoideus obli- quus*. Arytaenoideus tranf- •verfus* Thyreo-epiglottideus- The cricoid cartilage pofteriorly. The fide of the cri- coid cartilage The back of the thy- roid cartilage- The root of one arytasnoid cartilage- One of the aryte- noid cartilages- The thyroid cartil- age. The back of the ary- tenoid cartilage. The fide of the ary- tenoid cartilage. The fore part of the arytenoid cartilage- The extremity of the other. The other arytenoid cartilage. The fide of the epi- glottis- To open the glottis. To open the glott's- To draw the aryte- noid cartilage forward. To draw them to- wards each other. To fhut the glottis- To pull the epiglot- tis obliquely down- wards- o Name- Arytaeno-ep/gjottideus- Arifes from Inferted hit* The upper part of The fide of the epi- the arytenoid cartilage glottis. laterally- Vfe- To move the epi- glottis outwards- MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE ABDOMEN. defcendens Obliquus fxter/itfs- Obliquus afcendens in- ternus. The lower edges of the eight inferior ribs near the cartilages. Tiie fpinous procef- fes of the three laft lumbar vertebra;, back of the facrum, and fpine of tin. iliam. 7"he linea albaf, offa pubis, and fpine of the iliumij;. The cartilages of all the falfe ribs, linea al- ba, and pubis, and fternum, by a flat ten- don. To comprefs the ab- domen. CD To cOmprefs the ab- *p domen. I f A long, but narrow, tendinous expanfion, which reaches from the cartilage enfiformis of the fteinum, down to the middle of the pubis- J In .this courfe it forms Poupart's ligament. Tranfverfalis abdo- minis- Recites abdominis- Pyramidalis? The cartilages of the feven lower ribs, and the tranfverfe pre- cedes of the four lower lumbar vertebra and fpine of the ilium- The outfide of the fternum and xyphoid cartilage. The anterior upper part of the pubis- The linea alba, throughout its whole length, and into the enfiform cartilage. The fide of the fym- phyfis of the pubis. The linea alba, be- low the umbilicus. To comprefs the ab- dominal vifcera- To comprefs the abdomen, and bend the trunk. To affift the lower portion of the reftus. 09 MUSCLES ABOUT THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION- Dartof. By fome faid to be mufcle : appears, however, to be no more than a con- denfation of the cellular membrane lining the fcrotum, which admits of being corrugated and relaxed- Cremefler. The inguinal ring, The tunica vaginalis To draw up the tef- and Poupart's liga- of the tefticle, tide. went. Name- Arifesfrom tnferted into Vfe- Ere£tor peniU The tuberofity of A ftrong tendinous To comprefe the the ifchium, embraces membrane, that covers urethra. one crus of the penis- the corpora cavernofa. Accelerator urinae The fphindter of the The line in the mid- To comprefs the feu anus^ and above the die, of the bulb. urethra. Ejaculator feminis- bulb of the urethra- Tranfverfus perinaeii The fatty membrane The accelerator uri- To dilate the bulb J^ covering the tuberofity nse, ami fpbincter ani. of the urethraf- « of the ifchium. | MUSCLES OF THE ANUS- Sphinfler atii*< The fkin and fat The perinseum, ac- To fhut the paffage furrounding the anus celeratores urinae, and through the anus into on both fides- tranfverfus perinaei- the rectum- f There is often another mufcle behind this, called Tranfverfus perinaei alter- It afiifts the former. Levator ani*. The internal furface The fpincter ani, To draw the rectum of the pubis, ilium, acccleratores urinae, & up after the dejection and ifchium, of both os coccygis; and fur- of the faeces, and to ' fides, in a radiated rounds the rectum, affift in {hutting it- manner, neck of the bladder, &c- like a funnel. MUSCLES OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. The crus of the if- The upper part of To draw the clitoris i chium internally- the crus and body of downwards, and make ^J, the clitoris. it tenfe- »* The fphincter ani, The union of the To contract, the j and fide of the vagina, crura clitoridis. mouth of the vagina- which it furrounds- MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE PELVIS. Obturator internus. The foramen ovale A large pit between to roll the femur obturator ligament, ili- the trochanters of the obliquely outwards- urn, ifchium, and pu- femur. bis. Ereclor clitoridis. Sphincler vaginae. Name- Cficcygeus' Arifes from The fpinous procefs of the ifchium. Inferted into The extremity of the facrum and os coccy- gis. To move the coccyx forwards and inwards. MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE CAVITY OF THE ABDOMEN- Diaphragma*. ^uadratus lumborum. Pfoas parvus* Pfoas magnus. lliacus internus. ' The ftudent will find The poftenor part of the fpine of the il- ium- The tranfverfe proc- efs of the laft dorfal vertebrae. The bodies and proc- effes of the laft dorfal and all the lumbar ver- tebre. The internal furface of the fpine of the il- ium- defcribed in Splanchnology The tranfverfe apo- To fupport the fpine phyfes of the loins and laft fpurious rib- The brim of the pel- vis, near the place of the acetabulum. The os femoris, a little below the tro- chanter minor. and drawt it to fide. To bend the loins forwards- To bend the thigh forwards- oo- The femur in com-f To affift the pfoa» mon with the pfoas magnus- magnus* \ MUSCLE SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE THORAX- PeSoralis major. Subclavius. PeSoralis minor. Serratus major anti- The clavicle, Iter- The upper and inner num and feven. true part of the humerus. ribs- C .^ The cartilage of the firft rib. The third, fourth, and fifth ribs. The eight fuperior ribs- The under furface of the clavicle- The coracoid proc- efs of the fcapula. The bafis of the fcapula. To draw the arm forwards, or obliquely forwards- To* move the clavi- cle downwards- To roll the fcapula- / To bring the fcapu- la forwards. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE RIBS AND WITHIN THE THORAX. Intercoflales exierni. Intercoflahs intern':. Triangularis vel Stemo-cojialis- The lower edge of The fuperior edge To elevate the ribs. each upper rib- of each lower rib- Like the former, their fibres are direAed from behind forwards. The middle and in- The cartilages of the To deprefs the car- feriorpart ©f the fter- five laft true ribs- tilages of the ribs- num 09 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK, CLOSE TO THE VERTEBRA- Name- Longus colli. RecJus internus capi- tis major- 4 ReSrus internus capi- tis minor. RecJus capitis latera- lis- Arifesfrom The bodies of the three upper dorfal and tranfverfe procefles of the four laft cervical ■ The tranfverfe proc- effes of the five laft cer- vical vertebrae. t The fore part of the atlas- The tranfverfe proc- efs of the atlas- Inferted into The anterior tuber- cle of the dentatus. The cuneiform proc- efs of the os occipitis. The os occipitis, near the condyloid procefs. The os occipitis, near the maftoid procefs. Ufe- To pull the neck to one fide- To bend the head forwards- To affift the former. To move the head to one fide- MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE TRUNK- Trapezius feu Cucullaris, The os occipitis and The clavicle, part of To move the fcapu- the fpinous procefles the acromion, and the la, bend the neck, and of all the vertebrae of fpine of the fcapula. pull the head back- the neck and back- wards- Latiffimus dirfi. Serratus poflicus infe- rior- Rhomboideus- Splenius- The fpine of the ili- um, fpinous proceffes of the facrum, lumbar and inferior dorfal ver- tebrae ; adheres to the fcapula and inferior falfe ribs- The spinous proceff- es of the two laft dor- fal and three lumbar vertebrae. The fpinous proceff- es of the three laft cer- vical, and four firft dorfal vertebre. The os humeri, be- tween its two tuberofi- ties in the edge of the groove for the tendon of the biceps mufcle. To draw the os hu- meri backwards, and to roll it upon its axis- -*-.V The lower edge of the three or four low- ermoft ribs, near their cartilages. The bafis of the fca- pula, at its ,upper and lower part. The fpines of the The two firft cervi- four laft cervical, and cal vertebrae, and the four fuperior dorfal ver- fide of the os occipitis- tebre- To draw the ribs outwards, downwards, and backwards- To move the fcapula upwards and back- wards. To move the head backwards, andalfot« one fide. Name- Serratus fuperir. thus Spinalis dorfi. to Arifes from pof- The fpinous proceff- es of the three laft cer- vical, and two fuperior dorfal vertebrae. Two fpinous procef- fes of the loins, and three lower of the back- Inferted into The fecond,' third, and fourth ribs, by three neat flefhy tongues- All the fpinous proc- effes of the back, ex- cept the firft. Vfe. To expand the tho- rax, by elevating the ribs- To extend the verte- brae. Levatores coflarum, or ' Supra-coflales. The tranfverfe proc- effes of the laft cervi- cal and the dorfal verte- brae- The angles of the ribs. To lift the ribs up- wards. CO Sacro-lumbalis. The facrum, fpine of the ilium, and the fpin- ous and tranfverfe proc- effes of the lumbar ver- tebrae. The lower edge of each rib, by a flat ten- don- To draw the ribs downwards, to move the body upon its ax- is, to affift the long dorfi, and to turn the neck back,or to one fide. LongiJJimus dorfi. Complexus- Trachelo-mafloideus • m Levator fcapula. Zemi-Jpinalis dorfi. The fame parts as the former, and by one coininon broad tendon- The tranfverfe proc- effes of the four inferi- or cervical, and feven fuperior dorfal verte* brae • The tcanrVerfe proc- effes of the five lower cervical and three up- per dorfal vertebrae. The tranfverfe proc- efles of the four fuperi- or cervical vertebrae- The tranfverfe proc- effes of the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th dorfal vertebrae- The tranfverfe proc- effes of all the dorfal and one cervical verte- brae. The middle of the os occipitis, at its tu- bercle. To ftretch the verte- brae of the back, and keep the trunk erect- To draw the head backwards. The os occipitis, be- hind the maftoid proc- efs of the temporal bone. The upper angle of the fcapula. s The fpinous proceff- es of the four fuperior dorfal and the laft cer- vical vertebrae. To draw the head To move the fcapu- la forwards and up* wards. To extend the fpine obliquely backwards- Name- Multifidusfpina- Semi-fpinalis colli, or Spinalis cervicis. Ttanfverfalis colli- Retius capitis pqflicus major- RecJus capitis poflicus minor. Obliquus capitis fupe- rior. Arifesfrom The facrum, ilium, oblique and tranfverfe proceffes of the lumbar, the tranfverfe ot the dorfal, and four cervical vertebrae. The tranfverfe proc- effes of the fix upper dorfal vertebrae- The tranfverfe proc- effes of the five upper dorfal vertebise- The tranfverfe proc- efs of the fecond cervi- cal vertebrae. The firft vertebre of the neck. The tranfverfe proc- efs of the atlas. Inferted into The fpinous proceff- es of the lumbar, dor- fal, and cervical verte- brae, except the atlas. The fpinous proceff- es of the five middle cervical. The tranfverfe proc- effes of the cervical vertebrae. The lower ridge of the os occipitis. The os occipitis at its tubercle- The end of the low- er occipital ridge- Ufe- To extend the back* and draw it backwards or to one fide, and pre- vent the fpine from be- ing too much bent for- wards. To ftretch the ntck obliquely backwards- To turn the neck ob- liquely backwards, and to one fide- To extend the head, and draw it backwards. To aflift the retius major. To draw the head backwards. co Obliquus capitis infe- rior. Scalenus- Interfpinales ■ Inter-tranfverfa Us. Supra-Jpinatus. Infra jpinatus- The fpinous procef9 of the dentatus. The upper furface of the firft and fecond rib. Between the fpinous procefTes of the fix in- ferior cervical vertebrae • The tranfverfe proc- efs of the atlas- The tranfverfe proc- effes of the cervical ver- tebrae. rhe fpinous proceff- es of the vertebrae a- bove- Between the tranf- verfe proceffes of trie vertebrae- to draw the face to one fide- to move the neck forwards, or to one fide • to draw the fpinous proceffes towards each other- The tranfverfe proc- effes of the vertebras a- bove- \ MUSCLES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES. TO draw the tranf- verfe proceffes towards each other- The bafis, fpine, and upper end of the fcap- ula- The cavity below thefpine of the fcapula. A large tuberofity at the head of the os hu- mor i- The upper part of the fame tuberofity. - CO to raife the arm- to roll the os humei ri outwards. Name- Teres minor. Arifes from The inferior edge of the fcapula. Inferted into The greater tuberof- ity of the humerus. Vfe- to affift the former. Teres major. Tbe inferior angle and edge of the fcapula. The fide of the TO affift in rotating groove for the long ten- tne arrn. don of the biceps. Deltoides. The clavicle, and the acromion and fpine of the .fcapula- The anterior and middle part of the os humeri- to raife the arm. to Coraco-brachiaiis. The coracoid proc- efs of the fcapula- The middle and in- To roll the arm for- ner fide of the os hu- wards and upwards. meri. * v fubfcapularis- The bafis, fuperior and inferior edge of the fcapula- The protuberance at To roll the arm io- the head of the os hu- wards- men. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE OS HUMERI. Bicepsjfexor cubiti- Srachialis inteAus. Triceps extenfor eU' biti-. Two heads, one from the coracoid proc- efs, the other,called the long head, from the edge of the glenoid cav- ity of the fcapula- The os humeri at each fide of the tendon of thedeltoideS' »The neck of the fcapula, and the neck and middle of the hu- merus- The tuberofity at the upper end of the radius, at its fore part, and a little below its neck- To bend the fore- arm, which it does with great ftrcngth, and t* affift the fupinators. • The coronoid proc- To affift in bending to els of the ulna".' the fore-arm- •j* The upper and outer To extend the fore- part of the olecranon. arm. Anconeus' The external con- dyle of the humerus. The back part pr ridge of the ulna- To affift in extend- ing the fore-arm- **• MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE-FORE-ARM. Name- Supinator radii lon- SUi- Extenfor carpi radia- lis longior- Extenfor carpi radia- lis brevior- Extenfor digitovuni tommunis- Extenfor minimi di- git}. _ Extenfor carpi ulna- 'tis . Flexor carpi ulnaris. Arifes from The external con- dyle of the humerus. The external con- dyle of the humerus The external con- dyle of the humerus- The external con- dyle of the os humeri. The outer condyle of the humerus. The cuter condyle of the os humeri. The inner condyle of the humerus and olecranon- Inferted into The radius, near the ftyloid procefs- The metacarpal bone of the fore-finger- The metacarpal bone of the middle linger. The back of all the bones of the fingers. The fecond joint of thjjittle finger. The metacarpal Bone of the little finger- The os ptfiforme, at its fore-part. Ufe. To affift in taming up the palm of the hand. To extend the wrift- To affift the former, f en To extend the fin- I gers. To affift in extend- ing the fingers. To affift in extending the wrift- To affift in bending the hand. Pahnaris longus* Flexor carpi radialis. Pronator radii teres. Spina tor radii brevis- Extenfor offts meta- ctxtpipollicis nanus. Extenfo&pximi inter- Hodii- The internal condyle of the os humeri. The internal condyle of the os humeri The internal condyle of the humerus and coronoid procefe of the. ulna. . The outer condyle of the humerus, and edge of the ulna. The middle* of the ulna, interoffeo|ft liga- ment, and radius,. Near the middle of the ulna, interoffeous ligament, and radius- T^he annular ligament of the wrift, and there forms the aponeurofis of the hand. The metacarpal bone of Jfcf fore-finger. The outer ridge of the radius, about the middle of its length. The anterior, inner, and upper part of the radius. The os trapezium, and firftjbone of the thumb- The convex part of the fecond bone of the thumb.- „ 3*o bend the hand- To bend the hand- To coll the hand in- wards- To roll the radius 9* outwards, and affift the r anconeus- To ftretch the firft bone of the thumb out- wards. To extend the fecond bone of the thumb out- wards- * Name- Extenjor fecuridi in- termodii. Indicator- Flexor digitorumfui- limis. Flexor digitorum pro- fundus vet performs- Flexor longus pollicis- Pronator radii quad- ratus-- . Arifes from The back <>f the ul- na and ir.teroffeous lig- ament. * The middle fef the uln?., • The inner condyle of the os humeri, coro- noid procefs of the ul- na, and upper part of the radius. The upper part of the ulna, and interof- feous ligament. The upper and fore part of the radius. The inner and lower part of the ulna' Iriferted into The third and laft bone of the thumb. The metacarpal bone Of the fore-finger. The fecond bone of each finger, after being perforated by the ten- dons of the profundus- The fore part of the laft bone of each of the fingers- The laft joint of the thumb- The radius oppofite to its origin- Ufe- To ftretch the thumb obliquely backwards- To extend the fore finger- To bend the fecortd joint of the fingers up- i on the firft, and the fo firft upon the meta- si carpal bones- | Tq bend the laft joint of the fingers. To bend the laft joint of the thumb. To roll the radius inwards- MUSCLES SITUATED CHIEFLY ON THE HAND. ■Afhbric ales- Flexor brevis pollicis manus. Opponens pollicis. Abdutlor pollicis ma- AbducJor pollicis ma- nus. AbducJor indicis ma- nus- Palmaris brevis. The tendons of the flexor profundus. The os trapezoides, ligament of the wrift, and the os magnum The os fcaphoide3 and ligament of the wrift. The annular liga- ment, and os trapezi- um. The metacarpal bone of the middle finger- The firft bone of the thumb, and os trape- zium- The annular liga- ment, and palmar apo- neurofis. The tendons of the exten for digitorum com- munis- The offa fefamoidea ?nd fecond bone of the thumb- The firft bone of the thumb. The root of the firft bone of the thumb- The root of the firft bone of the thumb. The firft bone of the fore finger pofterioriy. The metacarpal bone and skin of the little finger. To bend the firft and extend the fecond pha- lanx- To bend the fecond joint of the thumb- To-bend the thumb. TO draw the thumb from the fingers. To pull the thumb towards the fingers- To move the fore- finger towards the thumb. To contract the palm of the hand. r Name- Abdutlor minimi di- giti manus. AbducJor minimi di- git!. Flexor parvus mini- mi di-j-iti. Interoffei interni and Interoffei exierni Arifes from Inferted into The annular liga- The firft bone of the ment and os pififorme- little finger. The os cuneiforme The metacarpal bone and carpal ligament, of the little finger- The annular liga- The firft bone of the ment & os cuneiforme- little finger. Vf& To draw the little finger from the reft. To move that bone towards the reft- To draw the little finger from the reft- Between the metacarpal bones, to the fides of3 T° extend the nn" \ •hirh th<»varp ntt:w-h the upper part of the' toes- The firft joint of the great toe, by two ten- dons- to extend the toes- to bend the fecond joint of the toes- to draw the tpes in- wards- to bend the firft joint of the great toe- o Cn AbduBoxpollicis pedis- AbduBor pollicis pe- dis- AbduBorminimi digiti psdis- Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis. Tranfversales pedis. Interoffei pedis in- terni • Interoffei pedis ex- itXli't- The inner and Tower part of the os calcis. The ligament ex- tended from the os cal- cis to the Os cuboides- The firft joint of the great toe- The outer fefamoid bone, or firft joint Of the great toe- To move the great toe from the reft. To draw the fmaller toes towards the great toe, and affift in ex- tending the toes. The tuber of the os The firft joint of the calcis, and metatarfal little toe externally- bone of the little toe- The root of the me- The root of the firft tatai ial bone of the lit- bone of the little toe. te toe- The ligament con- The tendon of the necting the bones of adductor pollicis- the tarfus. Between the metatarfal bones. To draw the great toe nearer to the reft, and to bend it. To draw the little toe outwards. To bend the little o toe- I To contract the foot. —107— PHYSIOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF MUSCU- LAR MOTION. Muscular motions are of three kinds; namely, voluntary, involuntary, and mixed. The VOL- UNTARY MOTIONS of muscles are such as pror ceed from, an immediate exertion of the active powers of the will: thus the mind directs the. arm to be raised or depressed, the knee to be bent, the tongue to move, &c. The involun- tary motions of muscles are those which are performed by organs, seemipgly of thierownac- cord, without any attention of (he mind or con- sciousness of its active power ; as the contraction and dilatation of the heart, arteries, veins, absor- bents, stomach, intestines, &c. The MIXED MOTIONS are those which are in part under the control of the will, but which ordinarily act without our being conscious of their acting; as is perceived in the muscles of respiration, the inter- costals, the abdominal muscles & the diaphragm. When a muscle acts, it becomes shorter and thicker ; but its origin and insertion are drawn towards its middle. The sphincter muscles are always in action ; and so likewise arc antagon- ist muscks, even when they seem at rest. —r08— When two antagonist muscles move with equal force, the part which they are designed to mow remains at rest; but if one of the antagonist muscles remains at rest, while the other acts,1 the part is movrd towards the centre of motion. All the muscles of living animals are constant-1 ly endeavoring to shorten themselves. When a muscle is divided, it contracts. If" a muscle be stretched to a certain extent, it con- > tracts, and endeavors to acquire its former di- mension?, as soon as the stretching cause is re- moved : this takes place in the dead body ; in muscles cut out of the body, and also in parts not muscular, and is called by the immortal', HALLER vis mortua, and by some vis elasticfl Jt is greater in living than in dead bodies, and and is called the tone of the muscles. , When a muscle is wounded, touched, or oth- erwise irritated, it contracts independent of thfe will; this power is called irritability, and by Haller vis insita ; it is a property pe- culiar to and inherent in the muscles. The parts cf our body whidh possess this property are called irritable, as the heart, arteries, mus- cles, &c. to distinguish them from those parts which have no muscular fibres. With regard to the degree of this property peculiar to van- —103— bus parts, the heart is the most irritable, then the stomach and ihtestines ; the diaphragm, the arteneSi veins, absorbents, and at !