LADY'S GUIDE.
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                             "If
i8i+r   )V1CE  TO  WIVES
      .GEMENT OF THEMSELVES       <3


         DURING THE PERIODS OF                *'-
                                           u


NANCY,  LABOUR,  AND SUCKLING. |
     Dr. PYE HENRY CHAVASSE,

Member of the Royal College of Surguons, London,
FROM THE SECOND ENGLISH EDITION.
                 NEW-YORK:

   D. APPLETON & CO., 200 BROADWAY.

              PHILADELPHIA:

     GEO. S. APPLETON.  143 CHESTNUT-STREET.

New-York : Office of the Si..: : Burgess, Stringer, 4: Co. Boston :
  Redding Sc Co. ;  Saxton, Pierce, & Co.  Lowell: Bixby &
  Whiting. Baltimore : N. Hickman.  Pittsburgh : J. W. Cooke.
  Albany: George Jones. Charleston: M'Carter & Allen.  New-
  Oileuns: J. B. Steel; Bravo & Morgan.  Mobile:  J. M. Sum-
  wait it Co.; S. Allen.  Cincinnati: W. H. Moore &  Co.  Louis-
  ville : Win. X. Haldennan.
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       Shortly will be published, by the same Author,


             ADVICE TO  MOTHERS

                             ON THE

MANAGEMENT  OF   THEIR  OFFSPRING,

                     DURING THE PERIODS OF

           INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND YOUTH.

                FROM THE THIRD ENGLISH EDITION.

The two works may be had bound together, in one volume, forming
                 a complete Married Ladies' Guide.
     D. Appleton fy Co. have recently published new Editions of

MRS.   ELLIS'S  POPULAR  WORKS.

                                i.

         THE  DAUGHTERS  OF  ENGLAND:

Their  Position in Society,  Character, and  Responsibilities.  By
  Mrs. Ellis.  Complete  in  one handsome  vol. 12mo., cloth gilt,
  50 cents ; cheap edition, boards, 25 cents.

                                II.

             THE WOMEN OF  ENGLAND:

Their Social Duties and  Domestic  Habits.  By  Mrs. Ellis.   One
  handsome vol., cloth gilt, 50 cts.; cheap edition, boards, 25  cts.

                                III.

              THE  WIVES  OF  ENGLAND:

Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influences, and Social Obligations.
  By Mrs Ellis.  One  handsome vol. 12mo., cloth gilt, 50 cents ;
  cheap edition, boards, 25 cents.

                                IV.

            THE MOTHERS  OF ENGLAND:
Their Influence and  Responsibility.  By Mrs. Ellis.  One  hand-
  some vol. 12mo., cloth, 50 cents; cheap edition, boards, 25  cents.

   " Mrs. Ellis is doing a great  work for  the improvement of the human family.  He*
volumes entitled,' The Women of England.' and '  The Daughters of England,' are now
sustained by a third, ' The Wives of England '  The geographical epithet should  be
omitted, for her  productions are  equally adapted to all  her sex ; but especially  on
account of the assimilated condition of society to every one  of them in the  United
States, as much as to her  countrywomen in Britain.  We advise every lather of n
family to give one copy to his wife, and  another to his daughter ; and if he does not
find himself amply repaid within one week for his donations, it will not be the fault
of the edifying book, and the excellent  overpowering persuasions of tho estimable
author."—JV. Y. Cour.er and Enquirer. 
f^e
,-^Cr- 
 
ADVICE TO WIVES. 
            JUST PUBLISHED.



         BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR,





   ADVICE  TO MOTHERS



ON THE MANAGEMENT OF THEIR OFFSPRING,




            DURING the  periods of



        INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND YOUTH.



            One vol. 18rao. uniform in size. 
ADVICE   TO   WIVES
DURING THE PERIODS OF
PREGNANCY, LABOUR, AND SUCKLING.
                     BY


        PYE HENRY CHAVASSE,

MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, LONDON.
FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION.
          NEW-YORK:
D. APPLETON & CO., 200 BROADWAY
            PHILADELPHIA:
  GEO. S. APPLETON, 148 CHESTNUT-STREET.

              MDCCCXLIV. 
C5I3.*
 li?4H 
5K




c
v



K
                       TO




 GEORGE EDWARD MALE, Esq., M. D.




FORMERLY SENIOR PHYSICIAN TO THE BIRMINGHAM GENERAL HOSPITAL,




        JTije follotofttfl $aflcs  ntc ZBeUfcatcTJ,




      IN TOKEN OP  THE RESPECT  AND REGARD




                       OF




                 THE  AUTHOR. 
 
P RE FACjE.
   The  diffidence  and  ignorance of  young
wives, on matters appertaining to  the manage-
ment  of  themselves  during  the   periods  of
pregnancy,  labour,  and  suckling,  loudly call
on  medical  men to  use their  utmost  exer-
tions  to enlighten  them  on  the  above  sub-
jects,  and in a  mode  the least likely  to  do
violence to their  feelings.
   It  is  not  on  the score of  curiosity that
they  should be  thus instructed, but  on that
of necessity—of safety to themselves, as well
as  to  the helpless  infant committed  to  their
charge.
   With  these  views the  following pages  have
been  written. 
viii
   I have attempted to write in a clear, simple,
unostentatious  style.   I have avoided all  tech-
nicalities, as my  object  has been to write a
useful   book,  containing  information  which
every  wife  may understand.
   Advice  to Wives  was originally published
with the  second edition of Advice to Mothers.
I have been  induced to publish them sepa-
rately.
   The rapid sale of the last edition demands
my grateful  thanks,  and has  stimulated  me
to renewed  exertions  to  render  the  work
still more complete and  useful.
   BlKMINGHAM,                   P. H. C.
     12 Old  Sq,uake. 
CONTENTS.
           Part  I.—PREGNANCY.


                                        Pace.  Part.
    On the Signs of Pregnancy.
" Ceasing to be unwell"    .       .      .21      1
Morning sickness      ...      21      2
Pains of the breast   .      .       .      .21      3
"Quickening" ....      22      4
Increased size  after quickening    .      .23      5
Other signs usually accompanying pregnancy  23      6

    On Exercise.
Remarks on pregnant females taking long
  walks     .       .      .       .      .24      7
Observations on exercise during pregnancy  24      8 
 X.                    CONTENTS.

                                         Pag
 Remarks on stooping, over-reaching, etc.  .   24
 The ill effects of indolence during pregnancy   24
 On pregnant females treating themselves as
  if invalids .      .                    .25

    On Necessity of Fb.eq.uent Rest.
 The Importance of frequent rest considered   25
 The plan to be adopted where  there is  a
  difficulty of lying down   .      .      .25

    On Diet.
 Observations on an abstemious diet  during
  pregnancy .       .       .      .      .26
 Certain fruits recommended   .       .      26
 Remarks on the taking of high-seasoned food
  during pregnancy .       .      .       .26
 On the importance of abstinence if the pa-
  tient be plethoric    ...      27

    On Sleep.
On ventilation  of bed-room  .      .      .27
The plan to be adopted if a pregnant female
  be restless .       .       .      .       .28
If she cannot lie down in bed  .       .      28
Remarks on pain at night during  the  latter
  end of the time    .       .      .       .28
On pregnant females retiring early to rest  .  28

    On Medicine, etc.
On the trifling  ailments of pregnancy        29 
                      CONTENTS.

                                         Page
Remarks on a costive  state  of the  bowels
  during pregnancy .       .      .      .29
On the importance of an  abstemious diet if
  the bowels he costive             .       30
The best aperients for a pregnant female  .  30
On the use of enemas in pregnancy   .       31
Heart-burn :  its treatment  .       .      .32
Piles : their treatment  ...       33
Swollen legs : their treatment     .      •   35
On the importance of having the  bowels
  gently opened before the commencement
  of labour    ....       35
Toothache : the danger of extraction during
  pregnancy : the best remedies for tooth-
  ache       ■      •      •       •      .35
Morning sickness : its  treatment             38
Means to harden the nipples       .      .  39
The best treatment when the breasts  are
  very painful during pregnancy      .      39
Bowel complaints : their treatment .        39
Palpitation of the heart: the treatment   .    40
Cramps: the treatment    .      .      .40
" Whites :" the best applications      .      41
     On Miscarriage.
On the cause of young  married women being
  so apt to miscarry       .      .      .42
On the weakening effect of miscarriages     42
Symptoms of a miscarriage  .             .43 
Page.	Part.
43	45
44	46
44	47
xa                   contents.

On the prevention of a miscarriage .
Symptoms denoting the certainty of  a mis-
  carriage     ....
On the care required after a miscarriage
On the ill state of health frequently dated
  from a neglected miscarriage    .       .44      48
The course to be pursued by a lady prone
  to miscarry  before she  becomes pregnant
  again   .....      44      49
Plan to be adopted by those  prone to mis-
  carry      .     .      .      .       .56      50

    On False Labour Pains.
On spurious labour pains   .      .       .46      51
Their treatment       ...      47      52
    On the Period of Gestation.
Periods of gestation .
How to commence the "reckoning"  .
A good plan to make the  " reckoning "
47	54
48	55
              Part II.—LABOUR.
    On the Precursory Symptoms of Labour.
On the feelings of the  patient a day or two
  before the commencement of labour     .  51      56
On the appearance of a  " show "      .      51      57 
                     contents.

                                         Page
Its importance as an indication of labour   .  51
On the importance of not interfering with
  " grinding pains"  .      .       .       .52
On " grinding pains"  .              .      52
Remarks  on bearing down  to  " grinding
  pains"     .       .      .       .       .52
On exercise during this stage   .       .      52
On the proper time to send for  the medical
  man  .....      52
Remarks on the importance of not unneces-
  sarily interfering with labour    .       .  53
The  usual length of first and  subsequent
   labour     .             .      .      .54
     On Preparations for Labour.
Articles that will be wanted  during labour  54
On the importance of attending to the bowels
   during the latter period of pregnancy      55
The way  a female should be dressed during
   labour     .       .      .             .55
On  the  removal  of the bed-carpets and
   valances      ....      55
The manner of " guarding the  bed "      .  55
The proper temperature of the lying-in room  56
 Attendants during labour   .             .56
On the importance of cheerful  conversation
   during  labour                           -r>7
On the administering of brandy firing labour  57
On  the  importance  of  frequently  making
   water during labour ...      58 
XIV                   CONTENTS.

                                         Pag
    On Hints to Attendants.
The plan to be adopted where the child is
  born  before the arrival of  the medical
  man      .      .      .       .       .58
The great care required in such cases  .      59
The course to be pursued where a child is
  born apparently dead    .       .       .59
Further directions recommended            59
Remarks on  the impropriety of tying the
  navel-string before animation be restored   60
On warm baths to restore animation         60
On the importance  of having warm water
  in readiness in lingering labours     .      60
Directions how to tie and divide the navel-
  string when the  medical  man is not at
  hand      .      .      .       .      .60
On the importance  of not allowing a non-
  professional person to meddle with the re-
  moval of the after-birth                   61

    On Rest after Delivery.
On the proper time  of placing a patient
  comfortably in bed after delivery .         61

    On Clothing after Labour.
On additional clothing directly after labour   62

    On Refreshment.
The best beverage after labour              62 
                    contents.                   xv

                                       Page.   Part
Remarks on brandy after confinement     .  63      88
On caudle     ....      63      39

    On  Bandage after Confinement.
On the kind of bandage, and manner of ap-
  plying it               .             -63      90
On the importance of supporting the bowels
  after confinement    ...      64      91

    On  Position.
On the way of placing the patient in  bed   .  64      92

    On  the Lying-in Room.
On the ventilation of the lying-in room    .  64      93
On perfect quietude after labour      .      65      94

    On  the Bladder.
Remarks on a patient going to sleep before
  she has made water      .      .       .65      95
On the importance of immediately acquaint-
  ing the medical man if there be difficulty
  in making water  .      .      .       .66      96

    On the Bowels.
u() the  best medicine after confinement     66      £6

    On Ablutions after Labour.
On the  prejudice against ablution after con-
   finements  .       .      .      ■       .66      8g
On the  best kinds of fomentations     .      67      fig 
XVI                  CONTENTS.

