DISORDERS 
MISTAKEN FOR HYDROPHOBIA 
BY 
CHARLES W. DULLES, M.D., 
FELLOW OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, AND OF THE ACADEMY OF 
SURGERY OF PHILADELPHIA; SURGEON TO THE OUT-PATIENT 
DEPARTMENT OF THE HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 
PENNSYLVANIA, AND OF THE PRESBYTERIAN 
HOSPITAL IN PHILADELPHIA, ETC. 
EXTRACTED FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE STATE 
OF PENNSYLVANIA FOR 1884. 
PHILADELPHIA: 
COLLIN S, PRINTEE, 7 0 5 JAYNE STREET. 
1884. DISORDERS 
MISTAKEN FOR HYDROPHOBIA. 
BY / 
CHARLES W. DULLES, M.D., / 
FELLOW OF TOE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, AND OF THE ACADEMY OF 
SURGERY OF PHILADELPHIA ; SURGEON TO THE OUT-PATIENT 
DEPARTMENT OF THE HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 
PENNSYLVANIA, AND OF THE PRESBYTERIAN 
HOSPITAL IN PHILADELPHIA, ETC 
EXTRACTED FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE STATE 
OF PENNSYLVANIA FOR 1884. 
PHILADELPHIA: 
COLLINS, PRINTER, 7 0 5 JAYNE STREET. 
1884. DISORDERS MISTAKEN FOR HYDROPHOBIA.1 
In all the round of medical science there is no subject so obscure 
as that of hydrophobia. There is also none in regard to which 
there is a larger and more daring range of speculation. The 
literature of the subject is enormous. It is made up of reports of 
cases almost innumerable, and of theories as to their nature, causes, 
and issue, which are as confusing to one who attempts to analyze 
them as might be the waves of a broad and troubled sea. For one 
to add anything to this already too extensive mass would seem a 
work worse than supererogatoiy, unless the addition could claim 
justification on the score of some seeming necessit}\ Fully aware 
of this, I come before you to-day to ask your attention to this old 
subject again, because, from a prolonged study of it and some 
experience, I am convinced that there is an aspect of the matter 
which has not as yet received the detailed attention which it de- 
serves, which I think may be profitably studied, and on which I hope 
a summary of my own investigations may throw some light. I can- 
not expect such an imperfect sketch as I can here give of the 
panorama which has passed before my eyes in the last two j-ears to 
produce just the same impression on your minds as it has fixed in 
mine ; but I can, and do, hope to attract your notice to it, so that 
you may hereafter look at so much of it as shall come before you 
with the possibilities I shall point out in your view. 
1 In concluding the series of papers on hydrophobia of which this is one, 
I must acknowledge the advantage it has been to have access to the very 
rich Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, in which, includ- 
ing the College library proper and that of Dr. Samuel Lewis, are contained 
the great majority of the works referred to in the Bibliography to be found 
at the end of this paper. In addition to these, I am indebted to the Library 
of the Surgeon-General U. S. A., at Washington, to the Library of the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital, to the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library, to 
the private library of Prof. Alfred Stille, and that of Prof. John Ashliurst, 
Jr., of this city. 2 
From the brief abstract in the programme for this meeting you 
may gather the thought I wish to dwell upon to-day. It is that the 
knowledge in regard to the disorders in which the symptoms of 
hydrophobia may arise, and which may deceive not only the laity 
but also medical men, is much too general and vague. To this fact 
can be attributed, I believe, many mistakes which do little credit to 
our profession, and which have had most melancholy consequences 
upon the fellow-creatures to whom we minister. And if this state 
of affairs can be corrected, I believe it will not be in vain that we 
give some time to a study which may seem to have been already 
too much discussed. 
Hydrophobia, as you well know, is almost invariably diagnosti- 
cated from what medical men, as well as the laity, generally regard 
as its most constant and characteristic feature, namely, the inability 
or dread of the patient to swallow liquids. When to this is added 
a certain series of convulsive movements and psychical manifesta- 
tions, the picture of hydrophobia is taken to be complete, and most 
men consider it justifiable to fix the diagnosis, with all that it 
implies both as to the past and as to the future of that particular 
case. So universal is this method of deciding upon the existence of 
hydrophobia, that one finds it suffices to throw almost all observers 
off their guard, and lead them to ignore the indications of other, 
less striking, but in many inspects more important phenomena. 
As a consequence, while in innumerable instances the symptoms 
and lesions of a variety of other disorders have been attributed to 
hydrophobia, it is almost never suspected that the horror of drink- 
ing is but a symptom of another disease, which could not fail of 
being recognized, were it not for the undue importance attached to 
the aversion to fluids. 
It is true that, in a general way, all physicians may be said to be 
quite aware that the symptoms of hydrophobia may present them- 
selves in other disorders than that which is most unmistakably 
designated as “ rabies humana.” But the habit is to class all these 
suspicious cases under the vague title of “spurious hydrophobia,” 
which adds a term to our nomenclature, but indicates no increase of 
knowledge. Who would suppose that such a term covered a variety 
of disorders which numbers not less than thirty, and probably many 
more? And yet such is the case. Some of these disorders are not 
very likely to be mistaken ly any careful man; but some are calcu- 
lated to deceive the most scrupulous observer, and every one of 
them has had some victims. This is not surprising when one con- 
siders the fact that the possibility of errors of this sort is not 
alluded to, in discussing the diseases in which these conditions majT 3 
arise, in a single work on general medicine, and that they receive 
entirely inadequate consideration even in treatises on hydrophobia. 
But a study of the records of the symptoms, and lesions discovered 
post-mortem, in a large number of cases of so-called hydrophobia 
supplies this lack, and furnishes material which majr serve more 
purposes than as a warning against errors in diagnosis. 
The diseases and morbid states to which I desire to call your 
attention I shall arrange as follows:— 
I. Disorders of the alimentary canal. 
II. Disorders of the respiratory apparatus. 
III. Disorders of the circulatory apparatus. 
IV. Systemic disorders. 
V. Disorders of the nervous system. 
I. DISORDERS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 
The first disorders to which I shall refer as furnishing symptoms 
which may be mistaken for those of hydrophobia, are angina and 
cynanche of the fauces. One can readily understand that an in- 
flammation of the throat may cause such a difficulty of swallowing 
as to make this, especially before the ordinary signs of systemic 
disturbance have become very marked, the most striking sj7mptom. 
When such a case occurs in an individual of a nervous temperament 
the very effort to overcome it might only increase the trouble; and 
if it should appear from the conduct of the medical attendant that 
a peculiar importance was attached to the successful performance 
of the act of deglutition, the distress of the patient and his inabil- 
ity to swallow would be likelyr to be all the more exaggerated. 
Under such circumstances the recollection of a dog-bite, in a person 
of years to appreciate the common belief in regard to 
or the natural excitability and tendency to spasmodic resistance 
against an}* attempt to force him to a step which he knows or fancies 
to be disagreeable, on the part of a child, might be naturally ex- 
pected to set up a train of physical and psychical phenomena which 
would closely resemble those of rabies. And no one, I think, who 
has studied the histories of many cases of so-called hydrophobia, 
and especially those which have occurred in very young children, 
can doubt that this very thing has happened over and over again. 
My own reading has brought to my notice many cases in which a 
want of appreciation of this fact has led to most pitiable errors of 
diagnosis and most fatal errors of treatment. In some of these the 
presence of an anginose disorder was suspected, but this idea aban- 
doned upon the first manifestation of a dread of water. In others, 4 
halting efforts at swallowing solids led to tests as to whether or not 
fluids could be swallowed, and when this appeared difficult or impos- 
sible the diagnosis was incontinently fixed as hydrophobia. I wish 
time permitted giving a number of illustrations of this ; but I must 
content myself with a single one, selected from the writings of no 
ordinary observer, but from those of one who ranks high as a de- 
fender of the specific theory of hydrophobia and as a ridiculer of all 
disbelievers. I refer to Dr. Caleb Hillier Parry. In his monograph 
on “Cases of Tetanus and Rabies Contagiosa” (London, 1814), he 
gives the history of a case of a little boy, three-and-a-half years old, 
who had been subject to earache, with suppuration, and who had been 
bitten a dog, of which there is not the slightest evidence that it 
was rabid. Fifty-two days after the bite he began to be ailing, then 
he complained of his ear and side of the head; he was hot, had a quick 
pulse, refused food and drink, was restless, and cried violently if any 
one attempted to touch his neck or head. He had the appearance of a 
patient in the commencement of scarlet fever. Attempts to look into 
his throat were fruitless, because of his struggles. He complained 
only of his ear, and held his hand to it. A solution of tartar emetic 
was repeatedly forced down his throat, and infusion of tobacco thrown 
into his rectum. He resisted all attempts to touch his neck or head, 
but expressed no uneasiness when pressed on any other part of his 
body. At one time an injection (presumably of tobacco infusion) 
produced sickness, retching, great convulsions, and an irregular, 
small, and quick pulse. He was at times wild and agitated, but 
swallowed his saliva without difficulty. His eyes were red and run- 
ning with tears, and his pupils dilated. He passed very little urine, 
with a white sediment in it like chalk. On offering him a teaspoon- 
ful of water, his hands being held, he tried to avoid it by turning 
his face. At length his hands were confined, because he was always 
attempting to beat and tear his mouth and nose. He then had slav- 
ering, convulsions, and wandering, “though not insensibility” (Dr. 
Parry says); “as, while he attempted to strike those who held his 
hands, he avoided doing so to the lady, . . . who attended him 
with the most affectionate care.” (How piteous the tale is!) “After 
this time he had frequent' chokings, and his tongue remained much 
out of his mouth.” Convulsions and stertorous breathing ushered 
in his death. Dr. Parry concludes his account with the remarkable 
statement that, at the autopsy, the most thorough examination of 
the various organs failed to disclose “any deviation whatever from 
the healthy state.” 
And was this truly a,case of hydrophobia? Will any one take 
the opinion of Dr. Parry for such a diagnosis, in view of the history 5 
he has given? Do you, gentlemen, see any other cause for this 
child’s dysphagia—providing Dr. Parry overlooked nothing in re- 
porting the absence of inflammatory lesions—than the angina de- 
pendent upon a serious disease of the middle or internal ear? And, 
let me ask, do you demand any other explanation of the poor child’s 
death than the treatment he received ? I confess, for myself, that 
I do not; and that I look upon this case as a striking illustration 
of the pernicious influence of the common belief in regard to 
hydrophobia; while the fact that such an illustration can be drawn 
from the experience of so able a man as Parry, only shows how 
dangerous is this error. 
The dysphagia connected with inflammation of the oesophagus 
has also led to a false diagnosis of hydrophobia. An illustration of 
this error is furnished by a case recorded in detail by Mr. Robert 
White in his “Doubts of Hydrophobia” (London, 1826), and taken 
from a report by Dr. Pinckard, together with a report of the re- 
sults of the autopsy. The patient was a man who fell ill with 
symptoms which I think were those of rheumatic fever—to which I 
shall refer again later—and who, after being treated in the most 
barbarous fashion, according to our modern ideas, died. At the 
autopsy there was found at the lowrer part of the oesophagus an 
eroded spot nearly the size of a shilling, assuming an appearance 
as if the inner coat had been separated and shrivelled up by scorch- 
ing. There was also marked inflammation of the fauces. Mr. White, 
in repeating the history of this case, makes a comment which I 
think would be held to be justified by any one who reads it care- 
fully, namely: “Nothing, it appears, could persuade the man that 
his illness proceeded from the bite of the dog; though, to do the 
medical men justice, they each used their utmost endeavors to make 
him believe so.” 
Inflammation of the stomach is so frequently associated with a 
dread of drinking that some writers, finding the lesions of it at the 
autopsies of patients who had been considered to have hydrophobia, 
have made the mistake of speaking as if it were an effect instead of 
a cause. It is as sure as anything can well be that inflammation of 
the stomach is not to be counted as an essential feature of hydro- 
phobia, and it is equally clear that many cases which have been put 
on record as cases of hydrophobia were cases in which the dread of 
water was only incidental to the state of the stomach. It is easy 
to understand how a moderate degree of inflammation of this organ 
might not excite suspicion as to its causal relation to all the symp- 
toms; hut it is hard to see how extreme instances of disease of the 
stomach should have come to be as totally misunderstood as they 6 
have been. When, for example, one finds such a case as is recorded 
by the learned Dr. Mead, in his “Mechanical Account of Poisons,” 
where the inner coat of the stomach was so “Mortified that it might 
be abraded with one’s Fingers,” one may reasonably wonder that the 
reporter did not suspect that the lesion in the stomach could cause 
the symptoms, without calling in the influence of a bite of a dog 
only suspected to be mad. Another patient, mentioned by Mead, 
said the swallowing of his saliva put him “ to such Tortures in his 
Stomach that Death itself was not so Terrible as the Inexpressible 
Agony.” Here was a pain which ought to have led to suspicion; 
but it did not. Another case showed an erosion or excoriation, with 
something like of the stomach. This from Dr. Mead; 
while Hufeland, in his “ Enchiridion Medicum,” sets down hydro- 
phobia as a symptom of gastritis ; and Dr. Rush, with many other 
writers, calls inflammation of the stomach a cause of hydrophobia. 
