- .,oCRl l’TIOX OF THF. Memphis Sewer System 1879 to 1890, INCLUSIVE, COMPILED AND PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF NILES MERIWETHER, CITY ENGINEER. By -JAMES H. ELLIOTT, ASSISTANT ENGINEER. MEMPHIS, PENN. I’kESS OF S. C. TOOF & COMPANY, 1891. A DESCRIPTION OF THE Memphis Sewer System 1879 to 1890, INCLUSIVE, COMPILED AND PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF NILES MERIWETHER, CITY ENGINEER. By JAMES H. ELLIOTT, ASSISTANT ENGINEER. MEMPHIS, TENN. PRESS OF S. C. TOOF & COMPANY, 1891. OFFICERS OF THE ENGINEER DEPARTMENT NILES MERIWETHER, Taxing District Engineer.- JAMES IL. ELLIOTT, Assistant Engineer. A. T. BELL, Assistant Engineer. R. P. GRANT, Superintendent Sewer Department. J. T. FERGUSON, Superintendent Construction. WM. LUNN, Inspector Plumbing. DESCRIPTION OF MEMPHIS SEWER SYSTEM. So many inquiries are made concerning the sewer system of the City of Memphis, that it is deemed advisable to print in pamphlet form the sewer reports for 1889 and 1890, also to give a full account and description of the sewer system up to the present date. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 and 1879 the question of sewers was agitated, resulting in the adoption of the separate system as recommended by Col. Geo. E. Waring, jr., of Newport, If. I. From March, 1879, for about two years, Col. Geo. E. Waring, jr., was in charge as Designing and Consulting Engineer. Afterward Maj. J. H. Humphrey of Memphis was Engineer in charge of the work. During 1888 the work was turned over to the city and placed in charge of the City Engineer, Maj. Niles Meriwether. In the year 1880 24T2(y miles of sewers were built and about 6 miles during 1881, making a total of about 30 miles laid, when the city assumed charge. The following is a description of the system as furnished by Col. Geo. E. Waring, jr.: “ The unit of the system is a sewer of vitrified pipe six inches in diameter with tight joints, laid in the street (or in the alley between two streets where said alley exists), having at its upper end a ‘ Rogers Field Flush Tank,’ with a dis- charging capacity of 112 gallons. All the houses on both sides of the sewer are connected with it by four-inch pipes of the same material. The house connection drains enter the sewer at an acute angle and by a funnel-shaped branch piece, which delivers the house waste at the bottom of the sewer and which ventilates it to its top. The house connection drain has no top, and it is continued by an untrapped soil pipe, four 4 Description of the Memphis Sewer System. inches in diameter, which continues above the roof of the house. Therefore every house connection furnishes free ven- tilation to the sewer. The water closets, sinks and other ves- sels in the house are separated from the soil pipe and drain, each by its own trap. The flush tank is fed by a constant small stream from the water works,only sufficient to fill it about once in twenty-four hours. When full, the continuance of the same small stream causes its automatic siphon to come into action, and the entire contents of the tank are discharged directly into the head of the sewer in from 36 to 40 seconds. This rapid discharge of such a volume flushes the sewer com- pletely. At the lower end of the sewer, near its junction with the river, there is a fresh air inlet to supply the upward draft through the soil pipes of the houses. “ The six-inch sewer, after receiving not to exceed 300 house drains, discharges into a main or sub-main sewer of eight inches diameter or more, and the sub-main discharges into the larger mains. The sizes of the sub-mains and mains are of 8-inch, 10-inch, 12-inch, 15 inch and 20-inch diameters. The greatest flow of the 20-inch main sewer, about 3000 houses being connected, is about nine inches deep. Porous subsoil tile drains are laid in the same trench with the sewer, to under-drain the ground, and these discharge directly into Bayou Gayoso.” Referring to the first report made by the City Engineer in 1882, we find the following : “ The obstructions thus far for the two years have been altogether in the 4-inch and 6-inch laterals, a total of 75. The entire cost of removing these obstructions for the two years was $1012.55, cost per stoppage $13.50, cleaning the mains $285.40. “ The system in the main has so far worked admirably and has given entire satisfaction. It has, however, grown so rapidly Description of the Memphis Sewer System. 