HEB E ; 
T H E A R T OF 
O H, 
p RE S ERVING BEA 
CORRECTING DEFORMITY; 
AND 
A complete treatise 
BEING 
ON THE 
V arious Defects of the human .Body, with the mod 
approved Methods of Prevention and Cure ; and the 
i refervation of Health and Beauty in general. 
INCLUDING an extensive collection of simple 
YET EFFICACIOUS. 
COSMETIC AND MEDICAL 'RECIPES, 
ETences,Pomatums, and Wafhesforthe Complexion; Liniments 
tor thickening, ftrengthening, and preferr ing the Hair, ami 
changing its Colour; Dentrifices for cleanfi.ig and whitening 
the Fe’eth, preferving the Gums; fweetening the Breath ; and 
v-uring t;le Tooth-ach : Remedies for Pimples, Freckles^ 
Warts, Corns, Chilblains, and every blemilh injurious to 
Beauty. 
FOR 
Printed for j, WALKER, No. 44, in PATER-NOSTER- 
ROW. 
LONDON: 
MDCCLXXXVr. preface. 
H E defign of the following work is to 
exhibit a rational method of preventing 
and conceding the natural or accidental defor- 
mities and blemifhes of the human body, and 
of improving and heightening natural beau- 
ty.—Such a work, founded upon juft princi- 
ples, will, it is hoped, prove of general utility. 
Phyficians feem hitherto to have confidered 
whatever relates to Cofmetics, or the preferva- 
tion of beauty, as a fubjed beneath the dig- 
nity of their pen : hence it has been con- 
fined chiefly to mifcellaneous colledions of 
Recipes, often dangerous, often abfurd in 
their compofltion, and generally ufelefs from 
the want of diferiminating their application 
as we ihall prefently fhew. 
E is not from the novelty of the fubjed, 
therefore, but from the comprehenfive and connect manner of treating it, that the writer 
hopes for approbation. Such is the natural 
love of mankind for the embellifhment of 
their perfons, that above two thoufand years 
ago they had begun to cultivate this art. 
Heraclides, of Tarentum, dedicated a treatife 
on Cofmetics to Antiochis, with whom he had 
fallen in love. Mojhion and Mercurialis wrote 
on the blemilhes of the complexion. Arte- 
mijia, queen of Caria, (who, for affeClion to 
her hufband, will ever remain the admiration 
of future ages) very much cultivated this 
fubjeCt. Arpafia, the beautiful Perfian lady, 
who captivated the hearts of all the neigh- 
bouring monarchs, has left to the fair fex a 
oolle&ion of precepts for the prdervation of 
health and beauty, of which we find feveral 
fragments in the works of JEtius. We have 
li'kewife a book on the fame fubjedt, entitled, 
Cleopatra Gracorum Libri, attributed to the 
famous Egyptian queen, of amorous memory, 
from whom fucceeding writers have bor- rowed many of their compofitions. Thus, 
though we have not the merit of being the 
hrft who have written upon the fubjed, yet 
there is a circumftance in our favour that is 
often decifive of an author’s fuccels,—that of 
being the lateft. 
It is certainly not only excufeable, but 
highly commendable to pay attention to per- 
fonal accomplifhments, and the gracefulnefs 
of the body, while fnch attention is confined 
within certain bounds, the extent of which 
reafon will didate, though cuftom may 
greatly influence. We are born for each 
other ; and therefore it is a duty we owe to 
fociety, as well as ourfelves, to endeavour to 
bo mutually agreeable ; and to prevent or 
corred every thing fhocking and difguflful,- 
Indeed, a regard to perfonal decency fliould 
never be negleded, even in a ftate of per- 
fed folitude : it would be an infulc to our- 
felves, and derogatory to the refped we 
owe to our Creator. Perfonal negligence not only implies an infufferable indolence, 
but an indifference whether we pleafe or not. 
It often, too, betrays an infolence and affec- 
tation, arifing from a preemption of being 
fare to pleafe, without having recourfe to the 
means which others are obliged to ufe.—Such 
are the principles upon which the following 
treatife is founded. 
The First Book is an introdu&ion to the 
others, and contains a general’Qefcription of 
the external parts of the human body ; ex- 
amining, indeed, thofe parts only which are 
mod liable to deformity by nature or acci- 
dent ; and delineating the proportions of the 
human fabric, the variety obfervable in the 
formation of fome of them, and the tade of 
different nations in their ideas of perfonal 
beauty. In this part the author has confulted 
the mod eminent anatomical writers and lec- 
turers whom he has read and attended, par- 
ticularly the late judly admired Dr. Hunter. The Second has for its objedl the art of 
preventing and correcting the natural defor- 
mities of the head beginning with thofe of 
the fkull, and parts moft obvious to fight : 
the hair, and its defedls, in refpedl of colour, 
trinity, llrength, &c. Then the face in 
general, in regard of air and mien-, the fore- 
head, eye-brows, eyes, nofe, cheeks, ears, 
mouth j the fkin, and complexion, as fub- 
to pimples, freckles, marks, and other- 
accidental blemifhes. 
We then treat of thofe parts that are lefs- 
apparent, as the gums, teeth, and tongue,, 
which clofes our review of the head. 
In this part we have been fomewhat d;T 
fufe j induced thereto as well by profeillonal 
knowledge, as by the nature of the fubjedt y 
ptefcribing a very eafy and innocent method 
°f preferving the teeth, and offering, no re- 
cipes for their complaints but fuch as we are 
experimentally convinced are equally fimple 
and efficacious. Some obfervations on the tongue, lofs of 
voice, dumbnefs, and other relative articles, 
conclude the fecond book. 
The Third has for its fubjeCt the correc- 
tion and prevention of bodily deformities: 
We firth confider particularly the deformi- 
ties of the Hi ape, with refpedt to the trunk 
of the body, and the modes of relief. And 
fecondly, take a view of the extremities, 
the arms, hands, legs, and feet, with their 
various blemilhes, pointing out the moft 
approved and certain remedies, and extend- 
ing the view to the minuter accidents of 
corns, warts, chilblains,—the nails, &c. 
We firft confider the parts in their natural 
perfection, and teach the method of keeping 
them in that perfect hate ; afterwards point 
out the deformities to which they are fubjeCt, 
and lay down the means of correcting them, 
from thofe which affeCt the body and face, to 
thofe which the nails and hair are liable to : In all which the precepts of Hebe will be 
found Angularly efficacious. 
It may be neceffary to obferve, however, 
tnat we mean only fuch defeds as cannot be 
concealed, and which it is in the power of 
the parties themfelves, or the parents of chil- 
ren, to prevent and corredt, When, for 
example, we treat of the diforders of the eye7 
we do not pretend to fay in what manner a 
gutta ferena may be cured ; or how a cataract 
18 to be couched : thefe require the know- 
ledge of medicine, and the dexterity of chi- 
rurgery to manage them : and this remark 
tuuft be extended to all fimilar cafes. 
The Fourth Book conliders the fubjedt 
°f Beauty in a new light. It points to the 
preservation of that defirable quality by an 
Mention to natural methods •, (namely, by 
cxercife, diet, perfonal cleanlinefs, regu- 
lation of the paffions, amufements, 6cc.) 
founded on the invariable connedion between 
perfed health and perfonal lovelinefs; an idea which we have firft endeavoured to efta- 
blifh upon juft grounds, before we draw any 
confequences from it. And as we have had 
a particular view to the fcrvice of the ladies 
in every parr of this work, it is concluded 
by fome medical precepts, for their foie ufe 
and attention : they arife, indeed, from the 
foregoing confiderations, and will, it is pre- 
fumed, be found of fingular utility to thofe 
who refide at a diftance from the capital, or 
are other wife out of the reach of phyfical ad- 
vice •, befides offering the means of reftora- 
tion to health, without injuring their deli- 
cacy by a communication of their feelings 
to any perfon living, or even mentioning the 
nature or caufe of their difeafe. 
The ingredients of the many ufeful recipes, 
which are difperfed throughout the work, are 
all innocent and fimple, can be purchafed at 
much left expence than what is paid for a 
fingle ready-made compofuion ; the effects 
whereof at beft: are uncertain, and often de- ftrudHve ; while ours are uniformly rendered 
fubfervient to the prefervation and improve- 
ment of health as well as beauty. 
We have, indeed, been particularly feli- 
citous to give fuch preparations as are at leaft 
totally devoid of every pernicious quality, and 
°f diredHng the mod effectual means for im- 
proving and preferving the complexion, with- 
°ut having recourfe to any baneful methods 
°f difguifing it : for with refpedf to paints 
and rouges, we can juftly fay, after having 
carefully analyfed all the cofmetics which 
have been impofed upon the world under 
that denomination, that there is not one to 
he found, which is not abfolutely incapable, 
either from the texture, or the quality of its 
lngredients, to anfwer fafely or effectually, 
the purpofe for which it was intended. 
If the fubftance is a powder, and dry, it 
may exhibit a higher complexion, but can 
never refled: that poliftied clearnefs attendant 
on a delicate fkin. If, on the other hand, it is plaflic and adhefive, it affords a more 
fhining varnifh, but totally flops the perfpi- 
ration ; and if fpread over a confiderable fur- 
face, may, in time, produce fuch diforders 
as it is impoflible to extirpate. The indif- 
penfible exhalations of the vital fluid are de- 
tained ; and let the ladies beware, left in the 
triumph of fuperlative beauty, they fall a fa- 
crifice to the ambition of futile allurements. 
Let not falfe refinement induce them to de- 
flroy that ineftimable bleffing, Health, which 
alone can give fragrance to the lip, bloom 
to the countenance, and luflre to the eye. 
But could this treacherous art even be 
pradifed with impunity, what pleafure can 
it poflibly yield ?—Can it ever infpire the 
foul with that confcious delight which refuks 
from the poffdTion of native charms ?—Can 
it ever elude the keen, the penetrating gaze 
of lovers ?—lt may ;—but fhort will be the 
triumph of impofture ;—and when deteded, 
.•—adieu to love and happinefs. Never, therefore, attempt to increafe the bloom of 
y°uth, by methods fo inadequate and de- 
ftrudlive to all gratification. 
If any thing we can fay on this fubjed fhali 
have a happy tendency to refcue beauty from 
the hands of cmpiricifm, and mark the nice 
thftindion by which its charms may be either 
improved or fatally diminifhed, our labour 
Will be well rewarded. 
There will be little need to urge the cul- 
tivation of perfonal charms upon the princi- 
ple of a duty. Beauty is fo amiable a per- 
fonal endowment, and fo principal an objed 
in attrading the affedion of both fexes, that 
the improvement and prefervation of it will 
always command the attention of the elegant 
aild refined part of mankind. 
In proportion as the effeds of beauty are 
felt and experienced, the cultivation of it has 
been attended to. And in mod parts of 
reece, in Turkey, and in Circaflia, where 
the exquifice beauty of the women even fur- pafies the moil luxuriant imagination, the 
prefervation of their charms has always been 
the chief object of their regard ; and cer- 
tainly in no parts of the world is the cofmetic 
art either fo well known, or fo carefully prac- 
tifed, as in thofe countries; where it is much 
more the care of the parents to model the 
faces of their children to the ftandard of per- 
fection, than to polilh their minds, or culti- 
vate their morals. 
In thole fertile and happy regions of the 
earth, the delighted mothers * may be feen 
daily bending the eye-brows of their little 
offspring into a beautiful arch, while, during 
the talk of maternal fondnefs, the fmilins: 
9 O 
prattlers exult at the profpeit of their future 
charms, and kifs with filial ardour the hands 
that form them for tranfport. 
Though the arts of embellifhing the per- 
fon, and the defire of engaging the admira- 
tion of the men, have in fait been pretty 
* Vide Dr. Chandler’s Travels through Greece, &c. Similar among the ladies in all ages and 
countries j yet we have a peculiar penchant 
for tracing fuch cuftoms among a people to 
whom we have been fo much indebted for 
°ur arts, fciences, and our beft notions of po- 
lifted life. Under this idea, therefore, it 
may not be a difagreeable profpedt to take a 
view, en pajfant, of the toilette of the Gre- 
cian dames. 
Some writers have been very diligent in 
colle&ing the articles which adminifter to the 
adjuftment of a lady’s drefs—and behold the 
lift ! 
<c The razor, fciflfars, wax, nitre, falfe hair,' 
fringes, lace, mitres, (a fort of fcarf or faft) 
ribbands, and the pumice (lone, (formerly 
**fed to polift the (kin, now for the feet only) 
white lead, pomatum, the crown, paints of 
■various colours, the necklace, the fmart im- 
pels, hellebore, fillets, bands, the girdle, 
buckle, tunic, the hoop petticoat, ear-rings, 
trinkets, the fly-cap, little rofes, dafps, gold Chains, the feal, fcarf, tippet, veil, rings, 
fmelling-bottles, with a thouland other parti- 
culars, which it is impoflible for the moil 
cxaft memory to retain.” 
However long the catalogue, the modern 
dames of Greece have not fuffered one item 
to be ftruck out of it. 
It muft be confeffed, that the very minute 
refearches into coquetry is chiefly to be at- 
tributed to thofe whofe occupation makes it 
neceffary for them to drefs with all poffible 
vexcitements to captivate the men ; and that 
'women of this clafs have peculiar allurements 
of drefs to excite loofe ideas. But it muft be 
owned alfo, that women of character in mo- 
dern Greece, as well as in modern Britain, 
follow their example in that particular but 
too often. In one refpeft, however, the mar- 
ried ladies differ materially from many of our 
fair countrywomen,—that the former very 
commonly exert their utmoft Ikill in drefs, 
without the leaft intention of going abroad. or even being feen by any ftranger, but folely 
t0 indulge their own, and their hu(band!s 
fancy ;in whofe abfence the generality of 
Grecian wives conftantly negled every kind 
°f ornament in drefs. 
The extravagance of female ornaments of- 
ten excited the refentment of the holy fathers 
of the church ; and to have a complete idea 
°f the excels to which the women of Greece 
formerly carried their luxury, it will be ne- 
ceftary to read the declamations of St; John 
Chryfoftom againft the women of his times: 
—"declamations, however, which were imi- 
tated, and poured forth with equal refent- 
ment againft the ladies of Britain by our own 
clergy not a century and a half ago. 
“ Befides their ear-rings, fays he, they 
“ have other ornaments for the extremity of 
the cheek : their faces befmeared with 
paint, and even their eye-lids not exempt 
from it. They wear petticoats netted with 
- gold, and their necklaces are likewife all <c gold :—upon their hands they wear plates 
“ of the fame metal. Their Ihoes are of 
“ filk or velvet, glittering with embroidery, 
“ and terminate in a point. They ride in 
“ chariots, drawn by white mules, and are 
“ followed by a troop of maidens and fer- 
“ vants.” 
We conclude thefe remarks on the drefs 
and arts of the Grecian dames, with obferv- 
ing their enthufiaftic paffion for black-eyes,* 
in this partiality they are followed by the 
Parifian ladies, who, perhaps, have borrowed 
from the Greeks the cuftom of painting the 
eye-brows and the hairs of the eye-lids of a 
black colour; for which they ufe a prepara- 
tion of antimony and gall-nut. 
Nor were ever female arts carried to a 
greater height among the Grecian dames than 
among the Parifian ladies, who certainly have 
a much better apology, as being the leaft 
• Homer charafterizes a fine girl to be, ** a beauty 
** with languifhing black eyes.” favoured by nature of any women on the Eu- 
ropean continent. But as Pope juftly ob- 
serves, that a deficiency of underftanding is 
dually fupplied by an ample portion of pride, 
fo the little fhare of perfonal charms pofiefied 
by the French ladies, is recompenfed to them 
by an unparalleled degree of vanity ; and they 
are fully perfuaded, that the genius of tafte* 
and elegance in drefs, and every ornament 
wherewith invention continues to grace the 
human frame, belongs to them with an ex- 
dufive right: and would be highly 
offended, were a foreigner to difpute their 
Supremacy on this point. And though they 
make a virtue of neceflity, by yielding the 
palm of beauty and cornel ihefs to the Britifh. 
hair; yet they ftill tenacioufiy challenge the 
Superiority in all other endowments; to fup- 
Polt which, they alledge the univerfal con- 
fent of other nations, in adopting their ex- 
ample in the above refpe&s ; yet the imi- 
tation of any mode is no more a proof of the imitator’s approbation, than of the pro* 
priety of the mode itfelf. 
The difcuflion of this pointwould carry us 
much beyond the bounds of a preface ; which 
we cannot however dole, without acknow- 
ledging our obligations to many medical wri- 
ters, who have occasionally condescended to 
drop hints on the fubjedt—-but to no one 
particularly fo much as Monf.Andry, latepro- 
felibr of medicine in the Royal College, and 
Senior Dean of the Faculty at Paris. 
London, 
March, 1784. TABLE 
O F 
CONTENTS. 
BOOK L 
QEneral Defcription of the external Bar 
of the human Body ——— page I 
The Head, Skull, &c. ih. 
Face ——— 2 
Eyes 3 
Nofe, and Ears 4 
Al i/£ Chin x— 5 Page 
jVk* Breafts - 7 
The Extremities, viz. &c. 8 
<S£/« —■■■■— 9 
The Proportion of the external Parts of the 
human Body \ the Variety obfervalle in 
the Formation of fame of them, and the 
Tajie of different Nations in that Refpett 11 
XX 
CONTENTS. 
BOOK 11, 
Of the natural Deformities of the Head in 
general, with the Methods of Cure and 
Prevention -- * 16 
Of the Hair, with the Remedies - - 18 
- Pomatums, Powders, See. 20 
Colour of the Hair various, Means of 
changing - 24 
0/ the Deformities of the Face in general, 
with refpedi to the Air and Mien 30 
Of the Forehead - * 32 CONTENTS, 
Page 
Of the Eyebrows - 34 
—— Nofe 40 
—Eyelids —— 45 
—■ Cilia, or Eye-lajhes ——— 49 
Eyes 51 
fquinting - 52 
—1 ■' Cheeks ■— 62 
Ears 63 
——■ Lips 64 
- * Mouth ——— 67 
-- Complexion 70 
—— Pimples > ■ 71 
■ - Freckles 76 
Marks on the Face 77 
—— G#;;zj 84 
—— Breath . 8 8 
Teeth 90 
—— Tooth-aches Methods of Cure 97 
——— Tongue ——— . 106 contents: 
BOOK 111. 
Page 
Of correcting and 'preventing Deformities of 
the Body 113 
Of the Spine ih. 
• Chef 114 
Breaji, &c. ■- 115 
—Head - 118 
—Neck 121 
-—— King's Evil5 Bronchocele, &c. 122 
Various Defects of the &c. 12 5 
Back, hunched, crooked, &c. 127 
-■ Rickets —— 129 
Of Corpulency and Leannefs, Exercife, &c. 130 
O/" Deformities of the Anns, Hands, 
——- 125 
The Arms and Legs too long or too fhort, 
from Accidents in the Birth 136 
/rm withered —-• 137 
Warts and Corns ■' ■ « 145 
Methods to extirpate 146, 6cc. 
Trembling of the Hand ——— 149 CONTENTS. 
Page 
Ring-worms . — 150 
Sweaty Hands and Feet — — 151 
Chilblains ~ ■■ ——— 152 
Itch 153 
Various Deformities of the Nails, &c. 155 
BOOK IF. 
Of the Prefervation of Health and Beauty 
in general, by Attention to Air, Diet, 
Exercife, Amufements, Regulation of the 
Pafions, &c. —* 165 
0/ certain Female Complaints deftrufiive of 
Health and Beauty, with the rnoft appro- 
ved Recipes, &c. 190 II E B E. 
B O O K I. 
A general Defcripiion of the external Farts of 
the Human Body. 
ANATOMISTS have usually divided the 
body into the trunk, and extremities; the 
trunk is I'upported by thelpine or back-bone, and 
comprehends three cavities : viz. the head, called 
the upper cavity, which is Supported by the neck ; 
the thorax, or cheft, called the middle cavity ; and 
the hslly, piopedy fo called, but generally deno- 
minated the lower cavity. 
The extremities are the arms and legs. Each 
of thefe is divided into a great many other parts, , 
which we fhall name and deferibe in order, in re- 
fpedt of their external appearance. 
The head or upper cavity, which is the firfl 
part of the trunk, comprehends, externally, the 
■cranium or fkull ; the hairy fcalp, or covering of 
the (kul! ; and the face. 
The cranium is that bony cafe in which the 
brain is incloled. The hairy fcalp Includes all that part of the head 
upon which the hair grows : that is to fay, the 
upper and hind parts of it, and the Tides. The 
upper part of the head begins at the top of the 
forehead, and is called the fynciput; the hinder 
part begins at the crown of the head, and is 
called the occiput. On the Tides of the head, 
between the eyes and the ears, are the two 
temples, which make a part of the occiput. 
The temporal bone is theweakefc of all the others 
in the head ; and hence it is, that wounds In that 
part are fo frequently mortal. Here, too, thefirft 
indications of old age appear, by the hair on this 
part becoming grey or white. 
The face is compofed of thofe parts which 
make the fere part of the head, as the brow, the 
eye-brows, the eye-lids, the eyes, the nofe, the 
cars, the cheeks, the lips, and the chin ; to which 
may be added the fkin, the covering of the whole; 
the colour, texture, and delicacy whereof 
is an effential ingredient in the compofition of 
beauty. 
That fpp.ee from the eye-brows, upward, to 
the beginning of ihe is called the front; 
which name, anatomifts tell us, it has obtained 
from a Greek word which figniiies to reafon, or 
to have reafon : it being chiefly by the brows 
that one knows when the mind is deeply employ- 
ed in thinking. 
At the lowed extremity of tve forehead there 
arlfes on each fide a fin 011 heap or hairs, ranged 
in form of an arch, called the eye-brows or Jupsr- 
clllay 1 ecaufe they are placed immediately above 
that part of the eye which is called the clllum. 
That part of the eye-brow which is neared the 
nofe, is called the head of the eye-brow, the other Is the tail. The fpace between the two eye brows 
is named the interciliunu 
The eyes conftdered externally, are compofed 
of a great many parts ;—the two little curtains 
which are placed above and below them, are called 
the eye-lids ; the upper one is moveable, the other 
sdmoft, though not absolutely fixed. They have 
each a fmall border planted with hair -r which is 
called the iarfus, and the hair the cilia. 
Each tarfus has a little opening at the fide of 
the nofe, through which the tears pals ; thefe 
openings are called the puntfa lachrymal! a, and are 
the feat of that dborder in the eye called thefijlula 
iachrymaUs. The eye-lids join with each other 
towards the nofe, and on the oppofite fide; by 
which union there is an angle formed on each fide. 
The angle towards the nofe is called the great 
angle of the eye, and the other is the Idler 
angle. 
Within the eye-lids is inclofed a round poll died 
body, called the eye, or the ball of the eye; a kind 
t>f telefcopc of infinite perfection, which tranfmits 
images in an exaCt and complete manner even to 
the bottom of it. This bottom is invefted by 
textures of nefves, on which the image is imprin- 
ted, and by that means the fenfation is produced, 
of which one of thefe textures is the immediate 
organ. What appears of this ball or globe, is 
white, with a point in the middle : the white part 
is called the white of the eye; and is compofed of 
a coat, named the tunica conjunctiva, becaufe it 
connects all the parts of the eye together. In the 
point in the middle of the eye, is a circle called the 
/ is, from its variety of colours : and is furnifbed 
with mufcular fibres, in the form of ravs and cir- cles, by means of which the pupil dilates and con- 
tracts icfelf. If; dilates in thefljade, and contracts 
when affedied by a ftrong light. In the centre of 
this circle is that opening in the coats of the eye 
which we have juft called the pupil. 
1 he nofe is that flefhy eminence or projection 
in the middle of the face, and is the' external 
organ of fuelling. The nofe is divided into feverat 
parts.—The upper part between or ra- 
ther a little higher, is called the root of the nofe; 
immediately below which is the fpine or ridge -} 
this part of the nofe is all bony. To the 
fpine is joined agriftly fubftance, which reaches 
to tho end, and is called the globe.of the nofe ; at 
the Tides of which are two other cartilages or grif- 
tles, called the perince, or noftrils—The noftrils 
are feparated by a final! flefhy partition, called the 
column a ; and underneath is the phikrum, a fost of 
furrow that divides the upper lip. 
The fenfe of hearing is fituate in the ear. The 
greater! external part of this organ confifts of a 
large cartilage, which is the bafts of the others. 
There are two portions, the one large and folid, 
called pinna, which is the upper part, the other 
fmall and foft, called the I,be, which makes the 
lower part. A full defeription of this member 
would lead us beyond our purpofed limits ; fuftice 
it therefore to fay, that the outward circle which 
touches the hair, is called the helix ; and the other 
circle towards the face is called the antihelix : 
between thefe two circles is a cavity named the 
boat. 
Lithe helix there is a femicircle called the 
fickle; and next to this a concavity named the 
concha ox Jhcll: under the concha is another cavity 
lltuated in the middle of the ear,which goes to the 
tympanumt, and is called the hole or hive- Ihe lobs is divided Into the upper and lower part ; to the 
latter of which pendants and ear rings are fattened : 
near the cheek is a flat femi-circular eminence, 
called the hircus, which when preffed againft the 
ear ferves as a cover to fiiut it exactly up. 
Between the two cheeks is the cavity of the 
mouth, compofed externally of the lips, which 
are the entrance into it ; and confiding internally 
of the jaws, gums, teeth, and tongue. The lips 
are partly compofed of a fofc fpungy fubftance,. 
which fwells and fubfules on certain occafions,in- 
dependant of the rnufcular adtion, and is mixed. 
with fat. The fubftance that forms the red bor- 
ders of them, and which is extremely fenfible, is 
a collection of fine long villous papilla, clofeiy 
connected together, and covered by a fine mem- 
brane. 
The chim is the anterior part of the IowTer face : 
it has underneath it a fieftiy part coming from the 
neck, called the buccula, or little gorge. 
Along the gums of the upper and lower jaw 
there is a row of fmail white hard bones, which 
not only ferve as an ornament to the mouth, but 
are alio of great ufe in chewing our food, and af- 
fifting our pronunciation ;—thefe are the teeth.. 
in adults, or grown-up perfohs,they are generally 
thirty fix in number, viz. fix teen in each j aw.. 
Of thefe there are two fore-teeth in the front 
of the upper, and the fame number in the front of 
the lower jaw ; thefe are called incljores, or cutters*, 
from their employment, which is to cut or break 
the (bad food. 
Next to the indfores are two very (harp teeth, 
one adjoining each of the above, called the canina, 
becaufe they are pointed like dogs teeth.—The 
two next, one adjoining each of the former, are the 
eye-teeth. The eye-teeth are fucceeded by the four /mail double teeth, or [mull molares or grinders; 
two on each fide behind each of the eye-teeth j 
with two roots, though frequently fo connected 
as to feem but one. Adjoining to thefe, are the 
four large double teeth, two on each fide, having 
three roots. Laftly, the dentes faplentia, or teeth 
of wifdom, which feldom pufh out till about one- 
and-twenty ; they have three roots, which are 
fhorter than any other, • and generally con- 
nected through their whole fub(lance. The 
teeth in each jaw correfpond in fhapeand number* 
and are diftinguifhed by the fame titles ; except 
that the large double teeth, and the dentes fapien- 
tlce in the under jaw, have only two roots ; and 
the four front teeth in the under jaw being all of 
a fize or nearly fo, and fmaller than the four front 
teeth in the upper jaw. 
The next divifion of the fuhjedl leads us to de- 
lineate the external parts of the chef!;. 
The neck is commonly looked upon as a part 
of the cheft, being that pillar which lupports the 
head, and the principal parts which it contains de- 
pend upon the cheft. The lowed: part of the neck 
in front is called the throat or gullet. In the up- 
per part of the front of the neck is a protuberance 
called Adam s apple ; this prominence is a part of 
the larynx or wind-pipe, (the inftrument of the 
voice) and by its advancing forward, forms this, 
lump, which appears much more plainly in men 
than in women; the latter having large glands ii> 
this place, that make their necks rounder, and the 
gullet more full. In the adfion of {'wallowing, this 
protuberance rifes up, and' afterwards defcends ; 
occafioned by thedcfcent of the aliment forcing the larynx to afcend while the food obtains a paflage 
into the ftomach. 
At the fore part of the bottom of the neck, are 
two femicirclcs joined together, one on the right 
fide, the other on the left; thefe are the clavicles ; 
two little bones that form the upper part of the 
vault of the cheft, which begins here, and termi- 
nates behind the falfe ribs. 
The j'hrnum or breaft-bone, is a flat bone placed 
in the middle of the bread, filling up the fpace 
between the extremities of the jibs on each fide; 
and is that part which in animals is called the hrif- 
ket. The fore-part of the cheft or thorax is pro- 
perly denominated the bread; the hinder part is 
called the back ; the bone which divides it in the 
middle is compofed of twelve vertebrae or joints, 
and the two fcapulre or fhoulder blades ; the ufe 
of the parts of the thorax in general is to alii ft re- 
fpiration and the circulation of the blood, in 
botbfexes ; and in women to the producing of 
milk. 
In the middle and fore part of each fide of the 
ched, there rife two round tumours or eminences, 
called the hreajis, which are a good deal larger in 
women than in men. The breads of he former are 
compofed of glandular bodies, intenperdd with 
an infinite number of veflels,. which ferve for the 
fecretion of milk ; while thofeof th latter ate no- 
thing more than (kin, fldh and fat. In general, 
the breads of men ought to be foal!, ard a lit cie 
plain : in'women, round, high and have the ap- 
pearance of two globes, feparat d from each other 
by the middle interdice. On their center (lands 
a little protuberance, called fapiliee or nipple it 
is encompaded by a reu’difh circle, called the ray, 
or areola, which is pale in young women, brown- ifh in women with child and nurfes, and black in 
old age. In fernajes, the handfomed breads are 
round, and of the form of a hemifphere ; but the 
bed for giving fuck are thofe that hang down a 
little. 
The fize of the female bread varies in different 
countries, and different periods of life. In youth 
there is fcarce any further appearance than the 
nipples; but they increafe infendbly, and are 
ufually formed about the age of fifteen or fixteen : 
they continue growing till about twenty, and re- 
main firm till after thirty ; but at about forty- 
five or fifty, become quite withered, and in old 
age there remains nothing but the teguments. 
In regard of the third cavity into which the 
body is divided, we fhall have little more to fay 
here, than that from the inferior extremity of the 
dernum down to the thighs, is the lower belly, 
the fore part of which is named the abdomen.-* Any 
further enumeration of thefe parts, would be un- 
neceffary, and inconfident with the plan of this 
work. 
Havingfinifhed the trunk of the body, we come- 
now to confider the extremities, which are the 
hands and arms, the thighs and legs. And indeed 
thefe parts themfelves, as well as their names and 
ufes, are fo well known and imderftood as to ren- 
der defeription unneceflary ; and their refpeCtive 
beauties and proportions will be fufftciently point- 
ed out when we come to treat of the means of pie- 
venting or rectifying their deformities. 
The nails are a horny fubftance growing over 
the ends of the fingers and toes, ferving to de- 
fend them again!! injury. Three parts are 
to be diftinguifhed in them j viz. the root, body. and extremity r—the root is white, and like <1 
crefcent, the greateft part of it being hid underlie 
femi-lunar fold; the body of the nail is naturally 
arched, tranfparcnt, and of the colour of the fkin 
underneath. The extremity of the nail does not 
adhere to any thing, and grows as often as it 
is cut, in a llmilar manner with the hair ; not 
from the extremity, but pufhing "forward from 
the root. 
All the externa] parts of the body are wrapped 
up in one common covering, the jkin, which is 
compofed of two parts : the firft is very tflin, and 
is called the epidermis, cuticula, orfcctrf Jkin ; the 
other is thicker, lies under the cuticula, and is the 
cutis, or (kin properly fo called. 
The cuticula is a compact membrane fome- 
what tranfparent, and void of feeling ; it covers 
all the true fkin, and adheres very clofely to it ; 
T his is the (kin which forms the bladders or bliflers 
occafioned by burning. It is the colour of the 
cuticula which denominates the complex on. 
In the (anguine difpcfition the cuticula is of a 
vermillion colour, or a mixture of red and white; 
in the hllous temperament, this (kin is dry, and 
of a yellow cafl ; the dogmatic, again, have it foft 
and whim, while the melancholic is rough,brown,, 
and of a leaden colour ;—not that we are to ima- 
gine thefe colours belong really to the epidermis ; 
but only as this membrane is very thin and tranf- 
parent, it allows the colour of the true (kin to 
appear through it, in the fame manner as objefts 
appear through a glafs.—The ufe of this (kin is 
to cover the true one, and render it fmooth ; to 
hinder too great a diffipation of the humours, by 
the extremities of the veffels which terminate 
there ; but chiefly to blunt the fenfe of touch. which would otherv/ife be too acute, and attended 
with pain, if the impreffion of objedls was imme- 
diately made upon the fibres and nerves which ter- 
minate therein. We fhould truly then, in Pope's 
language, 
“ Smart and agonize at every pare.” 
When the epidermis becomes thick and callous*, 
the fcnfe of touch is not fo lively, and the perfo- 
ration is lefs free. This /kin is very thick upon 
the loins, back, and extremities; but thinner 
upon the face, and ftill more fo on the lips : It 
is generally more difficult to be pierced by 
pointed infiruments in the belly, than in the 
back. 
The cutis or true /kin is a kind of net, compo/ed 
cf fibres, veins, arteries and nerves. Its ufesare 
various ;—it furrounds, covers, and defends the 
parts that lie underneath ; it is the organ of feel- 
ing ; and is an univerfal emundlory to the body, 
eleanfing the blood of redundancies by the means 
offweat and perfpiration ; while thefe in return 
help to prevent the acidity or drinefs of the cutis 
itfelf. Its pores are a great deal more open and 
lax in faminer than in winter ; and this is the rea- 
fon that the furs of animals which have been flea’d 
in winter are much better than others, be- 
caufe the ban's are more firmly rooted in the /kin 
at that time. 
The foregoing obfervations will be fufHcient to 
give an idea of the external part? of the human 
body i we fhall therefore conclude the fubpeT 
with a few general remark; on, pcrfonal beauty. 
It will be readily allowed, that many objects 
may pleafe the underftanding without interefting 
the fenfes: and on the other band, agreeable fen fa- tlons may be excited by objects that have no claim 
to the approbation of our judgment. Hence, the 
impofixbility of fixing a general charadleriftic of 
beauty ; for the ideas and fenfations of different 
perfons vary according to their different turns of 
mind, and habitudes of body ; and the effect of 
objects upon thefe ideas and fenfations, vary in 
the fame manner ; and thus arife the different 
opinions reflecting, not only perfonal beauty, but 
painting, ftatuary, and literary compofition. The 
heft definition we can attempt of this vague idea, 
is to fay, That beauty is that pleafing effedt which 
arifes from the harmony andjuftnefs of the whole 
compofition. 
In vain do painters and anatom ills lay down 
rules and proportions for beauty : the moft charm- 
ing faces, and moft elegant forms frequently, nay 
generally deviate from thefeeftablifhed proportions; 
while many, in whom fuch proportions nuy be 
moft accurately obferved, are far from being 
agreeable, much lets beautiful. Inftead therefore 
of telling the reader, that the head wuih the neck 
make a fixth part of the body,—that the mcafurc 
of the face is the length of the palm of the hand, 
&c. we fhut 11 point cut the conformation of the 
parts of the body, coi fiJeted feparately, in fuch 
obieffs as are generally allowed to be beautiful. 
The head, then, ought to be rather large than 
otherwife fof an oval figure, flat on the fides, and 
moderately prominent both before and behind. 
The face fliould be longer than it is broad, and 
have fomething of a relievo or projection. Among 
the ancients, long faces were efteemed the moft 
beautiful, as is evident from their ftatues ; and the 
face of our Saviour is rep re fen ted very long in all 
tiie ancient pictures. The forehead ought to be fomewhat high and 
prominent, but very gently fo. 
Each eye-brow fhould form an arch, and be 
fufficiently adorned with hair. 
The eyelids to be bordered with hair of a grace- 
ful length. . 
The eyes large, and well ftt ; the note pretty 
long, with noftrils of a middling widenefs ; the 
cheeks, full, firm, and roundith. 
The mouth ought to be fmall. 
The lips moderately pouting, and their borders 
of a delicate vermil tindbure. 
The ears ought to be fmall, and neatly joined 
to the head. 
The chin a little roundifh. 
The teeth, which (when expofed to view) adds 
much to the agreeablenefs of the countenance, 
fhould be clofc fet, firm, white, and rather broad 
than other-wife ; which I think adds to the dig- 
nity and exrefllon of a countenance ; while long 
narrow teeth have a very unmeaning appear- 
ance. 
The neck di fen gaged from the fhoulders. 
The fhoulders fhould be plain,and without any 
jutting out of the fcapulae or (boulder blade. 
Thecheft, large, full, and rifmg. 
The arms round and flefhy, a little fiat inwards, 
and growing gradually thicker from the wrifl to 
fhe joint of the elbow. 
The hands Tomewhat plump and long, the fin- 
gers fender, and detatched from one another, with 
little dimples below each joint upon the back of 
the hand when it is open, and little rifings within 
the hand. 
The belly ought to he higher or more railed in 
women than in men ; and the fame may be laid of the hips —The thighs and legs are generally 
thicker in women than in men, though we cannot 
confider this as a p*rfe6tion. 
The waift is more {lender in women, and the 
haunches hand more out ; but in men the waift 
is longer than in women. 
The calfs of the legs fhould protrude gently;— 
the feet be {lender, and of a middling length. 
