From J. F. Janies, 
Dept. Agrio., 
wash'ton, D. C. Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 
149 
MANUAL OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CIN- 
CINNATI GROUP. 
By Joseph F. James, M. Sc., F. G. 
Part II. 
(Continued from Vol. xiv, p. 72). 
ccelenterata. 
An extensive sub-kingdom, comprising a great variety of 
forms in both a living and a fossil state ; widely scattered over 
the world and found in all geological formations from the most 
ancient to the most recent. 
It is divided by Nicholson* into two classes, Hydrozoa 
and Anthozoa, and these again are divided into sub-classes. 
Both classes are represented by fossils in the Cincinnati group. 
The CcELENTERATA show a considerable advance over the 
Protozoa, there being present a simple or divided cavity, 
which acts as an alimentary tract, and which is sometimes 
divided into two parts. The body wall consists of two layers, 
an "ectoderm" or outer skin, and an "endoderm" or inner 
skin. Between these, an intermediate layer, " mesoderm," is 
usually developed. 
Thread cells, possessed of peculiar stinging powers, are 
present. They are provided with long lasso-like filaments, 
that lie coiled up in the cells when at rest, but are shot out 
rapidly when a necessity arises for their use. The tip of the 
lasso is furnished with a number of barbs or hooks, by means 
of which the "sting" is inflicted. A nervous system is gen- 
erally developed. Reproductive organs are present, but a- 
sexual reproduction, (budding or gemmation) also takes 
place. (See Nicholson, as above, and T. Rymer Jones, "Ani- 
mal Kingdom," 4th edition, pp. 57-59, for fuller details.) 
"Manual of Palentology, vol. 1, 1889. pp. 190-191. I atn also indebted to this same 
author for most of the account of the sub-divisions of this sub-kingdom, which 
follows. 150 
Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 
Class.-Hydrozoa. 
This class comprises those Coelenterates in which the walls 
of the body enclose a simple undivided cavity. No aesopha- 
geal tube is present, but the upper end of the alimentary 
tract may be prolonged into radiating canals united by a 
peripheral ring. The reproductive organs are external buds, 
often developed into specially modified zooids. (Nicholson, 
Ibid, p. 192.) 
The simplest living type is the fresh-water Hydra. In this, 
as in all the other members of the class, the ovum gives rise 
to a " polypite," often capable of throwing out buds. These 
generally remain attached to the parent " zooid," and a com- 
pound organism is produced. Frequently the zooids are 
differentiated into two sets; the members of one of these 
supply the food, while the others act as the reproductive 
bodies of the colony. These last are termed "gonophores," 
and may remain attached to or become free from the parent. 
The colonies are either free or attached by a modified end. 
The ectoderm frequently secrets a chitinous or calcareous 
outer layer, that may cover only the fleshy stem or " coeno- 
sarc," or be extended into little cups or " hydrothecae." When 
these last are present the body of the polypite is contained 
within the cup, while the tentacles are protruded from the 
open end. 
But few genera of this class are preserved in a fossil state, 
though great numbers are now found in the oceans. The 
bodies are generally soft and illy-adapted for preservation ; 
and although certain of these soft bodied animals (z. e. Medusce 
or jellyfish) are supposed to have left impressions on the 
rocks, generally only those secreting a horny, chitinous or 
calcareous skeleton have been preserved. 
Three sub-classes are represented in the Cincinnati Group 
in Ohio. These are Hydroida, Graptoeitoidea and 
Stromatoporoidea. The features of these sub-classes are 
given under their respective heads. 
Sub-class Hydroida. 
A single order, Twaphora, is represented. The general 
features are : organism attached or at least capable of attach- 
ment; branching and plant-like, consisting of numerous Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 
151 
polypites united by a common stem or "coenosarc;" outer 
covering chitinous or corneous, investing the coenosarc, and 
prolonged into hydrothecae. 
To this order two genera, generally classed under Grapto- 
lites, are referred by Nicholson. They are Dendrograptus 
and Dictyonema, and are readily distinguished from each 
other. In the first the stem is branching and plant-like; in 
the second it forms a reticulated net-work. The two genera 
differ mainly from the true Graptolites by having a base for 
attachment, the typical Graptolitoidea lacking this.* 
Genus 1.- Dendrograptus, Hall, 1862. 