5 and now covers so much territory on the east and west sides of Bayou Gayoso that the main lines are at times taxed quite to their full capacity, showing that they will in time have to he enlarged at certain points.” In the Biennial Report made in 1884, we find for the two years 164 obstructions in the sewers, costing for removal 81982.15, cost per stoppage 812.10, cost of cleaning main sewers 8738.60. The Biennial Report for 1886 shows the cost of the Monroe street intercepting sewer, which was constructed “ in conse- quence of the excessive tax put upon the east and west mains of the original system, which had become so overcharged as to make it necessary to tap it at several points north of Mon- roe street with discharge'pipes into the bayou.” The number of obstructions for the two years were 391, costing for removal 84215.15, cost per stoppage 810.75, cost of cleaning main sewer 81819.75. The Biennial Report for 1888 shows as follows : 229 obstruc- tions removed at a cost of 82510.61, cost per stoppage 810.96 —with two exceptions all the stoppages occurred in 6-inch laterals—cost of cleaning main sewer 81611.70. SUMMARY OF THE ABOVE 1880 to 1882 1882 to 1884 1884 to 1886 1886 to 1888 1888 to 1890 REPORTS 75 164 391 229 269 No. of Obstructions $1012.55 1982.15 4215.15 2510.61 1286 64£ Cost of Removal o b » w M CO <1 M Ot GO Ci Oi O O Average Cost $ 285.40 738.60 1819.75 1611.70 703.895 Cost of Cleaning Main Sewer Ol M ua ■—4 I cn co co to : No. of Man- holes Built 36 48 67 86 241 Total Number of Manholes 6 Description of the Memphis Sewer System. Iii the years 1889 and 1890 the building of manholes was pushed forward, 155 manholes being built, the effect of which is very plain in the cost of removing stoppages and the clean- ing of main sewer, besides the great saving in time and labor. During 1889 a force of nine men have attended to the removal of stoppages, cleaning of mains, putting in house connections and building manholes, etc. A careful examination of the above figures show— First—That the unit, or 6-inch pipe, is too small, as nearly all of the stoppages occur in them ; very few in larger pipes where properly laid. Second—That for the economical working of a system of sewers manholes are a necessity, and in this connection it is well to state that all changes of grade or direction in lines should be made in manholes, as these are the points where stoppages most occur. It is well also, in planning a system of sewers, to be careful to lay the mains deep enough and make them large enough to allow of extensions when needed. Referring back to the extracts from the different reports, it will be noticed that as early as 1882 the main sewers were at times taxed to their full capacity. In 1885-86 the main sewers had become so overcharged as to make it necessary to tap them at several points north of Monroe street, with discharge pipes into the bayou, and to build the Monroe street inter- cepting 24-inch sewer a distance of 3243'feet direct to the river, at a cost of $18,738tYq. Referring to the report for 1890, it will be seen that the necessity for another intercepting sewer still further south is forced upon the city. t Chelsea is the northern portion of Memphis, consisting of the Ninth Ward. It is separated from the balance of the city by Bayou Gayoso, and was not included in the Waring system. Description of the Memphis Sewer System. 7 Iii April, 1888, by an order of the Council, a survey was made by Mr. R. F. Hartford of Chattanooga, Tenn., and a plan submitted. In August work was started. The follow- ing description of the system is taken from Mr. Hartford’s report to the Council for the years 1887 and 1888 : “ The minimum size of pipe used in lateral lines will be 8 inches. Ho curves will be admitted into the system, except- ing in manholes, where all changes in alignment, both vertical and horizontal, will be made. A manhole will be built at every intersection, which will place them about 380 feet apart. Channels of the proper size and form, straight and curved, will be molded in the cement floors of the manholes, care being taken that sufficient fall is secured on curves to overcome all frictional resistance to flow. “ At the upper end of all lateral lines, an automatic flush tank of suitable capacity will be placed to discharge directly into the sewers. “ House connection branches will be extended to the sides of the street or alley in which the sewer may lie. They will be of 6-inch clay pipe cement jointed, and have at their upper ends an ‘increaser’ from 4 to 6 inches, to receive the house