Such are the parts of the human body in obje&s 
generally reputed handfome ; and though nature 
varies very much in the conformation of all thefe 
parts, yet {fill there appears an agreement among 
thcmfelves, and an evident juftnefs and perfection 
in their union. Thus, fhould the waift be thick 
and fhort, the fame lhape will obtain in the other 
parts of the body; the arms will be fhort and 
thick, the hands broad, and the fingers thick. A 
per Ton whofe waift is long and {lender will have 
the limbs fo likewife. This is undoubtedly pro- 
portion, but not the proportion of the rule and 
compafs.—For a ftatue, or a human form, may 
be conftruCted in the moft exaCt proportions, and 
by the niceft rules of art, and yet be perfectly 
difagreeable. 
Deformity is to be confidered, not as a total pri- 
vation of beauty, but as a want of congruity in 
the parts, or rather an inability in them to anfwer 
their natural defign ; as when one arm or leg is 
longer than the other; when the back is hunched, 
when the eyes {quint, and fuch fimilar defeCts: 
which, however, are not to beoppofedas a contraft: 
to beauty ; for the unfortunate objeCt may, in 
every other part of his body, be exactly well- 
made, and perfectly agreeable ; whereas ug- Itnefs, which I look upon tube the proper contrad 
to beauty, may exift in the human form without 
deformity; nor can I think the ideas mccftarily 
connefled. Uglinefs always excites our averfion 
to the objefl in which it refides ; deformity as ge- 
nerally calls up our commiferation. Uglinefs 
leems to confift in the appearance of fomething 
malevolent to human nature. The pi<sl ure of the 
devil always creates horror and difguft ; not from 
the deformity of either his perfon or countenance, 
but from the e&prcjjion of malice in the latter. 
It is from the countenance that an object is pro- 
nounced ugly, though without the leaft deformity, 
or even while an exadl fymmetry is preferved ■; 
tor it is the expreffion of the foul that gives the 
difguft. If this opinion be well founded, it is ca- 
ller to become beautiful than even to correct de- 
formity, as we fhall prefently confider. 
There can be no doubt but, were we able to 
trace things to their nrft principles, we fhould 
find that there are different orders of beauty, as 
well as of architecture ; and ft may be truly affirm- 
ed, that nature having obferved thefe rules, the 
moft unhandfome face in the world in our eyes, 
is as perfedl and regular as that which we think 
the beft proportioned and moft beautiful. The 
volute, and other ornaments of Che lonic order, are 
beautiful in themfelves, and at the top of an lonic 
pillar ; but would be a monftrous irregularity 
in the Tufcan : the flat nefe and little eyes of a 
Chinefe, may doubtlefs be handfome on a Chinef'e 
countenance ; but tranfplant them to the face of 
an Kngliflv woman, and they inftantly become a 
deformity. 
i cannot avoid one remark more on this fubieft, 
which is not unworthv of attention; namely, that every face is formed in fuch a manner, that how- 
ever difagreeable it may appear, (provided it has 
not been disfigured by accident) it is impoffibleto 
make any alteration in it, or to make any Tingle 
part .more beautiful, without rendering the whole 
itil! more unhandfome.—For example, he who 
fhould attempt to lengthen the nofe of a perfon, 
naturally fhort, would only introduce a real de- 
formity ; she feature thus lengthened would no 
longer he proportioned to the other parts of the 
face, which being of a certain largenefs, and ha- 
ving certain elevations or deprefiioas, require that 
the nofe (hoaid be proportioned to them, however 
it may deviate from the painter’s Itandard of ideal 
beauty. Hence we may learn, not to regard 
many things as deformities, because differing from 
our tefie and habit, when they may, in reality, be 
perfections, though in an order, or a clafs of beau- 
ty, we are not fufHcicntly acquainted with- 
We final 1 tike no farther notice of the different 
fades which influence mankind in different regions 
of the world, but without condemning any of them, 
proceed, and confine ourfelves to the confidera- 
tion of thofe forms which are generally looked 
upon as ePfeniia's or beauty in our own countryv HEBE. 
BOOK 11. 
Of the Deformities of the Heads 
THE head, as already obferved in Boole I. 
includes the fkull, the hair, and the face: the 
fkull is the cafe of the brain ; the hair is the co- 
vering of this cafe ; and the face is a compofition 
ot thofe parts which conftitute the whole fore-part 
of the head. 
Hence we have the deformities of three parts 
to treat of;—firft, thofe which affect the head, with 
refpedf to the mmW or fkull; fecondly, thofe with 
refpech to the hair; and thirdly, thofe of the face. 
Deformities of the Head with refpefi to the Shull, 
The head, to be well-fhaped, ought to be round- 
ifh ; and, when meafured, fomewhat horizontally 
long; fwelling out a little both before and behind, 
and pretty flat on the Tides. This is the natural 
figure of the fkull ; though it is frequently fpoiled 
by the manner in which children arc treated. The 
beff method to preferve the heads of children well 
fhaped, is to make ufe of nothing that may con- 
ffrain that fhape ; but leave it entirely to the dif- 
pofition of nature. By ftriving to mould the head 
into any certain figure, we confine the brain, and run the rifle of difplaclng the organs of fenfatlon, 
which may produce very fatal effedfs upon the 
mind. Let the head, then, he left entirely to its 
natural figure ; unlefs, by fome accident ic has 
been deformed ; in which cafe it may be remedied 
by the application of foft bandages, without any 
other force. 
The head of an infant will take almoft: any fhape, 
according to the preffure it fuffers; and from 
thence proceeds the difference which is found 
among people of different countries, with refp: <ff 
to the figure of the head. In France and England, 
children are generally laid to flcep upon their 
lides, whereby the temples are compreffed, and the 
head aflumesa form fomewhat long. I n Germany 
again, the heads of their children are broad behind; 
as they are commonly laid to deep upon their backs, 
w:th their hands tied to the Tides of the cradle. 
And indeed almoft every nation has peculiar modes 
of forming this part. 
Care fhould be taken of the manner of combing 
the heads of children ; as by negledfing to comb 
them equally and gently, they frequently aft time 
a wrong ihape. 
The varieties of ilze in the head, proceeds from 
the ftronger or weaker efforts which the blood, 
contained in the vcflels cf the brain, makes to ex- 
pand itfelf, while the child is vet in the womb, and' 
the cranium very tender. And though a head un- 
commonly large,.or diminutively, final!, is doubt- 
lefs a deformity, yet it is an irremediable one ; un 
kTs attended to during the time of pregnancy,. 
For women with child, who live high, and drink 
much wine, render the blood of the foetus to:> ac- 
tive, and thereby may occafion thefirft efthefe de- 
fects, While others, who drink only water, or weak liquors, and live poorly and low, by dimi- 
nilhing the force of circulation in the blood, give 
rife to the other deformity. 
A conclufion in favour of a perfon’s judgment is 
frequently drawn from the fize of his head, but with 
what juftice we pretend not to determine : though, 
as we have obferved the fmallnefs of the head to 
be occafioned by the weak impulfe of the blood, 
it may not be an unfair furmife, that fuch whofe 
heads are remarkably final 1, are likewife incapable 
of that ftrong application, and intenfe thought. 
Which are the ufual charaCterlftics of genius. 
As it is in the date of pregnancy alone that fuch 
imperfections can be remedied, women in that 
condition ought to be particularly attentive to 
their diet, observing a due medium in the quality 
of their food, and guarding thcmfelves againft in- 
ordinate paffions, which agitate the blood, and fpi- 
rits ; and no lefs fo from too great indolence 
and inactivity. 
Of the Hair, 
The hair is a fort of tegument or covering for 
the greateft part of animals ; it is found all 
over the human body, except the foies of the 
feet, and the palms of the hands. It properly lives, 
and receives nutriment to diftend if, like the other 
parts of the body ; though its growth is fomewhat 
of a different kind, and not immediately derived 
therefrom; but growing like plants out of the earth ; 
or as fome plants fhoot from the parts of others, 
from which, though they draw nutriment, eacji 
has its dlftinCt life and oeconomy. 
Viewed through a microfcope, hairs appear to be 
hollow, and furnifhed with a multitude of veifels; 
and however fmooth they may feem £0 the naked eye, yet the microfcope fhews them knotted like 
feme foits of grafs, or like a flalkofoats, and 
fending out branches from their joints. 
The branching of the hair is particularly vifible 
at the extremities, by the help of a glafs; for it is 
very apt to fplit, efpecially if worn too long, or 
kept too dry, and appear like abrufh. 
The lize of the hairs depends upon the pores 
they ifiue from ; if thefe be fine, thofe are final 1 ; 
if the pores are ftraight, the hairs are fo too ; and 
if they are oblique, the hair is curled. 
The length of the hair depends upon the quan- 
tity of the humour that feeds it ; (which is 
certainly of a more fimple kind than any of the 
other humours of the body, for hair will vegetate 
long after death, when all the other parts and hu- 
mours are corrupted ;) and the colour, on the 
quality of that humour ; whence at different pe- 
riods of life the colour ufually varies. 
The merit ofgood hair confifts in its being well 
fed, and neither too coarfe, nor too flender. 
A fine head of hair is generally confidered as a 
neceffary appendage, or indeed as an effential part 
of beauty, efpecially in the ladies ; and though 
this depends very much upon the natural tempe- 
rament of the body, yet it may be certainly im- 
proved by'the abidance of art. Daily combing, 
frequent drefling, and theufeof plain, unadulterated 
ftarch powder, with fimple pomatum, will con- 
tribute more to its nourifhment and preservation, 
than all the boafted preparations of perfumery. 
Application of hot irons is always prejudicial; and 
much frizzing will finally tear it all from the 
head. 
Pomatums and powders for the hair may gene- 
rally be purchafed cheaper, at ieaft more conveni- ently, than they can be made; but as many readers 
might think a treat!fe of this kind deficient, that 
did not give recipes for fuch compofxtions, we of- 
fer the following as fome of the bell that can be 
prepared. 
Pomatum for the Hair. 
Cut a fufficient quantity of hog’s cheek into 
fmalipieces, fteep it fix or eight days in clean wa- 
ter, which muft be changed three times a-day; and 
every time the water is changed, let the ffcfh be 
ffirred with a fpatula, or the thank of a fiver table- 
fpoon ;—drain the fiefli dry, and putting it into a 
clean earthen pipkin, with a pint of rofe water, 
and a lemon ffuck with cloves, farmer them 
over the fire til! the fkira looks reddifh, which take 
off ; remove the pipkin from the fire, and ffrain 
the liquor. When it lias cooled, take off the fat, 
beat it leveral times well with cold water, till 
thoroughly purified, ufing rofc-water the laft time 
inftead of common ; drain the pomatum from the 
water, and fcent it with any perfume to your 
choice, as offence of bergamot, lemon, &c. 
This is an elegant and excellent compofition for 
aim off every cofmetic purpofe: but particularly 
for the hair, which it nourifhes, ffrei gthens, pre- 
ferves, and thickens, and in that refpect feems a 
natural pabulum or food. 
The beff ffarch dried is the bafis of all hair pow- 
ders, and in this firnple ftate is doubtlefs nouriihlng 
to the hair ; but it is too generally adulterated 
with pernicious ingredients, fuch as unfiaked lime, 
dried bones, or.bones calcined to vvhitcnefs, fhelfs 
of fish calcined, and worm-eaten, or rotten wood, 
which are fifted through a fine hair fieve, after 
they have been beaten to powder. The following is the method of preparing The common white 
powder. 
Take four pounds of flarch, half a pound of 
Florentine orrice root, fix cuttle-fifh bones, ox 
and fhecp bont§, calcined to whitened, of each a 
handful j—beat them into powder, and fift it for 
ufe. 
The Florentine orrice root is the ufual per- 
fume, which naturally poflefles a violet fmell. 
The whiteft and foundeft roots muft be made 
choice of ; and are to be powdered as fine as poffi- 
ble, which can only be done during the fummer. 
The following powder ftands highly recom- 
mended for promoting the regeneration of the hair, 
and ftrengthening and nourifhing its roots. 
Take roots of calamus aromaticus, (or Tweet 
flag) and red rofes dried, of each an ounce and a 
half } gum Benjamin, an ounce j aloes wood, 
three quarters of an ounce ; bean flour, and 
Florentine orrice root, of each half a pound ; mis 
them .all together, and reduce them to a fine pow- 
der,—You may add, if agreeable, a few grains of 
mufk or civet. 
Though every perfon does not poflefs a fine head 
of hah*, yet there are very few who, by taking a 
little pains, may not preferve it from certain de- 
fects, that are very obfervable, fuch as, I. the hair 
falling off; 2. becoming forky and fplitting ; 3. 
being eat away by ruff. 
The falling off of the hair is generally the confc- 
quence of the cavities in which the roots are 
lodged becoming too large. This is the reafon that fnolt old people are bald ; for in old age, the 
cavities thro’-which the roots of the hairiffue, (as 
well asthofe which- receive the roots of the teeth) 
acquire a larger diameter, whence being at too 
much liberty, the hair (beds, or falls off. It is 
remarked alfo, that the hair frequently falls off 
after certain diftafes, as fever?, (mall-pox, 
theft diftafts being accompanied with pro- 
fufe fweats, or other fymptmns, which enlarge 
the cavities of the hair. This caufe being ex- 
plained, it follows, that there can be no better 
method employed to prevent the hair falling off, 
than having recourft to fuch things as ftraiten the 
pores whence they iffue. It has been recom- 
mended to wadi the head at times with a little 
verjuice. The juice of onions produce the fame 
effedl; and in Denmark, his Did, they make their 
holies tails grow very long, by ufing combs 
foaked in a deception of onions. 
We may here obftrve, that as no medicine will 
produce the fame cffedl upon every ccnftitution, 
fo in the cofmetic art, it may be fometiraes neccf- 
fary to try various methods Co obtain our delire. 
'The following preparations, however, all hard 
recom mended upon the bafts of experience. 
I. Powder your head with bruited parfley-fted, 
at night, once in two or three months, and the 
hair Will never fall off. 
2. To quicken the growth of your hair, flip 
your comb every morning in the exprdfed juice of 
nettles, and comb the hair the wrong way. This 
expedient will furprifingly quicken its growth. 
3. After {having the head, foment it frequent- 
lywith a decodlion of wormwood, louthern-wood, 
fage, betony, vervain, marjoram, myrtle, roles, 
dill, and rofemary. 4. Take.the tops of hemp as (bon as .the plants 
appear above ground, and infufs them in water 
twenty-four hours. Dip the teeth of your comb 
in this fluid every morning when combing the 
head, and it will certainly quicken the growth of 
the hair. ,' 
5. The following liniment is well calculated to 
anfwer the fame intention. 
Take fix drams of iabdanum, two ounces of 
bear’s greafe, half an ounce of honey, three drams 
of powdered fouthern-wood, a dram and a half of 
the alhes of calamus aromaticus, with a fufficient 
quantity of the oil of Tweet almonds to make it 
into a liniment, nearly of the confidence of 
pomatum. 
6, We (hall conckide with the following com- 
pound oil for the fame intention ; which very 
quickly makes the hair fhoot out. 
Take half a pound of green fouthern-wood 
bruifed, boil it in a pint and a half of fweet oil, 
and half a pint of red wine ; when fufficiently 
bovled, remove it from the fire, and ft rain the li- 
quor through a linen bag; repeat this operation 
three times with frefh fouthern-wood ; the laffc 
time add to the (drained liquor two ounces of bear’s 
greafe. 
The hairs are apt to fplit in the end into two or 
three fibres, which may be feparated by a dextrous 
hand into as many fmail hairs, from the end to 
the root. This forkednefs of the hairs proceeds 
mold commonly from negligence, and want of 
cutting ; though it may fometimes be caufed by 
an acrid, corrofive humour, furnifhed by the 
blood; as is particularly obfervable in fcorbutic, 
and other acrimonious disorders. To corredl and prevent this deformity, itisne- 
ceflary, firft, to have the ends of the hair fre- 
quently cut; fecondly, to wafh it with a little ox- 
gall diluted with water. But if proceeding from 
any diftemperature in the blood, fuch internal me- 
dicines muft be had recourfe to, as are adapted to 
purify and fweeten the humours ; for example, 
decoctions of faflafras, farfaparilla, and efpecially 
China root; a tea of which is prepared by infuf- 
ing two drams of the root in about a quart of cold 
water, and leaving it to foak four or five hours, 
when it may be iifed as a common drink, alone, or 
mixed with a little wine. It has no talle, and is 
very effectual for blunting that acrimony of the 
blood which is tranfmitted to the hair. 
The colour of the hair proceeds, as was before 
obferved, from the predominant humour which 
nourifhes it ; when nourifhed by the red parts of 
the blood, the hair inclines to a red glowing co- 
lour ; when fed by a thin bile, it is flaxen ; if the 
bile is pretty rich, the hair is generally black, or 
of a chefnut colour; and when a phlegmatic hu- 
mour is predominant, the hair ufually is white. 
As the proportion of thefe humours are various 
in human bodies, the diverflty of colours occa- 
fuoned thereby, from white to flaxen, red, chefnut, 
and black, will vary accordingly, Phyflcal wri- 
ters feem in general of opinion, that in infancy 
the hair isnourifhed with a thin bile, whence it is 
for the moll part of a flaxen colour. In youth, 
or in proportion as children advance to years of 
puberty, the hair derives its nutriment from a 
richer bile, and gradually becomes darker; while 
in old age, its fupply of food is chiefly drawn from 
phlegmatic humours, or that thin, pituitous part of the blond called the lymph, and thence becomes 
white. Though this whitenefs may be aferibed 
to another caufe ; namely, that, as age advances, 
and the juices are nearly exhaufted, it may happen 
to the hair from not receiving fufKcient fupport, 
as to corn, which becomes white when the roots 
no longer convey the accuftomcd juices and 
nourifbment. 
Clole application to ftudy, and very intenfb 
thinking, or a melancholic and gloomy habit of 
mind, either natural or acquired, will produce the 
fame effects upon the hair as old age; great 
anxiety, and cxceflive grief, which, as well as the 
foregoing caufes, confume the ftrength and ex- 
hauft the fpirits, are attended with the fame con- 
fequencesj and hiftory is not wanting in exam- 
ples of people, who have become fuddenly grey- 
haired, when under the impreffion of great im- 
pending danger, or under the influence of violent 
grief. 
It is ufual, in fpeaking of people of a grave, 
thoughtful difpofition, (which is ordinarily the 
companion of dark hair and complexion) to fay 
that they are melancholy ; or that their bile is 
black ; anatomy, however, has not confirmed the 
fail. On the contrary it may be affirmed, that 
when the bile is of a pretty dark colour, the perfon 
has a better temperament than ordinary. This is 
the rcafon that in the choice of a nurfe, we al- 
ways prefer thofe who have dark-coloured hair. 
Befides, it is a very common opinion among phy- 
ficians, that the milk of black cows is wholefomer 
than that of others. 
To change the colour of the hair is certainly 
difficult, though by no means impoffible. When 
the hair is white from old age, it is common to life a leaden comb, to make it darker; and the 
fame expedient is often pradtifed with red hair. 
T his method, however, makes no radical change 
of the colour, and only difguifes it for fome time; 
the true colour always returning, unlefs perpetual 
recourfe is had to the lead. 
When the hair is grey in young people, or iiu 
deed of any difagreeable colour, it may be correct- 
ed, or changed, though not without much trouble 
and patience. The mod certain way of accom- 
plilhing this end, is by cutting off the hair as 
dole to the fkin as pofllble, and then waffling the 
nead with any of the following deceptions, fo that 
the remedy may penetrate the deeper into the roots 
of the hair; and afterwards, in proportion as the 
hair grows, more care ought to be taken in walk- 
ing the head, which method muff be continued for 
feveral weeks. If thefe do not abfolutely 
change the colour, they will at leaft do much 
better than a leaden comb. 
Decodtions of night-fhade, mugwort, arfcfmart, 
germander, colombine, penny-royal, or the root 
of turmerick ; the leaves of the wild vine change 
the hairs black, and prevent their falling off; 
burnt cork, roots of the holm-oak, and caper tree, 
barks of willow, walnut tree, and pomegranate ; 
leaves of artichoaks, the mulberry-tree, fig-tree, 
ralberry-bufh ; Ihells of beans, gall, and cyprefs- 
mits; leaves of myrtle green {hells of walnuts, 
ivy-berries, cockle, and red beet feeds, and poppy 
flowers. Any of thefe ingredients may be boiled 
in rain-water, wine, or vinegar, with the addition 
of fome cephalic plant, as fage, marjoram, balm, 
betony, clove-july flowers, &c. 1. Compofttion to change Hair Bloch, 
Firff, wafh your head with fpring water, then 
dip your comb in oil of tartar, and comb yourfelf 
in the fun : repeat this operation three times a 
day for the courfe of eight or ten days, at the ex- 
piration of which time the hair will be of a fine 
black ; to give it a delightful perfume, anoint 
with a little oil cf Benjamin. 
2. Another Method. 
Take oils of coftus and myrtle, of each an 
ounce and a half; mix them well in a marble mor- 
tar, adding liquid pitch, expreffed juice of walnut- 
trees. and gum labdanum, each half an ounce ; 
gall-nuts, black lead, and frankincenfe, each a 
dram; with a fufficient quantity of the mucilage 
of gum-arabic, (made with a deception of gall- 
nuts) to make it into an ointment, with which 
anoint the hair. 
The following is perhaps as eafy, cheap, and ef- 
ficacious a method of changing the colour of hair, 
as any ever invented, and has been frequently ad- 
vertifed, and fold at the moderate rate of ten {hil- 
lings a pint. 
3. To two ounces of black lead finely pow- 
dered, add one ounce of ebony (havings ; boil 
them in a quart of clear water till reduced to 
about a pint; filter the deco&ion, add a little 
bergamot, or any other perfume, and bottle the 
liquid for ufc. 
The heft method of ufing fuch liquids is by 
fixing a fmall fponge on the upper part of the 
comb, and dipping it in the preparation, as the 
hair will thus be more effectually wet and tinged, 
than by the comb alone. Red, or fandy-coloured hair may in a very fhort 
time be changed to a beautiful flaxen by. theaffift- 
ance-of the following compofltion. 
4. Take a quart of lye prepared from the afhes of 
vine twigs; briony, celandine roots, and tur- 
meric, of each half an ounce; faffron and lily 
roots, of each two drams ; flowers of mullein 
yellow ftechas, broom, and St. John’s wort, 
each a dram; boil thefe ingredients together, and 
/train off the liquor. 
It mu ft be obferved, that as the hair does not 
/hoot out from the extremities, but from the 
roots, frequent application of any of the foregoing 
cornpofitions is neceflary, or the hair will in time 
appear of two colours. 
Red and yellow hair is generally looked upon 
as a kind of deformity, efpecially that very coarfe 
fort which is almoft of a brick colour. Golden 
locks, however, have been a favourite theme with 
poets of all countries: Milton, fpeaking of Eve, 
fays 
She, as a veil, down to her (lender waill 
Her unadorned golden treffes wore. 
Horace a/ks his coquetifh miftrefs, 
Cut flavam rcligas comam ? 
Pyrrha, for whom bindeft thou 
In wreaths thy golden hair ? 
And hifforians tell us that the original inha- 
bitants of this ifland were diftinguifhed by their 
yellow hair; though at prefent it is by no means 
confidered as an ornamental or becoming colour. 
The compofitions already enumerated will anfwer 
every expectation in changing this colour to a 
dark chefnut or black; though it may be 
proper to ufe occafionally a flrong decodtion of 
knot-grafs; this, by its aftringent quality, checks the too great violence with which the blood is 
thrown into the cavities of the hair. 
When the hair is much neglected, it is very 
apt to become rufty, as well as forked ; and a kind 
of fcab forms at the roots, which con fumes it 
much in the fame manner as ruft confumes iron ; 
or like that corrofivc moifture which is fometimes 
found gnawing and undermining the roots of 
plants, when the foil is not frequently ftirred. 
This ruft is often fo corrofive, that the hair will 
fall oft in fpots, juft as the hair of a muff, which 
has been a long time expofed todampnefs. 
This may eafiiy be prevented by a decent 
and neceffary attention to the hair, in frequently 
combing it; and indeed thofe ladies and gentlemen 
who have their hair dreffed daily, fhould yet make 
a point to have it often combed from the roots, to 
prevent the powder, pomatum, &c. from 
ftrudling the perfpiration; a circumftance that 
will more readily create diforders in the head and 
eyes, then any quantity of hair, however great. 
When this deformity has already taken place, 
the bft procedure is to cut eff the hair entirely, 
and then wafh the head with a ftrong decodi ion of 
celandine, wormwood, fage, balm, and tobacco,, 
bruifed all together, aiid boiled in a fufficient 
quantity of red wine. After wafhing the head 
with this decoffion, a little warm, dip a linen 
cloth into it, which muff be applied to the head, 
and continued on it for two or three da vs. 
To this may be joined the ufe of fome other of 
the foregoing preferiptions ; or one of the follow- 
ing may prove no lefs effTtual. 
Take roots of a maiden vine, roots of hemp, 
and cores of Toft cabbages, of each two handfuls; dry and burn them, and make a lye with the afhes: 
after rubbing the part well with honey, wafh it 
with this lye three days fucceffively. 
To thole who are more fond of preparations in 
the form of pomatums, the following may be 
defervedly recommended. 
Take hen’s fat, oil of hempfeed, and honey, 
of each a quarter of a pound ; melt them together 
in an earthen pipkin, and keep ftirring the mixture 
with a wooden fpatula till cold. This pomatum, 
to produce the defired effect, muff be rubbed on 
the part eight or ten days fucceffively. 
Of the Pack in general, with refpedi to the Air 
and M'un» 
An agreeable or difagreeable face confifts lefs 
in the particular form of the features, than in 
the air and caff of the whole countenance; we 
fee many people very homely in regard of 
features, who yet have a noble, agreeable, and 
genteel look; while others on the contrary have 
beautiful faces, but a mean, difagreeable, and for- 
bidding appearance. 
The air of the face depends upon, as it always 
expreffes, the fentiments of the foul. Are you 
defirous to poffcfs a noble look, an agreeable and 
pleafmg air?— Cultivate noble and generous fenti- 
ments, and thefe fentiments will appear vifible in 
your countenance. 
People of mean birth, who in their education 
commonly imbibe fuch fentiments only as are 
low and fawning, have as generally an air of 
meannefs, and cringing. The face takes the 
impreffion of the foul, (if we may ufe the ex- 
prdlion) and moulds itfelf thereby. When we are touched with companion at the fight of fome 
pitiable objeCt, the face, unknown even to our- 
felvcs, inftantaneoufly difcovers the fecret emotion 
which actuates the foul. The cafe is fimilar with 
habitual fentiments. When a child is bred up in 
principles of honour and Virtue, his features are 
formed infenlibly thereupon, and at lak become 
indelible, provided fuch a courfe of education is 
continued until his features are fettled, and 
maxims of honour become habitual. Tranfient 
fentiments can make but flight impreffions on the 
countenance: but confirmed by habit, in the 
courfe of a good or bad education, by redoubled 
impreffions, they imprint on the face fuch deep 
characters as are never to beeffaced. It is this 
that makes the good or bad, the ugly or beautiful 
countenance. When a young perfon is naturally 
of a choleric temper, and there is no pains taken 
to corredt this paffion in him, his face receives 
the impreffion of thofe clouds and frowns which 
anger creates; the marks of which v/ill never 
difappear, but give him an air of bciiterous rough- 
nefs even in his fofteft moments. Let refieClion 
play her own part never fo well afterwards, 
though the may corrcCt, and even overcome that 
paffionate temper, yet the rough, angry air will 
remain ever after, and he will carry in his look 
throughout life, fomething that is difpieafing to 
all the worid. 
What has been here fa id of anger is equally 
applicable to, and may be underflood of all the 
other paffions ; it will alfo confirm the fentiment 
adopted in the former book, that it is eafier to be- 
llow beauty, than to correct deformity . We may 
jufily infer, from the foregoing r marks, that 
parents are the makers of their children’s coun- tenanccsthe face depends upon the fentiments 
of the mind and heart; the fentiments upon the 
education : and the education upon the parent. 
If the child’s features are not regular, the parents 
cannot give them a juft regularity ; but it is in 
their power to form the mind and heart ; and 
upon the formation of thofe depends a fpecies of 
beauty gre.tly preferable to the regularity of fea- 
tures, or the bloom of complexion. Such reflec- 
tions are fufficient to excite the vigilance of pa- 
rents in many other points which equally demand 
their attention. 
Thus much of the Face In general, we now 
proceed to the means of correcting the deformities 
of its fcveral parts, fo far as come under the power 
of art. 
Of the Forehead. 
The Forehead, In youth, fnould be fmooth, and 
without wrinkles. To prevent wrinkles in the 
early ftage of life, children fhould, as much as 
poffible, be kept in good humour, and accuftomed 
to a habit of ferenity :—To efface them, when 
contracted, the following method may be had re- 
courfe to, but muff be continued for fome months 
to have any fuccefs.— Fie a bandage about the 
forehead, and let it remain day and night ; it muff 
be tied pretty tight, "and care taken that it does 
not defeend too low over the eyes, for this may 
bring on a heavy, clownifh look. 
The Forehead is fornetimes covered with hair, 
which com: s in a point almcft down to the root of 
the note ; {having this only ferves to render it 
more luxuriant and ffrong, fo that the top of the 
brow, when it has been fcveral times fhaved, be- 
comes of the colour of Hate, and renders the de- 
formity more linking.—The belt method to bin- der the production of thofe hairs, which occafion 
the peak, is frequently to rub the part with dulcified 
fipirit of fialt \ a Angle drop of which, put upon 
the part with a fmall brufh, and then rubbed 
gently with a linen cloth, will effectually kill 
the roots of the hair, and at the end of a few weeks 
they will wither and fall away. 
The following liniment is given by Quincey, 
for the fame purpofe. 
Take a quarter of a pound of quick-lime, an 
ounce and a half of orpiment, an ounce of Floren- 
tine 01 rice, half an ounce of fulphur, and the 
fame quantity of nitre ; reduce them to a fins 
powder, and with a pint of lye made of bean- 
ffalk afhes boil the whole to a proper confidence, 
which may be known by dipping a feather into it; 
for win n boiled enough, the feathery part of the 
quill eafily feparalcs from the other; add half an 
ounce of any aromatic effencc, and mix it into 
an ointment, with which you may rub the hair 
that grows on any part of the body. 
Half an hour, fays Quincey, is enough for it 
to lie on at a time, and when taken off', the part 
muff be rubbed with oil of fweet almonds; when 
the forenefs it occafions is over, apply it afrefh, 
and fo continue till it has eaten to the very roots 
of the hair, and made it all fhed off. 
Or, Take a quarter of an ounce of gum ivy dif- 
folvcd in vinegar, a dram of orpiment, a dram of 
ants’ eggs, and two drams of gum arable diffolved 
in juice of henbane, in which half an ounce of 
quick-lime has been boiled: make the whole into 
a liniment with a fufficient quantity of fowTs 
greafe, and apply a little to the part where you 
would wifli to deftroy the hair, after being clean 
fhaved. No more vinegar is neccflary than juft to difiblve 
the gum ivy; nor of the henbane juice than to 
difiblve the gum arabic.—This is a much gentler 
prefeript on than the foregoing, and fcarcely lefs 
efficacious. 
Cafes are to be met with in fome medical writers 
of horny excrefcences which project; from the top 
of the forehead. Such indances are indeed very 
rare; but when the/ happen, become proper 
objedts of the lurgeon’s attention. 
Children are apt to receive blows upon the 
forehead, either by falls, or other accidents; which 
ought not to be neglected, becaufe fometi tries 
they produce inequalities in the brow by har- 
dening there; but are eafily prevented by apply- 
ing a (mail plats of lead, or a halfpenny to the 
lump; then put a piece of linen rag, doubled a 
few times, and dipped in brandy, over it, with a 
bandage over all, and in a few days it will be well 
again. 
Of the Eye-Brows. 
The Eye-brows, to be hand feme, ought to be 
fufficiently furmfhed with hair ; but at the fame 
time to be only moderately thick. Each eye- 
brow fhould form an arch upon the forehead, the 
hollow of which makes a (mall, vault above the 
eye. The head of the eye-brow fhould be thicker 
than the tail ; the intercil, or fpace between the 
eye-brows, quite free of hair j the hair ought to 
be ftiort, and leave no bald fpots ; and the colour 
fhould be a dark chefnut, or black. 
When the eye brows are not fuihciently plant- 
ed with hair, and you wifh to encreafe it, you 
mu ft begin with fhaving, fo as not to leave the 
lead clown upon them, and afterwards foment with a decodHon of wormwood, bctony, or Urge, boiled 
in white wine. You may afterwards ufe any of 
the preparations already mentioned for thickening 
the hair. 
*lf the hair falls off from the eye-brows, the 
following will contribute to prevent or retrieve 
the misfortune. 
Take half an ounce of lead-filings, reduced to a 
very fine powder; linfeed oil an ounce and a half; 
powder of maiden hair, one dram ; black henbane 
feeds, two drams ; unguentum irrinicum, an 
ounce; bruifethe feeds, and make an ointment ; 
into which dip little Hips of black filk or velvet; 
lay them on the eye-brows, and when you renew 
them, wafh the place with white wine, in which 
myrtle berries have been feethed. 
If the eye-brows are too thick, all the help that 
can be made, is very carefully to clip off fome of 
the tops of the hairs ; an operation fo nice, that 
the perfons muft not venture to do it themfelves ; 
fhaving muft not he attempted, as it will only 
make them-grow thicker. An application of the 
oil of nuts is very ferviceable in this cafe ; or the 
eye-brows may be frequently rubbed with a lye 
made of the aftres of burnt cabbage. 
The eye-brows are certainly moft beautiful 
when they form an arch ; and when they are a 
little ftrait, it may be thought an irnperfcdh'on, 
though by no means a deformity. It is indeed 
poffihle to make them arched, when very bufhy, 
by ufing the razor ; but as the fhaving muft be 
frequently renewed, that pradfice will be foon 
difcovered. An application of dulcified fpirit of 
fait, if ufed with very great care and delicacy, may 
aftift in this intention. [5V* the method under the 
article Forehead. When the head of the eye-brow, or that part 
next the nofe, is too thin of hair, the defedt may, 
be eafdy remedied by (having very frnooth, and 
ufmg the lame means as directed for thickening 
the eye-brows in general. 
So fiudluating is taftc, that what the ladies in 
the time of Ovid and Fetronius employed their 
art to procure, is now regarded as an adlual de- 
formity ; namely, the eye-hrows joined together ; 
nay, even confidered by phyliognomifts as charac- 
terillic of a bad difpofition ;—though on a very 
groundlefs foundation.—ln this cafe, however, the 
bell method of removing the deformity, is that 
preferibed above for the eye-brows when too 
thick ; namely, a lie made of the allies of cab- 
bage, avoiding the ufe of the razor, for the reafon 
given there. 
When the hair of the eye-brows lies inverted, 
or from the temples towards the nofe, inllead of 
pointing towards the former, we cannot too 
quickly attempt to reclaim the error. The eye- 
brows mull be conllantly llroaked with the fingers 
from the nofe towards the temple, and continued 
everyday for fome time ; or a tooth-brufh may be 
applied in the fame manner. The method is'e- 
qually iimplc and effectual, but ought to be made 
life of very early in life, and continued for fome 
time. 
The hair of the eye-brows IhoukS be fhort and 
uninterrupted ; the hair be properly trimmed by 
a fkilful and delicate hand ; and where it is inter- 
rupted, the razor may be applied from time to 
time, by which, after ufing it ten or twelve times, 
the, vacancies will be fufliciently covered with 
hair. When the hairs of the eye-brows (land an end, 
or Hart from each other, let them be Ihaved off a 
few times, taking care after (having to pafs the 
finger frequently over them in the proper direc- 
tion ;—this will foon make the hairs lie fmooth 
without over-topping each other. 
The molt agreeable colour of die eye-brows is 
thought to be"a black, or a dark chefhut : the 
moll difagreeable, red.—To procure the former, 
and difguife the latter colour, you mud fet fire to 
about a dram of frankincenfe and madick, receiv- 
ing the fmoke upon the infide of a diver fpoon, 
pafled backwards and forwards over the flame ; 
with the foot thus collected, rub the eye-brows, 
taking care not to touch the adjoining parts, led 
you fhould black them ; for this is a very tena- 
cious colour, and will not eafily come off. 
Or, you may wadi the eye-brows with a decoc- 
tion of gall-nuts, then wet them with a hair pencil 
clipped in a folution of green vitriol, in which a 
little gum-arabic has been diflblved ;—when dry, 
they will appear of a beautiful black colour. 
The former prefeription has this advantage, 
that the colour will not come off by fweating,—lc 
may be neceflary to inform the ladies, that this 
proeefs mud be often repeated, as it is impoflible to 
ededf a radical change of colour here, as in the 
hair of the head, on account of wafhing, &c. the 
face. 
We have obferved that the arch of the eye- 
brows fhould be entire, reaching from above the 
fide of the nofe very near to the tempie. 
When this fhape of the eye-brow is imperfect, 
and there is not a fufficient diftance between the 
het.d and tail, recourfe muff be had to the razor. and frequent {having of the part where hair is 
wanting; and even when there is no hair to take 
off, the operation muff be (continued ; for the 
action of the razor brings the nourifliing juice to 
the parts, revives the roots of the hair, and en- 
larges their cavities when too clofely locked up. 
We fpeak this under the fuppofition that fuch 
roots really exi'ft; otherwise no power of art can 
produce them. 
The arch of the eye-brow may be too much ele- 
vated, which gives an air of boldnefs and afiu- 
rance, particularly dffagreeable in the ladies: and 
this dtfedl is beyond the power of art to reform. 
