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                    THE


     APHORISMS


                    OF


          HIPPOCRATES,

   FROM THE LATIN VERSION OF VERHOOFB,

                   WITH &

IjITBRA-L TRANSLATION  ON THE OPPOSITE PAG£

                    AND

       EXPLANATORY  NOTES.





  QrI reyera vult proficere, Hippocratcm sibi cxcmplo proponct
                                 Plutarch.
THE  WORK INTENDED AS  A BOOK OF REFERENCE
          TO THE MEDICAL STUDENT.
    BY ELIAS MARKS, M. D.
Memtwr of the Physico.Medical Society of New-York
J13eto#orfi:
e^iNTBD AND SOLD BY COLLINS &t CO. NO. 189, £^R1'
                  STREET.

 1                   1817. 
               DISTRICT OF NEW-YORK, ss.
  BE IT REMEMBERED, That  on the twenty-fourth  day of
December, in  the  forty-second  year  of  the Independence of the
United States of America,  Collins Is? Co. of the said  district,  have
deposited in this office the  title of a book, the right whereof they
claim as proprietors, in the words and figures following, to wit:
  " The Aphorisms of Hippocrates,  from  the  Latin version of
Verhoofd,  with a  literal translation on the opposite page, and ex-
planatory notes.
  " 'O is irgoKowrat aXySces, ^ <rv \nz3o*.%a,rnv vagabvyua troTtrai.
  tc Qui revera vult proficere, Hippocratem sibi exemplo proponet.
                                              Plutarch.
  " The work intended as a book of reference to the medical stu-
dent.  By Elias Marks, M. D. Member of the Physico-Medica'I
Society of New-York."
  In conformity to the  act  of the  Congress of the United States.)
entitled  " An act for the encouragement of learning by securing the
copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors a£
such copies, during the time therein mentioned," and also an act,
entitled  "An act, supplementary to an act,  entitled an act for the
encouragement of  learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts
and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the
tinie therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the
arts of designing, engraving and etching historical and other priDts."
                                     JAMES DILL,
                  Glark ef the Southern District of New-York. 
  [Submitted to the Physico* Medical Society
of New-York, and published at the request of
that Association, pursuant to their Resolution,
dated December,  1817.] 
 
                TO
   STEPHEN ELLIOT, ESQUIRE,
 PRESIDENT OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL'
              SOCIETY,
     OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH-CAROLINA,
                AS A
       TRIBUTE OF RESPECT
                FOR
HIS LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC TALENTS.
        BY HIS OBEDIENT SERVANT,
                      THE AUTHOR 
 
APHORISMS
OF
HIPPOCRATES. 
 
PREFACE.
   The only translations  which I have seen
of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, is that of
M. Pariset,   printed  in   1816;*  and  the
English translation of C.  I. Sprengell,  done
in 1708.   The reader, by reverting to  the
French version, will perceive much of  para-
phrase, and  some  toumures de phrase,  by
no  means  correspondent  with  the original
text of the author, which I have frequently
subjoined  in  the margin.  Were it not  for
these objections, this  attempt  would be, in
a measure, supererogatory. I have preferred
the version of Verhoofd,  as adopted by  Pa-
riset,  not only  on account of the elegance
of its  latinity, but  from  its being next to
Heurnius,  the most literal of many which
I have had recourse to.   That of the learn-
ed Villebrune, of 1779, however correct in
the original text, is too diffuse and free in
• Aphoriama D'Hippocrates L atin-Francais, 
X
PREFACE.
its latin version,  to be again transfused into
the still  more  copious English:  and  there
was some danger, lest in recurring to a para-
phrastic, instead  of a literal translation, that
not only  the spirit, but some  of the original
matter might be lost.

  The  Leyden edition  of Johannes  Heur-
nius, *  possesses, perhaps, the  most  close
and literal translation  of any I have yet seen,
and is in its  style, so analagous  to  that  of
Verhoofd,  that the  reader,  by  comparing
them, will be irresistibly led to the inference,
that the latter  is no  more than a revision of
the former.   But what the various commen-
tators  have  differed most  upon,  is  the
genuineness of some portions of  this work.
While  some  condemn  the seventh  and
eighth sections as  altogether spurious, and
as differing in style  from the terse,  Ionic
dialect of the original; others view them as
genuine in the  main, but as containing many
interpolations and alterations.   Among these,
Villebrune has  given,  as genuine, six sections,
and the  greatest part of the  seventh (down
to Aphor. 66,)  observing at the conclusion,—
* Hipp. Co'i Aphor. Grjece etLatine. Lug. Batav. 1627. 
PREFACE.               XI
" Reliquos ut absurdos, inutilesve, cum Me-
letio, Philotheo, Arabibus,  pluribus Grseci
neglexi."

   But although Villebrune has  arrayed  on
his side some stout oppositionists, yet there
are others, equally strong, who  maintain the
integrity  of  the work  handed down to us.
Amidst so many  contradictory,  and  yet re-
spectable   authorities,  the  Medical  Tyro
stands bewildered, and like the devout Mus-
sulman, knows not wherein consists the ve-
ritable part.  Besides, this «' ratio sufficiens"
of  Villebrune, might be  equally extended
to  many  Aphorisms  throughout the work;
and the gleaner of absurdities might derive
as fine a harvest from the works  of the Coan
Sage, as  from  any of  the  ancients extant,
not excepting the divine Plato, or the critical
Aristotle.   No one will seriously attempt to
defend, although he may  palliate the errors,
imperfections and absurdities of Hippocrates;
—they were  incident to the age in which he
lived,  when  the  influx  of scientific  light
which beams on the present day, was yet in
the antipodes. 
XU               PREFACE.
   I obtained the English translation of C. I.
Sprengell,*  after  I had  nearly  completed
my  labours,  and,  in adverting  to it, was
more than  ever  convinced  of the  neces-
sity  of a more correct,  literal, and elegant
translation; in  attempting which, it is  left
for others to decide,  how far I  have suc-
ceeded.
* In the Librar7 of the Nevr-York Hojpital* 
           STRICTURES
                ON THE
LIFE  AND  WRITINGS
                 OF
        HIPPOCRATES,
   Hippocrates, distinguished by the titles
of Father of Medicine and Prince of Phy-
sicians, was born in the island  of Cos,  in
the first year of the 80th Olympiade, and
460 years  before the  Christian  era.   Of
his history,  like that of most men of science,
very little seems to be perfectly known ; and
indeed  the  whole of  it is so involved, in
doubt,  so interwoven with intentional  fraud
and anachronism, that  it is only by collating
the testimony of the  many authors who have
spoken  of him,  that the critical Biographer
is  enabled to arrive at  any thing like the
truth. *   He  was   cotemporary  with the   ^ \
greatest men  of Greece,—Socrates,  Hero-     I
dotus, Thucydides, Democritus, and others;
and was of the family of the Asclepiades, being
himself the eighteenth lineal descendant from
iEsculapius, and the seventeenth from Po-
          * See Cyclopaedia Edin. Art. Hipp.
                  2 
XIV       LIFE  AND WRITINGS

dalirius,  the latter of whom, with Machaon*
accompanied the allied  Greeks  against  the
Trojans.*   By  his mother's side he  also
claimed lieneage with the Heraclidae.  From
iEsculapius downwards, the family of the As-
clepiades were devoted to the cultivation of
medicine, and, like the Levites  of the Jews,
were unwilling that the inheritance of their
fathers should depart from their house.   It
was thus, that the learning and science of the
age were successively  tranmitted from  one
generation to another, and were as tenaciously
guarded from  the votarist of wisdom, as were
the Apples of the Hesperides, or  the Fleece of
Colchis, from  the adventurous heroism of the
times.   The art of printing, which, in  after
ages, gave so wide a range to observation and
facts, which established as it were a commu-
nion of knowledge, and transmitted to a suc-
ceeding age the labours of that which had pre*
ceeded,  was then unknown.  Consequently
there was a monopoly of ideas  as there  was
cf power, although in the  present enlightened
age, they are the most opposite  principles in
 the elements of civil and political govern-
 ment.
                 * Illiade,B. II. 
OF  HIPPOCRATES.
XV
  We may then easily conceive how a fami-
ly like the  Asclepiades,  directing all their
energies to  the  cultivation of a  particular
science, and making all their learning and
observation  contributive to its advancement,
should, with each succeeding generation, find
new truths developed, and a new  series of
facts to act upon.   Yet it does not detract
from the glory of Hippocrates, that his were
the materials of  along line of ancestry—that
the tide of knowledge which he poured in up-
on  the world, should have been the  contri-
butions  of successive auxiliary  streams,
which, falling into one channel, had rolled on-
ward through a space of five centuries.  How-
ever gigantic be the manhood of Science, its
infancy is not always the infancy of a Hercu-
les ;  however potent be its final energies, it
is,  in its origin, for the most part, feeble, and
in its progress to  maturity, tedious, slow,
and interrupted.  In tracing the gradual ad-
vance of any art, how small a proportion does
each individual contribution bear to the grand
result;—how great the difference between the
rough-hewn, mishapen Hermes of the  Egyp-
tian, and the breathing, speaking, animated
Marble of  the Greek !  The poet and ora- 
XVI       LIFE  AND WRITINGS

tor may start up  a giant, but Science, like
the mythological world of the ancients,  has
had its  origin from an Egg-shell.
   Although the sacred mantle of the Ascle-
piades descended upon the shoulders of Hip-
pocrates, yet he possessed too enlarged  and
philanthropic a  mind to aim at confining the
mass of knowledge bequeathed by his ances-
tors solely to his own family.  With the em-
pirical practice of his predecessors he combi-
ned the gymnastic medicine of Herodicus,
under whose brother, Gorgias,  he is said to
have studied philosophy and eloquence.  He
was, however, both in his practice and wri-
tings, a true eclectic, admitting or rejecting
what preceding ages had offered to  his notice,
only as they accorded  or differed with his
own observation and experience.   The  ab-
stract theories of Sectarian  philosophy were
carefully seperated  from what he considered
the rational principles of practice.
   " Hippocrates Cous primus  quidem,  ex
omnibus memorise dignis, ab studio sapientis
disciplinam   hanc  (philosopham)  separavit>
vir et arte et  facundia ins ignis.*
* Cslsu.s. 
            OF HIPPOCRATES.         Xvft

  Like the  philosophers of that age," he ad-
ded to the traditionary knowledge he had re-
received, the instruction which travel, obser-
vation,  and an intercourse with the most en-
lightened men of his time  afforded.    Deriv-
ing new accession of facts from the various
countries  which  he.  visited,  he  made the
tour of Greece and  Asia Minor, and took up
his abode  in Larissa, the capital of Thessaly.
Most of the stories, so highly interesting, re-
lated of him by Soranus and others, are dis-
carded by the critics ; such as his discover-
ing, by his art, that the illness of the young
Perdiccas was owing to the love he bore to
Phila,  the  mistress  of his  father, king  of
Macedon;  and his  visits  to the  philosopher
Democritus, of Abdera, at the solicitation of
the Abderites,  whom  they  deemed  insane,
but whom Hippocrates pronounced the wi-
sest  and most sane man  of Abdera.   The
supposed  letter of the Abderites to Hippo-
crates, on this occasion, is still extant.  The
cure of the young Perdiccas, is, however, by
most writers,  ascribed to  another physician
(Erasistratus,)  and  his visit to Democritus
appears to be altogether  a fictitious drama,
wrought up by some writer who flourished.
                     2* 
    XV1.U      LIFE  AND WRITINGS

    lo$g after;him.   The account given by  Ae-
    tius", of the part he took in the dreadful plague
    which visited Athens in the time of Pericles,
    has met a refutation from the judicious Le
    Clerc*  Plutarch  ascribes the actions there-
    in related  of Hippocrates, to one Acron of
    Agrigentum; and  Dr.  Ackermari thinks that
    these fictitious circumstances were coloured
    up long after the death of Hippocrates by the
    Dogmatic Sect  who regarded him as "their
    founder.      -  C
      But the fame of Hippocrates does not  con-
    sist in a few  interesting incidents, heightened
    by classical  feeling, and rendered prominent
    by  classical association;—it rests upon a
    more stable  and imperishable base;  on the
 4  vast accession he made to  the science which
L-ri- he professed, and on his endeavours to form a
 "  complete system of medicine, founded upon
 1\.  observation and rational deduction.  After a
    life spent in  the most useful labours, and de-
    voted to the  purposes of humanity,  he  died
    at Larissa, in Thessaly, at the advanced age
    of one hundred  and nine.  The epithet, di-
    vine, was affixed to his name ;  statues  and
             * Vide Cyclopad. Edin. Art. Hipp.     '  • -*' »
       n. 
            OF  HIPPOCRATES.         xix

temples were erected to his memory ; and in-
cense  was offered up on altars dedicated to
his divinity.
   It is by comparing the medical knowledge
of Hippocrates,  with what it was previous to
his time, that we shall be enabled to form an
estimate of the services which he has render-
ed the science, of which he has been consid-
ered the founder.   The. limits of a work,
like the present, will not permit our entering
upon a critical analysis of the  peculiar doc-
trines  of Hippocrates, or a  general detail of
the subjects upon  which he  has written.*
We merely purpose to advert to a few of the
leading  principles  upon which his gene-
ral doctrines  rest, as they serve to illustrate
some of his pathological observations, in the
following work.
   He  supposes  a principle,  '% <p«/s'*> which per-
vades  the material creation, and which serves
as the  motive  power of  elementary matter.
This principle is the cause  of animal life and
motion, and through it, the blood and spirits
receive heat, life, and sensation. It will be per-
ceived, that the " nature," »>"«'» ofHippocra-

  •* Vide" Omnia Opera Foesit." et Cydspstd. Edin..Art,Hipp. 
XX
LIFE AND  WRITINGS
tes,  is the " Archeus"—the  " Vital  princi-
ple,"—the  " Sensorial  Power,"—"  The
Excitability,"—and  the " Vis  Medicatrix
Nature" of succeeding writers.   The Dog-
matic  Sect,  who  claimed  Hippocrates  as
their founder,*  paid the  greatest deference
to his '»j 4>v«'s, and viewed her  as the vis con-
servatrix in all  derangements of  the  animal
economy.    Their practice  was, therefore,
passive,  not  operative.  The symptoms  of
disease were so many preservative efforts of
the vis medicatrix to  throw off the morbific
matter, after being duly   concocted.   We
may trace the  spirit  of this  erroneous doc-
trine, through  sucessive ages, down  to our
own time.  It  was maintained, and defended
by the  illustrious Sydenham, though very
little influencing his practice, and forms, at
this day, the basis of the Theory of the French
School.   Its tendency  in Medicine, like the
doctrine  of predestination in Ethics,  goes  to
paralize every intellectual effort;   and its  a-
doptionby the most scientific nation in Europe
can only be ascribed  to that classical mania
which  measures  every species of  excellence
* See this claim refuted, Cyclopa&d ; Edia. Art. Medicine; 
            OF HIPPOCRATES.          XXI

by a Greek and Roman scale. But it does not
appear, in recurring to  the writings of Hip-
pocrates,  that  he gave the same indefinite
scope  to  the  curative agency of \ature in
diseases, as was deputed to her by his reput-
ed followers, who,  like true  sectarians, dis-
regarding the spirit,  adhered religiously to
the literal body.
  The anatomical knowledge of Hippocrates
was necessarily circumscribed by the age in
which he lived,  when  a  material theology,
combined with the  grossest superstition,  for-
bade a recourse to dissections ; and  when the
superficial know ledge which the  student ob-
tained of the  structure of the human body,
was derived from comparative anatomy,  and
the  opportunities   which accident  afford-
ed.  To  this  may  be ascribed  most of his
physiological and pathological errors ;  and if,
to this, we add the  extreme deficiency of the
age, in the auxiliary sciences of medicine, so
far  from wondering at the errors which we
encounter in his writings, we  shall  be lost in
admiration,  at the  sagacity  and almost in-
tuitive  wisdom  which he  evinces  in  his
knowledge of the nature and seat of diseases.
  We shall not advert to the  many singular 
 XXil       LIFE AND WRITINGS

 and ridiculous notions, which, like spurious
 veins of earth amidst the metallic splendour
 of the  mine, may  be  found interspersed
 among the writings  of Hippocrates.  Long
 after him,  when  the  anatomical  labours  of
 Erasistratus  and Herophilus  threw a con-
 siderable light on the structure of the human
 body, most of these errors and  absurdities
 were maintained and defended ; and we have
 only to  turn over the pages of Aristotle and
 of Plato, to observe these anomalies  of ge-
 nius,  modified into form, and  extended into
 system.  The curative plan of Hippocrates
 was extremely simple.  He depended much
 on the resources of nature, but not to the ex-
 tent afterwards adcpted by his followers ; and
 recommends  a reliance upon her, in prefer-
 ence to a dependance on a rash and uncertain
 remedy.   The most simple plan of treatment
 was sometimes alternated with  tht use of the
 most  violent  and  active  medicines,  such
 as Hellebore,  Elaterium,   Col) cinth,  and
 Scammony. Avoiding indecision on the one
. hand, and a rash  precipitancy on the other, he
 appears to have been prompt, yet judicious ^
 decisive,  and yet calm. 
            OF  HIPPOCRATES.        XXU1

  But it is chiefly in matters of fact and ob-
servation, that the greatness of Hippocrates
consists.   The  technical language of our
own times, is, in a measure, drawn from his
writings.    He   first divided diseases  into
epidemic, endemic, and sporadic, according to
the present acceptations of these terms ; and
these diseases he again divides into acute and
chronic.  The duration of an acute disease was
distinguished by the beginning, height, decline',
and termination.   In the third stage of the
disease,  decoction took place ;  and the crisis
was placed between this  and the last stage.
As he observed the crisis to supervene, for
the most part, on particular  days, he institu-
ted  his dies critici, and  thence deduced his
prognostica symptomata*  Besides  devoting
his pen to the various departments of medi-
cal knowledge, he paid much attention, in the
education  of his pupils,  to  what may  be
called ethical  medicine.    His ideas of the
dignity of his  profession, were as fully ex-
emplified  in  his life, as  they are  elegantly
given in his writings :
   " Decet etiam moribus  honestis elegantem
esse.  Et cum talem  se  praestiterit,  erga 
 Xxiv     LIFE AND  WRITINGS

omnes insuper et gravis  et  humanus esto,
Promptitudo enim et  facilitas medendi ef-
fuse oblata, ab segris contemnitur :  quamvis
alioqui summae benignitatis   officium illud
sit."*
   Indefatigable  and successful  in  his  re-
searches, he greatly enlarged the empire of
medicine.  His  pathology and principles of
cure are,  with a few exceptions and modifi-
cations, those of our own times.  Yet how
few who pronounce his name with reverence
and respect, have ever  consulted his oracles.
Satisfied  with  doing homage  to his wisdom,
they have dispensed with its precepts.  When
the Goths, in the recesses  of tltirfc rests, had
tasted,  for the first time, the vintage of Italy,
they eagerly  marched  forward  in quest of
the land which had produced  it:  how much
less  ardour does the student evince,  who is
satisfied with receiving at  secondary and ter-
nary sources, that wisdom which may be  ob-
tained at  the fountain-head, pure and unadul-
terated.
   The name  of Hippocrates  has  become
* Be Medico, Hipp. 
            OP HIPPOCRATES,        XXV
                          «
 identified  with the  science which  he pro-
 fessed.   Ms was the ambition which seeks
 the aggrandizement of self  in encompassing
 the happiness  of others ; his the wished for
 glory, whose  throne is cotemporary grati-
 tude, and whose crown—the blessings of af-
 ter ages.  His object was to enlarge the do-
 mains of Medicine by multiplying her re-
 sources, and by exciting an  emulation among
 her votaries.  Before his time, Medicine was
 the art of priests and of jugglers : he rescued
 her from the degrading thraldom into which
 she had fallen,  and  raised her to the dignity
 of a Science.  Greece listened with reverence
 to his precepts—his sentences were heard
 amidst the  groves of the Academus and the
 assemblages of the  Porch, and Philosophy
 herself was proud to enlist  beneath the ban-
 ners he had elevated.