drain, which will be 4 inches in diameter. This feature will enable us to get a better fall to the house drain, and it is be- lieved we will be relieved from the now common annoyance of opening pavements to remove obstructions in house con- nection branches. This district is very favorably located for the construction of a model system of sewerage, being so laid out that every portion may be served by sewers placed only in alleys, leaving the surfaces of all streets free from any future disturbance for connections, repai rs, or the removal of obstruc- tions. It is believed, however, that all danger from obstruc- 8 Description of the Memphis Sewer System. tions is removed by providing pipes of ample size and gradients, the introduction of manholes, placed within easy distances of each other, and the avoidance of all curves between.” The expenses, etc., of maintenance of this system will be kept separate and distinct from that of the Waring system, so that'an intelligent comparison can in the future be made of the relative value and efficiency of the two systems. OPERATIONS OF SEWER DEPARTMENT IN 1889 Iii the past year there have been issued vouchers and pay- rolls from this department to the amount of eighteen thou- sand, two hundred and eighty-four dollars and eighty cents ($18,284.80), of which amount two hundred and two dollars and one cent ($202.01) should he charged to the repairs of culverts, etc., (street department) and thirty-nine dollars and eighty-seven cents ($39.87) to repairs of fire cisterns (Fire Department), thus showing eighteen thousand, no hundred and forty-two dollars and ninety-two cents ($18,042.92) to sewers proper. Of that amount eleven thousand, four hun- dred and eighty-seven dollars and eleven cents ($11,487.11) was for the construction of new lines, and four thousand, seven hundred and twenty-two dollars and forty-four cents ($4,722.44) for maintenance of the system, including six hun- dred and thirty-eight dollars and five cents ($638.05) material on hand. All. of which is fully set forth in the report here- with submitted of Mr. J. H. Elliott, Engineer-in-charge, and which is made a part of this report, Mr. Elliott’s report is full and explicit as to details of cost and construction, and in recommendations for the future, in all of which I fully con- cur. Having discussed all these points in former reports, it would seem needless to here enlarge further upon the neces- sity of the work. It has become simply a question of the best method, and of means and time in which to perform the work. Unforeseen difficulties and new problems arise and grow with the growth of the city, and must be met and dealt with in turn as best we can. 10 Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. Report of J. H. Elliott, Engineer-in-Charge. Iii the past year there have been added to the general sys- tem 1 and -fwu miles of sewers, 3314 feet of which is an addition to the Chelsea system; the remainder—2919J feet— is an addition to the Waring system. There have been con- structed 52 manholes—8 manholes in the Chelsea system and the remainder—44 manholes—in the Waring system. Nine flush tanks have been built, 3 on the Chelsea and 6 on the Waring system. One hundred and thirty-flve obstructions have been removed at a cost of $718. Attention is called to the fact that whereas the stoppages were more numerous during the past year than the previous years, the cost of removal has diminished. This is attributable to the numerous manholes built, and would urge the building of manholes at every intersection, and at stated intervals throughout the whole system, as rapidly as possible. The following measurements of depth of sewage flow were made in manholes along the lines of the east and west mains from Vance street north to their junction. Time of measure- ment between 12 o’clock m. and 2 p.m.: WEST MAIN. Hadden avenue, north of Vance, 10-incli pipe, depth 8 inches. Hadden avenue, north of Linden, 12-inch pipe, depth 10J inches. Hadden avenue, south of Beale, 12-inch pipe, depth 12J inches. Hernando street, north of Beale, 12-inch pipe, depth 12 inches. Hernando street and Giayoso, 12-inch pipe, depth 21J inches. DeSoto street, south of Union, 15-inch pipe, depth 10 inches. Junction with Monroe street sewer, 15-inch pipe, depth 6 inches. Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. 