Yet it may be in feme degree palliated by affirming 
a modeft, downcafl look, which attention will 
foon render habitual. 
There is fometimes a deficiency of one or both of 
the eye-brows : the latter is fo fmall a deformity, 
and fo little obferved, that it is not worth the 
pains to corredf it. When the want of one eye- 
brow only, proceeds not from a burn, or fome 
other accident, or from a natural deficiency in the 
fhoots of hair, it is polfible to remedy the defeft. 
If you have reafon to believe that the deficiency 
is to be aferibed either to a fcarcity of the nourifh- 
ing humour, or to the ftraitnefs of the pores 
through which the hair ought to pafs; you muft 
proceed as in fimilar cafes of a deficiency of hair, 
by /having, and afterwards wetting it with fuch 
liquors as are analogous to that humour which 
nature furnifhes for the nounfhment of the hair; 
the natural humour appears to be an oily, vvater- 
ifh mixture, fomewhat fait and bitter; fometh'ng 
fimilar to this may be produced by the following 
compofition. Of the oils of honey, wormwood, and bitter al - 
monds, each three drops; of the pcrlon’s own 
urine five drops, mix thefe together, make them 
milk-warm, and rub the part with this liquor 
feveral times a-day for three months, or more, till 
the points of the hair begin to appear upon the 
eye-brow ; and after that continue the fame 
method till the eye-brow is quite grown. If the 
deficiency proceeds from the lall-mentioned caufes, 
this method is the bed that can be adopted, and 
generally fuccceds : but if the eye-brow has been 
accidently deftroyed, or there is a natural want 
of hair-roou, we only lode labour in attempting 
to correfl it. 
As we think it neceffary to notice every 
defedt, however uncommon, we cannot con- 
clude this article without directing the means 
of eradicating another deformity, namely, when 
the eye-brows are double, one above another; 
which however difficult, may yet be accompli (bed. 
You muft firft examine which of the eye-brows 
deferves heft to be kept; and when this is deter- 
mined, proceed in the following manner. 
Shave the eye-brow that you refolve to deftroy, 
and immediately after rub upon it a little dulcified 
fpirit offal t, by means of a very fmall hair-pencil, 
taking efpecial care that none of ihe fpirit get into 
the eye. This application muft be continued two 
days I'ucceffively, morning and evening, and the 
third day the part muft be rubbed with fpirit of 
wine. On the fourth, repeat the application of 
the fpirit of fait, but only for one day; renew it 
fight days afterwards, and then difeontinue it for 
ct leaft fifteen days. If before the end of that 
time you obferve the eye-brows begin to grow Again, the operation mud be entirely renewed; 
but a perfeverance in this method will infallibly 
take away the fuperfiuous eye-brow. 
Of the Nose. 
There arefeveral deformities of the Note which 
may juflly be attributed tn the negligence, or to 
the mifmanagement of nurfes and parents, during 
early infancy, and which no future care, or affift- 
ance from art, can redfify. Among thefe we may 
clafs, the nolo being flat or br -ad; turned up, 
refernbling a pot-hook ; and fianding awry. 
The drib is occafioned by the nurfc prciiing too 
hard upon the child’s note in blowing it, for it 
ought-to be wiped very gently;—frequently com- 
preding the nofe between the fore-finger and 
thumb, will help to corredb this; and there is 
no other means which can be taken with fafcty.— 
sjy rubbing the nofe up towards the forehead, it 
is apt to form into a drape refernbling a pot-hook ; 
its original figure is only to be recovered by pair- 
ing the fingers every now and then upon the ridge 
of the nofe, from top to bottom, and preffing the 
end pretty fhrongly down ; frequently, however, 
fqueezing the noflrils gently, to prevent them 
growing wider by the preffure on the nofe.— 
When this organ is negligently thruft awry, there 
is no need for any other remedy, than the affiftane'e 
of the fingers in pufhing the nofe from that fide 
to which it is’molt inclined. 
All thefe defeats muft be corrcdfed when the 
child is very young, and to accomplifh it, will 
be a talk for the patience of any old worn in ; 
though maternal fondnefs will think no trouble 
or pains too much, which prevents a deformity 
in, or in fares the cornel inefs and welfare of the 
offspring. By a large no re, I would wifh to have under- 
flood, one that is To to a deformity; and which, 
when hereditary, or not corrected at a very early 
period in life, admits of no palliation any more 
then when occafioned by a fright at the view of 
monftrous mafks or pictures during the time of 
pregnancy. 
When, therefore, a child is born with an un- 
commonly large note, which cannot be imputed 
to any of the preceding caufes, and there appears 
no figns of its diminution in the courfe of fix or 
ieven months, it will be proper to have it 
moiftened with the juice of purflane and lettice, 
frefh preifed, and a little warm : the juice of beets 
may likewife be fnnfFed up the nofe fcveral times 
a dav for a month together. If thefe methods 
- O 
have no fucccfs in the courfe of eight or ten 
weeks, the cure muff be left to nature; and there 
are not wanting examples of children, who have 
had the nofe deformed, as to fize, till they were 
two or three years old, and yet the deformity has 
afterwards vanifhed. 
Other methods have, indeed, been tried ; but 
as they cannot be fafely recommended, we think, 
it our duty to omit them, except the fubjoined 
fomentation, which is perfectly innocent, and 
often efficacious. 
Take a pint of white Champaign wine, the 
ftrongeft and mod fparkling you can get, the half 
of a middle flzed quince, cut into three or four 
pieces, two drams of rock-all urn, and a handful 
of pomegranate bark, (if readily procured) ; boil 
all together for a minute or two, then cover the 
vedel up clofe, and let it Hand half an hour; after 
which, when about lukc-warm, foak a linen rag 
y O in It, which apply to the nofe'; and this muftbs. 
repeated feveral times a day for feme months 
In confequence of fevere colds, an acrid ferum 
will diftil through the nofe,erode the border of the 
noftrils, and make them gape towards their extre- 
mity; Nature frequently fills up this opening, but 
fometimes it continues for life, not excoriated, but 
healed in fuch a manner, that the appearance of the 
old fore hill remains very difagreeable. It is beft 
to make a fpcedy cure of this, by anointing the 
noftrils with fine frefh butter,and a little of the oil 
of eggs, mixed together in the palm of the hand, 
and repeated feveral times.—A remedy much fu- 
perior to any pomatums. 
Sometimes the nofe 1? feized with a convulfive 
fpafm, which makes it move involuntarily ; fome 
have this motion when they laugh, others when 
they arc vexed or angry, or intent upon any thing; 
and many have it all times indifferently. This 
motion of the nofe, when it has been long neg- 
lected, admits of no remedy ; but it may be cured, 
if means are ufed at firft. Whenever therefore 
it comes on, immediately apply a linen rag 
dipped in cold water to the part, which mult 
be repeated feveral times. Involuntary 
motions, in any other part of the face, will yield 
to this application, if timely ufed. 
The nofe oft-times appears pricked full of 
fmall holes, like the {hells of almonds. ’Tis 
generally believed that thefe little holes are apart- 
ments for worms, and upon this notion it is ufual 
to pinch fuch places between the nails, to fqueeze 
out the imaginary vermin, which are nothing die 
than a greafy fubftance hardened in the holes. 
Pinching with the nails fqeezes out this fluff ef- 
fectually; but then on the other hand, it produces three very bad effedts: the firil is that of making 
the nofered ; feqpndly, making it grow large ; and 
thirdly, occailoning tumours to rile upon it. 
The mofl fuccefsfu! method of obliterating thefe 
little holes, is to rub a few drops of the oil ot nut- 
megs with the finger, or a fmall bruin, all along 
the note. This application renewed feveral times 
for a few weeks, foftens the pent-up matter, and 
makes it come out by only rubbing the nofe with 
a bit of linen rag; after which, a few drops of the 
vinegar of rofes, rubbed gently upon the nofe, 
ft uts up thefe little apertures, that they no longer 
appear. 
A Polypus in the nofe, is a Hefty excrefcence 
that fometimes fills one or both noftrils, in fuch a 
manner, that there is no free paffage for the air; 
nay, frequently, it cannot obtain the lealf admit- 
tance, whereby the refpiration is prevented, the 
voice altered, the fpeech rendered difficult, and 
the nofe confiderably fwelled. Thefe excrefcences 
are fometimes foft; at others hard and rigid; 
fmall in their beginning, but gradually increafe, 
and often hang out of the nofe down to the lips. 
This deformity is ufually fuppolcd to require 
the affiftance of a fkilful burgeon in order toextradf 
it; but Mr. Andry, a very diflinguifted Phyfician 
of Paris, treats it in a much eafierand more agree- 
able method. 
To cure this difeafe, fays he, we muft not go 
roughly to work, but proceed very gently. Some 
people believe that there is nothing to be dons, 
but to cut and tear it out, while this treatment 
will certainly exafperate the polypus, fo as make it 
degenerate into a cancer. The difeafe is ftiil curable, whether the polypus 
pofiefles the whole cavity of the nofe, or only a 
part of it; though the cure is doubtlefs more diffi- 
cult in the one cale than in the other. If the whole 
cavity of the nofe is not filled with the polypus, 
there needs no other remedy than a little broth 
made of veal and crabs, introduced milk-warm 
into the nofe. This may be done by leaking a bit 
of fpunge in the broth, then wring out rhe liquor 
into the palm of the hand, and fnuff it up the 
nofe:—this mud be repeated feveral times a-day 
for a good many weeks together. 
When the excrefcence is fo large as to fill up 
the whole cavity of the nofe, the beft method even 
then for removing it, is to moiften it with the 
broth juft now recommended: it may be intro- 
duced by means of a final! fyringe, between the 
polypus and the fide of the nofe to which it 
adheres. This muft be repeated two or three times 
a day for a month, or longer, in proportion to the 
obftinacy of the cafe. 
Monf. Le Clerc, a well-known and celebrated 
phyfical writer, obferves, that, befides the general 
remedies, which are blood-letting and purgations, 
with an exadt regulation of diet, there are alfo 
particular medicaments that dry up, and infenfibly 
confume the excrefcence ; a? a decodHon of biftort, 
plantain, and pomegranate rinds, in claret wine, 
which is to be fnuffedup the nofe many times in a 
day; to which a little alum and honey may be ad- 
ded. The patient may likewife keep chewing 
a fage leaf, a little pellitory of Spain, tobacco, 
or any thing of the kind, which brings the faliva 
into the mouth. If the tumor does not yield to 
thefe remedies, it will be necefTary to have rc- 
courfe to manual operation. What generally gives occafion to the polypus, 
of which we are now treating, is the pulling off 
with the nail certain mucous fubftances that are 
fixed to the infide of the npfe, and form crufts 
there. Thefe crufts fometimes ftick fo very clofe, 
that if you have not patience to let them take 
their own time, and fall off of thertifel ves, (which 
would be in a few days) they are not to be re- 
trieved without taking the fkin off the part they 
are attached to ■, and this is generally (ufficient 
to produce the diforder. 
There grow likewife at times within the nofe, 
pretty long haiis, which point out at the noftrils, 
and being rather looked upon as unflemly, in- 
ffead of cutting them, people frequently pull them 
out by the roots, that they may not be difeerned. 
One or other of the foregoing caufes is generally 
.i- , , . r , r r ... . 
inc uctnmiii ur men e*cr«iCcnees. 
Pimples frequently break out on the nofe, and 
caufe a difagreable appearance ; the application 
of feme fuel) cooling liquid as the following, will 
generally be fuccefsful in taking them off; ob- 
ferving at the time you ufe it to take a few dofes 
of any cooling purgative. 
Boil together a handful of the herbs patience, 
and pimpernle, in a quart of water, to a pint; and 
wafh the nofe with it every every day.—lt may be 
ufed to the whole face, which it will make 
very clear, taking away all eruptions. 
Of the Eye-Lids. 
There are feveral deformities to which this fea- 
ture is liable, of which we fhalJ proceed to take 
aconcife review. 
Sometimes the upper eye-lid is To turned up 
towards the forehead, that the eye can only be half clofed ; and people in this fituation, lleep 
with their eyes open like hares ; and hence 
deformity is called the hare-eye. It may either 
proceed from a bad conformation of the eye, or be 
contracted by a bad cuftom which children are 
fuffered to acquire in the cradle, of looking al- 
ways upwards ; and thus fixing the eye-lid to- 
wards the brow. 
The fame deformity may likewife proceed from 
an acrid humour,falling upon the rnufcular mem- 
branes of the eye-lids, arid eroding them by its 
acrimony j as likewife from the fear left after an 
ulcer, or any hurt on this part. 
When the defect in qudtion proceeds from an 
acrimonious humour, dmilllng upon the part, re- 
courfe mult be had chiefly to internal medicines, 
of the fweeteningand abforbent kind, as decoctions 
of guaiacum, larfapariila. China-root, faflafras, 
&c,—Externally, you may wet a cornprefs in rofe- 
water, and apply it to the eye-lids, taking care to 
renew it from time to time, fo as not to let it dry 
on the part. 
When the deformity proceeds from a habit, 
contra&ed by the child in the cradle, of looking 
always upwards, nothing more is requifite than 
to put a fillet over his forehead, fo as quite 
to cover the eye-lids, and thus prevent him 
from looking up : observing, before you tie the 
fillet, to pull the eye-lids gently downwards. 
Children may either bring on or increafe this 
deformity by playing too frequently at fhuttle- 
cock, or fuch diverfions as oblige them to turn 
their eyes upwards. 
The turning down of the lower eye-lid is a 
greater blemilh than the turning up of the upper 
one ; when this is not the effect of fbme wound of the eye-lid, it generally proceeds from a relax- 
ation of the part, produced by too much moidure, 
which deprives it of motion and eladicity; for 
although the lower eye-lid may be looked upon 
as immoveable in comparlfon of the other, yet it 
is not absolutely fo : for it moves at the fame 
time with the upper eye-lid ; both of them have 
the fame motion, which is only lefs fenllble in the 
under one, but not lefs real. And anatomy teaches 
us, that both eye-lids have the fame mufcles 
and the fame fibres for producing this motion. 
In the prefent cafe, however, the mufcles are not 
able to move the lower eye-lid, on account of the 
too great humidity which relaxes them 3 it follows 
then, that to redore this motion, and drengthen 
the eye-lid, recourfe mud be had to medicines 
which evacuate the fuperfluous fero-us humours, 
and afterwards make ufe of aftringents and 
drengtheners. A Wider may be applied between 
the fhouiders, or to the nape of the neck, with 
good ed'edd. 
When drengthners become neceflary, you may 
bathe the eye-lid frequently with plantain and 
fennel water, in which a piece of hot iron has 
been extinguifhed. 
Or take fugar of lead and white vitriol, each 
five grains 3 rofe water two ounces 3 mix, and 
ufe. 
A little tumour is often produced between the 
membranes of the upper eye-lid, fhining, move- 
able, round, and hard, about the fize of a pea, 
hanging by a very {lender (talk, and in fome mea- 
fure refembling the figure of a hail-ffone. This 
tumour is not dangerous, unlefs it be irritated by 
improper applications. It will fometimes difap- 
pear without the ufc of any remedy. When ap- plications become neccftary, nothing is To proper 
as fomentations in the form of fleam ; and for 
this purpofe the following herbs, well dried, mull 
be boiled in common water ; viz. balm, fweet- 
bafil, origanum, marjoram, blcffed thifllc, of each 
a handful ; to thefe mult be added half a handful 
of bay-berries, and juniper-berries, bridled, with 
a fmall handful of coffee well roafled and pow- 
dered. While the dccodlion is hot, let the fleam 
be diredled to the eye by the means of a funnel, 
taking care to keep the eye clofcfhut. 
Let the decocftion be again heated, and repeat 
tire operation fcveral times every day, with- 
out intermiffion, till the cure is compleated ; 
taking care. However, not to handle the tumour 
too roughly, left it be rendered incurable. 
There is another tumour, which grows upon 
either eye-lid, but moft frequently upon the upper 
one, foft, red, and tranfparent, which hinders the 
eye from opening ; it is caufcd by a watery hu- 
mour, extravafated between the membranes of the 
eye-lid. Children are very fuhjcdl to it, and mi- 
le fs great attention is paid, it may quit its indolent 
appearance, become very painful, and degenerate 
into a fiftulous ulcer ; or leave an ugly trouble- 
forne fear upon the eye-lid. The cure of this 
blemifh is, bv applying a poultice of mugwort, 
fcabious, fage, fennel, and agrimony, boiled in 
white wine. If, after the ufe of this cataplafm, 
the tumour feems difpofed to fuppuratc, you rauft 
apply another, made with common mallows, 
marfh-mallows, figs, camomile, faftfon, and the 
crumbs of bread boiled in milk, and continue 
this till the fuppuration is brought on. The fore 
may be afterwards healed up with the honey of 
foies, and a little tutty. At die border of the eye-lid, growing upon the 
cilia, is frequently another fmall inflamed tumour, 
long, immovable, of the figure of a grain of bar- 
ley, generally called a hordeolum, well known in 
many parts by the name of a Jiy : it begins at fir it 
witii a little red fwelling, which grows larger bv 
degrees, attended with itching and heat ; and 
after fome days becomes white, and i'uppu- 
rates. 
The hordeolum is without danger, if not fretted 
with the fingers, and for the moft part heals of 
itfelf. It is frequently cured by the bare appli- 
cation or rubbing of the tumour with a piece of 
fmooth gold or filver dipped in water ; and 
this if applied early, is an infallible cure. But if 
the complaint be neglected,then the mode of cure 
mud be luited to the circumftances that attend it: 
if there be an inflammation, the pulp of a roafted 
apple applied by way of poultice, fometimes dif- 
perfes it, and at other times only abates the tu- 
mour. If it hardens, it mutt be opened with a 
launcet, and the hard flefh confumed by a liquid 
caufiic. 
The want of the cilia, or hairs of the eye-lids, 
is Ids a deformity than a fource of pain to the 
pcrfon in whom they are wanting. The moll 
common caufe of the want of thefe hairs, is cry- 
ing too much in infancy. The tears, being a 
very {harp humour, deflroy the roots of the hairs 
upon the borders of the eye-lids, nay fometimes 
are fo acrid as to excoriate the very cheeks. 
When the roots of the cilia are abfolutely 
dehioyed, stis impoffibleever to produce them a- 
frefh ; for notwithftanding the boafls of empirics. Its no more poflible to produce hair In fuch a 
cafe, than to raife a plant without either root or 
feed But if any part of the root of the cilia 
remain, and the pores through which the hairs 
naturally fprout are not quite effaced, there is 
hope of refforing the cilia again by rubbing the 
bordersof theeye lids with a decocSfion ofbttony, 
fage, lavender, balm, and origanum, with a little 
honey addt d to it. 
The cilia ought to be pretty long and thick, 
without which the eye-lids will not look fo well, 
however beautiful they may otherwife be. 
To make them grow long and thick, frequent- 
ly anoint them with the oils of juniper and amber 
mixed together. Or, take thirty common flies, 
bruife them, and make them into a plaifter with 
a little turpentine diffidved in the yolk of an egg, 
and apply it to the eye-lid ; than which, nothing 
can be more excellent even to redore the cilia. 
In Tome perfons there are two rows of hair upon 
the cilia, the one above the other, refembling the 
eye-brows above-mentioned, but are a greater 
blemifh, and at the fame time hurtful, becaufe 
they prick the eye, and occahon a pain and run- 
ning, on which account the deformity cannot be 
too foon re&ified. 'The method of curing it, is 
to pull out all thofe hairs that hurt the eye, with a 
pair of fine tweezers, which may be cafily done 
when the child is pretty young, provided you pull 
ftraight, and go gently towoik. 
When the hairs are pulled out, take half an 
ounce of frefh butter, gall of a pike, one dram -y 
tutty, two Temples ; and three or four grains of 
camphire ; with this rub the eye lids frequently, 
to prevent the hairs from growing anew. If they, 
ihould ftioot out, they mu ft be plucked as before: but this will fcarce happen above two or thrac 
times. 
In people who are grown up, the plucking of 
the cilia might be dangerous 5 the bell method, 
therefore, is to clip away the hairs which turn 
inward, with a pair of very finall fcifi'ars, as near 
to the border of the eye-lid as poffible, and after- 
wards to rub the part with the juice of the flowers 
of colt’s foot, and a little milk warmed ; which 
method ought to be frequently repeated. 
Of the Eyes. 
Squinting is a deformity of the eye fo well 
known as not to require defcription. Frequently 
brought on in infants, by letting them condantly 
fuck at one and the fame bread ; or from placing 
them in the cradle, fo that they always look the 
fame way towards the light or window ; by 
this repeated addon, the mufcles on that fide 
become too drong to be balanced by the oppo- 
fite ones, and hence the eye looks obliquely at 
cbjeds. It may be alfo caufed by convuldve 
motions; to which the eyes of children are inter- 
nally fubjed. And it may, ladly, proceed from 
fpafms, a palfy in fome of the mufcles of the eye, 
or from a defect in fome part of the retina; 
A frequent fault of nurfes is, that when they 
want to dill a crying child, they hold up againd 
its eyes a doll, a coral, or fome other toy which 
they make to jump about, fothat the child cannot 
look upon an object fo near without fquinting- 
Squinting is very difficult of cure, efpccially 
in grown-up people, and particularly when caufed 
by any defedt in the mufcles, or retina. 
The method mod highly recommended, is to 
make the child view his own eyes in a looking- glafsj about a quarter of an hour every morning 
and evening for leveral days ; with this precaution, 
that each eyefliould look at its correfponding one 
in the mirror. 
Thofe who are advanced in years, may be af- 
iifted by reading very fmall writing or print; or 
by infpedting very minute objects, provided they 
turn their eyes even, and bathe them at times with 
Hungary water. But this practice inuft not be 
too clofely fallowed, efpecially in children, left 
it fhould increale the dilorder. Nor is the difad- 
vantage of a child being a year or two later in 
learning to read, to be compared with that of 
running arifque to be fquint-eyed all his life* 
After all, if the fquinting is not confiderable, it 
may be pafled over as a defedt, which often does not 
deferve the name of a deformity ; for there are 
feme fquints not at all dlfagreeable ; and Ovid 
praifes thofe beauties of his time who fquinted a 
little ; for fuch, according to him, were the eyes 
of Venus, 
SI pat a eji, Veneri Jmills. 
Ovid de Art. Amor. 
The following very curious cafe is extracted 
from the-Phiiofophical Tranfadtions of 1780, and 
is communicated by Eraftnus Darwin, M. D. 
F. R. S. 
About fix years ago, Dr. Darwin was defired 
to vifit the child of the Rev. Dr. Standfoid, in 
Shropfhire, to determine if any method could be 
deviled to cure him of fquinting : the child was 
then about five years old, and exceedingly tracta- 
ble, by which the dodtor was enabled to make fe- 
veral ufeful obfervations upon him with great ac- 
curacy, and freauentrepetition. The child viewed every object which was pre- 
fented to him, with but one eye ac a time. 
If the objed! was prefentod on his right fide, 
he viewed it with his left eye; and if it was 
prefented on his left fide, he viewed it with his 
right e}re. 
When an objed! was held cliredfly before him, 
he turned his head a little to one fide, and obferved 
it but with one eye ; namely, with that moftdif- 
tant from the objedt, turning away the other ; 
and when he became tired with obferving it with 
that eye, he turned his head the contrary way, 
and obferved it with the other eye alone, with 
equal facility ; but never turned the axes of both 
eyes on it at the fame time. 
He law letters, which were written on bits of 
paper, fo as to name them with equal eafe, and 
at equal diflances, with one eye as the other. 
From thefe circumftances it appeared, that there 
was lio defied! in either eye, which is the common 
caufie of fquinting, but that the difeafe was fimply 
a depraved habit of moving his eyes, and might 
probably be occafioned by the form of a cap or 
head-dr fs, which might have been too prominent 
on the fide of his face, like bluffs ufed on coach- 
horfes ; and might thence, in early infancy, have 
made it moreconvcnient for the child to view ob- 
jects placed obliquely with the oppoftte eye; till 
by habit the mujeuli addudlcres were become 
fbonger and more ready for motion than their an- 
tagonists. 
A paper or artificial nofe, was made and 
fixed to a cap, and placed over his real nofe, fo as 
to projedt an inch between his eyes ; when the 
child, rather than turn his head fo far to look ac oblique objcds, immediately began to view them 
With that eye which was next to him. 
The death of Dr. Sandford, however., prevented 
any further progrefs in this experiment, for the 
fpaceof fix years; when Dr. Darwin feeing him 
a fecond time, obferved all the circumftances of 
his mode of vifion to be exactly the fame as before, 
except that they feemed eftablifhed by longer ha- 
bit, and he could not be induced by any means to 
bend the axes of both his eyes on the fame object, 
not even for a moment. 
A gnomon of thin brafs was made to hand over 
his nofe, with a half circle of the fame metal to 
go round his temples : thefe were covered with 
black fdk, and by means of a buckle behind 
his head, and a crofs piece over the crown of his 
head, this gnomon was managed fo as to be worn 
without any inconvenience, and projected before 
his nofe about two inches and a half. By the ufe 
of this gnomon he foon found it Id’s inconvenient 
to view all oblique objeds with the eye next to 
them, inftead of the eye to him. 
After this habit was weakened by a week’s ufe 
ef the gnomon, two bits of wood, about the fize 
of agoofe-quill, were blackened, all but a quarter 
of an inch at their fummits; thefe were frequently 
prefented for him to look at, one being held on 
one fide the extremity of the gnomon, and the 
other on the other fide of it. As he viewed thefe, 
they were gradually brought forward beyond the 
gnomon, and then one was concealed behind the 
other ; by thefe means, in another week, he 
could bend both his eyes on the fame objedfor 
half a minute together. 
By the pradice of this exercife before a glafs, 
almoft every hour in the day, he became in ano- then week able to read for a minute together with 
both his eyes directed on the fame ohjedl : and I 
have no doubt (adds the writer),if he has patience 
enough to prefevere in thefe efforts, but he will, in 
the courfe of fome months, overcome this unlight- 
ly habit. 
1 fhall conclude this account with adding, that 
all the other fquinting people I have had occafion 
to attend to, have had one eye much lefs perfect 
than the other. Thefe patients, where the difeafed 
eye is not too bad, are certainly curable by co- 
vering the beft eye many hours in a day j as by a 
more frequent ufe of the weak eye, it not only 
acquires a habit of turning to the objedfs which 
the patient wifhes to fee, but gains at the fame 
time a more diftindf vifion ; and the better eye 
feems to lofe fomewhat in both thefe refpedts, 
which alfo facilitates the cure. 
This evinces the abfurdity of the practice of 
prohibiting thofe who have weak eyes from ufmg 
them ; fmce the eye, as well as every other part of 
the body, acquires ftrength from that degree of 
exercife which is not accompanied by pain or 
fatigue ; and I am induced to believe, that the 
moft general caufc of fquinting in children ori- 
ginates from the cuftom of covering the weak eye, 
which has been difeafed by any accidental caufe, 
before the habit of obferving objects with both 
eyes wras perfectly eftablifhed. 
In the conclufion of a fupplement to this cafe 
f containing fome remarks on the nature of vifion, 
Mr. Darwin further adds,t£ that by ufing the ar- 
tificial nofe, the child has greatly corredled the 
habit of viewing objedts with the eyefurthefr from 
them ; and has more and more acquired the vo- 
luntary power of directing both his eyes to the fame object, particularly if the object be not more 
than four or five feet diftant from him ; and 
will, I believe, by refolute perfeverance, entirely 
correct this unfightly deformity. 
A wandering, unfettled eye, is what we hardly 
know whether to treatas a deformity, or comm libe- 
rate as a misfortune ; fince a perfon of this unfet- 
tled lock is too generally fuppofed, chough often 
unjuftly, to be of as unfettled a mind. Nothing 
contributes more to give children wandering eyes, 
than expofmg to their view a great huddle of ob- 
jects in motion ; fuch as foldiers marching ; or 
a mixed multitude of people dancing and jump- 
ing, as is ufual in places of rejoicing whither chil- 
dren are generally carried : for /t is impoffible 
in fuch a multiplicity of objects to view any of 
them at leifure, or diftindfly j this fets the eye a- 
wandering, till they cannot look fteadily at any 
thing, and the defedf increafes with years ; whence 
you may obferve fo many people, who, while they 
are talking to you, feem to have their eye fixed 
upon you, yet in the mean time do not fee you ; 
they are looking at fomething elfe, one knows not 
what. 
When a perfon becomes confciousof this mif- 
fortune, it is highly probable that reflexion and 
perfeverancc, may greatly contribute to pall iate 
or overcome the defeat : but art affords no relief. 
A fquamous, or fcaly eye, is a blemifh produced 
by certain hard, fmall, fcaly pellicles, formed be- 
tween the eye-lid and the ball of the eye, which 
either deftroy the fight entirely, or at lead: hurt it 
confiderably, and in both cafes occafkn divers 
comorfions of the eye. A great light darting in upon the eyes, fo as 
to dazzle them much, and raife a commotion in 
the innermoft parts of the eye, is frequently the 
caufe of this difeafe. Befides a great many other 
examples v/hich might be produced, we have a 
remarkable inftance of this in the perfon of St. 
Paul, upon whofeeyes, as the fcripture fays, there 
were formed fmall pellicles,refembling fcales, af- 
ter he was ftruck to the ground with lightning ; 
and he did not recover till they were fallen off. 
Thofe who travel over waftes of fnow, are obliged 
to wear fpe<sitacles, made of a particular fort of 
glafs, to defend their eyes from the dazzling luftre 
of the profped, and preferve them from thofe 
fcalesj which, when they have been of long con- 
tinuance, become fo incorporated with the eye, 
that it requires the greateft art in the world to 
remo’. e them. 
’Tis no uncommon thing to expofe children’s 
eyes to all forts of light indifferently, and even to 
that of the brighteft fun ; though in many cafes, 
one fmgle ray of the fun darted ftrongly upon the 
eyes of a child, may dazzle him to fuch a degree, 
as to deprive him of fight entirely. 
Another very nectflary precaution is, never to 
fuffer chi'dren to Jay oppofite to a ftrong light j 
butto put athin curtainbetween them and the place 
from whence it comes ; or to place them in fuch 
a manner as they may have the light on their back, 
or on one fide. The fame precaution ought to be 
obferved by teachers, to prevent the light coming 
full on the faces of their pupils, which circum- 
ibance is of itfclf fufficient to render their eyes 
fcaly, and greatly injure their fight. In general, 
when the eyes are intenfely employed upon anyob- jeCf, they never fhould be expofed to an oppofite 
light. 
If, notwithftanding thefe precautions, or from 
neglect in oblerving them, the prefent deformity 
fhould be contracted, one of the moil approved 
and fafeft remedies is contained in the following 
recipe. 
Take of prepared tatty, one dram ; diaphoretic 
antimony, half a dram ; verdigreafe, fix grains j 
camphor, three grains: and Haifa dram of white 
fugar-candy ; reduce them all to a powder ; and 
mix it with two ounces of the fined: frefh butter, 
wafhed three or four times in good white wine 
then with about the bulk of a pea of this ointment, 
rub the eye-lids, fo as part of it may enter the eye. 
Let this be repeated three or four times a-day for 
fome weeks, according to the obftinacy of the 
complaint. 
When a child is new-wakened, he ought by no 
means to he expofed to a ftrong light; for this 
makes him wink clofe, which, by frequent repe- 
tition, turns into a habit, and the child winks all 
his life afterwards, juft as if a grain of dull or 
chaff had got into his eyes, which has a difagree- 
able appearance. When fuch winking is con- 
firmed into a habit, the cure, though certainly 
very difficult, is. yet practicable, by attention, and 
the ufeof the following fimple remedy :—namely, 
in applying a fmall linen cloth, dipt in the juice 
of purflane, upon the eye-lids; repeating this two 
or three times a day, and continuing the praCtice 
for fome months. 
But winking is not the only evil which is to be 
feared from thus expofing a child to a ftrong light, 
immediately when he awakes ; for you thus run a 
considerable rifk of weakening his fight, and fre- qucntly of depriving him of it entirely. Hiflory 
informs us, that Dionyfius, the tyrant of Syra- 
cufe, blinded certain criminals, by confining them 
in a dungeon, where there was not the leaft 
glimpfe of light, and then expofing them fuddenly 
to a very flrong one. And in the time of Charles 
the Fifth, Emperor of Germany, a King of Tunis 
was blinded by the reflection of a very fhining 
bafon, placed fuddenly before his eyes. 
"['hough not immediately within our province, 
we cannot difmifs this article without noticing 
i• , O 
two complaints to which the eyes are fubjedt; 
and thefe are blearedncfs and inflammation. 
Thefirfl; is in confequence of a humour trick- 
ling down inceflantly from the eye-lids, which 
reddens their borders, and glues them inceflantly 
to one another. When this diforder is narrowly 
examined, it evidently appears to be occafioncd 
by a train of fmall fuperficial ulcers, ranged al- 
raoft imperceptibly along the border of each eye- 
lid, as well with«n as without; and when neg- 
lected, are very difficult of cure. 
The method is, frequently to apply to the eye- 
lids, linen cloths, dipt in a deception of linfeed, 
&c. as follows : 
Take a handful of the leaves of mallows and 
marlh mallows ; half a handful of the flowers of 
colt’s-foot, half an ounce of linfeed, and three 
drams of fennel feed ; boil thefe together in a 
quart of common water for a quarter of an hour, 
then flrain through a clean linen-cloth, and in 
the ftrained liquor diflblve half a dram of the 
fugaroflead. Befides this, it may be neceflary 
to purge with fome gentle cooling phyfic, and to 
drink plentifully of fweetening deceptions. An ophthalmia, or inflammation in the eye, is a 
very painful and well-known complaint, arifing 
fometimes from cold, and frequently from a very 
acrid blood, which Simulates the delicate veliels 
of the eye, fwelling and inflaming them. 
There are two (orts of ophthalmia, the one 
dry, and the other moift ; but the fame method 
of cure will be fuccefsful in each, which is, to 
fweeten the acrimony of the blood, as well by in- 
ternal as external medicines. 
In the dry ophthalmia, wafh the inner part of 
the eye with a collyrium, made of twelve grains 
of prepared tutty, diffolved in an ounce of role, 
and the fame quantity of plantane water, with the 
addition of a fpoonful of fpirit of wine. 
Take of Paul’s be tony, thyme, and red rofes, 
each a handful; two ftalks of mullein ; boil them 
in a gallon of white wine, (or leflen the ingre- 
dients proportionably) ; and at night apply a 
comprefs to the eye, dipped in this wine. 
In the watery ophthalmia, bleeding, efpecially 
at the neck and foot, is often ncceflary; with the 
application of an eye-water made of the diffilled 
waters of fennel, eye-bright, and plantane, each 
an ounce, in which diffolvetwo grains of lugarof 
lead ;—if this does not fucceed, fubffitute another 
more affringent, which may be prepared of the 
fame waters, with half a dram of the white troches 
of B-hafis, inftead of the fugarof lead. 
At the fame time drink plentifully of broth, 
made of veal, chicken, crabs, and lettice. 
The following collyriu?ns, or eye-waters, are 
very good to cool and repel fharp hot humours ; 
they may be readily prepared; and will more ef- fedlually anfwer their end, if aflifted by the ufc of 
diuretics at the fame time. 
Take calamine levigated, half a dram ; rofe- 
water, two ounces. Or the fame quantities of 
levigated tutty, and role water. 
Take white vitriol, fifteen grains j rofe-water, 
two ounces. 
Drop into the eyes, now and then, a little of 
the juices of eye-bright and rue, mixed with cla- 
rified honey. 
With any of thefe, the eyes may be wafhed at 
diferetion in all hot defiuxions ; but when the 
fight decays from a drynefs or a defedl of the op- 
tic nerve, Inch things can avail but little. 
When a poultice is thought necefiary, you may 
take half a pint of the decodlion of linfeed, and 
as much flower of linfeed as is fufficient to make 
It of a proper confidence. This poultice is pre- 
ferable to bread and milk for fore eyes, as it will 
not grow four and acid. 
The following elegant compofltion was com- 
municated to the Editor of this work by a 
refpedlable Clergyman, who had frequently 
preferibed it with fuccefs : at the fame time here- 
marked the neceflity of changing applications of 
this fort, as perhaps no medicine will continue to 
operate with the fame energy for any confider- 
able length of time ; an obfervation applicable, we 
believe, in all chronic diforders. 
Eje-T'Vater which muji he made in the ?nonth of May, 
Take wood-bine and violet leaves, each one 
handful ; boil them in a gallon of fpring water 
till reduced to two quarts ; put into the liquor a 
quarter of an ounce of roch allum, with two 
fpoonfuls of honey, and boil them again for a few minutes ; ft rain the liquor, and when cold, filter 
it put it into bottles, and cork them veryclofe 
Other blemiflies of the eye, fuch as having them 
of different fizes ; having very fierce, or what is 
called haggard eyes, Szc. being irremediable in 
themfelves, come not under our plan : any more 
than fuch diforders as the gutta ferena, lachry- 
mal fiftula, cataradf, &c. which are within the 
phyfician’s immediate province. 
Of the Cheeks. 
The cheeks ought to be fmooth, inclining to 
fulnefs and rotundity, and of an equal plumpnefs. 
It is a defeat to have them flat, hollow, full of 
puftules and pimples, puffed up, and unequal. 
Nothing contributes more to produce the two 
firft faults in the cheeks, than the want of fome 
of the great teeth ; for which reafon, one cannot 
be too careful of thefe teeth, efpecially in young 
ladies, with refpedl to the cheeks. One great 
fault committed daily in the management of chil- 
dren, when they are very young, and which hurts 
the faces extremely, is allowing every body to 
kifs them. Nothing is more capable of making 
their cheeks flat, and of producing pimples and 
fuch fort of blemiflies. 