«?ngth the Various muscles follow ; but the degree of irritability depends upon the age, sex, terhper- *' ament, mode of living, climate, state of healthy idiosyncrary, arid likewise upon the nature of the stimulus. . When a muscle is stimulated, either through the medium of the will or any foreign body, it contracts) and its contraction is greater Or les* in proportion as the stimulus applied is greater or less. The contraction of muscles is different according to the purpose to be served hy their contraction c thus* the heart contracts with a jerk j the urinary bladder^ slowly *nd uniform- ly ; puncture a muscle, and its fibres vibrate ; and the abdominal muscles act slowly in exptl- ling the contents of the rectum. Relaxation generally succeeds the contraction of muscles, and alternates with It. The USE of this- property is very considerable; for upon it depends all muscular motion, and the function of every rfccus, except that of the tlervcSi k 110— BURSALOGY, OR. &0CTRINE OF THE BURSJE MUCOSJE- BuRSifi mueosse are mucous bags, compos- ed of a proper membrane, containing a kind of BiusCous fat, formed by the exhaling arteries of their internal surface. They are of different " SIZES and firmness, and are connected here aad there by cellular membrane, with the capsular ligaments of cavities, tendons, bones, or ligaments. Their internal surface is highly vascular, smooth, and shining. SITUATION. 'Various. Division, into vaginal and vesicular. Use. To lubricate the muscles and tendon%£ which are very frequently in motion. , BURSiE MUCOSA OF THE HEAD. 1. A bursa of the superior oblique muscle of the eye situated behind its trochlea in the or- bit. 2 The bursa of the digastricus, situated ;ui the internal s\irfice of its tendon. 3. A ':ur- sa of the circwvflexus, or tensi palati, situated -between tho hookhke process of the sphoenoii bone and the tendon of that muscle. • 4." A bur- < —Ill— sa of the sterno hyoideus muscle, situated be- tween the os hyoideus and larynx* BURS-ffi MUCOSAE, SITUATED ABOUT THE SHOULDER JOINT. 1. The external acromial, situated under tli€ acromion, between the coracoid process, deltoid muscle, & capsular ligament. 2. The internal acromial, situated above the tendon of the infra- spinatus and teres major: it often communicates with the former. 3. The coracoid bursa,situat- ed near the root of the coracoid process : it is sometimes double, and semetimes triple. 4. The fiiuViC-Uiur vuraQy luuna \vneT£ the clavicle touches the coracoid process. 5. The subclavian bursa, between the tendon of the subclavicular- ris muscle and the first rib. Q. The coraco- brachial, placed betwf en the common origin of this muscle and the biceps and the capsular liga- ment. 7. The bursa if the pectoralis mojor, situated under the head of the humerus, be- tween the internal surface of the tendon of that muscle and another bursa placed on the long head of the bicep?. 8. An external bursa of the teres major, undtr the head of the os hu- meri, between it and the tendon ©f the ttres tt-113-tt- major. &. An internal bursa of the texts m,ar jor, found within the muscle where the fibres of its tendon diverge. 10., A bursa of the laU isjimus dorsi, between the tendon of this mus- cle and the os humeri. 11. The humcro bicip- ital bursa, in the vagina of the tendon ofthebh ceps. There are other bursue mucosa? about ! the humerus^ but their situation is uncertain. , 1KRSM MUCOSAS, SITUATED NEAR TUB. ' ELEOW JOINT. 1. The radio bicipital, situated between the tendon of the biceps, brachial)**, and anteiV or tubercleof the radma. 3. The cubito-radiat, between the tendon of the biceps, supinator brevis, and the ligament common to the radius and ulna. 3.. The- ancmeal bypsa, between the olecranon and tendon of the anconeus mus« cle. 4. The capitulo+adial bursa, between the tendon common to the extensor earpi radj-. ■• Blis brevis, and extensor communis digitorum and round head of the radius. There are other bursoe, but as their situation, varies* they m omitted* —-113 BUR8JE OF THE INFERIOR PART OF THE* FORE ARM AND HAND. On the Inside of the Wrist and Hand. 1. A very large bursa, for the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus. 2. Four short bursa? on the fore part of the tendons of the flexor subli- mis. 3.. A large bursa behind the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus, between- it and the fore part of the radius, capsular ligament of the wrist, and os trapezium. 4. A large bursa behind the tendons of the flexor digitorum. profundus and on the fore part of the end of- the radius, and fore part of the capsular liga- ment of the wrist. In some subjects it commu- rricates with the former. 5. An, oblong.bursa,, between the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis and os trapezium. 6. A very small bursa be- tween the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris and •spisiforme.- Qn the back Part of the Wrist and Hand. 7. A bursa between the tendon of the ab- ductor pollicis longus and the radius. 8. A. la:ge bursa between the two extensoies carpi. —114— radiatee. 9. Another below it, common to the extensores carpi radiales. 10. A bursa, at the insertion of the tendon of the extensor car- • pi radialis. 11. An oblong bursa, for the ten- don of the extensor pollicis longus, and which communicates with &> 12. A bursa for the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus, between it and the metacarpal bone of the thumb. 13. A litrsa between the tendons of the extensor of fhe fore, middle, and ring fingers. 14. A bur- sa for the exlensors of the little finger. 13. A bursa between the teDclon of the extensor carpi ulnaris and ligament of the wrist. There are also bur^r mucosae between the musculi IuiDbrical.es and interossei. BURSJE SITUATED NEAR THE HIP JOINT. ' €n the fore Part of the Joint. 1. The i!<'c-pu!>ero.l< situated between th« ' iliacus interims, psoas rj);:gnu>, and the capsular ' ligament of the head of the femur. 2. The pectineal} between the tendon of the pectincua and the thigh-bone. 3. J small bursa of the -gluteus medius musric, situated between it and; the great trochanter, before the insertion of the —115— pyrribrrrm. 4. A bursa of the gluteus minimum musde between its tendon and ihe great tro- chanter. 5. The gluteofuscial, between the- gluteus maximus and vastus exteruus. On the posterior Part of the Hip Joint. 8. The fubero-ischiatrc bursa, situated be- tween the obturator internus rr:usc!er the poste- rior spiue of the ischium, and its- tuberosity. 7. The obiura-tory bursa, wfiich is oblong, «nd found betweenthe obturator internus and gemi- ni musefes and the capsular ligament. 8. A bursa of'the semi-membrancsus, under its ori- gin and the long, head of the biceps fernoirs, &. The gluteo troehanteral bitrsa, situated be- tween the tendon of the psoas muscle and the root of the great trochanter. 10 Txvo- glu- teo femoral bursa?, situated between the ten- don of the gluteus maximus and os femoris. 11. A bursa of the quadratus-femoris, situa- ted between it and the iiitle trochanter. 12v The iliac burs2, situated between the tendon ef the iliacus internus and the little trochanter. EURS.S MUCOSA, SITUATED NEAR THE KNTE£ JOINT. 1. The svpragvnu:d, which, adheres to the —ITtf— ft::ulbnsr of the vastus and cruralis and the forcT part of the thigh bone. 2. The infra-genuaV bursa, situated'under the ligament of the patel- la, and often communicatee with the above.- 3. The anterior genual, placed between- the tendon of the sartorius gracilis and semitendino- sus and internal and lateral ligament of the* knee. 4. The posterior genual, which \p- -sometimes double, and is situated between the- tendons of the semimembranosus, the internal- head of the gastrocnemius, the capsular liga* ment, and internal condyle. 5.. The popliteal,- conspicuous between the tendon of that muscle,, the external condyle of the femur, the semi!u-> nar cartilage, and'external'condyle of the tibiaj- 6. The bursa of the biceps cruris, between the external part of the tendon, the biceps cru* ris, and the external lateral ligament of the knee. BURSJE MUCOSA, SITUATED IN THE FOOT*- ®n the Back, Side, and hind Part of the Fooh l± A bursa of the tibialis antieus, bet\v?en its tendon, the lower part of the tibia, and cap- sular ligament- of the aaliifc. 2, A bursabe- —X17-— tw'een the tendon of the extensor police pedus longus, the tibia and capsular ligament cf the ankle. 3. A bursa of the extensor digito- rum communis, between its tendons, the tibia, and ligament of the ankle. 4. A large bursa, common to the tendons of the peronei muscles. 5. A bursa of the peroneus brevis, proper to its tendon. 6. The calcaneal bursa, between the tendo Achillis and os calcis. In tH Sole of the Foot.. 1. A bursa for the tendon of the peroncv& fongus. 2. A bursa common to the tendon of the flexor pollicis pedis longus, and the tendout of the flexor digitomrrj, pedis communis Ion* gus profundus, -3,, A bursa of the tibialis pos- ticus, between Us tendon, the tibia, and astra- galus. 4. Five bursa for the flexor tendons^ which begin a little above the first joint of each toeA and extend to the root of the third phalanx w insertion of the tendoas. AN3I0LGGY, o » DOCTRJNE OF THE VESSELS- Vessels are long, membranous eapn!'?^ \xhich carry blood, lymphAor chyle. DiVL> ,—IIS— rON, into arteries, veins and absorbents. SIT- UATION. Except the epidermis, membrana arachnoidea, and nails, every part of the body has vessels, which injections demonstrate. OF ARTERIES. Arteries are elastic ir.embranous canal?,, which pulsate : they always become narrower as they proceed from the heart towards the ex- tremities. Origin, from the ventricles of the- heart ; namely, the pulmonary artery from the right, and the aorta from the left, ventricle ; so that there are only two arteries, of' which the reBt are branches. Termination, in jtlasy exhaling vessels, or t-hey anastomose v\iih one another. Composed of three mem- branes, called coats ; an external one, a mid- dle coat, which is muscular, and an inner one,. which is smooth. Use, to convey bi-c d fre i .1 the heart to the different parts J the- hods, for ©utrition ; preservation of iiiV ; generation --i' beat; and the secretion of differ a 1 fluids. OF THE AORTA. The aorta arises from the left ventricle of th- heart, forms 311 crch towards the dor:- ■—110— sal vertebra?, then descends through the open- ing of the diaphragm into the abdomen, fn which it proceeds by the left side of the spine to the last vertebra of the loins, where it divider into the two iliac arteries. In this course it gives off, just above its origin, two coronary ar- teries to the heart, and then forms an arch. The "Arch of th-t aorta, gives off three branches, which supply the head, neck, and arms, with blood ; these are, I. Arteria innominata, which divides into the right carotid and right subclavian ar- teries. II. THE LEFT CAROTID. III. THE LEFT SUBCLAVIAN. The carotid arteries, having emerged from the chest, run up along the neck on* on each side of the trachea, to the an^le of the lower jaw, where they divide into external and 'internal. The external carotid gives off tight branebx's to the neck and face. 1. Arteria Thyroidea, which is veTy toilu* ou?, supplies the thyroid gland, and gives off branches to several adjacent muscles. 2. A. Linguxlis, \vh;ch lies fiat upon the Bide of the tongue, and gives off the tonus hy- oideus, dorsalis lingtice sublingualis, and ra- tiina. 3. J. LabialiS, called also the external mam- illary, the angular, and facial artery : it gives off the palatina infe*rior, the submentalis, and the coronary of the lips. 4. A. Phdryngea inferior, which sends a number of small twigs about the fauces and ba- sis cf the cranium. 5. A. Occipitalis, from which the posterior temporal arises. 6- A. Posterior auris, which furnishes the parts about the cartilages o? the ear with btoodj and transmits tire arteria tympani and stylo- inc.sioidea. 7. A. Maxillaris interna, which is extremely tortuous, and give* off—the spinous artery to the dura matef—Mhe lower maxillary artery^ which is included in the lower jaw, and sup- plied the teeth and face»Mhe pterygoid arte- ries, which nourish the pterygoid mhscles—*#* deep temporal \arieries, which lie w ider than the temporal muscle. The internal maxillarjf then gives off a branch, which almost immedi- ately dh ides into the alveolar aud infra orbi- —121— tal ; then'an artery to the palate, the superior palatine ; the upper pharyngeal, which plays about the sphaenoid sinus; and, lastly, the na- sal artery, which is transmitted through the sphaeno-palatine foramen to the cavity of the nostrils. 8. A. Temporalis, which perforates the pa- rotid gland, and sends off the transversalis fa- ciei, which inosculates with the arteries of the face ; and several branches which gp to the car, forehead, and about the temples. The internal cArotiD leaves the exter- nal at the angle of the jaw, and "proceeds by tlfe "par vagum and intercostal nerve to the carotid canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is shaped like the letter /, and enters the cranium at the side of the setfa turci- ca, having given off two very small twigs to the pituitary gland, & 3d, 4th, and 5th pair of nerves ; and when it has reached the anterior clinoid process, it sends off— 1. Arteria Opthalmica, which is distributed on the e}'e. 2. A. Anterior cerebri, which proceeds be- fore the sella turcica, unites with its fellow, *nd forms the circle of WiHis, from which k L. —122— branch proceeds to the third ventricle, septum lucidum and the arteria corporis callosi. 3. A. Media cerebri, which runs between the anterior and middle lobes of the brain, gives off the artery of the choroid plexus, and is lost on the middle lobe of the brain. 4. A. Comtnunicans, which proceeds back- wards, and soon inosculates with the vertebral. The subclavian ajrtery arises on the right side from the arteria innominata, and on the left from the arch of the aorta. Each sub- clavian gives off five branches, 1. The internal mammary, from which arise the A. thymica, A. comes phrenici, the peri- . cardiao, and the phretiico pericardiac. 2. The inferior thyroid, from which arise . the ramus iliyroideus, the tracheal arteries, the ascending thyroid, and the transversalis humeri. 3. A. Vertebralis, which proceeds into the vertebral foramina, to ascend into the cavity j of the cranium, where it unites upon the cunei- form process of the occipital bone with its fel- - \ low of the other side, and forms the BasilA- RY ARTERY, which immediately gives off the posterior artery of the cerebellum ; it then proceeds opon the tubcrculam annulare,'to give —123— erf four branches, two to the right, and two 1& the lefr, which constitute the A. anterior cere* belli, which branch to the cura eertbelli, the cerebellum, vermf*, cyja cerebri, corpora quad- CaW**^ rigemina, pineal gland, and fourth ventricle ; ~~~" and the A. posterior cerebri, which is joined by the communicans, and supply the thalmi nervorum opiicorum, the centrum geminum, infuudibulum, and crura fornicis, and the pos- terior lobes of the brain, inosculating with sev- eral arteries. 4. A. Cervicalis profunda. 5. A. Cervicalis superficial is, both of which are distributed about the muscle* of the neck. 6. A. Tatercostalis superior, which lies Be- tween the two upper ribs. 7. A. Supra scapularis, which sometimes arbes from the A. thyrodea, when it is called the transversalis humeri. As soon as the subclavian has arrived in the axiila, it is called the AXILLARY artery, which runs into the arm, where it is tenned the brachial. The axillary artery gives off, 1. The four mammary arteries, called tho- racica superior ; thoracica longier ; thoraci- —124—< cahumcriana, and thoracica alaris or axillaris, which supply blopd to the muscles about the breast. *** 2. The Subscapular^, which- supplies the lower surface of the scarMa. 3. The circumflexa posterior. 4. Circumflexa anterior, which ramify about the joint. The brachial or HUMERAL artery give*: JDff, 1. Many lateral vessels. 2. A. Profunda humeri- superior. ', 3. A. Profunda humeri inferior. ■. 4. Ramus anastomotieus magnus, 'which-. anastomoses round the elbow joint. The brachial then becomes the ulnar, and.' gives off the radial. The UlrNAR or CUBITAL5 ARTERY sends Off, r ' 1. The*recurrent branches-, which anasto- mose with the" ramus anastomotieus mag- nus. 2. A. Interossea communis. It then sends small branches to the adjacent muscles, as it proceeds down to the wrrist ; Just -before it ar- rives here, it gives off A. dorsalis ulnaris,, which goes round to the back.of the. little fin- —-125— gcr. At the wrist it gives off A. palmaris pro- funda ; then forms a great arterial arch, called the superficial palmer arch, which supplies branches to the fingers; The radial-gives off'the radial recurrent, proceeds to the wrist, where the pulse is felt, and gives off'the superficialis voice, and then divides into the A. dorsalis pollicis, A. radialis indicts,. A. magna pollicis, and A. palmaris profunda. The descending AORTA gives off in the breast,, 1. The bronchial, which nourish the lungs; 2. The oesophageal,.which go fo the oeso- phagus. 3. The intercostals, between the ribs. 4. The inferior diaphragmatic. fVithin the abdomen, it gives* off eight' branches. 1. The CCELIAC, which divides into thr«e branches. 1. Arteria Hcpatica, which' gives offj a. A. Duodeno-gastrica, which sends off the right'gastroepiploic and the pancrcatico- duodenal's* The latteT transmits the piloriea inferior and the transverse pancreatic. L-2- —126— &>. A. 'pitoi-ica superior hepatiea. The hepatic.artery then ramifies through {*&- i'ver. 2. A. Coronaria veniriculi, or Gastrica, , which gives off the superior coronary and sitr, perior piloric arteries. 3. A. Splenica, from which arise the pan--. creatica magna and pancreaticas parvce, the posterior gastric arteries, the left gastro-cpip- loic artery, and the vasa brevia. 2. The superior mesenteric, or meserai\of which the colica media^ colica dextra, and thte ileo-colica are branches. 3. The renal arteries, or emulgents, which, , are short, and divide into three or four branches in the pelvis of the kidney. 4. The spermatic arteries, which are very • ' small and long, and proceed with the spermat* i ic cord to the testicles. i 5. Tie inferior meseraic, from which arises ] the left colic artery and the internal hecmorr- h fidJu 6. The Inmbar arl^rls, which nourish the nmSkcU;? and vertebrae of the loins. 7. The middle sacral artery, which is dis- tributed alout the sacrum-. —127— The aorta then bifurcate?, and becomes the iliac arteries. The iliacs soon divide into internal nnd ex- ternal.- Each INTERNAL ILLA.C Or HYPOGASTRIC ARTERY gives off five branches : - 1. The lateral sacral arteries, three or four in number. 2. The gluteal, which ramify upon the back of- the haunch bone, and supply the gluteal mus- cles. '3. The ischiatic, which turns downwards along the hip, and gives off the coccygeal ar- tery. 4. Arteria pudica communis, which is some- times a branch of the sciatic artery; it pro- ceeds out of the pelvis, through the sciatic notch, returns into the pelvis, and runs towards the symphysis of the pubis. In this course it gives off branches to the vesiculae seminales and prostrate gland ; and the lower or external kccmorrhoideal artery to the anu?, and then forms the A. perinei, the A. penis, which pro- ceed one on each side ; and a branch which plunges deep into the substance of the penis, 5. The obturatory, which passes through the —I2B— aval' foramen, and is distributed on the thick-. muscles in the centre of the thigh.- Each EXTERNAL ILIAC gives off, 1. The epigastric, which is reflected from' \ Poupart's ligament upwards,, along the abdo- men. 2. A. Circumflexa i7/aco,,which runs back* wards along the crista ili'u The external iliac fhen passes under Poupart's liga ment j becomes the femoral or CRURAL ARTERY, and is continued along the thigh into the popliteal. Jn4his course it: gives off hear the groih^- I. The profunda femoris, which' gives off' the A.' perforans prima ; the A. perforans se- ^ tunda magna ; the A: perforans' tertia ; the A. perforans quarto^ which nourish the muscles of the thigh. The femoral aTtery then makes ' .a spiral turn round the os femoris, and sends off j small branches of no importance to adjacent' muscles* About two hands-breadth from the- j Knee it gives out; j 2. The Ramus anastomotieus- magnus,, I which ramifies about the knee joint. The femoral'arttry having reached the ham' is called the POPLITEAL, which gives off seve- j ral small branches about the joint, and' divides —120— below the ham into the tibialis antiea and lib* ialis postica. The Tibialis Antica soon perforates the interosseous ligament, and passes along the tib- ia over the bones of the tarsus, and then inos- culates with the back arteries. In this course it gives off, 1. The recurrent, which inosculates with the articular branches of the popliteal ; it then- sends off small branches to neighbouring mus- cles, as it passes down the leg. 2. A. Malleolar is interna^ about -the inner ankle. 3. A. Malleolaris, externa, about the outer ankle. 4. A. Tarsea, which lies upon the bones of the tarsus. 5. A. Metatarsea, to the tendons of the pe- ronei muscles. 6 Dorsalis externa halucis, which runs a- long the metatarsal bone of the great toe. The Tibialis postica passes along the back part of the tibia, goes round the inner ankle, and divides at the heel into the two pjantar arteries. In this course it sends off, I. A. Nutritia tibiw, which gives branches _130— to the popViteup, soleus and tibialis anticus mus- cles, before it enters the bone. 2. Many small branches, as it passes down* wards. 