presented to the Statistical Division, Surgeon-General’s Library, United States Army Washington, D. C. The Prudential Insurance Co. of America Newark, New Jersey WASHIYGTOF, Total Indian Population as of June 1, 1890, Total 11,181 Reservation Indians, not taxed (not counted in the general census) ---- 7,516 Indians in prison,not otherwise enumerated ---» 10 Indians off reservations, self-supporting and taxed (counted in the general census) 3,655 Yakima Agency.- The Yakimas are not on a reservation. The tribes or "the agency have lived in this section of the country as long as there is any history of them. Some are living along the Columbia river, some on reservations, and some have become citizens. Pearly all have tribal relations, but have no recog- nized chiefs, and are so intermixed and related to each other many of them can not themselves tell to what tribe they belong. As an instance, the interpreter is a full-blood Indian, one- fourth ICLickatat, one-fourth Comlitz, one-fourth Chehalis, one- fourth Puyallup, and can speak all of the languages of the tribes or bands to which he is related. Indians in Washington, 1890. The Indian population of Washington was not originally ex- ceedingly numerous, hut was divided into many small tribes. The mountain Indians were generally hunters, and all were fierce and warlike. The Indians of Washington were almost constantly at war with themselves or the white people up to 1370. Those along the coast are watermen and fishermen, and in their dugout canoes patrol the shores of Puget sound and the ocean. The Makahs are all fishermen. They go out 20 or 30 miles from land in their great canoes and they have schooners of as much as 50 tons bur- den with which they take part in distant fislieries of whales and seals* In the hop season the Indians of Washington come hy the thousands to the city of Seattle, where their canoes are anchor- ed, and they remain until the hop-picking season in the fall of the year is over. They are quite intelligent. Many of them are successful as traders in a limited way# While they are classed as northwest Indians they hear no relation to the Alaska or the upcoast Indians of British America. The want of the necessaries of life, through loss of fish- ing grounds and game and the incoming of numerous white people, has greatly reduced these Indians. Of a total reservation popu- lation of 7,516 only 162 receive any rations or aid from the government. These Indians are squatty in figure. In commerce and intercourse with white people the Indians still use the Chi- nook language. Many of the Washington Indians are rich land- holders, notably the Puyallups, whose reservation adjoins the city of Tacoma. Some of the Puyallups are worth #lOO,OOO each. Puyallup Consolidated, Neah Bay, Yakima, Tulalip, and Colville Agencies. Indian population 1890: Colville agency(e)-Lower Spokanes, 417; Lakes, 303; Colvilles, 247; Okonogans, 374; Columbias, 443; llez Perces(Joseph’s band), ITespilems, 67; San Puells, 300; Cal- ispexs, 200; Upper Spokanes, 170; total 2,669. lie ah Bay agency (f)-Makahs, 457; Puyallup Consolidated agency-Hohs, Queets, Quinaielts, and Georgetown consolidated, 315; Chehalis, 135; Oyhuts, Hurnptulips, Hoquiams, Montesanos, Satsups, and Puyallup consolidated, 611; llisquallys, 94; Squaksons, 60; S’Klallams, 351; S’Kokomishs or Twanos, 191; total, 1,755. Tulalip agency-- 2 Swinomishe, 227; Tulalips or Snoliomishs, 445; Madisons, 144; Muckleshoots, 103; Lummis, 295; total, 1,212* Yakima agency(g)- Yakimas, 943; Klickitats, 330; Wascos, 150; total, 1,423. Grand total, 7,516. (e)-Coeur d’ Alone reservation of this agency is in Idaho; population, 422. (f) Quillehutes, though under the charge of this agency, are nonresident Indians, enumerated by the general cen- sus enumerators. They are taxed. (g) Palouse, Pisqucse, Wenatshapam, Klinquit, Kow-was- say-ee, Li-as-was, Skinpah, Wish-ham, Skykis, Ochechot- es, Kah-milk-pah, Se-ap-cat, and other small tribes, be- ing consolidated with the Yakimas through intermarriage, it is impossible to give the number of each. Many have left the reservation and become citizens. The deaths in 1889 numbered 50. Pu?/allup Consolidated Agenc Puyallup Reservation. The Puyallup agency is 2 miles from the city of Tacoma, in the state of Washington, and at the head of Commencement bay, an inlet of Puget sound. The entire reservation has been allotted to the Puyallup Indians. The land held by these Indians is very valuable not only on account of the great fertility of the soil but especially on account of its proximity to the growing city of Tacoma. The bottom lands, on the Puyallup river are wonderfully pro- ductive, and it is on this river and these bottom lands that most of the Puyallup farms are located. The farms are destined to become the market gardens for the city of Tacoma. The Indians dwell in houses, well built and comfortable. The Puyallups have no assistance from the government, ex- cept in the maintenance of their schools. The Puyallups, from their long intercourse with whites, have made greater progress in civilization than most Indians. They exercise all the rights of citizenship and pay a tax on their personalty, but by law are exempt from paying a land tax. Most of them speak English, and all dress as whites. Their morals are as good as those of their white neighbors. Considering the ease Yvith which intoxicants can be obtained, these Indians may be considered v/onderfully temperate. There is not much intermarrying with whites. The Puyallup Indians are decreasing year by year. All are more or less tainted by syphilis. Scrofula, consumption, and the diseases incident to this dreadful curse tell the story of their contact with the whites. They are a fair type of the In- dians of Puget sound and the state of Washington. Compared with the Indians east of the Cascade range, and more especially with Indians east of the Rocky mountains, the Puyallups are smaller, weaker, and far less aggressive. The Puget sound Indians for generations were a fish-eating race. Salmon to them took the place of the Buffalo with the Indians east of the Rockies. Being an unwarlike people, they have never attempted to defend themselves or to redress the many wrongs heaped upon them by