Fronds simple or aggregate, consisting of a strong foot- 
stalk, sometimes furnished below with a distinct root, or 
root-like bulb, and above variously ramified and divided into 
numerous branches and branchlets, slightly divergent; the 
whole thus appears shrub-like; fronds some times flabellate 
(?); branches celluliferous on one side; cellules appearing 
sometimes as simple indentations on the surface, sometimes 
distinctly angular, with conspicuous denticles; substance of 
stipe and branches corneous; solid or tubular; surface 
striated; the denticles are sometimes absent from some 
branches. (Hall, Geol. of Wisconsin, vol. 1, 1862, name 
only, p. 21. Grap, of Quebec Group. Can. Organic Remains, 
Decade II, 1865, p. 126; Nicholson, Mon. of Brit. Graptolitidae, 
pt. 1, 1872, p. 127. Buthotrephis in part. Psilophyton in part.) 
Remarks-This genus was first proposed in the Geology of 
Wisconsin, as noted above, but it does not seem to have been 
described until 1865, when the "Graptolites of the Quebec 
Group" was published. It is probable that the species de- 
scribed by Hall as Buthotrephis gracilis is really a graptolite, 
and there is no doubt in the mind of the writer that Psilophy- 
ton gracillimum, Lesqx., is really one. 
i. D. gracillimum, Lesqx. (sp.) 1877. 
"Stem very slender, dichotomously branched, smooth or 
naked half round, slightly channeled in the length, branches 
numerous, of various length, filiform." (Am. Phil. Soc., 
*For numerous references and notes in the portion which follows I am indebted 
to Dr. R. R. Gurley, of the U. S. Fish Commission. He has been engaged for sev- 
eral years past in the study of the group of Graptolites. 152 
Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 
Proc., vol. 17, 1877, p. 164, as Psilophytum gracillimum, 
Lesqx.) 
Locality.-Cincinnati, in bed of Crawfish creek; Kentucky, 
in bed of Licking river. 
Remarks.-The above species was originally described as a 
land plant belonging to the genus Psilophyton of Dawson. It 
is, however, associated with marine organisms, and can 
scarcely be considered as of any other than animal origin. 
Walcott notes this fact in his paper on " Fossils of the Utica 
Slate" (advance paper of Albany Institute Trans., vol. 10, 
1879, p. 21), where he says: "Their occurrence with algae, 
graptolites, trilobites and brachiopods in the same layers of 
shale, in a position indicating their growth in situ, taken with 
their graptolitic structure, precludes the idea of their being of 
other than marine origin." The specimens as found at Cin- 
cinnati are generally greatly broken up, and occur in a soft, 
blue clay, with stems of crinoids, brachiopoda, etc. The 
species greatly resembles D. tenuiramosus and D. simplex, 
Wale., from the Utica-slate, and D. gracilis Hall, from the 
"Quebec" group. A form of Buthotrephis (B. gracilis Hall) 
is also very similar to this, and appears to be distinct from 
other forms referred to the same species. (See Paleontology 
of N. York, vols. 1 and 2, 1847, 1852). 
2. D. TENUIRAMOSUS, Walcott, 1879. 
Stipe slender, compressed ; branches bifurcating irregularly, 
frequently subdividing, terminating in filiform extremities; 
surface apparently smooth; celluliferous side with smooth, 
simple, round pits or depressions along the center of the 
branches; substance corneous, and probably tubular. (Sep- 
arate from Trans. Albany Insti., vol. io, 1879, p. 10). 
Locality.-Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Remarks.-This species was originally described from the 
Utica slate of New York, but it also occurs in the Cincinnati 
group. Ulrich gives its horizon as between low water in the 
Ohio at Cincinnati and 200 feet above. A specimen in the 
collection of the late Mr. U. P. James shows all the characters 
of the species. It is closely related to D. gracillimum and 
occurs at about the same horizon at Cincinnati. Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 
153 
Genus 2.-Dictyonema, Hall, 1852. 
Fronds circular, flabelliform, funnel-shaped or conical, 
sometimes arranged in groups composed of radiating 
branches, which frequently divide, but run nearly parallel 
with one another; all the branches united by delicate 
transverse bars or dissepiments; cellules forming distinctly 
angular denticles, arranged on the sides of the branches in an 
alternate manner; frond rooted (?); substance corneous. 
(Palentol. of New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 174. Emend., Nichol- 
son, Mon. Brit. Graptolitidse, 1872, p. 129.) 
