NATURAL HISTORY 
OF THE 
RED RIVER OF LOUISIANA. 
GEOLOGY By President Edward Hitchcock and Dr. G. C. 
Shumard. 
PALAEONTOLOGY.. By Dr. B. F. Shumard. 
ZOOLOGY By Captain R. B. Marcy, S. F. Baird, C. Girard, 
C. B. Adams, and Dr. G. C. Shumard. 
BOTANY By Dr. John Torrey. 
ETHNOLOGY By Captain R. B. Marcy and Prof. W. W. Turner. 
REPRINTED FROM THE REPORT OF CAPTAIN R. B. MARCY, FIFTH INF A? 
TRY, U. S. A. 
WASHINGTON: 
ROBERT ARMSTRONG, PUBLIC PRINTER. 
1853. APPENDIX D. 
GEOLOGY. 
NOTES UPON THE SPECIMENS OF ROCKS AND MINERALS COL- 
LECTED: BY PRESIDENT EDWARD HITCHCOCK. 
REMARKS UPON THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY 
TRAVERSED: BY GEO. G. SHUMARD, M. D. APPENDIX D. 
GEOLOGY. 
NOTES UPON THE SPECIMENS OF ROCKS AND MINERALS COL- 
LECTED : BY EDWARD HITCHCOCK, PRESIDENT OF AMHERST 
COLLEGE. 
Dear Sir : I have done what I could with the specimens you put 
into my hands from the Red river; but I must confess, that while these 
specimens, with the sections and notes by Dr. Shumard and yourself, 
have disclosed some interesting and valuable substances, I have found it 
impossible to solve several questions of importance for the want of more 
specimens, especially fossils. Without these, you are aware, the tertiary 
and secondary formations cannot be identified with any degree of cer- 
tainty. Yet the whole number of species sent me does not exceed half 
a dozen, and several of these are so mutilated that their specific charac- 
ter cannot be determined. The two most important formations pointed 
out in your notes, and in the sections, are the gypsum deposite and that 
of coal; yet from the former there is not in the collection more than 
one species of fossil, and from the latter no specimen whatever; so that 
the exact place in the geological scale of these two formations is in a 
great measure conjectural.* 
But notwithstanding these deficiencies, we do get from the speci- 
mens, and your notes, glimpses of several very valuable facts. The four 
most important points in your discoveries are gypsum, copper, gold, and 
coal. Perhaps I cannot bring out my views upon these and other points 
better than by describing the specimens in the order of your march, 
except where that was doubled upon itself. Where I can do it, and 
think it of any service, I shall designate by colors, upon the map of 
your route which you placed in my hands, the most important deposites. 
At your starting point, Fort Belknap, on the Brazos river, you men- 
tion a fact of the deepest interest, viz: the occurrence of " large beds of 
bituminous coal." Dr. Shumard has given the following section of the 
strata at this place : 
* When I wrote the above I was not aware that Dr. Geo. G. Shumard was re- 
quested to report upon the palaeontology of the exploration. When that report 
appears, probably he, or others, can draw more accurate conclusions upon some 
points than I have done. 164 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
1. Sub-soil, arenaceous, and of a red color, three to ten feet. 
2. Black shale, soft, and rapidly disintegrating, four feet. 
3. Seams of bituminous coal, two to four feet. 
4. Fine-grained sandstone, yellowish gray, with fossil ferns; thick- 
ness variable. 
5. Gray non-fossiliferous limestone, of unknown thickness. 
Dr. Shumard says that the fossil ferns in this formation belong to 
" the carboniferous era." He also describes the same formation on the 
third day's march, some fifty miles northeast of Fort Belknap, on one of 
the sources of Trinity river. He describes sandstone for several subse- 
quent days, some of it coarse and highly ferruginous, with ripple-marks, 
which I should suppose might belong to the same coal measures, did he 
not mention that strata of red loam, so abundant in all that region, lie 
beneath the sandstone; which could not be, if the coal belongs to the 
carboniferous period. Yet he mentions that the same formation as that 
around Fort Belknap is largely developed between Fort Washita and 
Fort Smith, on Arkansas river. The latter fort'is not less than three 
hundred and fifty miles northeast of Fort Belknap. On the 3d of May 
he describes "large quantities of ironstone strewn over the surface," 
another accompaniment of the true coal. 
Now, at first view it would seem almost certain that we have here a 
description of a genuine coal formation of the carboniferous period, not 
less than three hundred and fifty miles long, associated, moreover, with 
those valuable iron ores which in other parts of the world are connected 
with such deposites; for, in descending through the formation, we find, 
first, overlying shale, then coal, then coal sandstone, or perhaps millstone 
grit, and then perhaps carboniferous limestone. But it is well known 
that coal occurs in other rocks besides the carboniferous, as in Eastern 
Virginia in oolitic sandstone, and in other places in tertiary strata. 
These more recent coals are often of great value, as in Virginia; but they 
are not generally as good as those from the carboniferous strata. It 
becomes an important question, therefore, to determine to what geologi- 
cal period the coal under consideration belongs. A few specimens of the 
fossil ferns would decide the matter, and I trust that Dr. Shumard is 
right in referring them to the carboniferous era; but it is known that 
analogous species occur in the higher rocks; and so, coal, even in the 
tertiary strata, is sometimes more or less bituminous. The evidence, 
however, appears to me to be strong in favor of this deposite being of 
the carboniferous age. But in your letter of April 1st, you state some 
facts respecting this coal that have thrown a little doubt over my mind 
You say that- APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
165 
" The coal formation at the Brazos is found in a coarse, dark sandstone 
rock, which is a solid stratum, but is easily removed in consequence of 
being so soft. In excavating for a well, we passed through the sand- 
stone and the coal. The greater part of the stone was removed with the 
mattock ; and in the coal, which was here about sixty feet below the 
surface, we found fossil ferns, which, unfortunately, were not preserved." 
The ease with which this sandstone was removed, requiring only a 
mattock, corresponds better with the hardness of tertiary than of carbo- 
niferous rocks; yet, in some parts of the world, distant from igneous 
rocks, the sedimentary strata are but little indurated. 
Your statement respecting the coal on the Brazos, and the import- 
ance of the substance to the future inhabitants of the western side of 
the Mississippi valley, led me to recur to the journals of other explorers, 
as well as your own from Fort Smith to Santa Fe, published by the 
government in 1850, to ascertain whether this valuable mineral does 
not occur in such places as to justify the inference that a large coal 
field may exist in that portion of our country. I have not all of the 
necessary works of reference at hand; but, in such as I have, I have 
found the following cases, including those already described: 
1. Fort Belknap, on the Brazos river, latitude- 33^° to 33^°, longi- 
tude 98° to 99°. 
2. Between Forts Washita and Smith, latitude 34° to 3 5^°, longitude 
94|° to 96f°. 
3. On Coal creek, near the South Fork of the Canadian, eighty- 
eight miles from Fort Smith, in longitude 96£°, latitude 34^°. "Bitu- 
minous coal, used by the blacksmiths of the country, who pronounce it 
of an excellent quality." (See Captain Marcy's report, p. 173.) 
4. North branch of Platte river, latitude 42° to 43°, longitude 104° 
to 107°; described by Rev. Samuel Parker, Exploring Tour, p. 73. 
He calls this coal " anthracite, the same, to all appearances, as he had 
seen in the coal basins of Pennsylvania." 
5. On the same route Colonel Fremont found coal and fossil plants 
in latitude 41^°, and longitude 111°. The fossils greatly resembled 
those of the true coal measures. He also found what was probably 
brown or tertiary coal, in longitude 107°. 
6. Major Emory met with "bituminous coal in abundance," in lati- 
tude 41°, longitude 105°. He was told of a bed thirty feet thick. 
7. Lieutenant J. H. Simpson describes bituminous coal in beds from 
two to three feet thick, in latitude 36° 12', and longitude 108° 52'; 
and he states it to be " coextensive with the country between the valley 166 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
of the Rio Puerco and the east base of the Sierra de Tunecha, or 
through a longitudinal interval of 7^°." (Report, p. 147.) 
8. Lieutenant Abert found strata, which he regarded " indubitable 
proof of the existence of coal," in latitude 36^°, and longitude 104-^-°. 
(Report, p. 21.) 
9. In 1818, Mr. Bringier described "a large body of blind coal 
(anthracite) equal in quality to the Kilkenny coal, and by far the best 
he had seen in the United States, immediately on the bank of the 
Arkansas, a little above the Pine bayou, five hundred miles from its 
mouth, in latitude 38°, and longitude 98°. (American Journal of 
Science, vol. 3. p. 41.) 
10. On Monk's map of the United States, (1853,) I find two spots in 
Texas marked as "beds of coal," one in latitude 29°, and longitude 
100°; the other in latitude 28-|o, and longitude 101°. 
I might, perhaps, add that Dr. F. Roemer describes a belt of granitic 
and palaeozoic formations, the latter of carboniferous limestone and 
silurian rocks, surrounded by a vast deposite of cretaceous rocks, be- 
tween the Pedernales and San Saba rivers, in the northwest part of 
Texas. The occurrence of such rocks, especially of the carboniferous 
limestone, affords a strong presumption that the formation that usually 
lies next above this rock exists in that region. 
If, now, leaving out the cases described by Fremont as most probably 
brown or tertiary coal, we locate the others mentioned above upon a 
map of the United States, we shall find a region lying between latitude 
28|-0 and 43°, and between longitude 94^-° and 109°, containing not 
less than nine deposites of coal, either bituminous or anthracitic; some 
of them one or two hundred miles long. Its northern limit is the north 
branch of the Platte river; its eastern limit Fort Smith, on the Arkan- 
sas ; its western limit, in the country of the Navajoes, in New Mexico, 
and even beyond the summit level of the Rocky mountains; and its 
southwestern limit the Rio Grande, in the southwest part of Texas. 
These limits would give a north and south diameter of one thousand 
miles, and an east and west diameter of six hundred and eighty miles ; 
an extent of surface three times larger than that of all the coal fields 
in the United States hitherto described, which cover only two hundred 
and eighteen thousand square miles. Yet, in view of all the facts, I 
think the geologist will be led strongly to suspect that a large part of 
this vast region at the southwest may be underlaid by coal. The 
larger part may be, and undoubtedly is, covered by newer deposites, 
especially the cretaceous and the tertiary; and doubtless the older rocks APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
167 
in Texas, as already described, may in some districts protrude through 
the coal measures. But if coal does actually exist beneath the newer 
rocks, it may be reached, as it has been in like instances in Europe, 
although no trace of it exists at the surface. 
The above suggestions may seem to embrace a very wide field for a 
coal deposite. But on locating the several patches of coal upon a map 
of the United States, I was struck with one fact. Starting with the 
beds marked upon Monk,s map, in the southwest part of Texas, and 
running the eye along the range of carboniferous limestone described by 
Dr. Roemer, we come to the coal at Fort Belknap; next to the exten- 
sive deposite lying between Forts Washita and Smith, in the west part of 
Arkansas; and all the way we find ourselves almost in the range of the 
great coal field of Iowa and Missouri, as mapped by Dr. Owen; and 
it seems to me that every geologist will at once infer that the Missouri 
field does follow this line, not only across Arkansas, but also through the 
Choctaw Nation, and probably across Texas-interrupted, probably, in 
many places, by the protrusion of older rocks, and in others covered by 
newer formations. I have a considerable degree of confidence that such 
will ere long be found to be the fact, even if we leave out the other coal 
deposites farther west and northwest. And should the result of your 
explorations be to bring out such a development, I think you must feel 
rewarded for your fatigues and privations. 
That some of the cases above described may turn out to be tertiary 
coal is quite possible, especially those along the base of the Rocky 
mountains; for it is well known that much farther to the north such coal 
is developed on a large scale, especially along Mackenzie's river, even to its 
mouth, on the Arctic ocean. Nor is it always easy for those not prac- 
tised mineralogists to distinguish this coal, especially from anthracite. 
Dr. Owen describes the southernmost bed of brown coal on the Mis- 
souri (from four to six feet thick) as having " the aspect of ordinary 
bituminous coal," yet as "smouldering away, more like anthracite." 
(Report, p. 196.) Even such coal might be of great value; but I cannot 
believe that much of that described above, especially that on the line 
above indicated, will prove to be tertiary coal. 
I ought to have mentioned, that among the specimens in my hands 
is one of lignite, collected July 3, near the sources of Red river, not far 
from the " Llano estacado," and within the limits of the gypsum deposite 
to be described. It is an exceedingly compact coal, and burns without 
flame, emitting a pungent but not bituminous odor. It is doubtless 
tertiary or cretaceous; but I think, if in large masses, it might easily be 
mistaken for anthracite. 168 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
From the 3d of May to June 2d, the formation passed over is, as I 
judge from Dr. Shumard's sections and descriptions, the predominant 
one along the upper part of Red river. All the appended sections of 
Dr. Shumard, except Nos. VI and XI, exhibit the characters and varie- 
ties of this deposite. Red clay is the most striking and abundant mem- 
ber; and above this we have a yellow or lighter colored sandstone, often 
finely laminated. As subordinate members, we have blue and yellow 
clay, gypsum, non-fossiliferous limestone, conglomerate, and copper 
ore. Overlying these strata is what Dr. Shumard calls " drift," which 
is surmounted by soil. Excepting the gypsum and the copper, no speci- 
men of this formation was put into my hands; and only one petrefaction, 
which is a coral from the base of section No. IV, unless the fossil-wood 
belongs to it. 
Now the question is, shall we regard this formation as tertiary, or 
cretaceous ? With the means in my hands I feel unable to decide this 
question. If I am right in referring the fossil coral found in it to the 
genus Scyphia, as described by Goldfuss, (Petrefacta Germanise, Tab. 
XXXII, fig. 8,) it most probably belongs to the cretaceous period; for, 
of the one hundred and twenty species of this genus enumerated in 
Bronn's Index Paleontologicus, only one is found above the chalk. As 
to the fossil-wood, which I shall notice more particularly further on, it 
is well known to occur in almost all the fossiliferous deposites. Upon 
the whole, I rather lean to the opinion that these strata may belong to 
the cretaceous formation ; though it is singular, if such be the case, that 
the fossil remains are so scarce, since, as we shall see, they occur abun- 
dantly in another portion of the field in which the cretaceous rocks 
abound. 
Under these circumstances I shall speak of this deposite under the 
name of the Red Clay Formation, save where gypsum is very abundant, 
and then I call it the Gypsum Formation; and thus have I marked these 
rocks on your map. 
The sandstone which constitutes the upper part of this formation has 
a slight dip, in a few places, of 2° or 3°. On the 8th of June, however, 
a grayish yellow sandstone is described as having a westerly dip of 40°; 
and on the 9th of June, " an outcrop of finely laminated, red, ferruginous 
sandstone" is mentioned, having an irregular northeasterly dip of 30°, as 
shown on section VI. The next day the strata were found standing 
nearly perpendicular; but whether this sandstone is the same as that 
lying above the red clay, is not mentioned. If it is, its great dip proba- 
bly results from some local disturbance. If it is not, it is probably a 
protruding mass of older rock exposed by denudation or upheaval. APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
169 
The branches of Red river have cut deep chasms in this formation. 
In some places they are spoken of as fifty, and in others as two hundred 
feet deep. This clay, worn away by the streams, and mechanically sus- 
pended, gives that red color to the water, from which, without doubt, 
was derived the name of Red river. As to the substances held in solu- 
tion by the waters of that river, some further description will be desirable 
before mentioning them. 
The red clay formation above described abuts against the Witchita 
mountains, occupying the lower and more level regions around their 
base. Here we have an outburst of unstratified rocks, which are satis- 
factorily represented in the specimens. 
If the relative position of the red clay and sandstone on section XI is 
correctly shown, I should infer some disturbance in the stratified de- 
posites, which would indicate a more recent upheaval of the mountains 
than might be inferred from the nature of the rocks. The principal one 
is a red granite, with a great predominance of feldspar, and the almost 
total absence of mica. Porphyry also occurs in great quantity, of a 
reddish color, the imbedded crystals, for the most part, being red feld- 
spar. In the easterly part of these mountains this rock is developed on 
a large scale, forming smooth, rounded hills, which slope gradually down 
to the plain. Cache creek passes through one of these hills, forming a 
gorge from three hundred to four hundred feet high, with "smooth, 
perpendicular walls." This rock Dr. Shumard calls porphyritic green- 
stone, and one of these walls is shown on section XI. He says that the 
rock is slightly columnar. 
The rocks of these mountains are traversed by veins of greenstone 
and quartz. The latter is often porous and colored by the oxide of 
iron. The greenstone is the most recent of the unstratified rocks among 
my specimens, save a single vesicular mass, broken probably from a 
boulder, which has all the external marks of lava. It looks more like 
recent lava than any specimens I have ever met among greenstone or 
basalt. It was collected June 15th, west of the great gypsum deposite, 
though in a region abounding with sandstone, and near the bluffs that 
form the border of the "Llano estacado." Dr. Shumard found in the bed 
of the Red river, near the same place, what he calls greenstone, green- 
stone porphyry, and trachite. The specimen to which I have referred is 
rather augitic than trachitic. He says, also, that he found there "black 
scoria, and several other specimens of volcanic rocks." Again, on ap- 
proaching the Witchita mountains on the return trip, he describes one 
as " a truncated cone, with a basin-shaped depression in the summit." 
Of this he seems to have judged by looking at the mountain from a 170 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
distance. But taking all the facts into the account, I cannot but feel 
that there is reason to presume that volcanic agency has been active in 
that region more recently than the trap dykes. 
I ought to add, that before reaching the Witchita mountains Dr. 
Shumard met with large quantities of dark-colored and cellular igneous 
rock, composed principally of silex and carbonate of lime, strewed over 
the surface. This was on the 18th of May, and on the 27th he "fre- 
quently encountered local deposites of red, scoriaceous rock." Among 
the specimens in my hands are some apparently more or less melted, 
composed of carbonate of lime and copper ore. 
Again, scattered widely over the surface, numerous specimens were 
found of jasper, carnelian, and agate. The carnelian is deep red, but 
found in botryoidal, or even stalactitical masses, and they have seemed 
to me to resemble more those silicious nodules found in soft limestone 
than in trap rocks. They were found most abundantly towards the 
western part of the region gone over. 
I ought to have mentioned that the Witchita mountains consist of 
numerous peaks, rising from eight hundred to nine hundred feet above 
the river. Mount Webster, one of the most conspicuous, was found to 
be 783 feet above the plain by the barometer. Twelve of these eleva- 
tions were found to be composed of granite, which in many places is 
undergoing rapid disintegration. 
We have seen in the red clay of this region a reason for the name of 
Red river, and the character of its waters. In the above description 
of the rocks of the Witchita mountains, I think we may see the origin 
of the red clay. The great amount of iron which they contain would 
produce exactly such a deposite upon their decomposition and erosion 
by water. And we have reason for supposing this red granite to be a 
quite extensive formation, as I shall shortly show. 
No one at all acquainted with the rocks in which gold is found can 
look at the specimens you have obtained in the Witchita mountains 
without expecting that he shall be able to detect that metal. The por- 
phyry, the porous quartz from veins impregnated with hydrate of iron, 
and the magnetic iron-sand found in the bed of Otter and Cache creeks, 
excite this expectation. In one of your letters you state that " the peo- 
ple of Texas have for a long time supposed that there was gold in the 
Witchita mountains, and they have attempted to make several examina- 
tions for the purpose of ascertaining the fact, but have invariably been 
driven away by the Indians. We searched diligently about the mount- 
ains, but could find only two very minute pieces imbedded in quartz 
pebbles." This, as Dr. Shumard states, was upon Otter creek, and there APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
171 
occurred the ferruginous sand, which occurs also upon Cache creek in 
great quantities. We have not been so fortunate as to find any gold in 
the specimens sent, although the sand has been carefully examined, and 
two assays have been made of the quartz in the laboratory. Yet I can 
easily believe that gold must exist either among that black sand, or in 
the veins of ferruginous quartz-sometimes three feet wide-so common 
in the Witchita mountains. 
It is well known that a good deal of excitement exists on this subject 
at the present moment in Texas; but the " gold diggings" there lie upon 
the upper Colorado. From some able remarks on the subject in the 
" Telegraph and Texan Register" of April 29th, by the editor, Francis 
Moore, jr., I learn that the region where the gold is found is " a belt of 
fifteen or twenty miles wide, which extends from the sources of the 
Gaudalupe, by the Enchanted Rock, to the head of Cherokee creek, a 
branch of the San Saba." The description of that belt which follows, 
as you will see, corresponds very well to the region around the Witchita 
mountains. " The red granite rocks here crop out above the secondary 
formations, and veins of quartz are found traversing the rocks in all 
directions. The soil is generally of a red mulatto color, caused by the 
decomposition of the red feldspar of the granite. These rocks resemble, 
it is said, those of the gold regions of California and Santa Fe. A gen- 
tleman who has recently visited the Nueces states that gold has also 
been found on that river ; and if the report that gold has been found in 
the Witchita mountains be correct, it is possible that this narrow belt of 
primitive rocks extends quite through from the Nueces to those mount- 
ains, a distance of about four hundred miles. It is mentioned in Long's 
Expedition that a narrow belt of red granite is found jutting up through 
the prairie region on the Des Moines river, in Iowa, and it is not im- 
probable that this is a continuation of the primitive ridge, extending by 
the Witchita mountains and the Enchanted Rock, to the sources of the 
Nueces, and it may extend far above Lake Superior." As to this 
northern extension of these gold-bearing rocks, I do not find much to 
confirm the conjecture in Dr. Owen's late able report on that region, 
although he does mention some red granite and some red clay; but the 
latter is probably alluvial. Yet, that these rocks may extend through 
Texas, and even much farther north, is extremely probable. 
But though your discovery of gold will probably excite more atten- 
tion, I feel that the great gypsum deposite of the West, which you have 
brought to light, will be of far more consequence to the country. 
On your map I have colored this formation as you have marked it 
out. Yet I cannot doubt, from the descriptions and sections, that the 172 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
gypsum is embraced in the red clay formation already described, for 
most of this mineral occurs above the red clay, though sometimes em- 
braced within it. Yet the importance of the gypsum justifies me in 
coloring that portion of these strata as the gypsum formation where it 
is most abundant It is several times mentioned as occurring in other 
parts of the region, marked as red clay. But on the 3d of June, high 
bluffs were met of red and blue clay, with interstratified layers of snow- 
white gypsum. From this time till the 12th the same formation was 
found, and also from the 21st of June to the 9th of July. But your 
own description of this formation in your letter of November, 1852, 
contains a better account of its extent than I can give. 
" I have traced this gypsum belt," you observe, " from the Canadian 
river, in a southwest direction, to near the Rio Grande, in New Mexico. 
It is about fifty miles wide upon the Canadian, and is embraced within 
the 99th and 100th degrees of west longitude. Upon the North, Mid- 
dle, and South forks of Red river it is found, and upon the latter is 
about one hundred miles wide, and embraced within the 101st and 103d 
degrees of longitude. I also met with the same formation upon the 
Brazos river, as also upon the Colorado and Pecos rivers, but did not 
ascertain its width. The point where I struck it, upon the Pecos, was 
in longitude 104^-° W. 
"Wherever I have met with this gypsum I have observed all the 
varieties from common plaster of Paris to pure selenite; and among 
specimens of the latter were pieces three feet by four, two inches in 
thickness, and as perfectly transparent as any crown glass I have ever 
seen. It is to be regretted that I could not have brought home some of 
these beautiful specimens; but my means of transportation were too 
limited. I regard this gypsum belt as a very prominent and striking 
feature in the geology of that country. From its uniformity and extent 
I do not think there is a more perfect and beautiful formation of the kind 
known. I have myself traced it about three hundred and fifty miles, 
and it probably extends much further." 
The position and thickness of the gypsum beds may be learnt from 
Dr. Shumard's sections, especially No. V, where they are from ten to 
fifteen feet thick. I do not wonder that you have been deeply impressed 
with the vast extent of this deposite. Prof. D. D. Owen, in his late 
valuable report of a geological survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, &c., (1852) 
describes a gypseous deposite, twenty to thirty feet thick, in the car- 
boniferous strata, and occupying an area from two to three square miles; 
and he says, that " for thickness and extent, this is by far the most 
important bed of plaster-stone known west of the Appalachian chain, if APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
173 
not in the United States." (p. 126.) Either deposite may be large 
enough to supply the wants of the inhabitants who may live near 
enough to obtain it. But the vast extent of your deposite (doubtless 
greater, as you say, than is at present known) will make it accessible to 
much the greatest number of people. Indeed, from the 'well known use 
of this substance in agriculture, as well as other arts, a knowledge of its 
existence must have an important bearing upon the settlement and 
population of northwestern Texas. 
The only deposites of gypsum known to me that are more extensive 
than the one discovered by you, are in South America. All along the 
western side of the Cordilleras, especially in Chili, and interstratified 
with red sandstone and calcareous slate, beds of gypsum occur of enor- 
mous thickness, some of them not less than six thousand feet. It has 
been tilted up and metamorphosed greatly by igneous agency of ancient 
date, but seems to be of the age of the lower cretaceous rocks. Mr. 
Darwin, to whose admirable work on the geology of South America I 
am indebted for these facts, has traced this deposite at least five hundred 
miles from north to south, (it is not many miles-sometimes, however, 
twenty or thirty-in width,) and thinks it extends five hundred more; 
and perhaps much further. lie also describes thin beds of gypsum in 
the tertiary strata of Patagonia and Chili, which are some eleven hun- 
dred miles in extent. This gypsum is generally more or less crystalline, 
and corresponds much better in lithological characters with that in 
Texas, than does the metamorphic gypsum of the Cordilleras. Mr. 
Darwin is of opinion, however, that the latter was originally deposited 
in a manner analogous to the former, viz: by means of submarine vol- 
canoes and the conjoint action of the ocean. Very probably the ancient 
igneous agency which we have described in the Witchita mountains, 
and along a line southerly to the Rio Grande, may have been con- 
nected with the production of the gypseous deposite in the same region. 
The specimens of this gypsum put into my hands correspond with 
your descriptions. One of them, of snowy whiteness and compact, it 
seems to me, might answer for delicate gypseous alabaster, so extensively 
wrought in other lands for ornamental purposes. The selenite was re- 
garded among the ancients as the most delicate variety of alabaster, and 
was employed by the wealthy, and in palaces, for windows, under the 
name of Phengites. It has the curious property of enabling a person 
within the house to see all that passes abroad, while those abroad can- 
not see what is passing within. Hence Nero employed it in his palace. 
If the splendid plates which you describe occur in any considerable 
quantity, it may hereafter be of commercial value, as it certainly will 
be of mineralogical interest. 174 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
From your description, especially in your lecture before the American 
Geographical and Statistical Society, it is manifest that the character of 
the rocks changes on the northwest of the gypsum formation, and near 
the head of the south branch of Red river. The red clay and gypsum 
have disappeared, and sandstone succeeds; but of what age I have no 
means of judging. 
Another interesting mineral found by you in the red clay and gypsum 
formations above described, is copper. The specimens were put into 
the hands of Professor Charles U. Shepard, who has analyzed them, as 
well as several other specimens, in the laboratory of Amherst College, 
and whose report I annex to my own. You will see that he has made 
free use of your name by attaching it to a new ore of copper, found on 
Red river near the Witchita mountains; and that he describes three or 
four other species of copper ore from the same region. For a particu- 
lar description I refer you to his report, while I confine myself to a few 
remarks as to the geology of the deposite. 
On section V, Dr. Shumard has shown the geological position of this 
ore, viz: near the bottom of, and in the red clay, and more than one hun- 
dred feet from the surface. We hence see that the ore was deposited 
from water, although some specimens from Cache creek of calcareous 
amygdaloid seem to have been melted. But if, as has been suggested, 
the gypsum was produced by the joint action of submarine volcanoes 
and water, the copper may have had the same origin, and this would 
explain the presence of chlorine in the Marcylite. 
How much copper may be expected in such a region as that on Red 
river, I have no means of judging, because I know of no analogous 
formation. But as we have proof that it is an aqueous deposite, and 
that igneous agency has been active not far off, it would not be 
strange if the vicinity of Witchita mountains should prove a prolific 
locality. 
The oxide of manganese described by Professor Shepard may, per- 
haps, be found abundant and more pure. And the iron sand, so com- 
mon in some of the creeks, indicates the existence of magnetic oxide of 
iron in the mountains. 
Whether the red clay formation and the gypsum formation that have 
been described are of the cretaceous age or not, there can be no doubt 
as to the deposites passed over from July 20 to Fort Washita, for 
among the specimens are two species of Gryphaa, and one echinoderm, 
much mutilated, but evidently of that period. On the 27th, a "blu- 
ish gray, highly crystallized limestone" was observed, which cropped 
out beneath the sandstone, and which Dr. Shumard says was "non-fossil- APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
175 
iferous." It continued, however, to the 30th, or to Fort Washita, where 
he says, " I observed in it a large number of the fossils characteristic of 
the cretaceous period." Probably he refers to two kinds of limestone, 
and not improbably the limestone and sandstone first noticed belong to 
the carboniferous strata already noticed. Among the specimens I also 
find parts of two species of ammonite; one quite large, but quite char- 
acteristic of the cretaceous strata, and resembling some good specimens 
in the collection of the American Board of Foreign Missions, obtained 
by their missionaries in the Choctaw country. I cannot doubt that 
these strata are largely developed in that vicinity. Indeed, that region 
has already been colored as of the cretaceous age upon our geological 
maps. I have, therefore, marked a strip of cretaceous rocks between 
Forts Belknap and Washita. These are, in truth, the predominant 
strata in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas, and I need not go into de- 
tails respecting them. 
Dr. Shumard frequently speaks of a surface formation under the 
name of drift, consisting of boulders of all the rocks described above, 
and some others, such as mica slate and labradorite. But I doubt 
whether this formation be the same which we denominate drift in New 
England-the joint result of water and ice ; for no example has as yet 
been found of drift agency as far south as Texas, by several degrees. 
Yet there is evidence of a southerly movement among the smaller 
rolled detiitus almost to the Gulf of Mexico, such as water alone could 
produce, seeming to be the result of the same current, destitute of ice, 
that produced the coarse unstratified and unsorted drift of Canada and 
New England. But among the specimens in my hands are several of 
silicified wood, and all of them, I believe, are mentioned in Dr. Shu- 
mard's notes as occurring in drift; although in your letter of December 
5, 1852, you speak of masses from fifty to one hundred pounds in 
weight in the gypsum formation. You may mean in its upper part:* 
if so, there may be no discrepancy between the two statements; and I 
have been led to suspect that what Dr. Shumard calls drift may be 
only a newer portion of the tertiary strata, although, as already re- 
marked, silicified wood is found in almost all the fossiliferous formations. 
All the specimens sent by you, however, with one exception, are dicoty- 
ledonous. They resemble not a little the fossil-wood from Antigua, and 
the desert near Cairo, in Egypt; both of which deposites are tertiary. 
One specimen is a beautiful example of a monocotyledon, a cross sec- 
* The fossil-wood referred to in Captain Marcy's letter was found upon the 
upper surface of the formation. 176 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
tion showing vessels of the shape of a half or gibbous moon. This fact 
shows that the climate was warm enough for trees analogous to the 
palm tribe to flourish; yet the great predominance of dicotyledonous 
forms shows a close analogy with the existing vegetation of the south- 
ern part of our country; nor is there evidence, in these specimens, of a 
temperature above that now existing in our southern States, since seve- 
ral species of palms occur there. 
The two subsoils analyzed by Professor Shepard, give very interesting 
results. The first is highly calcareous; and when the lime shall have 
been exhausted in the overlying soil, this material, thrown up by sub- 
soil ploughing, would be equal to a large dressing of lime. In the 
other subsoil we have an extraordinary amount of sulphate of lime, and 
a sufficiency of carbonate of lime, as well as chlorine and soda. It 
seems hardly possible to doubt that such a basis would need only 
organic matter to render it one of the most productive of all soils; and 
when we think how extensive the gypsum formation is from which this 
subsoil was obtained, we cannot but anticipate (unless there are coun- 
teracting causes of which I am ignorant) that that portion of our coun- 
try will become a rich agricultural district-I mean the region lying 
east of the "Llano estacado." 
Only one specimen of common salt (chloride of sodium) v'as sent 
among the specimens, and that, as you inform me, " W'as procured by 
the Comanche Indians in the country lying between the Canadian and 
Arkansas rivers." 
We are now prepared to appreciate an analysis of the water of Red 
river, which has been executed in the laboratory of Amherst College by 
Mr. Daniel Putnam, under the direction of Professor W. S. Clark. 
This is somewhat of a mineral water, and you remark that all the waters 
originating in the gypsum formation have the same bitter and nausea- 
ting taste. I think you are right in the opinion that the ingredients 
are derived from that formation. Analysis show's that the taste de- 
pends upon the presence of three salts in nearly equal proportions, two 
of which, sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salts, and chloride of sodium, 
are very sapid. Mr. Putnam's analysis is as follows: 
" Water from Red river- 
Water in fluid ounces 4 
Weight of water in grammes 127.800 
Weight of chlorine present .051 
Weight of lime present .033 
Weight of sulphuric acid present .095 
Residue evaporated to dryness, and weighed, prob a- 
bly, sulphates of soda and magnesia together, 
weight .168 APPENDIX D.-GEOLOGY. 
177 
" It was impossible, with the small quantity of water, to determine the last two 
ingredients with absolute certainty. In the calculations following they are re- 
garded as real. Regarding the lime as sulphate, and the residue of sulphuric 
acid as united with magnesia, and the chlorine as united with sodium, we have 
the following results: 
Weight of sulphate of lime .080 
Weight of sulphate of magnesia .073 
Weight of chloride of sodium .084 
Weight of the whole .237 
Per-centage of matter in solution, about .19 
" The analysis of the water from a spring in a gypsum cave, yielded the following 
results: 
Weight of the water, in fluid ounces 4 
Weight of the water in grammes, about 127.800 
Weight of hydro-sulphuric acid present .011 
Weight of chlorine .014 
Weight of lime .090 
Weight of sulphuric acid .227 
The residue was evaporated, and the presence, but not the weight, of magnesia, 
found separate from the soda. The quantity was very small, however. 
Soda and magnesia together, about .130 
"Regarding the lime as sulphate, and the residue of sulphuric acid as united 
partly with magnesia and partly with soda, and the chlorine with sodium, we have 
t he following results: 
Weight of sulphate of lime .219 
Weight of sulphate of magnesia .088(7) 
Weight of sulphate of soda .073(7) 
Weight of chloride of sodium .023 
Weight of hydro-sulphuric acid .011 
Weight of the whole .414 
Per-centage of matter in solution .82 
" The analyses of water, on account of the small quantity, cannot be relied upon 
as perfectly accurate; but they are the best I could make under the circum- 
stances." 
Your account of the remarkable cations of Red river, where it comes 
out from the borders of the " Llano estacado," as given in your lecture 
before the American Geographical and Statistical Society, has been 
read by me with great interest. For several years past I have been 
engaged in studying analogous phenomena in this, which seems to 
me a neglected part of geology. The canons of our southwestern 
regions are among the most remarkable examples of erosions on the 178 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
globe; and the one on lied river seems to me to be on a more gigantic 
scale than any of which I have found a description. You seem in doubt 
whether this gorge was worn away by the river, or is the result of some 
paroxysmal convulsion. You will allow me to say that I have scarcely 
any doubt that the stream itself has done the work. The fact that 
when a tributary stream enters the main river it passes through a tribu- 
tary canon, seems to me to show conclusively that these gorges were 
produced by erosion, and not by fractures; for, how strange would it 
be if fractures should take those ramifications and curvatures which a 
river and its tributaries present. And, moreover, I find cases where I 
can prove, from other considerations, that strea'ms of water (existing 
and ancient rivers) have eaten out gorges quite as difficult to excavate 
as any of the canons of the West. So that, if we must admit that rivers 
have done a work equally great in one case, all presumption is removed 
against their doing the same in other cases. I have a great number of 
facts which I hope to be able, if life be spared, to present to the public 
on this subject; and I am very glad to add the canons of Red river to 
the number. 
Before Professor Adams's departure for the West Indies last winter, I 
secured his report, hereto subjoined, upon the recent shells collected in 
your expedition. It derives a melancholy interest from having been 
among the last, if not the very last, of his scientific efforts, he having 
been cut off by yellow fever in January. 
With this imperfect elucidation of the facts collected by you in your 
laborious explorations, I subscribe myself, 
With great respect, 
Your obedient servant, 
EDWARD HITCHCOCK. 
Amherst College, June 5, 1853. APPENDIX D.-GEOLOGY. 
179 
REMARKS UPON THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY 
PASSED OVER BY THE EXPLORING EXPEDITION TO THE 
SOURCES OF RED RIVER, UNDER COMMAND OF CAPTAIN R. 
B. MARCY, U. S. A.: BY GEO. G. SHUMARD, M. D. 
It is to be regretted that the main objects contemplated by the 
expedition were of such a character as to allow of merely a partial 
geological exploration. It was found necessary to traverse a large extent 
of country in a limited period of time, so that not as many opportunities 
were allowed for making minute and detailed sections of the strata as 
could have been desired. However, it is believed that something has 
been done towards elucidating the geology of a valuable and interesting 
district of our country, which hitherto has received but little attention 
from geologists. 