the whites. Their intercourse with the whites has been continuous; hence they have advanced more rapid- ly in civilization. Chehalis Reservation. The Chehalis Indians are decreasing, the decrease being mainly due to hereditary syphilis. This disease was unknown among the Sound Indians until the advent of the v/hite man among them. 3 Eisqually Reservation. The Eisqually Indians are said to he a peaceable people, giving no trouble. They are self-sustaining, receiving no gov- ernment aid or assistance except the facilities offered by the schools. They have a Presbyterian church on their reservation and are regular in their church attendance. Their morals are pretty good. They live in houses, dress as whites, and most of them speak English. Many of these Indians work for the whites at the sawmills. They are" decreasing. Syphilis in the secondary form is making sad havoc among them, and all are more or less affect- ed. S’Kokomish Reservation. They are self-sustaining citizens of the state of Washing- ton. They yote and pay taxes on their personal property, but not on their land. They are civilized, dress as whites, and all except a few old ones speak English. They maintain themselves chiefly by working for the whites in their vicinity as lumbermen. They number less than 200 souls. The S’Kokomish Indians are much addicted to drink. They are decreasing rapidlyj scrofula, consumption, and the various dis- eases incidental to hereditary syphilis are doing their work. Tu.jl&jLiic Asoncy* The Tulalip agency is situated on this reservation (Sno- homish or Tulalip Reservation) located on Puget sound, 35 miles north of Seattle. The Tulalip Indians are all self-sustaining; only the very old and helpless receive assistance from the government. The old and helpless are abandoned upon seeking some new camping ground, possibly left with but food enough to sustain life for a day or two. The heads of families residing on their allotments have good houses, as well furnished as those of the poorer class of white settlers. The average cost of their houses is from $BOO to $l,OOO. There is more or less drunkenness among these Indians. Their morals are said to be as good as those of average v/hite communities. They are gradually but surely decreasing in num- bers. This is due to hereditary syphilis. They dress as whites, and are gradually imitating more and more the white man in his ways and customs. These Indians leave their reservations on or about September 1, and rush to the hop fields. The hop season is the great an- nual fair of these Indians, and they make a great deal of money picking hops. All, old, young, and middle aged, engage in it, and not unfrequently a family will accumulate $3OO or $4OO at this work. There is more or less gambling carried on during this time, and there is a great deal of drunkenness. Lummi Reservation. The Lummi reservation is located on our northern frontier, 10 miles north of Whatcom, on the Gulf of Georgia, and very near the British line. The house-to-house count just taken shows a population of 148 males and 147 females. The Lummi Indians are self-sustaining, receiving no assist- ance from the government. They give much trouble. They smuggle opium and Chinamen over the lines. Their principal occupation, when not smuggling, is fishing 4 and logging. The Indians hold patents from the government for their lands. They are much mixed up with the Canadian Indians, and also have many half-breeds among them, who lead them into trouble• Muckleshoot Reservation. The Muckleshoot reservation is located 20 miles north of Seattle. These Indians are all self-sustaining, receive no assistance from the government, dress as whites, live in good and well furn- ished houses, and are farmers. The Muckleshoots give no trouble. They speak English and conduct themselves better than whites in many new communities. Port Madison Reservation. The Port Madison reservation is located on Puget sound about 10 miles west of the city of Seattle. By a house-to-house count they number 144 (68 males and 76 females). These Indians are self-sustaining. Their morals are pretty good. They are decreasing in numbers on account of diseases incident to heredit- ary syphilis. With all of the Sound Indiana, the children are more feeble than their parents, can stand less hardship, and are much shorter lived. A number of families have buried from 5 to 8 children and have not a single one left. The older seem the stronger, and while the younger generation are more intelligent and industrious, they are physically the weaker members of the tribe. Yakima Agency. Yakima, Reservation. The Yakima reservation is in Washington, 34 miles from the town of llorth Yakima. The amount of land on this reservation susceptible of cul- tivation has been greatly exaggerated; in fact, the whites al- ways imagine thatnthe land on Indian reservations is far more valuable than the land adjoining them and already owned by whites. According to the census just taken there are 1,423 Indians on this reservation, about equally divided between the sexes. The Yakimas are superior physically to the Puget sound Indians, are larger, and appear much more intelligent. These Indians are far more warlike than the Sound Indians, and have given much trouble in the past. They are not as far advanced in civilization as the Pacific Coast Indians. About half of them dress as whites and others wear some part of the white man's dress. About one-third of them speak English suffic- iently well to make themselves understood. They are decreasing, and the same cause may be cited here as elsewhere. Syphilis in its secondary forms, scrofula, and consumption prevail. The number of births during the past year was 18 and the number of deaths 30, The Yakimas I would not call moral, even for Indians. 5 Colville Agency* Columbia. Colville and Spokane Reservations. The total number of Indians under the Colville agency is 3,091, including those in Idaho. The number of mixed bloods is 40. Nearly all the Indians on this reservation live in log houses, which, as a general rule, are filthy. They dress as whites, or partially so, but a few blanket Indians are found among them. Pulayyux) Consolidated Agency* The Indians of this agency are steadily decreasing.