Remarks.-The genus was originally described by Prof. Hall 
as a coral, the type species occurring in the Niagara Group. 
Prof. Hall noticed its resemblance to the Graptolites, how- 
ever, and in 1857 referred the genus to that family.* Only a 
single species has been recorded from the vicinity of Cin- 
cinnati. This has been generally referred to as D. irregulare, 
but Dr. Gurley says it is not that species as it occurs in New 
York. He places it in the species as given below with the 
accompanying comments. 
1.-D. arbusculum, Ulrich (sp.) 1879. 
" Frond small, originating in a single stipe at the base, branch- 
ing and spreading above; branches varying in size, bnt nar- 
row, not exceeding two-one-hundredths of an inch in width, 
with strong, prong-like projections rising from the sides at 
variable intervals; bifurcations numerous; surface with faint 
longitudinal or diverging corrugations irregularly distributed; 
free extremities of branches usually pointed. (Jour. Cin. 
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, 1879, p. 28; as Inocaulis arbuscula?) 
" To this description I add the following from an examina- 
tion of specimens in the cabinet of the late Mr. U. P. James: 
" Specimens consisting of a portion of the network, show- 
ing it to be formed principally by the curving toward each 
other of adjacent branches, dissepiments, however, being 
present. In consequence of the curvilinear direction of the 
branches the meshes have a rounded-oblong, or rounded-dia- 
mond shape. Branches varying in thickness, but about two- 
*In the Rept. Prog. Can. Surv., 1857, p. 142, where Graptopora, Salter was noted as 
a synonym. Hall also records the discovery of hydrothecae ("cellules") and modi- 
fies the original description to include these. R. R. G.) 154 
Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 
one-hundredths of an inch or more. Length several times 
the breadth, so that the spaces are frequently long and narrow. 
" Locality.-Covington, Ky., 150 feet above low water in the 
Ohio River; run emptying into the Little Miami River, near 
Symmes Station, on the Cincinnati, Washington and Balti- 
more R. R. 
" Remarks.-Mr. Ulrich informs me that a study of better 
material than that upon which his original description was 
based has convinced him of the identity of three species 
enumerated in his ' Catalogue of Fossils occurring in the Cin- 
cinnati Group,' 1880, p. 6. These are D. irregulare, Hall (U. 
P. James), Dictyograptus reticulatus, Ulrich, (named, but not 
described) and Inocaulis arbuscula, Ulrich. 
" In the cabinet of the late Mr. U. P. Janies are two speci- 
mens identified by him as D. irregulare, Hall. A comparison 
of these with Mr. Ulrich's figure of Inocaulis arbuscula seems 
to rather favor his views of the identity of the two forms. I 
may also add that the species is undoubtedly a Dictyonema, 
and it is distinct from the Calciferous form. Specimens of the 
latter from the type locality show the branches more angularly 
bent, so the meshes are more nearly rectangular; whereas 
in the present form the branches are more slender and more 
roundly curving, thus making the interspaces rounded dia- 
mond shape." 
In the original description Mr. Ulrich compares his species 
to Inocaulis bellus, H. & W., from the Niagara. J. W. Spencer 
says (Bull. Mus. Univ., Missouri, No. 1, 1884, p. 13) that it 
" resembles and is probably a species of Calyptograptus," a 
new genus proposed by himself (Can. Nat., new ser., vol. 
8, 1878). 
The original description of D. irregulare, Hall, is as fol- 
lows: "Frond spreading, diffuse, branches lax, frequently 
bifurcating; bifurcations unequal; branches equal to one-half 
the usual width of the interspaces, or a little less; connecting 
filaments generally slender, expanding with their junction 
with the branches. Fenestrules extremely irregular in form 
and proportions, varying from a width greater than the 
length, to a length three or four times as great as the width ; 
those with a length and breadth nearly equal, often appear 
hexagonal. Near the base of the frond the fenestrules are 
sometimes elongate and triangular. Cellules undetermined. Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 
155 
Surface without distinct organic markings. Branches ar- 
ranged in the proportion of from 25 to 28 in the space of an 
inch." (Canadian Organic Remains, Decade II, 1865, p. 136). 
Sub-class Graptolitoidea. 
