LITTORAL CALIFORNIA. BY WILLIAM A. EDWARDS, M. D., of Coronado, Cal. Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia and Physician to the Coronado, California, Hospital. REPRINTED FROM THE PHILADELPHIA MEDICAL JOURNAL, PHILADELPHIA. (Reprinted from The Philadelphia Medical Journal, October 11, 1902.) LITTORAL CALIFORNIA.* By WILLIAM A. EDWARDS, M. D., of Coronado, Cal. Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia and Physician to the Coronado, California, Hospital. Some confusion arises from the fact that stran- gers infer that the coast climate of Southern Cali- fornia is one common to the whole vast State line, with but little variation. This, however, is not the case; as a fact, there are three distinct climates on the coast and another, a fourth, on the great inland plain. We shall barely mention the northern climatic belt, the center of which is at the transverse junc- tion of the mountain chain near the northern border of California and which embraces also the country known as Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, the coast of Alaska and its islands. The central cli- matic subdivision extends from a point below the northward junction of the mountain chain just de- scribed to Point Conception on the coast. It is about here that the mountain chains transversely separate the State, and we are able to describe a northern and a southern California, each with its distinct topo- graphy and its very distinct climatic conditions. Southern California, then, embraces as far as a study of its climate is concerned, all that part of the State below the transverse high mountains about Point Conception. It is with this strip of coast that the present communication is alone concerned; that is, from Point Conception to Coronado. At Point Conception the coast line changes its general direc- tion and runs nearly east, the mountains also run eastward for sufficient distance to protect the coun- try from the north, when they again turn south, offering another protection from the deserts which are east of them. The trend of the coast and the arrangement of the mountains is the keynote of the charming cli- mate offered by the coast of California of the South. The curve in the coast separates the Alaskan cur- rent from the land and the great Japan current, the Kurosiwo, leaves the land at Point Conception and never returns. The coast islands from San Miguel to Coronado Islands and further south off the coast of Baja California (Mexico) materially assist in this separation. In order more fully to understand the factors that make the coast climate so delightful, we must for a moment consider the formation of the country contiguous to the coast of Southern California. The general topography of California, more marked in the north, is a double mountain range parallel with the long axis of the State, with large fertile plains and valleys included between them. In the south this general plan is somewhat modi- fied. While the eastern range, the Sierras, wall the country from the great arid desert plains, the coast range is much lower and no longer shuts out the sea, indeed at some points the whole interior is quite open to the sea, so that the Santa Clara Valley, the valley of the San Buenaventura River, the San Fer- nando Valley, the San Gabriel Valley, the valley of the Santa Ana River, the San Jacinto River, the Los Angeles River and plains and the San Diego country become a great open coast land backed and protected by the high Sierras. A newcomer from the eastern country will be somewhat surprised at the designation of plains as applied to these valleys, and he will also be some- what disappointed at their size; the first effect will probably be one of smallness and narrowness as compared with his homeland valleys, but their size is greatly increased by the hilly uplands into which they insensibly merge; this is most noticeable in the great upland plain of the San Jacinto, south to- ward San Diego. As Lindley and Widney say “The Sierra, which north of the Mojave Desert makes a great curve westward around the south end of the San Joaquin plain of the central belt, turns southward again op- posite Santa Barbara and Ventura counties and, dou- bling back upon its course, walls in the west end of the desert, then turning directly eastward, separates the desert from the Los Angeles and San Bernardino plains. Turning southward again, it stands as a wall between the Colorado desert and that portion of Southern California lying west of its base.” The range varies in height from five to seven thousand feet. Unlike the northern and central portion of this chain it breaks down in the south, at several points, into low passes between the coast and the interior. The tables and statistics in this paper were prepared by Mr. Ford A. Carpenter, the very competent and courteous offi- cial in charge of the weather-bureau in San Diego. As he says, there are few places In the United States with a more com- plete climatic record than San Diego. This station was promi- nent among the selectsd few that telegraphed to Washington the first simultaneous observation November 1st., 1871. In ad- dition