AUTHOR’S EDITION. 
DEPARTMENT OK THE INTERIOR. 
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY. 
F. V. HAYDEN, U. S. Geologist-in-Charge. 
ON SOME 
NEW BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA 
FROM THE 
PERMIAN BEDS OF TEXAS; 
ON A WADING BIRD FROM THE AMYZON SHALES; 
ON THE! NIMRAVIDiE AND CANIDS OF THE MIOCENE 
PERIOD; 
AND 
ON THE VERTEBRATA OF THE WIND RIVER EOCENE 
BEDS OF WYOMING. 
BY 
E. D. COPE. 
EXTRACTED FROM THE BULLETIN OF THE SURVEY, Vol. VI, No!'I. 
Washington, February 11, 1881. Art. II.—On some new Batraehia and Reptilia from 
the Permian Beds of* Texas. 
E. D. Cope. 
Pantylus cordattts gen. et sp. nov. 
Char, gen.—Represented by one species, which is as yet only known 
from crania. In these the superficial ossification is complete, leaving 
only nostrils, orbits, and parietal fontanelle. Surface sculptured. Man- 
dible with an angular process. Teeth shortly conic, obtuse, and with- 
out grooves or inflections, increasing in size towards the anterior parts 
of the jaws. Mandible supporting several rows of teeth, which oppose 
a pavement of obtuse teeth on the palate. These are situated on either 
the palatine or anterior part of the pterygoid bones. Quadratojugal 
and malar bones well developed. No lyra or mucous grooves. 
This genus is first of the Stcgocephali from the Permian formation of 
Texas, whose cranial structures indicate a habit of obtaining nutriment 
by crushing hard bodies. Without vertebrae it is not possible to ascer- 
tain whether it pertains to the Microsaurian, Embolomeran or Gano- 
cephalous divisions. It may be compared with the Sparodus of I1 ritsch 
in the general characters of its dentition, but may be easily distin- 
guished from it by the numerous series of teeth on the mandibular 
rami. Some of these are on the dentary bone, while others are on an 
inner element, but whether opercular or splenial I cannot now deter- 
mine. 
Char, specif.—The skull of the Pantylus oordatus is about as large as 
that of a fully grown snapping tortoise, Chelydra serpentina, and has 
somewhat the same form of outline. The vertex is flat; the postor- 
bital region is swollen, and the muzzle is abruptly acuminate. The 
orbits are lateral with a slight vertical exposure, and are widely sepa- 
rated. The front is deflected from opposite their posterior margins, and 
the muzzle protrudes considerably beyond the lower jaw. The pre- 
maxillary bones form a triangle whose apex does not appear on the 
superior surface of the muzzle, and the nares are rather close together, 
and lateral in their vertical presentation. The upper surface of the ex- 
tremity of the snout is occupied by the large nasal bones, which are fol- 
lowed by the larger frontals. The lachrymal and prefrontal are both well 
developed, the latter extending backwards to meet the postfrontal near 
the middle of the superior border of the orbit. The posterior border of 
the skull is damaged, but enough remains to show that it was concave. 
79 80 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vcl.Vt. 
The symphysis mandibuli is short. The rami are wide, and are flat 
below, the inferior surface forming a rounded right angle with the in- 
terior surface. The angular process is in line with the external border 
of the ramus. 
The sculpture of the cranium proper is strong, consisting of pits sepa- 
rated by strong, narrow ridges, forming a honeycomb pattern. The 
fossae are smaller on the buccal regions. On the anterior part of the 
mandible the fossae are distinct; on the median and posterior part the 
ridges become linear. A narrow triangular space on the external side 
posteriorly, with its long apex on the inferior margin, is smooth. 
There are two subequal obtuse teeth, on the border of each premaxil- 
lary bone. I cannot count the number on the maxillary, but there are 
four anterior to the line of the anterior border of the orbit. Of these 
the next to the anterior, one is larger than the rest, though of the same 
shortly-conic, obtuse form. These teeth are rather large for the size of 
the skull. At a point near the middle of the ramus of the mandible,, 
where it is broken off, there may be counted live teeth in a transverse 
series. Of these the second from the external border is the largest, and 
has a regularly rounded crown. Six teeth may be counted on a trans- 
verse fracture of the palatine bone. Of these the four external have 
obtusely rounded crowns, and the third from the external border is the 
largest. The crowns of all the teeth are hollow. 
M. 
Length of cranium to transverse line connecting posterior borders of quadrates. .077 
Width between same points 082 
Length of axis of cranium to line connecting anterior borders of orbits 018 
Interorbital width 032 
Longitudinal diameter of orbit Olfr 
Length from orbit to nostril 015 
Projection of muzzle beyond mandible 010 
Length of alveolar edge of premaxillary 007 
Height of crown of large maxillary tooth 0045 
Fore-and-aft diameter of maxillary 0035 
Width of mandibular ramus below at middle 020 
This species considerably exceeds in size those referred by Dr. Fritscli 
to Sparodus, as it was probably rather larger than the Protonopsides of 
recent waters. Its physiognomy is peculiar, as the prominent muzzle 
and lateral orbits are unusual among Batrachia. 
Dlvietrodon semiradicatus sp. nov. 
A considerable part of the skull and some limb bones represent this 
species. There are no vertebrae referable to the specimen, but the two 
maxillary and premaxillary bones support nearly all the teeth in an 
excellent state of preservation. Continuity of the dental series is 
preserved by one maxillary bone or the other, excepting just at the ex- 
tremity, where there is a slight interruption on bo.tli sides. On one of 
them it must be very slight. 
Measurements. 81 
No. 2.] 
COPE ON PEKMIAN BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA. 
There urc three teeth in each premaxillary hone. In the maxillary 
I count seventeen, with the bare possibility of a necessity for adding 
one more. The first premaxillary and third maxillary teeth are ot nearly 
equal size and arc much larger than the others, the second premaxillary 
only approaching them. The section of the base of the first premaxil- 
lary is subtrifoliate, there being one grove on the inner, and two on the 
external face. The section of the middle of the crown is more than a 
semicircle, with the base convex. The two angles are the sections of two 
ridges which are both presented posteriorly, the one on the inner the 
other on the external face of the crown. The crown of the second pre- 
maxillary has the same form, but the base has only slight traces of the 
grooves. The third premaxillary is a diminutive of the second. 
The crowns of the maxillary teeth differ from those of the premaxil- 
laries in the opposition of the cutting edges, which present anteriorly and 
posteriorly. The external face is more convex than the internal. The 
crown of the large third tooth is not expanded above the root, but its 
antero-posterior diameter contracts regularly to the apex. The crowns 
of the other teeth are wider at the base antero-posteriorly than the 
root. They are all slightly curved backwards, and their edges are more 
or less regularly crenate. 
Several peculiarities distinguish this species from the 1). incisivus, 
with which it agrees in size. In the first place, the section of the root, 
at and below the base of the crown of the third or large maxillary tooth 
and of the seventh tooth posterior to it, is of the form of a figure cc 
directed antero-posteriorly. This is due to the deep grooving of the 
tooth on the opposite sides at this point; the grooves not extending on 
the crown. The grooves are deeper on the smaller teeth, giving it an 
almost biradiculate character. In I). incisivus the sections of these 
teeth are subquadrate. 
In the second place, the section of the base of the first incisor differs 
from that in I). incisivus, where it is subquadrate with two subopposite 
shallow grooves. Next, the nostril excavates the border of the maxil- 
lary bone; in I). incisivus, the nostril is separated from that bone by 
the intervention of the nasal. In that species there are but two pre- 
maxillary teeth ; in D. semiradicatus, there are three. The teeth which 
accompany specimens of I), cruciger have the same form and propor- 
tions as those of the D. incisivus. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of dental series 252 
Length of premaxillary series (and hone) v- 049 
Length of diastema 024 
Length of first, premaxillary tooth from alveolar border 057 
Diameter of lirst premaxillary tooth at alveolar border < 
anteroposterior 022 
transverse 015 
Length of third maxillary from alveolar border 067 
Diameter of third, maxillary at alveolar border < 
anteroposterior 020 
transverse 005 82 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[ Vot.VI. 
M. 
Diameter of third maxillary at base of crown 
anteroposterior 018 
transverse 015 
Length of seventh maxillary from alveolus 026 
Diameters of crown at base of cutting edges 
anteroposterior 012 
transverse 009 
The approximation to a two-rooted condition in some of the teeth is 
a marked peculiarity of this species. The median groove is most ex- 
tensive on the smaller maxillary tooth, extending into the base of the 
crown. From observation on this species and on certain Dinosavria, I 
am under the impression that the two-rooted mammalian tooth is t lie 
result of constant absorption of the median portion of the wide root of a 
wide crown, due to the presence and pressure of the successional tooth. 
Dimetrodon Cope, Paleontological Bulletin No. 32, p. 7. 
This species was abundant during the Permian period. One of the 
best preserved individuals in my collection is represented by the greater 
part of the vertebral column and the pelvic and scapular arches. 
The pelvic arch resembles that of the I). gigas in its general charac- 
ters. For a description of the latter see Paleontological Bulletin No. 32, 
p. C. The scapular arch also agrees with the descriptions I have given, 
but possesses some parts which have been hitherto wanting. These are 
the clavicles, as I suppose them to be. Each of these consists of a hori- 
zontal portion and an ascending portion. The former is nearly a quar- 
ter of a circle in form, with its convex outline presenting inwards and 
backwards. The border is marked by radiating ridges which terminate 
in a suture like rugosity of the edge. The lower surface curves rapidly 
into the ascending portion, which is narrow and acuminate and about 
twice as high as the horizontal portion extends inwards from its interior 
border at the base. It displays on its external border an extensive 
sutural surface for union with the scapula. The anterior extremity of 
the epicoracoid lies on the superior (internal) face of the horizontal 
portion of the clavicle, extending nearly to its anterior border. Its ex- 
ternal margin thins out in contact with the clavicle. 
The above structure is peculiar among Beptilia in the widely-expanded 
subtriangular distal part of the clavicle. It presents no greater resem- 
blance to any known mammal. Its character is more that of the Stego 
cephalous Batrachia, and it is a good deal like the lateral thoracic shield 
of the animals of that group, as, for instance, Actinodon of Gaudry and 
Cricotus m. From the sutural character of the borders of this part I 
anticipate the discovery of a median or mesosternal element. It is pos- 
sible that the piece attached to its superior face, which I have above 
alluded to as epicoracoid, may be a part of this bone displaced laterally. 
The resemblance of the humerus of this and of allied genera to that 
of the mole was reported by the writer in the American Naturalist, 1878, 
p. 108 (June), and the nearer resemblance to Echidna was asserted in 
the same journal, 1878, p. 830 (December). Art. III.—On a Wading- Bird from the Amyzon Shales. 
E. D. Cope. 
The formation which I have called the Amyzon Shales is a lacustrine 
deposit of Tertiary age which is found in the South Park of Colorado, in 
Northeastern Nevada, and probably in Central Oregon.* Its material 
is laminated, and is occasionally highly carbonaceous. It contains many 
specimens of fossil fishes, of plants, and of insects, and allied articulates. 
Its age is uncertain, but it is probably near the Upper Eocene or Lower 
Miocene. Remains of birds are very rare, the best-preserved specimen 
yet found being that of a Passerine species. Under the impression that 
it belongs to the Fringillidce, Mr. J. A. Allen describes it under the name 
of Palceospiza bella.t 
The present communication relates to a second species of bird from 
the same formation. The specimen includes three vertebrae anterior to 
the pelvis; the pelvis, with the vertebrae which it incloses, and the 
caudal vertebrae; both femora; the tibia and part of the tarsometatarse 
of the right leg, with the greater part of the left tibia. One-half of the 
tail is preserved, the feathers lying in almost undisturbed relation. 
There are also various light and downy feathers of the base of the tail 
and adjacent parts of the body lying on the block, some in place, others 
loose. 
The characters displayed by the bones and feathers are those of a 
species of the order Grallce and tribe Limicolce (Totanidees A. Milne 
Edwards). In the absence of important parts of the skeleton, it is not 
possible to ascertain the family characteristics, but it is more easy to 
assign the species to its genus. I cannot detect any features which for- 
bid its reference to the genus Charadrius in the large sense. It presents 
important resemblances to the species of Totanus, but there are some 
reasons, to be mentioned later, why this reference is inadmissible. It 
is clear that there are various genera of Scolopacidce to which it cannot 
be referred, on account of the form of its ossa ischii. I therefore intro- 
duce it to the scientific record under the name 
Ohaeadeius sheppaedianus. 
Chars.—Femur one-half the length of the tibia; nine caudal vertebrae; 
tail gently wedge shaped, apparently without color cross-bars. 
* American Naturalist, May, 1879. 
t Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey Territories, Yol. IY, 1878, p. 443, PI. I. 
83 84 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [FoJ.VI. 
Description.—The preiliac vertebrae are distinct from each other and 
have only moderately elongate centra. The diapophyses are of moderate 
length and less width, and are truncate at the extremity. Those of suc- 
cessive vertebrae are connected by but few osseous ligamentous -spicules. 