Hydrozoa, in which the hydrosoma is compound and free, 
consisting of numerous polypites united by a coenosarc, the 
latter being enclosed in a strong tubular polypary, while the 
former are protected by hydrothecae. The polypites not sep- 
arated from the coenosarc by any partition, and the polypary 
generally supported by a chitinous rod or solid axis. (Nichol- 
son, Monograph Brit. Grapto., 1872, p. 99. See also lor a full 
explanation of the features of various members of the sub- 
order, Manual of Paleontology, Nicholson, vol. 1, 1889, pp. 
210-222). 
Remarks.-In this sub-class are included the majority of the 
Graptolites. The limited number of species known from 
Cincinnati scarcely justifies an elaborate classification, but 
the key presented below is perhaps as natural a one as can be 
given with our present knowledge of the more obscure forms. 
Key to Genera. 
a. MonoprionidaJ-i. e., polypary with cells on one side 
only. 
1. Graptolithus-Polypary simple and unbranched. 
b. Diprionidaj-i. e., polypary with cells on both sides. 
2. Diplograptus-Cell mouths at the end of projecting 
denticles. 
3. Climacograptus-Cell mouths apparently sunk beneath 
the substance of the stipe. 
4. Dicranograptus-Cell mouths as in No. 3 ; the main stem 
with cells on both sides; the branches with cells on one 
side only. 
c. MultiprionidaS-i. e., with many cells, without definite 
arrangement. 
5. Megalograptus-Cell scattered over polypary, but not on 
margin. 
d. Inserts Sedis-i. e., of uncertain position. 
6. Inocaulis-Cells unknown; branched and rough, gen- 
erally in groups. 
7. Dawsonia-Polypary unknown; ovoid bodies supposed 
to be ovarian capsules. 156 
Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 
Genus 1.-Graptolithus, Dinn, 1768. 
Polypary simple, linear, commencing with a more or less 
attenuated, generally curved base, and possessing only a 
single row of cellules on one side; the cellules generally 
overlap to a greater or less extent, and are never separated 
by non-polypiferous portions of common canal. (Emend, 
Nicholson, Mon. Brit. Grap., 1872, p. 101, as Graptolites). 
Remarks.-Nicholson notes that the above definition does 
not correspond to the original one of Linnaeus, nor to the 
later definition of Hall. It is made to include, however, those 
forms that in an adult condition have only a single row of 
cellules on one side. The two species commonly referred to 
this genus from the Cincinnati group are G. gracilis and G. 
subtenuis. As regards the genus itself Dr. Gurley says: 
" Graptolithus has practically been abandoned; because, 
first, it was established for, and as at first defined included, 
only inorganic objects {Dendrites, etc.), and second, it has 
been used for everything until it now means nothing. When 
used at all by the latest writers, it is in the sense of the ex- 
clusively Upper Silurian Monograptus." 
In regard to the form identified as G. gracilis, from Cincin- 
nati, Dr. Gurley says: "So far as can be determined from 
the material I have seen, the specimens identified as Grapto- 
lithus gracilis, Hall, and Dendrograptus gracillimum, Eesqx., 
seem much alike. I judge, however, from single specimens 
of each, and these leave much to be desired. The only 
criteria are the thickness and general aspect of the branches, 
which seem much the same. This gracilis bears no relation 
to Stephanograptus gracilis, from Norman's Kill, New York, 
which is the only ' Graptolithus gracilis' Hall described. 
Better specimens might show different features, but probably 
that called G. gracilis is Dendrograptus gracillimum, Eesqx. 
Dendrograptus gracilis, Hall, is, I think, Calciferous, which is 
strong presumptive evidence against the reference of the Cin- 
cinnati form to that species." 
In regard to G. subtenuis, Hall, and G. tenuis, Portlock, Dr. 
Gurley writes: " Portlock's species is Monograptus tenuis of 
the Upper Silurian. To it has been referred almost every 
species which was slender and had the thecae confined to one 
side. The American species that has been referred to it is Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 
157 
Leptograptus (Graptolithus) sub-tenuis. Hall (sp). This is a 
Norman's Kill, New York, form, and I should doubt very 
strongly its presence in the Cincinnati group. There can be 
no question whatever as to the distinctness of Portlock's and 
Hall's species, and I strongly suspect the Cincinnati form is 
referable to neither." 
Upon this authority, therefore, what has been called at Cin- 
cinnati G. gracilis is referred to Dendrograptus gracillimum, 
(which see ante}; and G. sub-tenuis is dropped altogether. 