We will first submit a brief account of the geological features of a 
portion of Northwestern Arkansas, which will enable us to understand 
more clearly the character of the deposites observed on the route 
travelled by the party, and exhibit more satisfactorily the connection of 
the cretaceous group with the older or palaeozoic rocks. In Washing- 
ton county we have a fine development of rocks belonging to the 
carboniferous period, rising sometimes several hundred feet above the 
water-level of Arkansas river. They consist of beds of dark-gray and 
bluish-gray limestone, surmounted by heavy-bedded coarse and fine- 
grained quartzose sandstone. The ridges of highest elevation run nearly 
north and south through the centre of the country, forming a geological 
back-bone; the waters from one side flowing eastwardly into White- 
river, and on the other westwardly into Illinois river, both streams 
being tributaries of the Arkansas. 
Wherever the limestone forms the surface-rock, the soil is of excellent 
character, and for productiveness is unsurpassed by any in the State; 
but where the sandstone reaches the surface, the soil becomes too arena- 
ceous, and is of inferior quality for agricultural purposes. The lime- 
stone is generally highly charged with fossils, and, in many places, beds 
of considerable thickness are almost entirely composed of the remains 
of Crinoidea. 
In lithological and palaeontological characters it corresponds very 
closely to the rocks of the superior division of the carboniferous system 
of Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. The fossils are usually 
remarkably well preserved. The following are the most abundant and 180 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
characteristic species: Archimedipora archimedes, Agassizocrinus dacty- 
liformis, Pentatematites sulcatus, Productus cora, P. punctatus, P. costa- 
tus, Terebratula subtilita, and Terebratula Marcyi* We have found 
all these species associated together in Grayson county, Kentucky, near 
Salem, Indiana, and at Chester and Kaskaskia, Illinois. 
The line of junction between the sandstone and limestone is well 
defined, there being an abrupt transition from the one into the other. 
The sandstone has yielded but few fossils, and these only calamites and 
ferns. 
Veins of sulphuret of lead traverse the limestone at several points 
in Washington county, and I have been informed that valuable beds of 
iron ore occur here; workable seams of bituminous coal have also been 
discovered at a number of localities in the county. 
Proceeding in a southerly direction through the counties of Crawford 
and Sebastian, the limestone, which, with few exceptions, constitutes the 
surface-rock in Washington county, dips beneath the sandstone, and 
the latter forms the entire mass of the hills, rising sometimes to the 
altitude of a thousand feet above the adjacent streams: it is, for the 
most part, the prevailing rock the entire distance between Fort Smith 
and Camp Belknap. The sandstone is often highly ferruginous, and 
varies in color from light-gray to dark-brown. It exists in heavy mas- 
sive beds, made up of coarse quartzose grains, with intercalations of 
finer-grained sandstone, occasionally beautifully ripple-marked. It cor- 
responds in its lithological features with that forming the Ozark range 
of mountains. 
In Sebastian county I found a few Calamites, Lcpidodendra, and several 
varieties of fossil ferns of the coal formation, but organic remains are 
by no means abundant. Bituminous coal exists in almost inexhaustible 
quantities throughout the county. The seams vary in thickness from a 
few inches to seven feet, and they lie in such a manner that they can 
be wrought easily. Coal has also been discovered at a number of 
localities between Fort Smith and Fort Washita. 
About a hundred miles southwest of Fort Smith we encountered an 
outcrop of bluish-gray limestone, which extends across the country in 
a southeasterly direction for the distance of about twenty miles; it 
presents an average thickness of about ten feet, with a dip to the east of 
30°. Its precise character could not be determined, as we were unable 
to find any fossils. 
* Figures and descriptions of the fossils of these beds will be found in the 
appended report of Dr. B. F. Shumard on the palaeontology of the expedition. APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
181 
Pursuing the same direction, twenty-five miles beyond is an outburst 
of granite, which extends for the distance of twenty-six miles, with a 
southerly bearing. This is the only example of rocks of igneous origin 
to be met with between Forts Smith and Preston, and the rough and 
rugged features of the country where it prevails, forms a striking con- 
trast with the comparatively rounded outline of sandstone hills. The 
rock is of a coarse texture, and varies in compactness in different portions 
of the range; feldspar of the flesh-colored varieties predominates over 
the other ingredients In places the rocks would form an excellent and 
durable building material, but in other portions of the range it crumbles 
readily when exposed to the action of the weather. 
We observed numerous veins of quartz traversing the granite in 
various directions, and, at some points, dykes of compact greenstone 
porphyry. Saline springs were found not unfrequently issuing from the 
base of the range, and the waters in one or two instances were found 
so strongly impregnated with saline matter, as to induce the belief that 
they might be worked with profit. 
Passing this range, the sandstone again reappears, and constitutes 
the prevailing rock to within a short distance of Fort Washita, where 
it disappears, and is succeeded by strata of the cretaceous period. 
From this point the cretaceous rocks were found to extend unin- 
terruptedly until we reached the southwestern boundary of the Cross- 
Timbers, in Texas. From the best information I was able to procure, it 
constitutes the prevailing formation from Fort Washita in the direction 
of Fort Towson for upwards of a hundred miles, with an average 
breadth of fifty miles. It forms part of that extensive belt of cretaceous 
strata that extends'from Georgia to Texas, and which, from the charac- 
ter of its fossil fauna, is now regarded as the equivalent of the upper 
chalk of England, and with that division of the cretaceous group to 
which D'Orbigny gives the name of VEtage Senonien, (Prodrome de 
Pakeontologie, tome II, page 069.) Wherever sections of the strata 
were to be seen they presented the following characters : grayish-yellow 
sandstone, with intercalations of blue, yellow, and ash-colored clays, 
and beds of white and bluish-white limestone. The limestone reposes 
on the clays and sandstones. At some points it attains the thickness of 
a hundred feet; while at others it is quite thin, and sometimes even 
entirely wanting. It is usually soft and friable, and liable to disintegrate 
rapidly when exposed to the action of the weather. These cretaceous 
rocks are often full of fossils. At Fort Washita the layers are crowded 
with Ananchytes, Ilemiastcr, Nucleolites, Ammonites, Ostrca, Pecten, &c., 
descriptions and figures of which will be found in Dr. B. F. Shumard's 182 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
report on the palaeontology of the expedition. We saw here some 
specimens of ammonites several feet in diameter, and weighing between 
four and five hundred pounds. On Red river, twenty-six miles from 
Fort Washita, the sandstone of the cretaceous group supports about 
twenty-five feet of ash-colored calcareous loam, which, on inspection, 
was found to contain terrestrial and fluviatile shells of the genera Lymnea, 
Physa, Planorbis, Pupa, and Helix, the whole resembling species which 
we have observed in the loam at New Harmony, Indiana, and elsewhere 
in the Mississippi Valley, which Mr. Lyell, during his visit to this 
country, recognised as the equivalent of the loess of the Rhine. 
The geological formation, as developed in the vicinity of Camp 
Belknap, consists of nearly horizontal strata of fine-grained sandstone, 
shale, and soft, drab-colored, non-fossiliferous limestone, whose relative 
positions correspond with strata of the same character largely developed 
between Fort Washita and Fort Smith. On the surface were in many 
places strewn fragments of a reddish-gray, igneous rock, containing a 
large per-centage of carbonate and oxide of iron. From the frequent 
indications of the presence of that metal in various localities of this 
region, it is not improbable that this may become hereafter an extensive 
and profitable field of mining enterprise. Recently a number of seams 
of bituminous coal, varying in thickness from two to four feet, as well 
as the characteristic fossil ferns of the carboniferous era, have been 
discovered. 
The following section, taken about one mile from the post, may give 
a better idea of the formation : 
1. Subsoil arenaceous, and of a red color; thickness from three to 
ten feet. 
2. Black shale, soft, and rapidly disintegrating; four feet thick. 
3. Seams of bituminous coal, from two to four feet thick. 
4. Fine-grained sandstone, of a yellowish gray color, and containing 
fossil ferns; thickness variable. 
5. Gray non-fossiliferous limestone; thickness unknown. 
The water obtained from springs in this vicinity frequently contains 
iron in solution. I have been informed that in a few instances chloride 
of sodium has been detected in it. 
May 3.-Formation the same as at Camp Belknap. Observed, 
strewn over the surface, large quantities of iron-stone; soil and subsoil 
arenaceous, and deeply tinged with oxide of iron. 
May 4.-Saw a number of horizontal layers of coarsely laminated 
sandstone; between the laminations were observed a large number of 
ripple-marks. Soil good, and of a dark color; subsoil, in some places, 
arenaceous, in others argillaceous, and of a deep-red color. APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
183 
May 5.-For the first six miles the surface became gradually more 
elevated. Here, and elsewhere to-day, we met with a number of hori- 
zontal layers of coarse-grained and highly ferruginous sandstone, which 
was more or less laminated, and highly embossed with ripple-marks. 
In many places we met with extensive deposites of porous and dark- 
colored igneous rock, containing a large per-centage of oxide of iron. 
The surface was everywhere strewn with drift, mostly composed of 
quartz, greenstone porphyry, and granite. Saw a number of conical 
hills, varying in height from ten to seventy-five feet, and composed of 
horizontal layers of sandstone, of the same character as that first met 
with to-day. Owing to the rapid disintegration of the sandstone, the 
hills are gradually crumbling away. In many places we found a few 
loose fragments of sandstone, intermixed with sand, the only indication 
left of the previous existence of many of them. In this manner has a 
levelling process gone on for ages, which, if not interfered with, will 
ultimately tend to the removal of the various inequalities of the surface 
of the prairies. Soil good; subsoil argillaceous, and of a deep-red color: 
this mixing in the form of sediment with the water, imparts to it a red 
color and disagreeable taste. From the north branch of the Witchita 
I collected a number of bivalve shells of the genus Unto. 
May 6.-Sandstone and drift the same as yesterday. Saw a num- 
ber of bluff banks, varying in height from ten to fifty feet. They were 
composed of red loam, the relative position of which was found to be 
below that of the sandstone. Soil and subsoil the same as we passed 
yesterday. 
May 1.-Formation the same. Drift appears to be gradually be- 
coming more abundant. 
May 8.-During the day we had frequent opportunities of observing 
the sandstone and red loam. Their relative positions were the same as 
before, and dipped in various directions at angles of from one to three 
degrees. Saw a number of small boulders, composed of granite and 
greenstone porphyry. 
May 9.-Did not move from camp. In the afternoon I explored a 
few miles along the banks of the Big Witchita. The geological forma- 
tion, as there developed, consisted of finely laminated, soft, ferruginous 
sandstone, interstratified with red clay, together with drift, which last 
was much coarser than any previously observed. Soil good; subsoil 
loamy. 
May 11.-Formation the same as before. Found a number of speci- 
mens of peroxide of iron. 184 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
May 12.-Red river, as observed to-day, runs through a thick bed of 
red loam, which, mixing with the water, imparts to it highly charac- 
teristic red sedimentary properties. Its bed was composed of fine sand. 
After travelling about six miles we came to a small creek with high 
bluff banks, near the base of which I observed a number of specimens 
of green and blue copper ores. Associated with it, as a matrix, was a 
porous and dark-colored igneous rock, containing disseminated parti- 
cles of green copper ore. At this point I had an opportunity of ob- 
serving the aqueous strata, from which I obtained the following sec- 
tion : 
1. Black argillaceous subsoil; six feet thick. 
2. Soft fine-grained sandstone, of a grayish color; five feet thick. 
3. Red and blue clay; from six to ten feet thick. 
These strata presented an easterly dip of nearly two degrees. I saw 
during the day large quantities of drift and a few small boulders, com- 
posed of granite, quartz, and greenstone porphyry. In a few hours we 
arrived at Cache creek, which runs between high bluff banks composed 
of red clay; its bottom was thickly strewn with large, angular frag- 
ments of quartz, greenstone porphyry, granite, and hornblende rock. 
Within a short distance from the creek we found a small spring of clear 
water, which was strongly impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas. 
Soil dark and fertile; subsoil argillaceous, and of a deep-red color. 
May 14.-Did not move from camp. In the evening I rode to the 
junction of Cache creek and Red river, near which point I observed a 
stratum of finely laminated ferruginous sandstone; in some places it was 
interstratified with red clay, and presented a south-southeasterly dip of 
three degrees, (see Section No. 3.) Saw scattered over the surface a 
number of small boulders of the same composition as those of yesterday. 
Soil black and fertile; subsoil argillaceous. 
May 15.-Did not move from camp; tested the water of Cache creek, 
and found it strongly alkaline. Its temperature was 75 CF. 
May 1G.-Passed to-day a number of long, low ridges, presenting on 
one side a gradual slope towards the prairie-level; on the other, abrupt 
precipitous terminations. They were for the most part composed of dark- 
colored scoriaceous rock, containing a moderate per-cent age of copper 
ore. About 8 o'clock we came to a small creek, near which I observed 
a deposite of soft granite, which appeared to be undergoing rapid dis- 
integration. The banks of the creek were composed of horizontal 
layers of finely laminated sandstone, deeply tinged with copper, and 
resting upon a base of red indurated clay. Saw to-day large quantities APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
185 
of drift, containing small boulders, composed, as before, of greenstone 
porphyry, quartz, and granite; soil and subsoil arenaceous. 
May 17.-Formation the same as on yesterday; saw strewn over the 
surface a large quantity of reddish-brown and black calcareous rock, 
containing carbonate of copper and small crystals of calcareous spar. 
From the drift (which appears to be becoming more abundant and its 
particles less rounded) I obtained specimens of chalcedony, jasper, and 
carnelian. Soil and subsoil arenaceous, and of a reddish color. 
May 18.-Saw a number of deposites of soft, coarse granite, which 
appeared to be undergoing rapid disintegration. The surface presented 
large quantities of dark-colored and cellular igneous rock, composed 
principally of silex and carbonate of lime; soil and subsoil arenaceous. 
May 20.-Observed several clear springs bubbling up from beneath 
the surface. Formation the same as before; soil and subsoil arenaceous. 
May 21.-Met to-day with several sections of finely laminated sand- 
stone of the same character as that before mentioned, with the exception 
that the different laminae were thickly marked with small circular spots of 
a green and yellow color. In several places I found it interstratified with 
red clay. Near our encampment a fine section, showing an anticlinal 
axis, the strata dipping east and west at an angle of three degrees, 
exposed itself; over the surface were strewn large quantities of dark- 
colored igneous rock of the same character as that seen on the 18th 
instant. The drift was less abundant than before; soil and subsoil 
arenaceous. 
May 22.-The surface was strewn in many places with detritus com- 
posed of greenstone porphyry and granite; soil and subsoil arenaceous. 
May 23.-Did not move from camp ; in the evening I explored Otter 
creek, which at this point runs between bluff banks composed of red clay. 
Its bed was thickly covered with drift, from which I obtained a number 
of agates and two small specimens of bluish-yellow quartz, each con- 
taining a small particle of gold. By digging a few inches below the 
drift, I reached a deposite of black ferruginous sand, which, upon being 
stirred, emitted a strong odor of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. From the 
creek I obtained a number of univalve and bivalve shells; the latter 
principally of the genus Unio. 
Captain Marcy having to-day visited several of the mountains, pre- 
sented me with a number of specimens of soft granite of a reddish- 
brown color, and of which the mountains appeared to be composed. 
May 25.-Remained in camp. This afternoon I measured with a 
thermometer the temperature of Otter creek, and found it to be 72° F. 186 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
Immediately adjoining the creek the soil is good and very productive; 
but at a little distance from it, it is barren and sandy. 
May 26.-To-day we passed a number of sand-hills, varying in height 
from ten to thirty feet. The only rocks met with were a few small 
boulders, composed of quartz and greenstone. 
May 27.-The surface was in many places composed of detritus of 
granite, quartz, and greenstone; saw to-day a number of boulders, 
mostly composed of .hard granite, and presenting smooth and polished 
surfaces. The largest was about fifteen feet in circumference, and would 
weigh probably three or four thousand pounds. We frequently en- 
countered local deposites of red scoriaceous rock. Captain McClellan 
having visited one of the mountains, presented me with a specimen of 
gray calcareous sandstone, which, as he informed me, he obtained from 
a horizontal stratum of the same, situated within a few feet of the base 
of the mountain. 
Thus far about twelve of the Witchita mountains have been ex- 
amined, and have been found to present a nearly uniform appearance 
and structure. Composed of fine granite of various degrees of hardness 
and color, they rise abruptly from a smooth and nearly level plain to 
the height of eight or nine hundred feet. Many of them are isolated 
and of an irregular conical shape, while others are grouped together in 
small clusters, and are more or less rounded. At a distance they ap- 
peared to be smooth, but upon a nearer approach their surfaces were 
found to be quite rough, and presenting the appearance of loose rock 
thrown confusedly together. In many places the granite was observed 
occupying its original position, and was variously traversed by joints 
and master-joints, which, intersecting each other at right-angles, gave 
to the mass somewhat of a cuboidal structure. Soil rich, and from 
three to four feet thick; subsoil argillaceous and of a red color. 
May 28.-Did not move from camp. In the evening I explored a 
short distance up and down Otter creek; its bed is here composed of 
horizontal layers of finely laminated sandstone, containing green and 
yellow spots of the same character as those noticed on the 21st instant. 
May 29.-Passed a number of the mountains, several of which I 
ascended and found composed of hard granite, variously traversed bv 
veins of greenstone porphyry and yellow quartz; the last containing 
small scales of mica. The sides of the mountains frequently presented 
lofty precipices, one of which was divided from top to bottom by a vein 
of greenstone nearly perpendicular, and about twenty inches thick. I 
observed no change in the character of the adjoining prairie, except a 
few local deposites of drift and detritus, from which I collected specimens APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
187 
of chalcedony, agate, and jasper. No rock of any description was 
observed at a greater distance than a few feet from the base of the 
mountains. Soil thick and fertile; subsoil loamy. 
May 30.-The mountains did not differ materially in appearance or 
structure from those before observed; at a distance, a few of them 
appeared to present a columnar structure, but upon a nearer approach 
this was found to be owing to divisional plains, or master-joints, with 
weather-worn and rounded edges. I observed to-d^y a number of clear 
springs; the water of several being tasted, was found to be alkaline. 
In the prairie we observed several circular elevations, varying from 
one hundred to one hundred and thirty yards in diameter, and ascending 
in some places to the height of three or four hundred feet above the 
general level. Upon examination, their mineralogical composition was 
found to be the same as that of the neighboring mountains. Within a 
few feet of one of these, a small ravine exposed to view a horizontal 
stratum of soft ferruginous sandstone. Soil and subsoil the same as on 
yesterday. 
May 31.-The mountains presented the same general appearance as 
on yesterday. From their surface were exhibited a large number of 
veins, varying in thickness from an inch to a foot and a half, and com- 
posed of greenstone, quartz, and hornblende. The prairie was here and 
there dotted with a number of conoidal elevations, varying in height 
from twenty to one hundred feet. In composition they agreed in every 
respect with the neighboring mountains, with which in origin they 
appeared to be cotemporaneous. From the drift I collected specimens 
of fossil-wood. The water of springs issuing from the mountains I 
found, upon test, to be alkaline. 
June 1.-Red river as observed to-day runs between low bluff banks, 
composed of red clay. Its bed was in some places thickly strewn with 
large detached masses of granite, all presenting a highly water-worn 
appearance, and seeming to have been derived from a neighboring 
mountain. Soil and subsoil the same as before. 
June 2.-Immediately upon leaving the Witchita mountains, we lost 
all traces of drift and other igneous rocks. Red river as observed to-day 
runs between high bluff banks, composed of horizontal layers, of red, 
yellow, and blue clay, and finely laminated sandstone; the latter being 
interstratified with thin seams of saccharoid gypsum, (see Section No. 4.) 
About a mile from the river, we observed two conical hills-one fifty 
and the other eighty feet in height-composed of horizontal layers of 
sandstone, interstratified with thin seams of gypsum. From them I 
obtained specimens of selenite. Soil and subsoil loamy. 188 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
June 3.-To-day we came to a range of high bluffs about six miles 
in length, and extending in a direction nearly parallel with the river. 
At a distance they resembled a long line of fortification ; upon examina- 
tion they were found to be composed of horizontal layers of red and blue 
clay, thickly interstratified with snow-white gypsum, (see Section No. 5.) 
These bluffs appeared to be rapidly yielding to the weather: along 
their base were thickly strewn large cuboidal masses of gypsum-some 
ten feet in diameter-that appeared to have been but recently detached 
from a stratum of the same near their summits. In the blue clay I 
observed a thin seam of carbonate of copper. The gypsum was also 
in a few places slightly tinged with the same metal. In a southerly 
direction, and at the distance of about fifteen miles, we observed another 
range of gypsum bluffs: they appeared to run in a oirection parallel 
with those already described. The intervening country was very rough 
and broken. Soil dark and fertile; subsoil argillaceous. 
June 4.-Passed a number of bluffs of the same composition as those 
observed yesterday. The surface during the greater portion of the 
march was whitened by gypsum, which was always found occupying its 
position above the red clay. In the evening I visited a small hill, situ- 
ated about three miles from camp, and succeeded in discovering a thin 
seam of copper ore, as well as large beds of selenite. Soil and subsoil 
the same as on yesterday. 
June 5.-The country travelled over to-day was mostly composed of 
sand-hills, varying in height from ten to sixty feet. On the middle 
branch of Red river we saw long ranges of bluffs, which, upon examina- 
tion, proved to be of the same character and composition as those seen 
on the 3d instant. Soil and subsoil arenaceous. 
June 6.-To-day we passed a number of bluffs composed of red clay ; 
I did not observe any gypsum in their composition. As we progressed, 
the country gradually became more elevated. Here, for the first time 
since leaving the Witchita mountains, we met with large quantities of 
drift, composed principally of quartz and mica-schist. On Red river we 
saw a fine section, fully exposed, showing a horizontal sub-stratum of 
coarse-grained sandstone, overlaid by drift; the latter forty feet thick. 
June 7.-Formation the same as on yesterday. 
June 8.-Passed a number of ravines, the sides of most of which 
were composed of red clay. , At about 8 o'clock we came to a small 
eminence in the prairie, near which I observed an outcrop of grayish- 
yellow sandstone, presenting a dip of forty degrees to the west. The 
surface was thickly covered with drift. I saw a number of boulders 
composed of coarse and fine conglomerate, the largest of which meas- APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
189 
ured fifteen feet in diameter. At 9 o'clock we camo to a small creek, 
with high banks composed of gray calcareous loam, from which latter 
I obtained a number of shells, characteristic of the loess formation: 
Helix plebeium, Succinca elongate Ac. Soil barren and sandy; subsoil 
in some places argillaceous, in others arenaceous. 
June 9.-Passed to-day a number of small ravines, the sides of which 
were composed of red clay, overlaid by sandstone and drift. The surface 
was in many places covered with sand-hills, varying from ten to fifty 
feet in height. About 8 o'clock we came to an outcrop of finely 
laminated red ferruginous sandstone, presenting an irregular dip to the 
northeast of about thirty degrees, (see Section No. 4.) Soil arena- 
ceous ; subsoil in many places argillaceous. 
June 10.-Formation the same as on yesterday. We frequently 
found the sandstone exposed and exhibiting evidences of violent disturb- 
ance, the strata being variously fractured, and in some places upheaved 
in such a manner as to stand almost perpendicular. With the exception 
of the creek bottoms, the soil was sandy and barren; subsoil the same 
as before. 
June 11.-The surface to-day presented nothing but a succession of 
hills composed of blown sand, varying in height from ten to one hundred 
feet. No sandstone or drift was anywhere observed. 
June 12.-To-day I observed large quantities of drift, of the same 
composition as before; through it were scattered small boulders, com- 
posed of quartz and mica-schist. The surface was in many places 
covered with loose fragments of carbonate of lime. The particles com- 
posing the drift were frequently thickly coated with the same substance. 
Soil and subsoil arenaceous. 
June 13.-Did not leave camp. 
June 14.-Drift and limestone the same as before. About 7 o'clock 
we came to a small ravine, the sides of which exposed a horizontal 
stratum of coarse-grained sandstone twenty feet thick. From the drift 
I obtained specimens of agates, chalcedony, and fossil-wood. Soil and 
subsoil the same as before. 
June 15.-The country travelled over to-day was everywhere divided 
by ridges and ravines; the former sometimes sloping gradually on either 
side-at others presenting abrupt precipitous terminations. Besides 
these, a large number of sand-hills, varying in height from twenty to 
one hundred feet, were observed. The sandstone was frequently exposed. 
In a few places I found it interstratified with coarse conglomerate ; saw 
a number of small boulders, composed mostly of greenstone, greenstone 
porphyry, and trachyte. In the bed of the river I found a large mass 190 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
of black scoriae and several other specimens of volcanic rocks. Drift 
the same as on yesterday; soil and subsoil arenaceous. 
June 1G.-The surface was broken, and presented a number of sand- 
hills. Saw to-day large quantities of drift, which did not differ in com- 
position from that previously noticed. At about eight o'clock we came 
to a long range of high bluffs, which, as we afterwards ascertained, 
marked the borders of the " Llano estacado." They were composed of 
horizontal layers of drift, sandstone, and yellow clay, (see Section No. 7,) 
all of which seemed to be rapidly yielding to the weather. At the 
base of the bluffs I observed a few small boulders composed of green- 
stone porphyry. Soil and subsoil sandy. 
June 20.-During the first part of our route we travelled over a hilly 
and broken region, consisting for the most part of a succession of sand- 
hills, varying from ten to one hundred feet in height. At the distance 
of five miles we reached a gradual ascent, which soon led us to the 
summit of a high and slightly-rolling plain: over its surface were 
scattered a great many fragments of white carbonate of lime, as well as 
drift. From the latter I obtained specimens of agate, chalcedony, Ac. 
During the day I had frequent opportunities of observing the formation, 
which uniformly consisted of drift, interstratified with horizontal layers 
of red and yellow clay. Sometimes the drift exhibited a calcareous 
coating, the same as before described. 
June 21.- Passed to-day a number of drift-hills, varying in height 
from twenty to one hundred feet. The surface was very much divided 
by ravines, with perpendicular sides, composed mostly of red clay, and 
varying in depth from ten to fifty feet. Near our encampment I ob- 
served a horizontal section of yellow loam, coarse conglomerate, and 
red clay; the last thickly reticulated with gypsum, and overlaid by a 
terminating stratum of the same, (see Section No. 8.) Soil and subsoil 
arenaceous. 
June 22.-Passed a large number of drift-hills. The country, as on 
yesterday, was very rough, and much divided by ravines, some of which 
were fifty feet deep. Their sides were generally composed of red clay, 
overlaid by drift; in a few instances they exposed seams of gypsum. 
From the drift I obtained specimens of fossil-wood, agate, jasper, and a 
few water-worn fossil shells of the genus Ostrea. Soil and subsoil the 
same as before. 
June 23.-To-day we observed the gypsum frequently exposed. It 
did not differ in character from that previously described, and was 
always found overlying the red clay. Soil and subsoil arenaceous. APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
191 
June 24.-The surface was in many places thickly strewn with loose 
fragments of white carbonate of lime. About seven o'clock we reached, 
after a gradual ascent, a high, level, and very fertile plain, from which 
we obtained an extensive view of the surrounding country, which was very 
hilly and divided by numerous ravines. The plain at its termination 
presented a long line of high bluffs, composed of horizontal strata of 
drift, finely laminated sandstone, white limestone, conglomerate, gyp- 
sum, and red and yellow clay, (see Section No. 9.) The red clay was 
thickly interstratified with thin seams of gypsum. From the drift I 
obtained specimens of agates, fossil-wood, jasper, and chalcedony. Soil 
and subsoil the same as before. 
June 25.-The country travelled over to-day was very hilly and 
broken, being much divided by long, narrow ravines, with nearly per- 
pendicular sides, composed of red clay-some of them being over one 
hundred feet deep. In many places we were surrounded by high bluffs. 
The drift was found to be unusually abundant-in some places fifty feet 
thick, and much coarser than before met with. At about eleven o'clock 
we came in sight of the valley of the Dogtown river. On either side 
it was bounded by long lines of bluffs, in composition similar to those 
previously noticed, and varying in height from one hundred to one hun- 
dred and fifty feet. From the drift was obtained specimens of chalce- 
dony, agates, silicified wood, and jasper, besides a large number of shells 
of the same character as those observed on the 22d instant. The beds 
of the different streams crossed were covered with black ferruginous 
sand. Soil good, consisting of a rich black mould ; subsoil argillaceous. 
• June 26.-For the first few miles the country was hilly and very 
much divided by ravines, some of which were two hundred feet in depth. 
The strata exposed by them were invariably found to consist of hori- 
zontal layers of red clay, gypsum, and drift, each occupying the same 
relative position as shown in Section No. 9. 
June -Formation the same as on yesterday. At ten o'clock we 
came to Dogtown river, the bed of which was composed of yellow 
sand, intermixed in some places with red clay, and covered with small 
shining particles of gypsum. I observed in the drift large quantities of 
red and yellow jasper. Soil fertile; subsoil argillaceous. 
June 28.-Saw a large number of drift-hills, varying in height from 
fifty to one hundred and fifty feet. After travelling a few miles we 
again came to the borders of the " Llano estacado," which here presented 
a long line of bluffs six hundred feet high, and composed of horizontal 
layers of drift and sandstone, interstratified with white limestone. From 192 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
the base of the bluffs to the river, the country presented a gradual slope 
of four hundred feet. 
Section No. 10 is intended to represent the geological formation from 
the river level to the summit of the bluffs; the inferior strata, or those 
between the base of the bluffs and the river, having been ascertained, 
from numerous observations, to consist of gypsum and red clay. From 
the drift I obtained specimens of chalcedony, jasper, granite, and ob- 
sidian. 
July 4.-The formation as observed to-day consisted of red clay, 
gypsum, and drift: they were all found occupying the same relative 
positions as before. Soil mostly fertile ; subsoil argillaceous. 
July 5.-Observed in the prairie a circular outcrop of finely lami- 
nated calcareous sandstone about three hundred feet in diameter, and 
presenting a quaquaversal dip of forty degrees. Over the prairie were 
strewn a number of small boulders, variously composed of mica-schist, 
greenstone, and quartz. Red clay, gypsum, and drift, the same as before. 
Soil and subsoil arenaceous. 
July 6.-Observed a number of hills, varying in height from fifty to 
one hundred feet; in form they resembled truncated cones, and were 
composed of horizontal layers of sandstone and red clay. General 
formation the same as before. Soil in some places fertile; subsoil 
argillaceous. 
July 'I.-With the exception of the drift, which appears to be rapidly 
diminishing in thickness, the formation did not differ from that pre- 
viously observed. The surface was everywhere whitened with beds of 
gypsum and loose fragments of carbonate of lime. The former varied 
in thickness from five to fifteen feet; in it were observed large quantities 
of selenite. 
July 8.-The formation was mostly composed of red clay, with a 
few local deposites of soft carbonate of lime and dark-colored cellular 
sandstone. Saw no drift or gypsum to-day. Soil fertile; subsoil 
argillaceous. 
July 9.-Again came in sight of the Witchita mountains: the one 
nearest to us presented the form of a truncated cone, with an irregular 
basin-shaped depression upon the summit. The formation everywhere 
consisted of red clay; in a few places it was overlaid by thin seams of 
gypsum containing selenite. I observed a number of local deposites of 
white carbonate of lime. Like the gypsum, it was found overlying 
the red clay. On our route we passed four conical hills from fifty to 
seventy feet high, and composed of red clay, interstratified with dark- 193 
APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
colored porous sandstone. Observed no drift to-day. Soil dark, and 
fertile; subsoil argillaceous. 
July 10.-Formation the same as.on yesterd'ay. Soil dark and fertile; 
subsoil argillaceous. 
July 11.-Formation the same as before. 
July 12.-To-day we met with no gypsum. At about 9 o'clock we 
came to Otter creek; its bed is here, as well as elsewhere, composed of 
finely laminated sandstone, containing small circular spots of a greenish 
color. In many places this was covered to the depth of a few inches 
with drift and detritus. Soil fertile ; subsoil argillaceous. 
July 14.-Renewed the observations of May 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 
and 27th. 
July 15.-To-day we passed a number of the Witchita mountains, 
but observed neither in their composition nor general appearance any- 
thing different from what had been previously noticed. Near the base 
of one of them I observed a nearly horizontal stratum of sandstone, 
underlaid by red clay. The ground was in several places covered with 
loose fragments of gypsum, some of which were found to contain slight 
traces of copper. In one of the creeks I observed a small deposite of 
black ferruginous sand. Soil black and fertile; subsoil argillaceous. 
July 16.-The only difference presented by the mountains seen to- 
day, from those previously observed, consisted in the greater number 
and size of the quartz veins : many of them were nearly perpendicular, 
and extended from near the base of the mountains to their summits; 
while others, pursuing a more or less serpentine course, frequently inter- 
sected each other at right-angles. The largest was highly ferruginous, 
presented a more or less cellular structure, and was nearly three feet 
wide. A few feet from the base of one of the mountains I observed a 
horizontal stratum of coarsely laminated sandstone, of a yellowish color, 
and including in its composition small angular fragments of granite of 
the same character as that- of the neighboring mountains. To-day I 
examined several of the head branches of Cache creek. Their beds 
were thickly strewn with large angular fragments of quartz, greenstone, 
and porphyry. In each of them I observed large quantities of black 
ferruginous sand. Soil fertile; subsoil argillaceous. 
July 17.-In a number of places the sandstone was exposed; it did 
not differ in character and composition from that seen the day before. 
In one place the strata, still preserving their horizontal character, pre- 
sented abruptly to the side of a mountain. Many of the mountains 
presented a marked difference in character and composition from any 
that had been previously observed : instead of displaying a rough and 194 
APPENDIX D.-GEOLOGY. 
broken exterior, they were more or less rounded, and exhibited a gradual 
slope to the prairie-level, while the granitic structure almost entirely 
disappeared, its place being occupied by that of fine porphyry of a 
reddish color. Scattered over the prairie were observed a great many 
fragments of granite, greenstone porphyry, and quartz. The beds of 
the different creeks were in many places covered with black ferruginous 
sand, as well as large fragments of quartz, porphyry, and hornblende. 
Soil black and very fertile; subsoil argillaceous. 
July 18.-The mountains presented the same appearance and struc- 
ture as on yesterday. At about 8 o'clock we arrived at Cache creek; 
its bed was thickly strewn with black ferruginous sand and large frag- 
ments of igneous rock. From the water's edge rose abruptly a long 
line of smooth perpendicular cliffs, varying in height from three to four 
hundred feet, and having in some places a slight columnar structure, 
(see Section No. 11.) Upon examination they were found to be com- 
posed mostly of fine porphyry of a reddish color, which was traversed 
by parallel and nearly perpendicular veins of cellular quartz, varying in 
thickness from two to three feet. Upon its exterior the quartz presented 
a deep iron-rust color; but when recently fractured, it exhibited various 
shades of gray and brown, together with small shining particles of 
sulphuret of iron. Soil fertile, and in some places three feet thick; 
subsoil argillaceous. 
July 19.-I spent the greater part of the day in exploring Cache 
creek. About one mile below our present encampment I came to the 
termination of the cliffs. A short distance below this I observed a 
nearly horizontal stratum of coarsely laminated sandstone, fifty feet 
thick, and including in its composition fragments of igneous rock of the 
same character as that composing the cliffs; the intermediate space 
being occupied by red clay, which, as before, appeared to underlie the 
sandstone, (see Section No. 11.) 
July 20.-Two miles below our camp of last evening I observed a 
section composed of horizontal layers of gray sandstone, containing in 
its composition small fragments of igneous rock. Six miles from this we 
struck a seam of gypsum, varying in thickness from six to twelve inches. 
Soil fertile; subsoil composed of red and yellow clay. 
July 21.-During the day we met with frequent exposures of the 
sandstone and gypsum. They presented, however, nothing different 
from what has already been described. Soil and subsoil the same as 
on yesterday. 
July 22.-Formation the same as on yesterday. 
July 23.-Did not move from camp. APPENDIX D. GEOLOGY. 
195 
July 24.-The sandstone appears to be gradually becoming more 
abundant, while the red clay is less frequently observed than before. 
Saw no gypsum to-day. Soil fertile, and in some places six feet deep; 
subsoil composed of yellow clay. 
July 25.-Passed a number of small conical hills composed of red 
clay, overlaid by sandstone. The latter was highly ferruginous, and con- 
tained nodular concretions of iron. Soil and subsoil the same as on 
yesterday. 
July 26.-Formation the same as before. 
July 27.-At about eight o'clock we came to an extensive outcrop 
of bluish-gray, non-fossiliferous limestone, which presented in many 
places a highly crystalline structure. Its relative position was found to 
be below that of the sandstone. Passed a number of hills, varying in 
height from one to two hundred feet, and composed of limestone, overlaid 
by finely laminated sandstone. Soil fertile; subsoil the same as before. 
July 28.-To-day the sandstone disappeared almost entirely, its place 
being occupied by limestone of nearly the same character as that en- 
countered yesterday. Soil and subsoil the same as before. 
July 29.-Remained in camp. 
July 30.-To-day we again observed the limestone in great abund- 
ance. It presented nothing different in character from that previously 
described. The sandstone and red clay were also in many places largely 
developed. Soil very fertile; subsoil the same as before. Started from 
camp at four o'clock in the afternoon. For the first few miles we found 
the sandstone largely developed; after passing which, we came to an out- 
crop of limestone of the same character as that previously noticed. It 
presented itself even with the surface at an angle of thirty degrees, and 
was over a mile wide. Immediately beyond this we came to a deposite 
of coarse granite of a reddish color, and variously traversed by veins of 
quartz. This remarkable formation (as I have been informed) extends 
about twenty-six miles in an easterly and westerly direction, and is 
nearly six miles broad. Throughout its entire extent it is said to present 
the same character, and is everywhere surrounded by aqueous strata. I 
observed to-day in one of the creeks several boulders, composed of milky 
quartz; the largest was four feet in diameter. Soil and subsoil the 
same as before described. 