Disorders of the intestines ma}' also give rise to the symptoms 
of hydrophobia. This is a fact beyond dispute in regard to the 
lower animals,and perfectly demonstrable in regard to man. Bruch- 
miiller, in a most valuable article in the Prager Vierteljahresschrift 
f. d. prakt. Heilkunde, II. Bd., 1852, shows conclusively that the 
symptoms of rabies are to be found in a variety of intestinal affec- 
tions of the lower animals; and White cites Dr. Ainslie’s work, 
“ Observations on the Cholera Morbus of India,” as stating that, 
in this disorder, “symptoms resembling those of hydrophobia have 
occasionally supervened,” etc. Perhaps this statement may throw 
some light on an interesting case, often cited by the older authors, 
in which hydrophobia "was said to have been caused by eating beech- 
nuts. It is also common to find in the older authors the statement 
that intestinal worms are a cause of this disorder. Among others, 
I would mention that Dr. Rush must have known of it in connec- 
tion with dysentery and typhus fever, for he sets these also down as 
causes. 
Before leaving the subject of the disorders of the alimentary 
canal, I wish to ask your attention to some statements of Dr. J. C. 
Prichard, in his “ Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System, Part 
the First, comprising Convulsive and Maniacal Affections” (London, 
1822). In Chapter vii., sec. 2, he discusses what he calls enteric 
mania, and says: “ This is one of the most frequent forms under 
which maniacal disorders present themselves to our notice.” He 
then describes the usual condition of patients suffering in this way, 
in a manner which suggests the maniacal state of many cases of so- 
called hydrophobia, the histories of which I have read. The de- 
scription of some of the symptoms and lesions is so strikingly like 7 
that of a case of hydrophobia that I cannot refrain from quoting 
it. “The mouth and fauces,” I)r. Prichard says, “if examined, 
generally present a diseased aspect. The fauces and velum pendu- 
lum are red, the vessels injected, covered in patches with mucus. 
The mouth is viscid, and the patient generally spits out 
a frothy slime in all directions There is an ardent thirst. 
In many cases the patient has an aversion to all food. 
The skin is clammy and cold The complexion 
is often flushed ; the eyes wild, glassy, with a superabundant lach- 
rymal secretion; the tunica conjunctiva is not unfrequently injected 
with blood; the patient is scarcely tolerant of light The 
urine is scanty and high colored The pulse is rapid and 
irritable.” 
Such are the very conditions which have been recorded of a large 
number of cases of so-called hydrophobia. And the similarity sug- 
gests more than a coincidence. In view of these facts, and of the 
attention which neuroses dependent upon disturbances of the intes- 
tinal canal are just now attracting, an interesting field for investiga- 
tion is presented to students of nervous diseases. 
II. DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 
To a certain extent the inflammations and anginas of the fauces 
to which a partial reference has already been made come within 
this category. Next in order come inflammations of the larynx and 
trachea. These may, like similar conditions of the fauces and oeso- 
phagus, give rise to all the dysphagic symptoms of hydrophobia. 
To this fact may be attributed not only a great many of the notions 
which have been entertained in regard to the lesions of hj’drophobia, 
but also the old ideas and definition of the term “ eynanche,” which 
means literally “dog-choking.” The frequency of this coincidence 
led Aromatarius, in 1625, to devote a monograph to proving that 
hydrophobia is nothing but a contagious angina; and the histories 
of many reported cases of so-called hydrophobia justify this opinion ; 
for they have been clearly anginose, although by a strange process 
of inversion the striking inflammatory lesions which have been found 
in them posi mortem have been looked upon as effects, when, in fact, 
they were really causes. 
Vidal has given an illustration of the danger of mistaking a 
laryngitis for hydrophobia, which is striking enough to be repeated. 
He tells that in a large town where a man had recently died of 
rabies, another, suffering from intense angina, was brought into the 
hospital. The attending physician having his attention called to 8 
the fact that the man refused to drink, the idea of hydrophobia at 
once entered his head. He urges the patient to drink. The latter 
says he cannot. Force is employed. The patient defends himself. 
The patient is bound. Convulsions ensue. He is cauterized beneath 
the tongue, and dies the next day. At the autopsy the true nature 
of the disease is revealed.1 
Turning now to the lungs, it is surprising how much evidence 
there is that pneumonia and pleurisy may be accompanied with so 
pronounced a dread of water as to lead to a diagnosis of hydro- 
phobia. It is an extremely common thing to read of intense 
engorgement and symptoms of solidification of the lung, in the 
accounts of autopsies of supposed hydrophobic patients. One of 
Dr. Parry’s cases presented at the autopsy emphysema under the 
pleura pulmonalis on both sides, and on one two ounces of bloody 
fluid in the pleural cavity. This case had also a patch of ecchy- 
mosis as large as a silver fourpence on the floor of the fourth 
ventricle. 
So common are these appearances in the lungs that Dr. Nathaniel 
Chapman in his inaugural thesis, “An Essay on the Canine State 
of Fever” (Philadelphia, 1801)—which was the name he used to 
indicate hydrophobia—rests principally on them his argument that 
hydrophobia is, as his preceptor Dr. Benjamin Rush had asserted, a 
fever. He says (p. 51) : “I have more than once hinted that this 
disease materially affects the lungs. It appears that by far the 
most common mode of attack is that of the varied forms of the 
pneumonic state of fever, and particularly pneumonia notlia. From 
a review of the dissections which have been detailed, it evidently 
appears that the lungs are particularly affected. Indeed in many 
cases they have been so completely engorged as to have acquired 
considerable solidity. Admitting then the existence of this state, 
a solution is furnished to many of the phenomena of the disease, 
which have hitherto baffled every attempt to explain them.” 
Again, he says (p. 53) : “ The aversion to fluids which has been con- 
sidered as stamping a specific character upon this disease, and 
distinguishing it from all others, has not unfrequently occurred in 
pneumonia.” A century before this, Mead had cited, in his “ Me- 
chanical Account of Poisons,” a case in which the lungs were found 
“wonderfully Bed and Tumefied;” and in his Medical Works (p. 
510), there is an account of “Three Cases of the Hydrophobia,” 
in one of which “the fauces were found very much inflamed; the 
1 Dolan, Thomas M., Rabies or Hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. viii, 287. London, 
1879. P. 30. 9 
left lobe of the lungs black, with the vesicles full of black blood ; 
the surface in some places which the blackness had not covered, 
appearing blistered, as if raised by cantharides. The liver was 
hard, and of a yellow, bilious color.” 
III. DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY APPARATUS. 
That inflammatory conditions of the heart and its coverings may 
give rise to the symptoms of hydrophobia is a fact well recognized 
in most treatises and special articles on this subject. It is particu- 
larly referred to by Doldris, in his article on “ Ilage humaine” in 
the Nouveau Dictionnaire da Med. et de Ghirurgie, where he cites 
in this connection, a monograph of Bourceret, which I have not 
been able to obtain. But I have read the histories of many cases 
of so-called hydrophobia in which the evidences of pericarditis and 
endocarditis are unmistakable, and these lesions sufficient to ac- 
count for all the symptoms. This fact is often all the more striking 
when taken in connection with the treatment employed. An inte- 
resting and most illustrative case of this sort (which I have once 
before referred to in public) has been recorded by Romberg in his 
work on Nervous Diseases, and repeated with approval by Dolan 
in his book on Rabies or Hydrophobia. This was the case of a 
child six years old, bitten by a dog which had already bitten seve- 
ral other children, none of whom (it is to be supposed) had hydro- 
phobia. The attack came on three months later, and was fatal on 
the third day. The treatment consisted in taking twelve ounces 
of blood from the arm, scarifying, and applying cantharides to the 
cicatrix, and rubbing a scruple of mercurial ointment into the inner 
surface of the left arm. The record says the boy’s features expressed 
extreme anxiety, and his eyes “ told a tale of immeasurable 
miseiy.” He implored that he might not be touched or bled again, 
as he desired nothing more than to be allowed perfect rest. But he 
was refused this piteous request, and the heroic treatment was con- 
tinued until, as Romberg says, “death came to his relief.” At the 
autopsy the lungs were found to be charged with blood. The 
larynx, the trachea, and oesophagus were not abnormal in appear- 
ance. But “ the redness of the heart was remarkable, the arteries 
and veins on its surface looking as if they had been injected. The 
mitral and aortic valves presented a scarlet hue, the trabeculae 
carneae were darker than usual, the internal surface of the aorta 
was of a bright red hue as far as the arch ; the blood contained in 
the vessels was dark and fluid ; the inner surface of the stomach 10 
was as pale as that of the oesophagus. No morbid change was 
found in any other abdominal organ.” The head was not examined. 
The full history of this case, taken together with the post-mor- 
tem appearances, seems to me to show it to have been one of acute 
endocarditis, probably septicsemic. But no such idea seems to have 
entered the heads of the physicians who attended it. As a case of 
hydrophobia they went most heroically to work to treat it. Think 
of that little child, only six years old, tested with the useless and 
dangerous tests of hand-washing and mirror, and with urine sprinkled 
on his skin—the former showing nothing, the latter causing a 
paroxysm. Think of his being bled, the cicatrix being scarified 
and blistered with cantharides, and mercurial ointment being rubbed 
into his arm. Then fancy him, when the doctors came at him after 
an interval, imploring only to be left in peace, while the}', with 
grim determination, bled him again and dosed him with calomel, 
until “ death came to his relief.” 
Before turning to another series of disorders in which hydro- 
phobia is simulated, I wish to speak of the possibility of its being 
counterfeited in cardiac neuroses. A palpitation may bring about 
this condition. Dr. Mead had an experience of this sort; he says: 
“ I remember a case in which fits of a palpitation of the heart were 
attended witli so great a degree of it, that it seemed not to differ 
from the true hydrophobia.” ('Medical Works, p. 61.) 
IV. SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. 
I will now ask your attention to certain systemic disorders, and 
one natural condition, in which a dread of drinking and other 
symptoms like those of hydrophobia have been observed. The first 
of these is rheumatic fever. I have already alluded, when speaking 
of inflammation of the oesophagus, to a case where rheumatism was 
the conspicuous complaint at the outset of what was held to be a 
fatal case of hydrophobia. I recall it to your minds in connection 
with some remarks I wish to quote from the Lumleian Lecture of 
Dr. Todd in 1850, on Delirium and Coma. Speaking of rheumatic 
delirium, he says:— 
A patient with rheumatic fever will become restless, delirious, 
raving, maniacal, wakeful. As in the other acute forms of delirium, 
patients often die suddenly in this, evidently from exhaustion. . . . 
This delirium is sometimes ushered in by other symptoms, which 
denote a more extensive disturbance of the nervous system than 
delirium would do. Thus a patient will be seized with chorea-like 
jactitations affecting the upper extremities and the muscles of the 11 
face; and sometimes a condition almost tetanic is present, and more 
or less of rigidity and opisthotonos are produced. Coincident with 
the first appearance of these symptoms, that is, either of the deli- 
rium or of the jactitations, we frequently find, but by no means 
always, the first signs of inflammation of the pericardium, or of the 
endocardium, or of one or both lungs, or of the pleura; and as the 
delirious state diverts the mind of the patient from the perception 
of all pain, it often happens that no other indications of the internal 
inflammation can be obtained than those of the physical signs, the 
rubbing sound or the bellows-murmur, or the altered breathing 
sounds; and hence it has not unfrequently happened that in the 
midst of the great disturbance of the intellect, the inflammation 
within the thorax has been unsuspected and undetected.” 
This description presents a remarkable counterpart to those con- 
tained in the reports of not a few cases of so called hydrophobia. 
And it seems to me to throw some light on a statement which has 
been repeated from author to author down to most recent times, 
that a sudden chilling of the body is one of the causes of “ spon- 
taneous hydrophobia.” Further, it seems to furnish a reasonable 
explanation of many cases of hydrophobia, especially in little chil- 
dren, where no manifest lesion has been found after death, and 
where during life there was evidence of high inflammatory action, 
with great dread of being disturbed in any way. 
This part of our subject is so important that I cannot leave it 
without another reference to the admirable work of Dr. Prichard 
on “ Convulsive and Maniacal Affections,” in which the similarity 
of the sj’mptoms in many other disorders to those of hydrophobia 
can be traced, although the author seems to have had no such idea 
in his head. In regard to rheumatism and gout, he refers to cases 
where we onl}r need a dread of drinking to be speeificalty mentioned 
to recognize them as typical of rabies. Even the post-mortem 
lesions correspond, and a most suggestive explanation is given of 
the want of proportion of the phenomena of inflammation to the 
severity of the symptoms and the outcome of the disease. (Chap, 
vi., sec. 3, of Metastasis to the Head.) 
And now of gout let me briefly say that Dr. Todd, who seems as 
little as Dr. Prichard to have been thinking of hydrophobia when 
he wrote, remarks: “In cases of general gout, which resemble 
rheumatic fever in so many points, a delirium of precisely the same 
kind as that of rheumatic fever occurs, running the same course and 
presenting the same features in its clinical history.” And this 
assertion is of the greater interest when we encounter such a state- 
ment as is made by White in his “ Doubts of Hydrophobia,” that 12 
liis friend Mr. II. Sutton had informed him of a case of translated 
gout, in which the symptom hydrophobia, exemplified by a dread of 
fluids generally, was unequivocally present. 
Uraemia is another disorder in which hydrophobia ma}' be simu- 
lated. To this fact is probably to be attributed the common belief 
that the presence of albumen in the urine is an evidence of hydro- 
phobia. This curious process of inversion is observable in many 
recorded cases. One of the most striking of these which I have 
come across is reported by Bergeron, in an article “ De la Rage,” 
in the Arch. Gen. de Med., 1862. The patient was a child twelve 
and a half years old, first under the care of a quack, and afterward 
treated by the reporter with the assistance of a strait-jacket, and 
with hypodermic doses of ten drops of a one per cent, solution of 
atropia the first day, the next dajr a similar dose, and the third day 
fifteen drops. The fourth day the child died. At the autopsy 
there was found softening of the brain and medulla, the kidneys 
were congested and the urine contained “ one-third albumen.” 