Genus 2.-Diplograptus, McCoy, 1854. 
Polypary composed of two simple, monoprionidian stipes, 
united back to back, their dorsal walls uniting to form a 
median septum, along the center of which runs the solid axis; 
cellules alternating with one another on the two sides of the 
frond, the cell mouths being situated at the end of projecting 
denticles; base usually furnished with a radicle, and the solid 
axis probably always prolonged beyond the distal end of the 
polypary. (Nicholson, Mon. Brit. Grap., 1872, p. 115). 
Remarks.-McCoy's original description of this genus con- 
sists of the statement that he restricts Graptolithus to those 
species having cells only on one side. For those with cells on 
both sides he proposed Diplograpsus [now Diplograptus\. 
(Brit. Pal. Foss., 1854, p. 3). 
Of the two species commonly referred here, one (spinulosus) 
has been placed in the genus Glossograptus. The other 
( Whitfieldi) remains with the genus. Both are, however, here 
retained in Diplograptus, as I can not see the justice of sep- 
arating the two species. Glossograptus was defined as fol- 
lows : " Column free ; thin membranaceous, ligulate, extremi- 
ties rounded, axis distinct." (Emmons, Amer. Geology, pt. 
2, 1856, p. 108). 
1.-D. spinulosus, Hall, 1859. 
Stipe simple, flat; sides sub-parallel, gradually expanding 
from the base, which is furnished with several minute setiform 
radicles; serratures not distinct, the margins sinuous; the 
principal parts extended into slender, spiniform processes. 
These spinules are about one-sixteenth of an inch apart. 
(Paleont. of New York, vol. 3, 1859, p. 517.) 
Locality.-Cincinnati, O. 158 
Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 
Remarks.-Dr. Gurley remarks that this species is doubt- 
fully distinct from Glossograptus ciliatus, Emmons. The de- 
scription of the latter species is as follows : " Straight linear 
crenulations faintly developed and prolonged into ciliee, equal 
in length to the width of the ligulate body ; ciliae surrounding 
the whole body or membrane. The axis is prolonged beyond 
the membrane, forming the column or stem. Length one 
inch." (Emmons, loc. cit., p. 108). 
Stipe simple, flat, gradually expanding from the base to 
near the middle of its length, the upper part gradually nar- 
rowing in the direction of the apex, rarely continuing of the 
same width above the middle; serratures shallow, angular; 
the upper margin of the denticle short and nearly rectangular 
to the axis, the lower side twice as long as the upper, the tips 
furnished with mucronate or short setiform extensions which 
project in a line with the upper margin of the denticle. 
Serratures from 22 to 28 in one inch. Length one to one and 
a half inches. (Paleont. of New York, vol. 3, 1859, p. 516). 
Locality.-Cincinnati. 
Remarks.-Dr. Gurley says the occurrence of this species at 
Cincinnati is doubtful, as it, like the previous one, is a " sub- 
Utica" form in New York. It is also possible, he thinks, that 
both may be errors for quadrimucronatus, Hall, a "Utica" 
species. 
2.-D. WHiTFiELDi, Hall, 1859. 
Genus 3.-Climacograptus, Hall, 1865. 
Polypary composed of two simple, monoprionidian stipes 
united back to back, their dorsal walls coalescing to form a 
median septum, in the center of which runs a solid axis, the 
cellules so welded together that their mouths appear as if 
sunk below the general surface of the polypary; solid axis 
prolonged beyond the distal extremity of the frond, and 
usually beyond its proximal extremity as well. (Hall, Grap. 
Quebec Group. Can. Organic Remains, Decade II, 1867, p. 
in. Nicholson, loc. cit., 1872, p. 117). 
Remarks.-Though originally described by Hall, the above 
description is that given by Nicholson. It differs somewhat 
in terminology from Hall's description, but the characters are 
the same. Two species of the genus have generally been Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 
159 
credited to the Cincinnati rocks. C. bicornis and C. typicalis. 
Dr. Gurley informs me that in New York the former very 
rarely ranges above the lower Trenton, and that probably the 
Cincinnati forms heretofore referred to this species should be 
called C. typicalis. The two descriptions are, however, in- 
serted here for comparison. 
1.-C. bicornis, Hall, 1847. 