July 31.-Shortly after starting this morning we again struck the 
limestone formation, which continued to be largely developed during 
the remainder of the distance to Fort Washita. In it I observed a large 
number of the characteristic fossils of the cretaceous period. APPENDIX E. 
PALAEONTOLOGY. 
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES OF CARBONIFEROUS AND CRE- 
TACEOUS FOSSILS COLLECTED: BY B. F. SHUMARD, M. D. APPENDIX E. 
PALAEONTOLOGY. 
B. F. SHUMARD, M. D. 
FOSSILS GF THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 
CRINOIDEA. 
Cyathocrinus granuliferus, Yandell and Shum., mss. 
Palaeontology, Pl. -, fig. 
The collection contains a single pentagonal plate of this beautiful 
encrinite, a perfect specimen of which we found several years since, in 
the superior carboniferous strata near the summit of Muldrow's Hill, in 
Kentucky. The costal plate from Arkansas exhibits granules regularly 
dispersed in rows over the surface, which radiate from the centre to the 
sides of the pentagon. 
It occurs in Washington county, Arkansas, in grayish earthy lime- 
stone, associated with Productus punctatus, Terebratula subtilita, and 
Spirifer striatus. 
Agassizocrinus dactyliformis, Troost, mss. 
Palaeontology, Pl. 1, fig. 7. 
Cup conical, composed of three series of pieces; plates massive, 
smooth, moderately convex; column none; pelvis composed of five 
pieces, quadrangular, greatest width near the upper edges; second series 
of pieces five, pentagonal, length and breadth about equal; length o f 
pelvis three lines, greatest width five lines; length and breadth of second 
series of pieces about three lines. 200 
APPENDIX E. PALEONTOLOGY. 
We regret that the specimens of this crinoid from Arkansas are all 
imperfect, consisting only of detached portions of the cup. It is a 
fossil peculiar to the western and southwestern States, and eminently 
characteristic of the superior members of the carboniferous strata, occur- 
ring in some localities very abundantly. The genus is remarkable, from 
the fact of its being destitute of a column, in which respect it differs 
from all known carboniferous crinoids. In young individuals, the di- 
vision of the pelvis into five pieces is well marked; but in adult age 
they are usually firmly anchylosed, and often all traces of sutures are 
obliterated. In the centre of the pelvis we observe a small cylindrical 
tube running nearly its whole length, closed below, but communicating 
above with the cavity of the cup by a small opening. This structure, 
probably the nucleus of a column, is only visible when the plates are 
separated. 
It is associated with the preceding species, in the carboniferous beds 
of Washington county, Arkansas. 
Pentremites florealis, Say. 
Pentremites florealis, Say, 1820, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, IV, 295, 
Pentatrematites florealis, Roemer, 1852, Mon off. Blastoid. p. 33, taf. i. 
fig. 1-4, taf. ii, fig. 8. 
This well-known species is quite common in Washington and Craw- 
ford counties, Arkansas. The specimens furnished by my brother are 
rather more globose than those from localities in Kentucky, Indiana, and 
Illinois. 
Pentremites sulcatus, F. Roemer. 
Pentatrematites sulcatus, F. Roemer, 1852, Monog. Blastoid. p. 34, 
taf. iii, fig. 10, a-c.-Id. Lethaea Geognostica, taf. iv, fig. 8, a, b. 
We have some doubts as to whether this pentremite is entitled to rank 
as a distinct species, or whether it should be regarded as merely a 
variety of P. florealis^ which varies considerably in different localities. 
The form under consideration has generally been referred to P. globosus, 
Say, by western geologists, from which, however, it is quite different. 
Mr. Say's description of P. globosus was drawn from a specimen which 
was brought from Bath, England. 
It is associated with the preceding species in Washington county, 
Arkansas. APPENDIX E. PALAEONTOLOGY. 
201 
BRYOZOA. 
Archimedipora Archimedes, Lesueur. 
Paleontology, Pl. 1, fig. 6. 
Retepora archimedes, Lesueur, 1842, Amer. Jour. Science, XLIII, 19, 
fig- 2. 
Archimedipora archimedes, D'Orbig. 1849, Prod, de Palseont. 1,102. 
A fossil peculiar to the carboniferous strata of the western and south- 
western States. The associate fossils are Pentremites florealis, Pro- 
ductus punctatus, Spirifer striatus, and Orthis Michelini. D'Orbigny, 
in his Prodrome de Palaeontologie, cites this fossil from rocks of the 
Devonian period, in Kentucky. This is an error; we believe it has not 
been found lower in the series than the encrinital limestones which 
repose on the fine-grained micaceous sandstones of the knobs of Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee. 
It occurs in dark-grayish carboniferous limestone, in Washington 
county, Arkansas. 
BRACHIOPODA. 
Productus punctatus, Martin.* 
Paleontology, Pl. 1, fig. 5, and Pl. 2, fig. 1. 
This Productus has a wide geographical, as well as vertical, range in 
the United States; it is also widely distributed throughout Europe. In 
this country we find it commencing with the earliest carboniferous 
deposites, and extending through all the limestones of this system to the 
coal measures. 
Figure 1 of plate 2 represents the ventral valve of a specimen from 
Washington county, Arkansas; and figure 5 of plate 2, an individual 
shewing the hinge line and the form of the beak. 
* For synonyms and references, vide Koninck's Monog. du Genre Producing 
et Chonetes, p. 123. 202 
APPENDIX E. PALAEONTOLOGY. 
Prod, cora, D'Orbig., 1842, Palaeont. Voy. dans l'Amer. Merid., p. 55, 
pl. 5, fig. 8, 9, 10. 
P. tenuistriatus, Verneuil, 1845, Geol. Russ, et Ural., vol. 2, p. 260, 
pl. 16, fig. 6. 
P. cora, Koninck, 1847, Monog. du Genre Prod, et Chonetes, p. 50, 
pl. iv, a, b, et pl. v, fig. 2, a-d. 
The specimens from Arkansas are all imperfect, yet they are plainly 
referable to this species. It is one of the most characteristic fossils of 
the carboniferous beds of Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. It 
occurs in Washington and Crawford counties, in gray sub-crystalline 
limestone. 
Productus cora, D'Orbig. 
Productus costatus, Sowerby.* 
Pal^ontolocy, Pl. 1, fig. 2. 
This Productus occurs with the preceding species, in Washington 
county, Arkansas, and, like it, has a very extended geographical range 
in this country and Europe. 
Terebratula subtilita, Hall. 
Terebratula subtilita, Hall, Stansbury's Expedition to Great Salt Lake, 
409, pl. xi, fig. 1, a-b, 2, a-c. 
This shell is very common in the superior members of the carbonife- 
rous formation in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, where it usually is 
found with Archimedipora archimedes, Pentremites fiorealis, and Pro- 
ductus punctatus. Its vertical range being rather limited, it constitutes 
one of our most useful guides in studying the relative position of the 
various members of the carboniferous strata. This shell is very variable 
in its characters, so that we are liable to multiply species from its varie- 
ties, unless a number of specimens are under examination. Some indi- 
viduals are very much inflated; the dorsal valve exhibits a profound 
Palaeontology, Pl. 4, fig. 8. 
* For synonyms and references see Koninck's Monog. du Gen. Prod, et Cho- 
netes, p. 92. APPENDIX E.-PALEONTOLOGY. 
203 
sinus, and the ventral valve a correspondingly elevated ridge. Others 
are depressed, with scarcely any sinus or bourrelet. The specimens I 
have seen from Arkansas are considerably mutilated. Occurs in Wash- 
ington county. 
Terebratula marcyi, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 1, fig. 4, a, b. 
Shell small, ovate, elongate, moderately convex, sides and front neatly 
rounded; dorsal valve regularly convex, rather more gibbous than the 
opposite valve, greatest height near the beak, no traces of sinus; beak 
elongated, elevated incurved, no perforation visible in our specimens; 
ventral valve without median ridge, pointed at summit, cardinal border 
slightly sinuous. Surface of each valve marked with from thirty-four 
to thirty-eight simple rounded striae, which commence at the beak and 
proceed to the lateral borders and front with division. In general form 
it resembles T. serpentina of Koninck, (Descr. des Animaux fossiles, 
29, pl. xix, fig. 8, a-e,) but its smaller size and the lesser number of 
striae will serve to distinguish it. 
It occurs with Terebratula subtilita and Productus punctatus in 
Washington and Crawford counties, Arkansas, in dark-grayish carbon- 
iferous limestone. We have found the same species in Floyd county, 
Indiana. 
Spirifer, (indet.) 
Paleontology, PI. 1, fig. 3. 
In the collection from Washington county are several casts of a 
spirifer like that which we have figured. They are all too imperfect 
for description. 204 
APPENDIX E. PAL^ONTuLOOY. 
FOSSILS OF THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD. 
MOLLUSCA. 
Pecten quadricostatus, Sowerby. 
Paleontology, Pl. 3, fig. 6, and Pl. -, fig -. 
Janira quadricostata, D'Orbig. Pal. Frang., Ill, 644, pl. ccccxlvii, 
fig. 1-7. 
Pecten quadricostatus, F. Roemer, Kreid. Texas, 64, taf. viii, fig. 4, 
a-c. 
Shell sub-ovate, angulated, convexo-concave. Inferior valve convex, 
with prominent rounded radiating ribs, crossed by five concentric 
thread-like stria?. Ribs from fifteen to seventeen, of which five are 
more prominent than the others; smaller ribs disposed in pairs in the 
intervals between the larger ones. Superior valve slightly concave, 
with radiating unequal ribs. 
As we have not been able to consult Sowerby's description of Pecten 
quadricostatus, we refer our fossil to this species on the authority of 
Dr. F. Roemer, whose figures and descriptions of specimens from Fred- 
ericksburg, Texas, correspond very accurately with those we figure 
from Fort Washita. 
Figure 6 of plate 3 represents the inferior valve of a large individual 
from Fort Washita, and fig. - of plate - the superior valve of a 
smaller specimen. 
Exogyra ponderosa, F. Roemer, 1849, Texas, 394. 
Ostrea ponderosa, D'Orbig., 1850, Prod, de Palteont., II, 256. 
Exogyra ponderosa, F. Roemer, Kreid. Texas, 71, taf. ix, fig. 2, a-b. 
Shell thick, ovate, sub-cuneiform; large valve gibbous, obtusely cari- 
nated, surface marked with imbricating lamellae; small valve rather 
thin, sub-concave, surface uneven, concentrically laminated. Occurs 
rather abundantly at Fort Washita, generally in a fine state of preser- 
vation. Roemer cites this species from New Braunfels, Texas. 
Exogyra ponderosa, Roemer. APPENDIX E.-PALEONTOLOGY. 
205 
Gryphea Pitcheri, Morton. 
Paleontology, Pl. 6, fig. 5. 
Gryphaea Pitcheri, Morton, Synops. Cretaceous Group, 55, pl. xv, fig. 9. 
Ostrea vesicularis, D'Orbig. Prod, de Palaeont. II, 256, (pars.) 
Gryphcea Pitcheri, Roemer, Kreid. Texas, 73, taf. ix, fig. 1, a-c. 
Shell ovate, thick, gibbous, irregular; inferior valve boat-shaped, 
inflated, divided into two unequal lobes by a longitudinal furrow, 
which begins at the umbo and runs the whole length of the shell; 
umbo large, elongate, incurved and slightly compressed laterally. Su- 
perior valve irregular, sub-oval, nearly plane, marked with concentric 
imbricating lamellae. Occurs in great numbers in the cretaceous clays 
at Fort Washita, and more sparingly at Cross-Timbers, Texas. Dr. 
Morton's specimens were obtained from the plains of Kiamesha, Arkan- 
sas, and Dr. F. Roemer found it quite common near New Braunfels, 
Texas. 
Exogyra Texana, Roemer. 
Paleontology, Pl. 5, fig. 1, a-b, and fig. 5. 
Exogyra Texana, F. Roemer, Texas, 396. 
Ostrea matheroniana, (par si) D'Orbigny, Prod, de Palaeont. II, 255. 
Exogyra Boussingaultite Conrad's Geolog. Report of Lynch's Expe- 
dition to Dead Sea, 213, pl. i, fig. 9, pl. ii, fig. 10 and 11. 
Exogyra Texana, Roemer, Kreid. Texas, 69, taf. x, fig. 1, a-e. 
The specimens of this shell in the collection were obtained by Dr. 
G. G. Shumard, at Camp No. 4, Cross-Timbers, Texas. They vary 
very much in their characters, scarcely any two examples being alike. 
In some the shell is quite thin, in others massive; some exhibit promi- 
nent rugose ribs, while in others the ribs are but slightly elevated and 
nodulose. According to Dr. Roemer, this Exogyra characterizes the 
cretaceous deposites near Fredericksburg and New Braunfels, Texas. 
Mr. Conrad figures a shell from Syria, which he refers to Exogyra 
Boussingaultii, D'Orbig., and which appears to be identical with the 
species under consideration. 
Ostrea subovata, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 5, fig. 2. 
Sub-ovate, trigonal, elongate, massive; inferior valve irregularly con- 
vex, inflated, thick, umbo obtusely angulated, somewhat prominent; 206 
APPENDIX E.-PALAEONTOLOGY. 
ribs four or five, longitudinal, irregular, rounded, nodulose; surface 
marked with concentric imbricating lamellae; superior valve rather 
thin, ovate, nearly plane, slightly convex near the beak, surface with 
four or five well marked longitudinal undulating sulci. 
It occurs at Fort Washita with Gryphaea Pitcheri and Ammonites 
vespertinus. It appears to be quite rare, the specimen figured being 
the only one furnished by the expedition. 
Inoceramus confertim-annulatus, Roemer. 
Paleontology, Plate 6, fig. 2. 
Inoceramus confertim-annulatus, F. Roemer, Texas, 402. Kreidebild* 
Texas, 59, taf. vii, fig. 4. 
Shell ovate, depressed with close concentric undulating ribs; ribs 
prominent, rounded, regular, intervals about equal to width of ribs. 
I refer this fossil to the above species with some hesitation, as all the 
specimens of the collection are either weather-worn or badly mutilated. 
Nevertheless, if not identical, ours is a closely allied species. Occurs 
rather abundantly at Camp No. 4, Cross-Timbers, Texas. Dr. F. Roe- 
mer's specimens are from the Guadalupe, near New Braunfels. 
Trigonia crenulata, Lamarck. 
Paleontology, Pl. 4, fig. 1. 
Trigonia crenulata, Roemer, Kreidebild. Texas, 51, taf. vii, fig. 6. 
Shell trigonal, thick, with from fourteen to fifteen oblique crenulated 
ribs in each valve; anterior side wide, rounded, inflated, posterior side 
produced, compressed; inferior margin rounded. 
From Cross-Timbers, Texas. All the examples in the collection are 
internal casts. Roemer cites this species from New Braunfels. 
Astarte washitensis, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 3, fig. 3. 
Shell ovate, trigonal, a little longer than wide, compressed, inequi- 
lateral, marked with fine concentric rounded striae; buccal side shorter 
than the anal, excavated; basal margin rounded, truncated posteriorly, 
beaks slightly prominent, excavated. 207 
The only specimen of this species collected by the expedition is rather 
too imperfect to permit us to make a satisfactory description. It was 
found in the cretaceous strata at Camp No. 4, Cross-Timbers, Texas. 
APPENDIX E. PALEONTOLOGY. 
Cardium multistriatum, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 4, fig. 2. 
Shell sub-rotund, inflated, length and breadth nearly equal, truncated 
posteriorly, basal and anterior margins rounded; surface of posterior 
sub-margin with from fourteen to fifteen regular radiating striae; remain- 
der of surface marked with fine, equal, rounded, close, concentric striae. 
Beaks rather prominent. 
This is a neat, pretty species; and it is to be regretted that the speci- 
mens collected were not in a better state of preservation. It was found 
at encampment No. 4, Cross-Timbers, Texas, where it is rather un- 
common. 
Panoptea texana, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 6, fig. 1. 
Shell oval, elongate, inflated anteriorly, compressed behind, beaks 
moderately prominent, basal edge rounded, buccal extremity wide, 
rounded; surface marked with irregular concentric slightly elevated 
ribs. Length about 2 5-10 inches, breadth 1 4-10 inch, thickness 
1 1-0 inch. 
The only specimen of this species brought home by the expedition is 
an imperfect cast. 
Locality, encampment No. 4, Cross-Timbers, Texas. 
Terebratula ciioctawensis, Sliumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 2, fig. a, b. 
Shell sub-globose, inflated, sub-pentagonal, front slightly truncated, 
surface minutely punctate, the puncti only visible when examined 
through a strong lens; dorsal valve most inflated; beak obtuse,.recurved, 
pierced by an oval aperture; area distinct, forming a well defined, 
obtuse angle; ventral valve moderately convex, sub-orbicular,. Length 
9 lines, width 8 lines, thickness 6^ lines. 208 
APPENDIX E. PALEONTOLOGY. 
It resembles Terebratula wacoensis, (F. Roemer, Kreidebild. Texas, 
81, taf. vi, fig. 2, a-c,) but differs in the character of the surface, which 
in T. Choctawensis is thickly studded over with minute puncta. It is 
also a smaller species; the area is not so wide comparatively, and the 
front is not so broadly truncate. 
This beautiful Terebratula was obtained from the cretaceous deposites 
near Fort Washita, where it is quite rare, a single specimen only having 
been found. 
Globiconcha (Tylostoma) tumida, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 5, fig. 3. 
Shell ovate-globose, spire pyramidal, volutions about six, whorls 
moderately convex; width of body whorl equal to about one half the 
length of the shell. Length 1 7-10 inch, width 1 3-10 inch. 
All the specimens we have seen are- badly preserved internal casts. 
Occurs at Cross-Timbers, Texas, in cretaceous limestone. 
Globiconciia (?) elevata, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 4, fig. 4. 
Shell ovate, spire produced, whorls six regularly convex, body whorl 
shorter than spire. Length 1 5-10 inch, breadth 1 inch. 
This is likewise an internal cast. It occurs with the preceding 
species. 
Eulima (?) subfusiformis, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 4, fig. 3. 
Shell subfusiform, elongate smooth, spire produced, regularly conical; 
whorls about six, broad, very slightly convex; suture rather shallow, 
linear, aperture simple, sub-ovate; body whorl obtusely angulated. 
Length 2 8-10 inches, width 1 1-10 inch. 
The collection contains only a single specimen of the cast of this 
species, and that badly weather-worn. It was found at Camp No. 4, 
Cross-Timbers, Texas. 209 
APPENDIX E . PALAEONTOLOGY. 
Ammonites vespertinus, Morton. 
Ammonites vespertinus, Morton, Synopsis Cretaceous Group U. S., 
40, pl. xvii, fig. 1. Id., D'Orbigny, Prodrome de Palaeont. II, 212. 
Shell large, volutions about three; vertical section sub-quadrangular; 
ribs prominent, each garnished with three nodules, dorsal one most 
prominent; dorsal margin furnished with a prominent rounded carina. 
This is the largest species of Ammonite that has hitherto been found 
in the United States. In the cretaceous strata near Fort Washita, 
specimens were found, to measure nearly three feet in diameter, and 
estimated to weigh upwards of two hundred pounds. It is quite com- 
mon. The fragment described by Dr. Morton was obtained from the 
plains of Kiamesha, Arkansas. 
Ammonites marciana, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 4, fig. 5. 
Shell compressed, not carinated, with about twelve simple, prominent 
rounded ribs, which cross the dorsum and sides of the last volution 
obliquely, without interruption; dorsum convex, whorls compressed; 
surface smooth in the intervals between the ribs; aperture longitudinal, 
sub-oval. 
Length of last whorl 11 lines, width of do. 4^- lines; width of umbi- 
licus 3 lines. 
The specimen figured is a cast, and the character of the lobes of the 
chambers cannot be made out. 
Occurs in the cretaceous strata of Cross-Timbers, Texas. 
Ammonites acuto-carinatus, Shumard. 
Paleontology, PL 1, fig. 3. 
Shell much compressed, sharply carinated, ornamented with from 30 
to 34 transverse ribs; ribs simple, distinctly elevated, flexuous commen- 
cing narrow at the umbilicus and widening to within a short distance of 
the dorsal border, where they are again somewhat contracted; dorsal 
carina prominent, sharp smooth, marked on each side by a shallow 
depression; aperture elongate-cordate, lateral septa trilobate. 
Diameter 2 4-10 inches; thickness of last whorl near aperture 5-10 
inch. 210 
APPENDIX E. PALAEONTOLOGY. 
Occurs rather abundantly with the preceding species at Cross-Timbers, 
Texas. 
Ammonites-{undetermined.') 
Paleontology, Pl. -, fig. -. 
Several specimens of a small variety of ammonite, such as is repre- 
sented in the figure, were found with the two last-described species, but 
they are too imperfect for satisfactory description. 
ECHINODERMATA. 
Hemiaster elegans, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 2, fig. 4, a, b, c. 
Shell ovate orbicular, moderately convex at summit, broadly emargi- 
nate anteriorly; anal extremity truncated almost vertically, very slightly 
excavated; ambulacra sub-petalloid, broad, situated in shallow depres- 
sions, antero-lateral areas widely divergent, extending to the margin of 
the test, postero-lateral areas much less divergent and short, peripetalous 
fasciole indistinct; mouth transverse reniform, not far from the anterior 
border, post oral tuberculated space lanceolate; anus oval longitudinal, 
sub-anal fasciole scarcely visible; surface of test covered with small 
spinigerous tubercles, with minute granulae in the interspaces. The 
dimensions of the largest specimen that I have been permitted to ex- 
amine are as follows: length, 2 7-10 inches; greatest width, 2 5-10 
inches; height, 1 5-10 inch. 
This exceedingly elegant species occurs in great numbers in the cre- 
taceous strata at Fort Washita. 
Holaster simplex, Shumard. 
Paleontology, Pl. 3, fig. 2. 
Shell ovate, sub-cordate, gibbous, regularly rounded superiorly, most 
prominent near apex, which is sub-central, declining at first gently to- 
wards the mouth, then abruptly, truncated posteriorly, with a thread-like 
carina leading from the apex to the anus; oral sinus shallow, rounded; APPENDIX E. PALAEONTOLOGY. 
211 
ambulacra flexuous, extending to the base, increasing gradually in width 
to the inferior margin; antero-lateral are aswidely divergent; postero- 
laterals separated by a moderate interval; mouth transverse, oval; anus 
oval, longitudinal sub-anal fasciole indistinct; surface of test sparingly 
studded with spinigerous tubercles, with numerous microscopic granules 
in the interspaces. It approaches Holaster (Ananchytes) fimbriatus, 
Morton, (Silliman's Journal, XVIII, 245, pl. 3, fig. 9.) Our speci- 
mens, however, differ from the figures given by Dr. Morton in being less 
orbicular in the oral sinus, which is not so profound, and in the anal 
border, which is more widely truncated 
Occurs with Hemiaster elegans at Fort Washita. 
Holectypus planatus, Roemer. 
lloledypus planatus, F. Roemer, Texas, 393. Ibid, Kreidebild. 
Texas, 84, taf. x, fig. 2, a-g. 
In the collection from Cross-Timbers, Texas, we find several mutilated 
specimens of Holectypus, which we refer without doubt to the above 
species. Dr. Roemer's examples were obtained from the vicinity of 
Fredericksburg, Texas. APPENDIX F. 
ZOOLOGY. 
MAMMALS, BY R. B. MARCY, CAPT. U. S. A, 
REPTILES, BY S. F. BAIRD AND C. GIRARD. 
FISHES, BY S. F. BAIRD AND C. GIRARD. 
SHELLS, BY C. B. ADAMS AND G. C. SHUMARD, M. D. 
ORTHOPTEROUS INSECTS, BY C. GIRARD. 
ARACHNIDANS, BY C. GIRARD. 
MYRIAPODS, BY C. GIRARD, APPENDIX F. 
ZOOLOGY. 
MAMMALS. 
CAPTAIN R. B. MARCY. 
Ursus Americanus, Pall. Black bear. Throughout the valley. 
Procyon lotor, L. Raccoon. Throughout the valley. 
Mephitis mesoleuca, (?) Licht. Texan skunk. Throughout the 
valley. 
Lutra canadensis, Sabine. Otter. Throughout the' valley. 
Bassaris astuta, Licht. Civet cat. Cross-Timbers. 
Canis occidentalis, Rich. Gray wolf. Above Shreveport. 
Canis latrans. Prairie-wolf. Above Cross-Timbers. 
Canis . Large Lobos wolf. Above Cross-Timbers. 
Vulpes fulvus. Red fox. Red river valley. 
Lynx rufus. Wild cat. Red river valley. 
Felis concolor, L. Panther. Red river valley. 
Sciurus magnicaudatus, (?) Say. Fox-squirrel. Red river valley,, 
Tamias quadrivittatus, Say. Striped squirrel. Above Cross-Tim- 
bers. 
Pteromys volucella, Gm. Flying-squirrel. Red river valley*. 
Castor fiber, L. Beaver. Above Cross-Timbers. 
Lepus sylvaticus, Bach. Rabbit. Red river valley. 
Lepus callotis, (?) Wagl. Jackass rabbit. Above Cross-Timbers, 216 
APPENDIX F. MAMMALS. 
Lepus artemisia (?) Small prairie rabbit. Above Cross-Timbers. 
Spermophilus ludovicianus, Ord. Prairie-dog. Above Cross-Tim- 
bers. 
Didelphys Virginiana, Shaw. Opossum. Red river valley. 
Cervus Virginiana, Penn. Deer. Red river valley. 
Cervus canadensis. Elk; only about Witcbita mountains. 
Antilocapra Americana, Ord. Antelope. Above Cross-Timbers. 
Bos Americanus, L. Above Cache creek. APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
217 
REPTILES. 
S. F. BAIRD AND C. GIRARD. 
SERPENTS. 
The serpents collected by Captains Marcy and McClellan belong to 
ten species, distributed into eight genera. Several of these species had 
previously been received from other sections of the country: three, 
however, were first collected during the expedition. All are here 
figured for the first time, except Ophibolus Sayi, of which a hitherto 
undescribed variety is represented. 
I. CROTALUS, Linn. 
This genus is characterized by its erectile poison fangs, and by 
having the upper surface of the head covered with small plates resem- 
bling the scales on the body, and with only a few larger ones in front. 
There is a deep pit between the eyes and the nostrils. The plates under 
the tail are undivided, and the tail is terminated by a rattle. Scales 
carinated. 
1. Crotalus confluentus, Say. 
Zoology, Pl. 1. 
Spec. char.-Head, subtriangular. Plates on top of head squamr- 
form, irregular, angulated, and imbricated; scales between supercilia- 
ries small, numerous, uniform. Four rows of scales between the sub- 
orbital series (which only extends to the centre of the orbit) and the 
labials. Labials 15 or 18, nearly uniform. Dorsal series 27-29. 
Dorsal blotches quadrate, concave before and behind; intervals greater 
behind. Spots transversely quadrate posteriorly, ultimately becoming 
10 or 12 half rings. Two transverse lines on superciliaries, enclosing 
about one-third. Stripe from superciliary to angle of jaws, crosses 
angle of the mouth on the second row above labial. Rostral margined 
with lighter. 218 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
Syn.- Crotalus confluentus, Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts. II, 
1823, 48. B. & G. Cat. N. Amer. Rept. I, 1853, 8. 
C. Lecontei, Hallow. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. VI, 1851, 180. 
Description.-This species bears a considerable resemblance to C. 
atrox, but the body is more slender and compact. Scales on the top 
of the head anterior to the superciliaries nearly uniform in size. Line 
of scales across from one nostril to the other consists of six, not four as 
in C. atrox. Superciliaries more prominent. Labial series much 
smaller. Upper anterior orbitals much smaller, as also is the anterior 
nasal. Scales on the top of the head less carinated. Scales between 
superciliaries smaller and more numerous, five or six in number instead 
of four. Two lateral rows of scales smooth; first, second, and third 
gradually increasing in size. Scales more linear than in C. atrox. 
General color yellowish brown, with a series of subquadrate dark 
blotches, with the corners rounded and the anterior and posterior sides 
frequently concave, the exterior convex. These blotches are ten or 
eleven scales wide and four or five long, lighter in the centre, and mar- 
gined for one-third of a scale with light yellowish. The intervals along 
the back light brown, darker than the margins of the blotches. Ante- 
riorly the interval between the dark spots is but a single scale; poste- 
riorly it is more, becoming sometimes two scales, where also the spots 
are more rhomboidal or lozenge-shaped; nearer the tail, however, they 
become transversely quadrate. The fundamental theory of coloration 
might be likened to that of Crotalus adamanteus, viz: of forty or fifty 
light lines decussating each other from opposite sides; but the angles 
of decussation, instead of being acute, are obtuse, and truncated or 
rounded off throughout. Along the third, fourth, and fifth lateral 
rows of scales is a series of indistinct brown blotches covering a space 
of about four scales, and falling opposite to the dorsal blotches: be- 
tween these blotches, and opposite to the intervals of the dorsal blotches, 
are others less distinct. Along the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth 
rows is a second series of obsolete blotches, each covering a space of 
about four scales, and just opposite the intervals between the dorsal 
spots. The dorsal and lower series are separated by an interval of 
three scales, this interval light brown. Beneath, the color is dull yel- 
lowish, and ten or twelve darker half rings are visible on the tail. 
In point of coloration the principal features, as compared with C. 
atrox, lie in the disposition of the dorsal blotches in subquadrate spots 
instead of subrhomboids; the intervals thus forming bands across the 
back perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. This tendency to assume APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
219 
the subquadrangular pattern has broken up the chain-work into isolated 
portions, as in Ophibolus eximius or Crotalophorus tergeminus. The 
intervals of the dorsal blotches are wide and darker in the middle, 
while in C. atrox they are narrow, not linear, and unicolor. The sides 
of the head present the usual light stripe from the posterior extremity 
of the superciliary; it passes, however, to the angle of the jaw on the 
neck, along the second row of scales above the labials. A second 
stripe passes in front of the eye to the labials, widening there. A small 
light vertical bar is seen below the pit, and another on the outer edge 
of the rostral. On the superciliaries are two light transverse lines 
enclosing a space nearly one-third of the whole surface. In C. atrox 
there is a single median line. Sometimes, as in C. atrox, the single 
blotches on the nape are replaced by two elongated ones parallel to 
each other. 
Dorsal row of scales, 29; abdominal scutellse, 180; subcaudal ones, 
27. Total length, 34 inches; length of tail, 4 inches. 
A specimen was collected the 5 th of June in the Witchita mount- 
ains. Another specimen of the same species was brought home from 
the Cross-Timbers, Arkansas, by Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, and described 
by Dr. Hallowell as new, under the name of Crotalus Lecontei, on the 
ground that the anterior vertebral spots are not confluent. This we do 
not consider as a sufficiently distinctive character, although we have 
never seen a specimen with decidedly confluent markings. The notes 
of Dr. Leconte, quoted by Dr. Hallowell, hardly apply to the present 
species. 
The species was first discovered by Say on Major Long's expedition to 
the Rocky mountains, and has not since been seen until procured first 
by Dr. Woodhouse, and then by Captain Marcy and the Mexican 
boundary commission. It was found by the latter party in Western 
Texas, where, however, it is rare. 
Plate I represents Crotalus confluentus of natural size. 
II. EUT2ENIA, B. & G. 
This genus is composed, of numerous species, some of them quite 
common, and known under the names of Riband, Striped, and Garter 
snakes: inoffensive, like most of the North American snakes.. They 
may be recognised by three light stripes on a darker ground, the inter- 
vals between these stripes provided with alternating or tessellated 220 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
blackish spots. The scales have a ridge or small keel along their mid* 
die, and are arranged in 19 or 21 longitudinal rows. The postabdom- 
inal or anal scutella is entire, like the others. There is one anterior 
orbital plate and three posterior. The body is either moderately stout 
or else slender, according to the species. Of the two described in this 
article, one belongs to the division with a slender body and 19 dorsal 
rows of scales, and the other to the second division, with a stouter body 
and 21 dorsal rows of scales. 
2. Eut^nia proxima, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. II. 
Spec. char.-Body stoutest of the division. Black above; three 
longitudinal stripes, the dorsal ochraceous yellow or brown, lateral 
greenish white or yellow. Total length about three and a half times 
that of the tail. 
Syn.- Coluber proximus, Say, in Long's Exped. to Rock. Mts. I, 
1823, 187.-Hari., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. V, 1827, 353. 
Eutainia proxima, B. & G. Cat. N. Amer. Rept. I, 1853, 25. 
Desc.-Deep brown, almost black, above and on the sides; beneath 
greenish white. Dorsal stripe on one and two half rows of scales, 
ochraceous'yellow, lateral stripe on the 3d and 4th rows of scales, greenish 
yellow or white, markedly different in tint from the dorsal. Sides of 
abdominal scutellae, and 1st and 2d dorsal series, of the same color as 
the back. On stretching the skin, numerous short white lines are visible. 
Occipital plates with two small approximated spots on the line of junc- 
tion. Orbitals whitish. The greenish white of the abdomen becomes 
more yellow anteriorly. 
Head more like that of E. saurita than of E. Faireyi, while the 
body is stouter than in either. The subcaudal scales are less numerous 
than in the other two allied species. Resembling E. Faireyi in color, 
it is always distinguishable by the stouter body, fewer caudal scales, 
and dissimilarity of color in the longitudinal stripes. 
Dorsal rows of scales 19, all keeled; abdominal scntellse 170; sub- 
caudal ones 100. Total length 33 inches; length of tail 9 inches. 
Bound at Camp No. 7. 
The species is represented in natural size on Plate II. APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
221 
3. Eut^enia marciana, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. III. 
Spec. char.-Prominent color light brown; a vertebral paler line 
and one lateral on each side, more or less indistinct. Three series of 
square black spots on each side, of about 56-60 in each series, from 
occiput to anus. Sides of head black, with a crescentic patch of yel- 
lowish posterior to the labial plates. Three and sometimes four black 
vittae radiating from the eye across the jaws. A double white spot 
with a black margin on the suture of occipital plates. 
Syn.-Eutainia marciana, B. and G. Cat. N. Amer. Kept. 1,1853, 36. 
Deso.-The markings about the head are generally very constant and 
distinct. Viewed laterally, we see first the large dark-brown patch at the 
back part of the head, extending as far back as the posterior extremity 
of the jawbones. In the anterior part of this patch is seen the crescentic 
patch (concave before) of yellowish white, with a more or less narrow 
dark-brown margin anteriorly. The next black band starts from the 
posterior edge of the superciliaries, and passes obliquely downwards 
and backwards along the posterior edge of the 6th upper labial. Sim- 
ilar black margins are seen on the posterior edges of the 5 th and 4th 
labials, the intervening spaces being yellowish white, particularly on 
the 5th upper labial. Occasionally the posterior margins of the 7th 
and 3d labials have the black line as well as those mentioned, which 
frequently extend across to the posterior margins of the corresponding 
lower labials. The white spot on the anterior portion of the occipital 
suture is always margined with black. 
The six series of black spots are arranged so as to alternate with each 
other. The lower or third series on each side is below the indistinct 
lateral stripe. The posterior edge of each abdominal scutella shows a 
black margined spot on each side. The dorsal line is generally a single 
scale in width, occasionally including portions of the lateral, and itself 
sometimes encroached upon by the black spots. Each spot is about a 
scale or a scale and a half long, and about three scales broad. The 
number in the dorsal series from the head to the anus varies from 56 to 
60. Posterior edges of scales very slightly emarginate, if at all. All 
are decidedly keeled. 
Dorsal scales disposed in 21 rows; abdominal scutelke, 152; sub- 
caudal, 75. Total length 34 inches; length of tail, 8 inches. 
Collected between Camp 5 and Red river, on the open 'prairie. 
This species is very widely distributed in the south and west. Red 
river forms its limit on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico on the east; 222 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
but it extends to the Rocky mountains on the west, and far into Mexico 
on the south. Its centre of distribution appears to be on the lower Rio 
Grande. 
Plate HI represents this species in natural size. 
III. HETERODON, Pal. de B. 
This genus is eminently characterized by the peculiarity of its snout, 
which is terminated by a triangular plate recurved upwards; hence the 
popular appellation of hog-nose snake. Though perfectly harmless, they 
exhibit a threatening appearance, when approached, in the flattening of 
their head and violent hissings; hence the names of bio wing-viper, 
spreading adder, &c. Their body is short, stout, and the tail also short. 
The head is broad and short. The dorsal scales are carinated, and ar- 
ranged in 23-27 rows. The preanal or postabdominal scutella is bifid; 
a chain of small plates beneath the eye, completed above by the super- 
ciliaries. There is a supplementary plate on the top of the head, behind 
the prominent rostral, either in contact with the frontals, or separated 
by smaller plates. The colors are light, w'ith dorsal and lateral darker 
blotches, or else brown, with dorsal transverse light bars; sometimes 
entirely black. 
One species only was collected on the Red River exploration. Six 
species are known to exist in the United States. 
4. Heterodox nasicus, B. <fc G. 
Zoology, Pl. IV. 