11 Between Madison and Court streets, 15-inch pipe, depth 4 inches. Between Court and Jefferson streets, 15-ineh pipe, depth 5 inches. At Fourth and Poplar, 15-inch pipe, depth 5J inches. At Market, 15-inch pipe, depth 6 inches. At Winchester, 15-inch pipe, depth 8 inches. Junction of east and west mains, depth 9 iuches. EAST MAIN. Turley street, north of Linden, 10-inch pipe, depth 6 inches. Turley street, south of Beale, 10-inch pipe, depth 9 inches. Gayoso street, 12-inch pipe, depth 9 inches. Between Union and Monroe, 12-inch pipe, depth 8 inches. Between Union and Madison, 12-inch pipe, depth 1 inch. Court, 12-inch pipe, depth 2| inches. Adams street, 12-inch pipe, depth 4 inches. Poplar street, 12-inch pipe, depth 8 inches. Carroll street, 12-inch pipe, depth 7 inches. Winchester street, 12-inch pipe, depth 7 inches. At bridge, 12-inch pipe, depth 10 inches. Junction east and west mains, depth 9 inches. Monroe street sewer at DeSoto street, 24-inch pipe, depth 11 inches. These measurements show that the mains south of Monroe street are overcharged and should be relieved at once. The report of the Chelsea system shows 3314 feet of sew- ers constructed. The 10-inch lateral in alley north of Mill street, running east 1730 feet, was laid at an average depth of 13 feet; maximum depth 20 feet. This was through very treacherous ground, water being very near the surface. Through a large portion of the distance the trench had to be braced to prevent caving, and the sewer pipe had to be kept 12 Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. up with each day’s work, so as to drain the ground for the next day, water in the wells on the adjacent property stand- ing within ten feet of the surface. Referring to the Chelsea statement, we find the total cost of pipe laid during the past year to be $9054.99. If from this amount we deduct the cost of the iron bridge across Bayou Gayoso, which properly belongs to the statement of the year 1888, amounting to $1958.70, and divide the remain- der by the length of the pipe laid, 3314 feet, we find the cost per foot of the pipe laid in 1889 to he $1.24f per foot. The balance of this work should be pushed to a speedy conclusion, together with an adecpiate water supply. As far as the Chelsea system of sewers is concerned, it is simply a question of money, as the present plan, when com- pleted, will thoroughly cover the territory. But there is another problem staring us in the face, and one which cannot be much longer delayed, and that is the relief of the Waring system. Our city is increasing each year with an accelerated move- ment; the number of buildings during the past year has exceeded anything known in its history, and the prospects for the coming years are still brighter. In making any plans at this time we have to consider and discount what the future may have in store for as, as far as is possible, and whatever plan is adopted, and whatever work is done, should be with a clear and full understanding of what the future may bring, and not for our present needs alone. Let us look at the known factors of the problem and try to reach the desired answer. They are as follows : 1. A system of sewers which the city in a great measure has outgrown. Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. 13 2. The outlet of the present system into Wolf River. During the past summer a bar, which has been forming for a number of years, made its appearance, it may be said almost full grown, directly across the mouth of Wolf River. This will eventually force the extension of the present out- let further south, as originally contemplated by Col. Waring. The small amount of water brought down by this stream, and its consequent sluggish movement during low water, makes it a very undesirable outlet for any large amount of sewage. 3. The topography of Memphis. About a mile south of the southern limits of the city a ridge, starting on the banks of the Mississippi River in Fort Pickering, running almost due east, forms the divide between the waters of AVolf River on the north and Aonconnah Creek on the south. All the country north of this ridge, including the entire city of Memphis, with its eastern and southern suburbs, drains north, forming the different bayous which divide up our city. These in brief are the three most important factors in our problem. Let us examine them closely and see what they reveal: 1. A system of sewers that the city has outgrown. 2. The discharge of the sewers into Wolf River. 