                                         Page.  Part.
    On Rest, etc.
On the  importance of a horizontal position
  after labour                    .       .  67     100
On the period of time a patient may sit up
  after confinement    ...      67     101
    On Diet.
On the best diet for the first three days after
  labour    .      .       .      .       .  68     102
For the next two or three days .      .      68     103
On the sixth or seventh day       .         68     104
After that time ....      68     105
    On Beverage.
For the first ten days after confinement      69     106
After ten days or a fortnight         .      69     107
The best beverage where neither wine nor
  malt liquor agree  .       .      .       .69     108
    On Change of Room.
The period at which a lady should leave her
  room  .....      69     109
The plan to be adopted after the first six or
  seven days.      .       .      .       .69     110
On the importance of well ventilating  the
  lying-in room  during  the absence of the
  patient          .                    .  70     111
    On Exercise.
On the time of taking  out-door exercise af-
   ter labour  .                   .       .  70     112 
                     contents.                  xvii

                                        Page.   Part.
The proper period in winter   .       .      70     113
The proper period in summer      .         70     114
            Part III.—SUCKLING.
    On Stated times for Suckling.
On the  stated periods of suckling infants
  according to their ages   .       .       .73     115
    On Diet.
The diet of a mother who is suckling   .     74     116
Remarks on mothers  being  induced to eat
more than their appetites demand	74	117
On the best meats	74	118
On the care required in the selection of food	75	119
The beverage of a mother who is suckling	76	120
Remarks on wine during suckling .	76	121
Remarks on spirits . . .	76	122
The beverage of a mother when the infant		
she is suckling is labouring under an  in-
  flammatory complaint     .      .       .76     123

    On Air an"d Exercise.
The importance of exercise during the period
  of suckling, considered          .       .76     124
On  mothers suckling their infants immedi-
  ately after exercise  ...      77     125 
xviii                  contents.
On violent exercise during suckling
On carriage exercise

    On Temper.
Observations on an unruffled temper during
  suckling         .             •       .77     128

    On Occupation.
Remarks   on  mothers  attending  to  their
  household duties    ...      79     129
The ill effects of indolence on mothers who
  are nursing             .       .       .79     130
On the importance of occupation during
  suckling     ....      79     131

    On Ailments, etc.
On the importance of a good  nipple       .  79     132
The manner of drawing out a bad and small
  nipple        ....      80     133
The plan to be adopted if the  nipple be very
  much drawn in          .      .       .80     134
The way to prevent sore nipples     .      81     135
The treatment of a sore nipple     .       .  81     137
The best  application if  the  nipple be not
  only sore  but  very much  inflamed  and
  swollen      ....      82     138
The best  application if the nipple be excori-
  ated and moist     .      .      .       .82     139
On the use of a prepared calFs teat   .      83     141
Page.   Part.
 77     126
 77     127 
                     contents.                   xix

                                         Pace.  Part.
Means to be adopted  when  the milk flows
  away constantly  .      .      .       .83      142
On  the  importance of  attending  to  the
  breasts, to prevent  gathering, etc.   .      83      143
The plan to be adopted  if the breasts  are
  full and uneasy    ....
Two forms of gathered breasts : symptoms
On  the important form of gathered breasts .
Plan  to be adopted when a mother feels
  faint during the period of suckling  .
Aperients, etc., during suckling
Remarks on systematic exercise in the pre-
  vention of costiveness
84	144
85	145
85	146
87	147
87	146
88     149
    On  Weaning.
The time a child should be weaned       .  88     150
The manner a mother should act when she
  weans her child      ...      89     151
The best way of " drying up the milk "   .  90     152
Remarks on an abstemious diet during the
  period of weaning    ...      90     153
Symptoms denoting the  necessity of weaning  90     154
On the  importance of  not neglecting such
  symptoms  .      .      •      •       ■
On those mothers who  cannot  suckle their
  infants       ....
Remarks on mothers suckling their infants
  when they are pregnant
91     155

91     156

91     157 
 
ADVICE  TO  WIVES.
        PART I.—PREGNANCY,
            SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.1
  Particle 1.—The first sign that leads a female
to suspect that she is pregnant, is her ceasing to
be unwell.  This,  provided she has  been just
before  in  good health, is a strong symptom of
pregnancy ; but still, there must be others  to
corroborate it.
  2. The next symptom  is morning sickness.
This is oftentimes very distressing, and causes a
loathing  of breakfast.   After  the first  two  or
three months, this sign generally disappears.
  3. A third  symptom is shooting  and lanci-
nating pains,  and  enlargement of the breasts ;
and in  some cases, after the first few months, a
little watery fluid or milk may  be squeezed out
                    2 
22
ADVICE  to wives.
of them.   A  dark areola or mark may gener-
ally be noticed around the nipple.  The nipples
themselves, in the majority of cases, look more
healthy than usual, and are somewhat elevated
and  enlarged :  there is generally a slight moist-
ure upon their  surface, so as  in  some instances
to mark the linen.
   4. A fourth symptom is quickening.  This
generally occurs-about a week or two  after the
fourth month.   A female at this time either feels
faint, or actually faints away ;  she is often very
nervous, and  in   some cases even  hysterical
The  sensation of " quickening" is something
similar to the fluttering of a bird.   " Quicken-
ing" arises from the ascent of the womb  higher
into  the abdomen, as  from the increased  size of
it, there is not room  for it below.  The  old-
fashioned idea was, that the child was not alive
till a woman had quickened.   This is  a most
mistaken notion, as the child is  alive from  the
very commencement  of its  formation.   Flatu
lence has  sometimes  misled a female to fancy
she has quickened ; but, in determining whether 
     PREGNANCY.--SIGNS OF  PREGNANCY.   23

a woman is pregnant, we must never be satisfied
with one symptom  alone;  if we are, we  shall
frequently be misled.
   5.  The fifth  symptom is increased  size im-
mediately after quickening.
   6.  The   sixth  symptom  is pouting of the
navel.  This symptom  does not occur till some
time after a woman has quickened.   Sleepiness,
heartburn,   increased flow of saliva, toothache,
loss of appetite, a pinched  appearance  of coun-
tenance, and likes and dislikes in eating, usually
accompany pregnancy ;  but as they may  arise
from other causes, are not to be relied on farther
than this—that if they  attend  the more certain
signs  of pregnancy, such as cessation  of being
regular, morning  sickness,  pains and  enlarge-
ment  of the breast, etc., they will  then  make
assurance doubly sure,  and a female may then
know for certain that she is pregnant.*
  * As this work is exclusively intended for the perusal
of Wives, I have not pointed out one of the signs of preg-
nancy, which, to a medical  man, is very conclusive; I
mean the sign of the foetal  circulation,  indicated by the
stethoscope. 
24
ADVICE  to wives.
                 EXERCISE.
  7. Most young married women take too long
walks when they are first pregnant.  This is a
very common cause of miscarriage, and bearing
down of the womb.
  8. Although long walks  are improper, short
gentle  walks cannot  be too  strongly  recom-
mended during the whole period of pregnancy.
They keep a female in health, they open  the
bowels, and  relieve that sensation of faintness
and  depression so  common and  distressing in
early pregnancy.
  9.  Stooping and over-reaching should  be
carefully avoided.   Running and dancing are
likewise improper : they frequently induce mis-
carriage.
   10.  Ladies who  loll on sofas and easy chairs
during the greater  part  of the  day, and who
seldom walk out, have  generally more lingering
and  severe labours than those females who at-
tend to their  household duties, and take mode-
rate  and regular exercise in the open air. 
       PREGNANCY.--EXERCISE--REST.     25

  11.  Many look upon  pregnancy more as  a
disease than as a natural process, hence they
treat themselves as  though they were  regular
invalids,  and   unfortunately  too  often  make
themselves really unwell by such improper in-
dulgencies.
      NECESSITY OF FREQUENT REST.
   12.  A pregnant female should lie on the sofa
two or three hours a day, for an hour each time.
This will be particularly necessary  if there be a
bearing down of  the  womb, or a predisposition
to miscarry.  I should recommend  this plan to
be  adopted  throughout  the  whole period of
pregnancy  ;—in the  early months, to  prevent
miscarriage,—and in the latter months, on ac-
count  of the increased weight and size of the
womb.
   13.  Sometimes there  is a difficulty of lying
down  during the latter months;   the  patient
feeling as though  she should be suffocated every
                     2* 
26
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
time she made the attempt.   When  such is the
case, she may rest herself upon the  sofa and
be propped up with cushions, as I consider rest,
at different periods of the day, very necessary.
                    DIET.

   14.  An  abstemious  diet  during  pregnancy
is  most essential,  as  the  habit of body at that
time is usually feverish.   I should, therefore,
recommend abstinence  from  malt liquor, wine,
and spirits, and that but little meat be eaten.
It  is  a mistaken  notion, that women require
more  nourishment  during pregnancy than  at
other times ;  they, if any thing, require less.
   15.  Roasted apples, raspberries, strawberries,
grapes, tamarinds, stewed  prunes, the inside of
ripe  gooseberries, and the juice of oranges, are
particularly indicated during pregnancy :  they
quench thirst, and tend  to open the bowels.
   16.  The food of a pregnant female cannot be
too plain ;  high-seasoned  dishes should, there- 
         PREGNANCY.--DIET--  EEP.       27
                             SL
fore, be avoided.   Light  puddings, such as rice
and batter puddings, or fruit puddings, provided
the paste be plain, may be taken.  Rich pastry
is highly improper.
   17.  If the patient be  plethoric, abstinence is
still more  necessary, or she may suffer severely
during her labour.
                   SLEEP.

   18.  The  bed-room  of a  pregnant female
should be very large  and airy.   Ventilation
should be well attended  to.   The   chimney
should, on no account, be stopped.  In the day
time the windows  should be thrown open, and
the bed-clothes should  be thrown back that air
may well  ventilate them before the night comes
on.  It is a shocking  practice for  a   pregnant
female, or any one  else, to sleep  with  close
drawn curtains.  The bed should not be loaded
with many clothes. 
28
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
   19.  Pregnant females are usually very rest-
less  at night;  they feel  oppressed  and hot.
This might,  in some measure, be  remedied, if
the bed-hangings were removed, if the door of
the bed-chamber  were  left ajar, if  more  atten-
tion were paid to an abstemious diet than there
generally is,  and if pregnant  females partook
more  of cooling  fruits  (see particle  15) than
they usually do.
   20.  Sometimes women experience an inabil-
ity to lie down, the  attempt producing, in some
instances, a feeling of suffocation and  faintness.
Under such circumstances, they should lie on a
bed-rest.
   21.  Pains  at night, during the latter end of
the time,  are usually very frequent,  so  as  to
make an inexperienced  person  fancy her labour
was commencing.   Little need be done, as, un-
less the pains be very severe, nature should not
be interfered with.  If they be very severe, appli-
cation  should be made to the medical adviser.
   22.  Pregnant females should  retire early to
rest;  they  should be in bed every night by ten 
       PREGNANCY.--SLEEP--MEDICINE.    29

o'clock, and  should make a point  of being up
by good  times in the  morning, that they may
have  an early breakfast,  and then take a short
walk  in  the  country, while the air is pure and
invigorating.
   23. Although  some  women,  during preg-
nancy, are very restless, others are very sleepy,
so that they can scarcely, even in the day, keep
their  eyes open.
                  MEDICINE.
   24.  Young wives  are generally  averse  to
consult their medical adviser concerning  several
trifling ailments, which are,  nevertheless,  in
many cases, very  distressing.  To remedy this
evil, the following lines  have been written.   I
wish it to be  distinctly understood, that in all
serious attacks, the medical  man  should imme-
diately be sent for.
   25.  A  costive  state of the bowels is  very
common in pregnancy; mild aperient medicines 
30           ADVICE TO  WIVES.
are,  therefore,   occasionally  necessary.   The
mildest should be selected, as strong purgatives
are highly improper, and even dangerous.  Ca-
lomel, and all  preparations of mercury, are to
be especially avoided, as such a medicine is apt
to produce miscarriage.
   26. An  abstemious diet, where  the  bowels
are costive, is  more than  usually pointed out,
for, if the  bowels be torpid, a quantity of food
will  only make  them more  sluggish.  More-
over,  when labour comes on, a loaded state of
the bowels will  very much add  to a woman's
sufferings.
   27. The best aperients are, castor oil, sweet
oil, figs, grapes, and  roasted apples.   Castor oil
is a most valuable aperient for a pregnant female;
the dose is from a  desert  to a table-spoonful.
The  best ways to take it are the following :—
Let  a tumbler be  well rinsed out with cold
water, so that  the  sides may be  well  wetted ;
then  let the tumbler  be half-filled with cold
water, cold from the pump.  Let the quantity
of oil necessary be  now carefully poured into 
           PREGNANCY.--MEDICINE.        31

the very centre of the tumbler, taking  care  it
does not touch the sides ;  and if the patient will
drink it off thus prepared, she will scarcely taste
it.  Another excellent way of taking it is, swim-
ming on warm new  milk.   A third  method of
administering  it  is, floating on  warm  coffee.
Some  patients are  in the habit  of taking it in
spirits and water ; but the  spirit  is  apt to dis-
solve a portion of  the  oil, and  to rise in the
throat afterwards.  If sweet oil be preferred, the
dose should be as much  again  as of  the castor
oil;  and  the  patient should eat  a  fig  or two
during the day she  takes it, as sweet oil is much
milder in  its  effects than  castor  oil.   Where
pregnant  females cannot take oil, two or  three
compound rhubarb  pills  may be taken  at bed-
time, occasionally.
   28.  Where she cannot  take  medicine, or
where it is  not  found  to  agree, an enema of
warm  water, or of gruel  with a little salt dis-
solved  in  it,  is  an excellent  remedy,  two or
three times a week.  Many ladies have an ob-
jection to enemas;  but  if the value of  them 
32
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
 were more  generally  known,  that  objection
 would  cease.   They are very  readily  given,
 provided a good apparatus be used ;  they cause
 no pain, and may be administered by the lady
 herself.*
   29. Heartburn  is a very frequent  and  often-
 times a distressing  symptom during pregnancy.
 The acid producing the heartburn is frequently
 produced  by  an   overloaded   stomach.   The
 patient  labours  under the  mistaken notion, that
 she  requires more food during pregnancy than
 at another  time, as she  has two  to eat for  in-
 stead of one ;—she consequently is induced to
 take more than  she otherwise would, and more
 than her stomach can digest: hence,  heartburn,
 indigestion, etc.,  is caused; and  her unborn
babe, instead of being strengthened by it is, as
well as herself, weakened.   An abstemious diet
should  be  strictly observed.  Great  attention
should be  paid to the  quality of  the food ;—
greens, pastry, hot buttered toast, melted butter,
  * An enema apparatus may be obtained of any respect-
able surgical  instrument maker. 
            PREGNANCY.--MEDICINE.         33