3. A. Plantar is interna, which rvms along the inner edge of the sole of the foot, and sends •ff four branches about the foot. 4. A. Plantaris interna, wh ch forms an arch and inosculates with tfce anterior tibial ar- tery, and gives off the digital branches to \he toes. PULMONARY ARTERY. The pulmonary artery arises from the right ▼entricle of the heart, and conveys the blood into the lungs,, that is returned to the heart by ihe veins ; not fbr their nutrition, but to re- ceive from the air in the lungs a certain principle, necessary for the continuance of life, and which the arterial blood distributes to every part of the body. It soon divides into a right and left, the right going to the right lung and tile left to the left lung, where they divide in- to innumerable ramifications, and form a beautiful network, or plexus of vessels, uponi the air vesicle?, and then terminate in the pul- monary veins,. ^-13L— the Action of the arterIe*. The arteries, by the impulse of the blood from the ventricles of the heart, are dilated and irritated, and by means of their muscular coat contract upon the blood, and thus propel it to the glands, muscles, bones, membranes, and every part of the body for their nutrition and the various secretins, and then into the veins. This dilatation aud contraction is cal- led the ruLSE, which is perceptible in the trunks and branches of the arteries, but not in the capillary vessels, except when inflamma* tion is going on. OF VEINS. Veins are membranous canals which do not pulsate : they gradually become larger as they advance towards the heart, in which they terminate, and bring back the blood from the arteries. Origin. Prom the extremities of the arteries by anastomosis. Termination Of all the veins is into the auricles of the heart. Division, into trunks, branches, ramuli, &c. Situation. They run by the sides of arte* r-132-^. ries, but more superficially. Composed like arteries of three membranes, but which are se- mi-transparent and more delicate. Valves are thin semi-lunar membranous folds, which prevent the return of the blood in the vein. The blood is returned from every part Of the body into the right duricle ■■:—the vena ca- va superior receives it from the head, neck, thorax, and superior extremities :—the vena cava inferior from the abdomen and inferior ex- tremities ; and the coronary vein receives it from the coronary arteries of the heart. THE VENA CAVA SUPERIOR. This vein terminates in the superior part of the right auricle, into which it evacuates the i>10od, from The Yight and left subclavian veins and the vena azygos. The right and left subclavian veins receive the blood from the head and upper extremities^ in the following manner. The veins of the fingers, called digitals, re- ceive their blood from the digital arteries, nnd empty it into, i. The cephalic of tJte thwhb, which runs oil —133— the back of the hand along the thifcnb, and e« vacv-ttes itself into the external radial. 2. The salvatella, which runs along the little finger, unites with the former, and emp- ties its biood into the internal and external cu- bital veins. At the bend of the fore-arm are three veins, called the great cephalic, the basil- ic, and the median. The great CEPHALIC runs along the superior part of the fore-arm, and receives the blood from the external radial. The BAsrLic ascends on the under side, and receives the blood from the external and internal cubital veins, and some branches which accompany the brachial artery, called vena; satellitum. The MEDIAN is situated in the middle of the fore-arm, and arises from the union of sev- eral branches. These three veins all unite a- bove the bend of the arm, and form The brachial vein, which receives all their blood, and is continued into the axilla, where it is called The AXILLARY -tfEIN. This receives also the blood from the scapula, and superioi-' and in- ferior parts of the chest, by the superior and in- M —134— ferior thoracic vein, the vena muscularis, and the scapuluris. The axillary vein then passss under the clav- icle, where it is called the SUBCLAVIAN) y which unites with the external and internal 1 jugular veins, and the verttbral vein which; * brings the blood from the vertebral sinuses; it receives also the blood from the mediastinal, pericardiac, diaphragmatic, thymic, internal mammary and laryngeal vein, and then unites with its fellow, to form the vena cava superior^ or, as it is sometimes called, vena cava de- scenders. The blood from the external and internal parts of the head and face i& returned in the following manner into the external and inter* nal jugulars, which terminate in the subclavi- 1 ans. The frontal, angu,lar, temporal, auricular, sublingual, and occipital veins receive th« blood from the parts after which they are nam- ed ; these all converge to each side of th« „ neck, and form a trunk, called the EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN. The Wood from the brain, cerebellim, me- dulla oblongata, and membranes of these parts, is received into the lateral sinuses, or veins of —135— the dura mater, one of which empties its blood through the foramen lacerum in basi cranii into the internal JUGULAR, which descends in •the neck by the carotid arteries, receives the blood from the thyroideal and internal maxil- lary veins, and empties itself into ihe subetavi- ans within the thorax. The vena azygos receives the blood from the bronchial, superior oesophageal, vertebral and intercostal vai;:s, and empties it into the siij>ii- i.ar cava. VENA CAVA INFERIOR. The vena cava inferior is the trunk of all the abdominal veins and those of the lower extrem- ities, from which part? the blood is returned in the following manner. The veins of the toes, called the digital veins, receive the blood from the digital arteries, and form on the hack of the foot three branches, one on the great toe called the cephalic, another which runs along the lit- tle toe, called the vena saphena, and one on the back of the foot, vena dorsalis pedis ; and on the sole of the foot they evacuate themselves into the plantar veins. The three vtjns on the upper part of the foot corning together above the ankle, form the an- 136— terior tibial ; and the plantar veins with % branch from the calf of the leg, called the a«. ral vein, form the posterior tibial ; a branch* also ascends in the direction of the fibula^called the peroneal vein. These three branches unite before the ham, into one branch, the subpoplfo eal vera, which ascends through the ham, car* rying all the blood from the foot: , it then pro.. ceedsupon the anterior part of the thigh, where it is termed the crural or femoral vein, re- ceives several muscular branches, and passes under Poupart's ligament into the cavity of the pelvi?, where it is called the external IL- IAC. The nrtfriis which are distributed about the' pelvis evacuate their blood into the external ha>- morrhoidal veins, the hypogastric veins, the internal pudendal; the vena magna ipsius pe- nis, and obturatory veins, all of which unite in the pelvis, and- form the internal iliac VEIN. The external iliac vein receives the blood from the external pudendal veins, and then u- nites with the internal iliac at the last vertebra of the loins, and form the VENA CAVA IN FE- RIOR,. or ASCENDENS, which ascends on the right side of the spine,,receLving the blood, from —137— the sacral lumbar, right spermatic veins, and the vena cava hepatica ; and having arrived at the diaphragm, it passes through the right foramen, and enters the right auiicle of the heart, utowhioh it evacuates all the blood from the abdominal viscera and lower extremities. VENA CAVA HEPATICA. This vein ramifies in the substance of the liv- er, and brings the blood into the vena Cava in- ferior from the branches of the vena portje, a great vein which carries the blood from the abdominal viscera iuto the substance of the liv- er. The trunk of this vein, about the fissure of the liver in which it is situated, is divided into the hepatic and abdominal portions. The ab- dominal portion is composed of splenic, mese- raic and internal hemorrhoidal veins. These three venous branches carry all the blood from the stomach, spleen, pancreas, cmentum, me- sente-y, gall-bladder, and the small and large intestines, into the sinus of the vena portse. The hepatic portion of the vena portse enters Ihe sub6tanoe of the liver, divides into innumera- ble ramifications, which secrete the bile, and ihe superfluous blood passes into corresponding branches of the vena cava hepatica. M 2 —133 THE ACTION OF THE VEINS. Veins do not pulsate ; the blood which they receive from the arteries flows through them very slowly, and is conveyed to the right auri- cle of the heart, .by the contractility of.their ccatSj the pressure of the blood from the arteries called the vis- a tergo,. the contraction of the muscles, and respiration ; and it is prevented from going backwards in the vein by the valves,, of which there are a great number. OF THE ABSORBENTS. ABSORBENTS'are very thin and pellucid ves- r-els, which carry the lymph from every part of the body ; substances applied to-the surface of the body, and the chyle from the intestines;: into the thoracic duct. DIVISION, into lacteals 5. ad lymphatics. They are called lacteals in fie intestines and mesentery, and lymphatics in t -try other part. Figure, branching, becom- i ^broader a? they proceed towards their ter- mination. Valves, numerous, giving them a Swotted appearance. Situation. It is sup- posed that fhey exist in every part of the body, although they have not been as yet detected in —139— some, as the brain, &c. Origin. The cellu- lar membrane, the viscera, the excretory duets of the viscera, the external surface, and every part of the body. Termination, in the tho- racic duct, or subclavian veins. Lymphatic or CONGLOBATE GLANDS are situated every where in the course of the lymphatics. Sub- stance. Tfiey consist of tender, pellucid, strong tunics. The USE of the absorbents is to carry back the lymph from different parts ; to5 convey the chyle from the intestines to the tho- racic duct, where they become mixed and di- luted ; and to absorb substances from surfaces and parts on which they originate. ABSORBENTS OF THE HEAD AND NECK. Absorbents are found on the scalp and about" the viscera of the neck, which unite into a con- siderable branch that accompanies the jugular Vein. Absorbents have not been detected in the human brain; yet there can be no doubt of there being such vessels : it is probable that they pass out of the cranium through the canal- is caroticus and foramen lacerum in basi cranii, on each side, and join the above jugular branch, which passes through some gl.nds as it proceeds into the chest to the an^'e of the subclavian andjugular vein. —140— ABSORBENTS OF THE UITER EXTREMITIES, The absorbents of the upper extremities are divided into superficial -and deep-seated. The superficial absorbents ascend under the skin in every direction to the wrist, from whence a fcroweA proceeds upon the posterior surface of the fore-arm to the head of the radius, over the internal condyle of the humerus, up to the axil- la, receiving .several branches as it proceeds, Another branoJi proceeds from the wrist along «fce interior part of the forearm, and forms a net work with* hramch coming over the ulna from the posterior part, and ascends on the inside of the humerus to the glands of the axilla, The deep-seated absorbents accompany the Larger blood-vessels, and pass through two glaudsabout the middle of the humerus, and .as- cend to the glands of the axilla. The superfi- cial and deep-seated absorbents having .passed through the axillary glands, form two trunks, which unite into one, to be inserted with the jug- ular absorbents into the thoracic duct, at the angle formed by the union of the subclavian with the jugular vein. 141 — ABSORBENTS OF THE INFERIOR EXTREM- ITIES. These are also superficial and deep-seated. The superficial ones lie between the skin and, muscles. Those of the toes and foot form a branch which ascends upon the bat k of the foot over the tendon of the aureus anticus* forms with other branches a plexus above ihe- ankles, then proceeds along the tibia over the kuee, sometimes passes through a gland,, and proceeds up the inside of the thigh to the »..'.'inguifiht glands. The deep-seated absorbents follow the course of the arteries, and accompany the femoral ar- tery, in which course they pass though some glands in the leg and above the knee, and then proceed to some deep seated subinguinal glands. The absorbents from about the external parts •f the pubis, as the penis, perineum, and from the external parts of the pelvis, in general proceed to the inguinal glands. The subingui- nal and inguiual glands 6end forth several, branches, which pass through the abdominal; ring into the cavity of the abdomen. 142— ABSORBENTS OF THE ABDOMINAL AND THORACIC VISCEUA. The absorbents of the lower extremities ao- Company the external iliac artery, where 1bey *re joined by many branches from the uterus, urinary bladder, spermatic chord, and some -brandies accompanying-the internal iliac arte- ry : they then ascend to the sacrum, where they form a plexus, which proceeds over the psoas muscles, and meeting with the lacteals of the mesentery form the thoracic duct, or trunk of the absorbents, which is of a serpentine form, about the size of a crow-quill, and runs up the dorsal vertebrae, through the posterior o- f>ening of the diaplnagm, between the aorta *nd vena azygos, to the angle formed by tl»e union of the subclavian and jugular veins, in this course it receives The absorbents of the -kidneys, which tte superficial and deep-seated, and unite of divisi. r). The abducent. 7. The auditory and faciah 8. The par va- gum, or great sympathetic nerves^ 9. The fiingoai pair. The thirty pair of Spinal nerves are divided into eight pair of cervical, twelve pair of dorsal* five-pair of lumbar, and five pair —146— of sacral nerves. Use, for sensation in sensible parts, for the five external senses, as touch, sight, hearing, smelling, and taste ; and for the motion of muscles. OF THE NERVES- OF THE BRAIN. % The FIRST pair, or Olfactory nerves, arise \ from the corpora etraita, pass forwards over the sphoenoid and frontal bones, one to each side of the crista galli, where they send off a number of branches, which go ihrough the cri- briform foramina of the ethmoid bone, to be distributed on the pituitary membrane of the nose. Use, for smelling. The second PAIR, or Optic nerves, arise from the thalmi nervorum opticorum, decussate :, each other, then pass through the foramina op- « tica, and perforate the bulb of the eye, and in it form the retina, which is the organ of vision. 1 Tite third PAIR, or Oculorum motorii,*- rise from the crura cerebri, near the pons Varo- lii, pass forward towards the tcp of the petrottf portion of the temporal bone, where they perfo- rate the dura mater, and proceed to the orbital fissure, to be inserted into the muscles of the \ bulb of the eye, which they move. —147— The fourth pair, or The Pathetic nerves, arise from the crura of the cerebellum laterally, pass forward, and pierce the dura ma- ter below the third pair, and proceed with them through the orbital fissure, to be inserted into the trochlearis muscle of the eye. The FIFTH pair, or Trigemini, arise from the anterior part of the crura of the cerebellum, and are divided within the cavity of the crani- um into three branches, viz. the opthalmic or orbital, and the superior and inferior maxillai}'. The orbital nerve gives off a branch, near its origin, which unites with a branch of the sixth pair, to form the great intercostal nerve : it then divides into three branches, the frontal, which goes through the superciliary foramen to the muscles and integuments of the forehead ; t»the lachrymal, which goes to the lachrymal gland ; and the nasal, which goes forward to the inner canthusof the eye, where it gives off a branch or two, then returns into the cranium, and passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and is distributed on the pituita- ry membrane. The superior maxillary nerve goes through the foramen rotundum, is divided into, 1st. the sphenopalatine, which goes through the sphae- —148-*.. no-palatine foramen, sends twigs to the internal: pterygoid muscle, then enters the cavity of the nostrils, and is. lost on the Eustachian tube, soft f palate, and pituitary sinus of the sphtenoid bone ;. 2d. the posterior alveolar branch, which de- scends through the foramen.by the last grinder, and is distributed to the molares ; 3d. Ihe in- fra-orbital nerve, which goes through the infra. orbital foramen, and is distributed on the muscles of the check, nose, lips, and communicates with the' facial nerve, The inferior maxillary goes out of the cra- nium, through the foramen ovale, giving^ branches fo the muscles and glands in its course, and/to the facia'TJerve, and divides as it passes. • ver the pterygoid muscle, into, 1st. the inter-. nal lingual, which is.connectcd with the chorda, tympani, and supplies the sublingual glands.and* contiguous muscles, but more especially the tongue : 2d. the more proper inferior maxil-. lary, which goes into the canalis mental's of the lower jaw, and gives a branch to each tooth, and comes out again to supply the lower .lip and chin. The sixth pair, ov Abducent nerves, & rise from the posterior part of the pons Varolii, proceed forwards, perforate the dura mzler. —149— and send off some branches near the sella turci- ca, which unite with branches of the opthalmic nerve of the fifth pair, to form the great inter- costal nerve ; they then accompany the third and fourth pair through the orbital fissure, and are distributed on the recti externi muscles of the bulb of the eye. The seventh pair, or Auditory nerves, as they are commonly called, originate on each side by two branches, the portio dura and j|or- tio mollis. The portio dura is, in fact, a nerve of the face, and is therefore, with more propri- ety, called the Facial nerve : it arises from the fourth ventricle of the brain, passes through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it gives off the chorda tympani, proceeds through the stylo-mastoid foramen, perforates the paro- tid gland, and then divides into seven or eight branches, which constitute the pes anserinus, and supply the ear, parotid gland, and muscles of the face, and communicate with the branches of the fifth pair on the face. The portio mollis arises from the medulla ob- longata arsd the fourth ventricle, enters the in- ternal auditory passage, and is distributed by innumerable branches on the membrane of the K 2 —150— cochlea, veitibulunvforsnhig the imraediate or- gan of hearing. The eighth pair, or Par vagum, arise by- several branches,-partly from the medulla ob- longata and partly from the fourth, ventricle behind the pons Varolii. It is connected at its origin with the accessory nerves of fVillis, which ascend through the great occipitnl fora- men from the fifth cervical nerve : these nerves proceed together through the foramen Ijfccrum in basreranii. The accessory nerves then sepa- rate from the par vagum, and vanish in the ster- no-clido mastoidcus. and cucullaris muscles : the par vagum then gives off branches in the neck to the tongue, larynx, and thyroid gland, from which parts they acquire names, and then descend? into the cavity of the thorax, where it gives off, 1st. The right and left recurrent ; the for- mer arises on the right side, near the subclavian artery, which it surrounds, and then returns up- wards to the thyroid gland : the latter arises under the arch of the aorta, which it surrounds» and then a?cends to the oesophagus. Both nerves are lost in the muscles of the larynx and ph?>jrrr. 2dly. Several branches which proceed-to the — i5i— superior part of the pericflrdium, to form witfe** other nerves the cardiac plexus, which sends branches to the heart. 3dly. The par vagum then extends on the posterior surface of the lungs, on each side, and gives off some branches, which, with others from the cardiac plexus and recurrent nerves, form a right and left pulmonic plexus, which supplies the lungs and trachea. 4rtdy. Both trunks of the par vagum then descend with the eesophagu-% and give off many ramficatiens which form the oesophageal plex- us, from which the oesophagus and adjoining parts are supplied. 5-thly. Having passed the diaphragm with the oesophagus, they form, about the cardia, two stomachic plexuses: the anterior is ex- \ panded over the anterior surface of the stomach and its greater curvature ; the posterior over the posterior surface and lesser curvature, and it transmits a/so branches to the liver, pancreas, , and diaphragm. j- 6th!y» The par vagum also sends some ['• branches to unite with the great intercostal, ; and thus concurs in forming the hepatic, splcn* 1 fc, aud renal plexuses. —152— The NINTH, or Lingual pair of nerves, arise from the medulla oblongata, between the corpora olivaria and pyramidalia^ pass out of the skull through the foramina condyloidea anterio- ra, and communicate with the par vagum and first pair of cervical nerves : they then proceed forwards between the jugular vein and carotid artery, to be distributed on the muscles of the tongue and os hyoides. Thus it appears that the olfactory, opthalmic, and oculorum motorii arise fronr the rercbrum; the trochlaetores and trigemini from the cere- bellum ; and the auditory, par vagum, and lin- guales, from the medulla oblongata. OF THE NERVES OF THE MEDULLA SPINALIS. Those nerves are called spinal which pass cut through the lateral or intervertebral forami- na of the spine. They are divided into cervical, dorsql, lum- bar, and sacral nerves. cervical nerves. The CERVICAL nerves are eight pairs. The ffrst are called the occipital; they arise from- the beginning of the spinal marrow, pass out between the margin of tire occipital foramen and.atlas, form a ganglion on its transverse pro- cess, and ar.e distributed about ihe occiput .and Deck. The second pair of cervical-nerves, send a branch to the accessory nerve of Willis, and proceed to the parotid gland and external ear.. The third cervical pair supply the in>tfgu« ments.of the scapula, cucullari.«, and; triangu- laris muscles, and send, a branch;; to the dia- phragmatic nerve. The fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth pair all converge to form the brachial plexus,^ from which arise the six following NERVES- OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. 1. The axillary nerve, which sometimes* • arises from the radial nerve. It runs back- wards and outwards around the neck of the hu- merus, and ramifies in. the muscles of the. scap- ula. 2. The external gutaneal, which perforates the coraco-brachialis. muscle to the- bend of the arm, where it accompanies the- —154— median vein as far as the thumb, and it is lost in its integuments. 3. The internal gutaneal, which de- scends on the inside of the arm, where it bifur- cates. From the bend of the arm, the anterior branch accompanies the basilic vein, to be in- serted into the skin of the palm of the hand ; the posterior branch runs down the internal part of the fore-arm, to vanish in the skin of the lit- tle finger. 