The caudal vertebrae are short and wide, and have short diapophyses, 
except the first, which lias a long narrow diapophysis. The last three 
are in profile, and do not display hypapophyses. The ploughshare bone 
is an elongate triangle, considerably produced to its superior angle. The 
basal cotylus for articulation with the centrum immediately infront, is 
well excavated. 
The pelvis is short and rather wide posteriorly. The fossil presents a 
superior view of it, with both the pubic bones turning their external 
faces upwards. The external borders of the anterior plates of the 
ilia are broken away, but enough remains of their inner portion to show 
their anterior extent. The postacetabular ridges diverge outwards and 
terminate in a prominent angulation of the posterior border which is- 
about equidistant between the vertebral border of the ilium and the ex- 
terno-inferior border of the pubis. The posterior outline thus differs 
from that seen in various genera of Scolopacidcc, where the angle is much 
nearer the vertebral border, and where a second angle is produced by a 
notch at the point of junction of the ischium. The pelvis of Totanus is 
however, much like that of the present species. External to the angular 
projection described, the border is notched, and then turns posteriorly, 
forming a gentle curve, which continues from the ischium to the slender 
pubis. The pubis is long and very narrow, and extends well posterior 
to the ischium. It is of uniform diameter, and is not expanded distally. 
The iscliiopubic foramen is long and narrow, about one-seventh as wide 
as long. The obturator foramen is about one-third the length of the 
ischiopubic, and is oval. A transverse line cutting the anterior border 
of the acetabulum divides the pelvis between the posterior angular pro- 
jection of the ilium (the true crest, fide, Gegenbaur) and the anterior 
extremity, into two parts of equal length. 
The leg bones are quite slender, and are similar in proportions to those 
of several species of Charadrius and Totanus. They are more slender 
than in various species of Scolopax, Strepsilas, Tringa, &c., and less so 
than in Himantopus and Recurvirostra. The former is just half as long as 
the tibia, and seen in profile is almost straight. The crest of the tibia 
is very prominent, but is not produced proximally. The distal extremity 
of the tibia and proximal part of the tarsometatarse are so damaged as 
not to furnish satisfactory characters. 
There are five rectrices visible in the specimen. Those which are in 
all probability median are the longest, while the external two are of 
equal length. This gives the outline a rather short wedge shape as the 
feathers lie closed. The expanded tail would be rounded with a slight 
median angulation. The extremities of the feathers are rounded, and 85 
No. 3.] COPE ON A WADING BIRD OF THE AMYZON SHALES. 
their whole structure is soft and delicate. The length of the longest 
rectrix is just about that of the tibia. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of the preiliac vertebra} 010 
Length of centrum of first vertebrae 0035 
Length of sacrum 021 
Length of caudal vertebrae on curve - - - • 0145 
Length of plowshare bone to apes 005 
Length of ilium 024 
Length of ilium to acetabulum - 012 
Length of ischium from acetabulum 016 
Length of pubis from acetabulum 019 
Width between posterior angles of ilia 009 
Length of femur 024 
Diameter of femur at middle 003 
Length of tibia 047 
Antero-posterior diameter at head 006 
Diameter of shaft at middle 0027 
Diameter of head of tarsometatarse 004 
Length of median rectrix from plowshare bone 046 
Length of external rectrix from plowshare bone 040 
Width of portion of tail preserved — - .020 
The strongly contrasted light and dark shades of color are not unfre- 
quently preserved in the insects of this formation. I suspect that had 
the rectrices of this species originally displayed the alternating white 
and dark cross-bars characteristic of the Totani, some trace of them 
would be discoverable in the fossil, in spite of the fact that the entire 
feather is represented by carbon only. The brown tint of the specimen, 
both light and dark, is uninterrupted by pattern of any kind. 
The tail is rather longer than in the Tringce, about equal to that of 
many plovers and Totani, and shorter than that of Actiturus. 
The Gliaradius sheppardianus was discovered near Florissant, Color- 
ado, by Dr. G. Hambach, a skillful naturalist. I have named it in honor 
of Edwin Sheppard, of Philadelphia, an excellent ornithologist and 
skillful artist. Art. VII.—On the Vimravidae and Canidae of the 
Uliocene Period. 
E. D. Cope. 
In following the general series of the Carnivora, we pass, as in other 
orders, from the generalized to the specialized types. That we should 
begin with the Procyonidce and their allies is indicated by all the char- 
acters to be especially considered in the case. They have five toes on 
all the feet, and are plantigrade, resembling in these points all primitive 
Mammalia* They have the original number of molar teeth, seven on 
each side, and of these none are distinctly developed sectorials. The 
condyloid and carotid foramina are distinct, and there is a postglenoid 
foramen. If, starting from this point of departure, we arrange the suc- 
ceeding families of Carnivora according to their resemblances and differ- 
ences in these respects, we have a tolerably consecutive series of 
divisions. 
Passing at present over the families Mustelidcv, Viverridce, Cryptoproc- 
tidce, and others with five toes on all the feet, we reach those in which the 
hind foot has lost a digit, leaving the number 5-4. These are the Pro- 
telidce, Canidce, and Felidw. We can take but one step further in this order; 
that is to those species where the anterior foot has also lost a toe, which 
constitute the family Hyamidw. The toes are therefore, here, 4-4. For 
the well-marked characters of the three families mentioned just before, 
I refer to another page, and proceed to define briefly the division which 
has been heretofore termed the Felidae. In doing so I am compelled to 
omit several of the characters generally employed to define that family, 
since I have found thorn to be wanting from various extinct genera. The 
only comprehensive definition which I can give is the following: 
Digits 5-4; sectorial teeth well developed in both jaws; not more than 
one true molar tooth in the upper nor more than two true molar teeth in the 
lower jaw. Glenoid cavity grasping mandibular condyle anteriorly as 
well as posteriorly. 
Professor Gill, who has devoted much attention to the definition of 
the families of the Mammalia, t gives the following skeletal characters 
* See Homologies and Origin of Types of Molar Teeth, of Mammalia Educabilia, 
Journal Academy Phila. 1874, March. 
t Arrangement of the Families of Mammals,-Smithson. Miscell. Coll. 230, 1872, p. 50. 
165 166 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Vol. VI. 
in Iris diagnosis of the Felidce, and of the thre6 comprehensive divisions 
within which he places it: “I. Skull with the paroccipital process ap- 
plied closely to the auditory bulla; the mastoid process small or obso- 
lete; external auditory meatus very short or imperfect. Div. A. Carotid 
canal minute and superficial or obsolete; condyloid foramen and foramen 
lacerum posticum debouching into a common fossa; glenoid foramen 
minute or null. Os penis rudimentary. Subdiv. 1. Otic bulla divided by a 
septum into posterior and anterior chambers, communicating by a narrow 
aperture (Flower). Subdiv. a. Skull with no alisphenoid canal.” All 
of the parts above mentioned I have found to be important in the defi- 
nition of the natural divisions of the Carnivora, excepting those derived 
from the pafoccipital and mastoid processes. But their condition in the 
extinct Carnivora which have been hitherto arranged with the Felidccy 
and which resemble them very much in superficial characters, does not 
coincide with Professor Gill’s definition. Thus, in the various American 
genera which are allied to Drepanodon, the carotid canal is distinct from 
the foramen lacerum posterius, and the condyloid foramen is also sepa- 
rated from it by quite a space. These are characters which belong to 
most of the Carnivora with five digits on all the feet. Further, the 
postglenoid and postparietal foramina are present; also characters of 
the lowest Carnivora, as the bears and certain extinct dogs. Then, 
there is an alisphenoid canal, which is also found in bears, dogs, and 
the cat-like Cryptoprocta. I cannot demonstrate that the otic bulla is 
divided, as the above diagnosis requires, in any of the fossil species. I 
have verified these characters on species of the following genera, of 
which I have well-preserved skulls: Archcelurus, Nimravus, Dinictis, 
Pogonodon (except those of the basal axis of the skull), and Hoplophoneus. 
Three genera as yet only found in Europe are similar in general char- 
acters, and probably agree with them. I allude to Procclurus Filh., 
JElurogale Filh., and Eusmilus Gerv. On the other hand, the genus 
Smilodon, which includes the American saber-tooths of Pliocene age, 
agrees with the true cats in the points in question; i. e., the alisphenoid, 
postglenoid, and postparietal foramina are wanting, the carotid foramen is 
either internal or wanting, and the condylar enters the jugular foramen at 
its mouth. This surprising condition of affairs makes it important to learn 
the characters to be found in the species of the longest-known genus, 
Drepanodon, of the European beds. But although there are several 
good crania in European museums, I can find no description of their 
minute characters, and no mention made of their foramina. The proba- 
bilities are, on various grounds, that this genus agrees with Smilodon in 
the latter characters. The reasons in favor of this supposition are the 
agreement in special dental characters, and the Pliocene age of the typi- 
cal species, D. cultridens. Whether the middle Miocene species of San- 
san and Epplesheim agree with this one in structure, is of course un- 
certain. 
Seven, and perhaps eight, genera, then, constitute a group to be dis-- No. 7.J 
NIMRAVIDCE AND CANIDCE OF THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 
167 
tinguished from the true Felidce, and, as it appears to me, as a distinct 
family. Should we ignore the characters adduced in this instance, we 
abandon at the same time the definitions of several of the other families 
of the order, and in fact throw the system into confusion. I have pro- 
posed to call this family the Nimravidce, and have contrasted it with the 
Felidce in the following definition. Both are included in the division 
already defined on a preceding page. 
No distinct carotid foramen nor alisphenoid canal; condylar foramen 
entering the foramen lacerum posterius. No postparietal and gen- 
erally no postglenoid foramina Felidce. 
Carotid and condylar foramina entirely distinct from the foramen 
lacerum posturius; an alisphenoid canal, and postglenoid and post- 
parietal foramina Nimravidce. 
NIMRAVIDCE. 
The dental characters of the Nimravidce are in general, those of the 
Felidce, the higher genera having the same dental formula. Descending 
the scale, the number of molar teeth increases at both ends of the series 
in the lower jaw, and anteriorly only in the upper, but the number of 
the true molars never exceeds \. The following table gives the defini- 
tions of the genera. I am unfortunately ignorant of the characters of the 
foramina in Procclurus and Pseudcelurus, as well as in JElurogale and 
Eusmilus. 
I. Lateral and anterior faces of mandible continuous; no inferior flange. 
a. Inferior sectorial with a heel; canines smooth. 
Molars £ inferior sectorial with interior tubercle Procelurus. 
Molars $ i; inferior sectorial without interior tubercle Pseudcelurus. 
II. Lateral and anterior faces of mandible separated by a vertical angle; no inferior 
flange ; incisors obspatulate. 
a. No anterior basal lobe of superior sectorial; inferior sectorial with a heel 
(and no internal tubercle); incisors truncate. 
Molars £ \; canine smooth Archoelurus. 
Molars $ canine denticulate JElurogale. 
Molars f |; canine denticulate Nimravus. 
III. Lateral and anterior faces of mandible separated by a vertical angle; an inferior 
flange; incisors conic; canines denticulate.* 
a. No anterior basal lobe of superior sectorial; t inferior sectorial with a heel; no 
posterior lobes of the crowns of the premolars. 
Molars § £ Dinictis. 
Molars f i Pogonodon. 
Molars *-=? \ Hoplophoneus. 
Molars ? .... ..................... ....Eusmilus. 
It is readily perceived that the genera above enumerated form an 
unusually simple series, representing stages in the following modifica- 
tions of parts: (1) In the reduced number of molar teeth; (2) in the 
* Gervais’s figures of the canines of Eusmilus bidentatus represent no denticulations, 
hut the figure is not clear. 
t Rudimental in Hoplophonew. 168 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Vol. VI. 
enlarged size of the superior canine teeth; (3) in the diminished size of 
the inferior canine teeth; (4) in the conic form of the crowns of the in- 
cisors; (5) in the addition of a cutting lobe to the anterior base of the 
superior sectorial tooth; (6) in the obliteration of the inner tubercle of 
the lower sectorial, and (7) in the extinction of the heel of the same; 
(8) in the development of an inferior flange and latero-anterior angle of 
the front of the ramus of the lower jaw; (9) in the development of cut- 
ting lobes on the posterior borders of the larger premolar teeth. 