Quite as striking as this story is the fact that the history of one of 
the cases from which Dr. Gowers obtained the specimens for his 
valuable investigations in regard to the pathological lesions of 
hydrophobia—which are too often cited as if they established a 
definite lesion for this disorder—discloses, with a total absence of 
evidence that the dog which bit the patient was mad, the fact that 
the patient’s tongue was black and dry, his pulse 132, his tempera- 
ture 100.1°, and at the autopsy his kidneys were found to be in a 
state of cloudy swelling. (Trans. Path. Soc. London, 1877.) The 
examination of such records—and I could cite many more, if time 
permitted—has seemed to me to show, not that albuminuria can be 
considered a symptom of hydrophobia, but that hydrophobia is 
occasionally a natural or a provoked symptom of nephritis. In 
this connection I must refer again to the Lumeleian Lecture of Dr. 
Todd, in which he describes a form of delirium, which he designates 
as “ renal,” and compares to that of epilepsy to be hereafter al- 
luded to. 
Besides these well-defined diseases there are many cases hard to 
classif}' exactly, in which a careful study of the records leads to the 
conclusion that what were regarded as manifestations of a specific 
disease derived from the inoculated virus of a rabid animal, were 
nothing but phenomena of some systemic disease, which escaped the 
diagnosticating powers of the observers, because the occurrence of 
a dread of drinking and a false preconception of its significance 
blinded their minds or set them irretrievably on a wrong scent. 
It may seem singular that the symptoms of hydrophobia should 13 
present the feature of intermittency. But a number of cases where 
this has occurred have been observed. Mr. Kenedy reported two 
such cases in 1680 ; Dr. Arnold reported one in 1793 ; and in 1803 
Dr. Dumas reported to the Montpellier Med. Soc. what he called a 
“ Case of a variety of Intermittent Fever accompanied by the 
Symptoms of Hydrophobia ; and forming an Intermittent Hydro- 
phobic Fever.” 
That the influence of the free use of mercury in former times may 
have had something to do with the production or prolongation of 
the symptoms of hydrophobia, seems a reasonable inference from 
the fact that this drug by itself is sufficient to set up an artificial 
disorder of this sort. Thus Dr. Reid,1 in 1817, writing of tetanus 
and hydrophobia, speaks of a case of a young woman who died in 
the Westmoreland Lock-Hospital of hydrophobia, caused by mer- 
cury taken for syphilis. And lest this case should be cavilled at as 
one of ulcerative stomatitis, or other effect of salivation, I find that 
a record of an autopsy is accessible, which so far corresponds to 
many of more dubious cases that no lesion was found to account 
for the symptoms. 
It is probably to the confusion created by the occurrence of hy- 
drophobia as a symptom in a great variety of irregular disorders 
that we are to attribute the utterly erroneous teaching of Dr. Rush, 
that hydrophobia is a “ malignant fever,” and that, long before 
him, of Eustachius Rudius who called it “ a putrida maligna humi- 
ditate caput petente morbum,” with tlie following which this teach- 
ing has had. Are we not rather justified in recalling the old 
assertion of Mead, that hydrophobia may be a symptom of various 
fevers founded upon observations of Schenckius, Salmuth, and 
others, who had observed it in these disorders without any bite 
whatever ? And is it not better to say with Baud, in his inaugural 
Thesis on “ Tetanos,” Paris, 1804, quoting Yogel, “In acuta et 
inflammatoria febre sponte oritur.” 
The natural condition in which Imlrophobia may arise is preg- 
nancy. Saint-Martin, in his Monographic sur la Rage (Paris, 
1826), says that Mazars de Cazelles saw this to occur to one woman, 
during the first four months of her pregnancy, eleven times. 
Doleris speaks unequivocall}* of the occurrence of the symptoms of 
hydrophobia under these circumstances as a signe dominante, and 
other systematic writers do the same. 
’ On the Nature and Treatment of Tetanus and Hydrophobia, 8vo., pp. iv., 
136. Dublin, 1817. 14 
Y. DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
I now ask you to turn your attention to the disorders of the 
nervous system in which hydrophobia may be simulated. These 
may be classified roughly as those in which there is a well-defined 
pathology and those in which there is not. The former we will 
begin with, and pass on through the functional neuroses to the pure 
psychoses. 
Meningitis, whether cerebral or spinal, may give rise to all the 
sj-mptoms of excitement and dread of drinking which are com- 
monly attributed to hydrophobia. This is a fact so well recognized 
that I will save your time by simply alluding to it and stating that 
a study of the appearances found at autopsies of persons dying of 
so-called hydrophobia, especially children, seems to indicate that 
acute or chronic inflammation of the meninges ought to be accused 
of not a few of these cases, and not the bite of a dog. In a case of 
supposed hydrophobia in a young child which I recently saw in con- 
sultation, I made the prediction that, if an autopsy was secured, we 
should find evidences of cerebral meningitis, both at the convexity 
and at the base of the brain. An autopsy was secured, and the 
prediction was fully verified—yet the gentleman who called me in 
consultation insists to this day that the case was one of hydro- 
phobia. 
Pachymeningitis is another disease of the envelopes of the brain 
,which has been discovered after death attributed to hydrophobia. 
Such a case was mentioned by Dr. Mills in the discussion on this 
subject at the Philadelphia County Medical Society, last May 
(Phila. Med. Times, Aug. 11, 1883), and others are to be found 
scattered through its literature. 
Apoplexy, one would think, could hardly put on the appearance 
of hydrophobia; but, in view of the singular forms it may assume 
and the variations from the typical picture which it may present, 
this possibility is not to be denied. Where apoplexy has the 
accompaniment of delirium, or mania, a very small diversion of the 
ideas of the patient or the physician might cause it to present all 
the phenomena of some cases I have met with, in which even the 
symptom of hemiplegia was not lacking. Dr. Prichard calls par- 
ticular attention to the “ affinity,” as he calls it, between apoplexy 
and mania. This connection may not be so apparent to others as 
it Avas to him ; but it is sufficient to put the student of hydrophobia 
on his guard against the possibility of an error of diagnosis 
dependent upon it. Bollinger says ( Virchow’s Archie, iv., 1872): 
“ When such diseases as acute and chronic hydrocephalus, menin- 
gitis, pyaemia, apoplexy, etc., are spoken of as accompaniments of 15 
hydrophobia, the suspicion of diagnostic substitution lies near at 
hand.” 
This last quotation applies also to the next condition I wish to 
call your attention to, that is, hydrocephalus. There would not be 
much ground for believing, a priori, that acute or chronic hydro- 
cephalus could simulate hydrophobia, but the fact that the post- 
mortem appearances of these conditions have been found in a certain 
number of persons dying of supposed hydrophobia, leads to the 
suspicion that the dread of water was really a symptom of the 
hydrocephalus. Here again is a point in regard to which the prac- 
titioner may well be more on his guard than some who have reported 
cases appear to have been. 
Tumors in the substance of the brain, or pressing upon it, have 
very often been the occasion of the symptoms of hydrophobia. Of 
this I could give many illustrations, but will content myself with 
mentioning one form of tumor not common and very unapt to be 
suspected. I mean the cysticercus. One of the most impressive 
stories of a case of hydrophobia which I have ever read is that of 
a Dr. Herrmann, recorded by Lorinser in a paper entitled “ Zwei 
Opfer der Hundswuth ” (Two Sacrifices to Hydrophobia), published 
in the Wiener Med. Wochenschrift, in 1874. Dr. Herrmann had 
sj inptoms of hydrophobia, and died under the most painful circum- 
stances. At the autopsy it was found that he had a cysticercus in 
his brain. A similar case has been put into English, in 1879, by 
Dolan. This case he got indirectly from an Italian journal. The 
patient was a woman; at the autopsy there was found at the base 
of her brain a cyst as large as a nut, full of cysticerci. Dr. Dolan, 
in reproducing this case, makes it a warning against errors of diag- 
nosis of this sort. 
Simple neuritis is set down by Doleris as one of the conditions 
in which hydrophobia may occur as a symptom. This he speaks 
of in connection with inflammation of the phrenic and pneumogas- 
tric nerves.1 Nothing would seem more likely in view of the physi- 
ology and pathology of these nerves, and it suggests a line of in- 
vestigation which has not had the attention it deserves. 
We now come to the disorders of the cerebro-spinal system, which 
have a more obscure patholog}r. First of these we may take up 
acute mania or delirium. This is a division of our subject which 
might well have an entire paper devoted to it; but we must pass 
1 This opinion receives confirmation from an observation of Prof. Muller 
(cited by Bruckmuller, Prager Vierteljaliressch. f. d. prakt. Heilkunde, 1852, 
II. Bd.), who found in two horses with rabies an inflammation of the neu- 
rilemma of the nerves at the spot of the bite, and the same condition in the 
nerves of a mad dog. 16 
over it rapidly. And, first, I would refer to a celebrated case of 
Dr. Samuel Bardsley, of Manchester, which was said to be one of 
hydrophobia, with an incubation of twelve years. This case he 
made the subject of a long and elaborate paper on “ Canine and 
Spontaneous Hydrophobia,” published in 1807. The author’s con- 
clusion was that his was a case of spontaneous hydrophobia; but 
after studying it carefully, I do not see how there can be any doubt 
that it was a case of acute maniacal delirium, brought on by want 
and care and starvation. Bergeron (Archives Gen. de Med., 1862) 
calls attention to the identity of the symptoms of hydrophobia and 
acute mania; and Girard de Cailleux, Inspector-General of the 
Service of the Insane in Paris, has said : “ The similarity of the 
symptoms, course, duration, termination, and cadaveric lesions of 
acquired hydrophobia and acute febrile delirium, establishes an iden- 
tity of nature worthy of attention.” (Bid. de VAcad, de Med., 
T. xxix., 1067.) Bollinger has called attention to the fact that dogs 
dying with rabies present at their autopsies a condition called 
“ Fremdkorperpneumonie ” (foreign-bod}7 pneumonia), which is iden- 
tical with a condition found in mental disorders of man. ( Virchow’s 
Arch., Bd. LY., 1872.) Again, Westphal, at a meeting of the Ber- 
liner Med.-Psych. Gesellschaft, Jan. 1870, said he had seen a case 
which presented a typical picture of acute delirium, and added that 
physicians often misname psychic disturbances for hydrophobia; 
saying, also, that in depressed and hypochondriacal subjects the bite 
of a healthy dog may cause symptoms of hydrophobia. (Arch, fur 
Psych, und Nervenkrankheiten, II. Bd., 1869-70, p. 520.) Again, at 
the discussion of hydrophobia in the Philadelphia County Medical 
Society, in 1888, Dr. Moon, whose experience in the treatment of the 
insane has been very great, said of a case recently reported by Dr. 
Wood in the same place, that he “ might have been describing a 
typical case of acute mania as not infrequently seen.” And, finally, 
Dr. Kiernan, of Chicago, says he has seen a case of acute mania 
which simulated hydrophobia so closely that a physician who had 
seen fifteen cases was only convinced that it was not u lyssa” when 
the patient recovered. (Am. Journal of Neurology and Psychology, 
May, 1883.) 
Mania a potu, delirium tremens, or acute alcoholism, is probably 
one of the commonest occasions of error of diagnosis in regard to 
hydrophobia in adults. The symptoms of what may be called 
typical cases of these two disorders differ, it is true, in some par- 
ticulars ; but there are also enough points of resemblance to lead 
to mistake. Many authors have called attention to this fact, and it 
is being exemplified constantly all over the world. A case of this 
kind occurred in this city about two years ago. Doldris speaks of 17 
the possibility that delirium tremens was the cause of death in the 
case reported, with reserve, by Dr. Leon Colin to the Acad, de Med- 
ecine, of Paris, in 1880, as having had an incubation of four and a 
half years, and says Brouardel has seen two cases in which the mis- 
take would have been easy in the absence of other evidence. (Nouv. 
Diet, de Med. et de Ghir., Art. “Rage humaine.”) 
A case of acute alcoholism simulating hydrophobia Avas pub- 
lished by Dr. W. B. Hazard in the St. Louis Clinical Record. 
The patient had pharyngeal and laryngeal spasms, and inability to 
drink fluids. He was at first rational, afterwards had mania, con- 
vulsions, and death. His previous history shoAved him to have been 
a hard and constant drinker. {Brit. Med. Journ., Aug. 13, 1881, 
p. 256.) 
A similar case was reported to the Academie de Medecine, of 
Paris, in 1882, by Dr. Denis-Dumont, as one of hydrophobia,cured 
by pilocarpine. But from the history of the case and from a letter 
published subsequently by M. Victor Chatel, there can be no doubt 
that the patient was a victim to drink and not to the virus of rabies. 
{Bui. de VAcad. de Med. for 1882, pp. 730, 760.) 
If, in spite of the fact that mistakes of diagnosis of this sort 
have been made by men of reputation, it should be said—as it has 
been—that the diagnosis of delirium tremens can be established by 
the evidence of alcoholic excess if inquiry on this score be not 
neglected, I would call your attention to the fact, that alcoholism is 
not the only cause of delirium tremens. Dr. Handheld Jones, in 
his Studies ou Functional Nervous Disorders, points this out, and 
cites cases in which this form of delirium was caused by mental 
strain, and one case in which it Avas caused by the horror of a sailor 
at the murder of two of his companions. Such a delirium, following 
the bite of a dog suspected to be mad, might easily come to be con- 
sidered a typical hydrophobia. 