 and every thing that is rich  and  gross should
 be carefully  avoided.  Half a tea-spoonful  of
 Henry's magnesia, or the  same quantity of car-
 bonate of soda, may  be occasionally taken in a
 wine-glassful  of water.  If these do not relieve,
 (the  above  directions as  to  diet  having  been
 strictly attended to) the following mixture  may
 be tried :—
    Carbonate of Ammonia, one scruple;
    Calcined Magnesia, a drachm ;
    Compound  Tincture of Cardamoms, half an ounce;
    Peppermint water, seven ounces and a half.
  Two or three table-spoonsful to be taken twice or three
    times a day, till relief be obtained.
Chalk  is sometimes  given   in  heartburn, but
as it  produces costiveness,  should  not be re-
sorted to.
   30.  Piles  are  a   common attendant  upon
pregnancy.   Females are predisposed  to them,
from the womb pressing upon the blood-vessels
of the fundament.  They are excited into action
from  neglect  of keeping  the bowels  open, or
from  the patient  taking too strong purgatives,
especially aloes.   If  the piles are very hot and
                     3 
34
ADVICE TO WIVES.
painful, they should be well fomented, by means

of a  sponge,  with hot  camomile  and  poppy-

head  tea,* three  times  a  day, for an hour each

time ; and at bed-time, a hot white bread poultice

should be applied.   If the heat be not very great,

and  if  the pain be not very intense, the follow-
ing ointment will be found very efficacious :—

    Powdered Opium, one scruple ;
    Camphor, (powdered by means of a few drops of
      spirits of wine) half a drachm;
    Powdered Galls, one drachm;
    Spermaceti Ointment, three drachms.
  Mix.—To be applied night and morning.

The bowels should be kept gently open by the

following powders :—

    Precipitated  Sulphur, three drachms;
    Pure Carbonate of Magnesia, three drachms.
  Divide into nine powders.—One to be taken night and
    morning in a wine-glassful of new milk.

Or by the following electuary :—

    Sublimed Sulphur, half an ounce ;
    Powdered Ginger, half a drachm;
    Cream of Tartar, half an ounce;

  * Take four poppy-heads,  and four ounces of camomile
blows, and boil them in four pints of water for  half an
hour, to  make the fomentation. 
           PREGNANCY.--MEDICINE.         35
   Confection of Senna, one ounce,
   Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity.
  One or two tea-spoonsful to be taken early every morn-
   ing.
  31. Swollen legs.   The veins are frequently
very  much enlarged, causing  the  legs  to be
greatly swollen.  This is owing to the pressure
of the womb upon the blood-vessels.   The best
plan  will  be for  the patient to  wear  a roller
nicely applied to the  leg, or a well adapted lace
stocking.   If the varicose  veins should  be very
severe,  the  patient  had  better  apply  to  her
medical  adviser, as  it might be  necessary to
have them enveloped in mild plasters, and then
rolled.
  32. Before  the  approach of labour, the pa-
tient should take  particular care to have the
bowels gently opened, as a costive state of them
during that  time increases the suffering of the
patient, and lengthens the period  of  the labour.
I say a gentle  action  is all that is necessary ; a
violent one would do more harm than good.
   33.  Toothache is a very frequent  complaint;
and  I wish to caution females  most  strongly 
36
ADVICE TO WIVES.
 against having  a tooth  extracted  during preg-
 nancy : miscarriage, or premature labour,  has
 frequently followed the extraction of a  tooth.
 If  the  tooth  be  decayed, the hollow may be
 filled, either with cotton soaked in cajeput oil,
 or  oil  of cloves,—or with  what I have  found
 an  excellent remedy—a little alum dissolved in
 sweet  spirits  of nitre.*  Creasote, or spirits of
 tar is frequently used;  but of all applications it
 is the worst for  the purpose.  I have known it
 when thus used,  severely injure the other teeth.
 If the tooth be  not decayed, let an aperient  be
 taken.  The state of the bowels should always
 be  attended to,  as  toothache  is frequently re-
 lieved,  and,  where the tooth  is  not decayed,
 cured by a dose of medicine.  Let the sides of
 the face be well  fomented with hot  camomile
 and poppy-head tea, and  let a piece  of bread,
 soaked  in  boiling milk, be placed inside  the
 mouth, and a large  hot  bread  poultice be  ap-
 plied to the side of the face at bed-time ; if this
  *  Two drachms of powdered alum to seven drachms of
sweet spirits of nitre. 
           PREGNANCY.--MEDICINE.         37

should not  have  the  desired  effect, a mustard
and  oatmeal  poultice  may be applied  to  the
jaw, over  the  part affected, which  should  not
remain  on  longer  than a quarter of an hour, or
it may blister the skin.   The  way to make  it is
as  follows :—Mix a table-spoonful  of  flour of
mustard  and a  table-spoonful of oatmeal  to-
gether, then stir  boiling vinegar  into it  till  it is
of  the  consistence of a  poultice : it should be
applied  next the  skin, quite  hot.   " It is  well
worthy of being  more generally known, that the
following formula will always  remove the tooth-
ache in a few minutes, say ten or fifteen, if the
bowels are not unhealthily confined.  The  dose
of the opiate should be proportioned, as well as
 may be,  to the violence of the pain, for it will
 produce  no constitutional effect whatever while
 it has a violent  tooth-ache to grapple with  :—
     Carbonate of Ammonia, ten grains;
     Sedative Solution of Opium, fifteen minims ;
     Ipecacuanha Wine, fifteen minims ;
     Camphor Mixture, ten drachms.—M."*

           * « The Lancet," May 22, 1841.
                     3* 
38
ADVICE TO WIVES.
   34. Morning  sickness.   The  best way  to
relieve it is, by taking a cup of strong coffee
before rising in the morning.  If this should not
have the desired  effect, the  patient may try an
effervescing draught:—
    Carbonate of Potash, two drachms and a half;
    Simple Syrup, half an ounce ;
    Cinnamon Water, three ounces and a half;
    Water, four ounces.
  Two Table-spoonsful of this mixture to be taken with
    one of Lemon juice every two hours whilst efferves-
    cing, till relief be obtained.
The  morning sickness is caused by sympathy
between the stomach and the womb, and, during
the latter months, by pressure of the upper part
of the womb against the  stomach ; and as we
cannot remove the  sympathy and pressure, we
cannot  always relieve sickness,  and therefore
the patient is sometimes obliged to bear with its
annoyances.  The bowels should be kept gently
opened, either by a seidletz  powder, or by two
or three  compound rhubarb  pills, taken at bed-
time.  The diet in such  cases should be mode-
rate  in quantity, and simple in quality.   Hearty 
           PREGNANCY.--MEDICINE.        39

meat suppers should  not, on  any account, be
taken.
   35. Means to harden the Nipples.  Mothers,
especially  with  their  first children,  sometimes
suffer severely from  sore nipples.   Such suffer-
ing might frequently be prevented if they were
to bathe their nipples, for a quarter of an hour
at a time, night and morning, for six weeks or
two months before they are  confined, either
with  brandy and water, (equal parts of each,)
or with strong salt and water, which has been
previously boiled.
   36.  Sometimes, during pregnancy, the breasts
are very painful.   When such  is the case,  a
patient  cannot do  better than well rub them
night and morning with  tepid camphorated oil,
and wear a piece of new flannel over them.
   37.  Bowel complaints  are  not  unfrequent
during pregnancy.  A dose of rhubarb and mag-
nesia, or a dose of castor oil, is the best remedy,
and  is  generally,  in the way of medicine, all
that is  necessary.   The diet,  at  such  times
should be simple, small  in quantity and nourish- 
40
ADVICE TO  WIVES.
ing.   Farinaceous  food, such  as rice, sago and
arrowroot, are  particularly indicated.  Green
vegetables and  fruits, especially stone  fruits,
should be carefully abstained from.
   38.  Nervous females are subject, during this
period, to palpitation of the heart.  These palpi-
tations are not dangerous, therefore they need not
cause alarm.   The  best remedy will be, either a
tea-spoonful of compound spirit of lavender, or
a small  tea-spoonful of salvolatile in  a wine-
glassful  of camphor julep.*  Mental  emotion
should as much as  possible be  guarded against.
   39.  Cramps  of  the legs and thighs, more
especially at night,  are apt to attend pregnancy.
Treatment.—Tightly tie a handkerchief round
the limb, a little above the part affected, and let
it  remain on  for a few minutes.  Friction, by
means of the  hand,  with  laudanum  liniment
(linimentum opii),  will also give great relief.

  * Camphor Julep may be made by putting a few lumps
of camphor in a bottle of cold water; cork it up and  let it
stand for a few days, then strain it, sweeten it with lump
sugar, and it will be fit for use. 
           PREGNANCY.--MEDICINE.        41

  40.  "Whites"  are  oftentimes  very trouble-
some during pregnancy, more especially during
the latter  months, and are in a measure owing
to the  pressure of the womb on the parts below ;
therefore, the best way to  obviate such pressure
is for  the  patient to lie down a  great part of
every day.  She should retire early to bed, and
should sleep in a well ventilated apartment, and
should not overload  her bed with clothes.   She
should live abstemiously  and abstain from beer,
wine, and  spirits.   The  bowels should be kept
gently opened by means of a seidlitz powder,
which  should be taken early in the morning oc-
casionally.  The  best  application will be, to
bathe  the parts  with tepid Fuller's  earth and
water.  The  Fuller's earth  should first be put
into the oven  and dried, and then reduced to
powder, either by means of a pestle and mortar,
or by a rolling-pin ; and then made into a soft
batter  by means of boiling water.   It  should be
covered  over,  and allowed  to stand  till cold ;
hot water  should then be  added to a portion of
the  above, and  the internal  parts should be 
42
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
bathed wity ^ night and morning :—Or a solu-
tion of acetate of zinc, made  according  to  the
London Pharmacopoeia, previously warmed, may
be syringed night and morning, into the internal
parts, by means of a vaginal syringe.
               MISCARRIAGE.

  41.  Young married women are  very apt to
miscarry.   This  is  generally  owing  to their
taking  very  long  walks, over-exerting them-
selves,  and sitting up  too late at night.  Their
minds  just  after marriage, are  generally  too
much excited by large parties, balls, and routs.
Sudden emotions of the mind  should,  as much
as  possible,  be  avoided,  as  they frequently
cause a miscarriage.
  42.  Now  miscarriages  are very  weakening,
more so than labours;   therefore it behoves  a
female cautiously to  guard against them.
  43.  If a  female  has  once miscarried, she is
more  likely  to miscarry again  and again. 
          PREGNACY.--MISCARRIAGE.        43

  44.  Symptoms.—A flooding is the first symp-
tom  of an  approaching miscarriage.  If it be
unattended with pain, it may  be warded off;
but  if bearing down  pains  accompany  the
flooding,  it generally  (although  not always)
ends  in miscarriage.
  45.  Treatment.—If a patient has the slight-
est  show, she should immediately confine her-
self  either to  a sofa or  bed.   Soft beds should
be avoided, they enervate the body, and pre-
dispose to miscarriage.   There  is nothing better
than a horse-hair mattress for her to sleep upon.
She  should lie flat upon  her back, as it  is quite
absurd for her merely to rest her legs and feet.
She  should put  herself on  a  very  low  diet,
taking nothing but  gruel, tea,  toast and water,
or lemonade ;  and whatever  she does drink
should be cold.   The temperature of the apart-
ment should be kept cool; and if it be summer-
time, the window should be thrown open ;  ape-
rient medicines must be avoided ; and cold vine-
gar and water should be applied externally. 
44
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
   46.  If bearing down pains, similar to labour-
pains, should accompany the  flooding, the case
is  almost sure to end in miscarriage.   If there
be coldness and heaviness of the bowels, if there
be flaccidity of the breasts, if  the motion of the
child (the female having  quickened) cannot be
felt,  and if there  be an  unpleasant discharge,
she may rest assured the child is dead, and that
the miscarriage must proceed.    In such  a case,
the patient had better call in her medical adviser.
   47.  The same care is required after a mis-
carriage,  as  after  a labour ; indeed, a  patient
requires to be treated much in  the  same man-
ner—that is  to say, to keep her bed for a  few
days, and to live on  an  abstemious diet, such
as gruel, tea, and light puddings, avoiding stim-
ulants of all kinds.
   48.  Many women date their ill state of health
from a neglected miscarriage.
   49.  A lady who  is  subject to  miscarry,
should,  before she  becomes  pregnant again, use
every means to strengthen the system.  The 
         PREGNANCY.--MISCARRIAGE.        45

best plan she can adopt will be  for her to leave
her husband for a  time, and go  to some healthy
spot; not to a fashionable watering place, or to
a friend's house "wTWe much company is kept,
but to some  quiet country place ;  if to a  farm
house so  much the better.   Early hours  are
quite  indispensable.   She should lie on a horse-
hair  mattress  instead of  a feather-bed,  and
should  have  very little  clothing  on  the  bed.
Her diet should be light and nourishing.   Gen-
tle  exercise should be taken, which should al-
ternate with frequent rest. Cold ablutions should
be used every morning, and the body should be
afterwards dried with a coarse cloth—if  it be
winter-time, let the water be  made tepid, and
gradually lower its temperature till it be  quite
cold.
   50. Those who are prone to miscarry should,
as soon as they are pregnant, lie down a great
part  of every  day, should  keep  their  minds
calm  and unruffled ;  should live on plain  diet,
avoiding wine, spirits, and malt liquor; should
retire  early  to rest; should  have a  separate
                    4 
46
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
sleeping apartment; should avoid opening medi-
cines as much as possible ;  and, if they are ac-
tually obliged to take  aperients,, to  select the
mildest, and even of thes^Jf riot to take a larger
dose than is absolutely  necessary," as  a too free
action on the bowels'is brie of the most frequent
causes  of  miscarriage.   A  trip  to  the  coast
would  be very likely to prevent a miscarriage,
although I  would not, on any account, recom-
mend such a patient  either to bathe  or sail on
the water, as the shock of the former would be
too great, and sea-sickness  would  be likely to
bring on what we are anxious to avoid.
           FALSE LABOUR PAINS.