4. The median nerve, which accompanies the brachial artery to the cubit, then passes be- tween the brachialis internus, pronator rotundus,. and the perforatus and perforans, under the lig- ament of the wrist to the palm of the hand, where it sends offbranches in every direction, to the muscles of the hand, and then supplies the digital »erves, which go to the extremities of the thumb, fore and middle fingers. The ulnar nerve, .which descends between the brachial artery and basilic vein, between the internal condyle of the humerus, and the olecranon, and divides in the fore-arm into an internal and an external branch. The former passes over the ligament of the wrist and sesa- moid bone to the hand, where it divides into three branches, two of which go to the ring and little finger, and the third forms an arch —155— towards the thumb h'n the palm of the hand, and is lost in the contiguous muscles. The lat- ter passes over the tendon of the extensor tar- pi ulnaris and back of the hand, to supply also the two last fingers. 6. The radial nerve, which sometimes gives off the axillary nerve. It passes back- wards, about the os humeri, descends on the outside of the arm between the brachialis ex- ternus and internus muscles to the cubit ; then proceeds between the supinator longus and bre- vis to the superior extremity of the radius, giv- ing off various branches to adjacent muscles. At this place it divides into two branches; one goes along the radius, between the supinator longus and radialis internus to the back of the hand, and terminates in the interosseous mus- cles, the thumb and three first fingers :—the other passes between the supinator brevis and head of the radius, and is lost in the muscles of the fore-arm. DORSAL NERVES. The DORSAL nervee are twelve pairs in number. The first pair gives off a branch to the brachial plexus. All the dorsal nerves are distributed to the muscles of the back, intercos- Jfals, serrati, pectoral, abdominal muscles and diaphragtn. The five inferior pairs go to the cartilages of the ribs, and are vailed costal, LUMBAR NERVES. The live pair of lumbar nerves art be- stowed about the loins and muscles, and skin of the abdomen and loins, scrotum, ovaria, and diaphragm. The second, third, aiad fifth pair unite and form the vbtxtrator nerve, which de- scends over the psoas muscle into the pelvi^ and passes through the foramen thyroideum to the obturator muscle> triceps, pectineus, &c. The third and fotirtrr, With some branches of the second pair, form the arural nerve, which passes under Pou'par^s ligsrment with the femo- ral artery, sends off branches to the adjacent parts, and descends in the direction of the sarto- rious muscle to the internal condyle of the fe- mur, from whence it accompanies the saphe- na vein to the internal ankle, to be lost in the skin of the great toe. The fifth pair are joined to the first fair of the sacral nerves* —157— SACRAL NERVES. There are five pair of SACRAL nerves, all of which arise from the Cauda equina, or termi- nation of the medulla spinalis ; so called from the nerves resemfthng the tail of a horse. The four first pair give off branches to the pel- vic viscera, and are afterwards united to the last lumbar, to form a large plexus, which gives off.the ischiatic nerve, the largest in the body. The ischiatic nerve immediately at its origin sends off brawches to the b&dder, rectum, and parts of generation ; proceeds from the cavity of the pelvis through the ischiatic notch, be- tween the tuberosity of .the^sfchrarn and great trochanter, to the ham, where it. a called the popliteal nerve. In the ham it divides into two branches. 1. The peroneal, which descends on the fibula, and distributes many* branches to the muscles of the leg and back of the foot. 2. The tibial, which penetrates the gastrocne- mii muscles to die internal ankle, passes through a notch in the os calci| to the sole of tlie foot, where it divides into an internal and vxtemai plantar nerve, which supply the mus- cles ttnfl aponeurosis of the foot and the toes. o i-1-58— ■OF THE GREAT INTERCOSTAL OR SYMPA- THETIC NERVES. The great intercostal nerve arises in the cav- ity of the cranium from the union of a branch of the sixth with a recurrent branch of the fifth pair, called the Viduan nerve. It passes out of the cranium through the carotid canal, and de- scends on the sides of the cervical, dorsal, and lumbar vertebrae and sacrum, in which course it is joined by filaments from all the spinal nerves, forming small ganglions at their junc- tions. In the neck it forms only three cervical gan- glions, from which arise the cardiac nerves and pulmonic plexuses, which send nerves to the heart and lungs. In the thorax there arise five branches from the third, fifth, seventh, eighth, and ninth ganglions, which descend in the course of the vertebrae, and pass through the diaphragm, where they unite on each side into one trunk, the splanchnic or anterior intercoS' tal nerve, which soon unite together, and form the great SEMILUNAR GANGLION, from which nerves are given off to all the abdominal visce- ra, forming ten plexuses, which communicate with one another, and are named after the ad- —159— Jacenf viscera, viz. the cceliac plexus, situated near the coeliao artery, and supplying the stomach ;. the splenic? near the spleen ; the he- patic, near the portas of the liver; the superior, middle, and inferior mesenteric plexus; two renal and- two spermatic plexuses. FHYSIOLOGY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THI NERVOUS SYSTEM. Nerves are the organs of our senses; Bodies •pplied to certain parts of our system produce changes in those parts, which changes are con- veyed in an unknown manner to the brain by means of the nerves only,; and SENSATION is produced ; so that sensation is a property pecu- liar to the nervous fibre, as irritability is to the muscular fibre : and hence all sentient parts are supplied with nerves,-although they cannot be detected by the eye. The senses are distinguished into internal and external. The internal SENSES are ideas which the sensorium commune, or mind, forms to it- self, and may be produced from the external senses, or they may be excited spontaneously; —1 in right lines,, which are called rays of %1it, and penetrate to the retina in the following manner : the rays of ' —161 light fall on the pellucid and convex cornea of the eye, by whose density and convexity they are united into a focus, which passes the aque- ous humour and pupil of the eye, to be more condensed by the crystaline lens. The raysr of light thus concentrated, penetrate the vitre- ous humour, to stimulate the retina, upon which they impress the image of external ob- jects to be represented to the mind through the medium of the optic nerves,*- OF HEARING; Hearing is a sensation by which we perceive the sound of any sonorous body. Sound is a tremulous motion of the air exei- ted by striking any sonorous body. Sound is conveyed to an enormous distance in the atmos- phere, in straight lines, which are called sono- rous rays. Soft bodies diminish or stifle sound ; elastic' ones increase it. The organ of hearing is the portio mollis of the seventh pair of nerves, whose pulp is beautifully distributed in the ves- tibulum, semicircular canals, and cochlea of the ear. Hearing is performed in the foll#iving manner : the rays of sound emanating T|om a lonoroua body arrive at the ear, which by its O 2 -^fj2*« ejasticity and peculiar formation, concenffatei them, that they may pass along the external! auditory foramen, to the membrana tympani, which they cause to vibrate. The trembling tympanum communicates its vibrations to the malleus, which is in contact with it : the ftlaU . It us conveys them to the incus; the incus to the os crbicukre, and the os orb'iculare to the stapes. The stapes adhering to the fenestra o- valis causes it to vibrate* The trembling fenes- tra ovalis communicates its vibrations to ths wa- ter contained in the fe'stibulum and semicircular canals, and causes very gentle motions of the nervous expansion contained therein, which transmit them to the sensorium commune,* where the mind is informed of the presence of sound, and judges-of its difference. Gravity and aculeness of sound depend upon the number of vibratiotis given at the same time. OF TASTING. Tasting * is a sensation by which vvs distin- guish the qualities of bitter, sweet, sour, &c, : substances. The nervous papillae of the ninth or lingual pair of nerves, which are situated in the apex £nd margins of the tongue, are the - chief organs of taste. The parts subservient to "—as —If73— taste are—The tongue, which gives a convenv ient situation to the nervous papilke, and by its extensive motion applies them to the substance to be tasted—The epidermis of the tongue, which moderates any excessive stimuli—The saliva and mucus of the mouth, which assist the organ of taste when it is necessary that the substances should be dissolved in order to be tasted, and which also keep the nervous papil- lae moist. OF TOUCHINGV Touching is a^ sensation by whieh we dfstin- guish the qualities of hardness, softness,, heat and cold, &c» of substance?, and by which we perceive anf* substance that comes in contact with the skin, particularly at the points of the fingers. The organs of touch are the nervous papilke of the skin, which gre extremely nume- rous and sensible at the points of the fingers. Too great a sensation is moderate 1 by the epidermis, which also defends the pa: like from being dried by the air. —164— ADENOLOGY, o * DOCTRINE OF THE GLANDS- A GLAND is a smaill round body, whichJ serves for the secretion or alteration of a fluid. Division, into folliculose, globate, glomerate, - and conglomerate ; they, are also divided from the liquid they secrete or change, into sebace- ous, muciparous, lymphatic, lachrymal, salivaV bilious, lacteal, Jkc, - A folliculose gland consists of an hollowvas- cular membrane, having an excretory diict ; as the muciparous and sebaceous glands. A globate gland consists of a glomer of lym- phatic vessels, connected together by cellular membrane, and has no cavity nor excretory duct, as the lymphatic glands of the lymphatic vessels, ■A1 glomerate' gland is formed of a glomer of sanguineous vessels; has no cavity, but is fur- nished' with an excretory duet, as the lachry- mal and mammary glands. A conglomerate gland is a gland composed «f many glomerate glands, whose excretory ducts unite, aod form one large canal, or duct, —165— The pancreas and saliva! glands belong to this class. The excretory duct of glands is a thin canal, which goes out of the gland, and exeerns the secreted fluid, by the contractility of its coatsw The nerves and vessels of glands are nume- rous, and come from the neighboring parts. Glands are connected with other .parts- by cellular membrane. They are larger i» in- fants than in adults. . Use, to secrete or change a fluid. Glands of the stkin. The subcutaneous glands are sebaceous, and situated under the inferior surface of the skin, which they perforata by their excretory ducts. Glands in the cavity of the; crani- um. 1. Gtunds of the dura mater, called also, after their discoverer, Eacchonian, are situated near the superior longitudinal sinus of the dura mater, in peculiar foveoke of the os frontis and; parietal bones. They appear to be globate, 2. Glands of the choroid plexus are globate, and situated in the choroid plexus of the lateral ven-. tricles of the brain. 3. The pituitary gland^ situated in a duplicature of thedura mater, m \l\e sella turcica of the sphenoid bone* TU$ —1W— infuudibulum of the brain, terminates in this gland; Glands of the eyes; 1. Meibomius's glands. These are small and numerous seba- ceous glands, situated under the skin of the eye*- lids, near their margins; Their excretory ducts cpen on the margins of the tarsi, and are called puncta ciliaria.. 2. The lachrymal gldndr \ which,is glomerate, and situated above the ex- ternal angle ofthe orbit, in a peculiar depression of the os frontis. This- gland* has six or eight: excretory canals, through* which the tears are •onveyedj and which open upon the internal surface of the upper eyelids. 3. Theeanmcw- Id lachrymals,, a small and rtd prominence,. ' obvious in the internal angle of the eye, be- tween the tarsi of the eyelids. It consists of small sebaceous glands, which secrete a fecu- lent humour.-. Glands of the nostrils* The pituitary membrane lining the nostrils and its sinuses, is- every where furnished with muciparous- glands, which secrete the «ucus of the nose. Glands of the ear. The cerumincus glands are situated under the skin pf the meatus anditorius externus, and secrete the wax of the sens* 167— Glands of the mouth. The glands of the mouth, which secrete the saliva, are called salival, and are, 1. The parotid, two large conglomerate glands, situated under the ear between the mamillary process of the temporal bones and angle of the lower jaw. The excre- tory canal of this gland opens in the mouth, and is called, from its discoverer, the Stenonian duct. 2. The maxillary, which are conglome- rate glands, situated under the angles of the lower jaw. The excretory ducts of these glands are also called, after their discoverer, Warthonian. 3. The sublingual glands, situ- ated under the tongue. 4, The glands of the cheek, situated on the internal surface of the cheeks. 5. The labial glands, on the internal surface of the lips, under the common mem- brane of the mouth. 6. The molar glands, situated on each side of the mouth, between the masseter and buccinator muscles, and whose excretory ducts open near the last dens molaris. External glands of the neck. 1, The jugular glands, which are globate, and found under the skin of the neck about the ex- ternal jugular veins: they are in general about 20 in number. 2. The submaxillary glarids, also globate, and situated in the fat under the ~-l6«— jaw. 3. The cervical, found under the culij in the fat about the neck, 4. The tliyroid, a large gland lying upon the cricoid cartilage, trachea, and horns of the thyroid cartilage. It is uncertain whether it be globate or conglom- erate. Its excretory duct has never been de- tected, and its use is unknown. Glands Of The fauces. The glands sit- tia'ted under the membrane which lines this cavity., are muciparous, and divided, from their situation, into palatine, uvular, tonsil, lingual, laryngeal^ and pharyngeal. Glands of the breasts. The mamma- ry,x>r lacteal glands, are situated under the fat of tfae breasts. Their e?;"r?tory ducts are cal- led tubuli laciiferi, tabuli galactoferi, anft run from them to the nipple, in which they 0- pen. Glands of the thorax, l. The thymus) & large gland, peculiar to the foetus, and which disappears soon after birth t it is situated in the anterior duplicature or space of the mediasti- num, under the superior part of the sternum, mid above the pericardium. An excretory duct has not been as yet detected, but lympbaticj are seen going from this gland to the thoracic duct. 2. The bronchial, which are large —169— ty&ckish glands near the end of the trachea, •and beginning of the bronchia, and which se- crete a blackish mucus. 3. The oesophageal glands, found under the internal membrane of the oesophagus, and which secrete the mucus of that canal; 4. The dorsal glands, situated up- on the 4th or 5th vertebra of the back, be* tween them and the posterior surface of the oesophagus. They have no excretory ducts. Glands of th abdomen, l. The gas- tric glands, which are muciparous, and situated under the external membrane of the stomach. 2. The intestinal glanis, which are also mucip- arous, and found under the internal mem- brane of the intestines^ especially the large. 3. The mesenteric glands, situated here and there in the cellular membrane of the mesentery. The I "chyle from the intestines passes through these glands to the thoracic duct. 4. The hepatic Igtands, also called acini biliosi, which form the substance of the Iiver> and separate the bile in- to small ducts, which, at length, terminate in the ductus hepaticus. 5. The cystic glands^ which are muciparous, and found under the internal membrane of the gall-bladder^ espe- i. cially about its neck. 6. The pancreatic glands, P ---170— which constitute the pancreas ; a small duct-a- rises from each gland, which unite to form the ductus pancreaticus. See SPLANCHNOLOGY. 7. The epiploic or omental glands, which are globate, and- situated in the omentum. Glands of the loins. 1. The suprtt. renal glands, situa%d in the adipose membrane; one above each kidney. . An excretory duct has never been detected, and their use is un- known. .2.The kidney*. -See SPLANCHNOLO- GY. 3. The lumbar glands, which are glo- bate, and situated about the beginning of the thoracic duet. -4. The iliac glands, found a- bout the. beginning of the iliac vessels. 5. The sacral, vwhich are globate gland?, and adhere to the os sacrum. cQlands of the organs OF genera- tion of MAN. X. The odoriferous glands of the glans.ppni?, which are sebaceous, and situated around the corona glandis. 2. The mucous glands of the urethra, situated under the internal membrane of the,urethra. The mouths.of their excretory ducts are called lacu- nce. 3. 'Cowper's glands (so called from their inventor) _ are three large muciparous glands, two of which are situated before the prostrate glai;d under the acceleratores *rinae, and the —171~* tHird more forward before the bulb of the ure- thra. 4. The prostrate, a very large, heart- like, firm gland, situated between the neck of the urinary, bhdde-r and-bulbous- part of the u- rethra. It secretes a lacteal fluid, which is e- mitted into tire- urethra by ten or twelve ducts near the veru-menrsmvm, during coition. Glands ov'■ the' female gr'gAns" efc GENERATION.- 1. The odoriferous giant's of the labia mnjora and nymp'hce,"wh\ch are"seba- ceous, and situated under the skin of those parts. 2. The odoriferous glaiids of the clito- ris, which are numerous-, situated about the ba- sis of the1 clitoris, and are of the same nature as the former. 3. The mucous glands of the u- rethra, situated under the internal membrane of the female urethra; 4. The mucous glands of the vagina, situated under the internal mem- brane of the vagina. - Glands of the extremities. The glands in the'groin, or inguinal glands, are globate> or lymphatic, are situated in great numbers in the cellular-membrane of the ingui- nal region, and receive the lymphatic vessels fr6m the glans- penis, ^nd lower extremities. The subaxi'dury glands are also globate, and are situated in the cellular membrane of the arm-pit* they are also numerous, and- receive. the lymphatic vessels from the breasts and supe- rior extremities. Glands of the joints. The small fat;-. like masses, situated within the moveable joint?, are erroneously called synovial glands : thtir structure is not glandular, they are composed of adeps and an arrangement of the internal vascular membrane of the joint, which givea the;4 a fimbriated appearance. By these little masses the synovia is separated from the bipod; for the easy motion of the joint. PHYSIOLOGY. OF SECRETION. Accretion is a particular function in an ani- mal body, by which a fluid is separated from the blood, different in its properties from the blood. The organs which secrete the various hu- mours are the glands. The proximate or im- mediate cause of secretion is a specific action of the arteries of the glands; for every secretion, is formed from the extremities of arteries (the secretion of the bile is no exception to this law, for the vena porta, takes upon itself, the fu«c-« —173— tion of an artery); thus the mucous glands se- crete mucus, the salival glands saliva ; the a- cini of the liver, bile; thg'penicelliof the kid- nies, urine, &c. The secreted fluids are the proper stimuli to the receptacles and" ducts through which the secretion is to pass to its place of destination ; so that the secretions' move along the excretory ducts by means 6f the contractility of the eoats ef the ducts and the assistance of neighboring moving powers.' SPLANCHNOLOGY, o ft. DOCTRINE OP THE VISCERA. BODY, divided externally into head, trunk, and extremities. Head, divided into face, and • hairy part. HAIRY- PART, into vertex, or crown, sinciput, or the fore part, occiput, or hinder part, and sides. Face, into fore- head, temples, nose^ eyes, mouth, cheeks, chin, and ears. Trunk, divided into neck, thorax, and abdomen. NECK, into anterior and posterior part. Thorax, into anterior P 2 —174— and posterior part and sides. ABDOMEN, in- to anterior,, posterior, and lateral regions. Anterior region, subdivided into three regions, 1. the epigastric, which lies ov^er the ,\ stomach, and whose sides are termed Ae hyp-- ockondriacal regions ; 2. the umbilical, sur- rounding the navel, and whose- sides are called " the flanks ; 3. the hypogastric, which lies o- ver the urinary bladder, and whose sides are- called grcins* The fuees-is the hairy part un- der the abdomen, between the groins. Under- I the pubes are the parts of generation----in • men, the scrotum and penis----in women, ' the labia and rim a vulvae. The space between j the genitals ai-d en us is called the perineum. < Extremities, divided into superior and infe-- i rior. Superior extremity, into top of the Iv.imerus, brcchium, fore-arm and hand. EanD, into carpus, metacarpusi and fingers. Fingers, into polkx, index, digitus medius,. ^ digitus annularis, digitus auricularis. Infe- rior extremity, divided into femur, or thigh; crus, or leg, and extremity of the foot. Foot, into tart-us, metatarsus, and toes. Internal division of the body, into three cavities, viz. cavity of the cranium, tho- rax, and abdomen. —175 COMMON INTEGUMENTS.:- - •s 3These are so called, because they are the' conynon 'Coverings as it were to the body ; : they consist of epidermis, rete mucosum, cu-r tis, and membrana adiposa. EPIDERMIS, OR SCARF-SKIN. A thin, pellucid,'insensible membrane, cov- ing the txtertal; surface of the body. Con- nexion, with the-cutis, hair-s, exhaling and inhaling_ vessels. Colour, white. Use, to cover the sensible cutaneous papillae. RETE MUCOSUM. A mucous substance, disposed in a net like form, between the epidermis and cutis. COL- OUR, white in Europeans, black in Ethiopians, &c. &c. Use, to cover the sensible cutane- ous papillae,, to connect the epidermis with the cutis, and give the colour to the body. SYNO- IMS. Mucus Malpighianus. CUTIS, OR TRUE SKIN. A thick membrane between the rete muco- sum and adipose membrane, covering the —176^- whoTe* body. Substance, fibrous, vascular, and nervous. Use, for the situation of the organ of touch, exhalation, and absorption. See pages 143 and'163, THYSIOLOGY OF 'PERSPIR aTION. Perspiration is a species of secretion by which Ihe bipod is freed of a quantity of aqueous fluid by the exhalent arteries of the skin. It is di- vided into insensible and sensible perspiration: The former is continually going'on; by which means the surface of the body is kept smooth and moist, andmay be detected by placing any part of the skin near a looking-glass, which will become soiled. The latter commonly termed sweat, i* observed only occasionally. UNGUES, OR NAILS,, Are horny laminae, situated in the extremi- ties of the fingers and toes.