  Independent of the advantages  to be de-
rived  from the study of the ancient Authors,
there is connected with the enthusiasm which
urges us on to the  pursuit, a  spirit-stirring
curiosity, which prompts us to seek for the
sources of those streams of  knowledge,  that,
in our own times, dispense their blessings to
                     3 
XXVI     LIFE AND \vRITINCS, &C

mankind.   Added  to  this,  the energy and
vigour  which  characterize  their attempts,
may serve to impart a nerve to our own ex-
ertions, and furnish examples to incite us on
to similar undertakings.  However ample be
the forces of genius, they need some rallying
point to impart to them confidence, and some
authority to marshal their numbers, and give
direction to their efforts.  The memories of
Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galileo, Harvey, Ba-
con, Newton, Franklin and Fulton, would
live in the gratitude of after-ages,  were even
their  individual contributions  lost  to pos-
terity.  Each,  as  it were,  gave a fulcrum to
the human  mind, and enlarged the sphere of
its exertions.   Their very names will serve
as  watch-words to  animate the timid votary
of Science  onward,  and to nerve him up for
the encounter; and their memories,like signal-
fires, blazing from afar, and streaming through
the lapse of ages, will, in the darkest night of
the  human intellect, serve to assemble  the
few scattered  partisans of wisdom,  and  bid
them hope! 
 
HIPPOCRATIS
i\ipm(D]aassmia
                SECTIO I.
   1. Vita  brevis, ars longa,  occasio  pra3-
 ceps,* experientia fallax, judicium  difficile.
 Oportet autem non modd se ipsum exhibere
 qua? oportet facientem, sed etiam aegrum, et
 praesentes, et externa.

   2.  In perturbationibus alvi,  et vomitibus
 Sponte evenientibus, siquidem qualia oportet
 purgari, purgentur, confert, et facile ferunt;
 sin minus,  contra.  Sic et  vasorum  eva-.
 cuatio, siquidem qualem fieri decet, fiat,  con-
fert,  et facile  ferunt;  sin minus,  contra.
 Respicere igitur oportet, et regionem, et
tempestatem, et aetatem, et morbos,  in  qui-
bus convcnit, aut non.
 * Villebrune, in his version of 1779, **•» rendered Kmifis igri,
momentum urgent; but most translators agree with Verhoofd. 
          THE
AJP3B©IBaSSfli
           op
    HIPPOCRATES.
               SECTION I.
  1. Life is short, art long, occasion brief,
experience fallacious, judgment difficult.  It
is requisite that the Physician exhibit what
is essential, and that the patient, attendants,
and all which surrounds him, concur therein.

  2. In diarrhoea and spontaneous vomiting,
if the matter voided be of a nature that ought
to be expelled, let the patient be purged, for
in this case,  the evacuations are beneficial
and are easily supported; but  if the  effect
be otherwise, the contrary is indicated.   The
same rule obtains in vascular depletion;
when it  is judiciously had  recourse  to, it
is beneficial and is easily supported;  but if
it be otherwise, the  contrary  is indicated.
We ought, therefore, to  bear  in mind the
climate,  the season, the age and the disease,
and thence infer whether these things be be-
neficial or otherwise.
                     3* 
30      HIPPOCRATIS  APH0RISMI.
   3.  In exercitantibus  boni habitus ad sum-
mum  progressi,  periculosi,  si in  extremo
fuerint.*  Non enim possunt in eodem ma-
nere, neque quiescere.  Cum vero non qui-
escant, neque ultra possint  in melius profi-
cere, reliquum est igitur ut in deterius.  Ho-
rum igitur causa, bonum habitum haud cunc-
tanter solvere confert, quo  rursus renutri-
tionis principium sumat corpus.  Neque con-
sidentias  ad extremum ducendse; periculo-
sum  enim:  sed  qualis  natura  fuerit ejus
qui perferet, eo usque ducendse.   Sic et eva-
cuationes ad extremum ducentes, periculosas;
et rursus refectiones,  cum extremse fuerint;,
gericulosae.

   4.  Tenuis et  exquisitus  victus,   et  in
longis morbis semper, et  in  acutis, ubi non
convenit,  periculosus.  Et rursus,  ad  ex-
tremum tenuitatis progressus victus, difficilis.
Nam et repletiones ad extremum progressae.
difficiles sunt.

  * Sensum hujus loci recte dat Celsus lib. i. " Sed ut hujus generis-.
exercitationes cibique necessarii  sint, sic athletici supervacui, c. I.
Ac ne his quidem athletarnm exemplo, immodicus esse labor debcr..
c. i. Implet autem corpus niodica exercitatio." Villebrune. Nc:x.
Critic*. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    31
          m
  3. In those having an  excess of health,
violent exercise is dangerous; for in such con-
stitutions an equilibrium of health cannot be
maintained.  And  as their temperament  of
health is neither stationary nor progressive, it
must, of necessity, have a rotrograde tendency.
For these reasons, therefore, we should speedily
set about reducing this extreme of health,  in
order that the body may take upon itself a new
principle  of nutrition.  Neither should this
reduction be  carried too  far, for we should
be guided by the  strength and constitution
of  the patient.   Thus the extremes of reple-
tion and depletion  are equally to be avoided,
as both are attended with danger^*

   4. In protracted illness, a severe  and thin
regimen  is  always  dangerous,  and  it is
equally so in acute maladies, where it accords
not with the constitution of the patient.  And
again,—an attenuated regimen carried too far
is  as  difficult  to support, as an excess of
repletion. 
32     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!;
                                •
   5.  In tenui  victu delinquunt  aegri;  ob
id magis lseduntur.   Omne enim delictum,
quod committitur, multo majus fit in tenui,
quam in paulo pleniore victu.*   Propterea.
etiam sanis  periculosus  est valde  tenuis, et
constitutus,  et  exquisitus victus, quia de-
licta gravius ferunt.   Ob hoc  igitur tenuis
et exquisitus victus periculosus magis, quam
paulo plenior.

   6.  Ad extremos morbos, extrema remedia:
exquisite optima.

   7.  Ubi igitur peracutus est  morbus,  sta~
tim extremes habet  labores, et extreme te-
nuissimo victu  uti necesse est.   Ubi  vero
non,  sed pleniorem victum exhibere licet,
tantiim a tenui recedendum,  quantum mor-;
bus remissior extremis fuerit.

   8;  Cum morbus in vigore fuerit, tunc vei
fenuissimo victu uti necesse est.

   9.  Considerare oportet etiam segrotantem,

  3 Hfc carpit et monet aactor medicos sui tempom, qui gravirer^
tit- -plorimom, errebarit in tenui ori diata prsscribendl  Vtlkbnnxe-- 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    3&

   5. The sick frequently err in the adoption
 of a spare diet.   They are  therein the  more
 injured.  In the  choice  of regimen,  more
 evil results  from  abstraction than  from a
 small  excess.   A thin,  frugal,  and  over-
 exact  regimen  accords not  even with the
 man in health, who grievousl}' supports the
 privation.  Hence, in general, the superiority
 of a due refection over  that which is de-
 ficient.             **
   6.  The greater  the evil—the more  vigo-
 rous the remedy.

   7.  In  acute  diseases  the most  violent
 symptoms supervene: the severest regimen
 is, therefore, to be observed.  But if  these
 symptoms be wanting,  a more generous diet
 is to be permitted; only we are to have re-
 course to it,  in proportion to the subsidence
 of the malady.
   8. When the disease attains most vigour-—
 then it is, that the severest regimen is re-
 quired.
   9. In  the  prescribing of  regimen,  we are
 to consider, whether it  be sufficient to  sup.
port the patient until the disease  attain its
height; whether before this period, the patient 
34     HIPPOCRATIS ArHORISMI.

num  ad morbi vigorem  victu  sufficiat, et
an prius ille deficiat, et victu non  sufficere
possit, vel morbus prius deficiat, et  obtun-
datur.
   10. Quibus igitur statim vigor adest,  sta-
tim tenuiter  alendi.   Quibus vero  in pos-
tcrum vigor, his ad illud, et paulo ante illud
tempus,  subtrahendum.   Antea vero ube-
riiis alendum, ut sufficiat ager.
   II.  In  exacerbationibus  cibum  subtra-
here oportet:  exhibere enim, noxium est.
Et quascunque per circuitus exacerbantur,
in exacerbationibus subtrahere oportet.*

   12.  Exacerbationes  autem  et constitu-
tiones  indicabunt morbi, et anni tempora,
et periodorum  collata  inter  se  incrementa,
sive quotidi ■,  sive  alternis  diebus,  sive
longiore fiant tempore.   Quin etiam et per
ea, qua?  mox  apparent,  eadem  indicantur,
velut in pleuriticis sputum,  si statim  circa

  " Aph. ii. desumitur  e lib.  Diat. Acut. p. 68,69. Binas  sunt
partes hujus aph. Prior de morbis cum fel^e, longis vel acutis;
posterior de morbis periodicis cum ve! sine febre.   Vilhhrune, 
APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.    35
may sink from an inability to support the regi-
men ;  or, whether the malady will, thereby,
be previously broken and overcome.

   10.  In those diseases which quickly ar-
rive at their  climax,  a thin regimen should
immediately  be adopted.  In  those  which
attain  it at a somewhat later period, we should
at,  or  before that period, subtract from their
diet:  but until  then,  sufficient nourishment
should be  allowed, that the strength of the
patient may be supported.
   11. During the exacerbations,  food is  to
be suspended:  to administer it at that time
would be injurious.   When the returns are
periodical,  the diet  is to  be withdrawn on
the coming on  of the paroxysms.
    12. The nature  of diseases,  with their
paroxysms, are ascertained by regarding the
time of the  year—the comparative succession
©f periods;—observing  also,  whether the
exacerbations occur each day, or on alternate
days,  or at  greater  intervals.*   The same
result is obtained by  attending  to  present
   • The following distich comprehends the general heads frcmi
 which indications are taken :
       " Ars, Betas, regio, complexio, virtus,
       " Mos et symptoms, repktio, tcrapus et usus." 
36*      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

initia subappareat, morbum brevem;  si vero
posteriiis,  longum futurum  denunciat.   Et
urinae,  et alvi excrementa', et  sudores, cum
apparent, vel judicatu faciles, vel  difficiles,
vel breves, vel longos fore morbos indicant.
   13. Senes facillime jejunium ferunt;  se-
cundo  setate  consistentes  minime adoles-
centes,  omnium   minime  pueri;  ex   his
autem, qui inter ipsos sunt alacriores.*

   14. Quae crescunt, plurimum habent  ca-
lidi  innati;  plurimo igitur  egent alimento;
sin minus, corpus consumitur.  Senibus au-
tem paucus calcr;  propterea.  paucis fomiti-
bus  indigent,  a. multis  enim  extinguitur.
Idcirco etiam  febres  senibus  non  similiter
acuta?.   Frigidum  enim est corpus.

   15. Ventres  hyeme et vere  naturft  sunt
  • The ancients distinguish six different stages of existence.
      JElzs pueriti;e, childhood; to the5th year.
      ----adolescentue, youth ; to the 25th year.
      -----juventutis ; from the 25th to the 35th year.
      -----virilis, manhood ; from the 35th  to the 50th year.
      -----senectutis, old age ; from the 50th to the 60th year
      -----crepita, decrepitude; ending in death. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     37

symptoms ;  as in pleurisy, if the flow of sa-
liva take place at  the  commencement, the
duration of  the disease will  be short; if at
a later period—it will  be  more  extended.
The alvine,  urinary, and cutaneous excre-
tions, serve to indicate whether the disease
will be mild or severe, short  or protracted.

   13.  Old men bear abstinence best; nexfc,
those who have  attained their climacteric;
adolescence, less ;  and infancy, least;—but
of all  these, the vivacious support it most
easily.

   14.  The  growing body has most of innate
heat,  and, therefore, requires most aliment;
otherwise the constitution suffers.  Old men
have less heat, and, therefore, need less food.
An over quantity would injure them. It, there-
fore, follows,that fevers have not that acute ten-
dency with the aged which they have with the
youthful; with the former the body is cold.
   15.  In winter  and in  spring the stomach
is necessarily warmer,  and  the sleep  more
extended.   In those  seasons,  therefore, a
more generous diet is to be  permitted;  for
the augmentation of innate  heat  demands a
                     4 
38      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

eallidissimi, et  somni  longissimi.   In  his
igitur  temporibus  copiosiora cibaria exhi-
benda sunt; innatum enim calorem majorem
habent;  ideoque  copiosiore indigent  ali-
mento.  Indicio sunt aetates et Athletse.
  16.  Victus humidus, cum febricitantibus
omnibus,  turn  maxim e pueris, et alliis tali
victu uti consuetis, confert.

  17.  Animadvertendi sunt etiam  quibus
semel, aut bis,  et quibus  plura vel pauciora,
et per  partes exhibenda.   Concedendum au-
tem aliquid et consuetudini, et tempestati,
et regioni, et setati.

  18.  iEstate et  autumno cibos difficillime,
ferunt ■: hyeme facillime ; deinde vere.

   19.  Quibus  per  circuitus exacerbantur,
nihil dato, neque cogito,  sed de  appositione
detrahito ante judicationes.

  20.  Quae judicantur, et judicata sunt per-
fecte,  ea neque moveto,  neque medicamen-
tis,  neque aliis  irritamentis innovato,  sed
sinito.
  21.  Quae  ducere  oportet,  quo  maxime 
      APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.    39

more plentiful aliment.  This is  observable
in youth, and in the habits of the Athletse.
   16. A moist aliment accords well with fe-
brile  constitutions—remarkably  well  with
children—and with all those to whom use has
made it essential.
   17. Note well  the constitution,  wherein
food is (Jaily) required either once, or twice
—in greater or less quantities, or by a gra-
duated allowance.  But we  are to take into
consideration  habit,  season,  country,   and
age.
   18. In summer and autumn,  digestion is
difficult;  in winter, vigorous; in spring, in-
different.
   19.  In those diseases wherein  the exacer-
bations are periodical, neither give nor force
any thing, but let  the food be withdrawn be-
fore  the coming on of the paroxysm.
   20.  When the paroxysm is well ascertain-
ed, do not disturb it  either by medicines or
any new irritation  : leave it to itself.

   21.  That which is excrementitious, should 
40       HIPPOCRATIS APH0RISMI-.

vergant, ed ducenda, per convenientia loca..

  22.  Concocta purgare  et movere oportet,
non  cruda;  neque  in  principiis, nisi tur-
geant;  piurima vero non turgent.
  23.  Quae  prodeunt  non  copia sunt sesti:-
manda,  sed  si prodeant  qualia oportet,  et
facile  ferat.   Et ubi  ad  animi  deliquium
ducere oportet, id etiam faciendum, si asger
sufficiat.

  24.  In acutis  affectionibus  raro, et per
initia,  purgantibus utendum,  idque diligenti
prius adhibitd, cautione faciendum.

  25.  Si,  qualia purgari oportet, purgentur,
eonfert,  et  facile ferunt;  si  vero  contraria,
difficulter.*
 * Hie e secundo desumtus, nee hue male adductus, etsi non ab
Hippocrate, ut puto.  Villebrune. 
      APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.    41

be drawn off at the point to which it  most
tends, by the most convenient outlets.
  22.  Purgatives should be administered af-
ter  the  food on  the  stomach is concocted,
not  while  it  is yet  crude;  neither  should
they  be  given at the  commencement of
disease, lest turgescence ensue ;  though  thp
latter rarely occurs.
  23.  Depletion is not to be estimated by
its copiousness, but by its being judiciously
used, and  easily supported.   When it is ne-
cessary to  extend it ad deliquium animi, let
it be done,  bit previously  consult  the re-
sources of the patient.
  24.  In  acute affections, and  especially at
their commencement, purgatives ought rarely
to be used, and when permitted,  are  to be
administered with care.
   25. If  the  matter  voided  be  of a nature
that ought to be expelled, let the patient be
purged, for then, the evacuations are benefi-
cial, and are easily supported; but if the effect
be otherwise,  the contrary is indicated. (Vide
Aphor. 2.  Sect. 1.)
                   4* 
42      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMS.
SECTIO II.
  1. Quo in  morbo  somnus  laborem facit;
lethale.; si vero  somnus  juvet,  non  est
lethale.
  2. Ubi somnus delerium sedat, bonum.

  3. Somnus, vigilia,  utraque modum  ex-
cedentia, malum.
■  4. Non satietas,  non fames, neque aliud
quicquam  bonum  est,  quod  supra  naturas
modum fuerit.
  5. Lassitudines sponte obortae morbos de-
nuntiant.
  6. Quicumque aliqua corporis parte do-
lentes  dolorem fere  non sentiunt, iis mens
aegrotat.
  7. Attenuata longo tempore corpora lente
reficere oportet; quae vero brevi, celeriter.


  8. Si a morbo quis cibum capiens  non
roboretur, copiosiore alimento corpus uti sig- 
APHOBISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    43
SECTION II.
  I. In  disease, a laborious  sleep presages
great danger;  but if the slumber be refresh-
ing, it is favourable.
  2. When sleep  sooths  delerium,  it be-
tokens well.
  3.  Excessive sleep,  or wakefulness, are
alike injurious
  4. Neither  hunger nor satiety, nor any
excess which oversteps the bounds of nature
can be beneficial.
  5. Spontaneous  lassitude  foreshows dis-
ease.
  6. Whosoever  ruth  pain in any  part  of
his body, without  being sensible  thereof,  is
diseased in  mind.
  7. Where the waste of the body has been
gradual,  it should  be  gradually  restored;
where it is  rapid, our applications should  be
prompt.
   8.  If the convalescent acquire not strength
from the food he tak< s  it shows that the body 
 -14     HIPPOCRATIS  APHORISM!.

nificat.   Si vero cibum  non capienti  istud
eveniat, evacuatione indigere sciendum est.


   9.  Corpora, ubi quis purgare voluerit, fa-
cile fluentia reddere oportet.
   10. Impura corpora quo magis nutriveris,
eo magis lasdes.
   11. Facilius est potu repleri quam  cibo.

   12. Qua3  in  morbis post  crisim  relin-
quuntur, recidivas facere  solent.

   13. Quibus crisis fit, iis nox ante exacer-
bationem  gravis est;  sequens vero  leviov
plerumque.
   14.  In alvi profluviis dejectionem  muta-
tiones juvant, nisi in prava mutentur.

   15. Ubi fauces aegrotant,  aut tubercula
in corpore  exoriuntur,  excretiones inspicere
oportet;  si enim biliosEe fuerint, corpus una
aegrotat; si verd similes  sanis fiant, corpus
nutrire tutum est.

   16. Ubi fames, non oportet laborare.
   17. Ubi cibus prseter  naturam copiosior 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    45
needs a more plentiful supply.   But  if the
same effect  arise from an inability to partake
of food,  it sufficiently evinces the necessity
of purgatives.
   9. When it becomes  necessary to purge,
the evacuations  ought to be loose  and free.
   10.  Impure constitutions, when most nou-
rished, are most injured.
   11.  Liquids  replete  more  easily  than
solids.
   12.  The matter remaining in the body af-
ter  the crisis  is  past, often produces a re^
lapse.
   13.  The night preceding that in which the
crisis takes place, is distressing;  that which
follows, is more comfortable.
   14. In  alvine fluxes, a change in the de-
jections,  unless they assume  a  vicious ap-
pearance, is beneficial.
   15. When the  fauces are affected,  and
 tubercles arise therein, we  ought to examine
 the excretions ; when they are of a bilious na^
 ture, the entire body is affected ;  but if they
 be  as in health, we may safely impart nou.
 rishment
    16. During  hunger, labour is injurious.
    17. Excess  of  food  produces  disease, 
46     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

ingressus fuerit, id morbum creat.  Ostendit
autem sanatio.
   18.  Eorum  qua?   confertim  et celeriter
nutriunt, celeres etiam fiunt egestiones.

   19.  Morborum  acutorum  non omnino
tutse sunt pra;dictiones, neque mortis, neque
sanitatis.
   20.  Quibus, dum sunt juvenes, alvi sunt
humid f,  iis senescentibus  siccanur;  qui-
bus  vero, dum  sunt  juvenes,  alvi  siccse
sunt, his  senescentibus humectantur.