to being among the favored ones of the regular weather- service, San Diego has an uninterrupted temperature and rain- fall record extending back for half a century. This station was also among the first to be completely equipped with self-re- cording apparatus. San Diego has had a continuous automatic record of temperature, rainfall, wind velocity, wind direction and sunshine for each moment of time, thus giving data that are absolutely reliable. It is on account of my familiarity witn the excellent records of this station that San Diego and Coro- nado are selected as the type in this paper, but the statements and deductions apply almost equally to the coast of Southern California. Read before the American Climatological Association, May 9, 10, 11 and 12, at Los Angeles, California. 2 LITTORAL CALIFORNIA “The pass by which the Central Pacific crosses the Sierra is 7017 feet in elevation. Yet the Soledad Pass, by which the Southern Pacific crosses the Sierra in Southern California, is only 2822 feet; the Cajon Pass,-by which the Santa Fe enters, is about the same height. There are numerous other comparatively low passes through the Sierras at the west end of the Mojave Desert, leading toward the sea in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, and also through the range south of San Gorgonio. These passes through the southern Sierra have a marked influence not only upon the climate of the coast portion of Southern California but also upon that of the deserts lying at the base of the Sierra.” x, This, then, is the wide expanse of country that we must study when we are considering the climatic peculiarities of the coast of Southern California, Rainfall.—The wet and the dry seasons are not hard-and-fast divisions of time. The first rain may occur in early October or middle November, or it may not come until December; it is usually over by April, so that December, January and February have the heaviest fall. The average coast rainfall for two of the coast cities, Santa Barbara and San Diego, is illustrated by the following table from the government records, covering a period of twenty-four and forty-two years respectively. Each rainy season is a rule unto Santa Barbara San Diego . . Rain • 1.6 1.0 November 3.9 2.1 December 3.7 1.6 January 3.8 2.1 February 01 VZ March 1.4 1.0 April 1.3 1.0 May to October Twenty-four years. Forty-two years. Dength of record itself. It may be one of constantly recurring rains day after day until, as I have seen it, seven inches have fallen in a month, or the rains may be light, interspersed with a long period of almost constant Chart of Seasonal Rainfall of San Diego, California. LITTORAL CALIFORNIA. 3 sunshine. While, of course, the records shown are valuable, still they do not help us at all to predict for future rain probabilities. The last several years have been those of very deficient rainfall, indeed very far below the average determined by the gov- ernment records for many years preceding. This, however, is not altogether unusual, as San Diego, for example, with a normal rainfall of about ten inches (9.58) has had a minimum of 3.02 (1863) and a maximum of 27.59 (1884). The coast fog, about which so much has been written, is most frequent during the months of April, May and June. The fog bank usually rolls in about nightfall and disappears a few hours after sunrise. About nine o’clock in the morning the coast is usual- ly free from fog. During these months there are a few days, however, when the fog is more persistent and a fine mist lasts until half-past twelve or one o’clock; but this happens only perhaps on a half- dozen days in the year. In the table below will be found the following data : “A”—Greatest monthly precipitation and date. “B”—Least monthly precipitation and date. “C”—Number of times monthly precipitation has exceeded the normal for fifty-two years. Maximum rate of rainfall from recording rain- gauge ; record since 1893: December 28, 1896, in 1 minute, 0.19; in 5 minutes, 0.32; in 10 minutes, 0.47; in 1 hour, 0.79. 1902. . . 1901 .. . 1900. . . 1899 .. . 1898 . . . 1 ' 1895. . . 00 £ 1893 .. . § 1891 .. . 1890. . . 1889 . . . 1888 .. . 1 1886. . . 1885 . . . 1883. . . 1882. . . So OO 1880. . . 1879. . . 1878. . . i 1876. . . 1875. . . 1874 . . . 1873. . . 1872 . . . Year o •t cd P r-t- n> w r+ X) hi rt) n *5" 0.54 0.74 0.66 1.33 o s © cn «* i to Cn © 8 © *- Cn s & *05 *0 ; 0.67 © <1 Cn © £ <1 © © 8 © 8 © © oo to £ : 0.29 0.31 1.53 0.55 © 0.35 0.95 1.35 0.20 0.53 January 5 9II 2.39 0.03 0.24 o 8 '£ 0.02 0.29 © cn © CO s : i.35 1.04 0.95 © 8 © Cn © 8 © © 1.89 0.43 0.99 © 00 0.82 0.80 1.11 0.18 1.53 0.35 1.24 1.25 1.12 February , 0.40 0.53 0.48 0.52 0.47 0.55 1.32 0.70 0.65 2.00 0.84 0.17 © g © 1.25 © © to s 0.56 1.71 0.19 © 8 0.83 © 0.05 0.36 © Cn to 0.80 0.30 © £ 0.05 0.29 March 0.20 TOO 0.79 0.28 60'0 0.02 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.22 0.41 /0.55 © 8 © 0.08 © CO ►4- 1.20 0.80 1.01 © OO © CO 0.70 © 88 0.17 0.82 © © © 8 no 0.33 © © 0.15 April P r* 0.05 0.52 1.35 0.07 0.26 0.04 80'0 0.15 0.08 0.22 0.95 0.34 0.04 © 8 0.15 0.44 0.02 © £ 1.45 0.69 0.17 0.02 © 8 © 8 0.28 0.20 0.05 800 0.21 0.02 oro May 3 H 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.02 100 000 © © ►4 0.13 0.05 000 oro 0.04 0.04 © £ 0.04 0.24 0.08 0.05 eoo 90'0 0.07 © 9 OO'O 0.05 0.02 © 8 OO'O 0.00 June 3 to -1^. 