We noAv come to the consideration of tetanus, the analogy be- 
tween which and hydrophobia is so great as to have impressed not 
only the older medical Avriters, but also the most recent; and no one, 
I think, who has Avitnessed both disorders can fail to been 
struck with it. There is, in fact—admitting, for the sake of the argu- 
ment, all that is claimed b}? the believers in the specific nature of 
each—a hydrophobic tetanus and a tetanic hydrophobia. Their 
variations are so frequent as to have led to many errors, and their 
similarity is so great as to have led to the repeated assertion that 
they are identical. Dr. Samuel Bardsley refers to the coincident 
opinions of Dr. Rush and Dr. Pereival as to the similarity of these 
two disorders, and gives a case where the symptoms of hydropho- 
bia Avere caused by a splinter in the finger. Commenting on this, he 18 
says: “It is also sufficiently evident that the action of the canine 
poison produces similar effects. But its superior mischievous ac- 
tivit}’, in comparison with any other occasional cause, cannot be 
denied. Yet I apprehend we ought to attribute the more fatal viru- 
lence of the canine poison rather to the difference in degree than in 
the nature of the cause; for, undoubtedly, the identity of effect 
warrants the conclusion of an identity of the cause.” 
This is putting the matter rather boldly for one who believed 
thoroughly in the specific nature of hydrophobia. But a very large 
number of cases could be cited to show that at least tetanus may 
so resemble hydrophobia as to deceive tolerably careful observers. 
Quite recently Dr. Hamilton, of this city, reported, as a warning 
against error, a case where an inflamed contused wound was fol- 
lowed by tetanoid symptoms, to which “hydrophobic symptoms 
supervened, shuddering and going into spasms whenever an effort 
was made to drink water. This condition continued about thirty 
hours, when death ensued. The patient had never been bitten by a 
dog.” (Phila. Med. Times, Aug. 11, 1883.) At the same time I)r. 
Mills spoke of an analogous case in which an injury to the finger 
with a brick was followed by tetanoid and hydrophobic symptoms, 
“with well-marked sputtering of saliva, which is considered so 
typical a symptom of hydrophobia.” (Loc. cit.) 
In the article on Tetanus, in the Nouv. Dict.de Med. et de Ghir., 
Paris, 1883, Dr. Poncet remarks: “Facts of this sort are so much 
more numerous nowadays in the medical publications, that they 
attract attention, suggesting the thought of hydrophobia. Kirck- 
hoff has reported an observation of hydrophobic tetanus following 
the lodgment of a splinter in the hairy scalp. Trismus and intense 
dysphagia accompanied the opisthotonos ; the sight of water re- 
doubled the spasms (contractures).” 
I will not detain you with other illustrations of the simulation of 
hydrophobia by tetanus. But I will call your attention to the fact 
that this simulation may probably explain not only many cases of 
supposed long incubation, but also many of the cases attributed to 
the bites of non-rabid dogs, and the bites of human beings. There 
have been so many cases of typical hydrophobia for which no bite 
could be discovered that they have led even so famous a veterinarian 
as Fleming, after long denying it, to admit that hydrophobia may 
be caused by the bite of a non-rabid animal. (Lancet, March 24, 
1876.) It is a remarkable fact that the defenders of the specific 
theory of hydrophobia fail to see the full significance of such 
admissions as this. For if—as is undeniable—the bite of a dog 
not mad may, and often does, cause hydrophobia, where is the force 
of the assumption of a peculiar virus in the saliva of a mad dog, 19 
when the truth of this assumption can only be established by 
peculiar effects? If, in other words, the bite of a healthy dog may 
cause a certain series of phenomena, where is the ground for attri- 
buting such phenomena to anything specific in the saliva of a special 
morbid state ? , 
The pertinence of this query is strengthened by a consideration 
of the fact that hydrophobia (probably of the tetanoid kind) has 
been caused many times by the bite of human beings, sick and 
well. One of the most curious instances of this sort was the case 
communicated hy Schenckius to Malpighi (Opera Posthuma, Veni- 
tiis, 1698, p. 55), of a woman who is said to have died of hydro- 
phobia caused by the bite of her epileptic daughter. The absolutely 
most curious, I think, is furnished in a story told by Scaramucei 
(whose name is commonly misspelled Scaramuchi or Scaramnzzi), 
where a young man died of hydrophobia after having bitten himself 
in the finger, when in a rage because his mistress had proved faith- 
less. In this century Vernois cited before the French Academie de 
Medecine. in 1863, a case where a man had the symptoms of hydro- 
phobia after the bite of one with trismus. Dr. Wright, in his learned 
but little known articles on “ The Physiology and Pathology of the 
Saliva” (Lancet, 1842-44), speaks of ten cases where hydrophobia 
followed the bite of angry human beings, and I have read the his- 
tories of I cannot tell how many similar cases. Finally, before 
leaving the cases of hydrophobia caused by traumatism, I will 
merely mention a case which Saint-Martin (Monographic sur la 
Rage, Paris, 1826) cites from Girard, in which a man had hydro- 
phobia after a violent fist fight. 
Epilepsy is the next disorder in which hydrophobia is simulated, 
to which I call your attention. To many medical men it might seem 
strange that it should be possible to confound these two disorders. 
To them epilepsy seems to be a simple enough disease to diagnosti- 
cate. In general this.is the case, but occasionally the matter is far 
from simple. For epilepsy may assume Protean forms, and vary so 
much from the conventional type that only prolonged observation 
could make an absolute diagnosis possible, while the death, in an 
attack, of an individual not previously under notice, may make a 
correct diagnosis almost impossible. To illustrate this, let me ask 
you to keep in your mind the phenomena of many cases of hydro- 
phobia while I quote some expressions from the lecture of Dr. Todd 
to which I have already referred. He says, speaking of epileptic 
delirium:—. 
“The delirium, in cases of this description, is in general of the 
most decided kind, and it often amounts to mania. The patient is 
wakeful, noisy, sometimes mischievous, sometimes muttering and 20 
incoherent, and unintelligible, sometimes distinct and easily under- 
stood, the subject of his ravings being determined by circumstances 
or events which had previously more or less occupied his mind. 
. . . The effects of any long continuance of this delirium 
are to induce exhaustion, as, indeed, is the case with all forms of 
delirium, and patients sometimes die suddenly, even when they may 
seem to be on the road to recovery.” He speaks also of death oc- 
curring from exhaustion, even in cases where there is no violence 
nor ail}7 convulsion. 
Is it not easy to see how such an attack, in a person who had been 
bitten by a suspected dog, would translate itself, in his own mind, in 
that of his friends, and even in that of his medical attendant, into 
one of hydrophobia, upon the first suggestion of this idea? 
It is Very well known that fright has a great influence in the pro- 
duction of epilepsy, and it is easy to understand that an epilepsy 
might be caused by the bite of a dog, received under circumstances 
calculated to cause alarm, or followed by occasions of such a state 
of mind, which would simulate hydrophobia very closely, and even 
end in death. Nor are specific examples of the simulation of hydro- 
phobia by epilepsy wanting to justify this supposition. I will refer 
to only two, the latest recorded, so far as I know. These two cases 
were published by Dr. Kiernan, in the Am. Journal of Neurology 
and Psychology, May, 1882. In the second of them the picture of 
hydrophobia was typical, there being dilatation of the pupils, spitting 
of thick saliva, and constriction of the throat, with laryngeal spasm 
when water was allowed to run from a faucet in the hearing of the 
patient. 
Apropos of this it is curious to note that Burton, in his Anat- 
omy of Melancholy, Part I., Sec. 1, Mem. 1, Subs. 4, declares, on 
the authority of Heurnius, those with hydrophobia “ to lye awake, to 
be pensive, sad, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into 
a swoun, and ofttimes fits of the falling sickness.” 
We come now to the psychoses in which the symptoms of hydro- 
phobia may appear. To treat of these fully would require so much 
more time than we have to give to them, that it is fortunate that the 
necessity for fulness is not pressing. For the importance of this 
factor in the popular idea of hydrophobia is generally—if somewhat 
vaguely—recognized. Here, as in the simulation of other disorders, 
the first thought of all is apt to turn to hysteria. This strange 
mimic of almost everything has played no unimportant role in the 
history of h}rdrophobia. Its influence may be suspected in some of 
the conditions which we have already discussed, and to it alone may 
be credited a great many cases of so-called hydrophobia to be found 21 
scattered through the monographs and treatises on this subject. 
There are so many of these that I will not mention one, unless, as 
has been intimated, the influence of hysteria can be detected in cases 
already mentioned or in those to be next cited. 
This class of disorders is that in which the symptoms of hydro- 
phobia have been produced by various psychical impressions. Of 
this class innumerable illustrations might be given, but we have 
time for only a few. The most ancient instance of this sort is 
that of Themison, a Greek physician of the first century before 
Christ, to whom Juvenal, in his tenth satire, applied a pleas- 
antry, the like of which is still occasionally heard : “ Quot Themi- 
son aegros autumno occiderit uno.” Themison attended with 
great devotion a friend who died of hydrophobia, and he after- 
ward had attacks like it w henever he recalled the horrors he lfad 
witnessed. It is also said that he thrice attempted to write a 
treatise on hydrophobia, and each time was forced to desist, because 
he found himself falling into a state similar to that which he was 
describing. In modern times there was a curious instance narrated 
by Busnout (These de Paris, 1814, No. II), and since repeated by 
Saint-Martin—from whom I take it—and by Chomel, Tuke, and 
others, where a woman had hydrophobia after receiving the news of 
her husband’s death, and actually communicated it—so the story 
goes—to her pet dog, which licked her lips during her illness. 
Then there is the old story of the two brothers of Montpellier, 
which I have traced back through various authors to Sauvages1 
(Dissertation sur la Rage—CEuvres Divet'ses, Paris, 711, p. 11), 
who got it from Chirac. Here, both were bitten the same day by 
a dog; one went to Holland, the other stayed behind and died.of 
hydrophobia in forty days. The first heard nothing of this till his 
return home at the end of ten years, when he was informed of the 
manner of his brother’s death, whereupon he too had the,hydro- 
phobia and died. Saint-Martin cites from Puteau (Essai sur la 
Page) the case of a young man who had hydrophobia after falling 
into a violent fit of passion. He also gives a similar case in which 
the symptoms were typical, where a man who was rheumatic feared 
a beating from his brother, and after an altercation with the latter’s 
wife fell into a state of lassitude which developed into hydrophobia. 
1 This story is so often referred to in a way which shows that it has not 
been got from the original source that I think it may be worth while to repro- 
duce it exactly. Sauvages says: “ M. Chirac vit un jeune Marchand de 
Montpellier, qui n’enragea que dix ans apres, quand revenant de Hollande, 
oil il avait etc, apres avoir ete mordu a meme temps que son frfere le cadet, il 
apprit la mort tragique de celui-ci, arrivee quarante jours apres leurs morsure. ’’ 22 
The same author—who I ought perhaps to say was no denier of the 
specific theory of hydrophobia—gives a frequently quoted case from 
Pinel, where a young soldier had hydrophobia after being alarmed 
at midnight by his comrades who had suspected and accused him of 
cowardice. Bardsley (Medical Reports, London, 1807) cites a case 
from Platerus where a woman had hydrophobia and died after an 
alarm consequent upon being left alone on the bank of a river when 
darkness came on. He cites another case from Sauvages (Nosologia 
Methodica) where the most unmistakable hydrophobia was caused in 
a young woman by attempts upon her virtue during her menstrua- 
tion. The mere sight of liquids threw her into frightful convul- 
sions, and she died in three days. Magendie published in 1823 
(Journal de Physiologie, tome iii.) a report of a case caused by a 
loVe a ffair, where he showed his faith in the genuineness of the hy- 
drophobia by putting the patient into a strait-jacket, bleeding 
him well several times, and injecting two pints of warm water into 
his veins; after which the poor fellow died, having heard, as Magen- 
die naively reports, only a short time before he died that he had 
hydrophobia, and had been experimented on. Dr. Norris (Lancet, 
Sept. 22, 1871) tells of a man whose son had been bitten by a dog, 
and who himself was so horrified that he fell into an acute mania 
after forty-eight days, and died in a condition which would surely 
have been called hydrophdbia, if he had had the bite instead of his 
son. Dr. Massmann (Deutsche med. Wocliensehrift, June 28, July 
5, 1879) reports a case as one of genuine hydrophobia, in which a 
man seemed to be recovering under the use of chloral, but after an 
interval of three weeks another attack was brought on by an accu- 
sation of malingering from his companions, and he died in twenty 
hours. A most interesting case is recorded by Dr. Fayrer in a letter 
to the Lancet, Nov. 24, 187 7, of a young man bitten by a dog, not 
even suspected of being mad, who read a story in Blackwood’s 
Magazine, entitled “The Longest Month in my Life,” which de- 
scribed the experiences of a man in the incubation period of hydro- 
phobia. After reading this the young man killed the dog that had 
bitten him, and at the end of the time given in the story as the 
period of incubation he, too, had symptoms of hydrophobia, and 
died in a few days. There is a striking story cited from iStadihagen 
by Bollinger in his article on Hydrophobia in Ziemssen’s Cyclo- 
pedia. The subject was a bo}r,who was followed about by a street 
rabble, who charged him with having hydrophobia. In consequence 
he became so frightened that he began to manifest the symptoms of 
hydrophobia. Having been sent home to his parents in the coun- 
try, he speedily recovered. On his return to the city, however, the 23 
same cruel charge was made against him, and he relapsed into his 
former apparently hydrophobic state. 