   21.  Famem  vini potio solvit.

   22.  A repletione quicumque fiunt morbi,
evacuatione sanantur;  et quicumque ab eva-
cuatione,  repletione;  sicque aliorum  con-
trarietas.

   23.  Acuti morbi in quatuordecim diebus
judicantur.

   24.  Septimorum quartus est  index. Al-
terius septimana? octavus est initium. Notan-
dus  vero  undecimus; is enim est quartus
alterius septimanae.  Notandus rursum de-
cimus  septimus:  hie  enim quartus est qui- 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     47

and, at the  same time, points out the  re-
medy.
   18.  Those aliments which quickly  and
agregately nourish, are soonest egested.

   19.  In  acute diseases, predictions of death
or recovery are not always unerring.

   20.  Those whose dejections, in youth,  are
humid, have with them more of siccity in
age ;  but if, on the  contrary, the dejections
have  a siccity  in youth,  they  acquire  hu-
midity with age.
   21.  A potion of wine allays hunger.

   22.  The sickness which  arises from  re-
pletion, is  cured by evacuation;  and that
which arises from  evacuation, by repletion.
Thus  opposites  are  counteractive of  each
other.
   23.  Acute maladies determine themselves
within fourteen days.

   24.  The fourth  day is  the  index  of  the
seventh;  the eighth, that  of the fourteenth.
The eleventh is to be noted,  as being  the
fourth day  of the  second week.  We are,
again, to  notice  the seventeenth;  it is the
\ 
48      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

dem  a decimo-quarto;  septimus  vero  ab
undecimo.*

  25.  Quartan®  aestiva?  plerumque  fiunt
breves ; autumnales vero  longae, et maxime
quae prope hyemem incidunt.

  26.  Febrem convulsioni supervenire me-
lius est, quam convulsionem febri.
  27.  His quse non secundum  rationem le-
vant, credere  non  oportet;   neque  timere
valde quae praeter rationem prava fiunt. Ho-
rum enim multa  inconstantia sunt, nee ad-
modum permanere, neque durare solent.

  28.  Eorum qui non omnind  leviter febri-
eitant, permanere et nihil remittere corpus,
aut  etiam  magis  quam  pro rati one  colli-
quefieri, malum est. Illud enim  morbi longi-
tudinem significat, hoc vero infirmitatem.


  29. Incipientibus morbis,  si quid moven-
dum videatur,  move;  vigentibus vero, qui-
escere melius est. f
  • " The Ancients put too much confidence in Pythagorick num-
bers, whereas, the Physician ought not to number the days, but
observe the exacerbations themselves." Cels. Lib. iii. c. v.
  f  Et hoc etiam intelligendum de motu e loco ad locum. Villi. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     49

fourth day, beginning with  the  fourteenth,
and  the seventh  day,  beginning  with the
eleventh.
  25.  Summer quartans are,  for  the most
part,  short;  those  of  autumn,  long;  espe-
cially when they  manifest  themselves  at the
commencement of winter.
  26.  It  is  much better  that convulsions
precede than that they should succeed fever.
  27.  We  should distrust  an  apparent  fa-
vourable change which cannot be accounted
for; neither ought we despair in those which,
without  any  reasonable   cause,  are  unfa-
vourable ;  for most of these transitions are
uncertain, transient, and variable.
  28. In fevers of a  serious aspect, where
the  body remains stationary without suffer-
ing any emaciation,—and also, in those where
the  waste is extreme,—the appearances are,  •
alike, unfavourable. ' The  former indicates a
protracted illness—the  latter an extreme de-
bility.
  29. In the commencement of illness,  if
motion be allowable, the patient may use  it ♦
but in the height of the disorder,  rest is es-
sential.
                     5 
£0      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  30. Circa  principia et fines  omnia  sunt
debiliora ; circa vigores verd, vehementiora.

  31. A morbo belle comedenti nihil  pro-
ficere corpus, malum est.

  32. Ut plurimum  omnes male habentes,
circa initia  quidem  bene  comedentes,  et
nihil  proficientes, ad  finem  rursus  cibum
non appetunt; qui vero  circa  initia  cibos
fastidiunt,  postea.  autem  bene  appetunt,
melius liberantur.

  33. In omni morbo, mente valere, et bene
se habere ad ea quse offerunter,  bonum est;
contrarium vero, malum.

  34. In morbis  minus periclitantur ii  quo-
rum naturae, et aetati, et habitui, et tempori
magis cognatus fuerit morbus, quam ii qui-
bus horum nulli similis fuerit.

   35. In omnibus morbis, partes quse  sunt
ad  umbilicum et imum ventrem, crassitudi-
nem habere melius est;  valde autem tenues
et  eliquatas  esse,  pravum.  Periculosum
yerd illud est etiam ad infernas purgationes. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    51

  30. At the commencement and  termina-
tion of disease,  all is debility—at its height,
all is vigour.
  31. If  the convalescent gain not  strength,
notwithstanding that he eats well—it shows
unfavourably.
  32. Almost all that suffer from indisposi-
tion, who  have at first  a good, but an un-
profitable appetite, become,  in the end, dis-
gusted with food; those, who, at the  com-
mencement of  illness, loathe their  victuals,
afterwards  regain  a relish  for it,  and  re-
establish their health soonest.
  33. In all diseases, if the patient evince a
sane mind, and be well disposed to all which
is offered, it is favourable;  the contrary is
unfavourable.
  34. If the disease be peculiar to the age,
constitution  and habits  of the patient, and
also to the  season  in which it occurs, it is
less dangerous  than that wherein the circum-
stances are different.
  35. In all diseases in  which the umbilical
and hypogastric regions  maintain their usual
plumpness, it is favourable;  but if  they be-
come flaccid and emaciated,  it is otherwise ;
the latter is the more dangerous when ac-
companied with diarrhoea. 
52      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  36. Qui sana habent corpora,  pharmacis
purgati  cito ex  solvuntur, ut et  qui  pravo
utuntur cibo.
  37   Qui  bene  valent  corpore,  purgatu
sunt difficiles.
  38.  Paulo deterior  et potus et  cibus, ju-
cundior autem, eligendus  potius quam me-
liores quidem, sed ingratiores.

  39. Senes ut plurimiim quidem juvenibus
minus aegrotant; quicumque vero ipsis mor-
bi fiunt diuturni,  plerumque commoriuntur.

  40.  Raucedines et  gravedines  in  valde
senibus non coquuntur.

  41. Qui saepe et vehementer, citra  mani-
festam  causam, animo linquuntur, ex  im-
proviso moriuntur.
  42. Solvere apoplexiam, vehementem qui-
dem,  impossibile :  debilem vero, non facile.

  43.  Ex strangulatis et dissolutis, necdiim
mortuis, ii non se recolligunt, quibus spuma
circa  os fuerit. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    63

  36.  They whose constitutions are healthy,
are as speedily broken down by purgatives?
as those who use an unwholesome diet.
  37.  With  those who enjoy bodily health,
purgatives do not easily operate.
  38.  Those aliments which  are  grateful,
although somewhat objectionable, are to be
preferred  to  those which  are  more whole-
some,  yet less grateful.
  39.  The aged are, for the most part, less
disposed to fall into disease than the young;
but, with them,  protracted diseases  generally
prove  fatal.
  40.  Catarrh and coryza, in  those who
are much  advanced  in age, do not  attain
concoction.
  41.  Those  who frequently and  suddenly,
without any apparent  cause,  fall  into as-
phyxia, are suddenly taken off.
  42.  In  violent fits of apoplexy, relief is
impossible;  in  those of  a  lighter nature,
difficult.
  43.  Those who are suffocated,  and those
who have   all the appearances of dissolution,
without being really  dead, are never resus-
citated, when they have a froth surrounding
the mouth.
                   5* 
54      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  44. Qui natura valde crassi  sunt,  magis
subito moriuntur, quam qui graciles.

  45. Epilepticis pueris, mutationes, max-
ime aetatis, et regionum, et vitae, liberationem
faciunt.
  46. Duobus doloribus simul obortis, non
in eodem  loco,  vehementior  obscurat al-
terum.
  47. Circa puris  generationes, dolores  et
febres magis accidunt,  quam ipso facto.

  48. In omni corporis motu, quandd dolere
coeperit, interquiescere, statim  lassitudinem
curat.      *
  49. Qui solitos labores ferre  consueve-
runt, etiamsi debiles fuerint aut  senes, in-
suetis robustis   licet  et juvenibus, facilius
ferunt.
   50. A  longo  tempore consueta, etiamsi
fuerint deteriora, insuetis minus turbare so-
lent;  oportet  egitur  etiam  ad insolita  se
vertere. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     55

  44. Those who are, by nature, very cor-
pulent,  expire  more  suddenly  than those
who have a spare  habit.
  45. Epilepsy in  children  is removed  by
changes;* especially by those of age, climate,
and mode of  living.
  46. Two  painful  sensations arising at  the
same time, though not  in  the same  place,
the greater obscures the less.
  47.  When pus is about  forming, there
is greater  pain than  when suppuration is
complete.
   48.  If pain ensue from bodily motion, in-
termit ; rest is the only cure.

   49.  The aged,  and even  the  weak, who
are  inured to labour, bear it more easily
than the young and robust who  are  not  ha-
bituated to it.
   50.   Long accustomed  and even vicious
habits are less hurtful,  than those which are
in themselves preferable,  but to which  we
are unaccustomed ; we ought, therefore, gra-
dually to adopt the latter.
  * This  translation is literal, and,  we believe, conveys the exact
sense of the original; vide Atp. ft,d. TM. /3. The French Trans-
lator renders it somewhat different. tx%u3-kvkrot put.Xov, " plus
exposes aux niorts.'5 
56      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  51. Mult^m  et  derepente vacuare,  aut
replere, aut calefacere,  aut  frigefacere,  aut
alio quocunque modo corpus movere, peri-
culosum est:  Omne siquidem multum  na-
turae  inimicum.   Quod  vero paulatim  fit
tutum est; turn alias, turn si quis ex  altero
ad alter urn transeat.

  52. Omnia secundum  rationem facienti,
et non secundum rationem evenientibus, non
ad aliud transeundum,  manente eo quod ab
initio visum .est.
  53. Quicunque  alvos  habent  humidas,
dum quidem juvenes sunt, melius liberantur
his qui siccas habent.  Ad senectutem vero,
pejus liberantur : siccantur  enim  ut  pluri-
mum alvi senescentibus.
  54. Procero corpore  juventutem quidem
degere,  liberale est, nee deforme: insenescere
verd, incommodum, et parvis deterius.. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    57

   51.  Evacuation,  repletion,  refrigeration
and  calefaction—these or any  other  corres-
pondent  modifications  of  body,  when  ex-
cessive,  or  too  suddenly accomplished, are
dangerous,—nature  being  ever  opposed to
extremes.   That which  is  gradually done?
is safely done,  whether we  pass from  one
extreme  to another, or otherwise.
   52.  Every thing which is judicious being
done, without buceess, we are not, therefore,
to recede from  our  plan, while we still en-
tertain the same views as we did at first.
   53.  Those who  have humid dejections,
when young, are sooner released from illness
than those  with whom  they  are arid ; old
men do  not fare so well,  because the alvine
excretions in age are generally dry.
   54.  An  erect body accords  well  with
youth, and is both proper and graceful;  but
it  is inconvenient in age, and becomes it
less than a more humble carriage. 
58      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
SECTIO III.*
   1.  Mutationes  anni  temporum  maxime
pariunt morbos ;  et in ipsis temporibus mu-
tationes magna? turn frigoris  turn caloris,  et
csetera pro ratione eodem modo.


   2. Naturarum  ali e quidem  ad  sestatem,
alise  vero  ad hyemem bene  aut male  con-
stitutae sunt.


   3.  Morborum  alii  ad alios bene aut male
se habent; et  atates  qusedam  ad  tempora,
et regiones, et victus.


   4.  In temporibus, quando eadem die modo


   * In this section the author treats of the seasons, their peculiar
modifications as affecting the constitutions of health and disease,
and as predisposing to peculiar maladies.  That we may the better
Understand his division ot the year, we shall here subjoin a transla-
tion  from Riegerus.  (Vide Galen. Aph. 15. Sect.  3.)  "  The
ancient Hippocratic Physicians distinguished four seasons: I. Spring,
commencing from the equinox and  extending to the rising of
the Pleiades, i. e. the last o> April, which space does not compre-
hend two months.  2. Summer, commencing from  the rising of
the Pleiades, and which  consisted of two parts, the first called 
APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.     5V
SECTION III.
   1.  The mutations of seasons  are greatly
productive  of  diseases;   and  those  great
changes  of heat  and  cold which  occur  at
their  stated periods,  act,   from similar rea-
sons,  in the same manner.
   2.  There are  some  constitutions  which
summer  either  improves  or  injures, and
others again on which  winter produces  si-
milar effects.
   3.  Some  diseases accord better with some
constitutions than others ;  and this  also  ob-
tains  with  certain ages,  as connected with
season, climate, and aiiment.

   4.  In the various seasons, if cold and heat,


liga. extending to the rising  of Arcturus; the latter, wrc^c*, from
the rising to the setting of Arcturus; so that the summer con-
sisted in all of four months; i.e. from the  latter end of April to
the beginning of September.  Autumn commenced with the setting
of Arcturus, and is finished with the falling of the Pleiades, which
time  comprehends September and  October. Here Winter  com-
menced,  which consisted of more  than four months, and  was
divided into three parts; i. from  the first of November to the
winter solstice; z. comprehended  the winter  solstice; 3. ex-
tended to the vernal equinox." 
 60       HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

 calor, modo frigus  fit, autumnales  morbos
 exspectare oportet.

   5. Austri auditum gravantes,  caliginosi,
 caput gravantes, segnes, dissoiventes.  Cum
 hie  dominatum tenuerit, talia in morbis pa-
 tiuntur.   Si vero acquilonium fuerit, tusses,
 fauces asperae, Tilvi durse,  urina? diflicultates,
 horrores, dolores costarum, pectorum.  Cum
 sic  invaluerit, talia  in morbis exspectare
 oportet.


   6. Quandd asstas  veri similis  est, sudores
 in febribus multos exspectare oportet.

   7. In siccitatibus  febres acuta? fiunt.   Et
 si quidem annus majore ex parte talis fuerit,
 qualem  fecit constitutionem, ut plurimiim
 tales etiam morbos exspectare oportet.

   8. In constantibus  temporibus,  si  tern-
 pestiva  tempestive reddantur, constantes et
judicatu faciles fuint morbi:  in inconstan-
 tibus autem, inconstantes, et judicatu  diffi-
 ciles. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     61

 frequently alternate with  each other in the
 same  day,  we  must  look forward to  au»
 tumnal diseases.
   5. The south wind produces  thickness of
 hearing, dimness of sight, heaviness of head,
 and is, on the whole, oppressive and relax-
 ing  ; such are the effects in sickness, during
 the  prevalence  of such winds.   That from
 the north, brings with it coughs, sore throats,
 dysury,  constipation,  shiverings, and  pains
 of the side and breast:  these are the symp-
 toms which take place in sickness when this
 wind holds dominion.
   6. When  summer  takes  upon itself the
 character of spring,  we  are to expect much
 perspiration in fevers.
   7.  In  long droughts,  fevers  assume an
 acute type; and  if the year be, for the greater
 part, dry,  it is  so very apt to bring about
 such a febrile character, that  we are, in ge^
 neral, to expect it.
  8.  Where  the seasons  are  constant  and
regular, diseases assume an uniform aspect,
and  are  easily ascertained;  but  where the
seasons are irregular,  the diseases  are  also
irregular, and are with difficulty understood*
                     6 
62      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
   9.  In autumno  morbi acutissimi, et max-
ime exitiales:  ver autem  saluberrimum,  et
minime lethale.
   10. Autumnus  tabidis malus.
.   11. Quod  ad  anni  tempora,  siquidem
hyems sicca et aquilcnia fuerit, ver  autem
pluviosum et australe, aestate necesse  est fe-
bres  acutas  oriri, et ophthalmias, et dysen-
terias, max i me autem mulieribus, et viris
natura humidis.


   12. Si  vero hyems australis et pluviosa,
et placida fuerit, ver autem siccum et aqui-
lonium, mulieres  quidem, quibus partus  in
ver incidit,  ex quuvis occasione abortiunt:
quse vero  pepererint, infirmos et morbosos
pariunt pueros,  ita ut vel statim pereant, vel
tenues et valetudinarii vivant.  Caeteris vero
mortalibus dysenteriae et ophthalmiae siccae
oriuntur;   senioribus autem  catarrhi  brevi
jperimentes.


   13. Si vero  aestas sicca, et aquilonia fiat,
autumnus autem pluviosus et australis, ca-
pitis dolores  ad hyemem fiunt, et tusses,  et 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    63

   9. In autumn, diseases are most acute, and
are extremely fatal;  the spring is, in general,
very healthy and diseases are then less fataL
   10.  Autumn is injurious to phthisis.
   11.  As  it respects  the seasons,—if a dry-
winter, attended with  northern winds, be fol-
lowed by a wet spring, and a prevalence of
southern winds, it  must necessarily follow,
that the summer will  produce acute fevers,
ophthalmia,  and dysentery, and  these, more
especially, with women, and men of  a  lax
fibre.
   12.  If  the  winter  be  austral and  rainy,
but otherwise  calm, and the spring dry and
boreal, women who expect to bring forth in
the  spring,   miscarry from  the slightest
causes; and even those  who go their full
time, bring forth  weak and sickly children,
who either  immediately perish or linger on,
through life,  infirm and  emaciated.   Other
maladies resulting from  this disposition  of
the seasons, are  those  of ophthalmia  and
dry dysentery ;—the aged generally dying  of
violent catairhs.
   13.  But  if,  indeed* the  summer be dry
and boreal,  and the autumn wet  and austral,
there   arise,  in winter, cephalalgia,  cough? 
 64      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

 raucedines, et gravedines;  nonnullis  etiam
 et tabes.
   14. Si  vero  aquilonius  et  sine  pluviis
 fuerit autumnus, iis quidem qui natura sunt
 humidi, et mulieribus, commodus erit; re-
 liquis verd ophthalmiae  erunt  sicce, et fe-
 bres  acutac,  et diuturnae gravedines; qui-
 busdam vero et melancholias.

   15. Ex anni vero constitutionibus, in uni-
 versum quidem siccitates pluviosis sunt sa-
 lubriores, et minus lethales.

   16. Morbi autem in pluviosis quidem ple-
rumque  fiunt,  et  febres  longae,  et alvi
fluxiones, et putredines, et epileptici, et apo-
plectici et anginae:  in siccitatibus vero ta-
bidi, ophthalmiae,  arthritides, urinae stillici-
dia, et dysenteriae.
  17. Quotidianae  autem constitutiones, aqui-
loniae quidem  corpora compingunt,  et  ro-
busta, et facile mobilia,  et bene colorata, et
melius  audientia  faciunt, alvos  etiam sic-
cant,  et  oculos  mordent; et dolorem circa
thoracem,  si quis prasexistat,  majorem fa-
ciunt.   Austrinac  vero corpora dissolvunt,
humectant, et auditus  graves, et capitis gra= 
      APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.    6S

hoarseness, and coryza;  and also some cases
of phthisis.
   14.  If  the autumn  be  dry and  boreal,
those who are by nature of a humid consti-
tution, as also women, will generally enjoy
good health;  those  of  different  constitu-
tions will be  afflicted  with  dry ophthalmia,
acute  fevers, and obstinate coryzas;  and
some will be affected with melancholia.
   15.  As it regards the general constitution
of the year,—droughts are, for the most part,
more healthy, and are less attended with dis-
ease, than excessive rains.
   16.  The diseases which  attend on exces-
sive rains, are, for the most part, protract-
ed  fever,  diarrhoea, putrefaction,  epilepsy,
apoplexy  and angina;  those which  arise
from long droughts, are  tabes, ophthalmia,
gout, dysuria and dysentery.
   17.  Next, as to the  quotidian constitution
of the atmosphere,—we observe that northern
winds serve to brace the body, rendering it
strong, agile and florid, and  giving great faci-
lity of hearing,—although, at the same time,
it produces constipation of the bowels, and in-
flammation of the eyes; and, where a predis-
position  to  pectoral disease exists, it tends
                  6* 
 66     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.

 vitates  faciunt, et vertigines  in  oculis, et
 corporibus  motum difficilem,  et alvos hu-
'mectant.
  18.  Secundum tempora autem, vere qui-
dem, et prima -aestate,  pueri,  et  his ' setate
proximi,  optime degunt,  et  maxime  sani
sunt.  ./Estate vero,  et parte  quadam  au-
tumni,  senes.:  Reliquo  sed  autumno, et
hyeme, qui medii sunt aetate.