000 0.00 000 © © H © 8 0.00 ►4 © 8 © 8 © © © © ►4 OO'O 0.00 OO'O 0.00 0.07 © 8 OO'O OO'O 0.03 © 8 600 OO'O 0.00 July : tr o -3 0.07 0.00 0.09 © 8 0.04 000 0.04 000 0.04 ►4 ►4 ►4 0.13 © 8 OO'O © © © to CO 0.00 000 OO'O 0.06 0.21 OO'O 1.80 © 8 Aagust c •-1 C/3 900 OO'O 900 100 © © © 8 0.08 0.37 ►4 © £ 00’0 000 0.07 0.00 100 0.04 © 8 © 8 OO'O © 8 0.03 0.29 © © OO'O 1 0.00 September ►*+» i o 0.22 0.20 O to o 000 0.67 0.64 0.22 i-} 0.11 © © 0.02 100 1.54 0.20 ►4 0.05 0.21 0.23 1.82 0.21 0.21 0.48 0.16 © 8 0.78 900 OO'O © oo © 8 0.00 October n> P o 0.41 © bi to zvo O 0.02 0.88 © © OO'O 0.81 0.82 0.09 © tO © © 00 090 oo © © 4^ © bx © 0.10 © to © © CO © 9 © -I to cn 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.52 © bo © bo 4- © 8 November cr 3 TOO o 8 © sz O <1 0.17 © © Cn 0.59 0.74 0.43 690 1.23 2.31 1.04 © 90'0 ; 0.48 1.66 © §5 © © © & to 8 0.58 1.09 © © © CO to 0.55 2.52 © S3 December o 3 rt* 2.39 1.35 1.38 0.71 1.62 1.82 2.15 0.66 2.00 1.26 1.36 1.38 to 05 h- tO Cn 1.96 1.76 0.80 1.89 i 1.88 2.94 0.88 1.29 2.75 0.96 1.09 1.58 1 0.96 1.36 1.80 i£ Greatest Annual 3* Table “A” d ClJ & V u* I! '"H s a — rt 0. 5 3 3 2 g <1 " | Sept. Oct. ! Nov. i Dec. Yeai . . . 1895 1884 1867 1878 1884 1850 1865 1873 1861 1889 I860 1889 Amount . 7.33 9.05 7.88 2.91 2.17 0.68 1.29 1.95 1.59 2.12 2.88 7.71 Table “B” Year . . . |1850 fl885 tl857 fl864 fl850 fl852!fl850 fl850 fl850 f!853 fl872 1900 Amount . 0 0.02 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table “C” Total . . 17 18 21 18 16 11 8 1 10 7 15 21 16 t Also in other years. Total number of days on which precipitation has fallen since November i, 1871. i Dess then 0.01 .... 0.01 to 0.10 0.11 to 0.25 0.26 to 0.50 0.51 to 1.00 Over 1.00 inch .... 19 74 33 38 20 14 January 22 72 34 20 22 11 February 42 83 33 43 21 5 March | 17 58 [ 36 16 10 1 April 44 80 8 8 5 2 May 18 31 3 0 0 0 June ►-* O O O H* July 17 10 1 2 0 0 August 15 15 2 1 0 0 September 26 38 24 3 4 1 October 15 43 20 16 10 2 November 22 64 35 30 20 18 December Dates when precipitation equalled or exceeded 2.50 inches in any consecutive 24 hours.—Local time. December 4th, 1873, 10 P.M. 3d, during night 4th 2.52 inches. November 9th, 1879, during A. M. 9th to 8.10 P.M. 9th 2.75 inches. December 27th, 1879, 6 A.M. to 6 A. M. December 28th 2.55 inches. January 12th, 1882, 3.50 A.M. to 3 A.M. January 13th 2.94 inches. Here again, in the matter of fogs, does Southern California show its own peculiarities, for, as Solly says (page 308), owing undoubtedly to local condi- tions Los Angeles is more subject to fog than San Diego; he gives some statistics showing year by year a greater number of fogs at this inland station than on the coast. Last year Coronado and San Diego had two hundred and ninety-one clear days. Eastern maximum sunshine occurs in the summer, No snow is reported to have fallen at San Diego since the beginning of the record of observations in 1850. LITTORAL CALIFORNIA. in Southern California in the winter; again the east has its cloudy weather in the winter, we have ours in the summer. York or Boston, he can find what he wants at Santa Barbara or San Diego,” or Coronado. The wind movement is moderate, the yearly aver- age is about 5.6 miles per hour. During the day the wind blows from nearly every point of the com- pass. The coast clearly shows the phenomenon of land and sea breezes as the air, warmed by the earth, rises and creates a draft from the cooler sea, so that by about nine o’clock the breeze commences and increases until about 2 P. M., when it is blowing at about the average rate of 12 miles an hour. At or about sunset this westerly wind dies down, the land cools and a current of air starts toward the warmer sea. Number of days with one hour or more of fog, and number of thunder-storms in io years. Record began January i, 1890. Total number of foggy days . . . Average . . . Total number of thunderstorms . Average . . . 17 2 0 0 January | o to h-* CO February j OH- H— CD March O h- W Oi April O H— o to May O O H— o June o to © July O CO O CO August 18 2 0 0 September 22 3 6 1 October O O to cn November 10 1 1 i 0 1 December 00 »*. 05 Sum Average hourly wind velocity. Record began January 1, 1873. As will be seen by the accompanying table, the relative humidity at the coast is about 70 per cent. (72 per cent.) ; this is over four grains of vapor to each cubic foot of air. Average . . Midnight, 12, s © CO 00 OO at 4k CO to Noon, 12 . . . P. M. 1 . . . 4-» © co 00 <1 05 at 4k co to A. M., 1 . . . ' 4k 00 oo 4k 4k oo 00 00 00 <1 at 4k CO CO CO 4k co CO CO 4k 4k CO co CO CO January oo bo bo o b <1 bo b bo b *Ot at bo <1 *o b b b b b bo bo bo at 4k 4*- 4k oo 00 CO CO CO 00 at 4k CO 4k 4k 4k CO 4k 4k 4k co 4k 4k February b o b b *- b to <1 b oo at co * 4k CO CO CO 4k CO CO CO CO CO CO co CO CO December -i <*> OO bn © o bo b 4k b b 4k CP b b bo b b © b b bo b Monthly relative humidity (per cent.) for a period of 31 years. Record began January 1, 1871. Average . . A. M P. M. .... 