   51. Women, especially in their first pregnan-
cies, are sometimes troubled  with spurious labour
pains; these  pains  usually  come on  at night,
and are frequently owing to a disordered stom-
ach.  They attack first one place, then another;
at one time are  very  violent, at another  very 
  PREGNANCY.--FALSE  TAINS--GESTATION.  47

feeble.  The pains instead of being grinding or
bearing down, are more of a colicky nature.
  52. Treatment.—A dose of castor oil is, gen-
erally, all that is necessary  ; but  if they still
continue, the patient should be very abstemious,
living for a day or two on gruel  and tea, and
rubbing the bowels every night at bed-time with
the laudanum liniment (linimentum opii), previ-
ously warmed.
           PERIOD OF GESTATION.

  53. The period of gestation  is two  hundred
and eighty days, forty weeks, ten lunar or nine
calendar months.
  54. In making her count,  it will be well for
a lady to commence her reckoning about three
days after the last day of " being unwell."  The
reason we fix on a female conceiving a  few days
after she has  " ceased to be unwell " is, that she
is more  apt to do so very soon after menstrua-
tion, than at another time. 
48     ADVICE TO WIVES.--GESTATION.

  55.  A good plan is, to  make the reckoning
after the following manner:—Let forty weeks
and a few days be marked  on an almanac, from
the time specified above, and a female will very
seldom be far from her calculation.  For  in-
stance, suppose the last day of her " ceasing to
be unwell" was  on January the  15th, she may
expect to be  confined very near October  the
24th* 
PART II.—LABOUR. 
 
ADVICE  TO  WIVES.
          PART II.—LABOUR.

    THE PRECURSORY SYMPTOMS OF LABOUR.

  56. A day or two  before the  labour com-
mences, the  patient  usually feels better than
she has done for a long  time; she feels more
light and comfortable, more cheerful, and more
inclined to take exercise.
  57.  At  length she has  a  "show," as it'is
called, which  is the coming away of a mucous
plug, which, during pregnancy, had hermetically
sealed the  mouth of the womb.  The " show "
is generally tinged with a  little blood.
  58. When  a  " show "  takes place, a  female
may rest assured that labour has actually com
menced. 
52
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
   59.  She has  "grinding pains,"  coming on
at uncertain periods, sometimes once during two
hours,  at other times, every hour or half-hour.
These  " grinding pains" should not be  inter-
fered with ;  therefore,  at this period, it is use-
less  to send  for the medical attendant, yet the
monthly  nurse should be sent for, to make pre-
parations  for  the  coming  event.
   60.  These " grinding pains" gradually as-
sume more  regularity in their  character,  return
at shorter intervals, and become more severe.
   61.  She  should  not  on any account force
down  (as  her female  friends  may advise) to
these " grinding pains," if  she do, it will  rather
retard  than  forward her labour.
   62.  During this  stage, she  had better walk
about,  or sit  down, and not confine herself to
bed: indeed there  is no necessity for her to re-
main in  her  chamber, unless  she  particularly   '
wishes to  do so.
   63.  After  an  uncertain  length of time, the
character of the pains alters. From being grind-
ing,  they become " bearing down," and are now 
       LABOUR.--SYMPTOMS  OF LABOUR.    53

still  more regular and frequent; and the skin
becomes hot and perspiring.—Now is the time
to send for the medical man.  If he be sent for
before, he can do no good ;  for if he attempted,
in the early stages, to  force  on the labour, he
might do irreparable mischief.
   64. Labour is a  natural process, and  there-
fore should not unnecessarily be interfered with.
I firmly believe that women would stand  a bet-
ter chance of getting well over their  confine-
ments without assistance than with  assistance,
if they are  hurried.  Meddlesomeness  in mid-
wifery cannot be  too strongly reprobated.   The
use of an accoucheur is to watch the progress of
a labour, so that, if there be  any thing wrong,
he may rectify it; but if the labour is going on
well  he has no  business  to  interfere.   These
remarks are  made to set females right  with re-
gard to the  proper use of accoucheurs,  as many
patients have an  idea that medical men are able
to greatly expedite a natural labour. Fortunate-
ly for them, there  is great talent  in  the mid-
wifery department, which would prevent  (how- 
54
ADVICE. TO WIVES.
ever anxious a female may be to get out of  her
troubles) any improper interference.*
   65. The first labour  is generally twice  the
length of  after labours.   As  a general  rule it
might be said that a first labour  lasts  six hours,
while an after labour generally lasts but three.
         PREPARATIONS  FOR LABO0R.

   66. I  should strongly  urge a  female not to
put  every  thing off to the  last.  She should
take care and  have a good pair  of scissors and
whitey-brown  thread and worsted in readiness,
as some accoucheurs prefer whitey-brown thread,
while others  prefer  worsted.—And  she should
be sure and have in the house some  nice  fresh

  * Dr. David D. Davis used, in his very valuable lectures,
most  strongly to reprobate meddlesome midwifery ; he
justly  observed that " Accoucheurs were only life-guards
men to women."  A life-guardsman, while on duty at the
palace, did not interfere with every passer-by, but only
removed those who obstructed the way. 
    LABOUR.--PREPARATIONS FOR LABOUR.  55

liquor—that is  to say, lard without salt  in it,
that it  may be  at hand  in case it is wanted.
Let every thing  necessary for herself  and baby
be well aired and ready for use.
   67.  It is  important that the bowels are kept
gently opened during the whole  period of preg-
nancy, more especially during the latter periods.
As soon  as the  precursory  symptoms  show
themselves,  if the bowels are at all  costive,  a
gentle aperient,  such as castor oil; or an enema
of warm water, or gruel  and salt should be ad-
ministered.
   68.  The  next thing to be seen to is, the way
in which she should be dressed for the occasion.
I would recommend  her  to put on  her clean
night-gown, but to  have  it pinned  up to  her
waist ; to have on a flannel petticoat  to meet
it; and then to put  on a flannel dressing-gown.
The stays should not be worn.
   69.  The  valances  of the bed,  and  carpets
 had better be removed.
   70.  The  next thing  to  be   attended to is,
 " the  guarding of the bed."   This  is done in 
56
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
the following way:—Cover the bed with a very
large skin of red leather (which  is sold for the
occasion),  attach tapes to  each  corner of it,
which fasten to each  bed-post; over this, dirty
folded  blankets  and  sheets  should be  placed.
The above plan will effectually protect the bed
from injury.
   71.  The lying-in room should be kept com-
fortably warm, but not hot.
   72.  Many  attendants are not only unneces-
sary, but highly improper:  they only excite the
patient, and cause noise.   One  female friend,
besides the accoucheur and  nurse, are all  that
are necessary.   In  making the  selection of  a
friend, take care that  she  has been the mother
of a family, that she is a strong-minded woman,
and that she is of a cheerful turn of mind.   At
these times all " croakers " should be carefully
avoided.   During the progress of labour, bois-
terous and noisy conversation should never be
allowed;   it only irritates  and excites the pa-
tient.  Although boisterous  merriment is bad,
yet at such times, quiet, cheerful, and agreeable 
    LABOUR.--PREPARATIONS FOR LABOUR. 57

conversation,  cannot  be  too strongly recom-
mended.   Mothers  are  very often present on
these occasions, but of all persons they are the
most improper, as they  tend, from  their great
anxiety,  rather to  depress  than to cheer  the
spirits of the female.
   73. Another preparation for labour is to cheer
the patient, by telling her  of the comparative
safety of confinements, and by assuring her that,
in  the  generality of instances,  it is  a natural
process, and that all she has to do is to keep up
her spirits, and to  adhere strictly to the rules of
her medical adviser, and she will do well.  The
medical  man, too, will be  able to  administer
great comfort to  her  when  he   has  " tried a
pain,"  and can assure her that it " is all right
and straight"—that is to say, that the child is
presenting in the  most  favourable position, and
that every thing is progressing satisfactorily.
   74.  French brandy should always be in the
house at these times, in case it  is wanted ;  but
let me urge upon  the attendants, the importance
of withholding it  from a lying-in woman, unless
                       5 
58
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
it be ordered  by the medical  man.   Numbers
have fallen victims to its being indiscriminately
given.   I am of opinion that the  great caution
which is now adopted in giving spirits to women
in  labour, is one reason  among  others, of the
great safety of the  confinements of the present
day, compared with those of former times.
  75.  A female,  during  labour,  should  fre-
quently make  water,  as  by doing so, she  will
very much expedite  her labour.  I wish to call
attention to this  point, as  many women (espe-
ciallv with  their first children)  have suffered
severely from  not attending to it.   If she cannot
make water, the  medical  man  should be made
acquainted with it.
          HINTS TO  ATTENDANTS.
  76. Supposing a child to be  born  before  the
medical man arrives, the attendants  should  im-
mediately ascertain whether a coil of navel-string
be around the neck  of the  child :  if it  be, it 
      LABOUR.--HINTS TO ATTENDANTS.    59

should be instantly liberated, or the infant may
be strangled.
   77. Care should be taken that the child has
sufficient room to breathe, and that the face of
the child is  not buried in  the clothes.   Any
mucus about  the mouth of the child should be
wiped away with a soft  napkin, as it may im-
pede  respiration.
   78. If the infant should  be  born apparently
dead, a few smart blows should be given on the
buttocks and  back, and rag should be singed
under the nose.
   79. If these simple means should not quickly
succeed  (although  they frequently will), artifi-
cial respiration should  be  employed  in the fol-
lowing manner :—Let an attendant squeeze the
child's nose with her left hand to prevent any
passage of air through the nostrils ;  then let her
apply her mouth to the child's mouth and breathe
into it to inflate the lungs ;  as  soon as they are
inflated, the air should be pressed out again (so
as to  imitate natural breathing) by  the attend-
ant's  right hand.   Again and  again should the 
60
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
above process be repeated, and the operator will
frequently  be rewarded by  hearing a convul-
sive sob, which may be the harbinger of renewed
life.
   8. The  navel-string  (provided  there be  pul-
sation in it) should not be tied till animation be
restored, if it be, the child will have but a slight
chance  of  recovery.  While the navel-string is
left entire,  the infant has the advantage of the
mother's support.
   81.   If  artificial respiration should not  suc-
ceed, the  child  should be  immersed  up to his
neck in a warm  bath of 98 degrees, Fahr.
   82.  Warm water should always be in readi-
ness, more  especially if the labour be lingering.
   83.  Should the child have  been born some
time, and the medical  man  not arrived, it  may
be  necessary to tie and  divide  the  navel-string.
The way to do it is  as  follows :—A ligature
(composed  of seven  or  eight  whitey-brown
threads) should be tightly tied round the navel-
string  about two  inches from the body of the
child by  a  double knot.   A  second ligature 
           LABOUR.--HINTS--REST.        61

should be  applied in a  similar manner about
three inches  from  the  first,  and  the  navel-
string should  be carefully divided midway be-
tween the two ligatures.   Of  course,  if the
medical  man  be shortly expected,  any inter-
ference  would be improper,  as  such  matters
should be left  to him.
   84. The after-birth should  never be brought
away by the nurse;  if the medical man has not
yet arrived, it  should be  allowed to come away
of itself.   Firm pressure should be applied by
means of the hand over the region of the womb :
this will have the effect of encouraging contrac-
tion of the womb, of throwing off the after-birth,
and of preventing violent flooding.
          REST AFTER DELIVERY.
   85.  A female should never be  disturbed for
an hour after delivery, if she be, violent flood-
ing may be produced ;  of course,  the medical
                     5* 
62
ADVICE TO  WIVES.
man will make her comfortable by removing the
soiled napkins and  applying clean ones in their
place.
         CLOTHING AFTER LABOUR.