(1) The reduction in the number of molar teeth. The dental formula 
of Procelurus is that of some Viverridce and Canidce, and the reduction from 
this point to the end of the series is obvious. In Eusmilus, as in Smilodon, 
the number of molars is less by one in the inferior series than in Lynx 
and Neofelis, where the formula is the smallest known among Felidce 
proper, viz: f \. (2) The enlarged size of the superior canine teeth. In 
Procelurus and Pseudcelurus the canines of both jaws are developed, 
as in recent Felida;. In Archcelurus the superior is the larger, but 
does not, relatively to the molars, exceed that of Fells. It is rather 
compressed in form and has a sharp cutting edge posteriorly. In 
Nimravus the superior canine begins to have the enlarged size of the 
saber-tooths, but its form is peculiar in the N. gomphodus, being spike- 
shaped rather than saber-shaped. We find the true saber shape first in 
Pinictis, where it is compressed, and with a denticulate cutting edge on 
both front and rear. In Pogonodon it has reached a very large size, and 
it does not display much increase in this respect until we reach the 
last genus of the series, Eusmilus, where its proportions are enormous, 
almost as large as in the feline genus Smilodon, where they appear to 
have been an inconvenience to the animal. (3) The diminished size of 
the inferior canines becomes evident in the lower genera of the third 
division (supra) of the Nimravidce, but is most decided in the highest 
genera, Hoplophoneus and Eusmilus. (4) The incisor teeth have the usual 
obspatulate or obovate outline in the genera of the first and second di- 
visions of the family, including Nimravus. They are conic in the true 
saber-tooths with flared lower jaw, beginning with Pinictis and ending 
with Eusmilus. (5, 6, and 7) Tbe structure of tbe sectorials. The pres- 
ence of a heel and an inner tubercle of the lower sectorial are well-known 
characters of a majority of the Carnivora. In only the most highly or- 
ganized genera are they wanting, and among them are included all those 
of the Felidcc that still exist. In the Nimravidce the inferior genera 
have both in a reduced degree, and they soon disappear as we ascend 
the scale. Thus, the inner tubercle is only present in the species of 
Procelurus, Pinictis, and Hoplophoneus. The heel, on the other hand, re- 
mains throughout the entire family. The anterior basal lobe of the 
superior sectorial has the same history, its absence being characteristic 
of the inferior Carnivora, and of all the genera of Nimravidce except 
Hoplophoneus, where it is rudimental. It is well developed in Prepano- 
don as in recent Felidcc, and is sometimes double in Smilodon. (8) The No. 7.] 
NIMRAVIDiE AND CANIDiE OF THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 
169 
development of the inferior flange and latero-anterior angle of the man- 
dibular ramus. There is a successive advance in the development of 
these characters, beginning with the second group, for in the first they 
are wanting. The latero-anterior angle is developed in Archcelurus and 
allied genera, and is merely continued on the inferior border of the 
ramus. In the third group it is much more acute, and is deflected down- 
wards, forming the well-known flange of the saber-tooths. It is longest 
in the Fusmilus Udentatus Filh. (9) The highest genera of Nimravidae, 
e. g. Hoplophoneus, differ from the true Felidae in the absence of the cut- 
ting lobes on the posterior edges of the crowns of the larger premolar 
teeth. But, according to Filhol, these lobes are present in the generalized 
genera Procelurus and Pseudaelurus, which are thus brought into a re- 
lation with the Felidae not possessed by other Nimravidae. 
A characteristic perfection of the Felidae is seen in the genus Smilo- 
don ; that is, the vertical direction of the ungual phalanges, by which the 
claws become retractile. This is well displayed by the two splendid 
specimens of Smilodon necator from Buenos Ayres, which have been 
preserved.* Unfortunately, these phalanges have not yet been de. 
scribed in any species of the Nimravidae, and it is not yet certain what 
their structure really was. Among the true Felidae the genus Cynaelurus 
displays a less degree of development in this respect than the other 
genera, the ungual phalanges lacking the proximal process below the 
articular facet. Such a condition is to be looked for among the less per- 
fect genera of Nimravidae. 
The succesion of genera above pointed out coincides with the order 
of geologic time very nearly. Those belonging to groups first and sec- 
ond belong to the Lower and Middle Miocene, except JElurogale, which 
is perhaps Upper Eocene, and Pseudcelurus, which is Middle Miocene. 
The genera of the first group of division third have the same Lower 
Miocene age, except Eusmilus, which has been found in the same forma- 
tation (Phosphorites) as the JElurogale. Drepanodon is Upper Miocene, 
and Smilodon is Pliocene. 
The relations of these genera are very close, as they differ in many 
cases by the addition or subtraction of a single tooth from each dental 
series. These characters are not even always constant in the same 
species, so that the evidence of descent, so far as the genera are con- 
cerned, is conclusive. No fuller genealogical series exists than that 
which I have discovered among the extinct cats. 
As to the phylogeny of this family, there are flesh-eaters of the Eocene 
period which may well have been the ancestors of both the Nimravidae 
and Felidae.t I have suggested that this position is most appropriately 
held by the Oxycenidce, a family of several genera, which included the most 
formidable, rapacious mammals of that early period in both continents. 
* See American Naturalist, December, 1880, fig. 1*2. 
t See On tbe Genera of the Creodonta, by E. D. Cope, Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc. 
July, 1880. 170 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
['Yol. VI. 
The interval between them and the Nimravidw is, however, great, for in 
the Oxywnidw, when there is a superior sectorial tooth, the first true molar 
in the upper jaw is utilized instead of the last premolar, and the second 
true molar below is a sectorial as well as the first. Several intervening 
forms must yet be found to complete the connection, if it have ever ex- 
isted. It is, however, very likely that the true Felidw were derived 
from the genus Procclurus, through Pseudwlurus, if indeed these two 
genera be not the primitive members of that family, for, as above re- 
marked, the evidence of their possession of the characters of the Nim- 
ravidw has not yet been obtained. There can be no reasonable doubt 
that the genera Drepanodon and Smilodon in the Felidw are the descend- 
ants of Hoplophoneas and allied genera. In fact, the Nimravidw and 
Felidw are “ homologous groups ”, having corresponding terms in the 
manner I foreshadowed as a general principle in 1808 (Origin of Genera). 
In looking for causes in explanation of the modifications of structure 
cited, one can easily discover that there is a close relation between the 
arrangement of the teeth and the mechanical laws involved in the per- 
formance of their function, that of seizing an active prey and of cut- 
ting up their carcasses into pieces suitable for swallowing. It is obvious 
that in the latter case the flesh-teeth bear the resistance and the masseter 
muscle is the power, and that the nearer these parts are together the 
better is the function performed. As a matter of fact, the sectorial teeth 
in modern Carnivora are placed exactly at the angle of the mouth, which 
is nearly the front border of the masseter muscle. 
Both the muscle and the teeth have, however, moved forwards in con- 
nection with the shortening of the jaw behind. This has been due to 
the necessity of bringing the power (masseter) nearer to another point 
of resistance, viz, the canine teeth. In the early carnivores (as 
Hywnodontidw) the long jaws supported more numerous teeth 
than in any modern families, and the fissure of the mouth was probably 
very wide. The canine teeth were evidently very ineffective weapons. 
The animals probably only snapped with their jaws, and did not attempt 
to lacerate or hold on, as do the cats. The dogs of to-day are long-jawed, 
and they snap in a manner quite distinct from anything seen among 
the cats. The only dogs that hold on are the short-jawed bulldogs. 
So in the use of the canines, we have the ground of the shortening 
of the jaw behind and before, and the consequent change of structure, 
which resulted in the modern perfected Felidw. No. 7.1 
AND CANIDS OF THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 
171 
The following list shows the number and distribution of the species 
of the Nimravidce. The position of a cross on a line indicates an inter- 
mediate geological position. 
Upper 
Eocene. 
Lower Miocene. 
Upper Miocene. Pliocene. 
© 
Pi 
© 
Fh 
0 
H 
© 
Pi 
O 
u 
0 
W 
c3 
© 
•c 
■ 
a 
© 
fk 
o 
g 
c8 
© 
•e 
■ 
a 
0 
d P< 
‘0 P 
c3 
© 
•c 
a 
a 
Prooelurus iulieni Filh 
+ 
+ 
Proajlurua lemanenaia Filh 
Paeudadurua hytenoidea Blv 
Paeudadurua edwardai Filh 
+ 
Paeudaelurua intrepid ua Leidy 
+ 
Paeudaslurua aivalenaia Lydd 
-Arcliaelurua debilia Cope 
+ 
iElurogale intermedia Filh 
+ 
./Elurogale acutataFilh 
Nimravua goinphodua Cope 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+' 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
Nimravua confertus Cope 
Pinictia felina Leidy . 
Dinietia cyclopa Cope 
Pinictia aqualidena Cope 
Fogonodon platycopia Cope 
Pogonodon brachydpa Cope 
Hoplophoneua oreodontia Cope 
lloplophoneua primaevus Leidy 
Hoplophoneua occidentalia Leidy 
Hoplophoneua cerebralis Cope 
Euamiiua bidentatua Filh 
+ 
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 
NlMRAVUS GrOMPHODUS sp. nov. 
Nimravm brachyopa Cope, Proceed. Academy Philad. 1879, p. 170, not Machcerodm 
brachyop8 Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1878, p. 72. 
This carnivore is represented by parts of three individuals; one of 
them by a nearly complete skull. The species is rather larger than the 
average Uncia concolor. 
M. 
Axial length from occipital condyles to premaxillary border 20& 
Axial length from inion to premaxillary border 220 
Axial length from premaxillary border to canine tooth 017 
Axial length from premaxillary border to anterior border of superior sectorial.. . 066 
Axial length from premaxillary border to posterior extremity of maxillary bone. . 097 
Axial length from premaxillary border to postglenoid process . 162 
Length of nasal bone from nasal notch 06& 
Length of sagittal crest from inion 082 
Width of premaxillary bone (greatest) 019 
Width of each nasal bone at middle 008 
Width of each frontal bone at middle of orbit 028 
Width of each frontal bone at postfrontal angles.... 035 
Width of skull at anterior part of zygoma 098 
Width of zygomata at temporal fossa m 
Width of skull at meatus auditorius 074 
Width of skull between apices of paroccipital processes 054 
Width of occiput at middle . 044 
Width of foramen magnum 024 
Measurements of skull. 172 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[ Vol. YI. 
M. 
Elevation of occiput above foramen 036 
Width of chin at base 022 
Width of chin at summit 028 
Depth of chin 040 
Depth of ramus at diastema 027 
Depth of ramus below last premolar 031 
Length of ramus 157 
Elevation of condyle 033 
Elevation of coronoid process 071 
Length of superior canine 045 
antero-posterior 016 
. transverse 008 
Diameters of base of superior canine 
Anteroposterior diameter at middle 010 
Distance from canine to third premolar 016 
Length of molars, including third premolar 045 
Length of base of third premolar 018 
Elevation of cusp of third premolar 013 
Length of base of sectorial 025 
Elevation of cusp of sectorial 015 
Width of tubercular 009 
Elevation of inferior canine 024 
Antero-posterior diameter of inferior canine at base 012 
Length of inferior diastema 022 
Length of inferior molar series 063 
Length of third premolar 0175 
Elevation of third premolar 0175 
Length of fourth premolar 020 
Elevation of fourth premolar 015 
Length of sectorial . 025 
Elevation of median cusp of sectorial... 016 
The characters of this species will be fully detailed in my final report 
to Dr. Hayden, now passing through the press. 
From the John Day River, Oregon. 
Nimravus confertus sp. nov. 
This species is as yet represented by a mandibular ramus only. It is 
one-third smaller than that of N. gomphodus. 
The inferior border of the ramus is broken off, excepting for a space 
below the diastema. The general form is narrow, as in N. gomphodus, and 
there is a projecting ledge along the inner base of the sectorial similar 
to that seen in the latter species. The angle separating the side from 
the front of the ramus is rather stronger than in JV. gomphodus, but there 
is no indication of an inferior flare. The diastema is shorter than in the 
typical species, its length equalling that of the base of the third (first) 
premolar; in N. gomphodus it is half as long again. The symphysis is 
correspondingly shorter, ceasing a little in advance of, and at the pos- 
terior border of, the inferior canine tooth, while in N. gomphodus it con- 
tinues for one diameter of the canine behind its posterior border. 
The crown of the inferior canine tooth is directed backwards, and its No. 7.J 
NIMRAVID2E AND CANIDS OF THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 
173 
serrate cutting edge is presented almost entirely inwards. The interno- 
anterior face of the crown is flat, and has a low shoulder at the base. The 
molars have the proportions of those of N. gomphodus, differing only in 
their smaller size, which is very apparent, as can be seen by the measure- 
ments. The first (third) premolar is a little longer on the base than high, 
has no anterior tubercle, and has a short cutting basal heel. The fourth 
premolar has subequal anterior and posterior basal cutting lobes, and the 
base is longer than the elevation of the median cusp. The sectorial tooth 
has a short cutting heel, but no trace of inner tubercle. The anterior lobe 
is as long as the median, but not so high. It overlaps the fourth premo- 
lar as far as the base of the median cusp. No incisor teeth are pre- 
served in the specimen. Tubercular small. 
Measurements of slcull. 
M. 
Depth of ramus at diastema 020 
Depth of chin 027 
Elevation of inferior canine 016 
Diameter of inferior canine at base 010 
Length of inferior diastema 014 
Length of inferior molar series 053 
Length of third premolar 014 
Elevation of third premolar 010 
Length of fourth premolar 016 
Elevation of fourth premolar 013 
Length of sectorial 022 
Elevation of median cusp of sectorial 015 
One specimen, fromtlie John Day Valley, Oregon, found in the Truckee 
formation, by J. R. Wortman. 
COLOREODON RYDERANUS Sp. nOV. 
Represented by a nearly complete skull, without lower jaw. These 
indicate the third and smallest species of the genus. The specimen be- 
longed to an adult animal, as indicated by the condition of the last two 
molar teeth. 