3. The natural drainage of the city and adjacent country from south to north into Wolf River. The solution of the above is the plan which will utilize the present system, discharge the sewage into the Mississippi River by the most direct route, and utilize the natural drain- age to the greatest advantage at the least cost. The following plan is respectfully submitted, which appears to fill the above conditions : A line of pipe starting at the foot of Trezevant street, fol- lowing Trezevant street to and under Main street, thence 14 Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. along the line of Elliott street to Calhoun street, and through to Bayou DeSoto. This line would strike the head of the Waring mains (east and west), relieving the Waring system as far north as Mon- roe street, and would allow of an extension south to McLe- more avenue, and east to the Memphis & Charleston Railroad junction. This would allow of an east extension of the Monroe street sewer under the M. & C. Railroad tracks, which would then become the main instead of a relief sewer, placing the War- ing system in the position of sub-mains and laterals. The outlet of the Waring system at Wolf River will have to be moved south sufficiently to allow the discharge to empty into the Mississippi River, and enlarged, looking forward to an extension east, to reach the territory north of the Monroe street sewer line and east of the city limits. Attention is called to the great improvement in our plumb- ing work. To the untiring energy of the inspector, Mr. William Lunn, and his hearty interest in his work is this improvement greatly due ; and it may also he added that we have in this work, as a rule, the hearty co - operation of the plumbers, who have come to realize that they have, if possible, as much or more interest in tirst-class plumbing and good sanitary work. They have almost with one accord rendered their support in the execution of the plumbing laws laid down by the Council and Board of Health. These laws, adopted in 1884, are now, for the first time, strictly enforced. Bad plumbing is now a thing of the past. We have been able, with the active assistance afforded us by the Board of Health, to reach a good deal of unsanitary work done in past years, and correct the same. We are pushing this as fast as practicable, and hope that in a short time this class of work will be eliminated from our city. Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. 15 SUMMARY OF WORK—SEWER DEPARTMENT. There have been constructed : Itotf mdes of sewers. 52 manholes. 9 Hush tanks. There have been connected with the sewers : 592 water closets. 439 kitchen and yard sinks. 108 bath tubs. 87 wash basins. 37 urinals. 1 elevator. 11 laundry tubs. 1 cellar drain. 3 troughs. 4 drinking slabs. 135 obstructions removed, costing $718.01. New lines, 1889, $11,485.91. Maintenance, 1889, $4,740.99. The system and service of the whole system to date (Jan- uary 1, 1890), is as follows : New sewer lines, 42-j miles Old sewer lines (bought by T. D), miles Sub-soil drains, miles Flush tanks, 217 Manholes, 138 Observation holes, 515 Catch-basins, 23 Water-closets, 7535 Slop-sinks, 5117 Bath-tubs, 779 Wash-basins, 622 Urinals, 487 Elevators, 23 Laundry-tubs, . . 87 Cellar-drains, 80 Troughs, 3 Drinking-slabs, 4 16 Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. Detailed Statement of the Cost of Material and Labor Used in the Construction of the Chelsea Sewer for the Year 1889. MAIN LINE. Iron bridge across bayou,, $1,947.00 Lumber 11.70—1,958.70 LATERAL LINES. Pipe account Jno. A. Denie $1,337.60 Cement “ “ “ 74.20 Iron Pipe account Dennis Long & Co 153.65 Sand account M. M. & B. Co 11.25 Brick account Jno. Cubhins 5.21 Lumber account Williams & Co 54.10 Tools, etc., account Lee Bros. & Co 21.20 Labor—Pay roll 1,988.05—3,645.26 FLUSH TANKS AND MANHOLES. Making water connections to flush tanks $ 216.22 Brick account Jno. Cubbins 134.83 Cement account Jno. A. Denie 56.00 Sand account M. M. & B. Co 15.00 Rims and covers account Livermore F. & M. Co 142.23 52 steps account Livermore F. & M. Co 14.05 Labor account—Pay roll 187.11— 765.44 Total $ 6,369.40 VITRIFIED PIPE LAID. 10-inch pipe 1,587 feet 10x8-inch Y’s, 6 pieces 12 feet 10x6-inch Y’s 68 pieces 136 feet—1,735 feet 8-inch pipe 914.5 feet 8x6 inch Y’s, 68 pieces 136 feet—1,050.5 feet 6-inch pipe 468 feet 6x6-inch Y’s, 6 pieces..... 