- USE, to defend the nervous papillae from contusion. PILI, OR HAIRS. Thin, elastic, dry filaments, growing out from the skin. Colour and situation, various. CALLED capilli on the head ; su- percilia, or eye brows, above the eyes; cilia, — 177—= or-eye-lashes, on the margin of the eyelids j: vJbrissse in the nostrils ;- pili auriculares iu the meatus auditorius ;: mystax on the upper, lip.; barba on the lower jaw,. &c. &c. ADIPOSE AND CELLULAR MEMBRANE.. A membrane formed of'small membranous cjells, which are sometimes distended,with fat. Situation, under, the. cutis, and; in some soft- parts. Use., to cover and defend the muscles; to unite the soft parts; and to render the mus- cular fibres flexile. "VyTren- without fat, it is ealled tela cellulosa, on cellular membrane, which forms the. siibstance of- almost all the membranes, and connects various parts, to-. getlier. OF THE HEAD.--. The parts which form the head, x are DIVI- DED into external and internal. The external parts are the common integuments ; hair ; a tendinous expansion;- three pair of muscles; pericranium ; and cranium itself. The inter- nal parts are, the dura mater ; membrana a- raQhnpidea ; pia mater; cerebrum ; cerebeU- —178— Itfnv; merlylla-. oblongata ; nine, pair of nerves j-; four arteries, and twenty-two venous sinuses. DURA MATER. A thick membrane, which strongly-adheres - to- the internal'-surface of the crvsmvm, especif.llyv about the sutures. Processes. The falcUi form process, which o'ivides the hemispheres -, of the brain ; tertorium cerebelli, .which sepa- ' rates the brain from;.the cerebellum ; and ssp- turn cerebelli, which'separate** the two lober of r ) the cerebellum.*. COMPOSED of two strong ) membranous layers adhering together by fi-■ j brous texture. Arteries. Meninges anterior, , 1 media and posterior.; Veins are called ve- i nous sinuses ; in number they are twenty-two,, , j the principal of which are the sitperior \6ngitU- 1 dinal, lateral, and inferior longitudinal; all of which evacuate their blood through the fora- - j men lacerum hi basi cranii, into the internal jugular veins. NErves^ none. Glands, sit- % uated about the longitudinal Sinus, are called 'J j^CBacchonian. Use* to form the internal pe- j rie-steum of the cranium, and to contain- and dufend the cerebrum and internal parts of the* brain from compression. —m— M-EMBRANA A.RACHNOIDEA. A very delicate and transparent-'merhbrane, SITUATED between the dura and ~ pia mater, surrounding the cerebrum, cerebellum, mt dulla oblongata, and medulla spinalis. Substance, very thin and -filamentous, and apparently with- out vessels and-nerves. Use, not known. 'PIA MATER. "A thin membrane, firmly accreted to the •onvolutions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, me- dulla oblongata and spinalis. Substance, al- most wholly vascular. USE, to distribute the vessels to, and-contain the substance of, the cerebrum. CEREBRUM,'OR BRAIN. A great viscus in the cavity of the eraniurih •Figure, oval. -Size, larger in man, in pro- portion .to his size, than in any other animal. Substance, cortical and medullary.. Divi- ded into two hemispheres, right and left. Each hemisphere subdivided on its inferior sur- face into three lobes, an anterior, middle, and posterior. Principal cavities, two ante- rior or lateral ventricles, ia each of which ire AU.I go- several eminences & a loose vascular produclidfi of the pia mater, called the plexus choroides-; a third and fourth ventricle. Principal PARTS; corpus calloswn, seen when the hem- ispheres are separated frOm each other; sep- tum pellucidum, which divides the lateral ven- tricles; the fornix ,* the digital -processes ; pedes hippocampi ; corpora striata, and thu- lami nervorum opticorum, which are found in the lateral ventricles; valvula magna cerebri; commissura anterior et posterior ; corpora vuadrigemitia, i. e. hates and testes ; glandu- la pinealis ; glandula pituitaria ; eminentiat eandicantes, and the crwra cerebri, all of which can only be learnt upon the subject. ARTERIES, branches of the internal carotids and verteb-als. NERVES, none, but emits nina pair. Veins, return from the cortex of the cerebrum, and evacuate themselves into twen- ty-two venous sinuses of the dura mater. Use* It is the organ of all the senses. CERFBLLUM, OR LITTLE BRAIN. A small brain situated under the tentorium in the infeiior Occipital depression. FlCUr. E, round. DIVISION, into a right and l< ft lobe. Substance externally cortical / iutemaUf —lai— inedullary. Eminences, two rrwrrj -ccteicl- li ; an anterior and posterior vermiform prof- cess, and the arbor vilee* CaVITIES, none. Vessels, common with the cerebrum. Use, the same as the cerebrum. . \iedullA oblongata; A medullary part lying upon the basillary or cuneiform process oNhe occipital bone, fornifcd by the connexion of the crura of the cerebrum and cerebellum. EMINENCES, pons varolii; corpora pyramidalia ; and corpora olivaria. Use, the same as the cerebrum. MEDULLA SPINALIS. A Continuation of the medulla oblongata, which descends into the specus rertebra'ir, from the foramen magnum occipitale fo tire third vertebra of the loins, in which course it transmits between the vertebra; thirty pair of nerves. Figure, cylindrical. Terminates, in various nerves, which form the cauda equina. InteGUMents, the dura mater; tunica arach- hoidea, and pia mater. SUBSTANCE, external- ly medullary^; internally cortical. ARTE- RIES, anterior spisal. Use, to admit thirty pair b'f nerves, called spinal. & —182— OF THE ACTION OF THE CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, AND MEDULLA SPINALIS. The most important functions of an animal body are those of the brain. In order to ex- plain these accurately, it is necessary to men- tion a few experiments which have been made upon animals. Upon dividing, compressing, or tying a nerve, the muscles to which the nerve goes be- come paralytic. If the nerve thus divided, compressed, or tied, had any particular sensa- ' tion, that sensation no longer exists; but up- on untying or removing the compression, its peculiar sense returns. J Jf the-oerebrum, cerebellum, or medulla ob- ' longata, be irritated, dreadful convulsions take place all over the body. If any part of the brain be compressed, that j part of the body is deprived of motion which * ha3 nerves from the compressed part. From these phenomena, it is evident that the cause of every sensation and motion in an animal body arises from the brain and spinal marrow, and that from these parts it is convey- t ed to every sentient part through the medium —1S-3- of the nerves. Hence it follows, that the nerves are the organs by which the various sensations are produced; The manner,-howev- er,, in which the nerves exercise s<;nse and mo- tion ; how the will is conveyed from the brain to the different parts, and how, from the diffcr- erent* parts sensations are conveyed to the brain, remains involved in obscurity ; several hypotheses have been deduced to explain it, but none appear to be satisfactory. See also> pagnlo^^ EYE. The psrts which form the eye are divided into externii and internal. The EXTERNAL, P/.RTS are the superciiia, er eyebrows ; the palpebrae, or eyelids ; the cilia, or eyelashes; the lachrymal gland; the lachrymal caruncle, a small fleshy substance at the inner angle of t\e eye ;.. the puncta lachrvmalia, two small openings on the nasal extremity of each vye- lash ; the canalis lachrymalis, formed b}' the union of the ducts leading from the puncta lach- rvmalia, which meet and constitute it at the internal angle of the eye ; the saccus Iachry- —134— ta&Ks, a dilatation, of the canalis lachrymahs^ and which ends in the ductus nasalis, a con- tinuation of the same canal, which conveys. the tears into the nose ;- the muscles of the eyelids; the muscles of the bulb of the eye,. and the fat of the orbit. The BULB OF THE EYE consists of eight membranes, two cham- bers, and three humours. The bulb is covered anteriorly by an exquisitely sensible and delicate membrane, which begins from the edge of the eyelash, and. is reflected over the eye to the rtlge of the other eyelash. This membrane it the seat, of inflammations of the eye, and is cal- led the tunica conjunctiva. Membranes*. 1. The sclerotic,,which is white, and the outer* moat. 2. The choroid', which is highly vascu^ , lar, and whose \essels are called,.from thek di- rection, the vasa vQrticosa. 3. The retina^ Jr$h\ch is the innermost ; and, 4. The hyaloid, «r arachnoid, which includes the vitreous hu- mour. In the anterior part are, 5. The cornea ; transparens, which is part of the sclerotic. 6. The a'Wsya part of the choroid : it is of various col- ours ; hence white, black, blue eyes, &c. 7,. The uvea, tvhich is the posterior part of the iris; and, 8. The capsule of the crystalline lens. The chambers of the eye are distinguish* ed into anterior and posterior. The anterior \ —18$— is the space between the transparent cornet and the fore part of the iris ; the posteti»r the space between the uvea and capsule of the crys- talline lens. The Humours are the aqueous, the crystalline lens, & the vitreous. See Hygrology. Connexion of the bulb. Anteriorly, it is connected with the membrana conjunctiva; posteriorly, with the orbit, by means of muscles and the optic nerve. Arteries, orbitalis in- terna, the central, and the optic. Veins, em- ty themselves into the external jugulars.— Nerves. The optic, or first pair, and branch- es from the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth pair. Use. It is the organ of vision. See Physiol- °gy of Vision, page 160. EAR'. The soft parts which form the ear are divided into external and internal. The EXTERNA^ soft parts are, the auricula, in which are various prominences and sinuses, as the helix, antihelix, tragus, antigragus, concha auricula?, scapha,seufossanavicularis, Globulus; the mea- tus auditorius cxternus, and membrana tympani. The internal soft parts are the perioste- um, a proper membrane, which lines every part of the internal ear h theEustachiantube wnich begins by a large opening in the fauces, and gradually di- a 2 mmishes as it passes along its bony canal hito- the ear. Arteries, auditoria interna and externa. Veins, empty themselves into the external jugular. Nerves of the external ear are, branches of the seventh pair, or nervus auditonus durus ; and those of the internal part are branches also of the seventh pair, but of the portio mollis. Use. It is the organ of hear- ing. See Physiology of Hearing, page 161. NOSE- A prominence of the face between the eyes rind moith. Division, into root, back, opcx, and «!,e. Soft parts. Common integu- nv.:;t% muscles, cartilages, periosteum, peri- r !:o:u rium. SOFT PARTS OF THE NOSTRILS. A [,i;i;:!t:ry membrane, which lines the internal surface cf the nose and all its cavities, contains the mucous glands, and has distributed on it the olfactory nerves; and the periosteum. Ar- teries, branches of the internal maxillary. Vi<:ix.s, emj.ty themselves into the internal ju- gulars. Nerves, branches cf the olfactory, cWl.a'.inh*, and siperior maxillary. Mucipa- rous GLA>:u?, Stunted every where in the '-piuiitary ' meriibrane. USE, for smell\r.$, res- oration and speech. See Physiology of smell- ing, page ISO. "l — 187- cavity of the mouth. The parts which form this cavity are exter- tal and internal. The external are the lips, the philtrum, the chin, and the cheeks. Composition, common integuments and the muscles of the upper and under jaw. Arte- ries of the external part are branches of the infra-orbital, inferior alveolar, and facial. Veins, eirpty themselves into the external ju- gular. Nerves, from the fifth and seventh pair. The internal parts of the mouth are the palate, two alveolar arches, the gums, tongue, cavity of the cheeks, and three pair of saliva! glands. Use, for mastication, speech, respiration, deglutition, suction and taste. physiology of mastication. i Mastication is the comminution of the food I between the teeth, effected by the jaws, the - tongue, checks and lips. The powers which move th*se parts are their various muscles, I. . I by which the lower jaw ;.; pulled from i.ie upper and agaiii brought to it, whilst the tongue per- petually puts the food between the teeth, and the cheeks and lips impede it, when mastica- I ted, from falling out cf the mouth. By this —rs&— procpss, the food is divided, lacerated, and, aj it were, ground, and mixed with the saliva and mucus of the mouth and the atmospherical air, and thus rendered fit to be swallowed and di- gested ; so that mastication is in- fact an incip- ient digestion. TONGUE. A muscular body, moveable in every direc- tron, situated in the cavity of the mouth. DI- VISION, info basis, body, sides, apex. CoN- Kexion, with the os hyoides, bottom of the infra-lingual cavity, and lower jaw. The ner- vous PAPILLA, which are situated at the apex of the tongue, are pyramidal, fungiform, or conoid. SUBSTANCE, fleshy, covered by cu- ticle, rete mucosum, cutis, and cellular mem- brane. Lingual Arterii-s, branches cf the external carotid. Veins, empty themselves into the external jugulars. NfcRVES, from the fifth, eighth, and ninth pair. Glands are muciparous. Use, for speech, mastication, de- glutition, suction, and taste. See page 162. —4#9— OE THE NECK.. The parts which.form the neck are divide* into external and internal.. The external PARTS are the common, integuments ; the muscles of the neck ;- eight pair of cervical nerves; two carotid arteries ; two. vertebral. arteries ; two external jugular veins;.two in- ternal jugular veins;- the jugular glands ; the .thyroid gland; the eighth paii- of nerves of the cerebrum £. and the great intercostal. The internal PARTS are, the fauces ; pharynx £ oesophagus ; larynx, and the trachea. FAUCES- The cavity behind the tongue and theeur- tain of the palate, or velum palatinuno.. Soft- parts,, common integuments and muciparous glands. Arteries, branches of. the externa! carotid. Veins,, empty themselves into the internal jwguI-JF. Muscles, see Myology. Nerves, from the fifth and eighth pair. Use, for, deglutition,, respiration,, speech, and hiear> iug. PHARYNX- A muscular/ sac* like a funnel, situated be- —100— hind the larynx, adhering to the fauces, ?-nd terminating in the oesophagus. Connected, by means of muscles, with the cranium ; verte- brae ; and os hyoides. Usf, to receive the masticated food, and convey it into the cesopha- gus. CESOPHAGUS; A membranous muscular tube, descending from the pharynx to the stomach. Composed of three membranes, viz. a eommon, muscular, and villous. Arteries, branches of the aorta. Veins, empty themselves into the vena azy- gos. Nerves, from the eighth pair and great intercostal. Muciparous glands, every where. Us£, for deglutition.. PHYSIOLOGY OF DEGLUTITION- Deglutition Fs the conveying of the mastica- ted food from the cavity of the mouth into the fauces, and from the fauces through the osso- sopbagus into the stomach. This is performed by the jaws shutting, so as to prevent ihe food from falling out of the mouth; the tongue is then applied to the palate, by which the food lying upon, the back of the tongue is pressed in- to the cavity of the fauces,, where it is reee .ed: —1M-— ^ l>y the dilated pharynx. The pharynx then is irritated to contract, by which the food is ex- r pelled into the oesophagus, by the contraction of whose muscular fibres it k» conveyed through * the cardia into the stomach. The pharynx is dilated by its dilatatory muscles, and by the root of the tongue, os hyo- ides, and larynx, being drawn forwards and backwards by their proper muscles. The food is prevented during the act of swal- lowing from passing into the posterior opening of the nostrils, the Eustachian tube, and la- rynx, by the velum pendulum palati and uvula being pressed against the former, and the epig- (lottis being bent backwards over the glottis. Whejj a fluid is to be drank, the head inclines backward?, the same actions take place, and the fluid passes on each side of the epiglottis. During deglutition the food is covered with the mucus of the fauces and oesophagus. r LARYNX- A cartilaginous cavity, situated behind the ( tongue in the anterior part of the fauces. Corn- s' posed of five cartilages ; various muscles J and an internal nervous membrane. CARTI- LAGES, the epiglottis, at the root of tht ' VUgue ^ -the thyroid, or scutiform, Which ^ Ihe largest, and two ttrytamoid'cartilages ; and the cricoid cartilage^ which is below the thy- roid. A very sensible membrane covers theit internal surface. The superior opening of the larynx, through which the air passes, is caHed the glottis. Arteries, branches of the exter- nal carotid. -Feins, empty themselves into the external jugular. Nerves, branches of the eighth.pair. Giafwfc,jhe thyroid. Use. It is the organ of the voice, and serves also for respiration. PHYSlOLdGY OF THE VOICE. The voice is caused by the sound of the air propelled through the glottis-; so that the organ of the voice is the larynx and its muscles. The shrillness and roughness of the voice depends on the diameter of the glottis, its elas- ticity, mobility, and lubricity, and the force with which the air is expelled : thus when the diameter is increased, the Voice is more bass, and vice versa. . SPEECH Is the modification of the voice (it lh* cavity of the mouth and liostnlr. ■*-l'93— VENTRILOQUISM Consists in the motion of the uvula> epiglottis, tmd fauces, by which the sounds are modu-. lated without the lip.*, teeth, or palate. The mouth being nearly shut, and the voice re- sounding between the larynx and cavity of the nose, the sound is returned as if emitted by come one at a distance, TRACHEA- , A tube, composed of cartilaginous rings' continued from the larynx, and situated before the oesophagus. It descends to the sternum; and there divides into two branches called | bronchia. The bronchia, entering the sub- stance of the lungs, divide into innumerable I little branches, which terminate in the vesicw- \ Ice pulmonalcs, or air-cells. The cartilaginous £ * rings of the trachea and bronchia are not com- pletely cartilaginous, but fleshy on the back part. The internal surface is lined by a very sensible membrane continued from the larynx* Vessels and nerves, common with the la- tynx. Us r, for respiration and speech. ft —194— OF THE THORAX. The cavity situated between the neck and -abdomen is called the thorax, or breast. The external parts are, the common integuments.; the mammae, or breasts ; various muscles and bones. The internal parts are, the pleura ; lungfr; heart; thymus gland; oesophagus ; thoracic duct; the arch of the aorta ; branches of the vena cava; the vena azygos; the eight pair of nerves, and part of the great intercos- tal nerve. -MAMMffi, OR BREASTS. Two soft hemispheres adhering 1o the ante- rior and lateral region of the thorax, most con- spicuous in females. On the middle of the ex- ternal surface is the papilla, around which is the coloured orb or disc of the papilla, called areola. Substance, common integuments; adipose substance ; lacteal glands and vessels. ARTERIES, external and internal mammary. Veins, empty themselves into the axillary and subclavian vein. Nerves, branches of the costal is superior. Lymphatics, " empty themselves into the subaxillary glands. Use, to suckle new-bom infants, % —105^ FLZURA* A membrane lining the internal surface cf the^thorax, and covering its-viscera. It forms a great process, called the- mediastinum, which is a membranous septum to the cavity cf the thorax, dividing-it-'perpendicular'}- into two cavities, arising from the duplicature of the pleura. It is connected with the ribs, muscles, sternum, bodies of the dorsal vertebrae, peri- cardium, and diaphragm. SUBSTANCE, fi- brous and vascular. - ARTERIES, from the in- tercostals. • Veins, empty themselves into the rntercostals. Nerves, very few. Use, to divide the thorax into two cavitier, and render the surface moist by the vapor it exhales, and to give a membrane to the- lungs and pericar- dium... DIAPHRAGM. A fleshy and tendinous division, separating the cavity of the thorax from the cavity of the abdomen.' Adhesion, anteriorly with the sternum and ribs, posteriorly with the verte- brae. Substance; in the centre, tendinous; in the ambit, fleshy; its superior surface is cov- ered by the pjeura ; -its inferior by the perito- —196— . neum. Apertures, a right foramen, through which the vena cava ascendens passes to the right auricle of the heart, a left- foramen, through which the oesophagus and the par va- gum pass into the caviiy of the abdomen, and a posterior opening, which transmits the aorta into the abdomen, and the thoracic duct and vena azygos, into the thorax. Arteries, from the descending aorta. Veins, empty themselves into the vena azygos. Nerves. The diaphragmatic, or phrenic nerves, arise from the spinal nerves, of the neck. Use, for respiration, situation of the heart, expulsion of foeees, and parturition, LUNGS- Two viscera, situated in the cavities oft he- thorax, by which we breathe. Division, in- to right and left lung; the right has three lobes, the left only two. Connexion, with the neck and heart. SUBSTANCE, vesicular, vascular, and bronchial, connected together by a parenchymatous substance. It has an external membrane from the pleura. Ves- sels, pulmonary and bronchial. Nervis, from the eighth pair and great'intercostal. Lymphatics, are to be seea on its extern:,! —19/— surface. Glands, called bronchial. Use, for respiration, sanguification, and voice. PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION. Respiration consists of inspiration, or the in- gress of the air into the lungs, and expiration, or the egress of th.6 air from the lungs. During sleep, respiration is performed with- out our knowledge, and therefore termed spontaneous ; but when it can be augmented or diminished according to our will, it is termed voluntary. The exciting cause of inspiration is the air rushing into the lungs and irritating its nerves, which irritation is. by consent of parts communicated to the diaphragm and intercos- tal muscles, and compels them