73.4 75.6 72.9 73.0 January 77.6 73.5 February 3 bs :r oo M 0® 03 * CO tO March -I GO CO to Ik to April -* March CO 00 April O CO May o o June O CO July O ►“* August O K- September H-* October to Cn November H-* December Annual to Average LITTORAL CALIFORNIA 5 Highest Wind Velocity, direction and date for each month, during the past 29 years. Record began January l, 1873. region. The dividing line between summer and winter is more imaginary than real. The greatest change in temperature occurs at night, more marked in the interior than on the coast. Solly says that it is a point worth noting that, even when the atmosphere has been fairly dry from 11 A. M. to 5 P. M., it is always damp at night. This he has noted at Redlands, one of the most favorably situated of the inland towns. I wish to call particular attention to the apparent difference between sunshine and shade and midday and midnight. This change is more a subjective sen- sation than a reality and is true of all semitropical localities. It is less marked in California than in Italy, but it always appeals strongly to the new- comer, who is surprised at the immediate sense of chill when he enters the shade from the direct rays of the sun. As the night advances, the temperature decreases, and while this change may not cause the mercury to fall many degrees, still it is very noticeable to the individual. This is less marked on the coast in summer and more so at all seasons in the interior. The weather records, says Solly (page 313), “are not so complete for the night as for the day, but they are sufficiently so to establish the fact that, in spite of the great amount of sunshine during the day in California, the foggy and damp nights and mornings take up a great part of the twenty-four hours, so that in California, as in the Riviera, the night air is usually damp and frequently saturated with fog.” This same writer continues to say that to those, to whom the presence of dry air is not important, California offers many attractions from Monterey to Coronado, and he concludes that it can be said that the coast climate is delightful, equable and healthful. The days are characterized by a constant sea breeze which blows with astonishing regularity; it is rarely too warm for comfort, like the days at Cape May, Atlantic City, Long Branch or other popular Atlantic coast resorts. Several times during the year the so-called desert spells occur. This is when the land breeze or wind from the desert, many miles in the interior, gains ascendency over the prevailing western or ocean breeze. During this time the ther- mometer is apt to show a very high registration. Under these conditions I have seen it at San Diego register 98° F., for only a few hours, however, and in the interior reach no° or 1120 F. The “desert wind” lasts usually only two or three days, but it is extremely disagreeable and exciting, owing to its absolute dryness and peculiar electrical conditions. The nights during this unusual rise in temperature are always cool and pleasant; one never experiences the sleepless, tossing nights of the hu- mid east. These are the only evenings on the coast upon which one may sit out of doors with entire comfort and without sensation of chill; this evening chill is one of the peculiarities of our climate and is somewhat disappointing to the newcomer. With this rather brief outline of the main geo- graphical and climatic peculiarities of Littoral Cali- fornia let us, again briefly, consider the class of pa- Months Velocity Direction Day and Year January 37 * * 1873 February 40 nw. * 1878 March 37 * * 1876 April 39 * * 1877 May 28 * * 1877 June 24 sw. ii, 1886 July 30 nw. 2, 1881 August 25 sw. 3, 1900 September 28 nw. 7, 1881 October 32 nw. 29, 1877 November 32 nw. 112. 1877 December 36 nw. § 2, 1887 * Direction and date missing, west, on December 23, 1888. t Also on November 21, 1886. § Also As I have said elsewhere1, a great deal that is misleading has been written about the climate of Southern California. Its charms have been exagger- ated and its drawbacks either passed over in silence or painted in glowing and attractive colors. The simple truth about California of the south is quite good enough. It is a fact that here is to be found the best yearly climate in the world. Other localities have as good or perhaps a better climate than ours at their best, but certainly none of them have this hap- py condition the year round as we do on the coast. A striking peculiarity, and one leading to much confusion, is the great diversity of climate in this country and the different climatic conditions found in even one day’s journey. At the lower stations the various climates all have the peculiar charm of California’s equability. This equability is most remarkable. In San Diego, from 1875 to 1901, 9861 days, there were 9545 days of temperature not above 80 degrees nor below 40 degrees. Newcomers are often bewildered by the many varieties of climate and make statements to far-away friends that add chaos to confusion in the minds of eastern people. One traveler reports California all sunshine and flowers, another all fog and cold. Some complain of the dry desert winds with their exciting electrical conditions, while others dwell upon the excessive humidity, when the probable truth is that the critic has not selected the proper environment and has passed by what he is seeking, which is no doubt within a few short miles. There is little seasonal change in the extreme southern part of the State. I am accustomed to sa}r to inquirers that our winters resemble September and October in the middle Atlantic States and that our summers are like April and May in the same 1. Two Health Sedkers in Southern California, Edwards & Harraden. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. 6 LITTORAL CALIFORNIA. tients who will probably be benefited by a residence in this locality. When the existence of phthisis is recognized early and the patient is immediately sent to a proper climate, I see often most remarkable restorations to health; a class of people who will derive much benefit here are those in whom it is impossible to demonstrate the existence of actual disease of the lung (latent and larval tuberculosis), but who are weak, ill-nourished, take cold easily, are subject to attacks of winter cough and bronchitis and whose family-history points strongly to the ul- timate consumptive breakdown. These and the ear- ly or incipient consumptive should come prepared to remain at least two years—five would be better—• and they must be able to procure everything that aids in the promotion and maintenance of the gen- eral health. It is madness to come to California in search of health without ample means to supply all comforts and luxuries. There is usually an early gain in weight and an amelioration of all symptoms; however, if this gain does not at once occur one must not conclude that one is immediately to change location and seek a new climate. Nor is one to sit down in a porch rocker on reaching the selected locality and wait for a miraculous climatic cure. Here, as in all other relations in life, little is to be gained without labor. The climate unaided will produce little, if any bene- fit at all. The only aids which in my hands have produced happy results in restoring health are good food and out-of-door life; I do not mean by this a few hours in an easy-chair on the porch, but an out-of-door existence, in many cases for the entire twenty-four hours. Those who come early enough, remain long enough and lead this life, are almost certain to find what they seek. I have records of too many cases of complete and partial recovery under these cir- cumstances, not to speak very positively on the mat- ter and to feel absolutely sure of my statements. Many of these health-seekers have become my in- timate personal friends, whom I see day by day and whose maladies are cured, arrested or quiescent. It is, of course, understood that we consider the coast of California suitable for only a minority of tubercular cases; the majority will do best in cool, high, dry climates, but to those, to whom a fairly warm, moist climate is suitable, the improvement CLIMATOLOGY OF SA N DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. By FORD A. CARPENTER, Observer, Weather Bureau. Monthly mean temperatures for a period of fifty-two years. Year. January February March April May June July August Sept. Oct. i Nov. Dec. j Annual 1852 53.1 55.9 55.0 57.6 61.2 67.1 73.2 72.5 73.6 65.0 57.3 ! 51.9 62.0 1853 53.8 53.0 57.7 62.6 63.3 68.4 72.8 72.9 70.7 i 68.8 60.4 56.2 63.4 1854 54.2 55.0 56.4 63.3 60.7 64.1 73.1 72.1 66.7 64.0 58.7 55.5 | 62.0 1855 52.6 56.2 58.4 62.3 64.0 68.8 70.9 72.0 68.3 1 66.6 56.4 52.4 62.4 1856 51.0 53.5 56.2 60.0 61.0 68.6 72.3 72.5 68.8 61.6 56.2 50.0 61.0 1857 52.4 53.6 58.8 62.6 64.4 69.1 67.3 72.8 68.4 63.9 57.2 51.8 61.9 1858 51.2 56.0 55.1 57.8 62.8 66.5 69.2 60.8 69.6 63.5 58.6 53.1 61.1 1859 54.5 54.8 55.3 56.2 60.1 67.0 69.7 68.4 66.6 65.1 60.1 55.3 61.1 1860 51.4 53.9 59.0 60.4 61.9 64.5 68.8 70.8 69.1 63.6 56.9 55.2 61.3 1861 51.4 56.5 57.7 63.8 65.7 67.6 73.1 72.3 69.3 64.6 59.8 58.1 633 1862 55.6 51.8 56.8 59.4 62.7 68.2 71.2 72.9 69.4 65.8 60.4 55.4 62.5 18b3 52,8 52.8 59.9 61.0 62.6 64.6 68.0 68.1 68.9 65.7 59.0 55.8 61.6 1864 56.0 56.2 58.5 61.8 65.2 69.0 69.7 75.1 69.2 64.6 59.1 56.5 63.4 1865 55.6 54.7 57.8 59.8 64.3 65.7 67.7 71.8 68.2 65.2 62.1 52.2 62.1 1866 54.5 57.0 57.9 62.7 60.5 66.6 69.7 73.1 69.6 65.0 60.4 58.6 63.0 1867 55.2 53.2 55.4 61.7 63.6 69.1 70.5 74 5 71.7 64.0 63.2 63.3 63.8 1868 54.5 56.5 57.4 61.3 62.3 65.7 69.4 74.1 72.2 66.1 62.1 55.4 63.1 1869 56.6 55.6 59.8 62.1 62.2 64.4 68.8 70.3 68.3 <16.3 61.1 50.6 62.2 1870 55.6 57.5 56.3 58.8 61.4 64.6 68.3 70.5 66.9 63.6 59.4 51.4 61.2 18?1 . . . 53.5 52.2 56.7 57.7 63.6 65.1 71.4 72.1 68.3 65.6 58.3 56.8 61.8 1872 ....... 52.7 55.2 56.4 56.0 60.4 64.9 66.6 68.9 66.0 62.5 59.4 55.4 60.4 1873 56.7 53.3 56.7 58.0 60.0 62.7 67.0 69.0 67.7 62.0 60.3 54.3 60.0 1874 ..... 