12 feet— 480 feet Total length vitrified pipe laid 3,265.5 feet Total length 8-inch iron pipe laid 48.5 feet Total length of pipe laid 3,314 feet Eight manholes. Three flush tanks. PIPE ON HAND. 486 feet 10-inch pipe at 65c $315.90 16 feet 8 inch pipe at 45c 7.20 117 pieces 10x6-inch Y’s at $2.95 345.15 31 pieces 8x6-inch Y’s at $2.03 62.93— 731.18 Less 57 per cent. off. 416.77 Value of pipe on hand $ 314.41—6,369.40 Deducting this amount from total 314.41 Gives the cost of the sewers for 1889 $6,054.99 Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. 17 I SUMMARY Of total length of pipes laid and cost of the Chelsea system to date. Amount expended in 1888 $9,570.99 Amount expended in 1889 6,054.99 Total cost to date $15,625.98 TOTAL LENGTH PIPE LAID IN 1888 AND 1889. 20-inch pipe, vitrified 577 feet 20x4 inch Y’s, 8 pieces 16 feet— 593 feet 18-inch pipe 158 feet 18x4-inch Y’s, 25 pieces 70 feet— 228 feet 15-inch pipe 332 feet 15x4-inch Y’s, 25 pieces 50 feet— 382 feet 12-inch pipe 127 feet 12x4-inch Y’s, 10 pieces 20 feet— 147 feet 10-inch pipe 2,727 feet 10x8 inch Y’s, 6 pieces 12 feet 10x6-inch Y’s, 68 pieces 136 feet 10x4-inch Y’s, 72 pieces 144 feet—3,019 feet 8-inch pipe 1,510.5 feet 8x6-inch Y’s, 74 pieces 148 feet 8x4-inch Y’s, 34 pieces 68 feet—1,726.5 feet 6-inch pipe 468 feet 6x6 inch Y’s, 6 pieces 12 feet— 480 feet 4-inch pipe 1,352 feet—1,352 feet Total vitrified pipe laid 7,927.5 feet IRON PIPE. 20-inch pipe... 20x4-inch Y’s, 6 pieces 20xl0-inch Double Y’s, 2 pieces 434.7 feet 18-inch pipe 18x6-inch Double Y’s, 1 piece 162.8 feet 10-inch pipe.. 84 feet 8-inch pipe 48.5 feet 6-inch pipe 34 feet Total iron pipe laid 764 feet Total vitrified pipe laid 7,927.5 feet Total length of pipe 8,691.51in. feet Total manholes 18 Total flush tanks 5 18 Operations of Sewer Department in 1889. Table Showing Cost of Sewer Department from January 1, 1889, to January 1, 1890. ENGINEERING $.1,276.66 CONSTRUCTION. 9 new flush tanks $ 510.49 52 new manholes 2,284.96 185 house connections 1,468.61 £ 3314 feet new lines Chelsea system 5,605.16 2919 feet new lines Waring system 2,093.16— 11,957.38| MAINTENANCE. Repairing flush tanks $ 1,648.55 Repairing manholes 43.02 135 obstructions removed 718.01^ Repairing streets 361.11 Repairing damages. 30.10 Repairing sewers 127.81 Cleaning sewers, main 89.46 Cleaning sewers, laterals 93.20 Tools, etc 304.48 Office expenses 88.55 Superintendent 1,200.00 Miscellaneous 185,93— 4,890.22J Total sewers $18,124.27 Work done and to be charged to Engineer Depart- ment (culverts, etc.) 202.01 Work done on fire systems and to be charged to Fire Department 39.87 $18,366.15 CREDITS. By J. F. Fisher, drawn in December, 1888 $ 50.00 Paid by Factors’ Press, etc 15.00 Paid by A. Rossi & Co 11.35 Paid by Artesian Water Co 5.00 81.35 Total amount of vouchers $18,284.80 OPERATIONS OF SEWER DEPARTMENT IN 1890 The expenditures and work in this department are fully set forth in the report herewith submitted of Mr. Jas. H. Elliott, Engineer-in-charge, which is made a part of this report. It will be seen that the report gives the details of cost and dis- tribution of the same in a full and comprehensive manner, leaving but little to he said. I fully concur in the recom- mendations made by him with regard to future work and the necessity of relief in certain directions. I think the cut-off in the west main sewer, which he recom- mends, should he made as soon as practicable, and certainly that part between Gayoso and Monroe streets, in the exten- sion northward on Hernando, across to Monroe street sewer. It would seem that we have now reached a period in the growth of the city when it has become necessary, to build in the near future one or two large intercepting sewers, discharg- ing by independent outlets directly into the river, for which surveys and plans should be made as soon as the time and means will permit. They have been so fully presented and discussed in previous reports, I deem it unnecessary to further enlarge upon the subject, further than to say that no such work should be done, without considering the territory that it is practicable to reach beyond and within a reasonable area of the present city limits. In other words, these sewers should be made sufficiently large to accommodate territory beyond our present limits that may be brought in within a few years. The following statement shows the mileage and cost of sewers from December, 1880, to the present time: Hew sewer lines, 45t2q- miles Old sewer lines (bought by T. D.), “ Total in operation, “ 20 Operations of Sewer Deportment in 1890. SUMMARY OF WORK DONE BY THIS DEPARTMENT FROM FEB- RUARY, 1879, TO DECEMBER 31, 1890. Total, embracing construction, maintenance and miscellaneous work : February 1, 1879, to November 30, 1880, 25x3