Stipe linear, elongated, compressed, narrow, gradually 
widening from the base upwards; one line or less wide; 
serrated on both sides; serratures slightly oblique; teeth 
about one-half the width of the stipe, obtuse; axis capillary; 
base bifurcate, slit extending about one-half way to the axis ; 
about one-half as thick as wide, round on one side, flat on the 
other, often covered with carbonaceous material. (Pal. of 
New York, vol. 1, 1847, p. 268, as Graptolithus bicornis). 
Locality.-Cincinnati (?). 
Remarks.-For remarks on this species see under the 
generic description above. 
2.-C. TYPICAIylS, Hall, 1865. 
Stipe linear, serrated on both sides; orifices sunk beneath 
the surface of the polypary, transversly oval, or, when flat- 
tened, rectangular or slightly oblique and semi-oval; axis 
filiform, central or sub-central and apparently solid ; cellules 
joined to the axis at the base, the cell partitions consisting of 
triangular plates, with an unequal arching or convex upper 
surface, and a concave lower surface; at the base of the 
cellules and along the entire length of the stipe is a longitu- 
dinal depressed line. 
Locality.-Cincinnati. 
Remarks.-This species, while named by Hall in 1865 in 
Canadian Organic Remains, (Grap., of Quebec Group,) 1865, p. 
57, and explanation of plate A, is not expressly defined by 
him. Consequently the description above given has been 
compiled from remarks made in the course of the discussion 
of C. bicornis on pages 29-30. On plate A nine figures of the 
species are given. Nicholson rather questions the absence of 
a vertical septum in this species, saying it is certainly present 
in the type species of the genus, and in all others examined 160 
Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 
by him. " If it should be proved," he says, " that such a 
vertical septum is truly wanting in C. typicalis, Hall, a new 
genus must, I think, be established for its reception." (See 
Mon. Brit. Grap., 1872, p. 118). 
Genus 4.-Dicranograptus, Hall, 1865. 
Polypary having its proximal portion diprionidian, but 
dividing distally into two monoprionidian branches, which 
have cellules on their outer aspect only; cellules so welded 
together that their mouths appear as if sunk below the gen- 
eral surface of the polypary; solid axis prolonged proximally 
as a minute radicle, flanked by two minute lateral spines. 
(Nicholson, Brit. Grap. loc. cit., p. 119). 
Remarks.-In this case, as with Climacograptus typicalis, no 
definite description is given by Hall on the original proposal 
as the name. (Canadian Organic Remains; Grap, of Quebec 
Group, 1865, p. 112). The description given above is, there- 
fore, taken from Nicholson's Monograph. But one species 
has been recorded from the Cincinnati group, given below. 
1.-D. ramosus, Hall, 1847. 
Stipe linear, narrow, about one line wide, compressed, 
serrated on both sides, except branches; teeth obtuse, distant, 
somewhat narrowed toward the base, more than one-half the 
width of the stipe; stipe bifurcating or ramose; branches 
linear, serrated only on outer margin. (Pal. of New York, 
vol. i, 1847, p. 270, as Graptolithus ramosus). 
Locality.-Cincinnati. 
Remarks.-This species, under the name of Graptolithus 
ramoszis, is frequently mentioned in Hall's " Graptolites of the 
Quebec Group." Nicholson also refers to it (Mon. Brit. 
Grap., 1872), and gives an excellent figure. 
Genus 5.-Megaeograptus, S. A. Miller, 1874. 
Stipe large, cylindrical or sub-cylindrical; surface covered 
with cells; fronds with spinous processes on the margins; 
carbonaceous film covering one side. (Cin. Quart. Jour. 
Science, vol. i, 1874, p. 343). Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 
161 
Remarks.-This is quite an anomalous genus, being entirely 
distinct from any other known graptolite. Its position in any 
system of classification is as yet undetermined. Only one 
species is known. 
1.-M. welchi, Miller, 1874. 
Surface of polypary smooth, mostly covered with cells im- 
mersed in the body of the frond; openings circular, about 
one thirty-second of an inch in diameter and one-sixteenth of 
an inch apart; cellules not extending to the edge of the 
polypary, but ceasing about one-quarter of an inch from the 
edge; numerous spines borne on the edges of the frond, 
varying from one-quarter to one-half an inch in length, sharp 
and sometimes branched; frond divided into sections by 
transverse constrictions, each section bearing from two to four 
spines; spines probably originally round, but flattened by 
compression ; whole surface, when well preserved, covered by 
a black, carbonaceous film, the cell openings only lacking this. 