There is one other condition in which the symptoms of hydropho- 
bia are to be observed, without the mention of which this paper 
would be very incomplete. This condition is the delirium caused 
by opium, belladonna, and other narcotic poisons. I am satisfied, 
from my investigations, that the use of any of these drugs in the 
treatment of so-called hydrophobia is either useless or highly dan- 
gerous. I have little doub that many deaths have been caused by 
the combination of intense psychical excitement on the part of the 
patient, restraint, and the administration of narcotics. There 
seems to be, in fact, a state of psychical excitement, in which to 
use narcotics is like dashing w’ater upon a raging furnace, which 
does not put it out, but causes an explosion. And I would remark, 
parenthetically, that I believe it is very questionable whether mor- 
phia should ever be used in the treatment of hydrophobia, no matter 
what view may be held as to its nature. 
Finally, I will suggest for reflection the idea which lies hidden in 
the following story, which 1 purposely select from a physician who 
lived and died three centuries ago: A healthy and robust country- 
man being suddenly attacked with sweating and a constriction 
about the heart, accompanied with a sense of anxiety, Marcell us 
Donates was sent for to attend him. The instant he saw the sick 
man he predicted that he would neither swallow liquids nor live 
many hours. This prediction was duly fulfilled, for when cold water 
was offered to the patient he was seized with horror, and died in a 
few hours. 
In concluding this paper I must express my regret that the limit 
of our time has made it impossible to present a tithe of the evidence 
I have collected in regard to the disorders mistaken for hydropho- 
bia. But I trust that what has been presented may serve to indi- 
cate a way in which this very important phase of the hydrophobia 
question may be profitably studied. To do this thoroughly the 
lines here entered upon must be followed up. The diseases in which 
the symptoms of hydrophobia have been observed must be made 
much more familiar to the great body of medical men than they 
have ever been before. Especially, I think, must the class of neu- 
roses and psychoses be better understood and more fully appre- 
ciated. With a full knowledge of all these, the physician would be 
well armed against error; with much less he may be at least fairly 
warned. With no knowledge of this kind, or ruled by a spirit 
which underrates its importance and significance, his observations 
are likely only to fix more firmly the roots of errors planted in the 24 
darkest ages of medical ignorance—roots which cling to the soil 
in which they have so long grown, and cry out mightily when they 
are laid hold upon, but which we may hope will some day be eradi- 
cated forever, to the good of humanity and the glory of our pro- 
fession. 
Adams, James. Case of hydrophobia. Lancet, 1877, vol. ii, p. 567. 
iEtius. iEtii, medici Graeci, contractse ex veteribus, medieinae tetrabiblos. 
Per Jauum Cornarium Latine conscripti. Ed. Stephanus. 4to, 1567. 
Akin, Thomas. De rabie canina. Disput. iuaug. 8vo, pp. 27. Edin- 
burgh, 1799. 
Allbutt, T. Clifford. Specimens illustrating the pathological anatomy of 
hydrophobia. Trans. Path Soc. London, vol. xxiii., 1872, pp. 16-18. 
Andree, John, M.D. Cases of the Epilepsy, Hysteria, Fits, etc. ... To 
which are added Cases of the Bite of a Mad Dog. 2d ed., 8vo, pp. 298. 
London, 1753. See also Desault. 
Anonymous. Experiences sur l’inoculation de la rage, faites it l’Ecole Veteri- 
naire d’Alfort. Journ. de Physiologie, 1828, t. viii., pp. 326-333. 
Areteeus. Aretaei Cappadocis libri septem. A Junio Paulo Crasso accura- 
tissime in Latinum sermonem versi. Small 8vo, pp. 286, Contents and Index. 
Argentorati, 1768. 
AristotelisStagiritae libri omnes. Tomus quartus. 32mo, pp. 842. Lug- 
duni, 1579. 
Aristotelis opera omnia quae extant. Greece et Latine. Authore Gulielmo 
DuVal. (Ed. valdeoptima.) 2 vols., folio. Lutitise Parisiorum, 1629. (Hist. 
Animalium, Lib. viii. cap. xxii.) 
Arnold, Thomas. A case of hydrophobia . . . successfully treated. 8vo, pp. 
vii, 245. London, 1793. 
Aromatarius, Josephus De. Disputatio de rabie contagiosa, etc. 8vo, 
pp. 96. Venetiis, 1625. 
Aurelianus. See “ Caelius Aurelianus.” 
Auzias-Turenne. Aperqu historique et philosophique sur les lysses ou 
vesicules de la rage. Resume. Bui. de l’Academie de m§d., 1869, t. xxxiv, 
pp. 8-23. 
Avicenna. Avicennae principis, etc., libri in re medica omnes. Folio, 2 
vols. in one, pp. 966, 429, Indices, etc. (Lib. iv., Fen. vi., Tract, iv.) 
Axe, J. Wortley. Rabies and hydrophobia. Lancet, 1877, vol. ii, pp. 970. 
971. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY.1 
1 All the works here named I have personally examined, and I have indicated 
by black-faced type those I think of special value. To this it may be added 
that all the discussions at the French Academy of Medicine are worthy of care- 
ful study. The oldest works are classed with those of special value, sometimes 
for their “ historical interest.” 25 
Babington. Two cases of rabies canina, etc. Med. Records and Researches 
selected from the papers of a private medical Association. 8vo, pp. vi. 288. 
London, 1798. Art. viii. pp. 117-154. 
Bardsley, J. L. Hydrophobia. The cyclopaedia of practical medicine. 
Edited by Forbes, Tweedie, and Conolly. 
Bardsley, Samuel Argent. Medical Reports, etc., to which are added an 
enquiry into the origin of canine madness ; etc. 8vo, pp. x. 336. London, 1807. 
Barry, David M. Experimental researches on the influence exercised by at- 
mospheric pressure, etc., and upon the prevention and cure of the symptoms 
caused by the bites of venomous or rabid animals. 8vo, pp. xv. 175. London, 
1826. 
Barthelemy. Le ho&ng-nan et la rage. Bui. g6n. de therapeutique, 1883, 
t. cv. pp. 147-160. 
Baud, J. M. Considerations m6dicales sur le tetanos. These de Paris, 1804. 
No. 196. 4to, pp. 25. 
Bauer, Franc. Joseph. De rabie canina. Dissert, inaug. Small 8vo, pp. 
viii. 29. Landishuti, 1824. 
Bayle et Thillaye. Biograpliie medicale. 2vols., 8vo. Paris, 1855. 
Beau. Discussion in Bul.de l’Acad. de Med. 6 Oct. 1863, t. xxix, pp. 8-21. 
Bellingham, Robert. A case of hydrophobia. London Medical Repository, 
Jan. 1, 1815. Vol. iii. pp. 43-47. Also, Remarks of Editor (Dr. Anthony 
Todd Thompson) pp. 47-54. 
Benedikt, Moriz. Zur pathologisclien Anatomie der Lyssa. Virchow’s 
Arch. Bd. lxiv., 1875, Ss. 557-566. 
Bergeron, Jules. De la rage. Archives gen. de m6d., 5 s6r., t. xix, 1862, 
pp. 137-145, 317-336, 551-567. 
Berkenhout, John. An essay on the bite of a mad dog. 8vo, pp. 83. 
London,1783. 
Bert, Paul. Curare. Nouveau diet, de Med. et de chir. prat., t. x, 1869, 
pp. 548-565. 
. Contribution & l’6tude de la rage. Comptes rendus & l’Ac. des 
Sciences, t. xcv., 1882, p. 1253. Edinburgh Med. Jour., 1883, p. 1134. 
Beviere. De la rage chez tous les animaux domestiques. Review by Bouley. 
Bui. del’Acad. Imp. de Med., t. xxviii., 1863, p. 736. 
Bigelow, Horatio R. Hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. viii., 154. Philadelphia, 1881. 
Blaine, D. B. An essay on hydrophobia. Corrected and revised by Dr. 
James Carver. Small 8vo, pp. xii. 94. Philadelphia, 1818. 
Blatcliford, Thomas W., and Spoor, A. D. Report on hydrophobia. Trans. 
American Med. Association, 1856, pp. 235-336. 
Blatcliford, Thomas W. Hydrophobia. (Reprint of preceding.) 8vo, pp. 
104. Philadelphia, 1856. 
Boerhaave, Hermanii, libellus de materia medica et remediorum formulis, 
quae serviunt apliorismis de cognoscendis et curandis morbis. Juxta exemplar. 
16mo, pp. 184, 349, indices, etc. Lugdun, Batavorum, 1727. 
Bollinger, O. Die Wutlikrankheit. Ziemssen’s Ilandb. der spec. Path, 
und Tlierapie, Bd. iii. pp. 503-573. 1874. 
. Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Hundswuth. Virchow’s Archiv. 
Bd. lv., 1872, pp. 285-290. 
Bonjean, Jh. Manograpliie de la rage. 8vo, pp. 238. Chambery, 1878. 26 
Bosquillon, E. F. M. M6moire sur les causes de l’Hydrophobie, etc. 
Mem. de la Soc. med. d’Emulation, t. v, pp. 1-24. Paris, 1803. 
Bouchardat. Rapport sur divers remedes proposes pour pr6venir ou pour 
combattre la rage. Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1852, t. xviii, pp. 6—30. 
. Same title. Bui. de l’Ac. 1855, t. xx, pp. 714-727. 
Boudin. De la rage consideree au point de vue de l’hygi&ne publique, etc. 
(Resum4.) Bnl.de l’Acad. de Med., 1861-62, t. xxvii, pp. 122—124. 
. Etudes sur la rage. Annales d’liygiene publique, 1861, 2 ser., 
t. xv, pp. 183-197. 
—. Nombres des victimes de la rage en France, etc. Annales d’liygiene 
publique, 1864, 2 s6r., t. xxi, pp. 198-201. 
Bouley, Henri. Rapport sur la rage. Bui. de l’Acad. de M4d., 1863, 
t. xxviii, pp. 702-767. 
. Discussion, in Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1863-64, t. xxix, pp. 56- 
79, 82-96. Also, same, 1881, 2 ser., t. x, pp. 90-94. 
-. Rapport sur un memoire intitule : Cas de rage declarSe, guerison. 
Par M. le Dr. Denis Dumont. Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1882. 
•. Rapport “Sur un nouveau traitement de la rage propose par le Dr. 
Dartigues.” Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 20 Juin, 1882, pp. 708-713. 
Bourke, Michael. A review on the subject of canine madness. 8vo, pp. 13. 
Philadelphia, 1792. 
Bourrel, M. J. Trait4 complet de la rage. 8vo, pp. vi. 136. Paris, 1874. 
Bristowe, J. S. Clinical remarks on hydrophobia. British Med. Journal, 
April 21 and 28, 1883. 
Broadbent. Supposed hydrophobia treated by chloral; recovery. Lancet, 
1883, pp. 365-367. 
Brodie, Alex. De rabie canina. Dissert, med. inaug. Small 4to, pp. 20. 
Edinburgh, 1752 
Bruckmuller, Beitrage zur Lehre von der Hundswutli. Prager Viertel- 
jaliresschrift f. d. prakt. Heilkunde ; 1852, Bd. ii. Ss. 1-36. 
Buisson. Traite sur l’hydrophobie. 8vo, pp. 16. Paris, 1855. 
Burder, George F. A question concerning hydrophobia. British Med. Jour- 
nal, Oct. 26, 1872, p. 426. 
Burlet, P. Tetanos intermittent. These de Montpellier, 1872. No. 16. 
4to, pp. 58. 
Burns, J. F. An insect vaccinator. (Vaccination by a flea-bite.) Letter in 
Lancet, June 22, 1872, p. 885. 
Butter, Donald. Snake-bite curable, and hydrophobia preventible (sic). 
8vo, pp. 27. London, 1873. 
Caelius Aurelianus. Caelii Aureliani de morbis acutis et clironicis libri viii. 
Ed. Jo. Conradus Amman. 4to, pp. 32, 728. Amstehedami, 1722. 
Cantwel. See “Sloane.” 
Case, Rev. William. Facts in relation to several remarkable deaths attri- 
buted to hydrophobia. With remarks by Dr. Silliman. Silliman’s Journal, 
vol. xxiii, 1832, pp. 143—161. 
Castara, J. S. Du traitement local des morsures d’animaux enrages comme 
moyen de pr§veuir la rage. Tlifese de Paris, 1822. No. 161, 4to, pp. 27. 
Celsus. Aurelii Cornelii Celsi de arte medica libri octo. Ed. Gulielmus Pan- 
tinus Tiletanus. Folio, pp. 564, and index. Basilise, 1552. Lib. v. cap. xxvii. 
. A. Cornelius Celsus, de medicina. 8vo, pp. 777 and indices. Lipsise, 
1766. 27 
Chapman, Nathaniel. An essay on the canine state of fever. Inaug. disser- 
tation. University of Pennsylvania. 8vo, pp. 68. Philadelphia, 1801. 
Cliaussier. See “Enaux.” 
Chomel. Elemens de pathologie generate. 8vo, p. viii. 712. Paris, 1841. 
Coats, Joseph. On the pathology of tetanus and hydrophobia. Medico- 
Chirurgical Trans. London, 1878. Vol. lxi, pp. 79-94. 
Codronchus. Baptist* Codronchi, philosophi ac medici Imolensis, de rabie, 
hydrophobia communiter dicta, libri duo, etc. Small 8vo, pp. 471. Franco- 
furti, 1610. 
Colan, Thomas. The dog disease, or canine madness of the Arctic regions, 
etc. Trans. International Med. Congress, 1881. London. Vol. iv, pp. 479-480. 
Colin, G. (of Alfort.) Discussion in Bul.de PAc.de mfid., 1881. 2 ser., 
t. x, pp. 71 and 78, 136-151. 
Colin, Leon, (of Val de Grace.) Incubation et prophylaxie de la rage. 
Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1880, t. xlv, pp. 1143-1162. 
. Observation de deux cas de rage liumaine communiqu4e par le meme 
chien, et se developpant, Pun quarante jours apres la morsure, Pautre pres de 
cinq ans plus tard. Annales d’hygiene publique, 1881. 3 s4r., t. v, pp. 408-418. 