to contract. The contraction of the intercostal muscles and dinphragtr, and the pressure of the elastic air, therefore dilate the chest; The air being de- prived of its stimulus, the intercostal muscles and diaphragm become relaxed, the carti- lages of'the ribs and abdominal muscles, before expanded, return to their former state, and thus the air i3 exptlled from the lungs. The small branches of the pulmonary artery form a beautiful net work of vessels on the inter- R 2 —193— rial membrane of the air vesicles. During expiration, the air-vessels are collapsed ; con- sequently the blood-vessels become tortuous, and the blood is prevented passing. In.inspiration then, the air vesicles being dilated, the tortuous vessels are elongated, and a free passage afford- ed to the blood : the very delicate coats of" these vesitls are also rendered so thin as tosuf- ftr a chemical action to take place between the air in the vesicles and the blood in the vessels. This constitutes the primary use of respiration ; viz. the blood absorbing the oxygen from the atmospheric air, by which the nervous energy is increastfd, and it is generally believed, heat ^generated ; but this subject is yet undeter- mined, PERICARDIUM. A membranous sac surrounding the heart. ADHESION, with the diaphragm, pleura, ster- num, cartilages of the ribs, oesophagus, aorta descendens, and the veins and great arteries going to and from the heart. ArtiRIES, branches of the internal mammary and medi- astinal. Veins, empty themselves into the internal mammary. NERVES, from the su- perficial cardiacs. Usfy to contain the heart, — 109— and to preserve a fluid, which may lubricate^ and preserve it from concretion with the peri-< cardium. HEART. A muscular viscus situated in -the cavity oH the pericardium, which serves for the motion of the blood. Division," externally into base, surfaces, and margins ;-internally, into auri- cles and ventricles; Situation, oblique, not transverse. The CAVITIES OF THE, HEART are called auricles and ventricles. The auri- cles are situated upon the base of the heart, 2nd are so named from theirs resemblance to dog's ears. They are composed of muscular fibres, which are very delicate, and are lined by an extremely sensible and contractile mem- brane. They surround the origin of the aor- ta and pulmonary arteries,- when distepded, and are separated from each other by the sep- tum auricularum. The right auricle has opening into it, at its upper part, the vena cava superior, at its lower part the vena cava inferior, and at one side the large coronary vein ; so that its office is that of receiving the blood from every part of the body. Besides these openings, it has —2GC— one much larger, communicating with tn*r right ventricle, from the margin of which there hangs into the right ventricle, connected with the chordae tendineae, a valve, called, from • its shape, the tricuspid, or triglochine valves. The LEFT auricle is- composed' of the- same-materials a£ the right ; it has opening in- to it the four pulmonary veins; so that the blood of the pulmonary artery passes through the lungs into the left- auricle. Besides the openings of the four pulmonary veins, the left auricle has a communication with the left ven- tricle, and from the margin of this opening, there hangs into the left ventricle a valve, which, from its resemblance to a bishop's mitre, is termed the 1; itral valve. It is also con- nected to the chordae tendintse of the ventricle. The ventricles are situated in the substance of the heart, and are divided from each other by a thick muscular septum, called septum cor- dis. The parietcs of the ventricles are very ■thick, and composed of strong muscular fibres. In the ventricles are a number of fleshy cord*,- running in various directions; these are called cameo: columna:, and many of them are con- nected with the valves of the auricular open- ings by tendinous cords, termed thordoe Undi- —201— .iocs. The ventricles are lined by a similat-i membrane to that which lines the auricles. The right.ventricle ha3 a communica- tion with the right auricle, as before men- tioned, in. order to receive, its blood ;• it has also an opening into the pulmonary artery, which arises from it, and through which or- gan the blood is.expelled from, the ventricle. At the origin of the artery three large valves- are placed, called, from their, shape, semilunar valves* The left ventricle is much stronger than the right : besides the opening for the en- trance of the blood from the left auritle, it has also an opening through which.it transmits its blood, and this, io into the aorta, which arises- from-it, and has, like the pulmonary artery^, three semilunar valves placed at its origin. • Vessels are common and proper; thecoma mon are the aorta, pulmonary artery and veins,. and the venn cav-as ; the proper are the coro- nary arteries an.' 'tins. N:;rves, branches. of the eighth pair an'--/rear intercostal. USE, ft is the prirrfary organ of the motion «f th& bipod. —202-— CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOB The blood is continually in motion, passing fiom the auricles of the heart into the ventri- cles; from *he ventricles into, all the arteries of the body, and from the arteries into the veins, which return it again to the auricles. The Hood is brought from every part cf the Loely to the heart by the two venoe-.cavar (the superior bringing it from the.head., upper extremities, and thorax, and the inferior from the abdomen and inferior extremities,) which terminate in the right auricle; The right auricle, when- distended with blood, contracts, and empties it- self into the right ventricle ; the right ventri- cle then contracts, and propels the blood into the pulmonary artery, the opening between the ventricle and auricle being shut by-the tricuspid' valves. The pulmonary artery conveys the blood by its- numerous ramifications into the small branches of the air-cells of the lung-v where it undergoes a change-, and passes into the 7ciii3 which bring^t by four trunks into the left auricle of the heart, It is prevented returning from the pulmonary artery into the right ventri- cle, by the three semilunar valves which are-pia-- ae.d at its origin. The blood having thus passed., —203"*- -"through the lungs, and become of a florid colour, distends the left auricle, which is then stimulated to contract, and pours the blood into the '.eft ven- tricle. The left ventricle next contracts, and propels the blood through the aorta, to be con- veyed by its branches to every part of the body. The mitral valves*, which are placed at the auri- cular opening into the left ventricle, prevent the blood from returning,When the ventricle con- tracts, into the auricle: and lest the blood should beprevented by any impediment passing immediately along the aorta, the three semilu- nar valves placed at its origin prevent its regur- gitating into ihe ventricle. Frcm the numer- ous arteries of the aorta the blood is conveyed into the veins, where it loses its florid colour, and becomes darker, to be returned, in the -way above mentioned, to the -right auricle. Thus the blood of the right auricle and ventri- cle, and of the pulmonary arteries, is of a dark colour; and that of the pulmonary veins, left auricle, ventricle, and all the arteries {except the pulmon'ary) of a florid hue. From what has been said, it 13 evident that the action of the heart consists in the alternate contraction and dilatation of its auricles and ventricles, —204— The dilatation of the heart is termed dias- ;tole, and the contraction systole. The exces- sive sensibility of the membrane which lines the auricles and ventricles disposes them to contraction, which is effected by the irritation of the stimulus of the blood, and by that of ■the distension of its cavities. OF THE ABDOMEN. A cavity situated between the thorax and pelvis. Divided into several regions, as has already been mentioned. The ixternal parts are, ihe common integuments, five pair ■of abdominal muscle's, and the peritoneum. The internal pArts, or Visckra, are the omentum, stomach, small and large intestine*, liver, gallbladder, mesentery, lacteal vessels, *pleen, pancr.^s, "kidneys, suprarenal glandr, aorta descenaens, and vena cava ascendens. Peritoneum. A membrane lining the internal surface of the abdomen, and covering all its viscera. CONNECTED, by means of cellular membrane^ with the diaphragm^ abdominal niuscfrs, verle- —205-^- brae of the loins, bones of the pelvis, urina-y bladder, uterus, intestintim rectum, and all the viscera of the abdomen. Vessels of the PERITONEUM, from the adjoining parts. Usi-', to Contain and strengthen the abdominal visce- ra, and to exhale a vapdur to lubricate them. OMENTUM, OR EPIPLOON. An adipose membrane, a production of the peritoneum, attached to the stomach, and ly- ing on the anterior surface of the intestines. Division, into large and small omentum. The former hangs pendulous from the great curvature of the stomach. The small omen- tum fills up the space between the small cur- vature of the stomach, liver, &c. Immediate- ly behind the biliary ducts there is an opening which will admit the finger, called the fora- men of Winslow. Arteries, branches of the cceliac. Veins, empty themselves into the vena portae. Use, to lubricate the intes- tines ; keep them warm ; and to preserve them from concretion. STOMACH A membranous receptacle, which receives the ingesta from the oesophagus. Situated S —206— in the epigastric region. Divided, when emp- ty, into an anterior and a posterior surface ; a great and little curvature ; the cardia, or su- perior opening ; and the pylorus, or inferior opening. CONNEXION, with the oesophagus, duodenum, omentum, and pancreas. Com- posed cf three membranes, or coats, viz. a common, muscular, and villous coat. Ar- teries, branches of the cceliac—the corona- r'a, which goes to the small curvature—the gastrica sinistra, which is distributed to the great and arises from the splenic artery,—gas- trica dextra, which passes to the great curva- ture, and the pylorica, supplying the pylorus; all of which unite with each other, and form a network of blood-vessels. GASTRIC VEINS empty themselves into the vena portse, corres- ponding with the trunks of the arteries. ..Nerves, branches of the par vagum. AB- SORBENTS, those of the small curvature ter- minate in thoracic ducf, where the cceliac ar- tery is given off, and those passing along the great curvature join with the absorbents ef the spleen. Glands, muciparous, under the in- t-Tnai tunic. Use, to receive the ingesta from the cpsophagus, and to retain, mix, digest,and cToe! \*. in'o the duodenum. —207^- D1GESTION, OR CHYMIFICATION. Digestion, or chymification, is the change which food undergoes in the stomach, by which it is converted into chyme. The circumstances necessary to effect a healthy digestion of the food are— 1, A certain degree of heat of the stomach. 2. A free mixture of saliva with the food in the mouths 3. A certain quantity of healthy gastric juice. 4. The natural peristaltic motion of the stom- ach. 5. The pressure of the contraction and re- laxation of the abdominal fnirseks and dia- phragm. From these circumstances, the par- ticles of the food ate softened, dissolved, dilut- ed, and intimately mixed into a soft pap, call- ed chyme, which passes through the P)lorus of the stomach into the duodenum. INTESTINES. The membranous tube, six times longer than the body, in the cr.vity of the abdomen, —208— variously contoited from the pylorus of the stomach to the anus, is so called. Division, into small nnd large. The SMALL are the duodenum, which begins at the pylorus of the stomach, and is reflected over the spine under the peritoneum. It is about twelve fingers breadth in length, and has an oblique perfora- tion near its middle, which is the common opening to the pancreatic duct and ductus communis choledochus. The jjunum and ilvum compose the remainder of the small in- testines. They ahvnys hang from the mesen- tery into the cavity of the pelvis.. There is no alteration of structure in any part of the small intestines, the termination of the one and beginning of the other is imaginary. The je- junum constitutes the first halT from the duo- denum, the other, half is. ileum. The small intestines have internally a number of amilar folds, which augment the surface for the situa- tion of the lacteal and other vessels ; these are called valvules- conniventcs. They are peculiar to the small intestines. The LARGE intestines are divided into the caecum, coIod, and rec- tum. The c&cuni lies upon the right hip ove; the iliacus internus muscle, to which it is at- tached by cellular membrane v it is a lurge —209— cul dcfac : the small intestine opens obliquely into it, in such a manner as to form a valve to impede the return of the faeces ; and nearly opposite to this valve there arises from the caecum a small vermiform canal, imperforated at its extremity, called the appendicula ccvci verTformis. The intestine i3 now called colon; it ascends towards the liver, and is called the ascending portion of the colon, and having reached the liver, forms a transvcre arch across lo the other side. The colon then descends, forming what is termed its sigmoid flexure in- to the pelvis, where the gut is termed the rec- tum, which terminates in the anus. The large intestines are tabulated, have sometimes little fat portions adhering lo them .called appendic- ular epiploica;, and also three longitudinal bands upon their external surjface. Composed of three membranes, or coats,, one common, a muscular one, and the third villous. CON- NEXION, with the mesentery, kidneys, os coccygis, and urinary bladder, and in women with the vagina. Arteries, branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric, duodenal, and internal hemorrhoidal. Veins, run into the meseraic. Their NERVES are, productions cf the eighth pair and interccstals. LACTEAL £ 2 210— VESSELS. These arise from the small intes- tines, and run into the meseuteric gland?. Glands, muciparous, under the villous coat. Use, to receive the chyme, and retain it for a time ; to mix it with the enteric juice and bile ; to separate and propel the chyle into the lacteal vessels ; and to eliminate the faeces. CHYLIFICATION. This is the change of the chyme in the small intestine into chyle. The chyme in the duodenum is mixed with the pancreatic juice, the bile and enteric juice ; from which mix- ture, effected by the continual peristaltic mo- tion of the intestines, a milk-like fluid is sepa- rated, which is termed chyle, and is absorbed by the pendulous opening of the lacteals, and conveyed through the mesentery into the tho- racic duct, to be sent into and mixed with the Hood, to form new blood. Chylification is performed quicker than chymification, and both are effected within three hours. The excrcnicntious particles of the food, calh.u the. fveep, are propelled into the cje- cum, through the colon, and where they ac- —311 — quire a peculiar smell, into the rectum, to he expelled, EXPULSION OF THE FJECES. The irritation of the faeces in the rectum induces it to contract, the sphincter relaxes, and the foeces are protruded through the ap- erture of the anus, by the pressure of the ab- dominal muscles, and the anus closed again by the contraction of its sphincter and levator muscles. MESENTERY. A membranous duplicature, formed of a production of the peritoneum, to which the intestines adhere. Division, into mesentery, to which the intestines adhere, and mesocolon, to which the colon adheres- Connexion, with the lumbar vertebrae. Arteries, infe- rior and superior, mesenteric, branches of the aorta descendens. Veins, empty themselves into the vena portoe. Nerves, branches of the eighth pair and intercostals. The GLANDS, which are situated in the mesentery, are called mesenteric glands. The lacteals proceed to the glands, and from them to the thoracic duct. Use, to strengthen the intestines, and afford a —212— situation to the lacteal vessels, glands, and nervesj, blood-vessels, &c. of the intestines. L4VER-- The largest of the abdominal viscera, placed in the right hypochondriac region, and some- what in the epigastric. Division, into three lobes; the great^small, and a less one, called the Spigelian* Connexion, with the dia- phragm,,by means of the suspensory and other ligaments. Substance, vascular. The GLANDS which compose the substance of the liver are called acini biliosi. The EXCRETORY DUCTS of the glands are termed pari btli- ari: They arise from the acini of the liver, form larger trunks, called ductus hepatici, which converge together,, and constitute a common canal, the ductus hepaticus, which unites with the cystic duct, and forms the ductus communis choledoehus. Use,, to s«- crete bile. GALL-BLADDER An oblon* membranous receptacle, situated under the liver, in the right hypochondrium. Division, into bottom, bod}', and neck, which terminates in the ductus cystic us. The —213— ductus cysticus arises from the galhbladderv proceeds to the duodenum, and unites with the ductus hcpaticus., to form the ductus cov> munis choledochus, which perforates the duode- num, and conveys the bile into the intestines. The gall-bladder is composed cf three mem- branes, a common, fibrou", or muscular and villous. Arteries, branches of the hepatic. Vf ins, empty themselves into the vena portne. Absorbents, very numerous. Nerves, from the eighth pair snd intercostals. Glands, muciparous. Use, to retain the gall, which regurgitates from the hepatic duct, there tp; become thicker, more bitter, and acrid* SPLEEN- A spongy viscus, situated in the left hypo-. chondrium, near the fundus of the stomachy under the ribs. Figure, oval. Connex- ion, with the omentum, diaphragm, pancreas, r.nd colon. ARTERIES, the splenjc artery is a branch of the coeliac. Veins, empty them- selves into the vena portpe. Absorbents, very numerous. Nerves, fiom the par va-. gum and great intercostal. Use, unknown*. —214— PANCREAS* A glandular body, of a long figure, com- pared to a dog's tongue, situated in the epi- gastric region, under the stomach. Compost- ed of innumerable small glands, the excreto- ry duets of which unite and form the pancre- atic duct. Its external membrane is frem the mesocolon. Art. ries, from the neighbour- ing parts and splenic artery. VEINS, evacu- ate themselves into the splenic. The pancre- atic duct perforates the duodenum with the ductus communis eholedochus, and conveys its secretion into the intestines. Use, to se- crete a humour similar to saliva, and carry it into the duodenum. LACTEAL VESSELS- The absorbing vessels of the mesentery are so termed,, because they convey the chyle, a milk-like fluid, from the intestines into the thoracic duct. Origin, from the surface of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. TER- MINATION, in the thoracic duct, or. trunk of the absorbents, which runs near the aorta on ihe spine, and empties its contents iin the jugular vein. As they run through the ::.-.a —215— entery, they pass through a number of glands, in which the chyle is altered, and then pro- ceed to their trunk. Use. To carry the chyle from the intestines into the blood. See ihe Physiology of Absorption and the Absorb- ents, pages 138. 143. KIDNEYS- Two viscera, which secrete the urine. Sit- uated behind the sac of the peritoneum, near the bodies of the superior lumbar vertebra?. SUBSTANCE, of three kinds ; cortical, tubu- lar, and papillous. INTEGUMENTS, or cov- erings, adipose membrane, and a membrana propria. The renal arteries, or emul- gents, are branches of the aorta descendens. The veins empty themselves into the cava in- ferior. The nerves of the kidneys are branches of the eighth pair and intercostal. The excretory ducts of the kidneys are called the ureters, canals which convey the urine from the kidneys into the bladder. Use, to secrete urine. EXCRETION OF THE URINE- The urine is separated from the blood by the extremities of the renal arteries, whicli —216— ©pen in the substance of the kidney into the tubuli uriniferi, from whence it is received in- to the pelvis of the kidney, and passes along the ureter into the urinary bladder guttaiim, Where it usually remains a few hours, in conse- quence of the sphincter of the bladder being contracted. It is prevented returning into the ureters by their entrance being oblique and valvular. The urine having remained a few hours in the bladder, excites a desire to void it, by which -stimulus the sphincter be- comes relaxed, the muscular structure of the bladder contracts, and b,y the assistance of the abdominal muscles and the accelerators urinae the urine is propelled along the urethra. SUPRA-RENAL GLANDS Two triangular flat bodies, SITUATED, one above each kidney. UsE/not known. OF THE PELVIS. The pelvis is a cavity below the abdomen and under the panes, containing the urinary bladder, rectum, and organs of generation; / —217— URINARY BLADDER. A membranous sac under the peritoneum, in the cavity of the pelvis. Situation, in men, between the pubes and rectum ; in wom- en, between the pubes and uterus. Division, into fundus, body and neck. Composed of three membranes, like the intestines. ARTE- RIES, branches of the hypogastric and haemcrr- hoidaL Veins, empty themselves into the hypogastric. NERVES, branches from the intercostal and sacral nerves. Glands, mu- ciparous. Use, to receive, retain, and expel the urine. THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. These are, the penis,, testicles, and vesiculae seminales. PENIS- Also called membrum virile, or yard, is that cylindrical part which hangs under the mons Veneris, before the scrotum. Division, into root, body, and head, called glans. The hairy prominence, which covers the pubes, is called T —218— mons Veneris. Substance. Tt consists cf common integuments, two corpora cavernosa i the corpus spongiosum urethroe ; and the ure- thra. The corpora cavernosa, which form the chief bulk of the penis, are composed of a cel- lular and very-elastic substance, and arise by two crura, one from each ascending ramus of the ischium. The corpus spongiosum begins before the protrate gland, and surrounds the urethra. At its beginning it forms the bulbous part of the urethra, and then proceeds forwards to be expanded at the extremity of the penis into a very vascular substance, called glans penis, Which is naturally covered by a fold of the skin, called the prepuce. The urethra is a membranous canal, which proceeds from the bladder through the corpus spongiosum urethrac to the meatus or opening in the glans penis. It is endowed with a high degree of sensibility and contractility. The vefumontanum, or caput gallinaginis, is a cutaneous eminence in the urethra, before the neck of the bladder. GLANDS, muciparous; odoriferous; Cowper's glands; and the prostrate. See Adenology. The penis is CONNECTED with the urethra, pubes, and ischium. ARTERIES are branches of the hypogastric and ischiatic. The DORSAL VLIN "of the penis, called vena magna ipsius 219— penis, empties itself into the vena riypogastrica. Absorbents, run under the common integu- ments, to the inguinal glands. NERVES, branches of the sacral nerves and ischiatic. Use, for erection, coition,effusion of semen, and of urine.