Besides the small size, two characters may be cited as distinguishing 
this species from those already known. First, the temporal ridges con- 
verge very gradually, so that the sagittal crest does not appear anterior to 
the line of .the otic bullae, posterior to which point the skull is broken 
above. Second, the face is constricted immediately posterior to the po- 
sition of the fundus of the alveolus of the canine teeth. The position of 
this alveolus is prominent, and occupies the superior half of the maxil- 
lary bone, which is excavated beneath it. This excavation is bounded 
behind by the infraorbital foramen. The lachrymal bone presents an 
angle into the orbit. The latter is open posteriorly, but the opposing 
processes approach each other. The zygomata are slender. The enamel 
of the molars is slightly wrinkled. 174 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
IToJ. VI. 
Measurements of sTcull. 
Total length from left side of inion to front of canine 147 
From same to end of maxillary bone 075 
From same to palatal notch 087 
Length of diastema Oil 
Length of molar series 059 
Length of true molars 035 
M. 
Diameters of second true molar 
antero-posterior 013 
transverse 015 
Diameters of third true molar 
antero-posterior - 015 
transverse - - 019 
The linear measurements of this skull are three-fourths that of G. ferox, 
and three-fifths that of G. macroceplialus. 
Found by J. L. Wortman, on the John Day River, Oregon. 
Dedicated to my friend John A. Ryder, of Philadelphia. 
Palaeochcertjs platyops sp. nov. 
Established on a nearly complete skull, which lacks the muzzle ante- 
rior to the third premolar teeth, the lower jaw, and parts of the zygomata. 
The last superior molar is not protruded, and it is probable that the 
fourth deciduous premolar still remains in the jaw. 
The size of this species exceeds that of any other member of the genus- 
The postorbital process is also more elongate, so as to inclose the orbit 
to a greater extent than is usual in Palceochcerus. The temporal ridges 
are strong, and rise into a convexity above the anterior part of the tem- 
poral fossa. From this point they converge gradually to form the sagit- 
tal crest, which has a truncate edge. Between the ridges the surface is 
concave, the basin widening forwards as far as a line passing through 
the posterior third of the orbits. The frontal bone rises steeply trom the 
orbit to the edge of this basin, and is regularly convex in front of it. 
The profile descends forwards, so that the section at the infraorbital, 
foramen is broadly convex, and not compressed, as in the species of 
Palceochcerus from the Truckee beds of Oregon. The emargination of the 
palate extends as far forwards as the line of the anterior border of the 
second true molar. The posterior border of the infraorbital foramen is 
above the middle of the anterior root of the fourth premolar. The post- 
glenoid, mastoid, and postparietal foramina are present; the last named 
rather small and in the inferior part of the parietal bone. 
The base of the fourth premolar is remarkably extended antero-pos- 
teriorly. Its crown has a posterior basal cingulum, and is in contact 
with those of the molars anterior and posterior to it. The crown of the 
first true molar is narrowed inwards, the anterior border being more 
oblique than the posterior. Both of these borders have a wide cingu- 
lum. There are two large external cusps, with antero-posterior continu- 
ous edges, two small median cusps, and a larger internal cusp. Iso 
internal or external cingula. The second true molar is also narrowed 
inwards, but less so than the first, and the posterior border is the only 175 
No. 7.] 
NIMRAVIDJE AND CANIDS OF THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 
oblique one. There are wide posterior and anterior cingula, and five 
cusps arranged as in the first molar. The internal cusp is relatively 
larger in this tooth. 
Measurements of skull. 
Length from occipital condyles to anterior border of last premolar 186 
Length from occipital condyles to palatal edge 135 
Length from occipital condyles to line of anterior border of glenoid fossa 051 
W idth of occiput above 046 
Width at posterior origin of zygomata 071 
Width between orbits (least) 077 
Width at ntiddles of first molar teeth 098 
Width between first molar teeth 040 
Elevation of occiput, with condyles 082 
Elevation of muzzle at front of fourth premolar 043 
H. 
Diameters first molar 
antero-posterior 021 
transverse 016 
Diameters second molar 
antero-posterior 022 
transverse 019 
This species is easily distinguished from those which have been dis- 
covered heretofore, by its large size, by the peculiar form of its molar 
teeth, and by its flattened muzzle. The specimen above described was 
discovered by Capt. Emmett Crawford, Third Cavalry, U. S. A., on the 
upper waters of the Big Cheyenne River, Dakota, in a bed of the White 
River formation. It was presented to me by Dr. William H. Corbusieur, 
IT. S. A., to whom my especial thanks are due. 
Protolabis prehensilis sp. 110V. 
This camel is supposed to have existed on the evidence of portions of 
the mandibles of two individuals. These include the symphyseal por- 
tion, and one of them the ramus as far posteriorly as the first true 
molar, inclusive. These remains indicate a robust species of the size of 
the Proeamelus angustidens, or between the P. gracilis and P. robustus. 
The most marked peculiarities of this species are the following : The 
canine and first premolar are very robust, and the latter is one-rooted 
and with an oval section at the base like the canine. The second pre- 
molar is also one-rooted, while the third and fourth are two-rooted, and 
differ very little in size from each other. The first true molar is abruptly 
larger, although narrowed in front. The root of the second premolar 
is round and of robust proportions, its diameter being one-half linear 
that of the first. The roots of the incisors are robust, that of the first 
being rather larger than that of the third. The symphysis terminates 
a little behind the line of the first premolar. The mental foramen is 
unusually extended in the antero-posterior direction. 
Measurements of skull. 
M. 
Length of symphysis (No. 1) 080 
Length of bases of incisors and canine 043 
Diameters of canine \ ™tero-posterior 016 
c transverse Oil 176 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [FoJ.VI. 
Diameters of premolar (I) 
antero-posterior 014 
transverse 009 
M. 
Length of last three premolars on base (No. 2) 034 
Length of base of fourth premolar 011 
Length of base of first true molar 019 
Length of first diastema (No. 2) 017 
Length of second diastema (No. 1) 026 
Depth at second diastema (No. 1) 033 
Depth at first true molar 048 
The generic position of this species is uncertain. I place it provis- 
ionally in Protolabis on account of the large development of the infe- 
rior incisors. Its robust canine and first premolar, and small third and 
fourth premolar distinguish it from any of the species described. 
Found by E. II. Hazard, in the Loup Fork beds of Southern Ne- 
braska. 
Eumys lockingtonianus sp. nov. 
This rodent is represented by a nearly perfect skull, which is without 
lower jaw. Its specific characters separate it widely from the E. elegans 
Leidy and E. nematodon Cope. It is considerably larger than either, 
and the temporal ridges are very obsolete and do not unite posterior 
to the orbits, as in E. elegans, resembling in this respect the E. nemato- 
don. The parietal region is wide and flat above. The interorbital region, 
is only moderately contracted. The muzzle is rather short as compared 
with the total length of the skull. The interorbital region is gently 
convex above, and the top of the muzzle is flat. The zygoma is quite 
slender, and the otic bullae are large and prominent. The notch of the 
palate extends as far forwards as the posterior part of the last superior 
molar. The infraorbital foramen is very large and round. 
The anterior face of the superior incisor is nearly plane, and it is 
marked by a weak groove near the inner and a strong groove near the 
external border. In E. elegans this face is convex and without grooves. 
The molars are rather small for the size of the skull; their crowns are 
worn by use. The third is subround in section, and its diameter is about 
half that of the first; the latter has the anterior odd lobe quite small. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Total length of skull 0380 
Length (axial) to front of orbits 0140 
Length (axial) to palatal notch 0190 
Length (axial) to first molar 0120 
Width at otic hull® 0205 
Width at middle of zygomata 0220 
Width of interorbital space 0060 
Width between first molars 0055 
Length of molar series 0070 
Length of first molar 0030 
Width of superior incisor 0015 
This species is dedicated to my friend W. N. Lockington, the well- 
known naturalist of San Francisco. No. 7.] 
AND CANID AS OF THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 
177 
SCIURUS BALLOVIANUS Sp. 110V. 
This squirrel is the second species of its genus supposed to occur in 
the Truckee beds of Oregon, and the third Sciurus obtained thus far from 
the Lower Miocene or Oligocene of the West. The typical specimen for- 
tunately includes the cranium, with both rami of the mandible, so that 
its reference to the genus Sciurus rather than to Gymnoptychus is assured. 
Like the latter genus, the infraorbital foramen is reduced to a slit, but, 
unlike it, there is but one internal tubercle of the crowns of the superior 
molars instead of two. 
The skull is flat above, and the interorbital space is also flat, and is 
remarkably wide. Temporal ridges none. Muzzle short and narrow. 
Palate wide, its posterior notch extending as far forwards as the last 
superior molar. The ascending ramus of the mandible originates oppo- 
site the anterior part of the last inferior molar. The massateric fossa 
extends to opposite the anterior border of the second inferior molar. The 
mental foramen is near the superior border of the posterior part of the 
diastema. The second and third superior molars, the only ones pre- 
served, have two cross-crests and a strong anterior cingulum. The 
external extremities of the cross-crests are little elevated, and there are 
no other cingula. The inferior molars have basin-shaped grinding faces, 
with a lobe at each angle. There is a small tubercle between the lobes 
of the inner and outer pairs. The incisors of both jaws are much com- 
pressed, strongly convex in front, and, in the lower jaw at least, without 
sculpture. 
M. 
Length of skull to orhit 0090 
Width between orbits 0090 
Width of muzzle 0047 
Width between last molars 0040 
Length of superior dental series 0054 
Diameters of second molar $ antero-posterior 001o 
c transverse 
Width of superior incisor 0013 
Length of mandibular ramus 0150 
Elevation of ramus at coronoid 0080 
Length of diastema 0030 
Length of inferior dental series 0070 
Depth of ramus at second molar 0045 
This species is much smaller than the Sciurus vortmani, from the same 
horizon of Oregon. The type specimen was discovered by Mr. L. S. 
Davis, of Mr. Wort man’s party. The name is given in honor of Mr. 
M. H. Ballou, of Chicago, a naturalist and journalist. 
Measurements. 
CANIDAS. 
Species of this family were very abundant during tlie Miocene period 
in North America as in Europe. Those of the Lower and Middle 
Miocene epochs belong to genera allied to, but distinct from, Canis; 
while those of the Upper Miocene (Loup Fork) and later horizons, per- 178 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
f Vol. VI. 
tain to the latter genus, with few exceptions. The characters of the 
genera are as follows : 
I. Molar formula f 
Humerus with epitrochlcar foramen Amphicyon. 
II. Molar formula t §. 
Humerus with epitrochlear foramen. 
Inferior sectorial heel trenchant Temnocyon. 
Inferior sectorial heel basin-shaped Galecynus. 
Humerus without epitrochlear foramen. 
Inferior sectorial heel basin-shaped Cams. 
III. Molar formula $ $. 
Heel of inferior sectorial trenchant Enhydrocyon. 
IV. Molar formula f 
Heel of inferior molar basin-shaped Icticyon. 
V. Molar formula f f. 
First inferior molar two-rooted Hyosnocyon. 
To these genera I refer nineteen species of the American Miocenes. 
Ampiiicyon Lartet. 
Bulletin Soci6t6 G6ologiquc do la France, 1836, vii, 217-220; Blainville, 
Comptes-Rendus, 1837, v, 434; L’Institut, .1837, v, 18-19; Blainville, Osteo- 
graphie, ix, Subursus, 78-96. 
Dental formula: I. f; C. |; Pm.£; M. f. The true molars of the su- 
perior series all tubercular; the last two of the inferior series also tuber- 
cular. First inferior true molar a sectorial, with an internal tubercle 
and a heel with a superior groove, bounded by raised borders. Hu- 
merus with an epitrochlear arterial foramen. 
Much is yet to be desired in the elucidation of the characters of this 
genus, especially of the American forms, which are less abundant and 
of smaller size than those of Europe. The typical species, Ampiiicyon 
major Blv. was the largest, equalling a bear in size. It is derived from 
the Miocene of Sansan, and a smaller form of it is found, according 
to Pomel, at San Gerand-le-Puy. Other species are derived from the 
latter locality, and all are typical of the Miocene formation in Europe. 
In the “ Mio-pliocene” of India a single species has been discovered, the 
A. palceindicus of Lydekker. Three species occur in the Lower and Mid- 
dle Miocene of Forth America, the largest of which about equals the 
wolf in size. On account of the largo development of the inferior tuber- 
cular teeth, I have suspected that the Canis ursinus Cope, from the 
Loup Fork group of Few Mexico, would prove to be an Ampiiicyon. If 
so, it is the only representative of this genus in our Upper Miocene. 
The three American species differ as follows: The A. cuspigerus is 
small, not exceeding the kit-fox in dimensions. The A. liartsliornianus 
is about the size of the coyote, and lias rather small tubercular molars, 
especially of the lower series. The A. vetus is a little larger, but has 
the tubercular molars disproportionately larger than those of the A. 
liartsliornianus. NIMRAVIDA2 AND CANIDS OP THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 
179 
No. 7.] 
Temnocyon Cope. 
Paleontological Bulletin, No. 30, p. 6, December 3, 1878; Proceedings Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society, 1878, p. 68. 