   19.  Morbi autem  quilibet fiunt  quidem
in  quibus libet anni temporibus; nonnulli
vero in quibusdam ipsorum potius et fiunt,
et exacerbantur.
  20.  Vere quidem,  insaniae,  et  melancho-
liae, et epilepsiae, et sanguinis  fluxiones, et
anginae, et gravedines, et raucedines, et tusses,
et leprae, et impetigines, et vitiligines, etpus-
tulae ulcerosae plurima?, et tubercula, et ar-
ticulorum dolores.
  21.  iEstate vero,  et  horum nonnulla, et
febres   continuae,  et  ardentes,  et tertian ae
plurima?, et  quartans,  et vomitus,  et  alvA 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     67-

to aggravate  it.   Southern  winds, on  the
other hand,  produce  lassitude  and humi-
dity of  body,  render  the  hearing thick,
the head heavy,  and  impart dizziness of
sight, sluggishness of  body, and  laxity of
bowels.
   18.  In the  succession of  seasons—the
spring and  beginning  of summer are ge-
nerally favourable to children, and  those ap-
proximating to youth, who then enjoy excel-
lent health.  The summer and early part of
autumn agree well with the aged; but  with
those of a middle age,  the winter and  latter
part of autumn appear to suit best.
   19.  Although diseases occur at  various
periods of the year, yet  there are peculiar
diseases, which appear,  and seem most to pre-
vail, at peculiar seasons.
   20.  The  spring is frequently attended
with  mania,  melancholia, epilepsy,  hemor-
rhage,   angina,  defluxions  of  the  head,
hoarseness, cough, leprosy, cutaneous  affec-
tions,  white  leprosy,* ulcerative pustules,
 tubercles, and arthritic pains.
   21.  The summer,   besides many  of the
above affections, is attended with  continued
  #• We have here, followed Coxe's definition of Vitiligo. Vid«
Med. Diet. 
G8      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

fluxus, et ophthalmiae,  et aurium dolores, et
oris exulcerationes,  et  pudendorum putre-
dines, et sudamina.*


  22. Autumno autem, et ex aestivis multa,
et febres  quartanae, et erraticae,  et lienes, et
hydropes, et tabes, et urinae stillicidia,  et
lienteriae, et dysenteriae, et coxae dolores,  et
anginas, et asthmata, et volvuli, et epilepsia?,
et insani e, et melancholia?.
  23. Hyeme  vero,  pleuritides, peripneu-
moniae, lethargi, gravedines, raucedines, tus-
ses, .dolores pectorum, et laterum, et lum-
borum, et capitis dolores,  vertigines, apo-
plexiae.
  24. In aetatibus autem talia eveniunt. Par-
vis quidem et recens  natis pueris aphthae,
vomitus,  tusses,  vigiliae,  pavores,  umbilici
inflammationes, aurium humiditates.

  25. Ad dentitionem verd accedentibus gin-
givarum  pruritus, febres,  convulsiones, alvi
profunda;  et  maxime ubi  caninos  dentes
Sudsmina, hydroa. Vide Coxe's Med. Did, 
       APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.     69

 and inflammatory  fevers,  frequent  tertians
 and  quartans,  alvine fluxes,   spontaneous
 vomitings, ophthalmia,  otalgia,  ulcerations
 of the mouth,  putrid  affections  of the geni-
 tals, and miliary eruptions.
   22. Autumn,  with many of  the diseases
 of summer, has, also, quartan  and  erratic
 fevers, spleen, dropsy, tabes, strangury, lien-
 tery, dysentery, sciatica, angina,  asthma, iliac
 passion, epilepsy, insania  and melancholia.

   23. In  winter there  arise  pleurisy,  pe-
 ripneumony,  lethargy, catarrh,  hoarseness,
 cough,  pains of the breast, side,  loins and
 head, vertigo and apoplexy.
                             j
  24.* The following diseases  obtain  with
 different ages :  with early infincy,—aphthae,
 vomiting,  cough, watchfulness,  terrors, um-
 bilical inflammation,  and  humidity  of  the
 ears.
  25.  At  the commencement of  dentition,
 there arise irritation of  the  gums,  fevers,
 convulsions and diarrhoea;—these, more es-
pecially, take place  on the appearance of the

  * This, and  the seven following Aphorisms, treat ef the va-
rious diseases to which the several periods of  life are peculiarly
predisposed. 
70      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

producunt, et iis qui inter pueros sunt cras-
sissimi, et qui alvos duras habent.

  26.  lis autem qui aetate sunt majores, ton-
sillae  inflammata?,  verticuli  in  occipitio in-
trorsvsm extrusiones,  asthmata,  calculorum
generationes,  lumbriei  rotundi, ascarides,
verrucae pensiles,  satyriasmi. (stranguria?, J
strumae, et paetera tubercuia, maxime  verd
supra dicta.
   27.  iEtate vero  adhuc  provectioribus, et
jam ad pubertatem progressis,  horum  qui-
dem multa, et  febres  diuturnae, et ex  nari-
bus sanguinis fluxiones.

   28.  Plurimae quidem affectiones  in pueris
judicantur, aliae  in qiutdraginta diebus, al-
iae in septem mensibus, alia- in septem annis,
aliae ipsis ad pubertatem accedentibus.   Quae
vero  in  pueris permanserint, neque  solutae
fuerint circa pubertatem, aut in fceminis circa
menstruorum eruptiones, diCi perseverare so-
lent.


   29. Juvenibus autem, sanguinis spuitiones,
tabes, febres acu-.ae, epilepsiae, et caeteri mor-
bi, maxime vero supra nominati. 
        APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    71

 canine teeth,  and are  aggravated in those
 children who are of a gross constitution, and,
 also, in those of a constipated habit.
   26.  A more advanced age  is attended with
 tonsillary inflammation, exostosis  within the
 occipital  vertebra,  asthma,  calculus, lum-
 brici,  ascarides, pensile  worts,  satyriasis,
 strangury,  scrophula,  and  other  tumours,
 specified, for the most part, above.

   27.  Still advancing onward,  until we ar-
 rive  at puberty,  we observe  that with most
 of the above diseases, are joined protracted
 fevers, and nasal hemorrhages.  (Vide note,
 p. 69.)
   28. Most of the diseases of children mani-
 fest themselves within forty days ;  others in
 seven months: the former determine them-
 selves in  seven years  ;  the latter frequently
 extend to puberty.  But  those  which con-
 tinue during  childhood, and  which do not
 arrive  at a crisis with puberty, or  (in fe-
 males)  with  the first  appearance  of the
 menses, are apt to assume a permanent and
 chronic character.
  29. Those who have attained puberty, are
subject to sanguineous expectorations, tabes,
acute fevers, epilepsies, and many other af-
fections, but more particularly the above. 
72      HIPPOCRATIS APfiORISMI.
   30.  Ultra  hanc  aetatem vero progressis,
asthmata, pleuritides, peripneumoniae, lethar-
gi, phrenitides, febres  ardentes,  alvi proflu-
via diuturna,  cholerae, dysenteriae, lienteriae,
haemorrhoides.
   31.  Senibus autem,  spirandi difficultates.
catarrhi tussiculosi, stranguriae, dysuriae, ar-
ticulorum dolores,  nephritides,  vertigines,
apoplexiae,  mali corporis  habitus, pruritus
totius  corporis, vigiliae, alvi,  et oculorum,
et narium  humiditates, visus  habetudines,
glaucedines, auditus gravitates. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    7."

   30.  As we proceed  onward (till toe  ar-
rive at  the climacteric point)—asthma, pleu-
risy, peripneumony, lethargy, phrenitis, ar
dent fever,  chronic  diarrhoea, cholera,  dy-
sentery, lientery and haemorrhoides.
   31.  Age brings with it dyspnoea, catarrhal
affections, strangury, dysury, painful articu-
lation  (of the joints);  likewise, nephritis,
vertigo, apoplexy, cachexy;  as also, itch, af-
fecting the whole  body,  watchfulness, humi-
dity of stomach,  eyes and  nose,  dimness of
sight, cataract, and diffiulty of hearing,*

            * See note, Sect. i. Apor. 13.
7 
74      HIPPOeRATlS APHORISM!-
SECTIO IV.
  1. Praegnantes purgandae, si materia tur-
geat, quadrimestres, et usque ad septimum
mensem:  hae vero minus.   Juniores autem,
et seniores foetus, caute vitare oportet.


  2. In purgationibus talia e corpore  sunt
ducenda,  qualia etiam  sponte  prodeuntia
utilia sunt:  contrario autem modo prodeun-
tia, sistenda.

  3. Si quidem qualia purgari  oportet, pur-
gentur, confert, et facile ferunt:  contraria
vero, difficulter.
  4. Purgandum, aestate quidem, magis su-
periores ventres; hyeme vero, inferiores.

  5. Sub cane, et ante canem, difficiles sunj
purgationes.

  6. Graciles,  et  facile  vomentcs,  sursum
purgandi, vitantes hyemem. 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    75



       SECTION  IV.
   1.  If there be much turgescence  in preg-
nant women, they may be  purged from the
fourth to the seventh month ;  though seldom
extending to the  latter period.  We should
carefully avoid injuring the very young, or
the more advanced foetus.
   2.  In purgations—such matter is to  be
eliminated  from  the  body,  whose sponta-
neous expulsion  appears to  be  beneficial;
but if the  latter  produce a  contrary effect,
we are not to have recourse to it.
   3.  Vide Aphor. 25.  Sect. 1.


   4. In summer, we should prefer evacuating
the stomach upwards;  in  winter, down-
wards.
   5.  Preceding and  during  the  canicular
period, purgatives are with  difficulty  sup-
ported.
   6.  When the delicate easily bear vomiting,
they may have  recourse to it; but  they are
to avoid it in winter. 
 76      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

   7.  Difficulter, autem vomentes, et medio-
 criter carnosi, deorsum, vitantes aestatem.


   8.  Tabidi  vero,  vitantes  (purgationes)
sursum.
   9.  Melancholicos  autem,  uberius deor-
sum purgabis.  Eadem ratione, contraria ad*
hibens.

   10. Purgandum in valdfc acutis,  si  tur-
geat materia, eadem die:  morari enim in ta-
Hbus malum est.

   11. Quibus tormina, et circa umbilicum
dolores, et lumborum dolor, qui  neque pur-
gante, neque aliter  solvitur, in hydropem
siccum firmatur.

   12. Quibus alvi sunt lientericae, eos hyemc
sursum purgare, malum.

   13. Ad elleboros,  qui non facile  sursum 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     77

  7.  But  with those with  whom  vomiting
does not well agree, and who are inclined to
fulness of habit,  it is,  particularly, to  be
avoided during the winter season.
  8.  Those  suffering  from phthisis should
avoid vomits.
  9.  The  melancholic  should  be  copiously
evacuated  downwards;  and, from  the same
principle of reasoning,  those of a contrary
temperament should be differently treated.
   10. In very acute affections, attended with
turgescence,  purgatives are immediately to
be  used:  to  procrastinate  here,  is  dan-
gerous.
  11. Those who are tormented with severe
gripings,  pains about the umbilicus, and in
the region of the loins, and who are neither
relieved by purgatives,  or  any  other means,:
usually fall into tympanites.*
  12. It is dangerous to vomit those whose
evacuations  are lienteric, especially in  win-
ter.
  13. Those who are not easily vomited by

  * The Latin version, both of Verhoofd and Villebrune, literally
follows the original; but  we are disposed, here,  to regard the
spirit rather than  the letter of the Author. We have, therefore,
rendered vfyuv* fyifi*—tympanitis.
                      7* 
78      HIPPOCRATIS  APHORISM!.

purgantur,  iis ante potionem corpora prae-
humectanda, copiosiore alimento, et quiete.

  14. Ubi biberit quis  elleborum,  ad mo-
tiones quidem corporum magis ducito:  ad
somnos  vero,  et quietem, minus.   Declarat
autem etiam navigatio,  quod motus turbat
corpora.
  15. Quando vis magis ducere elleborum,
moveto  corpus:  quando  vero cessare, som-
uum facito, et -non moveto.

  16. Elleborus periculosus est  sanas car-
nes habentibus :  convulsionem enim inducit.

  17. Non febricitanti  appetitus dejectus, et
oris ventriculi  morsus,  et tenebricosa ver-
tigo,  et os  amarescens, sursum  purgante
opus esse, indicat.


  18. Supra septum  transversum  dolores,
qui pi rgatione egent, sursum purgante opus
esse indicant; qui vero infra, deorsum.
19. Qui  in  purgantium potionibus  non 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   79
 hellebore,  should, previous to taking it, re*
 fresh the system by rest and a more copious
 aliment.
   14. Motion of body favours the action
"of hellebore;  rest and  sleep render it less
 active.   The effect of  sailing is an instance
 of the influence of motion on the body.

   15. When it becomes necessary to assist
 the  action of hellebore—have recourse to
 motion : when we wish to lessen it, endeavour
 to promote quiet and sleep.
   16. To  those  who  are sound of body,
 hellebore is dangerous,  and has a tendency
 to induce convulsions.
   17. Want  of appetite,  uneasy  sensation
 of the upper orifice of the  stomach, attended
 with vertigo and obscure  vision, and bitter-
 ness of mouth ; all these symptoms existing,
 without the presence  of fever, indicate the
 necessity of vomiting.
   18. If there be pain  immediately above
 ©r below the diaphragm, wherein evacuation
 is essential; the former demands  vomiting,
 the latter, purging.
   19. Those  who during the  operation of 
80      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
sitiunt, dum  purgantur, non cessant, prius-
quam sitiverint.
   20. Non febricitantibus si fiat tormen,  et
genum gravitas, et lumborum dolor, deorsum
purgante opus esse indicat.

   21. Dejectiones  nigrae,   qualis  sanguis
niger, sponte prodeuntes,  et cum  febre,  et
sine febre,  pessimae ; et, quanto colores de-
jectionum plures fuerint pejores, eo deterius:
cum purgante  vero, melius; et quanto co-
lores plures non mali sunt.
  22.  Morbis quibus vis  incipientibus,  si
bilis atra,  vel  sursum,  vel  deorsum  pro-
dierit,  lethale.
  23.  Quibus cumque ex morbis acutis, aut
ex diuturnis, aut ex vulneribus,  aut aliter
quocumque  modo extenuatis, bilis atra, vel
qualiscumque sanguis niger  prodierit, pos-
tridie moriuntur.
  24.  Dysenteria, si ab atra bile inceperit,
lethale.*
  * Dejectio nigra velut sanguis, et cum febre et sine febre, mala
est: malse item omnes  variorum colorum; et abunde bile satU"
rate, pravae.  Coaea Pntnot; Aph. 17. Cap. xxvm. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    81

 purgatives have no thirst, ought to be purged
 until thirst be induced.
   20. Pain in  the lower region  of the ab-
 domen,  with  griping,  and  aching of  the
 knees, unattended with fever,  indicate the
 necessity of purgatives.
   21. Dark coloured dejections, resembling
 black blood, coming on spontaneously,  ei-
 ther with, or without  fever, is very unfa-
 vourable ; and,  the more so, if the colour of
 these dejections become, with their conti-
 nuance, still more depraved: but if the eva-
 cuations  assume  a more favourable com-
 plexion,  or, if  their  dark colour be the ef-
 fect  of purgatives, less evil  is to be appre-
 hended.
   22. At the commencement of all diseases,
 of whatever nature they  may be, the purging
 or vomiting of atrabilious matter is fatal.
  23. In those  wasted  by acute or chronic
 diseases,  by  wounds or any other received
injury, the evacuation of atrabilious matter,
or of a matter resembling dark blood, is fol«
lowed, on the succeeding day, by death.
  24. Dysentery, proceeding from atrabili*
eus matter, is fatal. 
82      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
  25.  Sanguis sursum quidem, qualiscum-
que sit, malum :  deorsum vero, bonum, ni-
ger subtus secedens.

  26.  Si a  dysenteria detento velut carun-
cula? cecesserint, lethale est.

  27.  Quibus per  febres sanguinis copia
undecumque  ernperit,  his in refectionibus
alvi humectantur.

  28.  Quibus biliosae sunt  egestiones,  sur-
ditate  superveniente,  cessant:  et,  quibus
surditas est, biliosis supervenientibus, cessat.


  29.  Quibus per febres sexta die  rigores
fuint, difficulter judicantur.

  30.  Quibus exacerbationes  fiunt,  qua.
eumque  hora  dimiserit  febris,   postridie
eadem hora. si corripuerit,  difficulter judi-
cantur.
  31.  Lassatis per  febres  ad  articulos,  et
circa maxiilas maxime, abscessus fiunt. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     83

   25. The  expectoration  of blood,  how
small  soever  in  quantity* is injurious:  but
the evacuation of black blood downwards is
(frequently) advantageous.
   26. If, during dysentery,  there come away
by evacuation, substances resembling small
pieces of flesh, the disease will prove fatal.
   27. A profuse  haemorrhage taking place
in fevers,* from whatsoever part, is generally
followed,  during recovery,  by  a  humid
stomach.
   28. With those whose dejections  are bi-
lious,  if deafness  supervene,  a cessation of*
the former will take place: and  with those
who are deaf,  a  coming on of bilious  eva-
cuation generally  removes it.
   29. In fevers,   where rigors take place on
the sixth day, the result is not  easily  de-
termined.
   30.  Where  fevers,  attended   with  pa-
roxysms, go off at a certain hour, and return
the following day, at the same  hour, it is  dif-
ficult to determine the  crisis.
   31.  Fevers,  attended  with  lassitude,  in-
dicate a deposition of matter about the joints ;
and  more  especially  near the  maxillary  ar-
ticulation.
  * The observations from the 17th to the 73d Aphor. fbr iXe
most part, treat of pyrexia! symptoms. 
84      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  32. Quibus ex morbo resurgentibus aliquid
dolet, ibi abscessus fiunt.

  33.  Sed et, si quid doluerit ante morbum,
ibi se figit morbus.

  34.  Si a  febre detento,  tumore in fauci-
bus non existente, suffocatio ex improviso su*
perveniat, lethale.
  35.  Si a,  febre detento collum derepente
inversum fuerit, et vix deglutire possit, tu-
more non existente, lethale.


  36.  Sudores febricitantibus si incesserint,
boni sunt die tertia, et quinta, et septima, et
nona, et undecima, et quarta decima, et sep.
tima decima, et vigesima prima, et vigesima
septima,  et trigesima prima, et trigesima
quarta.  Hi enim sudores morbum judicant.
Qui  vero  ita non faint, laborem  significant,
ct morbi longitudinem et recidivas.

  37.  Sudores frigidi,  cum  acuta  quidem
febre evenientes, mortem; cum mitiorc rcro,
morbi longitudinem significant* 
       APHORISMS  OP HIPPOCRATES.    85

   32.  If in those recovering from indisposi-
tion, there  occur any local pain, it foreshows
the formation of an abscess.
   33.  But, if local pain immediately precede
disease, it foreshows a determination  of the
disease to that part.
   34.  When suffocation suddenly comes on
in fever, without any tumour being present,
it immediately proves fatal.
   35.  When, in consequence of fever, such
an inversion  of the action of the  oesophagus
takes place, that,  notwithstanding the absence
of tumour, deglutition can scarcely  be per-
formed, it is fatal.
   36.  Perspiration, in  fever,  is favourable,
when it comes out on the third, fifth, seventh,
ninth,   eleventh,  fourteenth,  seventeenth,
twenty-first, twenty-seventh, thirty-first and
thirty-fourth day ;  for these several  periodi-
cal sweats are indicative of the disease.   But
if  they do not  occur  in  this order,  it fore-
shows a tedious  and protracted disease, at-
tended with many relapses.
   37.  Cold sweats coming on with acute fe-
ver, announce  a speedy  dissolution;  when
they exist but in a slight  degree, they foretei
f retracted illness.
                     8 
86      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
  38. Et qua corporis parte inest sudor,  ibi
morbum esse indicat.