Collins, James. Report of a case (with hydrophobic symptoms). Proc. 
Philadelphia County Med. Soc., 1879-80. Vol. ii, pp. 107-110. 
Coombs, Rowland H. Note on a case of hydrophobia. Lancet, Oct. 20, 1877, 
p. 568. 
Copland, James. A dictionary of practical medicine. 3 vols., 8vo. New 
York, 1859. Art. Rabies. 
Curtis, Thomas B.# M.D. A case of hydrophobia; with remarks on the 
pathological physiology of the disease. Boston Med. and Surg. Journ., Nov. 7 
and 14, 1878. Also, reprint. 8vo, pp. 18. Cambridge, 1878. 
Dampier, George. On the cure of the bitings of mad creatures. With re- 
marks on the same by Hans Sloane, M. D. Philos. Trans, for 1698, No. 237. 
Ed. 1809, vol. iv, p. 232. London. 
Dartigues. Treatment of hydrophobia. See Bouley’s Report, in Bui. de l’Ac. 
de Med., 20 Juin, 1882, pp. 708-713. 
Davis, Sam’l. Unpublished letter to Dr. Rush, Oct. 2, 1801. Ridgway 
Branch of the Philadelphia Library. Vol. 24, p. 80. 
Decroix, E. Unmot sur la rage, etc. L’Abeille med., Aug. 31, 1863, pp. 
274-276. 
. Encore unmot Apropos de la discussion sur la rage. L’Abeille med., 
Nov. 9, 1863, pp. 358, 359. 
. Cas de guerison de la rage. Resum4. L’Abeille med., Feb. 22, 
1864, t. xxi, p. 64. 
. Note sur la curabilite de la rage. Bui. de l’Acad. de M4d., 1882, p.699. 
Denis-Dumont (de Caen.) Report of a case of hydrophobia, cured with 
pilocarpine. See Bouley : “ Rapport sur un m4moire, etc.” 
Desault, Pierre. A treatise on the venereal distemper, etc., with two disser- 
tations ; the first on madness from the bite of mad creatures; the second on 
consumptions. Translated from the French by John Andree, M.D. 8vo, pp. 
16, 332. London, 1738. 
Dezanneau. Report of Commission : Barthelemy, Bouley and Renault, on his 
proposal of mercurial frictions. Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1852, t. xvii, pp. 263-288. 
Dickson, Thomas. Cases of the bite of a mad dog. Med. Observations and 
Inquiries. Vol. iii. pp. 356-371. London, 1769. 28 
Dioscorides. Pedanii Dioscoridis Anazarbei. De materia medica libri 
quinque, etc. Ed. Curtius Sprengel. 2 vols., 8vo. Lipsiae, 1829, 1830. 
Dolan, Thomas M. The nature and treatment of hydrophobia or rabies. 
8vo, pp. viii. 287. London, 1879. 
Doleris, J. Amedee. Rage humaine. Nouv. Diet, de med. et de chir. pra- 
tiques, t. xxx, 1881, pp. 421-467. 
Duboue. Note h l’occasion de la recente discussion sur la rage. Bui. de 
l’Acad. de Med., 18 Juillet, 1882. 2 ser., t. xi, pp. 815-825. 
Dujardin-Beaumetz. Discussion, in Bui. de l’Acad. de M6d., 1881. 2 ser., 
t. x, p.-74. 
. Report of Conseil d’hygiene. Bui. de l’Ac. de Med., 1882, p. 103. 
. Discussion. Loc. cit. p. 718. Also, pp. 743-748. 
Dulles, Charles W. A case of hydrophobia. Medical News, May 27, 1882, 
pp. 581-586. 
• . Remarks on Hydrophobia. Proceedings Philadelphia County Med. 
Soc., vol. v., 1882-83, pp. 143-149, and 152-154. (Also, Philadelphia Med. 
Times, Aug. 11, 1883, pp. 785-791, and 805, 806.) (Also, reprint, 4to, pp. 12. 
Philadelphia, 1883.) 
. Hydrophobia. Lippincott’s Magazine, August, 1883, pp. 182-188. 
. Criticisms on the specific theory of hydrophobia. Trans, of the 
College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 3d series, vol. vii, pp. 17-35. (Also, 
New York Med. Journal, Dec. 29, 1883, pp. 707-711.) (Also, reprint.) 
. The treatment of hydrophobia historically and practically considered. 
Journal of the American Medical Association, Aug. 16, 1884, pp. 169-180. 
. Disorders mistaken for hydrophobia. Trans. Medical Soc. of the 
State of Pennsylvania for 1884. (Present paper.) (Also, reprint, 8vo, pp. 38. 
Philadelphia, 1884. 
Dumas, C. L. Case of a variety of intermittent fever, accompanied by the 
symptoms of hydrophobia, and forming an intermittent-hydrophobic fever. 
Medical and Physical Journal, London, 1803. Yol. x. pp. 427-430, and 541. 
Edmonston, Henry. Hints on hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. 44; xxii. Newcastle, 1814. 
Elliotson. Hydrophobia. Lancet, May 22, 1829, pp. 285-292. 
Enaux and Chaussier. Rules for treatment; in These of Hemon, q. v. 
Ewart, Jos. Hydrophobia: its pathology and prevention. British Med. 
Journal, Nov. 19, 1881, pp. 807-810. 
Fabbroni, J. Report of a case where vipers were applied for a hydrophobia. 
London Medical Journal, 1788. Vol. ix, p. 69. 
Faber, Wilhelm Eberhard. Die Wuthkrankeit der Tliiere unddes Men- 
sclien. In 2 Tlieile, 8vo, pp. 586. Karlsruhe, 1846. 
. Die Wutlikrankheit. Zeitsch. f. Staatsarzneikunde, 1863, pp. 
248-289, 25-94. (Reprint.) 
Feuchtwanger, Lewis. The mad dog ; or hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. 16. New 
York, 1840. 
Fleming, George. Rabies and hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. xiii, 405. London, 
1872. 
. Animal Plagues. 2 vols. 8vo. London. Vol. i, 1871 ; vol. ii, 1882. 
Flink, Petrus Josephus. De rabie plautivorum. Diss. med., 8vo, pp. 28. 
Bonn,1848. 
Foot, Jess6. An essay on the bite of a mad dog. 8vo, pp. 86. London, 1798. 
— ■. A plan for preventing the fatal effects from the bite of a mad dog 
with cases. 8vo, pp. 8. London, 1809. 29 
Forbes, W. S. Case of acute tetanus, successfully treated by tire inhalation 
of the nitrite of amyl. Trans. College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 3 ser., 
vol. i, pp. 121-138. 
. The relief obtained by the use of the nitrite of amyl in two cases 
of hydrophobia. American Journ. of the Med. Sciences, April, 1878, pp. 402-404. 
. Hydrophobia and Rabies. Art. in International Encyclopaedia of 
Surgery. Ed. by Dr. John Aslihurst, Jr. Vol. i., 1881, pp. 215-224. 
Fothergill (John). The case of a hydrophobia. Med. Observations and In- 
quiries. London, 1776. Vol. v, pp. 195-216. 
Same, reprinted, with additions. 8vo, pp. iii. 36. London, 1778. 
Galen. Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia. Ed. D. Carolus Gottlob Kuhn. 21 
vols., 8vo. Lipsiae, 1821—1830. Vol. xii. “ttspi tUv tZv airXuiv <papf/,an»iv.” 
Galtier. Etudes sur la rage. Gazette med., 1879, p. 461. Etudes sur la 
rage. Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 2 ser., 1881, t. x, pp. 90-94. 
Gamgee, John and Arthur. Art. Hydrophobia. Reynolds’s System of Medi- 
cine. 2d ed., vol. i. Philadelphia, 1870. Pp. 331—345. 
Gaspard, B. Experience sur un homme hydrophobe. Journal de Physiolo- 
gic. Paris, 1824, t. iv, pp. 132-141. 
Gibier. Reclierches sur la rage. Archives gSn. de mSd., August, 1883, p. 237. 
(From Comptes rendus, Acad, des Sciences. Paris, 1883, pp. 1701-1704.) 
Ginders, Alfred. The etiology of hydrophobia. Lancet, 1877, vol. ii, p. 568. 
Girard de Cailleux. De la rage consideree comme maladie se developpant 
span tankmen t chez 1’homme sous la forme du delire aigu febrile. (Extrait par 
l’autenr.) Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 16 Aout, 1864, t. xxix, p. 1067. 
Gordon, Sir Robert. Cures for mad dogs, or anything bit by them. Philo- 
sophical Trans. Ed. John Lowthorp. 2d ed., London, 1716. Vol. iii, pp. 283, 284. 
Gowers, W. R. The pathological anatomy of hydrophobia. Trans. Path. 
Soc. London, 1877. Vol. xxviii, pp. 10-23, with two plates. 
. Lancet, June 9, 1877, p. 840. 
Gray, Alex. History of a case of rabies canina. Edinburgh Medical Com- 
mentaries, 1788. Vol. xii, pp. 304-315. 
Hamilton, Robert. Remarks on the means of obviating the fatal effects of 
the bite of a mad dog, etc. 8vo, pp. viii, 266. Ipswich, 1785. 
. Same, enlarged ed.,2 vols., 8vo. London, 1798. 
. A case of hydrophobia. Lond. Med. Journ., 1786. Vol. vii, pp. 89-98. 
Hammond, Wm. A. The scientific value of the results of the post-mortem 
examination in the case of Wm. McCormick, dead of hydrophobia. New York 
Med. Journal, Sept. 1874, pp. 261—269. • 
Hammond, Wm. A., and Mitchell, S. Weir. Experimental researches relative 
to corroval and vao—two new varieties of woorara. American Journ. of the 
Med. Sciences, July, 1859, pp. 13-60. 
Hart, Ernest. Hydrophobia. Cooper’s Dictionary of practical Surgery. 
8vo. London, 1861. Pp. 1047-1066. 
Hartshorne, Henry. Case of a hydrophobia treated by chloroform. Ameri- 
can Journ. of the Med. Sciences, Oct. 1848, pp. 339-344. 
Harvey. Gulielmi Harveii Opera Omnia a Collegio Medicorum Londinensis 
edita. 4to, pp. xxxviii, 673. 1766. (De motu Cordis. Cap. xvi.) 
Hawkins, Csesar. On hydrophobia. London Med. Gazette, June 28, 1844. 
N. S., vol. ii, pp. 417-426. 
Hemon, Josepli-Victor-Auguste. Dissertation sur la rage. These de Paris. 
4to, pp. 34. Paris, 1806. 30 
Hertwig, C. H. Beitrage zur naheren Kenntniss der Wnthkrankheit oder 
Tollheit der Hunde. Hufeland’s Journal, 1828. Bd. 67. Supplement, pp. 1- 
173. 
Heysham, Johannes. De rabie canina. Disp. med. inaug. Edinburgh, 
1777. (In “ Thesaurus med. Edinb. novus.” 2 vols., 8vo. Edinburgh, 1785, 
tom. i. pp. 496-538.) 
Hicks, George. Letter on a case of Hydrophobia. London Med. and Physi- 
cal Journal. Vol. xvii., March, 1807, pp. 271-278. 
Houlston. Remarks on hydrophobia. Edinburgh Med. Commentaries. Vol. 
xi., 1787, pp. 330-333. 
Howman, Roger. An hydrophoby. (1684.) Philos. Trans. Ed. John 
Lowtliorp, 4to. London, 1716. Vol. iii. pp. 280-281. 
Hufeland, C. W. Enchiridion Medicum. 6th ed. 8vo, pp. xiv, 586. Berlin, 1842. 
Hull, Robert. On hydrophobia. London Med. Gazette, June 22, 1839, pp. 
466, 467. 
Hunter, John. Observations and heads of inquiry on canine madness. 
Trans, of Soc. for Improvement of Medical and Cliirurgical Knowledge. Vol. 
i., 1793, pp. 294-329. 
Ivanoff, S. A. On cerebral changes in rabies and uraemia. London Med. 
Record, March 15, 1883, pp. 90-91. (From Vratcli, No. xv., 1882.) 
James, R. Some experiments made on mad dogs with mercury. Philos. 
Trans, for 1736. Ed. London, 1809. Vol. viii, pp. 69-73. 
. A new method of preventing and curing the madness caused by 
the bite of a mad dog. 8vo, pp. 40. London, 1743. 
. A treatise on canine madness. 8vo, pp. vi., 264. London, 1760. 
James, Earl of Morton. See “Morton.” 
Jennings, C. E. The morbid anatomy and pathology of hydrophobia. Lan- 
cet, 1882, vol. i, p. 102. 
Jolly. Rage. Diet, de med. et de chir. prat., t. xiv, pp. 98-126. Paris, 1835. 
. Discussion, in Bui. de l’Acad. de M6d., 1863, vol. xxix, pp. 99-110. 
Jones, C. Handheld. Studies on functional nervous disorders. 8vo, pp. xiv, 
839. London, 1870. 
Jones, Walter. Unpublished letter to Dr. Rush, Nov. 1, 1794. Ridgway 
Library, vol. viii. p. 138. 
Kenedy. Two boys in Ireland bit by a mad dog. (1680.) Philos. Trans. 
Ed. John Lowtliorp, 2d ed. London, 1716. Vol. iii, pp. 282, 283. 
Kiernan, James G. Mimicry of hydrophobia by other neuroses. Ameri- 
can Journ. of Neurology and Psychiatry, May, 1883. Vol. ii. pp. 196-199. 
Lannelongue. See “Raynaud.” 
Leblanc. Discussion, in Bui. de l’Acad. de MSd., 1863, t. xxviii, pp. 1193- 
1217. 