Spec. char.-Vertical plate broader than long. Rostral excessively 
broad and high. Azygos plate surrounded behind and on the sides by 
many small plates (12-15.) A second loral. Labials short and exces- 
sively high. Dorsal rows of scales 23, exterior alone smooth. A dorsal 
series of about 50 blotches, with four or five other series on each side. 
Body beneath, black. A narrow white line across the middle of the 
superciliaries; a second behind the rostral. A broad dark patch from 
the eye to the angle of the mouth, crossing the two postlabials. 
Syn.-Heterodon nasicus, B. & G. Reptiles in Stansbury's Expl. 
Valley of Great Salt Lake, 1852, 352.-B. & G. Cat. N. Amer. 
Rept. I, 1853, 61. APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
223 
Desc.-Vertical plate very broad, subhexagonal. Occipitals short. 
Rostral very broad, high, more so than in the other species, outline 
rounded. The interval between the opposite frontals, the rostral, and the 
vertical occupied by a number of small plates, from 10 to 12, or more, 
arranged without any symmetry, on each side and behind the small 
azygos. The base of the rostral between the opposite prenasals is gen- 
erally margined by these small plates, which sometimes, too, are seen 
between the vertical and the anterior portion of the superciliaries. This 
crowding of plates causes the anterior part of the forehead to be broader 
than in H. simus. ~Eye small, its centre rather posterior to the middle 
of the imaginary line connecting the tip of rostral with the lower angle 
of the postlabial, which line scarcely crosses the eyeball. Orbital plates, 
10-13 in number. Loral triangular, rather longer than high, separated 
from the frontal by a small plate. Nasals rather short, occasionally with 
the lower part of the nostril bounded by a small plate. Labials 8 or 9 
above, all of them higher than long; indeed, their vertical extension is 
much greater than in any other species: the 6th highest; centre of eye 
over the junction of the 5th and 6th. 
Dorsal rows of scales 23, outer row smooth, rest all distinctly cari- 
nated, the keels extending to the ends of the scales; those just behind 
the occipital plates truncated, with obsolete carinae. Scales on the hind 
part of the body rather broader and shorter than anteriorly; the ine- 
quality scarcely evident in large specimens. 
Ground-color light brown or yellowish gray, with about 50 dorsal 
blotches from head to tip of tail; the 39th opposite the anus. These 
blotches are quite small, rather longer transversely, subquadrate, or 
rounded, indistinctly margined with black, (obsoletely on the outside;) 
they cover 7 to 9 scales across, are 2 to 2^- long, and separated by in- 
terspaces of 1-|- scales, which are pretty constant throughout, though 
rather narrower on the tail. On each side of the dorsal row may be 
made out, under favorable circumstances, four alternating rows of 
blotches; the first on the contiguous edges of the scales of the first and 
second exterior dorsal rows; the second on the scales of the 3d row, and 
the adjacent edges of those in the 2d and 4th ; the third on the scales 
of the 4th, 5th, and 6th, and +he adjacent edges of the 3d and 7th; and 
the fourth on the scales of the 6th, 7th, and 8th rows, and the adjacent 
edges of those of the 5th. This last is opposite the intervals of the 
dorsal series; the rest alternate with it. The central inferior surface of 
the abdominal scutellae is black, sharply variegated with quadrate spots 
of yellowish white; the portion of the scutelke entering into the side of 
the body is yellowish white, with that part opposite the dorsal intervals 224 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
dark brown, thus, in fact, constituting a fifth lateral series of blotches, 
alternating with the lowest already mentioned. The throat and chin 
are unspotted. The head is light brown, with a narrow whitish line 
finely margined before and behind with black, which crosses in front of 
the centre of the vertical, and through the middle of the superciliaries: 
a second similar but more indistinct line runs parallel to this just behind 
the rostral, and extending down in front of the eye. A third equally 
indistinct and similar line crosses the posterior angle of the vertical, and 
runs back on the side of the neck, behind the labials and temporal 
shields. There is a broad brown patch from the back part of the eye to 
the angle of the mouth, across the penultimate and last labial. The 
coloration is thus very different from that of H. Simus, where there is 
a distinct narrow black band across the forehead scarcely involving the 
vertical, and passing through the eye to the angle of the mouth across 
the last labial. Behind this a much broader yellowish band, continued 
without interruption into the neck behind the angle of the mouth. In 
H. nasicus the most conspicuous feature is a narrow white band, much 
narrower than the darker patch before and behind it. The dark patch, 
to the angle of the mouth, is much broader, continuous as it were, with 
the broad bar between the middle and anterior light lines, which 
corresponds with the narrow black line of H. Simus. The other dis- 
tinguishing features are evident. The three dark patches behind the 
head are much as in H. simus. 
In large specimens from Sonora and the Copper Mines of the Gila, 
(Fort Webster), the ground-color is yellowish gray, each scale minutely 
punctate with brown. The blotches are all obsolete, only one dorsal 
and two lateral on each side being defined by darker shades. The 
blotches on the sides of the abdomen are wanting, but the black in the 
middle is strongly marked. The other characters, however, are preserved, 
except that the exterior row of dorsal scales is more or less carinated. 
Specimens of this species vary in the number of small postrostral plates. 
In some there are only three or four, in others a larger number. Some- 
times, instead of a single series of median dorsal spots, there are two, in 
close contact, and more or less confluent. The narrow light line across 
the mid lie of the superciliaries and the high labials are always highly 
characteristic. 
The specimen figured of natural size on plate IV, is much smaller 
than those alluded to from Sonora and the Copper Mines, and upon 
which the foregoing description has been based. 225 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
IV. PITUOPHIS, Holbr. 
This genus, closely allied to Heterodon, is characterized by a promi- 
nent snout, the rostral plate elevated and convex, without, however, being 
recurved. There are two pairs of postfrontal plates instead of one, and 
occasionally also two verticals; three or four postorbitals; generally two, 
sometimes only one anteriorly. The scales are carinated along the 
back, smooth on the sides, and constituting from 29-35 dorsal rows. 
The preanal or postabdominal scutellae is entire. 
The ground-colors are either whitish or reddish yellow, with a triple 
series of patches, those of the medial series the largest, and several 
series of smaller blotches on the sides. Abdomen unicolor or spotted, 
with an outer row of blotches. Head of same color as the body, macu- 
lated with black spots. A narrow band of black across the upper sur- 
face between the eyes, and a postocular vitta on each side, extending 
obliquely from the eye down to the angle of the mouth. A black ver- 
tical patch is often seen beneath the eye. 
The names of Bull, Pine, and Pilot snake are commonly given to 
different species of this genus, which are all of great size, including in 
fact some of the largest serpents of North America. Some of the spe- 
cies utter a hissing or blowing sound. 
5. Pituophis McClellanii, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. V. 
Spec. char.-Head subelliptical. Rostral plate very narrow. An- 
teorbitals 2; postorbitals 4. Dorsal rows 33-35; the 7 outer rows 
smooth. Tail forming 19 or 1-10 of total length. Postocular vitta 
brown, and rather broad. Suborbital black patch conspicuous; com- 
missure of labials black. Color of body reddish yellow, with a series of 
53 blotches from head to origin of tail. Blotches of adjoining series, 
on either side, confluent across the light spaces between medial blotches. 
Flanks covered with small blotches, forming 3 or 4 indistinct series. 
Twelve transverse jet-black bars across the tail. Abdomen yellowish, 
thickly maculated with black patches. 
Syn.-Pituophis McClellanii, B. & G. Cat. N. Amer. Rept. I, 1853, 
6 8.-Pilot-snake. 226 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
Desc.-Head proportionally large, ovoid, distinct from the body. 
Snout pointed. Occipital plates small. Vertical broad, subpentagonal, 
slightly concave on the sides. Superciliarics large. Internal postfront- 
als rather narrow, elongated ; external postfrontals quadrilateral, a little 
broader forwards. Prefrontals irregularly quadrangular. Rostral very 
narrow, extending halfway between the prefrontals, convex and raised 
above the surface of the snout. Nostrils in the middle line between the 
nasals, the posterior of which is a little the smaller. Loral trapezoidal, 
proportionally large. Inferior anteorbital very small, resting upon the 
fourth upper labial. Postorbitals varying in comparative size. Tempo- 
ral shields small, resembling scales. Upper labials 8; 6th and 7th the 
larger. Lower labials 12 ; 6th and 7th largest. Posterior mental shields 
very small, extending to opposite the junction of the 7th and 8th lower 
labials. Scales proportionally small, in 33-35 rows, the 7 outer ones 
perfectly smooth and somewhat larger than the remaining rows. 
Ground-color yellowish brown, with three series of dorsal black 
blotches, 53 in number, from the head to opposite the anus, with 12 on 
the tail, in the shape of transverse bars. Those of the medial series the 
larger, and covering 8 or 9 rows of scales. On the anterior part of the 
body they are subcircular, embracing longitudinally four scales; poste- 
riorly they become shorter by one scale. The light spaces between are 
a little narrower than the blotches themselves for the twelve anterior 
blotches, and wider than the blotches for the remaining length of the 
body. The blotches of the adjoining series alternate with those of the 
medial series, being opposite to the light intermediate spaces, across 
which the blotches of either sides are generally united by a transverse 
narrow band. The flanks are densely covered with small and irregular 
blotches, forming three indistinct series, confluent in vertical bars towards 
■the origin of the tail. Inferior surface of the head yellowish, unicolor 
Abdomen dull yellow, with crowded brownish black blotches in series 
on the extremity of the scutellae. 
Two specimens of this species were caught the 28th of June. The 
largest is figured, of natural size, on plate V. It is 38| inches in length; 
the tail measuring nearly 5 inches. Abdominal scutellae 231; subcau- 
dal ones, 52. 
v. scotophis, b. & g. 
The scales in this genus are very slightly carinated on the back, and 
perfectly smooth on the sides. Preanal scutella bifid. One large ante- APPENDIX F. KEPTILES. 
227 
orbital plate and two postorbitals. The colors are brown or black, in 
quadrate blotches on the back and on the sides, separated by lighter 
intervals; beneath usually coarsely blotched with darker. In one spe- 
cies there are dark stripes on a light ground. 
6. Scotophis laetus, B. & G. 
Zoology, PI. VI. 
Spec. char.-Similar to S. confinis, but postfrontals larger. Verti- 
cal plate longer than broad. Dorsal rows 29. Abdominal scutellae 
227. Subcaudals 72. Blotches fewer than in S. confinis. 
Syn.-Scotophis laetus, B. & G. Cat. N. Amer. Rept. I, 1853, 78. 
Desc.-This species bears a close resemblance to /?. confinis, and its 
characters may be best given by comparison with the latter. It differs, 
therefore, in the greater number of dorsal rows, 29 instead of 25. The 
whole body and head are touch stouter. Exterior eight rows smooth, 
rest slightly carinated. The vertical is broad before, rather acute 
behind. A probably monstrous feature is seen in the union of the two 
postfrontals, except for a short distance before, and in the loral and post- 
nasal coalescing into one trapezoidal plate. Blotches less numerous. 
A broad vitta across the back part of the postfrontals, passing backwards 
and downwards through the eye, and terminating acutely on the poste- 
rior upper labial. A blotch across the back part of the vertical, and 
extending through the occipitals on each side to the nape. The spots 
are larger, longitudinal throughout, with occasional exceptions. 
Its affinities to S. vulpinus are close. The vertical, however, is nar- 
row, the eyes much larger, dorsal rows 29 instead of 25. The blotches 
on the back are longitudinal, and fewer in number. For a complete 
description of this species it will be necessary to procure larger speci- 
mens. 
The specimen figured on Plate VI is of natural size. The only one 
caught of this species is 18 inches long. Length of tail 3^ inches. 
VI. OP.HIBOLUS, B. & G. 
The body is rather thick, and the tail short. The scales smooth and 
lustrous, and disposed in 21 or 23 rows, which scarcely overlap. The 
preanal scutella is entire. A small anteorbital plate and two postorbitals. 
Eyes very small. 228 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
The ground-colors are black, brown, or red, crossed by lighter inter- 
vals, generally bordered by black. 
Seven species, besides the two hpre described, have hitherto been found 
in North America. 
7. Ophibolus Sayi, B. & G. 
Zoology Pl. VII. 
Spec. char.-Black, each scale above with a large circular or sub- 
circular white or yellow spot in the centre. Sometimes only transverse 
lines of these spots across the back. 
Syn.-Ilerpetodryas getulus, Schl. Ess. Phys. Serp. Part, descr. II, 
1837, 198. 
Coronella Sayi, Holbr. (non Schl.) N. Amer. Ilerp. Ill, 1842, 99. 
Pl. xxii. 
Coluber Sayi, Dekay, New York Fauna, Rept. 1842, 41. 
Ophibolus Sayi, B. & G., Cat. N. Amer. Rept. I, 1853, 84. 
Desc.-Body, as in most of the other species of the same genus, very 
tense and rigid, with difficulty capable of being extended after immersion 
in alcohol. Vertical plate triangular, wider than long; outer edge sliglitly 
convex, an angle being faintly indicated at the junction of the super- 
ciliaries and occipitals; shorter than the occipitals, which are short, 
longer than broad. Postfrontals large, broad; prefrontals smaller. 
Rostral small, not projecting, slightly wedged between prefrontals. 
Eye very small, orbit about as high as the labial below it; centre of the 
eye a little anterior to the middle of the commissure, over the junction of 
the 3d and 4th labials. One anteorbital, vertically quadrate; loral 
half its height, square. Upper labials 7, increasing to the penultimate. 
Lower labials 9 ; 4th and 5th largest. 
Scales nearly as high as long, hexagonal, truncated at each end. 
Dorsal rows 21, exterior rather larger, and diminishing almost imper- 
ceptibly to the back, although all the scales in a single oblique row are 
of very nearly the same shape and size. 
The scales on the back and sides are lustrous black, each one with 
a central elliptical or subcircular spot of ivory-white, which on the sides 
occupy nearly the whole of the scale, but are smaller towards the back, 
where they involve one half to one third of the length. Beneath yel- 
lowish white, with broad distinct blotches of black, more numerous 
posteriorly. Skin between the scales brown. The plates on the top and 
sides of the head have each a yellowish blotch; the labials are yellow, 
with black at their junction. APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
229 
Other specimens agree except in having bright yellow instead of 
white as described; the spots, too, are rather smaller, and manifest a 
slight tendency to aggregation on adjacent scales, so as to form trans- 
verse bands. This is seen more decidedly where the back is crossed 
by about 70 short dotted yellow lines; the 56th opposite the anus. 
The scales between have very obsolete spots of lighter, scarcely discern- 
ible. The sides are yellow, with black spots corresponding to the dorsal 
lines; indeed, there may be indistinctly discerned two or three lateral 
series of alternating blotches. 
In larger specimens from the West, this tendency in the spots to 
aggregation is still more distinct. The back is crossed by these dotted 
lines of the number and relation indicated, at intervals of four or five 
scales; the spots on the intervening space being obsolete. These lines 
bifurcate at about the 9th outer row, the branches connecting with 
those contiguous, so as to form hexagons; and these extending towards 
the abdomen again, decussate on about the third outer row, thus enclos- 
ing two series of square, dark spots on each side. These lateral mark- 
ings are, however, not very discernible, owing to the confusion produced 
by the greater number of yellow spots. On the edge of the abdomen 
are dark blotches, one opposite each dorsal dark space, the centres of 
the scutellas being likewise blotched, but so as rather to alternate with 
those just mentioned. 
The specimen represented on Plate VII was caught the 16th of May, 
between Cache creek and Red river. Total length 33^ inches; tail 3f 
inches; abdominal scutellae 224; subcaudals 49. 
8. Ophibolus gentilis, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. VIII. 
Spec. char.-Muzzle more convex and acute than in 0. doliatus. 
Body red, encircled by about 25 pairs of broad black rings enclosing a 
white ring: the white mottled with black on the sides. Black rings 
broader than in 0. doliatus. Upper part of head entirely black. 
Syn.- Ophibolus gentilis, B. & G. Cat. N. Amer. Rept. 1,1853, 90. 
Desc.-Ground-color deep-red, encircled by 25 pairs of black rings, 
the 21st opposite the anus, each pair enclosing a third ring of white, the 
latter becoming yellowish by immersion in alcohol. The black rings are 
conspicuously broader above, the three crossing eight scales on the verte- 
bral row anteriorly, and towards the anus about five. Anteriorly the inter- 
vals between successive pairs consist of about five scales, posteriorly only 
of two or three, thus diminishing considerably. The black rings con- 230 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
tract as they descend, those of each pair receding slightly from each 
other, so as to cause the yellow portion to expand about one scale. The 
black rings are continuous on the abdomen, those of contiguous pairs 
(not of the same pair) sometimes with their intervening spaces black. 
The scales in the white rings are always more or less mottled with black, 
especially along the sides of the body, this mottling being very rarely 
observable on the red portion. The anterior black ring of the first pair 
is extended so as to cover the whole head above, except the very tip ; 
the white ring behind it involves the extreme tip of the occipitals. 
A large specimen is much duskier in its colors. The black rings ex- 
tend on the back so that the contiguous rings of adjacent pairs run into 
each other. There are 28 pairs of rings, the 25th opposite the anus. 
Dorsal row of scales, 21; abdominal scutellae, 198; subcaudal ones, 
45. Total length, 20 inches; length of tail, 2f inches. Plate VIII 
represents the largest of two specimens, caught June 14, near Sweet- 
water creek. 
VII. MASTICOPHIS, B. & G. 
The prominent feature of this genus consists in a very slender and 
elongated tail, forming one-third or one-fourth of the length. It bears 
a close relationship to the black snakes ^Bascanion'), from which it dif- 
fers chiefly in the structure of the plates on the upper jaw. The scales 
are smooth and disposed in fifteen or seventeen dorsal rows. The pre- 
anal scutella is divided. The vertical plate is long and narrow. There 
are two anteorbitals and two postorbitals, these resting against the fifth 
labial. 
9. Masticophis flavigularis, B. & G. 
Spec. char.-Light dull yellow, tinged with brown above. Beneath, 
two longitudinal series of blotches distinct anteriorly. In alcohol, and 
especially when the epidermis is removed, the whole animal appears of 
a soiled white. 
Syn.-Psammophis flavigularis, Hallow. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 
Philad. VI, 1852, 178. 
Masticophis flavigularis, B. & G. Cat. N. Amer. Rept. I, 1853, 99. 
Desc.-Size very large. Vertical plate broad before, tapering to the 
middle, where it is about half as wide as anteriorly, thence it runs nearly APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
231 
parallel. Vertical rather shorter than occipitals. Greatest breadth across 
superciliaries less than half the length of the portion covered by plates. 
Occipitals moderate. Centre of eye considerably anterior to the centre 
of commissure, over the junction of the 4th and 5th labials. Labials 8 
above, increasing in size to the 5th, which is elongated vertically, the 
7th elongate and largest. The 5th forms part of the inferior and pos- 
terior wall of the orbit, as in all the species of the genus, resting above 
against the lower postorbital, with which the 6th labial is not in con- 
tact. Dorsal scales broader than in Bascanion constrictor, their sides 
perfectly straight, slightly truncate, with the corners rounded. Exterior 
row largest, rest gradually diminishing. Scales on the tail widely 
truncate. 
The general color, both above and below, may be described as a dull 
straw-yellow, tinged with light olivaceous brown above. This latter 
tint exists in the form of a shading on the centres and towards the tips 
of the scales, leaving the bases yellowish. The proportion of brown 
increases towards the back, and in older specimens sometimes suppresses 
the yellow. In all instances a darker shade is seen towards the tip of 
each scale. The skin between the scales is yellowish. The scutellae 
anteriorly exhibit each two rather large brownish blotches, one on each 
side of the median line, constituting two rows on the abdomen, which 
fade out posteriorly. Sometimes the series are not discernible, the 
blotches spreading so as to constitute a dark shade to the margins and 
exterior edges of the scutellae. The posterior portions of the plates 
under, and on the sides of the head, are similarly blotched; the same 
tendency being observable on the posterior edges of the plates on the 
top of the head, by the deeper shade of the olivaceous brown there pre- 
valent. Anteorbitals yellow. One specimen was procured 57-j- inches 
long. Abdominal scutellae 191+2. The tip of the tail is missing. 
In smaller specimens the blotching beneath is rather more decided. 
In addition to the colors described, the back is crossed by indistinct 
bars of darker, eight or nine scales wide and half a scale long. This 
color is also seen on the skin between the scales under the dark bars, 
where the bases of the scales themselves are darker instead of lio-ht. 
o 
There is a tendency towards stripes on the side: first one of light brown, 
on the outer edge of the abdomen; then an interrupted yellow one at 
the junction of the abdominal scutellae and outer scales; then brown 
again through the centres of the rows. This, however, is not very con- 
spicuous. Sometimes the dark shades on the sides are tinged with red- 
dish. The obsolete transverse bars are seen at intervals of one or two 
scales. 232 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
This species may prove to be the Coluber testaceus of Say. A 
specimen from Fort Webster, or the Copper Mines, collected by the 
U. S. and Mexican Boundary Commission, shows the stripes on the 
sides much more distinctly, running through all the dorsal rows ante- 
riorly, and crossed by the indistinct bars already referred to. The con- 
trast between the dark chestnut-brown spots on each side, and its deeper 
centre, with the clear yellow of the edges, is very distinct. Beneath 
yellow, with the blotches reduced to mere dull spots. 
VIII. LEPrOPIIIS, Bell. 
The body is elongated and very slender, the tail forming more than 
the third of the entire length. The scales are disposed in 17 dorsal 
rows and keeled, except the two outer rows, which are smooth. The 
nostril is situated in the middle of a single plate. The eyes are large. 
The preanal scutella is bifid or divided. The color uniformly green. 
10. Leptophis majalis, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. IX. 
Spec. char.-Reddish green above, yellowish white beneath. Body 
proportionally stouter and tail shorter than in L. cestivus. Snout and 
whole head, including vertical, longer than in latter species. Dorsal 
scales in 17 rows. 
Syn.-Leptophis majalis, B. <fc G. Cat. N. Amer. Rept. I, 1853, 107. 
Desc.-Head more pointed, broader on the temporal region, and more 
tapering on-the snout than in L. oestivus. Vertical plate subhexagonal, 
broader, and postfrontals proportionally larger in comparison with the 
prefrontals, than in L. oestivus. Occipitals maintaining more their width 
posteriorly, obtuse-angled behind. Nasal more elongated; loral smaller, 
and longer than high. Two large temporal shields and a few small ones 
behind. Scales strongly carinated, except the outer row, which is per- 
fectly smooth, and the second row, which is but slightly carinated. The 
scales of both of these rows are broader than the rest. 
Total length, 28£ inches; length of tail, inches. Abdominal scu- 
tellae, 163-1-1; subcaudal, 111. The specimen figured on Plate IX 
was caught on the 13 th of July at the head of Cache creek, near old 
Witchita village. APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
233 
LIZARDS. 
Six species of saurians, or lizards, belonging to six different genera, 
were collected during the exploration of Red river. One of them has 
proved to be new to science; two were recently described for the first 
time, whilst the three others have been long known to herpetologists. 
I. PHRYNOSOMA, Wiegm. 
This genus, including the so-called horned toads or horned frogs, more 
properly horned lizards, is recognizable by a depressed, broad, and 
subelliptical body, covered above with irregular scales, the majority very 
small, others quite large, pyramidal, raised above the surface of the 
skin, and scattered all over the back, sides, and tail. The head is sub- 
triangular and provided with powerful spines or horns, giving to it rather 
a formidable appearance, although all the species of this genus are per- 
fectly inoffensive. There are external auditive apertures as in most 
of the lizard tribe. 
In a monograph of the genus appended to Stansbury's Exploration 
of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, six species are described 
as indigenous to North America; another has since been added to the 
list. The single species collected is the most abundant of the genus. 
1. Phrynosoma cornutum, Gray. 
Spec. char.-Nostrils situated within the internal margin of the 
superciliary ridge ; occipital and temporal spines longer and more acute 
than in Ph. orbiculare ; a double row of pyramidal scales on the sides 
of the abdomen; scales on the inferior surface of the head small and 
slightly keeled, of a general uniformity, except one row on each side, 
somewhat larger, pyramidal, acute, slightly raised, and directed outwards 
and backwards; a series of very large inframaxillary plates, sharp on 
their outer edge, the posterior one of which is transformed into a spine. 
The plates lining the margin of the jaws are not prominent. The scales 
of the belly are proportionally small, subquadrangular, keeled, and pos- 
teriorly very acute; femoral pores undeveloped, or rudimentary in the 
female. 234 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
Syn.-Phrynosoma cornutum, Gray, Syn. Rept. in Griff. Anim. Kingd. 
IX, 1831,45. Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. H, 1842, 87. Pl.xi.-Girard 
in Stansbury's Expl. Vai. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 360. Pl. viii, fig. 
1-6. 
Agama cornuta, Hari. Med. and Phys. Res. 1835, 141. Plate, figs. 1 
and 2. 
Phrynosoma Harlani, Wiegm. Herp. Mex. 1834, 54.-Dum. and 
Bibr. Erp. gen. IV, 1837, 314. 
Obs.-The color of this species has been well described by Dr. Hol- 
brook. We may add that the ground-color above in some individuals 
is of a variable shade of ferruginous red-a tint sometimes seen on the 
inferior surface of the body. The belly is either unicolor, or else spotted 
as in P. orbiculare. Numerous specimens of this species were collected 
during the exploration of Red river; some on the prairie between Camps 
2 and 3; others between Camps 6 and 7, and at Camp 7 also; others 
still on the south fork of Red river, and several other localities. 
II. CROTAPHYTUS, Ilolbr. 
Noticed for the first time during Major Long's expedition. The type of 
this genus was briefly described by Say in the second volume of Long's 
Narrative, and there called Agama collaris, in allusion to the very 
striking feature of bearing a double black sub-crescentic band on the 
sides of the neck. The genus Crotaphytus was first established by 
Dr. Holbrook, and is characterized by the presence of small, polygonal 
plates on the whole surface of the head. The odd occipital plate itself 
is inconspicuous; the auditive apertures are very broadly open. Teeth 
are found on the jaws and palate. There is a fold of the skin under 
the throat; the head is large and sub-triangular; the body covered with 
minute scales; and the tail very long and tapering. Femoral pores 
present. 
This genus now includes four North American species; three we 
have lately described under the names of C. Wislizenii, from New 
Mexico, C. Gambelii, from California, and C. dorsalis, from the desert 
of Colorado; the fourth is the following: APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
235 
2. Crotaphytus collaris, Holbr. 
Spec. char.-Tail conical, very long and tapering; head large, sub- 
triangular, rounded at the snout; two subcrescentic black bars, margined 
with white on each side of the neck ; the largest extends from the origin 
of the fore-legs to near the dorsal line; the second of these black bars 
is smaller, and situated between the latter and the head. 
Syn.- Crotaphytus collaris, Ilolbr. N. Amer. Herp. II, 1842, 79. 
Pl. x. 
Agama collaris, Say, in Long's Exp. Rocky Mts. II, 1823, 252.-Hari. 
Med. and Phys. Res. 1835, 142. 
Obs.-The specimens on hand exhibit several varieties of coloration 
worthy of being noticed: thus two specimens from Gypsum Bluffs, on Red 
river-a rocky locality-present a green ground-color above, with large 
blue patches and bright yellow spots; underneath light-green, almost 
uniform, except under the head, which is deeper and provided with blue, 
irregularly elongated spots; another specimen from the same locality has 
brown as the predominating tint. Light-brown stripes are seen on the 
legs and tail; similar spots on the body and head; four rows of red 
spots on the back; belly light-brown; light reddish-brown under the tail 
and feet. 
Specimens from the head of the south fork of Red river have either 
a bluish-gray back, with white spots, a bluish-white belly, and the 
inferior surface of fore-legs reddish, or else the back is yellow and green. 
The above memoranda, on the coloration, were taken on the spot by 
Capt. Marcy. The general distribution of color appears to indicate sexual 
differences: thus all the specimens before us in which the spots have a 
tendency to arrange themselves in transverse bands, or even where 
transverse narrow bands take the place of the spots, have proved to be 
females. The ground-color, however, varies in both sexes. 
III. HOLBROOKIA, Girard. 
The genus Holbrookia bears a striking resemblance to the one just 
described; it has the same general form, the same sub-triangular head, 
covered -with small polygonal plates, a fold under the throat, small 
scales on the back, and femoral pores. The tail is perhaps smaller in 
proportion to the size of the body. The absence of an external auditive 236 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
aperture will, however, at once characterize it generically from all its 
allies. The absence of teeth on the palatine bones is another organic 
character by which the genus Holbrookia can be distinguished from 
Crotaphytus. From Homalosaurus it differs only by the absence of 
an external auditive aperture. 
The species upon which the genus was originally based is the one 
collected by the expedition. 
Three other species were found in Texas, and described by us under 
the names of H. affinis, propinqua, and texana, (see Proceedings of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, August, 1852). 
3. Holbrookia maculata, Girard. 
Spec. char.-Above light-brown, with two dorsal series of irregu- 
larly crescent-shaped black spots convex posteriorly, and provided with 
an olivaceous margin; flanks with small crowded yellowish or reddish 
spots; two, occasionally three, deep-bluish black spots on the sides of 
the abdomen ; beneath unicolor, either of a soiled white or yellow tint; 
sometimes irregular bluish vittae under the head. 
Syn.-Holbrookia maculata, Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Sc. 
IV, (1850), 1851, 201; and in Stansbury's Expl. Valley of Great 
Salt Lake, 1852, 342. Plate vi, fig. 1-3. 
Ons.-A full description, as well as a figure of this species, may be 
found in the Report of Captain Howard Stansbury on the Valley of the 
Great Salt Lake of Utah; rendering it unnecessary to reproduce either 
here. 
Numerous specimens were collected on the Canadian river and sur- 
rounding localities. 
IV. SCELOPORUS, Wiegm. 
The genus has the general appearance of Holbrookia, but is provided 
with large auditive apertures, large imbricated and carinated scales on 
the back in most instances ; and smooth scales on the belly. The sub- 
guttural fold of the former, however, is not to be seen here and on the 
surface of the head; the plates, though small, are larger, especially the 
occipital. There are no teeth on the palate. APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
237 
Most of the species of this genus are Mexican: one is common in the 
United States, and known as the brown or fence lizard. A second 
species was discovered by Captain Stansbury in the valley of the Great 
Salt Lake. Another species inhabits the western States, and a fourth 
is peculiar to Oregon. 
4. SCELOPORUS CONSOBRINUS, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. X, Figs. 5-12. 
Spec. char.-Ground color above brownish, with a series of small 
black spots, eight or ten in number, on each side of the dorsal line. A 
yellowish stripe outside of the spots, and a black band beneath the stripe. 
A greenish area between the black band above and the elongated blue 
patch on the sides of the abdomen. Beneath, greenish blue. 
Deso.-This species bears a close relationship to S. yraciosus, from the 
valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, in the description of which the 
remarkably large size of the dorsal scales was mentioned as constituting 
one of its most distinguishing features, when compared to S. scalaris. 
In the present species the dorsal scales are proportionally still larger 
than in 5. graciosus. Its body and head are also more slender and 
narrower. The tail is more tapering and elongated, and constitutes 
almost three-fifths of the total length. In coloration the differences 
between the two species are very striking. 
The head is subelliptical, depressed, declive towards the snout, which 
is rather pointed. The superciliary region is but slightly raised above 
the plane of the vertex. The rostral plate is subtriangular, very low, 
and elongated transversely. The nostrils are almost circular, situated in 
the middle of a small plate, separated from the rostral by two small 
intervening ones. There are ten or twelve internasal and very small 
plates, and nine somewhat larger frontals, the middle one the largest. 
There are two verticals (or frontals), the anterior one the largest. The 
occipital is large and pentagonal, surrounded by four or six smaller 
plates, two anterior of medium size, contiguous to the postvertical, 
two lateral, larger and triangular, exteriorly to which two smaller ones 
may be observed. There are three or four subhexagonal, transversely 
elongated, plates on the superciliary region, surrounded internally by 
one row and externally by two rows of minute plates. The superciliary 
edge is formed by five sharp and imbricated thin plates; it is continued 
in the shape of a ridge to the nostril by means of two sharply keeled 
plates. The suborbitals are two in number, the posterior one much the 
longest. There is a small loral. 238 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
The plates which line the jaws are subquadrangular, very narrow and 
elongated, four above and five below, the latter considerably larger. 
Above the series of plates of the upper jaw, and between the suborbitals, 
two series of small and irregular plates may be observed. Four or five 
inframaxillary plates constitute a series on each side of the lower surface 
of the head, joined anteriorly by the subpentagonal symphysal plate. 
Between the inframaxillary series and the series lining the lower jaw 
exists a series of four or five elongated and small plates. 
The auditive aperture, which is proportionally large, is oval, and 
almost vertical in its longest diameter. At its anterior margin may be 
seen two or three scales, larger and more pointed than those on the tem- 
poral region. Behind the auditive aperture, and situated obliquely on 
the neck, is a slight fold of the skin. 
The neck is somewhat contracted, the body slender and depressed, 
with the back, however, slightly arched, and the belly flat. The tail, as 
already mentioned, is quite long and slender, depressed at its base, and 
hence conical towards the tip. 
The fore-legs, when stretched backwards along the sides, extend nearly 
to the groin, while the hind-legs, when brought forwards, reach almost 
to the ear. 
The scales are imbricated and keeled on the back and sides. Their 
general shape is that of a lozenge, terminated posteriorly by an acute 
spine. There are ten longitudinal rows along the back, with five on 
each side, which are somewhat oblique, and smaller. Underneath, the 
scales are smooth, posteriorly tricuspid on the belly, whilst under the 
head and throat they have but two posterior spines. The scales below 
as well as above the fore-legs are keeled. Those on the upper part of 
the hind-legs are also keeled, whilst on the thighs they are smooth. The 
fingers and toes are surrounded with carinated scales to their very tips. 
The femoral pores, thirteen or fourteen in number on each side, are 
conspicuous and situated in the middle of one single small plate. 
The black spots in the series along the back are comparatively small, 
and separated from each other by a space greater than their diameters. 
The yellow stripe extends from the origin of the neck to beyond the 
anus, the black from above the shoulder to the groin. The blue patch 
is elongated and narrow, terminated posteriorly by a black stripe which 
runs for a little distance along the thigh. There is an elongated black 
spot on the shoulder. 
One specimen was collected on the 6th of June. 
Plate X, fig. 5, represents the species .in profile and of the natural size. APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
239 
Fig. 6. The side of the head enlarged, to show more distinctly the 
structure of its plates. 
Fig. 7. Head from above, enlarged in the same proportion as fig. 6. 
Fig. 8. Head from below, enlarged. 
Fig. 9. The right arm and fingers, seen from below. 
Fig. 10. The right leg and toes, seen from below. 
Fig. 11. Dorsal scales, enlarged four times. 
Fig. 12. Scales from the belly, slightly enlarged. 
V. CNEMIDOPHORUS, Wagl. 
This genus is characterized by a bifid tongue; a double transverse 
fold of skin under the throat; teeth on the palate; maxillary teeth com- 
pressed, the posterior one tricuspid ; femoral pores; broad plates under 
the thighs; fingers not carinated underneath; and a subcylindrical, very 
long and tapering tail. The body above is covered with minutely 
crowded scales; whilst on the belly there are eight longitudinal rows of 
subquadrangular, transversely elongated plates, or scutellae. On the tail 
the scales are quite large and very conspicuous, strongly carinated and 
constituting circular rows or whorls. 
The explorations of the last few years in Texas and New Mexico have 
brought to light several other species of the genus Cnemidophorus, all 
provided with eight longitudinal rows of abdominal scutellae. These are 
C. gracilis, from the desert of the Colorado ; C. pcrplexus, from the upper 
valley of the Rio Grande ; C. gularis, C. Grahamii, and C. marmoratus, 
from different localities in Texas. 
The discovery of C. gularis in Arkansas is an interesting fact in 
regard to its geographical distribution. 
5. Cnemidophorus gularis, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. X, fig. 1-4. 
Spec. char.-Ground color brownish, with six longitudinal stripes, 
green or yellow; beneath yellowish white, unicolor. Scales on the sub- 
guttural fold quite large and conspicuous in proportion to those in other 
species. 240 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
Syk.-Cnemidophorus gularis, B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 
vi, 1852, 128. 
Desc.-This species is very closely allied to C. sexlineatus, having, like 
the latter, six longitudinal stripes, three on each side of the body, run- 
ning from head to some distance along the tail. It has, also, the same 
general form ; but on a close comparison it will soon be observed that 
the body is proportionally shorter, the limbs more developed, whilst the 
scales on the back appear to be actually larger. The head is propor- 
tionally smaller and narrower. But the most striking organic character 
consists in the presence of somewhat large and conspicuous scales on 
the margin of the subguttural fold of the skin. The following indica- 
tions of color are derived from the notes of the Expedition : The upper 
surface of the head is reddish brown ; three longitudinal yellow or 
greenish stripes extending from the head to the origin of the tail; the 
middle stripe on each side may be followed on the tail to a considerable 
distance. The dorsal space between the two uppermost stripes on each 
side is brown, or reddish brown, like the head above. The space be- 
tween the uppermost and middle stripes is of a deep black, and extends 
from the upper angle of the orbit down to a certain distance along the 
tail. The space between the middle and lower stripes, and between the 
latter and the abdominal scutellse, is green, or greenish brown. The 
legs are brownish red, and the belly white or bluish white. The tail 
underneath is yellowish red ; above, brownish, or reddish brown. 