  39. Et qua. corporis parte inest calor, aut
frigus, ibi morbus est.
  40. Et ubi in toto corpore mutationes, et
si corpus perfrigeretur,  aut rursus calefiat,
aut color alius ex alio fiat,  morbi longitudi-
nem significat.
  41. Sudor multus a somno, citra causam
manifestam factus, corpus  uberiore alimento
uti  significat.   Si vero  cibum non capienti
hoc fiat, evacuatione indigere significat.

  42.   Sudor multus, frigidus aut calidus,
semper fluens, frigidus quidem majorem,  ca-
lidus vero minorem morbum significat.
  43.  Febres quaecumque non  intermitten-
tes  tertia  die  vehementiores fiunt,  magis
periculosae : quocumque autem modo inter -
mittant, quod sine periculo sint significat.

  44.  Quibus febres longae, his tubercula ad
articulos, aut dolores fiunt.
  45.  Quibus tubercula  ad articulos,  aut
dolores et febribus Iongis  fiunt,  hi  pluribus
Utuntur cibis. 
      APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.    87

  38.   From whatsoever part of the  body
sweat breaks forth, it foreshows a determina-
tion of the disease to that part.
  39.  In whatever part of the body heat or
cold arises,—there the disease seats itself.
  40. Where there  occur alternate  changes
of cold and heat, and the complexion under-
goes various changes of colour, we may pre-
dict extended illness.
  41.  Profuse sweats, during sleep,  without
any manifest local affection, may  arise from a
too plentiful diet ;  but if it take place, not-
withstanding the observance of* a frugal regi-
men, it shows the necessity of evacuations.
 . 42. Profuse  sweats, either cold  or hot,
continually  present,—the former denotes a
greater,  the latter, a less disease.
  43. Continued fevers, that increase in vio-
lence on the third day are, in consequence,
the more dangerous; but if they, in any way,
assume  an intermittent  form,   the  danger
entirelv ceases.
  44. Protracted fevers bring with them tu-
mours and pains of the joints.
  45.  Those  who,  from  extended fevers,
have  tumours or pains of the joints, are in-
clined to excess in their food. 
88      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
  46.  Si rigor incidat febri non intermittenti,
debili jam existente aegro, lethale.
  47.  Exscreationes in febribus non inter-
mittentibus lividse, et cruentoe, et graveolen-
tes, et biliosae, omnes malae sunt.  At probe
secedentes, bonse.   Et eadem ratio est quod
ad  alvi egestiones, et quod  ad  urinas.   Si
vero nihil ex conducentibus  excernatur  per
haec loca, malum.

  48.  In  non intermittentibus  febribus, si
externa quidem frigida sint. interna verd uran-
tur, et sitim habeant, lethale.
  49.  In febre non intermittente, si  labium,
aut supercilium, ait oculus, aut na&us perver-
tatur, si non videat,  si  non audiat,  corpore
jam debili existente, quicquid horum fiat, in
propinquo mors est.

  50.  Ubi in febre non intermittente diffi-
cultas spirandi et delirium fit,  lethale.

  51.  In  febribus,  abscessus qui non  sol-
vuntur ad primas judications, morbi iongi-
tudinem significat.

  52.  Quicumque in febribus, aut in csete- 
      APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.    89

  46. Rigors coming  on, in those enfeebled
by long continued fever, prove fatal.
  47. Livid, bloody, foetid and bilious stools,
coming on in continued fevers, are alike un-
favourable ; but a timely appearance of tliem
is beneficial.  The same observation may be
applied to the aivine  and urinary discharges ;
but if the matter offending be  not thrown out
along with the  excretions—these  excretions
are injurious,
  48. In continued fevers,  if the external
parts be  cold,  and the  internal  hot,  with
much thirst, the disease will prove  fatal.
  49. In continued fever, if the lip,  the eye
and  eyebrow, and nose, become distorted—
if the sight and  hearing fail—if debility pre-
vail over the whole system ;—all and each  of
these symptoms foretei the near approach  of
death.
  50. In continued fever, delirium, accom-
panied with difficulty  of  breathing, proves
fatal.
  51. In fever,  where abscesses  have not
been dispersed, during the  primary stages
of the disease, they foreshow extended ill-
ness.
  52.  When, in fever, or in any in other af-
                      8* 
90      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

ris infirmitatibus, ex proposito lachrymantur,
nihil inconveniens : qui vero non ex propo-
sito, magis inconveniens.
  53. Quibus in febre ad dentes viscosa cir-
cumnascuntur,  his febris  fiunt  vehemen-
tiores.
  54. Quibus diu tusses siccae, pauliim irri-
tantes, in febribus ardentibus, non admodum
siticulosi sunt.
  55. In  bubonibus  febres,  omnes malae,
praeter ephemeras.
  56. Febricitanti sudor superveniens, febre
non remittente, malum.   Prolongatur enim
morbus, et copiosiorem humiditatem indicat.
  57. A convulsione aut  tetano detento, fe-
bris .superveniens solvit morbum.
  58. A febre ardente detento, rigore super-
veniente, solutio (fit).
  59. Tertiana exquisita in septem ad sum-
mum circuitibus judicatur.
  60. Q* ibus in febre aures obsurduerint,
his sanguis e naribus effluens, aut alvus ex-
turbata, morbum solvit. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    91

 fection, the patient sheds tears voluntarily, it
 is not unfavourable ;  but if they flow invo.
 luntarily, it is somewhat alarming.
   53. When, during fever,  sordes  collect
 around the teeth, it denotes the violence of
 the disease.
   54. Those who, in ardent fevers, are trou-
 bled  for a  long time  with dry cough,  and
 somewhat of irritation,  have not much thirst.
   55. Buboes arising in fever are always dan-
 gerous, except in ephemera.
   56. Perspiration coming on in fever, with-
 out a remission of the disorder taking place,
 is an  unfavourable  circumstance; for in that
 case,  it denotes a too copious humidity of the
 system, and foreshows a prolongation of the
 disease.
   57. If in convulsion or tetanus, fever su-
 pervene, the disease goes off.
   58. When rigors come on in ardent fever,
 they prove critical.
   59. Severe tertians determine themselves,
 at farthest, in seven paroxysms.
   60. When  deafness  comes on in  fever, it
is generally  removed by nasal haemorrhage,
 ©r diarrhoea. 
92      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  61. Febricitanti, nisi in diebus imparibus
dimiserit febris, reverti solet.
  62. Quibus in febre morbus regius super-
venit ante septimum diem, malum est.
  63. Quibus in  febribus  quotidie rigores
fiunt, quotidie febres solvuntur.
  64. Quibus in febre septima, aut nona, aut
undecima, aut quarta decima  morbus re-
gius supervenit,  bonum est: nisi  dextrum
hypochondrium durum sit;  alioqui, non bo-
num.
  65. In febribus  circa ventrem arstusvehe-
mens, et oris ventriculi dolor, malum.

  66. In  febribus acutis convulsiones,  et
circa viscera dolores vehementes, malum.
  67. In  febribus, ex  somnis pavores, aut
convulsi nes,  n alum.
  68. In febribus spiritus offendens, malum :
convulsionem enim significat.
  69. Quibus urinae crassae, grumosse, pau-
eae, non sine febre, copia ex his succedens
tenui, juvat.   Tales autem  iis maxime pro-
deunt, quibus ab initio morbi, aut brevi post,
subsidentiam continent. 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    9$
    61.  Unless fever depart on  an irregular
  day, it is apt to return.*
    62. If,  in  fever, jaundice supervene be-
 fore the seventh day—it is unfavourable.
    63. Those fevers  which have daiiy rigors,
 have daily remissions.
    64.  Jaundice supervening, in fever, on the
 seventh, ninth, eleventh and fourteentii day—
 is favourable: but  if  the  right hypochon-
 drium be indurated, it is not so.

    65.  If, in fever, a violent heat arise about
 the stomach and upper orifice of the stomach?
 it is unfavourable.
   66.  Convulsions and violent pains of the
 viscera, in acute fever,  are unfavourable.
   67. If, in fever,  the sleep  be disturbed by
 convulsion or terror, it denotes danger.
   68. An interrupted respiration in fever is
 unfavourable—it precedes convulsion.
   69. When,  with  existing  fever, a  thick,
 grumy, scant urine, is followed by a thin and
 copious discharge—it is beneficial; but it is
the more so,  when, at the commencement of
disease,  or a little time after, the urine depo-
sits a sediment.
• See Aphor. Z4. Section II. 
94      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
  70. Quibus autem in febre urinae contur-
batae, quali■> jumentorum, his capitis dolores,
aut adsunt, aut aderunt.

  71. Quibus morbi septima die judicantur,
iis nubeculam rubrahi urina die quarta con-
tinet, et coetera secundum rationem.

  72. Quibus urinae pellucidae, albae, malae.
Maxime autem in phreneticis observatur.

  73.  Quibus  hypochondria  elevata  sunt
murmurantia,  dolore lumborum  superve-
niente, his alvi humectantur : nisi fiatus  eru-
perint, aut urinae copia prodierit.   In febri-
bus aut' TO ' (EC.
  74. Quibus  spes est abscessum fore ad ar-
ticulos, eos abscessu  liberat urina multa;  et
crassa, et alba reddita, qualis in febribus cum
lassitudine quarta die quibusdam  fieri  inci-
pit.   Si ver etiam ex naribus  sanguis eru*
perit, brevi admodum solvit.


   75. Si quis sanguinem, aut pus  mingat,
renum, aut vesicae exulcerationem significat. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.     95

   70.  When, in fever,  the urine has  a tur-
bid appearance, such as is wont to take place
in labouring animals, it  denotes  either pre-
sent, or approaching pains of the  head.
   71.  When the disease determines itself on
the seventh day, the urine contains a red ne-
bulous matter, and assumes other character-
istic appearances.
   72.  When the urine assumes a white pel-
lucid appearance, it is unfavourable, for such
is a distinguished character of phrenitis.
   73.  When distention of the hypochondria,
attended with  borborygmus, takes place,  if
pain of the loins supervene, diarrhoea follows;
unless  there be  a discharge of wind, or copi-
©us issue of urine.   Thus much of fever.*
   74.  Where there is any expectation of ab-
scess being about to take place  in the joints,
it is prevented by a  plentiful emission of
urine, of a thick, white  consistence, such as
is voided in the fourth day of fevers  attended
with lassitude.   But  if there be combined
with this, a haemorrhage from  the  nose, the
relief is still more sudden.
   75.  A  micturition  of blood or  pus  de-
notes ulceration of the kidneys or bladder.
» B'P XVgtTflfi 5 9ttM<TBh 
 96      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

   76. Quibus in urina. crassa existente  ca-
 runculae parvae, aut veluti pili una exeunt,
 his de renibus excernuntur.

   77. Quibus in urina crassa existente fur-
 furacea  simul minguntur, iis vesica  scabie
 laborat.
   78. Qui  sponte  sanguinem mingunt,  his
 a renibus venae ruptionem  significat.
   79. Quibus in urina arenosa  subsidenty
 illis vesica calculo laborat.
   80. Si quis sanguinem mingat,  et grumos,
 et urinae stillicidium habeat,  et dolor incidat
ad imum ventrem, et perinaeum, partes circa
 vesicam laborant.
   81. Si quis sanguinem et  pus  mingat, et
 squamas, et odor gravis sit, vesicae  exulcera-
 tionem significat.

   82. Quibus in urinaria fistula tuberculum
nascitur, his, suppurato eo  et perrupto, solu-
tio fit.
   83. Mictio noctu multa contingens, par-
 vam alvi dejectionem significat. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    97

   76.  When a  thick  urine is voided with
small caruncles,  resembling short pieces of
hair,  the excretion proceeds  from the kid-
neys.
   77.  A micturition of thick urine, together
with a furfuraceous matter, shows an ulcera^
tion of the  bladder.
   78.  A spontaneous micturition  of blood,
shows the rupture of a  renal vein.
   79.  A sandy deposit in the urine proceeds
from a calcuius in the bladder.
   80.  If a micturition  of blood and grumous
matter, be  connected with strangury and pain
in the hypograstrium and perinaeum, it indi-
cates an affection about the bladder.
   81.  If there be a micturition of blood, pus
an  squamae, accompanied with a disagreea-
ble odour, it denotes an  ulceration of the blad-
der.
   82. If a  tubercle, arising in the urethra,
suppurate and break, the disorder ceases.

   83. A copious emission of  urine,  during
the night, is indicative  of  a less copious al-
vine dejection.

                     9 
98      HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.


              SECTIO V.
  1. Convulsio ab elleboro lethale.

  2.  Vulneri convulsio  superveniens,  le-
thale.
  3. Sanguine multo effuso, convulsio,  aut
singultus superveniens, malum.
  4. Purgationi  immodicae  convulsio,  aut
singultus superveniens, malum.
  5. Si quis ebrius ex improviso mutus fiat,
convulsus  moritur,  nisi  febris  corripuerit,
aut ubi ad horam qua crapulae solvuntur,
pervenit, locutus fuerit.
  6. Qui a tetano corripiuntur, in quatuor
diebus pereunt;  si verd hos effugerint, sani
fiunt.
  7. Quibus epilepsiae ante pubertatem con-
tingunt, mutationem  habent.  Quibus vero
accidunt  viginti  quinque annos  natis,  his
plerumque commoriuntur.

  8. Qui pleuritici facti, non  repurguntur
superne in quatuordecim  diebus, is in  sup-
purationem convertitur. 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    99


        SECTION  V.
   1. Convulsion, arising  from hellebore, is
fatal.
   2. Convulsion,  arising from a wound, is
fatal.
   3. Convulsion,  or hiccough, proceeding
from haemorrhage, is dangerous.
   4. Convulsion,  or hiccough, proceeding
from immoderate catharsis, is dangerous.
   5. If aphonia come on  suddenly from ine-
briation—death ensues,—unless fever super-
vene,  or the speech  return, on the intoxica-
tion going off.
   6. Those  who  are seized with tetanus,
expire within four days ;  but if they survive
the fourth day, they  generally recover.
   7. Those who are attacked with epilepsy
before  the age of puberty, have a chance of
cure ;  but when the  disorder comes on after
the twenty-fifth year,  it  ceases  only with
life.
   8. In pleuritic affections, if expectoration
come  not on  in fourteen days, suppuration
commences. 
 100     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

   9.  Tabes maxime fit aetatibus ab anno oc-
 tavo decimo usque ad quintum trigesimum.

   10.  Quibus anginam effugientibus ad pul-
 monem vertitur, in septem diebus moriuntur.
 Si vero hos effugerint, suppurati fiunt.

   11.  A tabe vexatis, si sputum quod  ex-
 tussiunt, prunis superfusum, graviter oleat,
 et capilli de capite defluant, lethale.

   12.  Quibus  tabe laborantibus  capilli de
 capite defluunt, hi alvi fluxu super »eniente,
 moriuntur.
   13.  Qui sanguinem spumosum ex spuunt,
 his ex puiinone talis rejectio fit.
   14.  A tabe detento alvi profluvium super-
 veniens,  lethale.
   15.  Qui ex pleuritide  suppurati fiunt, si
intra  quadraginta dies, ex quo ruptio fuerit
facta,   repurgentur  superne,  liberantur :  si
vero minus, ad tabem transeunt.

   16.  Calidum, eo frequenter utentibus, has
affert   noxas:  carnis effeminationem,  ner-
vorum impotentiam,  mentis  torporem, san-
guinis eruptiones,  animi  deliquia: haec qui-
bus mors. 
            APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   101

        9. Phthisis  manifests  itself,  for  the most
      part, from the eighteenth to the  thirty-fifth
      year.
        10. When angina translates  itself to  the
      lungs, the patient dies  in  seven  days; if
      he escape this  period,  suppuration  com-
      mences.
        11. In phthisis, if the matter expectorated,
      when thrown upon  live  coals,  emit a foetid
      odour; and  if the hair fall  from the  head,
      the disease is fatal.
c>       12. In phthisis, if the hair fall  from  the
H     head, and  diarrhoea  ensue—the  disease is
      fatal.
        13. The expectoration of a spumous blood
      proceeds from the lungs.
        14. In phthisis, diarrhoea proves  fatal.

        15. When empyema  comes on  in pleu-
      risy,—if, after the abscess breaks,  the mat-
      ter be expectorated  within forty days,  the
      disorder ceases :  but, if it happen otherwise,
      the disease assumes the character of phthisis.
        16. Excess  of heat  induces debility of
      the muscular fibre, impotence of nerve,  tor-
      por  of mind,  haemorrhage, fainting, and3
      Fastly, death.
                           9* 
102    HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  17.  Frigidum  autem, convulsiones,  te-
tanos,  nigrores, et rigores febriles.
  18.  Frigidum  inimicum  ossibus,  denti-
bus, nervis,  cerebro,  spinali medullae:  ca-
lidum  vero utile.
  19.  Qu3e  perfrigerata  sunt,  excalefacere
oportet, praeterquam quae  sanguinem  pro-
fundunt, aut sunt profusuia.

  20.  Ulceribus  frigidum  quidem mordax,
cutem obdurat,  dolorem non suppurantem
facit, nigrores, rigores febriles, convulsiones,
et tetanos.
  21.  Est  vero,  ubi  in tetano sine ulcere,
juveni bene carnoso, aestate media,  frigidae
multae affusio  caloris  revocationem  facit;
calor autem haec solvit.

   22. Calidum suppuratorium, non in omni
ulcere, maximum signum  ad securitatem ;
cutem emollit, attenuat, dolores  sedat,  ri-
 gores, convulsiones, tetanos mitigat:  capi-
tis vero gravitatem  solvit:  plurimiim autem
 confert ossium  fracturis :  maxime vero de-
nudatis:  ex his quidem  maxime,  qui in
 capite ulcera  habent: et quae a, frigore mo-
riuntur, aut ulcerantur :  et herpetibus exe- 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    103
   17.  Excess  of cold induces  convulsion,
tetanus,  petechias, and febrile rigors.
   18.  Cold is prejudicial to the bones, teeth,
nerves, brain, and spinal marrow :  heat, on
the contrary, is beneficial to them.
   19.  Those parts which have suffered from
cold,  ought  to  be warmed,—except when
haemorrhage takes place,  or is about to  take
place.
   20.  Cold proves corrosive to ulcers, tends
to harden  the  skin,  causes  pain  by  sup-
pressing suppuration, and induces  petechias,
febrile rigors convulsions and tetanus.
   21.  When tetanus  takes  place, without
previous ulcer, in the middle of  summer, in
those of full habits,—cold affusion  serves to
recall the absent heat,  and, thereby,  termi-
nate the  disease.
   22. In most  wounds  (with  few  excep-
tions) heat* by favouring suppuration, tends
greatly  to  their  cure:  it softens  and at-
tenuates the  skin, subdues pain,  mitigates
rigors, convulsions and tetanus, and relieves
the  attendant  heaviness  of head:  it  is,
for  the  most part,  beneficial  in  fractures,
particularly  those in which the bone is de-
nuded,  and is,  furthermore,   greatly   ser-
  * T» Seg^M—.however, Calida Aqua ought, here, to be understood. 
104     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
dentibus, sedi, pudendo, utero, vesicae. His
calidum  quidem  amicum  et decretorium;
frigidum vero inimicum et occidens.
  23. In his autem frigido uti oportet unde
sanguis  erumpit,  aut  erupturus  est:  non
super ipsa, sed circa haec unde influit.   Et
qusecumque inflammationes, aut flammei ar-
dores ad rubrum et sanguineum colorem ver-
gentes  novo sanguine,  super ipsos:  nam
inveteratos nigrefacit:  erysipelas etiam non
cxulceratum (juvat): quoniam exulceratum
laedit.
24. Frigida  velut  nix,  glacies,  peeteri 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   105

 viceable in wounds of  the  head :  it,  also,
 does good when applied to  parts  ulcerated
 or mortified by cold ; and, also, to  that  spe-
 cies of ulcerative tetter affecting the anus,
 pudendum,  womb  and  bladder;—with all
 these, therefore, heat* is beneficial and ju-
 dicious in its  application; whereas  cold  is
 highly prejudicial and even iatal.
   23. In those instances where  haemorrhage
 takes place,  or is about to take place, the
 application of cold f  is  necessary,  not ac-
 tually to  the  hemorrhage itself, but to the
 parts  circumjacent.  But  wheresoever in-
 flammation exists, or when, from a new ac-
 cumulati  onof blood,  the parts  affected, ac-
 quire  a preternatural  heat,  and assume  a
 flame-coloured  appearance,  the  application
 of cold is to  be made  immediately to the
part itself; otherwise, by a long continuance
 of the  inflammation,  discolouration  of the
 parts will take place.   In erysipelas, unat-
 tended with  ulceration,  cold applications are
 beneficial, out  when  ulceration  is present,
 they are injurious.
  24.  Cold applications, such as snow  and
• See note, p. 103.     f Aqua frigida. 
106     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
inimica, tusses movent, sanguinis eruptiones
ac catarrhos inducunt.
  25.  Tumores autem in articulis et dolores
absque ulcere, et podagricos, et convulsiones;
horum plurima frigida multa affusa,  et  levat
et attenuat, et dolorem solvit.   Torpor  enim
modicus doloris solvendi vim habet.