Dental formula: I. ft j C. Pm. |; M. f. Two molars in each jaw 
tubercular. Inferior sectorial with well-developed heel, which is keeled 
with a cutting edge above. An internal tubercle of the same. A post- 
glenoid, but no postparietal foramen. Humerus with an epitrochlear 
arterial foramen. 
The characters on which I rely at present for the discrimination of 
this genus from Canis are two. The first is the presence of a cutting 
edge on the superior face of the heel of the inferior sectorial, in place of 
a double row of tubercles surrounding a basin. When well developed, 
these characters present a broad contrast, but indications of transitional 
forms are not wanting. Thus, in some extinct Canes the internal crest 
of the heel is less elevated than the external, which is the liomologue 
of the single crest of Temnocyon, and in some specimens of Temnocyon 
coryphaeus there is a cingulum on the inner side of the median keel, 
which represents the internal crest of Canis. Secondly, the epitrochlear 
foramen of the humerus, a character common to all of our Lower 
Miocene Canidce yet known. 
The keel of the sectorial, which defines this genus, is simply a repeti- 
tion on that tooth of the heel which belongs to the posterior premolar 
teeth of many Carnivora. It finds resemblances in such Eocene forms 
as Mesonyx and Palceonyctis. Among recent Canidce it is apparently 
unknown, and is very rare in other groups. The Cynodictis crassiros- 
tris Filliol, from the French Phosphorites, strongly resembles the species 
of Temnocyon in generic characters. 
Three species of the genus are known to me. They may be distin- 
guished as follows. A fourth species, T. josephi, is provisionally placed 
with these: 
I. First superior tubercular molar with a wide median fossa, bounded witbin by a 
tubercle. 
Length of superior molar series from canine, .070 ; of true molars, .0215. 
T. altigenis. 
Length of molar series from canine, .067; of true molars, .014. 
T. ivallovianus sp. nor. 
II. First superior tubercular molar with narrower basin, bounded within by a V-shaped 
crest. 
Length of dental series from canine, .055; of true molars, .014 T. coryphceus. 
Length of dental series from canine, .051; of true molars, .013; muzzle narrow, 
zygomas wide T. josephi sp. nov. 
All of the above species have been derived from the Truckee Miocene 
beds of Oregon. I, however, anticipate the discovery of these or other 
species of the genus in the White Fiver beds of Dakota and Colorado. 180 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Yol.Yl. 
Galecynus Owen. 
Quarterly Journal Geological Society Loudon, 1847, iii, 54-60.—“ Cynodon 
Aymard, Annales Soci<$t6 du Puy, 1848, xii, p. 244.—Cynodictis Bravard et 
Pomel, Notice sur les Ossemens Fossiles de la Debruge, 1850, p. 5.—Cyo- 
therium Aymard, Ann. Soc. d’Agric. du Puy, 1850, xiv, p. 115”; Bronn. 
Dental formula: I. f; C. Pm. f; M. §. Inferior sectorial with 
internal tubercle, and with a heel with raised or tubercular internal 
and external borders. First premolar in both jaws one-rcoted. A post- 
glenoid but no postparietal foramen. Humerus with an epitrochlear 
arterial foramen. 
This genus, which is abundantly represented by species and individ- 
uals, existed during the Upper Eocene epoch in Europe (in the Phos- 
phorites), and also during the White Fiver or Oligocene in North 
America. As the structure of the feet of the numerous species from 
these epochs is not yet known, and, therefore, some doubt as to their 
correct generic reference may still exist, I only regard the genus as a 
certain inhabitant of North America during the Truckee or Middle 
Miocene epoch. This is indicated by the Galecynus geismarianus, where 
the number of the toes on the posterior foot has been ascertained. 
All the species of the genus from Eocene and Lower Miocene beds, as 
well as most of those of the Loup Fork epoch, are characterized by the 
relatively small size of their sectorial teeth. In this they resemble the 
Amphicyons, Tcmnocyons, and other forms of Canidce of the same period, 
and differ from such true Canes as C. ursinus, C. swvus, and C. haydeni, 
which display the enlarged sectorial teeth of the existing species of the 
genus. Of course there is every gradation in this respect between tie 
two types. In the older species the internal tubercle of the inferior 
sectiorial tooth is more largely developed than in the later ones, thus, 
approaching some of the species of Viverridce, where it is still more 
largely developed. As in other characters, there are gradations in this 
also, so that neither in it nor in the relative size of the sectorials do I 
find ground for the separation of the species in question from the genus 
Canis, as has been proposed in the case of some of the species in Europe. 
Through the kindness of M. Filhol, I possess jaws of a number of the 
species found by himself and others in the Phosphorites of Central 
France, including the Canis velaunus, the type of the genus Cynodon of 
Aymard. These agree very nearly with the species of dogs from the 
American Miocene beds as to generic characters. • Professor Owen, in 
the paper above cited, proposed to distinguish the genus Galecynus on 
account of the greater length of the pollex as compared with that found 
in the existing species of Canis. This character appears to me to be 
of an unsatisfactory nature, owing to the fact that gradations in the 
length of a digit are difficult to express with precision in other than a 
specific sense; and the gradations may certainly be expected to occur. 
I find in the G. geismarianus a character which separates the genus 
from Canis, viz, the presence of the epitrochlear foramen of the hu- 
merus. In this point it agrees with Amphicyon and Temnocyon. I ar- No. 7.J 
NIMRAVIDiE AND CANIDJE OF THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 
181 
range cotemporary and generally similar species under the same gen- 
eric head, as the most reasonable course in the absence of direct evi- 
dence. 
The American species of Galecynus, then, may be arranged as follows: 
I. Smaller species with little or no sagittal crest. 
* Temporal ridges uniting close behind orbits; otic bullae small. 
Small; no external ridge on inferior sectorial G. gregarius Cope. 
** Temporal ridges uniting early; otic bullae large. 
Larger; no external ridge on inferior sectorial; teeth robust. 
G. geismarianu8 Cope. 
Smaller; an external ridge on lower sectorial; teeth more robust. 
G. latidena Cope sp. nov. 
** Temporal ridges not uniting anteriorly ; otic bullae large. 
Least; muzzle narrow; superior tuberculars wide; no external ridge on in- 
ferior sectorial G. lemur Cope. 
HYiENOCYON Cope. 
Paleontological Bulletin, No. 31, 1879, p. 3 (Dec. 24); Proceedings American 
Philosophical Society, 1879, p. 372. 
This geuus rests on the characters furnished by a single species, 
which is represented by but few remains. Its family position is doubt- 
ful, 'and my reference of it to the Canidce is only provisional. It may, 
so far as the evidence goes, be a member of the Mustilidce or even of 
the Felidae. 
Dental formula: I. C. Pm. f; M. Last superior molar rather 
narrow, transverse. Inferior premolars all two-rooted, and with well- 
developed posterior cutting lobe. Inferior sectorial large, with heel. 
Probably no inferior tubercular tooth. 
The characters above given agree with those of Icticyon in the su- 
perior series, but differ in the inferior in the absence of the Pm. I. and 
the M. II. 
The only known species is the Hycenocyon basilatus (Enliydrocyon baM- 
latus Cope olim.), from the Truckee beds of Oregon. 
Icticyon Lund. 
Kongl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Afliandl. naturvidensk. og math. Classe, ix, 
Deel, 1842 (October, 1841) fide Burmeister; Van der Hoeven Wissen. eu 
uatuurk. Verb, der Koninkl. Akademie Amsterdam, Deel iii; Burmeister 
Erlauterungen zur Naturgesch. Brasiliens, 1856, 2.—Cynalicus Gray, Ann. 
Magaz. Nat. Hist. London, xvii, no. 112, 293.—Melictis Schinz. Revue et 
Magaz. de Zoologie, 1848, 176, fide Burmeister. 
The dental formula is, I, f; C. ; Pm. \; M. The single superior 
tubercular molar is similar in general to that of other Canidce. The in- 
ferior sectiorial has an internal cusp and posterior heel, the latter with 
a low cutting edge on one side. Inferior tubercular well developed. 
One existing and one extinct species have been found in Brazil, the 
latter in the caves. I described a species from the Miocene which I can- 
not separate from them generically. This is the Icticyon crassivultus 
Cope (Proceedings Academy Philadelphia, 1879, p. 190). Art. VIII.—On the Vertebrata of the Wind River 
Eocene Beds of Wyoming. 
E. D. Cope. 
The Wind River, the principal source of the Big Horn, rises in the 
Wind River Mountains, in Western Central Wyoming, and flows through 
a bad-land region for a hundred miles. This region was explored by 
Dr. F. V. Hayden in 1858, who makes the following observations re- 
specting it (American Naturalist, 1878, p. 831): 
Along tlie east side of the Wind River Mountains, and filling up the Upper Wind 
River Valley, is a great thickness of Tertiary strata that has been .weathered into 
very remarkable forms, and which are known in the West as “had lands”. The 
strata are most beautifully variegated with various shades of pink or brick-red color, 
so that they sometimes remind one of the Jura-Trias red beds. This formation was 
described by me in 1859 in detail, and named the Wind River group. It covers a 
broad area in this region, extending from the source of Wind River to the Sweet 
Water Mountains, south, more than one hundred miles, and west an average width of 
one to five miles. The aggregate thickness of this group cannot be less than 5,000 
feet. On the west side of the Wind River Mountains no formations older than the 
W asatcli group are found. This group rests, doubtless, on the Archaean nucleus, in- 
clining at the base 5 to 10 degrees. All the older sedimentary rocks have been entirely 
swept away from the granites for a distance of 100 miles; while on the opposite or 
east side, all the corresponding strata are visible, from the Silurian to the Cretaceous 
The Wasatch beds cover a large part of the Green River Valley, especially about its 
sources. 
During the past summer I sent a party into tbe Wind River Basin, 
under direction of Mr. J. L. Wortman, already well known from bis 
numerous important paleontological discoveries in Oregon. This gen- 
tleman made a thorough exploration of the bad lands, and probably ob- 
tained all the fossils found on the surface in the region. The following 
list of forty-five species shows that the collection embraces nearly all of 
the characteristic types of the American Eocene, and that twenty-six 
species are new to science. Among the most remarkable of these I 
may cite the large flesh-eater Protopsalis tigrinus, the largest of the 
Eocene period yet known, and the Amblypod, Bathyopsis fissidens, an 
important addition to the forms of that peculiar order. 
Mr. Wortman’s explorations were not accomplished without accident, 
he having lost most of his outfit on his first crossing of the Wind River. 
The bad lands form a most forbidding region, mostly waterless, and at 
an elevation which is unfavorable to the sparse vegetation which is 
permitted by the dryness of the climate. 
183 184 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Vol.Vl. 
PISCES. 
1. Clastes sp. 
Scales of this genus are moderately abundant. 
2. PArPICHTHYS sp. 
Vertebrae of this genus occur in the collection. 
3. Placosaurus. 
A species probably of this genus is not rare; and vertebrae indicate 
two or three species of lizards. 
LACERTILIa. 
TESTUDINATA. 
Tortoises are not abundant; a portion of the plastron of a species 
probably of— 
4. Dermatemys— 
Being the only determinable fragment procured by Mr. Wortman. 
5. Crocodilus sp. 
Not very common. 
CROCODILIA. 
RODENTIA. 
6. Plesiarctomys buccatus Cope. 
Three individuals. 
7. Plesiarctomys delicatissimus Leidy. 
Four individuals. 
8. Plesiarctomys delicatior Leidy. 
Eight individuals. 
CHIROPTERA. 
9. Vesperugo anemophilus Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880, p. 745. 
Represented by the anterior part of a skull without lower jaw. Den- 
tition : I. ?; C. 1; Pm. 2; M. 3. Posterior molar narrow, its posterior 
external Y rudimental; first and second molars subequal. Fourth 
premolar elevated and acute, with an external basal cingulum; second 
premolar simple, acute. Profile steeply elevated behind orbital region, 
less steep in front of it j zygomas wide. Length from interorbital region 
to above canine alveolus in front, .010; interorbital width, .005; width 
of zygomas, .012; width between outsides of last molar teeth, .010; length 
of molar series, .008; length of true molars, .004. 
BUNOTIIERIA. 
TJENIODONTA. 
10. CALAMODON CYLINDRfFER sp. nOY. 
The only individual of this species discovered by Mr. Wortman is 
represented by.fragments of the jaws, with several teeth, both loose No. 8.] 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
185 
and imbedded in matrix. The former show that the molars have but 
one root. The latter include the large rodent-like incisors in a frag- 
mentary condition, and a nearly complete tooth intermediate in charac- 
ter between the flat-banded teeth and the molar teeth of the known 
species of Calamodon. It may occupy an intermediate position in the 
jaw, but I do not know of any appropriate place for it in the mandible 
of Calamodon arcamcenus. I think there is little doubt the individual 
belongs to a species with narrower teeth than any of those of the two 
species already named. 
The characteristic tooth in question is nearly cylindric, and the part 
preserved is quite long and slender. Its grinding surface is worn con- 
cavely, as in the flat teeth of the known species of Calamodon. The 
enamel is in two bands, one wider than the other, and each of equal 
width throughout. The space of cementum separating them on.one 
side is nearly twice as wide as that on the other. The cementum layer 
is not so thick as in the species of the genus hitherto described. The 
shaft of the tooth is slightly curved, and the wider band of cementum 
is on the inner side of the curve. 