Parents quietly fuffer Grangers to kifs the 
tender delicate cheeks of their children, often to 
their difadvantage ; for this is the ordinary caufe 
of thofe fcabs, ring-worms, and other dangerous 
eruptions, which break out upon their faces. 
When fuch eruptions, however, make their ap- 
pearance, nothing fliould be applied to repel the 
humour that produces them. It is better to do 
nothing than to do mifchief ; and a little warm whey, or barley-water, is perhaps the only thing 
that can be iafely made ufe of. 
When children are born with one cheek longer 
than the other, the deformity will fometimes dif- 
appear of its own accord ; and frequently, un- 
lefs early care is taken, continue through life.— 
Rut for a preventative, let the largeft cheek be 
walked with warm wine, in which the leaves of 
carduus benediCtus have been boiled ; then ap- 
ply a comprefs dipt in the fame wine, and renew 
this once in four hours for fcveral days j taking 
care at the fame time to rub the cheek gently with 
the fingers, to difcufs the humour which fwells 
it, and for the moft part is only a fimple ferum 5 
though if permitted to remain, may grow thick. 
The ears are a great ornament to the head 
when they are well ihaped, do not exceed a cer- 
tain flze, are neatly placed, well bordered, and 
have all thole little vermicular turnings and 
windings (which compofe the external parts of 
this organ) in perfection. 
When the ears are too large, the heft method is 
to conceal a fault which cannot be corrected. 
One may reafonably complain of a deformity when 
it cannot be concealed; but to expofe a deformity, 
as if it were a perfection, is ridiculous indeed. 
Where the car is right placed, it lies fo clofe 
to the head, that you cannot put a piece of the 
thinneft paper between them, without moving the 
former. You cannot, therefore, be at too much 
pains to make the ears of children lie neatly. And 
here we mud reflect on the very improper method 
praCtifed in fomc fchools, of punifhing children 
by pulling their ears; a practice which not only 
Of the Ears. Brakes them grow long, broad and dangling, but is- 
frequently productive of hardnefs of hearing, 
if not deafnefs itfelf. 
Be Tides the other perfections above mentioned, 
the ears Thould have a very fmooth fkin both be- 
fore and behind, without any hair being perceiv- 
able thereupon. To preferve this perfection, if 
they have it, and to procure it, if they have not, 
wafh them every morning with a little vinegar and 
water; and if there are any hairs upon them, cut, 
but do not pull them out.—Heavy pendants are 
very apt to lengthen the ears too much. 
Of the Lips, 
Oneof themoft ftriking deformities in this part, 
is the hare Up, a natural fault of the formation 
of one of them, but moft frequently of the upper, 
being flit perpendicularly in the middle, like that 
of a hare. The divifion is fometimes fmall,at other 
times it is double, like the letter M, and then 
termed the double hare-lip. Befides the defor- 
mity caufcd by this diforder, it hinders infants 
from fucking, and adults from fpeaking dif- 
tinCtly. 
The method of cure is entirley chirurgical. 
The infide of the lips is, in feme inftances, 
turned outwards. When a child is born fo, thisde- 
formity does not appear an object: of confequence j 
for natureoften corredls it of hcrfelfafter afewdays. 
AH that is needful to be done in the mean time 
is, to bathe the lip now and then with warm wine, 
and to pufh it gently back to its natural fitua- 
tion. Afterwards, if nature does not complete 
the cure, you muft apply a little of the root 
of fpurge-olive to the nape of the neck, and let it lie till it has drawn off a confiderable quantity 
of feruin, the abundance and acrimony of which 
is the common caufe of turning out the lips. 
The lips, as we obfervcd in the firft book, are 
covered with a delicate (kin, which in young 
people becomes chapped, contracted, and very 
cafily cracks, efpecially during frofty weather, 
or in a north-wind. A fever, or an exceffive heat 
in the bowels, fometimes withers this fkin too, 
and makes it break, fo as to fall off in little feales 
like bran. It alfo happens, very frequently, 
that when you have been touching any thing 
that is unclean, and put your fingers immediately 
afterwards to your mouth, the fkins of the lips 
thereby become chapped and pimpled ; but if 
you have touched any venemous fubftance, you 
may not get oft’ fo eafy. 
Drinking immediately after people who have 
a ftrong breath, or any bad diforder is very often 
the caufe of pimples and puftules on the lips. 
'1 he heft remedy for which is a cruft of bread 
applied hot to the lips. 
1 he readied: method of curing fimple chaps, 
and pimples, or fcabs of the lips, is to rub them 
with the following pomatum, which {lands re- 
commended in many difpenfatories, and is as good 
as can be made for the purpofe. 
Take three ounces of the fat of veal kidney, 
melt it over a gentle fire, then drain it, and wafh 
it feveral times in water. Put it again upon a 
very flow fire, with the fame quantity of white 
wax, two ounces of the oil of fvvect almonds, 
drawn by exprefiion, half an ounce of fpermaceti, 
and a little alkanet-root, well bruifed. Melt all 
together gently, and dir them well, till the alkanet 
has communicated its red colour to the pomatum ; then take it off the fire, and put it up in a galli- 
pot. 
Or, take prepared tutty and o’l of eggs, of each 
equal parts; mix, and apply them to the lips, 
after wafhing the latter with barley or plantane 
Water. 
Or, take hog’s lard wafhed In rofe water, half a 
pound ; red rofes, and damafk rofes, bruifed, a 
quarter of a pound ; knead them together, and 
let them lie in that fiate two days ; then melt the 
hog’s lard, and drain it from the rofes :—add a 
frefli quantity of the latter, knead them in the 
hog’s lard, and let them lie together two days as 
before; then gently fimmer the mixture in a va- 
pour bath : prels out the lard, and keep it for ufe. 
Any of the foregoing will perfectly anfwer the 
intention ; and compofitions of this kind may he 
varied without end.—Thefe falves, however, will 
not be of fervice when the lips are pimpled or 
icabbed from a venemous infection; or from 
drinking after people who have any difeafe. The 
fpirit of wine, or treacle water, may then be ufed 
to greater advantage. 
A practice very hurtful and dangerous to the 
lips of children, and which people are in general 
not fufficiently aware of, is giving them whiftles : 
they are commonly daubed with paint; every 
body plays upon them ; and there is not a fervant 
in the houfe, though his lips are never fofeabbed, 
but muft ufe the child’s whiftle; to whom it is 
given again wet, moft likely with faliva, and 
what may be the confequence, it is eafy to guefs. 
Diforders in the lips are many times contracted 
from a caufe which is never fufpected, and yet is 
very common. We have a cuftom, when begin- ning to write with a new-made pen, of putting the 
point of it to our mouth to wet it, and thereby 
make it draw ink more eafily. T his we ought to 
take care of, unlefswe make the pen ourfelves, or 
are fure that the perfon who made it Is free from 
difeafe j becaufe, whoever makes a pen, always 
wets it, in order to try whether it will write. It 
is true, he wipes it afterwards ; but feldom fo 
well as to take off all the faliva ; and what is left 
of this, though it be dried, or in ever fo fmall a 
quantity, is a leaven which may communicate a 
difeafeof the lips, or any other contagious illnefs, 
from one perfon to another. This remark will 
be corroborated by reflecting on what fort of peo- 
ple are employed in making pens for fale. 
It fometimes happens in fevers that the lips be- 
come fcabbed, which prognofficatcs a cure, and 
in this cafe do not require any application ; the 
beft way being to let them quite alone, and they 
will go off with the fever. 
Thick lips are regarded by phyfiognomifts as 
a fign of dullnefs ; they are certainly not hand- 
fome, efpecially in the ladles. The lips are fre- 
quently rendered thick by biting them too much, 
in order to make them look red and pouting, and 
fometimes the thicknefs is the confequcnce of very 
fevere colds. It is a deformity fcarcely, if at all to 
be cured. Writers have recommended purgative 
medicines as internals, and mafficatories and 
blifters as external ; but as the fucceff is very 
uncertain, and the trial may be dangerous, it is 
moft prudent of two evils to chufe the leaft. 
A very wide tnouth Is juftly enough reckoned 
a deformity ; but it is frequently rendered more 
difagreeable by a habit of gaping at every object. as If the peiTon had never fecn It before. Such 
a light is mortifying,and yet it is but too frequent 
to lee people of good fenfe and judgement look 
juft like idiots, only from this cuftom of gaping, 
which by negligence, they have been allowed to 
contradf. 
It muft be owned, however, that neither negli- 
gence nor ftupidity are always the caulc of this 
deformity; but that there is another very common 
and natural one, which is this. 
In order to a free and full refpiration, the air 
muft’pafs and repafs conftantly through the nof- 
trils : it is well known there is a communication 
of the nollrils with the mouth, for the pafiage of 
the air which goes to the lungs. Now it frequent- 
ly happens, that the excretory veflels of the nofc 
are obftrudled and choaked up in fuch a manner, 
as the air cannot enter thereby into the mouth, to 
purfue its courfe to the lungs ; hence, either from 
thefe obftrudlions, or fome defe&in the formation 
of the part, refpiration muft unavoidably be 
performed by the mouth, which is thus neceffarily 
kept open day and night to admit a fufheient 
quantity of air. This not only obliges the perfon 
to keep the mouth open, but is attended with an- 
other difagreeable confequence,that itoften forces 
him to fpcak through the nofe. When thefe 
defedls arife from a fault in the formation of the 
nofe, they are incurable. But if proceeding from 
obftructions in the glands, or excretory vefieis, 
foftening, relaxing, deobftruent, and refolving 
medicines are of fervice.—Of this number is cow’s 
milk mixed with the juice of beets, mallows, pel- 
litory, wild mercury, lilver-weed, and creffes, 
which muft be introduced pretty warm into the 
nofe as far as poftible. Or the herbs may be boiled in frefli butter, and then introduced in the fame 
manner. 
Thefe obftrudbions are moftly owing to thick 
humours, though they are fometimes produced by 
ftoney concretions in the nofe, no bigger than a 
fmall pea, and wrapped up in a membrane, which 
fometimes breaks of itfelf, and lets the ftones fall 
out. As it is but feldom, however, that this 
membrance breaks of its own accord, the fureft 
way is not to wait for it, but to ufe all the means 
you can to break it gently, and without violence ; 
for as itadheres pretty ftrongly to the nofe, there 
is danger, left in tearing it away,you fhould injure 
that organ. A very good method is to introduce 
the downy part of a feather into the nofe, moving 
it lightly up and down; and the pradbice of this 
method fora few weeks,efpecially in the morning 
will certainly break the membrane, and of courfe 
clear the obftru£tion. If any fbrenefs remains, 
you may lightly touch the part with a little of the 
vulnerary, or Turlington’s baifam. 
Of the Chin. 
Deformities of the chin in regard of fhape, are 
of that clafs which can neither be prevented nor 
corre&ed. 
Women of (anguine complexions and habit, 
have frequently hair growing on their chin, which 
gives them a very mafculine and unfeemly ap- 
pearance. Shaving, if ever fo neatly performed, 
will always leave the marks of the hair percep- 
tible : the only method, therefore, from which 
fuccefs can be hoped, is the application of the 
dulcified fpiric of fait, or fame of the liniments, 
directed under the methods of extirpating fu- 
pcrfiuous hair. When the want of beard in the other fex, pro- 
ceeds from any peculiarity in the conffitution, fo 
that there is not the lead: ftcm of hair in the chin, 
the deficiency can never be repaired by art. But 
if occafioned by any accident, (which has not en- 
tirely deftroyed the roots of the hair,) as a ffraight- 
nefs of the pores, or a want of nonrifhment, a 
cure may be brought about. For which purpofe, 
the prefcriptions already recommended for pro- 
moting and increafing the growth of the hair may 
be fuccefsfully applied. 
Some people are afflidted with an involuntary, 
convulfive motion of the chin, from fide to fide, 
and fometimes up and down, like the motion of 
eating. This deformity may be greatly relieved 
by bathing; and efpeciaily by waffling the part 
afflidted every day with cold fpring water. 
Of the Skin, and Complexion. 
The (kin of the face is fubjedl to many acci- 
dents and deformities, which we now proceed to 
examine ; and firft, the effedts of that very for- 
midable enemy to beauty, the fmall-pox; moft 
of the blemifties caufed by which are more to be 
attributed to thofe who have the management 
of the diforder, than to the diforder itfelf. While 
they aim at hindering the fmall-pox from thicken- 
ing the fkin, and leaving pits and fears upon it, 
they generally employ means which are readier to 
produce than prevent fuch effects. It is common 
to apply oil of rapes, or of fweet almonds, hogs- 
lard, and other greafy fubftances, as ferve rather 
to (hut the pores than to open them, and likewiic 
make the ikin of the face very thick and coarfe, 
A better method is to take a piece of very lean 
mutton, boil it well, and dipping afpungein the broth, gently foment the face, taking care to 
repeat this feverai times a till the puftules of 
the fmall-pox are quite ripe. 
1 here can be no neceffity forgiving a caution 
againft picking off tiie eruptions, or pricking them 
when the pus grows white, in order, as fup- 
pofed, to prevent them eating through the (kin. It 
is, however, a conftant fadf that the fmall-pox 
never leaves deeper pits, than when the puftules 
have been opened, by whatever means. The 
reafon of this may be readily underftood ; when 
you open the puftules, and let out the matter, you 
let in the air at the fame time, which immediately 
dries and hardens the cavities of the puftules, and 
thus prevents the ftefh below from riftng to fill up 
the hollows. And could the face be kept from 
the air from the time that the puftules fill, un- 
till the patient’s recovery, it would be no more 
fubje£f to injury from the diforder, than the 
other parts of the body,which are never marked. A 
cap might eafily be contrived to anfwer this pur- 
pose, having its borders only at fuch a diftance 
from each other as to allow the patient to breath 
freely. 
The following water is of great ufe to prevent 
pits after this diforder, clear away the fcabs, allay 
the itching, and remove the rednefs. 
Diffolve an ounce and a half of fait in a pint of 
mint water ; boil them together, and diffolve the 
liquor. 
Of Pimples. 
This deformity confifts in a rednefs of the face, 
attended with inflammatory puftules : the caufe 
of which is commonly attributed to an acrid, thick 
blood, that fwelJs and erodes the fmall veftels which are diffributed to the (kin of the face. To 
clear thofe veffels, the mafs of blood mull be 
fweetened and diluted by proper medicines. 
This is, however, a fubjeCt on which we would 
requeft the moft earned: attention of our readers ; 
—deformities of the fkin are generally the confe- 
quence of a diftempered blood thrown upon it : 
or rather are made by a preternatural fecretion ; 
for ufually Inch diftempers are occafioned by the 
falts being thrown off' by the cutaneous glands, 
which ought to be wafhed through the kidneys : 
fo that in head of fiuceteners, which are ufually pre- 
feribed, promoting the urinary difeharges, and 
rectifying the fkin by proper wafhes, is the only 
way to get rid of fuch disorders. At the end of 
this article, we fhall infert a variety of fuch forms 
as fern heft adapted for the purpofe. 
The application of fuch wafhes, &c. muff: al- 
ways be underftood to be proper only, when a 
"perfon is otherwife well ; becaufe any critical 
breakings out are by no means to be driven back, 
but encouraged, elfe a great deal of mifehief may 
be done. Of fuch lotions too, it is to beobferved 
that they are not to be ufed but for the face, 
and fome particular parts j becaufe fo far as they 
are ufed, they cannot but in fome meafure abate 
the natural perforation, which will be attended 
with inconveniency. When, therefore, any thing 
of this kind is employed, the perfon muff; always 
take care that fome other emunClory may be in 
readinefs to difeharge what is leflened by the ap- 
plication of the external medicine ; and that which 
is rnoft fuited to compenfate for what the fkin is 
deficient in, is that by urine : wherefore diuretics 
are certainly the beft auxiliaries to ccfmetics, and it is hardly Cafe to ufe one without the other. For 
this purpofe, 
Jnfufe four ounces of muftaru feed in a quart 
of white-wine, and after three or four days, drink; 
about a wine glafsof it every morning ; filling up 
the bottle every time, as long as the feed gives any 
flrength. 
This remedy is very eafily procured, and Is not 
only a good diuretic, but is cordial to the nerves, 
attenuating pituitous, fizey blood, and diffolving 
its clofe contexture. 
Or, boil three fpoonfuls of muftard feed in a 
quart of milk, take off the curd, and keep the 
whey for ufe. 
This differs little from the above, but will be 
agreeable and convenient in cafes where wine 
would be too powerful a morning draught. About 
half a pint is fufficient at a time. 
The fcc-rlmiic juices are much commended for 
cooling the blood,and cleanfing the feveral ftrainers 
of the body, efpecially the urinary paffages ; they, 
are moft properly ufed in the fpring, and fhould 
be drank about half a pint every morning for five 
or fix weeks. 
They are prepared by taking juice of plantain, 
brook-lime, water creffes, and dandelion, each a 
pint; forrel, lemons, and white wine, each half 
a pint ; let them hand till they fettle, then de- 
cant what is clear, and add to it, of compound 
horfe-radifh water, and magifterial worm-water, 
each four ounces; fpirit of feurvy-grafs, one ounce; 
and keep for ufe. 
Among all the lotions invented for the affiftance 
of beauty, nothing perhaps can exceed the ufe of 
ihnple pimpernel water, which is fo. fovereign a beautifier of the complexion, as to deferve a place 
on every lady’s toilet. It is quickly prepared, by 
only infufing half a handful of this herb in a quart 
of water, letting it Hand all night. It may be 
ufed a little warmifh, but never hot It is not,how- 
ever, powerful enough to ddlroy thofe eruptions 
on the face we are now treating of, for which the 
following applications are intended, fubjedt to the 
mode of treatment already given. 
Take litharge of gold, four ounces ; white wine 
vinegar, half a pint ; digeft them tog ther for three 
days, flirring often, and then flit r for ufe. 
Or, take half a pound of ceru's ; white wine 
vinegar and elder-flower water, each a pint and a 
half; boil one point away, and let the remainder 
fettle fine for ufe. 
Or, take camphire rubbed fine in a mortar, 
two drams ; put upon it, by little and little at a 
time, one ounce of the juice of lemons ; when 
diflblved, add white wine, one pint ; or fpirit of 
wine, and refe-water, each half a pint.— \ his is 
a very fife and good lotion for fpots and flufhings 
of the face, and may be ufed with equal freedom 
and fafety.— The mortar mu ft be rubbed with a 
few drops of oil, in order to reduce the camphire 
to powder. 
Another, and by no means an inefficacious re- 
medy for a pimpled face, and for preferving the 
fkin foft and fmooth, is, to heat a quantity of 
houfeleek in a marble mortar, fquecze out the 
juice, and clarify it.—When wanted to ufe, pour 
a few drops of rectified fpirit on the juice, and it 
w ill inffantly turn milky. 
A very elegant cofmetic is made by taking e- 
qual parts of gum Benjamin and itorax, and dillbl- 
ving them in a fufficient quantity of fpirit of wine. The fpirit will then become a reddifh tin&ure, 
and exhale a very fragrant fmell. A few e#rops 
of it put into a glafs of water, will inftantly become 
milky. Many ladies ufe it,-Juccefsfully, to clear 
the complexion, than which nothing can be more 
fafe or innocent. 
It may not be improper to obfervc, that all acid 
and aluminous lotions and bcautiticrs, are perni- 
cious enemies to the flan, and very foon bring on 
wrinkles. 
Dr. Cook, of Leigh, who is as much eftcemed 
far his philanthropy, as he is celebrated for me- 
dical knowledge, recommends the fubjoined pre- 
feription as a fafe and excellent cofmetic lotion. 
“ which will fet of the countenance to the bdl 
advantage, by rendering an ordinary one beauti- 
ful, and an handfome one more To. 
tc Boil two quarts of loft water on four ounces 
ofpure quick fiber, in an earthen pipkin, till half 
the water is wafted, then pour the water, with 
quick-filver and ail, into a bottle to be ready for 
ufe :—with a fine cloth dipped into a little of this 
decoition, wafh the face two or three times a 
wetk in a morning, after having wafhed as ufual 
with frefh water. 
“ It gives a fine Juftre to the fkin, and cleanfes 
it of a'l kinds of foulnefs, as feurfs, infefis, mor- 
phews, kc. kc- is perfectly innocent, and the 
belt deobftruent in phyfic. It may be drank free- 
ly as a fpccific againft: worms; and againft all cuta- 
neous eruptions. 
“ I remember a lady, ffays he) that had been 
eminent for beauty in many courts of Europe, 
cojifelled to me that this inlipid liquor was, of 
all innocent wafhes for the face, the beft fhe ever 
met with. ts; The fame qulck-filver will fervc to boil again 
with the fame quantity of water, to fupply frefh 
lotions, as often as wanted. You muft fhake the 
bottle well before you ui'e it.” 
Freckles. 
Fair and delicate complexions are fubjedl to 
finall reddifh fpots, called freckles; ufually caufed 
by the heat of the fun, and appearing chiefly 
on the hands, neck, and face ; for which reafon, 
we ought to take care of expofing children too 
much to its influence ; very few remedies have 
been found anfwerable to this blemifti, becaufe 
the inventors have miftaken the feat of the 
complaint : imagining it to exift in the 
fcarf-fkin, they have been very free in pre- 
feribing corrofive waters, which make the fcarf- 
fkin peel off, and afterwards leave the face juft as 
it was ; whereas thefe freckles are really upon 
the cutis, or true fkin, and become viftble from the 
tranfparency of the cuticula. They are very hard 
to remove ; yet much may be expedled from a 
mixture of fpirit of wine and the oil of Behen [or 
Ben,] applied to the face every night with a 
fmall brufh :—three or four drops are fufheient 
at a time. But you muft avoid the air, and efpe- 
cially the fun-fhine during the time of ufmg it. 
To the fame effedt are the following prepara- 
tions : 
Take oil of tartar per deliquium, one ounce ; 
oil of fweet almonds, two drams ; role water, 
four ounces ; /hake them together for ufe* 
Or, take almond-milk, (that is, an emulfion of 
blanched almonds,) a quarter of a pint j fugar of lead, ten grains; white vitriol, one fcrupls j oil 
of tartar, two drams. 
()r, take equal quantities of houfe-leck and ce- 
landine ; diftil them in a land heat, and wadi with 
the difiilled water. 
With a Toft napkin dipped in any of thefe pre- 
parations, rub the face, neck, and hands :—avoid- 
ing the fun and air. 
Mr, Homberg’s remedy for freckles hands in 
high efteem,and is a compofition of bullock’s blood 
and alnn, nearly in this manner: viz. 1 o 
four ounces, or a quarter of a pint of bullock’s 
blood, add two drams of alum finely powdered ; 
let the alum precipitate, and expofe the compound 
three or four months to the fun in a clofe phial. 
Marks on the Face. 
The marks here meant are thofe which are 
attributed to certain longings during pregnan- . 
cy : fuch as the figures of cherries, mulberries, 
ftrawberries, he. or fpots of wine, milk, he either 
on the taci , or other parts of the body ; which 
are im prefled the more, firongly in proportion to 
the vivacity of the mother’s imagination, and the 
difficulty of gratifying her longing. 
As to fpots of wine, milk, and fimilar ones, it is 
impoflible to remove them, and whoever attempts 
it, only defigns to impofe on you. 
Such marks, or little excrefcences, as are con- 
nected to the body only by a (lender (talk, may 
probably be taken away ; hut the Araik mu it Le 
a very (lender one indeed, or it is not advifable to 
touch it. 
You muil tie a waxed fi 1 k thread gently about 
O J 
it 5 next day tie it tighter ; and fo proceed till the excrefcence is deprived of nourishment, when 
it will drop of,and nothing remain but a little fcab 
upon the part, which will fall away of its own 
accord. 
The Complexion hrown, pale, tawny, £sV, 
When the complexion is naturally of any of 
thefe colours, there is no poftibility of changing 
it thoroughly : all that can be done, is to have 
recourfe to palliatives,—not to paints, which in 
the end produce a real deformity,but to wafhes and 
compofitions which are at leaft entirely harmlefs ; 
fuch as rofe, plantane, or pimpernel water ; 
water made with bran, oat-meal, peafe-meal, 
powder of bitter almonds; barley-water; water dif- 
tiilcd from fnails ; and fuch fimple preparations, 
from which there is nothing to fear.—To aflift 
and improve complexional charms, where a 
healthful habit of body is the natural ground- 
work, the following very feledf compofitions may 
prove ufeful. 
A Cosmetic for the Face, 
I. Take a pound of levigated hartfliorn ; two 
pounds of rice powder ; half a pound of cerufs ; 
frankincenfe, gum maftic, and gum arabic, each 
two ounces ; difl'olve the whole in a fufficient 
quantity of rofe-water, and frequently wafti the 
face with this fluid. 
Imperial Water. 
2. Take five quarts of brandy, or proof fpirit, 
in which diflolve of frankincenfe, raaftic, benja- 
min, and gum arabic, each one ounce ; cloves 
and nutmegs, halfan ounce; pine-nut kerndsand 
iweet almonds, each an ounce and a half j to thefe add a few grains of mu Ik, or any other perfume 
you pleafe ; bruife them very well in a marble 
mortar, then put them into a glafs bottle, with 
the brandy, lhaking th~m frequently during a 
week; after which let it fettle, and decant for ufe. 
When applied to the face, dilute it with pimper- 
nel, or role-water. 
This is faid to take away wrinkles, render the 
fkin delicate, and fweeten the breath. 
The diddled waters of fennel and white lillies, 
with a little gum maftic, will admirably clear 
the complexion. 
A Fluid to clear a tanned Skin. 
Soak unripe grapes in water ; fprinkle them 
with alum and fait, then wrap them up in paper, 
and roaft them in hot allies ; fqueeze out the 
juice, walh the face with it every morning, and 
it will foon remove the tan. 
The oil of unripe olives, in which a fmall 
quantity of gum maflic has been diflblvcd, will 
anfwer the lame intention. 
Take barley-water ftrained through a fine linen 
cloth ; drop into it a few drops of balm of 
Gilead, and fhake the bottle for fome time, till 
the balfam is incorporated with the water, which 
will be known by its tin bid, milky appearance. 
This greatly improves the complexion, and pre- 
serves the bloom of youth, if only ufed once a 
day foma continuance. Before this fluid is ufed, 
the face Ihould be walhed clean with common 
water. 
Another very elegant Wajh. Take two quarts of white wine vinegar, three 
ounces of ifinglafs,tw.o ounces of nutmegs, and fix 
of honey ; diftill with a gentle fire, and add to the 
diddled water a little red launders, in order to co- 
lour it. Previous to the ute of this, a lady fhould 
wall] herfelf with elder-flower water, and then 
the checks will become of a lively rofeate hue, 
which cannot be diftinguifhed fcom the natural 
bloom of youth. 
A (VtJliUed Water for tinging the Checks• 
A Cofmetic Oil. 
Take a quarter of a pint of oil of fwcet almonds 
frefh drawn ; one ounce of oil of tartar per de- 
llquium, and a few drops of oil of rhodium ; mix 
them together, and ufe the compofition for clean- 
fing and foftening the Ik in. 
Oily compofitions, (if only ufed occafionally, 
and the face foon after wafned with feme of the 
foregoing fimple preparations) may be of fcrvice; 
but lavifhly employed, they fliut up the infenfible 
pores of tranfpiration, and rather injure than im- 
prove beauty. 
Cold Cream for the Complexion. 
Take virgin-wax and fpermaceti, of each a 
dram; oil of fwcet almonds, two ounces ; fpring 
water, an ounce and a half; melt the wax and 
fpermaceti together in the oil of almonds, in a gla- 
zed earthen pipkin, over hot allies, or in a vapour 
bath ; pour the folution into a marble mortar, and 
fiir it till it grow cold and quite finooth ; then 
mix the water gradually, and keep fiirring till the 
whole is incorporated. This pomatum becomes extremely white and 
light by the agitation, and much refembles cream, 
from the fimilitude to which it has obtained its 
name. It is an excellent cofmetic, rendering the 
fkin finooth and delicate : its fragrance may be 
improved by ufing rofe water or orange flower- 
water, inftead of fpring-water ; or with a few 
drops of any efl'ence, as fancy diredls. 
Carmines, or Rouges for the Face. 
Alicanet root (hikes a beautiful red when mixed 
with oils or pomatums. A fcarlct or rofe colour- 
ed ribband, wetted with water or brandy, gives a 
beautiful bloom to the cheeks, when rubbed ort 
them, that can hardly be diftinguifhed from the 
natural complexion. Many ufe only a red fponge, 
which tinges the cheeks with a line carnation 
tint. 
Or, take an equal quantity in weight of either 
Brazilwood lhavings, or cochineal,and roch alum; 
beat them together to a coarfe powder, and boil 
in a fufficient quantity of red wn’ne, until two 
thirds of the liquor be confumed. When this 
decoction has flood till cold, rub a little on the 
cheeks with a bit of cotton. 
A very wan, fallow complexion, or that which 
characterizes thz green ficknefs, is owing to a caufe 
that comes properly under a phyfleian’s confidera- 
tion, and is beyond our province. When the 
caule is removed, the eHe6l will ccafe of courfe. 
A very frequent expofure to the open air and 
wind, efpecialJy in fnmmer, renders the complexion 
coarfe ; there is another caufe, lefs noticed, which 
produces the fame effedf ; namely, five citing \ it 
dilates the pores exceedingly ; and thefc being dilated, neceffarily makes the fkin appear coarfer. 
By fweating we do not mean the natural per (pi- 
ration, but that which is brought on by any de- 
gree of fatigue in hot weather,, or by being crowded 
up in large companies, and the effects of which 
is increafed by the ufe of a fan. 
The complexion ought by no means to fhine, 
but fhould refemble that bloom which is obfer- 
vable upon fome fruits before they arc handled. 
We fay the bloom of a complexion, but never the 
lujire ; becaufe this does not belong to it. The 
lily is white, but has no glofs. Yet we fay the 
hrightnefs of the lily. Rofes with all their bn'ght- 
nefs are not finning ; yet we compliment a 
complexion, by laying it is compounded of rofes 
and lilies. In fhort, a fine fkin does not fhine 
at all, although by its whitenefs it appears 
bright. A fhining face is like that of a wax 
baby. 
To avoid this fliining, the face fhould never be 
much rubbed, cfpcciaiiy with coarfc cloths, nor 
fhould any kind of foap be ufed in wafhing it. 
Clear fpring water, or any of the funple lotions 
already deferibed, will prove the beft wafhes, 
which may be rubbed dry with a foft napkin. 
That the complexion fhould lofe this bVom as 
age advances, is only a circumftance in the courfe 
of nature ; but fome young people are not exempt 
from fuch a deformity; which (when not owing to 
paint) proceeds from an internal heat dryirg and 
withering the fkin ; the fading of which may be 
corn died or prevented in youthful life, by an ob- 
fervance of the following rules; but his childifh to 
imagine there are any fecrets to preclude the efforts 
of old age. t. It will be neccflary to abftain from tea and 
coffee, at leaf! not to drink much milk with them; 
fhun all high feafoned victuals, fpices, fweetmeats, 
wines and fpiritnous liquors, which overheat the 
blood, and render the fkin wrinkled. 2. Drink 
plentifully of barley water, foups, and eat light 
nourishing food. 3! You mu ft neither keep late 
hours, nor fing much ; and when you are dreffing, 
take care no powder falls upon your face. 4. In 
winter, you muft not fit oppoiite a fire, nor too near 
it; and if your face is turned towards it, interpofe 
a Screen. 5. Never expofe yourfelf with your face 
uncovered to the cold air, efpecially in frofts ; nor 
go too loon near the fire after being abroad. 6. You 
muft have recourfe to gentle rubbing all over the 
body, to preferve or to promote a free circulation 
of the blood. For when the blood circulates freely, 
and confequentiy the nourifhing juices, which are 
diftributed to the different parts of the body, nei- 
ther Itop too long, nor are hurried too quickly 
through the veff’cls, the complexion is always 
frefh, provided juch iuices ate wholeforne, which 
may be obtained by obferving a good regimen.— 
When the blood circulates well, the complexion 
is necefl'arily improved thereby ; and always ftiews 
whether the health is in a good or bad ftate.— 
Gentle rubbing, however, with Toft linen, con- 
tributes very much to regulate and quicken a lan- 
guid circulation, and, in confequence of that, to 
enliven the complexion, 
Glyffers, and gentle cathartics, when properly 
iifed, and not wantonly Sported with, are certainly 
conducive to the fame effect. 
Not as a cure, bat as a preventative of wrinkles, 
the fubjoined preparations appear to have feme 
efficacy. ift. Heat an iron /hovel red hot, throw on it 
fome powder of myrrh, and receive the fmoak 
on your face, covering your head with a napkin 
to prevent its being diiiipated. Repeat this ope- 
ration three times. Heat the (hovel again, and 
pour on it a mouthful of white wine. Receive 
the vapour of the wine alfo on your face, repeat- 
ing it three times. Continue this practice every 
night and morning, as long as you (hall fin'd 
occafion. 
2d. Take juice of white lily roots, and fine 
honey, each two ounces; white wax melted, one 
ounce; incorporate the whole together, and make 
a pomatum, which muft be applied every night, 
and not wiped oft’ till the next morning. 
Having finifhed our remarks on thofe parts of 
the face which are moftexpofed to view, wre come 
next to treat of fuch as prefent themfelves on 
opening the mouth, viz. the gums, teeth, and 
tongue, which doles our review of the head, or 
upper cavity of the human body. 
Of the Gums. 
Thofe gums which are red, firm, fmooth, 
neither too thick nor too thin, and have the teeth 
neatly joined within them, ate a great ornament, 
provided that every thing about the teeth be pro- 
portionable and correfponding. 
The livid, colour of the gums generally proceeds 
from the blood flagnating there, which may be 
prevented or corrected by rubbing them carefully 
every morning with a linen cloth, a little rough, 
J m O # ' % O 7 
and picking rhem from time to time, but very 
gently, with th? point of a gold, filver, or ivory 
tooth-pick, but yet fo us to make them bleed; and taking care not to pick it where the teeth are 
joined to the gum.'—Some writers have told 
us, that eating of leeks and onions is hurtful to 
the gums. 
kxcrefcences will fomctimes appear upon the 
gums, conne&ed to them by a little ilender ftalk; 
a circumftance of no danger, but often a blemifb, 
by making the lips protrude forward in adifagree- 
able manner, and afte&ing the pronunciation a 
little. This excrefcence may cafily be taken off, 
by tying a thread of filk pretty tight round it, and 
drawing it ftill tighter every day for a few days, 
when it will drop off for want of nourifhment; 
and you may touch the gum with a little vul- 
nerary balfam. 
An inflammation of the gums, being a confe- 
quence of the inflammatory tooth-ach, will be 
treated in its proper place. 
As raoft other blemifhes or deformities of the 
gums, as being pale, flaccid, uneven, fre£led, &c. 
may be attributed to the fcurvy in that part, we 
fhall avoid all nice diftimftions, and only conilder 
that diforderin general. 
One certain fymptom of the fcurvy is, the gums 
being liable to bleed on the flighted: touch : 
another is a continual difeharge of matter from 
about the edges, juft where they join the teeth, 
but without any appearance of blood ; and a third 
(which may likewife have a temporary exiftence 
from other caufes, as venereal infections, ulcera- 
tions of the kings, and particularly negligence in 
cleaning the teeth) is an ofFenfive breath, fre- 
quently unknown to the perfon himfelf. Thefe 
fymptoms are fometimes all experienced together, 
and often are found independent of each other. 
The teeth, in this diforder, are in fome perfoils covered with a tartareous matter, and in others 
remarkably clean. In procefs of time, they become 
quite loofe; and when the didemper is fo far ad- 
vanced, ’tis with difficulty that any thing can be 
done to prevent them all dropping out, one after 
another, though perfectly found. Not that the 
gums always recede from the teeth; for they will 
fomctimes preferve an external appearance of 
foundnefs, even when the fcurvy has totally de- 
droyed the bony locket, and all communication 
between the tooth and gum. 
The fcurvy in the gums feldom extends beyond 
that part, and is certainly very different from, as 
it frequently is found independent of the lead: 
degree of the fcurvy in the body, and without any 
connection with it: the former having been per- 
fectly cured, when the latter has not had the 
final led relief. Nor is any advantage to be 
expected from the ufe of internal medicine. 
The fird dep towards a cure, is to have the 
teeth well cleaned, and all the tartareous matter 
that is lodged under the edges of the gums, care- 
fully removed, by a fkilfui dentid: when the 
complaint is not of long continuance, this ope- 
ration will prevent its farther progrefs: tho’ it is 
frequently fo long negledded, as to require the 
application of the lancet; and when the gums are 
muck thickened, it even becomes neceflary that 
conilderabie portions of them fhould be taken 
off. 
When the diforder is once put a flop to, it 
may be prevented in future by a proper attention to 
the cleanlinefs of the teeth, and ufing fome of 
the following lotions occafionally to the gums; 
while a negledl of this will often caufe a relapfe ; 
Waffling and brufhing the gums produce the fame effect on them, as air and cxcrcife upon the body; 
giving vigour and firmnefs, promoting the cite il- 
lation, and enlivening the tone of both. 
To ftrengthen and preferve the Gums. 
Diflolve an ounce of myrrh (finely powdered) 
as much as poffiblc, in a pint of red wine; decant 
it off, and wafh the mouth every night and 
morning 
To Strengthen the Gums, and make them grow clofe to 
the Enamel. 