  26.  Aqua, quse  cito calefiat, et cito re-
frigeratur, levissima.
  27.  Quibus autem bibendi appetentiae noc-
tu,  iis valde  sitientibus,  si  obdormierint,
bonum.
  28.  Suffitus aromatum  muliebria  ducit,*
saepius autem et ad alia utiiis esset, nisi ca-
pitis gravitates induceret.

  29.  Pr pgnantes purgandae, si turgeat ma-
teria, quadrimesties,  et usque  ad  septimum
mensem :  hae vero  minus.  Juniores autem,
et seniores toetus, caute vitare oportet.
   30.  Mulierem in utero gerentem ab acuto
aliquo morbo corripi, lethale.
    s Villebrune understands here " aromatum tuppotitoram.'" 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   107

ice, are injurious,  to the breast,  producing
cough, catarrh, and haemorrhage.
  25.  Tumours, and pains of the joints, un-
attended  with  uicer; also,  convulsive  and
podagrical  affections, are,  for the most part.
benefitted  by frequent cold affusions, which
have a tendency to mitigate and throw off the
complaint: for a moderate degree of  torpor
has the effect  of subduing pain *
  26.   T: at water is lightest which is soon-
est  heated and cooled.
  27-  With those who need much drink du-
ring the night,—if sleep succeed great thirst,
it is a favourable symptom.
  28.  Aromatic  fumigations  bring on the
menstrual flux :  they are, also,  serviceable in
other instanees ; but we should discontinue
them where they induce heaviness of head.f
  29.  See  Aphor.  1.  Sect.  iv.
  30.  With pregnant women, acute diseases
generally prove fatal.
  • From the inference here drawn, it will appear  that Hippo-
crates considered cold, in every stage, as a sedative.
  f We have our doubts, whether his suggestion (so often ridiculed)
be, indeed, ridiiultut. 
108     HIPPOCRATIS  APHORISMI.
   31.  Mulier  in utero  gerens  secta  vena
abortit, et magis, si major luerit foetus.

   32.  Mulieri  sanguinem evomenti,  men-
struis erumpentibus,  Solutio fit.

   33.  Mulieri,  menstruis  deficientibus,  e
naribus sanguinem fluere, bonum.

   34.  Mulieri in utero gerenti, si alvus mul-
tum fluxerit, pericuium ne abortiat.

   35.  Mulieri ab uterina passione vexatae,
aut  difficulter parienti, sternutatio  superve-
niens, bonum.
   36.  Muhen menses  decolores, neque se-
cundum eadem  semper  prodeuntes,  purga-
tione opus e^sc significant.
   37.  Muiieri in utero  gerenti si mammae
ex improviso  graciles fiant, abortit.
   38.  Muiieri  in  utero gerenti,  si  altera
mamma gracilis fiat, gemellos gestanti, alter-
utrum abortit,  et  si  quidem dextra gracilis
fiat,  marem :  si vero sinistra, feminam. 
        APHORISMS OF &IPPOCRATES.    109

      31.  With pregnant  women, venesection
   produces abortion ;  especially if gestation be
   far advanced.
      32.  When vomiting of blood takes place,
   in women, it ceases on the appearance of the
   menses.
      33.  When a deficiency takes place in the
   menstrual discharge, nasal haemorrhage is be*
   neficial.
      34.  When diarrhoea comes on,  in  preg*
   nant women, there is some danger of abor-
   tion.
      35.  In hysterical affections, or difficult par-
   turition, sternutation is beneficial.

      36.  Discoloured and irregular menses in-
   dicate  the necessity  of purgatives.

      37.  A  sudden subsidence of the breasts,
   during pregnancy, is followed by abortion.
      38.  in pregnancy, where twins are present,
   a  subsidence oi  either breast foreshows the
   death of  one of them; a mle foetus—if it be
   the right breast, and a female, if it be the
   left.

                        10
I 
110     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.

  39. Si mulier quae nee praegnans est  nee
peperit, lac habeat, ei menstrua  defecerunt.


  40.  Mulieribus quibus  in  mammas  san-
guis convertitur, insaniam significat.

  41.  Mulierem si velis cognoscere an praeg-
nans sit,ubidormitura est  (incoenatae) aquam
mulsam bibendam dato, et si quidem tormen
habeat circa ventrem, praegnans est: si  vero
minus, praegnans non est.
  .42. Mulier praegnans,  si quidem marem
gestat, bene colorata est: si verd feminam,
male colorata.
   43. Si  mulieri  praegnanti  erysipelas  in
Utero fiat, lethale.
   44.  Quae praeter naturam tenues existentes
 in utero  gerunt, abortiunt, priusquam  cras-
 sescant.
   45.  Quae vero mediocriter corpus haben-
 tes  abortiunt bimestres et  trimestres;  sine
 causa  manifesta, his uteri  acetabula muco 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    Ill

   39. A secretion of milk, in the breasts of
 those who are not pregnant,  and have never
 had offspring, proceeds from a suppression of
 the menstrual discharge.
   40. A secretion of blood (instead of milk)
 in the breasts (of puerperal women,) is follow-
 ed by mania.
   41. In order to ascertain  whether  a  wo-
 man be pregnant or not, administer hydromel,
 on her retiring supperless to  bed :—if it pro-
 duce griping,  she is pregnant—otherwise,
 not.*
   42. In pregnancy—a fine  complexion in-
 dicates a male, and the contrary—a  female
 foetus.
   43. An erysipelatous affection of the  ute-
 rus, during pregnancy, proves fatal.
   44. Women who,  during  pregnancy, be-
 come  exceedingly thin, miscarry until  they
 begin to grow fat.
   45.  When women of  a tolerable full ha-
 bit of body,  miscarry, without any manifest
 cause, about the  second  or third month  of

  * The philosopher, the extent of whose belief'was in a direct ratio
with his doubts (" credo, quod impossible est") must have been a
staunch sectarian !—As we profess no particular professional creed;
we leave this Aphorism as " un morceaa" for the critic. 
112    HIPP0CRAT1S APHORISM!.

plena sunt, et non possunt continere foetum,.
prae gravitate, sed abrumpuntur.
   46.  Quae praeter naturam crassae existentes
non concipiunt in utero, his  omentum os
uteri comprimit, et,  priusquam attenuentur,
praegnantes non fiunt.

   47.  Si uterus coxi incumbens suppuratus
fuerit, necesse est, ut pure prof uso, vicmia in
saniem colliquescant.*


   48.  Foetus,  mares  quidem in dextris, fe-
minae vero in sinistris magis.
   49.  Ut  secundae  excidant, sternutatorio
indito, nares  et os apprehendere oportet.


   50.  Mulieri menstrua  si  velis cohibere,
cucurbitam quu,m maximam ad mammas ap-
pone.

  * In the latter part of this  Aphorism we have preferred tht
Latin version of Villebrune; which the original text seems to war
rant. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   113

 pregnancy, it denotes a too copious mucosi-
 tv in the pelvis of the uterus; the  womb,
 therefore, becomes incapable of retaining the
 foetus, which latter detaches itself by its own
 weight.
  46.  Women excessively corpulent do not
 conceive, on account of the omentum com-
 pressing the  mouth of the  uterus; they,
 therefore, cannot become pregnant until the
 system be reduced.
  47.  (In prolapso uteri,) where the womb
 rests upon the  ischia,  should suppuration
 commence, the pus  soon degenerates into
 sanies, and the parts adjoining are melted
 down.
  48. The male foetus inclines to the right__
 the  female,—to the left side.
  49.  In order to hasten the rejection of the
 secundine, a sternutatory  is to be adminis-
tered,  at the same time the mouth and nose
are  to be closed.
  50.  To restrain the menstrual discharge,
a large cupping-glass is to  be applied to the
breasts.
10* 
114    HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  51. Quae in  utero gerunt, harum  os uteri
clausum est.
  52. Mulieri  in  utero gerenti  si  multum
lactis ex mammis fluxerit, infirmum foetum
significat.   Si vero solidae fuerint mammae,
saniorem foetum significat.

   53.  Quae perditurae sunt  foetus, his mam-
mae graciles  fiunt.   Si  vero rursus  durae
fiant, dolor erit, aut in mammis, aut in coxis,
aut in oculis, aut in genibus, et non perdunt.

   54. Quibus os  uteri durum est, his ne-
 cesse est os uteri clausum esse.
   55. Quaecumque in utero gerentes a febri-
 bus corripiuntur, et vehementer  attenuantur,
 absque  manifesta  occasione, difficulter  et
 periculose pariunt,  aut  abortientes  pericli-
 tantur.

    56.  Si  fluxui muliebri convulsio et animi
 deliquium superveniat, malum.
    57.  Mensibus copiosioribus prodeuntibus,
 morbi contingunt: non prodeuntibus, ab ute-
 ro fiunt morbi.

    58. Recto  intestino inflammato, et utero 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   H5

  51  During  gestation, the mouth  of the
womb is closed.
  52. If a great flow of milk from the breasts
take  place  during gestation, it denotes the
weakness of the  foetus ; but  if the breasts
maintain their firmness, it  is indicative of a
healthy  child.
  53. A subsidence of the breasts is follow-
ed by abortion ; but,  if they  resume  their
usual firmness  and become painful,  accom-
panied also  with pains  in the hips, eyes and
knees, the result will be favourable.
  54. When the mouth of the  uterus is hard
to the touch, it is  necessarily closed.
  55.  Those who,  during  pregnancy, are
seized  with fever, attended with great waste
of body, and that, too,  without any manifest
cause,  have a difficult and dangerous partu-
rition,  or an abortion, followed by alarming
 consequences.
  56. If, in  menorrhagia,  convulsion and
fainting supervene, the case is alarming.
   57. A too copious menstrual discharge in-
 duces  (general) disease;  a  suppression, on
 the other hand, causes a (local) affection  of
 the uterus.
   58.  Inflammation of the rectum and ute- 
116     HIPP0CRAT1S APHORISMI.

inflammato, et renibus   suppuratis,  urinae
stillicidium supervenit: hepati autem inflam-
mato, singultus supervenit.
  59. Mulier,  si  in  ventre non  concipiat,
yelis autem scire an conceptura sit,  vestibus
circumtectam subter suffito; et si  quidem
procedere  tibi  videatur  odor per corpus ad
nares et ad os, scito hanc, non propter se ip-
sum, infoecundam esse.


  60. Si mulieri in utero gerenti purgationes
prodeant, foetum sanum esse impossibile.

  61. Si mulieri purgationes non prodeant,
neque horrore, neque febre superveniente,
cibi autem fastidia ipsi  accidant;  hanc in
utero gerere  putato.

  62.  Quae  frigidos  ac  densos uteros ha-
bent, non concipiunt; et quae  praehumidos
habent uteros, non concipiunt; extinguitur
enim ipsis  genitura : et quae siccos magis et
adurentes :  alimenti enim inopia semen eor-
rumpitur.  Quae vero ex utrisque tempera -
mentum habent moderatum, hae  ipsse pro-
liferae fiunt. 
      [ APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.   117

rus, and suppuration of the kidneys, are suc-
ceeded by strangury ; but inflammation of
the liver is followed  by hiccough.
   59.  In order to  ascertain whether a  wo-
man, wh")  has not conceived,  be capable of
conception, let her be  completely enveloped
in her garment, and fumigated from beneath ;
if the odo ir,  pervading the body, be  percep-
tible at the  nose  and mouth, it is  an  evi-
dence that her non-conception proceeds from
no impotence on her part.*
   60.  If the  menstrual discharge occur du-
ring pregnancy, it  is  a  sure indication of
an unhealthy foetus.
   61.  If there  happen a  suppression of the
menses,  unaccompanied with horrors and fe-
ver, but attended with loathing of f sod, we
may conclude  that conception  has taken
place.
   62.  Conception does not take place where
the uterus is cold,  dense or humid,—for
here, the  generative fire is t xting i  lied ;—
neither does  it take  place where  the uterus
has to<>  much of heat or siccity,—lor here,
the seed is destroyed  for  want of due  ali-
ment:  those  only  who are  removed from
       » Vide note accompanying Aphor. 41.  p.m. 
118
HIPPOCRATIS  APHOR1SMI.
   63.  Similiter autem  etiam  in  masculis.
Aut enim propter corporis raritatem spiritus
extra fertur adeo et semen non emittat: aut
propter densitatem  humidum non  pervadit
foras ;  aut propter frigiditatem non incalescit,
ut ad hunc locum  congregetur: aut propter
ealiditatem hoc idem contingit.
   64.  Lac  dare capite  dolentibus,  malum.
Malum vero  etiam febricitantibus,  et  qui-
bus hypochondria  elevata sunt, murmuran-
tia, et siticulosis.  Malum autem et quibus
dejectiones  biliosae, et iis qui in  acutis sunt
febribus : et quibus  copiosi  sanguinis facta
est egestio.   Convenit  vero  tabidis non ad-
modum  valde  febricitantibus  (iac) dare, et
in febribus Iongis et languidis, nullo ex su-
pradictis signis praesente; et praeter rationem
quidem extenuatis. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   119

cither  extreme, and who are possessed of a
moderate temperament,  are prolific.
   63.  The same  circumstances equally ob-
tain with males ;—sometimes, from the per-
meability  of  the body, the  subtile spirit
escapes outward, in so much, that no emis-
sion of semen takes  place  (in  coitu); or
from the  impervious  nature  (of the  ex.
crating organ) the fluid cannot escape  ex-
ternally :  impotence  may also arise  from a
frigidity of the parts, whereby they cannot
be excited to  emission (during coition);
excessive  heat may  also produce the same
effect.
   64.  Milk is injurious to  those who  are
afflicted with  headach, fever, and distention
of  the  hypochondrium, attended with bor-
borygmus,—also,  where  great thirst exists ;
it is, furthermore,  injurious  in  bilious  de-
jections and acute fevers, and where much
blood is voided in egestion : it is, however,
beneficial in phthisis, when little fever is pre-
sent,—also,  in slow protracted  fevers,  at-
tended  with-  great emaciation ; in  the ad*
ministration of it,  we  are, therefore, to ob-
serve, that none of the foregoing symptoms
be present. 
120     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

   65.  Quibus tumores in ulceribus apparent,
ii non  valde  convelluntur, neque insaniunt.
His autem derepente  disparentibus,  quibus
in postica quidem parte fuerint, convulsiones
fiunt  et  tetani: quibus  vero in antica,  in-
saniae, aut Uteris dolores acuti, aut  suppu-
ratio, aut dysenteria, si rubicundi fuerint tu-
mores.

   66.  Si magnis et  pravis existentibus vul-
neribus,  tumores non  appareant, ingens ma-
lum.
   67.  Laxi  tumores,  boni;  crudi  vero,
mali.

   68.  Postica capitis  parte dolenti,  recta in
fronte vena secta juvat.
   69.  Rigores incipiunt, mulieribus quidem,
ex lumbis  magis, et per  dorsum ad  caput;
viris autem  postica  magis parte, quam  an-
tica corporis, velut  ex cubitis ac femoribus.
Sed et  cutis viris  rara est.  Hoc  quidem
pilus indicat.
70. A quartanis correpti, a  convulsion? 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    121
   65. Tumefaction supervening in wounds,
prevents  both spasm and delirium;  but in
Wounds of the back, if the tumefaction sud-
denly disappear,  tetanus  and  convulsions
follow: wounds received on the  fore-part
of the body are attended with delirium, or
acute pains  of the side ; also with  suppura-
tion, or dysentery,—^-and this more especially
if the tumefaction be very red.
   66.  If in  large  and  bad  conditioned
wounds, tumefaction does not take place, the.
danger is  considerable.
   67. Tumours which  have a soft feel are
beneficial  ;  those which are hard and callous
are unfavourable.
   68.  Pain  in the back part of the head, is
relieved by  opening the frontal vein.
   69.  Rigors commence differently with men
and women ;•—with the latter, they begin at
the loins, and extend along the vertebrae to the
head ;  with  the former, they originate rather
at the posterior than the anterior part of the
body,—for instance, at the back of the fore-
arm and thigh.  The cutis of men is  thinnest,
as is evident from the hairs inserted in  it.*
  70.  Quartans are  never  attended witli
  • We cannot perceive what connection the latter part of flii&
Apheriam has with the former.
                     11 
•122   "HIPPOCRATIS APH0RISMI.
non  admodum corripiuntur;  si vero  prius
corripiuntur, et postea quartana supervenerit,
liberantur.
  71.  Quibus cutis obtenditur arida ac dura^
it sine  sudore moriuntur; quibus vero laxa
ac rara, ii cum sudore moriuntur,


  72.  Icterici non admodum flatulenti^mUi 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   123

convulsions;  on  the  contrary,  the  latter
disappear, on the coming on of the former.
  71.  When the cuticle  appears  tense, dry
and hard,—death occurs without perspira-
tion taking place ;  but when, on the contrary,
it is lax and thin, dissolution is accompanied
with sweat.
  72.  The icterical are never flatulent.
* 
i24f     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!*
SECTIO VI.
   I.  Diuturnus   intestinorum   laevitatibus
ructus acidus  superveniens, qui prius  non
fuit, signum bonum.
   2.  Quibus nares natura  humidiores, et
genitura humidior, imperfectius sani  sunt:
quibus vero contraria, perfectius.

   3. In Iongis dysenteriis appetitus  prostra-
tils, malum : et cum febre pejus.


   4. Ulcera circum-glabra, maligna.

   5. Dolores et in lateribus et in pectoribus,
et in caeteris (partibus), si multum differant,
considerandunv 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    125
SECTION VI.
   1. Acid  eructations  supervening,  for the
first time, in long protracted lientery, is a fa-
vourable symptom.*
   2. A  preternatural humidity of the nos-
trils and of the seminal  liquor,  is indicative
of imperfect health; but when the contrary
is the case,  the indication is favourable.
   3.  A total loss of appetite,  in long conti-
nued dysentery,  is  unfavourable; but  the
danger is great, when it is accompanied by
fever.
  4.  Ulcers which have a  smooth circumfe-
rence, are of a malignant nature.
   5.  Pains  of the  side, breast, and of  other
parts, often varying, demand attentive obser-
vation.

  * " For it denotes, (observes Van Swieten, in his commentary Up-
on this Aphorism), that the contractile force of the stomach and in-
testines is in some measure returned, whereby the ingested aliments
may be retained, at least, so long in the stomach aeto degenerate into
* spontaneous corruption.1'
                     U* 
126     HIPP0CRAT1S  APHORTSMr.

   6.  Renum et vesicae dolores difficulter sa-
rantur in senibus.
   7.  Dolores qui  in ventre fuint,  elati qui-
dem, leviores :  non elati vero vehementiores.