M. 
Width of enamel of large incisor 018 
Length of shaft of cylindric tooth 041 
Measurements. 
Diameters of grinding surface of cylindric tooth 
anteroposterior Oil 
transverse 010 
INSECTIVORA. 
11. Esthonyx acutidens sp. nov. 
The largest species of the genus, and represented by two individuals. 
The first of these includes the last molars of both series and an 
anterior true molar; the second includes most of the dentition of one 
maxillary bone, the last true molar being probably the only tooth miss- 
ing. Four of the molars of this specimen are in place, and three are 
loose. Under the circumstances, I estimate seven molars, of which the 
fourth premolar is like the first true molar, and the third premolar has 
its internal lobe very much reduced. The two preceding premolars have 
one root, and short, compressed, and acute crowns. The second is 
abruptly very much smaller than the third, and is close to it; the first 
is close to the second, and is a little larger. The canine is larger still, 
and is somewhat compressed. Externally viewed, it looks like the 
canine of a carnivorous mammal; but viewed from within, it displays 
marked peculiarities. It has here a median rib, separated from the fore 
and aft edges of the crown by a groove. This ridge is without enamel, 
and the edges are produced and very sharp. The enamel of the exter- 
nal face extends twice as far towards the base a»s on the interior side. The 
enamel of this tooth, with that of the premolars, is wrinkled ; that of the 
molars is smoother. 186 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Tot VI. 
The details of the inferior teeth preserved do not differ much from 
those of the E. bisulcatus, excepting that the heel of the last true molar 
is much more produced. 
The E. acutidens is considerably larger than either of the species of 
the genus heretofore described. 
Measurements. 
No. 1. 
M. 
Diameters of last inferior molar} 
vertical 0065 
anteroposterior 0130 
transverse 0064 
anteroposterior 0095 
transverse 0074 
Diameters of a true molar 
anteroposterior 0097 
transverse ... . 0130 
Diameters of last superior molar < 
No. 2. 
Length of five superior molars preserved 0410 
Length of premolar series 0325 
Length of bases of Pm. I and II 0125 
anteroposterior 0097 
transverse 0098 
Diameters of Pm. Ill 
anteroposterior 0086 
transverse 0133 
Diameters of first true molar 
Anteroposterior width of base of crown of canine 0080 
Transverse width of base of crown of canine 0050 
12. Estiionyx spatularius Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880 (Nov. 25), p. 908. 
Represented by five molar and premolar and two incisor or canine 
teeth, apparently belonging to one individual. These are about the size 
of those of E. bisulcatus, but present several differences of detail. Thus, 
the basin of the heel of the last inferior molar is not obliquely cut oft' by 
a crest which extends forwards from the heel, but is surrounded by an 
elevated border, which rises into a cusp on the external side. The 
incisor-canine teeth are more robust than those of E. bisulcatus, one of 
them especially having a spoon-shaped crown, with the concave side 
divided by a longitudinal rib, on which the enamel is very thin. The 
enamel descends much further down on the external than the internal 
side of these teeth. The rodent-like tooth does not accompany the speci- 
men. Length of base of last inferior molar, .009; width anteriorly, .005; 
length of crown of canine-incisor No. 1, .009; width at base, .005; length 
of crown of second canine-incisor at base, .012; width, .000. 
MESODOUTA. 
13. Hyopsodus taulus Leidy. 
Numerous specimens. # 
14. Hyopsodus vicarius Cope. 
Less abundant. No. 8.] 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
187 
15. Pelycodus jarrovii Cope. 
A jaw fragment supporting the last two molars presents the charac- 
ters and dimensions of this species. The genus Pelycodus differs from 
Tomitherium in that the second premolar resembles the later ones in 
having two roots instead of having but one root like the first, as is found 
in the latter genus. 
1G. Pelycodus tutus Cope. 
Tomitherium tutum Cope, Report Expl. Surv. W. of 100th Mer. under Capt, 
Wheeler, iv, pt. ii, p. 141. 
Represented by numerous specimens. 
17. Pelycodus nunienum sp. nov. 
Fragmentary jaws of six individuals of this species were found by 
Mr. Wortman. They indicate a species intermediate in dimensions be- 
tween the P. tutus and P. frugivorus, which is further defined by the 
form of the last inferior molar. 
The best preserved ramus supports all the teeth posterior to and in- 
cluding the third premolar. The last-mentioned tooth has an elevated 
acute crown, without any anterior basal tubercle, and a very short pos- 
terior heel. The fourth premolar is very stout; its cusps are not much 
elevated, and the heel is short. The anterior basal tubercle is quite 
small. All of the true molars have a second cusp in front of the anterior 
interval, but it is quite small, excepting on the first, where it is more 
distinct. The external crescents of all the molars are well defined, but 
the posterior does not inclose the crown behind with an extension of its 
horn. The last molar is a little longer than the others, and its posterior 
border is produced into two cusps. A simple raised border is found here 
in P. frugivorus. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of molar series from third premolar, inclusive 0228 
Length of true molars 0160 
Diameters of first true molar 
anteroposterior 0050 
transverse 0038 
Diameters of last true molar < 
auteroposterior 0065 
transverse 0040 
Depth of ramus at Pm. Ill 0095 
Depth of ramus at last true molar 0095- 
18. Pantolestes SEDANS Sp. IlOV. 
Represented by tlie adherent rami of a mandible, on both of which 
the posterior four molar teeth are preserved. 
The species is about the size of the P. chacensis, and hence larger than 
the P. longicaudus. It differs from both in the proportions of its teeth, 
and especially in the large size and sectorial character of the fourth pre- 
molar. The length of the latter exceeds a little that of the third true 
molar, while in the other species it is shorter. This length is caused by 
the extent of the anterior basal tubercle and posterior heel. The latter 188 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Fol.VI. 
is entirely surrounded by a cingulum, and its median line is elevated 
into a blade, which is continuous with the posterior edge of the princi- 
pal cusp. Both edges of the anterior tubercle are also trenchant. The 
two cusps of the anterior inner tubercle of the first and fourth molars 
are well developed, but on the second molar there is but one cusp. This 
is probably a character to be relied on in distinguishing the species from 
the P. chacensis. No external basal cingula; enamel smooth. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of last four molars 0218 
Length of fourth premolar 0068 
Elevation of fourth premolar 0040 
Length of last true molar 0057 
Depth of ramus at first true molar 0070 
As is tlie case with the species of Pantolestes already known, the P. 
secans seems to have been rare. 
19. Microsyops speirianus Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1879, p. 908. 
Established on a portion of a mandibular ramus which contains the 
three true molars in perfect preservation. As the number of premolar 
teeth is unknown, its reference to this genus is provisional only. The 
last true molar has the form of that of the M. gracilis Leidy. It is dis- 
tinguished by its very small size, since it is considerably less than the 
H. vicarius (IT. ? minus cuius), and by the equality in size of the molars. 
The heel of the third molar is very small, and the two cones of the inner 
side of the crowns of all the molars are acute. The external crescents 
are very well defined, the anterior sending a horn round the anterior 
extremity of the crown. The posterior is connected with the corre- 
sponding internal tubercle by a median conic posterior tubercle. Length 
of true molar series, .008; length of second molar, .002G j width of sec- 
ond molar, .0022; length of last true molar, .0025; width of last true 
molar, .0016; depth of ramus at second molar, .0043. Dedicated to my 
friend Mr. Francis Speir, of Princeton, N. J., who, in connection with 
Messrs. Scott and Osborne, has made important additions to our knowl- 
edge of the Eocene Vcrtebrata. 
20. Microsyops gracilis Leidy. 
Eepresented by numerous jaws. 
21. Microsyops scottianus sp. nov. 
A nearly entire left mandibular ramus is all that I have seen of this 
species. The crowns of the fourth and sixth molars furnish the only 
dental characters available, but the number and forms of the bases of 
the others are readily ascertainable. 
The ramus of the jaw is more slender than in M. gracilis, and the last 
true molar has quite a different form. Instead of being shorter than in No. 8.] 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
189 
allied species, this tooth is rather longer, evidently in consequence of a 
well-developed heel. The fourth premolar has a strong inner tubercle, 
and no anterior cusp or cingulum. Its heel has an elevated posterior 
border, enclosing a fossa with the principal cusps. Ho external or inter- 
nal cingula. Third premolar with two roots. Alveolus of the second, 
large and apparently simple j it is filled with matrix. Canine large, 
directed forwards, and occupying all the space between a short dias- 
tema and the symphysis. The latter extends posteriorly to below the 
anterior part of the third premolar. The ramus is compressed and 
maintains an equal depth to the end of the molar series. Its inferior 
border descends below the coronoid process, and is not incurved, but 
the external face is convex. The anterior masseteric ridge is well 
marked, descending to below the middle of the ramus. Masseteric 
fossa flat. Mental foramen below the third premolar. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of the fragment of ramua 0435 
Length of dental series without incisors 0280 
t.. , „ . ( antero-posterior 0040 
Diameters of canine ( , 
( transverse 0025 
Length of premolar series 0100 
Length of fourth premolar 0040 
Width of fourth premolar behind 0027 
Length of true molar series 0136 
Length of last true molar 0052 
Width of last true molar anteriorly 0030 
Depth of ramus at third premolar 0090 
Depth of ramus at last molar 0090 
This species is dedicated to my friend Prof. William B. Scott, of the 
College of Hew Jersey. 
22. Miacis CANAVUS sp. nov. 
Established on the mandibular rami of two individuals, which display 
the roots and some of the crowns of all the teeth exclusive of the in- 
cisors. 
The root of the canine indicates that the crown is of large size and 
compressed at the base. The first premolar is one-rooted, and is sepa- 
rated from the second by a short diastema. The second has two well- 
distinguished roots, which are separated from those of the third by a dias- 
tema like that in front of them. Posterior to this there are no diastemata. 
The second root of the fourth premolar is much larger than the anterior. 
The sectorial, though the largest tooth, is of but moderate dimensions; 
its heel supports two posterior tubercles. The first tubercular is a lit- 
tle shorter. It has a raised border, and the anterior part two angu- 
lar tubercles. The second tubercular is a very small tooth, but has two 
roots, the posterior of which is posterior to the anterior border of the 
ascending ramus. 
CEEODONTA. 190 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[VoZ.YI. 
According to Leidy’s measurements, this species is about the size of 
his M. vorax of the Bridger formation. That species has, like the two 
others of that horizon, a second tubercular tooth with only one root. 
M. 
Length of dental line posterior to canines . 0440 
Length of premolar series 0250 
Length of base of fourth premolar 0065 
Length of base of sectorial 0085 
Length of base of first tubercular 0060 
Length of base of second tubercular 0040 
Depth of ramus at second premolar 0150 
Depth of ramus at second true molar 0100 
This species was probably about the size of the gray fox. 
23. Miacis brevirostrts sp. nov. 
This species differs from those of the Bridger epoch in the same way 
that M. canavus does, i. e., in the biadicate last inferior molar. Its dimen- 
sions are intermediate between those of M. edax and M. vorax, hence a 
little smaller than those of the M. canavus. This difference is partially 
seen in the shortening of the premolar series of teeth. They are closer 
together than in the ill. canavus, and the roots are larger. The sec- 
torial tooth is shorter. The fourth premolar has a low anterior basal 
cingulum ; the posterior part of the crown is robust. The first tuber- 
cular molar is wide, and consists of a basin-shaped heel and a short 
anterior portion which is more elevated. The latter consists of two 
•cusps, which are connected by an anteriorly convex ledge, but there is no 
third anterior tubercle as in M. parvivorus. The ramus is quite robust, 
and the basis of the canine tooth is unusually large. Mental foramina 
are below the anterior parts of the second and fourth premolars, respect- 
ively. Last inferior molar small. 
Measurements. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of molar series 0380 
Length of premolars 0200 
Length of base of fourth premolar 0060 
Lehgth of base of sectorial 0072 
Length of base of first tubercular 0048 
Length of base of second tubercular 0042 
Depth of ramus at second premolar 0140 
Depth of ramus at second true molar 0140 
24. Didymictis altidens Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880, Oct. p. 746. 
Represented by several specimens. The species is larger than the 
D. protenus, or about equal to the coyote; but the tubercular molar is 
relatively smaller, and has the three anterior cusps better developed. 
The heel of the tubercular sectorial is longer and the three cusps more No. 8.1 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
191 
elevated than in J). protenus. Diameters of latter tooth: Length antero- 
posteriorly, .015; length of heel, .006; elevation of external side of 
crown anteriorly, .015 ; width at same point, .009. Length of crown of 
tuberular, .009; width of same, .006; elevation anteriorly, .005. 