To two fpconfuls of the beff white honey, 
add an ounce of myrrh, and a little green fage, 
both finely powdered; mix them well together, 
and rub the teeth and gums with a little of this 
balfam every night, at going to reff. 
Take two drams of cinnamon finely powdered ; 
half a dram of cloves in fine powder; and half an 
ounce of roch alium ; pour upon them three quarts 
of boiling water, when cold, add fix ounces of 
plantane water, half an ounce of orange-flower 
(or any other feented) water ; a quarter of 
an ounce of offence of lemon, or of bergamot; 
and three quarters of a pint of rectified fpirit of 
wine, or good brandy; let the whole ftand in 
digdtion for a few days, then decant for ufe. 
An Infufion for the Gums. 
An ounce of Peruvian bark, grofsly powdered, 
infufed m Haifa pint of brandy, and diluted with 
an equal quantity of role water, is efteemed very 
lerviccablc in prefeiving the gums. 
Oak leaves boiled jn fpring water, with a few 
drops of fpirit of fulphui added to the deception, 
afford a very nfeful gargle lor the mouth and 
gums. When the teeth have4been once properly cleaned, 
.and fuch neceflary operations performed, as the 
judgement of a fcnfible operator will dictate, the 
gums may be eafily kept in tolerable condition 
afterwards by the ufe of any of the foregoing pre- 
parations, conftantly and daily ufed; but it is 
from perfeverance alone that any benefit may be 
expected. Even the application of cold water 
daily to the gums, rubbing them well with a little 
brufh, or your finger, will equally preferve them 
from diforder, and the teeth from decay. Thofe 
who pay a confiant attention to this point, have 
in general few decayed teeth, and even when a 
decay takes place, it advances more Howly, and 
with much lei's pain. 
An offenfive breath is a conflant attendant upon 
the feurvy in the gums, but may alfo proceed 
from putrified matter lodged in hollow teeth; or 
from other caufes as above-mentioned; in any 
cafe, it may at lead: be difgulfed, if not greatly 
remedied, by gargling the mouth frequently with 
the following water. 
Take frefh gathered (if conveniently procured, 
if not, take dry’d j leaves of fage, angelica, worm- 
wood, favory, fennel, and fpiked mint, hyflop, 
ba’m, Tweet bafil, rue, thyme, marjoram, rofemary, 
origanum, cala-mint, and wild thyme, each four 
ounces, the fame quantity of lavender flowers, cut 
them final], pour upon them one gallon of good 
brandy, or fpirit of wine, and let them ftand in a 
warm fituation for a week or thereabouts; then 
decant for ule. 
To half a wine glafs of this tin&ure, add the 
fame quantity of rofe water, or any other diftilled 
water you fancv, gargle the mouth well (rubbing the gums with your finger) with about half of t, 
and rince the mouth with the remainder. 
If halfor a whole glafs of this tin&ure, diluted 
as before, be drank every morning, after the above 
operation, it will cherifh the lungs, enliven the 
heart, fortify the llomach, and cieanfe them of 
every impurity that may affe£f the breath. It is 
likewile much fuperior to preparations from 
eaflern aromatics and perfumes, whofe very 
powerful feent only difeovers what their ufc is 
defigned to conceal. 
Of the latter fort, however, the following 
Hands in high elleem. 
Take cinnamon, two ounces; cloves, fix drams ; 
Florentine orrice root, nutmeg, and mace, each 
one dram ; water crefles, fix ounces; frerh lemon 
peel, an ounce and a half; red role leaves, an 
ounce; feurvy grafs, half a pound; mufk and 
ambergreafe, each half a fcruple; bruife he aro- 
matics and perfumes, cut the fpices, and macerate 
the whole in a quart of fpirit of wine, or French 
brandy, during eight-and forty hours; then de- 
cant it into ieveral glafs phials, fo that having a 
fmall quantity only in uie at a time, the fragrant 
eHence may be prevented from evaporating. When 
lifed, let it be diluted with any diffilled water. 
As a more fimpls remedy, chew about the 
quantity of a fmall nut of gum myrrh, at night 
going to bed. 
Or, chew every night and morning a clove ; or 
a piece of Florentine orrice root, about the fize of. 
a bean. 
The Eaflcrn nations frequently'chew hoi led 
Chio turpentine, or gum maflick, which is faid to 
give health and firmnefs to the gunif, make the teeth beautifully white, and procure a fweet 
breath. 
People who are accuftomed to thefe daily ablu- 
tions of the teeth and gums, are much lefs liable 
to the infection of malignant, epidemic diford- 
crs, than when the gums are in a ftate of putre- 
faction, and the teeth covered with fordes. 
Betides, the air in palling through the mouth 
into the lungs, mull of courfe be contaminated, and 
impregnated with the putridity of the gums, or 
of matter in, or between the teeth ; which will 
doubtlefs produce fome, and increafe almoft: any 
Of the Teeth. 
To prcfervc the teeth in order, and in any 
degree of beauty, requires lets trouble than per- 
feverance. Five minutes labour every morning, 
and the examination by a dentift once in a month, 
or perhaps in a quarter of a year, is amply fuffici- 
ent. Indeed, to produce a fet of fine, regular teeth, 
they fliould be taken under management from 
their very firft appearance, and every afliftance 
given to make them cut eafy, and pulh out regu- 
lar ; otherwife they have lefs chance to be well 
fhaped, well ranged, and make a beautiful appear- 
ance.—The firlt teeth prepare fockets for thofe 
which are to fuccced them; and upon the right 
difpoiition of thefe fockets will the regularity and 
beauty of the fecond fet of teeth depend. 
The breeding and cutting of the teeth often 
prove fatal to infants, at all times is attended with 
violent pains, and frequently with convulfions 
and fevers. Loofenefs, if not fevere, is rather a 
favourable fymptom. Diluting liquors, as milk 
and water, balm tea, &c, fhould be plentifully adminiflered, but by no means too warm. The 
appearance of the teeth arc ufually foretold by a 
fmall white circle furrouding that part of the gum, 
and defcribing the fize of the future tooth ; at this 
time it will be necefiary to rub the gums with a 
little fine honey mixed with liquorice powder; 
Which frequently prevents convulfions; the white 
fhank of a boiled afparagus, or the rib of a large 
lettice leaf, is often fuccefsfully employed to rub 
the gums with. 
The difficulties and dangers which attend teeth- 
ing may frequently be obviated, and confiderably 
Jeficned, by attending to a few plain, general rules.- 
To keep the body open by cooling and corrective 
medicines;—to guard againff any violent loofe- 
neffes by a proper change of phyfic ;—to fupply 
the want of immediate operation by gentle clyfters 
or vomits; and taking care that the food be very 
light, (if the child is weaned) as chicken broth, 
beef tea, or palatable flops, which are preferable 
to flefh meals. 
For this purpofe, rhubarb; with magnefia, in 
cafe of coftivenefs ; or with prepared crabs-claws, 
in cafe of too great a degree of loofenefs ; clyflers 
made with mutton or chicken broth,—common 
fait, coarfe fugar, and fvvect oil,—adapting the 
quantity to the age of the child. 
When the efforts of nature, aflifted by this treat- 
ment, are infufficient to burft the gum, and any 
alarming fymptoms of inflammation or convulfions 
appear, the lancet fhould be applied. 
When the firft teeth are compleated, little atten- 
tion is required, except to examine the double 
teeth occasionally; and, as they are moft fubjedt 
to decay, to file or Hop them, as may he required. From the earlift infancy, children (hould be 
taught to wafh their te th and gums every morninp- 
and evening with cold water, and continue this 
praddice through life. 
About fix or feven years of age, they begin to 
filed thefe firld teeth, and new ones fucceed, the 
prelervation and management of which demand 
our vigilant attention. 
Even, regular (e;th contribute fo much to the 
beauty of the human countenance, that without 
their aid, the vilage would appear deformed, and 
the harmony of the fined: features be incomplete. 
Irregularity might be often prevented by a timely 
removal of the firft fet of teeth, whenever they 
appear crooked, projedding forward, inclining 
inwards, or otherwife tending to deformity, as 
they give the fiiape to the bony focket for thofe 
which are to follow: and hence diftort the mouth, 
and affedd the fhape of the whole face. 
There is another deformity which Teems can led 
by inattention to the teeth in early life; namely, 
when the teeth of the under jaw projedd forward 
beyond thofe of the upper, and inclofethem; the 
contrary to which being the natural fituation. 
This being under-jawed, not only renders the 
front teeth ufelefs in both jaws in eating, but 
makes the under one grow confiderably longer 
than it otherwife would.—The corrcdtion, or 
prevention of this deformity, mull be under the 
management of a furgeon, as it requires manual 
operation. 
The teeth fhould be often examined from ten 
or twelve years of age, to obferve their decay, and 
make the neceflary provifxon againft it: to prevent 
the caries from reaching the nerve ; and alfo to 
remove all tartareous accumulations which may have adhered to them, and which, by a fldlful and 
honed operator, may be taken off without the 
lead injury to the fofted enamel. 
Thofe concretions about the teeth and gumsr 
which are called the tartar of the teeth, proceed 
from a hurtful nutriment ; partly from the 
faliva, impregnated with the excrementitious 
juice of the gums, which by continually moideii* 
ing the teeth, gradually adds thefe tartareous par- 
ticles to them. This tartar, in confequence of its 
acrimony, imperceptibly confumes the fubfiance 
of the teeth, produces blacknefs, and frequently a 
caries or rottennefs : It evidently confifts of an 
alkaline earth, by inftantly refolving when rubbed 
with fpirit of fait. 
The outward fubftance, or enamel of the teeth, 
is of a very hard contexture, almoft approaching 
to done, though diflblvable in an acid mendruum. 
The interior bone is eafily difTolved and confumed. 
It is the part principally affe&ed in a caries or 
rottennefs ; for the enamel is feldom feen totally, 
but only partially confumed. And though acid 
fpirits, fuch as the fpirit of fait, fpirit of vitriol, 
&c. dilTolves the tartareous fubdance on the teeth, 
yet too frequent, too long, or any injudicious ap- 
plication thereof, will dedroy the tooth itfelf. The 
founded: human tooth, if put into a folution of 
fpirit of vitriol, in proportion of fixty grains to 
one ounce of water, for the fpace of fourteen or 
fifteen days, would entirely lofe its enamel. The 
effedf of fuch a preparation, therefore, when made 
ufe of to clean the teeth, and frequently, perhaps 
daily, applied, may be deduced from this ex- 
periment. 
Acids of every denomination are unfriendly to 
t-lie teeth ; whether fpirit of fait, vitriolic fpirit. tartar of vitriol in its acid ft ate, cream of tartar, 
or alum, burnt or unburnt. Nor are thefe the 
only preparations from which danger is to be ap- 
prehended ; powder of coral, cuttle fifti bone, 
pumice-flone, and fimilar fubftanc.es, when fre- 
quently ufed, deftroy the enamel not lei's, though 
in a different manner, than the foregoing acids. 
1 he one diffolves; the other, by its afperities, a£ts 
like a file, and rubs it off This Teems to exclude 
all the generally received preparations for the 
teeth, and with great juftice; but we hope to offer 
others in their place, which will equally anfwer 
every good intention, without caufing the lealt 
difagreeable confequence, 
Moft people may obferve, that, however clean 
their teeth are on going to bed at night, yet on 
palling a finger over them next morning, they will 
be found covered with a thin, flimy fubftance, 
refembling thin pafte, of different colours and 
confiftence in different conftitutions : this fub- 
llance, which Teems the refiduum of the faliva, 
united with an excrementitious juice from the 
gums, indurates about the teeth, and acquires a 
degree of hardnefs little inferior to themfelves. 
A compofition, therefore, which will abforb this 
mucous fubftance, prevent it from adhering to 
the teeth,and preferve their natural colour, is the 
belt tooth-powder that can be made ufe of. 1 hat 
artificial whitenefs which is caufed by ufingalum, 
and fimilar fubftances, is a certain indication of 
their approaching decay, which is loon alter more 
lunfibly announced by chillnefs and pain. 
When the teeth arc once perfectly freed from 
tartar, (which often lurks under the gums, un- 
known to one’s fclf,) the frequent ufe of the fol- 
lowing powder will preferve them for years. meliorative Pozvder for the Teeth and Gums, 
Take French, or Armenian bole, one ounce ; 
dragon’s blood and myrrh, each half an ounce ; 
maffick, a dram and a half; cinnamon and cloves, 
each half a dram ; reduce them into a very fine 
powder; and with your finger dipped therein, rub 
the teeth and gums well two or three times a week, 
rincing the mouth afterwards with cold water. 
This comforts and ftrengthens the gums, abfbrbs 
all that acrimonious dime and foulnefs, which 
would accumulate to the deftruclion of the teeth, 
and has this peculiar property, that it never can da 
them an injury. 
To fuch as are defirous of preparations that 
will more fpeedily whiten the teeth, we fhall com- 
municate a few receipts for that purpofe. 
Take myrrh, roch alum, dragon’s blood, and 
cream of tartar, each one ounce ; mufk two grains: 
make them into a fine powder. 
The author of this recipe is fohoneft as to add, 
“ that, tho’ fimple, it is an efficacious dentifrice : 
yet nothing of the kind fbould be applied too fre- 
quently to the teeih,for fear of hurtingthe enamel. ’* 
If the teeth and gums are rubbed with a piece of 
clean rag, dipped in vinegar of ffjuillr, it will not 
only whiten, but fallen the roots of the teeth, and 
corrcdl an offenfive breath. 
When the enamel of the teeth is wafted, either 
by a fcorbutic humour, or any external caufe ; 
the tooth cannot long remain found, and muft: 
therefore be cleaned with great caution. For 
v/hich purpofe, the heft inftrument is a piece of 
wood, like a butcher’s feewer, made fott at the 
end, and either ufed alone or dipped in the refto- 
rative powder recommended abover But the roots of fome particular plants, efpeci- 
ally fibrous and woody ones, are bell formed into 
little brulhes for cleaning the teeth, and probably 
have been fubftituted in the room of common 
tooth-brufhes, on account of their being fofter 
to the gums, and more conveniently ufed. 
Lucent and liquorice roots are generally pre- 
ferred. They may be deprived of their juicy 
parts by boiling them feveral times in a large quan- 
tity of freih water ; they Ihould be chofen of two 
year’s growth, and about the thickncfs of one’s 
little finger ; fuch as are thicker, worm-eaten, 
or unfound, being rejected. They are to be cut 
into pieces about fix inches long; and, as we have 
obfervecl, boiled in water, till all the juicy parts 
are extracted, then taken out and left to drain : 
after this, each of the roots is to be flit with a 
penknife into the form of a little brufh, and the 
roots flowly dried, to prevent their fplitting. 
They may be dyed red by infufing them in the 
following liquid. 
Take Brazil wood rafpcd, four ounces ; cochi- 
neal bruifed, three drams ; roch-allum half an 
ounce ; water, four pints j put them into a pro- 
per veffel, boil till one half of the liquor is con- 
fumed, and firain the deco&ion through a piece 
of linen cloth. 
Let the roots remain twenty-four hours in this 
jnfufion, then take them out, dry them flowly, 
and let them be varnifhed with two or three coats 
of a ftrong mucilage of gum fragacanth, each 
being fuffered to dry before another is laid on. 
The whole is afterwards repeatedly anointed with 
Fryar’s, or Turlington’s balfam, in order to form 
a varnilh lefs fufcentible of moifture. Marfh-mallow roots are prepared in an eaficr 
manner ; but, on account of the mucilage they, 
contain, they become very brittle when dry. 
Such as are large and very even are made choice 
of, and rafped with a knife to remove the outer 
bark. They are dyed and varnifhed in the fame 
manner as the others; but from the lofs of their 
raucilage, diminifh confiderably in thicknefs du- 
ring the time they (land in fufion. 
T hey are ufed in a fimilar manner with tooth- 
brufhes ; by moiftening one of the ends with a 
little water, and having dipped it in the dentifrice 
you make ufe of, rub the teeth well therewith. 
The large double teeth, (two on each fide next 
the dentesfaplent'us) are often difeovered, even at 
their firft appearance, to have feveral fmall holes ; 
and as thefe teeth are not fucceeded by any others, 
care fhould be taken, as early as pofiible, to Hop 
the holes up, otherwife they daily enlarge, break 
into one, and become attended with much pain. 
When the hollows of decayed teeth are filled up, 
whether with gold or other materials, the perfon 
fhould avoid cracking nuts, or fqueezing any hard 
fubftance between them, as that will not only 
caufe the flopping to come out, but frequently 
break even found teeth. 
There are fo very few perfons who have not, 
-at fome period of their life, experienced this dis- 
order, that there is no need to defcribe it; it pro- 
ceeds from a variety of caufes, but, perhaps, from 
no one more frequently than negledl of cleanlinefs; 
rottennefs of the teeth is only a fecondary caufe, 
or a confequence of the former ; and it is certain 
Of the Tooth- Ach. that no inftances are to be met with of diforders 
originating in the internal part of a found tooth, 
which, however, is commonly the feat of com- 
plaint; always, indeed, in decayed teeth, probably 
occafioned by the air entering the decayed part, 
and affedling the blood-veffels, or nervous mem- 
branes. 
There is a cavity very confpicuous in the mid- 
dle of all the teeth, and very confiderable in the 
bafe, or that part which appears without the gums; 
in this cavity there is always found a mucous, 
membranaceous fubftance, in the form of an ob- 
long bladder, compofcd of highly flender blood- 
vcffels, nervous membranes, and a certain glu- 
tinous fubftance : this alfo reaches to the very 
extremities of the teeth, where its membranes 
being more contracted, it appears fomewhat harder 
and redder. This matter may be commodioufly 
feen by the naked eye, in what is called the fweet 
tooth in calves : it difcovers fome traces of 
blood in its furface, by a reddi/h colour j and when 
the matter is comprclTed, it adfually difcharges 
blood ; as it will alfo do in the human teeth onap- 
• plication of the adual cautery, or a fmall wire 
made hot.' This is the feat of the common tooth- 
ach ; which is occafioned either by the externa] 
air, tlie preffure of the food in eating, or being 
touched by any fubftance very hard, very hot, or 
or very cold. 
Before the decay becomes confiderable, pain 
may be prevented by filling up the vacancy with 
gold, filver, gold-beater's lead, or fome proper 
compofition. The decay may fometimes be 
flopped by properly filing the teeth in queftion. 
But fuch operations require the afliftance of a 
careful dentift. Remedies for this complaint are without num- 
ber. When the diforder is flight, it may fre- 
quently be alleviated by applying a bit of cotton, 
dipped in oil of cloves, or Turlington’s balfam, to 
the hollow part, and, if frequently repeated, will 
oftimes effedt a cure, Tindtureof laudanum or 
opium may alfo be ufed for the fame purpofe. 
Cauterizing behind the ear ; or an adtual cau- 
tery applied to the decayed tooth, relieves and 
often cures; and perhaps the latter operation might 
be beft performed by the patient himfelf, it he has 
refolution for the purpofe, by applying a fmall 
hot wire to the offending part of the tooth. 
When the extirpation of tartar from under the 
gums has long been ncgledled, it frequently cor- 
rodes that part of the tooth where the enamel ends; 
and brings on [a difagi eeable fenfation, which is 
generally heightened by eating acids, fruit, fweet- 
meats. See. The fame complaint is frequently 
brought on byuflnghard, cutting fubflances,under 
the name of tooth-powders ; it may be prevented 
from going further by the ufe of the reffora- 
tive powder before recommended. Indeed the 
very clofe adhefion of the tartareous matter will 
produce a pain not eaflly diftinguilhable from 
the common tooth-ach, but which always fubfides 
on removing the caufe. 
Severe colds, violent exerclfe, fitting up late, or 
exceflive drinking, will bring on a tooth-ach of 
different kind f om the foregoing, being attended 
with violent head-ach, fwelling of the cheeks, 
and an inflammation of the gums, that frequently 
fuppurates. It moftly begins with a gnawing 
pain about the roots3efpecially of the double teeth. the pulfe quickens, and a fever enfues, with in- 
created pain,for three or four days, till the inflam- 
mation arrives to its height, the dilcharge whereof 
C- 7 O 
commonly gives relief. 
Slight electrical fhocks, or rather fparks drawn 
from the tooth ; bleeding, efpecially by leeches 
applied near the teat of the complaint; and gentle 
evacuations by ftool,will be found of great tervice. 
Sometimes a flannel cloth fbaked in a ftrong de- 
coftion of camomile, applied warm as it can be 
borne, and repeated quickly,will very much alle- 
viate the complaint. 
A blifter behind the ear, when the pain is ex- 
tremely violent, may be applied with advantage ; 
and fmoking either common or herb tobacco (the 
latter is leaft weakening to the ftomach) will 
afford a temporary relief; though fuch means 
cannot totally remove the diforder, which is too 
deeply rooted to be eradicated by thefe fuperficial 
remedies. 
When bleeding and other applications fail, let the 
patient take an ounce of nitre divided into fix teen 
dofes ; abftaining from fiefii-meat, wine, and hot 
liquors. 
Generally, as the inflammation increafes, the 
feverityof the pain declines; and in feme, tho’ few 
cates, the inflammation will be very confiderable 
without any pain whatever. Should the dif- 
order be fo violent as to endanger the palate of 
the mouth, by the fecrct lodgement of any acri- 
monious matter, the cafe becomes highly alarming, 
and requires the choiceft medical aififtance. 
Opiates may be advantageoufly adminiftered, 
and often afford confiderable relief, when applied 
as a plaifler lb as to cover the affedted part. The inflammatory tooth-ach is the common, and 
perhaps the only origin of gum-boils, a morbid 
affedfion of the gums, fo called ; and one of the 
very few caufes which can render it neceflary to 
extract a tooth. 
It Ihould be obferved, that during the inflam- 
mation, it will be very improper to attempt ex- 
tracting the painful tooth ; the roots being at that 
time fo tightly wedged in their fockets, as to 
render it liable to be broken in the operation; 
without faying any thing of the very excruciating 
pain it caufcs at this time. 
There is a third tooth-ach, which feems to be 
a particular fort of rheumatifm ; for we may of- 
ten obferve pains of thejoints and Ihoulders tran- 
lated to one fide of the head, the teeth of which 
they attack in a moft violent manner. On the 
contrary, pains of the head and teeth are obferved 
frequently to change their feats, and fall upon the 
fhouiders and arms. As a rheumatifm is brought 
on by an intemperate, or hidden change of air, 
lo a tooth-ach of this clafs is generally exc.ted 
by a ludden removal from a warm to a cold air; 
or by the ludden changes of heat and cold in the 
fpring and autumn, Rhcumafifins are more in- 
cident to women than men, lo alfo are tooth-achs, 
though they generally prove far more feverein the 
latter than in the former. Btfides, it is confirmed 
by experience, that fuch as are fubjecl to rheu- 
matic and gouty complaints, are much lefs afllicied 
with this tooth-ach : hence it Ihould follow, 
that the regimen and method of cure ihould be 
fimilar with thofe diforders. 
As in rheumatifms and gouts, fo ;n this tooth- 
ach, thofe who have been once afflidbed :-;re eafily,. 
and byevery flight caufe, fubjedbed tofrcih attacks 
of the dildrder, on account of the weaknefs left behind. Thefe pains,, too, are fomctimes perio- 
dical ; often continue a week or ten days, almoft 
without intermiffion, and then fubiide entirely for 
a fortnight, or longer, when they return as be- 
fore. 
This diforder Is ufually treated as nervous or 
rheumatic ; and when the pain has been fo in- 
tenfely violent as to refill- the force, and elude the 
efficacy of all other medicines, Hoffman tells us, 
that he has obferved a moft lingular and unex- 
pected relief afforded by the following pills in- 
vented byshimfelf. 
Take of the pilules aleophangines, one dram ; 
of the pilules de Jiyrace half a dram; and of the 
extract ofjajfron fix grains; mix them into a mafs, 
of which form fixty pills ; fix or eight of them are 
to be given for a dole. 
Extraction of the tooth is the 1 aft remedy that 
can be propofed, when the particular one can be 
difeovered. But it mult be oblerved, that there 
arc rheumatic and nervous pains in the head, en- 
tirely unconnected with, and independant of the 
teeth ; and from which, were all the teeth in the 
head drawn out, the patient would not find the 
fmalleft relief. And, indeed, thole who fuffer 
their teeth to be pulled out when firm and found, 
pay very little regard to their own welfare: for tooth 
drawing is not only a painful operation, but is 
often attended with bad accidents, and even fame- 
times endangers the patient’s life. fEfculapius, 
who,we are told,invented the art, had a pair of lea- 
den pullicanshnng up in a temple dedicated to him, 
very properly fignifying, that no teeth were fit to 
be pulled out, but fuch as could be removed with 
a leaden forceps ; that is, fuch as wereloofe and 
ready to fall out of themfelves. Tooth-drawing-, however wrong, injudicioufly, 
or wantonly performed in fome cafes, is certainly 
right and necelfary in others. I. In children, for 
removing the firlf fet of teeth, which when left too 
long in their fockets, difplace the new ones, and 
turn them awry. 2. In infants it is alfo necelfary to 
draw fuch teeth as grow out of the palate, or out 
of improper parts ot the mouth, and are fo placed 
as to impede fucking or fpcaking. 3. In fome cer- 
tain cafes of the tooth-acb, as a laft refort, when 
medicines have been of no avail. 4. Suchteeth,as 
by their irregular poftion and figure, lacerate the 
gums and lips, and cannot be brought into fhape 
by the file. 
And laftly, it is fcraetimes necelfary to draw 
a tooth for the curing a nflula, or ulceration of 
the gums near the roots of the teeth. 
One argument that might d'ffuade people from 
flying to this operation on eve:y trifling caufe, is 
the very great injury the face fufla'ns in its beauty. 
A diminution takes place, both in length and 
breadth ; the cheeks in particular fall in and look 
lanky ; and the whole vifage appears no larger 
than that of a child. 
We fhall conclude this article with enumerating 
a few particulars, a want of attention to which is 
often of prejudice rot only to people’s teeth, but 
frequently even lo health itfelf. 
i. Expofmg themfelves tocatch cold, by walk- 
ing late abroad, fleeping with the h°ad too thinly 
covered, or Harding too long oppofite to a gat , 
or window, half open—which occahon a t!ux of 
humours to fall on the • erh, creating the tooth- 
ach, fwelling of the cheeks, &c. 1. Neglecting to keep the arms and legs fuffi- 
ciently warm, is often attended with as great 
prejudice to the teeth, as fuffering cold in the 
head from the fame neglect. 
3. Not taking proper care of the head, by 
combing it frequently ; which negligence prevents 
th is part from perfpiring fo freely as it ought, 
whence the fuperfluous humour falls down upon 
the teeth and gives birth to feveral complaints. 
4. Eating or drinking things that are too hot, 
as coffee. tea,&c. or holding hot fpirituous liquors, 
cauflic oils, and fpices in the mouth for the tooth- 
ach, which give a temporary eafe, but lay the 
foundation of future pains. 
5. Nothing is more apt to loofen the teeth, and 
rub off the enamel, than picking them with a 
quill-tooth-pick ; for that part of the quill which 
the tooth-pick is made of, is a very hard elaflic 
fubftance, and very fharp ; by being paffed back- 
wards and forwards between the teeth, it atSls al- 
moft as a file, wears the cortical part, and at laft 
totally defiroys if. And we may very readily 
obferve, that the teeth generally grow carious 
firft at the Tides, where the tooth-pick is moft em- 
ployed. Gold and filver are not fo elaflic as the 
point of a quill, nor do the leaft injury by Trillion 
againft the teeth. Ivory finely polifhed, and 
wrought into tooth-picks, are not injurious; 
but maftic wood or biflort root are much fuperior, 
as by their aftringent quality they flrengthen and 
preferve the gums. 
6. Eating fweetmeats, which by their vifeidity 
flick clofe to the teeth, and corrode them ; chew- 
ing things that are too hard, or cracking the 
ftones, of truit or nuts, &c. eating green fruit, 
• 1 pickles, &c. which fret the gums; chewing food 
that is tough and fibrous, as cod and ftock-fifh, 
neglecting to wafh the mouth after eating, efpe- 
cially any of the foods juft mentioned ; with the 
frequent life of high feafoned difhes. 
There are lome people whofe teeth are naturally 
black, in which cafe no art whatever can render 
them beautiful : the moft that we profefs is, to 
preferve beauty where it exifts, or to reftore it 
when fufferingby negligence : thofe who do more 
defign to prey upon the credulity of the world. 
The lofs of teeth is frequently fupplied by art, 
and fometimes with fuccefs ; though it is but 
fair to add, that the fuccefs dependsmore upon 
chance, than any principles of art : and tranf- 
planted teeth have often been obliged to be re- 
moved, to prevent worfe confequences. The 
conditions requifite for this operation, will fhew 
the little confidence that ought to be placed in its 
fucceeding : and the decayed tooth muft be one 
of thofe in the front of the mouth, the operation 
rarely, if ever, anfwering with the double teeth, 
particularly the large ones. 
When the decayed tooth is extracted, the fub- 
ftituted one mult be immediately taken out of 
the perfon’s mouth who is willing to lofe it; it 
muft be quite found, of the fame length, breadth, 
and thicknefs, and taken from the correfponding 
part of the jaw with the decayed tooth ; this re- 
femblance, however, is only to be found among 
the fore-teeth. The neck of the extraffed tooth, 
and what remains of its roots, fliould be perfe&ly 
fiund.—The perfon from whom the tooth is taken 
to be tranfplanted, fhould be between the age of 
twelve and fifteen, healthy, and of the fame lex with the party who is to undergo the ope- 
ration. As loon as fixed, the tooth muft be 
fecured to the neighbouring ones, by liga- 
tures of gold wire, filk, &c. No ufe muft be 
made of it for feveral days, till the gum grows to 
the root of the tooth. And the attendance of a 
phyfician is frequently neceffary to regulate the 
confequent fever,which is fometimes confiderable. 
This operation is difficult,—no artift can honeftly 
pretend to aftert its fuccefs; and the conlequence 
is fometimes difagreeable. 
Deficiencies of the teeth are better, perhaps, 
fupplied by artificial ones, whether fing!e or in 
whole fets j by the ufe of which the proportion 
of the face is prefei ved, and even maftication may 
be performed with eafe and comfort. 
The fame attention to cleanlinefs is requifite 
in the artificial as in natural teeth ; as they are 
equally liable to decay, and in iimilar cafes 10 
create an offenfive breath. 
To finifh this book, it remains to examine feme 
of the chief defeats of the tongue and voice with 
refpect to the fpcech ; which are chiefly dumb- 
nefs, lofs of voice, an effeminate voice in men, 
and a mafculine one in women ; lifping, ftam- 
mering, and a difficulty of pronouncing certain 
letters. 
Of the Tongue, 
Of all the defects of our bodily organs, there is 
fcarceany one more mortifying than dumhnefs, as 
hindering us from expreding our thoughts, and 
reducing us to the fad neccffity of explaining them 
by figns and grimaces. Dumbnefs may proceed 
from various caufes; as, a bad conformation of 
the tongue, a palfey, or too greaf humidity of it f blood ffagnatcd under the tongue, or 
natural deafnefs. 
Dumbnefs from a mifhapen or faulty tongue 
is inde cl Incurable ; but as that caufe cannot be 
diffinguifbed from the other two, of a palfey, or 
a too great humidity of the tongue, the pra&ice 
proper for the latter can do no injury in the for- 
mer cafe. 
When a palfey occafions,or is only the fuppofcd 
caufe of this complaint, you ought to have 
recourfe to medical afliftance ; the ufe of vine- 
leaves, frcfh fqueczed, and ufed by way of drink, 
(to the quantity of two ounces every day) made 
palatable with a little fugar, has been fuccefsful, 
after the ineffectual trial of almoft every other me- 
dicine. Strong efforts to fpeak are aifb of the 
utmoll confequcnce, and on which medical writers 
greatly infill, corroborating its efficacy by many 
hiftorical relations. 
The ftory of Atys, fon of Crcefus, king of Ly- 
dia, is fo powerful an example, and fo well au- 
thenticated by hiftory, that we cannot forbear 
noticing it : He was dumb even from his birth, 
which renders the cafe ftill more remarkable. In 
the battle againfl Cyrus, feeing a foldier with an 
uplifted feymetar ready to ftrike off his father’s 
head, the emotion which fo terrible a fpe&acle 
railed in him, made him cry out with an effort as 
violent as it was natural.—Step, foldier/ kill not 
my father /—He retained his fpeech ever after- 
wards. 
A fimilar inftance is recorded by an eminent 
medical writer: * A peafant benig extremely 
thirty, after working very hard in a hot rummer’s 
day, took a draught of cold water, and became 
dumb immediately after j the water occafioning 
Zing. Theatr. Prax Med. apalfey of the tongue. He pafled a whole year 
in this melancholy fituation without hopes of 
r covery: but one day, as he was carrying a heavy 
burthen upon his fhoulders, compofed of feveral 
parcels, he fell down with them in fuch a manner 
that he broke his leg. The pain occafioned by 
the hurt, obliged him inftantly to make a ftrong 
effort to call for help, which railed fo violent a 
motion in the mufcles of his tongue, that they 
recovered their action ; and the man was imme- 
diately reftored to his fpeech. 
Too great humidity of the tongue, though not 
attended with a palfey, may produce a dumbnefs, 
that is fffually cured of courfe by the tongue’s 
becoming drier, as the perfon advances in years. 
There is a well-known inftance of this in Maxi- 
milian, fon of the Emperor Frederick the third, 
who was nine years of age before he could fpeak; 
and at the end of this period, which is the time 
when the fuperabundant humours of childhood 
begin to be dried up, he got the ufe of his tongue 
fo freely as to be able to fpegkwith eafe, and even 
eloquence. Many inffanccs in private life might 
be adduced of children continuing dumb for fome 
years, and yet recovering or attaining the ufe of 
fpeech. Dumbnefs from this caufe is frequently 
periodical. 
When dumbnefs proceeds from a ftrangulation 
of the vcffels under the tongue, the moft certain 
method of curing it is by bleeding in that part. 
In order to cure the want of fpeech, when occa- 
fioned by deafnefs, it is plain the hearing muff he 
firft reftored ; for as children learn to fpeak only 
by imitating thofe whom they hear, it cannot be expelled they fhould pronounce any word whrch 
they have never heard I'poken.—DeaTneTs from the 
womb is altogether incurable, and conTequently 
the dumbnefs occafloned by it mull be fo too. 
The pretenlions to teach thofe who are naturally 
deaf to Tpcak, provided there is nothing wrong in 
the organs of Tpeech, Teems to be rather a piece of 
curiofity than any real utility. Our ingenious 
countryman. Dr. Wallis, was the inventor of 
this art, which was afterwards improved by Ara- 
mannus, a celebrated practitioner at Amfterdam; 
but with regard to Its furprifing fuccefs, we can 
fay with the poet. 
Write not what cannot be with eafe conceiv’d ; 
Some truths may be too fir ong to be believ'd. 
When the fault in pronunciation proceeds from 
the ligament of the tongue being too fhort, or too 
thick, (or, as the popular phraie is, being tongue- 
tied) the remedy is very eafy ; but in the firft place 
you muft examine whether the ligament has this 
ftefedt; and to convince yourfelf of that, you muft: 
try whether the child is able to thruft his tongue 
out of his mouth; if he cannot do fo, you may 
be fare that the ligament Is defective, and therefore 
it ought to be immediately cut; an operation that 
requires a perfon of fkill ; for in cutting this liga- 
ment, care muft be taken not to wound the two 
fmall veins running under the tongue, which is 
often of bad confequence, and fometimcs chidren 
have been known to perifh on the fpot from an 
unfkilful performance of the operation. A recent 
inftance of which happened under the hands of a 
famous furgeon in Paris, in 1781, who, incut- 
ting the ligaments of a child’s tongue, inadver- 
tently cut though one of thefe veins, which he 
did not take any notice of, but went away, as fbon as he faw the child begin to fuck. After 
fucking fufficiently, the nurfe laid him in his 
cradle, and he continued to move his lips, as if 
he had been ftill fucking; but this was not par- 
ticularly noticed, becaufe many children have 
fuch a motion when they are afleep. In the mean 
time, what he fucked was the blood that came 
out of the vein, and which he fwallowed as faft 
as it bled, the bleeding being ftill in created by 
the motion of fucking. Thus he continued, till 
there was no more blood left in his veffels, without 
any thing amifs being perceived, ’till a little 
before his death, when hispalenefs and weaknefs 
indicated the caufe. 
The child was opened after his death, when 
the ftomach was found full of the blood which he 
had fwallowed. 
We mud not confound the lofs of the voice with 
dumbncfs ; for as in the latter cafe the perfon can- 
not fpeak at all, in the former he can fpeak, but 
only with a low voice. This lofs of voice is often 
owing to a vifcid humour, which, dickingclofe 
to the organs of the voice, and the neighbouring 
parts, hinders the free vibrations and undulations 
of the air,by which found is produced. The cir- 
cumftance of a wind indrument being bcfmeared 
with any mucous liquor, whence it can only form 
an obfcure found, is a reprefentation of what 
happens to us upon the lofs of voice. 
Many caufes may contribute to this defect, 
particularly fevere colds, bieathing an air too full 
of dud, or impregnated with the fmoke of 
lamps, See. too acrid food, as fait-fifti, cheefe. 
See. draining the voice too much by public fpeak- 
irg, or finging, efpecially in the open air, or being too fuddenly expofed to the air afterwards, 
as is often the cafe on quitting convivial meetings 
at taverns, and entertainments of jollity. 