   8.  Hydropicis ulcera in corpore orta non
facile sanantur.
   9.  Efflorescentiae latae non admodum pru-
riginosae.
   10. Caput laboranti, et circum circa do^
ienti, pus, aut  aqua, aut sanguis effluens per
nares, aut per os, aut per aures,  solvit mor-
bum.
   11. Melancholicis, et nephriticis, haemor-
tiioides supervenientes, bonum.
   12. Ab haemorrhoidibus sanato diuturnis,
nisi  una servata fuerit,  periculum est  ne hy-
drops superveniat, aut tabes.
   13. A singultu detento, sternutationes su-
pervenientes, solvunt singultum.
   14. Ab hydrope detento  si  aqua secun-
dum venas in alvum fluxerit,  solutio fit,

   15. A  diuturno alvi  profluvio dctentq,
sponte superveniens vomitus, alvi profiuvi*
Aim  solvit. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    127

  6. Pains  of the kidneys and bladder, in
old men, are of difficult cure.
  7. When  distention  accompanies pain of
the belly, the latter is, by no means, severe ;
but if there be no distention present, the pain
is greater.
  8. In dropsical  patients, ulcers are of dif-
ficult cure.
   9. Large exanthematae are never prurigi-
nous.
   10.  Pains of the head and  neighbouring,
parts are relieved by an efflux of pus, or wa-
ter,  or blood, from the  nostrils, mouth, or
ears.
   11. In  melancholia  and  nephritis, the
coming on of the haemorrhoides is beneficial,
   12.  In long continued haemorrhoids, a to-
tal cure  is  frequently followed by dropsy or
phthisis.
   13.  Sternutation removes hiccough.

   14. In dropsy, if the water pass off into the
intestines, by means of the  veins,  the disease
ceases.
   15. Long  continued diarrhoea is arrested
by spontaneous vomiting. 
128     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
   16.  A pleuritide, aut a peripneumonia de-
tento, alvi profluvium superveniens, malum.
   17.  Ophthalmia laborantem alvi profluvio
corrissi, bonum.
   18. Cui persecta est  vesica, aut cerebrum,
aut cor, aut  septum transversum, aut ali-
quod ex intestinis tenuibus, aut ventriculus,
aut hepar, lethale.
   19.  Ubi dissectum fuerit os, aut  cartilago,
aut nervus, aut genae pars tenuis,  aut praepu-
tium, neque augetur, neque coalescit.


   20.  Si in ventrem sanguis effusus  fuerit
praeter naturam, necesse est suppurari.

   21.  Insanientibus  si varices, aut haemor-
rhoides supervenerint,  insania? sohitio fit.
   22.  Que ruptiones ex  dorso  ad cubitos
descendunt, venae sectio solvit.*

   23. Si metus et tristitia multo tempore per-
severant, melancholicum hoc  ipsum.
  * In the text used by Villebrune we have 5 «Xy»>«T«, (et dolores,)
which we have given in the translation. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATRS.   12!)

   16. Diarrhoea  supervening in pleurisy, or
 peripneumonia, is unfavourable.
   17. Diarrhoea supervening in ophthalmiaf
 is beneficial.
   18. A lesion of the bladder, brain, heart,
 diaphragm,  stomach, liver,  or any of the
 small intestines, proves fatal.

   19. When an entire section takes place of
 a bone,  cartilage, or nerve;  or of the pre-
 puce, or thin portion of the cheek, no after-
 growth  or  adhesion of  the  parts  can take
 place.
   20.  If an effusion of blood take place with-
 in the abdomen, suppuration  necessarily fol-
 lows.
   21. When varices or haemorrhoids super*
 vene in  mania, the disorder ceases.
   22.  Sudden  pains, extending  from  the
 back to the fore-arm, are relieved by venesec-
 tion.
   23.  Fear, attended with an obstinate  de-
pression of spirits, indicates a disposition to
melancholia. 
130    HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

   24.  Si ex intestinis tenuibus aliquod dis-
sectum fuerit, non coalescit.
   25.  Erysipelas foris  quidem intra verti,
non bonum, intus vero foras, bonum.

   26.  Quibus in febre ardente tremores fiunt,
delirium solvit.
   27.  Qui suppurati aut hydropici uruntur,
aut secantur, hi, pure, aut aqua, acervatim ef-
fluente, omnino moriuntur.
   28.  Eunuchi non laborant podagia, neque
calvi fiunt.
   29.  Mulier non  laborat podagia, nisi men"
ses ipsi defecerint.
   30.  Puer non laborat podagra ante  veneris
usum.
   31.  Oculorum  dolores  meri potus, aut
balneum, aut fomentum, aut venae sectio, aut
purgatio solvit.
   32.  Balbi ab alvi  profluvio  maxime  cor»
ripiuntur longo.
   33. Acidum ructantes non admodum pleu.
ritici fiunt.
   34.  Qui calvi sunt, his varices magni non
fiunt.   Quibus vero, dum sunt calvi, super-
veniunt varices, hi rursus capillati fiunt. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   131

  24. A lesion of the small intestines is ne-
ver followed by a re-union of parts.
  25. Erysipelas, when it recedes  inward-
ly, is injurious ; but its re-appearance exter-
nally is beneficial.
  26. Tremors supervening in ardent fevers,
go off on the coming on of delirium.
  27. In dropsy or empyema, the evacuation
by cautery or incision, of a great quantity of
Water or  pus, is always followed by death.
  28. Eunuchs  never  suffer from podagri-
cal affections, or  become bald.
  29. Women are exempt from podagrical
affections, until the cessation of the menses,
  30. Gout does not appear in adolescence,
previous to venery.
  31.  Pains of the eyes are relieved by pure
wine, bathing, fomentation, venesection and
purging.
  32. Stammerers are much subject to chro-
nic diarrhoea.
  33. Those  who  have acid  eructations are
never subject to pleuritic affections.
  34. Those  who are bald are  not affected
with severe varices: but if the latter become
considerable, the hair again makes its appear-
ance. 
 i32     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISML

   25.  Hydropicis  tussis superveniens, ma-
 lum.
   36.  Urinae difficultatem venae sectio sol-
 vit : secandce vero internee.*

   37.  Ab angina  detento, tumorem fieri in
 cpllo, bonum : foras enim vertitur.

   38.  Quibus occulti  cancri fiunt, eos non
 curare melius est.  Curati enim cito pareunt.
 Non curati vero longius tempus perdurant.


   39.  Convulsio fit, aut a repletione,  aut  ab
evacuatione.   Sic quidem etiam singultus.

   40.  Quibus ad hypochondrium  dolores
fiunt, absque inflammatioyie, his febris super-
veniens solvit dolorem.
   41.  Quibus suppuratum quid  in corpore
eXistens nullum sui signum prodit, his prop-

  • i. e. Sscare autem oportet intentu Venae, t»$ teen^ 6k Villebrune.
Ftiesius, et Heurnins. 
        APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   133

    35. Cough supervening in dropsy is unfa-
 vourable.
    36. Dysury is relieved by blood-letting—
 but it is the artery which ought to be open-
 ed.*
   37.  A tumour arising on the neck in angi-
 na is favourable, as it denotes a derivation of
 the disease externally.
   38.  Occult cancers should not be molest-
 ed ;  in  attempting  to discuss  them, they
 quickly become fatal: when unmolested, they
 remain in a scirrhous state  for a  length of
 time.
   39.  Convulsion may arise from  repletion
 or evacuation ; hiccough may proceed from
 the same causes.
   40. Pains in the hypochondrium, unattend-
 ed with inflammation, are  relieved by fever.

   41.  When  an abscess  exists in   any part
 of the body, without any  signs of  suppura-
 tion being present, the latter circumstance

  * Hippocrates must, here, allude to the operation of arteriotomy,
as frequently practiced by the aneients, who were not aware of the
dangerous consequences, for the most part,  resulting from it.  Arr
tenotomy isnow scarcely ever performed in any other,  but the '.em
poral artery.
                    12 
134     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
ter crassitudinem puris, aut loci, signum non
exhibet.

  42.  In ictericis hepar durum fieri, malum.

  43.  Qui lienosi a dysenteria. corripiuntur,
his longa  superveniente dysenteric,  hydrops
supervenit, aut  intestinorum laevitas,  et pe-
reunt.
  44. Quibus ex urinae  stillicidio volvulus
supervenit,  in septem diebus pereunt, nisi
febre superveniente urina. abunde fluxerit.
  45. Ulcera  quaecumque annua fiunt,  aut
longius tempus occupant, necesse est os abs-
cedere, et cicatrices cavas fieri.

   46. Qui gibbi ex asthmate, aut tussi fiunt,
ante pubertatem, pereunt.

   47. Quibus venae sectio, aut purgatio con-
 ducit, his vere convenit venam  secare, aut
 purgationem facere. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    135

may arise from the inspissated state of the
pus, or the thickness of the superincumbent
part.
  42.  The induration  of the liver,  in jaun-
dice, is unfavourable.
  43.  Long continued  dysentery,  superve-
ning  in  affections of  the spleen,  induces
either  dropsy  or lientery,  and consequent
death.
  44.  When volvulus arises from strangury,
the patient dies  in  seven days, unless  fever
and a copious flow of urine supervene.*
  45.  When ulcers have continued one year,
or longer, it  becomes  necessary to denude
the bone  lying  beneath,—thus forming, as it
were, a depressed cicatrix.
  46.  Those who, before  puberty, become
gibbous from cough or asthma, generally pe-
rish.
  47.  Those  with whom  venesection  or
purgatives  agree, should have recourse to
them in the spring.

  * " An iliac passion,  and that of a  fatal tendency, has followed,
upon symptoms which have indicated the disease in the bladder or
kidneys.  Galen seems to have a doubt about this ; but I have once
met with it, though it must be confessed that the case is very rare
and uncommon."  Van Swieten, Com. abridged, p. 344. 
136    HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  48. Lienosis dysenteria superveniens, bo-
num.
  49. Qui podagrici  morbi  fiunt,  hi sedata
inflammatione,  in  quadraginta diebus dece*
dunt.
  50. Quibus  percipum fuerit cerebrum,
his  necesse est febrem, et bilis vomitum su-
pervenire.
  51. Quibus sanis dolores  derepente  fiunt
in capite, et statim muti fiunt, ac stertunt, in
septem diebus pereunt, nisi febris apprehen-
derit.
  52. Considerare vero etiam oportet oculo-
rum subtus apparentia in somnis.  Si enim al-
bi quid, palpebris commissis, subtus appa-
reat, idque non ex alvi  profiuvio sit, aut ex
potione  purgante,  pravum signum, et valde
lethale.


  53» Deliria, cum risu quidem accidentia,
securiora :  cum studio vero, periculosiora.

  54. In acutis affectionibus quae cum febre
sunt, luctuosae respirationes maiae.
  55. Podagrici morbi, vere et autumno mo-
ventur ut plurimiim. 
       APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.   137

   48. Dysentery supervening in affections of
 the spleen, is beneficial.
   49. Those attacked  with the gout,  are
 entirely freed of it in forty days after the sub-
 sidence of the inflammation.
   50. A lesion  of the brain is necessarily
 followed by  fever and bilious vomiting.

   51. If sudden pains  of  the head come on
 during perfect health, attended  with imme-
 diate aphonia and stertor, the patient dies in
 seven days, unless fever supervene.
   52. It is particularly necessary, in  disease,
 to observe the appearance of the eyes during
 sleep; if the eyelids be imperfectly closed,
 so that some of  the white is observable (the
 patient not being, then, under the  operation
 of purgatives, or existing diarrhoea) the symp-
 tom  is  very unfavourable, and  frequently
 fatal.
   53. Delirium, accompanied with laughter,
 is less dangerous, than that accompanied with
a severe expression of countenance.
   54. In  acute diseases, attended with  fe-
 ver, painful respiration is unfavourable.
  55. Podagrical affections come on,  for the
most part, in spring and autumn.
                   12* 
138    HIPPOCRATIS  APIXORISMI.

  56. Morbis melancholicis ad hasc periculo-
si sunt humorum decubitus, aut corporis sid-
erationem, aut  convulsionem, aut insaniam,
aut caecitatem significant.
  57.  Apoplectici  autem  fiunt maxime,
aetate ab anno quadragesimo usque  ad sexa-
gesimum.
   58.  Si omentum  exciderit,  necesse  est
putrefieri.
   59.  Quibus a diuturno coxendicis  morbo
vexatis coxa excidit,  et  rursus incidit, his
mucus innascitur.

   60.  Quibus  a diuturno coxendicis morbo
vexatis  coxa excidit,  his crus  tabescit, et
claudicant, nisi usti fuerint. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   139

  56. In melancholick* affections, the trans-
lation  of the humours to various parts, has
a tendency to produce the following diseases:
apoplexy,  mania, convulsion, and blindness.
  57.  Apoplexy is most prevalent from the
fortieth to the sixtieth year.

  58.  In omental hernia, the part protruded,
necessarily mortifies.
  59.  In long continued sciatica, where the
motion of the joint of the  thigh  has been in-
terrupted,  if the mucus be again secreted,
the articulation is restored.
  60.  In long continued sciatica, where the
head of the  femur has  been displaced, the
parts below become emaciated, and lameness
ensues, unless the actual cautery be used.
  * The word melanchclick is used here, as referring to a cause, and
as its etymological sense imports, is synonymous with atrabilious. 
140     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
SECTIO VII.
   1. In morbis acutis, extremarum partium
frigus, malum.
   2. Ex osse aegrotante caro livida, malum.

   3. A vomitu singultus, et occuli rubri.
malum.
   4. A sudore horror, non bonum.

   5. Ab insania dysenteria, aut hydrops, aut
extasis, bonum.*
   6. In morbo diuturno,  appetitus  prostra-
tus, et meracae dejectiones, malum.

   7. A multo potu rigor,  et delirium,  ma-
lum.
   £. A tumoris intus ruptione, exsolutie,
vomitus, et animi deliquium fit.

    » Ratio hujus patet in Aph. j6. Sect. vi. ViHebTune. 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   141
SECTION VII.
  1. In acute diseases,  coldness of the ex-
tremities is unfavourable.
  2. Lividity of the  flesh,  arising from an
unhealthy bone, is unfavourable.
  3. Hiccough, and redness of  eyes, arising
from vomiting, are unfavourable.
  4. A sensation of horror, succeeding per-
spiration,  is unfavourable.
  5.  Dysentery,  dropsy, or exstasis,  fol-
lowing insania, are beneficial.*
  6. Long illness, attended with a prostration
of appetite and unassimilated dejections,  is
dangerous.
  7. Rigors and deliriums, proceeding from
excess of drink, are dangerous.
  8. The rupture of an internal tumour  is
followed by lassitude, vomiting, and deliquium
anmi.
* See Aph. 56, Sec. VI. 
 142    HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.

   9. A sanguis fluxu delirium,  aut etiam
 convulsio, malum.
   10. Ab ileo  vomitus,  aut singultus, aut
 convulsio, aut delirium, malum.

   11. A pleuritide peripneumonia, malum.

   12. A peripneumonia phrenitis,  malum.

   13. Ab ardoribus vehementibus convul-
 sio, aut tetanus, malum.
   14. A plaga in caput, stupor aut delirium,
 malum.

   15.  A  sanguinis sputo,  puris sputum,
 malum.
   16. A puris  sputo, tabes, et fluxus, ma-
 lum.  Postquam vero sputum retinetur, mo-
 riuntur.

   17. Ab  hepatis  inflammatione  singultus,
malum.
   18. A vigilia  convulsio, aut delirium, ma-
lum.
   19. Ab  ossis  dedunatione erysipelas (ma-
lum.) 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   143

  9. When delirium, or convulsions, pro-
ceed from haemorrhage, it is dangerous.
  10. Vomiting,  singultus,  convulsion,  or
delirium,  arising from iliac passion, is dan-
gerous.
  11. Peripneumonia, arising from pleurisy,
—dangerous.
  12. Phrenitis, arising from peripneumonia,
—dangerous.
  13. Convulsion, or tetanus,  proceeding
from excessive heat,—dangerous.
  14. When a blow on the head causes stu-
por or delirium, the symptoms are unfavour-
able.
  15.  A spitting  of  blood, followed by a
purulent expectoration, is unfavourable.
   16.  Tabes and colliquative diarrhoea, aris-
ing from  purulent expectoration,  are unfa-
vourable ;  if  the  expectoration  (suddenly)
stops, the patient dies.
  17- Singultus, proceeding from hepatitis,
—dangerous.
  18. Convulsion, or delirium, arising from
vigilancy, is dangerous.
  19.  Erysipelas,  caused by a denudation of
bone,—dangerous. 
144     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

   20.  Ab erysipelate putredo, aut suppuratio
(malum.)
   21.  A forti pulsu in ulceribus, sanguinis
eruptio.
   22.  A dolore diuturno partium circa ven-
trem, suppuratio (malum.)
   23.  A meraca dejectione dysenteria.

   24.  Ab  osse perscisso delirium, si in va-
cuum penetravit.
   25.  A purgantis  potione,  convulsio, le-
thale.
   26. A dolore vehementi partium circa ven-
trem, extremarum frigus, malum.

   27. Mulieri in utero gerenti, tenesmus su-
perveniens, abortire facit.
   28.  Quodcumque os, aut cartilago,  aut
nervus in corpore  dissectus  fuerit,  neque
augetur, neque coalescit.
   29.  Si a leucophlegmatia.  detento vehe-
mens diarrhoea superveniat, morbum solvit.
   30.  Quibus  spumosae  egestiones  in alvi
profluviis, his de capite pituita defluit.

   31. Quibus febricitantibus, in urinis subsi- 
Missing Pages
   145-146 
           APHORISMS0F HIPPOCRATES.   147

       20. Sphacelus, or suppuration, arising from
     erysipelas,—dangerous.
       21. In ulcers,  a strong pulsation of the
     part, foreshows haemorrhage.*
       22. Suppuration surpervening in long con-
     tinued pain of the abdomen, is unfavourable.
       23. A dejection of unconcocted matter is
     followed by dysentery.
       24. Wounds, which extend into the hol-
     low of the bone, are followed by delirium.
       25. Convulsion  arising from purgatives,
    proves fatal.
       26. Coldness of the extremities, proceed-
'■    ing from severe pains about the abdomen, is
h  dangerous.
l-      27. Tenesmus, during pregnancy, produces
t    abortion.
\       28. The lesion of  a  bone, cartilage or
    nerve, is never followed by a growth, or re-
    union of parts.
^      29. If a severe diarrhoea supervene in leu-
|E  cophlegmasia, the latter affection ceases.
      30. Diarrhoea, attended with an evacuation
;    of spumous matter, foreshows a defluxion of
i    the head.
      31. In fevers, a subsidence in the urine of
:                         ...
              * .. ■  from existing aneurism.
                        13 
 148     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

 dentiae  fiunt crassiori farinae similes, longam
 infirmitatem significant.
   32.   Quibus  autem biliosae subsidentiae,
 ab initio verd tenues, acutum morbum signi-
 ficat.
   33.  Quibus autem urinae divulsae fiunt, iis
 vehemens est in corpore turbatio.

   34. Quibus vero in urinis bullae superstant,
 renum affectiones  significant, et longam fore
 invaletudinem.
   35.  Quibus autem pingue est et confertum
 quod supernatat, his  affectiones nephriticas,
 et acutas significat.                          V*
   36.  Quibus vero, nephriticis existentibus,  Jb
 praedicta signa accidunt, et dolores circa mus-
 culos spinales fiant, si quidem ad loca exteri-
 ora fuint, abscessum exspecta  futurum ex-   '\
 trorsum ; si vero  dolores fiunt magis ad in-
 terna loca, etiam abscessum magis introrsiim
 fore expecta.
   37. Qui  sanguinem vomunt, si quidem   «<<
sine febre, salutare :  si vero cum febre, ma-   1
lum.  Curandum  autem refrigerantibus, et .  j
astringentibus. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    149

a thick  farinaceous  substance,  indicates a
long continuance of the disease.
  32.  A limpid urine, having a bilious de-
posit, is indicative of an acute affection.