25. Didymictis leptomylus Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880, Dec. p. 908. 
Represented by the posterior three inferior molars. These indicate a 
species of smaller size than the D. protenus, with the tubercular molar 
relatively narrower, and perhaps longer. The anterior part of the latter 
has the three cusps well defined and close together, and behind them is 
an oblique longitudinal cutting edge. The middle of the posterior 
margin rises into a tubercle. The anterior cusps of the tubercular sec- 
torial are elevated; the heel has a strong external cutting edge and 
internal ledge. Length of tubercular sectorial, .009; width of same, 
.005; length of tubercular, .007; width of same in front, 
26. Didymictis dawkinsianus sp. nov. 
This flesh-eater is represented by more or less imperfect mandibular 
rami of three individuals. The most complete of these lacks only the 
portions posterior to the coronoid process, and those anterior to the 
first premolar, and supports all the teeth excepting the first and second 
premolars. The premolars are all two-rooted excepting the first. The 
base of the fourth premolar is considerably longer than that of the 
third. Both of these teeth have a short posterior heel, and above it a 
cutting lobe. The fourth has a well-marked anterior basal tubercle. 
The heel of the sectorial is relatively short, and the anterior portion of 
the tooth elevated. The anterior and inner cusps are high, and about 
equal, but the external cusp is much higher. The external border of the 
heel is more elevated than the inner. The tubercular molar is elongate, 
and has a small triangular anterior portion somewhat elevated, in slight 
resemblance to the sectorial tooth. This portion consists of two opposite 
cusps and a lower one in front of the anterior inner, which connects 
with the external by an anterior ledge. The posterior portion has a 
tubercle on the external side, besides a posterior elevation. The ramus 
is rather slender, and the masseteric fossa is bounded by a prominent 
ridge in front, but fades out below. 
The measurements show this to be the smallest species of the genus, 
being much less than the D. leptomylus. 
M. 
Length of dental series, including first premolar 0265 
Length of premolar series 0168 
Length of hase of fourth premolar 0055 
Length of hase of sectorial 0053 
Width of hase of sectorial at middle.*. 0035 
Elevation of sectorial 0055 
Measurements. 192 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[VbJ.VI. 
M. 
Length of first true molar 0044 
Width of first true molar in front 0028 
Elevation of first true molar in front - 0025 
Depth of ramus at second premolar 0064 
Depth of ramus at tubercular molar 0070 
This species is dedicated to my friend Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, the 
distinguished geologist and paleontologist, of Manchester, England. 
27. Stypolophus strenuus Cope. 
Portions of two individuals, with lower jaws, etc. 
28. Ictops bicuspis Cope. 
Stypolophus bicuspis Cope, American Naturalist, 1880, Oct. p. 746. 
The genus Ictops was determined by Leidy from a species, the I. dako- 
tensis Leidy, from the White Biver formation. The animal now men- 
tioned is identical with it in generic characters, so far as they are ascer- 
tained. The I. dalcotensis is established on a specimen which does not 
contain all the teeth, but the parts preserved indicate that those which 
are wanting are like the corresponding parts of Leptictis Leidy and Meso- 
dectes Cope, with which the present species also agrees. It is unexpected 
to identify a genus found on the White Biver horizon with one from the 
Wasatch. Ictops agrees very closely with Dxdelphys. The fourth supe- 
rior premolar has an internal cusp, which is wanting in Didetpliys, and 
the inferior border of the mandible is not inflected. There are also but 
three superior incisors on each side. Under these circumstances I pre- 
fer to refer this genus to the Bunotlieria rather than to the Marsupialia, 
but whether its proper place is in the Creodont or Insectivorous subdi- 
visions I cannot yet determine. 
Char, specif.—Smaller than the Stypolophus minor Filli., and not very 
different in dimensions from the Ictops dalcotensis Leidy. It is repre- 
sented by a nearly complete skull, with entire dentition of both jaws. 
Premaxillary bones rather elongate; general form of skull that of a civet. 
Crowns of second and third superior premolars compressed, with a promi- 
nent cusp behind the principal one. First and second true molars with 
two distinct external cusps and a strong exterual basal cingulum. Infe- 
rior first premolar one-rooted, third with a posterior heel, and fourth 
with strong anterior and especially posterior heels. Heels of true mo- 
lars well developed (last broken). Length of superior dental series to I. 
1, .031; length of molar series, .020; length of true molars, .006; depth of 
mandible at second true molar, .007; depth at canine, .0035. The double- 
lobed third premolar and the smaller size distinguish this species from 
the Stypolophi. 
29. Ictops didelphoides sp. nov. 
Established on a left mandibular ramtis, which supports the last three 
molars. This demonstrates the former existence of a species of larger No. 8.] 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
193 
size than any of the Leptictidce hitherto known. The general form of the 
inferior true molars is a good deal like that of Stypholophus, but they 
may be distinguished by three characters in which they at the same 
time, agree with the Ictops bicuspis: First, the elevated border of the 
heel, with a strong external cusp and weaker posterior and internal ele- 
vations ; second, the small development of the anterior cusp; third, the 
posterior production of the heel of the third true molar, giving an indica- 
tion of a fifth lobe. The external anterior cusp of the third molar is ele- 
vated ; on the first molar it is less so, and the anterior cusp is small. The 
enamel is smooth, and there are no internal nor external cingula. The 
mandibular ramus is compressed and deep. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of bases of three true molars 0165 
anteroposterior 0055 
transverse behind 0038 
Diameters of first true molar 
anteroposterior 0060 
transverse 0050 
Diameters of last true molar 
Depth of ramus at anterior root of last true molar . 0095 
The jaw fragment described indicates a skull about the size of that of 
the common opossum. 
30. Protopsalis tigrinus Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880, p. 745. 
Char. gen.—Probably Oxycenidce* but as the type species is only 
known from two true molars and a canine of the inferior series, with 
bones of the skeleton, this point remains to be ascertained. Femur 
with a weak third trochanter. Inferior molars: one like those of Oxy, 
cena, i. e., with large heel and internal cusp; another, probably the last- 
larger, without internal tubercle, and with a rudimental heel, thus re- 
sembling the inferior sectorial of various existing Carnivora. 
Char, specif.—Size about that of the tiger or jaguar, exceeding that of 
any other flesh-eater of the Wasatch epoch. The heel of the smaller 
tubercular-sectorial is not large, and has a piano-concave superior sur- 
face. The principal cusp is much elevated, while the internal cusp is 
small. The sectorial differs from that of a Hyaena in having the poste- 
rior cusp more, and the anterior cusp less elevated; the heel is only a 
strong posterior cingulum, which is continued as a narrow line along 
the inner base of the tooth. A rough cutting ridge forms the poste- 
rior inner angle of the principal cusp. There is a wide longitudinal 
groove of the inner face of the inferior canine, whose enamel surface is 
impressed-punctate. The shaft of the femur is nearly straight. Diam- 
eters of crown of sectorial, anteroposterior, .025; transverse, .014; ver- 
tical, .022; length of heel of tubercular-sectorial, .006; width of same, 
.006; vertical diameter of base of crown of canine, .022; depth of 
mandible at last molar, .044; length of femur (condyles inferential), 
.300; diameter of shaft at middle, .034. 
* See Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1880, July. 194 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Fol.VL 
AMBLYPODA. 
PANTODONTA. 
31. CORYPHODON CUSPIDATUS Cope. 
Part of the dentition of one individual. 
32. CORYPHODON RADIANS Cope. 
Apparently an abundant species. 
DINOCERATA. 
33. Bathyopsis fissidens gen. et sp. nov. 
Char. gen.—These can only be given as seen in the mandible, the 
only part of the skeleton in my possession. Dentition: I. 3 j C. 1; Pm. 
4; M. 3. Incisors, canine, and first premolar forming an uninterrupted 
series, which is separated by a diastema from the molar series. The 
molar and premolar teeth are constructed on an identical pattern, pre- 
senting slight modifications from front to rear. This consists of an an- 
terior elevated transverse crest, and a posterior heel with raised poste- 
rior border; between these is situated on the external side an elevated 
cusp, which sends a low ridge inwards and forwards. The inner ex- 
tremity of the anterior crest is cusp-like, and is accompanied by a second 
internal anterior cusp immediately posterior to it. The mandibular 
ramus has great vertical depth, its inferior border being convex down- 
wards throughout its entire length. Symphysis coossified. 
The above characters indicate a new genus of considerable interest. 
Its form differs from that of the two genera where it is known, viz, 
Uintatherium and Loxolophodon, in the-much greater development of the 
inferior expansion. In Loxolophodon it has been shown by Messrs. 
Speir and Osborne to be represented by a mere convexity. In Uinta- 
therium Marsh has discovered it to be confined to the anterior part of the 
jaw, as in the sabre-tooth cats. In Bathyopsis it extends to the entire 
length of the ramus, giving an outline in profile much like that of Mega- 
therium. The anterior extremity of the symphysis projects beyond the 
line of the anterior border of the inferior expansion. 
The characters of the inferior molars in this and other genera of Dino- 
cerata are very peculiar. In Bathyopsis they are constructed on the plan 
of those of insectivorous marsupial and placental mammals, so as to lead 
to the suspicion that its food consisted of Crustacea, or insects of large 
size, or possibly of thin-shelled mollusca. 
Char, specif.—This species was probably about the size of the Malayan 
tapir. The symphysis mandibuli is quite narrow, and its superior exca- 
vation is deep. It extends as far posteriorly as the middle of the dias- 
tema. It has considerable vertical thickness. The anterior edges of 
the lateral expansions are truncate, and present an obtuse angle out- 
wards, which forms the anterior boundaries of the slight concavity of the 
lateral face. The middle of the expansion below the first premolar tooth 
is slightly convex. This wall encloses a large internal expansion of the No. 8.J 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
195 
dental canal, which issues in a large mental foramen. This foramen is 
situated near the middle of the vertical diameter of the expansion, and 
below the anterior part of the diastema. It looks downwards and for- 
wards. The external face of the posterior part of the ramus is nearly 
plane. The inner face is vertical to a line which corresponds with the 
inferior border in Corypliodon, and then slopes obliquely outwards to the 
inferior margin. The base of the coronoid process rises vertically from 
the line of the alveolar border, and its external edge forms an anterior 
border for the masseteric fossa. The inferior border of the fossa is not 
defined. The inferior border of the ramus is decurved posteriorly, and 
projects inwards considerably beyond the plane of the jaw. 
The premolars differ from the molars in having all their diameters ex- 
cepting the vertical, reduced. The fourth premolar only differs from the 
first true molar in the less elevation of the posterior border of the heel, 
and in a little smaller transverse diameter. The external part of the 
heel of the last molar rises into an obtuse cusp; the remainder of the 
border is tubercular. The heels of the other true molars end in simple 
recurved transverse edges. On the premolars their posterior extremi- 
ties are not recurved. The anterior face of the anterior cross-crest of 
all the molars is concave, and on the second premolar it looks obliquely 
inwards. The posterior or second anterior inner cusp is obsolete on the 
second premolar. The enamel on all of these teeth is, excepting where 
worn, rather finely wrinkled. The first premolar is not preserved, but 
its alveolus indicates that it is one-rooted and rather robust. The sizes 
of the alveoli of the other anterior teeth are arranged in the following 
order, commencing with the largest: C.; 1.2$ 1.3. The alveolus of 
the canine is compressed, and has more than twice the anteroposterior 
diameter of the largest incisor. The alveoli of the first and third are 
subround; that of the second is somewhat compressed. 
M. 
Length from the middle of the second incisive alveolus to the extremity of the 
last molar . 1950 
Length of the series of consecutive molars 1170 
Length of diastema 0240 
Diameter of alveolus of Pm. 1 0090 
Diameter of alveolus of canine 0250 
Length of premolars 0460 
Measurements. 
vertical 0130 
anteroposterior 0130 
transverse 0090 
Diameters of Pm. II. 
Diameters of Pm. IV 
vertical .0120 
anteroposterior 0105 
transverse 0120 
Diameters of M. I 
vertical 0100 
anteroposterior .0155 
transverse 0110 
' vertical 0176 
' anteroposterior 0260 
f transverse 0180 
Diameters of M. III.. 196 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Voi.VI. 
The appearance of the ridges of the anterior part of the jaw of the 
Bathyopsis fssidens, together with the remarkably large dental canal 
and mental foramen, strongly suggest that the animal possessed a large 
and perhaps prehensile lower lip. 
PERISSODACTYLA. 
34. borealis Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880, p. 746. 
Founded on a portion of the right maxillary bone, which supports 
the three true molars and one premolar. Size of Limnohyus fontinalis, 
or much smaller than P. Icevidens. Anterior median tubercle well de- 
veloped ; anterior and posterior cingula strong, not rising to inner cones. 
A low ridge extending outwards and forwards from posterior cone. En- 
amel smooth. Differs from P. junior Leidy in the presence of the inter- 
mediate tubercle and crest, and in the weak external cingulum. Length 
of true molar series, .063; diameters of first true molar, anteroposterior, 
.019 5 transverse, .020. 
Portions of several individuals were obtained by Mr. Wortman. 
35. Lambdotherium popoagicum Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880, p. 748. 
Cliar. gen.—Dentition much as in Limnohyus, excepting that there is 
a diastema in front of the second inferior premolar. Presence of first 
inferior premolar not ascertained. Fourth inferior premolar without pos- 
terior cusps. Superior molars with an angular ridge extending inwards 
from each inner cusp. Last inferior molar with heel. This genus 
differs from Oligotomus in the simplicity of the fourth premolar, which 
has in the latter two posterior cusps. The Y-shaped crests of the in- 
ferior molars separate it from Hyracotherium. 