Lenossek, Mich. V. Die Wuthkrankheit. 8vo, xii. pp. 426. Pesth und 
Leipzig, 1837. 
Le Roux. Traitement locale de la rage et de la morsure de la vipere. 16mo, 
pp. 82. A Edinbourg (et se trove 5, Paris), 1795. 
Lettsom, J. C. Preface and appendix to Mease, “An essay on the disease 
produced by the bite of a mad dog.” q. v. 
Lindemann. Zur Patliogenese der Lyssa humana. Berliner Klin. Woclien- 
sclirift, 27 Jan. 1879, pp. 45-48. 
Lindsay, W. Lauder. The physiology of mind in the lower animals. 
Journ. of Mental Science, April, 1871. Vol. xvii, pp. 25-82. 31 
Lindsay, W. Lauder. Madness in animals. Ibid., July, 1871. Yol. xvii, 
pp. 181-206. 
. The pathology of mind in the lower animals. Ibid., April, 1877. 
Vol. xxiii, pp. 17-44. 
. Spurious hydrophobia in man. Ibid., Jan. 1878. Vol. xxiii, pp. 
540-559 ; April, 1878, vol. xxiv, pp. 50-64. 
Lipscomb, Geo. The history of canine madness and hydrophobia. 8vo, 
pp. xiii, 211. London, 1809. 
Lister, Martin. An liydrophoby. (1683.) Philos. Trans., No. 147. Ed. 
John Lowtliorp, 2d ed., 4to. London, 1716. Vol. iii, pp. 276-280. 
. Octo exercitationes medicinales. 8vo, pp. 100. Amstelodami, 1698. 
(Ex. iii. De hydrophobia. Pp. 51-74.) 
Lorinser, P. W. Zwei Opfer der Hundswuth. Wiener Med. Wochen- 
sclirift, 1874, pp. 265-269, 289-293. 
Mace, John. Unpublished letter to Dr. Rush. Ridgway Library. Vol. xi, p. 1. 
Magendie. Experiences sur la rage. Journ. de Physiologie, 1821, t. i, p. 40. 
. Histoire d’un hydrophobe, traits it l’Hotel-Dieu de Paris, au moyen 
de l’injection de l’eau dans les veines. Journ. de Physiologie, 1823, t. iii, p. 
382. 
Malpighi, Marcelli. Opera posthuma. Folio, pp. 334, with plates. Vene- 
tiis, 1698. 
Marochetti. Observations sur l’hydropliobie. Journ. de Physiologie, 1825, 
t. v, pp. 275-318. 
. Observations sur l’hydrophobie. Archives Sn. de med., 1825, t. 
ix, pp. 80-99, 247-257. 
Marshall, Andrew. Review of, London Med. Repository, April 1, 1815, pp. 
292-309. 
Martin. See “ Saint-Martin.” 
Martini, Frid. Oulielmus. Hydrophobise contagiosse monographia. Dissert, 
inaug. 8vo, pp. 36. Halis, 1866. 
Maschka. Ein Beitrag zur Lehre der Hundswuth. Prager Vierteljahres- 
sclirift fur wiss. Heilkunde, 1871. Bd. iii, pp. 1-13. 
Massmann, B. Fau von Lyssa liumana mit eigeuthUmlichem Verlauf. 
Deutsche Med. Wocli., 28 Juni and 5 Juli, 1879. 
Mattheis, M. de. Review of his “ Apercju sur les moyens de guerir l’liydro- 
pliobie.” 8vo, Paris, 1784. London Med. Journal, 1785, vol. v, p. 220. 
Mayern, Sir Theodore. Several receipts for the bite of 'a mad dog. Philos. 
Trans., No. 191. Ed. John Lowtliorp, 2d ed., 4to. London, 1716. Vol. iii. pp. 
283-284. 
McCrae. The conveyance of smallpox contagion by flies. Lancet, March 
23, 1872, p. 420. 
McNeill, J. P. A treatise on hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. vii, 111. London, 1879. 
Mead, Richard. A mechanical account of poisons, in several essays. 8vo, 
pp. 184. London, 1702. 
. De imperio solis ac lunae. 8vo, pp. xvi. 123. Londini, 1746. 
. The medical works of. A new edition. 8vo., pp. 511. Edin- 
burgh, 1775. ‘‘Of the mad dog.” Pp. 56-72. 
Mease, James. An inaugural dissertation on the disease produced by the 
bite of a mad dog or other rabid animal, etc. (University of Pennsylvania.) 
8vo, pp. v. 131. Philadelphia, 1792. 
. Observations on the arguments of Professor Rush in favor of the 32 
inflammatory nature of the disease produced by the bite of a mad dog. 8vo, 
pp. 62. Philadelphia, 1801. 
. Observations oh the disease produced by the bite of a mad dog. 
Med. Repository, 1802, vol. v, pp. 292-299. 
. An essay on the disease produced by the bite of a mad dog. 
Edited, with a preface and appendix, by J. C. Lettsom, M.D. (of London.) 8vo, 
pp. xv, 179. Philadelphia, 1793. 
Middleton, George S. On vascular lesions in hydrophobia and in other 
diseases characterised by cerebral excitement. With a plate. Journal of Anatomy 
and Physiology, 1881, vol. xv, pp. 88-104. 
Mills, Charles K. Report of a case (with hydrophobic symptoms). With 
remarks on the nature of hydrophobia. Proc. Philadelphia County Med. Soc., 
1879-80. Vol. ii, pp. 111-114. 
Mitchell, S. Weir. See “ Hammond.” 
Mcerenhaut. Discussion, in the Bui. de l’Acad. de M6d., 1863, t. xxviii, 
pp. 914-918. 
Morgagni, Jo. Baptistae. De sedibus et causis morborum libri V. Folio, 
pp. xcvi, 298, 452. Yenetiis, 1761. (Epistol* viii and lxi.) 
Morgan, John. A lecture on tetanus. 8vo, pp. 40. London, 1833. 
Morton, James. (Earl of.) An account of the case of a supposed hydropho- 
bia. Philos. Trans, for 1765, 4to. London, 1776. Pp. 139-142. 
Moseley, Benj. On hydrophobia, its prevention and cure, with a disserta- 
tion on canine madness, etc. 3d ed., 8vo, pp. 64. London, 1808. 
Murray. Remarks on the disease called hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. ix, 86. 
London,1830. 
Muscroft, Henry. Two cases of hydrophobia, caused by the bites of dogs not 
recognized as rabid. Lancet, Oct. 10, 1874, pp. 513-515. 
. Hydrophobia and rabies. Lancet, Dec. 19, 1874, pp. 864-865. 
. Hydrophobia and rabies canina. Lancet, April 15,1876, pp. 565, 566. 
Nalimer, Frider. Willi, v. d. De hydrophobia nonnulla. Dissert, inaug. 
8vo, pp. 67. Grypliiae, 1850. 
Neale, Richard. Suggestions for the treatment of hydrophobia. Lancet, 
1881, vol. ii, pp. 1070, 1071. 
Nicholas. See “ Sauvages.” 
Norris, Hugh. Hydrophobia or its eikon—which? Lancet, Sept. 22, 1877, 
pp. 420, 421. 
Nourse. Letters to British Med. Journal, Dec. 3, 1881, p. 923, and Dec. 31, 
1881, p. 1076. 
Nugent, Christopher. An essay on the hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. vii. 204. 
London, 1753. 
O’Donnel. Cases of hydrophobia. (Dr. Sclioolbred’s and Mr. Tymon’s.) 
8vo, pp. 63. London, 1813. 
Oppenheimer, Elias. De hydrophobia spuria. Dissert, inaug. med. 8vo, 
pp. viii, 22. Bonn, 1830. 
Oppolzer. Citation in Journal of Mental Science, 1870. Vol. xvi. pp. 97- 
103. (From Vierteljaliresschr. fur Psycliiatrie, 1868, Bd. ii.) 
Pare. Opera Ambrosii Parei. Folio, pp. x. 884, and Index. Parisiis, 1582. 
Preface dated Paris, 8 Feb. 1579. Lib. xx. De venenis, deque rabiosorum 
canum, & venenatorum animantium morsu ac puncturis. Pp. 582-616. 
Parrot. L’organisme microscopique trouve par M. Pasteur, dans la maladie 
nouvelle provoquee par la salive d’un enfant mort de la rage. Bui. de l’Acad. 
de Med., 1881, 2 ser., t. x, pp. 379-381. 33 
Parry, Calebus Hillier. Tentamen medicuin inaugurate de rabie conta- 
giosa. 8vo, p. 102. Edinburgi, 1778. 
, Caleb Hillier. Cases of tetanus and rabies contagiosa. 8vo, pp. 
v, 218. London, 1814. 
Pasteur, L. Note sur la maladie nouvelle provoquee par la saliva d’un en- 
fant mort (ie la rage. Bui. de l’Acad, de Med., 1881, 2 ser., t. x, pp. 94-103, 
and 380. Discussion, pp. 76, 81, 140-151. 
. Sur la rage. (With Cliamberland, Roux and Thuillier.) Bui. de 
l’Acad. de Med., 1881, 2 s6r., t. x, pp. 717-719. 
. Nouveaux faits pour servir & la connaissance de la rage. Bui. de 
l’Acad. de Med., 1882, pp. 1140-1145. 
Paul, of iEgina. nau\ov Aiymrou (Pauli .ZEginetse) Libri vii. 4to, 139 leaves. 
Aldus, 1528. (Book v, chap, iii.) 
Pearson, Richard M. Letter in Medical Repository, New York, 1802. Vol. v, 
pp. 78, 79. 
Penfzlin, Fridericus. De contagione homines inter et animalia. Dissert, 
inang. 8vo, pp. 34. Grypliise, 1825. 
Percival, Thomas. Essays. 4th ed., 2 vols., 8vo. Warrington, 1789. (Vol. 
ii, Essay x, pp. 363-384.) 
Peyton. See “Rush.” 
Physick, Philip Syng. Case of hydrophobia. Med. Repository, New York, 
1802, vol. v, pp. 1-5. 
Piorry. Reflexions sur la pathologie et le traitement de la rage. Bui. de 
l’Acad. de Med., 1863-64, t. xxix, pp. 41-48. 
Pliny. Caius Plinius Secundus. Natural History. Translated by John 
Bostock, M.D., and H. T. Riley, Esq. 6 vols., 8vo. London, 1855. 
Ploucquet, Gulielmus Godfredus de. Literatura Medica Digesta. 4 vols. 
4to. Tubingen, 1808. 
Poncet, F. (de Cluny.) Tetanos. Nouv. diet, de med. et de cliirurgie prat , 
1883, t. xxxv, pp. 360-463. 
Portal. Instruction sur le traitement des asphyxies, etc. 12mo, pp. 139. 
Paris, 1816. 
Prichard, J. C. A treatise 'on diseases of the nervous system. Part I. 
Convulsive and maniacal affections. 8vo, pp. xvi, 427. London, 1822. 
Proust. Resume de l’enquete officielle . . . sur les divers cas de rage, ob- 
serves en France depuis 1850. Bui. de l’Acad. de M6d., 1877, 2 ser., t. vi, 
pp. 1206-1208. 
Ravelly, Jean. Traite de la maladie de la rage. 12mo, pp. 192. Metz, 1696. 
Raynaud, V. M. Note sur la transmissibilitG de la rage de Phomme au lapin. 
Bui. de 1’Acad. de Med., Nov. 4, 1879, t. x, pp. 1114-1116. 
Raynaud et Lannelongue. Sur la transmission du virus rabique de 
l’homme au lapin. Bui. de l’Acad. de M6d., 2 ser., t. x, 1881, pp. 61-71. 
Reder, Albert. Die Hundswuth. 8vo, pp. iv. 48. Stuttgart, 1876. 
Reid, Andrew. Effects of the Tonquinese medicine. Philos. Trans, for 1744, 
No. 474. Ed. London, 1809. Vol. ix, pp. 89-93. 
Reid, Robert. On the nature and treatment of tetanus and hydrophobia. 
8vo, pp. iv, 136. Dublin, 181 . 
Renault. Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., t. xxix, p. 70. (Cited by Bouley.) 
Reynal. Discussion, in Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1863, t. xxviii, p. 1142- 
1146. 34 
Richardson, Arthur. Letter in Lancet, Jan. 27, 1877, p. 151. 
Richardson, B. W. On the positive in the remedial art. Lancet, Nov. 23, 
3878, pp. 749-750. 
Romberg, Moritz Heinrich. Nervous diseases of man. Translated by Edward 
H. Sieveking, M.D. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1853. 
Rose Starrkrampf. Pitha und Billroth’s Handb. der Chirurgie, Bd. i. 
2te. Abth., pp. 79-90. “ Ueber das Verlialtniss des Tetanus zur Hydrophobie.” 
Rossi. Referred to in review of communication of Vassali-Eandi. Medical 
and Chirurgical Review. Vol. x, pp. lxxxix-xci. London, Jan. 1804. 
Rochoux. Rage. Diet, de Med. Paris, 1843. T. xxvii, pp. 181-201. 
Roucher, C. De la rage en Algerie. Annales d’liygiene publique, 1866. 
N. S., t. xxv, pp. 72-118, 290-341. 
Rueff, A. Die Hundswuth. 8vo, pp. iv, 48. Stuttgart, 1876. 
Rush, Benjamin. Medical Inquiries and Observations, 2d ed., 2 vols., 8vo. 
Philadelphia, 1805. The same, 3d ed., 2 vols., 8vo. Philadelphia, 1818. 
. Unpublished correspondence. Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia 
Library. See, also, “Davis,” “Jones,” “Mace,” “Peyton.” 