   86.  A patient, after delivery, usually feels
shivering and starved ; it will therefore be ne-
cessary to throw  additional  clothing, such as a
blanket, over her—but the attendants  must be
careful  not  to  overload her*with clothes, or it
may produce flooding, fainting, &c.
               REFRESHMENT.

  87.  Directly after a patient is confined, a cup
of cool black  tea may be  given.   I say  cool,
not cold,  as cold tea may chill her.   Hot tea
would  be improper, as it may induce flooding.
As soon as she  is settled in bed,  there is nothing
better than a small basin of warm gruel. 
     LABOUR.--REFRESHMENT--BANDAGE.  63

   88.  Brandy should never be given after con-
finements unless ordered by the medical adviser.
Warm beer is also objectionable; indeed, stimu-
lants of  all kinds should be carefully avoided,
as they would only produce fever, and probably
inflammation.
   89.  Caudel  is now very seldom given, but
still, some  old-fashioned people are  very  fond
of advising it after a labour.   Let me urge in
the strongest manner,  the great danger  of a
lying-in woman following such advice.  Caudel,
in former times, caused the death of thousands.
      BANDAGE AFTER CONFINEMENT.

   90.  This consists of  thick linen,  similar to
sheeting, sufficiently broad to support the bowels
comfortably.   It should be put on moderately
tight, and as soon as it becomes slack should be
re-tightened.   If there be not  a proper bandage
at hand, a breakfast  or  table-cloth will  answer
every purpose. 
64
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
   91.  A support to the bowels  after confine-
ment is very important—in the first  place, it is
a great comfort; and in the  second, it induces
the abdomen to return to its original size.
                  POSITION.
   92.  The way of placing the patient in bed.
—Great care should be taken not to allow the
patient to rise up in bed.   If she be dressed as
recommended at particle 68, her soiled linen may
be readily removed, and she may be drawn up
to the proper place  without raising  her  at all.
Inattention to the  above  recommendation  has
caused violent flooding, fainting, bearing down
of the womb, &cc.
            THE LYING-IN ROOM.
   93.  The room to be kept cool, and well venti-
lated.—Attendants  are  too apt to  keep very
large fires after the confinement is over.  No- 
     LABOUR.--LYING-IN-ROOM--BLADDER.   65

thing is more  dangerous than  to have the tem-
perature of a lying-in room very hot. A. little fire,
provided the weather be  cold, is very desirable
to dress the baby by, and to encourage a circu-
lation of air.  The room-door should occasion-
ally be left ajar, so  as to  change the  air of the
apartment:  lying-in women require pure air as
much as any body else ; but how frequently do
the attendants fancy that it is most  dangerous
for lying-in females to have fresh air.
   94. Boisterous conversation should never be
allowed after  labour ; indeed  a patient cannot
be kept too quiet, as she may then be induced
to fall into a sweet  sleep, which  would refresh
and recruit her strength.
                  BLADDER.
   95.  Should a patient go to sleep  before she
has made water ?—There is not the least danger
for her to do so, yet  if  she feels any inclination
before she goes to sleep she may respond to it. 
66
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
  96.  If there be  any difficulty in making wa-
ter, the  medical man  should immediately  be
made acquainted with it.
                  BOWELS.
  97.  The bowels are usually costive after con-
finement,  and it is  well not to interfere with
them, but to let them  have perfect rest till the
third day.  Then if they are not opened, a dose
of castor oil should be given, in the manner re-
commended at particle 27.  A  dessert-spoonful,
or a table-spoonful, according to the constitution
of the patient, will be the average dose.  If, in
the course of twelve hours, it should not have
the desired effect, it should  be repeated.
        ABLUTIONS  AFTER LABOUR.
   98.  Some attendants object to have the parts
bathed after delivery, they have the impression
that such a  proceeding would cause cold. 
         LABOUR.--ABLUTIONS--REST.      67

  99.  Now warm  ablutions of  the  parts is ab-
solutely indispensable both to health  and clean-
liness.   There is nothing better for the purpose
than a sponge and  warm water, unless the parts
are  very  sore ;  if they  be, a fomentation  of
marshmallows and  camomiles*  will afford great
relief.
                   REST.
   100.  A horizontal  position for ten  days or a
fortnight after labour is very important.   Many
ladies fancy that if they rest  their legs  it is all
that is necessary :  now this is  absurd; it is the
womb and not the legs that wants quietude, and
the only way to obtain  it is, by lying horizon-
tally on a bed or sofa.
   101. After the  first  three  or four days,  a
patient  may  sit  up for half an hour to have her
tea, and during that time she may have her bed
   * Boil two handfuls of marshmallows and two  handfuls
of camomile blows in two quarts of water for a quarter of
an hour, and strain. 
68
ADVICE TO WIVES.
made comfortable.  Gradually she may prolong
the time of sitting-up, but  still, for the first ten
days  or a  fortnight she should lie  down the
greatest part of every day.
                    DIET.

   102. For the first three days, the diet should
consist  of gruel, tea,  dry toast  and butter, or
bread and butter.
   103. For the next  two or three days a little
broth or light  pudding  may be  substituted  for
the gruel at dinner, but still gruel will form the
best supper for the present.
   104., On  the  sixth or seventh day  a little
chicken or mutton chop for dinner may be taken
with advantage.
   105. Gradually the diet may  be  improved.
At the end of  a fortnight, a female may return
to her  usual diet, provided it  be plain, whole-
some, and nourishing. 
 LABOUR.--BEVERAGE--CHANGE OF  ROOM. 69

                BEVERAGE.
  106.  For the  first ten days  toast and water
(with the chill taken off) is the best beverage.
Wine, spirits, and beer, during this time should
not on any account be given.
   107.  After ten days or a fortnight, a tum-
bler of  mild ale or porter, where  they agree,
may be taken at dinner ; but if ale or porter be
given, wine should not be allowed.
   108.  Sometimes neither wine nor malt-liquor
agree, then new milk and  water will generally
be foand to be the best beverage.
             CHANGE OF ROOM.
   109.  The  period  at  which a  lady should
leave her room, will of course depend upon the
season.
   110.  After the first six or  seven  days, the
patient  may usually leave  her chamber for the
sitting-room, provided it  be close at hand ; if it
be not,  she  may change  one bed-room for an-
                      6 
70 ADVICE TO WIVES.--OPEN AIR EXERCISE.

other during the day-time, as change of apart-
ment is very desirable.
   111. During her absence from the room, the
windows should be thrown wide open, and the
bed-clothes should be well ventilated.
          EXERCISE IN OPEN AIR
   112.  The period at  which a female should
take exercise in the open air  after her confine-
ment, will of course depend upon the  season,
and upon the state of the wind and weather.
   113.  In the winter-time not till the  expira-
tion of a month, and not even then, unless the
weather be fine for the season.  Carriage exer-
cise will be the most suitable at first.
   114.  In the  summer-time  she  may take an
airing in a carriage at the  end of  three weeks,
provided the weather be fine, and  the wind be
not in an easterly direction. 
PART HI.—SUCKLING. 
 
ADVICE  TO  WIVES.
         PART  III—SUCKLING.

   STATED  TIMES  FOR  SUCKLING.

   115.  A  mother should suckle  her infant  at
stated times.  It  is  a  bad  practice to  give a
child the breast every time he cries, regardless
of the cause;  for, be  the  cause  what it  may
(over-feeding, wind, or  acidity) a  mother is apt
to consider the breast a panacea  for all his suf-
ferings.   " Mothers generally  suckle their in-
fants too often, having them almost constantly at
the breast.   This practice  is injurious both  to
mother  and child.   For the  first month, the
child should be suckled about every hour and a
half;  for the second month every  two hours,
Gradually lengthening the distance of time be-
tween as the child becomes older, till at length
                    6* 
74
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
he has it about every four hours.  If infants were
suckled at  stated periods, they would only look
for the breast at those times, and be satisfied."*
                    DIET.

   116. Mothers, who are suckling, should live
very plainly.   It is a mistaken  notion that they
require extra good living at these times.
   117. A mother should never be forced to eat
more than her appetite  demands ;  if she be, in-
digestion, or costiveness, or  bowel complaints
will be likely to ensue.
   118. The best meats are  mutton and  beef;
veal and pork should  not  be  eaten,  the first
being  very  indigestible, and  the latter  very
gross.  Salted  and  high  seasoned  meats  are
injurious  :  they inflame the blood, and  thus dis-
order the milk.

  * Advice to Mothers on the  Management of their Off-
spring ;  third edition. 
SUCKLING.--DIET.
75
   119.  Some persons consider  that there is no
care requisite in the  selection of food, and that
a woman may eat any thing during  suckling ;
but if we appeal to reason and to facts, we shall
be  borne out in saying that great care is re-
quired.   It  is a  well  known  fact that cow's
milk very much  partakes of the  properties of
the food the animal  lives on.   Thus, if a cow
feeds on Sweede  turnips, the  milk and butter
have a turnip flavour.   This  fact  proves be-
yond a  doubt, that the milk  does partake of the
qualities of  the food  the animal feeds on.   The
same reason holds good in  the human species,
and proves the absurdity of women being allow-
ed to eat any thing,  be it ever  so gross, indiges-
tible, or unwholesome, during suckling.  Again,
a dose  of purgative  medicine given to the mo-
ther, or greens taken  at  dinner, will purge the
child as violently, or more  so,  than it will her.
Infants  who  are suckled by mothers who live
grossly, are more prone to disease,  (especially
skin and inflammatory complaints), and to dis-
 ease which is more obstinate to subdue. 
76
ADVICE TO WIVES.
    120. A moderate quantity (say a  tumbler)
 of fresh mild ale or Dublin porter, will generally
 be found to be the best beverage for dinner and
 supper.
    121. Wine, if taken  at  all,  should only be
 used  sparingly.  In  the higher ranks  of life,
 where ladies are in the habit of taking wine,
 it  is  necessary to continue  it,  although the
 quantity should not be increased.
   122. Spirits  are very injurious during suck-
 ling.
   123. It  is highly improper for a mother to
 take  stimulants, such as ale or wine, when the
 infant she  is suckling is labouring under an in-
 flammatory complaint; in such a case, toast and
 water will  be the best beverage  for her dinner,
 gruel for her supper, and black tea (not coffee,
 as it would be too  stimulating) for her breakfast
 and  tea.

             AIR AND  EXERCISE.
   124. Exercise cannot be too strongly insisted
upon  during suckling.  Whenever the  weather 
         SUCKLING.--THE  TEMPER.         77

will admit, it should be taken.  Whatever im-
proves the health of the  mother, improves the
health of the child ; and there is nothing  more
conducive to health than  air and  exercise.
   125.  Mothers should not suckle their infants
immediately after (say half an hour after) taking
exercise.
   126.  Nor should they take violent exercise,
as it would be likely to disorder the milk.
   127.  If the weather be hot and  sultry, car-
riage exercise is far  preferable to walking out;
if that be not practicable, she should have the
windows thrown open, and perambulate the hall
and rooms, as she would by such means avoid
the intense heat of the sun.
                THE TEMPER.
   128.  Passion is most injurious to the milk,
and  consequently to  the  child.   Sudden  joy
and  grief of the mother generally disorder the
infant's   bowels, producing  griping, looseness, 
78
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
 etc.—hence  mothers  who  have  mild,  placid
 tempers, generally make excellent nurses, on
 which account it is  a fortunate  circumstance
 that   females  are generally  better  tempered
 (however good their  tempers may be at other
 times) during suckling than  at any  other pe-
 riod ;  indeed, they usually experience great joy
 and gladness  at such  times.   It is an old say-
 ing, and I believe a true one, that the child fre-
 quently inherits  the  temper  of its wet  nurse.
 This may be owing to the following reasons :—
 If the  nurse be good-tempered, the  milk will be
 more   likely  to be  wholesome,  which will  of
 course  make the child  more healthy,  and con-
 sequently better tempered.  While, on the other
 hand, if the nurse be of an irritable cross  tem-
 per, the milk will suffer, and  thus  cause  disar-
 rangement to  the child's system, and hence ill-
 health  and ill-temper  will be  likely to  ensue.
 We all  know the difference good or bad  health
makes on our temper. 
 RUCKLING.--OCCUPATION--AILMENTS, ETC. 79