Char, specif.—The heels of the second and third premolars have a 
median keel; the third only has an anterior tubercle. The crest of the 
heel of the fourth forms an imperfect Y. Heel of the last true 
molar small. So cingula; enamel smooth. Length of molar series, .080; 
of true molars, .044; of last molar, .019; depth of ramus at first premolar, 
.021; at last molar, .031. Second specimen: Diameters of crown of»last 
superior molar, anteroposterior, .014; transverse, .016. About the size 
of the Hyrachyus agrestis. 
This species was probably the most abundant perissodactyle of the 
epoch of deposit of the Wind Eiver beds. 
36. Lambdotherium brownianum sp. nov. 
Considerably larger than the L. popoagicum, and about equal to the 
Tapir us terrestris. The greater part of a lower jaw represents the 
species, and on this unfortunately only one of the premolar teeth 
remains. The three premolars are all two-rooted, and the posterior lobe 
of the last true molar is well developed. The inferior part of the exter- No. 8.] 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
197 
nal side of the ramus contracts or retreats rather abruptly posteriorly, 
below the last molar. It presents a slight external convexity below the 
second and third premolars. The alveolar line rises rapidly posteriorly, 
so that the last true molar is quite oblique. The second (first) premolar 
has a considerable heel, which is narrow and elevated on the middle 
line. The principal cusp is large and compressed, but obtuse, and has 
no anterior basal tubercle. 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of six molars 090 
Length of true molars 055 
vertical 009 
anteroposterior 012 
transverse 006 
Diameters second (first) premolar 
Length of base of first true molar 015 
Width of base of first true molar 009 
Length of base of third true molar 023 
Width of base of third true molar Oil 
Depth of ramus at second premolar.. 030 
_ C at front of tooth 039 
Deptli of ramus at M. Ill j at end of tooth . „„ 
Dedicated to my friend Arthur E. Brown, superintendent of the Phila- 
delphia Zoological Garden. 
37. Pachynolophus calciculus Cope. 
Lophiodon calciculus Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880, p. 747. 
Represented by lower jaws of two specimens. Transverse crests of 
inferior molars not connected by oblique ridges. Last true molar with 
a very small tubercle-like heel. A weak external basal cingulum; 
enamel smooth. Third and fourth premolars with wide heels, each 
with a single low ridge. Length of molar series, .053; of true molars, 
.033; of last true molar, .014 ; depth of ramus at penultimate molar, .025; 
diameters of penultimate superior molar at No. 2, antero-posterior, .012, 
transverse, .014. 
This species is referred to Pacliynoloplius from its analogy to the P. 
ventorum in most respects. 
38. Pachynolophus ventorum Cope. 
Lophiodon ventorum Cope, American Naturalist, 1880, p. 747. 
Larger than the last, and differing in having a large heel of the last 
true molar, and an elevated external tubercle on the heel of the fourth 
premolar. Enamel wrinkled; no external cingulum. Second premolar 
with a very short heel with an acute tubercle. Length of molar series, 
.004 j of true molars, .040; of last true molar, .016; depth of ramus at 
second premolar, .020; at third true molar, .030. Seven individuals in 
the collection, one with complete series of maxillary teeth. These in- 198 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
r voi. vi. 
elude four premolars (the first one-rooted), so that the formula M. f f is 
that of Pachynolophus Pom. rather than of Lophiodon. I refer another 
species to the same genus, by analogy, as it agrees in the dentition of 
the inferior jaw. 
39. Hyracotherium angustidens Cope. 
Apparently an abundant species. There are three sizes which I refer 
here, which may represent different species, but this cannot be deter- 
mined without better material: 
A. Depth of ramus at last premolar or first true molar, .0120; length 
of crown of first true molar, .0070; length of last true molar, .0100. 
Lower jaw of one specimen. 
B. Depth of ramus, .0140; length of first true molar, .0005; of last 
molar, .0100. One lower jaw. 
C. Depth of ramus, .0155; length of first true molar, .0075; of last 
true molar, .0100. Two individuals. 
Portions of lower jaws of three other individuals in the collection are 
apparently referable to the H. angustidens. 
40. Hyracotherium venticolum sp. nov. 
Hyracotherium vasacciense Cope, American Naturalist, 1880, p. 747; not Report 
Expl. Surv. W. of 100th Mer. iv, p. 264. 
Represented by an entire skull, with some bones of the skeleton, of 
one individual. 
In general, this species is to be distinguished from its near ally, the 
H. vasacciense, by the slender mandibular ramus. The depth of this 
bone is about equal to that found in the larger varieties of the H. angus- 
tidens, but the teeth are much larger, having the proportions of those of 
the H. vasacciense. This remark applies especially to the last inferior 
molar. 
The inferior canines form part of an uninterrupted series with the 
incisors. The superior canine is separated from the superior incisors 
by a diastema. The first premolar in both jaws is isolated. The second 
superior premolars have two cusps, and an internal ledge posteriorly. 
The third and fourth superior premolars are similar, the fourth display- 
ing a little larger transverse diameter. The true molars are of subequai 
dimensions. Their external cusps are subconic. All the molars except 
the first and second premolars are entirely surrounded by a basal cin- 
gulum, which rises into a low cusp at the anterior external angle of the 
crown. The third inferior premolar has its two median cusps well 
separated and a wide posterior heel. The heel of the last premolar is 
wider, but carries no internal cusp. The external cusps on all the teeth 
wear into well-defined Ys. The posterior five molars have an external 
basal cingulum, but no other. 
The mandibular ramus is compressed. The ascending ramus rises 
almost vertically a short distance posterior to the last molar. The sym- 
physis is narrow, and extends to below, the middle of the first premolar. 
The infraorbital foramen opens above. No. 8.] 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
199 
Measurements. 
M. 
Length of consecutive superior molars 04500 
Length of diastema between Pm. I and II 00350 
Length of second premolar 00700 
Width of second premolar posteriorly 00500 
I anteroposterior 00700 
1 transverse 00900 
Diameters fourth premolar 
anteroposterior 00850 
transverse 01120 
Diameters second true molar 
Length of entire inferior premolar series 05800 
Length of entire inferior true molar 00282 
Diameters first true molar 
anteroposterior - 00800 
transverse 00600 
Diameters last true molar 
anteroposterior 01200 
transverse 00650 
Depth of ramus at fourth premolar - 01650 
Depth of ramus at third true molar in front 01650 
The lower jaw of a second individual agrees with the type in its pro- 
portions. 
41. Hyracotherium craspedotum Cope. 
American Naturalist, 1880, p. 747. 
Size of H. tapirinum, but the tubercles of the inferior molars are not 
connected by cross-crests, and they all possess a strong external basal 
cingulum, which also extends round on the posterior base of the I and II 
true molars. Heel of fourth premolar with a diagonal ridge; two ante- 
rior cusps well separated, and no tubercle in front of them* Second 
premolar with narrow heel; last true premolar with wide heel. Length 
of molar series, .056; of true molars, .033; of last molar, .014; depth of 
ramus at second premolar, .018; at last true molar, .023. 
This is the largest species of the genus found in the Wind River beds. 
Parts of two individuals were obtained by Mr. Wortman. 
42. Orotherium yintanum (u Marsh”) Cope. 
Report Expl. Surv. W. of 100th Mer. iv, p. 255. 
A portion of the mandible of a single specimen, containing the charac- 
teristic fourth premolar and other teeth. 
ARTIODACTYLA. 
A species of this order is represented by an astragalus. This is the 
first indubitable evidence of the existence of this order during the 
Wasatch epoch that I have seen. The following species are referred 
here provisionally only, as no part of their skeletons is known. 
43. Phenacodus vortmani Cope. 
Hyracotherium vortmani, American Naturalist, 1880, p. 747. 
This species is represented by portions of mandibles of four individ- 
uals. One of these sujiports the posterior four molars, another the pos- 
terior two, and another the last premolar and first true molar. 200 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[Foi.VI. 
These indicate an animal of much smaller size than the P. primccvus, 
but with a similar constitution of the molar teeth. The teeth support 
four conic cusps, which do not incline to fuse transversely, as is gener- 
ally the case in Hyracotlierium. Those of the posterior pair are sepa- 
rated by a tubercle, and a rudimental tubercle stands behind the notch 
between those of the anterior pair. The posterior median tubercle 
is developed into a heel on the last molar. On prolonged wear, the re- 
sulting pattern represents two Ys, the posterior limb of the posterior 
being regularly convex backwards. There are no cingula on any of the 
molars. The ramus is rather robust and is not deep. 
Measurements. 
No. 1. 
M. 
Length of bases of posterior live molars. 0440 
Length of bases of true molars 0250 
Depth of ramus at Pm. Ill 0160 
Depth of ramus at M. Ill in front 0190 
No. 2. 
Diameters of M. II 
anteroposterior 0080 
transverse 0070 
Diameters of M. Ill 
anteroposterior 0080 
transverse 0055 
The characters of the typical specimen are as follows: The jaw frag- 
ment indicates an animal of about the size of the Hyracotlierium craspe- 
dotum, but with the opposite cones of the inferior molars not united by 
cross-crests. There is a tubercle between the posterior pair of the first in- 
ferior true molar. The anterior tubercles of the fourth premolar are close 
together, and there is a strong cusp anterior to these. No basal cingulum 
on this tooth. Length of molars 3 + 4 + 5, .025; depth of ramus at 
Pm. IV, .018. 
44. Phenacodus peevlevus Cope. 
A fragment of a Tower jaw, with teeth. 
45. Phenacodus teilobatus Cope sp. nov. 
A lower-jaw fragment, supporting the three true molars, of one indi- 
vidual, represents this species. It is of the dimensions of the P.primce- 
vus, and displays the same general constitution of the teeth. The only 
difference noticeable is an important one. The anterior internal tuber- 
cle is accompanied by two others of less elevation—the one immediately 
anterior, the other immediately posterior to and not deeply separated 
from it. The internal face of these tubercles slopes obliquely outwards 
on the second and third true molars. The external tubercles have their 
external faces sloping inwards on all the true molars. There are no 
cingula. Vo. 8.] 
COPE ON EOCENE VERTEBRATA OF WIND RIVER. 
201 
Measurements. 
Length of true molar series , 0390 
M. 
Diameters of first true molar j 
anteroposterior 0107 
transverse .0097 
Diameters of third true molar j 
anteroposterior , 0130 
transverse in front .0100 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 
Until the faunse of the Wasatch and Bridger epochs are better known 
it will not be possible to fix the relation which that of the Wind Biver 
beds holds to them. It is, however, quite evident that in some respects 
it differs from both, both by what it possesses and what it lacks. In 
the following lists these differences are displayed so far as they relate 
to genera. The left-hand column represents the Wasatch, the middle 
the Wind Biver, and the right hand the Bridger. 
Wasatch. 
Clastes 
Crocodilus. 
Plesiarctomys. 
Calamodon. 
Esthonyx. 
Ectoganus. 
Eidymictis. 
Oxycena. 
Pachycena. 
Stypolophus. 
Pantolestes. 
Pelycodus. 
Coryphodon. 
? Pachynolophus. 
Hyracotherium. 
Orotherium. 
Phenacodus. 
Wind River. 
Clastes. 
Pappichthys. 
Crocodilus. 
Plesiarctomys. 
Vesperugo. 
Calamodon. 
Esthonyx. 
Ictops. 
Miacis. 
Eidymictis. 
Protopsalis. 
Stypolophus. 
Microsyops. 
Pantolestes. 
Pelycodus. 
Corypliodon. 
Batliyopsis. 
Palceosyops. 
Lamhdotherium. 
Pachynolophus. 
Hyracotherium. 
Orotherium. 
Phenacodus. 
Bridger. 
Clastes. 
Pappichthys. 
Crocodilus. 
Plesiarctomys. 
Myops. 
? Vesperugo. 
Anchippodus. 
flctops. 
Mesonyx. 
Miacis. 
t 
f 
? 
f 
Stypolophus. 
Microsyops. 
Pantolestes. 
1 
Tomitherium. 
AnaptomorpliU8. 
Uintatherium. 
Palceosyops. 
? 
? 
? 
Hyrachyus. 202 
BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
[ToZ.fvX 
Prom the above it is evident that the Wind Eiver fauna- in- 
cludes genera which have been hitherto restricted to either the Wa- 
satch or Bridger lists. Of these, especially Bridger genera, there are 
six; that is, six genera which have not yet been detected in beds of the 
Wasatch epoch. On the other hand, there are nine genera which have 
been found in Wasatch beds and not in those of the Bridger. Three 
important Wasatch genera have not been found in the Wind Biver 
formation, while seven of the characteristic genera of the Bridger are 
not included in the list of those of the Wind Biver. The result, imper- 
fect as it is, indicates a considerably greater conformity to the Wasatch 
epoch than to the Bridger in the faunal characters of the Wind Biver 
beds, and points to the confirmation of Dr. Hayden’s views as to the 
identity of the two epochs. 
The new species above described will be fully illustrated in the fourth 
volume of of the United States Geological Survey of the Ter- 
ritories, F. YT Hayden in charge, now passing through the press.