The following remedies have been generally 
preferibed for this defeat. 
id. A handful of great gourd-feeds blanched 
and dried; an equal quantity of cucumber feeds 
prepared in the fame manner; a dram of bole 
armomiac; two ounces of the root of mallows, 
f refit dug, and dried in an oven, with four ounces 
of brown fugar candy. Reduce them all to a 
powder, and take a little in your mouth every 
now and then. 
2d. Frequently ufe lozenges of the following 
ingredients, letting them melt upon yourtongue; 
—Take mucilage of gum tragacanth, prepared 
with rofe water, two ounces ; bole armoniac, fix 
drams ; root of the greater comfrey in powder, 
half an ounce; brown fugar-candy, a fufficient 
quantity, to make them into a due confidence. 
3d. Drink frequently of barley and liquorice 
water; eat black-currant jelly; and gargle the 
mouth twice or thrice every morning with the 
fyrup of mulberries, diluted with a glafs of milk- 
warm water; or with the fvrup of hedge-mudard, 
diluted the lame way. 
4th. Bathe the feet frequently in warm water; 
and never ex pole yourfelf, cfpecially your head 
and bread, to the cold. 
There arc women whofe voices rcfemble thofe 
of men ; and there are men again, who fpeak. with 
a woman’s voice ; as Tome women have beards, 
and feme men have none, it is certainly very 
mortifying to a young lady to have a mafeuline 
voice, and yet is a very frequent circurnftance. Iris canfed by the extra-widenels of the wind- 
pipe ; in proportion to which, the voice will 
be fmall and Ihrill, or deep and hoards. As 
a means of contracting the larynx, you muff 
drink nothing hot, but as cool as podrble. Fre- 
quently life lemonade, water acidulated with ver- 
\uice, oranges. Sic. but in fmall mouthfuls at a 
time, and dowly. Gargle the throat every morn- 
ing with equal quantities of verjuice and water.— 
Never fatigue yourfelf with much walking5 and 
fliun all difagreeable noifes, efpscialiy of fingers 
who have a very horfe voice. 
This is all that is practicable in regard of ladies 
who have a mafculine voice. As to men whofe 
voices referable thole of women, the following 
rules may affift in giving them a more manly tone. 
They Ihould exercife their voice frequently in 
finging bafe, which will contribute much to 
ftrengthen it.—Conftantly in the mornings, at- 
rifmg, pronounce the letters A and O, for fome 
time, forming the found as deep in the throat as 
poluble. Apply the mouth to a hole in the 
upper part of an empty hogfnead, and make it 
echo to the voice, which mull be as hollow as 
polKble.—Frequently read aloud.—Demofthenes 
is faid to have ftrengthened his voice by declaiming 
along the lea-fide, amid the noife of the billows. 
Such methods mud: be per fevered in for a length 
of time, in order to have fuccels. 
Any other deficiencies of ipcech, or defeCfs of 
pronunciation, will be bed: overcome by the ex- 
ample and affiftance of able teachers; and the at- 
tentive pmifai of the bed: writers on elocution 
and rhetoric. HEBE. 
BOOK 111. 
Of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in the 
Body. 
FOLLOWING the divifion laid down in the 
firft book, we proceed to the trunk of the- 
body; comprehending therein the fpine, chert, 
loins, lower-belly, &c. 
Of the Spine. 
The fp ine is that long chain of moveable hones 
placed one upon another, ail along the back, from* 
the top of the neck down to the rump, and com- 
posing that flexible column upon which the head1 
is placed, as upon an axis, with refpecl to the 
firft vertebrae. 
When the fpine is ftrait, well fety and finely 
turned, it is a perfonal beauty ; and whgn crooked 
or ill formed, is no lefs a bodily deformity.. 
The upper part of the cheft is attached to the 
fpine a! o e, and to the haunches below j lb that 
the fp'ne is a kind of trunk for compacting the 
whole body together ; henceanatomilts compare it to the keel of a fhip, to which the ribs, the 
poop, the prow, and all the different parts of the 
veffel are joined. 
The fpine begins below with a large bafts, and 
growing gradually more /lender, it ends in a point 
at the top. 
The upper part, which forms the neck, is 
nclined forward, and this gives the head a more 
ftonvenient fituation ; for if the fpine had been 
clraight in this place, the head would have re- 
clined too far backwards. 
That part of the fpine which makes the back, 
on the contrary, is turned outwards, whereby the 
capacity of the thorax is enlarged, and fufficient 
fpacc is left for the lungs and heart, which is re- 
quifitc for their perpetual motion. 
That part of the fpine which is towards the 
haunches is turned a little inward?, that it may 
counterbalance the weight of the body, and ferve 
as a fupporter to the parts above it; for if it had 
been turned outwards like the back, the body, 
which is principally fupported by this part, could 
not have been kept ffraight without great difficul- 
ty, but would have been almoft quite inclined 
forwards. 
That portion of the fpine which is neareft the 
rump, (arid is formed of a large immovable bone, 
ferving as a pedeftal to the fpine, and which ana- 
tomifts call the os jacrum) advances outwards, but 
more in women than in men. 
The upper part of the cheft, and the haunches* 
which are attached to the fpine, are the effen- 
tial parts of the body ; fo tnat if thefe parts are 
ill made, whether naturally or by accident, let 
the fpine be never fo ftraight, the body in general 
•cannot be perfedh The cheft is attached to the fpine by the ribs. 
The external conformation of the cheft, when it 
is well made and proportioned, is one of the 
greateft beauties of the body. A high, full cheft, 
has a pleafing effect upon the eye, and adds much 
to perfonal dignity; on the contrary, one that is 
flat and deprefl'ed is equally incompatible with 
health and beauty. 
The cheft on the upper part, immediately be- 
low the fore part of the neck,has two bones lying 
upon it, which are crooked outwards, and placed 
with their ends towards one another,one on each 
fide, leaving a fmall hollow in the place where 
they meet. The bending of thefe two bones ("which 
are called the clavicles, and fupport the arrnsj 
caufes a confiderable hollownsfs at the throat, 
much more remarkable in men than in women. 
It is obfervable that men move their arms with 
more eafe than women, but this is compenfated for 
by the elegant form of the neck in the other 
fex,is always the more graceful the lefs that thefe 
bones are arched. The clavicles are alfo longer in 
proportion as the arch is diminifhed, whence wo- 
men commonly have the upper part of the breaft 
larger, and confequemly the cheft more beauti- 
ful : whence, too, we may obferve, that women 
cany their arms much farther back than men. 
As the beauty of the female bofom depends fo 
.muen on the proper foiraarion of thefe bones, 
we have been rather explicit in defending them, 
and recommend a proper attention to parents, 
by no means to bind the fhoulders of their chil- 
dren coo tight, as this makes the clavicles grow 
crooked, hence produces a contraction of the 
cheft. For the famereafon, as children grow up, their cloaths ought to be fo made, as to allow them 
fufficicnt liberty to turn their arms outwards, be- 
fides encouraging them to thrud forward the cheft, 
and accudoming them to the frequent ufe of 
inch motion. 
Under the clavicles lie the cheft the fore part 
of which is a large fiat bone called the dernum, 
performing the office of a bread-plate, and 
reaching from the fore-part of the neck to the 
pit of the donrach. To the two Tides of the fter- 
num, between the breads, the ribs are attached, 
which bend backwards, towards the fpine, and 
together with the fternum, make the cavity called 
■the thorax. 
The proportion of the haunches and belly con- 
tribute not a little to the beauty of drape, efpe- 
cially in women, who never have a fine waift, 
unlefs the haunches are a little raifed. It is this 
elevation, or rather projection of the haunches, 
which pioduces that fine drape, that confids in a 
fenfiblc decreafe of the thicknefs of the body to- 
wards the haunches, efpecially on the Tides ; or as 
Prior fays, 
“ that elegance of drape exprefs, 
“ Fine by degrees, and beautifully lefs.” 
A fort of beauty that Teems aimed deftroyed by 
the prefent faflrinabie mode of dred. 
I o preferve the body ftraight requires ftricft at- 
tention from the earlieft years. To prevent the 
bellies of children from advancing too much for- 
wards , you muft oblige them to fit upright. 
I he fame method muft be ufed for keeping their back ftraight; for If they fit with their body bervt7 
the back will become crooked and round. 
Another very neceilary precaution, is to take 
care that the bottom of the feat upon which they 
fit be not hollow in the middle, but quite plain. 
■——Hence timber chairs are to be preferred to 
thofe of ftraw or ruflies, which are unavoidably 
made with a hollow. 
Shoes that are too high heeled, tight or fliort, 
are likewife very apt to diftorc the bodies of 
children. Nor ought young ladies to be allowed 
cither to few or read, but in an eredf pofture, 
without which their bodies will infallibly become 
crooked ; befides that nothing is more ungraceful 
than to fee young people flooping to their books 
or needle. 
Thz piles in children, from the pain they occa- 
fion, prevent them from keeping their body in 
an eredt pofture, but caufe them to bend it diife- 
rent ways, till at laft a diftortion is brought on. 
A little of the herb an equal quantity 
of pel lit ory of the wall, bruiled between the lingers, 
or in the hollow of the hand, and foftened with 
frelh butter, may be applied to the part affected ; 
and if continued for Several days, does not repel 
the hemorrhoids (which would be dangerousJ but 
removes the pain, and difpofes to a difeharge, or 
elfe difciiUcs them. 
The bad confequences of tight, or mifhapen 
flays, is too well known to need enlargement up- 
on. We fhall only obi'erve, that when children 
are recovering from any diforder that has confined 
them to their beds, an attention to flays be- 
comes more particularly requifite; as the body then 
weakened by difeafe, will very readily a flume any 
(hape. For when a perfon lies in bed, the bones of the fpine do not prefs upon one another, neither 
do they feel the weight of the head ; hence, after 
fitch confinement in a recumbent pofture,thc bones 
recede from each other* and the body becomes 
longer ; hence it requires fume time for the ver- 
tebra.* to grow compaCl, and recover its ftrength 
and firmnefs ; while in the mean time diftortion 
may be contra&ed. 
1 he head ought, for gracefulneffi of body to be 
carried ftraight, neither inclining to the one 
ihouldcr nor to the other, forwards nor 
yet not in fuch an extremeas to make it and the 
jacck appear nailed to the (boulders.—But to cut 
(hort rules and directions on fuch a fubjedf, point 
cut elegant models to your children, praife thmfe 
models, and exhort them to imitation. There is 
fo natural a defirc In every perfon, even children,to 
appear beautiful, that little exhortation will be 
neccftary on this head ; and (hould affiliation in- 
cline to an error on the other (ide, it is perhaps 
moreeafily corrected, and certainly lefs difagree- 
able than thcfault we fpeak of. 
In general,to corredt certain bodily deformities, 
it may be proper to put in practice what a mo- 
dern writer advifes for fubduing certain violent 
palaons. “ As thofeworkmen, fays he, who make 
ftraight wrood crocked, are not content to bring 
it to that point of llraightnefs where they would 
have it remain, but bend it farther to the other 
fide, left the natural effort of the wood (hould re- 
cover its firft ftate ; fo one who would fubdue any 
ftrong padion, ought to incline to the other ex- 
treme, that he may be able to keep within thofe 
bound, in which he defigns to .confine him-’ 
Celf.” Nodefpicable expedient for making children 
walk upright, when they come to five or fix 
years of age, is to encourage them to carry fome- 
thing light on their heads ; which may be eafily 
done when feveral of them areengaged in paftime, 
by raifing an emulation among them who fhall 
do it heft. The milk-ma;ds in the country are 
never feen to ftoop, which can be attributed only 
to the burthens they carry on their heads. 
Such expedients are greatly preferable to the 
ufe of fteel collars, or whale-bone machines ; 
which are fo irkfome to children, that when the 
reftraint is removed, they frequently pra&ice the 
diftortion through contradiftion. 
In feme children, the neck is fo crooked, or 
ft iff, that it is impofiible for them to move it when 
they would ; a defeat fometimes occafioned by 
accidents in the delivery and which the phyfi- 
cian or midwife will properly know how to 
correct. 
When the deformity comes afterwards, it is 
frequently owing to an ill cuflom of allowing the 
child to hold his head too long, and too often, to 
one fide of the cradle, attracted perhaps by the 
light, or forne glittering object ; in order to gaze 
at which he violently (trains the mu Teles of his 
head and neck,till thofe parts take a (et that way. 
The rheumatifm, too, may occafion it ; which a 
cold wind, received upon any part of the neck, is 
Capable of producing. 
When the complaint proceeds from ill habit* 
the removal of the caufe will accelerate the cure, 
which may be affifted by taking the child’s head 
gently between your hands, turning it by degrees -to the oppofite fide, and this ought to, be repeated 
every now and then. 
If the deformity proceeds from a rheumatifm in 
■the neck, it may be frequently well rubbed with 
oil of nutmegs, and kept very warm. 
An attention to the operations of nature may be 
■of fervice in this cafe : obferve how fhe adls in 
plants. You fee a little fhrub fet in a window, 
with all its branches turned to one fide—obferve 
how foon it turns them to the other, after you 
change its fituation. The whole fhrub twills 
about, and is obedient to the air, which attracts 
it to the other fide. This change is, the invifible 
effort of nature operating within the plant. Some- 
thing fimilar happens in the human body. 
I recoiled! a very appofite circumftance which 
happened at the laft difplay of fireworks onTower 
hill, A. girl of ten years old, who had had her 
neck crooked from the age of feven, the deformity 
having come on by degrees, was unexpectedly cu- 
red of it, after this manner ;—Her mother took 
her to a houle to fee the diverfion,where the win- 
dows were fituated in fuch a manner, that it 
could only be feen on one fide ; and this being 
the fide oppofite whereto the child’s head was 
turned, curiofity caufed her to make fuch violent 
efforts to turn hcrfelf to the other, where the ex- 
hibition was, that it leemed to her as if one had 
been pulling her head from her fhoulders : the 
ffrong defire, however, of viewing the Ipeclacle, 
made her negledl the pain ; and every time fhe 
heard the expiofion of the gun-powder, or the 
acclamations of the p >pulace, fhe redoubled 
her efforts. In fhort, file llruggled fo much, 
that before the rejoicing was over, fhe could turn her head either to the right or left with very 
little pain, which in a few days entirely vanifhed. 
This may be a hint to parents who have chil- 
dren in a fimilar predicament. For though fire- 
works arc not always at hand to accomplifh this 
effect, yet many other plans may be invented. 
When the child is feated at table, place yourfelf 
on that fide molt difficult for him to turn to ; 
fpealc to him frequently in fuch a way as he 
fhall be obliged to anfwer you, and make an effort 
to look at you. Lay upon your chair fbmething 
that he likes, and afk him if he will have it. Such 
proceeding will make him endeavour to turn his 
neck towards you : and repeated efforts will moft 
probably be crowned with fuccefs. 
It will be proper, while purfumg'thefe means, 
frequently to rub that fide of the neck to which 
the head inclines, with emollients and fpirituous 
liquors ; or take equal parts of the oil of worms 
and brandy, mix, and let them be applied 
warm. ' 
The neck, to be well fhaped, muft be round 
and moderately long and llender ; but at the 
Tame time it ought to have a fort of plumpnefs or 
fulinefs, fo that the pomam aciami may not ap- 
pear, efpecially in women. 
There cannot be a more difagreeable blemifh 
('and it is genera Jy a confpicuous one) on this 
part, than the King's Evil, or the BroncbocEe. The 
former is as well known as its cure is difficult. 
Too much attention cannot be paid to the nurfe’s 
milk : as little dcpendance can be had upon me- 
dicinal application at fo early a period. Nothing, 
perhaps, can be fafer than a courfe of Ethiop’s mi- 
neral and rhubarb, in the infant ftage of life. 
A r -*• In more advanced life, you may have recourfe 
to the following compound. 
Fake quickfilver, half a pound ; crude anti- 
mony, fix ounces ; fulphur, two ounces; rub 
thefe two or three hours in an iron mortar, till 
they are reduced into an impalpable powder, and 
tie them in a rag: then take guiaicum, four ounces; 
falTafras, halt a pound ; yellow landers, caiTamu- 
nair, zedoary and cinnamon, each an ounce ; ju- 
niper berries, fix ounces ; coriander feeds, two 
ounces ; leaves of agrimony, ground pine, St. 
John’s wort, horfe-hound, fage, and buckbean, 
each two handfuls; millipedes, half a pound’; 
let the woods, with theEthiop’s, boil in eight gal- 
lons of wort, til! reduced to fix ; and while that 
is in fermentation, let the other ingredients hang 
in it.' 
All that a medicine in this form can promifein 
the mod obftinate cafes, this will perform, if duly 
continued ; the whole concurring with a united 
force to penetrate into, deterge and fcour every 
veil'd, gland or cel: of the whole body. There 
are no diforders of the glands, how remote foever, 
that this will not wear away ; and even where 
the body is ahnoft: one continued fore, this may 
rbe depended upon, if carefully followed. In fhort 
the whole circle of practice cannot produce 
a more efficacious, and a more convenient pre- 
feription; there being not one fup rfiuous article, 
or that di fib fees, or renders the medicine naufeous. 
•—Drink half a pint every day. 
Thofe to whom malt liquor is not agreeable, 
may contrive the above with wine, by letting the 
ingredientsftand longer in it, viz for fome weeks, 
and fometirnes fhaking the vefTel, but giving it a 
little vent at fuch times for fear of burking.—It may alfo be managed into a hydromel or mead ; 
and for fuch to whom honey is not disagreeable-, 
it may be the better, becaufe it will be marede- 
tei five. 
The bronchocele is a tumour rifirig in the fore 
part of the neck, from Tome humour, or other vi- 
olence, as draining in labour, lifting of weights, 
&c. It is frequently called a Derby- neck, from 
the inhabitants of that county being much fub- 
jedf to it ; probably for the fame reafons that the 
inhabitants about the valleys of the Alps and 
ether mountainous countries are fo much affected 
yuth it, namely the air and waters of the coun- 
try. But it has not yet been explained in what 
manner they operate to produce thefe (ft:els. 
This tumour, when once become inveterate, is 
very difficultly, if at all, curable by medicines; 
but may be difpe fed if kis recent, A leaden col- 
lar, mixed wish mercury, prevents it from grow- 
ing bigger, if it does not entirely d fperfe it. The 
mod cA brated remedy is one fold at Coventry, 
but kept a fecret by the preparer. It is ordered 
to be laid under the tongue every night at going 
to bed. 
A fair bofom is too principal an objeft among 
the ladies to pafs here unnoticed : we have de- 
fcribed the eflentials of it in the former part of 
this work, and now will endeavour to give feme 
aiiii’iance >r» centering its def £b. 
To make the neck and bofom very fair, the 
following wa(h is much celebrated. 
'l ake fumitory water, and dew gathered in 
.May, or the beginning of June, each a quarter of 
a pint ; 0:1 or fpirit of lavender, two ounces ; 
chymical oil of mace, one dram; Benjamin water. four ounces; mix them together ; and having firft 
wafhed the neck, and bofom with a compofition 
of equal parts of chamomile water and white wine 
as warm as may be, dip a fine cloth in the other, 
with which waft yourfelf a fecond time The 
life of this for a few weeks will make a confi- 
derable change in the complexion. 
A modern writer, * in defcribing the manners 
oftheAfiatic ladies, obferves, that “ nothing can 
exceed the care they take to p'-eft rve their breads 
as the moft ftriking marie of beauty. In order 
to prevent them from growing large or ill- 
Ihaped, they inclofe them in cafes made of exceed- 
ingly light wood, which are joined together and 
failened with buckles of jewels behind. Thefs 
cafes are fo fmooth and pliant, that they yield to 
the attitudes of the body without being flattened, 
or without the fmallcft injury to the delicacy of 
the (kin.” The writer has not been pleafed to 
name the fort of wood the Aiiatics employ ; but 
the Englifh ladies may not be difpleafed to learn 
the following metho I of bringing to a firm plump* 
nefs and roundnefs fuch brtafts as hang down or 
appear too large. 
Bind them up clofe with linen caps or bags that 
will juft fit them, and let them continue fo for fix 
or eight days. 
Take carrot-feed, anife, fennel, and plantane, 
fe ds, each two ounces j virgin honey, an ounce 
and a half; the juice of plantane,and vinegar,each 
two ounces ; bruife the feeds grofsly, and put 
them into the liquid, ftirring them well together; 
at the expiration of the above time, take off the 
caps and anoint the breafts with the oil of bavin ; 
# Travels in Afi» and Africa* publUfeed in *782, after which fpread the compofition on a linen 
cloth, art! lay it on, fo that it may cover the 
breads, putting the fame caps over them again, 
and binding them up as ft aight as confiftent 
with your cafe : on the fourth day, take all 
off, and wafh your breafts with warm whi e wine 
and rofe water, continuing fo to domorningand 
evening for twelve or fourteen days; when you 
will find them reduced to an elegant roundncfs, 
firm and plump. 
There are feveral other perfonal deformities 
which feem principally owing to neglect in the 
attention of parents and mires, though they 
may ibmetimes be natural defers ; v z. 
iff. The neck funk between the fhoulders, 
2d. One fhoulder higher or thicker than the 
other. 
3d. d'he fhoulder inclining too much to the 
one fide : 
Of thefe we final 1 take a curfory review. 
To hinder the fhoul.ders from growing round, 
care mu ft be taken to keep the elbows well back, 
placed over the haunches, and the cheft forward, 
7 he perlon fhouki lie as flat in bed as poffihie, 
and if one fhoulder is too thick, he ought alv. avs 
to ib ep on theoppofite fide : for t.h • flioulder up- 
on which one retls, always projects beyond the 
plane of the back. 
Writing upon tables cither too high or too low, 
expofes to the fame fault, oi to that of being round 
Ihouldcred. When you obferve that a child in- 
eiin(s to fnk his neck between his ihoulders, you 
(hould never all >w h m to ft upon an elbow chair, 
for while re if mg his arms upon the el buw;s,h is {boul- 
ders rife,and of courfe his neck finks bet wet n them. 
When the fhouldcr inclines too much to one 
fide, the left for example, let the child often fa: id 
upon the right foot alone j for in flip porting him- felf upon this foot, while the other remains inac- 
tive, it neccffarily happens that the right fhoulder, 
which was too high, mult fall lower ; and the 
left fhoulder, which was too low, muft be railed 
higher This is evident from the necedity of 
fupporting the body in an equilibrium. 
Another method is, to carry a little burthen 
upon the fhoulder that is lowed, and let the 
higheft quite alone ; for the weight upon the low 
fhoulder will oblige him' to raife it up, and at the 
fame time will make him deprefs the other.— 
Contrary to the opinion and practice of thofe, 
who lay a weight upon the higheft fhoulder, ima- 
gining the weight will make him deprefs it, while 
in fact it only makes him raife it higher. 
A very eafy method is, to bend your arm, and 
fet your hand on your fide ; the fhoulder of that 
hde will be railed, and the oth 'r will fink lower, 
efpecially if you let the hand of the oth r fall as 
low down by the thigh as you can. This is a 
very fimple expedient, and may be practiced with- 
out any one guefling the defign. 
Many people have a habit, when they write, or 
kneel down to prayers, of drawing in the chef?-, 
pulling down the {boulders, and folding the arms 
over the ftomach ; this infienfibly brings on a de- 
form ty, which gives the body, in its upper and 
poftetior parts, a figure like the back of a ipoon. 
To correct this deformity, the practice muft be 
laid abide, and fuck a pofture allumed as is oppo- 
fite to that by which it is contracted ; advancing 
the chefl ; throwing back the fhoulders, and let- 
ting the hands fall down by the Tides.—Attention 
only is required. Probably, learning the military 
exerctfie might prove as certain a corrective as any 
that could be preficibcd. The back hunched, hollow, or crooked, are the 
effects of an ill-fhapcd fpme, which mty proceed 
either from a fall, or an effort to lift too heavy bur- 
thens, as often happens to children in attempting 
to carry each other. This diftortion of toe (pine 
is either outward or inward, or both together. 
When outward, it makes the hunch back ; when 
inwards, th- hollow back ; and when both ways, 
it makes (he crooked back, refembling thefliapeof 
the 1 he hunch is frequently on the fore 
part of Te chert, forming afharp point, fomething 
like that rifing which is to be obferved upon the 
br aft of an old fowl, to which it is commonly 
compared. 
It early attended to, the hunch, as well of the 
fiernum as the back,may be corrected, by frequent 
gentle pre-flu res of me hand ; observing at the 
lame time to rub the parts with the oil of nutmeg. 
The ufe of whale-bone bodice,gently to comprtfs 
the part that hunches out, is of great fervice here. 
In the mean time, Jet the child’s bed be not too 
Tore, without any bolfter, and make him lie fre- 
quently upon his back, fo that the head and (pine 
may be as much upon a diredt line with one ano- 
ther as poflible. 
The crookednefs of the fpine does not always 
proceed from a fault in itfelf, but may be occasi- 
oned by the mufclts of the lore part of the body 
being too fhort : in which cafe external medi- 
cine , fuch as the oil of worms,decoction of mal- 
lows, marfh mallows &c. nuift be applied from 
the top of the theft to the bottom of the belly. 
The l itter caufe may be-di(cover d by a particu- 
lar fliffnefsand ten lion in parts. When the 
muffles axe foftened by the above applications. they will relax, and allow the fpine to recover its 
due fhape. 
When iheTpine is crooked in wards,you n:ufl mike 
the child (loop frequently, by throwing cards, 
pictures, &c. upon the floor ; and the poflure in- 
to which he v/ill he obliged ;o put himfeif, will at 
length force the hollow part outwards. 
When the fpine is crooked in the form of an 51, 
it is befl to have recourfe to whalebone bodice, 
fluffed in fuch a manner that the fluffed parts 
fhall exactly anfwer to thole protuberances which 
you vvifli to rep re is; and thefe bodice mull be 
renewed every three months at leafl. 
It is very necefl'ary to obferve, that in propor- 
tion as the protuberances diminifh, the fluffing 
muft be increafed.—A circumflance that requires 
fuch very Arid! and nice attention as few but pa- 
rents are capable of. 
The deformity of which we have been fpeaking, 
is frequently occafioned by the rickets ; on the 
treatment of which we do not mean to enter, far- 
ther than to fugged a new, and perhaps very 
advantageous method of procedure. 
Without having recourfe to the various ma- 
chines propo!ed for exercifing rickety children, 
you can do nothing better than every morning 
to fprinkle their face with cold water, in the 
fame manner as when you would recover aperfon 
from a faintingfit. The fright from this fudden 
application obliges them to exert fuch motions as 
contribute furprifingly to reftore the former fhape 
of the deformed parts. The fame effidf wilt be 
exp rienced from applying a linen cloth, dipt in 
white wme to the arms, from the v/rifl to the el- rubbing them afterwards with a very dry towel. 
This puts all the mufcles of the body into motion, 
and the vifcera themfelves will partakeof the (hock. 
One can fcarcely believe how efficacious thefe 
motions are : and how much fuperior their effect 
is, to all the exercife that can be procured by 
fwings, and hmilar machines. 
The fuccefs will be greater by rubbing the 
fpine, from the nape of the neck to the hip, and 
all along the thighs down to the heels,with a linen 
cloth, dipped either in white wine, or weak bran- 
dy and water ; always taking care to wipe them 
with a dry linen cloth. 
Tickling the foies of the feet in rickety children 
is looked upon as a good expedient; for it throws 
them into motions which they would not other- 
wife make ufe of, and which are fometimes fo 
effectual as to make the body recover its natural 
fhape. 
When the bodies of children or adults become 
deformed from a luxation or fradbure, the cure is 
very difficult, and requires the affiftanoe of the 
ableft medical practitioners. When the defor- 
ty is caufed by an obftrution, the fpine fliould be 
chafed with volatile and fprituous fomentations, 
to diffipate the obftruction. 
Corpulency, when it is no greater than to come 
under the French denomination d etre emhon 
point, is fo far from a deformity, as to be rather 
confidered as a perfection: an unwieldy groflhefs 
is, however, very difgufting, efpecially when it 
appears to p oceed from the practice of kitchen. 
philofophy. The beft way to remedy this over- 
bulkineF, is to be very temperate in eating and 
drinking, efpecially wine, beer, chocolate, and fuch nutritive diet; not to indulge mgny hours 
*n deep; drink freely of tea and coffee ; take a good 
deal of exercife on foot; and ladly, take every 
day, for feme week';, a dram of the a flies of cray~ 
dfih, mixed with a frefh egg, or diluted with 
broth. But if the difpofition to grow corpulent 
is fo very predominant as to require more power- 
ful attenuants, to any quantity of the above afhes 
you may add equal parts of thofe offer/ ffunge, and 
of the pith of fweet briar; make them into a pow- 
der, of which half a dram is a dole. 
This preparation is fo very attenuating, that 
it may fometimes caufe too g eat meagernefs, un- 
lefs particular regard is had to the difpofition of 
the perfon who takes it: for unlefs he is afraid of 
growing to an enormous llzephe former medicine 
ought to be preferred. 
Many young people, to abate their bulkinefs, 
and procure themfelves an eafy fhape, ufe vinegar 
with every thing they eat, and fonvtimes even 
drink it. The remedy is highly dangerous, and 
the lead mifchlef it can do, is to render them 
confumptive. 
A young lady, who enjoyed a very pm'feed date 
of health till the age of eighteen, with a good 
appetite and a blooming complexion, began lobe 
fufpicious of growing too fat, efpccially as her 
rm f er was corpulent; a woman, with whom flje 
consulted or this fuhj advifed her to drink 
ei ■; • jay a /mail glafs of vinegar: (he did fo ;\c- 
c dn.!y,and her bulkinefs cb minified. Flea fed 
\v;; . the fueexfs of her remedy, fine continued it 
moie than a month ; at length fne began to have 
a cough ; and as it was dry at f.rd, it was looked 
upon only as a flight cold, which would go cif 
again. In the mean time, from a dry co igh, it came to a (pitting, a fever fucceeded, with diffi- 
culty of breathing, and her whole habit of body 
became lean and confumptive. Night fweats came 
on, with fwellings of the legs and feet, and the 
difeafe ended with a diarrhoea, of which the 
expired. 
On diilcdHon, the lobes of the lungs were found 
full of tubercles ;—-the lungs refembled a grape, 
and the tubercles the hones.—During her illnefs, 
the Peruvian bark was adminihered, as alfo febri- 
fuge and alkaline opiates, the whey of afies milk, 
and broth of crav-fifh ; to which were added the 
pectoral herbs, to prevent an ulceration of the 
lungs.—But in fpite of medicine, the confumption 
continued its courfe.* 
Too great flendernefs is a deformity which we 
have lefs caufe to be alarmed at, than the oppofitc 
extreme. Children, at a certain time, nccefiarily 
become lean, viz. when they begin to increafe 
fpnfibly in their ftature. "Phis Icanmfs need 
therefore give a parent no concern, as it is only 
temporary.—But when children fall into it from 
fretting, or fomc fecret chagnn, they infenlibly 
pine away till the nutritive fubhance b quite ex- 
hauhed, and the body becomes like a Ikeietonj— 
the face will fometimes preftrve a a appearance of 
plumpnefs, while the other parts of the body, 
particularly the back-bone and ribs, become 
emaciated. 
It will often be found that this leannefs, or 
rather decline of health, is owing to a latent 
grief, or to jealoufy, at feeing either a child, or 
feme other olje£t,more noticed and indulged than 
itfelf. One can fcarcely imagine how painfully 
fenfible children are of this partiality; they poflefs 
Medical E flays. an extraordinary indindl, or fenfibility, (call it 
by what name you pleafe) and are powerfully 
agitated by all thole paffions which tend to the 
prefervation of felf. They conceal their grief, 
and it fometimes requires ikill and management 
to difcover thecaufe. 
The readied way is to drew left fondnefs for the 
fuppofcd objedl of jealoufy; and if thi;s be the 
cccafion of his anxiety, you will foon perceive 
the child left fallen and melancholy, and his eyes 
begin again to fparkle with pleafure. As foon as 
the fecret is diicovercd, you mull: refblve to re- 
trench all the careflts which you ufed to give 
others before him, and drew the greateft fondnefs 
poffible for him, but in fuch a manner that he 
niav not difcover the trick ; for children are often 
artful enough to pry into the very breads of thofe 
that are about them; and indeed, in this fenfe 
we often become their dupes. From this renewed 
fondnefs, his heart will be foon redored to peace, 
and he will daily recover health, drength, and 
fpirits. 
The body Teems fometimes all of a thicknefs, 
without any thing free or eafy about it; and 
though it is otherwife v/el! enough fhaped, yet 
has fuch a conftrained air, as if the perlon had a 
flake thruftup hi? body. Thismight be prevented 
or corrected by a freedom of exercife, particularly 
in fuch diveifions as oblige a perfon to jump much; 
as that aftion makes the body form a variety of 
angles that are of great fervice towards giving it an 
air of freedom. 
Indeed in every cafe where exercife can be uf?d, 
it will -be found of the higheft advantage in aflift- 
ino- the cure of bodily deformities; or rendering 
the misfortune lefs oppreffive, by contributing to 
the general welfare of the fyftem. In preventing and curing a number of difeafes, there is nothing 
equal to moderate cxcrcife: It roufes the natural 
heat, drfiipates fuperfluours humours, gives agility 
to the mufcles, ftrengthens the nerves, opens the 
pores, and aflifts perforation. Hence the whole 
body muft be invigorated, the fenfes rendered 
quicker, refpiration more free, and the bread; and 
flomach more ftrong and vigorous. 
Do you wifh that a woman fhould have a hap- 
py delivery?—nothing is better for this purpofe 
than moderate exercife in the fifth, fixth, and 
feventh months of pregnancy. Would you difpofe 
children to deep, and cafe thofe pains with which 
they are fo often troubled ?—nothing is more 
effectual for this, than rocking them in the cradle. 
—Would you prevent or cure the rickets?—you 
can ufe no better remedy than conttantly toiling 
them in your arms,rolling him about,and throwing 
their limbs and body into a variety of motions.— 
Would you ftrengthen the tone of the ftomach, 
and in ihort of the whole body ? This is to be 
done by riding, and dancing, which laft exercife 
both ftrengthens the legs and feet, and renders 
their joints more flexible : It is no lefs agreeable 
than conducive to health; makes the body adfive, 
the mind chtarful, the complexion lively, and 
gives the face and whole body a graceful mien 
and air- If you wiih to render the body ftrong 
and'fit to endure hardships, ftrengthen the vital 
actions, and reduce the habit when it is too cor- 
pulent;—have recourfe to the more a£live diver- 
sions of tennis, cricket, fives, /kittles ; or the 
more laborious ones of rowing, digging, ringing 
bells, and Inch athletic fports. For it is to thele 
employments, that the labouring clafs of people in 
general owe thenr exemption from many difeafes that are the conftant attendants upon the luxury 
and indolence of higher life. 
Walking puts the whole body into motion, and 
hence is not only of fervice to the lower extremi- 
ties, but clears the lungs, ftrengthens the ftomach, 
and is of great relief to gravelly complaints: aid 
is certainly the beft excrcife for the very young and 
the aged j as fencing, hunting, courling, sfc. ate 
more adapted to the prime of life. Singing, read- 
ing, and talking aloud, may be reckoned among 
the bed kind of exercifes; for by the exertion 
cf the voice, the animal fpirits are all put into 
motion, from the very fountain from whence they 
arife; and it may perhaps be owing to the natural 
difpofition to the two former, that women do not 
ftand fo much in need of other adlive exercife as 
men. Exercife, in a word, is fo ufeful and necef- 
firy, that net only man, but the moft inadlivc 
and indolent of the brute creation,—nay even 
plants and vegetables cannot thrive without it. 
The humble violet, as well as the lofty oak, loves 
to be agitated by the winds. And we ough to 
admire the clemency of Divine juftice, which, in 
chaflifing man for his fins, has condemned him to 
fuch a punifhment as conduces the molt to pre-ferve 
his health. BOOK 111. PART 11. 
tof the Deformities of the .4' ms, Hands, Legs, i,nd 
Feet. 
WHEN a perfon is horn vvirh one arm, or 
kg (hot ter or longer than the other, or 
with knots, crook, diu Is, or diftorlions upon them,- 
the cafe is incurable j when the deformity is occa- 
Jlornd by violence in the delivery, or by aukward- 
ntfs in the relief may be expedfed. 
When in a new-born infant, the pelvis teems, 
awry, you have very juft caufe to fufpedt that this 
deformity in refpedf of the length of the leg,is oc~- 
eafiontd by feme pull which the child has fuffered 
by the hand of the midwife; and a cure may be 
eftedited by replacing the pelvis in its natural fit na- 
tion. But if the leg appears too long, while the 
pelvis is not awry, you may be fure that there is m 
natural fault in the conformation of the leg, h* 
which cate the deformity is net to he helped. 
What is here fald ol the leg when it is too long,, 
may be al o underftood of it when too ihort; for- 
if one fide of the pelvis he puihed up by any vie-' 
lence, the thigh and leg of that ftde muft be thruft- 
up higher, and appear fhorter. 
The lame dodfrine holds true of the arms; for 
tho’ they cannot be in readily made longer, yet ia pulling the arm, the midwife may make the fpine 
incline too much to one fide, whereby the arm of 
that fide will reach farther down,though not really 
longer than it was before. 
To reduce the pelvis, when the leg appears too 
long,—ftretch the child out upon his back, and 
tie a fmall handkerchief,doubled into feveral folds, 
loofely about the knee of the leg which appears 
too long, in manner of a garter; to this hand- 
kerchief, at the external part of the knee, tie a 
pretty large fillet, about two ells in length, and 
katen it as tight as he can bear (but without hurt- 
ing him) about the child’s fhoulder, of&he fame 
fide; taking care that it be tied in fuch manner 
as not to flip, and then fwathe him up. The com- 
preflion which the fwaddling-band makes upon 
the other, which is firetched from the knee to the 
fhoulder, will make the latter more tenfe; and 
by increafing the tenfion, determine that fide of 
the pelvis, which was too low to rife up; and the 
fituation of the pelvis, from being oblique, will 
become horizontal, and consequently recover its' 
.natural pofition. 