54.7 52.6 52.6 56.2 60.5 63.2 68.3 68.1 65.7 63.2 56.7 53.3 59.6 1875 53.4 54.6 55.0 57.8 62.6 64.6 68.3 71.2 67.7 67.2 60.3 56.9 61.6 1876 51.9 55.9 54.9 59.0 60.9 65.2 68.3 68.8 66.3 64.6 59.4 56.8 61.0 1877 57.4 57.9 58.9 58.3 60.3 66,3 68.4 68.4 68.0 63.9 60.6 56.8 62.1 1878 55.6 56.0 56.7 58.1 61.5 64.1 66.8 68.3 67.3 62.0 57.5 53.5 60.6 1879 52.3 54.8 57.9 53.1 60.1 64.1 65.7 68.6 66.6 62.6 56.2 53.9 60.1 1880 52.5 50.8 52.1 56.5 60.6 63.0 63.4 65.8 63.1 61.2 56.2 56.9 58.5 1881 52.8 55.7 54.3 60.8 62.3 64.1 67.2 68.2 66.7 61.5 56.8 55.0 60.4 1882 50.4 51.2 55.1 56.6 61.9 64.3 66.7 70.2 66.8 62.0 57.0 55.7 59.8 1883 53.4 53.9 57.4 57.4 60.6 66.6 68.7 68.9 69.7 61.7 58.7 57.5 61.2 1884 55.0 55.9 56.5 57.6 61.4 64.4 68.4 69.5 65.1 61.3 58.6 54.4 60.7 1885 54.0 55.4 59.6 62.0 633 64.3 67.6 71.8 68.0 63.9 59,6 57.1 62.2 1886 55.9 58.5 55,0 57.2 60.4 63.1 67.1 70.5 66.6 59.7 56.0 56.0 60.5 1887 54-3 52.9 57.2 59.0 62.1 64.6 66.5 66.2 65.7 64.5 59.2 54.6 60.6 1888 51.6 54.9 55.8 <50.8 61.2 66.0 68.4 69.2 69.7 65.0 59.9 58.2 61.7 1889 54.8 58.0 59.2 60.4 60.8 64.0 67.6 70.8 70.2 65.4 62.0 57.4 62.6 1890 51.0 54.3 56.4 58.6 60.4 64.1 68.5 69.8 69.1 64.6 63.8 60.8 61.8 1891 54.6 53.3 56.9 58.2 60.8 65.6 69.9 72.4 70.2 63.8 59.2 61.5 62.0 1892 55.1 55.0 56.0 57.8 610 62.0 64.9 67.8 65.4 62.7 60.9 54.2 60.2 1893 57.4 54.4 54.2 57.5 61.0 63.4 67.4 70.0 64.6 62.7 57.6 57.4 60.6 1894 .... 49.5 50.5 52.6 56.4 586 61.4 64.8 67.0 65.9 62.8 57.1 54.8 58.4 1895 . . 53.2 55.8 55.4 57.8 61.9 65.0 65.6 61.7 67.4 64.4 59.4 55.0 60.5 1896 55.5 57.7 58.2 56.5 62.0 64.8 68.6 69.4 66.7 64.2 59.7 59.0 61.9 1897 ....... 55.8 54.7 54.2 59.8 60.9 63.4 67.0 69.9 68.1 62.4 60.2 I 55.0 61.0 1898 50.8 55.2 54.5 59.1 58.8 63.8 66.7 70.6 68.5 62.3 59.4 56.6 60.5 1899 55.5 53.4 56.4 58.2 57.7 61.4 65.6 65.8 65.5 62.7 60.8 58.7 60.1 1900 .... 57.8 57.6 59.2 56.8 60.9 64.4 67.6 66.2 65.6 63.1 64.6 60.4 02.• 1901 56.2 57.5 60.0 57.4 60.0 62.5 65.6 68.2 64.8 62.8 60.8 i 57.8 61.2 1902 . . . 56.4 54.8 54.8 57.2 60.2 62.2 1 1 Mean 53.9 54.8 56.5 59.1 61.5 65.1 68.4 70.0 67.9 63.9 j 59.2 56.7 U.8 LITTORAL CALIFORNIA. 7 Monthly, seasonal and annual pr ecipitation at San Diego, California. Year. Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual Season of Seasonal iaw 0.00 1.13 1.00 0.09 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 2.82 1.93 7.84 1849-50 isr.i 0.03 1.51 0.34 0.87 0.71 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.25 3.74 7.49 1850-51 8.4i 1852 0.58 1.84 1.87 0.85 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.06 1.45 4.50 11.87 1851-52 9.88 1853 0.50 0.20 1.52 0.25 2.10 0.05 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 1.28 1.77 7.88 1852-53 io.a5 iar>4 0.09 2.56 1.88 0.89 0.18 0.01 0.07 1.36 0 09 0.27 0.(14 3.29 11.63 1853-54 10.99 iaw 1.07 3.59 1.30 1.52 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.11 2.15 0.41 11.15 1854-55 12.17 iaw 1.27 1.86 1.59 2.17 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 1.22 1.30 9.77 1855-56 9.85 ia57 0.26 1.76 0.00 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.49 2.16 1.30 6.15 1856-57 4.78 law 1.52 0.44 1.24 0.17 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.04 0.10 0.47 0.28 3.10 7.55 1857-58 7.56 iar>9 0.00 1.89 0.20 0.36 0.17 0.00 0.02 0.1X1 0.1X1 0.18 1.49 1.79 6.10 1858-59 6.59 1850 0.72 1.49 0.15 0.65 0.04 0.05 0.14 O.(X) 0.0(1 0.1X1 2.88 2.99 9.11 1859-60 6.70 1861 0.82 0.79 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 1.59 0.05 1.19 3.20 7.92 1860-61 7.76 1862 5.56 1.30 0.97 1.05 0.16 0.48 0.11 0.1X1 0.00 0.89 0.05 0.93 11.59 1861-62 15.75 1863 0.32 1.09 0.32 0.13 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.73 6.04 3.02 1862-63 3.76 1864 0.04 2.50 0.20 0.01 1.25 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.04 2.41 1.04 7.61 1863-64 5.25 1865 1.28 3.00 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.07 1.29 0.00 O.(X) 0.02 0.52 0.84 7.52 1864-65 9.63 1866 5.05 3.43 1.47 0.11 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.1X1 0.24 1.82 12.31 1865-66 11.63 1867 2.32 0.85 7.88 0,48 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.34 0.45 3.00 15.72 1866-67 13.93 1868 3.37 1.63 0.73 1.20 0.15 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.05 0.1X1 2.00 1.52 11.16 1867-68 11.44 1860 2.88 1.88 1.98 0.53 0.33 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 2.32 0.94 10.96 1868-69 11.22 1870 0.54 0.77 0.33 0.20 0.28 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.00 1.54 0.18 0.42 4.37 1869-70 5.54 1871 0.52 1.35 0.01 0.70 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.1X1 1.33 1.39 5.64 1870-71 5.06 1872 0.09 2.63 0.46 0.26 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.0(1 0.0(1 0.00 1.40 6-04 1871-72 7.36 1873 0.44 4.15 0.11 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.95 0.00 0.00 0.77 5.46 13-01 1872-73 8.18 1874 3.11 3.73 1.20 0.34 0.34 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.11 0.53 0.88 0.55 10.91 1873-74 15.07 1875 2.38 0.37 045 0.12 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.21 0.39 0.1X1 2.25 0.41 6.30 1874-75 5.82 1876 2.47 2.44 1.78 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.15 7.24 1875-76 9.99 1877 1.05 0.18 1.44 0.26 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 0.06 3.89 8.12 1876-77 3.66 1878 1.45 4.a? 1.41 2.91 0.58 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.00 1.57 13.87 1877-78 16.10 1870 3.54 1.04 0 10 060 T 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.0(1 0.29 2.77 6.30 14.71 1878-79 7.88 1880 0.61 1.50 1.43 1.34 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.32 0.00 0.53 0.28 4.15 10.37 1879-80 14.77 1881 0.52 0.55 1 88 1 35 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.24 0.12 0.30 5.00 1880-81 9.26 1882 4.53 2.55 1 02 0 45 0.18 0.07 0.00 T 0.01 0.41 0.39 0.13 9.74 1881-82 9.50 188:? 