Specimens were collected on the 5th and 6th of June. 
Plate X, fig. 1, represents Cnemidophorus gularis of natural size. 
Fig. 2. Head seen from above, to exhibit the plates. 
Fig. 3 shows the scales on the subOTttural fold and the hand from 
beneath, as well as the submaxillary plates. 
Fig. 4 represents the femoral pores, the preanal plates, and also the 
plates at the inferior surface of the hind-legs, and the lower surface of 
the feet. 
VI. LYGOSOMA, Gray. 
This genus includes small scincoid lizards, the nostrils of which open 
in one single plate, the nasal. The supranasals are wanting. The 
palate is without teeth, and provided with a triangular notch situated 
far back. The scales, broader than long, are all smooth. 
All the species of Lygosoma belong to the Old World, except the one 
here mentioned. APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
241 
6. Lygosoma lateralis, Dum. and B. 
Spec. char.-Upper part of head and body chestnut-brown; a black 
lateral band extending from the snout across the eye to a considerable 
distance along the tail. Flanks grayish-brown, with longitudinal indis- 
tinct, darker, interrupted vitt<e. Abdomen yellowish, and tail beneath 
bluish; circumference of scales mottled with gray. Tail longer than 
the body. Limbs very small. 
Syn.-Scincus lateralis, Say, in Long's Exp. Rock. Mts. II, 1823, 
324.-Hari. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., V, 1827, 221, and VI, 1829, 
12.-Holbr. N. Amer. Herp., first ed., I, 1836, 71. Pl. viii. 
Scincus unicolor, Hari. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., V. i, 1825,156. 
Tiliqua lateralis, Gray, Syn. Rept., in Griff. Anim. Kingd., Cuv. IX, 
1831, 70. 
Lygosoma lateralis, Dum. and B., Erp. gen. V, 1839, 719. Holb. N. 
Amer. Herp, second ed., II, 1842, 133. Pl. xix. 
This small and graceful species appears to be spread over a large por- 
tion of the United States. It is always met with running on the surface 
of the ground in forests, among dead leaves, never ascending either trees 
or shrubs like many other lizards. 
The body is sub-quadrangular, the head continuous with it, and, like 
it, flattened above. The tail is sub-circular, tapering into a point. The 
plates of the head correspond with the descriptions which we have 
before us, except that the frontonasals are not contiguous, but separated 
by a small odd plate directly in advance of the vertical (sometimes 
called frontal). But this peculiarity of structure is not indicative of any 
specific difference. 
The auditive apertures are large, circular, and their margin simple. 
The fore-legs, when extended forward, reach the eye. The hind-legs are 
a little longer and stouter than the fore-legs. The scales are perfectly 
smooth, uniform above and below, and disposed in thirty longitudinal 
rows around the body. The two middle preanal scutelke considerably 
larger. 
One specimen was procured near the mouth of Cache creek, on the 
16th of May. 242 
APPENDIX F.-REPTILES. 
BATRACHIANS. 
Of this order of reptiles only two species were procured-a toad and 
a frog. 
1. Bufo cognatus, Say. 
Zoology, Pl. XI. 
Spec. char.-Greenish brown above, with a lighter yellowish dorsal 
line. Patches of blackish-brown scattered over the sides and legs. 
Beneath unicolor of a dingy yellow. Head short, groove on its upper 
surface, not extending to the anterior rim of the eye. 
Sun.-Bufo cognatus, Say, in Long's Exp. to Rock. Mts. II, 1823, 
190. 
Obs.-It is not without hesitation that we have referred the present 
species to Bufo cognatus; the description of Say as cited is exceedingly 
brief, applying almost equally well to several allied species. The colors 
of our specimen vary considerably from the B. cognatus as described by 
Say; but the characters of the groove of the crown agree better. The 
mark of " head with a groove which hardly extends anteriorly to the 
line of the anterior canthus of the eye," although not strictly in accord- 
ance with our species, may, with some allowance, be made to answer to 
it. It is much to be regretted that the original specimen of Say was 
destroyed in the conflagration of the Philadelphia Museum, and thus all 
hopes of identification are lost. If, however, further explorations in 
Arkansas should yield many additional specimens, all differing as much 
as the present from Say's description, it will become necessary to assign 
a new name to it, especially if the true B. cognatus be at the same time 
detected. 
Description.-The head is very short, the snout obtuse and truncate, 
with the nostrils subterminal. Upper surface of head grooved; groove 
subelliptical and short, not extending anteriorly to the anterior rim 
of the eye (fig. 2). The superciliary ridges thicken from before back- 
wards, extending to the tympanum in passing obliquely behind the 
eyes, and in contact also with the parotid glands, which are subovoidal 
and of medium size. Tympanum rather small, subelliptical; its longest 
diameter almost vertical. The fore and hind legs are well proportioned 
to the size of the body. The under surface of the hand is provided 
with small crowded tubercles, a more conspicuous and a larger one at 
the articulations of the fingers; the fingers themselves are depressed or APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
243 
flattened. A larger disc-like knob is observed on the middle and at the 
base of the hand (fig. 3). 
The toes (fig. 4) are but slightly webbed, and, like the fingers, de- 
pressed. The fourth is conspicuously the longest, and the third a little 
longer than the fifth. The under surface of the feet (fig. 5) is covered 
with smaller tubercles than those of the hands. A large spade-like 
process exists at the base of the first or inner toe, exteriorly to which, 
and at the base still of the metatarsus, is a small knob-like tubercle. The 
body is thickly covered with papillae, with some large ones more con- 
spicuous along the sides of the back; on the flanks they are smaller, 
similar to those of the intervening spaces on the back; on the abdomen 
the papillae are smaller still; upper part of hands and feet minutely 
granulated. The snout alone is smooth. 
The dark patches scattered over the upper part of the animal are 
margined with a light yellowish line. Sinuating yellowish lines may be 
observed on the sides of the belly, or flanks and legs. A rather large 
spot is seen beneath the eye, and another in advance and beneath the 
tympanum near the angle of the mouth. 
One specimen procured near the Water-hole between Camps 6 and 7. 
Plate XI, fig. 1, represents Bufo cognatus of natural size. 
Fig. 2. The head from above. 
Fig. 3. Left hand seen from below. 
Fig. 4. Right foot from above. 
Fig. 5. Right foot from below. 
2. Rana pipiens, Latr.-Bullfrog. 
Spec. char.-Toes webbed to their extremity, fourth toe one fourth 
longer than the third and fifth. An elongated tubercle at the base of 
the first toe; sub-articular tubercles of fingers and toes but slightly 
developed. Vomerine teeth on two rounded and separated elevations 
situated between the internal nostrils. Diameter of tympanum (in the 
specimen before us) greater than the diameter of the eye. 
Syn.-Rana pipiens, Latr. Hist. Nat. Rept. II, 1802, 153. Hari. 
Amer. Jour. Sc. X, 62. Med. & Phys. Res., 1835,101; and Jour. 
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. V, 1827, 335. Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. IV, 
1842, 77. Pl. xviii. 
Rana mugiens, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. 1820, 175. Dum. & B. 
Erp. gen. VIII, 1841, 370. 
The bullfrog is quite a common animal in the United States, though 
its northern, western, and southern limits are not yet accurately known. 244 
APPENDIX F. REPTILES. 
A large specimen was found in a cold spring near the head of the south 
fork of Cache creek, in the Witchita mountains. The upper parts of 
body and limbs are covered with warty eminences, more crowded on the 
body. These warts are perfectly smooth, like the skin itself. The 
ground-color is greenish brown above, with crowded deep brown or 
blackish spots. Beneath, dull yellow, with clouded bluish patches. The 
lower surface of the feet has the same marmorated appearance as the 
back. The jaws and snout are greenish brown, and perfectly smooth. 
The specimen before us is remarkable for the size of its tympanum, 
which is much larger than the eye. APPENDIX F. FISHES. 
245 
FISHES. 
S. F. BAIRD AND C. GIRARD. 
1. Pomotis longulus, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. XII. 
Spec. char.-General form elongated. Opercular flap rather small 
and entirely black. Twenty-seven to twenty-nine rows of scales across 
the line of greatest depth of body, and about thirteen rows on the tail. 
Fifty-two scales in the lateral line. 
Syn.-Pomotis longulus, B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. VI, 
1853, 391. 
Description.-The body is very much compressed, and more elon- 
gated than usual in the genus Pomotis-so much so, indeed, as to re- 
semble Grystes even more than Centrarchus. The head constitutes a little 
less than the third of the total length, including the caudal fin; it is 
subconical, with a little depression upon the middle of the skull. The 
eyes are large and circular, and their diameter is contained five times 
in the length of the head measured from the tip of the snout to the 
extremity of the opercular flap. The posterior extremity of the maxillary 
reaches a point opposite the middle of the pupil. The cheeks are densely 
covered with small and imbricated scales. The largest scales are on the 
opercular apparatus (the preopercular excepted), where they are also 
imbricated. The opercular is subtriangular; its upper angles rounded, 
and the posterior one terminated by a membranous and rather small flap, 
entirely black. The subopercular extends along the inferior edge of the 
opercular, tapering slightly upwards. The inter opercular forms a regu- 
lar curve immediately beneath the preopercular, and is covered with one 
row of scales, there being a double row of these upon the subopercular. 
The dorsal fin is rather low, especially its spiny portion. Its anterior 
margin is exactly opposite to the opercular flap. There are ten spiny 
rays and nine soft ones, the last being double and the shortest. The first, 
second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth rays increase gradually in length in 
the order enumerated; the eighth is equal to the sixth; the ninth is the 246 
APPENDIX F. FISHES. 
longest. They all (the soft rays) bifurcate from their middle, and then 
again subdivide from four-fifths of their length to the tip. The caudal 
fin is subcrescentic posteriorly; its angles are rounded; its length con- 
tained five times and a half in that of the body and head together. The 
central rays bifurcate three times upon their length. There are seventeen 
rays in all, with a few rudimentary ones. The anal is well developed; 
its three anterior spiny rays are the shortest, and not very conspicuous. 
The eight remaining ones are soft and articulated; similar in structure 
to those of the dorsal fin. The ventrals are inserted behind the base of 
the pectorals; their tip, when bent backwards, reaching the anus, which 
is situated a quarter of an inch in advance of the anterior margin of the 
anal fin. This is subtriangular, posteriorly subtruncated, composed of an 
anterior spiny ray and five soft and articulated ones, which bifurcate 
twice. The pectoral extends backwards as far as the ventrals. Its 
rays, fifteen in number, are all soft and very slender, bifurcating twice. 
Only thirteen of these rays are well developed. The formula of the 
fins is as follows: 
D X. 9 + 1; A III. 8 ; C 2. L 8. 7.1. 1; V I. 5; P 15. 
The scales are of medium size, longer than high, truncated anteriorly, 
rounded posteriorly, and finely denticulated, as seen in fig. 4. The lateral 
line does not extend beyond the insertion of the rays of the caudal, the 
base of which is covered with scales irregularly disposed. The smallest 
scales are observed under the head, upon the throat; the largest on the 
peduncle of the tail. 
The color is not sufficiently preserved in the single specimen collected 
to admit of description. Traces of irregular lines are, however, visible 
upon the cheeks and opercular apparatus. 
Found in Otter creek, Arkansas. 
Plate XII, fig. 1. Pomotis longulus, in profile and of the size of life. 
Fig. 2. A dorsal scale taken on the middle of the back, above the 
lateral line. 
Fig. 3. A scale from the lateral line, exhibiting the mucous tube. 
Fig. 4. A scale from the sides of the abdomen, below the lateral line. 
Figs. 2-4 are magnified twelve times, 
o o 
2. POMOTIS BREVICEPS, B. & G. 
Spec. char.-General form short and stout, subelliptical; opercular 
flap very much developed and directed upwards, black with a lighter 
margin. Twenty-four rows of scales across the line of greatest depth, 
Zoology, Pl. XIII. APPENDIX F. FISHES. 
247 
and twelve rows on the peduncle of the tail. Thirty-seven scales on the 
lateral line. 
Syn.-Pomotis breviceps, B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. VI, 
1853, 309. 
Description.-The abbreviated head constitutes two-sevenths of the 
entire length, the caudal fin included. Middle of the cranium slightly 
depressed. Nostrils nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout. 
Eyes of medium size and circular; their diameter is contained four 
times only in the length of the head from the snout to the base of inser- 
tion of the opercular flap, which is longer than a diameter of the eye. 
The mouth is proportionally small; the posterior extremity of the max- 
illary not extending as far back as the middle of the pupil. The teeth 
are slenderer and more conspicuous than in Pomotis longulus. Cheeks 
covered with scales, but slightly smaller than those on the opercular 
apparatus. The opercular bones have the same general shape as in 
Pomotis longulus; but the opercular flap is very much developed, longer 
than broad, and rounded posteriorly. The structure of this flap is 
somewhat similar to a fin; slender and simple rays being distinctly visi- 
ble through the membrane. 
The dorsal fin commences in a line above the base of the opercular 
flap. Its spinous portion is almost as elevated as the soft one. There 
are eleven spinous rays, the first and second smallest; and ten articu- 
lated or soft ones, occupying a little more than half the space as the 
spines. The structure of the soft rays and their relative length are 
much as in Pomotis longulus; they bifurcate from the middle of their 
length, and subdivide again upon their extremity. The caudal is sub- 
crescentic posteriorly, and its angles rounded. It is composed of seven- 
teen well developed rays, and a few rudimentary ones. The central rays 
bifurcate three times. The anal fin is composed of nine soft rays, one 
more than in P. longulus, and three spinous ones; the second and third 
almost equal in length. They bifurcate and divide in the same manner 
as the dorsal. The insertion of the ventrals is immediately behind the 
base of the pectorals. Their shape is triangular, and when bent back- 
wards their tip extends to the anterior margin of the anal fin, thus over- 
lapping the anus, which is situated as in P. longulus, about a quarter of 
an inch in advance of the anterior margin of the anal fin. The ven- 
trals are composed of one spinous and five articulated rays, which bifur- 
cate three times. The insertion of the pectorals is subcrescentic; the 
tip of these fins reaches about as far back as do the ventrals. The 
rays, fourteen in number (thirteen of them well developed), are slender 248 
APPENDIX F. FISHES. 
and show traces of a bifurcation of the third degree upon their ex- 
tremity. 
D XL 10; A III. 9; C 2.1. 8. 7. I. 2 ; V I. 5; P 14. 
The scales are proportionally large, higher than long, subtruncated 
anteriorly, and rounded posteriorly with minute denticulations. Scales 
irregularly disposed, exist on the base of the caudal. The largest scales 
are seen on the middle of the flanks, and the smallest upon the sub- 
thoracic region. The ground-color appears to have been of a uniform 
reddish brown. The opercular flap is deep black, margined with a 
lighter line, the hue of which is not preserved. There are several sinuous 
irregular lines upon the cheeks and opercular apparatus. 
This species has a general resemblance to Pomotis nietidus, Kirt., but 
may easily be distinguished by prominent characters. 
One specimen was caught in Otter creek, Arkansas. 
Plate XIII, Pomotis breviceps of natural size. 
Fig. 2. A dorsal scale. 
Fig. 3. A scale from the lateral line. 
Fig. 4. A scale from the sides of the belly. 
Figs. 2-4 are enlarged twelve times. 
3. Leuciscus vigilax, B. & G.* 
Zoology, Pl. XIV, figs. 1-4. 
Spec. char.-Subfusiform. Dorsal fin longer than high. Sixteen 
rows of scales across the line of greatest depth, and eight on the pedun- 
cle of the tail. Thirty-eight to forty scales in the lateral line, which 
runs through the middle of the sides, slightly bent downwards on the 
abdomen. 
Syn.- Ceratichthys vigilax, B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 
VI, 1&53, 391. 
Description.-Body subfusiform, compressed. The head forms one- 
fifth of the entire length from the snout to the tip of the caudal fin; 
it is contained three times in the length of the body, the caudal fin 
being about one-fifth of the entire length. The head itself has the 
shape of a truncated cone. The eyes are subelliptical; their longitudi- 
*Note.-Owing to the immature state of the specimens, we have preferred re- 
turning this species to the genus Leuciscus. Although having a strong resem- 
blance to Ceratichthys, as also to Pimephalcs, in the bluntness of the snout, the 
inferior position of the mouth, and other characters, yet the specimen is almost 
too small to allow a final determination as to its generic character. APPENDIX F. FISHES. 
249 
nal diameter being contained three times and a half in the length of the 
sides of the head. The mouth is rather small, its angle not extending 
to a point below the anterior rim of the eyes. The opercular bone is 
conspicuously large, and almost trapezoidal in shape. The subopercu- 
lar and preopercular are comparatively small. The isthmus beneath 
is about three-tenths of an inch wide. 
The dorsal fin is longer than high, and is composed of nine rays, bi- 
furcated from about their middle; some of the median rays showing 
another subdivision upon their extremity. The caudal fin is forked; its 
angles are acute. It contains eighteen well developed rays, and sev- 
eral rudimentary ones above and below ; the central ones bifurcate twice. 
The base of the caudal fin is considerably broader (higher) than the 
central portion of the peduncle of the tail. The anal fin is situated.be- 
hind the dorsal, is higher than long, subtrapezoidal, and composed of eight 
bifurcated rays; the central ones subdivided towards their extremity. 
The ventrals are inserted very little behind the anterior margin of the 
dorsal; they are rather slender, posteriorly rounded, composed of eight 
bifurcated rays, the middle ones bifurcated towards their extremity; and 
when bent backwards the fin does not reach quite to the anus, which 
is situated immediately in advance of the anterior margin of the anal 
fin. The pectorals are slender; when bent backwards they do not reach 
the insertion of the ventrals. They are composed of fourteen bifur- 
cated rays, the central ones subdividing at their last third. Formula: 
D 9; A 8; C 3.1. 8. 8. I. 3 ; V 8; P 14. 
The scales are proportionally large, a little higher than long, rounded 
at both extremities, more abruptly posteriorly. The lateral line runs 
along the middle of the side, slightly bent downwards on the abdomen. 
The ground-color is yellowish brown; a blackish stripe composed of 
crowded dots follows the lateral line on the sides. 
One specimen (immature) caught in Otter creek, Arkansas. 
Plate XIV, fig. 1, represents Leuciscus vigilax^ size of life. 
Fig. 2. A dorsal scale. 
Fig. 3. A scale from the lateral line. 
Fig. 4. Abdominal scale. 
Figs. 2-4 are enlarged twelve times. 
4. Leuciscus bubalinus, B. & G. 
Zoology, Pl. XIV, figs. 5-8. 
Spec. char.-Compressed. Back arched. Tail slender. Dorsal fin 
higher than long. Ten rows of scales across the line of greatest depth, 250 
APPENDIX F. FISHES. 
and five rows on the tail. The lateral line, which contains about thirty- 
six scales, runs below the middle of the flanks. Dorsal, caudal, anal, 
and ventral fins, well developed. 
Syn.-Leuciscus bubalinus, B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 
VI, 1853, 391. 
Description.-The body much compressed, and rather short in ap- 
pearance. Back considerably arched in advance of the dorsal, behind 
which the body tapers quite rapidly posteriorly, rendering the peduncle 
of the tail comparatively slender. The head is about one-fifth of the 
entire length. Eyes comparatively large and circular; their diameter 
contained three times and a half in the length of the head, one diame- 
ter intervening between the eye and the snout. The nostrils are nearer 
to the eyes than to the tip of the snout. The jaws are even, (the figure 
represents the lower one a little too short). The opercular apparatus is 
conspicuously developed, especially the opercular, which has the shape 
of an elongated quadrangle, slightly concave posteriorly, and slightly 
rounded inferiorly. The isthmus is quite small. 
The anterior margin of the dorsal fin corresponds to the middle of 
the distance between the snout and the base of the caudal fin. It is 
angular and higher than long, and composed of eight rays. The anal 
has the same length as the dorsal, but is not quite as high; it is composed 
of nine articulated rays and two minute spines at the anterior margin. 
The ventrals when bent backwards reach the anterior margin of the 
anal fin, consequently overlapping the anus situated close to the anal fin. 
They contain eight rays, all soft or articulated. The pectorals are 
comparatively small and slender, reaching the insertion of the ventrals 
when brought backwards. Their posterior margin is rounded; the rays 
eleven in number. In all the fins the rays are bifurcated, and the 
middle ones subdivided upon their length. Formula: 
D 8; A II. 9 ; C 4. I. 9. 9.1. 3; V 8; P 11. 
The scales are large, higher than long, rounded anteriorly, subtruu- 
cated posteriorly. The lateral line forms a very open curve, convex 
downwards, and nearer to the insertion of the ventrals than to the base 
of dorsal. 
The ground-color is greyish; the hue is not preserved on the specimen. 
Caught, like the preceding, in Otter creek, Arkansas. 
Fig. 5 represents Leuciscus bubalinus the size of life, and apparently 
quite mature. 
Fig. 6. A dorsal scale. 
Fig. 7. Scale from the lateral line. 251 
APPENDIX F. FISHES. 
Fig. 8. Abdominal scale. 
Figs. 6-8 are enlarged twelve times. 
5. Leuciscus lutrensis, B. & G. 
Zoology, PI. XIV, figs. 9-12. 
Spec. char.-Subfusiform, compressed. Insertion of ventrals in ad- 
vance of dorsal. Twelve rows of scales across the line of greatest 
depth; six rows on the tail. About thirty-six in the lateral line, which 
is bent downwards on the abdomen and slightly broken in advance of 
the anal fin. Dorsal and anal fins well developed. 
Syn.-Leuciscus lutrensis, B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. VI, 
1853, 391. 
Description.-The body is much compressed and subfusiform in gen- 
eral appearance, somewhat tapering from the posterior margin of the 
dorsal and anal fins to the caudal, the base of which is broader than the 
peduncle of the tail. The greatest depth is equal to the length of the 
sides of the head, which is contained three times and a half in the total 
length, the caudal fin included. The greatest thickness is nearly half 
of the depth. In general aspect it resembles Leuciscus kentuckiensis 
of Kirtland. The eyes are of medium size, subcircular; their diameter 
contained four times in the length of the sides of the head. The nos- 
trils, situated towards the upper surface of the head, are nearer to the 
eyes than to the tip of the snout. The posterior extremity of the max- 
illary does not reach the vertical of the anterior rim of the orbit. 
The upper and posterior margins of the opercular constitute a uniform 
curve, whilst the anterior and inferior margins are straight, forming a 
rather acute angle. The suboperculars and interoperculars are compara- 
tively small. 
The anterior margin of the dorsal fin is situated on the middle of the 
distance between the snout and the base of the caudal; the fin itself is 
quadrangular, higher than long, and composed of eight rays, the last 
double, and the anterior rudimentary in close contact with the next. 
The anal is shaped somewhat like the dorsal; it has nine perfect rays, 
and an anterior rudimentary one. The caudal is deeply forked with 
acute angles, and shorter than the head. It is composed of nineteen 
well developed rays, and several rudimentary ones, above and below. 
The ventrals are posteriorly rounded, (a character not expressed in the 
figure,) composed of eight rays, and when bent backwards their tips 
reach the anus, which is situated immediately in advance of the anal 
fin. The pectorals are elongated, rather slender, rounded, and their tip 252 
APPENDIX F. FISHES. 
not quite reaching the insertion of the ventrals. They are composed of 
eleven slender, bifurcated, but not subdivided, rays. The median rays 
of the dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventrals, are subdivided for at least one- 
fourth of their length, the bifurcation beginning sometimes upon their 
middle. Formula: 
D 8 + 1; A 1. 9; C 2.1. 9. 8. I. 1; V 8; P 11. 
The scales are proportionally large, higher than long; anterior, supe- 
rior, and inferior margins, uniformly rounded, posteriorly subtruncated. 
The lateral line is considerably bent down on the abdomen, and slightly 
broken in advance of the anal fin. 
The ground-color, as preserved in alcohol, is dull bluish brown; the 
back is bluish; the dorsal fin yellowish brown; the caudal, pectorals, 
and ventrals, are reddish. 
Several specimens were caught in Otter creek, Arkansas; the largest 
of which we have had figured. 
Plate XIV, fig. 9, Leuciscus lutrensis size of life. 
Fig. 10. A dorsal scale from the middle of the region between the 
dorsal fin and the lateral line. 
Fig. 11. A scale of the lateral line taken beneath the dorsal fin. 
Fig. 12. An abdominal scale taken beneath the lateral line, half way 
between the latter and the line of the belly. APPENDIX F. SHELLS. 
253 
SHELLS- 
PROFESSOR C. B. ADAMS. 
Amherst, Massachusetts, 
December 1, 1852. 
Dear Sir : I transmit herewith a list of the shells which were col- 
lected in Texas and upon Red river, by Captain Marcy; 
And have the honor to remain, your obedient servant, 
C. B. ADAMS. 
President Hitchcock. 
ACEPHALA. 
1. Unio asperrimus, Lea. 
The specimens have a great profusion of small tubercles on the 
umbones. One large specimen was taken May 22d, at the foot of the 
Witchita mountains; 3 mature and 5 young shells were taken in Otter 
creek, July 13th, near the same place; long, about 100° W.; lat. about 
34° 35' N. 
2. Unio, Sp. indet. 
This may be a variety of the preceding; but with only one decayed 
specimen, we do not venture to describe it as a new species. It differs 
in having only a few large tubercles in two radiant series, of which one 
passes down the middle of the disc, and the other is on the posterior 
angle. A few small curved ridges proceed from this angle to the liga- 
mentary margin. No label. 
3. Unio tuberculatus, Barnes. 
A single valve of a young specimen; no label. 254 
APPENDIX F. SHELLS. 
4. Unio anodontoides, Lea. 
7 specimens were taken in Otter creek July 13th; one of them is 
5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches high, and 1.6 inch wide. 
5. Unio parvus, Barnes. 
2f specimens were taken in Otter creek July 13ih. 
G. Unio hydianus, Lea. 
2 specimens were taken near Fort Washita July 31st. 
7. Unio lasvissimus, Lea. 
The specimen is for this species remarkably thick; the nacre is deeply 
colored with reddish-purple, and there are some fine radiating stria? 
behind the umbones. No label, but may have been taken in Otter creek, 
since it was in the same parcel with the next species. 
8. Unio gracilis, Barnes. 
Several specimens were taken in Otter creek July 13 th, and some 
July 15th, probably in a branch of Cache creek, a few miles west of 
Otter creek. 
9. Cyclas distorta, Prime. 
4^- specimens were taken in Otter creek July 13th. 
GASTEROPODA. 
10. Bulimus liquabilis, Reeve. 
4 specimens (dead) were taken in Otter creek July 13th. This is 
the only terrestrial species in the collection. 
11. Physa ancillaria, Say. 
3 specimens were taken in Otter creek July 13th. They are more 
shouldered than is usual, but not so much as the variety figured by Pro- 
fessor Haldeman, Monog. Physa, pl. 3, fig. 5. APPENDIX F. SHELLS. 
255 
12. Physa heterostropha, Say. 
12 specimens were taken in Otter creek July 13 th. 
13. Lymnaia caperata, Say. 
2 specimens were taken May 16th, one day from Cache creek. 
14. Planorbis lentus, Say. 
Several specimens were taken with the preceding; also in Otter 
creek, July 13th. 
Geographical Distribution. 
Nos. 3, 11, 12, and 13 occur also through the western and eastern 
States. No. 8 has its northeastern limit in Lake Champlain. Although 
Ohio specimens of this species are easily distinguished from those of 
Lake Champlain, it is remarkable that these Texan shells cannot be 
distinguished from them. Nos. 5, 6, and 14 are southern species. No. 
10 has hitherto been known only as a Texan shell. The remainder are 
western and southern species. 
NOTICES OF ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF SHELLS: BY G. C. SHU- 
MARD, M. D. 
1. Unio anodontoides, Lea. 
Found in the Little Witchita, and in a small creek between Fort 
Washita and Fort Arbuckle; quite abundant, and the specimens very 
beautiful. 
2. Unio rugosus, Barnes. 
Occurs with the preceding species at all the localities above men- 
tioned. The specimens are less ventricose than any we have seen from 
the Ohio basin. They approach more nearly to a variety brought by 
Prof. Litton from Red river of the north. 256 
APPENDIX F. SHELLS. 
3. Unio siliquoideus, Barnes. 
Found in a small creek between Fort Arbuckle and Fort Washita. 
4. Unio l^evissimus, Lea. 
A few detached valves of this species were found on the banks of 
Otter creek. 
5. Anodonta imbecilis, Say. 
Abundant, and very beautiful, in Beaver creek; more sparingly in a 
small creek between Fort Arbuckle and Fort Washita. 
6. Planorbis trivolvis, Say. 
Abundant in many of the streams from Fort Belknap to the sources 
of Red river. 
7. Physa gyrina, Say, 
Beaver creek, Choctaw Nation. 
8. Succinea A vara, Say. 
Otter creek, Choctaw Nation. 
9. Cyclas partumeia, Say. 
Otter and Beaver creeks. 
10. Bulimus de alb at a, Say. 
Texas. APPENDIX F. ORTHOPTEROUS INSECTS. 
257 
ORTHOPTEROUS INSECTS. 
CHARLES GIRARD. 
I. DAIHINIA, Hald. 
Gen. CEAn.-Body rather short, concave above, without any traces 
of wings; provided with short and robust limbs; second and third 
nts of tarsi, equal; antennae long and filiform. A row of spines upon 
the under surface of the femora, more conspicuous in males than in 
females. 
Syn.-Daihinia, Ilald. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. II, 1850, 346. 
Obs.-The general aspect of this genus is that of Phalangopsis, 
from which it differs by having " shorter antennae, shorter and more- 
robust limbs." It approximates to Stenopelmatus by the structure of 
its tarsi, in which the second and third joints are equal. 
Prof. Haldeman, who traced the distinction between Daihinia and 
Phalangopsis, proposed to consider the former as a mere sub-genus of 
the latter. But should the above character prove constant, they are 
sufficient to raise Daihinia to the rank of a genus; thus simplifying 
much the nomenclature. 
Two species of this genus are known-the one herein described and 
figured, and D. robusta, Ilald., an inhabitant of New Mexico. 
1. Daihinia brevipes, Ilald. 
Zoology, Pl. XV, figs. 9-13. 
Spec. char.-Dark brown, mottled with lighter shades; legs short 
and robust; tibiae shorter than the femora, and strongly spinous; antennae 
of medium development. 
Syn.-Phalangopsis (Daihinia) brevipes, Ilald. Proc. Amer. Assoc. 
Adv. Sc. II, 1850, 346. 
Description.-The fact that in this species the tibiae are shorter 
than the femora, contributes somewhat to impress upon it more strongly 
that character of the genus which consists in being provided with 258 
APPENDIX F. ORTHOPTEROUS INSECTS. 
shorter limbs than in Phalangopsis. The surface of the body is gen- 
erally smooth, but posteriorly, and particularly in the male, there are 
minute short spines, which give to that region a granulated appearance ; 
these minute spines are especially crowded upon the margin of the 
segments or articulations. The femora are provided with spines above 
and below, stronger below, and more so in the male. The tibial spines 
are very much developed on the anterior and posterior tibiae, much less 
on the medial ones; anteriorly they occupy the outer edge of the limbs, 
and answer fossorial purposes; posteriorly they constitute two rows, 
directed horizontally backwards, inclining a little downwards, the inner 
row being the strongest. The anterior and posterior tarsi are trimerous; 
the medial ones being tetramerous. The ovipositor is comparatively 
small; its length being less than the half of the length of the body, 
and provided beneath and towards the tip with from eight to ten small 
spines. 
The ground-color is chestnut-brown, mottled above with lighter 
shades. The antennae and spines are blackish. 
Specimens were collected at the Camp No. 7, recorded as "yellowish- 
brown;" others on June 5th and 6th, said to be "yellowish-red." 
Plate XV, fig. 9, represents the male Daihinia brevipes size of life. 
Fig. 10 is the female, also the size of life. 
Fig. 11, front view of the head of the female. 
Fig. 12, a tarsus from above. 
Fig. 13, a tarsus from below. 
II. ANABRUS, Hald. 
Gen. char.-Body sub-cylindrical, thickest in the middle; without 
wings; antennae almost as long as the body, and filiform; pronotum 
selliform, extending over the basal articulation of the abdomen, and con- 
cealing rudimentary elytra; ovipositor elongated, nearly straight, sword- 
shaped ; tarsi broad, soles concave; third articulation cordate. 
Syn.-Anabrus, Hald. in Stansb. Expl. Vail. G. Salt Lake, 1852, 
App: C, 370. 
Obs.-The general appearance of the genus Anabrus reminds us 
strongly of Phalangopsis proper, from which it is distinguished by its 
movable and selliform pronotum and the length and shape of the 
ovipositor. The general proportions of the body and limbs are more 
elongated than in Phalangopsis. The structure of the tarsi, which is APPENDIX F. ORTHOPTEROUS INSECTS. 
259 
not apparent upon a first glance, affords other differences not less 
important, between Anabrus and Phalangopsis, when studied com- 
paratively. 
2. Anabrus haldemanii, Girard. 
Zoology, Pl. XV, figs. 5-8. 
Spec. char.-Antennae long and filiform, reaching posteriorly the 
base of the ovipositor; pronotum short, broad ; femora smooth. Yellow- 
ish; feet and ovipositor reddish purple. Posterior margin of pronotum 
black, with two parallel black bands on the posterior third of its length. 
Description.-The abdomen above exhibits ten segments or articula- 
tions ; the anterior or basal one being, as stated above, covered by the 
posterior prolongation of the pronotum. Beneath there are seven sub- 
quadrangular plates, situated opposite to the seven middle upper seg- 
ments. The posterior segments enclose another piece bearing two spine- 
like abdominal appendages-one on each side. The ovipositor is as 
long as the abdomen, and entirely smooth. The base of the antennae 
is situated above the eyes, and inserted upon an angular movable piece. 
The joints composing these organs are very short, and provided with 
minute setae. The tibiae are provided with four rows of spines, two 
anterior and two posterior; the internal posterior row being the 
stoutest. The posterior rows are more densely set with spines, whilst 
the latter are scattered and alternate with each other in the anterior 
rows. The first and cordate joint of the tarsi is the longest; the second 
is the shortest; and from the middle of the third, a fourth slender and 
long joint arises, slightly convex above, and terminating in two spines 
or claws curved inwards and outwards. 
The ground-color above and below is yellowish ; the antennae, limbs, 
and ovipositor are of a reddish purple. The posterior margin of the 
pronotum is black. Two parallel black vittae, enclosing a narrow yellow 
one, are observed on each side of the dorsal line, upon the posterior 
third of the pronotum. The posterior portion of the upper abdominal 
segments is occasionally of a deep-brown hue. 
This species differs from Anabrus simplex, Hald., by a proportionally 
much shorter pronotum. 
One specimen, caught June 27th, is recorded as "green and white." 
Plate XV, fig. 5, represents Anabrus haldemanii in a profile view and 
of the size of life. 
Fig. 6 is a front view of the head. 
Fig. 7, a tarsus from above. 
Fig. 8, a tarsus from below. 260 
APPENDIX F.-ORTHOPTEROUS INSECTS. 
III. BRACHYPEPLUS, Charp. 
Gen. char.-Body acrydoid; elytra and wings rudimentary; antennae 
rather short; pronotum tricarinated; surface between the carina? granu- 
lated. Second joint of tarsi very short; first and third elongated; last 
one terminating by two curved claws, between which is situated a sub- 
circular fleshy disk. 
Syn.-Brachypeplus, Charp. Orth, descr. et pict. Fasc. IX, 1843, 
Tab. li. 
Obs.-This genus, established by Toussaint de Charpentier in his 
Orthop>tera descripta et picta, was not characterized, owing, perhaps, 
to the fact that one species only was known and described by him 
under the name of B. virescens, said to inhabit "Mexico." It may easily 
be distinguished from the one we shall describe by its much shorter 
antennae and slenderer tarsi; also by its color, which is deep-green, with 
a few brown spots on the pronotum, and a double series of these along 
the upper part of the abdomen. 
3. Brachypeplus magnus, Girard. 
Zoology, Pl. XV, fig. 1-4. 
Spec. char.-Reddish brown ; elytra dotted with black; antenna? 
bluish brown; femora and tibiae reddish; tarsi purplish; spines black 
towards tip ; femora sub-fusiform; a carina along the upper and middle 
region of the abdomen. 
Description.-The pronotum is one-third of the length of the abdo- 
men, overlapping posteriorly the anterior abdominal segment entirely 
and half of the second. The entire number of abdominal segments or 
articulations is eleven, carinated upon their medial line, and continuing 
the medial carina of the pronotum all along the middle region of the 
abdomen above. Antenna? a little longer than the pronotum, and com- 
posed of about twenty short joints. The tibiae are shorter than the 
iemora, and provided, the two anterior pairs internally, and the posterior 
pair externally, with two rows of spines, the inner row the strongest. 
The femora are sub-fusiform; the posterior ones a little broader than 
thick, but never as much compressed as in B. virescens, in which these 
organs present sharp edges. The tarsi are all tetramerous: the first 
article is the stoutest and the longest, the second being quite short; APPENDIX F. ORTHOPTEROUS INSECTS. 
261 
the third is more slender, and the fourth the smallest, terminating into 
two curved spines or claws, between which is a subcircular fleshy disk. 
The rudimentary elytra are subovoidal, not extending backwards to the 
posterior margin of the third abdominal segment. 
The ground-color, as preserved upon specimens in alcohol, is yellowish 
brown; black dots and spots are scattered over the rudimentary elytra. 