  33.  When the urine has a troubled, cloud-
ed appearance, it denotes great commotion in
the system.
  34.  The presence of bubbles  on the sur-
face of the urine, indicates an affection of the
kidneys, and extended illness.
  35.  But if the supernatant substance be of
a thick,  oily consistence, it shows a nephri-
tic, and, also, an acute affection.
  36.  In nephritic  affections, accompanied
with  the above symptoms,  together with
pains   about  the muscles  of  the  spine—if
the pains be external,  we are to expect the
appearance  of  an  external abscess;  but if
they be  situated internally, the abscess will
determine itself inwardly.
  37.  Vomiting of blood, without existing
fever, is  not dangerous; but if fever be pre-
sent, it is injurious : the cure consists in re-
frigerants and astringents. 
150    HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

   38.  Distillationes in  ventrem supermini,
in viginti diebus suppurantur.

  39. Si quis sanguinem et grumos mingat,
et stranguriam habeat,  et  dolor  incidat ad
perinaeum, et imum ventrem, et  pectinem,
partes circa vesicam laborare significat.
  40. Si lingua ex improviso impotens fiat,
aut aliqua corporis  pars siderata,  melancho-
licum hoc ipsum fit.
  41. Si senioribus nimium purgatis, singul-
tus superveniat, non bonum.
  42. Si febris, quae non est a,  bile,  detine-
at, aqua multa  et calida in caput  affusa, fe-
bris solutio fit.
  43. Mulier ambidextra non fit.
  44. Qui suppurati uruntur, aut secantur,
si quidem purum effluat pus et album, eva-
dunt: si verd subcruentum, et ccenosum, ac
graveolens, pereunt.

  45. Qui ad hepar suppuratum uruntur, aut
secantur, si quidem purum effluat pus et al-
buim. superstites evadunt:  ipsis  enim  pus 
       ATHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   151

  38.  An extravasation  in the cavity of the
thorax, is  followed within twenty days  by
suppuration.
  39.  See Aphor. 80. Sect. iv.
   40.  A sudden  paralysis of the  organs of
speech,  or of any part of the body, is fre-
quently the effect of a melancholick affection.*
   41.  Singultus arising in old men from hy-
percatharsis, is an unfavourable symptom.
   42.  Fevers, not proceeding from bile, are
cured by an affusion of warm  water on the
head.
   43.  Women are never ambidextrous.
   44.  In opening an abscess, either by inci-
sion or  actual cautery, if the  matter issue
pure and white, the patient recovers ;  but if
it be of a bloody, foetid and offensive nature.
the disease proves fatal.
   45.  In opening an  abscess of the  liver
either  by incision or  actual cautery,  if the
matter issue pure and white, the patient reco-
vers : for we are to  recollect that the  pus is
enclosed in a sac ; but, if the matter  which
             * See Aphor. 56. Sect. vi.
                   13* 
152     HTPP0CRAT1S APHORISML

est m tunica :  si vero effluat  velut amiiTca.
pereunt.
  46. In doloribus oculorum,  postquam me.
mm bibendum dederis,  et multa  calida la-
veris, venam secto.
  47. Hydropicum si tussis habeat,  despe-
ratus est.
  48. Urinae stillicidium, et urinae difficul-
tatcm vini potus, et  venae sectio solvit;  se-
candae vero interna?  (venae.)
  49. Ab  angina detento tumor et rubor in
pectore superveniens,  bonum:  foras enim
vertitur morbus.
  50. Quibus cerebrum sphacelo fuerit af-
fectum, in  tribus diebus pereunt; si  vero
hos effugerint, sani fuint.
   53..  Sternutatio fit ex capite,  percalefacto
eerebro,  aut perhumectato, quod  est in ca-
pite, vacuo.  Aer enim  qui intus  est supra
modum  foras  effunditur.    Strepit  autem,
quia per augustum ipsi est transitus. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    X5.3

flows out, resemble inspissated oil, the patient
dies.
   46. In pains of the eyes, after having pre-
scribed the use of good wine,  and of frequent
Warm collyria, we are to bleed.
   47. When cough  takes place in dropsy
the case is desperate.
   48. Dysury and strangury are relieved by
wine and venesection;  but we are to open an
internal vein.
   49. In angina, the appearance of redness
and tumour on the breast is favourable ; they
denote an external derivation  of the disease.
   50. Sphacelation of the brain proves fatal
within three days;—if the patient escape this
period, the disorder ceases.
   51. Sternutation proceeds either from ca-
lefaction or  humidity of the brain;  for the
superfluous air within the cavity of the head
is thereby effused; and the noise  it  makes
in issuing, arises from the narrowness of the
passage.*
  " While we smile, here, we should recollect that there are many
physiological hypotheses which are equally rational with this fanri-
fill supposition of the Coan Sage.  This Aphorism  is conformable
to the pesuliar doctrine of the ancients, who made the head a mere re-
4tr<uair, as it were, of all the humours, distributed to ta/ious parts of 
154    HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  52. Quibus hepar circumcirca dolet, his
febris superveniens, dolorem solvit.
  53. Quibus sanguinem de  venis auferrc
conducit, his vere venam secare oportet.
  54. Quibus inter septum transversum et
ventrem pituita excluditur, et dolorem exhi-
bet,  in neutrum ventrem habens transitum,
his per venas in vesicam pituita versa, mor-
bi solutio fit.

  55. Quibus hepar aqua repletum ad omen-
tum emperit,  his  venter  aqua impletur, et
moriuntur.
  56. Anxietatem, oscitationem, horrorem,
vinum par pari aqua potum solvit.

  57. Quibus in urinaria fistula tuberculum
lit, his suppurato eo et perrupto, solvitur dolor.
  58. Quibus  cerebrum concussum fuerit
ab aliqua causa, necesse est eos statim mutos
fieri.
  59. Corporibus humidas carnes habenti-
bus, famem inducere oportet:  fames enim
siccat corpora. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    155

   52. Pain, about the region of  the liver,
ceases on the supervening of fever.
   5S. When bleeding is beneficial, it  should
be performed in the spring.
   54. When a serous  collection,  attended
with pain, takes place between the diaphragm
and abdomen,  without its having an issue in
either cavity,—if  the  fluid be drawn  out  of
the body by means of the veins, the disorder
ceases.
   55. In dropsy  of the liver, if  the water
discharge itself through the omentum, into
the abdomen, the disease proves fatal.
   56. Anxiety, oscitation  and horrors, are
relieved  by potations of wine and  water,  in
equal quantities.
   57. See Aphor. 82. Sect. iv.

   58. A concussion of the brain, from what-
soever cause,  is  followed by  an immediate
deprivation of speech.
   59. When too  much moisture abounds in
the body,  we ought to  have recourse  to  ab-
stinence, which has a tendency to dry  up the
humours.*
  * Abstinence (by which we understand a spare diet,) was employ.
ed as ope of the most potent means In the curative system of the an-v 
156     HIPPOGRATIS APHORISMI.

  60. Ubi in  toto  corpore mutationes,  et
corpus  perfrigeratur, et rursus calefit, aut
color alius ex alio permutatur, longitudinem
morbi significat.
  61. Sudor multus, calidus, aut frigidus,
semper fluens,  humidi redundantiam adesse
significat.  Educere igitur oportet,  robusto
quidem, superne:  debili vero, inferne.


  62. Febres non intermittens, si per terti-
um  diem  vehementiores  fiant,  periculosae.
Quocumque autem modo intermittant, signi-
ficat periculi esse expertes.
  63. Quibus febres longae sunt, his aut tu-
bercula, aut ad articulos dolores fiunt.
  64. Quibus tubercula diutina, aut ad arti-
culos dolores ex febribus fiunt, hi cibis utun-
tur copiosioribus.
  65. Si quis febricitante cibum det, conva-
Iescenti quidem, robur ; aegrotanti vero, mor-
bus fit. 
    APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    157

60. See Aphor. 40, Sect. iv.
   61. Excessive perspiration,  cold  or hot,
continually going on, is indicative of a redun-
dant  moisture within:  we ought, therefore,
to evacuate it from the system, either by vo-
miting,  if the patient  be strong, or by purga-*
tion, if he be weak.
   62. See Aphor. 43. Sect. iv.
   63. See Aphor. 44. Sect. iv.


   64. See Aphor. 45. Sect. iv.



   65.  That nourishment which is  beneficial
in the convalescent stage of fever, would be
highly injurious during the  prevalence  of
the disease.

cients.  In modern practice, Sydenham rigidly prescribed it in Sync
cha, and with the greatest success. Dr. Cheyne ascribes most of the.
diseases of his day to the non-observance of it; and Dr. E. Miller, of
New-York, in his Original Observations, observes "that the ap-
proach of a febrile attack is often prevented by a timely recouw to
abstinence." 
158     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.
   66.  Per  vesicam  prodeuntia  inspicere
 oportet, an sint qualia sanis prodeunt.  Quas
 igitur minime his similia, ed morbosiora; sa-
 nis vero similia, minime morbosa.


   67. Et quibus  egestiones, si stare permis-
 eris, et non moveris, subsident veluti ramen-
 ta; et si pauca fuerint, parvus  fit morbus :
 si vero multa, magnus; his confert alvum in-
 ferne  purgari.  Si autem non  purgata alvo
 sorbitiones dederis, quanto plures dederis, eo
 magis laedes.


   68.  Quae cruda deorsum secedunt, ab atra
 sunt bile: si  plura, major;  si pauciora, mi-
 nor est morbus.

   69.  Exscreationes, in febribus  non inter-
mittentibus, lividae, et cruentae,  et  biliosae,
et graveolentes, omnes malae  sunt.  At rite
sccedentes, bona?.   Sic etiam  per alvum, 
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.   159
    66. We  should attend to the  urinary dis-
 charge, in order to ascertain, whether it  b<
 conformable to what takes place in health:
 in proportion as it departs  from the health}
 state, is  the severity of the disease, and vice
 versa.
    67. If, on suffering the  urine to remain,
 without disturbing it, we  observe a deposit
 resembling saw-dust, the greater or less quan-
 tity of this deposit is indicative of the  seve-
 rity  or mildness  of the disease; in either
 case,  it is necessary to have recourse to pur-
 gatives ; in proportion as we neglect these, for
 a nutritive regimen, will be the augmentation
 of  the disease.
   68.  Crude dejections proceed  from an
 atrabilious matter in the system, and in pro-
 portion as a  greater or less quantity is pre
 sent, will be the severity of the disease.
  69.  In continued fever,  the expectoration
 of  a livid, bloody,  bilious  or foetid mat-
 ter, isalike unfavourable; but, if the expec-
 toration be good, and in  due season, it is fa-
 vourable :  the same may be said of the alvine
and urinary  discharges: furthermore,  any
excrementitious matter remaining in the sys-
                    14 
160     HIPPOCRATIS  APHORISMI.
et vesicam, et ubicunque quid secedens  res-
titerit non purgatum, malum.
   70.  Corpora  oportet,  ubi quis  purgare
vult,  facile fluentia reddere.  Et si quidem
velit  efficere facile fluentia sursum, alvum
sistere : si vero deorsum, humectare.


   71. Somnus, vigilia, utraque modum ex-
cedentia, morbus.
   72. In  non intermittentibus febribus,  si
externa quidem sint  frigida,   interna  vero
urantur, et sitim habeant, lethale.
   73. In  febre non intermittente, si labium,
aut nasus, aut oculus, aut supercilium  dis-
torqueatur, si non videat,  si non audiat, jam
debilis existens ; quicquid horum fit, lethale.
   74. Leucophlegmasiae hydrops supervenit.
   75. Ab alvi profiuvio dysenteria.
   76. A  dysenteria intestinorum laevitas (su-
pervenit).
   77. A sphacelo abscessus ossis.

   78. A  sanguinis vomitu  tabes,  et  puris
purgatio sursOm. 
      APHORISMS OF  HIPPOCRATES.   161

 tern, and not coming away with the evacua-
 tions, proves injurious.
   70. When the system requires purging, it
 is necessary previously to prepare the body,
 by a laxative regimen.    On the contrary, if
 we intend  to vomit, the body is to be forti-
fied; but  purging  requires  a  preparatory
 emollient course.*
   71. See Aphor. 3. Sect. ii.

   72. See Aphor. 48. Sect. iv.


   73. See Aphor. 49. Sect. iv.
  74. In leucophlegmasia, dropsy supervenes.
  75.  Diarrhoea induces dysentery.
  76.  Dysentery is often followed by  lien-
tery.
  77.  Sphacelus produces  exfoliation of the
bone.
  78.  Vomiting of blood is followed by tabes
and purulent expectoration.

  * This is conformable to the French practice, and is expressed by
the term rafraichir. 
162     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
  79. Qualia etiam in his quae per vesicam,
et in his  quae  per alvum fiunt egestionibus,
et in his quae per carnes, et sicubi alia natu-
rae via. corpus exeat: si pariim, parvus mor-
bus fit:  si  multum,  magnus: si  admodum
multum, hoc ipsum lethale.
             SECTIO VIII.

   1. Qui supra quadraginta annos phreneti-
 <i fiunt, non admodum sanantur.   Minas
 enim periclitantur, quorum naturae, et aetati,
 morbus similis  fuerit.
  2. Quibus m infirmitatibus occuli ex pro-
 posito  lacrymantur,  bonum.   Querns  vero
 due causa, malum.

  3. Quibus, in febribus quartanis existenti-
 bus, sanguis ex naribus fluxerit, malum.

  4. Sudores in diebus criticis oborientes,
vehementes et veloces, periculosi:  et qui ex-
pelhmtur ex fronte, velut guttae, et aquae sa- 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    163

    79.  It is essential to attend to the urinary,
 alvine  and cutaneous excretions, in  order to
 ascertain whether it be by these or any other
 outlet  of nature,  that  the body gradually
 wastes itself:  if the emaciation be small, so
 is the disease; if much,  the  disease is more
 alarming; but if extremely great, the disease
 proves fatal.



             SECTION VIII.

   1. Phrenitis,  occurring  after the fortieth
year, is incurable. The danger is less, in pro-
portion as the  disease accords with the con-
stitution and age of the patient.
   2. With those labouring under disease—
tears, either as they flow voluntarily or  invo-
luntarily, give a favourable or unfavourable
indication.
   3.  In those suffering under quartan fever,
—haemorrhage from the nose is an  unfavour-
able symptom.
   4.  Sudden and violent  sweats which break
forth on critical days, are  dangerous; as also
those which come  out  on the forehead in
                    14* 
164     HIPP0CRAT1S APHORISMI-.

lientes, et frigidi valde, ac multi:  necesse
enim est talem sudorem prodire cum violen-
tia, et laboris excessu, et expressione diutur-
na.
   5.  Ex morbo diuturno alvi defluxus, ma-
lum.
   6.  Quae medicamenta non sanant, ea fer-
rum sanat.    Quae ferrum non sanat, ea  ig-
nis sanat.  Quae verd ignis non sanat, ea  in-
sanabilia existimare  oportet.

   7. Tabes  maxime fiunt ab anno octavo de-
cimo, usque ad quintum ettricesimum.

   8.  Quae secundum naturam ad tabem dis-
posita sunt, omnia quidem vehementia; qua-
dam vero etiam lethalia.  Secundum autem,
si quidem in eo tempore aegrotet,  cum tem-
pus ipsum una. cum morbo impugnat, velut
cum febre ardente ^pstas, cum hydrope hy-
ems.   Natura enimvlonge superior est; lieni
vero plus affert timoris. 
        APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.  16$

 large salient drops ;  likewise those which are
 cold and abundant,~for such excretions arc
 the effect of long, repeated, and violent, interr
 nal action.
   5. Diarrhoea, supervening in long continu-
 ed illness, is dangerous.
   6. That which  medicine does  not effect,
 the  knife frequently effects; and what the
 knife does not  effect,  actual cautery often ef-
 fects ;—but when all these fail, the disease is
 incurable.
   7. The greatest predisposition  to phthisis
 exists from the eighteenth to  the  thirty-fifth
 rear.
 ¥
   8. Where a predisposition  to phthisis ex-
 ists, the symptoms are greatly aggravated,
 and  generally end fatally ; the danger becomes
 greater when the disease continues beyond
its proper  period.   The season of the  year
has a considerable influence over the disease,
in the same manner as summer tends  to ag-
gravate  ardent fever, and winter,  the  symp-
toms of dropsy :  natural agents having gener-
ally most influence.* If the spleen  supervene,
the disease becomes more alarming.
  * The dogmatic sect, among whom maybe numbered the illus-
trious Celsus, founded much of their curati-vs system on the amplifies*
tiSn of this position. 
 166   HIPPOCRATIS  APHORISMI.

   9. Lingua nigra, atque cruenta, si quid ho-
rum signorum abest, non valde malum :  mor-
bum enim minorem declarat.

   10.  Haec igitur in febribus acutis notare
oportet, quandd quis moriturus sif, et quando
evasurus.

   11.  Testis dexter frigidus et convulsus,
lethale.

   12.  Ungues nigri et digiti manuum et pe-
dum frigidi, contracti, vel remissi, mortem in
propinquo esse ostendunt.
   13.  Labia livida, aut etiam resoluta, et in-
versa, et frigida, lethalia.
   14.  Aures frigidae,  pellucidae, contractae,
lethales sunt.
   15.  Et tenebricosa  vertigine laborans, et
Iucem aversans, et somno ac ardore multo de-
tentus, desperatus.
   16. Et qui in rabiem actus fuerit intrepid^,
et non  agnoscit,  et neque audit,  neque intcl-
ligit, jam moribundus est. 
       APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.    167

   9. If the tongue be neither black nor flo-
rid, the  indications are  by no means unfa-
vourable ; for the absence of these symptoms
shows the mildness of the disease.
   10. The  following  are what  we  should
particularly notice in acute fevers,  in order to
infer either a favourable or unfavourable re-
sult :
   11. When the right testicle  is cold  and
spasmodically affected, the disease proves fa-
tal.
   12. Blackness of the nails, coldness, con-
traction, or relaxation of the fingers and toes,
—foreshow the near approach of death.
   13. Lividity, coldness, paralysis, or inver-
sion of the lips,—fatal.*
   14. The ears, cold, contracted and  trans-
parent,—fatal.
   15. The patient falling into vertigo, attend-
ed with an  obscurity of vision, an aversion
to light, and comatose sleep,—fatal.
   16. Delirium, attended with transports of
rage, in which the patient has neither a sense
of hearing nor  seeing; nor a  consciousness
of what takes place  about him—are symp-
toms of approaching dissolution.
• Vide Coacai Prauxoticaicsi Cap. v. Aph. 5, 
168     HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.

  17. Morituris signa haec magis fiunt ma-
nifesta, et ventres attoluntur, atque inflantur.

  18. Terminus vero mortis est, si animae
calor supra umbilicum ad locum septo trans-
verso superiorem ascenderit, et omne humi-
dum fuerit combustum.  Postquam pulmo
et corhumorem amiserint, calore in mortife-
ris locis coacervato, caloris  spiritus  confer-
tim  exhalat,  unde totum in toto  constitit.
Rursus  partim quidem per carnes, partim
vero per  spiracula in  capite, unde vivere di-
cimus, relinquens anima corporis tabernacu-
lum, et frigidum, et mortate simulacrum, una
cum bile, et  sanguine,  et pituita, et came,
deditione tradit.
FINIS. 
      APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.  169

   17.  To  these  premonitory symptoms  of
death,  succeed an elevation and turgescence
of the abdomen.
   18.  The closing  scene  at length arrives,
when the  heat of the soul, placed near the
umbilicus, ascends above the diaphragm, and
the humours  of  the body are entirely dissi-
pated.    It is  then, that the lungs and pulse
lose their humidity—that the heat locally con-
centrates itself previous to its final extinction,
and that the spirit of heat, of which all things
consist, leaves its tenement forever.   Lastly,
the soul, partly by the pores of the skin, part-
ly by the orifices of the head, which have
served the  various purposes of life,  leaves its
earthly tabernacle and abandons the  cold and
inanimate  image of man—now wholly made
up of bile, of blood,  of serum, and of flesh. 
 
 
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