(Ibid, pp. 343-346). 
Locality.-Clarksville, Clinton County, Ohio. 
Remarks.--As noted above, there is only one species in this 
genus. No one has written upon it except Mr. Miller. In 
his "North American Geology and Palaeontology" (1889), his 
original figures are reproduced, but no new information is 
given. 
Genus 6.-Inocaulis, Hall, 1852. 
Frond composed of numerous flattened, corneous or scab- 
rous bifurcating stems, having a fibrous or plumose struc- 
ture. (Pal. of N. Y., vol. 2, 1852, p. 176). 
Remarks.-This is also an anomalous genus, and its position 
in the order is very uncertain. No cellules are known in any 
species referred to it. In a previous paper (Fucoids of the 
Cincinnati Group, this Journal, vol. 7, p. 164), by the writer, 
it is suggested that a form described by Miller and Dyer as 
Licrophycus flabellum should be referred to the present genus. 
It is evident, however, that this was an error. The species in 
question is more likely the burrow of an annelid. Only one 
species has been referred to this genus from the Cincinnati 
group. It is here referred to the genus Dictyonema as D. 
arbusculum, which see (ante). 162 
Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 
Genus 7.-Dawsonia, Nicholson, 1873. 
Horny or chitinous capsules of a rounded, oval, conical, or 
campanulate shape, furnished in most cases with a little spine 
or mucro, and having a marginal filament exactly resembling 
the solid axis of a graptolite. The marginal fiber sometimes 
complete, sometimes ruptured opposite to the mucro. The 
mucro sometimes apparently wanting, sometimes marginal, 
sub-marginal, sub-central or central. The surface smooth or 
concentrically striated. (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., 
vol. 11, 1873, p. 139). Lockeia, U. P. James. The Paleon- 
tologist, 1879. 
Remarks.-The above name was proposed by Dr. Nicholson 
for certain bodies found associated with graptolites in Scot- 
land and in Canada, which he considered the ovarian capsules 
of graptolites of different species. The generic name, Lockeia, 
was proposed for similarly shaped bodies found at Cincinnati, 
and supposed to be the remains of marine plants. There can 
be no question that the bodies under consideration are not 
plant remains. Their resemblance to figures and descriptions 
of Dawsonia cause them to be considered as synonymous with 
that genus. I find, however, that in 1868, Dr. Dawson refers 
as follows to a species of trilobite. After describing Micro- 
discus dawsoni, Hartt, he says: "Mr. Hartt had originally de- 
scribed this species under the new generic name of Dawsonia, 
but Mr. Billings regards it as a species of Microdiscus of 
Salter." (Acadian .Geology, 1868, p. 655). Whether under 
these circumstances the name Dawsonia was pre-occupied by 
Hartt is a question to be decided by others. In case it be de- 
cided in the affirmative, it is, evident that Lockeia must be 
used. For the present we shall use Dawsonia, Nicholson. 
The description of Lockeia is as follows: Elongated, convex, 
obtuse or sharp-pointed bodies, seed-like in appearance, 
slightly attached to the surface of the rock, with or without a 
longitudinal depression. (The Paleontologist, 1879, p. 17). 
Only one species is known from these rocks, as given below. 
D. siliquaria, U. P. James (sp.) 1879. 
Convex, elongated elevations from one-eighth to one-half 
an inch long, one-half to one and one-half lines broad at base, 
and one-half to one line high in center; sloping and tapering Paleontology of the"Cincinnati Group. 
163 
to sharp or more or less obtuse ends; rounded or sharply 
ridged longitudinally; scattered over the surface of the rock 
Fig. 7.-Dawsonia (Lockeia) siliquaria. Nat. size. (Original.) 
irregularly, sometimes in the form of a star, one in the center 
and five others placed quite regularly around it with their 
longer axis pointing inward; again they lie in groups or 
overlie one another: The specimens have been likened to 
grains of wheat. 
Locality.-Ohio River bank, near Ludlow, Ky., between 
low and high-water mark. 
Remarks.-Placing these bodies with graptolites is, of 
course, purely conjectural. They do not present any carbon- 
aceous appearance, but from their resemblance to some forms 
of Dazvsonia, it seems evident that they belong to that genus, 
whatever place it may be considered to occupy. 
[to be continued.]