                OCCUPATION.
   129. I strongly  recommend a mother to at-
tend to her household duties.  A female who is
suckling is never so happy or so well as when
her mind is fully occupied.
   ] 30. Those mothers who are listless and  idle,
lolling on easy chairs, or reclining on sofas the
greater part of every day, in a room where a
breath of air is  not  allowed  to enter, usually
make  very indifferent nurses.   They are  ner-
vous, dyspeptic,  and emaciated:  their infants
are puny, pallid, and unhealthy, and generally
drop into an untimely grave.
   131. Occupation, then, fresh air  and exer-
cise,  are  indispensable  to  a  mother who  is
suckling.
               AILMENTS, etc.
   132.  The Nipple.—A good nipple  is very
important to the comfort of the mother and the
well doing of the child.  One, among many, of 
80
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
the ill effects of stays and corsets, is the push-
ing in of the nipple.   Sore nipples, and  con-
sequent suffering,  are  the frequent attendants
upon a nipple being thus drawn in.
   133.  Treatment.—Let sealing wax  be  ap-
plied round the edge of the mouth of a Florence
flask, to  prevent the sharp  edge of the  glass
from injuring  the breast;  then pour very hot
water  into the  flask,  empty it,  and  instantly
apply it, quite  hot, to  the  nipple,  Keep  it on
two or three minutes :  this will draw it out.
Immediately on the removal  of the flask, apply
the infant.  A small  decanter  will answer the
same purpose.   When the child  is  not at the
breast, nipple glasses should be worn.   I have
known some  very small  and  bad  nipples drawn
out and made good ones by  wearing the above
glasses:  the  dress will suffice to  keep  them in
their places.
   134. If the nipples be very  much drawn in,
a prepared calf's teat and shield must be  pro-
cured.   This will enable the child, in the gene-
rality  of instances, to  suck with  the  greatest 
          SUCKLING.--AILMENTS, ETC.      81

ease.   After it  has been used  for a  time, the
nipples will be so improved, that it may not be
necessary to continue it.
   135. Sore Nipples.—If females,  during the
latter fperiod of pregnancy, were to  adopt the
plan  recommended at page 39, part. 35, sore
nipples would  not  be so prevalent during the
period of suckling.
   136. Sore  nipples  are frequently  produced
by the  injudicious plan of  mothers  allowing
their  children to have the  nipples almost con-
stantly in  their mouths.  Stated  periods  for
suckling  should be strictly adopted, as recom-
mended  at particle 115.
   137.  Treatment.—One of the best applica-
tions for  sore nipples is  that recommended by
a contributor of the  Lancet, (W.  Farr,  Esq.)
namely, tincture of catechu, applied by means of
a camel's-hair brush, every  time, directly after
the   infant has  been  suckling.   The  nipple
should be dried before each application.   If the
nipple be much   inflamed,  it  will be  right to
 subdue  the inflammation before the tincture of
                        7 
82
ADVICE TO WIVES.
catechu be  applied, by means  of the following
embrocation:—
    Best Olive Oil;
    Lime Water;—of each, equal  parts.
  Mix.—To be applied to the inflamed nipple, by means
    of a feather,  frequently.
Another good application, is the following :—
    Sulphate of Zinc, twelve grains ;
    Superacetate of Lead, twelve grains ;
    Spring Water,  six ounces.
  Make  a Lotion.  The nipples to be bathed with  a
    little of this lotion (previously warmed) every time
    directly after the infant has been applied  to them.
   138. If the nipple be not only sore, but very
much inflamed and swollen, the best  applica-
tion will be a warm white  bread and milk and
sweet  oil  poultice  during  the night,  and  the
sweet oil and lime water embrocation (as recom-
mended above) during the  day.
   139. If the  nipple be  excoriated  and moist,
the best application will  be either  finely pow-
dered  starch, or  powdered  gum-arabic, which
should be well dusted on the part frequently.
   140. Mothers should  be very careful to  dry
the nipple with a piece of linen rag, every time
after the infant has been taking the breast. 
         SUCKLING.--AILMENTS, ETC.       83

   141. Where the nipple is very sore, a mother
suffers great  pain every time  the  child  is  ap-
plied.   When  such is the case, she  had better
suckle the child through the intervention of  a
prepared calf's teat.  The teat should be well
fastened to an ivory shield, and every time after
it  has  been used, it should be  placed  in weak
gin and water, to preserve it, or it will become
unfit for use,  and  will give  the  child  a  sore
mouth  and  disorder  the bowels.   The   teat
should  be renewed every ten days or  a  fort-
night.*
   142. Some mothers are very much  annoyed
by the  milk  flowing away  constantly,  so as to
make  them  wet and  uncomfortable.   When
such  is  the  case, all  that  can be  done is to
wear nipple glasses, and  to  apply  a  piece of
flannel to the breast, to prevent the milk  from
chilling  the  patient,  and  thus  endangering
cold, etc.
   143.  The  Breast.—Gathered   breasts  are
frequently,  owing to  the  carelessness  of  mo-
  * The prepared calf's  teat  and  shield  may be  pur-
chased, ready  for  use, of  any respectable druggist. 
84
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
thers in exposing their breasts during suckling.
Too much attention cannot be paid to keeping
them  comfortably warm.  This,  in the day-
time, should be done during the act of suckling,
by throwing a shawl or a square piece of flannel
over the neck, shoulders, and breasts.  Another
cause of gathered breasts arises from a mother
sitting  up in  bed to suckle her  child.   An in-
fant should be accustomed to take the  breast
while the mother is lying down :  if this habit be
not instituted at first, it will be difficult to adopt
it afterwards.  Good  habits may  be taught an
infant from the earliest period of his existence.
   144. If  the breasts  are  full  and  uneasy,
they should  be  drawn,  either by means of  a
person who makes it  her business, by a breast
pump,  or  by a  prepared  Florence  flask,  or
by  a  decanter,  (as recommended  at  particle
133.)   The  breasts  should  be  well  although
tenderly  rubbed  two  or three times a day, with
warm  camphorated  oil, taking  care to support
the breast  during such friction.    If the breasts
are very uncomfortable, a large   warm  white
bread  and milk and  sweet oil poultice  should 
          SUCKLING.--AILMENTS,  ETC.      85

 be applied, which may  be removed  three or
 four  times  a  day.    The way  to  make the
 poultice  is  as follows:—A  thick   round of
 bread should  be  cut  from  a white loaf, the
 crust should  be  removed,  then  boiling  hot
 new  milk should  be  poured upon the crumb ;
 it should be covered over for a few minutes,
 then  the milk should  be drained off and the
 sweet oil should  be beaten  up  with  it till
 it is  of  a consistence  of a  nice  soft poul-
 tice.
   145. Gathered breast.—How  is  a  patient
 to  know  she is going   to  have a gathered
 breast ?   There  are   two  forms of  gathered
 breast,  one being  of vast,  and  the  other of
 trifling importance.   The  first and the serious
 one, consists  of gathering of  the  structure of
 the  breast itself;  the latter, merely of  the
 superficial part  of it, and should be treated with
 warm  poultices in  the same manner as  any
other external  gathering.
   146.  The  important  form   we  will  now
speak  of.   A severe  gathered  breast is al-
                      7* 
86
ADVICE TO  WIVES.
ways ushered  in with  a shivering fit,  which
is  either  accompanied or  followed by  sharp
lancinating  pains  of the breast.   Now  is the
golden  opportunity  to  prevent its gathering.
The medical man thould  be instantly sent for;
and  he  will, in  the  generality  of instances,
be able to prevent such  a painful and  distress-
ing occurrence as a gathered breast.  If twelve
hours are allowed to elapse  after the shivering
has taken place, before  the  medical adviser  is
sent for,  the  chances are that the gathering
cannot  altogether be  prevented, although even
then, it may be materially lessened.  We hear
of poor women suffering dreadfully  for  months,
and  having twenty  or  thirty  holes   in  the
breast!   This  suffering  is  generally  owing
to a medical  man  not  having been  sent for
immediately  after  the  shivering;  therefore  1
cannot  too  strongly  insist upon a mother ob-
taining prompt  attendance under such circum-
stances, not  only  to obviate present suffering,
but, at the  same time, to prevent  the  function
of  the  breast from  being  injured, which  it 
         SUCKLING.--AILMENTS, ETC.       87

inevitably will be, more  or less, if gathering
does take place.
   147.  Where a  mother  feels  faint,  during
suckling,  she should  immediately lie  down
and take a  little nourishment;  a crust of bread
and a draught of  ale  or porter, or a glass  of
wine,  will answer the  purpose extremely well.
Brandy,  or  any  other liquor,  I  would  not
recommend.
   148.   Aperients,  etc.  during Suckling.—
Strong  aperients  are  highly improper  during
this period, as they are  apt to  give  pain to the
infant.  If it  be absolutely necessary  to give
a mother an  aperient, the  mildest should  be
chosen,  such  as two or three  compound rhu-
barb pills at bed time, a dose of magnesia and
rhubarb, or  a dose of castor oil.   Smart and
long continued friction  over the abdomen with
the warm  hand  and  a little  sweet  oil, will
frequently  cause  the  bowels  to  act  without
resorting to aperient medicines.  An enema of
warm water, applied  by means  of  a good  self-
injecting enema   apparatus, is  an   excellent 
88
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
method of  opening the bowels, as  it neither
interferes with the digestion of the  mother nor
child.
   149. If mothers, during the periods  of suck-
ling, were to take more  systematic  exercise  in
the open  air than  they usually do, they would
not suffer so much from costiveness.
                 WEANING.

   150. The time when a child should be wean-
ed.—" This, of course, must depend  upon the
strength of  the child, and  upon  the  health of
the mother:  on an  average, nine months is the
most  proper time.   If the  mother be weaky it
may be found necessary to wean the infant at
six months ;  or if the child  be weak, or labour-
ing under any disease, it  may be well to con-
tinue suckling him for twelve months ; but after
that time,  the breast  will  do  the child  more
harm than good, and will, moreover, injure the 
            SUCKLING.--WEANING.          89

mother's health."*  If children are suckled af-
ter they are twelve months old, they are gener-
ally  pale and unhealthy,  and the mother is
usually emaciated and nervous.
   151.  The manner in which a mother should
act when she weans her child.—" She should
do it gradually, as the word signifies—that is to
say, she  should by  degrees  give  less  and  less
of the breast, and more and  more of artificial
food ; at length she should only suckle him at
night; and,  lastly,  it  would  be  well  for  the
mother either to send the child away, or leave
the child at  home  and  go away herself for a
few  days.   A good plan is, for the nurse-maid
to have  a half-pint  bottle  of  new-milk in  the
bed, so  as to give a little to the child in  lieu of
the breast.   The warmth of the body will keep
the milk of a  proper   temperature,  and  will
supersede the use of lamps, candle  frames, and
other troublesome contrivances."!

  * Advice to Mothers on the Management of their Off-
spring; Third Edition.
  t Adcice to .Mothers ;  Third Edition. 
90
ADVICE  TO WIVES.
   152. The best way of " drying up the milk,"
is to apply to the breasts  soap  plaster (emplas-
trum saponis), spread on nice soft pieces of wash
leather, with round  holes  in the  middle  to ad-
mit the nipples.   These  plasters may be pro-
cured  of   any respectable  druggist.   In  the
generality of cases,  the  breasts should not  be
drawn,  as  drawing  them  only causes  them to
secrete larger quantities of milk.   If the breasts
are very uncomfortable, a small quantity of the
milk may  be drawn off by a woman whose
business it  is to draw breasts, or  by a Florence
flask, prepared for use as  recommended at par-
ticle 133.
   153. During  the period of  weaning,  the
mother should  live very  abstemiously, and
drink as little  as possible.  In  many cases, it
is necessary to give a few doses of mild aperient
medicine.
   154. Symptoms  denoting the necessity  of
weaning.—Some mothers cannot  suckle their
infants ; the attempt brings on  a train of symp-
toms similar to  the  following :—singing  in the 
            SUCKLING.--WEANING.         91

ears, aching of the eye-balls, nervousness, trem-
blings, faintness, loss  of appetite, palpitation,
loss of flesh, feelings of great exhaustion, sink-
ing sensations of the stomach, pains of the left
side,  great  weakness and  pains  of  the loins,
which are usually increased whenever the infant
is put to  the breast.
   155.  If such be the case, the attempt should
not be persevered in, or dangerous consequences
may be the result, probably both to mother and
child.
   156.   At  other  times,  although the  above
train of symptoms does not occur, some mothers
cannot suckle their children, although they may
be in perfect health.  Such nurses have usually
very small breasts, very little milk in them, and
if they endeavour to suckle  the  child it pro-
duces a violent  aching of  the breast.   If they
disregard  this warning and still persevere, they
will be very apt to produce inflammation of the
breast, which will most likely end in a gathering.
   157.  Occasionally, mothers suckle their in-
fants  when they are pregnant.   It is very im- 
92
ADVICE TO  WIVES.
proper for them to do so, as it not only injures
the mother, and  may bring on miscarriage, but
is also highly prejudicial to the infant.
• 
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         SCRIPTURE   AND  GEOLOGY.
On the Relation between the Holy Scriptures  and some parts of Geological
  Scioace.  By John Pve Smith, D.D., author of the " Scripture Testimony
  ofthe Messiah," &c. &c.  1 vol. 12mo.   $1 25.
  "The  volume  consists of eight lectures, to which are appended seventy
psges of supplementary notes.  The first lecture is  introductory;  the second
ij scientifically descriptive of the principal topics of geological science; the
third includes a research into the creation of our globe ;  the fourth and fift>
lectures comprise  an examination ofthe deluge ; the sixth discusses the appa-
rent dissonance between the  decisions  of geologists, and  the  hitherto re-
ceived interpretation of Scripture, with an additional exposition of the diluvial
 neory ; the seventh is devoted to illustration of  the method to interpret the
Scriptures, so that they may harmonize with the discoveries of geology ; the
eighth is the peroration of the whole disquisition.