The antennae are bluish brown; the femora and tibiae reddish, and the 
tarsi purplish, whilst the spines are black. 
This species differs from B. virescens by its proportionally longer 
antennae, shorter pronotum, and less compressed femora. The general 
shape of the body is in every respect proportionally longer than in the 
latter species. 
Two specimens were collected on the 7th of July-one "green," the 
other "reddish brown." 
Plate XV, fig. 1, represents Brachypeplus magnus in natural size. 
Fig. 2, front view of the head. 
Fig. 3, a tarsus from above. 
Fig. 4, same from below. 
We refer to Brachypeplus virescens two specimens; one collected on 
the 12th of June, and which was "green above, white beneath, with 
yellow and black stripes on the back;" another specimen, a little 
smaller, caught June 21st, was "green and brown." 262 
APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
ARACHNIDIANS. 
CHARLES GIRARD. 
I. ARANEID^E. 
1. Mygale hentzii, Girard. 
Zoology, Pl. XVI, 1-3. 
Spec. char.-Blackish brown; densely studded with hairs. Cepha- 
lothorax subcircular, with a median and transversely elliptical infundi- 
bulum upon its posterior half, whence shallow grooves radiate towards 
the periphery. Abdomen ovoid. Palpi composed of five joints be- 
sides the maxillae, a hook in the male. Legs six-jointed. 
Description.-This species is one of the largest of the genus hitherto 
found within the limits of the United States. The specimen figured, 
however, is much below the usual size. The cephalothorax is subcircu- 
lar in shape, a little broader in the male than in the female. The 
eyes are disposed as in fig. 3, on a little eminence near the anterior 
margin, and upon the midial line. On the posterior half of the 
same region, on a line with the eyes, is a transverse infundibulum, some- 
times subcrescentic, convex posteriorly. Shallow and sometimes irregu- 
lar grooves radiate from that centre towards the margin of the cephalo- 
thorax. The abdomen is ovoid; considerably larger in the female than 
in the male. The labrum is quite small. The chelicerae are robust, 
regularly arched, terminated by a rather slender hook, similarly curved, 
and movable upon the chelicerae. The palpi are six-jointed; the basal 
joint, functioning as maxilla, is robust, and not otherwise distinguished 
from the following, except that it is provided along its inner margin 
with a brush-like series of hairs. The second joint is very short; 
the third is the longest; the fourth is a little larger than the second; 
the fifth a little shorter than the third; the fourth shorter than the fifth; 
the sixth is the size of the second, but differently shaped, being rounded 
at its extremity, at the inferior surface of which exists a hook, very stout 
at the base, tapering into an acute point curved downwards and out- 
wards. In the female the sixth joint of the palpi is as long and of the 
same shape as the fifth, and deprived of the hook. The fourth pair of 
legs is the longest; the first pair comes next; the second pair is the 
smallest. They are all six-jointed, the first joint short and robust. APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
263 
The second joint is the longest; the third the smallest; the fifth is, after 
the second, the next in length; then the fourth, and finally the sixth. 
The external pair of fusi, or spinning apparatus, is slender, and, as usual, 
three-jointed; the internal pair is very small, and not conspicuous. 
The whole surface of the body and legs, above and below, is densely 
covered with fine setose hairs. The color is uniform blackish brown. 
The Mygale hentzii is the large black spider known in the Southwest 
as the tarantula, where its bite is greatly dreaded. 
A female specimen was collected on the 17 th of May, on an open, 
barren prairie between Camps 2 and 3. Other specimens of both sexes 
were taken on the 28th of June, near the head of south fork of Red 
river. 
Plate XVI, fig. 1 represents Mygale hentzii seen from above. Fig. 
2 is an underview to exhibit the labrum (1), the maxillae (m), the 
chelicerae (c), and the palpi (p), also to show the fusi (f). Fig. 3 rep- 
resents the disposition of the ocelli. 
2. Lycosa pilosa, Girard. 
Zoology, Pl. XVI, figs. 4 and 5. 
Spec. char.-Hairs of a yellowish brown color, covering the upper 
parts. Beneath black; cephalothorax subpyriform; abdomen ovoid. 
Palpi composed of five joints besides the maxillae; terminal joint pro- 
vided beneath with two small spines. Legs very long and slender; all 
six-jointed. 
Description.-Of all the American Lycosa hitherto described the 
present species is the one in which the legs are the longest and the 
most slender. The size of the cephalothorax and abdomen is propor- 
tionally smaller, however, than in L. fatifera, Hentz. 
The cephalothorax is longer than broad, elevated on its middle region, 
and anteriorly very prominent; subpyriform in its general outline; the 
narrowest part directed forwards. Its surface, when freed from its fur, 
exhibits shallow grooves radiating from the centre towards the periphery, 
pretty much in the same manner as in the Mygale just described, 
although much less conspicuous. There is no central infundibulum, 
which is replaced here by a minute longitudinal furrow about a tenth 
of an inch in length. The abdomen is ovoid, and, as usual, larger in 
the female than in the male. 
The chelicerae are stout, with a very slight downwards inflexion, 
provided with small protuberances upon the inner margin of its anterior 
extremity, and terminated by a slender hook curved inwardly. The 264 
APPENDIX F. ARACIINIDIANS. 
labrum is comparatively small, whilst the maxillae are stout. The 
palpi are slender, and composed of five joints. The first joint is very 
small, inconspicuous; the second is the longest and the most slender of 
all; the third is somewhat larger than the first, the fourth larger than 
the third, and the fifth larger than the fourth, which is swollen and sub- 
concave beneath, provided with two minute hooks inserted upon two 
tubercles. In the female the palpi are slenderer than in the male, and 
the last joint is simple and longer than the third. The legs are long 
and slender, composed of six joints: the hind pair is the longest; the 
first pair is the next in length; the third pair is the shortest. The 
third joint is the smallest in the four pairs; the first joint is the next in 
length, and the stoutest; the second pair is the longest in the three 
anterior pair; the fifth comes next, then the fourth and sixth. In the 
posterior pair the fifth joint is the longest; then the second; then the 
fourth and sixth. The fusi, four in number, are short, intimately 
grouped, and composed of a single joint. The whole surface of the 
body and legs, above and below, is densely covered with short hairs. 
The color above is uniform grayish brown. The abdomen, cephalo- 
thorax, and first joint of legs beneath, are deep black. The second, 
third, and fourth joints are of the color of the upper parts upon their 
middle, and black near their articulations. The fifth and sixth joints are 
almost entirely black. The extremity of the chelicerse and palpi are 
black beneath. When the hairy covering is removed, the color is 
a uniform chestnut-browm. 
The color may present some variations; thus in the notes of Captain 
Marcy, one is described as having " the back browm, belly dirty white, 
head and legs red." 
One specimen preserved in alcohol exhibits a reddish band down the 
middle of the cephalothorax, and two black vittse, one on each side of 
the abdomen. The cephalothorax beneath is reddish; and on the 
abdomen there are two elliptical light spots. 
Specimens were collected the 16th of May on the open prairie, between 
Camps 1 and 2; and on the 19th of June, on Canadian river, Arkansas. 
Plate XVI, fig. 4, represents the trophi, showing the labrum (1), the 
maxillae (m), the palpi (p), and chelicerae (c). Fig. 5 exhibits the 
disposition of the ocelli. APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
265 
II. TARANTULID2E. 
Thelyphonus excubitor, Girard. 
Zoology, Pl. XVII, fig. 1-4. 
Spec, ciiar.-Blackish brown above, deep chestnut beneath; upper 
surface of body and legs minutely granular; beneath smooth, with scat- 
tered minute imprinted dots. First and second articles of the palpi 
very granular, remaining ones with a few granules and numerous im- 
printed dots. Caudal appendage very much developed, and composed 
of about fifty joints. 
Description.-There is a very great resemblance between this species 
and T. giganteus* The only striking difference which exists between 
them is to be found in the structure of the palpi and in the length of 
the caudal appendage. 
The cephalothorax is elongated, narrowest anteriorly, where it assumes 
almost a triangular shape. Its posterior margin is subtruncated, slightly 
concave in the middle. The central portion of the anterior third of 
the cephalothorax presents a perfectly plane surface, with a medial 
furrow, as it were; whilst posteriorly it is depressed, and sloping towards 
the margins, the surface showing shallow depressions, one upon the 
middle line, and more regular than the lateral ones. Near the anterior 
extremity, and in a subcircular depression on each side of a medial, 
smooth, and rounded elevation, are found the ocelli, circular, large 
and black. In advance of these ocelli, the rostrum is almost abruptly 
truncated, as seen in the centre of fig. 3. From the anterior ocelli to 
the lateral ones extends a linear series of granules, terminating upon 
the tuberculous elevations, upon which are seen three yellowish ocelli 
grouped, as exhibited in fig. 2. 
The chelicera; are robust, but very slightly bent, composed of one large 
joint and a conical, curved, and acute spine ; to the inner side of which 
are attached brushes of quite elongated and reddish setae. Palpi long 
and robust, in the shape of arms, and composed of six joints. The first 
joint is seen only from below (fig. 4, a), and exhibits a subtriangular and 
flat surface, terminated anteriorly by a conical point. The second joint 
is smaller than the first, scarcely to be seen viewed from below, but 
developed upon its upper surface into a flattened and irregular disk, 
* See Guerin's Magazin de Zoologie, 1835, Class VIII, for an illustrated mono- 
graph of the genus Thelyphonus by H. Lucas. 266 
APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
provided upon its anterior margin with five conical spines, varying in 
size: seen in front (fig. 3, b), it is elevated almost vertically from the 
horizontal position of the first. The third joint is the longest of all, 
slightly curved, and provided inwardly with two minute spines-one 
above, the other below. The fourth joint is somewhat shorter than the 
third, but is much longer than broad, subcylindrical, slightly bent, and 
provided at its inner, anterior, and upper edge, with a prominent, 
conical, and straight spine. The fifth joint is of the length of the 
fourth, but slenderer, and provided anteriorly with a stout and shorter 
spine. Finally, the sixth joint is a subconical and spiny processus, 
moving against the spine of the fifth joint, constituting a forceps, and 
used as such to seize prey. The thoracic appendages (feet) are long 
and slender, especially the anterior and posterior pairs. The anterior 
pair may be readily distinguished from the three others, in not being 
provided with hooks upon their extremity. Its function is rather 
that of a pair of palpi than that of ambulatory organs. The first and 
second joints are short and stout; the third, fourth, and fifth long and 
slender; the fourth and fifth almost equal in length, and longer than the 
third. Eight small joints, together equal in length to the third, termi- 
nate these appendages. The three others are constructed upon the 
same plan, all haying nine joints and terminal hooks, generally two 
in number. The first, second, and third joints are similar to those of 
the anterior pair; the third, however, is the longest; the fourth is but a 
little longer though slenderer than the second, and slightly curved ; the 
fifth is much slenderer and a little shorter than the third. Next come 
four small joints, together smaller in length than the fifth, and provided 
upon their anterior margin with minute spines. The second of these 
four, or the seventh in the series, is the longest of the four; the third is 
the smallest; the first and fourth are equal in length, the latter much 
slenderer. Two hook-like and slender spines terminate these organs. 
The abdomen is longer than the cephalothorax, oval in shape, 
though depressed, and composed of eight very distinct segments and a 
half, the anterior one. The stigmatiform bodies are quite conspicuous 
above (seven pairs), and below (four pairs). The anterior half segment 
is not seen from below. The seventh segment exhibits laterally a second 
pair of stigmatiform bodies, less conspicuous, however, than the others. 
The posterior segment has also faint traces of an analogous pair. The 
two first caudal rings are very narrow; the third is as large as the two 
others together. The filiform appendage is very long, and composed of 
about fifty joints. APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
267 
The upper surface of the cephalothorax and abdomen is covered with 
minute granules extending over the palpi, being particularly dense on 
the three first articles, and over the three first joints of the thoracic 
appendages also. Minute impunctures are seen upon the remaining 
articles and joints, and also scattered upon the inferior surface of the 
appendages and body. Minute setae are scattered over the appendages 
of the cephalothorax and abdomen, more densely towards their extremi- 
ties. 
The color is uniform blackish brown above, and deep chestnut beneath. 
One specimen of this animal was collected. 
Plate XVII, fig. 1, represents, seen from above, Thelyphonus excubitor 
the size of life. 
Fig. 2 gives the position, number, and relative size of the ocelli. 
Fig. 3 is. a front view, exhibiting in the centre the chelicerae and the 
three first articles (a, b, c) of the palpi. 
Fig. 4 represents the anterior portion of the cephalothorax from 
below: a, first article, b, second article, and c, third article of the palpi; 
and d, anterior pair of feet. 
III. SCORPIONID2E. 
Although the collections made in the valley of Red river contained 
no specimens of this group of arachnides, we have brought them here 
to notice, satisfied as we are that they exist in that locality. 
Scorpions are found in the southern Atlantic States, all along the 
Gulf of Mexico, through Texas and New Mexico to California, and 
through Louisiana to Arkansas. 
1. Scorpio (Telegonus) boreus, Girard. 
Zoology, Pl. XVII, figs. 5-7. 
Spec. char.-Body greenish yellow; thoracic and caudal appendages 
yellowish. Lateral ocelli in close contiguity ; posterior one the smallest. 
Median ocelli situated on the sides of an elongated and black elevation. 
Chelicerae terminated by a serrated claw. Palpi robust, shorter than 
the body. Caudal appendage as long as the body, the spine excepted. 
Abdominal comb with eighteen laminae. 
Description.-The general form of the body is fusiform, anteriorly 
and posteriorly tapering. The cephalothorax proper is subquadrilateral, 268 
APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
longer than broad, narrower anteriorly than posteriorly; both of these 
extremities linear; lateral margin somewhat undulated. Its surface is 
carved with a few undulating grooves, giving to the rest an undulated 
appearance; and over the whole, minute granules. The median ocelli 
are black, situated a little in advance of the middle of the length of the 
thorax, and placed on the sides of an elongated, little, and black emi- 
nence, divided longitudinally by a groove. The lateral ocelli are set 
close together and situated near the anterior margin of the cephalotho- 
rax ; the posterior one is much the smallest: they are represented with 
their relative proportions in fig. 7. The chelicerae are stout, two- 
jointed; the second being the largest, and is terminated by a minutely 
serrated claw. The palpi are five-jointed; the first joint is short and 
stout, and fulfils the function of jaws without denticulation. The second 
is the smallest. The third and fourth are more elongated; the third 
a little longer than the fourth. They are angular, the angles being 
margined with dense rows of minute granules. The fifth joint or hand 
(carpus) is stout and swollen, exhibiting eight undulating ribs (four above 
and four below), upon which is a row of minute granules. Two rows 
above and below are seen extending along the spiny immovable pro- 
cessus of the hand, constituting, with a movable spine, a slender chela or 
claw, slightly curved inwards. Scattered setae may be seen on the whole 
length of the palpi; and also on the thoracic appendages (feet). The 
latter are slender; the fourth pair is the longest; the first pair the smallest, 
the second and third pairs being of intermediate proportions; the second 
longer than the first, and the third longer than the second. They are 
all flattened, seven-jointed, and terminated by minute hooks. The third 
joint is in every one the longest and most slender; the fifth, sixth, and 
seventh are small, the seventh being the smallest of all. There are 
generally three terminal hooks ; occasionally minute spines may be seen 
near the articulation of the sixth and seventh joints. The first joint is 
the stoutest, and in the first pair of these appendages it has something 
to do with mastication, functioning perhaps as a lower lip. The 
abdominal combs are slender and elongated, and composed of a trans- 
verse triarticulated piece, and of eighteen little laminae attached to it. 
The dorso-abdominal shields, seven in number, increase in size from 
forwards backwards, the anterior one being the narrowest of all. Their 
surface exhibits minute granules not very conspicuous. There are only 
five ventral shields, nearly equal in size; the posterior one somewhat 
different in shape, and not provided with stigmata. The caudal ap- 
pendage (tail) is as long as the body, and composed of five joints and a 
poison bag. The two first joints are the smallest, the fifth being the APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
269 
longest; the poison bag is swollen up and provided with a slightly 
curved and acute hollow spine. The upper part of each joint is concave 
or grooved, whilst the inferior part is convex. They are carinated, and 
rows of conspicuous granules are observed along the carinae. 
The color of the body above is uniform greenish yellow; the thoracic 
appendages (feet) are yellowish, whilst the palpi and caudal appendage 
(tail) reflect a reddish shade upon the yellow ground. 
The specimen figured was collected in the Valley of the Great Salt 
Lake of Utah, by Capt. Howard Stansbury. 
A much smaller specimen was brought from Eagle Pass, Texas, by 
Mr. Arthur Schott, of the United States and Mexican boundary. 
Plate XVI, fig. 5, represents, size of life, aS*. (Telegonus) boreus seen 
from above. 
Fig. 6 is a view from beneath, to show the abdominal combs, first 
abdominal segment, and origin of fourth and third pairs of feet. 
Fig. 7 represents the distribution of the ocelli. 
2. Scorpio (Atrevs) californicus, Girard. 
General form of body and appendages slender when compared to the 
preceding species. The tail is almost twice the length of the body; there 
is not the same disproportion of length between the first and second joints 
and the remaining ones. The carinae and rows of granules are much less 
conspicuous. The cephalothorax and dorso-abdominal shields exhibit 
carinae and rows of granules not only on the palpi, but likewise on the 
feet. Rows of granules may be seen along the angular projections or 
carinae. The chelae are much slenderer, the hand (carpus) and poison 
bag much smaller. An exceedingly minute spine may be observed on 
the poison bag under the sting. The lateral ocelli are situated more 
anteriorly, more apart from each other, and equal amongst themselves. 
The abdominal combs are composed of twenty laminae. 
Color light brown; palpi and tail deeper; upper part of abdomen 
blackish, with a median light vitta. 
One specimen was collected in California and presented by Dr. Stone 
to the Smithsonian Institution. 
3. Scorpio (Atreus) sayi, Girard. 
Syn.-Butkus vittatus, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. II, 1821, 
61. 270 
APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
Upon a close examination of several specimens of this species obtained 
from western Florida, we satisfied ourselves that it belongs to the sub- 
genus Atreus instead of Buthus, in which it was placed by Thomas Say. 
It so happens that the specific name of vittatus has since been given by 
Guerin to another South American species of scorpions; and if we pro- 
pose here to replace Say's specific name, against the received law of 
priority, we would remark that when full grown, the vittae entirely dis- 
appear, and the color becomes uniform deep reddish brown, the legs and 
under surface being lighter. In this species the tail is once and a half 
the length of the body. The palpi are proportionally small, and in the 
young, exiguous. The chelae are slender, slightly curved, with an undu- 
lation at their base, but without marked denticulations. The upper sur- 
face is finely granular. There are from thirty to thirty-two laminae to 
the abdominal combs. "Fuscous, with three fulvous vittae, sides black," 
applies strictly t6 the immature state. 
Specimens of this species were sent from Pensacola, Florida, to the 
Smithsonian Institution, by Dr. Jeffrey, U. S. N., and Dr. J. F. Ham- 
mond, U. S. A. 
A species very closely allied, if not identical with Scorpio {Atreus) 
sayi, is not uncommon in Texas, where several specimens were collected 
by Lieut. D. N. Couch, U. S. A. 
IV. PSEUDOSCORPIONIDJE. 
Observations upon Galeodes subulata of Thomas Say. 
Two species of this genus are described by the same author in Major 
Long's Expedition;* one under the name of Galeodes pallipes, the 
other under that of G. subulata, the only difference between them con- 
sisting in the structure of the chelicerae, which in G. pallipes are termi- 
nated by arcuated claws, armed within with many robust teeth, whilst 
in G. subulata the upper claw is nearly rectilinear, and the lower one 
alone possessed with two robust teeth. 
Having but one individual of this genus at our command, we are not 
prepared to decide upon the question of the validity of both species. 
The specimen before us answers to Say's characters of G. subulata; and 
being perfectly satisfied that it belongs to the latter species, we propose 
to describe it a little more at length than was done by its discoverer. 
* Account of an expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains, performed 
in the years 1819 and '20. Vol. II, 1823, p. 3. APPENDIX F. ARACHNIDIANS. 
271 
The entire length, from the tip of the chelicera) to the end of the 
abdomen, is one inch and a quarter, the abdomen itself forming about 
one-half of that length. The cephalothorax is composed of three dis- 
tinct segments; the anterior one much the largest, giving points of 
attachment to the parts of the mouth, to the palpi, and the two anterior 
pairs of legs; to the second thoracic segment is attached the third pair 
of legs, and to the third segment the fourth pair. The anterior segment 
of cephalothorax, seen from above, is subrhomboidal and smooth. At 
its anterior margin are situated the two ocelli, separated from each 
other by a deep groove. The chelicerae are very stout, and composed 
of one single joint densely covered with setose hairs, and terminated 
each by two spines, one above (finger of some authors), rigid, and 
another below (the thumb), moving vertically against the upper. The 
latter is compressed, acute, almost rectilinear, and smooth; the inferior 
one is subconical, curved upwards, acute towards the point, and pro- 
vided at its base inwardly with two spiny small processes. The palpi 
are proportionally robust, stouter and longer than the three anterior 
pairs of legs; somewhat shorter than the fourth pair, but of a stouter 
appearance, as all the joints, four in number (the maxillae excepted), 
preserve the same diameter. They^are covered on their whole length 
with hairs similar to those on the chelicerae. The maxillae are subtri- 
angular, provided only with brushes of hairs. The next joint (the joint 
of the palpi) is very small and triangular; the second is the longest; 
the third is the next in length; then the fourth, the tip of which ex- 
hibits a minute smooth tuber culifo rm knob. The first pair of legs is 
the most slender of the thoracic appendages, and about the length of 
the third pair; the basal joint is quite short; the second is the shortest 
of all; the third is the longest; the fourth, fifth, and sixth smaller in 
the order enumerated. The last joint terminates like the palpi, bluntly. 
This anterior pair of legs is called by some second pair of palpi, upon 
the ground that their structure is most alike. The three remaining pairs 
of thoracic appendages are seven-jointed, thus composed of one joint 
more than in the first pair and palpi, and furthermore terminated by 
two minute curved claws. The first, second, and third joints are short, 
stoutish, and subequal; the remaining are longer and slenderer, the 
fourth being the longest, and the other diminishing gradually. They 
are covered upon their whole length with hairs similar to those which 
cover the palpi, but perhaps less densely so. The abdomen is subovoid, 
being a little depressed; it is densely hairy above and below, and com- 
posed, as usual, of nine segments or annuli. 
Collected on June the 10th. 272 
APPENDIX F. MYRIAPODS. 
MYRIAPODS. 
CHARLES GIRARD. 
1. Scolopendra heros, Girard. 
Zoology, Pl. XVIII. 
Spec. char.-Twenty-one pairs of grallatory appendages, composed 
of five segments or articulations, and a conical terminal spine, more or 
less curved. Back bicarinated; beneath, flat and grooved. Antennae 
composed of twenty-five joints; color uniform dark-reddish brown; 
lighter beneath. 
Description.-The general form of the body is depressed, subcon- 
cave above, flat beneath. It is composed of twenty-one annuli, segments 
or rings, each of which bears one pair of locomotory appendages, 
(feet). The middle region of the back presents a slight double carina 
and last segment. The intermediate area is rather flattened, whilst each 
running parallel the whole length of the body, very faint on the first 
side is gently sloping towards the exterior margin. Ai the inferior 
surface, two longitudinal furrows or grooves may be seen extending the 
whole length of the body, and dividing the abdominal disk into three 
almost equal parts. The stigmata are transversely elongated, and 
situated immediately beneath the lateral margin of the dorsal shields of 
each segment. The insertion of the locomotory appendages takes 
place immediately above the lateral margin of the abdominal shields of 
each segment. The locomotory appendages are as numerous as the 
segments of the body-twenty-one pairs constructed alike; that is to say, 
composed of five joints and a curved terminal spine. A minute spine 
may occasionally be seen at the anterior margin of the fourth and fifth 
joints. The third and fourth joints are longer than the first and 
second; the fifth is always the smallest: these organs are tapering rapidly 
towards their extremity. In the caudal pair, the first and second arti- 
cles or joints are longer than the third and fourth; the first one is, 
moreover, provided with a spiny process along its inner margin. Its 
general shape and directing distinguishes it, likewise, from all the other 
pairs. APPENDIX F. MYRIAPODS. 
273 
The second segment is quite short, the shortest of all, and contrasts 
strangely with the others, which preserve regular proportions, gradually 
diminishing from the middle of the length towards both extremities, 
with but few exceptions. The first segment or ring is one of these, 
being the shortest after the second; its anterior margin is subcrescentic, 
the concavity of which receives the cephalic shield or disk (head). 
Besides the anterior pair of locomotory appendages, it gives a point of 
attachment to a pair of robust and two-jointed forceps, functioning as a 
pair of jaws for seizing and holding the prey. The central piece is 
large and subtriangular, the anterior margin of which is denticulated, 
(the second lip of some authors). That second or external lip (labrum) 
is formed by the union of two pieces, which are separate in the young, 
where they constitute a third joint to the forceps-jaws, the second lip 
then being also separate, and existing as a limina already denticulated 
anteriorly. The next joint is short and stout; the second is a conical 
and tapering spine, curved inwardly and perforated, as it is well known 
for the passage of a venomous fluid, not otherwise dangerous. 
The cephalic disk itself, seen from above, is subcircular in shape, pro- 
jecting slightly between the antennae, and showing upon its surface traces 
of the dorsal carinae alluded to above. To its inferior surface we find 
attached two pairs of mandibles and one pair of palpi. In proceeding 
from outwards inwards, we will find immediately behind the forceps 
jaws the palpi (little feet, sometimes called), composed of four flattened 
joints and a minute, curved, and terminal hook. They are united at 
their base by the means of two additional central pieces. The second 
joint is the longest, and slightly bent. The exterior pair of mandibles, 
the one next to the palpi, is composed of four joints, the first being 
almost as long as the three remaining ones; the fourth is rounded, pre- 
senting an inner concave surface with a sharp terminal margin. They 
are united upon their middle by a lanceolated ligula. The inner pair of 
mandibles is composed of two pieces; the first irregularly shaped, the 
second subcircular concave, subcircular and margined anteriorly by 
small spines, four or five in number, constituting a denticulated 
margin. 
In the anterior margin of the cephalic disk are inserted the antennae, 
composed of twenty-five joints gradually diminishing in thickness, and 
increasing in length towards the extremity, which is filiform. Exteri- 
orly to the antennae, and close to the margin of the disk, are situated 
the ocelli, four on each side, as usual in the genus, and disposed as rep- 
resented in figure 5. 274 
APPENDIX F. MYRIAPODS. 
The inferior surface of the last ring differs from the others in having 
a much smaller shield, and in being provided on each side with a stout, 
subconical spine, directed backwards. 
An immature specimen, one-third of the length of the one figured, 
has the same number of segments or annuli, the same number of feet, 
and the same general structure. 
One individual of this species was collected, on the 15th of June at 
Sweet-water creek; others were found in July, between the south fork of 
Red river and Otter creek. 
Plate XVIII, fig. 1, .represents Scolopendra heros size of life, seen 
from above. 
Fig. 2. The head from below. 
Fig. 3. Posterior extremity from below. 
Fig. 4. A medial segment to show the attachment of feet. 
Fig. 5. Disposition of ocelli on left side. 
2. Julus ornatus, Girard. 
Spec. char.-Ground-color bluish black; segments narrowly mar- 
gined posteriorly with reddish; anterior margin of segments rather 
blue, whilst the middle is rather black, thus giving the appearance of 
three rings of color. The anterior portion, which is covered by the 
articulation, is fulvous. Feet deep chestnut-brown. Antennae rufous 
at base, blackish at tip. Stigmata not conspicuous; marked by a series 
of small, obsolete blackish spots. 
Remarks.-This species is allied to Julus marginatus of Say, but its 
body is proportionally much stouter. The ocelli are disposed upon a 
subtriangular space quite different in shape. The antennae themselves 
are slenderer in proportions. The labrum (upper lip) is also less emargi- 
nated than in Julus marginatus, and the marginal punctures much less 
conspicuous. 
One specimen wras collected, on the 27th of June. 
3. Julus atratus, Girard. 
Spec. char.-Body, feet, and antennae, uniform deep blackish brown; 
antennae and feet occasionally reddish, as also the labrum and anterior 
margin of first segment. Posterior third of each segment of a shining 
black. Stigmata and lateral striae beneath quite conspicuous. APPENDIX F. MYRIAPODS. 
275 
Remarks.-Resembles more Julus ornatus than Juhis marginatus 
in the general proportions of the body, but in the structure of the 
antennae and labrum comes nearer to Julus marginatus. 
Specimens of this species were collected at Prairie Met Rouge. Louisi- 
ana, by James Fairie, Esq., and sent to the Smithsonian Institution. APPENDIX G. 
BOTANY 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED DURING THE EXPE- 
DITION: BY DR. JOHN TORREY. APPENDIX G. 
BOTANY. 
JOHN TORREY, M. D. 
No. 96, St. Mark's Place, New York, 
August, 10,. 1853. 
Dear Sir: I have examined the collection of plants that you 
brought from the headwaters of the Red river, towards the Rocky 
mountains. The flora of this region greatly resembles that of the upper 
portion of the Canadian. It is remarkable that there occur among your 
plants several species that were first discovered by Dr. James, in Long's 
Expedition, and have not been found since until now. Your collection 
is an interesting addition to the geography of North American plants, 
and serves to mark more clearly the range of many western species. 
For particular remarks on the rarer plants, and descriptions of the new 
species, I refer you to the accompanying list. 
At your request I have had some of the rarer plants drawn and en- 
graved, to illustrate your report to Congress. 
I am, dear sir, 
Yours truly, 
JOHN TORREY. 
Captain R. B. Marcy. 280 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
RANUNCULACE^E. 
Clematis Pitcheri, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 10. Witchita Mountains ; 
fl. and fr. July 17. 
Anemone Caroliniana, Walt.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 12. Sources 
of the Trinity River; May 3. 
Delphinium azureum, Michx.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 32. Main Fork 
of the Red River; fl. May 8-June 16. 
PAPAVERACE^E. 
Argemone Mexicana, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 61. Common 
on the upper waters of the Red River; May-June 16. 
CRUCIFERJE. 
Vesicaria angustifolia, Nutt., in Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 101; Gray, 
Pl. Lindh. 2, p. 145. Sources of the Trinity River; fl. and fr. May 3. 
V. stenophylla, Gray, Pl. Lindh. 2, p. 149 ; and Pl. Wright. 1, p. 10, 
and 2, p. 13. North Fork of the Red River; fr. June 14. 
DithyrtEA Wislizeni, Engelm., in Wisliz. N. Mex, p. 95; Gray, Pl. 
Wright. 1, p. 10, and 2, p. 14. Abundant on the headwaters of the 
Red River; June 23-July 14. 
The specimens of this plant collected by Captain Marcy vary con- 
siderably in the leaves, which are often nearly entire. The flowers also 
vary in size; the petals being sometimes nearly one-third of an inch in 
length. The silicles are larger than in specimens collected in New 
Mexico by Mr. Wright and Dr. Edwards. They are by no means always 
deeply emarginate at the base, and sometimes they are slightly notched 
at the summit. 
Streptanthus hyacinthoides, Hook., in Bot. Mag., t. 3516 ; Torr, 
and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 78; Gray, Gen. Ill., t. 61. Witchita Mountains to 
the boundary of the Choctaw Nation; fl. May 31-June 4. 
CAPPARIDACEJE. 
Polanisia graveolens, Raf.; Torr, and Gr., FI. 1, p. 123, and Suppl., 
p. 669. Witchita Mountains; fl. and fr. July 16. The pods are on a 
short stipe, and the seeds are more or less rough. 281 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
CARYOPHYLLACEaE. 
Silene Antirrhina, Linn., Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 191. On the 
Main Fork of the Red River; fl. May 8. 
Paronychia Jamesii, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 170; Gray, Pl. Fendi., 
p. 14. Middle Fork of Red River; fl. May 22. 
PORTULACACEaE. 
Talinum teretifolium, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 365; Gray, Gen. Ill., t. 98. 
Middle Fork of Red River; fl. May 22, fr. July 5. 
MALVACEaE. 
Malvastrum coccineum, Gray, Gen. Ill., t. 121 ; Pl. Fendi., p. 24. 
Malva coccinea, Nutt. Sida coccinea, DC.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 235. 
North Fork of Red River, &c. 
Callirrhce involucrata, Gray, Pl. Fendi., p. 15, and Gen. III., t. 
117. Malva involucrata, Torr, and Gr., Fl., p. 226. Middle Fork of 
Red River; fl. May 22. 
C digitata, Nutt, in Jour. Acad. Phil. 2, p. 181; Gray, 1. c. Fort 
Belknap. 
LINACEaE. 
Linum Berlandieri, Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 3480 ; Engelm. in Gray, Pl. 
Wright. 2, p. 25. Cache creek, and Cross-Timbers of the Red River; 
May. 
L. Boottii, Planch., in Lond. Jour. Bot. 7, p. 475; Engelm. 1. c. 
Witchita Mountains; fl. and fr. July 17. 
OXALIDACEaE, 
Oxalis violacea, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 211. Headwaters 
of the Trinity River; April 25. 
0. stricta, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1. c. With the preceding. 282 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
GERANIACE^E. 
Geranium Carolinianum, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 207. Head- 
waters of the Trinity, and on Cache Creek; April-May. 
ZANTHOXYLACE^E. 
Ptelea trifoliata, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., FI. 1, p. 215; mollis. 
Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, Suppl., p. 680. Common on the headwaters of the 
Red River; fr. June 16. 
ANACARDIACEtE. 
Rhus trilob ata, Nutt., in Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 218; Gray Pl. 
Fendi., p. 28. On the Middle and North Forks of the Red River; in 
fruit June 1-16. 
R. Toxicodendron, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., 1. c. With the preceding 
in fruit only. 
VITACE^E. 
Vitis rupertris, Scheele, in Linnsea, 21, p. 591; Gray, Pl. Lindh., 
2, p. 165. Witchita Mountains; abundant. The fruit was immature, 
but had attained nearly its full size in the middle, of July. They are 
said to be ripe in August, when they are about the size of large peas, 
of a deep purple color, and agreeable to the taste. This species much 
resembles the summer grape of the Atlantic States. 
SAPINDACE^E. 
Sapindus marginatus, Willd.; Torr, and Gray, FI. 1, 255; Gray, 
Gen. Ill., 2, t. 180. Main Fork of Red River. 
This is generally known in Texas and Arkansas by the name of Wild 
China. It is a tree, and attains the height of 20 feet, with a trunk 
10 inches in diameter. The wood is of a yellow color. 
POLYGALACEtE. 
Pqlygala alba, Nutt. Gen. 2, p. 87; Gray, Pl. Wright. 1, p. 38. 
P. Beyrichii, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 670. On Suydam Creek, North 
Fork of Red River; fl. June 6. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
283 
P. incarnata, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., 1, p. 129. Tributaries of the 
Washita River; fl. and fr. July 23. This species has not hitherto been 
found so far west. 
KRAMERIACEAS. 
Krameria lanceolata, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 168; 
Gray, Gen. Ill., 2, t. 185. Headwaters of the Trinity, and on the 
Middle Fork of the Red River; fl. May 4-22. 
LEGUMINOSAL 
Vicia micrantha, Nutt., in Torr. and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 271. Cache Creek 
and Middle Fork of Red River; fl. and fr. May 16-22. 
Rhynchosia tomentosa, var. volubilis, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 285. 
Tributaries of the Washita River; fl. July 26. 
Tephrosia Virginiana, Pers.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 295. Witchita 
Mountains and upper waters of Red River; fl. June 4, fr. July 23. 
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Nutt., Gen. 2, p. 106 ; Torr, and Gr., Fl. l,p. 
298. Main and North Forks of the Red River; fl. June 6, fr. June 26. 
Indigofera leptosepala, Nutt., in Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 298. With 
the preceding; fl. May 26-June 6. 
Psoralea esculenta, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 475, t. 22. Mouth of Cache 
Creek, and Witchita Mountains; May. 
P. argophylla, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 475 ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2, p. 136, 
t. 53. North and Middle Forks of Red River; fl. May 26-31. 
P. floribunda, Nutt., in Torr, and Gr., Fl. l,p. 300. Sources of the 
Red River; fl. June 2-9. 
Petalostemon violaceum, Michx., Fl. 2, p. 50, t. 37, f. 2; Torr and Gr., 
Fl. 1, p. 310. With the preceding; June 2-7. 
Petalostemon gracile, Nutt, in Jour. Acad. Phil. 7, p. 92; Torr 
and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 309. Cache Creek; May 18. 
P. multiflorum, Nutt., 1. c.; Torr. and Gr., 1. c. On the Witchit 
Mountains; fl. and fr. July 15. 284 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
Petalostemon villosum, Nutt., Gen. 2, p. 85 ; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 
310. Cache Creek; June 14 ; flowers not yet expanded. 
Dalea aurea, Nutt., Gen. 2, p. 101; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 308; 
Gray, Pl. Wright. 2, p. 41. Main Fork of Red River; fl. July 5. 
D. lanata, Spreng, Syst. 3, p. 327. D. lanuginosa, Nutt., in Torr, 
and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 307. Big Witchita and on the Main Fork of the 
Red River; fl. June 27. 