- . TESTICLES. Two oval bodies contained in the cavity of the scrotum. The EPIDIDYMIS is an hard vascu- lar substance, formed cf convoluted vas deferens, lying on the testicle.. Integuments of the testicle are,, the scrotum;. tunica albuginea, which is smooth^ and adheres yery firmly to the body of the testicle ;: and: tunica vaginalis, which descends with the spermatic chords and surrounds the testicle, as the pericardium does the heart. Composed" of white slender canals, which terminate in the epididymis, end form in- to one great canal, the vas deferens, which proceeds from, the testicle into the abdomen, over the os pubis, and then descends into the pelvis, to be inserted into the vesiculae seminales. Spermatic arteries, are branches of the aorta. Spermatic veins, empty themselves into the vena cava, and left vena renalis. Nerves, branches of the lumber and great in- —220— tercostal. Absorbents, ascend from the test- icle through the chord. The funiculus sper- maticus, or spermatic chord, consists of the vai deferens, spermatic artery and vein, spermatic nerves, absorbent vessels, and tunica vaginalis, which the ciemaster muscle surrounds. USE. to secrete and prepare 6emen. • SECRETION AND EXCRETION OF THE SEMEN. The semen is secreted by minute branches of the spermatic arteries, that deposit it into cor- responding seminal vessels, which compose the greatest part of the body of the testicle.. The semen is the proper stimulus to these vessels, which are therefore stimulated to contract, and by a very slow motion convey it into the epi- pidymis and vas deferens, by which it is carried through the inguinal ring into the pth is, to be deposited in the vesiculae seminales, where it excites a desire to emit it. The cells of the cor- pora cavernosa penis are distended wish blood by the venereal stimulus ; hence the peni-j swells, and is inclined for coition, during which action, at the time of the oestrum venereum, the vesiculae sen;ina!es contract, and the semen rs thrown with an immense farce, through ih* —221— ejaculatory ducts, opening into the urethra, where it is mixed with the secretion from the prostrate gland, which is expelled at the same moment, and passes with it along the urethra, to be propelled by the contraction of the ejacu- latory muscles into the cavity of the uterus. VESICULZE SEMINALES. Two membranous receptacles, which receive and contain the semen from the vasa deferentia. They are situated on the back'part of the blad- der, above its neck. Substance, membranous, white, and covered with a- fibrous substance. The ejaculatory ducts are some lines long, and enter the cavity of the urethra from each vesi- cle, by a peculiar orifice at the top of the veru- montamim. Vessels and Nerves, from the neighboring parts. Absorbent vessels, arise from the vesiculae seminalcs, and run to the lymphatic glands about the loins. Use, to con- tain, retain, inspissate, and excern the semen into the urethra. T i --222— t;ie organs of generation ir, WOMEN. The parts which serve for generation in women are divided into external and internal. The external parts are the mons Veneris; the labia majora, two cutaneous folds, situated ex- ternully ; the labia minora, or nymphoe, also two cutaneous folds, like a cock's comb, placed at the sides of the vagina ; the clitoris, a small glandiform, body, like a penis in miniature, pla- ced under the superior commissure of the nym- phae ; and the hymen, a membrane for the mo^t part semilunar, situated at the entrance of the virgin vagina. The internal parts are the va- gina ; uterus; Fallopian tubes ; ovaria ; broad and round ligaments of the uterus ; and the urethra. VAGINA- An elastic canal leading from the external opening of the vulva to the uterus. Composed of three membranes; the outermost is cellular, the middle muscular, and the internal rugous. Glands, mucous ; situated under the internal membrane. Use, to receive the penis, and for the passage of the child in delivery. UTERUS, OR WOY-i A spongy receptacle, like a fattened pear ; shunted in the pelvis between the urinary blad- der and rectum. Division, into fundus, bod", neck, and orifice, called os tincos. . Substance of the uterus, spongy, interwoven with muscu- lar fibres. Arteries, the spermatic which are branches of the aerta ; and the uterine, which are from the hypogastric and haemorrlioidal. Uterine Feins are without valves, and empty themselves into the spermatic, hypogastric, and external haemorrhoidal veins. Absorbents run into the iliac glands. Nerves are branches of the sacral and ischiatic. Glands, mucou?. Use, for conception, nutrition of the foetus, par- turition, and menstruation. PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION- By a law of nature, women menstruate in this climate from about the age of fifteen to for- ty-five. Menstruation is the efflux (by some thought to be a secretion) of blood from vessels opening into the cavity of the uterus. During pregnancy, the catamenia, or menses, for so the discharge is called, step, except in some few instances, where it is supplied by the vessels of the vagina. —221— The nature of menstrual blood, if women be healthy, differs only from other blood hvits not coagulating, which may be caused by its slow exit, and its mixture with the secretions of the uterus and vagina. It differs, however, in quan- tity, the period of its first appearance^ its dura- tion, and the symptoms which precede and ac- company it> according to the age, temperament, habit of body, climate, season oftheyearj mode ©f living, and other circumstances. Women are said tobe most susceptible of the action of the vivifying principle of the semen during the period of menstruation. PHYSIOLOGY OF CONCEPTION- The congress between man and woman is called coition, which is so well known as to require no description. During coition the nymphse and clitoris are tumid with blood, and the fimbriae of the Fallo- pian tubes,, by a power inherent in them, are stretched out, and applied over the surfaee of an ovum in the ovarium. The pleasure which women experience dur- ing coition is very great, and a quantity of mu- cus is-suddenly emitted from the glands of the vagina, during the venereal orgasm, which in —S25— former time9 was erroneously supposed to be the semen of the female, but now it is the opin- ion of physiologists that women have no semen, as anatomy cannot detect any organ by which it can be secreted. In order that a woman may conceive, it is requisite that she shall have menstruated ; that the ovum in the ovarium shall have arrived at a state of maturity, and that the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube shall be stretched around the mature ovum, so as to let the cavity of the Fal- lopian tube come immediately over it. In this state, the male semen is emitted into the uterus, and its vivifying part, which is extremely sub- tile, and called the auris seminis, flies through, the cavity of the uterus along the Fallopian tube to the mature ovum, to which it imparts a prin- ciple by which it begins to circulate its fluids and is aniiii.ited. The ovum being thug vivified, enlarges find ruptures the slender tunic of the o? v:trium, ir.vvhich it was enclosed. At the time of its rupturing, the fimbria? of the Fallopian tube embrace it, and it is rolled, by the peristaltic motion of the latter, into the cavity of the ute- rus, there to be perfected, and at the expiration of nine months to be s^nt into the world, —22ff— OF THE GRAVID UTERUS. The parts of the gravid* uterus are, the ute- rine placenta, the umbilical chord, the membra- nous ovum of the foetus, the liquor amnii and the foetus. UTERINE PLACENTA, A spongy mass, tikea cake^eneTallyadhering1 to the fundus of the gravid trteru*, composed of a net-work of very numerous vessels, in- stance, eeltular, like a- sponge filled with ves- sels. Absorbents have been lately discovered. Nerves, nine. Use, to receive ami prepare the Mood from the uterus for the foetus, and give off. branches to the umbilical vein. FUNICULUS UBILICALIS, OR UMBILICAL CHORD, A chord of an intestinal form, which runs from the navel of the foetus to the centre of tha placenta. Length, mostly about half a yard. Composed of a cutaneous vagina, or sheath, a cellular substance, one umbilical vein, and two umbilical' arteries. Use. The umbilical vein- of the foetus conveys the blood from.the placenta —227— to the foetus, and the two umbilical aileries re- turn it from the foetus to the placenta. MEM3RANOUS OVUM OF THE FCETUS- The foetus is enclosed in a membranous ovum or bag within-the cavity of the uterus. The o- •cum consists of three membranes; an outer, or filamentous, called decidua; a middle one, call- ed the chorion; and an inner one, termed the amnion. Use, to include the liquor amnii, to prevent its flowing into the uterus, and at the commencement of parturition, to assist in dilat- ing the os uteri. LIQUOR AMNII, OR LIQUOR OF THE AM- NION. A lymphatic liquid, mcloscd in the cavity of the ovum surrounding the foetus, secreted by the exhaling arteries of the membranes of the ovum. Q.UANTITV, about the time of parturition, two or three pounds. Property, gelatinous, like fui bid serum of milk. Use, to defend the foetus from the pressure of the uterus, to give it nour* i>hment, to dilate the orifice of the uterus in la- bour, and to lubricate the vagina. —223— RETUS- During the first month of pregnancy, the Ovum is about the size of a pigeou's egg; the foetus swims in the middle of the liquor amnii, ~*nd represents a little cloud, which gradually enlarges, and its parts become more firm and perfect. The parts of the foetus at birtb differ from the adult, in having a foramen ovale, a canalis arteriosus, and a canalis vencsus. The lungs are black, collapsed, and sink in water. The liver is large. All the small glands are al- so proportionately large, and the large intestines are filled with meconium. All the canals and Tessels peculiar to the foetus are obliterated af- ter birth, and become ligaments. PECULIARITIES IN THE ARTERIAL AND VENAL SYSTEM OF THE FffiTUS- The foetus has—an umbilical vein, which goes to the liver, and two umbilical arteries which arise from the internal iliac—a canalis venosus, or vein, which proceeds from the sinus of the vena portee into the vena cava inferior— an opening in the septum of the auricles, called Xhe foramen ovale, and a canalis arteriosus, or artery which arises from the pulmonary artery, —229— and passes obliquely into the aorta. After birth these vessels gradually become impervious, and at length are removed by the absorbents. CIRCULATION OF. THE BLOOD IN THE FCETUS- The foetus receives its blood from the moth- er through the umbilical vein of the funi?, which transmits it along the ductus venos'is into the vena cava, to be carried to the right auricle of the heart ; from the right auricle it passes partly through the foramen ovale into the left auricle, and partly into the right ven- tricle. From the right ventricle it is propelled into the pulmonary artery, which sends a verv small proportion through the lungs and thf remainder through the canalis arteriosus into the aorta. The blood is returned from th^ foetus by the two umbilical arteries, along the chord, to the mother. EYGROLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE FLUIDS- The fluids of the body are divided into crude, as the chyle; sanguineous, as the blood; u —230— lymphatic as the lymph of the lymphatic ves- sels ; secreted, or those separated from the blood ; and excrementitious, as urine, faeces, &c. The secreted fluids are subdivided into lac- teal, as the juice of the prostrate gland ; a- queous, as the aqueous humour of the eye ; mu- cous, as the mucus of the nostrils ; albuminous, as the serum of the blood ; oleous, as the oil of the adipose membran^ ; and bilious, as the bile. Fluids are also divided, from their motion, into circulatory, which continually circulate in the vessels; commorant, which circulate with a slow motion, as the semen, oil of the adipose membrane ; stagnant, whith remain for a cer- tain time in any receptacle, as cystic bile, &c. FLUIDS COMMON TO THE WHOLE BODY. THE BLOOD A red fluid, which circulates in the cavities of the heart, arteries, and veins. Colour, in the arteries, of * florid hue ; in the veins dark- er, except in the pulmonary veins, in which it is of a lighter cast. Blood exposed to the atmos- phere spontaneously 5eparates by degrees into two parts,, viz. the serum a yellow and some- what greenish fluid ; and a cake, called also the cruor, or. crassamentum, which resembles a red miss swimming like an island in the serum. Use, to stimulate the cavities of the heart and vessels to contraction; to generate the heat of the body, and propagate it to every part ; to nourish every part; and lo supply all the secre- tions, they being all separated from \h? blood. THE LYMPH OF THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS. A tasteless crystalline liquid, contained in the lymphatic vessels. ABSORBED from the surface ; tela cellulosa ; viscera ; and cavities of the vis- cera of the whole body ; and CONVEYED into the thoracic duct. Use, to return the superflu- ous nutritious fluid, the vapours of cavities, and substances applied to the skin, to the thoracic duct. THE VAPOUR OF THE SHEATHS OF THE NERVES- The aqueous vapour contained in the vaginae and between the fibrils of the nerves. SlCRE- —232— TORY ORCAN, the arteries of the sheath. Use, to moisten the nervous fibrils. FLUIDS PROPER TO EACH PART. IN THE CAVITY OF THE CRANIUM- The vapour in the ventricles of THE BRAIN. A thin vapour contained in the cavity of the ventricles of the brain, and SECRE- TED by the exh.iling arteries of ihe choroid pkxus. Use, to prevent the concretion of the ventricles, and keep the medulla moist. IN THE CAVITY OF THE NOSTRILS. The mucus of the nostrils. The mu- cus secreted by the muciparous glands of the pituitary membrane, lining the septum and con- chae of the nostrils. Uqe, to preserve the ner- vous papillae of the olfactory nerve3 moist, and to moderate excessive sensibility. % iN THE CAVITY QF THE MOUTH. TllE SALIVA. A fluid secreted by the sal- ivary glands into the mouth. The secretory jrj-cu is composed of the parotid; s.v.b-oi-i"i!!a- —233— ry; and sub-lingual glands. Use, to augment the taste of the food; to mix with, dissolve, and resolve the food into its principles; and to mod- erate thirst. IN THE CAVITY OF THE FAUCES. The mucus of the fauci s. A mucus se- creted by the muciparous glands of the tonsils, pharynx, &c. Use, to lubricate the fauces. IN THE EYES. The AauEOUS humour of the eye. The very limpid water which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. Secretory or- gan, the floating vessels of the corpus ciliare, and exhaling vessels of the iris. Use, to dis- tend the cornea ; retain the crystalline lens and vitreous humour in their places; and to trans- mit the focus of the rays of light to the crystal* line lens. The crystalline lens. A lentiform, pollucid, cellular body, distended by a very lim- pid aqueous fluid, enclosed in a membranous cap- sule, and situated in a depression in the anteri- or surface of the vitreous humour. Use, to transmit and refract the focus of the rays of light to the vitreous humour. u i T(-;e vitreous humour. The pellucid vitiiform body, which fills the svhole bulb of the eye behind the crystalline lens. Composed of small cells distended with a limpid watir. UsE, to expand the bulb, and transmit and moderate- ly augment the focus of the rays of light from the ciyslalliae lens to the retina. The water in the capsule of tks CRYSTALLINE LENS. Secreted by the pel- lucid branches of the artery of the crystalline lens. Use, to prevent the concretion cf the cr)bUiline lens with its capsule.. The pigment of the iris. The colour- ed mucus, which covers the anterior and poste- rior suiLce of the iris. USE, to reflect the rr-ys of light. The pigment of the choroid mem- brane. The black or brownish mucus, which covers the anterior surface of the choroid mem- brane, and ih* interior of the corpus ciliare. THE TEARS. A limpid fluid secreted by the lachrymal gland, and flowing on the surface of the eye. USE, to moisten the suif.ee cf the eye and eyelids. The juice of Meidomius's glands. The unctuous humour secreted ly the stbaccoua glands „f M.iLciiiiu--, uud Lwicalirg the laui —235— cf the eyelids. Use, to lubricate the taryofthe eyelid--, and involve the saline acridity of the tda/o. IN THE CAVITY OF THE EARS. The Cerumen, or Wax of the Ears. The Lit- ter ceraeeous-fluid secreted by the ceruminous glands of the meatus auditorius externus. Use, to lubricate the sensible membrane cf. that ca- nal, and to prevent insects from entering. The Water of the Labyrinth. An insipid water contained in the cavity of the tympanum. Use, to preserve the nervous fibriU uf the audi- tory nerve scft and moisr, and to moderate* the tremors of sounds. IN TILL NECH- The Juice of the Thyroid Gland. Of a yel- lowish white colour, especially in infants. Usf, not known. The Mucus of the QSsophagus. Secreted by the muciparous glands, situated in the ctlla- lar membrane. Use, to lubricate the cavity of the oesophagus, and prevent the concretion of its sides. —230— IN THE CAVITY QF THE THORAX. The Mucus lining the internal surface of the trachea, bronchia, and vesicular pulmonales. Secretory organ, the muciparous glands situat- ed under the internal membrane of those parts. Use, to prevent the surface of the trachea, bron- chia, and vesiculae pulmonales f:om becoming dry by the continual passing of the air. The Vapour in the cavity of the Thorax. A vapour which exhales from the exhaling ves- sels of the pleura of the lungs and rib.«, into the cavity of the thorax. Usf, to preserve the pleura soft, moist, and flexile ; and to defend and prevent it from tfae friction of, and concretion with, the lungs. The Vapour or Liquor Pericardii. Secreted by the artenous exhaling vessels, which open upon the external surface of the heart and inter- nal of the pericardium. Us^, to prevent the concretion of the heart with the pleura; to di- minish the friction; and preserve the parts soft. The Juice of the Thymus Gland. A milky juice secreted by the arteries opening into tht cells of this gland. Us , not known. ■237— IN THE BREASTS- The Milk of the Breasts. A white, sweetish -■ fluid, secreted by the glandular fabric of the breasts of women. Usf, to be an aliment to new-born children. IN THE ABDOMEN. The Gastric Juice. A limpid colourless flu- id, secreted by the exhaling vessels of the ^ery numerous arteries, which bedew every part of the stomach. Use, to digest the food. The Pancreatic Juice. The limpid juice- secreted by this gland, and conveyed through its excretory duct into the duodenum. Us5, lo assist in the formation of chyle. Bile. A yellowioh green hitter juice, secret- ed by the glandular substance of the liver, and conveyed by the biliary ducts, in part into the duodenum, and in part into the gall-bladder : . hfnce cystic and hepatic bile. Use, to extri- cate the chyle from the digested mass of food ; to stimulate the intestjr.es; and to prevent the abundance of mucus and acidity in the prints vhe. Chyle. A white fluid, separated from the. —238— food in the primae viae, and observed some hours after eating in the lacteal vessels of the mesentery, and in the thoracic duct. Use, tof form the blood. The Enteric Juice. A limpid liquor, seeret^ ed by the exhaling arteries in the whole coursa of the small end large intestines. Use, to assist in digestion ;- and to cleanse and moisten the intestines. The Mucus of the Primae Vice. Secreted by the muciparous glands situated under th« villous coat of the primae viue. Use, to lubri- cate that canal. "" The Vapour or Fluid in the cavity of the Abdomen. An aqueous vapour, secerned by tire exhaling arteries of the peritoneum. Usz, to preserve moist and prevent the coacretioa of the abdominal viscera. Urine. A saline liquid, of a citrine colour, secreted in the kidneys, and dropping down from them guttatim through the ureters into the cavity of the urinary bladder. Use, to liberate the body fiom the superfluous wa- ter, &c. The Mucus of the Bladder. Secreted by the muciparous glands situated under the innermost membrane. Use, to lubricate and. —239— defend the internal and very sensible surface of the urinary bladder. IN THE PARTS OF GENERATION IN MEN- The Mucus of the Urethra. Secreted by the muciparous glands situated under the inter- nal membrane. Use, to lubricate and defend the very sensible surface of the urethra against the acridity of the urine. The Smegma of the Glans Penis. An «nctuous humour, secreted by the sebaceous follicles on the surface of the glans and prepuce. Us, to lubricate and defend the sensible sur- face of the glans, and prevent its concretion with the prepuce. The Vapour of the Tunica Vaginalis Tes- tis. The aqueous vapour, which exhales from the arteries into the cavity of the tunica vagin- alis testis. Use, to prevent the concretion of the testes with the tunica vaginalis, and pre- serve them moist. The Liquor of the Prostrate Gland. A ; milky juice, separated by the arteries of the prostrate gland, and sent through its ducts, sub coitv, into the urethra with the semen. USEt t» serve af a vehicle to the semen. —2-10— " The Semen- The prolific liquor secreted ha the testes, and carried through the epididymis and vas deferens into the vesiculae seminales. Use, to be emitted, sub coitu, into the female vagina, and there, by its aura, to penetrate to, and impregnate, the ovulum in the female o- variiim. IN THE PARTS OF GENERATION EN -WOMEN- The Smegna of the Labia and Vulva. The unctuous juice secreted by the sebaceous glands, and covering the internal surface of the labia and nymphse. Use, to lubricate their sensible surface, and prevent any irritation post mictum. The Mucus of the Vagina. Secreted by the muciparous glands under the internal mem- brane. Use, to lubricat- the vagina, lest it be pained by friction, sub coitu, and to prevent the concretion of its side?. The Liquor of the Cavity of the Uterus. Secreted into it by the exhaling arterious ves- sels. Consistence, in the virgin uterus, serous and turbid ; in the gravid, milky. Use, to moisten the cavity, and prevent its concretion. ■*4l— IN THE ARTICULATIONS. The Synovia. An unctuous fluid, secreted by the internal membrane of the capsular liga* snents surrounding the articulations of the bones. Use, to lubricate the cartilaginous surfaces of the articulatory bone*, and facilitate their mo- tions. The juice of the bursas Mucosa). An unc- tuous and somewhat mucilaginous juice, secret- ed by the vessels of the internal membrane of the bursae mucosae. Use, to lubricate the ten- "dons for motion. m THE BONES- The Marrow of Bond. The oily substanct lecreted by the arteries of the internal perios- teum, and contained in the medullary cavities of the long bones, and spongy substance of oth- ers. FLUIDS OF THE COMMON INTEGUMENTS. The Mucus of Malpighi, of rete Mucosunu The mucus situated between the epidermis and «tie of the whole body, and eecreted by the art V E 242 ] terious vessels of the skin. .'Use, to conglutinate the epidermis to the cutis; to moderate the sense of touch; to'moisten the nervous cutaneous papillae ; and give the external colour to the body ; hence it is white in Europeans, blade in ^Ethiopians, &c. The Oil of the Adipose'Membrane. Secret- ed by the arteries of the cellular membrane.. Use, to facilitate muscular motion. Sweat. The aqueous perspirable matter ex- creted through the exhaling arteries of the skin. Use, to keep the skin moist. A- G L O S SARY, O R - EXPLANATION O F ANATOMICAL. TERMS. —--O0OQJOCGI3OCO00O--— A.