If the deformity has been negle&ed till the child 
is grown up, you may put him into a pair of tight 
bodice, which will have the fame effect with the 
fwaddling-band upon the bandage that reaches 
from the knee to the fhoulder. 
The thigh or leg may be luxated from the 
womb, by different caufes, as may alfo other 
parts of the body, as the flioulder, elbow, heels, 
&c. in all which cafes, immediate recourfe mull: 
be had to the hand of a furgeon; for, if neglected, 
a callus will be formed in the diflocated part, 
which will render the cure abfolutely impoffible.  A young ladv, who had difloeated her thigh, 
and neglected calling in proper afiilfance, was an 
inftance of the misfortune jutt mentioned; a cal- 
lus formed by degrees, and rendered ufelcfs all 
the affiftance which could be got afterwards, and 
fhe remained ci coked. But a circumftance fome- 
what fingular happened on this occafion, that file 
bore three boys with each of them a thigh luxated, 
and who continued cripples; while three girls, to 
whom ihe was alio mother, were firong and well- 
made.” Zuing. Thcatr. Pr. Med. 
When an arm or a leg are fiiort by con t radii on 
of the mulcles, or being withered, let the part be 
firlt well rubbed with a piece of c oar id cloth, or a 
fiefh-bmfh, but not too roughly ; then anointed 
with juniper-butter-, and wrapt up in a linen 
cloth Thcfe trillions and unguent mult be 
continued leveral weeks, or even months. 
The juniper butter is thus prepared ; 
Melt a pound of fnfh butter, and mix with it 
a finali handful of large, black, frefh juniper ber- 
ries, bruited only between the fingers, and not lb 
as to break the bard hones within them, which 
would make the butter acrid ; then boil it upon a 
gentle fire, and when there ftones are become lb ft, 
put the mixture into a linen cloth, and fqu eze it 
firongly, to prefs out the ointment into a glals 
veil'd. ■ j 
The application of currier's oil to relax the 
muffles, and wearing a fhoe with a leaden Sole, 
(the weight of which is proportioned to the con- 
traction) is preTcnh.d for the fame deformity, but 
muff be continued fur a long urn.-. An arm, a leg, a hand, or a foot, is fometimes 
tenderer than the other, for want of receiving 
(efficient nourifhment, while the other preferves 
its natural ftate. This deformity may be cor- 
rected by the fame means with the former, name- 
ly, yfr (Ton, and the juniper butter by way of 
liniment 
It fometimes happens, that not only one leg, or 
»ne arm, but both arms, or both legs, receive lefs 
nourifhment than is neceffary, and become fhape- 
Jefs, or like fpindles, while the reft of the body 
appears in good condition. So far as external re- 
medies can avail, thofe above deferibed are the 
propereft, joined to a moderate (hare of walking. 
The tendon which reaches from the calf of the 
leg to the heel, is feme times fo fhort, that the 
perfon is obliged to walk upon the fore-part of his 
foot, without being able to fet the heel to the 
ground ; which not only obliges him to walk un- 
gi c< fully, but is likewife fatiguing. 
This is fometimes tolerably well palli- 
ated by high-heeled fhoes, when both feet are in 
this predicament ; but when one heel only is af- 
fedfed, the deformity is more obvious, from the 
inequality of the (hoe-heels. If the tendons are 
not maimed, a cure may be obtained by relaxing 
the parts with rubbing the leg from the ham to 
below the heel, evening and morning, with the 
oil of worms, after firft exciting a kindly warmth 
and mo ion by friction or th" fefh-brufh. The 
leg may be frequently bathed in a bucket of tnpe- 
b.O' h, moderately warm. To render luch affift- 
am:e yet more effectual, the perfon Ihould excrcife 
himlelf frequently with climbing fome pretty fteep hills. He may likewife have his fhoe-heel made 
©f lead. 
We have mentioned already, that tfm arms to 
be handfome, ought to be round, fl fh , and a 
little flat in the infid;, inc eafing gr d ally in 
thicknefs rrom the wrift a’moft to the Jo nt of 
the elbow. 
The band fbould be delicate, pretty long, and 
not fquare ; the hack of it ought to be a little 
plump, fo that the veins may not be very confpi- 
cuous, nor appear ftarting ; and at the root of the 
finger there ought to be a (mall dimple when the 
band is opened. Ihe fingers long, not deftitute 
of fltfh,a lit le round above, and flat below, with 
a certain air of freedom and motion, which ought 
to be confpicuous even when they arc at reft. 
When the hands are well fhaped, and delicate 
in fize and complexion, they are one of the great eft 
ornaments to female beauty.—Mary, Queen of 
Scots, whofe charms are a darling th me with 
h ftorians. was particularly remarked for the un- 
common elegance and matchlefs Iplendor of her 
hands and arms. I'hough fuch an ornament muft 
be purely the w >rk of nature, yet it requires fome 
degree of care to pn f rve it ; and wuh fimiftr 
care wemayalfo po ferve th1’ hands free from cer- 
tain deformities, when they are not expofed to the 
few rily of labour. 
The roughnefs of the hand confifts in thehard- 
nefsof the fkm, which in labouring people is nei- 
ther a matter of Ar prize, nor even a deformity, 
though it is certainlv fuch in th°fe whofe rank or 
profeflion exempts th« m from drudgery. Too 
much exposure to the air, dabbling frequently n 
very warm, or very cold water, or often wafhing them with the common kinds of foap,. have alf the 
lame cffcCt in breaking the texture of the (kin, and 
giving a look of coarfenefs and rufticity to the 
hand. Too often and too long walking the 
hands, makes them becora-e chopped, and takes 
away that livelinefs of the (kin, which is its pe- 
culiar beauty, but which is rather increafed than 
deftroyed by fimply rubbing the hand either with 
a foft cloth, or one againlf the other; that delicate 
moifture being Aippllcd by the finer cutaneous-vcf- 
eh, is too quickly exhaled by very warm water, 
while the veff Is are Ihut up, and the exhalation re- 
pel by the ufc of very cold. 
The fame preventives muft be confidence! alfo 
as correctives ; to which may be added, nibbing 
the hands every night with a little oil of eggs, 
and putting on a pair of gloves ; w-fning them 
in the morning with a piece of ftale bread foaked 
in wine and water; powder of bitter almonds, 
oatmeal, flower of peafe, beans, See. or the fol- 
lowing ointment, may ferve for the above pur- 
pofe: 
Take equal quantities of cream and bears- 
greafe ; virgin wax, a lufficient or proportionable 
quantity ; incorporate them all together over a 
flow fire, and rub your hands with this ointment 
every night, wearing gloves, and walking them 
with a little water and white wine luke-warm. 
Wofh- Balls. 
Take of the beft white foap half a pound, and 
fliave it into thin dices ; then take two ounces and 
a half of Florentine orrice root, three quarters 
of an ounce of calamus aromaticus, and the fame 
quantity of elder flowers ; of cloves, one dram j 
dried rofe leaves, half an ounce 3 coriander feeds. lavender, and bay leaves, each a dram ; with three 
drams of ftorax ; reduce the whole to a fine pow- 
der, which knead into a pafte with the foap, ad- 
ding a few grains of mu/k or ambergreafr. It 
may be iifed as a pafte ; or made into wafh-balls, 
by foftening it with a little oil of almonds, to ren- 
der the compofition more lenient. Too much 
cannot be (aid in favour of this wafh-ball, in re- 
gard of its cleanfing and cofmetic quality. 
There are feme people whofe hands not only, 
but whofe fkin in general, is fo exceeding coarfe 
and rough, as to refemble that of the fea-dog; a 
deformity that proceeds from a fharp humour 
fupplied by the cutaneous veffels, which fpreads 
itfelf over all the furface of the hand, frets the 
texture of the fkin, and railes it up into little 
/bales, refembllng a file or a grater. 
Others have their hands chopped, or full of 
little chinks, frequently filled with matter, and 
creating a very difagreeable blemifh.—This is 
fometimes occafioned by the feverity of the wea- 
ther during winter, and as often proceeds from 
neglecting to dry the hands after walhing. 
The means of preventing thefe two laft defor- 
mities, is carefully tofhun what we have remarked 
to be the caufe of them. To correct them, you 
may have recoude to fome of the following pre- 
parations. 
The oil qf wheat, extracted by an iron profs, in 
the fame manner as oil of almonds, is excellent for 
chops in the hands, and rigidity of the Ikin. 
Or, beat fome peeled apples (having firft taken 
out the cores) in a marble mortar, with equal 
quantities of rofe-"'Water and white wine:—add 
fome bread-crumb, blanched almonds, and a little white foap :—ftmmer the whole over a flow fire 
till it acquires a proper confidence. 
Or, drv before the fire half a pound of bitter 
almonds blanched, then be;u ihem in a marble 
mortar as fine as pcffihle, adding a inle boiled 
milk to prevent the ajraonds from turning oily. 
In the fame manner beat the crumb of two French 
bricks, with four yolks of eggs boiled hard ; and 
with the addition of Tome frdh milk, kneed them 
into a paftc, which incorporate with that of the 
almonds. 
Or, take, of the flour of beans and lupins, well 
ground and finely fifttd, each four ounces ; white 
ftarch, orris, and blanched almonds, each two 
ounces ; ber.t them together into a pafte, with 
four ounces of Caftiie (cap, and rote water. This 
is excellent for making the hands fort and fmootlv. 
Among a great many deformities, or which go 
under this name, there is a contraction, or feeble 
and indolent folding in of the fingersof the hand, 
with a lots of the voluntary motion of thole fingers, 
which remain folded in a negligent manner, and 
cannot be extended without the afliftance of the 
other hand, or of . feme other perfon, and return 
to their former crookednefs fo foon as K ft to them- 
felvcs. This w< aknefs proceeds from a relaxation- 
of the mufclcs of the hands; and, as phyficians 
tell us, is frequently the effects of a bilious and 
convulfive cholic which has preceded it. 
The hand may alio be crooked by fome external 
accident, as when the nerves or tendons are cut 
by a wound, withered and deftroyed by burning, 
or eroded by an ulcer; in which cafe the deformity 
is incurable.—But in the former cafe, when owing 
to a relaxation of the mu Teles, great benefit may 
be derived from fuch external remedies as the fal- lowing. Soaking the hand rnrthe blood of an ox, 
calf, or fheep, as fdon as killed, and repeating 
the operation as often as convenient; rubbing the 
hand and arm alfo with foft linen cloths a little 
warm, and afterwards with the oil of worms made 
moderately hot. When this courfe has been 
pradlifed for a fortnight, or longer, you may 
proceed to pump the parts with wine in this 
manner: namely, having a large earthen vefiel 
with a hole near the bottom to admit a brafs cock, 
fill it with \vhite wine made pretty warm, with 
the addition of a little cinnamon ; fet this ciftern 
upon a high table, and let the perfon place his 
hand and arm fo as to receive the flream of the 
wine, having another veflei underneath to receive 
it, as it mull be referved for further ufe. 
This pumping fhould be continued for half an 
hour at a time, and repeated twice a-day. 
If winefhould be thought too expenfive, a pre- 
paration of the fame intention, and to be ufed as 
the foregoing, may be made with oak-bark, one 
pound; balauflines and red rofes dried, each fix 
handfuls ; boil them in four gallons of water to 
two; ftrain, and add a quart of rough red wine; 
to which may be added alfo three ounces of alum. 
It mufl be applied as hot as conveniently can be 
horn. 
Purgatives are indifpenfibly requilite to be joined 
with thefe external medicines. 
The veins upon the back of the hand ought not 
to be too la; e and confpicuous, as when To, the 
hand, however well fhaped,cannot be called beau- 
tiful: and where the hands are not employed in 
jrough work, that propels the biood too plentifully 
to the vdTels thereof, the jbleniilh m&y be.eafiJy prevented and even conefted. Every thing muft be 
avoided that can force the blood in toogreat quanti- 
ties to the hands, or flop it when there, as walhing 
in water too warm; keeping them too long hanging 
down ; wearing waiftcoacs, flays, or bodice too 
tight below the arm pits; for thefe profs upon the 
veflels under the arms, and, hindering the blood 
from returning, make the veins of the hands to 
fwell. You muft likewife wear nothing tight 
about the wrifts or elbows; this producing the 
fame effeft as tying the arm with a ligature when 
we want to be I t blood : You fhould accuftom 
yourfelf always to wear gloves, as they prefs gently 
upon the veins, and prevent their being too much 
filled with blood. 
In the deleft we have be n/peaking of, as well 
as in fome other blemifhes, as when the hand is 
fwelled, red, or of any difagreeable colour, the 
following compofttion may be fucceftfully ufed. 
In a quart of white wine boil rofemary and 
lavender-flowers each an ounce; penny royal and 
rue, each a handful,dill and coriander feeds grofsly 
bruifed, each a quarter of an ounce; ftrain out 
the Ijquid, with which, moderately warm, walh 
your hands and arms. 
Take barley meal, two ounces ; juice of citrons, 
one ounce; cream of tartar, oil of turpentine, 
litharge of filver, and oil of rofes, each two drams; 
make thefe ingredients into a lalve over a gentle 
Are, and apply it as a plafler to the fingers and 
hands, renewing it every other day for eight or 
ten days. 
This will reprefs any knots, or gouty appear- 
ances on the hands or lingers, and reltore them to 
an elegant neatnds of fhape. Such trifling tumours,as warts and corns, fefpe- 
cially the latter,) are often attended with much 
pain ; and it fometimes even requires the fkill of 
a phylician to ged rid of thole troublefome ap- 
pendages. 
Every one knows thefe excrefcences fo well, 
that they need little or no defcription ; only that 
warts are fmooth, or jagged, almoft flat with the 
fkin, or more prominent, even to hanging down. 
If they are not rooted in the tendons, but lie 
in the fkrn, they may eaflly be cured, or takea 
away. But if they rife from the former, 
they can fcarcely be rooted out without danger. 
There are various ways of deftroying warts, as 
tying:, cutting, or confuming them. Tying is 
only for thofe of a certain flze, and which have 
a very fmall ffalk ; It is done by a ligature of fllk, 
or horfe hair. They may alfo be cut off; but 
this ought cautioufly to be attempted ; and they 
very often grow again much larger than before. 
They may be confumed by fome corrofive liquor, 
as fpirit of fait, aqua fortis, fpirit of hartflborn, 
&c. and the 1 aft will certainly be found the ft felt: 
but in trying this method, you fhould apply a 
plaifler to the hand, with holes to let the warts 
pafs through, and prevent the application from 
hurting; the fkin. 
A numerous tribe of medicines are offered for 
removing theft excrefcencies, and perhaps not 
one of them can be recommended with much af- 
furance of fuccefs. Water, with crude fal ammo- 
niac diffolved therein, is the beft remedy which 
Dr. Maoletoft, fometime profeffor of Greffiam 
College, confeffes he knows: but, though effica- 
cious, is far from being infallible. The milky juice of great celemline, fpurge, 
pifs-a-bcd, or tithymal, will generally take them 
away- 
They are fometimes extirpated, by ufing no 
other remedy than patches covered with the 
plainer of diapalma, or diachylon, with the 
gums. 
The leaves of campanula bruifed, and rubbed 
upon the warts, three or four times, will gene- 
rally'deflroy them, without leaving the lead mark 
behind. 
Divide a red onion, and rub the warts well 
with it, 
The leaves of rue, bruifed in water, with pep- 
per and nitre. 
The milky juice of the herb mercury \vill 
gradua’ly walls them away. 
The milky juice of green figs*, with gum elemi 
didblved in vinegar. 
From above forty preferiptions, we have felec- 
ted the few foregoing, as the lead hurtful, yet 
what may be efficacious : the application of cauf- 
tics, fuch as precipitated mercury, antimonial 
butter, and all the acid fpirits, will certainly do 
much more mifehief than fervice, unlefs you take 
particular care to guard the parts about the wart 
from their adlion by fome defenfive plaifter, efpe- 
cially if fuch warts grow near a nerve or tendon; as 
there are not wanting examples of inflammations, 
and even gangrenes having been brought on by 
fuch inattention. And as they generally dirap- 
pear as perfons grow up, it would be imprudent 
to run any nfk for the extirpation of them. 
Warts are fometimes occafioned by a par- 
ticular faultinefs in the blood, and then they 
fpread not only over the hands, but over the whole body, ofcen to the fize cf a large pea, 
Or even larger. Thcfe in advanced years, who 
feed too much on milk, or foods in which a con- 
fid enable quantity of milk is ufed, are moft 
fu bj 61 to th-; IT}* In order to r move them, the 
diet /bout! be gradually changed, and the per Ton 
tal » a pdl competed of the following materials. 
Take fx drums of Caftile foap, one dram 
and a half cf the c'tract of dandelion, half a 
dram <d gum tmmcuiacutr ; mix the whole with 
fyrup of maiden-hair, and make the mate into pills 
of three grains each, one of which mute be taken 
every morning and evening. 
It is a midvd.cn notion that wens are of the fame 
nature withwwar«,rr«, for wens are never to be cured 
without cutting ofF, which can only be done 
by a very fkilful furgeon. 
Corns, a mod vexatious complaint, are com- 
monly occafioned by wearing (hoes too tight, and 
made of too tough or coarfe leather : They may 
be extirpated by (baking the tect in warm water, 
and then cutting the corns gently oft’with a pen- 
knife or ra?.or,a! ways taking care not to proceed fo 
far as to wound the foot. 
But you will foften the corns, and cafe the feet 
■more effectually, by ufing a deception made by 
boiling a pound of bran, with a few marfh mal- 
low roots, and two or three handfuls of mallow 
leaves, in three quarts of water. 
You may apply to the corns a little houfe’eek 
and ground ivy, dipped in vinegar ; even a flice 
of frefh lean beef, bound on like a plaifter, and 
renewed as it grows dale, often takes them away} 
a p!after of galbanum and fal ammoniac, mixed with fome faffron, will fbften them for cutting 
away or drawing out ; but, as in the cafe of warts 
if they rife from the tendons, they can feared/ 
fee rooted out without danger. 
Tight leather fhocs,.however,can not be the only 
caufc of this excrefcence 5 as the ladies are often 
troubled with them, and their f< et are confined in 
foiter materials. Corns fen in ratlvr, therefore, to 
be produced by fridion againft thefhoc ; and cer- 
tainly do nor, like other tumours, arife from any 
impurity in the blood. The progrefs of coins 
to their ffate of hardnefs, is very rapid, being ge- 
nerally completed in the (pace of a few days, 
though the advancement of their growth is more 
■'How. They fhould therefore be attached on their 
fa-ft appearance, which may be known by the 
rednefs and pain of the part whence they fpring. 
When the pain is very violent, the following is 
a very fuccefsful remedy. 
Take equal parts of a roaffed onion, and foft 
fosp; beat them up together, and apply them in 
a linen rag by way of a poultice. 
This application wii! inffantaneoufly appeafe the 
pain of a corn ; and is equally proper to mitigate 
thole pains which return on a change of weather, 
as from froff to thaw,’or the contrary. 
If a total extirpation of the corn is defired, a 
plailtcrof diachylon, with the gums fpread on a 
Jinen rag, and kept at the part for a fome time, 
is of extraordinary efficacy ; the plaifter ought to 
be removed every fecond or third night, that the 
foot may be bathed in warm water, or the fomen- 
tation recommended above, in order to /often the 
corn,which fhould afterwards be cautioufly pared. 
By' this method, continued a fortnight or three weeks, many painful corns have been entirely 
eradicated. The plalller fhomd not fc f')o old, as 
it of'es much of its good qualities by keeping. 
Great care Ihould be taken in pai ng corns to 
prevent their bleeding ; cutting too deep has fome- 
times been produ ive of fatal confequences, as 
tedious inflammations, and gangrenes, (übjedt;ng 
the patient to a long uff ofremedi.es, the necdlity 
of cutting off a toe, and even to death itfelf. 
Caliofites or hardneffes, are fbmetimes found 
in the palms of the hand, oceafioned by handling 
hard fubfiances ; often by playing at cricket, ten- 
nis, &c. which generally go off of themfeives. 
'They fhould by no means he cut with a razor or 
penknife,as th it otily caufes them to grow ffronger, 
till at length they become as hard as horn itleif. 
If very troublefome, an emollient piaiftermay 
be applied to them. 
Trembling of the hands is an aflliclion, ora 
deformity by no means unfrequent. In the one 
fex it is often can fed by excels of various kinds, 
efpecially in too frequently facrincing to Venus 
or Baccnus ; in the o her by drinking too meat 
quantities of hot diluting liquors ; and in both 
it may arife from having, in infancy, been ovtr- 
dofed with mercurial ana draftic purges, either to 
cure or to preferve h m from worms,Jlurvv.&c. 
and too much bl eding, either for real or imaginary 
caufes. Sudden frights are of very p-ernic ous 
tendency ; and may even produce v/orfe rffcls 
than the trembling h>.re fpoken of, tne epilepfy 
being often the confcquence of them. ' 
From whatever cauie it originates, much be- 
nefit may be expected from the following fomen- 
tation. Take of ftrong tent wine one quart, red roles 
one handful ; pomegranate rind, two ounces ; 
and that of quinces, an ounce; let them boil 
about two minutes, then fet the deception to cool, 
and ffrain it through a linen cloth : foke the hands 
in it when it becomes luke-warm ; heat it again, 
and rub the arm from the wrift to the {boulder, 
as alfo the nape of the neck, and down the 
back 
Beating children when at fchool, efpecially 
upon the hand, is fuf&cient to bring on this trem- 
bling ; and though not productive of that effcdf, 
ibarce ever fails to weaken the hands, and render 
them lefs nimble for writing or drawing. 
When the hands are covered with the ring- 
worm, or any tettcrous eruption, after taking a 
dofe or two of fame cooling purge, the juice of 
chervil may be adminiftered, to the quantity of a 
fmall wine glals full every morning, an hour be- 
fo bieakfaft : and as the chervil operates by 
pc fpiration, care mud be taken not to catch 
cold. 
The juice of chervil, is prepared bybruifinga 
bundle of the herb in a marbie mortar, a,nd when 
well pounded, prefs it ftrongly through a linen, 
cloth into a clean earthen or glafs vtflei, and keep 
it in a cool place. 
After ufing this juice for two or three cUys, the 
crupti) may likely breakout more numerous 
than before, but will f< on after gradually 
decay. 
Iris very dang Tons to apply hot ons 
tn this eruption; and much more fo to repel it \i h 
cooling ointment : if il e fkm n. an pa g n 
grenes, it may be fomented vvuh a d c.-ib n of bitter herbs, mixed with camphorated /pint's of 
wine ; and afterwards a poultice of oatmaj b died 
in ifrong beer, is to he laid o.i warm, and renewed 
a oUea a neceflfary. 
Ii is much bcttci in al! eruptions of this kind 
to encouiage it to come forth as long as the pa- 
tient can bar the uneafmefs, than either to repel, 
O. carry it eff by other outlets ; for al: thr fe forts 
of viaous humours (which break out as a kind of 
cribs .n a diforcier,) how much toever they may 
be diminiflied, yet they are rarely evacuated out 
ot the bod/, with relief to the pa ient, by any 
other p< liages than thole pointed out by na arc. 
When the eruption is quite gone, it w.ll be 
necetk yto purge in the fame manner as at the 
beginning. 
Many people have their hands fo very rnc'fj 
that wnatever they touch ret ins marks of t..e 
fweat upon it.—Repellent medicines ought by ail 
means to be avoided ; and the only plan to be 
p nued is, to throw it upon the feetj which may 
be done thus : 
Take fom of the deleft green cerecloth you 
can procure (not lei's than two years old1' which 
cut into loirs, and appiy to jour fee 5 oblerving 
to wear them both day and ni ht ; this mav be 
i me by Ikeping in thin or gaufe worfted ftockings ; 
only tv ry evening and morning obferve to wipe 
th, foies f your feet a-, well as ih-. plaifter wnb a 
linen doth. Continue wearing then, .ill they Jole 
their power, wh.ca will not be lei's than ten or 
tw> ive days, wh n, ou muft have frelh ones. In 
a few moot s the :wca i g of txr hands will be 
fenlil y•. a .«!< d j and a.ter fix or eight months 
is generally cured. The cerecloth has another advantage in re- 
moving all callofites and hardneftes of the ket, 
preferving them foft and pliable; and has the parti-, 
cular quality of rendering them warm in winter, 
and cool in flimmer. Nor does it, when of 
P’oper age, adhere to the foot. 
Supernumerary fingers and toes are no uncom- 
mon deformity, if the fupernumerary part be 
only a flefhy exuberance, it may be be taken oft 
by a ft!ken lig.ture tied about the roots, and 
ftraightened every day, till the part withers and 
drops oft’ of its ovin accord. But if the part is 
bony, it requires the affiftance of a furgeon to 
amputate it ; though it is perhaps better to leave 
it unmolefted. 
Among many perfons mentioned In hiftory to 
have had fupernumerary fingers, we may inftance 
Anna Bulletin who had fix on her right hand as 
another blemifh, one of her upper front teeth 
was very milhapen, and (he had a tun our in her 
throat, which Ihe partly concealed by her hand- 
kerchief ; though notwithftanding thefe little 
biemilhes, live poflefled very extraordinary p<_rlo- 
na 1 charms, and her add refs and manner were irre- 
fiftable. 
Chilblains render the hands exceftive ugly, by 
tht fwel!ings,and fometimes the chops they occa- 
fion. They ar cauled by a ftoppage of toe ranf- 
piration in very cold weath- r, generally in fevere 
frefts attended with fnow. The beft preventative 
is to guard again]} colds. Wearing foft leather 
gloves, and never foaking th. hands in any thing 
hoi. 
If prevention is imfuccefsful, and c iiblains 
-appear, you may dilldive half a dram of aloes, and a dram of camphire in fix ounces of good brandy: 
dip a linen cloth in this liquor, and apply it to 
the chilblains, having firft rubbed them gently 
with the oil of eggs, and continue this till the 
complaint is removed. 
There being no room to doubt hut that cold 
is the caufe of chilblains, it follows that the cure 
mud chiefly ccmfift in reftoting the blood to its 
former fluidify and free circulation as foon as 
posTibie. In the internal treatment, on the firlt 
appearance of the inflammation, great ferviee may 
be had from a few glafies of hot wine, wherein 
feme cinnamon and fugar have been diflblved j 
giving alternately with the wine a fmall quantity 
offome fweating mixture: or good ale,boiled with 
cinnamon, cloves, and fugar, will do as well as 
wine, It muff be continued fo as to keep the 
fweat for an hour or upwards, according to 
the degree of the complaint, And however flight 
the diforder, this method, is much more certain 
than, and preferable to any other. 
If theperfon is fubjcdl to an annual return of 
this complaint,the bed prefervative is to anoint the 
parts affected with petrioleum,or oil of terpentine, 
before and after the reverity of the winter; when 
the diforder has fnewn itfelf, the application re- 
commended above may be had reconrfe to ; or 
the affiidftd part may be wrapped in a fwinc’s 
bladder dipped in the lad mentioned oil; taking 
care to avoid cold by proper clothing. 
The itch is doubtlcfs more properly a difeafe 
than a deformity, yet when it appears upon the 
hands and arms,efpecia!ly of women, it is certainly 
one of the mod difguftful fpccies of the latter 
that can be prefented to the fight. It is fufficiently 
\veli known to render defeription unneceffary. One of the mod certain internal medicines is 
the /Ethiops mineral, which may fafely be relied 
upon. 
For external ufe, tike a quarter of a pound of 
Sulphur in rolls, and holding it with a pair of 
tongs, fet it gn fire. Jetting it drop info an earthen 
vefihl containing a quirt of white wine i putting 
the wine into a bottle for the following ule,' 
Pour as much of this wine into a bafon, as is 
fuindent to wafh the hands, am! let them foak in 
it for n quarter of an hour. This muft be re- 
newed fevers! times a day, taking care that the 
fame wine is not ufed twice. 
This is indisputably a mol} ehgani remedy, and 
at the fame time is equally, if not more sjfftiuaU 
than all or any of the ointments now in ufe for 
this complaint \ the mod part of winch are over- 
loaded with mercury, and have often fatal confe- 
ruences. 
Even when thofs critical eruptions (which ap- 
pear about the -nd of feme disorders, and prog- 
nofticate a curej continue too long, and threaten 
to deform the ikin, this lotion may be fafely had 
rccourfc to, not being in the kaftof a repellent 
nature. BeAdes, that this lulphurattd wine ren- 
ders the hands fofr, fmooth, and white. 
The nails are the principal organ of touch, and 
makes one of the greateft beauties of the hand, 
when opened : they fhould be pretty long, of a, 
lively colour, with a white crefcent, or femi-cir- 
cular fpeck at the root ; the root and Tides fhould 
enchafe themfelves inperceptibly, and as ii were 
lofe themfelves in the final! flefhy border which 
furrounds them. This border ought to be fmoeth 
and without breaks. A material ufi> of the nails is to flrengthen 
the ends of the fingers and toes, and 'to hinder 
them from'being inverted towards the convex fide 
of the hand or foot, when we handle or preis 
upon any thing hard ; fo that they lerve rather 
for butt relies than fhields. The extremity of the 
mil does not adhere to any thing, and grows as 
often as it is cut. The colour is owing to the 
veflels underneath the nail, the body of which is 
tranfparent, and exhibits a lively red in a fiate of 
health. It is proverbially laid of men of great 
courage, that they have blood in their nails;” the 
rofeate hue of which is generally an indication of 
a lively courageous temperament; and whenever 
the blood ceales to flow, the nails becomes pale, 
and of an afhen, colour. 
The Romans had their nails cut by artifts, who 
made a profelfion of it. 
The ChinTe pique themfelves on their exceffive 
length ; ; nd among them, indeed, it is a charac- 
ter! die < f rank and quality ; as thofe who follow 
any manual employment cannot preferve their 
nails in the fame manner. The ladies ufually 
wear a thin cafe of gold upon the extremity of 
th .ir nails, to preferve them from accidental 
injury. 
The nails are often bare at the roots in fuch a 
manner, that rlu ir jo nnig is quite cxpofed, like 
a pidtu.e that is n r joined to its frame: for the 
roow and fides of each nail fliould be chafed into 
th ■ flelli round about as into a frame, and this 
ought to be lb e<a 1 as to come to a level w.th 
tn nail by means of a fmdl pellicle that comes 
little forward upon the nail in the form of 
crefceiu. Topreferve the nails in a flate of elegance, 
you muft take care never to foak the fingers either 
in oily or acid liquors; nfigning them to the ope- 
ration of that natural balfam which nourifhcs 
them, and by the means of which thefe borders 
incrcafe and are renewed. 
That blacknefs which fometimes gathers be- 
tween the flefh and the top of tfle nail, may be 
removed by bruifing two or three four grapes, and 
rubbing the juice upon the part. 
rrhe nails are often rendered crooked by ufmg 
a tooth pick, pin, or ear-pick, to take away the 
dirt that gathers between the extremity of the 
nail and flefh, which makes the extremity feperate 
from it, and affume a hook-like form. 
When they are allowed to grow too long, the 
nails are very ugly ; but you fhould take care, in 
cutting them, not to make them too fhort. Their 
edges fhould never be cut down below the ends of 
the fingers, nor fhould they be fullered to grow 
longer than the fingers. When the nails arc cut 
down to the quick, it looks as if the perfon were 
a mechanic, or a fidler, to whom long nails would 
be troublefome ; and if they are longer than the 
finger ends, and encircled with a black rirn, they 
feem as if he were engaged in feme dirty labori- 
ous employment. 
When the nails are accuftomed to be kept 
very fhort, the fiefh at the top of the fingers is 
apt to rife above them in the form of a pad, which 
becomes an exerefcence, and a real deformity; 
befides being always'accompanied with dirt en- 
tangled about it, which flicks fo dole that there 
is no wafhing it away. It is a deformty not eafily 
to be cor re died, on account of the pain which the 
nail occaflons when growing, by pufhing againft the flefh which overgrows it, and compelling you 
to cut the nail when it becomes of that length, 
and thus the deformity continues. 
The nails, from a fuperfluity of nutriment, 
may become too large and thick. To remedy this, 
fcrape them gently, but pretty often, with a bit of 
g'afs, or a very fharp knife, taking care not to 
go too deep, for fear of hurting the membrane 
which lines the infide of the nail, and which 
abounds with tendinous fibres,extremely fufcepti- 
bleof pain: or you may apply an aftringent plailler 
of the following ingredients. 
Take equal parts of maffick, lapis calaminaris, 
bole armoniac, roots of biftort, angelica, and 
tormertil,reduce them to a fine powder, and with a 
fufficient quantity of rofin, wax, and turpentine, 
make it into api aider, to be applied over the nail, 
and continued feveral weeks, only renewing it 
occafionally. 
7o promote the Growh and Regeneration of Nails. 
Take two drams of orpirnent; manna, aloes, 
and frankincenfe, each one dram ; with fix drams 
of white wax; make them into a liniment, which 
apply to the part with a thumb-dall. 
Incorporate together, over a gentle fire, one 
dram of myrrh, with two of Venice turpentine; 
fpread a p laiftcr of this upon a piece of fine filk, 
and apply it to the nails, when it will foon remove 
the blemiih. 
To remove Spots from the Nails, 
Or, With half an ounce of bruifed fiax feed, 
mix two drams of white wax, and an ounce of 
honey j make them into a ‘'hick ointment, and 
apply as aboye. 158 
When nails become black, in confequence of 
2 bruile, or other accident, you may apply a 
plaiffer made with capon’s greafe, and oil or cha- 
momile, each one dram; fiowtr cf fuiphur, two 
fcruplcs; powder of cummin fed, ten grans; 
oil of rofes, afcruple; incorpo ate them into a 
plaifter with a fufficient quantity of diachylon. 
Whitloes, or felons, an externa! diforder that 
afPcdts the finger, and generally is the occafton of 
the nail coming oft, is much more dangerous than 
ufually imagined. It is an inflammation at the 
end of the linger, and often happens in confe- 
quence of a bruife, a fling, or a bite, and fome- 
times is the cf' 6t of corrupted humours in the 
internal parts of the body, though mod common 
to the ends of the fingers, yet it often afPedfs other 
parts of the body ; however the nature of the 
malady Is always the fame, and requires the lame 
fort of remedies. 
The firit fymptoms of this complaint are flow, 
heavy pains, without heat, rednefs or fuelling; 
but foon aft rwaids, the heat becomes, intolerable, 
the part affected becomes large, and the fingers 
next adjoining (well exceedingly, S vmetimes 
the whole arm is inflamed, and the pain is i'o 
violent, that the patient is deprived of fleep. 
When the diforder arifes to luch a height, the 
patient, as in all cafes of inflammation, muft be 
put upon a regular, cooling di e. 
In order to procure a difeha ge of the corrupted 
matter, the part affedfed fhouid be dipped in water 
as hot as the patient can hear ; but when the 
•rmi becomes extremely levere, a decoction may 
tiled made of mallow flowers, boiled in milk 
.xed with a little brepd; and if a few white lily roots and Tome honey, be added, it will be better. 
When there is a mcedity for making an incifion, 
in order to let out the putrid matter, the part 
mud be deeded with following pi aider. 
Take half a pound of red lead, one pound of oil 
of oiive-, and four ounces of vinegar, boil them 
together til! they are reduced to the confidence of 
a plaiftcr, then diflblve in the liquid mafs one 
ounce and a half of white wax, with two drams 
of camphire, fti ring the whole together till they 
are properly mixed. 
Or, Take pellitory of the wall, cut as fmall 
as poffible, and m x with it a proportionable 
quantity of hog’s lard; wrap it up in feveral 
papers, one over the other, and place it in afhes, 
fufficfently hot to road the pellitory of the wall, 
and incorporate it thoroughly with the lard; 
fpread this 1 aliment on a piece of brown paper, 
wrap it round the whitloe, and apply a frefh 
ci reding at. lead twice a day ; and that it may 
give the /peedter relief, fpread the ointment 
thick. 
Weare not horn with any greater propenfity to 
make ufe of one hand than the other ; and this 
neutrality is prefetved after birth; fo that if a 
child is not accudomcd to employ the right hand 
©ftener thin the left, he will either be ambi-dextery 
which is rather an advantage than a defeed; or 
left-handed, which is one. Parents (liouid take 
care that their children employ the right hand in 
preference to the left, in preferring and receiving 
any thing,becaufe po’itenefs has made it a cuftom: 
but where is the inconveniency of opening a door, 
cutting a oitof bread, or holding a elafs of liquor 
with the left hand?—or is it not rather an advan- tage? An inability to ufe the left hand is very 
ftrongly felt, when there happens a wound of 
the right j which would be obviated by accuftom- 
ing ourfelves to ufe both equally. 
The thighs and legs are often rendered crooked by 
fuffering children to walk before thele parts have 
acquired fufficient ftrength to fupport their body, 
in which cafe you will obferve a child to prop his 
knees one again# the other to fupport himfelf; 
you mu# thereupon picvent him from walking 
any more, and make him fit as much as you can, 
till his legs become ftronger; of herwife they will 
immediately begin to grow' crooked, and become 
fo deformed, as to render abidance unavailable. 