D. laxiflora, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 741 ; Nutt., Gen. 2, p. 101 ; Torr, and 
Gr., Fl. 1, p. 307. D. pencillata, Moricand, Pl. Nouv. Amer., t. 45. 
Common on all the upper waters of the Red River; May-July. 
Amorpha canescens, Nutt., Gen. 2, p. 92; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 
306. Witchita Mountains; fl. May 30. 
Astragalus Nuttallianus, DC. Prodr. 2, p. 289 ; Torr, and Gr. 2, 
p. 234. Upper waters of the Red River; fl. and fr. May 5. The flowers 
are larger than usual in this species. 
A. caryocarpus, Ker. Bot. Reg., t. 176; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 331. 
Headwaters of the Trinity. May 2 ; in flower only. 
Oxytropis Lamberti, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 740; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 
339. With the preceding; fl. in May. 
Desmodium sessilifolium, Torr and Gr. 1, p. 363. Witchita Mount- 
ains. The specimens of this plant collected by Captain Marcy are in 
a state of remarkable fasciation. The branches of the panicle are coa- 
lesced, (sometimes almost to the summit,) into a broad flat mass, which 
is covered with sessile flowers and fruit. 
Clitoria Mariana, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 290; Torr., Fl. 
N. York, 1, p. 163, t. 24. On the Washita; fl. July 27. 
Baptisia australis, R. Br.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 385. Sources 
of the Red River; fl. and fr. June 6-10. , 
B. leucophaja, Nutt., Gen. 1, p. 282; Torr, and Gr., 1. c. Common 
on the upper tributaries of the Red River; fl. April, fr. May. 
Hoffmanseggia Jamesii, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 293; Gray, Pl. 
Lindh. 2, p. 178. With the preceding; fl. and fr. June 14-24. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
285 
Cassia Cham^ecrista, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 395. Tribu- 
taries of the Washita ; fl. July 22. 
Schrankia uncinata, Willd.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 400. Mouth 
of Medicine River, &c.; fl. April. 
Acacia lutea, Leavenw.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 403. On the 
Witchita Mountains; fl. and fr. July 14. The leaves are remarkably 
sensitive. 
ROSACE^E. 
Sanguisorba annua, Nutt., in Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 429. Pote- 
rium annuum, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1, p. 198. 
ONAGRACEJE. 
CEnothera rhombipetala., Nutt., in Torr, and Gr., FI. 1, p. 493 ; 
Kunze, in Limuea, 20, p. 57. Main Fork of Red River; fl. June 24. 
GE. sinuata, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 294. Witchita Mountains 
and upper tributaries of the Red River; May-June. 
GE. speciosa, Nutt., in Jour. Acad. Phil. 2, p. 119; Torr, and Gr., 
FI. 1. c. Big Witchita; fl. May 8. Middle Fork of the Red River; fr. 
June 21. 
GE. lavanduljefolia, Torr. and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 501; Hook. Lond. Jour. 
Bot. 6, p. 223, Gray, PI. Wright. 1, p. 72. Big Witchita and North 
Fork of Red River; fl. May 8, fr. June 6. The leaves in all our speci- 
mens of this rare species are nearly glabrous, about one inch and a half 
long, and 2-3 lines wide, with the apex rather acute. The fruit is well 
described by Hooker, (1. c.) 
CE. serrulata, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 246; Torr, and Gr., FL 1, p. 501. 
Common on the upper tributaries of the Red River; May-June. 
Gaura coccinea, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 249; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 518. 
North Fork of Red River; fl. June 6. 
G. villosa, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 200 ; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, 
p. 518 ; Gray, Pl. Wright, 1, p. 73. Witchita Mountains; fr. July 14. 
The ripe fruit is not always reflexed. It is (including the stipe) about 286 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
7 lines long, ovate, strongly tetraquetrous, abruptly contracted at the 
base, and 2-4-seeded: the seeds more or less imbricated. 
LOASACE^E. 
Mentzelia nuda, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1 p. 535; Gray, Pl. Fendi., p. 
47, and Pl. Wright. 1, p. 73; Bartonia nuda^ Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 297. 
Witchita Mountains; fl. June 22. 
CUCURBITACEAE. 
Cucurbita perennis, Gray, Pl. Lindh. 2, p. 193 ; and Wright. Pl. 
2, p. 60. C. foetidissima, II. B. and Kunth? Cucumis perennis, James, 
in Long's Exped. 2, p. 20; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 543. North fork of 
the Platte; fl. June 6. Although the cultivated plant seems to be 
dioecious not unpleasant to the smell, Mr. Wright says, (vide Gray, 
1. c.) that in a wild state it is " certainly monoecious, and exhales an un- 
pleasant smell when bruised ;" so that it does not differ from the descrip- 
tion of C. feetidissima, except that the latter is said by Kunth to be an 
annual, which may be a mistake. The flowers are as large as those of 
the common pumpkin. 
Sicydium, sp. nov. ? Fruit 1^ inch in diameter, globose, sessile. 
Seeds larger than in $. Lindheimeri, and more turgid. On the Main 
Fork of Red River; fr. July 11. 
GROSSULACEAE. 
Ribes aureum, Pursh, Fl. 1, p. 164; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 552. 
North Fork of Red River; fr. June 4. 
UMBELLIFERyE. 
Eryngium diffusum, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 207 ; Torr, 
and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 603. Witchita Mountains; fl. June 14. This rare 
species has not been found before, since it was first discovered by Dr. 
James, more than thirty years ago. Ii is rather doubtful whether it is 
diffuse, except, perhaps, when it is old. The specimens of Captain 
Marcy are less branched than the original one from which the description 
in the Flora of North America was drawn. 
Leptocaulis echinatus, Nutt., in DC. Prodr. 4, p. 107; Torr, and 
Gr., Fl. 1, p. 609. Headwaters of the Trinity; April 2. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
287 
Polyt.enia Nuttallii, DC. Umb., p. 53, t. 13, and Prodr. 4, p. 
196; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 533. Middle Fork of Red River; fl. June 
1. Witchita Mountains; fr. July 16. 
Eurytjenia Texana, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 1, p. 633. Main Fork of 
Red River; fr. June 11. This plant has hitherto been found only by 
the late Mr. Drummond, who discovered it in Texas more than twenty 
years ago. It is an annual, about two feet high; the fine striae of the 
stem and branches are roughened upward, with minute points. The 
umbels are compound and spreading. Flowers minute. Petals white, 
broadly orbicular, waved on the margin, deeply emarginate, with an in- 
flexed point. Fruit about one-third larger than in Drummond's Texan 
specimen. 
RUBIACE2E. 
Oldenlandia angustifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. 2, p. 68. Houstonia 
angustifolia, Mich. Fl. 1, p. 85; Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr, and Gr., 
Fl. 2, p. 41. Tributaries of the Main Fork of Red River; fl. May- 
June. 
VALERIANACE2E. 
Fedia radiata, leiocarpa, Torr, and Gr., FI. 2, p. 52. Upper 
Red River. 
COMPOSITE. 
Liatris squarrosa, "Willd.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 68; Sweet FI. 
Gard., t. 44. Tributaries of the Washita River; fl. July 22-24. 
L. acidota, Engelm. and Gray, Pl. Lindh., p. 10; Gray Pl. Wright. 
1, p. 83. L. mucronate^ Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 70; not of D. C. On 
the Washita; July 27. 
Solid ago odora, Nutt.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 219. Witchita 
Mountains; July 16. 
S. Missouriensis, Nutt, in Jour. Acad. Philad. 7, p. 32, and Trans. 
Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 7, p. 327 ; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 222. With 
the preceding. 
Artemisia filifolia, Torr, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 211; Torr, 
and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 417. Upper tributaries of the Red River; May. An 288 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
abundant shrub, of a grayish white aspect, with numerous branches, and 
crowded, slender leaves. This is one of the numerous species called sage 
by the hunters. It is found from the plains of the Upper Missouri to the 
Valley of the Rio Grande, and west to the Colorado. 
Achillea Millefolium, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 409. With 
the preceding. It is the woolly form that almost exclusively occurs 
west of the Mississippi. 
Zinnia grandiflora, Nutt, in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 7, p. 
348 ; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 298 ; Torr, in Emory's Rep., t. 4, Gray, Pl. 
Fendi., p. 81. Main Fork of Red River; fl. July 2. 
Riddellia tagetina, Nutt. 1. c., p. 371; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 302 ; 
Torr, in Emory's Rep., t. 5 ; Gray, Pl. Fendi., p. 93. Main Fork of Red 
River; June 25-July 8. The pappus is more hyaline and acute than in 
specimens from other localities in my herbarium. It is also slightly 
lacerate at the tip, showing something of a transition to R. arachnoidea. 
The leaves, too, are more woolly and broader than in the more common 
form of the plant. 
Rudbeckia iiirta, Linn.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 307. Witchita 
Mountains; fl. June 1. Is A. tricolor distinct from this species? Dr. 
Gray remarks, (Plant. Lindh. 2, p. 227,) that in cultivation, the purple 
brown of the rays is commonly obsolete or wanting in all the later 
heads. 
Echinacea angustifolia, DC. Prodr. 5, p. 554 ; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 
2, p. 306. Witchita Mountains; June 1. 
Lepachys columnaris, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 315. Rudbeckia 
cohimnaris, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 575. Common on all the tributaries of the 
lied River; June. 
IIelianthus petiolaris, Nutt, in Jour. Acad. Philad. 2, p. 115 ; 
Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. (n. ser.) t. 75. With the preceding. 
Gaillardia pulchella, Foug.; DC. Prodr. 5, p. 652; Torr, and 
Gr., Fl. 2, p. 366. Common on the upper tributaries of the Red River; 
May-June. 
Palafoxia callosa, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 369. Stevia callosa, 
Nutt, in Jour. Acad. Philad. 2, p. 121; Bart. Fl. Amer. Sept., t. 46. 
^.foliis latioribus. Tributaries of the Washita; June. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
289 
Hymenopappus corymbosus, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 372. II. En- 
gelmannianus, Kunth. 
Actinella linearifolia, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 383. Hymenoxys 
linearifolia, Hook. Witchita Mountains; May 30. 
Marshallia caespitosa, Nutt, in DC. Prodr. 5, p. 680; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 3,704; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 391. Headwaters of the 
Trinity River; May. 
Aphanostephus ramosissimus, DC. Prodr. 5, p. 310; Gray, Pl. 
Wright. 1, p. 93. A.Riddellii, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 189. Egletes 
ramosissima, Gray, Pl. Fendi., p. 71. Little Witchita and upper tribu- 
taries of Red River; May-June. The tube of the disk flowers is indu- 
rated in all the specimens. 
Engelmannia pinnatifida, Torr, and Gr., in Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. (n. ser.) 7, p. 343; and Fl. 2, p. 283. Witchita Mountains; May 
30. 
Melampodium cinereum, DC. Prodr. 5, p. 518; Gray, Pl. Fendi., p. 
78; M. ramosissimum, DC. 1. c., Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 271. M. 
lencanthum,ToYY. Gr. I. c. Cache Creek; June 21. A variable 
species. 
Chrysopsis canescens, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 256 ; Gray, Pl. Fendi., 
p. 77. Main Fork of Red River; July 8. 
C. hispida, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2, p. 22, (under Diplopappusf) DC. 
Prodr. 7, p. 279 ; Torr, and Gr. 1. c. 
Centaurea Americana, Nutt, in Jour. Acad. Phil. 2, p. 117 ; Bart. 
Fl. Amer.-Sept., t. 50 ; Torr, and Gray, FL 2, p. 453. Tributaries of 
the upper Red River; June-July. 
Cirsium undulatum,' Spreng.; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 456. With 
the preceding. 
Pyrrhopappus Carolinianus, DC. Prodr. 7, p. 144; Nutt, in 
Trans. Amer. Phil Soc. (n. ser.) 7, p. 430. Headwaters of the Trinity 
and on Cache Creek ; May. 
Lygodesmia juncea, Don.; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2, p. 295, t. 103 ; 
Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 484. Upper tributaries of the Red River; June. 290 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
The lower branches are covered at the base with tubers or galls, about 
the size of cherry-stones, produced by the stings of insects. 
L. aphylla, DC. Prodr. 7, p. 198; Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, p. 485. 
Texana, Torr, and Gr. 1. c. North Fork of Red River; June 16. The 
numerous radical leaves are 3-4 inches long, runcinately pinnatifid. 
Achenia angular, distinctly tapering upward. 
ASCLEPIADACE^E. 
Asclepias tuberosa, Linn.; Michx. Fl. 1, p. 117; Sweet Brit. Fl. 
Gard. (ser. 2,) t. 24; Decaisne, in DC. Prodr. 8, p. 567. Torr. FL 
N. York, 2, p. 123. Upper tributaries of Red River; May-June. The 
leaves vary from ovate and amplexicaul to narrowly linear. 
A. speciosa, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. 2, p. 218, and in Fremont's First 
Rep., p. 95. A. Douglasii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2, p. 53, t. 142 ; De- 
caisne, 1. c. Witchita Mountains to the upper tributaries of the Red 
River; fl. June-July; flowers larger than in any other North American 
species of Asclepias. 
Acerates paniculata, Decaisne, 1. c., p. 521; Asclepias viridis, 
Walt., Fl. Carol, p. 107 ? Anantherix paniculatus, Nutt., in Trans. Amer. 
Phil. Soc., (n. ser.,) 5, p. 202. Cache Creek and Middle Fork of Red 
River; fl. May 16, fr. June. 
A. decumbens, Decaisne, 1. c. Anantherix decumbens, Nutt. 1. c. 
Cache Creek; fl. May 17. The follicles oblong, not muricate. 
A. angustifolia, Decaisne, 1. c. Polyotus angustifolius, Nutt. 1. c. 
Branch of Cache Creek; fl. May 17. 
A. viridiflora, Ell. sk. 1, p. 317; Torr. Fl. N. York, 2, p. 124; De- 
caisne, 1. c. Asclepias viridiflora, Pursh, Fl. 1, p. 181; Hook. Fl. Bor.- 
Am. 2, p. 53, t. 143. North Fork of Red River ; fl. June 4. The speci- 
mens collected by Captain Marcy belong to the broad-leaved forms of 
the plant. 
Enslenia albida, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 164, and in Trans. Amer. Phil. 
Soc., (n. ser.) 5, p. 203 ; Decaisne, in DC. Prodr. 8, p. 518. Main 
Fork of Red River; not in flower. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
291 
APOCYNACE^E. 
Apocynum cannabinum, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2, p. 51, t. 
139 ; Decaisne, in DC. Prodr. 8, p. 439 ; Torr. Fl. New York, 2, p. -. 
Common on the upper tributaries of Red River; May-June. 
Amsonia salicifolia, Pursh, Fl. 1, p. *184; Decaisne, in DC. Prodr. 
8, p. 385. Witchita Mountains; fr. July 16. This is perhaps only a 
variety of A. angustifolia, Michx., and both may not be specifically 
distinct from A. tabernamontana. 
GENTIANACEyE. 
Sabbatia campestris, Nutt., in Trans. Am^r. Phil. Soc., (n. ser.,) 5, 
p. 167; Griseb., in DC. Prodr. 9, p. 50; Engelm. and Gr., Pl. Lindh. 
1, p. 15. On the Washita; fl. and fr. July 27. 
Erythr^ea Beyrichii, Torr, and Gr., Fl. 2, ined. E. trichantha 5. 
angustifolia, Griseb. 1. c. With the preceding; fl. and fr. July 26. 
Eustoma Russelianum, Don.; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 8, p. 51. 
Lisianthus glaucifolius, Nutt. 1. c. L. Russelianus, Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 
3626. Washita River to the upper tributaries of the Red River; July. 
CONVOLVULACEJE. 
Evolvulus pilosus, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 174, (as a synonym); Trans. 
Amer. Phil. Soc., (n. ser.,) 5, p. 195. .A. argenteus, Pursh, Fl. 1, p. 
187; Choisy, in DC. Prodr. 9, p. 443; not of R. Br. Middle Fork 
of Red River; fl. May 22. Choisy doubtingly refers Brown's plant to 
E. hirsutus, Lam., and therefore has adopted Pursh's name. 
Convolvulus lobatus, Engelm., and Gray, Pl. Lindh. 1, p. 44 (in a 
note.) C. hastatus, Nutt., in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (n. ser.,) 5, p. 
194; not of Thunb. C. Nuttallii, Torr, in Emory's Rep., p. 149. 
Middle Fork of Red River; May 22-June 6. This species has much 
the appearance of C. althceoides, Boss. 
C. (Ipomcea) leptophyllus, Torr., in Frem. First Report, p. 94, and 
in Emory's Report, p. 148, t. 11. With the preceding. 
C. (Ipomcea) shumardianus, (sp. nov.;) caule gracili subpubescente; 
foliis ovato-lanceolatis sursum angustatis basi acutis ; pedunculis petiolas 292 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
longioribus 2-4-floris; sepalis ovatis obtusis. Witchita Mountains; fl. 
July 17 ; flowers as large as in C. panduratus, which the plant much 
resembles, but differs in the form of the leaves, and in the broader and 
more obtuse sepals. Named in honor of Dr. G. C. Shumard, the botan- 
ical collector of the' expedition. 
SOLANACE.H 
Solanum flavidum, Torr. Ann. Lyc. New York, 2, p. 227; Dunal 
in DC. Prodr. 13, p. 375. Cache Creek; May. This species is not 
suffrutescent, as is stated in the original description, but probably annual. 
Mr. Wright found it on the Rio Grande. The prickles are sometimes 
almost wanting. 
S. Carolinense, Linn.; Torr., Fl. N. York 2, p. 105; Dunal, 1. c., 
p. 305. Witchita Mountains and upper tributaries of the Red River; 
May-June. 
Physalis pumila, Nutt., in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (n. ser.,) 5, p. 193. 
With the preceding ; May-June. This species has been overlooked by 
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 
SCROPHULARIACE^E. 
Castilleja purpurea, G. Don.; Ben th., in DC. Prodr. 10, p. 531. 
Euchroma purpurea, Nutt., 1. c., p. 180. Sources of the Trinity River; 
May. 
Pentstemon grandiflorus, Nutt., in Fras. Cat. 1813, and Gen. 2, 
p. 53 ; Benth., 1. c., p. 322. P. Bradburii, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 738. North 
Fork of Red River; fl. June 3. The pedicels vary from three lines to 
nearly an inch in length. 
P. ambiguus, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 228; Benth., 1. c., p. 
321. Witohita Mountains; June. This rare and well characterized 
species has lately been found by Mr. Wright on the Upper Rio Grande. 
P. CoByEA, Nutt., 1. c.; Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 3465; Benth., 1. c., p. 
326. Upper tributaries of the Red River; May-June. 
P. pubeScens, Soland.; Torr., Fl. N. York, 2, p. 35; Benth., 1. c. 
Headwaters of the Trinity. Smoothish, with narrower and more entire 
leaves than usual. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
293 
Gerardia grandiflora, Benth., Comp. Bot. Mag., 1, p. 206. Da- 
systoma Drummondi,~Benth., in DC. Prodr. 10, p. 521. On the Wa- 
shita; fl. July 27. 
LABIATE. 
Monarda aristata, Nutt., in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (n. ser.,) 5, p. 
186 ; Benth., in DC. Prodr. 12, p. 363. Main Fork of Red River; May 
24-25. Nuttall says that this species is sometimes perennial; but all 
our specimens seem to be annual. A variety was found on Cache Creek, 
in which the teeth of the calyx are aristate from a broad base, and 
strongly hispid-ciliate. The corolla is not spotted, as in the ordinary 
form. 
M. punctata, Linn.; Benth., 1. c.; Torr., Fl. N. York, 2, p. 59. M. 
lutea, Michx., Fl. 1, p. 16. North and Middle Forks of Red River; May- 
June. A dwarfish and annual form, in which the corolla is scarcely 
spotted, was found in the same region. 
Teucrium Cubense, Linn.; Benth., in DC. Prodr. 12, p. 578. T. 
laciniatum, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. New York, 2, p. 231. Cache Creek and 
Middle Fork of Red River; May. This species was incorrectly described 
by me as "fruticulose" in the work quoted. 
Scutellaria resinosa, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 232; 
Benth., in DC. Prodr. 12, p. 427. Cache Creek and Sweetwater 
Creek; May 18-June 9. 
S. parvula, Michx., Fl. 1, p. 12; Benth., 1. c.; Torr., Fl. N. York, 2, 
p. 71. S. ambigua, Nutt., Gen. 2, p. 37. 
VERBENACEtE. 
Lippia cuneifolia, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. $34, (under 
Zapaniaf) Witchita Mountains, and on the Washita; June 1-27. 
Schauer has overlooked this species, in his revision of Verbena,cece for 
DC. Prodr. 
Verbena bipinnatifida, Engelm. and Gray, Pl. Lindh. 1, p. 49; 
Schauer, in DC. Prodr. 11, p. 553. Glandularia bipinnatifida, Nutt., 
in Jour. Acad. Phil. 2, p. 123, and in Amer. Phil. Trans, (n. ser.) 5, p. 
184. Sources of the Trinity and upper tributaries of Red River; May- 
June. 294 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
BORAGINACEHL 
Euploca convolvulacea, Nutt., in Amer. Phil. Trans., (n. ser.) 5, 
p. 190; DC. Prodr. 9, p. 559. Middle Fork of Red River; fl. June 23. 
I am now convinced that my E. grandifiora (Emory's Report, p. 147) 
is an unusually large-flowered state of the present species. The plant 
is abundant on the Upper Rio Grande. 
Eritrichium Jamesii. Myosotis suffruticosa, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. 
York, 2, p. 225 ; DC. Prodr. 10, p. 114. North Fork of Red River; fl. 
and fr. June 14. This plant had not been found, till Captain Marcy 
collected it, since it was discovered by Dr. James, in Long's Expedition. 
It is a genuine Eritrichium, but can hardly be referred to any one of 
De Candolle's sections of that genus. My description (1. c.) was drawn 
from old and imperfect specimens, the stems of which were indurated at 
the base so as to appear suffrutescent. As more complete specimens 
show the plant to be herbaceous, the former specific name is not appro- 
priate. The allied Fendlerian species No. 636 (A7. multicaule Torr. Mss.) 
is very hispid and canescent, with spreading hairs, and throws up several 
stems from a thick root or caudex. Leaves linear-spatulate and obtuse. 
Flowers on conspicuous pedicels. Fructiferous calyx broadly ovate, 
nearly erect; the segments ovate-lanceolate and closed over the fruit. 
Nutlets truncate at the summit, very smooth and shining. 
POLEMONIACE^E. 
Phlox pilosa, Linn.; Benth., in DC. Prodr. 9, p. 305. Sources 
of the Trinity; May. 
PRIMULACE2E. 
Dodecatheon Meadia, Linn.; Pursh, Fl. 1, p. 136; DC. Prodr. 8, 
p. 56. Sources of the Trinity ; fl. May. 
SANTALACEtE. 
Comandra umbellata, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 157; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2, 
p. 139, t. 79, f. A; Torr. Fl. N. York, 2, p. 160. Thesium umbella- 
tum, Linn. Tributaries of the Red River; May. There are few plants 
that have a wider range in latitude and longitude than this. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
295 
EUPHORBIACE^E. 
Euphorbia corollata, Linn.; Pursli, FL 2, p. 607; Torr. Fl. N. 
York, 2, p. 175, t. 99. On the Washita; July. 
E. marginata, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 607; Torr, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, 
p. 224. Main Fork of Red River; July 8. Upper part of the stem 
hairy. 
E. helioscopia, Linn.; Torr. Fl. N. York, 2, p. 174, (excl. syn. 
Pursh;) Gray, Bot. N. States, p. 405. Headwaters of the Trinity; fl. 
May. 
Stillingia lanceolata, Nutt, in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, (n. ser.) 
5, p. 176. N. sylvatica salicifolia, Torr, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, 
p. 245. Middle Fork of Red River; fl. June 4. 
Hendecandra Texensis, Klotsch in Erich. Arch. (1841) 1, p. 252 ; 
Engel, and Gray, Pl. Lindh. 1, p. 53. Croton muricatum, Nutt, in 
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 5, p. 153. H. multiflora, Torr, in 
Frem. First Rep., p. 96. Middle Fork of Red River; fl. and fr. June 22. 
Gynamblosis monanthogyna. Engelmannia Nuttalliana, Klotsch, 
1. c. Croton monanthogynum, Michx. Fl. 2, p. 215. C. ellipticum, 
Nutt. Gen. 2, p. 225, (excl. syn.;) Torr, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 245. 
Main Fork of Red River; June 24. The Engelmannia of Klotsch, which 
is based on Croton ellipticum of Nuttall, must give place to the earlier 
genus of the same name of Torr, and Gray. I propose for it a manu- 
script name given to the plant many years ago, when revising the 
Euphorbiacece of the United States. Klotsch is wrong in referring Cro- 
ton monanthogynum to Hendecandra maritima. In the young specimens 
of Captain Marcy all the staminate flowers are 8-10 androus: and the 
later flowers are not unfrequently hexandrous. The petals and sepals 
vary from three to five. 
Tragia ramosa, Torr, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 245. T. angus- 
tifolia, Nutt., in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 5, p. 172. T. 
brevispica, Engel, and Gray, Pl. Lindh. 1, p. 54. North Fork of th e 
Red River; June. 296 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Engel, and Gray, Pl. Lindh. 1, p. 26. 
Jatropha stimulosa, Michx. Fl. 2, p. 216; Ell. Sk. 2, p. 649. Cache 
Creek ; May 17. 
PLANTAGENACE^E. 
Plantago Virginica, Linn.; Torr. Fl. New York, 2, p. 16. Head- 
waters of the Trinity; fl. May. 
P. gnaphaloides, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 100; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2, p. 
124; Decaisne in DC. Prodr. 13, (Sact. 1,) p. 713. Mouth of the 
Big Medicine River. 
POLYGONACEyE. 
Eriogonum longifolium, Nutt, in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 
5, p. 164; Benth. Eriog. in Linn. Trans. 17, p. 406. Witchita Mount- 
ains; June. 
CHENOPODIACEtE. 
Chenopodium subspicatum, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 199 ? Middle Fork of 
Red River. The specimens are without either flowers or fruit. An- 
nual, diffuse, and much branched; clothed with whitish furfuraceous 
scales. Leaves conspicuously petiolate, broadly rhombic-ovate, with 
one or two coarse teeth on each side. 
Obione canescens, Moq. Chenop., p. 74; and in DC. Prodr. 13, 
(pars 2,) p. 113; Torr., in Stansbury's Report, p. 395. 0. occidentalis, 
Moq. 1. c. Calligonium canescens, Pursh, Fl. 2, p. 370. Atriplex cane- 
scens, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 197. Common on the upper tributary of the 
Red River. 
NYCTAGINACE^E. 
Oxybaphus angustifolius, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 237 ; 
Choisy, in DC. Prodr. 13, (pars 2,) p. 433. Calymenia angustifolia, 
Nutt., in Fras. Cat. 1813, and Gen. 1, p. 26. Upper tributaries of Red 
River; June. 
0. nyctagineus, Torr. 1. c.; Choisy, 1. c. Allionia nyctaginea, 
Michx., FI. 1, p. 100. Calymenia corymbosa, Nutt., in Trans. Amer. 
Phil. Soc., (n. ser.) 5, p. 178; not Mirabilis corymbosa, Cav., in which 
the involucrum is one-flowered. With the preceding; May 28. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
297 
0. hirsutus, Sweet; Hook. Fl. Bor .-Amer. 2, p. 124; Choisy, 1. c. 
Allionia hirsuta^ Rursh, Fl. 2, p. 728. With the preceding. If. Stem 
erect, 2-3 feet high, sparingly branched; viscously pubescent; leaves 
2-3 inches long and 1-1^ inch wide, on very short petioles, nearly 
entire. Flowers in a long, loose terminal and naked panicle; involucre 
3-flowered, rotate-companulate. Fruit fusiform, oblong, 5-angled. As 
in most of the Nyctaginacew, this plant abounds in cells filled with 
raphides. These are so abundant in the liber of the root, that they 
forma layer of a silvery white color. 
Abronia mellifera, Dough, in Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 2879; Choisy> 
1. c. Cache Creek; fl. and fr. May 18. The specimens in the collection 
agree exactly with Douglas's plant collected in California, and named 
by Sir William Hooker. 
CUPULIFERAE. 
Quercus undulata, Torr., in Ann. Lyc., 2, p. 248, t. 4. Abundant 
on the upper tributaries of the Red River. Stems 1-2 feet long, from 
a thick woody base, sparingly branched above. Leaves oblong, two 
inches or more in length, undulate, and furnished with 1-3 rather 
obtuse and scarcely mucronate teeth on each side, densely and softly 
pubescent underneath, nearly smooth above, thick and somewhat coria- 
ceous. 
CONIFERtE. 
Juniperus Virginiana, Linn.; Michx f. Sylv. 2, p. 353, t. 155; 
Torr., Fl. N. York, 2, p. 235. J. sabina, Hook., Fl. Bor.-Am. 2, p. 
166. Middle Fork of Red River. 
HYPOXIDACEJE. 
Hypoxis erecta, Linn.; Bart., Fl. N. Amer, 1, t. 35, f. 1; Torr., FL 
N. York, 2, p. 289. Headwaters of the Trinity River; May. 
COMMELYNACEtE. 
Commelyna angustifolia, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. 4, p. 53; Torr., Fl. 
N. York, 2, p. 332. North Fork of Red River; May-June. 
Tradescantia Virginica, Linn.; Bot. Mag., t. 105 ; Bart. 1. c., t. 41; 
Kunth, Enum. 4, p. 81; Torr., Fl. N. York, 2, p. 333. Abundant on 298 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
the upper tributaries of Red River; May-June; extremely variable in 
pubescence, and in the breadth of the leaves. 
IRIDACE2B 
Sisyrinciiium Bermudiana, Linn.; Torr., Fl. N. York, 2, p. 290. 
Headwaters of the Trinity; May. 
Nemastylis acuta ; with the preceding. 
LILIACE^E. 
Scilla esculenta, Ker. Bot. Mag., t. 1574. Phalangium esculen- 
tum, Nutt., in Fras. Cat. 1813, Gen. 1, p. 219. P. Quamash, Pursh, Fl. 
1, p. 226. Headwaters of the Trinity; May. 
Allium Canadense, Kalm ; Pursh, Fl. 1, p. 223; Kunth, Enum. 4, 
p. 450; Torr., Fl. N. York, 2, p. 308. On Cache Creek; fl. May 14. 
A. ochroleucum, Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 5, p. 156 ; 
not of Waldst. and Kit. Headwaters of the Trinity; May. 
A. reticulatum, Fras. ? Kunth, Enum. 4, p. 435. A. angulosum, ft. 
lenchorhizum, Nutt. 1. c.? Common on the tributaries of Red River. 
Bulb usually covered with dark reticulated coats, but sometimes naked. 
MELANTHACEHL 
Amianthium Nuttalii, Gray, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 4, p. 123. 
TIelonias angustifolia, Nutt., in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (n. ser.) 5, p. 
154. Amiantanthus, Kunth, Enum. 4, p. 181. Headwaters of the 
Trinity; May. 
CYPERACEJE. 
Cyperus Schweinitzii, Torr. Cyp., p. 276; FL N. York, 2, p. 343. 
C. alter niflor us, Schwein., in Long's 2d Exped., 2, p. 381, (not of R. 
Br.) Middle and North Forks of Red River; May-June. 
C. strigosus, Linn.; Torr. Cyp., p. 261; FI. N. York, 2, p. 340, t. 
136. Witchita Mountains; July. 
Cyperus acuminatus, Torr, and Hook., in Torr. Cyp. Suppl. Wit- 
chita Mountains; July 15. APPENDIX G. EOT AN V. 
299 
Fimbristylis spadicea, Vahl, Enum. 2, p. 294 ; Torr. Cyp., p. 346 ; 
Kunth, Enum. 2, p. 237 ; Torr. Fl. N. York, 2, p. 360. Headwaters of 
the Trinity; May. 
Carex Muhlenbergh, Schk. Car. 2, p. 12, f. 178 ; Schwein. and Torr. 
Car., p. 304 ; Torr. Fl. N. York, 2, p. 374. Headwaters of the Trinity, 
and on Cache Creek; May-June. 
C. festucacea, Schk. Car. f. 173 ; Carey, in Gray's Bot. N. States, 
p. 545. C. straminea, var. festucacea, Torr. 1. c. With the preceding. 
GRAMINE^E. 
Phalaris angusta, Nees; Trin. Ie. Gram. t. 78 ; Kunth, Gram. 2, 
p. 32. P. occidentalism Nutt, in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (n, ser.) 5, p. 
144. On Cache Creek; May 16. This plant is certainly P. angusta 
of Trinius, of which I have specimens named by that distinguished 
botanist. It appears, however, scarcely to differ from P. microstaclya, 
DC. 
Paspalum l^eve, Michx. Fl. 1, p. 44; Trin. Panic. Gen., p. 160; 
Torr., Fl. N. York, 2, p. 421. Main Fork of Red River; June. 
Panicum pauciflorum, Ell. Sk. 1, p. 120; Gray, Bot. N. States, p. 
613. Headwaters of the Trinity; May. 
P. reticulatum, (n. sp.;) culmo geniculato erecto subsimplici; foliis 
vaginisque laxe pilosis; panicula oblonga contracta, ramulis racemosis 
paucifloris; spiculis obovatis acutiusculis glabris breviter pedicellatis 
muticis; glumis valde insequalibus; flore neutro bivalvi; palea inferiore 
(ut in gluma superiora) 7-costulata reticulata, flore hermaphrodito 
transverse ruguloso. On the Main Fork of Red River; July. Nos. 2090 
and 2091, Wright's Coll. N. Mex. 1851-52, are glabrous and more 
robust forms of this species. 
P. obtusum, (II. B. K.?) spicis 5-7 racemosim dispositis erectis; 
spiculis geminis subimbricatis unilateralibus muticis obovatis obtusis 
glabris; glumis aequalibus multinervosis; flore inferiore triandro bipa- 
leaceo; flore hermaphrodito subtilissime longitudinaliter striato subni- 
tido.-H. B. and Kunth, Nov. Gen. 1, p. 98 ? Tributaries of the Washita. 
Plant glabrous and glaucous, about 18 inches long. Rachis narrowly 
linear, very flexuous; nerves of the glumes green. Near P. obtusum, 300 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
II. B. K., but differs in the nearly equal glumes, Ac. No. 2092 AV right's 
Coll. N. Mex. 1851-52, is exactly our plant. 
Aristida fasciculata, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 154; 
Kunth, Enum. 2, p. 196. A. purpurea, Nutt, in Trans. Amer. Phil. 
Soc., (n. ser.) 5, p. 145. Middle Fork of Red River; May-June. 
Agrostis (Sporobolus) airoides, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 2, p. 
151. With the preceding. The axils of the panicle are nearly glabrous 
in Captain Marcyls specimens. 
Calamagrostis gigantea, Nutt. 1. c., p. 143. Middle Fork of Red 
River; June 23. 
Chloris verticillata, Nutt. 1. c. With the preceding; June 25. 
An elegant grass, near C.alba, Presl. and Torr, in Emory's Rep., p. 153. 
Bouteloua racemosa, Lag. Var. Cienc. (1805) p. 141; Torr, in 
Emory's Rep., p. 154 ; not of Torr. Fl. N. York. Dinebra curtipendula, 
DC.? Kunth, Syn. Pl. Eq. 1, p. 281; excl. syn. Michx. Eutriana 
curtipendula, Trin. Fund. p. 161 (in part); Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 280, 
and Suppl. p. 233 ; excl. syn. Michx. and Willd. Main Fork of Red 
River; J uly. The detailed description of this species by Kunth, 1. c., 
(drawn from a Mexican specimen collected by Humboldt) shows that 
the Chloris curtipendula of Michaux (Bouteloua curtipendula, Torr.) 
is a distinct species, as indicated in Emory's Report, 1. c. 
Chondrosium oligostaciiyum. Atheropogon oligostachyum, Nutt. 
Gen. 1, p. 78; Torr, in Sill. Jour. 4, p. 58. Eutriana? oligostachya, 
Kunth, Gram. 1, p. 96, ex. Enum. 2, p. 282. Main Fork of Red River; 
July 2. 
C. papillosum. Atheropogon papillosum, Engelm. in Sill. Jour. 46, 
p. 104. With the preceding, of which it is perhaps only a variety. The 
species of Chondrosium and Bouteloua are known by the name of Grama 
Grasses in New Mexico and Texas. 
Pleuraphis Jamesii, Torr, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 1, p. 148, t. 10 ; 
Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 285. Main Fork of Red River; July. Kunth (1. c.) 
asks whether this is not Eymenothecium quinquesetum of Lagasca; 
but the brief description of that author (in Gen. et Sp. Pl. Nov. 1816) 
does not agree with our plant. 301 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
Sesleria dactyloides, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 65 ; Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 323 ; 
Torr, in Emory's Report, p. 323, t. 10. Upper tributaries of the Red 
River; July. This is the well known Buffalo-grass of the western prairies. 
It is remarkable that neither the grain nor the fertile flowers of this 
grass are known. 
Poa (Eragrostis) oxylepis. P. interrupt^ Nutt, in Trans. Amer. 
Phil. Soc., (n. sen) 5, p. 146 ; not of Lam. Witchita Mountains; July. 
A very neat grass. The specimens of Captain Marcy are only about 18 
inches high. 
P. eragrostis, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 333 ; Torn, Fl. N. York, 
2, p. 458. North Fork of Red River; July. 