- J\ BDOMEN. The cavity of the belly ; from abdo to hide,,as including the intestines and other viscera. • Acetabulum. The cavity which receives the head of the'thigh bone; from aceium vine- gar : 30 called, because it represents the ace- tabulum or saucer of the ancients, in which vinegar was held for the use of ihe table. Ach.i. The glands of the hver ; from acinus a grape. Acromion. A process of the scapula ; from ak- ros extremity, and omos the shoulder. Adenology. The doctrine of the glands ; from adcen a gland, and hgos a discourse. ■244—. Amnion. A membrane that surrounds the foetus, which is soft and shaggy; fiom amnios a lamb's skin. Amphyarthrosis.. A spscies of connexion of bones, which; admits of an obscure motion ; from avipho, both, and anthrosis an articu- lation. Anastomosis. The communication of vessels with one another,; from ana through, and sjtoma a mouth, . Anatomy." The dissection of the human body- *; from Ama and temno to dissect. Aneon. The elbow ;- from ankone, from an- kazomai to embrace, epo, tou,. ankeisthai, etero osteo, to, osteon, because the bones meeting, and being-there, united,, are fplded one into another. Anconeus. A muscle ; so called, from ankone the elbow. Anconoid. Process of the cubit ;. from ankone the elbow, and eidos shape.. Angiology. The doctrine of the vessels ; from cngeion a vessel, and logos a discourse. Aorta. Aortc ; from aer air, and tereo to keep i an artery, so called, because the ancients supposed that only air was contained in it. It may rather be derived from aeivo. to con*ey^ —245— as serving to convey the blood to the rest of the body. Aponeurosis. A tendinous expansion ; from apo from, and neuron a nerve ; from an er- roneous supposition of the ancients, that it was formed by an expansion of a nerve. Apophysis. A process of a bone; from cpophuo to proceed from. A synon}'m of process. Arachnoides. A net-like membrane ; frcra a- rakne a spider, and eidos likeness. Artery. From aer air, and tereo to keep ; be- cause the ancients supposed, that only air was contained in them. Arthrodia. A species of connexion of bones"; from arthroo to articulate. Aryfaenoides. The name of two cartilages of the larynx; also applied to some muscles of the larynx; from arutaina a funnel, and eidos shape. Astragalus. A bone of the tarsus ; so called, from its resemblance to a die, used in ancient games, from astragalos a cockal or die. Atlas.' The first vertebra of the neck ; so cal- led, because it sustains the head ; from the fable of Atlas being supposed to have support- ' ed the world ; or from atlao to sustain, be- cause it sustains the head. V 2 —246— Azygos. A term applied to parts without t fel- low ; from a priv. and Zugos a yoke^be- cause it has no fellow. B. Brachium. The arm ; hen^t os brachii, bnx- chialis externus, §-c. from brakus short, be- cause hi a well proportioned man it is shorter from the shoulder to.the hands than from the hip to the feet. Bronchia. The ramifications of the trachea, or windpipe ; from Ireko to pour, because the ancients believed, that the fluids were con- veyed into the stomach by the bronchia. Bursa. A bag; from bursa : generally applied to the bursas mucosae. Bursalogy- The doctrine of the bursae mucosae ; from bursa a bag, and logos a discourse. C. Calvaria. The top of the cranium ; from cat- ivs bald. Cancelli. Lattice work ; generally applied to the reticular substance in bones. Cardia. The superior opening of the stomach ; from kardia the heart, because it is situated near it. Carctid. The name of some arteries of the neck and head; from A-crroo to cause to sleep ; for, —247— if tied""with a ligature, the animal become? comatose, or has the appearance of being*; asleep*-. Carpus. karp9S ; the wrist. Chorion. The external membrane of the foetus - in utero. Koriom from korea to escape, be- - eause it always escapes from the uterus wittf the fcetus. Choroid membrane and plexus; from koridn the chorion, and eidos likeness ; so called, on ac- count of its many blood-vessels resembling the chorion. Clavicula.. The clavicle, or collar bone, a di- minutive oT-clavis a key ; so called^ from its resemblance to an ancient-key. Clinoid. Four processes of the sella turcica of the ethmoid bone ;;are so calted, from klinc a bed, and eidos likeness> from their supposed resemblance to a. couch. Clitoris. A part of the female pudenda, enclos- ed by the labia majora ; from kleio to enclose or hide. Colon. The first of the large intestines ; from kolon quasi koilon, from koilos hollow ; it generally being found empty, and full or wind, in the dead body. Condyle. An eminence in any of the joints ; —243— kondulos from kondu an ancient cup, shaped ^Jike a joint. Cbraco. Names compounded with this word belong to muscles, which are attached to the coracoid process of the scapula ; as coraco- hyoideus, &c. Coracoid process of the scapula ; from korax a crow, and eidos resemblance, it being shaped like the beak of a crow. Coronary. From corona a crown. The vessels of the heart, stomachy &c. are so called, be- cause they surround the parts in the manner of a crown. Coronoid. A process, so called, from korune a crow, and eidos likeness, from its resem- blance to a crow's beak. Cotyloid cavity of the os innominatum, which receives the head of the thighbone; from kotule the name of an old measure, and eidos resemblance. Cranium. The skull; kranion, quasi karanign, from kara the head. Cremaster. A muscle, so called ; from krcma* to suspend, because it suspends the testicle. Cribriform, or ethmoid bone pf the skull ;.,'fr»m cribrum a sieve, it king perforated likt a sieve. Cricoid. Annular, round, like a ring £ froa* kriko* a ring, and eidos-likuieas.- Crura. The plural'of crus, a le* or root ; ap- plied to some parts of the boJy,. from their resemblance to a.leg; or* root,, as erura cer- ebelli, &c. Cuboides. A bone of'the foot; from kubos a cube,, snd^ eidos likeness ;„ because it resem- bles a cube.. Cuneiform. Some bon^s are so called ; from cuneus a wedge, and/onraa likeness ;,. being shaped-like a wedge.. Dartos. A muscle of the scrotum ; from dem to excoriate. Deltoid. A*musele resembling the Greek, letter & ;.from /\, and eidos resemblance. DiaphragWi. The muscle which separates the thorax from the abdomen ;-.- from diaphratto to divide. Diarthrosis. A moveable connexion of bones £ from< diarthroo to articulate. Digastric muscles, from d» twice> and gaster a belly ^ having two bellies. Diploe. The spongy substance between the two. tables of the skull ;: ftQiadiplooto dai> —250-^ -Duodenum.. The first portion of the small in* testine ; so called, because the ancients sup- posed, that it did not exceed the breadth of twelve fingers;.,from duodenus, consisting of. twelve. Dura maters The outermost membrane of the braiu ^-called dura, because it is much hard- er than the other membranes, and mater,, from the ancients supposing it was the source; of all the other membranes.. E.. Bmbryo. The child in the womb- is so Called before the fifth month, after which it is term- ed foetus ; from embruo to bud forth. EuarthVosis. An articulation of-the bones ; ; from en in, and arthron a joint or articu- lation. Enteric. Belonging to the intestines; from, en- teroh an entrail or intestine. , Epidermis.. The scarf or outermost skin ; from epi upon, and derma the skin. Epididymis. The small oblong body, which lies above the testicles ; from epi upoB, and didumos a testicle.. Epigasti ic. The superior part of the. abdomen ; .:. -;' from epi upon, and gaster the stomach.. Epiglottis. A cartilage of the larynx, so called ^ —551 'Trom epi upon, and £?or*f/s the aperture of the larynx, being situated upon the glottis. Epiphysis. A portion of bone growing upon a- nOther bone, but separated from it by carti- lage:; from epi upon, and phuo to grow. Epiploon. The membranous viscus of the ab- domen, Which covers the intestines, and hangs to the bottom of the stomach ; from epipleo to swim upon. ISpistrophoeus. The second vertebra of the neck j Trom episirophao to turn round, because the head is turned upon it. Ethmoid bone of the cranium ; so called, from ethmos a sieve, and eidos resemblance, it be- ing perforated like a sieve. tf. Fascia. An expansion of a muscle, enclosing others like a band ; from phaskiaz band. Falciform. Shaped like a scythe; fromJalx. a • scythe. Easeiculus. A little bundle. fauces. The plural of faux, the top of tht . throat t3. (Jalactopriorous ducts of the breasts of women ; from gaVa milk, and phero to carry, because they convey the milk to the nipples. —233— SangEe*. Ganglion, a knotinlhe Course of a "nerve. I -Gastrocnemius. The muscle which forms 1h# thick of the leg; from gaster a bt-Uy, and fcneroe the leg. >Cenio. Names compounded with this word belong'to muscles which are attached to the chin ; as '"Genio-glossus—Geniohyoid- us>— Genio pharyngeus, &c. -frcn'i geneion the chin. •Genu. The knee ; from gonu para to eis ge- % ne neuein, because by it the body is btnt to- wards the earth. XJinglymfcs. An • ^culation-; from ginglumos a hinge. 'Glenoid cayity; from glens a cavity, and eidos resemblance. Glomer. A convoluted bundle of vessels; gen> erally applied to the lymphatic glands. Glosso. Names compounded With this word belong to muscles, from their being attached to "the tongue ; as Glosso-pharyngeus— Glosso-staphylinus, &c. from glossa the tongue. Glottis. The superior opening of the larynx at the bottom of the tongue; from glooita tfc* tongues —2S3-* 'Glufeeus. The name of a muscle ; from glou- tos the buttocks. Gomphosis. Gomphosis inclavation, a species of immoveable connexion of bones ; from gomphos a nail, because one bone is fixed in another bone, like a nail in a board. H. Harmonia. A species of immoveable connexion of bones ; from aro to fit together. Helix. The outward circle of the ear ; from cilo to turn about. Hepar. The liver. Hepar, an abdominal vis- cus. Hyaloid membrane of the eye; from uahs glass, and eidos likeness ; so called, from I't transparent and glassy appearance. Hygrology. The doctrine of the fluids ; from vgros a fluid, and logos a discourse. fry men. The membrane situated at the en- trance of the virgin vagina ; from umcte hy- men. ftyos. Names compounded with this word be- long to muscles, which are attached to i bt os-hyoides ; as hyo-glossus—hj'o-pharyr»geuf .—hyo-thyroides ; from uoeides the os-hy- oides. —254— Hyoides. A bone of the tongue, so called, from its resemblance to the Greek u ; from u and eidos resemblance. Hypochondrium. That part of the bod}', which lies under the cartilages of the spurious nbs; from upo under, and kondros a cartilage. Hypogastric. The lower region of the fore part of the abdomen ; from upo under, and gaster the stomach. %. Ileum. A portion of the small intestines ; from cileio to turn ; being always convoluted. Ilium. Part of the os innominatum, so called, because it supports the eileia or small intes- tines. Ischium. The part of theos innominatum upon which we sit ; from iskuo to sustain. L. Lacuna. The excretory du"t of the glands of the urethra and vagina ; from lacus a chan- nel. Lamoidal suture ; so called, because it is shap- ed like the letter I ; from I, and eidos re- semblance. Larynx. The superior part of the windpipe ; larunx the larynx, -^255— M. Masseter. A muscle of the face, which assists in the action of chewing ; from massaomai to chew. Mastoid process ; so called, from mastos a breast, and eidos likeness, being shaped like a nipple or breast. Mediastinum. The production of the pleura, which divides the thorax into two cavities ; from medium the middle, quasi in medio stare.- Mesentery. The membranes to which the in- testines are attached ; from mesos the mid- dle, and enferoTi an intestine, because it is in the middle of the intestines. Mesocolon. That part of the mesentery in the middle of the colon ; from mesos the middle, and kolon the colon.' Metacarpus. That part of the hand between the carpus and fingers; from meta after, and karpos the Wrist. Metatarsus. That part of the foot between the tarsus and toes ; from meta after, and tarsos the tarsus. Mylo. Names compounded with this word be- long to muscles, which are attached near the grinders ; as mylo hyoides / mylo-pharyn- 250-^. geus, $rc.; from mule a grinder-tooth. Myology. The doctrine of the muscles ; from mus a muscle, and logos a discourse. N. Neurology. The doctrine of the nerves ; from. neuron a nerve, and logos a discourse, 0. Odontoid, or tooth-like process ; from kodous a tooth, and eidos resemblance. GSsophagus. The canal leading from the pha* rynx to the stomach; from oio to carry, and phago to eat ; because it carries the food in- to the stomach. Olecranon. The elbow or bead of the ulna ; from holcne the cubit, and kranon the head. Omentum. An abdominal viscus ; so called, from omen a guess ; because the soothsayers prophesied from the inspection of this part. Omo. Names compounded with this word be- long to muscles which are attached to the scapula ; as omorhyoideus, &c. from homos the shoulder. Omoplata. The scapula, or shoulder blade ; from homos the shoulder, and platuse broad. Orgasm. A violent salaciousness, attended with turgescence in the parts ; from orgao to desire vehemently. —257— Osteology. The doctrine of the bones; from osteon a bone, and logos a discourse. P. Pancreas A viscus of the abdomen; so called, from its fleshy consistence ; from pan all, and kreas flesh. Parenchyma. The substance connecting to- gether the vessels, &c. of the lungs, is so cal- led, from parenkuo to pour through. Parotid gland ; from para near, and ous the ear ; because it is situated near the ear. Pelvis. A bony cavity, shaped like a bason ; from peluse a bason. Pericardium. The membrane which surrounds the heart ; from peri around, and kardia the heart. Pericranium. The membrane which covers the bones of the skull; from peri around, and kranion the cranium or head. Periosteum. The membrane which surrounds the bones ; from peri around, and osteon a bone. Peri^altic motion of the intestines ; from peris- teao to contract. Peritoneum. The membrane lining the abdo- men, and covering its viscera ; from perite- ino to extend around. W 2 —253— Phalanx. The bcnesof the fingers and toes are called phalanxes, from their regular situation,. like a phalanx, or army of soldiers. . Pharynx. A membranous bag at the end of the mouth ; apo to pherein, because it con- veys the food into the stomach. Phrenic or diaphragmatic nerve. Phrrnes the diaphragm; from phrene the mind ; because the ancients supposed it to be.the 6eat of the mind. Physiology. That part of natural history which treats ofthe actions and functions of an ani- mated body ; from phusis nature, and legos a discourse. Pia mater. The innermost membrane ofthe bruin ; so called, because it embraces the brain a3 a good mother folds her child. Placenta. The after birth ; from plakcus a take, from its resemblance to a cake. Pialysma-myoides. A muscle of the neck ; f cot, platens broad, mus a muscle, and eidos resemblance. Pleura. The membrane lining the thorax ; pleura the side. Pkxus. A kind of net-work of vessels or rierves; from plecto to weave together. Pruepuce, or foreskin of the penis ; from prce- —250— pufo-to cut off before, because the eastern na- tions usually cut it off. Psoas. A muscle; so called; from psoa the loin; being situated in-the loins. . Pterygoid process ; from pterin; a pen, or wing, and e/dos likeness; so called, from its like- ness to a pen, or wing.- Pylorus. The lower orifice of the stomach, which opens into the-intestines ; from puloo- to guard an entrance, because it guards, as it- # were, the entrance of the bowels* R. Rsphe. A suture. Raphe from rapio to sew,. Rencs. The kidneys, apq tou rein, because through them the urine flows. Retina. The net-like expansion of the optic nerve, on-ite inner surface ofthe eye; from- rctc a net. Rhomboides. A muscle, so called from its shape ; from rombos a geometrical figure, ^ whose sides are equal but not right-angled, fcand eidos a likeness. Sfula. The knee pan ; a dim. of rota a T wheel, from its shape. s- 9 Sacrum. A bone ; so called, from sacer sa- —seo— ercd, because it was once offered in sacri- frees. Salvatella. A vein of the foot; so called, be- cause it wa3 thought the opening it preserved health, and cured melancholy ; from salvo to preserve. Sanguis. The blood ; apo tou saien guia, be- cause it preserves the body, Sartorius. A muscle, so called, bccapse taylors cross their legs with it; from sartor a tay.'or. Scapha. The depression of the outer ear before m the antihelix ; from skaphe a little boat or skiff; from skapto to dig, because skiffs were formerly only trees made hollow. Scaphoides. A bone of the carpus, so called, from its resemblance to a skiff; from skaphe a skiff, and eidos a likeness. ^ Sclerotic. A term applied to the outermost or hardest membrane of the eye ; from skleroo to make hard. Sella Turcica. Part of the sphcenoid is so cal- led, from its supposed resemblance to a Tuik* ish saddle. ft Sesamoid bones : from sesamec an Indianf grain, and eidos a likeness, from their resem- blance to the semen sesami. Sigmoid, Parts are so called, from their resem- -~2tfl-~. blance to the letter s ; from s the letter Sig- ma, and cedes, likeness. Sphenoid bone ; from sphene a wedge, and eidos likeness, it being shaped like a wedge. Sphincter. The name of several muscle?,. whose office it is to shut up the aperture a- round which they are placed ; from sphinga to shut up. Splanchnology. The doctrine of the viscera j: from splanknon an entrail, and logos a dis- course. Symphysis. A connexion of bones ; from sumphuo to grow together. Synarthrosis. A connexion of bones; from* sun, with, and arthron a joint. Synchondrosis. A species of union-of bones by means of cartilage ;. from sun with, and kondros- a-cartilage. Syndesmology. The doctrine of the ligaments;- from sundesmos* a ligament, and logos a, discourse. JU-ndesmosis. A species of union of bones by ^ftmeans of ligament; from sundesmos a liga- ^lymenr. Syneurosis.. A species of connexion of bones by- means of membrane ; from sun with, and' neuron a nerve ; because membranes, liga- —252— ment?, and tendon*, were by the ancient* considered as nerves. Syssarcosis. A species of connexion of bones by means of muscle ; from sun with, aid sarx flesh. Systole. The contractile motion of the hear? and arteries ; from sustello to contract. T. Tendon. From teino to extend.' Theca. The spinal canal is called iheca vert&-~ bralis ; from theke from iliemi to put. Thorax. , Thorax. The breast or chest ; from. thoreo to leap, because in it the heart beats. Thyro. Names compounded with this word be- long to muscles, which are attached to the- thyroid cartilage. . Thyroid cartilage; from thureos a shield, and eidos likeness, because it is shaped like a shield. . Trachea.- The wind pipe; so called, from its roughness, from trskuse rough. Trapezoid bone3 of the carpus; from trcpezi a four-sided figure, and eides likeness Trochanter. A process of the thigh honej called, from treko to run, because the muscl inserted in, these parts perform the effice of running, \ if5 DISS —203 Trochlea. A kind of cartilaginous pulley, through which the tendon of one of the mus- cles ofthe eye passes ; from treko to run. Trochoids. A species of articulation of bones; .from trokos a wheel, and eidos likeness; be- cause one bone moves round upon another, like a wheel upon its axle-tree, U. TJlna. A name for the cubit; from olene the cubit. Ureter/ The, canal which conveys the uriae from the kidney to the bladder ; from ouron urine. Urethra. The passage through which the u- rine passes from the bladder ; from ouron the urine. Uvea. The posterior lamina of the iris, so called, because in beasts (which the ancients chiefly dissected) it is of the colour of unripe grapes ; from uva an unripe grape, Uvula. The glandular substance which hangs •down from the middle of the soft palate ; so ^kalled, from its resemblance to a grape. A Bm. of uva a grape. Valves. Little membranes, that prevent the —254— return of the blood in the veins &nd arteries :j from valvce folding doors. Vertebrae. The bones of the spine- ar;e so cal- led, from verto to turn. Vomer. A bone of the nose, so called, from its resemblance to a ploughshare ; from t'omo t6 turn up. X. Xiphoid cartilage, so called, from its resenv blance to a sword ; from xipho: ^swcrd, and eidos likeness, %. ,,, -Zygoma. The cavity under the zygomatic process of the temporal bone ; from zugos a yoke, because it tranjgJBJ^he tendon of • the temporal muscle Jlte tmto' a- yoke. \p THE END. & my: MedL.Hist, wz 110 [SO?) -:::■".'■ :i.v^w IS ■'■.,i.'.'i; V' tV.-ic/aS:- . . ; - ',i' ^;^:^4^iJ -". ■-' '■ ..': :.■-v.')--v;^>;'. ■./■ti'V;?i,!iy:-|T - '=■ •■',■-: -';: ■.";.-M-:i^f:i : ■-.- -1' ' - ■■'.-'.-- -i-'■•■-■ ^j-.-V'-'/'vfe: ><;-..<-■' '■ '*••"';,' ■i^^^'Sv ■'• >'"V '"^'-'T^'^jWvi^i^l '.•' ,. :-;-',;j!n..;ii.,: i^«*