On the hrft difeovery of any tendency towards 
crookednef, a fmall plate of iron may be applied 
upon the hollow fide of the leg, andfaflened with 
a linen roller, which muft be made tighter every 
day till it fufficiently comprefies the part that pro- 
jects ; and that this preflu re may not hurt it, you 
muft put a large comprefs under the bandage, on 
that part of the leg. The iron fhou’d not be 
applied upon the bare fkin, but let there be feme 
rhKk of limn cloth put. between them. If tire 
child is young,you muft by no means apply any oils 
or emollient ointments to fotren the bones, which 
are already too feeble j but. if he is grown up, they 
'may have their ufe. 
From negligence in turning out the toes, or 
from affectation in turning them out too much, 
the feet contract a deformity, !eTs difagreeable 
than many others, yet certainly worth the trouble 
of combiing, as it is not only boorilh and auk- 
ward, but an impediment to walking with facility, 
and more fo with dignity., Being early taught to dance is one of the heft 
correctives we can preferibe; together with admo- 
nition and reproof on the part of the parent. 
When the perfon is grown up, reflection on the 
deformity, with a fenle of pride, will greatly 
contribute to overcome it. 
Very much depends upon the nurfe’s manage- 
ment with refpeCl to almoit every deformity. A 
irrong preflure upon parts fo fufceptible of impref- 
fion, and which increafe fo fait as the members 
of a child, may produce numberlefs accidents; 
diforders in the bowels, obitruCtions in the glands, 
and flrangulation in the veflels, are often the fad 
eifeCts of this violent compreifion. How many 
feeble chefts and weak (tomachs are there, occa- 
honed by the veflels which diftribute their liquors 
to thofe parts, being deprived of their tone fori 
having been too much compreflcd. We ;re happy 
to know that the practice of fwathing is greatly 
upon the decline. Nature ihew'S her refentment 
of this practice, by making deformity to be fo 
often its confequence : Deformity is indeed pecu- 
liar to the civilized part of mankind, and is 
generally the work of our own hands. The 
luperior Itrength and agility of lavages is entirely 
the effeCt of their hardy education, of their living 
moftly abroad in the open air, and of their bodies 
and limbs never having fullered any confinement. 
—And even when limbs are crooked, bindings, 
irons, or whatever gives pain, frequently adds to 
the evil ; for the child, to cafe itlelf of the irk- 
fomenefs of fuchapplication^often acquires anew 
twift, and thus brings on an additional deformity ; 
whereas, probably, were it left to nature, the 
aClions of the mufcles, when unreftrained,. woioj contribute much towards recovering the due for- 
mation and ftrength of the limbs. 
Children are more particularly liable to fprains, 
in the purfuit of their diverfions and exercifes, 
than grown-up perfons, and againtt fuch acci- 
dents, the greateft caution can be of little avail. 
Whenever fuch an accident happens, it is advifed 
by fome to plunge the foot immediately into cold 
water; which is certainly a treatment that ought 
to be obferved; for the cold water contracts the 
ligaments that were too much lengthened by the 
ftrain which they fullered, and hinders a fluxion 
of humours to the part. You may likewife employ 
the following remedy. Mix the white of an egg 
with a few drops of the oil ofrofes, and a thimble- 
ful of alum powdered; fpread this upon a com- 
prefs, and apply it to the fprained part, fattening 
it with a bandage, which mutt be pretty tight.— 
Take this off at the end of two days, and the 
third day foment the part with fome warm wine 
in which you have difiblved a little fait: and lay 
on another comprefs dipped in the wine, binding 
it as before.. The fomcnation to be repeated every 
other day till the complaint is removed; after 
which you may apply to the fprained part an 
aftringent plaifler, fpread upon a bit of leather, 
and kept on by a roller. 
When the foot has been much fprained, it 
fometimes happens, that although it is cured, yet 
the patient ftili feels fomething of the pain whole 
years afterwards, and cannot walk without un- 
eafmefs all that time, especially upon uneven 
•r (loping ground. The limb or member where 
a fprain happens, ought to be very cautioutty 
exerted till it has attained its proper ttrength.— The limbs are fometimes drained in fuch a man- 
ner that they afterwards become paralytic. 
There is a deformity of the feet called bolt feet, 
in which they refemble thofe of a horfe : it is 
very common, nay almoft univerfal among the 
inhabitants of the iflandsin the Black Sea which 
they hide by wearing fhoes of ordinary fliape, 
but having that part within, which the foot leaves 
void, filed up with cork, or duffed with wool. 
Whenever this happens, it may be greatly re- 
lieved by frequently pulling, but very gently, the 
toes of the child ; and a bandage may be wrapped 
round each foot, preding mod: upon the Tides 
of it. 
A few other defeats, which deferve a little at- 
tention and correction diall clofe the fubject. 
Some people have a waddling way of walking, 
which either proceeds from ill habit or weaknefs : 
the fird may be corrected by care and attention ; 
the latter may be removed by bathing : wearing 
girdles fo as to comprefs ail round the belly, and 
be drong and well furnifhed towards the haunches; 
and alfo frequently fomenting the loins with a 
decoCtion of red rofes and pomegranate fhell, 
boiled in drong tent wine. 
Others acquire an unwieldly aukward way of 
moving, which proceeds from this, that when we 
take children abroad to walk with us, we do not 
proportion our pace well enough to theirs , 
which, however, is of the greated confequence. 
For the child endeavouring to keep up with 
the perlbn he accompanies, dretches his legs be- 
yond what their fize conveniently permits, and 
thus accudoms himfelf to long drides, whence 
he contracts a clownifh habit of walking, thatit is by no means an eafy matter to break him of j 
without mentioning the injuries it gives birth to ; 
as rendering the child afthmatic, or caufing lome 
relaxation or perhaps a ruptureof the veflels in the 
thorax. 
There are others again who can neither walk, 
nor ftand, nor even fit with any tolerable grace or 
dignity, which is fufficient to draw upon them 
the contempt and ridicule of genteel company. It 
is not eafily conceived how advantageous a grace- 
ful carriage and a pleafing addrefs are upon all 
occafons ; many a tenfible man has loft ground 
for want of thefe little graces ; and many a one 
polfefted of thele perfections alone, has made his 
way through life, who otherwife would not have 
b?en noticed. 
The dancing-fchool is the firft ftage for the 
acquifition of fuch lighter accomplifhments, ex- 
clufiveof its utility as anexercife; where if a per- 
fon learn to walk well, prefent himfelf well in 
company, and move his head and arms gracefully, 
it is almoft all that is neceflary ; and when joined 
with attention to the manners of thofe who have 
feen the world,will foon make a proper behaviour 
habitual and familiar. HEBE. 
BOOK IV. 
On the Prefer vat ion of Health and Beauty in 
general. 
• Ye fmii'ng band 
Of youths and virgins, who thro* all the maze 
Of young define, with rival fieps pu. fue 
This charm . -—Tell me for you know, 
Does Beauty ever deign to dwell where Health 
And aiflive Ufc are ftrangers ? 
Akenside. 
BFAUTY is a kind of idol, which Has had 
its votaries in every age and climate, its em- 
pire is perhaps as antient as any other, and cer- 
tainiy in many rel] edls much more derpouc, The 
mifehief with which beauty ftands indi£fei,fhould 
not, however, make us forget the real advantages 
which it procures : as when united with virtue it 
conftitutes the happinefs of polifhed fociety.—-- 
The union ig natural, it renders virtue more charmingjWbile (he irradiates beauty with ftillfrefh 
graces. They are two fillers, tw. inf p adc 
companions, defigned always to appear together, 
to fet off and recommend each other reciprocally; 
for, in reality, beauty is the virtue of the body, 
as virtue is the beauty of the foul. 
Before we proceed, we rnufi prefume to lay it 
down as an incontrovertible maxim', that beauty 
can never exiff without perfect health ; a healthful 
conftitution, and temperate habit of body, is 
the very ground-work of beauty ; and though art 
may affift in polifhing heradmb able workman in ip, 
in correcting fome accidental blemifhes, and act- 
ing as the handmaid of nature, yet uniefs fhe 
contributes her force to the prefervation of thefe 
curious models, thefe raafter-pieces of creation, 
“ the porcelain clay of human kind,” as Dr.yden 
expreffes it*—they cannot but fenfibly decay, and 
lofe their purpureai luftre. 
Female beauty, fo far as it refyeCts the face, 
can have no influence or fixed operation, founded 
in truth and nature, but two, Firff, as the com- 
plexion or fymmetry of features denotes health, 
and ail the other animal qualities, difpofitions, 
and affections, which are generally fuppofed to be 
the concomitantsof it; f. condb ,as the countenance, 
exprefiions, or formations of the features prefent 
or indicate to the obferver, that the mind or Joul 
within this earthly cafement ftriCfly corresponds 
to, or is by nature affimilated with thofe marks of 
external beauty. 
It is not meant, as a conclufion from thefe re- 
marks, that every woman who bears about her 
ftrong marks of animal health, is therefore an ob- 
ject of love or enjoyment, or that every woman. who is deemeJ handfome mud therefore convey 
to the beholder an idea of beneficence or innate 
virtue, as well as of external lovelinefs. And it 
is even farther allowed, that there arc women who, 
though not within th i lea of beauty, or in abfo- 
luteiy perfect health, have yet great power 
to captivate and purfuade. 
Though thefe conceflions are admitted, and 
though the likings ol mankind are as various as 
their faces, and as different as their ages and con- 
ditions ; vet this by no means militates againft 
the principle here laid down, which however li- 
able to fome exceptions, mud in the ahjiradi 
command aflent ;—viz. “ That a found mind in a 
found body * is the great origin of all love and af- 
fection.” 
External beauty denotes health and animal per- 
fection ; juch a countenance denotes virtue and 
goodnefs; but,if between the fexes no other proof 
could be adduced, the conftant toils and adiduities 
of the women demondrate it beyond all doubt. 
White and red are the conftant concomitants of 
health in th s climate ; where nature has denied 
them, the ladies are always Jolicitous to fupplv that 
defeCt; and among iv men of fajhion, and women, of 
another clafs, they are generally fuccefsful in their 
endeavours. 
Again, all the milder and fatter difpoHtions, 
which are infeparable from virue, are always af- 
fected or borrowed, where nature has been un- 
kind. Meeknels, modefty, a loft tone of voice, 
abftemioufnefs at table, a placid, benign counte- 
nance, a continual fmile, adefire,at lead unaffec- 
ted defire to be plea fed at every thing, gentle man- 
ners, 2nd all thofe borrowed mental charms, 
* Mens fanis in corpore fauo. which are too frequently call off with the wedding 
garments. 
This makes us revert to our firfl: principle, and 
declare, we are clearly of opinion, that the idea 
of beauty originates in apparent animal health, 
and that of virtue in the joint fymmetry and ex- 
prejjion of the countenance. 
Upon this principle we now proceed to the 
fupplemental part of this treatife, or the means of 
acquiring and preferving beauty by natural means: 
for hitherto we have only endeavoured to leach 
the method of difguiflng deformity, or palliating 
defects by the alhllance of art. 
The temperature of the air has a remarkable 
influence on the complexion ; fo much fo, that a 
charaileriftic colour marks the bulk of the peo- 
ple of every foil ; thofe who live in temperate 
climates are generally fair and ruddy, while the 
nearer we approach the Equator, the colour gra- 
dually becomes more tawny, till at lafl: it ends 
in the total blacknefs of the Ethiopian. To pre- 
ferve complexional beauty, it is therefore necef- 
fary to avoid the extremes of too cold or hot an 
air, the imprcffions of which are very forcible, 
and very deftru&ive. 
7'he effluvia from marfhy lands,ftagnant waters 
and other noifome exhalations, affl cl a delicate 
complexion almoft as much as they do deli- 
cate lungs the bleak coldnefs of a north 
wind, evening dews, fogs and miff,are all deftruc- 
tive of nature’s Allies and rofcs. Too dry and 
parching a wind wrinkles and chops the fkin ; 
while the bleak and piercing air makes it rough, 
contrails the pores, and hinders that kindly tranf- piration which is fo conducive to health, by car- 
rying oft' the fuperfluities of humours, and fo fa- 
vourable to beauty, by giving foftnefs and luftre 
to the fkin. 
As a friend to that fex on whom we depend for 
all the focial happinefs of life, it behoves us to 
mention every circumftance which experience 
evinces to be ufeful for the prefervation of health; 
and fcarce any article is more eflential than Clean- 
line ft- Many of the diforders among the lower 
clalfes of people are owing to a neglect in this 
point; and many confequences of the moft dif- 
agreeable nature refult from fuch a habit. Clean- 
-1 bid's is fa id to be the fofter-mother of Love; 
beauty indeed, moft commonly produces that 
paffion, but cleanlinefs preferves it ; 
Of all the nations in Europe, the Englifli fe- 
males are acknowledged to poflefs the pre-emin- 
ence in beauty and chaftity, though they are as 
generally marked for a neglect of thole arts which 
are fo neceflary to heighten the former, give de- 
licacy to the latter, and add poignancy to the 
plealures of love; agyements in which the French 
ladies are thought much to excel.—The ufe of 
the bideile is fcarcely known in Britain. 
Tis Beauty points, but Neatnefs guides the dart. 
It is, indeed, among the dregs of the people 
only that the difagreeable nuifances alluded to, 
are generally to be found ; but there certainly 
ex ill many degrees of deviation from perfedt 
clean!inefs, which if not fenffbly injurious to 
health, are extremely effenfive to delicacy. No- 
thing fullies beauty id much as this kind of neg- ligeacc, as on the contrary nothing fets it off 
to fuch advantage as cleanlinefs. There is a pow- 
er in it which irrefiftibly attracts the affection, 
and for which no other perfonal endowment can 
compenfate; and an indolent difpofftion is the 
general companion of inattention to this article. 
As perfpiration is much the lame over the whole 
furface of the human body, there can be no rea- 
fon afligned, why the other parts fhould not be 
more frequenty waffled, and general ba:hing more 
univerla!ly pradfifed. This is certainly the cuf- 
tom in the eaftern countries where the ladies are 
the mod tenacious of preferving their beauty ; and 
of which Lady Montague has left fo full an ac- 
count in her letters. Warm baths arc indeed 
generally had recourfe to, and therefore cannot 
be fo injurious to beauty, as is fometimes repre- 
fented, or the force of cufforn muff be wonderful 
indeed this happy confequence refuks from them 
that diforders of the breaff are very rare among 
thefe people. 
Pure water is indeed the grand cofrnetic of na- 
ture : others may eventually injure or difguife 
the complexion, but water alone is that which 
makes it fhine with genuine luffre, gives beauty 
and effulgence that no compofition can beftow, 
and, like the ftreams which endowed with immor- 
tality, protradks the duration of health. 
Cofmetics, however, on many occafions, may 
properly and innocently enough be had recourfe 
toj and among a variety of tiatural ones which 
may be ufed with lafety and advantage, bathing 
or wafhing with milk, efpecially that of goats or 
affes, has been much recommended for rendering the fkin fmootb, delicate, and giving it a polifhed 
glofs. The Roman ladies were particularly at- 
tached to this cuftom, which is ftill much prac- 
tifed in the eaflern countries. The juice of the 
birch-tree isjuftiy celebrated for giving a beautiful 
bloom to the complexion ; as is alfo pimpernel 
water, which we have already mentioned. 
Though we have already given a choice of very 
elegant and artificial preparations, yet we cannot 
well omit the celebrated Queen of Hungary's Wa- 
ter \ the annexed account of, and recipe for pre- 
paring which, were found in a hook of devotion 
belonging to her lerene Highnefs, Donna Ifabella, 
dated the 12th of Odiober, 1652 ; 
“I, Donna Ifabella, Queen of Hungary, aged 
feventy-two years, and being very much indif- 
?ofed, was cured by the following recipe, which 
had from a hermit, whom I never faw before 
nor after. By the ufe of it, I entirely recovered 
my (Length. It may be ufsful to others. The 
king of Poland propofed to marry me; which I 
refufed, for the love of God, and the angel from 
whom I had this recipe. 
“ Take what quantity you pleafe of the flowers 
of roferrary ; put them into a glafs retort, and 
pour in as much fpirit of wine as the flowers can 
imbibe. Lute the retort well, and let the flowers 
macerate for fix days; then diftil in a fand heat.” 
This well-known water is ufed by way of 
embrocation, to bathe the face, when diluted 
with common or with rofe-water, and often alone 
to the limbs, or any part affcdled with pains cr 
debility. Two tea-inoons full, in a glafs of rofe, Jhyfteric, penny-royal, or bn’ony-water, may be 
taken two or three times a week, in a morning 
faffing, and will difpel glbomincfs, brace up the 
nerves, and invigorate the whole fyftem: but 
muff be always ufed cold, whether taken inward- 
ly as a medicine, or applied externally. 
It muff be obfervcd, that there is a material 
difference in the ciualities of the fimp'e and com- 
pound liquids for walking the face; the want of 
attention to tvhich has introduced a prepofterous 
practice in cofmetics. 
Nothing for inftance is more common than to 
recommend Hrngary-water, and milk, indif- 
criminately ; yet ’tis very evident from the nature 
of thefe lotions, that they act in a manner diredly 
oppofite to each other, and muft accordingly pro- 
duce very different effeds. Milk is endowed with a 
foftening, relaxing quality, and may be of very 
great advantage where the (kin is rough and dry, 
and has fuffered from the injuries either of ex- 
treme hot or cold air ; whereas, on the contrary, 
Hungary-water, and all others of a fpirituous com- 
pofition, are of a hardening and aftringent quality, 
and muft adually prove detrimental in fuch cir- 
cumftances as require applications of the oppofite 
kind. v 
In'order, then, to form a judgement when milk 
and the cooling lotions on one hand, or thole of 
the fpirituous kind on the other, are tncft proper 
for beautifying the complexion, let it be laid down 
as a general rule, that wherever the fkin is fmootk 
and foft, the blemiihes ot the face will be bed 
removed, and the complexion preferved cleared, 
bv the moderate life of the hotter kind of waters; but where the fkin is rough and dry, milk, and the 
oily preparations (page Bo) will be moft fuccefs- 
ful. 
Another rule, by which we may pretty juftly 
determine the preference of thefe applications, is, 
by confidering the particular conftitution of the 
perfon, to which the texture of the (kin is gene- 
raiiy correfpondent. Thus a youthful vigorous 
perfon will reap greater benefit from the foftening 
than the fpiftuous wafhes ; while the contrary 
will be the eTccd in one of an oppofite conftitu- 
tion. Thofe of a blooming complexion will alfo 
generally be more injured by hot than cooling lo- 
tions ; though the cafe will be different with peo- 
ple who are pale. 
But to determine the matter with ft ill more 
certainty, if the face is moift, and fweats in the 
morning, or, if after wafhing it with water, the 
towel with which it is rubbed, appears more than 
ordinarily foul, it may be concluded that the fkin 
is of a relaxed texture ; and that confequently the 
fpiritous or aftrir.gnnt applications will be more 
proper than thofe which are foftening.—At firft, 
it will be neceffary to be cautious in the ufe of 
the former, and to dilute them by the addition of 
a little water, that they may not ftop the perfpi- 
ration, and thereby not only injure the complex- 
ion, but produce more fatal confequences. 
Indeed, whether recourfe is had to the foftening 
or fpirituous wafhes, the ufe of them ought to be 
continued no longer than till the ftate of the fkin 
is rectified, for otherwife the oppofite extremes 
might be incurred. On this account, it would be 
proper to difcontimie the ufe of them for a few fa) s, now and then, in order to obferve what effebf 
has been produced : if the conftitution of the fkin 
appear altered, they ought entirely to be laid afide, 
or only tiled fparingly, and on particular occa- 
fions. 
If Exercife be conducive to health or beauty, it 
will not be difficult to accouYst for the prefent de- 
generacy of conftitution in the female world, 
owing to an almoft entire negligence in that ar- 
ticle. A country .life has always been ftrongly 
in lifted upon as conducive ; but whether the acti- 
vity of life, and flmplicity of diet which is ulually 
prablifed there, may not be of as much confe- 
quence as the change of air, admits of enquiry ; 
for little of that weaknefs exifts among people 
whom not yet corrupted, or whofe 
fortunes do not enable them to enter into the 
modes of diffipation. Whatever effects, however, 
may refult from thediverfity of a town or country 
life, there is certainly an infinite difference in 
point of health between a life of activity and in- 
dolence. A very flight review of a fafhionable 
town-life would fiicw how far it is conffftent with 
health as depending on exercife. 
Ten in the morning is an early hour to find a 
lady of fafhion riic-n from her fl umbers ; three 
hours are perhaps little enough to allow for hreak- 
faft and dreffing, when the exercifc of twenty 
minutes or half an hour, by way of airing in a 
carriage, is thought a fufficient wafte of time from 
the agreeable chit-chat of the drawing-room. 
Convivial entertainments fucceed, which gene- 
rally laft till it is time to attend the opera, the 
theatre, or a card-party fo that the only degree of exercife experienced from dinner till the hour 
of retiring to ref!:, confifts in the jolting of a car- 
riage through half a dozen ftreets, or a few agi- 
tations of the arm, by dealings a pack of cards. 
If this ftatement be juft-, what muft be thought 
of the tendency of a life of polite diffipation f 
Scarce more than half an hour in the day is em- 
ployed in any kind of profitable exercife. 
Of all fedentary arnufements, the opera and 
the theatres may certainly be indulged with the 
leaft injury to health. The greateft inconvenien- 
ces are the clofenefs and heat of the place, a cir- 
cumftance often prejudicial to delicate conftitu- 
tions. But the paffions excited in thofe places are 
of the more generous kind, and united with fen- 
timent, confpire to improve and polifh the atten- 
tive auditor ; no fordid motives appear to influ- 
ence the mind, or tranfport with that violence 
obfervable in gaming —-As the pafilons to which 
theatrical entertainments and gaming give birth, 
are totally oppofite on their nature, fo likevvife 
is their influence on the features; to which the 
fojmer give the mod agreeable caft, and fliew a 
abfolutcly neceflary to a total concpteft of the 
heart. 
Among the exercifes which a town life admits 
of, dancing is one of the mofl: elegant, and moft 
conducive to health ; it keeps the body eredl, 
puts every joint and mufcle into adlion, hri/kens 
the circulation of the blood, renders the mind 
chearful, adds grace and vigour to the whole 
frame, and above every other exercife, fets off 
beauty to advantage. Too great indulgence in Sleep is as injurious to 
beauty on one hand, as exceffive watching is on 
the other. The former renders the body dull, 
heavy, and lifelefs, while the 
difcoloured and the face looks bloated : wakeful- 
nefs and anxiety exhauft the fpirits, dry the moif- 
ture of the body, and hardly leave blood to crim- 
fon the cheeks with a vermillion blufh. 
ITemperance, and achoiceoffpod, have a controul- 
ing power over the features of a lovely face ; and 
the fair-one who wifhes to preferve her charms, 
fhould not he too much addicted to the fludy of 
kitchen-philofophy. Ceres and Bacchus may be 
excellent companions, but too clofea connection 
with them will be deftruCtive of beauty. 
The FoJJions only remain to be confidered, in 
regard to their cffeCls on health and beauty : no- 
thing has a greater influence on the lovelinefs of 
the human frame than thofe violent agitations of 
# t O 
the mind which frequently atrena the ill fucccfs 
of a gaming-table,-—Quadrille will murder beauty. 
—Were thefe effeCts as lafling as the paffions arc 
intenfe, it would indeed be fatal for the power 
of female charms. 
Fear and Anger, as tranfitory emotions, have 
3 ike wife but a tranfitory effect, though too often 
indulged, prove prejudicial to beauty : the ebul- 
litions cf anger procure a temporary relief and 
gratification ; and the apprehensions of fear are 
difperfed by removing of the object that caufed it. 
The effects of Grief are much more fatal, and ac- 
quire ftrength from duration; its impreffions are 
made more tailing hy reflection, and the means 
generally employed to turn its edge, anfvver little other purpole, than to convert it into fixed me- 
lancholy—the wretched harbinger of the whole 
train of nervous difbrders ; and too often of the 
confummateof human misfortune, the deprivation 
of thole faculties, which diftingulfia the human 
race among the works of the Deity. 
How a paflion fo amiable and engaging as that 
of Love can be conceived to effect the health, is a 
problem more eafily folved by inftance than ar- 
gument; daily example furniihes us with innu- 
merable proofs of the faireft llrudtures of health, 
and the moft vigorous conflitutions being overturn- 
ed by an excels of the molt pardonable weaknefs 
that can actuate the human bread. 
Congenial fouls take fire at the pure lamp of 
love, without regard to rank, fortune, or circum- 
ftance, and burn during the exigence of the vital 
fpark; nor is the flame to be excinguifhed by the 
mandates of authority, the interference of advice, 
or the letter of the law. Indeed, the moment any 
paflion becomes calm enough to liften to the dic- 
tates of reafon, advice ceafes to be neceflary. 
p'rom the difappointment of this paflion, fpring 
corroding care, opprefflve melancholy, unavail- 
ing complaint, and all the health impairing at- 
tendants of hopelcfs love; and hence, alfo, lofs 
of appetite, diflurbed reff, hypochondriac disor- 
ders, and too often confumptions, to end the fad 
cataftrophe. 
We have, therefore, to obviate as much as pof- 
fible the fatal cffcdls of difappointed paffion, when 
followed by bodily diforder, and to prevent fe- 
male delicacy from being hurt by divulging the complaint, added a concife felection of medical 
advice from the moft eminent of the faculty,, 
carefully diverted of whatever might offend the 
ear of chaftity. 
One of the ufual confequences of refuting love- 
the facrificc that he demands, is that complaint 
which is known by the appellation of the green- 
Jickncfs. It is attended with a vifcidity of all the 
juices, a fallow, pale, or grcenilh colour of the 
face, a difficulty of breathing, ficknds at the 
ftomach, diflike of proper food, and an unnatural 
defire of feeding on fuch things as are accounted 
hurtful, and unfit for nourifhment. The thighs,, 
feet, and parts about the ancles, fwell and pit 
towards night; there is an univerfa! dulnefs and 
difinclination to exercife ; and any brifk motion, 
is attended with difficulty of breathing. 
When thediforder proceeds from adifappoint- 
ment of the connubial engagement, or a fettled 
inclination after marriage, the health and happi- 
nefs of the affli&ed patient ftiould fuperfede every 
confideration of rank or fortune in the party*whero 
no moral cauies intervene. But if matrimony 
be judged improper, then recourfe muft be bad 
to phyfical remedy. 
In a conftitution inclining to the em bon point ox 
jolly, and where the veins are well ftored with, 
blood, bleeding will be highly proper to begin the 
cure, and to be fucceeded (efpecially if the eva- 
cuations that are naturally expected at-this period 
feem any way obflru&ed) by the following medi- 
cines. 
Take Ruffi’s pills, fifteen grains, 
Salt of fieri, five grains, 
Oil of faviri, one drop ; Make three pills, for a dafe, which fhould be 
taken at going to bed, drinking after them a giafs 
of white wine, and continuing the fame courfe 
for ten or twelve days. 
Or the following tindhire may be fubftituted in 
the room of pills, where they happen to be difa- 
greeable. 
Take Tin&ure of Hicra, half an ounce ; 
Compound fpirit of lavender, and 
Tindhire of caftor, each half a dram. 
Mix for a fingle dofe. 
Thefe medicines, however, mud be continued 
for ten or twelve days ; taking frequently a giafs 
of penny-royal or briony water. And after tiling 
cither the pills or the tincture for that time, re- 
courfe may be had efpecially, in delicate habits of 
body, to the following eledtuary. 
Take conferve of Roman wormwood, and da- 
mafk rofes, each one ounce and an half. 
Salt of heel, two drams, 
Saffron, half a dram. 
Powder of cardamons, one fcruple, 
Syrup of rhubarb, a fufficient quantity to 
■ make an eludtuary. 
Of this, about the quantity of a large nutmeg 
maybe taken twice a-day, obferving to ufe exer- 
cife. But to women of a robuftand fanguine con- 
ftitution, Dr. Mead has greatly recommended 
from two drams to half an ounce of Tlnflure of 
Black Hellebore, to be taken three or four times a- 
day. The good fenfe of every prudent mother will i'8o 
be able to make the nec diary difiindions in regard 
of conftitution. 
To forward a cure, the lady fhould be placed 
in a pure air, drink tea, barley-water, and other 
attenuating liquors, warm, and made agreeable 
to the palate; the food fhould be nourifhing; but 
light, and moderate exercife will be highly 
ferviccable, notwithstanding the difficulty and un- 
eafinefs that attends it, and the great antipathy of 
the patient to any kind of motion. 
Sleep fhould be moderate, and taken at a due 
difh nce from meals ; and ever) attempt fhould be 
made to keep the mind from anxiety, by procuring 
and fuggefting a continued change ofamufement. 
When this diforder appears at fo early a period, 
that it cannot properly he attributed to any dcTires 
or inclination that might bring it on, or before 
Nature denotes, a change in the conftitution, the 
following eledtuary may he prepared* and made 
ufe of without a doubt of its efficacy. 
Take Steel filings, half an ounce, 
Species of diambrae, two drams, 
Conferve of Roman wormwood, fix drams. 
Oil of cinnamon, three drops, 
Syrup of fafFron, enough to make an elec- 
tuary. 
Take the quantity of a nutmeg twice a day, 
drinking after it a glafs of hyfteric or penny-royal 
water. 
In very obftinate cafes, the cold bath, with the 
mineral waters of the Spa, are efficacious : or an 
infufion may be made in lime-water, with chips 
of guaicaum, fafiafras, and faunders, a little 
Gentian and Cngelica-root, winter bark, and Ro- 171 
man wormwood, with the addition of flee! filings-; 
this may be drank, in head of the Chalybeate wa- 
ters, and will frequently anfwer the fame pur- 
pofe. 
There is ftill another enemy more dreadfully 
fatal to female charms than any yet enumerated, 
and from which worie confequences are to be ap- 
prehended, as the caufe is more likely to be con- 
cealed ; and even the difeovery would tend rather 
to excite reproach than pity, as the parties, by a 
criminal indulgence to their own inordinate paf* 
fions, have been /olely inftrumental in caufing the 
complaint. Too many of the fair fex, elpecially 
in their younger years, have frequently fuffered 
from fecret attempts to procure to themfelves thofc 
delights, which Heayen has intended only as the 
effects of the moll holy and legal union* It is 
with no little pain tve venture to animadvert upon 
a fubject, the bare idea of which muff caufe a 
hlufh in the face of delicate fenfibih'ty, and it 
■would be a happy circumftance for themfelves, if 
their fenfe of virtue were equal to their fenfe of 
thaine, and precluded any necedity for admonifh- 
ing them againft the vice, or giving them any pre- 
cepts to remedy its confequences. 
The immorality of fiich a conduct needs no 
reprobation, nor is there any human law to deter 
its practice : nor, indeed, need there be any other 
punifhment than felf-confciournefs !—but without 
expatiating on the heinoufnefs of the offence, we 
lha!! only print out its fatal effefts upon the con- 
Ititution :—here it relaxes the whole frame, brings 
on a variety of d.ifeales and inconveniences, cau- 
fes hyiterieal dilorders, and by draining away the 
radical moiflure, cccafions confumption ; ruins I}2 
the complexion, makes it pale, fwarthy, ami 
haggard, and is the total defirudlion of beauty. Ami 
what effedl the confideration of this mult have 
upon the fpirits of any woman who finds her Id f 
in thefe deplorable circumfiances, and reflects 
that her misfortune is owing to her own fault,—- 
it will not be difficult to conceive. 
When fufficient refolution can be fuminoned 
to quit the practice of the guilty pleafures, before 
the conflitution is radically injured, and there are 
few cafes to bad but may be relieved, let them ad- 
here to an unremitting courle of the follow ing 
prescriptions’, which are moil peculiarly adapteJ 
to reflore their decayed tone and vigour ; though 
the efFedls are fo many and various, it is difficult 
to give one prescription that wid anfwe'r ail the 
various intentions of cure. 
Take Biftort roots, bruifed, one ounce, 
Roots of Cyperus and Galangal, both 
bruifed, e ch two ounces, 
Roots of Ofmund royal, cut (mall, two 
ounces, 
Ifinglafs, cut finall three ounces, 
Archange flowers, and red rofe leaves, 
three or four handfuls each. 
Boil them all in two gallons of water, till it 
comes to fix quarts, and then Brain it off—A 
quart of this decodfion may be drank everyday ; 
half a pint in the morning, a pint after dinne-, 
and half a pint at night; but in neither cafe not 
immediately after taking medicines. 
Very great attention Should be paid to diet, 
which fhould con lift of milk, eggs, jellies, light 
broths, and every thing of a nutritive kind. The 
bccj tea is a pleafant and proper liquor. I*? 2 
•* /D 
Fhe- white of a new laid egg, well bcatten 
togethei may he deluted with half a pint of milk,-. 
iea oaeJ with fpice, and fweetened-to the tafle,— 
Panadas, prepared from biicu t, &c. withfugar- 
andßhenilh wine, or lemon or orange, are agree- 
able. Filh, particularly, fhell-filh, chocolate, fa- 
go, occafionally with a glaf- of good generous 
wine, will be highly beneficial. The Peruvian 
bark will prove efpecially ferviceable, accompani- 
ed with the ufeof the Bath, Briilol, Spaw waters, 
and moderate exercife. 
To a fhift adherence to the foregoing advice, • 
the fobowing medicine may be added, which'is 
admirable adapted for refloring the tone of the 
veflels, and rcreftablilhing a good texture of the 
bioodf 
Take of compound powder of arum root, half 
a-dram and candid nutmegs, two feru- 
ples 
Angelica and orange-peel, candied, each 
a dram, prepared fled, three drams. 
Gonfervcot garden feurvy-grafs, a«d con- 
ferve of Roman wormwood, each three 
drams. 
Compound powder of rolemary flowers, 
half an ounce 
Syrup of candied ginger, enough to make 
eledluary. 
The quant ty of a nutmeg may be taken every 
morning failing, and about four or five ho rs be- 
fore going to bed at night, drink ng a glafs of bit- 
ter wine after each dof . A fortnight or three 
weeks continuant.. n this courfe is generally at- 
tended writh ths hay pieft effedls. J74 
For external application, a decollation may bch- 
tnade of gall-nuts with red wine, and a few cloves, 
iiro which dip a linen comp-refs j and apply it to 
the part.- 
Or the following injeclion (advifcd by Dr. H. 
Smith) may be equally ufeful. 
Difiolve half a fcruple of Roman or blue vitriol 
in two ounces of fpiing water, and injeft a fmall 
quantity every night at going to bed. 
An attention to thcfe medicines, and a virtuous 
refolve (which will inert ale with health and 
itrength) to abandon gratifications attended with 
ihame and deftruftion, may be relied on for an- 
iwe ring the patients higheft expiations,. without 
hurting natural delicacy by a CoUirallttkatioh of 
their unhappy I N D E X. 
page 
POMATUM for the hair — 20 
Common white powder —-——- 2 I 
Powder for flrengthening the hair —• ib. 
Various recipes for thickening the hair, Scz. zz, 28 
Liniment for ditto 23, 
Compound oil for ditto ib. 
Kecipes for changing the colour of the hair z 6 
Competition to make hair black 27 
Li niment for ditto ——• — ■— ib. 
Liquid for ditto * — —■ ib. 
To change red hair to a flaxen colour 28 
To defiroy fuperfluoas hair —— 33 
To prevent rhe hair falling off the eyc-brows 35 
To change the colour of the eye-brows 37 
To make the hair grow on the eye brovys 39 
To remedy a large nofe 41 
To defiroy worms on the nofe 42 
To cure a in the nofe • 43 
To remove pimples on ditto — 44 
To remove various blemiihes of the eye-lids 45, &c. 
Ointment for afra/y eye 38 
Various coliynums, or eye-waters, &c. 59, &c. 
Pomatums for pimples on the lipsv Sics. 66 r N D E X 
Liniments for pimples 2nd marks on the face 71' 
Diet-diinks for the fame purpofe 71 
Wallies and lotions 74. 
Preparations to remove freckles 76 
Cofmeti.c wafii «-•'■» ■■ I■■ 78 
Imperial Water ■ • ib. 
Fluid to clear a tanned fkin 79 
An elegant wafn ——— ib, 
Diflilled water for tinging the cheeks 80 
Cofmeticoil ih. 
Cold cream for the complexion - - ih. 
Carmines, or rouges for the face .——. 81 
To prevent wrinkles —B3 
To preferve the gums —— 87 
Infufion for ditto ■——- ih, 
Td fweeten the breath —— 83 
To preferve the teeth 90 
Reftoratlve powder for the teeth and gums 95 , 
Various recipes for the fame purpofe ——- ibi 
Tooth-brufires to prepare ■ 96- 
To cure the tooth-ach —-— 98 
Lois of voice, to remedy 111 
To cure the piles in children- —— • 117 
To cure the bronchocele and king’s evil xzx 
To make the neck and bofom fair •——« 123 
To render the breafts firm and plomp 124- 
'Po relieve too great corpulency 129 , 
Juniper butter, for withered or contracted limbs 137 
Waft-balls for the hands 140 . 
To foften the ikin, and make it -white and beauti- 
ful 141 
To remedy uncommon rednefs, or fwclling of the 
• hands - - - 144? 
To deftroy warts ■ ■ —— 145 
To extirpate corns ——l47 
To remove callofities in the hands 149 
To remedy trembling of the hands ib. 
To remove ring-worms and all tetterous eruptions ib. INDEX 
Sweaty hands to remedy without danger 
To cure chilblains 153 
Sulphurated wine for the Itch • I^4. 
Defers of the nails to remedy 156 
To promote the growth and regeneration of the 
nails 157 
To remove fpots —- —■ib. 
Whitloes and felons, to remove * 158 
Hungary-water —— 171 
Medical recipes ——• 172 
FINIS\