P. arachnifera : panicula oblonga contracta, ramulis semiverticillatis; 
spicis subquin quefloris, lato-ovatis, floribus laxis basi et racheos longe 
lanosd-arachnoideis; glumis inequalibus anguste-lanceolatis,in carina sca- 
bris; palea inferiore lineari-lanceolata acutissima obscure 3-5-nervata, 
carina inferne ciliata. 
spiculis 9-10 floris, rachi sparsa lanosa. Headwaters of the Trinity; 
May. 
Melica glabra, Michx.Fl. 1, p. 62. Witchita Mountains; May 30. 
Koeleria cristata, Pers. Syn. 1, p. 97; Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 381. 
K. nitida, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 74. K. tuberosa, Nutt, in Amer. Phil. Trans, 
(n. sen) 5, p. 148. Headwaters of the Trinity. 
Festuca nutans, Willd. Enum. 1, p. 116; Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 407; 
Torr. Fl. N. York, 2, p. 471, t. 158. Witchita Mountains; June. 
F. tenella, Willd. 1 c.; Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 397 ; Torr., Fl. N. York, 
2, p. 470,1.154. Headwaters of the Trinity: taller than the plant of 
the Atlantic States. 
Uniola latifolia, Michx., FL 1, p. 71; Ell. Sk. 1, p. 167; Kunth, 
Enum. 1, p. 425. Witchita Mountains; July. A tall, showy grass, 
with very large much compressed spikelets. 
U. stricta, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 1, p. 155. U. multiflora, 
Nutt., in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 5, p. 148. Washita River 
to the upper tributaries of the Red River; June-July. No. 2033 
Wright's Coll. N. Mex. 1851-52 is the same. 302 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
Triticum repens, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 440; Torr., Fl. N. York, 
2, p. 474. Common on the tributaries of Red River; May-June. All 
the specimens are awnless. 
Elymus Canadensis, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 451; Torr., Fl. N. 
York, 2, p. 476. E. glaucifolius, Willd. Cache Creek, &c.; June. 
Uordeum jubatum, Linn.; Torr., Fl. Mid. and N. States, 1, p. 158; 
Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 457. Tributaries of Red River. 
H. pusillum, Nutt. Gen. 1, p. 87, and Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 
5, p. 151; Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 457. 
Tripsacum dactyloides, Linn; Michx. Fl. 1, p. 61; Nutt. 1. c.; 
Kunth, Enum 1, p. 469. North Fork of Red River; June. 
Andropogon Jamesii. A. glaucum, Torr., in Ann. Lyc. N. York, 1, 
p. 153; not of Muhl. With the preceding. 
EQUISETACEJE. 
Equisetum hyemale, Linn.; Pursh, FL 2, p. 652 ; Torr., Fl. New 
York, 2, p. 482. Main Fork of Red River. APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
303 
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
Plate I. Anemone Caroliniana. 
Fig. 1, a stamen, magnified ; fig. 2, a head of pistils; fig. 3, a head of ripe 
achenia, both magnified; fig. 4, a single achenium, more enlarged. 
Plate II. Dithyraea Wislizeni. 
Fig. 1, a flower, magnified; fig. 2, the pistil, more enlarged; fig. 3, a ripe 
pod, with one cell opened, to show the seed-also magnified; fig. 4, the 
embryo, more magnified. 
Plate III. Geranium Fremontil* 
Plate IV. Hoffmanseggia Jamesii. 
Fig. 1, a flower; fig. 2, a pod; fig. 3, seed-all moderately magnified. 
Plate V. Sanguisorba annua. 
Fig. 1, a flower; fig. 2, the fruit-both magnified. 
Plate VI. Eryngium diffusum. 
Fig. 1, a separate leaf; fig. 2, a flower; fig. 3, a petal; fig. 4, the ovary, 
with the styles and three of the sepals; fig. 5, front view of a stamen and 
sepal; fig. 6, side view of the same-all but fig. 1 more or less magnified. 
Plate VII. Eurytjenia Texana. 
Fig. 1, a mericarp, magnified; fig. 2, transverse section of the same, more 
magnified. 
Plate VIII. Liatris acidota. 
Fig. 1, head of flowers, moderately magnified; fig. 2, a single flower, more 
enlarged; fig. 3, a single bristle of the pappus, still more enlarged. 
Plate IX. Aphanostephus ramosjssimus. 
Fig. 1, a ray-flower; fig. 2, a disk-flower; fig. 3, style of the same; fig. 4, 
achenium, with its coroniform pappus-all magnified. 
Plate X. Xanthisma Texana. 
Fig. 1-3, scales of the involucre ; fig. 4, a disk-flower; fig. 5, achenium and 
pappus of the same; fig. 6, ray-flower; fig. 7, style of the disk-flower-all 
magnified. 
* This species was not found by Captain Marcy, but it grows in the region that 
he explored. The plate *was prepared for another government report, which was 
never published. 304 
APPENDIX G. BOTANY. 
Plate XI. Engelmanma pinnatifida. 
Fig. 1, a ray-flower, with an inner involucral scale; fig. 2, style of the same; 
fig. 3, a disk-flower; fig. 4, style of the same; fig. 5, an achenium-all 
magnified. 
Plate XII. Artimesia filifolia. 
Fig. 1, portion of a flowering branch, moderately enlarged; fig. 2, a single 
head, more magnified; fig. 3, the same, longitudinally cut and equally 
magnified; fig. 4, a disk-flower, and fig. 5, a ray-flower, both more mag- 
nified. 
Plate XIII. Erythema Beyrichii. 
Fig. 1, a flower, magnified; fig. 2, a capsule. 
Plate XIV. Heliotropium teneleum. 
Fig. 1, the calyx; fig. 2, corolla, showing its aestivation; fig. 3, the same, 
expanded; fig. 4, the same, laid open; fig. 5, fruit; fig. 6, longitudinal, 
section of the seed-all magnified. 
Plate XV. Euploca convolvulacea. 
Fig. 1, a flower, moderately magnified; fig. 2, the same, aid open and 
equally magnified; fig. 3, the stamens, more magnified; fig. 4, a single 
stamen, still more magnified; fig. 5, the pistil, equally magnified; fig. 6, 
fruit, with the persistent style; fig. 7, transverse section of the same, 
equally enlarged; fig. 7, longitudinal section of a seed, more magnified. 
Plate XVI. Pentstemon ambiguus. 
Fig. 1, a flower, moderately magnified; fig. 2, the stamens and a portion of 
the corolla, more enlarged; fig. 3, the pistil, equally magnified; fig. 4, 
capsule, twice the natural size, and dehiscent. 
Plate XVII. Lippia cuneifolia. 
Fig. 1, a bract; fig. 2, a flower; fig. 3, the calyx; fig. 4, the corolla, cut 
longitudinally, showing the stamens and pistil-all moderately magnified; 
fig. 5, the pistil, longitudinally cut, more enlarged. 
Plate XVIII. Abronia cycloptera. 
Fig. 1, involucre, somewhat magnified; fig. 2, fruit of the natural size; fig. 
3, transverse section of the fruit, magnified; fig. 4, an achenium, magnified; 
fig. 5, transverse section of the same, also magnified; fig. 6, the embryo. 
Plate XIX. POA INTERRUPTA. 
Fig. 1, a spikelet; fig. 2, a single flower; fig 3, a caryopsis-all magnified. 
Plate XX. Uniola stricta. e 
Fig. 1, a spikelet, magnified. APPENDIX II. 
ETHNOLOGY. 
VOCABULARIES OF THE COMANCHES AND WITCHITAS, BY CAPT 
R. B. MARCY; WITH SOME GENERAL REMARKS, 
BY PROF. W. W. TURNER. APPENDIX H. 
ETHNOLOGY. 
VOCABULARIES OF WORDS IN THE LANGUAGES OF THE COMAN 
CHES AND WITCHITAS: BY CAPT. R. B. MARCY. 
ENGLISH. 
COMANCHE. 
WITCHITA. 
Man, 
To-e-bitch-e, 
T wo-bear-e-AeZs-ah. 
Woman, 
Wy-e-pe, 
AaA-haak. 
White man, 
To-e-titch-e, 
E-Aa-rish. 
Mexican, 
Tack-o-Zz'-bo, 
Es-Za-he. 
Negro, 
Toosh-ah-Zy-bo, 
Es-tah-he-es-co-rash. 
Indian, 
A7z-hos. 
Delaware, 
Nar-wa7z-ro. 
Kickapoo, 
Shake-AaA-quah. 
Cherokee, 
^/zan-nack. 
Osage, 
Wash-sash e, 
Wash-sa^lie. 
Comanche, 
Wb-taw. 
Chief, 
Taak-gw/z-no, 
A-ra-oh. 
Friend, 
Hartch, 
Hartch. 
Enemy, 
To-ho-6a-kah, 
Now-Za-wah. 
One, 
CAa-osth. 
Two, 
Witch. 
Three, 
Taw-way. 
Four, 
TaaZA-witch. 
Five, 
Es-gaaw-etch. 
Six, 
Ae-hash. 
Seven, 
Ke-q^-itch. 
Eight, 
Ke-o-Zaw-wah. 
Nine, 
Sa-o-Ain-te. 
Ten, 
Es-kir-ri-a7z-wash. 
Horse, 
Pooke, 
Ca-waA-ra. 
Mule, 
Jfoo-rur, 
Afoo-mr. 
Bear, 
WAee-lah, 
Wee-rah. 
Dog, 
Charl-lee, 
JCeetch-ali.. 
Prairie-dog, 
JCee-chee, 
K eeche-d ah. 
Sun, 
Tah-arpe, 
Aee-shaw. 
Moon, 
Mushe, 
Moir (like French). 
Stars, 
Ta-arche, 
Eck-qua-zZe-co. 
Water, 
Pah, 
Keetche. 
Fire, 
Koo-o-nah, 
As-tore. 
Road, 
To-yah-aZcA-co. 308 
APPENDIX H. ETHNOLOGY. 
ENGLISH. 
COMANCHE. 
WITCHITA. 
Smoke, 
Cook-toe, 
Etch-qua-asA-co. 
River, 
Ho-no, 
Po-yah-vees-tah, 
Hat. 
Mountain, 
Ne-yaw-caw-tee. 
Corn, 
Hah-ne-6e-tah, 
Tais. 
Grass, 
Me-cAeese-ka, 
Ec-yocA-cod. 
Tree, 
Oho-pee, 
Cawk. 
Blanket, 
JFaA-nopp, 
Ah-waZer-cotsh, 
Mirror, 
APA-bo-ne, 
Atch-e-o-wash. 
Paint, 
Pees-ah-pee, 
Tah-rah-o-way. 
Tobacco, 
Pah-mo, 
Wly-co. 
Powder, 
AaA-co-chee, 
Eteh-ccA.. 
Gun, 
Bow, 
Pe-i-it. 
Kah-Zo-kash. 
Ho-a-a-te, 
Kee-sZz-its. 
Arrow, 
Pa-ark, 
Aay-quats. 
Yes, 
Hah, 
Wash. 
No, 
Kay, 
Ke-aA-re. 
To hear, 
To sleep, 
APA-gut, 
To-oZcA-kash. 
Ithe-pe, 
Keem-mah, 
A-shotch-a-sAow-bick. 
To come, 
To-Za-os. 
To go, 
Fight, 
Me-ah-lo, 
PoZcA-esch. 
N a w-bah-cZ a-kah, 
Ta-a-chots. 
Understand, 
PbeA-kun-nee, 
W ah-tah-chow- otch- 
kash. 
Talk, 
Pa-quaw, 
W ash-talk-Ae-shaw. 
Look here, 
Cab-boon, 
Esh-sAa-esh. 
I see, 
Tell them, 
He says, 
How much ? 
How far? 
Un-sAa-esh. 
Marry-e-ah-whit-to, 
P-shock. 
PaZA-kash. 
AZcA-kinch. 
A h -she-ka-atch-e-a- 
wrah. 
Good, 
Chaat, 
Atch-tah. 
Bad, 
Great, 
PaAe-chit, 
Naw-ouZ-ta. 
Pe-opp, 
Per-titche, 
Po/cA-tah. 
Small, 
Kee-eZcA-tah. 
Black, 
Poo-hop, 
Co-rash. 
Dead, 
God, 
My father, 
My mother, 
My brother, 
My sister, 
My son, 
My daughter, 
My husband, 
Pa-yeh, 
Tar-a-pe. 
Ner-acA-pee. 
Ner-&e-ar. 
Ner-Za-ma. 
Ner-/)«-cher. 
Ner-Zoo-ar. 
Ner-^a-tar. 
Ner-co-macA-pe. 
Wah-ta-tash. 309 
APPENDIX H. ETHNOLOGY. 
ENGLISH. 
COMANCHE. 
WITCHIT A. 
My wife, 
Child, 
Boy, 
Girl, 
Face, 
Body, 
Head, 
Heart, 
Breast, 
Hair, 
Hand, 
Leg, 
Foot, 
Neck, 
Eye, 
Mouth, 
Tongue,. 
Back, 
Bone, 
Blood, 
Ear, 
Scalp, 
Buffalo, 
Ox, 
Herd of horses, 
Deer, 
Turkey, 
L>aD 
Summer, 
Winter, 
Spring, 
Night, 
Morning, 
Darkness, 
Rain, 
Snow, 
Sea, 
Prairie, 
Spring, (fountain,) 
Bread, 
Melon, 
Wood, 
Forest, 
Bird, 
Fish, 
Ner-quer. 
To-a-chee. 
To-a-zzicA-pe. 
Wy-ah-jw-chee. 
Woo-veh. 
JFaAPcher. 
Pa-aft. 
Pc-hee. 
To-koo. 
Par-pe. 
J/bo-wah. 
Ah-too-koo. 
WaPhap. 
Poo-yo.ck. 
Waw-chiche. 
Tep-pa. 
Ar-aPko. 
§ua-hee. 
uSo-nip. 
PeesAe-pah. 
WaA-karke. 
Pah-pee.. 
Cook-chow. 
Pe-mo-ro. 
Tah-Ae-yeh. 
Ul-leek-kah.. 
Ko-yo-PMah. 
Tah- arp. 
Ta-arch. 
To-han. 
Tane-AaA-ro. 
Too-kah-ra. 
Pua-arth-co. 
Teir. 
Er-mar. 
Tar-kau. 
Par-hap-hia. 
Pc-he-wale-te. 
Pah-hap-pea. 
Ta-e-shaw-tar. 
Pe-Ae-na. 
Koo-oA-nee. 
Hoo-oP carte. 
Poo-choo. 
Pa-que.. 
/ 310 
APPENDIX H. ETHNOLOGY. 
ENGLISH. 
COMANCHE. 
WITCHITA. 
Snake, 
Stone, 
Lead, 
Pipe, 
Corn, 
Tent, 
Wampum, 
Kettle, 
Boat, 
Axe, 
Spear, 
Knife, 
Flint, 
Shoe, 
Kettle, 
Town, 
Warrior, 
Hot, 
Cold, 
White, 
Red, 
Handsome, 
Live, 
Salt, 
Near, 
Far off, 
To-morrow, 
To kill, 
To eat, 
To walk, 
To run, 
To drink, 
To lautjh, 
To cry, 
To love, 
To trade, 
To see, 
To sinsf. 
To dance, 
Me, 
You, 
He, 
They, 
Very well, 
Perhaps, 
Noo-&e-er. 
Terp. 
Ww/>-parke. 
ToA-ish. 
Hah-ne-Se-teh. 
Kah-Zta^-me. 
Tshe-nip. 
Way-he-to-wah. 
'Wo-we-poke. 
Ho-him-nah. 
Cheak. 
Weith. 
ZVa-da-curte. 
Ma-a-pee. 
Wz^-wah. 
Kee-nw-kie. 
Too-a-vitche. 
Ur-ata. 
Urtch-ate. 
7bo-shop. 
A.-kop-tea. 
Char-nar-bo-my. 
Way-ure. 
O-nae-6iZ-er. 
3/ay-titch. 
Ma-nar-kee. 
Pa-arcA-quee. 
May-way-kun. 
Tu-£ar-roo. 
TZer-mumsh. 
No-£a-ark. 
He-6eZ-to. 
Ta-ZzaZz-net. 
Tah-kay. 
Kum-mar-pee. 
Te-me-aZz-row. 
Nah-io-ne. 
Ho-bee-er. 
Ne-er-ker. 
Ne. 
7Zer-che. 
Sho-ku. 
Pun-che. 
O-shus-she. 
Wo-har-X;one. 
• 311 
APPENDIX H. ETHNOLOGY. 
REMARKS ON THE PRECEDING VOCABULARIES, BY PROFESSOR 
W. W. TURNER. 
Of the two vocabularies here given, the Comanche agrees very closely 
with that obtained by Mr. Robert S. Neighbors, Indian agent in Texas, 
and published by H. S. Schoolcraft, in his History, Condition, and Pros- 
pects of the Indian Tribes, vol. II, p. 494, et seq.; the slight discrepan- 
cies which present themselves between the two being nearly all owing 
to the different manner in which the same sounds are caught and 
represented by different persons. The ethnological affinities of the 
£omanches are well known. They are the most important tribe of 
Indians in Texas, and constitute a portion of the great Shoshonee or 
Snake family, which have been led in pursuit of the buffalo far to the 
south of their congeners. 
The vocabulary of the Witchitas, though less complete, is more 
interesting, as being the first ever published, as far as I am aware. A 
pretty extended examination, however, has not enabled me to discover 
an analogy between it and any other aboriginal tongue with which we 
have the means of comparison. It is true, that in Capt. Marcy's lists 
the words for Osage, friend, mule, bear, prairie-dog, are the same in 
this language as in the Comanche; but the entire dissimilarity of the 
two vocabularies in other respects, shows that the words in question 
must have been adopted from one language into the other, or from a 
common foreign source. Thus it is evident that the Comanche name 
for prairie-dog is borrowed from the Witchita, while the name for mule 
has been taken by both from the Spanish. The ethnological position 
of the Witchitas, then, remains still to be determined. ALPHABETICAL INDEX? 
Page. 
A. 
Abronia .... 297, 304 
Abundance of water and grass... 40 
Acacia 285 
Acephala 253 
Acerates 290 
Adair bay 117 
Achillea 288 
Actinella 289 
Agama - 234, 235 
Agassizocrinus 199 
Agricultural capabilities 69 
Agrostis 300 
Albuquerque, altitude of. 112 
Alecran (scorpion) 267 
Alkaline character of water 8 
Allionia 296, 297 
Allium 298 
Allium 298 
Amianthium 298 
Amiantanthus 298 
Ammonites 209 
Amorpha 284 
Amsonia 291 
Amsonia 291 
Anabrus 258, 259 
Anacardiaceae 282 
Analysis of gypsum spring - 52 
Analysis of gypsum water 91 
Analysis of Marcylite 9 
Analysis of subsoil 8,23 
Ananchytes 211 
Anantherix..................... 290 
Anemone 280, 303 
Andropogon 302 
Andropogon.................... 302 
Anodonta 256 
Antelopes 14, 49, 50, 62 
Antilocapra 216 
Antiscorbutics - 36 
Aphanostephus 289, 303 
Aphanostephus 289 
Apocynum 291 
Page. 
Arachnidians 262 
Araneidae 262 
Archimedipora 201 
Argemone 280 
Aristida 300 
Aristida................. 300 
Arkansas, geology of 179 
Artemisia 287, 304 
Asclepiadacese 290 
Asclepias 290 
Asclepias - 290 
Astarte 206 
Astragalus 284 
Atacamite 9, 155 
Atheropogon . 300 
Atmospheric refraction 41 
Atreus ... 269 
Atriplex 296 
B. 
Baptisia 284 
Barometer broken 14 
Bassaris 215 
Battle between Indians - 43 
Batrachians - 242 
Bear, instinct of - 57 
Beavercreek 64 
Beavers, habits of 33 
Big Witchita 9 
Birds seen 12 
Bituminous coal 113 
Boraginacese - 294 
Bos 216 
Bottle buried 38 
Bottom lands 85 
Boulders . 28, 186, 188 
Boundary between Texas and Choc- 
taw Nation 20 
Bouteloua 300 
Bouteloua............... 300 
Bow, its use and material 98 
Buffaloes ...15, 25,27, 65, 71 
* Synonyms are italicised. 314 
Page. I 
Buffaloes, diminution of their num- 
bers 105 I 
Buffalo grass 40 
Buffaloes, range of. - 104 j 
Buffaloes, relation of, to Indians.. 103 
Bufo 242 
Bulimus 256 
Buthus 269 
Brachiopoda 201 
Brachypeplus 260 
Brackish water 64 
Brown coal 167 
Brush fence 37 
Bryozoa 201 
C. 
Cache creek 7 
Calamagrostis 300 
Calligonium.................... 296 
Callirrhoe 281 
Calymenia 296 
Canadian 39 
Canaje-Hexie 17 
Canis 215 
Canons 177 
Capparidaceae 281 
Carex 299 
Carex.......................... 299 
Caryophyllaceae 281 
Cardium 207 
Cassia 285 
Castilleja 292 
Castor 1.... 215 
Cattle-stealing 97 
Centaurea 289 
Centipede 272 
Ceratichthys.................... 248 
Cervus 216 
Chastity of prisoners, violation of.. 103 
Cbenopodiaceae 296 
Chenopodium 296 
Chickasaw plum 19 
Chiefhood of Indians 97 
Chloris 300 
Choctaw reservation, boundary of. 74 
Chloris 300 
Chloris........................ 300 
Chondrosium 300 
Chondrosium 300 
Chrysopsis 289 
Cirsium 289 
Clematis 280 
Clitoria 284 
Cnemidophorus 239 
Coal 180 
Cnidoscolus 296 , 
INDEX. 
Page. 
Coal basin in west 166 
Coal of Brazos 165 
Cold weather 30 
Coal west of Mississippi 165 
Colorado, confusion of the name.. 4 
Coluber. 228 
Comanches 86 
Comanches, physical features of... 98 
Comanches, subdivisions of 94 
Comanche trail 25 
Comandra 294 
Commelyna 297 
Commelynacese 297 
Compo sitae 287 
Coniferae 297 
Convolvulus 291 
Convolvulus 291, 292 
Convolvulaceae 291 
Copper 174 
Copper, carbonate of. 188 
Copper ore 7, 9, 20, 155 
Coronella...................... 228 
Courses and distances 139 
Cretaceous fossils 181, 204 
Cretaceous rocks 181 
Crinoidea 199 
Crotalus 217 
Crotaphytus 234 
Croton 295 
Cross Timbers 70, 81, 84 
Cruciferae 280 
Cucumis 286 
Cucurbita 286 
Cucurb it a 286 
Cucurbitaceae 286 
Cupuliferae 297 
Cyathrocrinus 199 
Cyclas 254 
Cyperaceae 298 
Cyperus 298 
Cyperus 298 
D. 
Daihinia .... 257 
Dalea 284 
Dalea - 284 
Dasystoma 293 
Deer 62, 66 
Deer-bleat ..50, 66 
Delphinium 280 
Desmodium 284 
Dews 43 
Didelphys 216 
Dinebra ....................... 300 
Diplopappus - 289 315 
INDEX. 
Page. I 
Distances from Fort Belknap to 
Santa Fe 89 j 
Dithyraea 280, 30'3 
Divide 12, 13, 41, 48 
Dodecatheon 294 
DonaAna 113 
Drift 168, 175, 185 
Drift-hills 191 
Drought - 37 
E. 
Early explorations of Red river... 2 
Echinacea 288 1 
Echinodermata 210 
Egletes - - 289 
Elevations above sea 43, 56 
Elk creek - 20 
Elymus 302 
Elymus - 302 
Encampment, mode of 30 
Engelmannia 289, 304 
Engelmannia - 295 
Enslenia 290 
Equisetaceae 302 
Equisetum 302 
Eragrostis 301 
Eriogonum 296 
Eritrichium 294 
Eritrichium. 294 
Eryngium 286, 303 
Erythraea 291, 304 I 
Erythrcea....................... 291 
1'Etage Senonien 181 
Euchro ma - 292 
Eiilima 208 
Euphorbia 295 
Euphorbiacese 295 
Euploca 294, 304 
Euploca 294 
Eurytaenia 287, 303 
Eustoma 291 
Eutaenia 219, 220 
Eutriana 300 
Evolvulus 291 
Evolvulus. 291 
Exogyra 204,205 
Explorations by Gregg 4 
" " James 3 
" " Long 3 
" " Pike 2 
" " Sparks 2 
F. 
False rumors 77 
Page. 
False scorpions 270 
Fedia 287 
Felis 215 
| Ferruginous sand 193 
Fertility of soil 72 
Festuca 301 
Fimbristylis 299 
Fish 24, 245 
' Flies, annoyance from 68, 71 
i Fort Arbuckle, arrival at 82 
Fort Belknap 5, 11 
Fort Smith, altitude of 112 
Fort Smith, arrival at 5 
' Fossils 45 
! Fossil-wood 187 
French explorations of Red river. 2 
Fresh water 37,40 
G. 
Gaillardia 288 
Galeodes 270 
Garter snake 219 
' Gasteropoda 254 
Gaura 285 
Gentianaceae - . - « 291 
I Geraniaceae 282 
Geranium 282, 303 
Gerardia 293 
Geology of Arkansas 179 
I Geology of country 163 
I Glandularia 293 
Globiconcha ... 208 
Glycyrrhiza 283 
Gnats, annoyance from 68 
Gold 185 
Gold-bearing formation 19 
Gold-bearing rocks 170 
Gold deposites 14 
Gold diggings of Colorado 171 
Grama grass 28, 43, 50 
Grama 300 
Gramineae 299 
Granite 14, 15, 181 
Grapes 35 
Grasses, native 73 
Grazing, best time for 31 
Gregg's expedition 4 
Greyhounds, use of, in chase 25 
Grossulaceae 286 
Grotto in gypsum 51 
Grove of timber 21 
Gryphaea 205 
Guides, sagacity of 76 
Gynamblosis 295 
Gypsum 22, 46 
Gypsum beds, extent of 91 316 
INDEX. 
Page. 
Gypsum deposite 172 
Gypsum formation 168 
Gypsum in South America.. 173 
Gypsum water, analysis of 52, 91 
II. 
Head of navigation of Red river.. 89 
Head spring of Red river 55 
Hedyotis....................... 287 
Heterodon 222 
Helianthus 288 
Helix plebeium 28 
Heliotropimn 304 
Helonias 298 
Hemiaster 210 
Hendecandra 295 
Hendecandra.................... 295 
Herpdodryas. 228 
Hoffmanseggia 284, 303 
Holaster 210 
Holbrookia 235, 236 
Holectypus 211 
Homeward march 58 
Horde um 302 
Hospitality, rights of 100 
Houstonia 287 
Hundredth degree of longitude.. 18, 19 
Hymenopappus 289 
Hymcnopappus 289 
Hymenothecium 300 
Hymenoxys 289 
Hypoxidaceae 297 
Hypoxis 297 
I. 
Ignorance of power of whites.... 99 
Incredulity of Indians 99 
Indians 76 
Indians and Tartars compared.... 96 
Indian camps 31, 33, 36 
Indian forays 87 
Indian horsemanship 95 
Indians, mode of checking 88 
Indians of Red river, general de- 
scription of. 93 
Indian tracks 63 
Indian villages 72 
Indigofera 283 
Inoceramus 206 
Ipomaea 291 
1 ridaceae 298 
Iron sands 157 
James, Dr., journal of..... - 3 
Page. 
J. 
Janira 204 
Jasper 170 
Jatropha 296 
Julus 274 
June rise 15, 84, 91 
Juniperus 297 
Juniperus............ 297 
Juniperus Virginiana 53 
K. 
Kaskia Indians 3 
Ke-che-a-qui-ho-no 49 
Keechies 93 
Kickapoos 81 
Kioways 37,43, 86 
Kioway creek 36 
Koeleria 301 
Koderia 301 
Krameria 283 
Krameriaceae 283 
L. 
Labiatae 293 
Latitudes 38, 56, 59, 63 
Lakes of Red river 84 
Laguna Colorado Ill 
Labradorite 157 
Leguminosae 283 
Lepachy s . 288 
Lephrosia 283 
Leptocaulis 286 
Leptophis 232 
Lepus 218 
Leuciscus 248, 249,251 
Liatris 287, 303 
Liatris 287 
Lies told by the Indians 18 
Lightning 13 
Lignite 167 
Liliaceae 298 
Lime - 22 
Linaceae 281 
Linum - 281 
Lippia 293, 304 
Liquor, use of, among Indians.... 102 
Lisianthus 291 
Little Witchita 5 
Lizards described 233 
Llano Estacado.. 33, 38, 
39, 41, 42, 45, 49, 50, 56, 92, 114 
Llano Estacado impracticable for 
a railroad... 110 INDEX. 
317 
Page. 
Llano Estacado, geology of.... 190, 191 
Loasaceae 286 
Lodges, Witchita, town of 76 
Loess creek 28 
Longitudes 38 
Long's exploration 3 
Long's peak 115 
Lost member of party 39 
Lutra 215 
Lycosa 263 
Lygodesmia 289,290 
Lygosoma 240 
Lymnaea 255 
Lynx 215 
M. 
Magnetic needle, variation of 64 
Malva 281 
Mal vastrum 281 
Malvaceae 281 
Mammals 215 
Manganese ore 157 
Marcylite * 9, 155 
Marshallia 289 
Masticophis 230 
McClellan's creek 40 
Medicine lodges 107 
Melampodium 289 
Melampodium 289 
Melanthaceae 298 
Melica 301 
Mentzelia 286 
Mephitis 215 
Meteorological observations 119 
Mezquite grass 6 
Mezquite wood 28, 40, 59, 66, 114 
Middle Comanches 79 
Military post, new one advised..87, 88 
Mineralogy 155 
Mirabilis....................... 296 
Mirage 41 
Mollusca 204 
Monarda 293 
Monarda 293 
Mount Scott 70 
Mount Webster 21 
Mountains, physical features of 65 
Mulberry creek 60 
Mule lost 74 
Mygale 262 
Myosotis 294 
Myriapods 272 
N. 
Navigation of Big Witchita 6 
Page. 
Negroes, hostility to 101 
Nemastylis 298 
North Fork 24 
Nyctaginaceae. 296 
0. 
Oaks, dwarf. - 25 
Obione 296 
Obione. 296 
(Enothera 285 
Oldenlandia 287 
Onagraceae 285 
Ophibolus 227, 228, 229 
Order for expedition 1 
Orthopterous insects 257 
Ostrea 205 
Otter creek 14 
Overcup oak 8 
Oxalidaceae 281 
Oxalis 281, 282 
Oxybaphus . 296, 297 
Oxytropis 284 
P. 
Pah-hah-en-ka 79 
Palaeontology 199 
Palafoxia 288 
Panic um .... 299 
Panicum 299 
Panopoea 207 
Panther 11, 50, 59, 66 
Papaveraceae 280 
Paronychia 281 
Paspalum 299 
Pass in the mountains 70 
Patent Office, letter from 60 
Peak of Guadalupe 112 
Pecten 204 
Pentatrematites 200 
Pentremites 200 
Pentstemon 292, 304 
Pentstemon 292 
Petalostemon 283, 284 
Petrified wood 42 
Phalangium 298 
Phalangopsis - 257 
Phalaris 299 
Phalaris 299 
Phengites 173 
Phlox 294 
Phrynosoma 233 
Physa 255 
Physalis 292 
Pike's expedition 2 318 
INDEX. 
Page. 
Pituophys 225 
Planorbis 255, 256 
Plantagenaceae 296 
Plantago 296 
Pleuraphis 300 
Poa 301, 304 
Poa 301 
Polanisia 281 
Polemoniaceae 294 
Polygala 282, 283 
Polygalaceae 282 
Polygonaceae 296 
Poly of us....................... 290 
Polytaenia 287 
Pomotis 245 
Porphyritic greenstone 169 
Portulacaceae 281 
Poterium....................... 285 
Prairie dogs 43, 46, 59 
Prairie-dog towns 46 
Presents distributed 18 
Preston 89 
Preston, arrival at 5 
Primulaceae 294 
Prisoners, release of. 79 
Prisoners, Mexican 79 
Procyon 215 
Productus 201, 202 
Prunus chicasa 19 
Psammophis 230 
Pseudoscorpionidae 270 
Psoralea 283 
Ptelea 282 
Pteromys 215 
Pupa muscorum 28 
Pure water 64 
Pyrrhopappus 289 
Q. 
Quapaws 93 
Quercus 297 
Quercus macrocarpa 8 
Quicksand 7, 29 
R. 
Raft of Red river 84 
Railroad, best route for 110, 112 I 
Railroad, general considerations 
respecting 109 
Rain 13,14, 15, 65 
Rains, times of occurrence 42 
Rana 243 
Ranunculaceae 280 
Rattlesnake 217 
Page. 
Red clay formation 168; 
Red river 13 
Red river, early explorations of... 2 
Red river, its physical characters. 83 
Red river, position of sources 84 
Reptiles - 217 
Reptiles collected 61 
Religious belief 107 
Retepora 201 
Rhus 282 
Rhynchosia 283 
Ribes 286 
Riddellia 288 
Riddellia 288 
Rio Raijo of Humboldt 4 
Rise of river 44 
River terraces 90 
Rock bed of river 54 
Rock salt 91 
Rosaceae 285 
Rubiaceae 287 
Rudbeckia 288 
Radbeckia. 288 
Rush creek 80 
S. 
Sabbatia 291 
Safe return 82 
Sagacity of Indians 32 
San Diego 116 
Sand-hills 16, 90 
Sandy creek 39 
Salt Fork 21 
Salt, incrustation of. 35 
Salt springs 181 
Salt plains not at head of Red river 42 
Sanguisorba 285, 303 
Santalaceae 294 
Sapindaceae 282 
Sapindus 282 
Sceleporus 236 
Scenery, magnificent 55 
Schrankia 285 
Schrankia angustata 44 
Scilla 298 
Scincus 241 
Sciurus 215 
Scolopendra 272 
Scoria 169 
Scorpio 267 
Scorpions 267 
Scorpionidae 267 
Scotophis 226 
Scrophulariaceae 292 
Scutellaria 293 
Scurvy 36, 44, 68 INDEX. 
319 
Page. 
Scyphia 168 
Sections, geological 182 
Selenite 187 
Septaria 158 
Serpents 217 
Sesleria 301 
Shells 253 
Shepard, Prof. C. U., letter from. 155 
Shortest route to Pacific 115 
Sicydium . 286 
Sicydium 286 
Sida.................. 281 
Sidell's route 115 
Sierra Waco 113 
Signs, use of 103 
Silene 281 
Sisyrinchium 298 
Smoke of Indians 62 
Snows, little obstruction from.... 114 
Soils, analysis of 158 j 
Solanacese 292 
Solanum 292 
Solidago 287 
Sparks's expedition 2 
Spermophilus .. 216 
Spiders 262 
Spirifer 203 
Sporobolus 300 
Staked Plain 56 
Staked Plain, etymology of 92 
Stevia 288 
Stillingia 295 
Stillingia................ 295 
Streptanthus 280 
Subsoils 176 
Subsoil, analysis of. 8 i 
Succinea 256 
Succinea elongata 28 
Sulphate of lime 45 
Sulphur river 113 
Sulphuret of lead - 80 
Superstitions 107 
Suydam creek 25 
Sweetwater creek 29 
Swiftness of wild animals 62, 63 ; 
T. 
Talinum 281 
Talk with the Indians 17 
Tamias 215 
Tarantula 262 
Tarantulidae 265 
Tartars and Indians comp ared.... 96 
Telegonus 267 
Temperature of water 8,185 
Terebratula 202, 203, 207 
Page. 
Terraces of river 35 
Tertiary coal. - 167 
Teucrium 293 
Teucrium ...................... 293 
Thelypbonus . 265 
Thesium ......... 294 
Thirst 53, 54 
Tiliqua 241 
Tillable land on Bed river 86 
Timber 65, 70, 73 
Timber, large size of. 40 
Timber, varieties of 8, 12 
Titanian sands 157 
Tobacco, use of 102 
To-se-quash 79 
Tradescantia 297 
Traffic of Indians, illegal 105 
Tragia 295 
Tragia 295 
Transportation of stores, route for 89 
Trigonia 206 
Trinity river 113 
Tripsacum 302 
Triticum.. 302 
Tylostoma 208 
U. 
Umbelliferae 286 
Unio 253, 255, 256 
Uniola 301, 304 
Uniola 301 
Ursus 2J5 
V. 
Valerianaeese 287 
Valley, fertile 70 
Verbena 293 
Verbenacese 293 
Vermillion, use of... 99 
Vesicaria - 280 
Vicia 283 
Vinaigron ( Thelyphonus)......... 265 
Vitacese 282 
Vitis 282 
Volcanic rocks 169 
Vulpes 215 
W. 
Wacos 77, 78, 93 
War-club 98 
War parties 97 320 
INDEX. 
Page. 
War parties, how distinguished... 25 
Warner's pass 116 
Water basin 59 
Water of Red river, analysis of... 176 
Water, sudden rise of. 12 
Wild cat 61, 101 
Wild-horse creek 80 
Winds, prevailing 30 
Winters of Red river 86 
Witchitas 17, 77, 93 
Witchita mountains 10, 15, 62, 64 
Witchita mountains, agricultural 
capabilities of country about... 73 
Witchitas, extent of their country. 69 
Page. 
Witchita mountains, structure of.. 186 
Women, condition of 102 
X. 
Xanthisma 303 
Z. 
Zanthoxylaceae 282 
Zapania .... 293 
Zinnia. 288 
Zoology 215