Ruxton, John. Cases of hydrophobia ; recovery. British Med. Journal, Nov. 
19, 1881, p. 811. 
. Recovery from hydrophobia. Letter in Brit. Med. Journal, Dec. 17, 
1881, p. 1005. 
Sabatier. Cases of hydrophobia, with the appearances on dissection, etc. 
London Med. and Physical Journal, 1807. Vol. xvii. pp. 218-225 and 344-351. 
Saint-Martin, A. F. C. Monograpliie sur la rage. 8vo, pp. xxii, 394. 
Paris, 1826. 
Salius Diversus. Petri Salii Diversi . . . de febre pestilenti tractatus, etc. 
16mo, pp. 523 plus. Hardevici, 1656. (Liber de affectibus particularibus. 
Cap. xix., De rabie. Pp. 341-377.) 
Sauvages, Francisco Boissier de. Nosologia methodica. 2 vols., 4to. 
Amstelodami, 1768. 
. Nosologie augmentee, etc., de quelques notes par M. 
Nicholas. vols. 8vo. Paris, 1771- 
. CEuvresde. 16mo. Paris, 1771. T. ii, pp. 1-136. Dissertation sur la 
rage. 
Schaeffer, Carolus Magnus. De rabie canina. Dissert, inaug. 4to, pp. 36. 
Lipsife, 1820. 
Schenkius. Joliannis Schenckii k Grafenberg, Observationum medicarum, 
rararum, etc., volumen, tomis septem. Folio, pp. 36,1018, and index. Franco- 
furti, 1609. 
Sclimederer, Heinrich. Beitrag zur Casuistik der Lyssa humana. Inaug. 
Dissert. 8vo, pp. 37. Strassburg, 1874. 
Schrader, Johannes. iEtiologie der Hundswuth. Inaug. Dissert. 8vo, pp. 
32. Berlin, 1880. 
Schroder, Theodor Wilhelm. Ob die Wasserscheu aucli oline vorgegangene 
Ansteckung im menschlichen Korper entstehen konne. 4to, pp. 10 (unnum- 
bered). Gottingen, 1779. 
Scoborio, Thomas. London “Standard,” Nov. 19, 1877. 
Scribonius. Scribonii Largi de compositione medicamentoruin liber. (Ste- 
phanas, Medicae Artis Principes. 4to, 1567. Vol. ii. Cap. 45, clxxvi ; Cap. 
46, clxxvii.) 
Scrzeczka. Ueber Hydrophobie. Arch. f. Psych, und Nervenkranklieiten. 
2 Bd., 1869-70, p. 520. 35 
Seiler, Carl. Microscopical report (of a case with hydrophobic symptoms). 
Proc. Philadelphia County Med. Soc., 1879-80. Vol. ii, pp. 110, 111. 
Sevestre. Cas de hysterie chez l’homme. Union Medicale, 29 Avril, 1883. 
See, Germain. Discussion, in Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1882, p. 713. 
Signol, J. Rage animale. Nouv. diet, de med. et de chir. prat., t. xxx, 
1881, pp. 403-421. 
Simonin, Jean-Baptiste. Propositions et observations sur la rage. These de 
Paris, 4to, pp. 16. Paris, 1806. 
Sloane, Sir Hans. An account of a most efficacious medicine for soreness, 
weakness, and several other distempers of the eyes. Small 8vo, pp. vi, 17. 
London, 1745. 
. Histoire d’un remede tres efficace pour la foiblesse et rougeur des 
yeux et autres maladies du memo organe avec un remede infallible contre la 
morsure du chien enrag6. Par le Chevalier Hans Sloane, etc. Traduit de P An- 
glais, et enricliie de notes par M. Cantwel, a Amsterdam et & Leipzik. Small 
8vo, pp. 27. 1797. (Accents as given on title page.) 
Smart, Sir William R. E. A case of hydrophobia noted in China. Lancet, 
1877, vol. ii, pp. 565-567. 
Smith, George. The effects of fear on the spread of cholera. Lancet, Aug. 4, 
1866, p. 142. 
Smyth, Thomas. Tentamen medicum inaugurale de rabie canina. 8vo, pp. 
55. Edinburgh, 1799. 
Southam, F. A. Notes of seven cases of hydrophobia, with remarks on 
treatment. British Med. Journal, Nov. 19, 1881, pp. 814-816. 
Spielman, Paul. Revue critique (Hallier’s “ Lyssophyton”). Arch. gen. 
de med., 1872, 6 ser., t. xx, p. 350. 
Spoor. See “ Blatcliford.” 
Spry, Edward. Account of a locked-jaw and paralysis cured by electricity. 
Philos. Trans, for 1767. 4to. London, 1767. Vol. lvii. pp. 88-91. 
Stalpart, van der Wiel. Observationumrariorum medic, anatomic, chirur- 
gicarum centuria prior. 16mo, pp. 516, Dedication, preface, and indices. Lug- 
duni Batavorum, 1687. (Obs. C. Mors ex rabidse felis morsu. Pp. 400-446.) 
Steuart, J. Fredericus. De rabie. Dissert, med. 8vo, pp. 29. Edinburgh, 
1822. 
Stewart, Rev. Mr. Tho. Concerning the virtues of the Star of the Earth, 
Canopus, or Bucks-horn Plantain, in the cure of the bite of the mad dog. 
Philos. Trans, for 1738, No. 451. Ed. London, 1809, vol. viii, pp. 69-73. 
Sulzer. Remarques du Dr. Urban sur le virus rabique, etc. Journal des Pro- 
gres des Sciences et Inst. M6d. Paris et Strasbourg, 1827. T. ii, pp. 43-54. 
Swain, Joseph. An essay on tetanus. 8vo, pp. 98. London, 1825. 
Swieten. See “ Van Swieten.” 
Tardieu, Ambroise. Rapport . . . sur les cas de rage observes en France 
pendant les annees, 1850,1851 et 1852. Annales d’Hygiene Pub. 1854. 2 ser., 
t. i, pp. 217-235. 
. EnquSte sur la rage. Rapport, 1853-1858. Annales d’Hygiene 
publique. 1860. 2 ser., t. xiii, pp. 194-212. 
. Discussion, in Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1863, t. xxviii, pp. 1146- 
1162. 
Tetanus. . . . Projet d’instruction sur une maladie convulsive frequente 
dans les colonies d’Amerique. . . . Connue sous le nom de tetanos. 8vo, pp. 
96. Paris—Louvre, 1785. 36 
Thacher, Janies. Observations on hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. 302, with colored 
plate. Plymouth, Mass., 1812. 
Thomas, Robert. The modern practice of physic. 4th Am. ed., from 5th 
London. 8vo, pp. xvi, 915. New York, 1817. 
Tilton. History of a singular case of rabies canina terminating favorably. 
By the late James Tilton, M.D., of Dover County on the Delaware. Edinburgh 
Med. Commentaries, vol. vi. London, 1779. Pp. 429-439. 
Todd, R. B. Pathology and treatment of delirium and coma. (Lumleian 
Lecture for 1850.) 8vo, pp. 72. London, 1850. Reprint from Med. Gazette. 
Trolliet, L. F. Nouveau traite de la rage. 8vo, pp. 380. Lyon, 1820. 
. See “Villerme.” 
Trousseau, A. Clinique medicale. 2vols., 8vo. Paris, 1865. Vol. ii, chap, 
lxi: De la rage. 
Tuke, Daniel Hack. The influence of the mind upon the body. Journal 
of Mental Science, vols. xvi. pp. 166-195, 351-379, 538-563 ; xvii. pp. 153-180, 
334-350 ; xviii. pp. 8-31, 178-197, 369-389. 
. Illustrations of the influence of the mind upon the body. 2d ed. 
2 vols. 8vo. London, 1884. 
Turenne. See “ Auzias-Turenne.” 
Turner, I. A child bit by a mad dog. (1688.) Philos. Trans. Ed. John 
Lowtliorp. 4to. London, 1716. Vol. iii, pp. 281, 282. 
Urban. See “ Sulzer.” 
Van Capelle, H. Des precautions pour prevenir la diffusion de l’hydropho- 
bia. Trans. International Med. Congress. London, 1881. Vol. iv, pp. 476- 
479, with 6 maps. 
Van Swieten. Commentaries on Boerhaave’s Aphorisms. Translated from 
the Latin. 18 vols., 8vo. Edinburgh, 1776. (Vol. xi. pp. 139-234. Of the 
canine madness.) 
Vaughan, J. Cases and observations on the hydrophobia. 2d ed., 8vo, pp. 
98. London. (Preface dated 1778.) 
Vernois, Max. Etude sur la prophylaxie administrative de la rage. An- 
nales d’Hygiene Pub. 1863, 2 s6r., t. xix, pp. 5-55. 
. Discussion, in Bui. de l’Acad. de Med., 1862-63, t. xxviii, pp. 1167- 
1189. 
Vidal de Cassis. Rage. Traite de pathologie externe. 5 vols. Paris, 1851. 
T. i, pp. 300-306. 
Vigo, Joannis de. Opera Omnia in Chirurgia. 4to. Folii clxxi, tabula, 
etc., 57. Ex Lugduno, 1521. Lib. Ill, Tract. II, cap. iiij. De vulnere causato 
a morsu animalium quadrupedum, etc. Ff. lxxviii, lxxix. 
Vigo, John de. most excellent worckes of chirurgery, made & set 
forth by Maister 3of)n "Figon, head Chirurgien of ouretymein Italy, translated 
into Englishe. Imprynted by Edwarde Wliytchurch, Anno D. 1550. Folio, 
ff. 6, cclxx, 15. ®i)t tfjsrfcf iiokt, chap, iiii, fol. cxvi. “Of woundes made by 
the byttynge of foure-foted beages, etc.” 
Villermfi & Trolliet. Rage. Diet, des sciences m6d., t. xlvii, pp. 37-133. 
Paris, 1820. 
Virchow. Wuthkrankheit und Wasserscheu. Handb. der spec. Path, 
und Therapie. Erlangen, 1855. Bd. ii, 2te Abth., Ss. 342-387. 
Voisin. Curare. Nouv. diet, de med. et de chir. prat., t. x, 1869, pp. 565- 
587. 37 
Wagner, A. Drei Falle von Hydrophobie bei Mensclien. 8vo, pp. 23. Ab- 
driick aus Goschen’s Deutscber Klinik, 1856. 
Ward, Michael M. Facts establishing the efficacy of the opiate friction, etc.; 
also outlines, etc., of hydrophobia and tetanus. 8vo, pp. xiv. 208. Manches- 
ter, 1809. 
Warnesson, E. Manuel sur la rage . . . destine aux enfants desecoles. 8vo, 
pp. 35. Paris, 1882. 
Watson, B. A. A supposed case of rabies canina. Amer. Journ. of the Med. 
Sciences, July, 1876, pp. 80-91. 
Watson, Sir Thomas. Hydrophobia and rabies. XIX Century Review, Dec. 
1877, pp. 717-736. 
Watson, Wm. Effects of electricity applied to a tetanus. Philos. Trans, for 
1763. Vol. liii. pp. 10-26. 4to. London, 1764. 
Weller, O. Ueber die Yeranderungen des Gehirns und Ruckenmajdcs bei 
Lyssa. Arch. f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkr. Bd. ix., 1878-79. Pp. 493-509. 
With plate. 
West. Example sur un enfant de cinq ans sept mois, de rage communique 
par le morsured’un cliien. Journ. de Physiologie, t. ii., 1822, pp. 91-97. 
Westphal. In discussion on “Hydrophobie.” Arch. f. Psych, und Ner- 
venkr. Bd. ii., 1869-70, p. 520. 
Weyser, Carolus Christianus Fridericus. Hydrophobiam. Specimen inaugu- 
rate. 8vo, pp. 52. Herbipoli, 1829. 
White, Robert. Doubts of hydrophobia as a specific disease. 8vo, pp. 
146. London, 1826. See, also, Froriep’s Notizen. Bd. xi., Juli, 1825, S. 14 ; 
Bd. xiii., Jan. 1826, S. 25 ; April, 1826, S. 265. 
Whytt, Robert. The works of. 4to, pp. 745. Edinburgh, 1768. (On ner- 
vous diseases.) 
Williams, William. The principles and practice of veterinary medicine. 
8vo, pp. 833. London, 1882. 
Winslow, Forbes. Influence of the mind on disease. London Med. Gazette, 
April 27, 1839, pp. 164-171. 
Wolf, Joseph Leo. Observations on the prevention and cure of hydrophobia. 
8vo, pp. 31. New York, 1831. 
Wood, George B. Practice of Medicine. 2 vols, 8vo. Philadelphia, 1849. 
Vol. ii. Art. “Hydrophobia,” pp. 754-761. 
Wood, Horatio C. Hydrophobia, with incubation of three and a-half years. 
Proc. Philadelphia County Med. Soc., 1882-83, vol. v., p. 133. 
Wood, James. General conclusions on the nature and cure of hydrophobia. 
8vo, pp. 19. Newcastle, 1814. 
Wrench, E. M. Letter in Lancet, Dec. 12, 1874, p. 857. 
Wright, Samuel. The physiology and pathology of the saliva. Lancet for 
1842-1844, and especially April 2 and 16, 1842; April 20, 1844. (See, also, 
“ Der Speicliel,” 8vo, pp. 313. Wien, 1844; also, Review of latter in British 
and Foreign Med. Review, Jan. 1846, pp. 129-136.) 
Wynne, Rice. A case of hydrophobia. 8vo, pp. 32. Shrewsbury, 1813. 
Youatt, Wm. The Dog. Edited by E. J. Lewis, M.D. 8vo, pp. xii. 403. 
Philadelphia, 1852.