WORKS   BY  THE   REV.  DR.  SPRAGUE.
              TRUE  AND FALSE RELIGION.
Lectures illustrating  the Contrast between True Christianity and various
   other systems.  By William B. Sprague, D.D.  1 vol.  12mo.  $1 00.

      LECTURES ON REVIVALS  IN RELIGION.
By  W. B.  Sprague, D.D.  With an  Introductory  Essay by Leonard
                 Woods, D.D.  1 vol. 12mo.  87 i cents.

               LETTERS TO  A  DAUGHTER
On Practical Subjects.  By W. B. Spraoue, D.D.   Fourth edition,  revised
                  and enlarged.   1 vol. 12mo.  75 cents.

             LECTURES TO YOUNG PEOPLE.
By W. B.  Sprague,  D.D.  With an Introductory Address.  By Samuel
         Miller, D.D.  Fourth edition.   1 vol. 12mo.  871 cents.
  The writings of Dr.  Sprague are too well known, and too highly estimated
by the Christian community  generally, to require any other encomium than
is furnished by their own merits ;  for this reason it is thought unnecessary to
subjoin the favourable testimonies borne to their utility and excellence by the
whole  circle   of  the periodical press of this country, and the fact, that they
have each passed  through several editions in England, sufficiently attests  the
estimation in which they are held abroad.
          SPIRITUAL   CHRISTIANITY.
Lectures on Spiritual Christianity.  By Isaac Taylor, author of " Spiritual
               Despotism,"  &c. &c.  1 vol 12mo.  75 cents.
  "This work is the production of one of the most gifted and accomplished
minds ofthe present age. If some of his former productions may have been
thought characterized by too much metaphysical abstraction, and in  some in-
stances, by speculations  of  doubtful  importance  the present volume is, we
think, in no degree  liable to  this objection.  It is indeed distinguished for deep
thought and accurate discrimination: and whoever would read  it to advantage
must task his  faculties in a  much  higher degree, than in  reading ordinary
books: and yet it contains nothing which  an  ordinary degree of intelligence
and application may not readily comprehend.  The view which  it gives of
Christianity,  both as a system of truth and a system of duty, is in the highest
degree instructive ; and  its tendencies are not less to quicken the intellectual
faculties, than to  direct and elevate the moral sensibilities.   We have no doubt
that it  will  be read with great interest by those who read  to find materials
for thought, and that it is destined to exert a most important influence, espe-
cially  m the  more intellectual classes in  the advancement of  the interests ot
truth and pietv."— Albany Evening Joun.al 
D. Appleton §• Co.'s Catalogue of Valuable Works.      1
Works  by   Rev.   Robert  Philip.
    YOUNG  MAN'S  CLOSET  LIBRARY.

By Robert Philip.  With an Introductory Essay by Rev. Albert Barnes. 1 vol.
                              12mo.   $1 00.

LOVE OF THE SPIRIT, Traced in his Work : a Companion  to  the  Ex-
  perimental Guides.   By Robert Philip.   1 vol. I8mo.  50 cts.
DEVOTIONAL  AND EXPERIMENTAL GUIDES.  By Robert Thilip.
  With an Introductory Essay  by Rev. Albert Barnes.   2 vols.  12mo.   $1 75.
  Containing:
        Guide  to the Perplexed.           Guide to the Doubting.
          Do.  do.  Devotional.              Do.   do.   Conscientious.
          Do.  do.  Thoughtful.      |       Do.   do.   Redemption.

            LADY'S  CLOSET  LIBRARY.

                              as  follows:
THE  MARYS;  or Beauty of Female Holiness.  By Robert  Philip.  1 vol
  18mo.   50 cents.
THE  MARTHAS J or Varieties of Female Piety.  By Robert Philip.  1  vol
  18mo.   50 cts.
THE  LYDIAS;  or Development  of Female Character.  By Robert Philip
  1 vol.   18mo. 50 cts.
   The Maternal Series of the above popular Library is bow ready, entitled,
THE  HANNAHS;  or  Maternal Influence of Sons.    By Robert Philip.
  lvol. 18mo.  50 cts.

  " The author of this work is known to the public as one of the most prolific writers of the
day, and scarcely any writer in  the department which he occupies, has acquired so exten-
sive and well-merited a popularity. The present volume, as its title denotes,  is devoted to
an illustration of the influence  of mothers on their sons; and the subject is treated with the
same originality and beauty which characterize the author's other works.  It will be found
to be a most delightful and useful companion in  the nursery, and its influence can hardly
fail to be felt; first, in quickening the  sense of responsibility on the part of mothers; and
next, in forming the character of the rising generation to a higher standard of intelligence
and virtue.''—Evangeliet.
           GEMS  FROM  TRAVELLERS.

Illustrative of various passages in the Holy Scripture, with nearly one hundred
  Engravings.  Among the authorities quoted will be found the  following dis-
  tinguished names : Harmer,  Laborde,  Lane,  Madden, Clarke, Pococke,
  Chandler, Mai com, Hartley, Russel, Jowitt, Carne, Shaw, Morier, Neibuhr,
  Bruce,  Calmet, H. Blunt,  Belzoni, Lord Lindsay,  &c. &c.  1 vol  12mo
  $1  00.
  " The Holy Scriptures contain many passages full of importance and beauty, but not ge-
nerally understood, because tbey contain allusion to manners and customs,  familiar indeed
to those to whom they were originally addressed, but imperfectly known to us.  In order to
obviate this difficulty, this rolume is now presented to the public, consisting of extracts fiom
the narratives of travellers who have recorded the customs of the oriental nations,  from
whom we learn that some usages were retained  among them to this day, mjch as existed at
the times when the Scriptures were written, and that these names  are  in  many instances
little changed since the patriarchal times.  The compiler of this rolume trusts that it may be
the means, under  God's providence, of leading unlearned readers  to a  more general ao
quaintance with Eastern customs, and asaist them to a clearer  perception of the propriety
and beauty ofthe illustrations so often drawn from them in the Bibiv. 
    D. Appleton fy Co.'s Catalogue of Valuable Works.

Cabinet  Edition  of the  Poets.
    COWPER'S COMPLETE  POETICAL
                         WORKS.
The complete Poetical Works of William Cowper, Esq., including
   the Hymns and Translations from Mad. Guion, Milton, &c, and
   Adam, a Sacred Drama,  from the Italian of Battista Andreini,
   with a Memoir of the Author, by the Rev. Henry Stebbing, A.M.
   Two  elegantly printed volumes,  400 pages each,  16mo., with
   beautiful frontispieces.  $1  75.
               This is the only complete American edition.
  Morality never found in genius a more  devoted advocate than Cowper, nor
has moral wisdom, in its plain and severe precepts, been ever more success-
fully combined with the delicate spirit of poetry, than in his works.   He
was endowed with all the powers which a poet could want who was to be the
moralist ol" the world—the reprover, but not the satirist, of men—the teacher
»f simple truths, which were to be rendered gracious without endangering
their simplicity.

       BURNS'  COMPLETE POETICAL
                         WORKS.
The complete Poetical Works of Robert Burns, with Explanatory
   and Glossarial Notes, and a Life of the Author, by James Cur-
   rie, M.D.   1 vol. 16mo.  $1 25.
  This is the most complete edition which has been published, and contains
the whole ofthe poetry comprised in the edition lately edited by Cunningham,
as well as some additional pieces  ; and such notes have been added as are cal-
culated to illustrate the manners  and customs of Scotland, so as to render the
whole more intelligible to the English reader.
  " No poet, with the exception of Shakspeare, ever possessed the power ol
exciting the most varied and discordant emotions with such rapid transitions."
—Sir W. Scott.

    MILTON'S COMPLETE  POETICAL
                         WORKS.
The complete Poetical Works of John  Milton,  with Explanatory
   Notes and a Life of the Author,  by the Rev. Henry Stebbing,
   A.M.  Beautifully illustrated.   1 vol. 16mo.   $ 1 25.
         The Latin and Italian Poems are included in this edition.
  Mr. Stebbing's notes will be found very useful in elucidating the learned
allusions with which the text abounds,  and they are also valuable for the
correct appreciation with which the writer  directs attention to the beau-
ties of the author.
        SCOTT'S  POETICAL  WORKS.
The Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott, Bart.—Containing Lay
   of the  Last Minstrel, Marmion, Lady of the Lake, Don Rode-
   rick, Rokeby, Ballads, Lyrics, and Songs, with a Life of the
   Author.  Uniform with Cowper, Burns, &c.  1 vol. 16mo. $1 25.
  " Walter Scott is the most popular of all the poets of the present day, and de-
servedly so.  He describes that which is most easily and generally understood
with more vivacity and effect than any other writer.  His style is clear, flowing
and transparent; his sentiments, of which  his style is an easy and natural me
dram, are common to hira with his readers."—Haxlitt. 
       D. Appleton $■ Co.'s  Catalogue of Valuable Works.


 Works  by  the  Rev.  John Angell James.


                       THE TRUE CHRISTIAN.
 By the Rev. John Angell  James.  With an Introduction by the Rev. Wm.
   Adams.  1 vol. 18mo   $0 50.
  " We opine that the publishers of  this volume made  an accurate calculation when they
 labelled  these ' Addresses '—stereotyped; for they are among lhe choice effusions which
 already have so  highly benefited Christian  society  from  the  noble hear t  and  richly-
 endowed mind of Mr. James.  They are ministerial counsels to the members of uis congre
 gation, and are offered as monthly epistles for a year,  being  twelve in number, and nre thus
 entitled:  'Increased Holiness of the Church; Spirituality of Mind: Heavenly Minded-
 ness;  Assurance of Hope; Practical Religion sren in every thing: A Prolilnble Sabbath ;
 Christian Obligations; Life of Faith; Influence of elder Christians; Spirit of Prayer; Pn
 rate Prayer, and Self-Examination.' "—Christian Intelligencer.

                 THE  YOUNG MAN  FROM HOME.
 In a series of Letters, especially  directed for the Moral Advancement nf Youth
  By  the Rev. John Angell James.  Tenth  edition.  1 vol. 18mo.  3H  cts
  "This work, from the able and prolific pen of Mr. James, is not inferior, we think, to any
of its  predecessors.  It contemplates a young man at the most critical period of life, and
meets  him at every point as a guide in  the paths of virtue,  as a guard from the contagious
influence of vice."—Albany Advertiser.

                  THE CHRISTIAN   PROFESSOR,
Addressed in a series of Counsels and Cautions to the  Members of Christian
   Churches.  By the Rev. John Angell James.   1 vol. 18mo.  62f cents.
  n The author remarks in this excellent volume: 'When I look  into the New Testament
and read what a Christian should be, and then look into  the Church of God, and see what
Christians are, I am painfully affected by observing the dissimilarity ; and in my jealousy for
the honour ofthe Christian profession, have made this effort, perhaps a feeble one, and cer
tainly an anxious one, to remove its blemishes, to restore its impaired beauty, and thus raise
'ta reputation.' "

        THE ANXIOUS ENQUIRER AFTER SALVATION
Directed and  Encouraged.   By  the  Rev. John Angell  James.   1 vol.
                            18mo.  37i cents.
  Twenty thousand copies of this excellent little volume have already been
sold, which fully attests the high estimation  the work  has  attained with the
religious community.

           HAPPINESS, ITS  NATURE AND SOURCES.
              By the Rev. J. A. James.  1 vol. 32mo. 25 cents.
 " This is written  in the excellent author's best vein. He has, with a searching fidelity,
exposed the various unsatisfying expedients by which the  natural  heart seeks to  attain the
great end and aim of all—happiness, and with powerful and touching exhortations directed it
to the never-failing source of all good."—Evangelist.

                      THE WIDOW DDXECTED
 To the Widow's God.  By the Rev. John A. James. lvol. 18mo. 37i cents.
 "The book is worthy to be read by others besides the class lor which it is  especially de-
signed  ; and we doubt not that it destined to come as  a friendly viBitor  to many a house of
mourning, and as a healing balm to many a wounded heart."—N. Y.  Observer.
          CRUDEN'S  CONCORDANCE.
Containing all the Words to he found in the large Work relating to the New
  Testament.  1 vol. 18mo.   50 cents.
           THE POLYMIORIAN NEW TESTAMENT.
         Numerous References, Maps, <&c.  1 vol. 18mo.   50 cents

                THE SACRED  CHOIR:
         A COLLECTION OF CHURCH  MUSIC:
Consisting of Selections from  the most distinguished  authors,  among whom
  are the names of Haydn,  Mozabt, Beethoven, Pergolessi, &c.  &c.
  with several pieces of Music by the author; also  a Progressive Elementary
  System of Instruction for Pupils.  By George Kingslet, author of the So-
  ma! Choir, dec. <fce.  Fourth edition  $0  75 
D. Appleton <$■ Co.'s Catalogue of Valuable Works.    11
              THE  NEW  PURCHASE;

 Or, Seven and a Half Years in the Far West.  By Robert Carlton, Esq.
                         Alter et Idem.
            Two handsome  volumes 12ino.   $1  50.