1 00 0.95 0.41 0 31 1.14 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 (1.20 1.82 8.01 1882-83 4.92 1881 1.34 9.05 6 23 2 84 2.17 0.31 0.00 T 0.07 0.35 0.11 5.12 27.59 18a3-84 25.97 1885 0.35 0 02 0.78 1 20 0.61 0.06 T 0.13 T 0.31 1.56 0.71 5. V 3 1884-85 8.80 1886 6.95 1.51 3.73 1 95 0.04 0.07 T T 0.00 0.05 0.95 0.10 1,5.35 1885-86 16.S3 1887 0.04 4.51 0 02 2 14 0.47 0.04 0.01 T T T 2.08 1.14 10.40 1886-87 8.13 1888 1.96 1.48 2 79 010 0.22 0.04 0.01 T 0.04 0.26 1.83 2.84 11.57 1887-88 9.82 1880 1 72 1.80 2 20 0 19 0.03 0.10 T 0.04 T 2.12 0.12 7.71 16.03 1888-89 11.(5 1800 2.70 1.70 0 41 0 05 0.08 0.00 0.00 T 0.65 o.oi 0.72 1.61 8.02 1889-90 14.18 1801 1.21 4.84 0 27 0 76 o.a> 0.05 T 0.00 0.08 0.04 T 1.29 8.99 1890-91 10.47 1802 1.58 2.96 0 96 0 41 1.15 0.13 0.00 0.05 T 0.22 0.94 0.69 9.09 1891-92 8.(5 1898 0.78 0.47 5.50 0 22 0.39 T T 0.0(1 0.00 0.11 0.91 1.91 10.29 1892-93 9.21 1804 0.29 0 49 1 05 Oil 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 T 0.00 2.26 4 35 1893-94 5.01 1896 7.33 0.53 1.43 Oil 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.27 1.19 0.27 11.33 1894-95 11.86 1806 1.27 0.02 2.89 025 0.03 0.01 T 0.13 T 0.97 0.98 2.18 8.73 1895-96 6.34 1897 3.13 2.72 1 53 0 02 0.12 T 0.01 T T 1.06 0.02 0.32 8.93 1896-97 11.66 1898 .... 1 71 0.06 0.91 0 22 0.66 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.15 0.87 4.67 1897-98 4.98 1899 2 34 0.30 0,a5 0 29 0.10 0.27 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.35 0.86 0.65 6.08 1898-99 5.31 1000 0.69 0,03 0.53 1 26 1.45 0.08 0.00 T T 0.30 1.43 0.00 5.77 1899-00 5.90 1001 . . 2.08 4.77 1.07 0 01 0.77 0.02 T T 0.06 0.28 0.41 0.02 9.49 1900-01 10.45 1002 1.70 1.57 1.86 0 21 0.06 T 1901-02 6.22 General Average 1.75 1.88 1.37 0 64 0.34 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.33 0.95 1.96 9.54 9.55 here will be marked, continuous and satisfactory. I wish, however, to say that I fully endorse the ©fatement of Solly, “The majority of consumptives do better, other things being equal, the further they £tre removed from the sea, and that they do better in high than in low altitudes, wherever situated.” Scrofulous affections, enlarged glands, the soft, flabby muscles of the strumous individual and the Emphatic or adenoid child receive a marked benefit from long residence on the coast, combined with sfea bathing. During a large portion of the year fjhese baths may be taken in the open air directly in fixe sea or bay, at other times the very pleasant and attractive bath-houses may be resorted to. There i&, I think, a general consensus of opinion in regard to the efficacy of a mild, equable seaside resort witli Outdoor life and sea bathing for the scrofulous and for cases of very early tuberculosis. The sea air ftself, independent of the bathing, seems to be cura- tive. Those affected with tuberculous disease of the bones can live in the open air, even if confined to bed, QT to the use of the various surgical appliances for test of the parts or correction or modification of deformities. The little sufferers from Pott’s disease may be carried out of doors on their cots in the early morning and not be brought into the house until afternoon, an inestimable blessing. Renal disease will be markedly benefited by a residence in this climate; in the Climatologist, some years ago, I said that a residence in a suitable local- ity, while it will not, of course, cure well-marked kidney disease, will at least prolong life to a degree far beyond the natural expectancy. The constant skin activity, much of which is manifested as in- sensible perspiration, lowers arterial tension and depletes in a most beneficial manner, relieving the overtaxed renal circulation and the diseased paren- chyma. From sea-level to 2000 feet we can promise the patient suffering from chronic renal disorder marked prolongation of life in comparative comfort; and, if the change be made soon enough, when the connective tissue is yet embryonic, it is but reason- able to suppose that, with decreased tension and active skin, freedom from intercurrent renal con- gestion and a constant outdoor life, the disease may be arrested or removed. Wilson and Loomis, in their paper read before this Society in 1889, state that there is reason to believe that low temperature, rapid change of temperature LITTORAL CALIFORNIA. Maximum and minimum temperatures for a period of 31 years. Year. January February March April May June July August Sept. October Nov. Dec. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. XBK' Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 1872 73 37 68 44 71 44 74 43 83 52 80 55 75 58 86 60 80 54 87 45 81 42 72 40 1878 75 44 77 37 72 40 82 42 78 52 75 58 77 60 78 63 82 55 76 49 85 49 68 44 1874 71 42 64 41 63 41 71 43 74 50 76 52 79 59 83 56 78 54 90 46 75 45 82 39 1875 68 42 70 44 71 39 77 39 82 50 l i 53 79 61 83 63 88 57 88 S3 78 50 75 138 1876 65 39 77 39 75 43 87 43 76 50 88 51 78 60 81 60 82 54 80 48 79 43 77 43 1877 78 42 75 45 70 48 67 44 68 51 94 55 86 59 82 58 91 58 73 47 78 46 78 40 1878 68 38 69 44 68 42 77 44 73 48 76 51 77 56 80 55 100 53 87 44 77 40 79 35 1879 76 85 74 38 99 44 82 45 94 47 93 52 75 58 81 54 92 54 92 46 79 43 71 32 1880 73 32 63 35 69 38 80 42 84 46 73 52 73 54 84 Si 82 50 81 48 78 40 77 40 1881 70 86 82 39 72 40 82 51 72 51 76 53 80 57 82 56 86 52 72 46 76 38 77 -‘39 1882 64 34 70 37 79 39 70 43 73 48 75 55 78 57 83 62 80 50 81 49 80 42 78 41 1888 76 32 83 36 71 48 85 42 89 45 84 56 80 59 84 60 101 59 80 48 82 43 78 42 1881 78 89 79 38 68 43 69 45 72 47 81 50 84 54 92 54 78 51 87 47 74 42 68 36 1885 68 38 70 40 81 42 83 47 73 52 74 52 82 58 89 62 90 56 88 47 76 42 79 40 1886 74 35 80 44 68 41 71 45 72 50 75 54 81 57 82 61 78 60 75 47 77 40 76 40 1887 74 38 76 38 82 44 80 44 79 48 78 54 79 60 77 54 79 58 85 50 82 44 74 36 1888 64 33 67 42 72 41 93 47 70 52 76 54 77 55 82 57 82 58 80 53 75 46 73 44 78 36 85 37 80 45 83 47 80 50 72 56 84 59 89 62 91 54 80 52 83 46 69 40 GO 35 77 38 74 41 85 45 75 46 93 51 80 ,56 89 ,58 83 60 90 49 91 46 79 47 1891 76 35 70 34 76 41 77 44 67 53 78 53 88 58 85 60 89 55 84 50 82 44 72 32 1892 75 38 68 42 73 44 80 41 87 47 75 51 75 57 80 57 80 54 813 46 84 40 71 36 1898 80 38 75 40 75 40 78 43 88 49 75 53 79 57 81 59 77 S3 88 50 83 40 82 38 1894 69 32 69 34 72 36 83 43 72 45 73 50 “77 57 90 55 90 52 87 45 78 45 70 41 1895 77 36 82 39 74 38 81 44 80 51 77 51 74 57 78 54 90 54 84, 54 85 38 79 134 1896 77 39 83 39 85 41 74 42 98 48 89 54 80 Si 88 59 80 54 79 52 76 43 76 46 1897 78 40 76 38 70 40 88 46 67 50 70 54 79 59 89 (50 83 58 76 51 83 45 80 36 1898 78 36 75 42 77 38 86 45 69 51 88 54 77 60 83 63 91 56 81 51 76 43 79 443 1899 74 43 76 34 86 44 93 46 66 48 70 55 78 57 76 58 92 55 93 48 81 50 80 46 1900 79 46 76 45 80 46 67 45 75 49 87 56 84 60 80 59 87 S3 72 50 89 51 79 44 1901 • 75 40 83 44 82 47 66 46 67 51 86 S3 74 57 79 58 72 56 96 51 80 49 76 35 1902 81 36 71 39 76 43 69 47 78 50 76 52 Temperature and weather summaries for a period of fifty-two years. Temperature. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. Highest monthly mean and year .... 57.8 1900 58.5 1886 60.0 1901 63.8 1861 65.7 1861 69.1 1857-67 73.2 1852 75.1 1864 73.6 1852 68.8 1853 64.6 1900 63.3 1867 63.8 1867 lowest monthly mean and year ..... 49.5 1895 50.5 1894 52.1 1880 56.0 1872 57.7 2899 61.4 1894-99 63.4 1880 65.8 1880-99 63.1 1880 59.7 1886 56.0 1886 50.0 1856 58.4 1894 Absolute maximum and date 81 4, 1902 85 12, 1889 99 27, 1879 93 12, 1888 98 25, 1896 94 10, 1877 88 25, 1891 92 15, 1884 101 22, 1883 96 21, 1901 91 4, 1890 82 6, 1874 101 Sept. 22, 1888 32 34 38 39 39 50 54 54 50 44 38 32 32 Absolute minimum and date 6, 1880 14, 1884 8, 1881 Jan. 31, 1880 *31,1880 10-11 91 14, 1898 7, 1875 7, 1875 13, 1894 16, 1894 29, 1879 18, 1882 30, 1878 24, 1895 25, 1879 Dec. 25, 1879 Greatest daily range 35 37 43 40 36 35 22 28 35 37 34 40 43 Mean daily range 16.9 13.7 14.2 14.2 12.2 12.1 11.6 11.4 13.0 14.1 17.7 16.2 13.9 Mean variability 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.3 1.9 2.0 Mean of three consecutive warmest days 65.7 69.2 71.3 74.3 72.1 75.8 78.0 81.1 82.9 79.0 75.6 75.6 82.9 Mean of three consecutive coldest days . 40.2 41.9 44.3 50.5 52.6 55.4 59.5 60.8 57.0 49.8 44 9 42.8 40.2 Weather Average number of clear days Average number of partly cloudy days . 17 14 11 13 9 8 14 12 16 18 19 17 178 7 9 10 10 11 13 11 15 11 10 9 10 116 Average number of cloudy days 7 5 10 7 11 9 6 4 3 3 2 4 71 Average number of rainy days 6 8 7 4 3 1 0 0 0 2 3 5 39 * Also 21st, 1883 ; 7th. 1894. and high altitudes are unfavorable, whereas equabil- ity and warmth are favorable influences. Those affected with the various urinary diatheses, so-called, and other troubles of kindred nature will find help in prolonged residence here; cystitis, so often an attendant on advanced years and so apt to be aggravated by damp, changeable weather, will be markedly benefited by the warm, equable coast climate. Insomnia in the young or old will find re- lief in the same region. I have elsewhere said that advancing years and old age may be robbed of many concomitant infirmi- ties by residence in this locality; they cannot with impunity change from a low to a high altitude, more particularly if they suffer from chronic pulmonary disease, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, fibroid phthisis or the like. A dilated fatty heart is safer at sea-level. On the whole, a marine climate is preferable for old people and, if it be warm and equable, so much the better. This country is a veritable paradise for the grow- ing child. There is no period,during the entire year when it is necessary to house the little ones. There are no badly ventilated, overcrowded or overheated rooms. The zymotic diseases are usually not at all prevalent. They are mild, run a very favorable course and are generally followed by complete re- covery. The scrofulous child lives under the most favorable conditions to combat the inherited taint.