  %* This work is characterized by much original humour and information.

         A  GALLOP AMONG AMERICAN   SCENERY.

By Augustus E. Sillinian.  Oue elegantly printed volume. 16mo.  75 cents.

               THE  AMERICAN   IN  EGYPT.
With Rambles thr&agh Arabia-Petrsea and the Holy  Land, during the
                         years 1839-40
By  James Ewing Oooley.  Illustrated witn  numerous  Steel Engravings,
  also Etchings and Designs hy Johnston.  One handsome volume, octavo, of
  610 pages.  $2 00.  Cheap edition, paper covers, $1 00
  " No other volume extant ran  give the reader so true  a picture of what he would be likely
to se« and meet in Egypt.  No other book is more practical and plain in its picture of precisely
what the traveller himself will meet. Other writers have one account to give of their jour-
ney on paper, and another to relate in conversation.  Mr. Cooley has but one story  for the
fireside circle and the printed page.'*—Brother Jonathan.

                      THE  FLAG SHIP ;

             OR A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD,
In the United States Frigate Columbia, attended by her consort, the Sloop of
  War  John Adams, and bearing  the broad pennant of Commodore George C.
  Read.  By  Fitch W. Taylor, Chaplain  to the  Squadron.  2 vols.  12ino.
  plates.  $2 50.

         TOUR  THROUGH   TURKEY AND PERSIA.
Narrative of a Tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia,
  with  an introduction and Occasional Observations upon the Condition of
  Mohammedanism and Christianity in those countries. By the Rev. Horatio
  Southgate,  Missionary of the American Episcopal Church.  2 vols.  12ino.
  plates.  $2 00.
              SCOTLAND  AND THE   SCOTCH;
                 OR THE WESTERN CIRCUIT.
By  Catharine Sinclair, Author of Modern Accomplishments, Modern Society,
  <fec. <fcc. 1vol. 12mo.  $0 75.

          SHETLAND AND   TUE  SHETLANDERS;

                OR THE NORTHERN CIRCUIT.
By  Catharine Sinclair, Author of Scotland  and the  Scotch, Holiday House
  <fcc. <tc. 1 vol. 12mo. $0 87i.

       HANDY   ANDY.—a tale of  irish  life.
By Samuel Lover, author of " Rory O'More," "The Gridiron," <fcc.  Illustrated
  with  twenty-two characteristic illustrations from designs by the Author. One
  handsome volume, cloth gilt.   SI 25.  The same in boards, $1  00.  The'
  same with only two plates, in paper covers, 50 cents.

       WITH TWENTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS BY DICK KITCAT,
  THE FORTUNES  OF HECTOR  O'HALLORAN,
            AND  HIS MAX  MARK ANTONY  o'TOOLE.
                    By AV. H. MAXWELL, Esq.
  .oe elegant volume, cloth gilt $1 05, in boards $1  00—in paper covers mr'e>
  oulj  two plates, 50 cents 
10    D. Appleton Sf Co?s Catalogue of Valuable Works

GENERAL  HISTORY OF  CIVILIZATION
 n Europe, from the fall ofthe Roman Empire, to the French Revolution
  By M.  Guizot, Professor of History to the Faculty  des Lettres of Paris
 Printed from the second English edition, with Occasional Notes, by C. S
 Henry, D.D., of New York.  One handsome volume, 12mo.  $100.
 The third edition of this valuable work has just  appeared, with numer-
ous and  useful notes, by Professor Henry, ofthe University of New-York.
M. Guizot, in his instructive lectures has given an epitome of Modern His-
tory, distinguished by all the merits which in  another department, renders
Blackstone a subject of such peculiar and unbounded praise; a work close
ly condensed, including  nohing useless and omitting nothing essential:
written with grace, and conceived and arranged with consummate ability.

THE  NATURAL  HISTORY OF  SOCIETY
        IN THE BARBAROUS AND CIVILIZED STATE.
An Essay towards Discovering the Origin and  Course of Human Improve-
  ment.   By  W. Cooke Taylor, LL.D., &c, of Trinity  College, Dublin
  Handsomely printed on fine  paper.   2 vols. 12mo   $2 25.
  "The design of this work is to determine, from  an examination  of the
various  forms in which society has been found, what was the origin of
i-ivilization ; and under what circumstances those attributes of humanity
which in one country become the foundation of social happiness, are in an-
other perverted to the production of general misery.'

   CARLYLE  ON   HISTORY &, HEROES.
On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History.  Six Lectures, re-
  ported with Emendations and  Additions, by Thomas Carlyle,  author of
  the French Revolution,  Sartor Resartus, <fcc.  Elegantly  printed in 1
  vol. 12mo.  Second edition. $1 00.
  " And  here we must close a work—such  as we have seldom seen the
like of, and one which redeems the literature of our superficial and manu-
facturing period. It is one to purify our nature, expand our ideas, and ex-
alt our souls. Let no library or book-room be without it; the more it is
studied the more it will be esteemed."—Literary Gazette.

     SOUTHEY'S  POETICAL  WORKS.
The Complete Poetical Works of Robert Southey, Esq., LL.D.  The ten
  volume London edition in one elegant royal 8vo. volume, with a fine por-
  trait and vignette.  $3 50.
  *,* This edition, which the author has arranged  and  revised with the
 same care as if it were intended for posthumous publication, includes many
 pieces which either have never before been «ollected, or  have hitherto re
 mained  unpublished.

        SCHLEGEL'S  PHILOSOPHY OF
                         HISTORY.
 The Philosophy of History, in a course of Lectures delivered at Vienna, by
  Frederick von Schlegel, translated from the German, with a Memoir of
  the Author, by J. B  Robertson.  Handsomely printed  on fine paper. 2
  vols.  12mo.  $2  50.

 THE  LIFE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
        Edited by his son, John C. Hamilton.  2 vols. 8vo.  $5 00.
  " We cordially recommend  the perusal and diligent study of these vol-
 umes, exhibiting, as they do,  much valuable matter relative to the  Revo-
 lution, the establishment ofthe Federal Constitution, and other important
 events in the annals of our country."—Neur-York Review. 
       D. Applelon cj- Co.'s Catalogue of Valuable Works.

HISTORY OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE.
Translated from the French of M. Laurent De L'Ardeche, Mem-
  ber of the Institute of France.   Illustrated with Five Hundred
  Spirited Plates, after designs by Horace Vernet, and  twenty
  Original Portraits of the most distinguished Generals of France,
  2 vols. 8vo.  $4  00.
  All the leading journals have spoken  in the most  unqualified
praise of this work.   The following is from the Boston Traveller :
  M As a chaale, condensed, faithful, and  accurate memoir of the Great Captain, it Is worthy of
much attention. The author has mainly drawn the necessary facts of his history from the letters,
speeches, manifestoes, bulletins, and other state papers of Napoleon, and has given a considerable
number of these in his text
  " The work is superior to the long verbose productions of Scott and Bourrienne—not In style
alone, but in truth—being written to please neither Charles X.  nor the English aristocracy—bat
for the cause of freedom.  It has advantages ever every oUier memoir extant."
           THE  BOOK OF  THE NAVY;
Comprising a General History of the American Marine, and parti-
   cular Accounts of all the most Celebrated Naval Bal ties, from the
   Declaration of Independence to the present time, compiled from
   the best authorities.   By John Frost, Professor of Belles Lettres
   in the High  School of Philadelphia.   With  an Appendix, con-
   taining Naval Songs, Anecdotes, &c. Embellished with nume-
   rous original Engravings  and Portraits  of distinguished Naval
   Commanders.   Complete in one handsome volume, 8vo.  $100.
  •'This elegant volume Is dedicated to the present Secretary of the Navy,and is altogether a very
faithful and historical record.  It comprises twenty-two clMipf'To, detailing the prominent events
connected with the naval history of the American federal rvpiiMic.  To the narrative is subjoined
an appendix of seventy pages, including thirty -two very mceiesting characteristic anecdotes, nine-
teen lyrical poems, and a minute chronological table of events in American Naval History.  It is
appropriately adorned with steel engraved portraits, numerous vignettes, and full page representa.
tions of various conflicts.   The Book of the Navy deserves, and will doubtless have, a very extend-
ed circulation."—National Intelligencer.
  INCIDENTS OF  A  WHALING  VOYAGE.
To  which is  added Observations on the Scenery, Manners, and
   Customs, and Missionary Stations of the Sandwich and Society
   Islands, accompanied by  numerous plates.   By Francis Allyn
   Olmsted.   One handsome volume, 12mo.   $1  50.
   PICTORIAL  VICAR   OF  WAKEFIELD.
The Vicar of Wakefield.   By Oliver Goldsmith.   Elegantly illus-
  trated with nearly 200 Engravings, making  a beautiful  volume,
  octavo, of about 350 pages.  $\  25.
  "We love to turn back over these rich old classics of our own language, and rejuvinaie ourselves
by the never-failing associations which a re-perusal always calls up. Let any one who  has not
read this immortal tale for fifteen or twenty years, try the experiment, and w« wul warrant, that ha
rises up from the task—the pleasure we should have said—a happier and a better m;in." -Sav. Rep.
      PICTORIAL   ROBINSON  CRUSOE.
The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe.   By Daniel De
  Foe.   With  a  Memoir  of the  Author, and an Essay  on his
  Writings, illustrated with  nearly 500 spirited  Engravings, by
  the celebrated  French artist, Grandville, forming one  elegant
  volume, octavo, of 500 pages.  $1 75.
  " Wa6 there ever anything written by mere man that the reader wished longer, except Robinson
Crusoe, Don Uuixolte. and the Piurriin'i Progress V'—Ur. Johnson.
  u How haqi^ that this' tfia most moral of romances, is not only the most charming of books but
the most rajST-i ".»•*-* ..-a,  cscansrs. 
       D. Appleton § Co.'s Catalogue of  Valuable Works.    13

 A  DICTIONARY  OF ARTS,  MANUFACTURES AND  MINES,
 Containing a clear exposition of their Prm . piesar.t} p,_ar;tice.  By Andrew
   Ure, M.D., F.R S., &c. &r..  Illustrated with One Thousand Two Hundred
   and Forty-one Engravings on wood.  Containing upwards of  130') closely
   printed pages,  forming one very thick volume 8vo ,  strongly  bound in
   sheep.  $5 00.  1X7  The same woik bound in two volumes.  $5 50.
  In every point of view a work like the present can but be regarded as, a benefit done to tbeo-
 rvticaJ and practical science, to commerce and indnetrv. ai.i. an important addition to a ape-
 ries of literature tne exclusive production of the  present centtry, and the present state of
 pence and civilization.  Criticisms in tavour of ita intrinsic value to all classes  ofthe commu-
 nity rr-jeb* \ii produced, if space would j-er.^t, Troia upwards of three hundred of the leading
 journals in Europe ai.u mis muutry.
  " This useful and most excellent work, which has been issuing in  Monthly Numbers, for
 .ome lirne past, is now completed.  It is a publication of most decided and permanent value,
 i'iie of which no library should be destitute. It is [Tiled with information upon precisely those
 i<nl'jerts with which every one should be familiar,  upon the practical operations of the arts,
 the scientific principles and processes c    'chanics, and the liistory of all imorovements in
 *\ery department of Science and Industry.  The author is a man of eminence and ability, and
 Hie woik enjoys the highest reputation in England, where it was first published.  We trust
 it will be welcomed by the intelligent of every class of our citizens.  It is neatly printed, and
 illustrated with upwards of tweive nundred engravings."—N. Y. Tribune.

               HYDRAULICS  AND  MECHANICS.
 A  Descriptive and Historical Account of Hydraulic and other Machines for
  Jtaising Water, including the Steam and fire  Engines, ancient and mod-
  cm ; with Observations on various subjects connected with the Mechanic
  Ails;   including the Progressive  Development of the  Steam-Engine
  Descriptions of every variety  of Bellows,  Piston, and Rotary Pumps
  Fire Engines, WaterRams, Pressure  Engines, Air Machines, Eolipiles,
  Ac.   Remarks on  Ancient Wells,  Air Beds,  Co? Wneels,  Blowpipes,
  liellows of various People. Magic  Goblets, Steam Idols, and other Ma-
  chinery of Ancient Temples. To which are addea Experiments on Blow-
  ing and Suouting Tubes, and other original Devices, Nature's modes and
  Machinery for Raising Water.  Historical  notices respecting  Siphons,
  Fountains, Water Organs, Clopsydra;, Pipes, Valves, Cocks, &c.  In five
  books.  Illustrated by nearly Three Hundred  Engravings. By Thomas
  Iiwbank. One handsomely printed volume of six hundred pages. $3 50.

              HODGE  ON THE  STEAM-ENGINE.
The Steam-Engine, its Origin and Gradual Improvement, from the time of
  Hero to the present day,  as adapted to Manufactures, Locomotion and
  Navigation.  Illustrated with Forty-eight Plates in full detail, numerous
  Wood Cuts.  &c.   By Paul R. Hodge,  C.E.   1 vol. folio of plates,  and
  letter-press in 8vo,  $10 00.

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